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BUTTERFLY BOOK

THE BUTTERFLY Book,

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, 1898,

. Pyrameis Cardui, Linn., 4 (The Painted Lady);

Sign); 4. Colias Philodice, Godt., 4; 5.

1 PLATE I, Frontispiece.

SPRING BUTTERFLIES.

P. Huntera, Fabr., 4 (Hunter’s Butterfly); 3. Grapta Interrogationis, Fabr., ¢ (The Question

Do., 2 (The Clouded Sulphur); 6. Vanessa Antiopa, Linn., 2 (The Mourning Cloak).

iie bUPPERPLY BOOK,

A POPULAR GUIDE
TO A KNOWLEDGE OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF
NORTH AMERICA

BY
Wes OLEAN D | Pan Da Ds Dele Dp:

CHANCELLOR OF
THE WESTERN UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA; DIRECTOR OF
THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM, PITTSBURGH, PA.; FELLOW OF THE ZOOLOGICAL AND ENTOMOLOGICAL
SOCIETIES OF LONDON} MEMBER OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF FRANCE, ETC., ETC.

WITH 48 PLATES IN COLOR-PHOTOGRAPHY, REPRO-
DUCTIONS OF BUTTERFLIES IN THE AUTHOR’S COL-
LECTION, AND MANY TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS PRESENTING
MOST OF THE SPECIES FOUND IN THE UNITED STATES

NEW YORK
DOUBLEDAY & McCLURE CO.
1898

Tea ikt

UiceMepag COPYRIGHT, 1898, BY

WS,

TO MY GOOD WIFE
AND MY TWO BONNY BOYS,
THE COMPANIONS OF MY LEISURE HOURS
AND MY VACATION RAMBLES,
I DEDICATE THIS BOOK,
WITHOUT ASKING THEIR PERMISSION

PwelenCs

T some time or other in the life of every healthy young per-
son there appears to be developed what has been styled
‘the collecting mania.” Whether this tendency is due to the
natural acquisitiveness of the human race, to an innate apprecia-
tion of the beautiful and the curious, or to the development of an
instinct such as is possessed by the bower-bird, the magpie, and
the crow, which have the curious habit of gathering together and
storing away trifles which are bright and attractive to the eye, I
leave to students of the mind to decide. The fact is patent that
there is no village without its youthful enthusiast whose collection
of postage-stamps is dear to his heart, and no town in which
there are not amateur geologists, archzologists, botanists, and
zodlogists, who are eagerly bent upon the formation of collections
of such objects as possess an attraction for them.

One of the commonest pursuits of boyhood is the formation
of a collection of insects. The career of almost every naturalist
of renown has been marked in its early stages by a propensity
to collect these lower, yet most interesting and instructive, forms
of animal life. Among the insects, because of their beauty,
butterflies have always held a foremost place in the regard of
the amateur collector. For the lack, however, of suitable in-
struction in the art of preserving specimens, and, above all, by
reason of the almost entire lack of a convenient and well-illus-.
trated manual, enabling the collector to identify, name, and
properly classify the collections which he is making, much of
the labor expended in this direction in the United States and
Canada fails to accomplish more than the furnishing of tem-
porary recreation. It is otherwise in Europe. Manuals, compre-

hensive in scope, and richly adorned with illustrations of the
v

Preface

leading insect forms of Great Britain and the Continent, have been
produced in great numbers in recent years in England, France,
and Germany. The result is that the youthful collector enters the
field in those countries in the possession of a vast advantage over
his less fortunate American fellow. It is to meet this want on
this side of the Atlantic that this volume has been written. Its
aim is to guide the amateur collector in right paths and to pre-
pare him by the intelligent accomplishment of his labors for the
enjoyment of still wider and more difficult researches in this and
allied fields of human knowledge. The work is confined to the
fauna of the continent of North America north of the Rio Grande
of Texas. It is essentially popular in its character. Those who
seek a more technical treatment must resort to the writings of
others.

If | shall succeed in this book in creating a more wide-spread
interest in the world of insect life and thereby diverting attention
in a measure from the persecuted birds, which I love, but which
are in many species threatened with extinction by the too eager
attentions which they are receiving from young naturalists, who
are going forth in increased numbers with shot-gun in hand, I
think I shall render a good service to the country.

I flatter myself that I have possessed peculiar facilities for the
successful accomplishment of the undertaking I have proposed to
myself, because of the possession of what is admitted to be un-
doubtedly the largest and most perfect collection of the butterflies
of North America in existence, containing the types of W. H. Ed-
wards, and many of those of other authors. I have also enjoyed.
access to all the other great collections of this country and Europe,
and have had at my elbow the entire literature relating to the
subject.

The successful development in recent months of the process of
reproducing in colors photographic representations of objects has
been to a certain degree the argument for the publication of this
book at the present time. A few years ago the preparation of
such a work as this at the low price at which it is sold would
have been an utter impossibility. ‘‘The Butterflies of North
America,” by W. H. Edwards, published in three volumes, is
sold at one hundred and fifty dollars, and, as I know, is sold even
at this price below the cost of manufacture. ‘‘ The Butterflies of
New England,” by Dr. S. H. Scudder, in three volumes, is sold

at seventy-five dollars, and likewise represents at this price only
vi

Preface

a partial return to the learned author for the money, labor, and
time expended uponit. The present volume, while not pretend-
ing to vie in any respect with the magnificence of the illustrations
contained in these beautiful and costly works, nevertheless pre-
sents in recognizable form almost every species figured in them,
and in addition a multitude of others, many of which have
never before been delineated. So far as possible I have em-
ployed, in making the illustrations, the original types from which
the author of the species drew his descriptions. This fact will no
doubt add greatly to the value of the work, as it will not only
serve as a popular guide, but have utility also for the scientific
student.

I am under obligations to numerous friends and correspondents
who have aided me, and take the present opportunity to extend
to them all my hearty thanks for the generous manner in which
they have assisted me in my pleasant task. I should fail, how-
ever, to follow the instincts of a grateful heart did I not render an
especial acknowledgment to Mr. W. H. Edwards, of Coalburg,
West Virginia, and Dr. Samuel H. Scudder, of Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts. Justly esteemed as the two foremost lepidopterists of
America, it is my honor to claim them as personal friends, whose
kindness has much aided me in this labor of scientific love which
] have undertaken. For the kind permission given me by Dr.
Scudder to use various illustrations contained in the ‘‘ Butterflies
of New England” and other works, I am profoundly grateful.

] am under obligations to Messrs. Charles Scribner’s Sons for
permission to use the cuts numbered 46-49, 51-56, 59, 61, 62,
and 73, which are taken from the work entitled ‘‘ Taxidermy and
Zo6logical Collecting,” by W. T. Hornaday, and to the authorities
of the United States National Museum and the heirs of the late
Professor C. V. Riley for other illustrations.

Should this book find the favor which I have reason to think it
deserves, | shall endeavor shortly to follow it by the preparation
of a similar work upon the moths of the United States and Canada.

OFFICE OF THE CHANCELLOR, W. J. H.

WESTERN UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA,
August 16, 1898.

vii

CHAP,

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

PAGE

I]. THe Lire-History AND ANATOMY OF BUTTERFLIES . . 3-25

The Eggs of Butterflies. Caterpillars: Structure, Form, Color, etc.;
Moults; Food of Caterpillars; Duration of Larval State; Transformation.
The Pupa, or Chrysalis: The Form of Chrysalids; Duration of Pupal
Life; The Transformation from the Chrysalis to the Imago. Anatomy
of Butterflies: The Head; The Thorax; The Abdomen; The Legs;
The Wings; Internal Organs; Polymorphism and Dimorphism; Albi-
nism and Melanism; Monstrosities; Mimicry. The Distribution of But-
terflies.

II. THE Capture, PREPARATION, AND PRESERVATION OF SPECI-

Ill.

IV.

MENS eegeteueeairst eee bhan tein ably nena bere att DOO 77
Collecting Apparatus : Nets; Collecting-Jars; Field-Boxes; The Use
of the Net; Baits; Beating. The Breeding of Specimens : How to Get
the Eggs of Butterflies; Breeding-Cages; How to Find Caterpillars;
Hibernating Caterpillars. The Preservation of Specimens: Papering
Specimens; Mounting Butterflies; Relaxing Specimens; The Prepara-
tion and Preservation of Butterfly Eggs; The Preservation of Chrysa-
lids; The Preservation of Caterpillars. The Preservation and
Arrangement of Collections: Boxes; Cabinets and Drawers; Label-
ing; Arrangement of Specimens; Insect Pests; Greasy Specimens;
Mould; Repairing Specimens; Packing and Forwarding Specimens;
Pins; The Forceps.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BUTTERFLIES . . . . ~ 58-08

The Place of Butterflies in the Animal Kingdom; The Principles of
Scientific Arrangement; The Species; The Genus; The Family, etc.;
Scientific Names; Synonyms; Popular Names.

Books aBouT NorTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES. . . 69-74
Early Writers; Later Writers; Periodicals.
ix

Table of Contents

THE BOOK
PAGE
THE BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF Mexico.

Family I. Nymphalide, the Brush-footed Butterflies . . 77
Subfamily Eupleine, the Milkweed Butterflies . . . 80
Subfamily /thomiine, the Long-winged Butterflies . . 85
Subfamily Heliconiine, the Heliconians. . . . . . QI
Subfamily Nymphaline, the Nymphs . . ie nO3
Subfamily Satyrine, the Satyrs, Meadow- eaTTHTS, and

ENCWES 6 BOuctte: og LOW
Subfamily Lepore “ihe Snowe butterflies Filet Se, (22226

Family Il. Lemonitide . . Sect ert ton Pei oO
Subfamily Exycinine, the Metalemayies Sy Wb. Oh Ooty cn Masi Nek

Family lll. Lycanide . . > 3 230
Subfamily Lycenine, the Hair-streaks, the Blues, and

the: Coppersui nt mmm coeeee ach oken men time 230

Family IV. Papilionide, the Swallowtails and Allies . . 272

Subfamily Pzerin@, the Whites, the Sulphurs, the
Orange-tips . . . 22
Subfamily Papi/ionine, the Parnassians and Swallow tile 304

Family Wenlespeniid ce atherS kip persimce meinem eS
Subfamily Pyrrhopygine . . Sree AP ites one gTO)
Subfamily Hesperiine, the Hlaspaadls. Shree pa a ech cry eX)
Subfamily Pamphiline . . J 96 9G 5, 5)380)
Subfamily Megathymine, penus Megathymus spacer hast 1307

DIGRESSIONS AND QUOTATIONS

PAGE

Immortality (Sigourney) . aes ty
Hugo’s ‘‘ Flower to Butterfly ” (Translated en Buses Field) 74
Superstitions (Frank Cowan). ee et OO
Luther’s Saddest Experience (Yale Literary Magazine! 1852) 100
Rae aise a Buiieray 5 5 « ¢ 0 6 0 6 0.0 0 5 LBW

Table of Contents

PAGE
Suspicious Comgluei 2 o 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 8 o o «a o NEO
Collecting iim ape 6 0. 67> 6.0 oo 6 6 61g 6 6 ub)
Faunal Regions . . SY (sana Cone Inte ceascnLeay MeNRHTION (OY)
Widely Distributed Butterflies ive TUS eShiaed ee slugil
The Butterflies’ Fad Cane Wheeler * Wileox) GNU bens eM isan teh SO
Fossil Insects . . pj!) Lon On) Hear asl oy sp MUONS
In the Face of the Call - anes Bikes Maen
Uncle Jotham’s Boarder (Annie irae Slosson) Si Rises i EI}
Mimicryanaae. SEIS MAIN Oia MA ee ID De Ig
The Utility of Entomology Bbc oer A eeu ean erica ne aye)
SIZ Cte vee mi BIR WEL a TiNtion ceuinl eastern alcies ‘Men aare hal al eto
Instinct. Sian McauiaioimareDiaayehaeen tt tia NTE HD 8G)
Red Rain (Frank Cowan) . $6 . 299
For a Design of a Butterfly Resting on a ‘Skull (Mrs.
Hemans). . eect ted cheer OE}
The Caterpillar and the Ant (Allan Ramsay) Salon wey hea seer SKC)
Collections and Collectors. . . Cee aie yey er .37)
Ec han eS pamma mn snenrnanisuieule sin tenants sheelieauxel) sts eplestrk o urna

a
i)

99 OA ANHRW bd =

EIS FOE MEEOSIRATIONS IN| EX

. Egg of Basilarchia disippus, magnified .
. Ege of Basilarchia disippus, natural size
. Egg of Papilio turnus, enlarged

. Egg of Anosia plexippus, magnified

Egg of Anosia plexippus, natural size

. Egg of Anthocharis genutia, magnified

Ege of Lycena pseudargiolus, magnified .

: Bee of Melitzea phaéton, magnified .

. Micropyle of egg of Pieris oleracea, aemiicd

. Eggs of Grapta comma, magnified

. Eggs of Vanessa antiopa, magnified

. Caterpillar of Papilio philenor .

. Head of caterpillar of Papilio asterias, aeemitiedl

. Head of caterpillar of Anosia plexippus, magnified .

. Head of caterpillar of Anosia Bee side view,

enlarged .

. Caterpillar of Anosia alsxiaaus, aati size

. Fore leg of caterpillar of Vanessa antiopa, enlarged .

. Anterior segments of caterpillar of A. plexippus

. Proleg of caterpillar of Vanessa antiopa, enlarged

. Caterpillar of Basilarchia disippus

. Early stages of goatweed butterfly

. Head of caterpillar of Papilio troilus BO Ce hel Goa
. Caterpillar of milkweed butterfly changing into

chrysalis .

. Chrysalis of avai butterfly

. Chrysalis of Papilio philenor :

. Caterpillar and chrysalis of Pieris protoriee!
. Chrysalis of Pieris oleracea

Xill

”
>
19)
ics]

DDavwwaIHRHR HAA BW WwW

oO ONIN SI SI ~I

List of Illustrations in Text

FIG.

28.
29.
30.
31.

32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37-
38.
39-
40.
AI.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57:
58.
59-
. Drying-box 5 5
. Apparatus for inflating ERED 3
. Tip of inflating-tube .

. Drying-oven

. Detail drawing of ale non

. Detail drawing of box

Butterfly emerging from chrysalis.

Head of milkweed butterfly, showing parts .
Cross-section of sucking-tube of butterfly :
Longitudinal section of the head of the milkweed

butterfly .

Interior structure of head of milleweed butterfly .

Labial palpus of butterfly
Legs of butterfly . :
Parts of leg of butterfly
Scales on wing of butterfly

Androconia from wing of butterfly

Outline of wing of butterfly

Arrangement of scales on the wing of a pereniy,
Figure of wing, showing names of veins

Internal anatomy of caterpillar of milkweed butterfly .
Internal anatomy of milkweed butterfly

Plan for folding net-ring
Insect-net ;

Plan for making a cheap net
Cyanide-jar

Paper cover for enaniiile

Method of pinching a butterfly
Cheap form of breeding-cage .
Breeding-cage .

Butterfly in envelope :
Method of making envelopes .
Setting-board .

Setting-block . ‘
Butterfly on setting- block ‘
Setting-needle :
Setting-board with moth upon it
Butterfly pinned on setting-board
Drying-box .

XIV

List of Illustrations in Text

FIG PAGE
Oya IDeteall cheawnine OOO oo 46) 6 6 6 6 bio vo ZO)
68. Insect-box . . . URDetar ann years FENG
69. Detail drawing of drawer for cabinet mrahe 51
70. Detail drawing for paper bottom of box to take alae

OP COBK\6) 9,6 Ve a, 5
71. Manner of arranging secinens. in eine c or box Sty)
72. Naphthaline cone. . . OLAS Span DAN ban PEAR, by 3
73. Butterflies packed for Shigment SA TUCC es Pe Me Lene Unb LN Css
FAN ORCEPSaaMim ein nis nes peti ceeoNant Peer ayy ati fara sen abe ae 5G)
Fis JOKES 5 a PO NAR IE ee ne a Ea ee ia Maoh Deer RL
76. Antenne of ruierdIbr Mn iaa ett Moat Wht zen a) niall eeu ONT
lo, ENMOMMES Ol GROUNS 6 elo Bo ke We ae ey on OF
78. Neuration of genus Anosia. . . si
79. Swarm of milkweed butterflies, photographed at night 83
SOmNeUrationolsenusy Mechanitisy yes sya) Vein isin 00
Sie Newrationvoneenus: Ceratinia yy iNew le OS,
SoMNeUrAatloncomoentissDircennagyymeiy lune n ee CD)
Ss enoredesronremaleyDircennarklucde eines
SM, INGUIN OF LAMWS InIeCOMNWIS 5) ci oo 6 6 es OU
85. Young caterpillar of Vanessa antiopa . . . . . . 94
0, INGUTEIION OF GEMS COEINIS 496 + 4 6 6 6 6 4 Of
So INGUBIOM OF EMUS IDIOMS ob 1o 2 16 66 6 0 91) C8)
SEL INGURATOM OL AIMUIS IMPOSE 6. 6 6) 6 6 6 6 16 8) Os
So), INGLIEIIIOIN OiexinIs ANAS 4 55 6 50 6 6, 6 LOL
CO, INGQUIWOIN OF KEMUS IRM |b 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 o 18S)
Ole NeuTravonvof cenusyMelitzale wine enem ero emnysnaty 3S
O2maNeurationvomcenuspehyclodestsnio us memiey nee eli
O3, NeUOM Of SEMUS IES G6 5 oo co 5 6 a 5 MEY
Ol, NGUETOM Ot GEMS SwaCwMes os 6 96 156 oid) 5 EL)
OpeaNetirationsof cenussGraptaieien icy meme cite Anieue OS
Go, INGUIEHIOD OF eeMUS WAM 5. 6) 6 6 a 5) bo a MOF
C7, NEUTAIOM OF GEMUS IAMBWNES 6 65 6 6) 5 15) 6 6 170
Ge. Newton OF GEMS UMOME 6 yoo 4 16 6b Mo 56 Ae
GD), NGUIEHICM OF eens ANOEIMHELS 6) oso 6 67 6 60 5 GH
roo) Neurationof genus ypanartia 92 95 5 a 75
(Ol, Newetiion Cr emus IWMI 5 big 6 6 9 5 10, LF
1G2, NETTHOM GF ACoUS CyswmMeUM 69 oo 6 0 6 6 6 NYP
Os}, INGWKtNON Ci exes Callers Gb) 6 5 6 6 oa a W9S
Os, Weurelinorny Gri eros Wee 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 6 le ZL)
105. Neuration of genus Hypolimnas . . . .. . . . I8I

List of Illustrations in Text
FIG.
106. Neuration of genus Basilarchia

107. Leaf cut away at end by the caterpillar of Basilarchia
108. Hibernaculum of caterpillar of Basilarchia .

109. Neuration of genus Adelpha

110. Neuration of genus Chlorippe .
111. Neuration of genus Pyrrhanea
112. Neuration of genus Ageronia

113. Neuration of genus Victorina .
114. Neuration of genus Debis

115. Neuration of genus Satyrodes .
116. Neuration of genus Neonympha
117. Neuration of genus Ccenonympha
118. Neuration of genus Erebia .

119. Neuration of genus Geirocheilus .
120. Neuration of genus Neominois
121. Neuration of genus Satyrus

122. Neuration of genus CEneis .

123. Caterpillars of CEneis macouni
124. Neuration of genus Libythea

125. Neuration of base of hind wing of ponte Lemons -

126. Neuration of genus Lemonias .
127. Neuration of genus Calephelis .
128. Neuration of genus Eumzus

129. Neuration of Thecla edwardsi .
130. Neuration of Thecla melinus

131. Neuration of Thecla damon

132. Neuration of Thecla niphon

133. Neuration of Thecla titus

134. Neuration of genus Feniseca

135. Neuration of genus Chrysophanus

136. Neuration of Lyczena pseudargiolus .

137. Neuration of Lyczena comyntas
138. Neuration of genus Dismorphia
139. Neuration of genus Neophasia
140. Neuration of genus Tachyris
141. Neuration of genus Pieris
142. Neuration of genus Nathalis
143. Neuration of genus Euchloé
144. Neuration of genus Catopsilia .
145. Neuration of genus Kricogonia
xvi

. 188

- 193

PAGE
182
183
183
187

192

195
199

. 200
5 BO
. 205
. 208
> Bis
5 BID
a 2
5 DG)
5 Dal
. 226
. 228
. 229
5 DED
- 237
. 238
ap242
. 246
- 249
. 250
6 Dl
. 252
. 267
. 268

+ 273
+ 274
270
- 277
. 281
5 Ase
. 286
. 287

FIG.
146.
147.
148.
149.

150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
77s
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.

List of Illustrations in Text

Neuration of genus Meganostoma
Neuration of genus Colias .
Neuration of genus Terias .
Neuration of genus Parnassius

An Astronomer’s Conception of an Entomologist

Head and antenna of genus Pyrrhopyge
Neuration of genus Pyrrhopyge
Neuration of genus Eudamus .
Antenna and neuration of genus Plestia .
Neuration of genus Epargyreus
Neuration of genus Thorybes .
Neuration of genus Achalarus . ;
Antenna and neuration of genus Hesperia é
Neuration of genus Systasea

Neuration of genus Pholisora .
Neuration of genus Thanaos

Neuration of genus Amblyscirtes
Neuration of genus Pamphila
Neuration of genus Oarisma

Neuration of genus Ancyloxypha .
Neuration of genus Copzodes
Neuration of genus Erynnis

Neuration of genus Thymelicus
Neuration of genus Atalopedes
Neuration of genus Polites .

Neuration of genus Hylephila .
Neuration of genus Prenes .

Neuration of genus Calpodes .
Neuration of genus Lerodea

Neuration of genus Limochores
Neuration of genus Euphyes

Neuration of genus Oligoria

Neuration of genus Poanes .

Neuration of genus Phycanassa
Neuration of genus Atrytone

Neuration of genus Lerema
Megathymus yucce, 2

Larva of Megathymus yuccz

Chrysalis of Megathymus yucce .

The Popular Conception of an Entomologist 5

xvii

PAGE

Wey ae
oie

EIS TOR REOLORED) PEATES

FACING
PAGE
o Sordi BMUNIIES 56 6 od to 0 8 JeAapIAC?
. Caterpillars of Papilionide and Hesperiide. . . 6
. Caterpillars of Nymphalidze ale 18

. Chrysalids in Color and in Outing =Nynienalides 30
. Chrysalids in Color and in Outline — Nymphalide,

Lycenide Pierince: 2 a 44
. Chrysalids in Color and in Outline=“papiloninc
and Hesperiidz Bn rie Sok Pana ee TEN yee RL)
. Anosia and Basilarchia . ~. 80
. Ithomiinz, Heliconius, Dione, Colanis, and Eupe
LO LE CARRE MDE MM Mac (ota AUS a Mai a ten enna Nisa tl (lias eee
PATE MMS manele eee ge | Ooumyser ener cae ee mint dcr OO)
MPATOVMMISemergupe tials. called red ewan ie TOM
> ANREAVMAUS ay Ware a noreiene natn pecan 9 UeNAVeay tenet oilatn) (OFS)
5. GeNNGFR VAMULOVES 8) alee Nae ca Rieedec Nat a UNS PEM ete (0
PATON MIMISHielenmr mnie li el wmts rie emne Mas ees teu Non NTO
. Argynnis A UES CHE RRND tees earn ohn Mla ea Nee teaay G22)
MVS EMUM Swaneemere ater mee oe wen esi me emma Mion NIM GI tOTESG)
. Melitea . . SHAR RO Ret A arcre aC foe Gets)
. Melitzea, Puveiodest “Brest ST ntl co aaa ti WARN Sore AZ)
. Argynnis, Brenthis, Meliteea, Phyciodes, Eresia,
Synchloé, Debis, Geirocheilus . . . . . . 156
. Grapta, Vanessa . . 5 a HOA
. Grapta, Vanessa, Jone, Aner ‘Pypannals OS
. Timetes, Hypolimnas, Eunica, Callicore. . . . 178
. Basilarchia, Adelpha . Pear ies i eth ea teats 30] vedio (toy
(Challoysteye 9 4s 190

. Pyrrhanea, Ageronia, ‘Synchloé, Cystineura, Hy-

pene, Witton 5 5 6 o o 6 0 9 6 LOO
xIX

List of Colored Plates

XXV.

XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.

XXIX.
XXX.
XXXI.
XXXII.
XXXIII.
XXXIV.
XXXV.
. Meganostoma, Colias .
. Terias, Dismorphia
. Papilio.
. Parnassius
. Papilio.
. Papilio.
. Papilio.
. Papilio, Colias, Pyrameis, Baragreeus
. Papilio

XLVII.
XLVIII.

Satyrodes, Coenonympha, Neonympha,
nois, Erebia . Rts tes abe inte a5

Satyrus

(Eneis

Libythea, Lemonias, Calephelis Eumeus, Chys

ophanus, Feniseca .
Chrysophanus, Thecla
Thecla, Lyczena
Lyczena
Lyczena, helen Naina, BachIog
Catopsilia, Pyrameis :
Euchloé, Neophasia, Pieris, aricomenie 5
Tachyris, Pieris, Colias

. Papilio, Pholisora, aatcrane Achaanns.
pyge, Plestia, Calpodes, Thanaos .
. Hespertidz mie
Hesperiidze

Hesperiidz and Colias auamneras

FACING
PAGE

Neomi-

Pyrrho-

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER |

THE LIFE-HISTORY AND ANATOMY OF BUTTERFLIES

“The study of butterflies, —creatures selected as the types of airiness and frivolity,
—instead of being despised, will some day be valued as one of the most important
branches of biological science.” —Bates, Naturalist on the Amazons.

In studying any subject, it is always well, if possible, to com-
mence at the beginning; and in studying the life of animals, or of
a group of animals, we should endeavor to obtain a clear idea at
the outset of the manner in which they are developed. It is a
familiar saying that “all life is from an egg.” This statement is
scientifically true in wide fields which come under the eye of the
naturalist, and butterflies are no exception to the rule.

THE EGGS OF BUTTERFLIES

The eggs of butterflies consist of a membranous shell con-
taining a fluid mass composed of the germ of the future cat-
erpillar and the liquid food which is
necessary for its maintenance and de-
velopment until it escapes from the
shell. The forms of these eggs are
various. Some are spherical, others
hemispherical, con-
ical, and cylindri-
cal. Some are bar-
rel-shaped; others Fig, 2.—Egg of Basilar-

Fic. 1.—Egg of Basilarchia have the shape of ie gs pb is Dalnasis,
disippus, magnified 30 diame- -7, at the end of under surface
ters (Riley), 8 7 a cheese, and still of leaf (Riley).

others have the

form of a turban. Many of them are angled, some depressed
at the ends. Their surface is variously ornamented. Some-

The Life-History and Anatomy of Butterflies

times they are ribbed, the ribs running from the center out-
wardly and downwardly along the sides like the meridian lines

Fic. 3.—Egg of Papilio
turnus, greatly magnified.

vations variously disposed.

uponaglobe. Between
these ribs there is fre-
quently found a fine
network of raised lines
variously arranged.
Sometimes the © sur-
face is covered with
minute depressions,
sometimes with a
series of minute ele-
As there is

great variety in the form of the eggs, so
also there is great variety in their

Fic. 5.—Egg of Anosia
plexippus, natural size, on

under side of leaf (Riley).

eggs.

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Fic. 4.—Egg of Anosia
plexippus, magnified 30
diameters (Riley).

color. Brown, blue, green, red, and
yellow eggs occur. Greenish or
greenish-white are common _ tints.

The eggs are often ornamented with
dots and lines of darker color.
which are related to one another show

Species

their affinity even in the form of their

At the upper end of the eggs of insects there are one or

more curious structures, known as micropyles (little doors),

Fic. 6.—Egg
of Anthocharis
enutia, magni-
ied 20 diameters.

Fic. 7.—Turban-shaped
egg of Lycaena pseudar-
giolus, greatly magnified.

Fic. 8.—Egg of
Melitea phaéton,
greatly magnified.

through which the spermatozoa of the male find ingress and they
are fertilized. These can only be seen under a good micro-

scope.

The eggs are laid upon the food-plant upon which the cater-

The Life-History and Anatomy of Butterflies

pillar, after it is hatched, is destined to live, and the female re-
veals wonderful instinct in selecting plants which are
appropriate to the develop-

ane ment of the larva. As a
Sige rule, the larve are restricted in
Weel] the range of their food-plants to
S in 2 eg amili —Eogs
= Ce Pee genera, or families of Hos Be
——— ie : ma, laid in
Sis The eggs are deposited © string-like clus-
ach ek Punente! sometimes singly, sometimes (5%.
greatly magnified, show- im small clusters, sometimes leaf. (Magni-
ing the micropyle. ina mass. Fertile eggs, a few fied.)
days after they have been deposited, frequently undergo a change
of color, and it is often possible with a magnifying-glass to see
through the thin shell the form of the minute caterpillar which is
being developed withintheegg. Unfruitfuleggs gen-
erally shrivel and dry up after the lapse of ashort time.
The period of time requisite for the development
of the embryo in the egg varies. Many butterflies
are single-brooded; others produce two or three gen-
erations during the summer in temperate climates,
and even more generations in subtropical or tropical
climates. In such cases an interval of only a few
days, or weeks at the most, separates the time when
the egg was deposited and the time when the larva Fic. 11.—Eges
is hatched. When the period of hatching, or emer- of Vanessa an-
4 3 Os ; tiopa, laid in a
gence, has arrived, the little caterpillar cuts its way. mass ona twig.
forth from the egg through an opening made either
atthe side oronthe top. Many species have eggs which appear to be
provided witha lid, a portion of the shell being separated from the re-
mainder by athin section, which, when the caterpillar has reached the
full limit allowed by the egg, breaks under the pressure of the enlar-
ging embryo within, one portion of the egg flying off, the remainder
adhering to the leaf or twig upon which it has been deposited.

CATERPILLARS

Structure, Form, Color, etc.—The second stage in which the
insects we are studying exist is known as the larval stage. The
insect is known as a larva, or a caterpillar. In general cater-

The Life-History and Anatomy of Butterflies

pillars have long, worm-like bodies. Frequently they are
thickest about the middle, tapering before and behind, flat-
tened on the under side. While the
cylindrical shape is most common, there
are some families in which the larve
are short, oval, or slug-shaped, sometimes
curiously modified by ridges and promi-
nences. The body of the larve of lepi-
doptera consists normally of thirteen rings,
or segments, the first constituting the
head.

The head is always conspicuous, com-
posed of horny or chitinous material,
but varying exceedingly in form and
size. It is very rarely small and retracted.
It is generally large, hemispherical,
conical, or bilobed. In some families it _
is ornamented by horn-like projections.
On the lower side are the mouth-parts,
consisting of the upper lip, the mandibles,
the antenne, or feelers, the under lip, the
maxilla, and two sets of palpi, known as
the maxillary and the labial palpi. In
many genera the labium, or under lip, is provided with a
short, horny projection known as the spinneret, through
which the silk secreted by the cater-
pillar is passed. On either side,
just above the man-
dibles, are located the
eyes, or ocelli, which
in the caterpillar are

Fic, 12.—Caterpillar of
Papilio philenor (Riley).

Fic. 14.—Head of caterpillar

Fic.13.—Head

simple, round, shining
prominences, generally

of Anosia plexippus, lower side,
magnified 10 diameters: /b, la-

5; : brum, or upper lip; md, mandi-
of caterpillar of only to be clearly dis- ples:’ mx, maxilla, with two
Papilio aste- 4: ; i Ipi; Jim, labi lower li

¢ 4 uish b he a palpi; /, lablum, or lower lip
rias, front view, cloisonne! : y ine ele with one ‘pair of palpi; s, spin.
enlarged. of a magnifying-glass. neret; a, antenna; 0, ocelli.

quently arranged in series on each side.

These ocelli are fre-

(After Burgess.)
The palpi are organs

of touch connected with the maxilla and the labium, or under
lip, and are used in the process of feeding, and also when the
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EXPLANATION OF PLaTE II

Reproduced, with the kind permission of Dr. S. H. Scudder, from ‘‘ The Butterflies

New England,” vol. iii, Plate 76.

CATERPILLARS OF PAPILIONIDA AND HESPERIDAS

Colias eurplheme.
Callidryas eubule.

Terias lisa.

Callidryas eubule.
Euchloé genutia.

Terias nicippe.

Pieris protodice,

Pieris napi, var. oleracea.
Pieris napi, var. oleracea.
Colias philodice.

. Pieris rapa.

. Pieris rape.

. Papilio philenor.

A Papilio ajax.

7. Papilio asterias.

. Papilio turnus, Just before pupation.

. Papilio cresphontes.
In second stage.
. Papilio trotlus.

. Papilio troilus, Inthird stage; plain.

. Achalarus Iycidas.
. Papilio asterias.

. Papilio philenor.
. Papilio philenor.

In third stage; —
dorsal view.

. Papilio troilus. In third stage: dor-

sal view. 5
Dorsal view.
In fourth stage;

dorsal view.
Thorybes prlades.

Papilio turnus. Dorsal view.

. Papilio aslerias.
. Papilio turnus.

Thorpbes prlades.

o. Epargyreus tityrus.
. Epargyreus tityrus.

Thorvbes bathyllus.

. Epargyreus titvrus.
. Eudamus proteus.
. Epargyvreus titvrus.

In third stage.

THE BuTTERFLY Book. PLATE II.

The Life-History and Anatomy of Butterflies

caterpillar is crawling about from place to place. The larva
appears to guide itself in great part by means of the palpi.

The body of the caterpillar is covered by a thin skin, which
often lies in wrinkled folds, admitting of great freedom of
motion. The body is composed, as we have seen, of rings, or
segments, the first three of which, back of the head, correspond

Fic.15.—Head
of caterpillar of
Anosia plexip-
pus, side view,
showing ocelli. Fic. 16.—Caterpillar of Anosia plexippus, milkweed

butterfly (Riley).

to the thorax of the perfect insect, and the last nine to the abdomen
of the butterfly. On each ring, with the exception of the second,
the third, and the last, there is found on either side a small oval
opening known as a spiracle, through which the creature breathes.
As a rule, the spiracles of the first and eleventh rings are larger in
size than the others.

Every caterpillar has on each of the first three segments a pair
of legs, which are organs composed of three somewhat horny
parts covered and bound together with skin, and armed at their
extremities by a sharp claw (Fig. 17). These three pairs of feet
in the caterpillar are always known as the fore legs, and corre-

Fic. 17.—Fore Fic. 18.—Ante-

leg of caterpil-
lar of Vanes-
sa antiopa,en-
larged.

rior segments of cat-
erpillar of milkweed
butterfly, showing
thoracic or true legs

Fic. 19.—Proleg
of caterpillar of
Vanessa antiopa,
enlarged.

(Riley).

spond to the six which are found in the butterfly or the moth.
In addition, in most cases, we find four pairs of prolegs on
the under side of the segments from the sixth to the ninth,
and another pair on the last segment, which latter pair are

The Life-History and Anatomy of Butterflies

called the anal prolegs. These organs, which are necessary to
the life of the caterpillar, do not reappear in the perfect insect, but
are lost when the transformation from the caterpillar to the
chrysalis takes place. There are various modifications of this
scheme of foot-like appendages, only the larger and more highly
developed forms of lepidoptera having as many pairs of prolegs
as have been enumerated.

The bodies of caterpillars are variously ornamented: many
of them are quite smooth; many are provided with horny
projections, spines, and eminences. The coloration of cater-
pillars is as remarkable in the
variety which it displays as is
the ornamentation by means
of the prominences of which
we have just spoken. As
caterpillars, forthe most part,
feed upon growing vegeta- -
tion, multitudes of them are

: i Pa green in color, being thus

Fic. 20.—Caterpillar of Basilarchia disippus, : :
the viceroy, natural size (Riley). adapted to their surroundings
and securing a measure of
protection. Many are brown, and exactly mimic the color of the
twigs and branches upon which they rest when not engaged in
feeding. Not a few are very gaily colored, but in almost every
case this gay coloring is found to bear some relation to the color

of the objects upon which they rest.

Caterpillars vary in their social habits. Some species are
gregarious, and are found in colonies. These frequently build
for themselves defenses, weaving webs of silk among the
branches, in which they are in part protected from their enemies
and also from the inclemencies of the weather. Most caterpillars
are, however, solitary, and no community life is maintained by
the vast majority of species. Many species have the habit of
drawing together the edges of a leaf, in which way they form
a covering for themselves. The caterpillars of some butter-
flies are wood-boring, and construct tunnels in the pith, or
in the soft layers of growing plants. In these cases, being
protected and concealed from view, the caterpillars are gener-
ally white in their coloration, resembling in this respect the
larve of wood-boring beetles. A most curious phenomenon has

The Life-History and Anatomy of Butterflies

within comparatively recent years been discovered in connection
with the larval stage of certain small butterflies belonging to

the family Lycenide.

The caterpillars are carnivorous, or rather

aphidivorous; they live upon aphids, or plant-lice, and scale-

insects, and cover
themselves with the
white exudations or
mealy secretions of
the latter. This trait
is characteristic of
only one of our North
American species, the
Harvester (Feniseca
tarquinius).

In addition to
being protected from
enemies by having
colors which enable
them to elude obser-
vation, as has been
already stated, some
caterpillars are pro-
vided with other
means of defense.
The caterpillars of the
swallowtail butter-

S/
Fic, 21.—Early stages of the goatweed butterfly: a,

caterpillar; b, chrysalis; c, leaf drawn together at edges
to form a nest. (Natural size.) (Riley.)

flies are provided with a bifurcate or forked organ, generally
yellow in color,-which is protruded from an opening in the skin

Fic. 22.—Head
of caterpillar of Pa-
pilio troilus, with
scent-organs, or os-
materia, protruded.

back of the head, and which emits a powerful
odor (Fig. 22). This protrusive organ evidently
exists only for purposes of defense, and the secre-
tion of the odor is analogous to the secretion
of evil odors by some of the vertebrate ani-
mals, as the skunk. The majority of caterpil-
lars, when attacked by insect or other enemies,
defend themselves by quickly hurling the an-
terior part of the body from side to side.

Mou/lts.—Caterpillars in the process of growth and develop-
ment from time to time shed their skins. This process is called
moulting. Moulting takes place, as a rule, at regular intervals,

The Life-History and Anatomy of Butterflies

though there are exceptions to this rule. The young larva, having
emerged from the egg, grows for a number of days, until the
epidermis, or true skin, has become too small. It then ceases
feeding, attaches itself firmly to some point, and remains quiet for
atime. During this period certain changes are taking place, and
then the skin splits along the middle line from the head to the
extremity of the last segment, and the caterpillar crawls forth from
the skin, which is left behind it, attached to the leaf or branch to
which it was fastened. The skin of the head sometimes remains
attached to the head of the caterpillar for a time after it has
moulted, and then falls off to the ground. Ordinarily not more
than five, and frequently only four, moults take place between
hatching from the egg and the change into the chrysalis. In cases
where caterpillars hibernate, or pass the winter in inaction, a long
interval necessarily elapses between moults. Some arctic species
are known in which the development from the egg to the perfect
insect covers a period of two or three years, long periods of -
hibernation under the arctic snows taking place. The manner in
which the caterpillar withdraws itself from its exuviz, or old skin,
is highly interesting. Every little spine or rough prominence is
withdrawn from its covering, and the skin is left as a perfect cast
of the creature which has emerged from it, even the hairs and
spines attached to the skin being left behind and replaced by
others.

The Food of the Caterpillar.—The vast majority of the cater-
pillars of butterflies subsist upon vegetable food, the only excep-
tions being the singular one already noted in which the larve
feed upon scale-insects. Some of the Hesperitd@, a group in
which the relationship between butterflies and moths is shown,
have larve which burrow in the roots and stems of vegetation.

Duration of the Larval State. —The duration of the larval state
varies greatly. In temperate climates the majority of species exist
in the caterpillar state for from two to three months, and where
hibernation takes place, for ten months. Many caterpillars which
hibernate do so immediately after emerging from the egg and be-
fore having made the first moult. The great majority, however,
hibernate after having passed one or more moults. With the
approach of spring they renew their feeding upon the first reap-
pearance of the foliage of their proper food-plant, or are trans-
formed into chrysalids and presently emerge as perfect insects.

The Life-History and Anatomy of Butterflies

A few species live gregariously during the period of hibernation,
constructing for themselves a shelter of leaves woven together
with strands of silk.

Transformation.—The larval or caterpillar stage having been
completed, and full development having been attained, the cater-
pillar is transformed into a pupa, or chrysalis. Of this, the third
stage in the life of the insect, we now shall speak at length.

THE PUPA, OR CHRYSALIS

The caterpillars of many butterflies attach themselves by a
button of silk to the under surface of a branch or stone, or
other projecting surface, and are transformed into chrysalids,

Fic. 23.—Caterpillar of Anosia plexippus, undergoing
change into chrysalis: a, caterpillar just before rending of the
skin; 6, chrysalis just before the cremaster, or hook, at its end
is withdrawn; c, chrysalis holding itself in place by the folds
of the shed skin caught between the edges of the abdominal
segments, while with the cremaster, armed with microscopic
hooks, it searches for the button of silk from which it is to
hang (Riley). (Compare Fig. 24, showing final form of the
chrysalis.)

which are naked, and which hang perpendicularly from the sur-
face to which they are attached. Other caterpillars attach them-
selves to surfaces by means of a button of silk which holds the
anal extremity of the chrysalis, and have, in addition, a girdle of
silk which passes around the middle of the chrysalis, holding it
in place very much as a papoose is held on the back of an Indian
Squaw by a strap passed over her shoulders.

The Form of Chrysalids.—The forms assumed by the insect
in this stage of its being vary very greatly, though there is a general
resemblance among the different families and subfamilies, so that

The Life-History and Anatomy of Butterflies

it is easy for one who has studied the matter to tell approximately
to what family the form belongs, even when it is not specifically
known. Chrysalids are in most cases obscure in coloring, though
a few are quite brilliant, and, as in the case of the common milk-
weed butterfly (Anosia plexippus), ornamented with golden-hued
spots. The chrysalids of the Nymphalide, one of the largest

Fic. 24.— Chrysalis
of Anosia plexippus,
final form (Riley).

Fic. 25.—Chrysalis of Papilio philenor: a, .
front view; b, side view, showing manner in which
it is held in place by the girdle of silk (Riley).

groups of butterflies, are all suspended. The chrysalids of the
Papilionide, or swallowtail butterflies, are held in place by girdles,
and generally are bifurcate or cleft at the upper end (Fig. 25), and
are greenish or wood-brown in color.

A study of the structure of all chrysalids shows that within
them there is contained the immature butterfly. The segments of
the body are ensheathed in the corresponding segments of the
chrysalis, and soldered
over these segments are
ensheathing plates of
chitinous matter under
which are the wings of
the butterfly, as well as all
the other organs neces-
sary to its existence in the
airy realm upon which it
enters after emergence

Fic. 26.—Pueris protodice: a, caterpillar; 6, from the chrysalis. The
chrysalis (Riley). 3

practised eye of the ob-

server is soon able to distinguish the location of the various parts

of the butterfly in the chrysalis, and when the time for escape

The Life-History and Anatomy of Butterflies

draws near, it is in many cases possible to discern through the
thin, yet tough and hard, outer walls of the chrysalis the spots and
colors on the wings of the insect.

Duration of Pupal Life. —Many butterflies remain in the chrys-
alis stage only for a few weeks; others hibernate in this state, and
in temperate climates a great many butterflies pass the winter as
chrysalids. Where, as is sometimes the case, there are two or
three generations or broods of a species during the year, the life
of one brood is generally longer than that of the
others, because this brood is compelled to over-
winter, or hibernate. There are a number of but-
terflies known in temperate North America which
have three broods: a spring brood, emerging from
chrysalids which have overwintered; an early sum-
mer brood; and a fall brood. The chrysalids in the ete
latter two cases generally represent only a couple Chrysalis of
of weeks at most in the life of the insect. In Be iene
tropical and semi-tropical countries many species re-
main in the chrysalis form during the dry season, and emerge at
the beginning of the rains, when vegetation is refreshed and new
and tender growths occur in the forests.

The Transformation from the Chrysalis to the Imago.—The
perfectly developed insect is known technically as the zmago.
When the time of maturity in the chrysalis state has been reached,
the coverings part in such a way as to allow of the
escape of the perfect insect, which, as it comes
forth, generally carries with it some suggestion of
its caterpillar state in the lengthened abdomen,
which it with apparent difficulty trails after it until
it secures a hold upon some object from which
it may depend while a process of development
(which lasts generally a few hours) takes place pre-
paratory to flight. The imago, as it first emerges,

is provided with small, flaccid wings, which, to-
“ne “EE gether with all the organs of sense. such as the
asterias) just antenne, require for their complete development
ERveclis rem the injection into them of the vital fluids which,
upon first emergence, are largely contained in the
cavities of the thorax and abdomen. Hanging pendant on a pro-
jecting twig, or clinging to the side of a rock, the insect remains
13

The Life-History and Anatomy of Butterflies

fanning its wings, while by the strong process of circulation a
rapid injection of the blood into the wings and other organs takes
place, accompanied by their expansion to normal proportions, in
which they gradually attain to more or less rigidity. Hardly any-
thing in the range of insect life is more interesting than this rapid
development of the butterfly after its first emergence from the
chrysalis. The body is robbed of its liquid contents in a large
degree; the abdomen is shortened up; the chitinous rings which
compose its external skeleton become set and hardened; the
wings are expanded, and then the moment arrives when, on airy
pinions, the creature that has lived a worm-like life for weeks
and months, or which has been apparently sleeping the sleep of
death in its cerements, soars aloft in the air, the companion of
the sunlight and the breezes.

ANATOMY OF BUTTERFLIES

The body of the butterfly consists of three parts—the head,
the thorax, and the abdomen.

The Head.—The head is globular, its breadth generally exceed-
ing its length. The top is called the vertex, the anterior portion,
corresponding in location to
the human face, is called
the front. Upon the sides
of the head are situated the
large compound eves, between
which are the antennc, or
“feelers,” as they are some-
times called. Above the
mouth is a smooth horny
plate, the clypeus. The /a-
brum, or upper lip, is quite

Fic. 29.—Head of milkweed butterfly, mall. On both sides of the
stripped of scales and greatly magnified =
(after Burgess): 2, vertex; f, front; c/, cly- mouth are rudimentary man-
peus; 7b, labrum, or upper lip; md, mandi- dibles, which are microscopic
bles; a, antenne; oc, eyes; ¢k, spiral tongue, :
or proboscis. objects. The true suctorial
apparatus is formed by the
maxtlle, which are produced in the form of semi-cylindrical
tubes, which, being brought together and interlocking, form a com-

The Life-History and Anatomy of Butterflies

plete tube, which is known as the proboscis, and which, when not
in use, is curled up spirally, looking like a watch-spring. At

Fic. 30.—Cross-section of the sucking-tube of the
milkweed butterfly, to show the way in which the halves
unite to form a central canal (c): tr, trachez, or air-
tubes; 7, nerves; m2, m3, muscles of one side. (Magnified
125 diameters.) (Burgess.)

the upper end of the proboscis, in the head, is a bulb-like en-
largement, in the walls of which are inserted muscles which have

Fic. 31.—Longitudinal section of the head of the
milkweed butterfly: c/, clypeus; mx, left maxilla,
the right being removed; m/l, floor of mouth; @,
cesophagus, or gullet; ov, mouth-valve; sd, salivary
duct; dm and fm, dorsal and frontal muscles, which
open the sac. (Magnified 20 diameters). (Burgess.)

their origin on the inner wall of the head. When these muscles
contract, the bulb-like cavity is enlarged, a vacuum is produced,

The Life-History and Anatomy of Butterflies

and the fluids in the cup of the flower flow up the proboscis and
into the bulb. The bulb is also surrounded by muscles, which,
when contracting, compress it. The external opening of the
tube has a flap, or valve, which, when the bulb is compressed,

Fic. 32.—Interior view of head of milkweed butter-
fly : cl, clypeus; cor, cornea of the eye; @, cesophagus, or
gullet; fm, frontal muscle; dm, dorsal muscles; /m, lat-
eral muscles; pm, muscles moving the palpus (Burgess).

closes and causes the fluid in it to flow backward into the gullet
and the stomach. The arrangement is mechanically not unlike
that in a bulb-syringe used by physicians. The process of feeding

Fic. 33.—
Labial palpus
of Colias,
magnified 10
diameters.

in the case of the butterfly is a process of pump-
ing honeyed water out of the flowers into the stomach.
The length of the proboscis varies; at its base and on
either side are placed what are known as the maxillary
palpi, which are very small. The lower lip, or /a-
bium, which is also almost obsolete in the butterflies,
has on either side two organs known as the Jadial
palpi, which consist of three joints. In the butter-
flies the labial palpi are generally well developed,
though in some genera they are quite small. The
antenne of butterflies are always provided at the ex-
tremity with a club-shaped enlargement, and because

of this clubbed form of the antennz the entire group are known
as the Rhopalocera, the word being compounded from the Greek

The Life-History and Anatomy of Butterflies

word pamadov (rhopalon), which means a c/ub, and the word xépas
(keras) which means a horn.

It will be observed from what has been said that the head in
these creatures is to a large extent the seat of the organs of sense
and alimentation. What the function of the antenne may be is
somewhat doubtful, the opinion of scientific men being divided.
The latest researches would indicate that these organs, which
have been regarded as the organs of smell and sometimes
as the organs of hearing, have probably a compound function,
possibly enabling the creature to hear, certainly to smell, but also,
perhaps, being the seat of impressions which are not strictly like
any which we receive through our senses.

Thorax.—The thorax is more or less oval in form, being
somewhat flattened upon its upper surface. It is composed of
three parts, or segments, closely united, which can only be dis-
tinguished from one another by a careful dissection. The anterior
segment is known as the prothorax, the
middle segment as the mesothorax, and the
after segment as the metathorax. The legs
are attached in pairs to these three subdivi-
sions of the thorax, the anterior pair being
therefore sometimes spoken of as the pro-
thoracic legs, the second pair as the meso- Fig, 34.—Colias philo-
thoracic legs, and the latter pair as the 4ice: a, antenna; p, extrem-
metathoracic legs (Fig. 34). On either te He ras
side of the mesothorax are attached the ”/, metathoracic or hind

k : ; 4 leg; ¢, proboscis.
anterior pair of wings, over which, at
their insertion into the body, are the fegu/a@, or lappets; on either
side of the metathorax are the posterior pair of wings. It will
be seen from what has been said that the thorax
74 sCbears the organs of locomotion. The under side
of the thorax is frequently spoken of by writers,
in describing butterflies, as the pectus, or breast.
The Abdomen. —The abdomen is formed nor-
. Fic. 35.—Leg ot mally of nine segments, and in most butterflies
butterfly: c, coxa; . : 5
tr, trochanter; f, iS shorter than the hind wings. On the last seg-
pa af tibia; ment there are various appendages, which are
i ‘ mainly sexual in their nature.

The Legs.—Butterflies have six legs, arranged in three pairs,

as we have already seen. Each leg consists of five parts, the

The Life-History and Anatomy of Butterflies

first of which, nearest the body, is called the coxa, with
which articulates a ring-like piece known as the trochanter. To
this is attached the femur, and united with the femur, forming
an angle with it, is the f7bza. To the tibia is attached the tarsus,
or foot, the last segment of which bears the claws, which are often
very minute and blunt in the butterflies, though in moths they are
sometimes strongly hooked. The tibiz are often armed with
spines. In some groups of butterflies the anterior pair of legs is
aborted, or dwarfed, either in one or both sexes, a fact which is
useful in determining the location of species in their systematic
order.

The Wings.—The wings of butterflies consist of a framework
of horny tubes which are in reality double, the inner tube being

Fic. 37.—Androconia from
wings of male butterflies: a,

Fic. 36.—Magnified representation of Neonympha eurytus; b, Ar-
arrangement of the scales on the wing of a gynnis aphrodite; c, Pieris
butterfly. oleracea.

filled with air, the outer tube with blood, which circulates most
freely during the time that the insect is undergoing the process of
development after emergence from the chrysalis, as has been al-
ready described. After emergence the circulation of the blood in the
outer portion of the tubes is largely, if not altogether, suspended.
These horny tubes support a broad membrane, which is clothed
in most species upon both sides with flattened scales which are
attached to the membrane in such a way that they overlap one
another like the shingles on aroof. These scales are very beau-
tiful objects when examined under a microscope, and there is
considerable diversity in their form as well as in their colors. The
18

Iotnd st}

MOVIND adaa
tizs, wid infil
henilsinkiewdl
RSH Vole of anil
hottuscpnsbortay:
Any

NAgIEdy LO Ay tinnd

MST ANAS Ei nlize&

* “zune -nadainlies
ZINGIMDOWNSIN GIdTaO
RAOWWA Tez
BINS IMO,
SIS) BAG)
SWSONG Lids

SHAN Rea

SHAWANO MAUR NETS
SAMIR 2ssiin
ASA BAI ay

SW Ect:

of New England,” wel:

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III

writ

Reproduced, with the ng permission of Dr. S. H, Scudder, from ‘‘ The Butteniies

iP)

Ae
5.
6.
Te
8.
9.
0.

. Neonvmpha phoeion.

_(Bneis semidea,

, Plate 74.

CATERPILLARS OF NYMPHALIDA:

CEneis semidea. Penultimate stage.
nets semidea.

Neonvmpha eurplus.

(Eneis semidea,

Anosia plexippus.

Neonvnpha eurvius.

Just hatched.
Neonpympha phocion.

Satvrodes cauthus.

Neonvmpha curvius.

Gneis gutta, Just hatched,
Neonvinpha eurvius. Penultimate
stage. j
Neonvimpha eurytus.

~ larged.

CEneis semidea.
Debis portlandia.
Basilarchia astvanax.
Salvrus alope.
Basilarchia disippus.

Plain and en-

Chlorippe clyton.

“Basilarchia astyanax.

Basilarchia disippus. Plain out-
line to show the attitude some-
times assumed.

Grapla interrogations.

Basilarchia disippus.

Bastlarchia astyanax.

Bastlarchia arthemts.

Grapla interrogationts.

Vanessa antiopa.

Plain.

9. Junonia cenia,
0. Junonia ceiia,

yds gd
0 a

Pye)
Rm~1

Grapla progne.
Grapla faunus.
Grapta satvrus.
Prrameis huntera.
Pyrameis atalanta.
Vanessa milberti.

. Pyramets cardui,

Grapla comma.

THE BUTTERFLY Book. »

PLATE III.

The Life-History and Anatomy of Butterflies

males of many species have peculiarly shaped scales arranged in
tufts and folds, which are called androconia, and are useful in
microscopically determining species (Fig. 37). The portion of the
wings which is nearest to the thorax at the point where they are
attached to the body is called the base; the middle third of the wing
is known as the median or discal area, the outer third as the /imbal
area. Theanterior margin of the wings is called the costal margin;
the outer edge is known as the external margin, the inner edge
as the inner niargin. The shape of the wings varies very much.
The tip of the front wing is called the apex, and this may be
rounded, acute, falcate (somewhat sickle-shaped), or square. The
angle formed by the outer margin of the front wing with the inner
margin is commonly known as the outer angle. The correspond-
ing angle on the hind wing is known as the anal angle, and the
point which corresponds to the tip or apex of the front wing is
known as the external angle (Fig. 38). A knowledge of these
terms is necessary in order to understand the technical descrip-
tions which are given by authors.

If a wing is examined with the naked eye, or even with a lens,
a clear conception of the structure of the veins can rarely be
formed. Therefore it is generally necessary to remove from the
wings the scales which cover them, or else bleach them. The
scales may be removed mechanically by rubbing them off. They
may be made transparent by the use of chemical agents. In the
case of specimens which are so valuable as to forbid a resort to
these methods, a clear knowledge of the structure of the veins
may be formed by simply moistening them with pure benzine or
chloroform, which enables the structure of the veins to be seen
forafew moments. The evaporation of these fluids is rapid, and
they produce no ill effect upon the color and texture of the wings.
In the case of common species, or in the case of such as are abun-
dantly represented in the possession of the collector, and the
practical destruction of one or two of which is a matter of no
moment, it is easy to use the first method. The wing should be
placed between two sheets of fine writing-paper which have been
moistened by the breath at the points where the wing is laid, and
then by lightly rubbing the finger-nail or a piece of ivory, bone,
or other hard substance over the upper piece of paper, a good
many of the scales may be removed. This process may be repeated
until almost all of them have been taken off. This method is

The Life-History and Anatomy of Butterflies

efficient in the case of many of the small species when they are
still fresh; in the case of the larger species the scales may be re-
moved by means of a camel’s-hair pencil such as is used by paint-
ers. The chemical method of bleaching wings is simple and inex-
pensive. For this purpose the wing should be dipped in alcohol
and then placed ina vessel containing a bleaching solution of some
sort. The best agent is a solution of chloride of lime. After the
color has been removed from the wing by the action of the
chloride it should be washed in a weak solution of hydrochloric
acid. It may then be cleansed in pure water and mounted upon
a piece of glass, as microscopic slides are mounted, and thus pre-
served. When thus bleached the wing is capable of being mi-
nutely studied, and all points of its anatomy are brought clearly
into view.

The veins in both the fore and hind wings of butterflies
may be divided into simple and
compound veins. In the fore
wing the simple veins are the
costal, the radial, and the subme-
dian; in the hind wing, the cos-
tal, the subcostal, the upper and
lower radial, the submedian, and
the internal are simple. The

Toe margin

_xab meats gin

Ka ou ut

HY fh Lit

ene 1 il

Fic. 38.—Outline of wing, giv- Fic. 39.— Arrangement of scales
ing names of parts. on wing of butterfly.

costal vein in the hind wing is, however, generally provided near

the base with a short ascending branch which is known as the

precostal vein. In addition to these simple veins there are in the

fore wing two branching veins, one immediately following the
20

The Life-History and Anatomy of Butterflies

costal, known as the subcostal, and the other preceding the sub-
median, known as the median vein. The branches of these com-
pound veins are known as nervules. The median vein always
has three nervules. The nervules of the subcostal veins branch
upwardly and outwardly toward the costal margin and the apex
of the fore wing. There are always from four to five subcostal
nervules. Inthe hind wing the subcostal is simple. The median
vein in the hind wing has three nervules as in the fore wing. Be-
tween the subcostal and the median veins, toward the base in both
wings, is inclosed the cell, which may be wholly or partially open
at its outer extremity, or closed. The veinlets which close the cell
at its outward extremity are known

as the discocellular veins, of which (SX
there are normally three. From the yr Qe
point of union of these discocellular Ww WW
veins go forth the radial veins known ed aS S \
respectively as the upper and lower

radials, though the upper radial in

as
many genera is emitted from the SSSR
TES

lower margin of the subcostal. se SN
An understanding of these terms Se PC

is, however, more readily derived (OF

from a study of the figure in which a Go

the names of these parts are indi- i

cated (Fig. 40). * s

Butterflies generally hold their
wings erect when they are at rest, Dee AC one eh Anosia He
, F -_ ippus, showing the names of the
with their two upper surfaces in yeins and nervules: C, C, costal

proximity, the under surfaces alone MS UROL Gu cles,
: j . subcostal nervules ; upper ra-
displaying their colors to the eye. dial; LR, lower radial ; M, median

Only in a few genera of the larger veins; Mi, Mz, Ms, median ner-
butterfli dth Mop ical : vules; SM, submedian veins; /, in-
Ms er WES; an f ese WOpical Species, ternal veins; PC, precostal ner-
with which this book does not deal, vule; UDC, MDC, LDC, upper,
2 : : middle, and lower discocellulars.

is there an exception to this rule,

save in the case of the Hesperiid, or “ skippers,” in which very
frequently, while the anterior wings are folded together, the
posterior wings lie in a horizontal position.

Internal Organs.—Thus far we have considered only the ex-
ternal organs of the butterfly. The internal organs have been
made the subject of close study and research by many writers,

Cc
SS 0

The Life-History and Anatomy of Butterflies

and a volume might be prepared upon this subject. It will, how-
ever, suffice for us to call the attention of the student to the prin-
cipal facts.

The muscular system finds its principal development in the
thorax, which bears the organs of locomotion. The digestive sys-
tem consists of the proboscis,
which has already been de-
scribed, the gullet, or cesoph-
agus, and the stomach, over
which is a large, bladder-like
vessel called the food-reser-
voir, a sort of crop preceding
the true stomach, which is a
cylindrical tube; the intestine
is a slender tube, varying in
shape in different genera, di-
vided into the small intestine, -
the colon, and the rectum.
Butterflies breathe through
spiracles, little oval openings
on the sides of the segments
of the body, branching from
which inwardly are the tra-
chez, or bronchial tubes.
The heart, which is located in
the same relative position as

b, brain; sog, sub-

nervous cord; @, oesophagus; st, stomach; 72, intestine; c, colon; sv,
lutions on the intestine; ¢, testis; dv, dorsal vessel ;

eret; mv, Malpighian vessel, of which only the portions lying on the
(Magnified 3 diameters.) (Burgess.)

Fic. 41.—Longitudinal section through the larva of Anosia plexippus, @, to show the internal anat-
, and not the multitudinous convo

omy (the Roman numerals indicate the thoracic, the Arabic the abdominal segments) :

&- the spine in vertebrate ani-

“= mals, is a tubular structure.
Sy a The nervous system lies on
225 the lower or ventral side of
S&5=% the body, its position being
2532 exactly the reverse of that
_~%%@ which is found in the higher
Six animals. It consists of nerv-
See ous cords and ganglia, or
86222 nerve-knots, in the different

segments. Those in the head
are more largely developed than elsewhere, forming a rudimen-
tary brain, the larger portion of which consists of two enor-

mous optic nerves. The student who is desirous of informing
22

The Life-History and Anatomy of Butterflies

himself more thoroughly and accurately as to the internal anat-
omy of these insects may consult with profit some of the treatises
which are mentioned in the list of works dealing with the sub-
ject which is given elsewhere in this book.

Polymorphism and Dimorphism.-—Species of butterflies often
show great differences in the different broods which appear. The
brood which emerges in the springtime from the chrysalis, which
has passed the winter
under the snows, may
differ very strikingly
from the insect which
appears in the second or
summer brood; and the
insects of the third or
fall brood may differ
again from either the
spring or the summer
brood. The careful stu-
dent notes these differ-
ences. Such species are
called polymorphic, that
is, appearing under dif-

“plod snoasau ‘91
‘(padojaaap Aq[ny jou) saueao ‘ao fesayyeuieds ‘ds ‘spurys Atossadov ‘av {yonptao fo Syonod
‘py ‘tsndjed ‘g¢ fansuoz ‘7 : Awoyeuer peusozur

BLUT a4} YSNO1Yy} UOlIas [eUIpNysuoT—~ch “oly

(‘ssading) (‘siajaweip € paylusep)
vydosa ‘a ‘jassaa esiop ‘ep S1aquieyp jeyioe ‘av {sdaq aa1y} ay}

3 yno} pue pity} pepuayq ‘P-€ Seaiv] ayy jo vsued puodas pue

“t Suojoo ‘9 fauisezut ‘2 Sspassaa ueiysidjew ‘az fyoeuoys ‘7s {pooy
jst papuarq ‘c-1 Suoysues yeaseydosaogns ‘wos Suresq ‘gq foes jeasuAieyd ‘s¢ !xvioyyejew

2
ferentforms. Somespe- BS
cies reveal a singular 22
difference between the =>
sexes, and there may be 22
two forms of the same aR BS
sex in the same species. 2) J oa." e
This is most common in BS oS82
the case of the female Sgs7 2),
butterfly, and where B2 Since
there are two forms of asin 22a
the female or the male Bo Be 8
such a species is said to § ai ag

have dimorphic females

or males. This phenomenon is revealed in the case of the
well-known Turnus Butterfly; in the colder regions of the
continent the females are yellow banded with black, like the
males, but in more southern portions of the continent black
females are quite common, and these dark females were once

The Life-History and Anatomy of Butterflies

thought, before the truth was known, to constitute a separate
species.

Albinism and Melanism.—Albinos, white or light-colored
forms, are quite common among butterflies, principally among
the females. On the other hand, melanism, or a tendency to the
production of dark or even black forms, reveals itself. _Melanism
is rather more common in the case of the male sex than in
the female sex. The collector and student will always endeavor,
if possible, to preserve these curious aberrations, as they are
called. We do not yet entirely understand what are the causes
which are at work to produce these changes in the color, and all
such aberrant specimens have interest for the scientific man.

Monstrosities. —Curious malformations, producing monstrosi-
ties, sometimes occur among insects, as in other animals, and
such malformed specimens should likewise be preserved when
found. One form of malformation which is not altogether un-
common consists in an apparent confusion of sexes in specimens,
the wings of a male insect being attached to the body of a female,
or half of an insect being male and half female.

Mimicry.—One of the most singular and interesting facts in
the animal kingdom is what has been styled mimicry. Certain
colors and forms are possessed by animals which adapt them to
their surroundings in such wise that they are in a greater or less
degree secured from observation and attack. Or they possess
forms and colors which cause them to approximate in appear-
ance other creatures, which for some reason are feared or disliked
by animals which might prey upon them, and in consequence of
this resemblance enjoy partial or entire immunity. Some butter-
flies, for instance, resemble dried leaves, and as they are seated
upon the twigs of trees they wholly elude the eye. This illustrates
the first form of mimicry. Other butterflies so closely approxi-
mate in form and color species which birds and other insects will
not attack, because of the disagreeable juices which their bodies
contain, that they are shunned by their natural enemies, in spite
of the fact that they belong to groups of insects which are
ordinarily greedily devoured by birds and other animals. A
good illustration of this fact is found in the case of the Disippus
Butterfly, which belongs to a group which is not specially pro-
tected, but is often the prey of insect-eating creatures. This
butterfly has assumed almost the exact color and markings of the

The Life-History and Anatomy of Butterflies

milkweed butterfly, Anosta plexippus, which is distasteful to
birds, and hence enjoys peculiar freedom from the attacks of
enemies. Because this adaptation of one form to another evi-
dently serves the purpose of defense this phenomenon has been
called ‘“‘ protective mimicry.”” The reader who is curious to know
more about the subject will do well to consult the writings of
Mr. Alfred Russel Wallace and Mr. Darwin, who have written at
length upon mimicry among butterflies. There is here a field of
most interesting inquiry for the student.

The Distribution of Butterfilies.—Butterflies are found every-
where that plant life suited to the nourishment of the caterpillars
is found. There are some species which are arctic and are found
in the brief summer of the cold North and upon the lofty summits
of high mountains which have an arctic climate. Most of them
are, however, children of the sun, and chiefly abound in the tem-
perate and tropical regions of the earth. While the number of
species which are found in the tropics vastly exceeds the number
of species found in the temperate zone, it is apparently true that
the number of specimens of certain species is far more numerous
in temperate regions than in the tropics. Very rarely in tropical
countries are great assemblages of butterflies to be seen, such as
may be found in the summer months in the United States, swarm-
ing around damp places, or hovering over the fields of blooming
clover or weeds. In the whole vast region extending from the
Rio Grande of Texas to the arctic circle it is doubtful whether
more than seven hundred species of butterflies are found. On
the continent of Europe there are only about four hundred and
fifty species. The number of species of butterflies and the num-
ber of species of birds in the United States are very nearly the
same,

CHAPTER II

THE CAPTURE, PREPARATION, AND PRESERVATION OF SPECIMENS

“What hand would crush the silken-wingéd fly,
The youngest of inconstant April’s minions,
Because it cannot climb the purest sky,
Where the swan sings, amid the sun’s dominions ?
Not thine.” SHELLEY.

“Do not mash your specimens! ”—THE PROFESSOR.

COLLECTING APPARATUS

Nets.—In the capture of insects of all orders, and especially of
butterflies and moths, one of the most important instruments is
the net. German naturalists make use of what are known as
shears (Scheren), which are made like gigantic scissors, having at
the end two large oval rings upon which wire gauze or fine netting
is stretched. With this implement, which looks like an old-
fashioned candle-snuffer of colossal size, they succeed in collect-
ing specimens without doing much injury. Shears are, however,
not much in vogue among the naturalists of other countries. The
favorite instrument for the ordinary collector is the net. Nets may
be made in various ways and of various materials. There are a
multitude of devices which have been invented for enabling the
net to be folded up so as to occupy but little space when not
in use. The simplest form of the net, which can be made
almost anywhere, is constructed as follows: A rod—preferably
of bamboo, or some other light, stiff material—is used as the
handle, not more than five feet in length. Attached to this at its

upper end, a loop or ring made of metal, or some moderately stiff
26

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

yet flexible material, should be tied securely. Upon this there
should be sewed a bag of fine netting, preferably tarletan. The

Fic. 43.—Plan for folding net-ring: c, halves of
ring detached; 6, upper joint of the halves; a, ring
set; d, cap of ferrule; 7, cap of ferrule, showing screw

in place; e, screw (Riley).

bag should be quite long, not less than eighteen inches deep;
the ring should be not less than a foot in diameter.
Such a net can be made at a cost of but a few
cents, and will be, in most cases, as efficient as

Fic. 44.—a, net; 6, ferrule to receive han-
dle; c, wire hoop to be fastened in the upper
end of the ferrule (Riley).

at least three quarters of an inch in diameter.

any of the more
expensive nets
which are more
carefully — con-
structed. A good,
cheap ring for a
net may be made
by using thebrass
ferrule of a fish-
ing-rod. The
ferrule should be

ie
“FE

Fic. 45.—a,
ting of metal
tied with wire
at a; 6, ferrule;
c, plug put in
before pouring
in solder(Riley).

Into this insert the

ends of a metal ring made by bending brass, aluminium, or iron

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

wire into the proper form. When the ends have been inserted
into the ferrule, melted solder or lead may be poured into it, and
the ends of the wire forming the ring will be thus firmly secured
in the ferrule. The ferrule can then be inserted into its mate
placed at the end of a bamboo rod. | have commonly ob-
tained for this purpose the last joint or butt of a fishing-rod as
the handle of a net. Such a handle can often be purchased
for a small sum from a dealer in fishing-rods. It can be made
very cheaply. Any kind of a stick, if not too heavy, willdo. Itis
sometimes convenient to have it in your power to lengthen the
handle of your net so as to reach objects that are at some elevation
above the head, and for this purpose I have had nets made with
handles capable of being lengthened by jointed extensions. In
collecting in tropical countries, among tall shrubbery and under-
growth, nets thus made, capable of having their handles greatly
lengthened, have often proved serviceable. One of the most
successful collectors I have ever had in my employment made
his net by simply bending a piece of bamboo into the form
of the frame of an Indian snow-shoe, to which he attached a
handle about a foot and a half in length, and to this he affixed
a bag of netting. He was, however, a Japanese, and possessed a
singular dexterity in the capture of specimens with this simple
apparatus to which I myself never attained. When tarletan can-
not be had, ordinary mosquito-netting will do as the material for
the bag. It is, however, too coarse in the mesh for many delicate
and minute species. Very fine netting for the manufacture of the
bags is made in Switzerland, and can be obtained from reputable
dealers.

In order to protect and preserve the net, it is well to bind it
with some thin muslin at the point where it is joined to the ring.
Nets are sometimes made with a strip of muslin, about two inches
wide, attached to the entire circumference of the ring, and to this
strip of muslin the bag is sewed. For my part, I prefer gray or
green as the color for a net. White should be avoided, as ex-
perience shows that a white net will often alarm an insect when
a net of darker material will not cause it to fly before the collector
is ready to bring the net down over the spot where it is settled.

Collecting-Jars.—I\n killing insects various methods have been
used. In practice the most approved method is to employ a jar
charged with cyanide of potash or with carbonate of ammonia.

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

For large moths and butterflies cyanide of potash and carbonate
of ammonia serve very well, but it must be remembered that
carbonate of ammonia bleaches insects which are green in color.
It is well, in my judgment, to use a drop or two of chloroform in
the jar charged with carbonate of ammonia, for the collection of
diurnal lepidoptera. By putting a few drops of chloroform into
the jar, the insect is anesthetized, and its struggles are made
quickly to cease. The principal objection to chloroform is the
fact that it induces rigidity of the thoracic muscles,
which subsequently sometimes interferes with
handsome setting.

In the preparation of the poisoning-jar it is fj
well to use a jar which has a ground-glass stop- |
per, and the mouth of which is about three inches |
in diameter. This will be large enough for most } |
specimens. The one-pound hydrate of chloral jars,
provided with glass stoppers and sold by Schering,
make the neatest collecting-jars that are known to si
the writer. I have found it well to have such jars Fic. 46.—Cya-
partly covered with leather after the fashion of a pela pepaee

tos SANE y : P, perfo-
drinking-flask. An opening in the leather is left rated cardboard;
on either side, permitting an inspection of the clumps Oi Glee

3 potash.

contents of the jar. The leather protects from
breakage. At the bottom of such a jar a few lumps of cyanide
of potash, about the size of a filbert, should be placed. Over
this may be laid a little cotton, to prevent the lumps from rat-
tling about loosely at the bottom of the jar. Over the cotton
there is pasted a sheet of strong white paper,
perforated with a multitude of holes. In securing
the white paper over the cyanide, the writer has
resorted to a simple method which is explained
in the annexed diagram. A piece of paper is
placed under the jar, and a circle the size of the

Fic. 47.—Piece of inside of the jar is traced upon it. Then a disk
paper puncturedand . :
slit for pasting over 1S Cut out about three quarters of an inch greater
the cyanide in the jn diameter than the original circle (Fig. 47). The
collecting-jar. . < ; ;

paper is punctured over the entire surface included
within the inner line, and then, with a scissors, little gashes are
made from the outer circumference inward, so as to permit of
the folding up of the edge of the disk. A little gum tragacanth is
29

ied

[

Lies)

The.Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

then applied to these upturned edges; and it is inserted into the
jar and pasted securely over the cyanide by the upturned flaps.
A jar thus charged will last for a long time, if kept properly closed
when notin use. Cyanide of potash has a tendency to deliquesce,
or melt down in the presence of moisture, and in very humid cli-
mates or damp places, if the jar is not kept well stoppered, the
cyanide will quickly become semi-fluid, the paper will become
moist, and specimens placed in the jar will be injured or com-
pletely ruined. It is well, however, to bear in mind the fact that
the fumes of hydrocyanic acid (prussic acid), which are active in
producing the death of the insect, will not be given off in suffi-
cient volume unless there is some small amount of moisture pres-

Fic. 48.—Method of disabling a butterfly by pinch-
ing it when in the net.

ent in the jar; and in a very dry climate the writer has found it
sometimes necessary to add a drop or two of water from time to
time to the cyanide. The same method which has been described
for charging a jar with cyanide of potash can be employed in
charging it with carbonate of ammonia.

Field-Boxes.—In collecting butterflies it is often possible to
kill, or half kill, the specimens contained in the net by a smart
pinch administered to the insect by the thumb and the first finger,
the pressure being applied from without the net (Fig. 48). This
mode of procedure, however, unless the operator is careful, is apt
to somewhat damage the specimens. The writer prefers to hold
the insect firmly between the thumb and the first finger, and apply
a drop or two of chloroform from a vial which should be carried in

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EXPLANATION

Plate IV

Reproduced, with the kind permission of Dr..S. H. Scudder, from “‘ The Butterflies

of New England,” vol. iti, Plate 83.

CHRYSALIDS IN COLOR AND IN OUTLINE—NyYMPHALID®

Side view.
In outline.
Dorsal view.

1. Anosia plexippus.
2. Allosia plexippus.
3. Anosia plexippus.
4. CEnieis semidea,
5. Eviets semidea.
6. Debis portlandia.
7. Satvrus nephele.
8. Satyrus nephele.
9. Salyrodes canthus. Side view.
Jeonvinpha phocton. Side view.
Neonympha phocion. Side view.
12. Basilarchia astvanax. Side view.
Basilarchia astvanax. Side view.
14. Basilarchia arthemis. Side view.
15. Chlorippe ‘clnfon. Side view.
Chlorippe clvtom. Side view.

17. Chlorippe clyton.

Dorsal view.

1S. Basilarchia disippus. Ventral view.
19. Basilarchia disippus. Side view.
20. Basilarchia disippus. Side view.
21. Grapla inlerrogationis. Dorsal view.

Grapta tuterrogationis. Side view.

23. Basilarchia arthemis. Dorsal view.

Grapta tuterrogationts., Outline of
mesothoracic tubercle from the side.

25. Grapla interrogations.

Grapta tulerrogationts.
head fron) in front.

Grapla comima. Outline of head
from in front ; enlarged.

Outline of

28. Neonrinpha eurntus. Side view.

20. Graplta comma — Outline of meso-
thoracic tubercle from the side.

30. Grapla comma, The same from
another specimen.

31. Grapla faunus. Outline of head
from in front.

32..Grapla progue. Outline of head

from in front.

“43.

33- Grapla faunus. Side view.

34. Grapla faunus. Side view in out-
line.

35. Grapla faunus.
outline.

30. Vanessa j-album.

Ventral view in

Outline of meso-
thoracic tubercle from the side.

37. Grapla progne. Side view.

38. Grapta progne. Side view.

39. Grapla comma. Side view.

40. Grapla interrogationis. Side view.

4). Grapla satvrus. Side view.

42. Grapta salyrus. Ventral view.

Vanessa milberti, Side view.

Side view.

Ventral view.

44. Vanessa j-album.
45. Vanessa j-album.
40. Grapla comma.
47. Grapta comma.
48. Grapla comma.
40. Vanessa milberti.
50. Vanessa milberti.
51. Vanessa antiopa.

Side view.
Side view.
Dorsal view.
Side view.
Dorsal view.
Side view.
Side view.
Dorsal view.
Side view.
Side view.
Side view.

52. Prramets altalanta.
53. Rvvamets atalanta.
54. Prramets huitera.
55. Prramets alalanla.
50. Junonia cenia.
Dorsal view.

Side view.

Dorsal view.

Side view.

Dorsal view.

63. Prramets huntera. Dorsal view.
o4. Prrameis huntera. Side view, with
nest woven before pupation.

65. Junonia cenia, Side view.
Side view.
Side view.

57. Junonia cenia.

58. Vanessa antiopa.
59. Vanessa antiopa.
60, Pyrameis cardut.
61. Prramets cardut,
62. Prrameis cardut.

66. Junonia cenia.
67. Junonia cenia.

Pirate IV.

THE BuTTERFLY Book.

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

the upper left-hand vest-pocket. The application of the chloro-
form will cause the insect to cease its struggles immediately, and
it may then be placed in the poisoning-jar, or it may be pinned
into the field-box. The field-box, which should be worn at the
side, securely held in its place by a strap going over the shoulder
and by another strap around the waist, may be provided with the
poisoning apparatus or may be without it. In the former case the
box should be of tin, and should have securely fastened in one cor-
ner some lumps of cyanide, tied in gauze. The box should be very
tight, so that when it is closed the fumes of the cyanide may be
retained. The bottom should be covered with cork, upon which
the specimens, as they are withdrawn from the poisoning-jar,
should be pinned. It is well to bear strictly in mind that it is a
mistake to continue to put one specimen after another into the
poisoning-jar until it is half filled or quite filled with specimens.
In walking about the field, if there are several insects in the jar at
a time, they are likely to become rubbed and their beauty partially
destroyed by being tossed about as the collector moves from place
to place; and a large insect placed in a jar in which there are one
or two smaller insects will in its death-struggles possibly injure the
latter. So, as fast as the insects are partially asphyxiated, or de-
prived of the power of motion, they should be removed from the
poisoning-jar to the poisoning-box, where they are pinned in place
and prevented from rubbing one against the other. Some col-
lectors prefer simply to stun the insects, and then pin them into the
field-box, where they are left, in whole or in part, to recover their
vitality, to be subsequently put to death upon the return of the
collector from the field. This mode of procedure, while undoubt-
edly it yields in the hands of a skilful operator the most beauti-
ful specimens, appears to the writer to be somewhat cruel, and he
does not therefore approve of it.

The Use of the Net.—In the use of the net the old saying is
true that “ practice makes perfect.” The bag of the net should be
sufficiently long to allow of its being completely closed when
hanging from the ring on either side. It is possible to sweep
into the net an insect which is fluttering through the air, and then
by a turn of the hand to close the bag and to capture the speci-
men. When the insect has alighted upon the ground it is best
to clap the net over it and then to raise the net with one hand.
Very many species have the habit of flying upward. This is par-

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

ticularly true of the skippers, a group of very vigorous and swift-
flying butterflies. The writer prefers, if possible, to clap the net
over the specimens and then to allow them to rise, and, by insert-
ing the wide-mouthed collecting-jar below, to capture them with-
out touching them at all with the fingers. So far as possible the
fingers should not be allowed to come in contact with specimens,
whether in or out of the net, though some persons acquire an ex-
tremely delicate yet firm touch which enables them to handle the
wings of frail species without removing any of the scales. No-
thing is more unsightly in a collection than specimens that have
been caught and rubbed by the fingers.

Batts. —Moths are frequently taken by the method of collecting
known as “sugaring.” But it may also be employed for butter-
flies. For this purpose a mixture of beer and cheap brown sugar
may be used. If the beer be stale drippings, so much the better.
In fact, it is well, if the collector intends to remain in one locality
for some time, to make a mixture of beer and sugar some hours
or a day in advance of its application. In semi-tropical countries
a mixture of beer and sugar is hardly as good as a mixture of
molasses and water into which a few tablespoonfuls of Jamaica
rum have been put. A mixture thus prepared seems to attract
more effectually than the first prescription. Having provided a
pail with a quart or two of the mixture, the collector resorts to the
point where he proposes to carry on his work. With an ordinary
whitewash brush the mixture is applied to the trunks of trees,
stumps, fence-rails, and other objects. It is well to apply the
mixture to a series of trees and posts located on the side of a bit
of woodland, or along a path through forests, if comparatively
open and not too dense. The writer has rarely had success in
sugaring in the depths of forests. His greatest success has al-
ways been on paths and at the edge of woods. Many beetles
and other insects come to the tempting sweets, and separate jars
for capturing these should be carried in the pocket. The collector
never should attempt to kill beetles in the same jar into which he
is putting butterflies. The hard, horny bodies and spiny legs of
beetles will make sad havoc with the delicate wings of butterflies.

Many other baits besides this may be employed to attract in-
sects. Some writers recommend a bait prepared by boiling dried
apples and mashing them into a pulp, adding a little rum to the
mixture, and applying this to the bark of trees. In tropical coun-

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

tries bananas, especially rotten bananas, seem to have a charm for
insects. The cane-trash at sugar-mills is very attractive. If pos-
sible, it is well to obtain a quantity of this trash and scatter it
along forest paths. Some insects have very peculiar appetites and
are attracted by things loathsome. The ordure of carnivorous
animals seems to have a special charm for some of the most mag-
nificently colored and the rarest of tropical butterflies. A friend of
mine in Africa, who collected for me for a number of years, used
to keep civet-cats, the ordure of which was collected and placed
at appropriate points in the forest paths; and he was richly re-
warded by obtaining many insects which were not obtained in
any other way. Putrid fish have a charm for other species, and
dead snakes, when rankly high, will attract still others. It may
be observed that after the trees have been treated for a succession
of days or nights with the sweetening mixture spoken of above,
they become very productive. When collecting in Japan I
made it arule to return in the morning to the spots that I had
sugared for moths the evening before, and I was always amply
repaid by finding multitudes of butterflies and even a good many
day-flying moths seated upon the mossy bark, feasting upon the
remnants of the banquet I had provided the evening before. There
is no sport—I do not except that of the angler—which is more
fascinating than the sport derived by an enthusiastic entomologist
from the practice of “sugaring.’’ It is well, however, to know
always where your path leads, and not to lay it out in the dusk, as
the writer once did when staying at a well-known summer resort
in Virginia. The path which he had chosen as the scene of
operations was unfortunately laid, all unknown to himself, just
in the rear of the poultry-house of a man who sold chickens to
the hotel; and when he saw the dark lantern mysteriously moving
about, he concluded that some one with designs upon his hens
was hidden in the woods, and opened fire with a seven-shooter,
thus coming very near to terminating abruptly the career of an
ardent entomologist.

Beating.—There are many species which are apparently not
attracted by baits such as we have spoken of in the preceding
paragraph. The collector, passing through the grove, searches
diligently with his eye and captures what he can see, but does
not fail also with the end of his net-handle to tap the trunks of
trees and to shake the bushes, and as the insects fly out, to note

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

the point where they settle, and then make them his prey. It
is well in this work, as in all collecting, to proceed somewhat
leisurely, and to keep perfectly cool. The caricature sometimes
found in newspapers of the ardent lepidopterist running like a
“ quarter-back ” across a ten-acre lot in quest of some flying insect
does not represent the truly skilful collector, whose movements
are more or less stealthy and cautious.

THE BREEDING OF SPECIMENS

By breeding it is possible to obtain specimens in the most
perfect condition. Bred specimens which have not had an oppor-
tunity to fly are always preferred on account of their freshness of
color and perfection of form. A great many species which ap-
parently are exceedingly rare may often be obtained in consider-
able numbers by the process of breeding, the caterpillar being
more readily found than the perfect insect. Although the process
of breeding involves a good deal of labor and care, it affords a
most delightful field for observation, and the returns are fre-
quently of the very greatest value.

How to Get the Eggs of Butterflies.—The process of breeding
may begin with the egg. The skilful eye of the student will de-
tect the eggs of butterflies upon the leaves upon which they have
been deposited. The twig may be cut and placed in a vase, in
water, and kept fresh until the minute caterpillar emerges, and
then from time to time it may be transferred to fresh leaves of the
same species of plant, and it will continue to make its moults
until at last it is transformed into a chrysalis, and in due season
the butterfly emerges. Eggs may frequently be obtained in con-
siderable numbers by confining the female under gauze, with the
appropriate food-plant. A knowledge of the food-plant may
often be obtained by watching the female and observing upon
what plants she deposits her eggs. The exceedingly beautiful
researches of Mr. W. H. Edwards were largely promoted by his
skill in inducing females to oviposit upon their food-plants. He
did this generally by confining the female with the food-plant in
a barrel or nail-keg, the bottom of which had been knocked
out, and over the top of which he tied mosquito-netting.
The plant was placed under the keg. The insects thus con-

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

fined may be fed with a mixture of honey and water placed
upon the leaves.

In collecting caterpillars it is well to have on hand a number
of small boxes in which to place them, and also a botany-box in
which to bring from the field a supply of their appropriate food.

The process of breeding may begin with the caterpillar. The
collector, having discovered the caterpillar feeding upon the branch
of a certain plant, provides the creature with a constant supply
of the fresh foliage of the same plant, until it finally pupates.

Breeding-Cages. — Various devices for breeding caterpillars and
rearing moths and butterflies are
known. One of the most impor-
tant of these devices is the breed-
ing-cage, which is sometimes called
a vivarium. The simplest form
of the vivarium is often the best.
In breeding some species the best
method is simply to pot a plant
of the species upon which the lar-
va is known to feed, and to place
the potted plant in a box over ; aan]
which some mosquito-netting ISS ag) (Chey (eran esti.
tied. The writer frequently em- cage: G, lid covered with mosquito-
ploys for this purpose cylinders of ashe PEIN ©! Ceatnlny 18) OLS ver
glass over the top of which per-
forated cardboard is placed. This method, however, can be re-
sorted to only with the more minute forms and with plants that
do not attain great height. Another form of vivarium is repre-
sented in the adjoining woodcut (Fig. 50). The writer has suc-
cessfully employed, for breeding insects upon a large scale, ordi-
nary store boxes provided with a lid made by fastening together
four pieces of wood, making a frame large enough to cover the top
of the box, and covering it with gauze. The food-plant is kept
fresh in bottles or jars which are set into the boxes. Be careful,
however, after you have put the branches upon which the caterpil-
lars are feeding into the jars, to stuff something into the neck of the
jar so as to prevent the caterpillar from accidentally getting into
the water and drowning himself—a mishap which otherwise
might occur. When breeding is undertaken on a still larger scale,
it may be well to set apart for this purpose a room, preferably in

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

an outbuilding, all the openings leading from which should be
carefully closed so as to prevent the escape of the caterpillars.
How to Find Caterpillars. —Many species of caterpillars are not
hard to discover; they are more or less conspicuous objects, and
strike the eye. Some species conceal themselves by weaving
together the leaves of the plant on which they feed, or by bending

a ie

Fic. 50.—Breeding-cage: a, base, battened at g to
prevent warping; 2, removable body of cage, in-
closing zinc pan, f, v, containing jar for plant, d,
and filled with five inches of soil, 2; C, removable
top, covered with wire gauze. The doors and
sides are of glass (Riley).

a single leaf into a curved receptacle in which they lie hidden.
Others conceal themselves during the daytime about the roots of
trees or under bark or stones, only emerging in the night-time to
feed upon the foliage. The collector will carefully search for
these. The presence of caterpillars is generally indicated by the
ravages which they have committed upon the foliage. By care-
fully scanning a branch the collector will observe that the leaves
36

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

have been more or less devoured. Generally underneath the tree
will be found the frass, or ejectamenta, of the caterpillar. The
presence of the ejectamenta and the evidence of the ravages com-
mitted by the larve upon the foliage will give the collector a clue
to the whereabouts of the caterpillar. The writer has found it
generally advantageous to search for caterpillars that feed upon
trees along the wide, sandy margins of brooks and rivers. The
frass is easily discovered upon the sand, and by casting the eye
upward into the foliage it is often easy to detect the insect. The
pavements in towns and cities which are bordered by trees may
also very well be scanned for evidence of the presence of cater-
pillars. A favorite collecting-ground of the writer is one of the
large cemeteries of the city in which he lives, in which there are
numerous trees and a great quantity of shrubbery. _Wood-boring
species, as a rule, are more difficult to obtain and rear than those
that feed upon the foliage.

Hibernating Caterpillars.—While some difficulty attends the
preservation of chrysalids in the case of those species which
pupate in the fall and pass the winter in the chrysalis state under
the ground, far more difficulty attends the preservation of species
which hibernate in the caterpillar state. Asa rule, it is found best
to expose the boxes containing these species in an ice-house or
other cold place, keeping them there until there is available an
abundant supply of the tender shoots of the plant upon which
they are in the habit of feeding. They may then be brought forth
from cold storage and placed in proximity to the food-plant,
upon which they will proceed to feed.

THE PRESERVATION OF SPECIMENS

Papering Specimens.—When time and opportunities do not
suffice for the proper preparation of butterflies for display in
the permanent collection, the collector may, in the case of the
larger species, conveniently place them in envelopes, with their
wings folded (Fig. 51), and they may then be stored in a box
until such time as he is able to relax the specimens and properly
mount them. Thousands of insects are thus annually collected.
The small drug envelopes, or the larger pay-roll envelopes,
which may be bought in boxes by the thousand of any stationer for

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

a comparatively small sum, are preferable because of their conve-
nience. Many collectors, however, paper their specimens in envel-
opes which they make of oblong bits of paper adapted to the size
of the insect. The process of making the envelope and of paper-
ing the insect is accurately depicted in the accompanying cut
(Fig. 52). The writer finds it good in
the case of small butterflies to place
them in boxes between layers of cheap
plush or velvet. A small box, a few
inches long, may be provided, and at
Fic. 51.—Butterfly in envelope. its bottom a layer of velvet is placed;

upon this a number of small butterflies
are laid. Over them is placed a layer of velvet, with its soft
pile facing the same side of the velvet at the bottom. On top
of this another piece of velvet is laid, with its pile upward,
and other specimens are again deposited, and over this another
piece of velvet is laid, and so on. If the box is not filled full at
once, it is well to have enough pieces of velvet cut to fill it, or else
place cotton on top, so as to keep the layers of velvet from mov-
ing or shaking about. A yard or two
of plush or velvet will suffice for the
packing of a thousand specimens of
small butterflies.

Mounting Butterflies.—When the
collector has time enough at his dis- ,
posal he should at once mount his
specimens as they are intended to be a :

: : : Fic. 52.—Method of folding pa-
displayed in the collection. We shall per for envelopes: first fold on line
now proceed to explain the manner in 48; then on 4D and CB; then on

: ore BF and EA.
which this is most advantageously ac-
complished. Theinsectshould first ofallbe pinned. The pinshould
be thrust perpendicularly through the thorax, midway between the
wings, and at a considerable elevation upon the pin. It should -
then be placed upon the setting-board or setting-block. Setting-
boards or setting-blocks are pieces of wood having a groove on
the upper surface of sufficient depth to accommodate the body of
the insect and to permit the wings to be brought to the level
of the upper surface of the board (Fig. 53). They should also be
provided either with a cleft or a hole which will permit the pin to
be thrust down below the body of the insect for a considerable

|
!

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

distance. Asarule, the wings of all specimens should be mounted
at a uniform elevation of about seven eighths of an inch above the
point of the pin. This is known as the “continental method ”’ of
mounting, and is infinitely prefer-
able to the old-fashioned ‘‘ English
method,” in which the insect was
pinned low down upon the pin, so
that its wings touched the surface of
the box.

Setting-blocks are most advanta-
geously employed in setting small
species, especially the Hesperiidae,
the wings of which are refractory.
When the insect has been pinned Se Se Suieier! Eanes
upon the setting-board or setting- by the author. The wings of the
block, the next step is to set the imsect are held in place by strips of

z 2 ae i tracing-muslin, such as is used by
wings (in the position which they engineers. The grooves at the side
are to maintain when the specimen Serve to hold the board in place in
; sai the drying-box. (See Fig. 59.)
is thoroughly dry. This is accom-
plished by means of what are known as “setting-needles ”
(Fig. 56). Setting-needles may be easily made by simply stick-
ing ordinary needles into wooden matches from which the tips
have been removed. In drawing the wings into position, care
should be taken to plant the setting-needle
behind the strong nervure on the costal
margin of the
wing; otherwise
the wings are lia-
ble to be torn and
(~8 disfigured. The

Fic. 54.—Setting-block: rule in setting lep-
Gitetiancrant Cedi idopterais to draw
filling groove on the bottom the anterior wing
of the block; B, slit to hold forward in such
thread.

a manner that the
posterior margin of this wing is at right angles to the axis of
the body, the axis of the body being a line drawn through the
head to the extremity of the abdomen. The hind wing should
then be moved forward, its anterior margin lying under the op-
posing margin of the front wing. When the wings have thus

Fic. 55.—Setting-block with
butterfly expanded upon it.

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

been adjusted into the position which they are to occupy, slips
of tracing-muslin or of paper should be drawn down over them
and securely pinned, the setting-needles being removed.
In pinning down the
strips which are to hold the
Fic. 56.—Setting-needle. wings in place, be careful
to pin around the wing, but
never, if possible, through it. When the wings have been adjusted
in the position in which they are to remain, the antenne, or feelers,
should be attended to and drawn forward on the same plane as the
wings and secured in place. This may ordinarily be done by set-
ting pins in such a position as to hold them where they are to stay.
Then the body, if it has a tendency to sag down at the end of the
abdomen, should be raised. This may also be accomplished by
means of pins thrust beneath on either side. The figure onthe
next page shows more clearly what is intended. When the
insect has been set, the board should be put aside in a place where
it will not be molested or attacked by pests, and the specimens
upon it allowed to dry. A box with shelves in it is often used
for this purpose. This box should
have a door at the front covered
with wire gauze, and the back
should also be open, covered with
gauze, so as to allow a free circu-
lation of air. A few balls of naph-
thaline placed in it will tend to keep
away mites and other pests. The
timendurinomwhichiithelspecimnen tina
should remain on the board until it F'S- 57-—Setting-board with moth
r : t a eae ! : expanded upon it (Riley).
is dried varies with its size and the
condition of the atmosphere. Most butterflies and moths in dry
weather will be sufficiently dried to permit of their removal from
the setting-boards in a week; but large, stout-bodied moths may
require as much as two weeks, or even more time, before they are
dry enough to be taken off the boards. The process of drying
may be hastened by placing the boards in an oven, but the tem-
perature of the oven must be quite low. If too much heat is
applied, great injury is sure to result. Only a careful and expert
operator should resort to the use of the oven, a temperature above
120° F, being sure to work mischief.

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

Relaxing Specimens.—When butterflies or moths have been
put up in papers or mounted on pins without having their wings
expanded and set it becomes necessary, before setting them, to
relax them. This may be ac-
complished in several ways.
If the specimens have been
pinned it is best to place them
on pieces of sheet-cork on a
tray of sand which has been
thoroughly moistened and
treated with a good dose of
carbolic acid. Over all a bell-
glass is put. A tight tin box
will serve the same purpose, Fic. 58.—Butterfly pinned on board, showing
but a broad sheet of bibulous method ot holding up body and pinning down
paper should always be put
over the box, under the lid, before closing it, and in such a way as to
leave the edges of the paper projecting around the edges of the lid.
This is done toabsorb the moisture which might settle by condensa-
tion upon the lid and drop upon the specimens. Ina bell-glass the

Fic. 59.—Drying-box: a, setting-board partly pulled
out; b, T-shaped strip working in groove on setting-
board; c, front door, sliding down by tongue, d, work-
ing in a groove at side in front.

moisture generally trickles down the sides. Earthenware crocks

with closely fitting lids are even better than tin boxes, but they

must have paper put over them, before closing, in the same way

as is done when tin boxes are used. When specimens have been
41

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

preserved in papers or envelopes these should be opened a little
and laid upon damp, carbolized sand under a bell-glass or in a
closed receptacle of some kind. Papered specimens may also be
placed in their envelopes between clean towels, which have been
moistened in water to which a little carbolic acid has been added.
The towels should be wrung out quite dry before using them.

~E~E——

eae

Fic. 60.—Drying-box (Riley).

The method of placing between towels should never be used in
the case of very small and delicate species and those which are
blue or green in color. Great care must be exercised not to allow
the insects to become soaked or unduly wet. This ruins them.
They should, however, be damp enough to allow the wings and
other organs to be freely moved. When the insects have been
relaxed they may be pinned and expanded on setting-boards like
freshly caught Specimens. It is well in setting the wings of re-
laxed specimens, after having thrust the pin through the body, to
take a small forceps and, seizing the wings just where they join
the body, gently move them so as to open them and make their
movement easy before pinning them upon the setting-board.
The skilful manipulator in this way quickly ascertains whether
they have been sufficiently relaxed to admit of their being readily
set. If discovered to be too stiff and liable to break they must be
still further relaxed. Dried specimens which have been relaxed
and then mounted generally require only a short time to dry
again, and need rarely be kept more than twenty-four hours upon
the setting-boards.

The process of setting insects upon setting-blocks is exactly the

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

same as when setting-boards are used, with the simple difference
that, instead of pinning strips of paper or tracing-muslin over the
wings, the wings are held in place by threads or very narrow
tapes, which are wound around the block. When the wings are not
covered with a very deep and velvety covering of scales the threads
or tapes may be used alone; but when the wings are thus clothed
it becomes necessary to put bits of paper or cardboard over the
wings before wrapping with the threads. Unless this is done
the marks of the threads will be left upon the wings. Some
little skill, which is easily acquired by practice, is necessary in order
to employ setting-blocks to advantage, but in the case of small
species and species which have refractory wings they are much
to be preferred to the boards.

The Preparation and Preservation of Eggs.—The eggs of but-
terflies may be preserved by simply putting them into tubes con-
taining alcohol, or they may be placed in vials containing dilute
glycerine or a solution of common salt. The vials should be kept
tightly corked and should be marked by a label written with a
lead-pencil and placed within the bottle, upon which the name
of the species and the date of collection should be noted, or a
reference made to the collector’s note-book. Unless the eggs of
insects are preserved in fluid they are apt in many cases to dry up
and become distorted, because, on account of their small size, it
is impossible to void them of their contents. The larve escaping
from eggs often void the shell very neatly, leaving, however, a
large orifice. Such remnants of shells may be preserved, as they
often are useful in showing some of the details of marking; but
great vigilance in securing them should be exercised, for almost
all the larve of butterflies have the curious habit of whetting their
appetites for future repasts by turning around and either wholly
or partially devouring the shell of the egg which they have quitted.
Eggs are most neatly mounted in the form of microscopic slides
in glycerine jelly contained in cells of appropriate depth and diam-
eter. It is best, if possible, to mount several specimens upon the
same slide, showing the side of the egg as well as the end. A
cabinet filled with the eggs of butterflies thus mounted is valu-
able and curious.

The Preservation of Chrysalids.—Chrysalids may be deprived
of their vitality by simply immersing them in alcohol, or they
may be killed by means of chloroform, and they may then be

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

fastened upon pins like the imago, and arranged appropriately
in the collection with the species. Some chrysalids, however,
lose their color when killed in this way, and it is occasion-
ally well to void them of their contents by making an opening
and carefully removing the parts that are contained within, re-
placing with some material which will prevent the chrysalis from
shrinking and shriveling. This method of preserving need, how-
ever, be resorted to only in exceptional cases. When a butterfly
has escaped from its chrysalis it frequently leaves the entire shell
behind, with the parts somewhat sundered, yet, nevertheless,
furnishing a clear idea of the structure of the chrysalis. If no
other specimen of the chrysalis can be obtained than these voided
shells they should be preserved.

The Preservation of Caterpillars.—The caterpillars of butterflies
when they first emerge from the egg, and before they make the
first moult, are, for the most part, extremely small, and are best
preserved as microscopic objects in cells filled with glycerine.
After each successive moult the larva increases rapidly in size.
These various stages in the development of the caterpillar should
all be noted and preserved, and it is customary to put up
these collections in vials filled with alcohol or a solution
of formaline (which latter, by the by, is preferable to alco-
hol), or to inflate them. The method of inflation secures the
best specimens.

In inflating larvee the first step is carefully to remove the con-
tents of the larval skin. This may be done by making an incision
with a stout pin or a needle at the anal extremity, and then, be-
tween the folds of a soft towel or cloth, pressing out the contents
of the abdominal cavity. The pressure should be first applied near
the point where the pellicle has been punctured, and should then
be carried forward until the region of the head is reached. Care
must be exercised to apply only enough pressure to expel the
contents of the skin without disturbing the tissues which lie
nearest to the epidermis, in which the pigments are located, and
not to remove the hairs which are attached to the body. Pressure
sufficient to bruise the skin should never be applied. A little
practice soon imparts the required dexterity. The contents of
the larval skin having been removed, the next step is to inflate
and dry the empty skin. A compact statement of the method of
performing this operation is contained in Hornaday’s “ Taxidermy

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE V

Reproduced, with the kind permission of Dr. S. H. Scudder, from ‘‘ The Butterflies

of New England,” vol. iii, Plate 84.

CHRYSALIDS IN COLOR AND IN OUTLINE—NyYMPHALIDA:, LycaNIDA, PIERINA

1. Argynnis cybele. Side view.
2. Argynnis cybele. Dorsal view.
Argynms cybele, Side view.

Side view.

Side view.
Side view.
Side view.
Side view.
Side view.
Side view.
Side view.
Side view.
Side view.
Dorsal view.
Side view.
Dorsal view.
Side view.
Dorsal view.
Side view.
Dorsal view.
Side view.
Side view.
Side view.

Argynnis aphrodite.
. Argynimis atlantis.
7. Melitca phacton.
8. Euptoteta claudia.
9. Euptoieta claudia.
10. Brenthis bellona.
11. Brenthis bellona.
12. Brenthis mprina.
13. Brenthis mprina,
14. Brenthis myrina.
15. Melitea phaéton.
10. Meliteca phaéton.
17. Melite@a harrisi.
18. Melitaa harrisi.
19. Phyciodes ipyeters.
Phyciodes tharos.
21. Phyciodes tharos.
Phyciodes tharos.
23. Libythea bachmani.

3
4. Argynnis idalia.
5
6

24. Libvthea bachmani. Side view.
25. Thecla calanus. Side view.

26. Thecla irus. Side view, enlarged.
27. Thecla calanus.~ Side view.

28. Thecla liparops. Side view.

29, Thecla edwards:, Side view.

30. Thecla damon. Side view.

31. Thecla damon. Side view, enlarged.

32. Thecla irus. Dorsal view.
33. Thecla irus. “Side view:
34. Thecla wus. Side view.

35. Thecla acadica. Side view.

Lycena pseudargiolus. Side view.

7. Thecla titus. Side view.

38. Thecla niphon. Side view.

39. Thecla melinus. Side view. Copied
from Abbot's drawing in the British
Museum.

40. Thecla niphon.

4l.

. Feniseca tarquinius.

. Pieris napi, var. oleracea.

. Pieris rapa.

Side view. Copied
from Abbot’s drawing in Dr. Bois-
duval’s library.

Lyceena scuddert.
larged.

Side view, en-

. Lycena comyntas. Side view. Copied

from Abbot’s drawing in Dr. Bois-
duval’s library.

Lycena pseudargiolus. Side view,
enlarged. Copied from Abbot's
drawing in Dr. Boisduyal’s library.

Lycena pseudargiolus. Side yiew.

Side view.

Feniseca tarquinius. Side view,
Copied from Abbot’s drawing in
the British Museum.

Lycena comyntas. Side view, en-
larged.

Side view.

hypophleas.

Lycena compitas.
Chrysophanus
view.
Chrysophanus thoé.
Terias nicippe. Side view.
Terias nicitppe. Dorsal view.
Colias eurptheme. Side view.
Colias philodice. Dorsal view.
Colias philodice. Side view.
Terias lisa. Side view.
Pieris api, var. oleracea.
view.
Pieris vapor. Side view.
Euchloé genutia. Side view.
Callidryas cubule. Side view.
Callidryas ceubule. Side view.
Callidrpas cubule. Dorsal view.
Pieris napi, var. oleracea. Side view.
Dorsal

Side

Side view.

Side

view.

Dorsal view.
Pieris protodice. Dorsal view.
Pieris protodice. Side view.

PLATE V.

THE BUTTERFLY Book.

q t iy p ¢ . z if 7
bate Th .

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

and Zoélogical Collecting,” from the pen of the writer, and I here-
with reproduce it:

“The simplest method of inflating the skins of larve after the
contents have been withdrawn is to insert a straw or grass stem
of appropriate thickness into the opening through which the
contents have been removed, and then by the breath to inflate the
specimen, while holding over the chimney of an Argand lamp,

Wik: OMY Na
Cote

\ yl
et te
é = >

Fic. 61.—Apparatus for inflating larve: B, foot-bellows; K, rubber tube;
C, flask; D, anhydrous sulphuric acid; £, overflow-flask; F, rubber tube
from flask; G, standard with cock to regulate flow of air; H, glass tube
with larva upon it; /, copper drying-plate; /, spirit-lamp.

the flame of which must be regulated so as not to scorch or
singe it. Care must be taken in the act of inflating not to unduly
distend the larval skin, thus producing a distortion, and also to dry
it thoroughly. Unless the latter precaution is observed a subse-
quent shrinking and disfigurement will take place. The process
of inflating in the manner just described is somewhat laborious,
and while some of the finest specimens which the writer has ever
seen were prepared in this primitive manner, various expedients
45

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

for lessening the labor involved have been devised, some of which
are to be highly commended.

“A comparatively inexpensive arrangement for inflating larve
is a modification of that described in the ‘Entomologische Nach-
richten’ (1879, vol. v, p. 7), devised by Mr. Fritz A. Wachtel
(Fig. 61). It consists of a foot-bellows such as is used by
chemists in the laboratory, or, better still, of a small cylinder
such as is used for holding gas in operating the oxyhydrogen
lamp of asciopticon. In
the latter case the com-
pressed air should not
have a pressure exceed-
ing twenty pounds to the
square inch, and the cock regulating the flow from the cylinder
should be capable of very fine adjustment. By means of a rubber
tube the air is conveyed from the cylinder to a couple of flasks, one
of which contains concentrated sulphuric acid, and the other is in-
tended for the reception of any overflow of the hydrated sulphuric
acid which may occur. The object of passing the air through
sulphuric acid is to rob it, so far as possible, of its moisture. It
is then conveyed into a flask, which is
heated upon a sand-bath, and thence by a
piece of flexible tubing to a tip mounted
on a joint allowing vertical and horizontal
motion and secured by a standard to the
working-table. The flow of air through
the tip is regulated by a cock. Upon the
tip is fastened a small rubber tube, into the “E.. .—Daearer
free extremity of which is inserted a fine- 4, lamp; B, pin to hold door
pointed glass tube. This is provided ape ns yea;
with an armature consisting of two steel
springs fastened upon opposite sides, and their ends bent at right
angles in such a way as to hold the larval skin firmly to the
extremity of the tube. The skin having been adjusted upon
the fine point of the tube, the bellows is put into operation, and
the skin is inflated. A drying apparatus is provided in several
ways. A copper plate mounted upon four legs, and heated by an
alcohol-lamp placed below, has been advocated by some. A bet-
ter arrangement, used by the writer, consists of asmall oven heated
by the flame of an alcohol-lamp or by jets of natural gas, and pro-

Fic. 62.—Tip of inflating-tube, with armature for
holding larval skin.

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

vided with circular openings of various sizes, into which the larval
skin is introduced (Fig. 63).

‘““A less commendable method of preserving larvee is to place
them in alcohol. The larve should be tied up in sacks of light
gauze netting, and a label of tough paper, with the date and
locality of capture, and the name, if known, written with a lead-
pencil, should be attached to each such little sack. Do not use
ink on labels to be immersed, but a hard lead-pencil. Alcoholic
specimens are liable to become shriveled and discolored, and
are not nearly as valuable as well-inflated and dried skins.

C§

Fic. 64.—Drying-oven: a, sliding door; 3, lid;
c, body of oven with glass sides; d, opening for
inserting inflating-tube; e, copper bottom; /, spirit-
lamp; g, base (Riley).

“When the skins have been inflated they may be mounted
readily by being placed upon wires wrapped with green silk, or
upon annealed aluminium wire. The wires are bent and twisted
together for a short distance and then made to diverge. The
diverging ends are pressed together, a little shellac is placed upon
their tips, and they are then inserted into the opening at the anal

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

extremity of the larval skin. Upon the release of pressure they
spread apart, and after the shellac has dried the skin is firmly
held by them. They may then be attached to pins by simply
twisting the free end of the wire about the pin, or they may be
placed upon artificial imitations of the leaves and twigs of their
appropriate food-plants.”

THE PRESERVATION AND ARRANGEMENT OF
COLLECTIONS

The secret 0 preserving collections of lepidoptera in beauti-
ful condition is to exclude light, moisture, and insect pests.
Light ultimately bleaches many species, moisture leads to mould
and mildew, and insect pests devour the specimens. The main
thing is therefore to have the receptacles in which the specimens
are placed dark and as nearly as possible hermetically sealed and”
kept ina dry place. In order to accomplish this, various devices
have been resorted to.

Boxes.—Boxes for the preservation of specimens are made with
a tongue on the edges of the bottom fitting into a groove upon the
lid, or they may be made with inside
pieces fastened around the inner edge
of the bottom and projecting so as to
catch the lid.
The accompany-
ing outlines show
the method of
joining different
forms of boxes
(Figs. 65-67).
Fic. 65.—Detail drawing of The bottom of »

front of box, made to resemble a the box should
book: s, s, sides, made of two be lined with
pieces of wood glued together

SSRN aS IS Ara SETS

Fic. 66.—Detail drawing
across the grain; f, tongue; g, Some substance of front of box: #, top; },

Ss)

Bier noha cor P, paper cover- which willenable
ing rk.

bottom; e, side; f, strip,
; nailed around inside as at 7;
the specimens to ¢, cork; 9, paper lining.

be pinned into it securely. For this purpose sheet-cork about a
quarter of an inch thick is to be preferred to all other substances.
Ground cork pressed into layers and covered with white paper

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

is manufactured for the purpose of lining boxes. Turf com-
pressed into sheets about half an inch thick and covered with
paper is used by many European collectors. Sheets of aloe-pith
or of the wood of the yucca, half an inch thick, are used, and the
pith of corn-stalks (Indian corn or maize) may
also be employed, laid into the box and glued
neatly to the bottom. The corn-pith should
be cut into pieces about half an inch square
and joined together neatly, covering it with
thin white paper after thé surface has been
made quite even and true. Cork is, however,
the best material, for, though more expensive
than the other things named, it has greater
power to hold the pins, and unless these are
securely fixed and held in place great damage ae, eatin ang
is sure to result. A loose specimen in a box tongue, z, is made of strips

will work incalculable damage. Boxes should °f zinc let into a groove
is and fastened as at 1; g,

5) 9)

be made of light, thoroughly seasoned wood, groove to catch tongue.
and should be very tight. They are some- 5) 5, top and bottom; c,
times made so that specimens may be Ra
pinned both upon the top and the bottom, but this is not to be
commended. The depth of the box should be sufficient to admit
of the use of the longest insect-pin in use, and a depth between
top and bottom of two and a quarter inches is therefore sufficient.
Boxes are sometimes made with backs in imitation of books, and
a collection arranged in
such boxes presents an
attractive external ap-
pearance. A very good
box is made for the
United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture and
for the Carnegie Muse-
um in Pittsburgh (Fig.
Fic. 68.—Insect-box for preservation of collections. 68). This box is thir-
teen inches long, nine
inches wide, and three inches thick (external measurement). The
depth between the bottom and the lid on the inside is two and
one eighth inches. The ends and sides are dovetailed; the top
and bottom are each made of two pieces of light stuff, about one

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

eighth of an inch thick, glued together in such a way that the
grain of the two pieces crosses at right angles, and all crack-
ing and warping are thus prevented. The lids are secured to
the bottoms by brass hooks fitting into eyelets. Such boxes
provided with cork do not cost more than fifty-five cents apiece
when bought in quantities. Boxes may be made of stout paste-
board about one eighth or three sixteenths of an inch thick, with
a rabbet-tongue on the inside. Such boxes are much used in
France and England, and when well and substantially made are
most excellent. They may be obtained for about thirty-five cents
apiece lined with compressed cork.

Cabinets and Drawers.—Large collections which are intended
to be frequently consulted are best preserved in cabinets fitted
with glass-covered drawers. A great deal of variety exists in the
plans which are adopted for the display of specimens in cabinets.
Much depends upon the taste and the financial ability of the col-
lector. Large sums of money may be expended upon cabinets,
but the main thing is to secure the specimens from dust, mould,
and insect pests. The point to be observed most carefully is so
to arrange the drawers that they are, like the boxes, practically
air-tight. The writer employs as the standard size for the draw-
ers in his own collection and in the Carnegie Museum a drawer
which is twenty-two inches long, sixteen inches wide, and two
inches deep (inside measurement). The outside dimensions are:
length, twenty-three inches exclusive of face; breadth, seventeen
inches; height, two andthreeeighthsinches. The covers are glazed
with double-strength glass. They are held upon the bottoms by a
rabbet placed inside of the bottom amd nearly reaching the lower
surface of the glass on the cover when closed. The drawers are
lined upon the bottom with cork five sixteenths of an inch thick,
and are papered on the bottom and sides with good linen paper,
which does not easily become discolored. Each drawer is faced
with cherry and has a knob. These drawers are arranged in
cabinets built in sections for convenience in handling. The two
lower sections each contain thirty drawers, the upper section nine.
The drawers are arranged in three perpendicular series and are
made interchangeable, so that any drawer will fit into any place in
any one of the cabinets. This is very necessary, as it admits of
the easy rearrangement of collections. On the sides of each drawer
a pocket is cut on the inner surface, which communicates through

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

an opening in the rabbet with the interior. The paper lining the
inside is perforated over this opening with a number of small
holes. The pocket is kept filled with naphthaline crystals, the
fumes of which pass into the interior and tend to keep away pests.
The accompanying figure gives the details of construction (Fig.
69). Such drawers can be made at a cost of about $3.50 apiece,
and the cost of a cabinet finished and supplied with them is about
$325, made of cherry, finished in imitation of mahogany.

Fic. 69.—Detail drawing of drawer for cabinet: e, e, ends; 3,
bottom; c, cork; p, p, paper strips in corners of lid to exclude dust;
g, Z, glass of cover, held in place by top strips, s, s; m, m, side
Pieces serving as rabbets on inside; po, pocket in ends and sides,
sawn out of the wood; x, opening through the rabbet into this
pocket; », holes through the paper lining, p’, allowing fumes of
naphthaline to enter interior of drawer; f, front; k, knob; 0,
lunette cut in edge of the top piece to enable the lid to be raised by
inserting the fingers.

Some persons prefer to have the bottoms as well as the tops of
the drawers in their cabinets made of glass. In such cases the
specimens are pinned upon narrow strips of wood covered with
cork, securely fastened across the inside of the drawers. This
arrangement enables the under side of specimens to be examined
and compared with as much freedom as the upper side, and with-
out removing them from the drawers; but the strips are liable at
times to become loosened, and when this happens great havoc is
wrought among the specimens if the drawer is moved carelessly.
Besides, there is more danger of breakage.

Another way of providing a cheap and very sightly lining for
the bottom of an insect-box is illustrated in Fig. 70. A frame
of wood like a slate-frame is provided, and on both sides paper is
stretched. To stretch the paper it ought to be soaked in water
before pasting to the frame; then when it dries it is as tight and
smooth as a drum-head.

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

The beginner who has not a long purse will do well to preserve

his collections in boxes such as have been described. They can
be obtained quite cheaply and
are most excellent. Cabinets
are more or less of a luxury for
the amateur, and are only a ne-
cessity in the case of great col-
lections which are constantly
being consulted. The boxes
may be arranged upon shelves.
Some of the largest and best
’ collections in the world are pre-
served in boxes, notably those

Fic. 70.—A, A, side and bottom of box; i :
B, frame fitting into box; C, space which Of the United States National
must be left between frame and bottom of Museum.
box; P, P, paper stretched on frame.

Labeling.—Each specimen
should have on the pin below the specimen a small label giving
the date of capture, if known, and the locality. Below this should
be a label of larger size, giving its sci-
entific name, if ascertained, and the
sex. Labels should be neat and uni-
form in size. A good size for labels
for large species is about one inch
long and five eighths of an inch wide.
The labels should be written in a fine
but legible hand. Smaller labels may
be used for smaller species. A crow-
quill pen and India ink are to be pre-
ferred in writing labels.
Arrangement of Specimens. —Spe-
cimens are best arranged in rows.
The males should be pinned in first
in the series, after them the females.
Varieties should follow the species.
After these should be placed any Q
aberrations or monstrosities which Fic. 71.—Manner of arranging
the collector may possess. The name Ue a
of the genus should precede all the species contained in the col-
lection, and after each species the specific name should be placed.
Fig. 71 shows the manner of arrangement.
52

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

Insect Pests.—In order to preserve collections, great care must
be taken to exclude the various forms of insect pests, which are
likely, unless destroyed and kept from attacking the specimens,
to ruin them utterly in comparatively a short time. The pests
which are most to be feared are beetles belonging to the gen-
era Dermestes and Anthrenus. In addition to these beetles,
which commit their ravages in the larval stage, moths and mites
prey upon collections. Moths are very infrequently, however,
found in collections of insects, and in a long experience the writer
has known only one or two instances in which any damage was
inflicted upon specimens by the larvzee of moths. Mites are much
more to be dreaded.

In order to prevent the ravages of insects, all specimens, before
putting them away into the boxes or drawers of the cabinet in
which they are to be preserved, should be placed in a tight box in
which chloroform, or, better, carbon bisulphide, in a small pan is
put, and they should be left here for at least twenty-four hours,
until it is certain that all life is extinct. Then they should be trans-
ferred to the tight boxes or drawers in which they are to be kept.
The presence of insect pests in a collection is generally first indi-
cated by fine dust under the specimen, this dust being the excre-
ment of the larva which is committing depredations upon the
specimen. In case the presence of the larva is detected, a liberal
dose of chloroform should at once be administered to the box or
tray in which the specimen is contained. The specimen itself
ought to be removed, and may be dipped into benzine.
Naphthaline crystals or camphor is generally employed
to keep out insect pests from boxes. They are very
useful to deter the entrance of pests, but when they
have once been introduced into a collection neither naph-
thaline nor camphor will kill them. Naphthaline is
prepared in the form of cones attached to a pin, and
these cones may be placed in one corner of the box.
They are made by Blake & Co. of Philadelphia, and are
in vogue among entomologists. However, a good
substitute for the cones may very easily be made by 4, 75,—
taking the ordinary moth-balls which are sold every- Naphthaline
where. By heating a pin red-hot in the flame of an “""
alcohol-lamp it may be thrust into the moth-ball; as it enters it
melts the naphthaline, which immediately afterward cools and

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

holds the pin securely fixed in the moth-ball. In attaching these
pins to moth-balls, hold the pin securely in a forceps while heat-
ing it in the flame of the lamp, and thrust the red-hot pin into the
center of the ball. Naphthaline crystals and camphor may be se-
cured in the corner of the box by tying up a quantity of them in
a small piece of netting and pinning the little bag thus made in the
corner of the tray. By following these directions insect pests may
be kept out of collections. It is proper to observe that while car-
bon bisulphide is more useful even than chloroform in killing
pests, and is also cheaper, it should be used with great care, be-
cause When mixed with atmospheric air it is highly explosive,
and its use should never take place where there are lamps burn-
ing or where there is fire. Besides, its odor is extremely unpleas-
ant, unless it has been washed in mercury.

Greasy Specimens.—Specimens occasionally become greasy.
When this happens they may be cleansed by pinning them down
on a piece of cork secured to the bottom of a closed vessel, and
gently filling it with benzine, refined gasoline, or ether. After
leaving them long enough to remove all the grease they may be
taken out of the bath and allowed to dry in a place where there
is no dust. This operation should not take place near a lighted
lamp or a fire.

Mou/d.— When specimens have become mouldy or mildewed
it is best to burn them up if they can be spared. If not, after
they have been thoroughly dried remove the mould with a sable
or camel’s-hair pencil which has been rubbed in carbolic acid (crys-
tals liquefied by heat). Mildew in a cabinet is hard to eradicate,
and heat, even to burning, is about the only cure, except the
mild use of carbolic acid in the way suggested.

Repairing Specimens.—TYorn and ragged specimens are to be
preferred to none at all. “The half of a loaf is better than no
bread.” Until the torn specimen can be replaced by a better, it
is always well to retain it in a collection. But it is sometimes
possible to repair torn specimens in such a way as to make them
more presentable. If an antenna, for instance, has been broken
off, it may be replaced neatly, so that only a microscopic exami-
nation will disclose the fact that it was once away from the place
where it belonged. if a wing has been slit, the rent may be
mended so neatly that only a very careful observer can detect the
fact. If a piece has been torn out of a wing, it may be replaced

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

by the corresponding portion of the wing of another specimen of
the same sex of the same species in such a way as almost to defy
detection. The prime requisites for this work are patience, a
steady hand, a good eye, a great deal of “ gumption,” a few set-
ting-needles, a jeweler’s forceps, and a little shellac dissolved in
alcohol. The shellac used in replacing a missing antenna should
be of a thickish consistency; in repairing wings it should be well
thinned down with alcohol. In handling broken antenne it is
best to use a fine sable pencil, which may be moistened very
lightly by applying it to the tip of the tongue. With this it is
possible to pick up a loose antenna and place it wherever it is de-
sired. Apply the shellac to the torn edges of a broken wing with
great delicacy of touch and in very small quantity. Avoid put-
ting on the adhesive material in “ gobs and slathers.”. Repairing
is a fine art, which is only learned after some patient experimen-
tation, and is only to be practised when absolutely necessary.
The habit of some dealers of patching up broken specimens with
parts taken from other species is highly to be reprobated. Such
specimens are more or less caricatures of the real thing, and no
truly scientific man will admit such scarecrows into his collection,
except under dire compulsion.

Packing and Forwarding Specimens.—It often becomes neces-
sary to forward specimens from one place to another. If it is in-
tended to ship specimens which have been mounted upon pins
they should be securely pinned in a box lined with cork. A great
many expanded specimens may be pinned
in a box by resorting to the method known
as “shingling,” which is illustrated in Fig. 73.
By causing the wings of specimens to over-
lap, as is shown in the figure, a great many
can be accommodated in a small space.
When the specimens have been packed the
box should be securely closed, its edges shut
with paper, after some drops of chloroform ll
have been poured into the box, and thenthis 5, paemaitteriies
box should be placed in an outer box con- pinned into a box over-
taining excelsior, hay, cotton, or loose shav- rd arotiel aor
ings in sufficient abundance to prevent the
jarring of the inner box and consequent breakage. Where speci-
mens are forwarded in envelopes, having been collected in the

fat

te
AAPA:
CLE

S25 Sa: > es:

PA
ove

fil

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

field, and are not pinned, the precaution of surrounding them
with packing such as has been described is not necessary, but the
box in which they are shipped should always be strong enough
to resist breakage. Things forwarded by mail or by express
always receive rough treatment, and the writer has lost many fine
specimens which have been forwarded to him because the
shipper was careless in packing.

Pins. —Inthe preceding pages frequent reference has been made
to insect-pins. These are pins which are made longer and thinner
than is the case with ordinary pins, and are therefore adaptable to
the special use to which they are put. There are a number of
makers whose pins have come into vogue. What are known as
Karlsbader and Klager pins, made in Germany, are the most widely
used. They are made of ordinary pin-metal in various sizes. The
Karlsbader pins have very fine points, but, owing to the fineness
of the points and the softness of the metal, they are very apt to
buckle, or turn up at the points. The Klager pins are not exposed’
to the same objection, as the points are not quite so fine. The best
pins, however, which are now made are those which have re-
cently been introduced by Messrs. Kirby, Beard, & Co. of England.
They are made of soft steel, lacquered, possessing very great

strength and considerable flexibility. The finest-sized pin of this
make has as much strength as the largest pin of the other makes
that have been mentioned, and the writer has never known them
to buckle at the tip, even when pinned through the hardest insect
tissues. While these pins are a little more expensive than others,
the writer does not fail to give them an unqualified preference.
The Forceps.— An instrument which is almost indispensable to
the student of entomology is the forceps. There are many forms
of forceps, and it is not necessary to speak at length in reference
to the various shapes; but for the use of the student of but-
terflies the forceps made by the firm of Blake & Co. of Phila-
56

The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens

delphia is to be preferred to all others. The head of this firm is
himself a famous entomologist, and he has given us in the forceps
which is illustrated in Fig. 74 an instrument which comes as
near perfection as the art of the maker of instruments can pro-
duce. The small forceps represented in Fig. 75 is very useful
in pinning small specimens. In handling mounted specimens it

Fic. 75.—Insect-forceps.

is well always to take hold of the pin below the specimen with
the forceps, and insert it into the cork by the pressure of the for-
ceps. If the attempt is made to pin down a specimen with the
naked fingers holding the pin by the head, the finger is apt to
slip and the specimen to be ruined.

IMMORTALITY

A butterfly basked on a baby’s grave,
Where a lily had chanced to grow:

“Why art thou here with thy gaudy dye,

When she of the blue and sparkling eye
Must sleep in the churchyard low ?”

Then it lightly soared thro’ the sunny air,
And spoke from its shining track :
“1 was a worm till | won my wings,
And she, whom thou mourn’st, like a seraph sings;
Would’st thou call the blest one back?”
SIGOURNEY.

CHAPTER III
THE CLASSIFICATION OF BUTTERFLIES

“Winged flowers, or flying gems.”
Moore.

AT the base of all truly scientific knowledge lies the principle
of order. There have been some who have gone so far as to say
that science is merely the orderly arrangement of facts. While
such a definition is defective, it is nevertheless true that no real
knowledge of any branch of science is attained until its relation-
ship to other branches of human knowledge is learned, and until
a classification of the facts of which it treats has been made.
When a science treats of things, it is necessary that these things
should become the subject of investigation, until at last their re-
lation to one another, and the whole class of things to which they
belong, has been discovered. Men who devote themselves to
the discovery of the relation of things and to their orderly clas-
sification are known as systematists.

The great leader in this work was the immortal Linnzeus, the
“Father of Natural History,” as he has been called. Upon the
foundation laid by him in his work entitled “Systema Nature,”
or “ The System of Nature,” all who have followed after him have
labored, and the result has been the rise of the great modern sci-
ences of botany and zodlogy, which treat respectively of the
vegetable and animal kingdoms.

The Place of Butterflies in the Animal Kingdom.—The animal
kingdom, for purposes of classification, has been subdivided into
various groups known as subkingdoms. One of these subking-
doms contains those animals which, being without vertebre, or
an internal skeleton, have an external skeleton, composed of a
series of horny rings, attached to which are various organs. This

we, 110 Be tort

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f BANCEUA: «| Ay " /t92 1 ae
POU 207, Cee eke Inctigtio
WHA or!) ci JoddA Yd tatirs

WShad ioizod nijoddA . = ‘ANY OWA GAY

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AWA ai hoql ed 8. CPeAnM 2!) (04 orto rede eo ueniey:

OPLAS ATION oF Pate VI

Reproduced with the kind permission of Dr. S. H. Scudder, from “The Butterflies

of New England,” vol. ili, Plate 85.

CHRYSALIDS IN COLOR AND IN OUTLINE—PAPILIONINA: AND HESPERID

. Papilio turnus.

. Papilio troilus.

. Papilio trothus.

. Papilio trots.

. Papilio cresphoutes.

. Papilio cresphoites.

. Papilio ajax.

. Papilio ajax. Dorsal view.

. Papilio asterias. ;

. Papilio phulenor.

. Papilio philenor.

. Papilio asterias.

. Papilio philenor.

. Achalarus lycidas.

. Epargvreus titprus. .

. Eudamus proteus. From the original
by Abbot in the British Museum.

. Thorpbes bathyllus, From the original
by Abbot in the British Museum:

. Epargvreus tityrus,

. Epargyreus tityrus.

. Thangos tcelus.

. Thorvbes priades.

. Pholisora catullus. From the origi-
nal by Abbot in the British Museum.

Dorsal view.

Sy Se

Dorsal view.

Wer) on Sih aS

Dorsal view.

Dorsal view.
Dorsal view.

oem a oS
aS 3H (eh) oS Cy 2S)

Dorsal view.

—
OD)

Bye TS) 1)
2 Wo—

to
_

15) bas tS) to) ts

fe)

30. Thanaos lucilius.
31. Thanaos luctlius.
2. Thanaos lucilius.
. Thanaos juvenalis.
. Thanaos persius.

Dorsal view. _

35. Hesperia montivaga. From the origi-
nal by Abbot in the BEE) ue a
seum. ple

36. Pholisora catullus. cay

37. Thanaos martialis. From the oriei-_

nal by Abbot in the British Mu- -
seum. iy

. Fhanaos brizo. From the original
by Abbot in Dr. Boisduval’s li- —
brary.

- Avlephila phvlcus. From the origi;
nal by Abbot in Dr. Boisduyal’«
library. gi

. xAmblyscirles vialis.

. Pholisora catullus.

2. Thyumelicus ewtua. From the Gigtel

by Abbot in Dr. Boisduval’s Hera

? ‘Alalopedes huron.

Limochores taumas. ‘ a

. Amblyscirles samoset. After the ori- —
ginal by Abbot in the British Mu-
seum.

. Lerema accius. After the original by.
Abbot in Boston Society of Natural —
History.

. Alalopedes huron.

48. Calpodes ethlius.

PLATE VI.

THE BUTTERFLY Book.

ES Retbentt Seg
ete

The Classification of Butterflies

subxingdom is known by naturalists under the name of the Arthro-
poda. The word Arthropoda is derived from the Greek language,
and is compounded of two words, &p4pov (arthron), meaning a jornt,
and mols (pous), meaning a foot. The Arthropoda seem at first
sight to be made up of jointed rings and feet; hence the name.

The subkingdom of the Arthropoda is again subdivided into
six classes. These are the following:

Class |. The Crustacea (Shrimps, Crabs, Water-fleas, etc.).

Class II. The Podostomata (King-crabs, Trilobites [fossil], etc.).

Class II]. The Malacopoda (Peripatus, a curious genus of
worm-like creatures, found in the tropics, and allied to the Myria-
pods in some important respects).

Class IV. The Myriapoda (Centipedes, etc.).

Class V. The Arachnida (Spiders, Mites, etc.).

Class VI. The /nsecta (Insects).

That branch of zodlogy which treats of insects is known as
entomology.

The /nsecta have been variously subdivided by different scien-
tific writers, but the following subdivision has much in it to com-
mend it, and will suffice as an outline for the guidance of the
advanced student.

Crass VI. INsEcTA (INSECTS PROPER)

HETEROMETABOLA

For the most part undergoing only a partial metamorphosis in the development
from the egg to the imago.

ORDERS
1. Thysanura.

Suborders :
Collembola (Podura, Springtails).
Symphyla (Scolopendrella).
Cinura (Bristletails, etc.).
. Dermatoptera (Earwigs).

is}

3. Pseudoneuroptera.
Suborders :
Mallophaga (Bird-lice),
Platyptera (Stone-flies, Termites, etc.).
Odonata (Dragon-flies, etc.).
Ephemerina (May-flies, etc.).
4. Neuroptera (Corydalis, Ant-lion, Caddis-flies, etc.).
5. Orthoptera (Cockroach, Mantis, Mole-cricket, Grasshopper, Katydid, etc.).

The Classification of Butterflies

6. Hemiptera.
Suborders:
Parasita (Lice).
Sternorhyncha (Aphids, Mealy Bugs, etc.).
Homoptera (Cicada, Tree-hoppers, etc.).
Heteroptera (Ranatra, Belostoma, Water-spiders, Squash-bugs, Bedbugs, etc.).
7. Coleoptera.
Suborders :
Cryptotetramera (Lady-birds, etc.).
Cryptopentamera (Leat-beetles, Longhorns, Weevils, etc.).
Heteromera (Blister-beetles, Meal-beetles, etc.).
Pentamera (Fire-flies, Skipjacks, June-bugs, Dung-beetles, Stag-beetles,
Rove-beetles, Tiger-beetles, etc.).

METABOLA

Undergoing for the most part a complete metamorphosis from egg, through
larva and pupa, to imago.
ORDERS
8. Aphaniptera (Fleas).
9. Diptera.
Suborders :
Orthorhapha (Hessian Flies, Buffalo-gnats, Mosquitos, Crane-flies, Horse-flies).
Cyclorhapha (Syrphus, Bot-flies, Tsetse, House-flies, etc.).
10. Lepidoptera.
Suborders :
Rhopalocera (Butterflies).
Heterocera (Moths).
11. Hymenoptera.
Suborders :
Terebrantia (Saw-flies, Gall-wasps, Ichneumon-flies, etc.).
Aculeata (Ants, Cuckoo-flies, Digger-wasps, True Wasps, Bees).

It will be seen by glancing at the foregoing table that the
butterflies and moths are included as suborders in the tenth
group of the list, to which is applied the name Lepidoptera.
This word, like most other scientific words, is derived from the
Greek, and is compounded of the noun Aéemis (Jeprs), which sig-
nifies a scale, and the noun epév ( pferon), which signifies a
wing. The butterflies and moths together constitute the order of
scale-winged insects. The appropriateness of this name will no
doubt be at once recognized by every reader, who, having perhaps
unintentionally rubbed off some of the minute scales which clothe
the wings of a butterfly, has taken the trouble to examine them
under a microscope, or who has attentively read what has been

The Classification of Butterflies

said upon this subject in the first chapter of this book. By re-
ferring again to the classification which has been given, it will be
noted that the last four orders in the list agree in that the crea-
tures included within them undergo for the most part what is
known as a complete metamorphosis; that is to say, they pass
through four successive stages of development, existing first as
eggs, then as worm-like larvze, or caterpillars, then as pupee, and
finally as perfect, fully developed insects, gifted for the most part
with the power of flight, and capable of reproducing their kind.
All of this has been to some extent already elucidated in the first
chapter of the present volume, but it may be well to remind the
reader of these facts at this point.

A question which is frequently asked by those who are not
familiar with the subject relates to the manner in which it is
possible to distinguish between moths and butterflies. A partial
answer can be made in the light of the habits of the two classes
of lepidoptera. Butterflies are diurnal in their habits, flying be-
tween sunrise and dusk, and very rarely taking the wing at night.
This habit is so universal that these insects are frequently called
by entomologists “the diurnal lepidoptera,” or are simply spoken
of as ‘“‘diurnals.” It is, however, true that many species of moths
are also diurnal in their habits, though the great majority of them
are nocturnal, or crepuscular, that is, flying at the dusk of the
evening, or in the twilight of the early morning. Upon the basis
of mere habit, then, we are able only to obtain a partial clue to the
distinction between the two suborders. A more definite distinc-
tion is based upon struc-
ture, and specifically upon
the structure of the an-
tenne. Butterflies have
long, thread-like antenne,
provided with a swelling
at the extremity, giving
them a somewhat club-
shaped appearance (Fig.
76). This form of an-
tenn is very unusual among the moths, and only occurs in a few
rare genera, found in tropical countries, which seem to represent
connecting-links between the butterflies and the moths. All the
true moths which are found within the limits of the United

Fic. 76.—Antennz of butterflies.

The Classification of Butterflies

States and Canada have antennz which are not club-shaped, but
are of various other forms. Some moths have thread-like antenne
tapering to a fine point; others have feather-shaped antenne;
others still have an-

: tenne which are
prismatic in form,
=> and provided with

a little hook, or
spur, at the end;

Ty and there are many
modifications and
Fic. 77.—Antenne of moths. variations of these

forms. The club-

shaped form of the antennz of butterflies has led naturalists to call
them Rhopalocera, as has been already explained in speaking of
this subject on page 17. Moths are called Heterocera. The word
Heterocera is compounded of the Greek word ér¢pov (hetero), mean-
ing other, and the Greek word xépas (keras), meaning a horn. They
are lepidoptera which have antennz which are other than club-
shaped. Besides the distinctions which exist in the matter of the
form of the antennze, there are distinctions in the veins of the wings,
and in the manner of carrying them when at rest or in flight, which
are quite characteristic of the two groups; but all of these things
the attentive student will quickly learn for himself by observation.
Scientific. Arrangement.— Having thus cast a passing glance at
the differences which exist between moths and butterflies, we
take up the question of the subdivision of the butterflies into
natural groups. Various systems of arranging butterflies have
been suggested from time to time by learned writers, and for a
knowledge of these systems the student may consult works
which treat of them at length. It is sufficient for beginners, for
whom this book is principally written, to observe that in modern
science, for purposes of convenience, as well as from regard for
essential truth, all individuals are looked upon as belonging to a
spectes. A species includes all those individuals, which have a
common ancestry, and are so related in form and structure as to
be manifestly separable from all other similarly constituted as-
semblages of individuals. For instance, all the large cats having
a tawny skin, and in the male a shaggy mane, constitute a spe-
cies, which we call the lion; the eagles in the eastern United States,

The Classification of Butterflies

which in adult plumage have a snow-white head and neck and a
white tail, constitute a species, which we know as the “ white-
headed ”’ or “ bald-headed”’ eagle. Species may then be grouped
together, and those which are manifestly closely related to one an-
other are regarded as forming a natural assemblage of species, to
which we give the name of a genus. For example, all the large
cats, such as the lion, the tiger, the puma, and the jaguar, are
grouped together by naturalists, and form a genus to which is
given the Latin name Fe/is, meaning cat. The name of the ge-
nus always comes before that of the species. Thus the tiger is
spoken of scientifically as Fe/zs tigris. The genera which are
closely related to one another may again be assembled as sub-
families; and the subfamilies may be united to form families.
For instance, all the various genera of cats form a family, which
is known as the Fe/ide, or the Cat Family. A group of families
constitutes a suborder or an order. The cats belong to the Car-
nivora, or order of flesh-eating animals.
In zodlogy family names are formed with the termination

-td@, and subfamily names with the termination -u@.

Everything just said in regard to the classification of the higher
animals applies likewise to butterflies. Let us take as an illus-
tration the common milkweed butterfly. Linnzeus for a fanci-
ful reason gave this insect the name Plexippus. This is its
specific name, by which it is distinguished from all other butter-
flies. It belongs to the genus Anosza. The genus Anosia is one
of the genera which make up the subfamily of the Eupleine.
The Eupleine belong to the great family of the Nymphalide.
The Nvmphalid@ are a part of the suborder of the Rbopalocera,
or true butterflies, one of the two great subdivisions of the order
Lepidoptera, belonging to the great class /nsecta, the highest class
in the subkingdom of the Arthropoda. The matter may be rep-
resented in a tabular form, in the reverse order from that which
has been given:

Subkingdom, Arthropoda.
Class, Insecta.
Order, Lepidoptera.
Suborder, Rhopalocera.
Family, Nymphalida.
Subfamily, Eupleine.
Genus, Anosia.
Species, Plexippus (Milkweed Butterfly).
63

The Classification of Butterflies

Varteties.—A still further subdivision is in some cases recog-
nized as necessary. A species which has a wide range over an
extensive territory may vary in different parts of the territory
within which it is found. The butterflies of certain common
European species are found also in Japan and Corea, but, as a
rule, they are much larger in the latter countries than they are in
Europe, and in some cases more brightly colored. Naturalists
have therefore distinguished the Asiatic from the European form
by giving the former what is known as a varietal name. Similar
differences occur among butterflies on the continent of North
America. The great yellow and black-barred swallowtail but-
terfly known as Papilio turnus occurs from Florida to Alaska.
But the specimens from Alaska are always much smaller than those
from other regions, and have a very dwarfed appearance. This
dwarfed form constitutes what is known as a local race, or variety,
of the species. The members of a species which occur upon an
island frequently differ in marked respects from specimens which
occur upon the adjacent mainland. By insulation and the process
of through-breeding the creature has come to acquire characteris-
tics which separate it in a marked degree from the closely allied
continental form, and yet not sufficiently to justify us in treating
it as a distinct species. It represents what is known as an insu-
lar race, or variety, and we give it therefore a varietal name.
Naturalists also distinguish between seasonal, dimorphic, me-
lanic, and albino forms. Names descriptive or designatory of
these forms are frequently applied to them. All of this will be-
come plainer in the course of the study of the succeeding pages,
and in the effort to classify specimens which the student will
make.

Sex.—The designation of the sex is important in the case of
all well-ordered collections of zodlogical specimens. As a mea-
sure of convenience, the male is usually indicated by the sign of
Mars, 4, while the female is indicated by the sign of Venus, @.
The inscription, ““ Argynnis Diana, 6,” therefore means that
the specimen is a male of Argynnis Diana, and the inscription,
“Argynnis Diana, 9,’ means that the specimen is a female of
the same species. These signs are invariably employed by nat-
uralists to mark the sexes.

The Division of Butterfites into Families. — Without attempting
to go deeply into questions of classification at the present point,

The Classification of Butterflies

it will be well for us to note the subdivisions which have been
made into the larger groups, known as families, and to show
how butterflies belonging to one or the other of these may be
distinguished from one another. There are five of these families
represented within the territory of which this book takes notice.
These five families are the following:

1. The NymMpPHALIDé, or “ Brush-footed Butterflies.”

2. The LEMoniDé, or ‘‘ Metal-marks.”

3. The Lycanip&, or “ Blues,” “Coppers,” and “Hair-streaks.”’

4. The PapiLioniDé€, or the “ Swallowtails”’ and their allies.

5. The HEsperiD/, or the “ Skippers.”

The NyYMPHALIDA, the ‘“‘ Brush-footed Butterflies.”

The butterflies of this family may be distinguished as a great
class from all other butterflies by the fact that 7m both sexes the
first, or prothoractc, pair of legs ts greatly dwarfed, useless for
walking, and therefore carried folded up against the breast.
From this peculiarity they have also been called the “ Four-footed
Butterflies.” This is the largest of all the families of the butter-
flies, and has been subdivided into many subfamilies. Some of
the genera are composed of small species, but most of the genera
are made up of medium-sized or large species. The family is
geologically very ancient, and most of the fossil butterflies which
have been discovered belong to it. The caterpillars are in most
of the subfamilies provided with horny or fleshy projections.
The chrysalids always hang suspended by the tail.

The Lemonup, the “ Metal-marks.”

This family is distinguished from others by the fact that the
males have four ambulatory or walking feet, while the females have
six such feet. The antenne are relatively longer than in the Ly-
cenide. The butterflies belonging to this great group are mostly
confined to the tropics of the New World, and only a few genera
and species are included in the region covered by this volume.
They are usually quite small, but are colored in a bright and odd
manner, spots and checkered markings being verycommon. Many
are extremely brilliant in their colors. The caterpillars are small
and contracted. Some are said to have chrysalids which are sus-
pended, others have chrysalids girdled and attached at the anal
extremity, like the Lycenide. The butterflies in many genera
have the habit of alighting on the under side of leaves, with therr
wings expanded.

The Classification of Butterflies

The Lyc&niDz, the “ Gossamer-winged Butterflies.”

This great family comprises the butterflies which are familiarly
known as the “hair-streaks,” the “blues,” and the “ coppers.”
The males have four and the females six walking feel. The cat-
erpillars are small, short, and slug-shaped. The chrysalids are
provided with a girdle, are attached at the end of the abdomen, and
lie closely appressed to the surface upon which they have undergone
transformation. Blue is a very common color in this family,
which includes some of the gayest of the small forms which are
found in the butterfly world. / alighting they always carry their
wings folded together and upright.

The PapiLionip&, the “ Swallowtails’” and their allies.

These butterflies have six walking feelin both sexes. The cater-
pillars are elongate, and in some genera provided with osmateria,
or protrustve organs secreting a powerful and disagreeable odor.
The chrysalids are elongate, attached at the anal extremity, and
held in place by a girdle of silk, but not closely appressed to the
surface upon which they have undergone transformation.

The HEsperuDA&, or the “ Skippers.”

They are generally small in size, with stout bodies, very quick
and powerful in flight. They have six walking feet in both sexes.
The tibie of the hind feet, with few exceptions, have spurs. The
caterpillars are cylindrical, smooth, tapering forward and back-
ward from the middle, and generally having large globular heads.
For the most part they undergo transformation into chrysalids
which have a girdle and an anal hook, or cremaster, in a loose co-
coon, composed of a few threads of silk, and thus approximate the
moths in their habits. The genus Megathymus has the curious
habit of burrowing in its larval stage in the underground stems
of the yucca.

To one or the other of these five families all the butterflies,
numbering about six hundred and fifty species, which are found
from the Rio Grande of Texas to the arctic circle, can be referred.

Scientific Names.—From what has been said it is plain to the
reader that the student of this delightful branch of science is cer-
tain to be called upon to use some rather long and, at first sight,
uncouth words in the pursuit of the subject. But experience,
that best of teachers, will soon enable him to master any little
difficulties which may arise from this source, and he will come
finally to recognize how useful these terms are in designating dis-

The Classification of Butterflies

tinctions which exist, but which are often wholly overlooked by
the uneducated and unobservant. It is not, however, necessary
that the student should at the outset attempt to tax his memory
with all of the long scientific names which he encounters in this
and similar books. The late Dr. Horn of Philadelphia, who was
justly regarded, during the latter years of his life, as the most
eminent student of the Coleoptera, or beetles, of North America,
once said to the writer that he made it a religious duty not to try
to remember all the long scientific names belonging to the thou-
sands of species in his collection, but was content to have them
attached to the pins holding the specimens in his cabinets, where
he could easily refer to them. The student who is engaged in
collecting and studying butterflies will very soon come, almost with-
out effort, to know their names, but it is not a sin to forget them.

In writing about butterflies it is quite customary to abbreviate
the generic name by giving merely its initial. Thus in writing
about the milkweed butterfly, Avosia plexippus, the naturalist
will designate it as “ A. plexippus.” To the specific name he
will also attach the name of the man who gave this specific name
to the insect. As Linnzus was the first to name this insect, it is
proper to add his name, when writing of it, or to add an abbre-
viation of his name, as follows: “A. plexippus, Linnzeus,”’ or
“Linn.” In speaking about butterflies it is quite common to
omit the generic name altogether and to use only the specific
name. Thus after returning in the evening from a collecting-trip,
] might say, “I was quite successful to-day. I took twenty
Aphrodites, four Myrinas, and two specimens of Atlantis.” In
this case there could be no misunderstanding of my meaning. |
took specimens of three species of the genus Argynnis—A.
aphrodite, A. myrina, and A. atlantis; but it is quite enough
to designate them by the specific names, without reference to
their generic classification.

Synonyms.—It is a law among scientific men that the name
first given to an animal or plant shall be its name and shall have
priority over all other names. Now, it has happened not infre-
quently that an author, not knowing that a species has been de-
scribed already, has redescribed it under another name. Sucha
name applied a second time to a species already described is
called a synonym, and may be published after the true name.
Sometimes species have had a dozen or more different names

The Classification of Butterflies

applied to them by different writers, but all such names rank as
synonyms according to the law of priority.

Popular Names. —Common English names for butterflies are
much in vogue in England and Scotland, and there is no reason
why English names should not-be given to butterflies, as well as
to birds and to plants. In the following pages this has been done
to a great extent. I have used the names coined by Dr. S. H.
Scudder and by others, so far as possible, and have in other cases
been forced myself to coin names which seemed to be appropri-
ate, in the hope that they may come ultimately to be widely
used. The trouble is that ordinary people do not take pains to
observe and note the distinctions which exist among the lower
animals. The vocabulary of the common farmer, or even of the
ordinary professional man, is bare of terms to point out correctly.
the different things which come under the eye. All insects are
“bugs” to the vulgar, and even the airy butterfly, creature of grace
and light, is put into the same category with roaches and fleas.
Apropos of the tendency to classify as “bugs ” all things which
creep and are small, it may be worth while to recall the story,
which Frank Buckland tells in his “ Log-book of a Fisherman and
Naturalist,” of an adventure which he had, when a school-boy, at
the booking-office of the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway
Company in Dover. He had been for a short trip to Paris, and
had bought a monkey and a tortoise. Upon his return from
sunny France, as he was getting his ticket up to London, Jocko
stuck his head out of the bag in which his owner was carrying
him. The ticket-agent looked down and said, “ You will pay
half-fare for him.” “ How is that?” exclaimed young Buckland.
“Well, we charge half-fare for dogs.” “But this is not a dog,”
replied the indignant lad; “this is a monkey.” “Makes no dif-
ference,’ was the answer; “you must pay half-fare for him.”
Reluctantly the silver was laid upon the counter. Then, thrust-
ing his hands into the pocket of his greatcoat, Buckland drew
forth the tortoise, and, laying it down, asked, “ How much do
you charge for this?’ The ancient receiver of fares furbished
his spectacles, adjusted them to his nose, took a long look, and
replied, “We don’t charge nothin’ for them; them ’s insects.”
It is to be hoped that the reader of this book will in the end have
a clearer view of facts as to the classification of animals than was
possessed by the ticket-agent at Dover.

CHAPTER IV
BOOKS ABOUT NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLIES

Early Writers.—The earliest descriptions of North American
butterflies are found in writings which are now almost unknown,
except to the close student of science. Linnzeus described and
named a number of the commoner North American species, and
some of them were figured by Charles Clerck, his pupil, whose
work entitled “Icones”” was published at Stockholm in the year
1759. Clerck’s work is exceedingly rare, and the writer believes
that he has in his possession the only copy in North America.
Johann Christian Fabricius, a pupil of Linnzeus, who was for
some time a professor in Kiel, and attached to the court of the
King of Denmark, published between the year 1775 and the year
1798 a number of works upon the general subject of entomology,
in which he gave descriptions, very brief and unsatisfactory, of
anumber of North American species. His descriptions were
written, as were those of Linnzeus, in the Latin language. About
the same time that Fabricius was publishing his works, Peter
Cramer, a Dutchman, was engaged in giving to the world the
four large quartos in which he endeavored to figure and describe
the butterflies and moths of Asia, Africa, and America. Cramer’s
work was entitled “ Papillons Exotiques,” and contained recog-
nizable illustrations of quite a number of the North American
forms. The book, however, is rare and expensive to-day, but
few copies of it being accessible to American students.

Jacob Hitbner, who was born at Augsburg in the year 1761,
undertook the publication, in the early part of the present century,
of an elaborate work upon the European butterflies and moths,
parallel with which he undertook a publication upon the butterflies
and moths of foreign lands. The title of his work is “ Samm-

Books about North American Butterflies

lung Exotischer Schmetterlinge.” To this work was added, as an
appendix, partly by Hubner and partly by his successor and co-
laborer, Karl Geyer, another, entitled “Zutrage zur Sammlung
Exotischer Schmetterlinge.” The two works together are illus-
trated by six hundred and sixty-four colored plates. This great
publication contains some scattered figures of North American
species. A good copy sells for from three hundred and fifty to
four hundred dollars, or even more.

The first work which was devoted exclusively to an account
of the lepidoptera of North America was published in England
by Sir James Edward Smith, who was a botanist, and who gave
to the world in two volumes some of the plates which had been
drawn by John Abbot, an Englishman who lived for a number of
years in Georgia. The work appeared in two folio volumes,
bearing the date 1797. It is entitled “ The Natural History of the
Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia.” It contains one hun-.
dred and four plates, in which the insects are represented in their
various stages upon their appropriate food-plants. Smith and
Abbot’s work contains original descriptions of only about half a
dozen of the North American butterflies, and figures a number of
species which had been already described by earlier authors.
It is mainly devoted to the moths. This work is now rare and
commands a very high price.

The next important work upon the subject was published by
Dr. J. A. Boisduval of Paris, a celebrated entomologist, who was
assisted by Major John E. Leconte. The work appeared in the
year 1833, and is entitled “ Histoire Générale et Monographie des
Lepidoptéres et des Chenilles de |’Amérique Septentrionale.” It
contains seventy-eight colored plates, each representing butterflies
of North America, in many cases giving figures of the larva and
the chrysalis as well as of the perfect insect. The plates were
based very largely upon drawings made by John Abbot, and
represent ninety-three species, while in the text there are only
eighty-five species mentioned, some of which are not figured.
What has been said of all the preceding works is also true of this:
it is very rarely offered for sale, can only be found upon occasion,
and commands a high price.

In the year 1841 Dr. Thaddeus William Harris published “A
Report on the Insects of Massachusetts which are Injurious to
Vegetation.’”” This work, which was originally brought out in

Books about North American Butterflies

pursuance of an order of the legislature of Massachusetts, by
the Commissioners of the Zodlogical and Botanical Survey of the
State, was republished in 1842, and was followed by a third edi-
tion in 1852. The last edition, revised and improved by Charles
L. Flint, Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Agricul-
ture, appeared in 1862. This work contains a number of figures
and descriptions of the butterflies of New England, and, while now
somewhat obsolete, still contains a great deal of valuable informa-
tion, and is well worth being rescued by the student from the
shelves of the second-hand book-stalls in which it is now and
then to be found. For the New England student of entomology
it remains to a greater or less extent a classic.

In 1860 the Smithsonian Institution published a “ Catalogue
of the Described Lepidoptera of North America,” a compilation
prepared by the Rev. John G. Morris. This work, though very far
from complete, contains in a compact form much valuable in-
formation, largely extracted from the writings of previous authors.
It is not illustrated.

With the book prepared by Dr. Morris the first period in the
development of a literature relating to our subject may be said to
close, and the reader will observe that until the end of the sixth
decade of this century very little had been attempted in the way
of systematically naming, describing, and illustrating the riches
of the insect fauna of this continent. Almost all the work, with
the exception of that done by Harris, Leconte, and Morris, had
been done by European authors.

Later Writers.—At the close of the Civil War this country
witnessed a great intellectual awakening, and every department
of science begar to find its zealous students. In the annals of en-
tomology the year 1868 is memorable because of the issue of
the first part of the great work by William H. Edwards, entitled
“The Butterflies of North America.” This work has been within
the last year (1897) brought to completion with the publication of
the third volume, and stands as a superb monument to the scien-
tific attainments and the inextinguishable industry of its learned
author. The three volumes are most superbly illustrated, and con-
tain a wealth of original drawings, representing all the stages in
the life-history of numerous species, which has never been sur-
passed. Unfortunately, while including a large number of the
species known to inhabit North America, the book is nevertheless

Books about North American Butterflies

not what its title would seem to imply, and is far from com-
plete, several hundreds of species not being represented in any
way, either in the text or in the illustrations. In spite of this
fact it will remain to the American student a classic, holding a
place in the domain of entomology analogous to that which is
held in the science of ornithology by the “ Birds of America,”
by Audubon.

A work even more elaborate in its design and execution, con-
tained in three volumes, is “ The Butterflies of New England,” by
Dr. Samuel Hubbard Scudder, published in the year 1886. No
more superbly illustrated and exhaustive monograph on any sci-
entific subject has ever been published than this, and it must re-
main a lasting memorial of the colossal industry and vast learning
of the author, one of the most eminent scientific men whom
America has produced.

While the two great works which have been mentioned have .
illustrated to the highest degree not only the learning of their
authors, but the vast advances which have been made in the art
of illustration within the last thirty years, they do not stand alone
as representing the activity of students in this field. A number
of smaller, but useful, works have appeared from time to time.
Among these must be mentioned“ The Butterflies of the Eastern
United States,” by Professor G. H. French. This book, which
contains four hundred and two pages and ninety-three figures in
the text, was published in Philadelphia in 1886. It is an admi-
rable little work, with the help of which the student may learn
much in relation to the subject; but it greatly lacks in illustration,
without which all such publications are not attractive or thor-
oughly useful to the student. In the same year appeared “ The
Butterflies of New England,” by C. J. Maynard, a quarto con-
taining seventy-two pages of text and eight colored plates, the
latter very poor. In 1878 Herman Strecker of Reading, Pennsyl-
vania, published a book entitled “ Butterflies and Moths of North
America,” which is further entitled “A Complete Synonymical
Catalogue.”’ It gives only the synonymy of some four hundred
and seventy species of butterflies, and has never been continued
by the author, as was apparently his intention. It makes
no mention of the moths, except upon the title-page. For
the scientific student it has much value, but is of no value to
a beginner. The same author published in parts a work illus-

Books about North American Butterflies

trated by fifteen colored plates, entitled “ Lepidoptera—Rhopalo-
ceres and Heteroceres—Indigenous and Exotic,’’ which came out
from 1872 to 1879, and contains recognizable figures of many
North American species.

In 1891 there appeared in Boston, from the pen of C. J. May-
nard, a work entitled ‘““ A Manual of North American Butterflies.”
This is illustrated by ten very poorly executed plates and a num-
ber of equally poorly executed cuts in the text. The work is
unfortunately characterized by a number of serious defects which
make its use difficult and unsatisfactory for the correct determina-
tion of species and their classification.

In 1893 Dr. Scudder published two books, both of them use-
ful, though brief, one of them entitled “ The Life of a Butterfly,”
the other, ‘““A Brief Guide to the Commoner Butterflies of the
Northern United States and Canada.” Both of these books were
published in New York by Messrs. Henry Holt & Co., and con-
tain valuable information in relation to the subject, being to a
certain extent an advance upon another work published in 1881
by the same author and firm, entitled “ Butterflies.”

Periodical Literature.—The reader must not suppose that the
only literature relating to the subject that we are considering is to
be found in the volumes that have been mentioned. The original
descriptions and the life-histories of a large number of the species
of the butterflies of North America have originally appeared in the
pages of scientific periodicals and in the journals and proceedings
of different learned societies. Among the more important pub-
lications which are rich in information in regard to our theme
may be mentioned the publications relating to entomology issued
by the United States National Museum, the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, and by the various American commonwealths,
chief among the latter being Riley’s “ Missouri Reports.’”” Ex-
ceedingly valuable are many of the papers contained in the
“ Transactions of the American Entomological Society,” “‘ Psyche,”
the “Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society” (1872-
85), ““ Papilio” (1881-84), “ Entomologica Americana” (1885-90),
the “Journal of the New York Entomological Society,” the
“Canadian Entomologist,” and ‘Entomological News.’ All of
these journals are mines of original information, and the student
who proposes to master the subject thoroughly will do well to
obtain, if possible, complete sets of these periodicals, as well as

Books about North American Butterflies

of a number of others which might be mentioned, and to sub-
scribe for such of them as are still being published.

There are a number of works upon general entomology, con-
taining chapters upon the diurnal lepidoptera, which may be con-
sulted with profit. Among the best of these are the following:
“A Guide to the Study of Insects,” by A. S. Packard, Jr., M. D.
(Henry Holt & Co., New York, 1883, pp. 715, 8vo); “A Text-
book of Entomology,” by Alpheus S. Packard, M. D., etc. (The
Macmillan Company, New York, 1898, pp. 729, 8vo); “A Man-
ual for the Study of Insects,’ by John Henry Comstock (Comstock
Publishing Company, Ithaca, New York, 1895, pp. 701, 8vo).

HUGO'S ‘‘FLOWER TO BUTTERFLY”

“« Sweet, live with me, and let my love
Be an enduring tether;
Oh, wanton not from spot to spot,
But let us dwell together.

*“ You ’ve come each morn to sip the sweets
With which you found me dripping,
Yet never knew it was not dew,
But tears, that you were sipping.

“You gambol over honey meads
Where siren bees are humming;
But mine the fate to watch and wait
For my beloved’s coming.

“The sunshine that delights you now
Shall fade to darkness gloomy;
You should not fear if, biding here,

You nestled closer to me.

“So rest you, love, and be my love,
That my enraptured blooming
May fill your sight with tender light,
Your wings with sweet perfuming.

“Or, if you will not bide with me
Upon this quiet heather,
Oh, give me wing, thou beauteous thing,
That we may soar together.”
EuGeENeE FIeLp.

EY BUIMERELIES
OF
NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO

“Lo, the bright train their radiant wings unfold!
With silver fringed, and freckled o’er with gold:
On the gay bosom of some fragrant flower
They, idly fluttering, live their little hour;

Their life all pleasure, and their task all play,
All spring their age, and sunshine all their day.”
Mrs. BaRBAULD.

ORDER LEPIDOPTERA
SUBORDER RHOPALOCERA (BUTTERFLIES)

FAMILY I
NYMPHALID/E (THE BRUSH-FOOTED BUTTERFLIES)

THE family of the Nymphalide is composed of butterflies
which are of medium and large size, though a few of the genera
are made up of species which are quite small. They may be
distinguished from all other butterflies by the fact that the first
pair of legs in both sexes is atrophied or greatly reduced in size,
so that they cannot be used in walking, but are carried folded up
upon the breast. The fore feet, except in the case of the female of
the snout-butterflies (Libytheinz), are without tarsal claws, and
hence the name “ Brush-footed Butterflies” has been applied to
them. As the anterior pair of legs is apparently useless, they
have been called “ The Four-footed Butterflies,” which is scien-
tifically a misnomer.

Egg.—The eggs of the Nymphalide, for the most part, are
dome-shaped or globular, and are marked with raised longitudinal
lines extending from the summit toward the base over the entire
surface or over the upper portion of the egg. Between these
elevations are often found finer and less elevated cross-lines. In
a few genera the surface of the eggs is covered with reticulations
arranged in geometrical patterns (see Fig. 1).

Caterpillar.—The caterpillars of the Nymphalide, as they
emerge from the egg, have heads the diameter of which is larger
than that of the body, and covered with a number of wart-like

Nymphalide (the Brush-footed Butterflies)

elevations from which hairs arise. The body of the immature
larva generally tapers from before backward (see Plate III, Figs. 7
and 11). The mature larva is cylindrical in form, sometimes, as
in the Satyrinz, thicker in the middle. Often one or more of the
segments are greatly swollen in whole or in part. The larve are
generally ornamented with fleshy projections or branching spines.

Chrysalids.—The chrysalids are for the most part angular, and
often have strongly marked projections. Asarule, they hang with
the head downward, having the cremaster, or anal hook, attached
to a button of silk woven to the under surface of a limb of a tree,
a stone, or some other projecting surface. A few boreal species
construct loose coverings of threads of silk at the roots of grasses,
and here undergo their transformations. The chrysalids are fre-
quently ornamented with golden or silvery spots.

This is the largest of all the families of butterflies, and it is
also the most widely distributed. It is represented by species
which have their abode in the cold regions of the far North and
upon the lofty summits of mountains, where summer reigns for
but a few weeks during the year; and it is enormously developed
in equatorial lands, including here some of the most gloriously
colored species in the butterfly world. But although these in-
sects appear to have attained their most superb development in
the tropics, they are more numerous in the temperate regions
than other butterflies, and a certain fearlessness, and fondness
for the haunts of men, which seems to characterize some of them,
has brought them more under the eyes of observers. The lit-
erature of poetry and prose which takes account of the life of
the butterfly has mainly dealt with forms belonging to this great
assemblage of species.

In the classification of the brush-footed butterflies various
subdivisions have been suggested by learned authors, but the
species found in the United States and the countries lying north-
ward upon the continent may be all included in the following six
groups, or subfamilies:

1. The Eupleine, the Eupleeids.

The /thomzine, the Ithomiids.

The Helicontine, the Heliconians.
The Nymphaline, the Nymphs.

The Satyrine, the Satyrs.

The Libytheine, the Snout-butterflies.

AVERY b

Nymphalide (the Brush-footed Butterflies)

The insects belonging to these different subfamilies may be
distinguished by the help of the following analytical table, which
is based upon that of Professor Comstock, given in his “ Man-
ual for the Study of Insects” (p. 396), which in turn is based
upon that of Dr. Scudder, in “ The Butterflies of New England”

(vol. i, p. 115).

KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES OF THE NYMPHALID/E OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA

I. With the veins of the fore wings not greatly swollen at the base.

A. Antenne naked.
(a) Fore wings less than twice as long as broad—Eupleina.
(b) Fore wings twice as long as broad and often translucent, the ab-
domen extending far beyond the inner margin of the hind wings
—Ithomiine.

B. Antenne clothed with scales, at least above.
(a) Fore wings at least twice as long as broad—Helicontina.
(b) Fore wings less than twice as long as broad.
1. Palpi not as long as the thorax—Nymphalina.
2. Palpi much longer than the thorax —Libytheine.

II. With some of the veins of the fore wings greatly swollen at the base—Satyrine.

We now proceed to present the various genera and species of
this family which occur within the territorial limits of which this
book treats. The reader will do well to accompany the study of
the descriptions, which are at most mere sketches, by a careful
examination of the figures in the plates. In this way a very clear
idea of the different species can in most instances be obtained.
But with the study of the book should always go, if possible,
the study of the living things themselves. Knowledge of nature
founded upon books is at best second-hand. To the fields and
the woods, then, net in hand! Splendid as may be the sight of a
great collection of butterflies from all parts of the world, their
wings

“Gleaming with purple and gold,”

no vision is so exquisite and so inspiring as that which greets the
true aurelian as in shady dell or upon sun-lit upland, with the blue
sky above him and the flowers all around him, he pursues his
pleasant, self-imposed tasks, drinking in health at every step.

SUBFAMILY EUPLGEINAE (THE MILKWEED
BUTTERFLIES)

“Lazily flying

Over the flower-decked prairies, West;
Basking in sunshine till daylight is dying,
And resting all night on Asclepias’ breast;

Joyously dancing,

Merrily prancing,
Chasing his lady-love high in the air,

Fluttering gaily,

Frolicking daily,
Free from anxiety, sorrow, and care! ”

C. V. RILEY.

Butter fly.—Large butterflies; head large; the antenne inserted
on the summit, stout, naked, that is to say, not covered with
scales, the club long and not broad; palpi stout; the thorax some-
what compressed, with the top arched. The abdomen is mod-
erately stout, bearing on the eighth segment, on either side, in the
case of the male, clasps which are quite conspicuous.. The fore
wings are greatly produced at the apex and more or less excavated
about the middle of the outer border; the hind wings are rounded
and generally much smaller than the fore wings; the outer mar-
gin is regular, without tails, and the inner margin is sometimes
channeled so as to enfold the abdomen. The fore legs are
greatly atrophied in the male, less so in the female; these atro-
phied legs are not provided with claws, but on the other legs the
claws are well developed.

Egg.—The eggs are ovate conical, broadly flattened at the base
and slightly truncated at the top, with many longitudinal ribs
and transverse cross-ridges (see Fig. 4). pes

Caterpillar.—On emerging from the chrysalis the head is not
larger than the body; the body has a few scattered hairs on each

SUBPAMILY f BuPLOEN (THE ‘MILK WEES

BUTTERFLIES

“EX

. Auiosia plexippus, Linneus, J.
2. Anite Ce Re Cramer, 3. 4.

ET iy. 5. Basilarchia hulsti, Ec
won oh summit, stout, Mab: Gey
Scales, the cliSJoty ahd’ Wet hee”:
wijat ea ssect, with the Gap aie

erstely stout, Bearing on the elite ® 2 ,

ase of. shes iinet clasps Wintel are 3
wings are greatly produced At theeepirae a)
About the middle of the outer bonder;
“wba gene rally much smaiter thin the: i
g ih: i regular, Mathiout tails, afi oe oe
pret v aire nohied: in the male, less. BO eth
phied tees are net provided with claws.

chaweare Well developed:

” Leg. ~The eggs are ovate coral, brew

atk trune: nted at: Ihe top. with)
ansyerse cfoss-ridges (set Fig. 4)...

; bterpr fier. Skt emerging from the
ni ERA the Rody the body has a few,
as '

pus., e na
less exe

PLaTE VII.

THE BuvTERFLY Book.

Eupleine (the Milkweed Butterflies)

segment. On reaching maturity the head is small, the body large,
cylindrical, without hair, and conspicuously banded with dark
stripes upon a lighter ground, and on some of the segments there
are generally erect fleshy processes of considerable length (see
Fig. 16). The caterpillars feed upon different species of the milk-
weed (Asclepias).

Chrysalis. —The chrysalis is relatively short and thick, rounded,
with very few projections, tapers very rapidly over the posterior
part of the abdomen, and is suspended by a long cremaster from
a button of silk (see Fig. 24). The chrysalis is frequently orna-
mented with golden or silver spots.

This subfamily reaches its largest development in the tropical
regions of Asia. Only one genus is represented in our fauna,
the genus Azosza.

Genus ANOSIA, Hiibner

Butterfly.—Large-sized butterflies; fore wings long, greatly
produced at the apex, having a triangular outline, the outer mar-
gin approximately as long as the inner
margin; the costal border is regularly
bowed; the outer border is slightly exca-
vated, the outer angle rounded; the hind
wings are well rounded, the costal border
projecting just at the base, the inner mar-
gin likewise projecting at the base and
depressed so as to form a channel clasp-

ing the abdomen. On the edge of the
first median nervule of the male, about Gig
its middle, there is a scent-pouch covered ee

with scales. :
Egg.— The eggis ovate conical, ribbed <~

perpendicularly with many raised cross-

lines between the ridges. The eggs are

pale green in color. Fic. 78.—Neuration of the

Caterpillar.—The caterpillar is cylin- SES HOE
drical, fleshy, transversely wrinkled, and has on the second tho-
racic and eighth abdominal segment pairs of very long and slender
fleshy filaments; the body is ornamented by dark bands upon a
greenish-yellow ground-color; the filaments are black.
81

Genus Anosia

Chrysalis.—The chrysalis is stout, cylindrical, rapidly taper-
ing on the abdomen, and is suspended from a button of silk by
a long cremaster. The color of the chrysalis is pale green, orna-
mented with golden spots.

The larve of the genus Anosia feed for the most part upon
the varieties of milkweed (Asclepias), and they are therefore
called “ milkweed butterflies.” There are two species of the
genus found in our fauna, one, Anosia plexippus, Linnzeus, which
is distributed over the entire continent as far north as southern
Canada, and the other, Anosia berentce, Cramer, which is con-
fined to the extreme southwestern portions of the United States,
being found in Texas and Arizona.

(1) Anosia plexippus, Linnzus, Plate VII, Fig. 1, ¢ (The
Monarch).

Butterfily.—The upper surface of the wings of this butterfly is
bright reddish, with the borders and veins broadly black, with
two rows of white spots on the outer borders and two rows of
pale spots of moderately large size across the apex of the fore
wings. The males have the wings less broadly bordered with
black than the females, and on the first median nervule of the
hind wings there is a black scent-pouch.

Egg.—The egg is ovate conical, and is well represented in
Fig. 4 in the introductory chapter of this book.

Caterpillar.—The caterpillar is bright yellow or greenish-yel-
low, banded with shining black, and furnished with black fleshy
thread-like appendages before and behind. It likewise is well
delineated in Fig. 16, as well as in Plate Ill, Fig. 5.

Chrysalis.—The chrysalis is about an inch in length, pale
green, spotted with gold (see Fig. 24, and Plate IV, Figs. 1-3).

The butterfly is believed to be polygoneutic, that is to say,
many broods are produced annually; and it is believed by writers
that with the advent of cold weather these butterflies migrate
to the South, the chrysalids and caterpillars which may be un-
developed at the time of the frosts are destroyed, and that
when these insects reappear, as they do every summer, they
represent a wave of migration coming northward from the
warmer regions of the Gulf States. It is not believed that any
of them hibernate in any stage of their existence. This insect
sometimes appears in great swarms on the eastern and southern
coasts of New Jersey in late autumn. The swarms pressing

Genus Anosia

southward are arrested by the ocean. The writer has seen
stunted trees on the New Jersey coast in the middle of October,
when the foliage has already fallen, so completely covered with
clinging masses of these butterflies as to present the appearance
of trees in full leaf (Fig. 79).

Fic. 79.—Swarms of milkweed butterflies resting
onatree. Photographed at night by Professor C. F.
Nachtrieb. (From ‘‘ Insect Life,” vol. v, p. 206, by
special permission of the United States Department of
Agriculture.)

This butterfly is a great migrant, and within quite recent years,
with Yankee instinct, has crossed the Pacific, probably on mer-
chant vessels, the chrysalids being possibly concealed in bales of
hay, and has found lodgment in Australia, where it has greatly
multiplied in the warmer parts of the Island Continent, and has
thence spread northward and westward, until in its migrations it
has reached Java and Sumatra, and long ago took possession of

Genus Anosia

the Philippines. Moving eastward on the lines of travel, it
has established a more or less precarious foothold for itself in
southern England, as many as two or three dozen of these butter-
flies having been taken in a single year in the United Kingdom. It
is well established at the Cape Verde Islands, and in a short time
we may expect to hear of it as having taken possession of the
continent of Africa, in which the family of plants upon which the
caterpillars feed is well represented.

(2) Anosia berenice, Cramer, Plate VII, Fig. 2, 4 (The
Queen).

This butterfly is smaller than the Monarch, and the ground-
color of the wings is a livid brown. The markings are some-
what similar to those in A. plexippus, but the black borders of
the hind wings are relatively wider, and the light spots on the
apex of the fore wings are whiter and differently located, as
may be learned from the figures given in Plate VII.

There is a variety of this species, which has been called Anosia
strigosa by H. W. Bates (Plate VII, Fig. 3, 2), which differs only
in that on the upper surface of the hind wings the veins as far as
the black outer margin are narrowly edged with grayish-white,
giving them a streaked appearance. This insect is found in
Texas, Arizona, and southern New Mexico.

All of the Euploeine are “ protected” insects, being by nature
provided with secretions which are distasteful to birds and pre-
daceous insects. These acrid secretions are probably due to the
character of the plants upon which the caterpillars feed, for many
of them eat plants which are more or less rank, and some of them
even poisonous to the higher orders of animals. Enjoying on
this account immunity from attack, they have all, in the process
of time, been mimicked by species in other genera which have
not the same immunity. This protective resemblance is well il-
lustrated in Plate VII. The three upper figures in the plate repre-
sent, as we have seen, species of the genus Anosza; the two
lower figures represent two species of the genus Baszlarchia.
Fig. 4 is the male of B. disippus, a very common species in the
northern United States, which mimicks the Monarch. Fig. 5
represents the same sex of B. bu/stiz, a species which is found
in Arizona, and there flies in company with the Queen, and its
variety, A. strigosa, which latter it more nearly resembles.

SUBFAMILY ITHOMIINZE (THE LONG-WINGS)

“There be Infects with little hornes proaking out before their eyes, but weak and
tender they be, and good for nothing; as the Butterflies.” —PLiny, PHILEMon HoLLanp’s
Translation.

Butterfiv.—This subfamily is composed for the most part of
species of moderate size, though a few are quite large. The fore
wings are invariably greatly lengthened and are generally at least
twice as long as broad. The hind wings are relatively small,
rounded, and without tails. The wings in many of the genera
are transparent. The extremity of the abdomen in both sexes
extends far beyond the margin of the hind wings, but in the fe-
male not so much as in the male. The antennz are not clothed
with scales, and are very long and slender, with the club also long
and slender, gradually thickening to the tip, which is often droop-
ing. The fore legs are greatly atrophied in the males, the tibia
and tarsi in this sex being reduced to a minute knob-like ap-
pendage, but being more strongly developed in the females.

The life-history of none of the species reputed to be found in our
fauna has been carefully worked out. The larvz are smooth, cov-
ered in most genera with longitudinal rows of conical prominences.

The chrysalids are said to show a likeness to those of the
Eupleeine, being short, thick, and marked with golden spots.
Some authors are inclined to view this subfamily as merely con-
stituting a section of the Euplceine. The insects are, however,
so widely unlike the true Euplceinz that it seems well to keep
them separate in our system of classification. In appearance they
approach the Heliconians more nearly than the Eupleeids. Itho-
miid butterflies swarm in the tropics of the New World, and sev-
eral hundreds of species are known to inhabit the hot lands of
Central and South America. But one genus is found in the Old
World, Hamadryas, confined to the Australian region. They are

Ithomiinz (the Long-wings)

protected like the Euploeids and the Heliconians. In flight they
are said to somewhat resemble the dragon-flies of the genus
Agrion, their narrow wings, greatly elongated bodies, and slow,
flitting motion recalling these insects, which are known by school-
boys as “ darning-needles.”

Three genera are said to be represented in the extreme south-
western portion of the United States. I myself have never re-
ceived specimens of any of them which indisputably came from
localities within our limits, and no such specimens are found in
the great collection of Mr. W. H. Edwards, which is now in my
possession. A paratype of Reakirt’s species, Mechanitis califor-
nica, is contained in the collection of Theodore L. Mead, which |
also possess. Mr. Mead obtained it from Herman Strecker of
Reading, Pennsylvania. Reakirt gives Los Angeles as the locality
from which his type came; but whether he was right in this is open
to question, inasmuch, so far as is known, the species has not been
found in that neighborhood since described by Reakirt.

Genus MECHANITIS, Fabricius

Butterfiy.—Butterflies of moderate size, with the fore wings
greatly produced, the inner margin bowed out just beyond the
base, and deeply excavated between this
projectionand the inner angle. Thelower
discocellular vein in the hind wings is
apparently continuous with the median
vein, and the lower radial vein being
parallel with the median nervules, the
median vein has in consequence the ap-
pearance of being four-branched. The
submedian vein of the fore wings is
forked at the base. The costal margin
of the hind wings is clothed with tufted
erect hairs in the male sex. The fore

legs of the male are greatly atrophied,
Fic. 80.—Neuration of the : ashe é e
genus Mechanitis. The letters the tarsi and the tibia being fused and
refer to the names of the veins. reduced to a small knob-like appendage.
Caan The fore legs of the female are also
greatly reduced, but the tarsi and tibia are still recognizable as
slender, thread-like organs.

Genus Mechanitis

The caterpillars are smooth, cylindrical, ornamented with rows
of short fleshy projections.

The chrysalids are short and stout, suspended, and marked with
golden spots.

There are numerous species belonging to this genus, all natives
of tropical America. The only species said to be found within
the limits of the United States occurs, if at all, in southern Cali-
fornia. It is, however, probably only found in the lower penin-
sula of California, which is Mexican territory. No examples from
Upper California are known to the writer.

(1) Mechanitis californica, Reakirt, Plate VIII, Fig. 2, 2
(The Californian Long-wing).

The original description given by Reakirt in the “ Proceedings
of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia,” vol. v, p. 223, is as
follows:

“ Expanse, 2.45-2.50inches. Fore wing above, brownish-black ;
a basal streak over the median nervure, and two rounded spots
near the inner angle, orange-tawny; of these the outer is the
largest, sometimes the inner is yellow, and sometimes both are
nearly obsolete; a spot across the cell near its termination, much
narrower than in M. isthmza, and in one example reduced to a
mere dot on the median nervure; a more or less interrupted belt
across the wing from the costa to near the middle of the outer
margin, and an oblong subapical spot, yellow; in the specimen
just mentioned there is an additional yellow spot below the
medio-central veinlet.

“Beneath the same, suffused with orange-tawny at the base
and the inner angle, with a row of eight or nine submarginal
white spots along the outer margin.

“Hind wing above, orange-tawny, with a broad mesial band,
entire, and a narrow outer border, from the middle of the costa to
the anal angle, brownish-black.

“Beneath the same, a yellow spot on the root of the wing; a
band runs along the subcostal nervure from the base to the mar-
gin, where it is somewhat dilated; immediately below its termina-
tion, a mark in the form of an irregular figure 2, usually with the
upper part inordinately enlarged; between this and the base, on
the central line of the band above, three small subtriangular spots ;
all these markings blackish-brown; a submarginal row of seven
white spots on the outer margin.

Genus Ceratinia

“Body brownish; wing-lappets and thorax spotted with
tawny-orange; antenne yellowish, with the base dusky.

“ Hab.—Los Angeles, California.”

The species is probably only a local race of the insect known
to naturalists as M. polymnia, Linneus, as Reakirt himself admits.
The figure in the plate is from one of Reakirt’s paratypes.

Genus CERATINIA, Fabricius

Butterfly.—Butterflies of medium size, very closely related in
structure to the butterflies of the genus Mechanitis. The pecu-
liarity of this genus, by which it may
be distinguished from others belong-
ing to this subfamily, is the fact that
the /ower discocellular vein in the hind
wing of the male sex is strongly in-
angled, while in the genus Mechanz-
tis it is the mzddle discocellular vein
of the hind wing which is bent in-
, Ss wardly.

@ Early Stages.—Unknown for the
Q sc most part. .
There are at least fifty species be-
1 % longing to this genus found in the
Z tropical regions of America; only one

Fic.81,—Neuration of the genus 1S Said to occur occasionally within the
Ceratinia. (For explanation of limits of the region covered by this
lettering, see Fig. 40.)

volume.

(1) Ceratinia lycaste, Fabricius, Plate VIII, Fig. 3, ¢ (Lycaste).

Butierfly.—The butterfly is rather small, wings semi-transpar-
ent, especially at the apex of the fore wings. The ground-color
is pale reddish-orange, with the border black. There are a few
irregular black spots on the discal area of the fore wings, and
arow of minute white spots on the outer border. There is a black
band on the middle of the hind wings, curved to correspond some-
what with the outline of the outer border. The markings on the
under side are paler. The variety negreta, which is represented
in the plate, has a small black spot at the end of the cell of the
hind wings, replacing the black band in the form common upon
the Isthmus of Panama.

Ww
Ww
NS

SAMY 23

tOrax

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII

. Dircennaklugi, Hibner, 3. 5. Heliconius charitonius, Linneus, ;

Mechanitis californica, Reakirt, 3". 6. Colenis julia, Fabricius, J. aad
Ceratinia Ipcaste, Fabricius, 3. 7. Dione vanilla, Linneus, S. “ag
8. es hegesia, Cramer, iS t he

: Cs delila, RATAUS, =
9. Euploieta cland

Piate VIII.

Book.

THE BUTTERFLY

J, HOLLAND, thon,

sn
i

Genus Dircenna

Early Stages.—Unknown.

Reakirt says that this butterfly occurs about Los Angeles, in
California, and the statement has been repeated by numerous
authors, who have apparently based their assertions upon Reakirt’s
report. I have no personal knowledge of the occurrence of the
species within our borders. It is very abundant, however, in the
warmer parts of Mexico and Central America, and it may possibly
occur as a straggler within the United States.

Genus DIRCENNA, Doubleday

Butterfly.—Medium-sized butterflies, for the most part with
quite transparent wings. The most characteristic features of this
genus, separating it from its near allies,
are the thread-like front feet of the fe-
males, furnished with four-jointed tarsi
(Fig.83), the very hairy palpi,
and the wide cell of the hind
wing, abruptly terminat-
ing about the middle of the
wing. Furthermore, in the
male sex the hind wing is
strongly bowed out about fig. g3,—

4,
es Wes the middle of the costal Fore leg of
= 6 trycenna
& UR margin, and the costal vein gigi, 9,
Fe uk tends to coalesce with the greatly mag-
% subcostal about the middle.”
! a " Early Stages.—Very little is as yet

known about the early stages of these
insects, and what has been said of the
characteristics of the caterpillars and
chrysalids of the subfamily of the Ithomiinze must suffice us here.

This genus numbers a large array of species which are found in
the hottest parts of the tropics of the New World. They fairly
swarm in wooded paths amid the jungle of the Amazonian region,
and no collection, however small, is ever received from those
parts without containing specimens belonging to the group.

(1) Dircenna klugii, Hubner, Plate VIII, Fig. 1, ¢ (Klug’s
Dircenna).

Butterfly. —Fore wings transparent gray, broken by clear, trans-

Fic. 82.—Neuration of the genus
Dircenna.

Genus Dircenna

parent, colorless spots at the apex, on the outer borders, and on
the middle of the wing. The inner margin of the fore wing
is black. The hind wings are transparent yellowish, with a narrow
black outer border marked with small whitish spots. The body
is black, with the thorax spotted with white. Expanse, 2.75
inches.

The specimen figured in the plate is from Mexico. Whether
the insect has ever been taken within the limits of the United
States is uncertain. It is another of the species attributed to our
fauna by Reakirt, but which since his day has not been caught
in the nets of any of the numerous butterfly-hunters who have
searched the region in which he said it occurs. It may, however,
be found upon the borders of Mexico, in the hotter parts of
which country it is not at all uncommon. The “ gentle reader”
will kindly look for it when visiting Brownsville, Texas, and
southern California, and, when finding it, herald the fact to the
entomological world.

SUPERSTITIONS

“Tf a butterfly alights upon your head, it foretells good news from a distance.
This superstition obtains in Pennsylvania and Maryland.

“The first butterfly seen in the summer brings good luck to him who catches it.
This notion prevails in New York.

“Tn western Pennsylvania it is believed that if the chrysalids of butterflies be found
suspended mostly on the under sides of rails, limbs, etc., as it were to protect them
from rain, there will soon be much rain, or, as it is termed, a ‘rainy spell’; but, on the
contrary, if they are found on twigs and slender branches, that the weather will be
dry and clear.” —Frank Cowan, Curious History of Insects, p. 229.

SUBFAMILY HELICONIINZE (THE HELICONIANS)

“Men, like butterflies,
Show not their mealy wings but to the summer.”
SHAKESPEARE, 7Yoilus and Cressida, act iil, sc. iii,

Mepium or large-sized butterflies, with the fore wings twice
as long as they are broad; the hind wings relatively small and
rounded upon the outer margin; without tails. The palpi are
produced. The antennz, which are nearly as long as the body,
are provided at the tip with a gradually tapering club, thicker
and stouter than in the Ithomiine, and are clothed with scales
on the upper surface. The fore legs are
very feebly developed in both sexes. The
eggs are cylindrical, twice as high-as wide,
tapering rather abruptly toward the apex,
which is truncated; they are ribbed longi-
tudinally, with strongly developed cross-
ridges, giving the egg a somewhat pitted
appearance. The caterpillar, when emerg-
ing from the egg, has the head somewhat
larger than the body; each segment is
clothed with hairs, which upon the first
moult are replaced by branching spines.
The caterpillar, when it reaches maturity,
is provided with six branching spines on F's. 84.—Neuration of the

rhs genus Helicontus.
each segment. The chrysalis is very pecu-
liar in shape, and is strongly angulated and covered with curious
projections, which cause it to somewhat resemble a shriveled leaf.

These butterflies are extremely numerous in the tropics of the
New World, and are there represented by a number of genera which
are rich in species. Most of them are very gaily colored, the preva-
lent tints being black banded with yellow or crimson, sometimes
marked with a brilliant blue luster. They are evidently very
strongly protected. Belt, in his “ Naturalist in Nicaragua,” tells

Heliconiine (the Heliconians)

us that birds and other animals observed by him invariably re-
fused to eat these butterflies, although they swarm in the forests;
and he vainly endeavored to induce a monkey which was very
fond of insects to eat them, the creature revealing by his grimaces
that they were extremely distasteful to him. Mr. Wallace believes
their immunity from attack is owing to a “ strong, pungent, semi-
aromatic, or medicinal odor, which seems to pervade all the juices
of their system.”

Genus HELICONIUS, Latreille

The description of the subfamily applies to the genus sufficiently
well to obviate the necessity of a more particular description, as
there is but a single species in our fauna.

(1) Heliconius charitonius, Linnzus, Plate VIII, Fig. 5, 4
(The Yellow-barred Heliconian; The Zebra).

This insect is a deep black, the fore wings crossed by three
bands of yellow: one near the apex; another running from the
middle of the costa to the middle of the outer margin; a third
running along the lower .edge of the cell, and bending at an
obtuse angle from the point where the first median nervule
branches toward the outer angle, at its outer extremity followed
by a small yellow dot. The hind wings are crossed by a some-
what broad band of yellow running from the inner margin near
the base toward the outer angle, which it does not reach, and by
a submarginal curved band of paler yellow spots, gradually
diminishing in size from the inner margin toward the outer angle.
There are also a number of small twinned whitish spots on the
margin of the hind wing near the anal angle. The body is black,
marked with yellow spots and lines; on the under side both
wings are touched with crimson at their base, and the hind wings
have some pale pinkish markings near the outer angle.

The caterpillar feeds upon the passion-flower. The chrysalis,
which is dark brown, has the power when disturbed of emitting
a creaking sound as it wriggles about, a property which is re-
ported to be characteristic of all the insects in the genus. This
butterfly is found in the hotter portions of the Gulf States, and is
rather abundant in Florida, in the region of the Indian River and
on the head waters of the St. Johns. It ranges southward all
over the lowlands of Mexico, Central America, and the Antilles.

SUBFAMILY NYMPHALINZE (THE NYMPHS)

“Entomology extends the limits of being in new directions, so that I walk in
nature with a sense of greater space and freedom. It suggests, besides, that the
universe is not rough-hewn, but perfect in its details. Nature will bear the closest
inspection; she invites us to lay our eye level with the smallest leaf and take an
insect view of its plane.” —THorEAu.

“My butterfly-net and pocket magnifying-glass are rare companions for a walk
in the country.”—WiLLIAM HamiLton Gipson, Sharp Eyes, p. 117.

Butterfly.— The butterflies of this subfamily are mainly of
moderate or large size, though some of the genera contain quite
small species. The antennz are always more or less heavily
clothed with scales, and are usually as long as the abdomen, and
in a few cases even longer. The club is always well developed;
it is usually long, but in some genera is short and stout. The
palpi are short and stout, densely clothed with scales and hairs.
The thorax is relatively stout, in some genera exceedingly so.
The fore wings are relatively broad, the length being to the breadth
in most cases in the ratio of 5 to 3, or 3 to 2, though in a few
mimetic forms these wings are greatly produced, and narrow,
patterning after the outline of the Heliconians and Ithomiids, which
they mimic. The fore wings are in most genera produced at the
apex, and more or less strongly excavated on the outer margin
below the apex. The discoidal cell is usually less than half the
length of the wing from base to tip. It is occasionally open, but
is more generally closed at its outer extremity by discocellular
veins diminishing in thickness from the upper to the lower outer
angle of the cell. The costal nervure usually terminates midway
between the end of the cell and the tip. The two inner subcostal
nervules usually arise before the end of the cell; the outer sub-
costal nervules invariably arise beyond the end of the cell.

The hind wings are rounded or angulated, with the outer

Nymphaline (the Nymphs)

border scalloped or tailed; the inner border always affords a
channel for the reception of the abdomen. The costal nervule
invariably terminates at the external angle of this wing. The
discoidal cell is frequently open, or simply closed by a slender
veinlet, which it is not always easy to detect; the anal vein is
never lacking.

The fore legs are greatly reduced in the male, less so in the
female.

Egg.— The egg is either somewhat globular, or else barrel-
shaped, with the sides marked with net-like elevations, or verti-
cally ribbed (see Figs. 1, 8, 10).

Caterpillar.—W hen first emerging from the egg the caterpillar is
generally furnished with long hairs rising singly from wart-like ele-
vations which are arranged either in longitudinal rows or in geo-
metric patterns (Fig. 85).
As the caterpillars pass.
their successive moults
the hairs are transformed
into branching spines or
tubercles (see Plate III,

Fic. 85.— Caterpillar of V tiopa, just Bie Ae se)

1c. 85.— Caterpillar of Vanessa antiopa, jus Ei :

hatched. (Greatly magnified.) (After Scudder.) k Chrysalis.—The chrys-
alis invariably hangs sus-

pended from a button of silk, and is frequently furnished,
especially on the dorsal or upper surface, with a number of
prominences; the head is usually bifurcate, or cleft (see Plate IV,
Figs. 21, 39, etc.).

This is the largest of all the subfamilies of the butterflies, and
is widely distributed, including many of the most beautifully
colored and most vigorous species which are known. There are
twenty-six genera represented in our fauna, containing about one
hundred and seventy species.

Genus COLAINIS, Doubleday

Butterfly.— Butterflies of moderately large size, the fore
wings greatly produced and relatively narrow; the hind wings
evenly rounded and relatively small, of bright reddish-brown
color, with darker markings. The species are mimics, and in the
elongation of their wings reveal the influence of the Heliconians,

Genus Colenis

protected species, which abound in the regions in which the genus
attains its greatest development. The median vein in the upper
wing is characterized by the presence at the base of a minute,
thorn-like, external projection; the second subcostal nervule is
emitted beyond the cell; the cell of the hind

wing is open.

The life-history of the two species found
within our fauna has not as yet been carefully
worked out, and aside from a knowledge of
the fact that the caterpillars closely resemble
in many respects the caterpillars of the two
succeeding genera, being provided with branch-
ing spines on their bodies, we do not know as
yet enough to give any complete account of
the early stages of these insects.

(1) Colznis julia, Fabricius, Plate VIII, SHR ACE a PSC
Fig. 6, 4 (Julia). tion of the genus Co-

The upper side is dark reddish-orange, the pee eNO. os
borders are black, a black band extends from
the costa at the end of the cell to the outer margin on the line of
the third median nervule; the costal area on the hind wings is
silver-gray; the wings on the under side are pale rusty-red, mot-
tled with a few darker spots, principally on the costa, at the
end of the cell, and at the apex of the primaries. There are a few
crimson marks at the base of the hind wings, and two light-colored
lunules near the inner angle of the hind wings. Expanse of wing,
3.50 inches.

This butterfly, which mimics the genus He/iconius in the out-
line of the wings, is very common in the tropics of America, and
only appears as an occasional visitant in southern Texas.

(2) Colzenis delila, Fabricius, Plate VIII, Fig. 4, ¢ (Delila).

The Delila Butterfly very closely resembles Julia, and princi-
pally differs in being paler in color and without the black band
extending from the costa to the outer margin of the primaries.
This species has nearly the same form and the same size as the
preceding, and, like it, is occasionally found in southern Texas.
It is very common in Central America and the West Indies. One
of the earliest memories of my childhood relates to a collection of
Jamaican butterflies in which were a number of specimens of this
butterfly, which I have always much admired.

Genus Dione

Genus DIONE, Hiibner
(Agraulis, Bo7sd.-Lec.)

Butterfly.—Head large, the antenne moderately long, with
the club flattened; the tip of the abdomen does not extend
beyond the inner margin of the hind wings; the cell of the hind
wings is open; the primaries are elongated, nearly twice as long as
broad, with the exterior margin excavated; the secondaries at the
outer margin denticulate. The prevalent color of the upper side of

the wings is fulvous, adorned with black
spots and lines, the under side of the wings
paler brown, in some of the species laved
with pink and brilliantly adorned with large
silvery spots, as in the genus Argynnis.

Egg.—Conoidal, truncated on top, with
fourteen ribs running from the apex to the
base, between which are rows of elevated
striz, causing the surface to appear to be
covered with quadrangular pits.

Larva. —The caterpillar is cylindrical in
its mature stage, tapering a little from the
middle toward the head, which is some-
what smaller than the body. The head and

Fic. 87.—Neuration of the each segment of the body are adorned with
genus Dione. : ;
branching spines.

Chrysalis.—The chrysalis is suspended, and has on the dorsal
surface of the abdomen a number of small-projections. At the
point where the abdominal and thoracic segments unite on the
dorsal side there is a deep depression, succeeded on the middle
of the thorax by a rounded elevation composed of the wing-cases.
At the vertex of the chrysalis there is a conical projection; on the
ventral side the chrysalis is bowed outwardly.

This genus is confined to the New World, and contains five
species. It is closely related to the genus Cola@nis on the one
hand and to the genus Argynnis on the other. It is distinguished
from Colenis by the more robust structure of the palpi, which
closely approximate in form the palpi of the genus Argynnis. It
is distinguished from the species of the genus Argynnis by the
form of the wings and by the open cell of the secondaries. The
larva feeds upon the different species of the genus Passzflora.

Genus Dione

I cannot at all agree with those who have recently classed this
butterfly with the Heliconians. In spite of certain resemblances
in the early stages between the insect we are considering and
the early stages of some of the Heliconians, and in spite of the
shape of the wings, which are remarkably elongated, there are
structural peculiarities enough to compel us to keep this insect
in the ranks of the Nymphalinz, where it has been placed for
sixty years by very competent and critical observers. In a popu-
lar work like this it manifestly is out of place to enter into a
lengthy discussion of a question of this character, but it seems
proper to call attention to the fact that in the judgment of the
writer the location of this genus in the preceding subfamily does
violence to obvious anatomical facts.

(1) Dione vanillz, Linnzeus, Plate VIII, Fig. 7, ¢ (The Gulf
Fritillary).

Butterfily.—The upper side is bright fulvous; the veins on the
fore wings are black, very heavy near the tip; there are four
black spots on the outer border, and three discal spots of the
same color; there are three irregular black spots toward the end
of the cell, pupiled with white; the hind wings have a black
border inclosing rounded spots of the ground-color; between the
base and the outer margin there are three or four black spots; the
under side of the fore wings is light orange, the markings of
the upper side showing through upon the under side; the apex
of the front wing is brown, inclosing light silvery spots; the sec-
ondaries are brown, with numerous elongated bright silver spots
and patches. The female does not differ from the male, except
that she is darker and the markings are heavier. Expanse, 2.50
—3.25 inches.

Caterpillar.—The caterpillar is cylindrical, with the head
somewhat smaller than the body, pale yellowish-brown in color,
marked with longitudinal dark-brown bands, of which the two
upon the side are deeper in color than the one upon the back,
which latter is sometimes almost entirely effaced; the base is
slaty-black. There are orange spots about the spiracles. There
are six rows of black branching spines upon the body, and two
similar spines upon the head, these latter somewhat recurved.
The feet and legs are black. The caterpillar feeds upon the
various species of passion-flower which are found in the South-
ern States.

Genus Euptoieta

Chrysalis.— The chrysalis is dark brown, marked with a few
small pale spots.

This species ranges from the latitude of southern Virginia
southward to Arizona and California. It is abundant also in the
Antilles and Mexico. ;

Genus EUPTOIETA, Doubleday

Butterfly.— Butterflies of medium size, having wings of a
yellowish-brown color, marked with black, the under side of
the wings devoid of silvery spots such as are found in the gen-

era Dione and Argynnis. The palpi have

the second joint strongly developed, increas-

ing in thickness from behind forward, and

thickly covered with long hair; the third joint

is very small and pointed; the antennz are ter-

minated by a conspicuous pear-shaped club. The

cell of the fore wing is closed by a very feeble

lower discocellular vein, which unites with the

median vein at the origin of the second median

nervule; the cell of the hind wing is open,

Fic. 88.—Neura- though occasionally there are traces of a feebly

any snus developed lower discocellular vein on this wing.

The outer margin of the fore wing is slightly ex-

cavated below the apex; the outer margin of the hind wing is some-
what strongly produced at the end of the third median nervule.

Eg¢e.— Short, subconical, with from thirty to forty vertical
ribs, pale green in color.

Caterpillar.— The caterpillar is cylindrical, with short branch-
ing spines arranged in longitudinal rows upon the body, the
spines on the first segment being bent forward over the head.
The head is somewhat smaller in the mature stage than the body.

Chrysalis.—The chrysalis is suspended, marked upon its
dorsal side with a number of small angular eminences, with the
head and the ventral side evenly rounded.

The larva of these insects feeds upon the various species of
passion-flower. It is also said to feed upon violets. The butter-
flies frequent open fields, and are sometimes exceedingly abun-
dant in worn-out lands in the Southern States.

There are two species of this genus, both of which are found

Nymphaline (the Nymphs)

within the United States, and range southwardly over the greater
portion of Central and South America.

(1) Euptoieta claudia, Cramer, Plate VIII, Fig. 9, ¢ (The
Variegated Fritillary).

Butterfly.— The upper side of both wings is dull ferruginous,
darker toward the base, crossed by an irregular black median
line, which is darker, broader, and more zigzag on the fore wing
than on the hind wing. This line is followed outwardly on both
wings by a pair of more or less wavy limbal lines, inclosing
between them a series of round blackish spots. The outer mar-
gin is black, with the fringes pale fulvous, checkered with black
at the end of each nervule. At the end of the cell in the fore
wing there are two black lines inclosing paler fulvous spots, and
both wings near the base have some curved black lines. On the
under side the fore wings are marked somewhat as on the upper
side, but paler in color, with a large apical patch of brownish-
gray broken by a transverse band of darker brown. The hind
wings are dark brown, with the markings of the upper side
obscurely repeated; they are mottled with gray and crossed by a
broad central band of pale buff.

The species varies very much, according to locality, both in size
and in the depth of the markings. Expanse, 1.75-2.75 inches.

Egg.— The egg is conoidal, relatively taller than the eggs of
the genus Argynnis, which closely resemble it. There is a
depression at the apex, surrounded by a serrated rim, formed by
the ends of the vertical ribs, of which there are about twenty,
some longer and some shorter, about half of them reaching from
the apex to the base. Between these vertical ribs there are a
multitude of smaller cross-ridges.

Caterpillar.— The caterpillar is cylindrical, reddish-yellow in
color, marked with two brown lateral bands and a series of white
spots upon the back. There are six rows of short branching
spines upon the body, which are black in color; the two upper-
most of these spines on the first segment are much elongated
and are directed forward. The head is smaller than the body in
the mature caterpillar, and is black. On the under side the cater-
pillar is pale or whitish; the legs are blackish-brown. It feeds
upon the passion-flower.

Chrysalis.— The chrysalis is pearly-white, marked with black
spots and longitudinal streaks.

Genus Euptoieta

This species has been taken as far north as Long Island and
Connecticut, though it is a very rare visitant in New England; it
is quite common in Virginia and thence southward, and occurs
not infrequently in southern Illinois and Indiana, ranging west-
ward and southward over the entire continent to the Isthmus of
Panama, and thence extending over the South American conti-
nent, wherever favorable conditions occur.

(2) Euptoieta hegesia, Cramer, Plate VIII, Fig. 8, ¢ (The
Mexican Fritillary).

The upper side is marked very much as in the preceding
species, but all the lines are finer and somewhat more regular,
and the basal and discal areas of the hind wings are without dark
spots in most specimens. The under side is less mottled and
more uniformly dark rusty-brown than in E. claudia. Expanse,
about 2 inches.

The life-history of this species has not as yet been thoroughly
worked out, but there is every reason to believe that the insect
in its early stages very closely approaches the Variegated Frit-
illary. It is a Southern form, and only occasionally is taken in
Arizona and southern California. It is common in Central and
South America.

LUTHER’S SADDEST EXPERIENCE

“Luther, he was persecuted, Of a diet of worms
Excommunicated, hooted, He was forced to partake—
Disappointed, egged, and booted; Of a diet of worms
Yelled at by minutest boys, For the Protestants’ sake;

Waked up by nocturnal noise, Munching crawling caterpillars,
Scratched and torn by fiendish cats, Beetles mixed with moths and millers;
Highwayed by voracious rats. Instead of butter, on his bread,

A sauce of butterflies was spread.

“Oft upon his locks so hoary Was not this a horrid feast

Water fell from upper story ; For a Christian and a priest?
Oft a turnip or potato
Struck upon his back or pate, Oh! “Now, if you do not credit me,
And wherever he betook him, Consult D’Aubigné’s history.
A papal bull was sure to hook him. Youll find what I have told you
Most fearfully and sternly true.”
“But the saddest of all Yale Literary Magagzine,1852.

I am forced to relate:

100

be seugnie

; species has beet then as fear tue tie leiand. and:
Caraweticut; though CC ae ak. Ser: rate visitand he paging ; ;
is quite common in Virginia and thence souk endvoccurs A
Hot infrequently itv isouthern Hinois and India, soon agivag WeERl-
_ Ward and southward, over the entire continent i tim ists of | al
*, Panama, and thence extending over the South Arvericifty onttie
pe eat, wherever verse con ditions occur, a
Pia : (2) Euptoiets tongesia, Cramer, Plate Vill, ee 8, (the
ie Mexicary Pritiflary} ;
| ae The -wpper side 4 Waptind very thuch ab in aa pre

sprciig, Det all: the Sie ine ‘eaet and somewhat more Teg
the bacal aid Sista dct tht bind wings arewithoukwdal

tyne Te MOR! S pecker clap eaten wre ah mottled *;

‘he eeitormly dark cutee OS in of want, " Bxpane

FIRE ave *
Vie due history of thie ihe idles wor) 4 - vk Dente Fane pase

iin out: but thele 1s even fiyerwck to DeGers thar tine insect;
ig: eearty nah /) SEXPLANATI OF PLATE IX oe Li +e
oe a Routherh Gy geal
revunis diana, Cramer, gi. + ee é ml
is diana, Cramer, @. is is leto, Behr, ¢. Bean:

s crbele int ne -leto Behr, 2.

oe ny iy .
See ee rae persecuted, as See wi worms =
La 1 kext hosted, 3 aol Sty a Reve) to: Parsee ~-

fied, sind Dated ss. ; Ae ss

Wallen “bays, ‘i - ee
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foruad to welates

PLATE IX.

THE BUTTERFLY Boox.

mtu ie

Genus Argynnis

Genus ARGYNNIS, Fabricius
(The Fritillaries, the Silver-spots)

“July is the gala-time of butterflies. Most of them have just left the chrysalis,
and their wings are perfect and very fresh in color. All the sunny places are bright
with them, yellow and red and white and brown, and great gorgeous fellows in
rich velvet-like dresses of blue-black, orange, green, and maroon. Some of them
have their wings scalloped, some fringed, and some plain; and they are ornamented
with brilliant borders and fawn-colored spots and rows of silver crescents. . . .
They circle about the flowers, fly across from field to field, and rise swiftly in thé
air; little ones and big ones, common ones and rare ones, but all bright and airy
and joyous—a midsummer carnival of butterflies.”— Frank H. Sweet.

Butterfly.— Butterflies of medium or large size, generally
with the upper surface of the wings reddish-fulvous, with well-
defined black markings consisting of waved transverse lines,
and rounded discal and sagittate black mark-
ings near the outer borders. On the under
side of the wings the design of the fore wings
is generally somewhat indistinctly repeated,
and the hind wings are marked more or less
profusely with large silvery spots. In afew
cases there is wide dissimilarity in color be-
tween the male and the female sex; gener-
ally the male sex is marked by the brighter
red of the upper surface, and the female by
the broader black markings, the paler ground-
color, and the sometimes almost white lunules,
which are arranged outwardly at the base of
the sagittate spots along the border.

The eyes are naked; the palpi strongly Please cre Neu alonies

’ 5 the genus 4rgyunis.

developed, heavily clothed with hair rising

above the front, with the last joint very small and pointed. The
antenne are moderately long, witha well-defined, flattened club.
The abdomen is shorter than the hind wings; the wings are
more or less denticulate. The subcostal vein is provided with
five nervules, of which the two innermost are invariably given
forth before the end of the cell; the third subcostal nervule
always is nearer the fourth than the second. The cell of the
fore wing is closed by a fine lower discocellular vein, which
invariably joins the median vein beyond the origin of the second

101

Genus Argynnis

nervule. The hind wing has a well-defined precostal nervule;
the cell in this wing is closed by a moderately thick lower disco-
cellular vein, which joins the median exactly at the origin of the
second median nervule. The fore feet of the males are slender,
long, and finely clothed with hair. The fore feet of the females
are of the same size as those of the males, but thin, covered with
scales, and only on the inner side of the tibize clothed with mod-
erately long hair.

Egg.— The eggs are conoidal, truncated, and inwardly de-
pressed at the apex, rounded at the base, and ornamented on the
sides by parallel raised ridges, not all of which reach the apex.
Between these ridges there are a number of small raised cross-
ridges.

Caterpillar.— The caterpillar is cylindrical, covered with spines,
the first segment always bearing a pair of spines somewhat
longer than the others. All of the species in North America, so
far as their habits are known, feed upon violets at night. During
the daytime the caterpillars lie concealed.

Chrysalis.— The chrysalis is angular, adorned with more or
less prominent projections. The head is bifid.

The genus Argynnis is one of the largest genera of the brush-
footed butterflies. It is well represented in Europe and in the
temperate regions of Asia, some magnificent species being found
in the Himalayas and in China and Japan. It even extends to
Australia, and recently two species have been discovered in the
vicinity of the great volcanic peak, Kilima-Njaro, in Africa. But -
it has found its greatest development upon the continent of North
America. The species composing this genus are among our most
beautiful butterflies. Owing to the fact that there is a great ten-
dency in many of the forms closely to approximate one another, the
accurate distinction of many of the species has troubled natural-
ists, and it is quite probable that some of the so-called species will
ultimately be discovered to be merely local races or varietal forms.
The species that are found in the eastern part of the United States
have been studied very carefully, and their life-history has been
worked out so thoroughly that little difficulty is found in accu-
rately determining them. The greatest perplexity occurs in con-
nection with those species which are found in the region of the
Rocky Mountains. While silvery spots are characteristic of the
under side of most of the fritillaries, in some species the silvery

102

Genus Argynnis

spots are not found; in others they are more or less evanescent,
occurring in the case of some individuals, and being absent in the
case of others.

(1) Argynnis idalia, Drury, Plate X, Fig. 3, 9; Plate V,
Fig. 4, chrysalis (The Regal Fritillary).

Butterfly.— The upper side of the fore wings of the male is
bright fulvous, marked very much as in other species of the genus.
The upper side of the hind wings is black, glossed with blue,
having a marginal row of fulvous and a submarginal row of
cream-colored spots. On the under side the fore wings are ful-
vous, with a marginal row of silver crescents, and some silvery
spots on and near the costa. The hind wings are dark olive-brown,
marked with three rows of large irregular spots of a dull greenish-
silvery color. The female is at once distinguished from the male
by having the marginal row of spots on the hind wings cream-
colored, like the submarginal row, and by the presence of a
similar row of light spots on the fore wings. Expanse, 2.75-
4.00 inches.

Egg.— The egg in form is like those of other species of
Argynms.

Caterpillar.— The caterpillar moults five times before attaining
to maturity. When fully developed it is 1.75 inches long, black,
banded and striped with ochreous and orange-red, and adorned
with six rows of fleshy spines surmounted by several black
bristles. The spines composing the two dorsal rows are white,
tipped with black; those on the sides black, tinted with orange
at the point where they join the body. The caterpillar feeds on
violets, and is nocturnal in its habits.

Chrysalis.— The chrysalis is brown, mottled with yellow and
tinted on the wing-cases with pinkish. It is about an inch long,
and in outline does not depart from the other species of the genus.

This exceedingly beautiful insect ranges from Maine to Ne-
braska. It is found in northern New Jersey, the mountainous
parts of New York and northern Pennsylvania, and is reported
from Arkansas and Nebraska. It is rather local, and frequents
open spots on the borders of woodlands. At times it is appa-
rently common, and then for a succession of seasons is scarce. It
flies from the end of June to the beginning of September.

(2) Argynnis diana, Cramer, Plate IX, Fig. 1, $; Fig. 2, @
(Diana).

103

Genus Argynnis

Butterfly.— The male on the upper side has both wings deep
rich brown, bordered with fulvous, this border being more or
less interrupted by rays of brown along the nervules and two
rows of circular brown spots, larger on the fore wings than on
the hind wings. The wings on the under side are pale buff,
deeply marked with black on the base and middle of the fore
wings, and clouded with grayish-fulvous on the inner two thirds
of the hind wings. A blue spot is located near the end of the
cell in the fore wings, and the hind wings are adorned by a mar-
ginal and submarginal row of narrow silvery crescents and a few
silvery spots toward the base. The female on the upper side is
a rich bluish-black, with the outer border of the fore wings marked
by three rows of bluish-white quadrate spots, the outer row
being the palest, and often quite white. The hind wings are
adorned by three more or less complete rows of bright-blue
spots, the inner row composed of large subquadrate spots, each
having a circular spot of black at its inner extremity. On the
under side the female has the ground-color slaty-brown, paler on
the hind wings than on the fore wings, which latter are richly
marked with blue and black spots. The silvery crescents found
on the under side of the hind wings of the male reappear on the
under side of the female, and are most conspicuous on the outer
margins. Expanse, 3.25—4.00 inches.

Egg.— The egg is pale greenish-white, and conformed in out-
line to type.

Caterpillar.— The larva is velvety-black, adorned with six
rows of fleshy spines armed with bristles. The spines are
orange-red at the base. The head is dull brown.

Chrysalis.— The chrysalis is dusky-brown, with lighter-col-
ored short projections on the dorsal side.

This splendid butterfly, which is the most magnificent species
of the genus, is confined to the southern portion of the Appala-
chian region, occurring in the two Virginias and Carolinas, north-
ern Georgia, Tennessee, and Kentucky, and being occasionally
found in the southern portion of Ohio and Indiana, and in Mis-
souri and Arkansas.

(3) Argynnis nokomis, Edwards, Plate X, Fig. 1, 4; Fig.
2, 2 (Nokomis).

Butterfly.— The male on the upper side is bright fulvous, with
the characteristic black markings of the genus. On the under

104

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MARA °O\
abot yr re era Y ome
ebay EARN ES AX 3¥ Nig vi dt
Qe hay

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X __

Ie Arg gynnis als Edwards, Ge

2. Argyunis nokomis, Edwards, 2.

3 Argynnis idalia, Drury, gi
4° Argynnis ieee tena Edwards, ip

under side:

5. Argvunis montivaga, Behi

_ Argynnis Beh Edwards, 3 on
under side. :

4. Argymtnis bremneri, Edwards, oe
8. Argynnis elecla, Bibvags Es

Argyunis atlantis, Edwards, eae at
ate cancer, side. oF

PLATE X.

THE BuTTERFLY Book.

J. HOLLAND, 1HO8

OPYRIGHTED BY W

Genus Argynnis

side the wings are pale greenish-yellow, with the fore wings
laved with bright pink at the base and on the inner margin.
The spots of the upper side reappear on the under side as spots
of silver bordered narrowly with black. The female has the
ground-color of the upper side yellow, shaded outwardly with
fulvous. All the dark markings of the male sex reappear in this
sex, but are much broader, and tend to fuse and run into one
another, so as to leave the yellow ground-color as small subquad-
rate or circular spots, and wholly to obliterate them at the base
of the wings. On the under side this sex is marked like the male,
but with all the markings broader. Expanse, 3.40—3.60 inches.

This species, the male of which resembles the male of A. Jefo,
and the female the same sex of A. diana, is as yet quite rare in
collections. It has been taken in Arizona and southern Utah.
We have no knowledge of the life-history of the species.

(4) Argynnis nitocris, Edwards, Plate XIII, Fig. 4, ¢, under
side (Nitocris).

Butterfly. —The male is bright reddish-fulvous, marked like A.
nokomts. The under side of the fore wings is cinnamon-red,
ochre-yellow at the tip. The hind wings are deep rusty-red,
with a broad yellowish-red submarginal belt. The silver spots
are as in A. nokomis. The female on the upper side is blackish-
brown, darker than A. nokomis. The extradiscal spotssin the
transverse rows are pale yellow, and the submarginal spots
whitish. The under side of the fore wings is bright red, with
the tip yellow. The hind wings on this side are dark brown, with
a submarginal yellow belt. Expanse, 3.25-3.75 inches.

This species, like the preceding, is from Arizona, and nothing
is known of its egg, caterpillar, or chrysalis.

(5) Argynnis leto, Edwards, Plate IX, Fig. 5, 6; Fig. 6, 2
(Leto).

Butterfly.—The male on the upper side is marked much as A.
nokomtis, but the ground-color is duller red, and the basal area is
much darker. The under side of the fore wings is pale fulvous,
upon which the markings of the upper side reappear; but there are
no marginal silver crescents. Both wings on the under side are
shaded with brown toward the base; the hind wings are trav-
ersed by a submarginal band of light straw-yellow. The female
is marked as the male, but the ground-color is pale straw-yellow,
and all the darker markings are deep blackish-brown, those

105

Genus Argynnis

at the base of both wings being broad and running into one an-
other, so that the inner half of the wings appears to be broadly
brownish-black. On the under side this sex is marked as the
male, but with the dark portions blacker and the lighter portions
pale yellow. Expanse, 2.50-3.25 inches.

The life-history of this insect remains to be worked out. It is
one of our most beautiful species, and occurs in California and
Oregon.

(6) Argynnis cybele, Fabricius, Plate IX, Fig. 3, ¢; Fig. 4,
9; Plate XIII, Fig. 1, 9, under side; Plate V, Figs. 1-3, chrys-
alis (The Great Spangled Fritillary).

Butterfly.— The male is much like the male of A. Jefo, but the
dark markings of the upper surface are heavier, and the under
sides of the hind wings are more heavily silvered. The yellow-
ish-buff submarginal band on the under side of the hind wings is
never obliterated by being invaded by the darker ferruginous of
the marginal and discal tracts of the wing. The female has the
ground-color of the wings paler than the male, and both wings
from the base to the angled median band on the upper side are
dark chocolate-brown. All the markings of the upper side in
this sex are heavier than in the male. On the under side the fe-
male is like the male. Expanse, 3.00-4.00 inches.

Egg. —Short, conoidal, ribbed like those of other species, and
honey-yellow.

Caterpillar. — The larva in the mature state is black. The head
is blackish, shaded with chestnut behind. The body is orna-
mented with six rows of shining black branching spines, gen-
erally marked with orange-red at their base. The caterpillar,
which is nocturnal, feeds on violets, hibernating immediately
after being hatched from the egg, and feeding to maturity in the
following spring.

Chrysalis.—The chrysalis is dark brown, mottled with reddish-
brown or slaty-gray.

This species, which ranges over the Atlantic States and the
valley of the Mississippi as far as the plains of Nebraska, appears
to be single-brooded in the North and double-brooded in Vir-
ginia, the Carolinas, and the Western States having the same
geographical latitude. A small variety of this species, called A.
carpenteri by Mr. W. H. Edwards, is found in New Mexico
upon the top of Taos Peak, and is believed to be isolated here in

106

Genus Argynnis

a colony, as CEnets semidea is isolated upon the summit of Mount
Washington. Specimens of cybele much like those of this New
Mexican variety are found in eastern Maine and Nova Scotia, and
on the high mountains of North Carolina.

(7) Argynnis aphrodite, Fabricius, Plate XIV, Fig. 11, ¢,
under side; Plate V, Fig. 5, chrysalis (Aphrodite).

Butterflv.—This species closely resembles cybele, but is gen-
erally smaller, and the yellow submarginal band on the hind
wings is narrower than in cybele, and often wholly wanting, the
hind wings being broadly brown, particularly in the female sex.
The under side of the fore wings at the base and on the inner
margin is also brighter red.

The caterpillar, chrysalis, and egg of this species closely re-
semble those of cybele. The caterpillar has, however, a velvety-
black spot at the base of each spine, the chrysalis has the
tubercles on the back shorter than in cybele, and the basal seg-
ments are party-colored, and not uniformly colored as in cybele.

(8) Argynnis cipris, Edwards, Plate XII, Fig. 3, ¢; Fig. 4,
@ (The New Mexican Siiver-spot).

Butterfily.— This species, which belongs to the Aphrodite-
group, may be distinguished by the fact that the fore wings are
relatively longer and narrower than in aphrodite. The black
markings on the upper side of the wings in both sexes are nar-
rower, the dusky clouding at the base of the wings is less pro-
nounced, and the ground-color is brighter reddish-fulvous than
in aphrodite. On the under side the fore wings lack in the
male the pinkish shade at the base and on the inner margin
which appears in aphrodite, and both the male and the female
have the inner two thirds of the hind wings deep cinnamon-red,
with only a very narrow buff submarginal band, deeply invaded
on the side of the base by rays of the deeper brown color of the
inner portion of the wing. Expanse, 2.75-3.15 inches. The
insect flies from late June to the end of August.

Caterpillar, etc.— We know nothing of the larval stages of
this insect. The specimens contained in the Edwards collection
came from Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico, and these localities
approximately represent the range of the species.

(9) Argynnis alcestis, Edwards, Plate X, Fig. 6, , under
side (The Ruddy Silver-spot).

Butterfly.—Very much like aphrodite, from which it may be

: 107

Genus Argynnis

most easily distinguished by the fact that the hind wings are
uniformly dark cinnamon-brown, without any band of buff on
the outer margin. Expanse, 2.50-3.00 inches. The insect flies
from late June to the end of August.

Egg.—Greenish, conoidal, with about eighteen vertical ribs.

Caterpillar.— Head black, yellowish behind. The body vel-
vety-black, ornamented with black spines which are yellowish at
their basal ends. The caterpillar feeds on violets.

Chrysalis.— Reddish-brown or gray, irregularly mottled and
striped with black, the abdominal segments slaty-gray, marked
with black on the edges where the short angular projections are
located.

This butterfly is found in the Western States, extending from
the prairie lands of northwestern Ohio to Montana. It largely
replaces aphrodite in these regions.

(10) Argynnis nausicaad, Edwards, Plate XI, Fig. 9, ¢ (The
Arizona Silver-spot).

Butterfly.—The species is related to the foregoing, but is
rather smaller in size. The upper side of the wings is dusky
reddish-brown, with the characteristic markings of the genus.
On the under side the fore wings are pink, laved with buff at the
tip. The hind wings on this side are deep cinnamon-brown,
mottled with buff on the inner two thirds ; a narrow but clearly
defined submarginal band of bright yellowish-buff surrounds
them. The silvery spots are clearly marked. The female has the
black markings broader and more conspicuous than the male.
Expanse, 2.25-2.50 inches.

This insect is quite common in the mountain valleys of Ari-
zona, at an elevation of from six to seven thousand feet above
the level of the sea, and flies in July and August. We have no
knowledge of the early stages, but it probably does not differ
greatly in its larval state from the allied species of the genus.

(11) Argynnis atlantis, Edwards, Plate X, Fig. 9, ¢; Plate
V, Fig. 6, chrysalis (The Mountain Silver-spot).

Butterfly.—This insect, which resembles aphrodite, is distin-
guished from that species by its smaller size, its somewhat nar-
rower wings, the deeper brown color of the base of the wings on
the upper side, and their darker color on the under side. The
submarginal band is pale yellow, narrow, but distinct and always
present. Expanse, 2.50 inches.

108

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hy pehinwhal wits
Sie) (ADI Vb Fleotamewaa

Ne at OR) ls Ae AG vo

5 ih alts callippe, Eoetval on
a Argyunis callippe, Boisduval, 2.
3. Argvunis callippe, Boisduval, fon

under side. ut
4. Argynnis edwardsi, elri a.
5. Argyunis edwardsi, Reakirt, Q.

Capea en

Oe IRL Rs

7:
8.
0.

10,

. Argynnis coronis, Behr, Q.

Argyinis rhodope,
under side.
Argynyis bischoffi, Bakara hc ilipe
Argvumnis cornelia, Edwards, a
Argyimis nausica “Edwards, ign
Argyunis coronis (

Edwards, } ae y-

PLATE XI.

THE BUTTERFLY BOOK.

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND,

I
i

- cn
i

Aci
ioe

Genus Argynnis

Egg.— Conoidal, with twelve to fourteen ribs, honey-yellow.
The caterpillars are hatched in the fall, and hibernate without feed-
ing until the following spring.

Caterpillar.— The head is dark blackish-brown. The body
is velvety-purple above, a little paler on the under side. The
usual spines occur on the body, and are black, grayish at the
base. The larva feeds on violets.

Chrysalis.— The chrysalis is light brown, speckled, except on
the abdominal segments, with black.

This species ranges from Maine to the mountains of western
Pennsylvania, and thence southward along the central ridges of
the Alleghanies into West Virginia. It is also found in Canada,
and extends westward into the region of the Rocky Mountains.
It is especially common in the White Mountains of New Hamp-
shire and the Adirondacks.

(12) Argynnis lais, Edwards, Plate XIV, Fig. 12, 3; Fig.
13, 2 (The Northwestern Silver-spot).

Butterfly.—The male is bright reddish-fulvous on the upper
side, slightly obscured by fuscous at the base. The discal band
of spots common to both wings is broken and irregular, and the
spots on the hind wings are quite small. The fore wings on the
under side are buff at the tips and pale red at the base and on
the inner margin, lighter at the inner angle. The under side of
the hind wings as far as the outer margin of the discal row of
silvery spots is dark brown, mottling a yellowish ground. The
submarginal band of the hind wings is pale yellow and moder-
ately broad. The female is marked much as the male, but the
discal band of spots on the upper side of the fore wings is con-
fluent and broader, the fringes whitish, and the spots included
between the sagittate marginal spots and the marginal lines paler
than in the male sex. Expanse, 2.00-2.20 inches.

Caterpillar, etc.— The early stages are unknown.

This species is found in the territories of Alberta and Assini-
boia, and in British Columbia among the foot-hills and the lower
slopes of the mountain-ranges.

(13) Argynnis oweni, Edwards, Plate XII, Fig. 5, 43 Fig.
6, , under side (Owen's Silver-spot).

Butterfly, 4.—The wings on the upper side are dull reddish-
fulvous, not much obscured with brown on the base, the black
markings moderately heavy, the two marginal lines tending to

109

Genus Argynnis

flow together. The fore wings on the under side are yellowish-
buff from the base to the outer row of spots, or in some specimens
with the buff lightly laved with reddish; the nerves reddish-
brown. The subapical patch is dark brown, with a small sil-
vered spot; the five submarginal spots are small and obscurely
silvered. The hind wings are dark brown on the discal area
and outer margin, with a rather narrow grayish-buff submarginal
band, strongly invaded by projections of the dark brown of the
discal area. The spots of the outer discal row are generally well
silvered; the inner spots less so in most cases.

9.—The female has the wings more or less mottled with
yellowish outside of the mesial band. The black markings are
very heavy in this sex. On the under side the spots are well
silvered.

The dark markings on the upper side of the wings of the male
are much heavier than in A. bebrensz. On the under side of the -
wings in both sexes it may be distinguished from bebrensi by
the fact that the ground-color toward the base is mottled with
yellow, and not solid brown as in debrensi. Expanse, 2.25-2.40
inches.

This species abounds on Mount Shasta, in California, at an
elevation of seven to eight thousand feet above sea-level.

(14) Argynnis cornelia, Edwards, Plate XI, Fig. 8, ¢
(Miss Owen’s Fritillary).

Butterfly, 6.—The upper side of both wings is dark-brown
from the base to the mesial band of spots, with the exception of
the outer end of the cell. The space beyond the band is reddish-
fulvous; the dark markings are not very heavy; the two mar-
ginal lines are fine, and confluent at the ends of the nervules.
The under side of the fore wings is reddish-brown from the base
to the outer margin on the inner half of the wing; the outer
spaces toward the apex are yellowish; the subapical patch is
reddish-brown, inclosing a small silvery spot; the outer margin
is reddish-brown, adorned with five small silvery spots toward
the apex. The hind wings on the under side are almost solid
reddish-brown to the clear yellow submarginal belt, only slightly
mottled on the discal area with buff. The spots are small and
well silvered.

.—The female on the upper side is duller red, with the dark
markings heavier; the marginal spots on the fore wings are pale

110

aa ="

Genus Argynnis

yellowish, and the marginal lines are confluent on the upper half
of these wings. The wings on the under side in this sex are as
in the male, but the ground-color on the inner half of the wings
is darker, and the spots are more brilliantly silvered. Expanse,
2. 30-2.50 inches.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

This pretty species is found with A. electa and A. hesperis in
Colorado. It was originally described from specimens taken at
Manitou and Ouray, and named by Edwards in honor of a de-
ceased daughter of Professor Owen of the University of Wis-
consin.

(15) Argynnis electa, Edwards, Plate X, Fig. 8, 4 (Electa).

Butterfly.—The male is dull reddish-fulvous on the upper
side. The black markings are narrow. The base of both wings
is slightly obscured. On the under side the fore wings are pale
cinnamon-red, with the tip dark cinnamon-red. The hind wings are
broadly dark cinnamon-red, mottled on the disk with a little buff.
The submarginal band is buff, quite narrow, and often invaded
by the ground-color of the inner area. The silvery spots are
usually very well marked and distinct, though in a few instances
the silvery color is somewhat obscured. The female has the
black markings a little heavier than in the male; otherwise there
is but little difference between the sexes. Expanse, 2.00-2.25
inches.

Caterpillar, etc.— The early stages are unknown.

This species has been confounded with A. atlantis, from
which it is wholly distinct, being much smaller in size, the fore
wings relatively broader, and the markings not so dark on the
upper surface. It is found in Colorado and Montana, among the
mountains.

(16) Argynnis columbia, Henry Edwards, Plate XIV, Fig. 3,
4 (The Columbian Silver-spot).

Butterfly.—The male has the upper side of the fore wings pale
reddish-fulvous. In the median band of both wings the spots do
not flow together, but are separate and moderately heavy. The
under side of the fore wings is pale fulvous, buff at the tip; spots
silvered. The hind wings on the under side are light rusty-red,
but little mottled with buff on the disk; the submarginal band is
narrow, buff, and sometimes almost wholly obscured by the darker
ground-color. The spots, which are small, are well silvered.

111

Genus Argynnis

The female is much lighter than the male, and, as usual, the dark
lines are heavier than in that sex. The spots of the median band
are bent and partly lanceolate, and the light spots of the outer
border are whitish. Expanse, 2.25-2.50 inches.

Caterpillar, etc.—The early stages have not as yet been
worked out.

This species, which is related to electa, may easily be distin-
guished from it by the pale marginal series of light spots, in the
male, between the sagittate spots and the dark outer marginal
lines, which latter are confluent, forming a solid dark outer bor-
der to the wing, while in e/ecfa they are separated by a narrow
band of light-brown spots. The female is also much lighter and
larger than in e/ecta, as has been pointed out. The types which
came from the Caribou mining region of British Columbia are in -
my possession, as are those of most of the other North American
species of the genus. :

(17) Argynnis hesperis, Edwards, Plate XII, Fig. 1, 2;
Fig. 2, 2 (Hesperis).

Butterfly.— The male on the upper side of the wings is ful-
vous, shaded with dark fuscous for a short distance from the
base. The black spots of the median band are rather broad, and
seem to coalesce through dark markings along the nervules.
The under side of the fore wings is pale ferruginous, tinged with
a little buff at the tips, which, together with the outer margin, are
somewhat heavily clouded with dark ferruginous. The under
side of the hind wings is dark ferruginous, with a narrow buff -
submarginal band, which in some specimens is almost lost.
The female is paler than the male in the ground-color of the
upper side, the black markings are heavier, the marginal lines fuse,
as do also the sagittate marginal markings, leaving the marginal
spots between them, which are quite light in color, deeply bor-
dered on all sides by black. The under side is like that of the
male, but darker and richer in color. In neither sex are the light
spots marked with silver; they are opaque, yellowish-white.
Expanse, 2.25-2.40 inches.

Caterpillar, etc.— The life-history remains to be learned.

This insect is not uncommon among the mountains of Colo-
rado.

(18) Argynnis hippolyta, Edwards, Plate XII, Fig. 10, 3
(Hippolyta).

112

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII

tL. Argynnis hesperis, Edwards, 3. 8. Argynnis rupestris, Behr, 3.

2. Argynnis hesperis, Edwards, ©. 9. Argyunis rupestris, Behr, Gf, under
3. Argyunis cypris, Edwards, 3. “side. ap PRA CN
4. Argynnis crpris, Edwards, ©. 10. Arg puntis hippolyta, Edwards, rime

5. Argyunis oweni, Edwards, 3. . Argynnis laura, Edwards, 3.
6. Argynnis oweni, Edwards, 3, w= . Argynnis laura, Edwards, ©.

der side. “tha fy . Argynnis artonis, Edwards, 3,

i Arg yyinis eurvuome, Edwards, &. under side. outer ss :

(ha)
ais A
kK,

PLATE XII.

THE ButTERFLY Book,

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, 1898.

Men ene

Genus Argynnis

Butterfly.— The male is fulvous upon the upper side, all the
dark markings being heavy and black, and the basal areas of the
wings clouded with fuscous, this dark clouding on the hind
wings reaching down and nearly covering the inner angle. The
fore wings on the under side are buff, laved with pale red at the
base, marked with ferruginous on the outer margin and about
the subapical spots. The submarginal and subapical spots are
silvered, especially the latter. The hind wings are deep ferrugi-
nous, mottled with buff. The submarginal band is buff, narrow,
and dusted with more or less ferruginous. All the spots are well
silvered. The female has the basal area of the fore wings bright
pinkish-fulvous, and the belt of the secondaries almost lost in the
deep ground-color.

(19) Argynnis bremneri, Edwards, Plate X, Fig. 7, 4
(Bremner’s Silver-spot).

Butterfly.— The male on the upper side is bright fulvous. The
black markings, especially those about the middle of the wing,
are heavy. Both wings at the base are clouded with fuscous,
the under side of the primaries red toward the base, buff on the
apical area; the subapical and the upper marginal spots well
silvered; the hind wings with the inner two thirds more or less
deeply ferruginous, a little mottled with buff, very rarely en-
croached upon by the dark color of the inner area, except occa-
sionally near the anal angle. Expanse, ¢, 2.40 inches; 9, 2.70
inches.

Early Stages.— The early stages have not as yet been de-
scribed.

This species is found in Oregon, Washington, Montana, and
in the southern portions of British Columbia and Vancouver's
Island.

(20) Argynnis zerene, Boisduval, Plate XIV, Fig. 9, 2,
under side (Zerene).

Butterfly.— The male on the upper side is reddish-fulvous,
with rather heavy black markings, the mesial band of spots being
confluent. The under side of the fore wings is reddish, inclining
to pink, with the apex laved with buff. The hind wings have.
the ground-color purplish-gray, mottled on the inner two thirds
with ferruginous. The spots are not silvered, but are a delicate
gray color. The female is colored like the male, but the red at
the base of the fore wings in this sex is much deeper, and the

113

Genus Argynnis

yellow at the apex of the primaries contrasts much more strongly.
The spots on the under side in the female sex are frequently well
silvered, though in many specimens they are colored exactly as
in the male sex. Expanse of wing, ¢, 2.17 inches; 9, 2.50
inches.

Early Stages.— The early stages of this species have not as
yet been ascertained.

This beautiful butterfly, which is somewhat inclined to varia-
tion, is found in northern California, being quite common about
Mount Shasta. It is also found in Oregon and Nevada. One
of the varietal forms was named Argynnis purpurescens by the
late Henry Edwards, because of the decided purplish tint which
prevails on the under side of the secondaries, extending over the
entire surface of the hind wings and covering likewise the apex
of the fore wings. This purplish-brown is very marked in speci-
mens collected about the town of Soda Springs, in northern
California.

(21) Argynnis monticola, Behr, Plate XIII, Fig. 7, 4, under
side; Fig. 8, 6; Plate XIV, Fig. 17, 2 (Behr’s Fritillary).

Butterfly.— This species is very closely allied to the preced-
ing in some respects; the upper surface, however, of the wings
in both sexes is brighter than in zerene, and the dark markings
stand forth more clearly upon the lighter ground-color. The
wings are not shaded with fuscous toward the base as much as
in A. zerene. While the markings on the upper side are almost
identical with those of Dr. Boisduval’s species, they are much
brighter and clearer, giving the insects quite a different aspect.
On the under side the wings are colored as in zerene, the prima-
ries in the male being ferruginous, laved with a little red toward
the base, marked with purplish-gray toward the apex, the light
spots near the end of the cell on this wing being pale buff. The
hind wings are very uniformly purplish-gray, mottled with dark
brown, the spots very little, if at all, silvered in the male. In the
female the fore wings are bright red at the base, and the hind
wings are colored as in the male; but all the spots in both the
fore wings and hind wings are broadly and brightly silvered.

Early Stages.— The early stages have not been ascertained,
and there remains something here for young entomologists to
accomplish.

This species is quite common in the same localities as the last,

114

Genus Argynnis

and some authors are inclined to regard it as being a mere vari-
ety, which is a belief that can only be verified by careful breed-
ing from the egg.

(22) Argynnis rhodope, Edwards, Plate XI, Fig. 6, 9, wader
side (Rhodope).

Butterfly.— In the male sex the upper side is bright fulvous,
with both wings on the inner half heavily clouded with dark fus-
cous. The black markings are very heavy and confluent. The outer
border is solid black, very slightly, if at all, interrupted by a nar-
row marginal brown line, in this respect resembling A. atlantis.
On the under side the fore wings are dark ferruginous, on the
outer margin rich dark brown. Between the spots at the end
of the cell and the nervules below the apex are some clear, bright
straw-yellow spots. The upper spots of the marginal series are
silvered. The hind wings are dark reddish-brown, very slightly
paler on the line of the marginal band. The spots are pale straw-
yellow, except those of the marginal series, which are distinctly
silvered. The female on the upper side is of a lighter and
brighter red, with the markings dark and heavy as in the male
sex. On the under side the markings in the female do not differ
from those in the male, except that the primaries on the inner
half and at the base are bright pinkish-red. Expanse, ¢, 2.20
inches; 2, 2.40 inches.

Early Stages.— Unknown.

This striking species has been heretofore only found in British
Columbia.

(23) Argynnis behrensi, Edwards, Plate XIV, Fig. 10, 2,
under side (Behrens’ Fritillary).

Butterfly.— The male on the upper side is dull fulvous,
clouded with fuscous at the base, the black markings much nar-
rower and lighter than in the preceding species. The primaries
on the under side are pale fulvous, clouded with dark brown at
the apex. The subapical spots and the upper spots of the mar-
ginal series on this wing are well silvered. The hind wings on
the under side are deep reddish-brown, with the marginal band
only faintly indicated. All the spots are distinctly well silvered.
The female does not differ materially from the male, except in the
larger size and the somewhat paler ground-color of the upper side
of the wings. On the under side the wings are exactly as in the
male, with the marginal band even less distinct than in that sex.

115

Genus Argynnis

Early Stages.— Not yet ascertained.

The type specimens upon which the foregoing description is
founded came from Mendocino, in California.

(24) Argynnis halcyone, Edwards, Plate XIII, Fig. 5, 4;
Fig. 6, ¢, under side (Halcyone).

Butterfly, $.—The primaries are produced and relatively
narrower than in the preceding species, fulvous on the upper
side, with the black markings distinct, the mesial band of the
secondaries confluent. The fore wings on the under side are
pale fulvous, reddish at the base, pale buff at the end of the cell
and on the costal margin before the apex. The subapical spots
and the pale spots of the marginal series are very little silvered.
The hind wings have the inner two thirds deep reddish-brown,
slightly mottled with buff. The marginal band is buff, and all
the spots are well silvered. i

9 .—The female, which is considerably larger than the male,
is marked much as in that sex; but all the black markings are
heavier, and on the under side of the primaries the base and inner
margin are laved with red. The marginal band on the hind
wings is not as distinct in this sex as in the male, in many speci-
mens being somewhat obscured by olive-brown. Expanse, ¢,
2.50 inches; 2.90—3. 10 inches.

Early Stages.— Not known.

This species, which is still rare in collections, is found in
southern Colorado and the adjacent parts of Utah and Arizona.

(25) Argynnis chitone, Edwards, Plate XIV, Fig. 16, @
(Chitone).

Butterfly, 6.—The wings on the upper side are dull fulvous,
greatly obscured by brown at the base of the wings. The dark
spots and markings are not heavy. The fore wings on the under
side are yellowish-fulvous at the base and on the inner half of
the wing; the apical patch and the nervules on the apical area
are heavy ferruginous; the marginal spots are buff, with no
silver. The hind wings on the under side are light ferruginous,
mottled with buff; the belt is broad, clear buff; the outer margin
is brown. All the spots are small and imperfectly silvered.

@.—The female is nearly the same shade as the male, with
the marginal spots on the under side always silvered, the re-
mainder without silver, or only now and then with a few silvery
scales. - Expanse, 2.25-2.50 inches.

116

A ela eee BET
pee Te vite

=e, Ui yulvateel

SEV eIO A! ay

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII

a rgvnmis cybele, Fabricius, 2, wi- 8. Argynnis monticola, Behr, Oe
GHP STD, 9. Argyunis macaria, Edwards, og
. Argus semiramis, ee 3g 10. Argynnis inornata, Edwards, B
. Argyimis semiramis, Edwards, os under side. -
» Argvinis nilocris, Edwards, oi wi- 11, Argynnis liliana, Henry Edwari Ss)
der side. : ote
5. Argvunis halcvone, Eapeeed SB. 12. Argyunis atossa, Edwards, 3.
6. Argrunis halcyon, Edwards, Q, (13. 4rgvunis egleis, Boisduval, 4. ;

under side. A 14. Argyniis egleis, Boisduyal, one We ©
7. Argynnis monticola, Behr, on . der side.
under side. piind 33: 15. Argynnis ae Boisduval, ‘Oe

PLaTE XIII.

THE BUTTERFLY Book.

J. HOLLAND, 1098.

COPYRIGHTED BY Ww

Genus Argynnis

Early Stages. —Not ascertained.

This species occurs in southern Utah and Arizona.

(26) Argynnis platina, Skinner, Plate XVIII, Fig. 7, 2
(Skinner’s Fritillary).

Butterfly, 6. — The original description of this species, con-
tained in the ‘‘ Canadian Entomologist,” vol. xxix, p. 154, is as
follows:

‘«¢.—Expands two and a half inches. Upper side: Rather
light tawny or even light buff. Black markings dense and wide,
with outer halves of wings looking rather clear or open, with
rows of round spots not very large; marginal border light;
bases of wings not much obscured. Under side: Superiors have
the two subapical silver spots and silver spots on margin well
defined; color of inner half of wing rosy. The silver spots on
the inferiors are large and well defined, and placed on a very
light greenish-gray ground. The intermediate buff band is well
defined, comparatively wide, and very light in color. ¢.—The
ground-color on the infericrs below is reddish-brown in the
female.”

Early Stages.— Unknown.

This species occurs in Utah and Idaho, and is possibly a vari-
etal form of A. coronts, specimens agreeing very nearly with the
type figured in the plate being contained in the Edwards col-
lection under the name of A. coronts.

(27) Argynnis coronis, Behr, Plate XI, Fig. 10, 4; Fig. 11,
(Coronis).

Butterfly, ¢.—The wings on the upper side are yellowish-
brown, with but little brown obscuring the base. The dark
markings are not heavy, but distinct. The fore wings on the
under side are buff, with the basal area orange-fulvous. The
subapical and submarginal spots are more or less imperfectly
silvered. The hind wings are brown, mottled with reddish.
The discal area is buff, and the belt is pale yellowish-buff. All
the spots are large and well silvered on these wings.

? .—The female is paler than the male, with the markings on
the upper side a little heavier. The wings on the under side are
much asin the male sex. Expanse, 4, 2.10-2.50 inches; 2, 2.50-
3.00 inches.

Early Stages.—The early stages remain to be ascertained.

This species ranges from southern California northward to the

117

Genus Argynnis

southern part of British Columbia, and is found as far east as
Utah.

(28) Argynnis snyderi, Skinner, Plate XVIII, Fig. 6, ¢
(Snyder’s Fritillary).

Butterfly, 6.—The wings on the upper side are light tawny,
but little obscured by fuscous at the base. The black markings
are moderately heavy and very sharply defined against the
lighter ground-color. The outer margin is distinctly but not
heavily marked. On the under side of the fore wings there are
two subapical and five marginal silver spots. The ground-color
of the under side of the hind wings is grayish-green, with a narrow
pale-buff marginal belt. The spots are large and well silvered.

9 .—The female is much like the male, but on the hind wings
the ground-color from the base to the outer belt is brownish.
Expanse, ¢, 3.00 inches; @, 3.30 inches.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

This species, which is very closely allied to A. coronis, is
found in Utah.

(29) Argynnis callippe, Boisduval, Plate XI, Fig. 1, 3;
Fig. 2, 9; Fig. 3, 2, under side (Callippe).

Butterfly.—This species may easily be recognized by the
general obscuration of the basal area of the wings, the light-
buff quadrate spots on the discal area of the fore wings, and the
clear oval spots of the same color on the hind wings, as well as
by the light triangular marginal spots, all standing out distinctly
on the darker ground. The wings on the under side are quite
pale buff, with the spots large and well silvered. Expanse, 2. 30-
3.00 inches.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

Callippe is abundant in California.

(30) Argynnis nevadensis, Edwards, Plate X, Fig. 4, 6,
under side (The Nevada Fritillary).

Butterfly, $.—The ground-color is pale fulvous, but little ob-
scured with fuscous at the base. The outer margins are heavily
bordered with black. The dark markings of the discal area are
not heavy. The fore wings on the under side are pale buff, the
spots well silvered; the hind wings are greenish; the belt is narrow
and clear, and the spots are large and well silvered.

@.—The female is much like the male, but larger and paler.
The outer margin of the fore wings in this sex is more heavily

118

Genus Argynnis

marked with black, and the marginal spots are light buff in color.
Expanse, 6, 2.50-3.00 inches; 2, 3.00—3.50 inches.

Early Stages.—These remain to be discovered.

This species is found in the Rocky Mountains of Utah, Nevada,
Montana, and British America.

(31) Argynnis meadi, Edwards, Plate XIV, Fig. 1, 4 ; Fig. 2,
3, under side (Mead’s Silver-spot).

Butterfly.—This species is very closely allied to the preceding,
of which it may be an extreme variation, characterized by the
darker color of the fore wings on the upper side, the nervules
being heavily bordered with blackish, and the deeper, more solid
green of the under side of the wings. All the specimens I have
seen are considerably smaller in size than A. nevadensis.

Early Stages. —Wholly unknown.

This species or variety is found from Utah northward to the
province of Alberta, in British America.

(32) Argynnis edwardsi, Reakirt, Plate XI, Fig. 4, ¢ ; Fig. 5,
@ (Edwards’ Fritillary).

Butter fly.—This beautiful insect is closely related to the Nevada
Fritillary, from which it may be distinguished by the brighter
color of the upper side, the heavier black borders, especially in
the female sex, and the olive-brown color of the under side of the
hind wings. The olivaceous of these wings greatly encroaches
upon the marginal belt. Expanse, 3.00-3.25 inches.

Early Stages.—These have been carefully and minutely de-
scribed by Edwards in the ‘‘ Canadian Entomologist,” vol. xx,
p- 3. They are not unlike those of A. atlantis in many respects.

This species is not uncommon in Colorado and Montana.

(33) Argynnis liliana, Henry Edwards, Plate XIII, Fig. 11, 4
(Liliana).

Butterfly, 6.—The wings on the upper side are reddish-ful-
vous. The black markings and the spots are slight. The fore
wings on the under side are yellowish-buff; the base and the
hind margin to below the cell, brown, with buff on the median
interspaces. The outer end of the cell is yellowish-buff. The
subapical patch is brown, adorned by two or three well-silvered
spots. The five upper marginal spots are well silvered. The
hind wings are brown, but little mottled with buff. The spots
are Well silvered. The marginal belt is narrow, ochreous-brown.

9 .—The female is much paler than the male, and the marginal

119

Genus Argynnis

spots on both wings are much lighter. On the under side the
wings are as in the male sex, with the basal area and the nervules
of the fore wings red. Expanse, 6, 2.20 inches; 2, 2.35 inches.

Egg.—W. H. Edwards gives the following description: ‘‘Co-
noidal, truncated, depressed at summit, marked vertically by
twenty-two or twenty-three ribs, which are as in other species
of the genus; the outline of this egg is much as in eurynome,
the base being broad, the top narrow, and the height not much
more than the breadth; color yellow.”

Caterpillar.—The same author has given us a description of
the caterpillar immediately after hatching; but as the young larve
were lost after being sent to Maine to be kept over winter, we do
not yet know the full life-history.

The range of this species is northern California and Utah, so far
as is known at present.

(34) Argynnis rupestris, Behr, Plate XII, Fig. 8, ; Fig. 9, _
6, under side (The Cliff-dwelling Fritillary).

Butierfly, .—The upper side of the fore wings is deep reddish-
fulvous, with the black markings very heavy. The fore wings on
the under side are buff, shaded with red at the base and on the
inner margin. The spots are buff, without any silver. The hind
wings are buff, mottled with cinnamon-red, sometimes dark,
sometimes lighter. The marginal belt is narrow, buff, en-
croached upon by the darker color of the median area at the ends
of the oval spots. None of the spots is silvered, except very
light y in exceptional cases.

9 .—The female is much like the male on the upper side, with
the dark markings much heavier, the ground-color somewhat
paler, and the marginal row of spots quite light. The wings on
the under side are more brightly tinted than in the male, and the
marginal spots are more or less silvered. Expanse, 4, 2.00 inches;
@, 2.20 inches.

Early Stages.—Nothing is as yet known about the egg and
larva.

This species is quite abundant at a considerable elevation upon
Mount Shasta, Mount Bradley, and in the Weber Mountains in
Utah.

(35) Argynnis laura, Edwards, Plate XII, Fig. 11, ¢ ; Fig. 12,
Q (Laura).

Butterfly, 6.—The upper side is deep reddish-fulvous, with

120

oe *
oa

Genus Argynnis

both wings somewhat obscured at the base by fuscous. The
black markings on the upper side of the wings are heavy; the
outer margin is also heavily banded with dark brown, the mar-
ginal lines being fulvous. The four spots on the hind wings are
lighter in color than the ground. The fore wings on the under
side are reddish-orange, with the apex and the hind margin
yellowish-buff. The apical and upper marginal spots are more
or less well silvered. The hind wings are pale yellow, the mar-
ginal belt very broad and clear yellow. All the spots are large
and well silvered.

9.—The female is much paler than the male, but otherwise
closely resembles that sex. Expanse, ¢, 2.20 inches; @, 2.35
inches.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

This species is found in northern California, Oregon, Washing-
ton, and Nevada.

(36) Argynnis macaria, Edwards, Plate XIII, Fig. 9, 2 (Ma-
carla).

Butterfly, ¢.—The upper side of the wings is yellowish-ful-
vous, the black markings very light. The fore wings on the under
side are orange-red, at the apex yellowish-buff. The subapical
upper marginal spots are lightly silvered. The hind wings are
yellowish-buff on the outer third, mottled with brown on the
basal and median areas. The marginal belt is clear buff. The
spots are large and well silvered.

9? .—The female is paler than the male. On the upper side of
the hind wings the second row of silver spots is indicated by
spots much paler than the ground. The black markings are
lighter than in the male. Expanse, 4, 2.00 inches; @, 2.20 inches.

Early Stages —Unknown.

This species, which is somewhat like A. coronis, but smaller,
and brighter fulvous, is found in California, but is still quite rare
in collections.

(37) Argynnis semiramis, Edwards, Plate XIII, Fig. 2, 2,
under side; Fig. 3, 9 (Semiramis).

Butterfly, 6.—The wings are bright fulvous on the upper side,
with the black markings much as in A. adiante, slight on the fore
wings and even slighter on the hind wings. The under side of
the fore wings is cinnamon-red at the base and on the inner half
of the wing, beyond this buff. The apical patch and the outer

121

Genus Argynnis

margin are brown. The upper marginal spots and two spots on
the subapical patch are well silvered. The hind wings are rusty-
brown from the base to the second row of spots, mottled with
lighter brown. The marginal belt is clear brownish-buff. All
the spots are well silvered.

@.—The female on the upper side is colored like the male, with
the dark markings somewhat heavier. On the under side the
fore wings are laved over almost their entire surface with red, the
upper angle of the cell alone being buff. The hind wings are in
many specimens fawn-colored throughout, except that the mar-
ginal band is paler. In afew specimens the ground is darker and
the band more distinct. All the spots are well silvered. Expanse,
3, 2.60 inches; @, 2.75—-3.00 inches.

Early Stages.—The life-history of this butterfly has not been
ascertained.

The species appears to be very common at San Bernardino,
California, and vicinity, and resembles A. adiante on the upper
side and A. coronis upon the lower side.

(38) Argynnis inornata, Edwards, Plate XIII, Fig. 10, 9, un-
der side (The Plain Fritillary).

Butterfly, 6 .—This species resembles A. rupestris in its mark-
ings, but is somewhat paler, the black margins are heavy and
the black markings on the disk comparatively light; the base of
the wings is obscured with fuscous. On the under side the fore
wings are cinnamon-brown, with the apical area buff. The hind
wings are reddish-brown, with the marginal band clear buff. All
the spots are buff, and completely devoid of silvery scales.

9 .—Paler than the male on the upper side. The fore wings
on the under side are orange-fulvous; the hind wings are pale
greenish-brown, mottled with buff. In some specimens a few
silver scales are found on the submarginal spots. Expanse, ¢,
2.50 inches; 9, 2.70 inches.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

This butterfly, which is as yet not very common in collections,
is found in California and Nevada.

(39) Argynnis atossa, Edwards, Plate XIII, Fig. 12, ¢
(Atossa).

Butterfly, 6.—The upper side is bright yellowish-fulvous, with
the wings at the base slightly dusted with brown. The margins
of both wings are bordered by a single line, there being no trace

122

2 AC tn

TA bees
SA eds,

Hala |
TPL SVAN
1)

Argyinis clio, Bisbal,
Argynns clio, ashen

Soak

EXPLANATION

1. Argyunis meadi, Edwards, '.

Argyiiis meadi, Edwards, o\, un-
dey side.

Argynus columbia,
wards, oJ.

Argvinis adiante, Boisduval, *

Arguunis clio, Edwards, ees

“side. . acl
Argvinis opis, BBwateis ae wader
side,

Oy fh
Uw ti,

frown, WI

Henry) Ede ©

3. und ies

OF PLATE XIV

Bois

9. Arguunis Zerene,
under side.

Argyanis bebrensi,

Argynnis ipbyouite, ‘Fabilelus, a
sn ddloe Sele

10.
Pili

s Bloraptl, Os

yynome, Edwards, 9.

wee, Behwanals, Says
* a ou

af =

16. Argynnis chitol x
iq. Argynnis monticola, Babe, Ds

th + In
Lok 24?

THE BUTTERFLY Book. PLATE XIV.

]

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, 1498.

Genus Argynnis

of the outer line usually found in other species of the genus. The
dark markings of the outer margin are almost entirely absent, and
those of the discal and basal areas very greatly reduced. On the
under side both wings are very pale, the spots entirely without
silver, in some specimens even their location being but faintly in-
dicated. The fore wings at the base and on the inner margin are
laved with bright red.

@.—The female resembles the male, except that the red on the
under side of the fore wings is in many specimens very bright and
fiery. Expanse, 6, 2.50 inches; 9, 2.75-3.00 inches.

Early Stages.—Entirely unknown.

This butterfly, which is still rare in collections, has been taken
in southern California. It may be an extreme variation of the next
species, A. adiante, Boisduval.

(40) Argynnis adiante, Boisduval, Plate XIV, Fig. 4, 9 (Adi-
ante).

Butterfly, 6.—The wings on the upper side are bright fulvous ;
the black markings are slight. The fore wings on the under side
are pale buff, much lighter at the apex, laved with orange-red at
the base. The hind wings are pale buff, clouded with fawn-color on
the basal and discal areas. All the spots which are generally silvered
in other species are in this species wholly devoid of silvery scales.

9 .—The female is like the male, but the black markings on
the upper side are heavier, and the basal area and inner half of
the primaries are laved with brighter and deeper red. Expanse,
3, 2.30-2.40 inches; @, 2.30—2.60 inches.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

This species is found in southern California, and is somewhat
local in its habits, hitherto having been taken only in the Santa
Cruz Mountains.

(41) Argynnis artonis, Edwards, Plate XII, Fig. 13, 6, under
side (Artonis).

Butterfly, &.—Closely resembling A. eurynome, Edwards,
from which species it may be at once distinguished by the en-
tire absence of silvery scales upon the under side of the wings,
and also by the fact that the silver spots on the under side of
the hind wings are not compressed and elongated as much as
in eurynome, and by the further fact that all the dark marginal
markings of the under side are obliterated.

2 .—The female does not differ materially from the male, except

123

Genus Argynnis

that the dark markings on the upper side are all much heavier,
standing out very distinctly upon the paler ground, and the mar-
ginal spots within the lunules are very light in color and relatively
large. On the under side the fore wings are laved with red, very
much as in the female of A. adiante. Expanse, 2, 1.75-2.00
inches ; @, 2.00-2.15 inches.

Early Stages.—These still remain to be ascertained.

This interesting butterfly, which seems to indicate a transition
between the butterflies of the Adiante-group and those of the
Eurynome-group, has been found in Colorado, Nevada, Utah, and
Arizona.

(42) Argynnis clio, Edwards, Plate XIV, Fig. 5, 4 ; Fig. 6, 9 ;
Fig. 7, 6, under side (Clio).

Butterfly.—Closely resembling A. eurynome and A. artonts.
Like artonts, the spots on the under side of the wing are without
silver. The female very closely resembles the female of artonzis,
and in fact | am unable to distinguish the types of the females of
the two species by any marks which seem to be satisfactory.
Expanse, 6, 1.75 inch; @, 1.75-I.90 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

This species, which is as yet comparatively rare in collections,
is found in Montana and the province of Alberta, in British Amer-
ica, at a considerable elevation.

(43) Argynnis opis, Plate XIV, Fig. 8, 4, under side (Opis).

Butterfiv.—This species, which apparently belongs to the
Eurynome-group, appears by the location of its markings to be
closely related to eurynome, but on the upper side the wings of
both the male and female are more heavily obscured with fuscous
at the base; the dark markings are heavier than in ewrynome, and
in both sexes it is smaller in size, being the smallest of all the
species of the genus thus far found in North America. The spots
on the under side of the wings are none of them silvered. Ex-
panse, 6, 1.50 inch; @, 1.60 inch.

Early Stages.—Nothing is known of these.

The types came from Bald Mountain, in the Caribou mining
district of British Columbia.

(44) Argynnis bischoffi, Edwards, Plate XI, Fig. 7, ¢
(Bischoff’s Fritillary).

Butterfly, 6.—The fore wings on the upper side are bright red-
dish-fulvous, the base of the primaries and the inner half of the

124

Genus Argynnis

secondaries being heavily obscured by blackish, so as to conceal
the markings. Both wings have moderately heavy black mar-
ginal borders. The other markings are as in A. eurynome. On
the under side the fore wings are buff, laved with reddish at the
base. The hind wings are pale buff, with the basal and discal
areas mottled with green. The marginal belt is clear buff. In
some specimens the spots on the under side are not silvered; in
others they are well silvered.

?.—The female on the upper side is very pale buff, slightly
laved with fulvous on the outer margin of both wings. All the
markings are heavy; the margins of both wings are solid black,
the spots within the lunules being pale and almost white. The
fore wings at the base and the inner half of the hind wings are
almost solid black. On the under side the wings are very much
as in the male, and the same variation as to the silvering of the
spots is found. Expanse, ¢, 1.80 inch; 9, 1.90 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

The types of this genus came from Sitka, in Alaska. It may
be an extreme boreal variation of A. euryvnome.

(45) Argynnis eurynome, Edwards, Plate XII, Fig. 7, 4;
Plate XIV, Fig. 14, 93; Fig. 15, ¢- under side (Eurynome).

Butterfly, 6.—Yhe wings on the upper side are bright
yellowish-fulvous, but little obscured at the base. The outer
margins are edged by two fine lines which are occasionally con-
fluent. The under side of the fore wings is pale buff, laved with
cinnamon-brown at the base and along the nervules; the spots
on the margin and in the apical area are well silvered. The
hind wings on the under side are buff, with the basal and discal
areas mottled with pale brown or pale olive-green. The marginal
belt is broad and clear buff; all the spots are well silvered.

9.—The female is like the male, but paler, with the dark
markings, especially those of the margin, heavier. The marginal
spots inclosed by the lunules are much paler than the ground-
color, and in many specimens almost white. On the under side
the wings in this sex are like those of the male, but the fore
wings are more heavily laved with cinnamon-brown at the base.
Expanse, 4, 1.'70-2.00 inches; ¢, 2.00 inches.

Early Stages.—Mr. Edwards, in ‘“‘The Butterflies of North
America,” vol. ii, has given us a beautiful figure of the egg of
this species. Of the other stages we have no knowledge.

125

Genus Argynnis

A. eurynome is a very common butterfly 1n Colorado, Mon-
tana, and British America, and is the repzesentative of a con-
siderable group, to which the four preceding species belong,
if, indeed, they are not local races or climatic varieties of eury-
nome, a fact which can be demonstrated only by the careful
breeding of specimens from various localities. There is a fine field
here for study and experiment.

(46) Argynnis montivaga, Behr, Plate X, Fig. 5, 2, under
side (Montivaga).

Butterfly.—This species in both sexes very closely approxi-
mates the foregoing. The main points of distinction consist in
the somewhat darker red of the upper side of the wings, the
slightly heavier dark markings, and the absence on the under
side, especially of the hind wings, of the olive-green shade
which is characteristic of typical specimens of A. eurynome.
The mottling of the basal and median areas on this side is red- _
dish-brown. The spots are more or less silvered on the under
side. Expanse, 6, 1.75 inch; 9, 1.90 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

This species is found in the Sierras of California and among
the mountains of Nevada.

(47) Argynnis egleis, Boisduval, Plate XIII, Fig. 13, ¢ ; Fig.
14, 9, under side; Fig. 15, 2 (Egleis).

Butterfly, 6.—The ground-color of the wings on the upper
side is deep fulvous, with rather heavy black markings. The
wings on the under side are pale fulvous, mottled with buff on
the subapical interspaces of the fore wings. The basal and discal
areas of the hind wings are mottled with brown, which in many
specimens is of a distinctly purplish shade. In some specimens
the inner half of the primaries is rather heavily laved with red.
The spots on the under side are either silvered or without silver,
in the latter case being pale buff.

@.—The female is much like the male, but paler. The red
on the under side of the primaries is deeper, and the purplish-
brown on the inner surface of the secondaries is also darker.
Expanse, ¢@, 2.25 inches; 9, 2.50 inches.

Early Stages.—These remain to be ascertained.

This is a common species in California and Nevada. For
many years it has been placed in all catalogues at the end of the
list of the species of this genus, where I also leave it, though to

126

A Race after a Butterfly

my way of thinking its proper location is near A. rupestris. It
certainly reveals but small affinity to the species of the Eurynome-
group.

Besides the species of Argvunis enumerated in the foregoing
pages and delineated upon the plates, there are several others of
more or less doubtful validity credited to our fauna, and a num-
ber of varieties which have received names. With all of these
the more advanced student will become familiar as he prosecutes
his researches, but it is not necessary to speak of them here.

A RACE AFTER A BUTTERFLY

There is much that is pleasing about ‘‘first things.” I shall
never forget the first dollar I earned; the first trout I took with
my fly; the first muskalonge I gaffed beside my canoe on a still
Canadian lake; the first voyage I made across the Atlantic. So |
shall never forget my first capture of a female specimen of Ar-
gvnnis diana.

My home in my boyhood was in North Carolina, in the village
of Salem, famous as one of the most successful of the settlements
made by the Moravian Brethren under the lead of the good Count
Zinzendorf, and well known throughout the Southern States as
the seat of an excellent seminary for young ladies. The Civil War
broke out, and the hopes cherished of sending me North to be
educated were disappointed. | was left to pursue my studies
under a tutor, and to roam the neighborhood in quest of insects,
of which I gathered a large collection.

One day | spied upon a bed of verbenas a magnificent butterfly
with broad expanse of. wing and large blue spots upon the secon-
daries. In breathless haste I rushed into the house and got my
net. To the joy of my heart, when I returned to the spot, the
beauty was still hovering over the crimson blossoms. But, as I
drew near with fell intent, it rose and sailed away. Across the
garden, over the fence, across the churchyard, out into the
street, with leisurely flight the coveted prize sped its way, while
I quickly followed, net in hand. Once upon the dusty street, its
flight was accelerated; my rapid walking was converted into a
run. Down past the church and— horribile dictu! — past the
boarding-school that pesky butterfly flew. 1 would rather have

127

A Race after a Butterfly

faced a cannonade in those days than a bevy of boarding-school
misses, but there was no alternative. There were the dreaded
females at the windows (for it was Saturday, and vacation hour),
and there was my butterfly. Sweating, blushing, inwardly
anathematizing my luck, I rushed past the school, only to be
overwhelmed with mortification by the rascally porter of the
institution, who was sweeping the pavement, and who bawled
out after me: ‘‘Oh, it ’s no use; you can’t catch it! It’s fright-
ened; you ‘re so ugly!” And now it began to rise in its flight.
It was plainly my last chance, for it would in a moment be lost
over the housetops. I made an upward leap, and by a fortunate
sweep of the net succeeded in capturing my prize.

Many years later, after a long interval in which ornithology
and botany had engrossed my mind to the exclusion of ento-
mology, my boyish love for the butterflies was renewed, and |
found out the name of the choice thing] had captured on that hot
July day on the streets of Salem, and returned to North Carolina
for the special purpose of collecting a quantity of these superb in-
sects. My quest was entirely successful, though my specimens
were not taken at Salem, but under the shadow of Mount
Mitchell, in the flower-spangled valleys which lie at its feet.

Genus BRENTHIS, Hiibner

“The garden is fragrant everywhere;
In its lily-bugles the gold bee sups,
And butterflies flutter on winglets fair
Round the tremulous meadow buttercups.””
MuNnkITTRICK.

Butter fly.—Small or medium-sized butterflies, very closely ap-
proximating in form and color the species of the genus Argyunzs,
in which they are included by many writers. The principal
structural difference between the two genera is found in the fact
that in the genus Brenthis only one of the subcostal nervules
arises before or at the end of the cell of the primaries, while in
Argynnis the two innermost subcostal nervules thus arise. In
Brenthis the palpi are not as stout as in Argynnis, and the short
basal spur or branch of the median vein of the front wings,

128

Genus Brenthis

which is characteristic of the latter genus, is altogether lacking
in Brenthis.
Egg.—The eggs are subconical, almost twice
as high as wide, truncated at the top, and
marked with thirteen or fourteen raised longi-
tudinal ridges connected by a multitude of
smaller cross-ridges.

Larva.—The caterpillars are not noticeably
different in their general appearance from those
of the genus Argynnts, except that they are
smaller and generally not as dark in color as
the larvee of the latter genus. They feed, like
the caterpillars of Argynnis, upon violets.

Chrysalis.—The chrysalis is pendant, about
six tenths of an inch long, and armed with Fic. 90.—Neuration
two rows of sharp conical tubercles on the Sees RnR
back.

(1) Brenthis myrina, Cramer, Plate XV, Fig. 1, ¢; Fig. 2,
4, under side; Plate V, Figs. 12-14, chrysalis (The Silver-
bordered Fritillary).

Butterfily.—The upper side of the wings is fulvous; the black
markings are light, the borders heavy. The fore wings on the
under side are yellowish-fulvous, ferruginous at the tip, with the
marginal spots lightly silvered. The hind wings are ferruginous,
mottled with buff. The spots, which are small, are well sil-
vered. Expanse, 6, 1.40 inch; 9, 1.70 inch.

Egg.—The egg is conoidal, about one third higher than wide,
marked by sixteen or seventeen vertical ribs, between which are
a number of delicate cross-lines. It is pale greenish-yellow in
color.

Caterpillar.—The caterpillar has been carefully studied, and
its various stages are fully described in ‘‘ The Butterflies of New
England,” by Dr. Scudder. In its final stage it is about seven
eighths of an inch long, dark olive-brown, marked with green,
the segments being adorned with fleshy tubercles armed with
needle-shaped projections, the tubercles on the side of the first
thoracic segment being four times as long as the others, cylin-
drical in form, and blunt at the upper end, the spines projecting
upward at an angle of forty-five degrees to the axis of the tubercle.

129

Genus Brenthis

Chrysalis.—The chrysalis is yellowish-brown, spotted with
darker brown spots, those of the thoracic and first and second
abdominal segments having the lustre of mother-of-pearl.

This very pretty little species has a wide range, extending
from New England to Montana, from Nova Scotia to Alaska, and
southward along the ridges of the Alleghanies into Virginia and
the mountains of North Carolina.

(2) Brenthis triclaris, Hubner, Plate XV, Fig. 3, ¢ (Htb-
ner’s Fritillary).

Butterfly, &.—The male above is bright fulvous, with the
base of the fore wings and the inner margin of the hind wings
heavily obscured with blackish scales. The usual dark markings
are finer than in the preceding species; the black marginal borders
are not so heavy. The submarginal spots are relatively large and
distinct in most specimens, and uniform in size. The light spots
of the under side of the median band of the hind wings show
through from below on the upper side lighter than the ground- —
color of the wings. On the under side the fore wings are fulvous,
tipped with ferruginous. The hind wings are broadly ferrugin-
ous, with a couple of bright-yellow spots near the base and a
curved band of yellow spots crossing the median area. The
outer margin about the middle is marked with pale fulvous.
The spots on the under side are none of them silvered.

¢@.—The female is much paler than the male in most cases,
and the marginal spots within the lunules are very pale, almost
white. The submarginal row of round black spots is relatively
large and distinct, quite uniform in size. On the under side the
wings are much more conspicuously marked on the secondaries
than in the male sex, being crossed by three conspicuous bands
of irregularly shaped yellow spots, one at the base and one on
either side of the discal area. The submarginal round spots of
the upper side reappear on the under side as small, slightly
silvered, yellow spots. The marginal spots are bright yellow,
slightly glossed with silver. Expanse, ¢,1.50 inch; 9, 1.60 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

This extremely beautiful little species is found throughout
arctic America, is not uncommon in Labrador, and also occurs
upon the loftier summits of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado
and elsewhere. It is, as most species of the genus, essentially
arctic in its habits.

130

Rip haiis rath
au ' \ i pase ¥ Bay
} ss <1 uh a

; ae

h the!

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV > peigea d

1, Brenthis mprina, Cramer, 3. 10. Brenthis freja, Thunberg, 9, wn-
2, Brenthis mprina, Cramer, 2, under der side. TRE ARS

Sales E ; 11. Brenthis polaris, Boisduval, g.

3. Brenthis tricharis, Hubner, 3. 12, Brenuthis polaris, Boisduval, 3, we

4. Brenthis chariclea, Schneider, %. — der side. 1

5. Brenthisboisduvali, Duponchel, J. 13. Brenthis frigga, Thunberg, 3.
6. Thunberg, 2, wi-

Brenthis boisduvali. Duponchel, &, 14. Brenthis frigga,
under side. ; a der sides ~
Brenthis moutinus, Scudder, 3. 15. Brenthis alberta, Edwards, 3.
. Brenthis montinus, Scudder, ©, 16. Brenthis bellona. Fabricius, <j’.
under side. : 17. Brenthis epithore, Boisduval, 3’.
9. Brenthis freija, Thunberg, 3. 18. Brenthis epithore, Boisduval, 3,
ae Oder side. ; .

THE BuTTERFLY Book. PLaTe XV.

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, 1A98

Genus Brenthis

(3) Brenthis helena, Edwards, Plate XVIII, Fig. 16, ¢,
under side; Fig. 17, 6 (Helena).

Butterfly, 6.—The wings on the upper side are fulvous,
greatly obscured by brown at the base of the fore wings and
along the inner margin of the hind wings. The usual black
markings are light, and the marginal border is also not so heavily
marked as in B. myrina. The fore wings on the under side are
pale fulvous, laved with ferruginous at the tip. The hind wings
are brightly ferruginous, with small yellow marginal spots, and
paler spots inclining to buff on the costal border and at the end
of the cell, about the region of the median nervules.

@.—The female is very much like the male on the upper
side, but the ground-color is paler. On the under side the
wings are somewhat paler, and all the spots and light markings,
especially on the secondaries, are far more conspicuous, being
bright yellow, and standing out very prominently upon the dark
ferruginous ground. Expanse, 1.40 inch.

Early Stages.—The early stages of this insect are not as yet
known.

Helena appears to be a common species in Colorado, Mon-
tana, and New Mexico. It is subject to considerable variation,
both in the intensity of the coloring of the under side of the
wings, and in the distinctness of the maculation.

(4) Brenthis montinus, Scudder, Plate XV, Fig. 7, 4; Fig.
8,2, under side (The White Mountain Fritillary).

Butterfly, 6.—The upper side is fulvous, closely resembling B.
chariclea, but the ground-color is darker. The under side of the
hind wings is deep ferruginous, mottled with white, the most
conspicuous of the white spots being a white bar occurring at the
end of the cell, and a small round white spot at the base of the
wing. The hind wings have also a marginal row of slightly sil-
vered white spots.

.—The female is very much like the male, but the ground-
color of the upper side is paler. Expanse, 2,1.50inch; 2,1.75 inch.

This interesting butterfly is found on the barren summits of
Mount Washington, New Hampshire. It represents the survival
of the arctic fauna on these desolate peaks, and, like the arctic
flora of the spot where it is found, is a souvenir of the ice-age,
which once shrouded the northeastern regions of the United
States with glaciers.

131

Genus Brenthis

(5) Brenthis chariclea, Schneider, Plate XV, Fig. 4, ¢
(Chariclea).

Butterfly, 8.—Fulvous on the upper side, with heavy black
markings, both wings greatly obscured at the base by fuscous.
On the under side the fore wings are pale yellowish-fulvous,
mottled with ferruginous at the tip and on the outer margin.
The hind wings on the under side are dark purplish-ferruginous,
mottled with yellow, crossed by a central row of conspicuous
yellow spots. The row of marginal spots and two or three small
spots at the base are white, slightly silvered.

@.—The female differs from the male in having the markings
of the upper side darker and heavier, and the outer margins more
heavily marked with black, and having all the spots on the under
side more distinctly defined against the dark ground. Expanse,
$, 1.50 inch; 9,1.75 inch.

Early Stages.—Undescribed.

This species, like B. frezja, is circumpolar, being found in Lap-
land, Greenland, and throughout arctic America. It also occurs
within the limits of the United States, in the Yellowstone Park at
considerable elevations, and is not uncommon on the high moun-
tains in British Columbia, numerous specimens having been cap-
tured in recent years about Banff and Laggan, in Alberta.

(6) Brenthis boisduvali, Duponchel, Plate XV, Fig. 5, 3;
Fig. 6,9, under side (Boisduval’s Fritillary).

Butterfly.—Somewhat closely resembling B. chariclea, but
with the markings much heavier on the outer margin, and the
base of the wings generally more deeply obscured with dark
brown. The wings on the under side in color and marking
closely approximate those of B. chariclea, and | have been unable
to distinguish the specimens marked as borsduvalz, and contained
in the Edwards collection, from the specimens designated as B.
chariclea in the same collection, so far as the color and macula-
tion of the under sides of these specimens are concerned. Ex-
panse, 4, 1.50 inch; @, 1.75 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

This species, originally described from Labrador, is found
throughout boreal America and British Columbia.

(7) Brenthis freija, Thunberg, Plate XV, Fig. 9, 4; Fig. 10,
9, under side (The Lapland Fritillary).

Butterfly.— The wings are pale fulvous, the fore wings at the

132

Genus Brenthis

base and the hind wings on the inner half being deeply obscured
with fuscous. The markings are quite heavy. The fore wings
on the under side are very pale fulvous, yellowish at the tip,
mottled with ferruginous. The hind wings are ferruginous on
the under side, mottled with yellow. The spots are quite large,
consisting of lines and dashes, and a marginal row of small lunu-
late spots, pale yellow or white, slightly silvered. Expanse,
1.50 inch.

This butterfly is circumpolar, being found in Norway, Lap-
land, northern Russia, and Siberia, through Alaska, British
America, and Labrador, occurring also upon the highest peaks
of the Rocky Mountains as far south as Colorado.

(8) Brenthis polaris, Boisduval, Plate XV, Fig. 11, 2;
Fig. 12, 6, under side (The Polar Fritillary).

Butter fly.— The upper side dull fulvous; the markings on the
inner half of the wings are confluent, and lost in the brownish
vestiture which obscures this portion of the wing. The outer
median area is defined by irregular zigzag spots which flow to-
gether. Beyond these the submarginal row of small black spots
stands out distinctly upon the lighter ground-color of the wings.
The outer margin is marked by black spots at the end of the
nervules, on the fore wings somewhat widely separated, on the
hind wings narrowly separated by the lighter ground-color. On
the under side the wings are fulvous, with a marginal row of
white checkerings on both wings. The hind wing is deeply
mottled with ferruginous, on which the lighter white markings
stand forth very conspicuously. Expanse, 4, 1.50 inch; @,
1.50-2.00 inches.

Early Stages.— Unknown.

This butterfly has’ been found in Labrador, Greenland, and
other portions of arctic America, as far north as latitude 81° 52’.

(9) Brenthis frigga, Thunberg, Plate XV, Fig. 13, ¢ ; Fig. 14,
2, Jower side (Frigga).

Butterfly, @.—On the upper side this butterfly somewhat
closely resembles polaris, but the markings are not so compact —
more diffuse. The fore wings at the base and the hind wings
on the inner two thirds are heavily obscured with brown. The
outer margins are more heavily shaded with blackish-brown than
in B. polaris. On the under side the wings are quite differently
marked. The fore wings are fulvous, shaded with brown at the

133

Genus Brenthis

tips, and marked with light yellow on the interspaces beyond
the end of the cell. The hind wings are dark ferruginous, shad-
ing into purplish-gray on the outer margin, with a whitish quad-
rate spot on the costa near the base, marked with two dark
spots, and a bar of pale, somewhat obscured spots, forming an
irregular band across the middle of the hind wings.

9 .—The female does not differ greatly from the male, except
that the spots on the under side of the hind wings stand forth
more conspicuously, being lighter in color and better defined.
Expanse, 1.65—2.00 inches.

This pretty little butterfly occurs in Labrador, across the con-
tinent as far west as northern Alaska, and is also occasionally
taken upon the alpine summits of the Rocky Mountains as far
south as Colorado.

(10) Brenthis bellona, Fabricius, Plate XV, Fig. 16, 3 ; Plate
V, Fig. 10, chrysalis, side view; Fig. 11, chrysalis, side view
(Meadow Fritillary).

Butterfly.—Pale fulvous on the upper side, with the dark
markings on the inner half of the wing narrow, but more or less
confluent. The dark markings on the outer part of the wing are
slighter. The fore wings are a little angled on the outer margin
below the apex. On the under side the fore wings are pale ful-
vous, mottled with purple at the tip and on the outer margin.
The hind wings on this side are ferruginous, mottled with
purple. Expanse, 1.65~-1.80 inch.

Egg.—The egg of this species is similar in form, size, color,
and markings to the egg of B. myrina.

Caterpillar.—The caterpillar also in its early stages closely re-
sembles myrina, but in its mature form it differs in not having the
spines on the second segment of the body lengthened as in that
species.

Chrysalis.—The chrysalis, which is represented in Plate V, is
bluish-gray in color, marked with dark spots. The life-history
has been given us by several authors.

This butterfly is very common in the whole of the northern
United States, as far south as the mountain-ranges of Virginia,
and occurs throughout Quebec, Ontario, and British America, as
far west as the foot-hills ofthe Rocky Mountains. It flies commonly
with B. myrina, the only other species of the genus found in the
densely populated portions of our territory, from which it may be

134

Genus Brenthis

at once distinguished by the entire absence of the silvered mark-
ings which make B. myrina so bright and attractive.

(11) Brenthis epithore, Boisduval, Plate XV, Fig. 17, 4;
Fig. 18, ¢, under side (Epithore).

Butter fly.—This species on the upper side is pale fulvous, with
the markings slighter than in B. be//ona, and the inner half of the
hind wings much more heavily clouded with fuscous. On the
under side the wings are somewhat like those of B. bellona, but
less purple and mottled more distinctly with yellow. Expanse,
3, 1.50 inch; @, 1.85 inch.

Early Stages.—Undescribed.

This species appears to replace B. bellona, its close ally, in
California, Oregon, and the States eastward as far as parts of
Colorado.

(12) Brenthis alberta, Edwards, Plate XV, Fig. 15, ¢ (Al-
berta).

Butterfly.—This, the least attractive in appearance of the
Species composing the genus, has pale wings with a ‘‘ washed-
out” appearance on the upper side, almost all the dark markings
being greatly reduced or obliterated. On the under side the wings
are even more obscurely marked than on the upper side. The fe-
male is darker than the male, and specimens have a greasy look.
Expanse, 6,1.55 inch; 9@,1.65-1.75 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown, except the egg and the young
caterpillar, which have been most beautifully figured by Edwards
in vol. iti of ‘‘The Butterflies of North America.” The only
locality from which specimens have as yet been received by col-
lectors is Laggan, in Alberta, where the species apparently is not
uncommon at lofty elevations above sea-level.

(13) Brenthis astarte, Doubleday and Hewitson, Plate XVIII,
Fig. 14,4; Fig. 15,9, under side (Astarte).

Butler fly.—This rare insect, the largest of the genus, may at
once be distinguished from all others by the very beautiful mark-
ings of the under side of the hind wings, crossed by a band of
irregular, bright-yellow spots, which are narrowly edged with
black, and beyond the black bordered by red. Expanse, 4, 2.00
inches; @, 2.15 inches.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

The first description and figure of this insect were given by
Doubleday and Hewitson in their large and now very valuable

135

Suspicious Conduct

work on ‘‘The Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera.” They correctly
attributed it to the Rocky Mountains, but Kirby afterward
gave Jamaica as its habitat, and this led to its subsequert rede-
scription by Edwards under the name Victoria. It is arare species
still, having been received only from Laggan, Alberta, where it
was rediscovered by that most indefatigable collector and ob-
server, Mr. T. E. Bean. It frequents the highest summits
of the lofty mountains about this desolate locality. Mr. Bean
says: ‘‘ Astarte seems always on the lookout for an entomolo-
gist, whose advent is carefully noted, and at any approach of
such a monster nearer than about fifteen feet, its wings rise to
half-mast, vibrate there a doubtful instant, and away goes the
butterfly.”

In addition to the thirteen species figured in our plates there
are two other species of the genus, B. butlerz, Edwards, from
Grinnell Land, and B. zmproba, Butler, from near the arctic circle.
It is not likely that many of the readers of this book will encounter
these insects in their rambles, and if they should, they will be able
to ascertain their names quickly, by conferring with the author.

SUSPICIOUS CONDUCT

The entomologist must not expect to be always thoroughly
understood. The ways of scientific men sometimes appear
strange, mysterious, bordering even upon the insane, to those
who are uninitiated. A celebrated American naturalist relates
that on one occasion, when chasing butterflies through a meadow
belonging to a farmer, the latter came out and viewed him with
manifest anxiety. But when the nature of the efforts of the man
of science had been finally explained, the farmer heaved a sigh
of relief, remarking, in Pennsylvania Dutch, that ‘‘he had surely
thought, when he first saw him, that he had just escaped from a
lunatic asylum.”” The writer, a number of years ago, after having
despatched a very comfortable lunch, sallied forth one afternoon,
in quest of insects, and in the course of his wanderings came
upon a refuse-heap by the roadside, opposite a substantial house,
and on this heap discovered an ancient ham, which was sur-
rounded by a multitude of beetles of various species known to
be partial to decomposed, or semi-decomposed, animal matter.
He proceeded immediately to bottle a number of the specimens.

136

Genus Melitza

While engaged in so doing, the window of the house across the
way was thrown up, and an elderly female thrust her head out,
and in strident voice exclaimed: ‘‘Hey, there! What are you
doin’ with that ham? I say, don’t you know that that ham is
spiled?”’ As he paid no attention to her, she presently appeared
at the door, came across the street, and remarked: ‘‘See here,
mister; that ham ’s spiled; Lucy and me throwed it out, knowin’
it was no good. If you want a good meal of wittles, come into
the house, and we will feed you, but for mercy’s sake leave that
spiled ham alone.” It took considerable effort to assure her that
no designs upon the ham were cherished, and she went away,
evidently completely mystified at the wild conduct of the well-
dressed man who was grubbing in the rubbish-pile.

Genus MELITAA, Fabricius
(The Checker-spots)

“The fresh young Flie, . . .
. . . joy’d to range abroad in fresh attire,
Through the wide compass of the ayrie coast;
And, with unwearied wings, each part t’ inquire
Of the wide rule of his renowned sire.”
SPENSER.

Butterfly.—Small. The tibize and the tarsi of the mesothoracic
and metathoracic legs are more lightly armed with spines than in
the genera Argynnis and Brenthis. The palpi are not swollen.
They are clothed with long hairs and have the third joint finely
pointed. The antennz are about half as long as the costa of the
fore wings, and are provided with a short, heavy, excavated, or
spoon-shaped club. The subcostal of the fore wings is five-
branched, the first nervule always arising before the end of the
cell, the second at the end or just beyond it. The cell of the pri-
maries is closed, of the secondaries open. The markings upon the
wings are altogether different from those in the two preceding
genera, and the spots on the under side of the wings are not
silvered, as in the genus Brenthis.

Egg.—The egg is rounded at the base, subconical, truncated,
and depressed at the upper end and fluted by light raised ridges
(see p. 4, Fig. 8).

137

Genus Melitza

Caterpillar.—The larve are cylindrical, armed in the mature
form on each segment with comparatively short spines thickly
covered with diverging hairs, or needle-shaped
spines. They are known in some species to
be gregarious in their early stages, and then
to separate before maturity. They feed upon
the Scrophulariacee, upon Castileja, Diplo-
pappus, and other plants.

Chrysalis.— The chrysalis is pendant,
rounded at the head, provided with more or
less sharply pointed tubercles on the dorsal
surface, and generally white or some shade
of light gray, blotched with brown or black,
and marked with reddish or orange spots
on the dorsal side.

This genus is very large and is distributed widely over all the
colder portions of the north temperate zone. There are many
species found in Europe, in Siberia, in China, and in the northern
islands of Japan. On the upper slopes of the Himalayas it is also
represented by a few species. In North America the genus is
well represented, the most of the species being found upon the
mountain-slopes and in the valleys of the Pacific coast region.
Only two species occur in the Eastern States.

(1) Melitzea phaéton, Drury, Plate XVI, Fig. 1, ¢; Plate V,
Figs. 15, 16, chrysalis (The Baltimore).

Butterfly, ¢.—The upper side is black, with a marginal row
of red spots, followed by three rows of pale-yellow spots on the
fore wings and two on the hind wings. Besides these there are
some large red spots on the cells of both wings, a large red spot
about the middle of the costa of the hind wing, and a few scat-
tering yellow spots, forming an incomplete fourth row on the
fore wing and an incomplete third row on the hind wing. On
the under side all the spots of the upper side reappear, but heavier
and more distinct, and on the hind wings there are two additional
rows of yellow spots, and a number of irregular patches of red
and yellow at the base of both wings.

?.—The female is much like the male. Expanse, 6, 1.75-
2.00 inches; 9, 2.00-2.60 inches.

Egg.—The egg which is outlined upon p. 4, Fig. 8, is
brownish-yellow when first laid, then changes to crimson, and

138

Fic. 91.—Neuration
of the genus Melita.

Ibvubeiod \\y0 ‘Tul seg Nitec) a Fou

“Wi Waedivubziod on\\s

” Pie. es SE OORO sviusl wy he fi

J Ne) aA BN

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI

1. Melitwa phatlon, Drury, 3.

is}

Hewitson, oj.

3. Melita macglashani, Rivers, Gu 15
4. Melilea augusta, Edwards, 3. 14
5. Melita colon, Edwards, 3. i
6. Melitea nubigena, Behr, 3. as
7. Melitea baroni, Henry Edwards, 4. 10.
8. Melita@a editha, Boisduyal, a's 17.
9, Melita nubigena, var. wheeleri, 18.
Henry Edwards, f. 10.
10, Melitea rubicunda, Henry Ed- 20.
wards, ". Ale

Snes: arachne, Edwards, GF

11. Melita acastus, Edwards, x. :
Meliteea chalcedon, Doubleday ain aes

. Melita palla, Boisduval, 3°. al
. Melita palla, Borsalnval a ie

Melita acastus, Edwards, hs wi
der side.

der side.

Melitcca gabbi, Behr, gi.
Melitea tarlori, Edwards, 5.
Melitea fulvia, Edwards, 3.
Melita dymas, Edwards, 3.
Melitcea perse, Edwards, 3.
Melita leanira, Boisduyal, 3’.
_Melitcca nvmpha, Edwardes J

PLATE XVI.

THE BuTTERFLY Book.

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, 1898,

Genus Melitza

becomes black just before hatching. The eggs are laid by the
female in large clusters on the under side of the leaf of the food-
plant.

Caterpillar.—The life-history in all the stages will be found
minutely described by Edwards in ‘‘The Butterflies of North
America,” vol. ii, and by Scudder in ‘‘The Butterflies of New
England,” vol. i. The mature larva is black, banded with
orange-red, and beset with short, bristly, black spines. Before
and during hibernation, which takes place after the third moult,
the caterpillars are gregarious, and construct for themselves a
web in which they pass the winter. After the rigors of winter
are past, and the food-plant, which is commonly Chelone glabra,
begins to send up fresh shoots, they recover animation, scatter,
and fall to feeding again, and after the fifth moult reach maturity.

Chrysalis.—The chrysalis is pendant, formed generally at a
considerable distance from the spot where the caterpillar feeds,
for the larvee wander off widely just before pupation. It is pearly-
gray, blotched with dark brown in stripes and spots, with some
orange markings.

This very beautiful butterfly is quite local, found in colonies in
swampy places where the food-plant grows, but in these spots
sometimes appearing in swarms. It occurs in the northern por-
tions of the United States and in Canada, extending as far north
as the Lake of the Woods, and as far south as West Virginia. It
does not occur west of the Rocky Mountains.

(2) Melitzea chalcedon, Doubleday and Hewitson, Plate
XVI, Fig. 2, g (Chalcedon).

Butterfly.—The male and female are much alike. The wings
are black, spotted with red and ochreous-yellow. On the under
side they are brick-red, with the spots of the upper side repeated,
and in addition at the base a number of large and distinct yellow
spots. Expanse, 6, 1.75-2.00 inches; 9, 2.50 inches.

Early Stages.—For a knowledge of these the reader may con-
sult Edwards, ‘‘ The Butterflies of North America,” vol. i, and
“Papilio,” vol. iv, p. 63; Wright, ‘‘ Papilio,” vol. tii, p. 123, and
other authorities. The egg is pale yellowish when first laid,
pitted at the base, and ribbed vertically above. The caterpillar is
black, with the bristling processes on the segments longer than
in the preceding species. The chrysalis is pale gray, blotched
with brown. The food-plants are Mimu/us and Castileja.

139

Genus Melitea

This very pretty species is apparently quite common in north-
ern California about Mount Shasta. It is subject to variation, and |
possess a dozen remarkable aberrations, in one of which the fore
wings are solid black without spots, and the hind wings marked
by only one central band of large yellow spots; another repre-
senting the opposite color extreme, in which yellow has almost
wholly replaced the black and red. The majority of these aberrant
forms are females. They are very striking.

(3) Melitzea macglashani, Rivers, Plate XVI, Fig. 3, 2
(Macglashan’s Checker-spot).

Butter fly.—Larger than the preceding species, with the red
spots on the outer margin bigger, the yellow spots generally larger
and paler. Expanse, ¢, 1.85-2.00 inches; @, 2.25-3.00 inches.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

This insect is represented in the Edwards collection by a con-
siderable series. They come from Truckee, California.

(4) Melitazea colon, Edwards, Plate XVI, Fig. 5, ¢ (Colon).

Butterfly.—Of the same size and general appearance as M.
chalcedon, with which I believe it to be identical, the only pos-
sible satisfactory mark of distinction which | am able to discover
on comparing the types with a long series of chalcedon being
the reduced size of the marginal row of yellow spots on the
upper side of the primaries, which in one of the types figured in
the plate are almost obsolete. They appear, however, in other
specimens labeled ‘‘ Type.” The learned author of the species
lays stress, in his original description, upon the shape of the spots
composing the band of spots second from the margin on the
under side of the hind wings; but I find that the same points he
dwells upon as diacritic of this species are apparent in many
specimens of what undoubtedly are chalcedon. Expanse, 1.75-
2.50 inches.

Early Stages.—These have not been recorded.

The types came from the region of the Columbia River, in
Washington and Oregon.

(5) Melitzea anicia, Doubleday and Hewitson, var. beani,
Skinner, Plate XVIII, Fig. 13, ¢ (Bean’s Checker-spot).

Butterfly.—M. anicia is a well-known Californian species,
smaller than M. chalcedon, and with a great deal of red on the
basal and discal areas of both wings upon the upper side. An
extremely small and dark form of this species, found on the bleak,

140

Genus Melitza

inhospitable mountain-tops about Laggan, in Alberta, has been
named by Dr. Skinner in honor of Mr. Bean, its discoverer. The
figure in our plate, which is taken from Dr. Skinner’s original
type, sufficiently defines the characteristics of the upper surface.
Expanse, 1.50 inch.

Early Stages.—The early stages of M. anicia and its varietal
forms are quite unknown.

M. anicia is found in Colorado, Montana, Washington, and
British America.

(6) Meliteea nubigena, Behr, Plate XVI, Fig. 6, 43 var.
wheeleri, Edwards, Plate XVI, Fig. 9, ¢ (The Clouded Checker-
spot).

Butterfly.—Smaller than any of the foregoing species, and
characterized by the much redder ground-color of the upper side
of the wings, an extreme form being the variety M. wheeleri, in
which the black ground-color is greatly reduced and almost
wholly obliterated on parts of the primaries. There are other
marks of distinction given in the figures in the plate which will
enable the student easily to recognize this species, which is sub-
ject to much variation, especially in the female sex. Expanse,
1.20-1.50 inch.

Early Stages.—Mead, in the ‘‘ Report upon the Lepidoptera of
the Wheeler Survey,” has described the caterpillar and chrysalis.

The species is common in Nevada.

(7) Melitzea augusta, Edwards, Plate XVI, Fig. 4, ¢ (Au-
gusta).

Butter fly.—This is another species in which red predominates
as the color of the upper side, but it may at once be distinguished
by the broad, clear red band on the secondaries, on either side of
which are the marginal and outer median rows of yellow spots,
and by the bands of yellow spots on the primaries, which are not
so well marked in M. nubigena. Expanse, 2, 1.50-1.75 inch;
2, 1.75-2.00 inches.

Early Stages —Unknown.

The habitat of this species is southern California.

(8) Melitzea baroni, Henry Edwards, Plate XVI, Fig. 7, 2
(Baron’s Checker-spot).

Butterfly.—This species closely resembles chalcedon upon the
upper side, but is smaller and much more heavily spotted with deep
red on the upper side toward the base and on the median area of

141

Genus Melitza

the wings. The bands of light spots on the under side are paler
than in chalcedon, being white or very pale yellow, narrow, and
more regular. Expanse, 6, 1.50-1.80 inch; 2, 1.60-1.90 inch.

Early Stages.—These are in part given by Edwards, ‘‘The
Butterflies of North America,” vol. iii, The food-plant is Castileja.
The young larvz have the same habit as those of M. phaéton in
the matter of spinning a common web in which to hibernate.

The species is found in northern California.

(9) Melitzea rubicunda, Henry Edwards, Plate XVI, Fig. 10,
3 (The Ruddy Checker-spot).

Butterfly.—Of the same size as M. baroni, from which it is
most easily distinguished, among other things, by the tendency of
the outer row of small yellow spots near the margin of the hind
wings on the upper side to become greatly reduced, and in a ma-
jority of specimens to be altogether wanting, as in the specimen
figured in our plate. Expanse, 4, 1.50-1.60 inch; @, 1.80 inch.

Early Stages.—For a knowledge of what is thus far known of
these the reader may consult the ‘‘ Canadian Entomologist,”’ vol.
xvii, p. 155. The caterpillar feeds on Scrophularia.

The range of this species is in northern California.

(10) Melitzea taylori, Plate XVI, Fig. 16, ¢ (Taylor’s
Checker-spot).

Butterfly.—This insect resembles M. baroni, but is smaller,
the red spots on the wings are larger and more conspicuous, and
the light bands of pale spots more regular and paler in color, in
many specimens being quite white. It looks at first sight like a
diminutive edition of Baron’s Checker-spot, and possibly is only
a northern race of this species. Expanse, 6, 1.25-1.50 inch; @,
1.50-1.75 inch.

Early Stages.—Mr. W. H. Danby of Victoria, B. C., informs us
in the ‘‘ Canadian Entomologist,” vol. xxi, p. 121, that the food-
plant of this species is the ribwort-plantain (Plantago lanceo-
Jata, Linn.).

It is found on Vancouver’s Island.

(11) Meliteea editha, Boisduval, Plate XVI, Fig. 8, ¢ (Editha).

Butterfly. —Characterized by the considerable enlargement and
the disposition in regular bands ofthe pale spots on the upper side
of the primaries, and by the tendency to a grayish cast in the darker
markings of the upper side, some specimens, especially females,
being quite gray. Expanse, 4, 1.50 inch; @, 2.00 inches.

142

Genus Meliteza

Early Stages.—The food-plants, according to Henry Edwards,
who described the caterpillar and chrysalis in the ‘‘ Canadian
Entomologist,” vol. v, p. 167, are Erodium cicutarium, clover,
and violets.

The habitat of this species is southern California.

(12) Melitzea acastus, Edwards, Plate XVI, Fig. 11, 6; Fig.
12, 4, under side (Acastus).

Butterfly.—With thinner and less robust wings than any of the
species of the genus hitherto mentioned. It is prevalently fulvous
upon the upper side, and on the under side of the hind wings
heavily and somewhat regularly banded with yellowish-white
spots, possessing some pearly luster. Expanse, 6, 1.50 inch;
2, 1.60 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

Common in Nevada, Utah, and Montana.

(13) Melitzea palla, Boisduval, Plate XVI, Fig. 13, 4; Fig.
14,2, under side (The Northern Checker-spot).

Butterfly.—On the upper side resembling the preceding spe-
cies, but with the median band of spots on the hind wings paler.
On the under side the markings are different, as is shown in
the plate. Expanse, 6, 1.50 inch; 9, 1.75 inch.

Early Stages.—TYhe larva and chrysalis were described by
Henry Edwards, the actor naturalist, in the ‘‘ Proceedings of the
California Academy of Sciences,” vol. v, p. 167. The food-plant
is Castileja.

The species ranges from California to Colorado, and north-
ward into British Columbia.

(14) Meliteea whitneyi, Behr, Plate XVII, Fig. 7, 4; Fig. 8,
4, under side (Whitney’s Checker-spot).

Butterfly.—The markings are much as in M. palla, the spots
are lighter fulvous and larger than in that species, the yellow
bands on the under side are more prominent, and the marginal
spots have a silvery luster which is lacking in M. palla. The
female has the yellow of the under side more prominent than is
the case in the male sex. Expanse, 4, 1.50 inch; @, 1.70 inch.

Early Stages.—Altogether unknown.

Whitney's Checker-spot ranges from California into Nevada.

(15) Melitzea hoffmanni, Behr, Piate XVII, Fig. 13, 4 ; Fig.
14, 2, aberration (Hoffmann’s Checker-spot).

Butterfly, 6.—General style of marking much as in the two

143

Genus Melitza

preceding species, but with the basal area black, and the black
markings toward the outer margin not so heavy, giving it here
a more fulvous appearance. The median bands on both wings
are broader and paler than in M. palla. The under side is much
as in the last-mentioned species, but the yellow markings are
more prominent.

?.—Much like the male. Expanse, 4, 1.35 inch; @, 1.45
inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

This species, which is found in California and Nevada, is
subject to extreme variation, and I have placed upon the plate
one out of many beautiful and singular aberrations which |
possess.

(16) Meliteea gabbi, Behr, Plate XVI, Fig. 15, ¢ (Gabb’s
Checker-spot).

Butterfly.—In the style of its markings on the upper side it
almost completely resembles M. acastus, but the dark markings
are slighter, giving the wings a more fulvous appearance. On
the under side the bands are narrower, defined more sharply
with black, and pearly, almost silvery white, whereas in acastus
they are pale yellowish-white, and not so lustrous. Expanse, 2,
1.20 inch; @, 1.50 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

The habitat of this species is southern California.

(17) Meliteea harrisi, Scudder, Plate XVII, Fig. 5, 4; Fig.
6, 2, under side; Plate V, Figs. 17-18, chrysalis (Harris’
Checker-spot).

Butterfly, &.—Wings fulvous, black at the base and on the
outer margin, with five fulvous spots in the cell of the fore wing,
two below the cell; and three in the cell of the hind wing.
The black border is widest at the apex of the fore wing, and be-
low this runs inwardly on the veins. There are two white spots
near the apex. At the anal angle on the hind wing the border
is somewhat divided so as to present the appearance of two in-
distinct lines. On the under side the wings are fulvous, marked
with black bands and spots, and crossed by bands and crescents
of pale yellow, as is shown in the figure on the plate.

Q@.—The female is much like the male. Expanse, ¢, 1.50
inch; @, 1.75 inch.

Egg.—The eggs are lemon-yellow, in the form of a truncated

144

Genus Melitea

cone, with fifteen or sixteen vertical ribs, which are highest
about the middle.

Caterpillar.—The matured caterpillar is reddish-fulvous, with
a black stripe on the back. Each segment is marked with one
black ring before and two black rings behind the sets of spiny
tubercles with which the segments are adorned. There are nine
rows of spines, those above the feet being quite small. The
spines are black, tapering, and set with diverging black hairs.
The food-plants are aster and Diplopappus umbellatus.

Chrysalis.—The chrysalis is pearly-gray or white, blotched
with dark brown or black.

This choice little butterfly ranges from Nova Scotia to Wis-
consin, extending as far south as northern Illinois, and north-
ward to Ottawa.

(18) Melitzea elada, Hewitson, Plate XVII, Fig. 2, 2
(Hewitson’s Checker-spot).

Butterfly, 2.—The wings on the upper side are black, crossed
by numerous bands of small fulvous spots, the one crossing
the middle of the median area being composed of the largest
spots. The fore wings on the under side are fulvous, shading
outwardly into ferruginous. The spots and bands of the upper
side reappear upon the under side, but are lighter, and the sub-
marginal row of crescents is pale yellow and very distinct, the
spot between the second and third median nervules being the
largest, and the spot between the fourth and fifth subcostals
being only a little smaller. The under side of the hind wings is
deep ferruginous, crossed by bands of pearly pale-yellow spots,
those of the outer margin being the largest.

9 .—The female is much like the male, with the ground-color
a little paler. Expanse, ¢, .9o inch; 92, 1.00~1.10 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

This little species is found in western Texas, Arizona, and
northern Mexico.

(19) Melitea dymas, Edwards, Plate XVI, Fig. 18, 9
(Dymas).

Butterfly.—This species is closely related in size and the style
of some of the markings to the foregoing species, but may be
at once distinguished by the lighter ground-color, which is pale
fulvous, and the totally different style of the marginal markings
on the under side- of the wings. The female represented in the

145

Genus Melitza

plate is a trifle paler than the male. Expanse, ¢, .85 inch; 9,
1.00 inch.

Early Stages.— Unknown.

The habitat of this species is southwestern Texas.

(20) Melitea perse, Edwards, Plate XVI, Fig. 19, 4
(Perse). ;

Butterfly.—This is nearly related to the two foregoing species,
but the ground-color is darker fulvous than in dymas, the mark-
ings are slight as in that species, and the arrangement of the
spots and bands on the under side is similar. The marginal
crescents on the under side of the primaries are largest at the
apex and rapidly diminish in size, vanishing altogether about
the middle of the wing. Expanse, 6, 1.00 inch; @, 1.10 inch.

Early Stages. —These remain to be discovered.

The only specimens so far found have come from Arizona.

(21) Melitzea chara, Edwards, Plate XVII, Fig. 3, 6; Fig.
4, 6, under side (Chara).

Butterfly.—No lengthy description of this pretty little species
is required, as the plate, which gives both sides of the wings,
shows their peculiarities with sufficient accuracy to enable an
exact determination to be made. The whitish spot on the costa
before the apex on the upper side, and the chalky-white mark-
ings and spots on the under side, serve at once to distinguish
this form from its near allies. Expanse, 4, 1.00 inch; @, 1.25
inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

I have a large series of this species, all from Arizona, where
it appears to be common.

(22) Melitezea leanira, Boisduval, Plate XVI, Fig. 20, @
(Leanira).

Butterfly, 6.—Ground-color brownish-black, fulvous on the
costa, with submarginal, median, and basal rows of yellow spots.
Both the primaries and secondaries have a marginal row of red
spots, and the former have in addition a submarginal row of such
spots. The under side of the primaries is reddish-fulvous, with
the markings of the upper side reproduced. The secondaries
have a marginal row of yellow crescents, then a black band in-
closing yellow spots, then a median band of long yellow cres-
cents. The remainder of the wing to its insertion is black, spotted
with yellow.

146

Genus Melitza

@.—Much likethe male. Expanse, 4, 1.50inch; @, 1.75 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

This pretty insect ranges from southern California and Arizona
to Nevada, Montana, and British America.

(23) Melitezea wrighti, Edwards, Plate XVII, Fig. 9, ¢ ; Fig.
10, 9, under side (Wright's Checker-spot).

Butterfly.—Much like M. leanzra, but with more fulvous upon
the upper side of the wings, and the under side yellow. The
black bands on the secondaries are reduced, and the dividing-
lines between the spots are confined to the nervules, which are
narrowly black. This is probably only a varietal form of the
preceding species. | figure the types. Expanse, 4, 1.30 inch;
@, 1.80 inch.

Early Stages.— Unknown.

Habitat, southern California.

(24) Melitzea alma, Strecker, Plate XVII, Fig. 1, 4 (Strecker’s
Checker-spot).

Butterfly, ¢.—The upper side of the wings is bright fulvous,
with the margins and veins black. There are three rows of
transverse spots paler than the ground-color. The fore wings on
the under side are pale fulvous, with pale-yellow spots and a sub-
marginal and marginal row of yellow spots separated by a narrow
black line. The hind wings on this side are yellow, with the
veins and margins black, and a transverse double band of black
on the outer margin of the median area.

9 .—Much like the male, but larger, and redder on the upper
side. Expanse, ¢, 1.25 inch; @, 1.50 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

The specimens | have came from the Death Valley. The spe-
cies occurs in southern Utah and Arizona.

(25) Melitzea thekla, Edwards, Plate XVII, Fig. 15, 4, under
side; Fig. 16, 6 (Thekla).

Butterfly, 6.—The upper side of the wings is fulvous, black
toward the base and on the outer margin. The primaries are
adorned with a large oval pale-fulvous spot at the end of the cell,
a small one on the middle of the upper side of the cell, and another
small one below the cell, at the origin of the first median nervule.
The discal area is defined outwardly by a very irregular fine black
transverse line, beyond which is a transverse band of pale-fulvous
oblong spots, an incomplete series of spots of the ground-color

147

Genus Melitza

sharply defined upon the black outer shade, followed bya row of
irregular white submarginal spots. The transverse bands of spots
on the primaries are repeated upon the secondaries, where they
are more regular and the spots more even in size. On the under
side both wings are pale red, with the light spots of the upper side
reappearing as pale-yellow sharply defined spots. The fringes are
checkered black and white.

?.—Much like the male, but larger. Expanse, 4, 1.35-1.50
inch; 9, 1.50-1.75 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

This species is common in Texas. It is identical, as an ex-
amination of the type shows, with M. bol/lz, Edwards, and the
latter name as a synonym falls into disuse.

(26) Melitea minuta, Edwards, Plate XVII, Fig. 11, 2,
under side; Fig. 12, 6 (The Smaller Checker-spot).

Butterfly, 6.—This species is fulvous on the upper side, rather
regularly banded with black lines. The veins are also black. The —
result is that the wings appear to be more regularly checkered than
in any other species which is closely allied to this. The markings
of the under side are white edged with black, and are shown very
well in the plate, so that a lengthy description is unnecessary.
Expanse, 4, 1.25-1.35 inch; @, 1.50-1.50 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

The specific name, mznuta, is not altogether appropriate.
There are many smaller species of the genus. It is found rather
commonly in Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico.

(27) Melitzea arachne, Edwards, Plate XVI, Fig. 22, 9
(Arachne).

Butterfly.—| have given in the plate a figure of a female bear-
ing this name in the Edwards collection. It is remarkably pale
on the upper side. There is a large series of types and paratypes
in the collection, but all of them vary on the upper side of the
wings in the intensity of the fulvous ground-color and the width
of the black markings. Underneath they are absolutely like M.
minuta. | think M. arachne is without much doubt a synonym
for M. minuta. The species varies very greatly. The types are
from Colorado and western Texas. Expanse as in M. minuta.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

(28) Melitea nympha, Edwards, Plate XVI, Fig. 21, ¢
(Nympha).

148

Collecting in Japan

Butterfly.—This species differs from M. minuta only in having
the black markings darker and the outer median bands of spots
on the upper side yellow. On the under side the pattern of the
markings is exactly as in M. minufa. It seems to me to be a
dark, aberrant form of M. minuta, but is very well marked, and
constant in a large series of specimens, so that we cannot be sure
until some one breeds these creatures from the egg. Expanse,
the same as that of M. minuta.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

Habitat, Arizona.

In addition to the species of the genus Me/itwa illustrated in our
plates there area few others which are credited to our fauna, some
of these correctly and some erroneously, and a number of so-called
species have been described which are not true species, but varie-
ties or aberrations.

COLLECTING IN JAPAN

I was tired of the Seiyo-ken, the only hotel at which foreigners
could be entertained without the discomfort of sleeping upon the
floor. There is a better hotel in Tokyo now. I had looked out
for five days from my window upon the stinking canal through
which the tide ebbs and flows in Tsukiji. I felt if | stayed longer
in the lowlands that | would contract malarial fever or some other
uncomfortable ailment, and resolved to betake myself to the moun-
tains, the glorious mountains, which rise all through the interior
of the country, wrapped in verdure, their giant summits capped
with clouds, many of them the abode of volcanic thunder. So I
went by rail to the terminus of the road, got together the coolies
to pull and push my jinrikishas, and, accompanied by a troop of
native collectors, made my way up the Usui-toge, the pass over
which travelers going from western Japan into eastern Japan
laboriously crept twelve years ago.

What a sunset when we reached an elevation of three thou-
sand feet above the paddy-fields which stretch across the Kwanto
to the Gulf of Yeddo! What a furious thunder-storm came on just
as night closed in! Then at half-past nine the moon struggled
out from behind the clouds, and we pushed on up over the muddy
roads, until at last a cold breath of night air sweeping from the
west began to fan our faces, and we realized that we were at the

149

Genus Phyciodes

top of the pass, and before us in the dim moonlight loomed the
huge form of Asama-yama, that furious volcano, which more than
once has laid the land waste for leagues around, and compared
with which Vesuvius is a pygmy. We slept on Japanese mats,
and in the morning, the drops glittering on every leaf, we started
out to walk through the fields to Oiwake, our baggage going for-
ward, we intending to loiter all day amid the charms of nature.
Seven species of lilies bloomed about us in the hedges and the
fields; a hundred plants, graceful and beautiful in blossom,
scented the air with their aroma, and everywhere were butterflies
and bees. Above us hung in the sky a banner, the great cloud
which by day and by night issues from the crater of Asama-
yama. Five species of fritillaries flashed their silvery wings by
copse and stream; great black papilios soared across the meadows;
blue lyczenas, bright chrysophani, and a dozen species of wood-
nymphs gamboled over the low herbage and among the grass.
Torosan, my chief collector, was in his element. ‘‘Dana-san”
(my lord, or my master), ‘‘this kind Yokohama no have got.”
*‘Dana-san, this kind me no catchee Tokyo side.” And so we
wandered down the mountain-slope, taking species new alike to
American and Japanese, until the sun was sinking in the west.
The cloud-banner had grown crimson and purple in the sunset
when we wandered into the hospitable doorway of the wayside
inn at Oiwake. There we made our headquarters for the week,
and thence we carried away a thousand butterflies and moths
and two thousand beetles as the guerdon of our chase.

Genus PHYCIODES, Doubleday
(The Crescent-spots)

‘‘Flusheth the rise with her purple favor,
Gloweth the cleft with her golden ring.
’Twixt the two brown butterflies waver,
Lightly settle, and sleepily swing.”
JEAN INGELOW.

Butterfly.—The butterflies composing this genus are generally
quite small. Their wings on the upper side are fulvous, or
brown, with black margins, spots, and lines upon the upper side
of the wings, and with the under side of the wings reproducing

150

Genus Phyciodes

the spots of the upper side in paler tints. Of the spots of the under
side of the wings one of the most characteristic is the pale crescent
situated on the outer margin of the hind wings,
between the ends of the second and third me-
dian nervules. This spot is frequently pearly-
white or silvered. Structurally the butterflies of
this genus may be distinguished from the pre-
ceding genus by the enlarged second joint of the
palpi and the very fine, extremely pointed third
joint. In the neuration of the wings and in their
habits these butterflies closely approximate
Melitea. _ Fic. 92.—Neura-

Eggs.—The eggs are always higher than poet the genus
broad, with the surface at the base more or ~ R
less pitted, giving them a thimble-like appearance. On _ the
upper end in some species they have a few short, vertical ridges,
radiating from the micropyle.

Caterpillar.—The caterpillar is cylindrical, marked with pale
longitudinal stripes upon a darker ground, and adorned with
tubercles arranged in regular rows. These tubercles are generally
much shorter than in the genus Melifwa. The caterpillars do not,
so far as is known, weave webs at any time.

Chrysalis.—The chrysalis is pendant, with the head slightly
bifid. The dorsal region of the abdomen is provided with slight
tubercles. The color is generally some shade of pale gray,
blotched with black or dark brown.

This genus finds its principal development in South and Cen-
tral America, which are very rich in species, some of them
mimicking in a most marvelous manner the butterflies of the pro-
tected genus Heliconius and its allies. The species found in the
United States and Canada are for the most part not very gaily
colored insects, chaste shades of brown, or yellow, and black
predominating.

(1) Phyciodes nycteis, Doubleday and Hewitson, Plate XVII,
Fig. 28, 6, under side; Fig. 29, 4; Fig. 30, 9; Plate V, Fig.
19, chrysalis (Nycteis).

Butterfly.—On the upper side very closely resembling Melztwa
harrist, for which it may easily be mistaken upon the wing. The
under side of the hind wings is very different, and may at once
be distinguished by the lighter color of the base of the wing,

151

Genus Phyciodes

and the pale, silvery crescent on the outer margin. Expanse, 2,
1.25-1.65 inch; @, 1.65-2.00 inches.

Egg.—The egg is half as high again as broad, marked with
sixteen or seventeen vertical ribs above, and pitted about the
middle by hexagonal cells. It is pale green in color.

Caterpillar.—The caterpillar undergoes four moults after
hatching. In the mature stage it is velvety-black, with a dull
orange stripe along the back, and purplish streaks on the sides.
The body is studded with whitish spots, each giving rise to a
delicate black hair, and is further beset with rather short, black,
hairy spines.

Chrysalis.—The chrysalis is pearly-gray, blotched with dark
brown.

The life-history of this species has been carefully worked out,
and all the details may be found described in the most minute
manner by Edwards and by Scudder.

The insect ranges from Maine to North Carolina, and thence
westward to the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains.

(2) Phyciodes ismeria, Boisduval and Leconte, Plate XVII,
Fig. 24, 6; Fig. 25, 6, under side (Ismeria).

Butterfly, 6 .—Easily distinguished from all other allied species
by the double row of small light spots on the dark margin of the
fore wings on the upper side, and by the silvery, narrow, and
greatly bent line of bright silvery spots crossing the middle of the
hind wings on the under side.

9 .—The female is like the male, but larger and paler, and all
the spots on the upper side are pale fulvous, and not as distinctly
white on the outer margin as in the male sex. Expanse, 2,
1.15-1.35 inch; @, 1.35-2.00 inches.

Caterpillar.—The caterpillar, according to Boisduval and
Leconte, is yellowish, with blackish spines and three longitudinal
blackish stripes. The head, the thoracic legs, and the under side
are black; the other legs are yellow.

Chrysalis.—According to the same authors, the chrysalis is
pale gray, with paler light spots and nearly white dorsal tubercles.

This insect ranges over a wide territory from Canada to the
Southern and Western States east of the Rocky Mountains.

(3) Phyciodes vesta, Edwards, Plate XVII, Fig. 17, $3; Fig.
18, 93 Fig. 19, 2, under side (Vesta).

Butterfly, 6.—On the upper side it closely resembles the win-

152

ats
iar
SAV Mit abrtie tics
* Z a
a so

A
< WER Vaiae A

Panne, ae:

ce ee cols

SS Sy 1

Fae

Melitcea alma, Strecker, .
\Melitea elada, Hewitson, ¢'.
Melitia chara, Edwards, 3’.

. Meliteca chara, Edwards, 3, wider

side.

5. Melita harrisi, Scudder, 3".
». Melita barrisi, Scudder, 2 , under

side.

. Melilcea whitney, Behr, g.
. Melita whitnepi, Behr, Sf, wider

side.

. Meliliva wrighti, Edwards, 3".
. Melitea wrighti, Edwards, 2, wni-

der side:

. Melita minuta, Edwards, 3, wi--

der side.

. Meliteea minula, Edwards, o.
3. Melita hoffmaunt, Behr, 3.
14. Meliteea hoffmanni, Behr,

rattlole.

. Meliteca thekla, Edwards, 3, under

side.

. Melita thekla, Edwards, 3.

. Phiciodes vesta, Edwards, 3.

. Phreiodes vesta, Edwards, 2.

. Phyciodes vesta, Edwards, 9, under

side.

. Phyciodes picta, Edwards, Q, wn-

der side,

. Phyciodes picta, Edwards, 3.
22. Phirciodes phaon, Edwards, 3.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII
. Phyciodes ismeria, Baisiayell indie
. Phyciodes ismeria, Boisduyal and _

». Phyctodes mointana, Behr, g, uil-

der side. rked Gute ‘ = -f
. Phyciodes montana, Behr, ee rinute- 7

. Phyciodes iycleis, Doubleday and
20. Phyciodes pric Doubleday onde
30. Phyciodes Apes Doubleday and ily
. Phyciodes orseis, Edwards, 3’. es
. Phyciodes camillus, Edwards, SJ.
. Phyciodes camillus, Edwards, 2. —

. Phyciodes camillus, Bdnaies, v7 nig ae

_ Phyciodes batesi, Reakirt, 2
. Phyciodes batesi, Reakirt, ohn under au

pe Ribas pratensis, Behr, Ge
. Phyciodes pratensis, Behr, 2, m=

0. Eresia punctata, Edwards, gal nnd
. Phyciodes mylitta, Edwards, ina

1. Phyciodes mylitta, Edwards, hh “
. Eresia frisia, Poey, & -

23, Phyciodes phaon, Edwards, Q 1n= = i

der side. Z Y ek

Beconte cian ik 73

Leconte, 3, wider side,

Hewitson, Gf, under side. ec

Hewitson, 3’.

Hewitson, 2.

under stde.

side.

netly

der side.

under side.

THE BuTTERFLY Book. PLaTE XVII

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, 1896.

Genus Phyciodes

ter form marcia of Phyctodes tharos, Drury; but the black
markings are more evenly distributed. The under side is a pale
yellowish-fulvous, and the black markings are slight.

@.—The female is like the male, but paler. Expanse, ¢,
1.15 inch; @, 1.25 inch.

Early Stages.—The chrysalis has been described by Edwards
in the ‘‘ Canadian Entomologist,’ vol. xi, p. 129. This is all
we know of the early life of the insect.

It is found in Texas and Mexico.

(4) Phyciodes phaon, Edwards, Plate XVII, Fig. 22, 4; Fig.
23, 2, under side (Phaon).

Butterfly, 6.—The ground-color of the male is paler on the
upper side than in Phyciodes tharos, and the black markings are
much heavier. The median band on the fore wings is yellowish.
The wings on the under side are yellow, shaded with fulvous on
the primaries, on which the dark markings are heavy.

9.—Like the male. Expanse, ¢, .90 inch; @, 1.25 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

This insect inhabits the Gulf States, and has been occasionally
taken in Kansas.

(5) Phyciodes tharos, Drury, Plate XVIII, Fig. 1, 25 Fig.
2, 9; var. marcia, Edwards, Plate XVIII, Fig. 3, ¢; Fig. 4, 2;
Plate V, Figs. 20-22, chrysalis (The Pearl Crescent).

Butterfly.—This very common and well-known little insect
scarcely needs to be described. The upper side is bright fulvous,
with heavy black borders; all the other dark markings are slight.
The wings on the under side are paler, with the dark markings of
the upper side showing through, and there are additional markings
of brownon the hind wings. Expanse, 6, 1.25 inch; 9, 1.65 inch.

Early Stages.—The early stages of this insect have been
worked out with the most extreme care by Mr. Edwards, and the
reader who is curious to know about them should consult ‘‘ The
Butterflies of North America.’’ Dr. Scudder also has minutely
and laboriously described the early stages in ‘‘ The Butterflies of
New England.” The egg is light greenish-yellow. The cater-
pillar, which feeds upon various species of aster and allied Com-
posite, is dark brown after the third moult, its back dotted with
yellow, adorned with short, black, bristly spines, which are yel-
low at the base. The chrysalis is grayish-white, mottled with
dark spots and lines.

153

Genus Phyciodes

This species is one of many dimorphic species, the winter
form marcia, which emerges in spring, having the under side
brighter, and the light markings more conspicuous on that side
than in the summer form, which has been called morpheus. Con-
cerning all of this, and the way in which cold affects the color of
butterflies, the reader will do well to consult the splendid pages
of Edwards and of Scudder.

The pretty little Pearl Crescent ranges from southern Labrador
to Florida; in fact, all over North America north of Texas and
south of the region of Hudson Bay, except the Pacific coast of
California.

(6) Phyciodes batesi, Reakirt, Plate XVII, Fig. 35, ¢; Fig.
36, 2, under side (Bates’ Crescent-spot).

Butterfly, ¢.—On the upper side much like P. tharos, with
the black markings very heavy. The under side of the hind
wings is uniformly pale fulvous or yellow, with a row of faint
submarginal brown spots.

9.—Like the male. Expanse, 4, 1.25 inch; 92, 1.50-1.65
inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

This species ranges from New York to Virginia, and westward
to Ohio.

(7) Phyciodes pratensis, Behr, Plate XVII, Fig. 37, 4; Fig.
38, 2, under side (The Meadow Crescent-spot).

Butterfly, 6.—TYhe butterfly resembles the preceding species
on the upper side, but the ground-color is much paler and the
black markings are not so heavy. The under side of the wings
is pale fulvous, spotted with yellow.

9.—The female has the black markings of the upper side
heavier than the male, and all the spots pale yellow. The mark-
ings on the under side are heavier than in the male sex. Ex-
panse, ¢, 1.15 inch; @, 1.40 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

The range of this species is the Pacific coast from Oregon to
Arizona.

(8) Phyciodes orseis, Edwards, Plate XVII, Fig. 31, 4
(Orseis).

Butterfly, 6.—The dark markings on the upper side are much
heavier than in either of the two preceding species, and the ful-
vous spots are smaller, the marginal crescents more regular and

154

Genus Phyciodes

distinct. The markings on the under side are also much heavier
than in P. batesz or P. pratensis.

9 .—The female is like the male, but all the dark markings are
heavier and the pale markings lighter. Expanse, ¢, 1.35 inch;
@, 1.60 inch.

Early Stages. —These remain to be described.

Phyciodes orsets ranges from Washington Territory in the
north to Mexico in the south.

(9) Phyciodes camillus, Edwards, Plate XVII, Fig. 32, 2;
Fig. 33, 2; Fig. 34, ¢, under side (The Camillus Crescent).

Butterfly, 6.—The male is more like P. pratenszs, but the
light spots on the primaries are paler, on the secondaries brighter,
fulvous. The dark markings on the under side are less pro-
nounced than in pratenszs.

9.—The female is much like the male. Expanse, 2, 1.30
inch; @, 1.50 inch.

Early Stages.—These are wholly unknown.

The species is reported from British Columbia, Colorado, Mon-
tana, Kansas, and Texas.

(10) Phyciodes mylitta, Edwards, Plate XVII, Fig. 40, 2,
under side, Fig. 41, 6 (The Mylitta Crescent).

Butterfly, &.—Broadly bright fulvous on the upper side,
with the dark markings slight; on the under side closely resem-
bling P. tharos, var. marcia, Edwards.

9 .—The female is like the male, but paler. Expanse, 2, 1.15
inch; 9, 1.25-1.50 inch.

Early Stages.—These have been described by Mr. Harrison G.
Dyar in the ‘‘Canadian Entomologist,” vol. xxiii, p. 203. The
eggs are laid in clusters upon the thistle (Carduus). The cater-
pillar in its final stage after the fourth moult is black, yellowish
below, with a faint twinned yellow dorsal line and faint lines of
the same color on the sides. The spines, which are arranged in
six rows, are black; those of segments four, five, and six, yellow.
The chrysalis is dull wood-brown.

This species has a wide range in the region of the Rocky
Mountains, extending from Washington to Arizona, and eastward
to Colorado.

(11) Phyciodes barnesi, Skinner, Plate XVIII, Fig. 5, 2
(Barnes’ Crescent-spot).

Butterfly, 6.—Very like the following species, with the light

155

Genus Phyciodes

fulvous of the upper side of the wings more widely extended,
causing the dark markings to be greatly restricted. The figure
in the plate is, in this species as in most others, that of the type,
and I am under obligations to Dr. Skinner for kind permission to
have the use of the specimen. Expanse, 1.75 inch.

The type came from Colorado Springs.

(12) Phyciodes montana, Behr, Plate XVII, Fig. 26, 2,
under side ; Fig. 27, 2 (The Mountain Crescent-spot).

Butterfly.—Upon the upper side the wings are marked
much as in P. camillus, but are prevalently bright fulvous, with
the dark markings quite slight in most specimens. On the
under side the wings are pale yellowish-fulvous. The female
usually has the secondaries crossed by a broad median band of
very pale spots. Expanse, 4, 1.25 inch; 9, 1.50 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

The habitat of this species is the Sierras of California and
Nevada.

(13) Phyciodes picta, Edwards, Plate XVII, Fig. 20, 2,
under side; Fig. 21, 6 (The Painted Crescent-spot).

Butter fly.—The butterfly in both sexes somewhat closely re-
sembles P. phaon on the upper side. On the under side the fore
wings are red on the median area, with the base, the costa, the
apex, and the outer margin pale yellow; the black markings very
prominent. The hind wings on the under side are nearly im-
maculate yellow. Expanse, 4, .80-1.10inch; Q, 1.10-1.25 inch.

Early Stages.—These may be found described with minute ex-
actness by Mr. W. H. Edwards in the pages of the ‘‘ Canadian
Entomologist,” vol. xvi, pp. 163-167. The egg is yellowish-
green. The caterpillar moults five times. When mature it is
about six tenths of an inch long, armed with seven principal
rows of short spines, which appear to vary in color in the spring
and fall broods, being light brown in the June brood and greenish-
yellow in the October brood. The prevalent color of the cater-
pillar is some shade of yellowish- or greenish-brown, mottled
with lighter and darker tints. The chrysalis is yellowish-brown.
The food-plants of the caterpillar are various species of aster.

This species is found as far north as Nebraska, and is abundant
in Colorado and New Mexico, ranging southward through Ari-
zona into Mexico.

156

FO) aE ;
: ni ; Py Aaya F101 Chees Si
Sh. 2ulsiid nap pare iG

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os e
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i
4

EXPLANATION or Prate XVIII |

. Phyciodes tharos, Drury, §. 2. Evesia tanthe, Fabricius, f..
. Phyciodes tharos, Drury, 2. ~ 13. Melitwa anicia, var. beam, Skin=~
. Phyciodes tharos,.vat. marcia, Ed- Nee Fa:
wards, of. : : . Brenthis astarte, Doubleday and _
. Phyciodes tharos, vay. marcia, Beats Hewitson, ¢. ce Et ae
wards, 9. 15. Brenthis astarte, Doubleday and
_ Phyciodes barnési, Skinner, @.\'" —- Hewitson, g!, under side, 5)
». Argymuis snpderi, Skinner, GB. 16. -Brenthis helena, Edwards, \, under fore
. Argus platina, Skinner, gf. side. t
. Bresia texana, Edwards, Q@, 1 7 Brenthis helena, Edwards, ae
. Eresta texana, Edwards, 3, wider 18. -Debis creola, Sica of
side. “19. Debis creola, Skinner, 2.
. Svachloé janais, Drury, fe (eae Le °20, Des a ee ES Sy
. Spchlot FCT AN, Hubner, Cuiese

THE BuTTERFLY Book. PLATE XVIII

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J, HOLLAND, 1A98.

Genus Eresia

Genus ERESIA, Doubleday

Butterfly.—Small butterflies, closely resembling the species of
the genus Phyciodes in the neuration of the wings, and only differ-
ing from them in the outline of the outer margin of the primaries,
which are more or less excavated about the mid-
dle. In the style of the markings they differ
somewhat widely from the butterflies of the genus
Phyciodes, notably in the absence of the crescents
on the margins of the wings. The wings on the
upper side are generally some shade of deep brown
or black, marked with spots and bands of white
or fulvous, the median band on the hind wings
being generally more or less conspicuous. Inthe Fj, 93.—Neu-
pattern of their markings they illustrate a transition tation ofthe genus
from the genus Phyciodes to the genus Syichloé. eure shetty

Egg.—Hitherto undescribed.

Caterpillar.—Cylindrical, with seven rows of spines, one
dorsal, and three lateral on each side; the spines are short, blunt,
and armed with short bristles. The head is subcordate, with the
vertices rounded. It moults four times.

Chrysalis. —Cylindrical, abdomen stout, head-case short, bev-
eled, nearly square at top, the vertices pyramidal. There are
three rows of small tubercles on the dorsal side of the abdo-
men.

The caterpillars so far as known feed upon various Composite,
as Diclippa and Actinomeris.

The genus, which is somewhat doubtfully separable from Phy-
ciodes, and probably possesses only subgeneric value, is well
represented in Central and South America. But three species
are found in the faunal region of which this book treats.

(1) Eresia frisia, Poey, Plate XVII, Fig. 42, 4 (Frisia).

Butterfly.—Upper side reddish-fulvous, clouded with fuscous
at the base. On the basal area are waved black lines, separate
on the hind wings, more or less blended on the fore wings.
The outer border is broadly black. Between this border and
the basal third the wing is crossed by irregular black bands, the
spaces between which are paler fulvous than the base and the
hind wings, those near the outer margin being whitish. These

Genus Eresia

bands are continued broadly across the hind wings. The
wings on the under side are fulvous, mottled with dark brown
and white, and spotted with conspicuous white spots. The
male and the female closely resemble each other. Expanse, 1.40
inch.

The early stages are wholly unknown.

The only locality within the limits of the United States in
which this insect has been found is Key West, in Florida. It is
abundant in the Antilles, Mexico, Central and South America.

(2) Eresia texana, Edwards, Plate XVIII, Fig. 8, 2; Fig. 9,
3, under side (The Texan Eresia).

Butterfly.—Black on the upper side of the wings, shading
into reddish-brown on the basal area. The fore wings are
spotted on the median and limbal areas with white, and the hind
wings are adorned by a conspicuous median band of small white
spots. On the under side the fore wings are fulvous at the base,
broadly dark brown beyond the middle. The light spots of the
upper side reappear on the lower side. The hind wings on
the under side are marbled wood-brown on the basal area and the
inner margin, darker brown externally. The white macular band
of the upper side reappears on this side, but less distinct than
above. Expanse, 4, 1.25-1.50 inch; 9, 1.60-1.75 inch.

Early Stages.—For the only account of the life-history of this
species the reader is referred to the ‘‘Canadian Entomologist,”
vol. xi, p. 127, where the indefatigable Edwards gives us an
interesting account of his original observations.

This insect ranges from Texas into Mexico. It has been con-
founded by some with a closely allied insect, Eresia ianthe,
Fabricius, and to show the difference we have given in Plate
XVIII, Fig. 12, a representation of that species, by means of which
the reader will be enabled to mark the difference on the upper
surfaces of the two species.

(3) Eresia punctata, Edwards, Plate XVII, Fig. 39, ¢ (The
Dotted Eresia).

Butterfly.—A lengthy description of this little species is
scarcely necessary, as the figure in the plate will suffice for its
accurate determination. Nothing is known of its early stages.
Expanse,1.10 inch. It is found in New Mexico, Texas, Arizona,
and Mexico. It has been recently declared to be identical with
E, tulcis, Bates, an opinion I am not quite prepared to accept, but

158

Genus Synchloe

which, if correct, will force us, according to the law of priority,
to substitute the name given by Bates for that given by Edwards.

Genus SYNCHLOE, Boisduval
(The Patched Butterflies)

Butterfly.—Medium-sized or small butterflies, rather gaily
colored, although the species found in the United States are not
very brilliant. They may be distinguished structurally from the
butterflies of the two preceding genera not EE
only. by their larger size and the spindle- Leg
formed third article of the palpi, which in
the genera Erestza and Phyciodes is thin and
pointed like a needle, but also by the fact
that the lower discocellular vein of the fore
wings is generally quite straight and not
bowed or angled as in the before-mentioned
genera.

Egg.—Similar in appearance to the eggs
of the genus Phyczodes: obovoid, truncated x, 94 —Neurationof
and slightly depressed at top, rounded at the the genus Syuchloé, en-
bottom; the lower three fifths with shallow age
depressions ; the upper part with about twenty-four light blunt-
edged ribs. The eggs are laid in clusters upon the leaves of
Helianthus.

Caterpillar.—Varying in color, generally black or some shade
of red or brown, covered with spines which are arranged as in
the genus Me/itewa and are thickly beset with diverging bristles.
The caterpillar moults four times.

Chrysalis.—Shaped as in the genus Melitwa, light in color,
blotched with dark-brown or black spots and lines.

The genus is well represented in Central and South America.
Some of the species are polymorphic, many varieties being pro-
duced from a single batch of eggs. The result has been con-
siderable confusion in the specific nomenclature.

(1) Synchloé janais, Drury, Plate XVIII, Fig. 10, ¢ (The
Crimson-patch).

Butterfly.—Fore wings black above, spotted with white;
hind wings black above, marked in the center with a broad band

159

Genus Synchloe

of crimson. On the under side the markings of the upper side
of the fore wings are reproduced. The hind wings on the under
side are black at the base and on the outer third; immediately at
the base is a yellow bar; across the middle is a broad yellow
band laved outwardly by red, upon which are numerous black
spots. There is a marginal row of yellow spots and an inner
row of smaller white spots on the limbal area. Expanse, 2.50-
3.00 inches.

Early Stages.— What is known of these is contained in articles
published by Mr. William Schaus, ‘‘ Papilio,” vol. ili, p. 188;
and by Henry Edwards, ‘‘Entomologica Americana,’’ vol. iii,
p. 161, to which the reader may refer.

The habitat of the species is Texas, Mexico, and Central
America. The insect is very variable in the markings both of
the upper and under sides, and several so-called species are only
varietal forms of this.

(2) Synchloé lacinia, Hubner, Plate XVIII, Fig. 11, 3; ©
form crocale, Edwards, Plate XXIV, Fig. 8, 3, under side;
Fig. 9, ¢ (Lacinia).

Butterfly.—This is a protean species, a dozen or more well-
marked varietal forms being produced, many of them from a
single batch of eggs. The wings on the upper side are black;
both primaries and secondaries are crossed about the middle by
a band of spots, generally broken on the primaries and continuous
on the secondaries. These spots in the typical form Jacinia are
fulvous, and the bands are broad. In the form crocale the spots
are white, the bands narrow. A great variety of intergrading
forms are known and are represented in the author’s collection,
most of them bred specimens reared from the egg. On the
under side the fore wings are marked as on the upper side. The
hind wings on the under side are black, with a marginal row of
spots, a transverse straight median band, a short basal band, and
a costal edging, all bright straw-yellow; in addition there is a
submarginal row of small white spots and a crimson patch of
variable size at the anal angle. Expanse, ¢, 1.50-2.00 inches; @,
1.75-2.75 inches.

Early Stages.—These are described fully by Edwards in the
‘«Canadian Entomologist,” vol. xxv, p. 286.

Lacinia ranges from Texas and New Mexico to Bolivia.

160

Faunal Regions

FAUNAL REGIONS

That branch of zodlogical science which treats of the geograph-
ical distribution of animals is known as zodgeography. None of the
zoélogical sciences has contributed more to a knowledge of the facts
with which zodgeography deals than the science of entomology.

Various divisions of the surface of the earth, based upon the
character of the living beings which inhabit them, have been sug-
gested. At the present time, however, it is agreed that in a
general way five major subdivisions are sufficient for the purposes
of the science, and we therefore recognize five faunal regions,
namely, the Palearctic, which includes the temperate regions of
the eastern hemisphere; the /#do-Malayvan, covering the tropics
of Asia and the islands lying south of that great continent, in-
cluding Australia; the Ethiopian, covering the continent of Africa
south of the lands bordering on the Mediterranean, and extending
northward into the southern part of Arabia; the Neotropical,
covering the continent of South America and the islands of the
Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico; and, finally, the Nearctic,
covering the temperate and polar regions of North America. The
butterflies with which this volume deals are mostly nearctic
species, only a few species representing the neotropical region
being found as stragglers into the extreme southern portion of
the United States.

These five faunal regions are characterized by the presence of
certain groups of insects which are more or less peculiar to them.
In the Palearctic Region, for instance, we find a very great de-
velopment of the Satyrine, of the genera Argynnis, Melitca,
and Lycena, and of the genus Co/zas. The genus Papilio is but
poorly represented, there being only three species found on the
entire continent of Europe, and comparatively few in Asia north
of the Himalayan mountain-ranges.

As soon as we pass from the boundaries of the Palearctic
Region into India there is discovered a great number of species
of the genus Papilio. The Euplaine, of various genera, swarm,
and splendid creatures, magnificent in color, present themselves,
replacing among the Nympbaline the small and obscurely col-
ored forms which are found among the mountains of Europe and
on the great Asiatic steppes. In the Indo-Malayan Region one

161

Faunal Regions

of the most gorgeous of the papilionine genera 1s known as Ornz-
thoptera. These great ‘‘ bird-wing” butterflies are most brilliant
in color in the male, and in the female attain an expanse of wing
reaching in some species eight and even nine inches, so that it
would be impossible to represent them in their natural dimen-
sions upon a page such as that which is before the reader. One
of these giants of the butterfly family, named Victoria after her
Majesty the Queen of England, is found in the Solomon Islands,
and is probably the largest of all known butterflies. One speci-
men, belonging to the author, has an expanse of wing exceeding
nine inches. Among the strangest of recent discoveries is Ormz-
thoptera paradisea, which is found in New Guinea. The male has
the hind wings produced in the form of a very delicate and slender
tail; the upper surfaces of the wing are broadly marked with
shining green and lustrous orange upon a velvety-black ground.
The female is black with white spots, slightly marked with yel-
low, being obscure in color, as is for the most part characteristic .
of this sex among butterflies, as well as other animals.

The Ethiopian Region is rich in beautiful butterflies of the genus
Callosune, which are white or yellow, having the tips of the an-
terior wings marked with crimson or purple. There are many
scores of species of these which are found on the grassy park-like
lands of southeastern Africa, and they range northward through
Abyssinia into Arabia, and a few species even invade the hot
lands of the Indian peninsula. In the great forests of the Congo,
and in fact throughout tropical Africa, the genus Acr@a, com-
posed of beautiful insects with long, narrow wings like the genus
Heliconius, but for the most part yellow, rich brown, and red,
spotted with black, abound. And here, too, are found some of
the noblest species belonging to the great genus Papilio, among
them that most singular and, until recently, rarest of the genus,
Papilio antimachus of Drury, one specimen of which, among a
dozen or more in the author’s possession, has wings which exceed
in expanse even those of Ornithoptera victoria, though this but-
terfly, which seems to mimic the genus Acra@a, has compara-
tively narrow wings, and they, therefore, do not cover so large an
area as is covered in the case of the genus Ornithoptera.

In the Neotropical Region we are confronted by swarms of
butterflies belonging to the /thomiinw, the Heliconitne, and the
Acreina, all of which are known to be protected species, and

162

Genus Grapta

which are mimicked by other species among the butterflies and
moths of the region which they frequent. A naturalist familiar
with the characteristics of the butterfly fauna of South America
can at a glance determine whether a collection placed before him
is from that country or not, merely by his knowledge of the
peculiar coloration which is characteristic of the lepidoptera of
the region. The most brilliant butterflies of the neotropical
fauna are the Morphos, glorious insects, the under side of their
wings marked with eye-like spots, the upper side resplendent in
varying tints of iridescent blue.

In the Nearctic Region there is a remarkable development of
the genera Argynnis, Melitewa, and Phyciodes. There are also a
great many species of the Satyrinw and of the Hesperiida, or
“skippers.” The genus Colias is also well represented. The
Nearctic Region extends southwardly into northern’ Mexico, at
high elevations, and is even continued along the chain of the
Andes, and there are species which are found in the vicinity of
San Francisco which occur in Chili and Patagonia. In fact, when
we get to the southern extremity both of Africa and of South
America we find certain genera characteristic of the north tem-
perate zone, or closely allied to them, well represented.

Genus GRAPTA, Kirby
(The Angle-Wings)

Butterfly.—Medium-sized or small, characterized by the more
or less deeply excavated inner and outer margins of the fore wings,
the tail-like projection of the hind wings at the ex-
tremity of the third median nervule, the closed cell
of the same wings, and the thick squamation of
the palpi on the under side, while on the sides
and tops of the palpi there are but few scales.

They are tawny on the upper side, spotted and

bordered with black; on the under side mimick-

ing the bark of trees and dead leaves, often with

a c-shaped silvery spot on the hind wings. The

insects hibernate in the butterfly form in hollow

trees and other hiding-places. A Bs Nai
ion of the genus

Egg.—The eggs are taller than broad, taper- Grapta.

163

Genus Grapta

ing upward from the base. The summit is broad and flat. The
sides are marked by a few equidistant narrow longitudinal ribs,
which increase in height to the top. A few delicate cross-lines
are interwoven between these ribs. They are laid in clusters or
in short string-like series (see p. 5, Fig. 10).

Caterpillar.—The head is somewhat quadrate in outline, the
body cylindrical, adorned with rows of branching spines (see
Plate Ill, Figs. 23, 27, 31-33, 38).

Chrysalis.—The chrysalids have the head more or less bifid.
There is a prominent thoracic tubercle, and a double row of
dorsal tubercles on the abdomen. Viewed from the back they
are more or less excavated on the sides of the thorax. In color
they are generally some shade of wood-brown or greenish.

The caterpillars feed for the most part upon the Urticacea,
plants of the nettle tribe, such as the stinging-nettle, the elm,
and the hop-vine, though the azalea and wild currants furnish
the food of some species. :

The genus is confined mainly to the north temperate zone.

(1) Grapta interrogationis, Fabricius, Plate I, Fig. 3, ¢,
under side; form fabricii, Edwards, Plate XIX, Fig. 1, 4; form
umbrosa, Lintner, Plate XIX, Fig. 2, 2 ; Plate Ill, Fig. 23, /arva,
from a blown specimen; Fig. 27, /arva, copied from a drawing
by Abbot; Plate IV, Figs. 21, 22, 24-26, 40, chrvsalis (The Ques-
tion-sign).

Butterfly.—Easily distinguished by its large size, being the
largest species of the genus in our fauna. The fore wings are
decidedly falcate, or sickle-shaped, bright fulvous on the upper .
side, spotted and bordered with dark brown and edged with pale
blue. On the under side they are mottled brown, shaded with
pale purplish, and have a silvery mark shaped like a semicolon
on the hind wings. The dimorphic variety zmbrosa, Lintner, has
the upper side of the hind wings almost entirely black, except
at the base. Expanse, 2.50 inches.

Early Stages.—TYhese have been frequently described, and the
reader who wishes to know all about the minute details of the
life-history will do well to consult the pages of Edwards and
Scudder, who have written voluminously upon the subject. The
food-plants are the elm, the hop-vine, and various species of nettles.

This is one of our commonest butterflies. It is double-
brooded in the Middle States. It hibernates in the imago form,

164

iS}

Sy)

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX

Grapta interrogationis, Fabricius,
var. fabricii, Edwards, 3.

Grapta interrogalionis, Fabricius,
yar. wnbrosa, Linther, 9.

Grapta comma, Haris, var. drpas,
Edwards, 3’.

Grapta comma, Harris, var, harrist,
Edwards, .

Crapta silenus, Edwards, o.

Grapta silenus, Edwards, 3, under
side.

Grapta hylas, Edwards, 3}.

Grapta hylas, Edwards, &, wider

Seside:

10.

iks

14.

15.

Vanessa fealbum, Boisduval and Le-

conte, @.

Grapta gracilis, Grote and Robin-
son, 3.

Grapta gracilis, Grote and Robinson,
@, under side.

Grapta faunus, Edwards, 3.

Grapta faunus, Edwards, of, wider
side. ;

Grapta salyrus, Edwards, var. mar-
spas, Edwards, @.

Grapta satyrus, Edwards, var. mar-
stas, Edwards, Sunder side.

PLATE XIX.

THE BUTTERFLY Book.

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, 1898.

Genus Grapta

and when the first warm winds of spring begin to blow, it may
be found at the sap-pans in the sugar-camps, sipping the sweets
which drip from the wounded trunks of the maples. It ranges
all over the United States, except the Pacific coast, and is com-
mon throughout Canada and Nova Scotia.

(2) Grapta comma, Harris, form dryas, Plate XIX, Fig. 3, 2;
form harrisi, Edwards, Fig. 4, 4 ; Plate Ill, Fig. 38, /arva ; Plate
IV, Figs. 27, 29, 30, 39, 40-48, chrysalis (The Comma Butterfly).

Butter fly.—Dimorphic, in the form dryas with the hind wings
heavily suffused with black, in the form arrisz predominantly
fulvous. Expanse, 1.75-2.00 inches.

The caterpillars feed upon the Urticacew, and are very com-
mon upon the nettle. They vary greatly in color, some being
almost snow-white. This species is found throughout Canada
and the adjacent provinces, and ranges south to the Carolinas and
Texas and over the Northwestern States.

(3) Grapta satyrus, Edwards, Plate XX, Fig. 1, 9; Fig. 2, 9,
under side; form marsyas, Edwards, Plate XIX, Fig. 14, ¢ ; Fig.
15, 6, under side; Plate Ill, Fig. 33, Jarva,; Plate IV, Figs. 41,
42, chrysalis (The Satyr).

Butterfly.—The species is so accurately depicted in the plates
that a description is hardly necessary. The form marsyas is
smaller, brighter, and with the dark spots on the upper side of
the hind wings reduced in size. Expanse, 1.75-2.00 inches.

The food-plant of the caterpillar is the nettle. It occurs occa-
sionally in Ontario, and thence ranges west, being not uncommon
from Colorado to California and Oregon.

(4) Grapta hylas, Edwards, Plate XIX, Fig. 7, 4; Fig. 8, 4,
under side (Yhe Colorado Angle-wing).

Butterfly.—The butterfly closely resembles G. sd/enus on the
upper side, but may easily be distinguished by the uniform pale
purplish-gray of the lower side of the wings. Expanse, 2.00 inches.

The early stages are unknown. The insect has thus far been
found only in Colorado, but no doubt occurs in other States of
the Rocky Mountain region.

(5) Grapta faunus, Edwards, Plate XIX, Fig. 12, 4; Fig. 13,
4, under side; Plate Ill, Fig. 32, Jarva; Plate IV, Figs. 31, 33-35,
chrysalis (The Faun).

Butterfly.—This species is readily recognized by the deep
indentations of the hind wings, the heavy black border, and the

165

Genus Grapta

dark tints of the under side mottled with paler shades. Expanse,
2.00—2.15 inches.

The caterpillar feeds on willows. It is found from New England
to the Carolinas, and thence westward to the Pacific.

(6) Grapta zephyrus, Edwards, Plate XX, Fig. 5, 4; Fig. 6,
6, under side (The Zephyr).

Butterfly.—Fulvous, marked with yellowish toward the outer
margins, the dark markings upon which are not as heavy as in
the other species of the genus. On the under side the wings are
paler than is the case in other species, reddish-brown, marbled with
darker brown lines and frecklings. Expanse, 1.75-2.00 inches.

The caterpillar, which feeds upon Azalea occidentalis, is de-
scribed and figured by Edwards in ‘‘The Butterflies of North
America,” vol. i. Zephyrus is found throughout the region of
the Rocky Mountains, from Colorado to California, and from
Oregon to New Mexico.

(7) Grapta gracilis, Grote and Robinson, Plate XIX, Fig. 10,
4; Fig. 11, 9, under side (The Graceful Angle-wing).

Butterfly.—A small species, rather heavily marked with dark
brown or blackish on the upper side. The wings on the under
side are very dark, crossed about the middle by a pale-gray or
white band shading off toward the outer margins. This light
band serves as a means of easily identifying the species. Ex-
panse, 1.75 inch.

The early stages are unknown.

The species has been found on the White Mountains in New
Hampshire, in Maine, Canada, and British America, as far west
as Alaska.

(8) Grapta silenus, Edwards, Plate XIX, Fig. 5, ¢; Fig. 6,
9, under side (Silenus).

Butterfly.—Larger than gracilis, and the wings more deeply
excised, as in fawnus. On the under side the wings are very
dark, with lighter irrorations, especially on the fore wings. Ex-
panse, 2.002. 30 inches.

The early stages have never been studied. This species
appears to be found only in Oregon, Washington, and British
Columbia.

(9) Grapta progne, Cramer, Plate XX, Fig. 3, 4
under side; Plate Ill, Fig. 31, Jarva, Plate IV, Figs. 32, 37, 38,
chrysalis (Progne).

166

Genus Vanessa

Butterfly.—A rather small species, with light-fulvous fore
wings, shading into yellow toward the outer margins; the dark
markings slight, but deep in color. The secondaries are heavily
bordered with black on the outer margin. On the under side the
wings are very dark, variegated with paler shades, somewhat as in
G. gracilis. Expanse, 1.85-2.00 inches.

The early stages have been quite fully described by various
authors, and the reader may consult ‘‘The Butterflies of New
England,” vol. i, pp. 266-268, for a full account. The caterpillar
feeds on the elm, but more commonly on various species of the
Grossulacee, or currant tribe, wild or domesticated. It ranges
from Siberia to Nova Scotia, and southward as far as Pennsyl-
vania.

There are several other species of Grapfa found in our fauna,
which are not delineated in this book; but they are rare species,
of which little is as yet known. The types are in the collection
of the writer, and if the reader finds any species which he cannot
identify by means of this book the author will be pleased to help
him to the full extent of his ability.

Genus VANESSA, Fabricius
(The Tortoise-shells)

Butterfly. Medium-sized insects, the wings on the upper
side generally some shade of black or brown, marked with
red, yellow, or orange. The head is moder-
ately large, the eyes hairy, the palpi more
or less heavily scaled, the prothoracic legs fee-
ble and hairy. The lower discocellular vein
of the fore wings, when present, unites with
the third median nervule, not at its origin, but
beyond on the curve. The cell of the primaries
may or may not be closed. The cell of the secon-
daries isopen. The fore wings have the outer mar-
gin more or less deeply excavated between the

ee s Fic. 96.—Neura-
extremities of the upper radial and the first medi- tion of the genus
an, at which points the wings are rather strongly “amessa.
produced. The hind wings have the outer margin denticulate,
strongly produced at the extremity of the third median nervule.
1607

Genus Vanessa

Egg.—Short, ovoid, broad at the base, tapering toward the
summit, which is broad and adorned with a few narrow, quite
high longitudinal ridges, increasing in height toward the apex.
Between these ribs are a few delicate cross-lines. They are
generally laid in large clusters upon twigs of the food-plant.

Caterpillar.—The caterpillar moults four times. In the ma-
ture form it is cylindrical, the segments adorned with long,
branching spines arranged in longitudinal rows; the spines much
longer, and branching rather than beset with bristles, as in the
genus Grapta. It lives upon elms, willows, and poplars.

Chrysalis.—The chrysalis in general appearance is not unlike
the chrysalis of Grapfa.

The genus is mainly restricted to the north temperate zone
and the mountain regions of tropical lands adjacent thereto.
The insects hibernate in the imago form, and are among the first
butterflies to take wing in the springtime.

(1) Vanessa j-album, Boisduval and Leconte, Plate XIX,
Fig. 9, @ (The Compton Tortoise).

Butterfly.—No description is required, as the figure in the
plate will enable it to be immediately recognized. On the under
side of the wings it resembles in color the species of the genus
Grapta, from which the straight edge of the inner margin of
the primaries at once distinguishes it. It is a very close ally of
the European V. vau-album. Expanse, 2.60-2.75 inches.

The caterpillar feeds upon various species of willow. Itisa
Northern form, being found in Pennsylvania upon the summits of
the Alleghanies, and thence north to Labrador on the east and
Alaska on the west. It is always a rather scarce insect.

(2) Vanessa californica, Boisduval, Plate XX, Fig. 11, ¢
(The California Tortoise-shell).

Butterfly.—On the upper side deep fulvous, mottled with yel-
low, spotted and bordered with black. On the under side dark
brown; pale on the outer half of the primaries, the entire surface
marked with dark lines and fine striae. Expanse, 2.00-2.25 inches.

Early Stages.—The larva and chrysalis have been described
by Henry Edwards in the ‘‘ Proceedings of the California Acad-
emy of Sciences,” vol. v, p. 171. The caterpillar feeds upon
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus.

This insect is a close ally of the European VY. xanthomelas.
It ranges from Colorado to California and as far north as Oregon.

168

ubiziod SIVA

SS) os

20th smiony

Wiz ui Were

EXPLANATION OF

1. Grapla satyrus, Edwards, 2. 7
2. Grapla satyrus, Edwards, Q, wider 8

side. xo)
5. Grapla progne, Cramer, 10
4. Grapla progiue, Cramer, g, wider 11

side, u 12
5. ‘Grapla gephyrus, Edwards, 3’. 15

6. Grapla gephyrus, Edwards, 3, 2

'
l *
wt 4 ;
i M
ee
PLATE XX

. Junonia cenia, Hibner, 2.
. Junonia lavinia, Cramer, S.
. Junonia genovera, Cramer, J.
. Vanessa milberi, Godart, <j.
. Vanessa californica, Boisduval, 3.
. Pyrameis carpe, Htibner, 3.
. Anartiajatropha, Linneus, J.
1 side. id

THE BUTTERFLY Boox. PLATE XX

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, 1898,

Genus Pyrameis

(3) Vanessa milberti, Godart, Plate XX, Fig. 10, 4 ; Plate
Ill, Fig. 36, Jarva; Plate IV, Figs. 43, 49, 50, chrysalis (Milbert’s
Tortoise-shell). ‘

Butterfiv.Easily distinguished by the broad yellow submar-
ginal band on both wings, shaded outwardly byred. It is nearly
related to the European VY. urticw. Expanse, 1.75 inch.

The life-history has been worked out and described by nu-
merous writers. The caterpillars feed upon the nettle (Urtica).

This pretty little fly ranges from the mountains of West Vir-
ginia northward to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, thence west-
ward to the Pacific.

(4) Vanessa antiopa, Linnzus, Plate I, Fig. 6, @ ; Plate
Ill, Fig. 28, /arva,; Plate IV, Figs. 51, 58, 59, chrysalis (The
Mourning-cloak; The Camberwell Beauty).

Butterfly.—This familiar insect needs no description. It is
well known to every boy in the north temperate zone. It is one
of the commonest as well as one of the most beautiful species of
the tribe. A rare aberration in which the yellow border invades
the wing nearly to the middle, obliterating the blue spots, is some-
times found. The author has a fine example of this ‘‘ freak.”

The eggs are laid in clusters upon the twigs of the food-
plant in spring (see p. 5, Fig. 11). There are at least two broods
in the Northern States. The caterpillars feed on willows, elms,
and various species of the genus Populus.

Genus PYRAMEIS, Doubleday

Butterfly.—The wings in their neuration approach closely to
the preceding genus, but are not angulate, and the ornamen-
tation of the under side tends to become ocellate, or marked
by eye-like spots, and in many of the species is ocellate.

Egg.—The egg is broadly ovoid, being much like the egg of the
genus Vanessa.

Caterpillar.—The caterpillar in its mature form is covered with
spines, but these are not relatively as large as in Vanessa, and are
not as distinctly branching.

Chrysalis. —The chrysalis approaches in outline the chrysalis of
the preceding genus, and is only differentiated by minor structural
peculiarities.

The genus includes only a few species, but some of them have

169

Genus Pyrameis

a wide range, Pyrameis cardui being almost cosmopolitan, and
having a wider distribution than any other known butterfly.
(1) Pyrameis atalanta, Linnzus, Plate
XLIII, Fig. 4, ¢ ; Plate Ill, Fig. 35, Jarva; Plate
IV, Figs. 52, 53, 55, chrysalis (The Red Admi-
ral).
This familiar butterfly, which is found
throughout North America, Europe, northern
Asia, and Africa, needs no description beyond
what is furnished in the plates. Expanse, 2.00
inches. The food-plants are Humulus, Beh-
meria, and Urtica.
(2) Pyrameis huntera, Plate I, Fig. 2, ¢ ;
Fic. 97.—Neura~- Plate XXXIIl, Fig. 6, ¢, under side; Plate Ill,
Honotite genus Fy- Fig, 34, larva; Plate IV, Figs. 54, 63, 64, chrys-
alis (Hunter’s Butterfly).

Butter fly.—Marked much like the following species, but easily
distinguished at a glance by the two large eye-like spots on the
under side of the hind wings. Expanse, 2.00 inches.

Early Stages.—These have been frequently described, and are
in part well depicted in Plates II] and IV. The food-plants are
cudweed (Guaphalium) and Antennaria.

Hunter’s Butterfly ranges from Nova Scotia to Mexico and
Central America east of the Sierras.

(3) Pyrameis cardui, Linnzus, Plate I, Fig. 1, ¢; Plate III,
Fig. 37, /arva; Plate IV, Figs. 60-62, chrysalis (The Painted
Lady; The Thistle-butterfly).

Butierfly.—This is undoubtedly the most widely distributed
of all known butterflies, being found in almost all parts of the
temperate regions of the earth and in many tropical lands in both
hemispheres. It is easily distinguished from the preceding spe-
cies by the more numerous and much smaller eye-like spots on
the under side of the hind wings. Expanse, 2.00-2.25 inches.

Early Stages.— These have been again and again described at
great length and with minute particularity by a score of authors.
The food-plants of the caterpillar are thistles (Carduus), Urtica,
Cnicus, and Althea.

(4) Pyrameis caryz, Hiibner, Plate XX, Fig. 12, 3 (The
West Coast Lady).

Butterfly.—This species is easily distinguished from P. carduzi,

170

Widely Distributed Butterflies

its nearest ally, by the absence of the roseate tint peculiar to that
species, the tawnier ground-color of the upper surfaces, and the
complete black band which crosses the middle of the cell of the
primaries. Expanse, 2.00 inches.

Early Stages.—These have not all been thoroughly described,
but we have an account of the larva and chrysalis from the pen
of Henry Edwards, in the ‘‘ Proceedings of the California Acad-
emy of Sciences,” vol. v, p. 329. The food-plant of the caterpil-
lar is Lavatera assurgentiflora. This species ranges from Van-
couver’s Island to Argentina, and is found as far east as Utah.

WIDELY DISTRIBUTED BUTTERFLIES

The primal curse declared that the earth, because of man’s
sin, should bring forth thorns and thistles, and thistles are almost
everywhere. Wherever thistles grow, there is found the thistle-
butterfly, or the ‘‘ Painted Lady,” as English collectors are in the
habit of calling it, Pyramets cardui. All over Europe, all over
North America, in Africa, —save in the dense jungles of the Congo, —
throughout South America, in far-off Australia, and in many of
the islands of the sea this beautiful butterfly is found. At some
times it is scarce, and then again there are seasons when it fairly
swarms, every thistle-top having one of the gaily colored crea-
tures seated upon its head, and among the thorny environment
of the leaves being found the web which the caterpillar weaves.
Another butterfly which bids fair ultimately to take possession of
the earth is our own Anosia plexippus, the wanderings of which
have already been alluded to.

Many species are found in the arctic regions both of the Old
World and the New. Obscure forms are these, and lowly in their
organization, survivors of the ice-age, hovering on the border-
line of eternal frost, and pointing to the long-distant time when
the great land-masses about the northern pole were knit together,
as geologists teach us.

One of the curious phenomena in the distribution of butterflies
is the fact that in Florida we find Hypolimnas mistppus, a species
which is exceedingly common in Africa and in the Indo-Malayan
subregion. Another curious phenomenon of a like character is
the presence in the Canary Islands of a Pyrameis, which appears

171

Genus Junonia

to be only a subvariety of the well-known Pyrameis indica,
which is common in India, southern China, and Japan. Away
off in southeastern Africa, upon the peaks and foot-hills which
surround the huge volcanic masses of Kilima-Njaro, Kenia, and
Ruwenzori, was discovered by the martyred Bishop Hannington
a beautiful species of Argynnis, representing a genus nowhere
else found upon the continent of Africa south of Mediterranean
lands. Strange isolation this for a butterfly claiming kin to the
fritillaries that sip the sweets from clover-blossoms in the Bernese
Oberland, in the valleys of Thibet, and on the prairies of the
United States.

Genus JUNONIA, Hiibner.
(Peacock Butterflies)

Butterfly.—Medium-sized butterflies, with eye-like spots upon
the upper wings. Their neuration is very much like that of the but-
terflies belonging to the genus Pyrameis, to which they are closely

allied. The eyes are naked, the fore feet are scant-
ily clothed with hair, and the lower discocellular
vein of the fore wing, when present, does not ter-
minate on the arch of the third median nervule be-
fore its origin, as in the genus Vanessa, but imme-
diately at the origin of the third median nervule.
Egg.—Broader than high, the top flattened,
marked by ten vertical ribs, very narrow, but not
very high. Between the ribs are a few delicate
cross-lines.
Fic. 98.—Neura- Caterpillar.—The caterpillar is cylindrical,
Pa th snus the segments being adorned with rows of branch-
ing spines and longitudinally striped.

Chrysalis.—The chrysalis is arched on the dorsal surface and
marked by two rows of dorsal tubercles, concave on the ventral
side. The head is slightly bifid, with the vertices rounded.

There are eighteen or more species which belong to this genus,
of which some are neotropical, but the greater number are found
in the tropical regions of the Old World. Three forms occur
within the limits of the United States, which have by some au-
thors been reckoned as distinct species, and by others are regarded
merely as varietal forms.

172

Genus Junonia

(1) Junonia ccenia, Hubner, Plate XX, Fig. 7, 2 ; Plate III,
Figs. 29, 30, /arva,; Plate IV, Figs. 56, 57, 65-67, chrysalis (The
Buckeye).

Butter fly.—The figure in the plate is far better than any verbal
description. On the under side the eye-like spots of the upper
side are reproduced, but are much smaller, especially on the hind
wings. There is much variety in the ground-color of the wings
on the under side. Some specimens are reddish-gray, and some
are quite heavily and solidly pinkish-red on the secondaries.
Expanse, 2.00-2.25 inches.

Egg.—The egg is dark green.

Caterpillar.—The caterpillar is dark in color, longitudinally
striped, and adorned with branching spines, two of which are on
the head and point forward.

Chrysalis. —The chrysalis is generally pale wood-brown,
strongly arched on the dorsal and concave on the ventral side.
It always hangs at less than a right angle to the surface from
which it depends.

This is a very common butterfly in the Southern States,
ranging northward as far as New England, westward to the
Pacific, and southward to Colombia. The caterpillar feeds on
various species of plantain (Plantago), also Gerardia and Antir-
rhinum. When I was a lad in western North Carolina these
insects fairly swarmed one summer; thousands of the caterpil-
lars could be found in worn-out fields, feeding on the narrow-
leaved plantain, and every fence-rail had one or more of their
chrysalids hanging from the under side. I have never seen such
multitudes of this species since then. The butterflies are quite
pugnacious, and will fight with other passing butterflies, dashing
forth upon them, and chasing them away.

(2) Junonia lavinia, Cramer, Plate XX, Fig. 8, ¢ (Lavinia).

Butterfly.—This species may be distinguished by the more
rounded apex and the more deeply excavated outer margin of the
fore wings, and also by the decided elongation of the outer margin
of the hind wings at the end of the submedian vein. The wings
are paler on the upper side than in the preceding species, and the
eye-like spots much smaller. Expanse, 2.00 inches.

The early stages are not accurately known. The insect is
common in the Antilles and South America, but is only now and
then taken in the extreme southern parts of Texas.

173

Genus Anartia

(3) Junonia genoveva, Cramer, Plate XX, Fig. 9, ¢ (Geno-
veva).

Butterfly.— Much darker above than either of the two pre-
ceding species. The transverse subapical band is pale yellow,
almost white; the ocelli of the wings are more as in /avinia than
in cenia. Expanse, about 2.00 inches.

This form, if found at all in our fauna, is confined to the ex-
treme South. I have seen and possess some specimens reputed
to have come from Texas. The specimen figured in the plate
was taken in Jamaica, where this form is prevalent.

é
Genus ANARTIA, Doubleday

Butterfly.—The head is small; the eyes are round and promi-
nent; the tongue is long; the antennz are relatively long, having
the club short, compressed, and pointed. The palpi have the

second joint thick, the third joint gradually taper-
ing and lightly clothed with scales. The fore
wings are rounded at the apex, and have the
outer and inner margins somewhat excavated.
The outer margin of the hind wings is sinuous,
produced at the end of the third median nervule.
The cell of the hind wing is open. The sub-
costal nervules in the fore wing are remarkable
because of the tendency of the first and second to
fuse with the costal vein. The prothoracic feet of the
Fic. 99.—Neu- male are small and weak; of the female, stronger.
ration of the genus i ;
Barri’ Early Stages.—These, so far as is known to
the writer, await description.

There are four species belonging to this genus, only one of
which is found within the limits of the United States. The
others are found in Central and South America.

(1) Anartia jatrophe, Linnzus, Plate XX, Fig. 13, ¢ (The
White Peacock).

Butterfly.—There can be no mistake made in the identifica-
tion of this species if the figure we give is consulted. The male
and female are much alike. Expanse, 1.75-2.00 inches.

Early Stages.—So far as is known to me, these have never
been described. The butterfly is common throughout the

174

Genus Hypanartia

tropics of the New World, and is occasionally found in southern
Texas and Florida.

Genus HYPANARTIA, Hiibner
(The Banded Reds)

Butterflv.—The palpi of medium size, well clothed with
scales; the second joint moderately thick; the third very little
thinner, blunt at the tip. The antenne have a distinct, short,
well-rounded club. The fore wings have the
first two subcostal nervules arising before the
end of the cell, close to each other. The third
subcostal arises midway between the end of the
cell and the origin of the fourth subcostal. The
cell of the fore wing is closed by a stout lower
discocellular vein which is more or less continuous
with the third median nervule. The hind wing
has the cell open or only partially closed.

Early Stages.—But little is known of the early

stages of this genus. Fic. 100.—Neura-
; : _ tion of the genus
The species reckoned as belonging to Hypa epyvoranciie.

nartia number less than a dozen, most of which

are found in tropical America, but, singularly enough, two species
occur in tropical and southern Africa, and another has been de-
scribed from Madagascar.

(1) Hypanartia lethe, Fabricius, Plate XXIV, Fig. 10, 4
(Lethe).

This very handsome insect, which is quite common in tropi-
cal America, is another straggler into our fauna, being occasion-
ally found in southern Texas. But little is known of its early
life-history. Expanse, 2.00 inches.

Genus EUNICA, Hibner
(The Violet-wings)

Butterfly.—The head is narrow, hairy; the eyes prominent.
The antenne are long and slender, having a greatly enlarged club
marked with two grooves. The palpi have the third joint in the
case of the female longer than in the case of the male. They are
relatively short, thickly clothed with hairs and scales lying closely

175

Genus Eunica

appressed to the surface. The fore wing has the costal and
median vein enlarged and swollen at the base. The subcostal has
five nervules, the first two of which arise before
the end of the cell, the third midway between the
end of the celland the fourth nervule. The upper
discocellular vein is wanting; the middle discocel-
lular vein is bent inwardly ; the lower discocellular
vein is somewhat weak and joins the median vein
exactly at the origin of the second median nervule.
The cell of the hind wing is lightly closed.

Early Stages.—V ery little is known of the early
stages of this genus.

Fic. 101.—Neura- ‘The butterflies are characterized by the dark-
tone the genus brown or black ground-color of the upper side,
generally glossed with rich blue or purple. On
the under side the markings are exceedingly variable and in most
cases very beautiful. The genus is characteristic of the neotropical
fauna, and there are over sixty species which have been described.
The males are said by Bates, to whom we are indebted for most
of our knowledge of these insects, to have the habit of congre-
gating about noon and in the early afternoon in moist places by
the banks of streams, returning toward nightfall to the haunts of
the females. In this respect they resemble club-men, who at the
same hours are generally to be found congregating where there is
something to drink. Only two species are found in our region,
and are confined to the hottest parts of Texas and Florida, rang-
ing thence southward over the Antilles and Central America as
far as Bolivia.

(1) Eunica monima, Cramer, Plate XXI, Fig. 7, ¢; Fig. 8,
@ (The Dingy Purple-wing).

Butterfly.—This obscure little butterfly represents in Florida
and Texas the great genus to which it belongs, and gives but a
feeble idea of the splendid character of its congeners, among
which are some exceedingly beautiful insects. Nothing is known
of its life-history. It is common in the Antilles and Mexico.

Another species of the genus, Eumnica fatila, has recently
been reported from the extreme southern portion of Florida.

176

Genus Cystineura

Genus CYSTINEURA, Boisduval

‘“ And here and yonder a flaky butterfly

Was doubting in the air.”
McDona_p.

Butterfiy.—Small butterflies, with elongated fore wings, the
hind wings with the outer margin rounded, slightly crenulate.
The head is small; the palpi are very delicate and
thin, scantily clothed with scales. The costal
vein of the fore wing is much swollen near the
base. The subcostal vein of this wing sends
forth two branches before the end of the cell.

The upper discocellular vein is lacking; the mid-
dle discocellular is short and bent inwardly; the
lower discocellular is almost obliterated, and
reaches the median vein at the origin of the second
median nervule. In the hind wing the cell is open,
and thetworadial veins spring from thesame point. Fig. 102.—_Neu-

Early Stages.—Very little is as yet definitely ration of the genus
ascertained as to these. aii ee

But one species is found within the limits covered by this work.
Seven species have been described, all of them inhabiting Central
or South America.

(1) Cystineura amymone, Ménétries, Plate XXIV, Fig.
7, 6 (Amymone).

Butterfly.— The fore wings are white on the upper side,
dusted with gray at the base, on the costa, the apex, and the
outer margin. The hind wings are gray on the basal area, pale
yellowish-brown on the limbal area, with a narrow fuscous mar-
gin. On the under side the markings of the upper side reappear,
the gray tints being replaced by yellow. The hind wings are
yellowish, with a white transverse band near the base and an in-
complete series of white spots on the limbal area. Expanse,
1.50 inch.

The early stages await description. The insect is found
about Brownsville, Texas, and throughout Mexico and Central
America.

177

Genus Callicore

Genus CALLICORE, Hiibner
(The Leopard-spots)

Butterfly.—Small-sized butterflies, with the upper side of the
wings dark in color, marked with bands of shining metallic blue
or silvery-green, the under side of the wings generally more or

less brilliantly colored, carmine upon the pri-

maries and silvery-white upon the secondaries,

with the apex of the primaries marked with

black transverse bands and the body of the

secondaries traversed by curiously arranged

bands of deep black, these bands inclosing

about the middle of the wing circular or pear-

shaped spots. All of the subcostal nervules in

this genus arise beyond the end of the cell.

The costal and the median veins are swollen

Fic. 103.—Neura- Near the base. The cell in both the fore and

tion of the genus Cal- hind wings is open.

licore. ) : :

Early Stages. —Very little is known of these.

This genus numbers about thirty species, almost all of which
are found in South America, only one being known to inhabit the
United States, being found in the extreme southern portion of
Florida, and there only rarely.

(1) Callicore clymena, Hubner, Plate XXI, Fig. 5, 4; Fig.
6, 3, under side (The Leopard-spct).

Butterfly.—The wings on the upper side are black, the pri-
maries crossed by an oblique iridescent bluish-green band, and
the secondaries marked by a similarly colored marginal band. On
the under side the primaries are crimson from the base to the
outer third, which is white, margined with black, and crossed by
an outer narrow black band and an inner broad black band. The
secondaries on this side are white, marked about the middle by
two large coalescing black spots, and nearer the costa a large
pear-shaped spot, both ringed about with black lines. Beyond
these black rings are two black. bands conformed to the outline
of the inner and outer margins of the wing, and, in addition, a
fine black marginal line. The costa is edged with crimson.
Expanse, 1.75 inch.

178

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI

Timeles coresia, Godart, 3°. 6. Callicore clymena, Cramer, f', wider

5, Tumeles coresia, Godart, G, wider '' side.

side, ’ 7. Euiica montma, Cramer, c
Timeles pelreus, Cramer, ote 8 Eumca monima, Camm, OF
_Timetes chiron, Fabricius, & 9. Hypolinnas masippus, Linneus, B.
haccmibniaon climena, Cramer, eth 9 TO Aypolinnas misippus, Linneus, 2.

THE BUTTERFLY Book.

PLATE XXI.

COPYRIGHTED BY W, J. HOLLAND, ta96

Genus Timetes

Early Stages.—Unknown.
The Leopard-spot is found occasionally in Florida, but quite
commonly in the Antilles, Mexico, and Central America.

Genus TIMETES, Boisduval
(The Dagger-wings)

Butterfiy.—The palpi are moderately long, thickly clothed with
scales, the last joint elongated and pointed. The antenne havea
well-developed club. The fore wings and the hind wings have
the cell open. Inthe fore wing the sub-
costal vein, which has five branches,
emits the first nervule well before the
end of the cell, the second a little be-
yond it, and the third and fourth near
together, before the apex of the wing.
The third median nervule of the hind
wing is greatly produced and forms the
support of the long tail which adorns
this wing. Between the end of the sub-
median vein and the first median nervule
is another lobe-like prolongation of the
outer margin of the wing. The butter-
flies are characterized for the most part
by dark upper surfaces, with light under
surfaces marked with broad bands and
lines of varying intensity of color. They
are easily distinguished from the butter-
flies of all other genera of the Nymphalidze by the remarkable
tail-like appendage of the hind wing, giving them somewhat the
appearance of miniature Papilionide.

Early Stages.— Nothing of note has been recorded of their
early stages which may be accepted as reliable, and there is an
opportunity here for study and research.

There are about twenty-five species belonging to the genus,
all found within the tropical regions of America. Four species
are occasionally taken in the extreme southern portions of Florida
and Texas. They are all, however, very common in the An-
tilles, Mexico, and more southern lands.

179

Fic. 104.—Neuration of the
genus 7imetes.

Genus Hypolimnas

(1) Timetes coresia, Godart, Plate XXI, Fig. 1, ¢; Fig. 2,
6, under side (The Waiter).

Butterfly.— Easily recognized by means of our figures, which
show that this creature deserves the trivial name I have bestowed
upon it. In its dark coat and white vest it gracefully attends the
feasts of Flora. Expanse, 2.50 inches.
~ So far as | am aware, nothing reliable has been recorded as
to the early stages of this insect. It is occasionally found in
Texas.

(2) Timetes petreus, Cramer, Plate XXI, Fig. 3, ¢ (The
Ruddy Dagger-wing).

Butterflyv.—The upper side of the wings is accurately deline-
ated in the plate. On the under side the wings are pale, with
the dark bands of the upper side reproduced. Expanse, 2.60
inches. It occurs in southern Florida and Texas, and elsewhere
in tropical America.

(3) Timetes chiron, Fabricius, Plate XXI, Fig. 4, ¢ (The-
Many-banded Dagger-wing).

Butterfly.—Easily recognized by means of the figure in the
plate. Like the preceding species, this is occasionally found in
Texas. It is very common in Mexico, South America, and the
Antilles.

Genus HYPOLIMNAS, Hiibner
(The Tropic Queens)

Butterfly.—Eyes naked. The palpi are produced, rising above
the head, heavily scaled. The antenne have a well-developed,
finely pointed club. The fore wings have stout costal and medi-
an veins. The subcostal throws out five nervules, the first two
before the end of the cell, the third midway between the end of
the cell and the outer border; the fourth and the fifth diverge from
each other midway between the third and the outer border, and
both terminate below the apex. The upper discocellular vein is
wanting; the middle discocellular vein is bent inwardly; the lower
discocellular is very weak, and, in some species, wanting. The
cell of the hind wing is lightly closed.

Caterpillar.— The caterpillar is cylindrical, thickest toward the
middle. The head is adorned with two erect rugose spines; the
segments have dorsal rows of branching spines, and three lateral

180

Genus Hypolimnas

rows on either side of the shorter spines. It feeds on various
species of malvaceous plants and also on the common portulaca.

Chrysalis.—The chrysalis is thick,
with the head obtusely pointed; the
abdominal segments adorned with a
double row of tubercles. The thorax
is convex.

This genus, which includes a large
number of species, reaches its fullest
development in the tropics of the Old
World, and includes some of the most
beautiful, as well as the most singular,
forms, which mimic the protected spe-
cies of the Euploeinz, or milkweed but-
terflies, of the Indo-Malayan and Ethi-
opian regions. In some way one of the
most widely spread of these species,
which is found throughout the tropics
of Asia and Africa, has obtained lodg-
ment upon the soil of the New World,
and is occasionally found in Florida, Fic. 105.—Neuration of the

a7. genus Hypolimnas.

where it is by no means common. _ It

may be that it was introduced from Africa in the time of the
slave-trade, having been accidentally brought over by ship. That
this is not impossible is shown by the fact that the writer has,
on several occasions, obtained in the city of Pittsburgh specimens
of rare and beautiful tropical insects which emerged from chrysa-
lids that were found attached to bunches of bananas brought
from Honduras.

(1) Hypolimnas misippus, Linnzus, Plate XXI, Fig. 9, 4;
Fig. 10, @ (The Mimic).

Butterfly, .—On the upper side the wings are velvety-black,
with two conspicuous white spots on the fore wing, and a larger
one on the middle of the hind wing, the margins of these spots
reflecting iridescent purple. On the under side the wings are
white, intricately marked with black lines, and black and red-
dish-ochraceous spots and shades.

?.—The female mimics two or three forms of an Oriental
milkweed butterfly, the pattern of the upper side of the wings
conforming to that of the variety of the protected species which

181

Genus Basilarchia

is most common in the region where the insect is found. The
species mimicked is Danats chrysitppus, of which at least three
varietal forms or local races are known. The American butterfly
conforms in the female sex to the typical D. chrysippus, to which
it presents upon the upper side a startling likeness. On the
under side it is marked much as the male. Expanse, 4, 2.50
inches; @, 3.00 inches.

Early Stages.—What has been said as to the early stages in
the description of the genus must suffice for the species. But
little is as yet accurately known upon the subject.

The range of H. misippus is southern Florida, the Antilles,
and the northern parts of South America. It is not common on
this side of the Atlantic, but very common in Africa, tropical
Asia, and the islands south as far as northern Australia.

Genus BASILARCHIA, Scudder
(The White Admirals)

Butter fly.—Head large; the eyes are large, naked; the antennz
are moderately long, with a distinct club; the palpi are compact,
stout, produced, densely scaled. The fore wings are subtriangular,
the apex well rounded, the lower two thirds of the outer margin

slightly excavated. The first two subcostal
nervules arise before the end ofthe cell. The
hind wings are rounded, crenulate.

Egg.—Nearly spherical, with the surface
pitted with large hexagonal cells (see p. 3,
Fig. 1).

Caterpillar.—The caterpillar in its mature
state is cylindrical, somewhat thicker before
than behind, with the second segment adorned
with two prominent rugose club-shaped tu-
bercles. The fifth segment, and the ninth and
tenth segments also, are ornamented with dor-
sal prominences (see p. 8, Fig. 20).

Fic. 106.—Neuration of | Chrysalis.—The chrysalis is suspended by

the genus Basilarchia. 4 + out cremaster; the abdominal segments are

rounded. On the middle of the dorsum is a prominent projecting

boss. The thorax is rounded. The head is rounded or slightly bifid.
182

Genus Basilarchia

The caterpillars feed upon the leaves of various species of oak,
birch, willow, and linden. The eggs are laid upon the extreme
tip of the leaves, and the infant caterpillar, feeding upon the leaf
in immediate proximity to the point where it has been hatched,
attaches bits of bitten leaf by strands of silk
to the midrib, thus stiffening its perch and Sos ae
preventing its curling as the rib dries. Out
of bits of leaves thus detached it constructs a fy6, 197. —Leaf cut
packet of material, which it moves forward away at end by cater-
along the midrib until it has completed its ae eh Be anche Re
second moult. By this time winter begins
to come on, and it cuts away for itself the material of the leaf
on either side of the rib, from the tip toward the base, glues
the rib of the leaf to the stem by means of silk, draws together
the edges of the remaining portions of
the leaf, and constructs a tube-like hiber-
“ naculum, or winter quarters, exactly
fitting the body, in which it passes the

Fic. 108.—Hibernaculum, or Winter.
winter quarters, of larva of Ba- There are a number of species of the
a genus found in the United States, the
habits of which have been carefully studied, and they are among
our most interesting butterflies, several species being mimics of
protected species.

(1) Basilarchia astyanax, Fabricius, Plate XXII, Fig. 1, 2;
Plate Ill, Figs. 17, 21, 25, /arva; Plate IV, Figs. 12, 13, chrysalis
(The Red-spotted Purple).

Butterfly.—This common but most beautiful species is suffi-
ciently characterized by the plate so far as the upper surface is
concerned. On the under side the wings are brownish, banded
with black on the margins; the lunules are on this side as above,
but the inner band of spots is red. There are two red spots at
the base of the fore wings, and four at the base of the hind wings.
The palpi are white below, and the abdomen is marked with a
lateral white line on each side. Expanse, 3.00-3.25 inches.

Egg.—The egg, which resembles somewhat closely that of
B. disippus (see p. 3, Fig. 1), is yellowish-green, gradually turn-
ing dark brown as the time for the emergence of the caterpillar
approaches.

Caterpillar.—The caterpiilar is so well delineated in Plate III,

183

Genus Basilarchia

Fig. 17, as to obviate the necessity for a lengthy verbal de-
scription.

Chrysalis.—What has been said of the caterpillar is also true
of the chrysalis (see Plate IV).

The larva feeds upon the willow, cherry, apple, linden ( 7z/za),
huckleberry, currant, and other allied shrubs and trees. The
butterfly is somewhat variable, and a number of varietal forms
have been described. It ranges generally over the United States
and southern Canada as far as the Rocky Mountain ranges in
the West, and is even said to occur at high elevations in Mexico.

(2) Basilarchia arthemis, Drury, Plate XXII, Fig. 4, 4, form
lamina, Fabricius; Fig. 5, ¢, form proserpina, Edwards, Plate III,
Fig. 26, Jarva,; Plate lV, Figs. 14, 23, chrysalis (The Banded Purple).

Buiterfly.—Easily distinguished in the form /amzna from asty-
anax, which in other respects it somewhat closely resembles, by
the broad white bands crossing both the fore wings and the hind
wings, and followed on the secondaries by a submarginal row of
red spots shading inwardly into blue. In the form proserpina
there is a tendency on the part of the white bands to become ob-
solete, and in some specimens they do entirely disappear. The
likeness to astyanax in such cases is striking, and the main point
by which the forms may then be discriminated is the persistence
of the red spots on the upper side of the secondaries; but even
these frequently are obsolete. Expanse, 2.50 inches.

Egg.—The egg is grayish-green, with ‘‘ kite-shaped” cells.

Caterpillar.—Greenish- or olive-brown, blotched with white
in its mature form, which is well represented in Plate Ill. It
feeds upon the willow, the hawthorn (Crategus), and probably
other plants.

Chrysalis.—The figure in Plate IV is sufficiently exact to ob-
viate the necessity for further description.

This beautiful insect ranges through northern New England
and New York, Quebec, Ontario, and the watershed of the
Great Lakes, spreading southward at suitable elevations into
Pennsylvania. | have taken it about Cresson, Pennsylvania, at an
elevation of twenty-five hundred feet above sea-level. It is not
uncommon about Meadville, Pennsylvania. The species appears
to be, like all the others of the genus, somewhat unstable and
plastic, or else hybridization is very frequent in this genus.
Probably all the species have arisen from a common stock.

184

Dadri h giver

Tt ; ah
. y

ine

. as upor.the willow, cherry apple, linden tam
amrnt, ated otter allied shribsdnd reese
side what variable, An number. of varietal form
a, av hte al ‘rally aver the United: State 3 sf:
nek i Rocky Bialinfs ranges Pe
fons da: Wet

—

Lon ded Put plea
wa from Ssbies

bane os {
ey Pee a, Edwards,

THE BuTTERFLY Book. PLATE XXII.

Genus Basilarchia

(3) Basilarchia weidemeyeri, Edwards, Plate XXII, Fig. 6,
2 (Weidemeyer’s Admiral).

Butter fly.—Superficially like arthemts, but easily distinguished
by the absence of the lunulate marginal bands of blue on the
margins of the hind wings and by the presence of a submar-
ginal series of white spots on both wings. Expanse, 3.00
inches.

Early Stages.—These have been described by W. H. Edwards
in the ‘‘Canadian Entomologist,” vol. xxiv, p. 107, and show
great likeness to the following species, B. distppus. The cater-
pillar feeds upon cottonwood (Populus).

The insect is found on the Pacific slope and eastward to Mon-
tana, Nebraska, and New Mexico.

(4) Basilarchia disippus, Godart, Plate VII, Fig. 4, 4;
Plate III, Figs. 19, 22, 24, /arva; Plate 1V, Figs. 18-20, chrysalis
(The Viceroy).

Butterflv.—This species mimics Anosia plexippus in a remark-
able manner, as may be seen by referring to Plate VII. An aber-
ration in which the mesial dark transverse band on the secondaries
has disappeared was named pseuwdodorippus by Dr. Strecker.
The type is in the Mead collection, now belonging to the writer.
Expanse, 2.50-2.75 inches.

Early Stages.—Vhese have all been carefully studied by numer-
ous writers. The egg is depicted on p. 3, Fig. 1. The caterpillar
is shown on p. 8, as well as in Plate III.

The species ranges everywhere from southern Canada and
British America into the Gulf States.

(5) Basilarchia hulsti, Edwards, Plate VII, Fig. 5, 2 (Hulst’s
Admiral).

Butterfiy.—This form is apparently a mimic of Anosza berenice.
The ground-color of the wings is not so bright as in B. disippus,
and the mesial band of the secondaries on the upper side is re-
lieved by a series of small whitish spots, one on each interspace.
The perfect insect can easily be distinguished by its markings.
Expanse, 2.50-2.60 inches. Thus far it is only known from Utah
and Arizona. The early stages have not been described.

(6) Basilarchia lorquini, Boisduval, Plate XXII, Fig. 3, ¢
(Lorquin’s Admiral).

Butterfly.—Easily distinguished from all the other species of
the genus by the yellowish-white bar near the end of the cell of

185

The Butterflies’ Fad

the fore wings and the reddish color of the apex and upper mar-
gin of the same wings. Expanse, 2.25-2.75 inches.

Early Stages.—These have been partially described by Henry
Edwards, and minutely worked out by Dr. Dyar, for whose de-
scription the reader may consult the ‘‘ Canadian Entomologist,”
vol. xxiii, p. 172. The food-plant of the caterpillar is Populus,
willows, and the choke-cherry (Prunus demtssa).

Besides the forms figured in our plates there is a species in
Florida named florzdensis by Strecker, and subsequently eros by
Edwards, which is generally larger and much darker than B. di-
sippus, which it otherwise closely approximates.

THE BUTTERFLIES’ FAD

‘*T happened one night in my travels

To stray into Butterfly Vale,

Where my wondering eyes beheld butterflies
With wings that were wide as a sail.

They lived in such houses of grandeur,
Their days were successions of joys,

And the very last fad these butterflies had
Was making collections of boys.

“There were boys of all sizes and ages
Pinned up on their walls. When I said
’Twas a terrible sight to see boys in that plight,
I was answered: ‘ Ob, well, they are dead.
We catch them alive, but we kill them
With ether —a very nice way:
Just look at this fellow —his hair is so yellow,
And his eyes such a beautiful gray.

“«¢Then there is a droll little darky,

As black as the clay at our feet;

He sets off that blond that is pinned just beyond
In a way most artistic and neat.

And now let me show you the latest, —
A specimen really select,

A boy with a head that is carroty-red
And a face that is funnily specked.

“* “We cannot decide where to place him;
Those spots bar him out of each class;
We think him a treasure to study at leisure
And analyze under a glass.’

186

Genus Adelpha

I seemed to grow cold as I listened
To the words that these butterflies spoke;
With fear overcome, I was speechless and dumb,
And then with a start— I awoke!”
ELLA WHEELER WILCOX.

Genus ADELPHA, Hubner
(The Sisters)

Butterfly.—This genus is very closely allied to the preceding,
and is the South American representative of Basilarchia. The
only difference which is noticeable structurally is in the fact that
the eyes are hairy, the palpi not so densely clothed with scales.
The prothoracic legs of the males are smaller
than in Basilarchia. The cell of the primaries
is very slightly closed by the lower discocel-
lular vein, which reaches the median a little be-
yond the origin of the second median nervule.
The outer margin of the fore wing is rarely
excavated, as in Basilarchia, and the lower
extremity of the hind wing near the anal
angle is generally more produced than in the
last-mentioned genus.

Early Stages. —The life-history of the genus
has not been carefully worked out, but an
account has been published recently of the
caterpillar of the only species found within
our fauna, which shows that, while in general Fic. 109.—Neuration of
resembling the caterpillars of the genus Basz/- gears tae nne:
archia, the segments are adorned with more branching spines
and with short fleshy tubercles, giving rise to small clusters of
hairs.

The chrysalids are of a peculiar form, with bifid heads and
broad wing-cases. They are generally brown in color, with me-
tallic spots. The only species in our fauna is confined to southern
California, Arizona, and Mexico.

(1) Adelpha californica, Butler, Plate XXII, Fig. 2, 9 (The
Californian Sister).

Butter fly.— Easily recognized by the large subtriangular patch
of orange-red at the apex of the primaries. In its habits and

187

Genus Chlorippe

manner of flight it closely resembles the species of the genus
Basilarchia. Expanse, 2.50-3.00 inches.

Early Stages.—So far as is known to the writer, these have
not becn described, except partially by Henry Edwards in the
‘Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences,” vol. v,
p. 171. The caterpillar feeds upon oaks.

The insect is found in California, Nevada, Arizona, and
Mexico.

Genus CHLORIPPE, Boisduval
(The Hackberry Butterflies)

Butterfly.—Small butterflies, generally some shade of fulvous,
marked with eye-like spots on the posterior margin of the
secondaries, aie occasionally upon the outer margin of the

’ primaries, the fore wings as well as the hind
wings being in addition more or less strongly
spotted and banded with black. The eyes are
naked; the antenne are straight, provided with a
stout, oval club; the palpi are porrect, the second
joint heavily clothed with hairs, the third joint
short, likewise covered with scales. The costal
vein of the fore wing is stout. The first subcostal
vein alone arises before the end of the cell. The
cell is open in both wings.

Be eeN SE Egg.—The eggs, which are deposited in clus-
ration of thegenus ters, are nearly globular, the summit broad and
GME Se convex. The egg is ornamented by from eighteen
to twenty rather broad vertical ribs, having no great elevation,
between which are numerous faint and delicate cross-lines.

Caterpillar. —The head is subquadrate, with the summit
crowned by a pair of diverging stout coronal spines which have
upon them a number of radiating spinules. Back of the head, on
the sides, is a frill of curved spines. The body is cylindrical,
thickest at the middle, tapering forward and backward from this
point. The anal prolegs are widely divergent and elongated, as
in many genera of the Satyrina.

Chrysalis.— The chrysalis is compressed laterally and keeled
on the dorsal side, concave on the ventral side, the head dis-
tinctly bifid. The cremaster is very remarkable, presenting the

188

Genus Chlorippe

appearance of a flattened disk, the sides studded with hooks, by
means of which the chrysalis is attached to the surface, from
which it depends in such a manner that the ventral surface is
parallel to the plane of support.

The caterpillars feed upon the Ce/tzs, or hackberry.

There are a number of species, mainly confined to the south-
western portion of the United States, though some of them range
southward into Mexico. Two only are known in the Middle
States. The species are double-brooded in the more northern
parts of the country, and the caterpillars produced from eggs laid
by the second brood hibernate.

(1) Chlorippe celtis, Boisduval and Leconte, Plate XXIII,
Fig. 3,6 ; Fig. 4, 9; Fig. 11, 6, under side (The Hackberry
Butterfly).

Butterfly, 6.—The primaries at the base and the secondaries
except at the outer angle pale olive-brown, the rest of the wings
black. The dark apical tract of the primaries is marked by two
irregular, somewhat broken bands of white spots. There is a
red-ringed eye-spot between the first and second median ner-
vules, near the margin of the fore wing, and there are six such
spots on each hind wing. On the under side the ground-color is
grayish-purple; the spots and markings of the upper side reappear
on this side.

9 .—The female has the wings, as is always the case in this
genus, much broader and not so pointed at the apex of the
primaries as in the male sex, and the color is much paler. Ex-
panse, 6, 1.80 inch; @, 2.10 inches.

Early Stages.—These are beautifully described and delineated
by Edwards in ‘‘The Butterflies of North America,” vol. it.
The caterpillar feeds on the hackberry (Celtis occidentalis).

This species is found generally from southern Pennsylvania,
Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico. It is not, so
far as is known, found on the Pacific coast.

(2) Chlorippe antonia, Edwards, Plate XXIII, Fig. 12, ¢
(Antonia).

Butterfly. — Bright yellowish-fulvous on the upper side.
Easily distinguished from ce/tis by the two eye-spots near the
margin of the primaries. Expanse, 1.75-2.00 inches.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

Antonia is found in Texas.

189

Genus Chlorippe

(3) Chlorippe montis, Edwards, Plate XXII, Fig. 7, 2 ; Fig.
8, 2 (The Mountain Emperor).

Butterfly.— Very closely allied to C. antonia in the style and
location of the markings, but tinted with pale ashen-gray on the
upper side of the wings, and not yellowish-fulvous as in the last-
named species. Expanse, 6, 1.75 inch; 2, 2.15 inches.

The early stages are unknown.

Montis occurs in Arizona and Colorado, and by some writers
is regarded as a varietal form of antonza, in which opinion they
may be correct.

(4) Chlorippe leilia, Edwards, Plate XXIII, Fig. 11, ¢ (Leilia).

Butterfiyv.— Like antonia, this species has two extra-median
eye-spots on the primaries, and thus may be distinguished from
celtis. From antonia it may be separated by its larger size and
the deeper reddish-brown color of the upper surfaces. Expanse,
2. 10-2.50 inches.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

So far we have received this butterfly only from Arizona.

(5) Chlorippe alicia, Plate XXIII, Fig. 9, ¢; Fig. 10, @
(Alicia).

-Butterfly.—Very bright fawn at the base of the wings, shading
into pale buff outwardly. There is but one eye-spot on the pri-
maries. The six eye-spots on the secondaries are black and very
conspicuous. The marginal bands are darker and heavier than
in any other species of the genus. Expanse, ¢, 2.00 inches;
Q, 2.50 inches.

The early stages are only partially known.

Alicia ranges through the Gulf States from Florida to
Texas.

(6) Chlorippe clyton, Boisduval and Leconte, Plate XXIII,
Fig. 5, 6 ; Fig. 6, 9; Plate III, Fig. 20, /arva,; Plate IV, Figs.
15-17, chrysalis (The Tawny Emperor).

Butterfly, 4.—The fore wings without an extra-median eye-
spot, and the secondaries broadly obscured with dark brown or
blackish, especially on the outer borders, so that the eye-spots
are scarcely, if at all, visible.

.—Much larger and paler in color than the male, the eye-
spots on the secondaries conspicuous. Expanse, ¢, 2.00 inches;
Q, 2.50-2.65 inches.

Early Stages.—The life-history has been carefully worked out,

190

BNE ab Ot paieuel
ae i Wid
haitwebd UCT: GRAS

~ bziod URS

Seen frilaye! 24 \ SORA LNG
i barod. io ieee a Aas

Yeas

)

ExpLANATION OF PLATE XXII]

1. Chlorippe flora, Edwards, ¢'. 8. Chlorippe montis, Edwards, 2.
Chlorippe flora, Edwards, 2. 9. Chlorippe alicia, Edwards,
. Chlovippe-cellis, Boisd.-Lec., §. 10. Chlorippe alicia, Edwards, G.
4. Chlorippe celtis, Boisd.-Lec., 9. . Chlorippe leilia, Edwards, 3.
. Chlorippe clyton, Boisd.-Lec., @. 12. Chlorippe antonia, Edwards, 3.
. Chlorippe clyton, Boisd.-Lec., 2. 13. Chlorippe celtis, Boisd.-Lec., 3,
. Chlorippe montis, Edwards, &. — under side.

THE BuTTERFLY Book, PLATE XXIII

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J, HOLLAND, 1hoa.

Genus Pyrrhanza

and the reader who wishes to know all about it should consult the
writings of Edwards and Scudder.

This species is occasionally found in New England, and ranges
thence westward to Michigan, and southward to the Gulf States.
It is quite common in the valley of the Ohio.

(7) Chlorippe flora, Edwards, Plate XXIII, Fig. 1, ¢; Fig.
2, 2 (Flora).

Butterfly, 6.—The ground-color is bright reddish-fulvous on
the upper side. The usual markings occur, but there is no eye-
spot, or ocellus, on the primaries. The hind wings are not
heavily obscured with dark brown, as in clyfon, and the six
ocelli stand forth conspicuously upon the reddish ground. The
hind wings are more strongly angulated than in any other
species. The borders are quite solidly black.

@ .—The female is much larger than the male, and looks like a
very pale female of clyfon. Expanse, 6, 1.75inch; @, 2.35 inches.

Early Stages.—Vhe life-history has been described by Edwards
in the ‘‘Canadian Entomologist,” vol. xiii, p. 81. The habits of
the insect in its early stages and the appearance of the larva and
chrysalis do not differ widely from those of C. clyfon, its nearest ally.

Flora is found in Florida and on the borders of the Gulf to
Texas.

Genus PYRRHANA, Schatz
(The Leaf-wings)

Butterfly.—Medium-sized butterflies, on the upper side of the
wings for the most part red or fulvous, on the under side of the
wings obscurely mottled on the secondaries and the costal and
apical tracts of the primaries in sucha manner as to cause them to
appear on this side like rusty and faded leaves. Structurally they
are characterized by the somewhat falcate shape of the primaries
and the strongly produced outer margin of the secondaries about
the termination of the third median nervule. The first and second
subcostal nervules coalesce with one another and with the costal
vein. The costal margin of the fore wing at the base is strongly
angulated, and the posterior margin of the primaries is straight.
The cell of the secondaries is very feebly closed.

Egg.—Spherical, flattened at the base and somewhat depressed
at the apex, with a few parallel horizontal series of raised points
about the summit.

191

Genus Pyrrhanea

Caterpillar.— Head somewhat globular in appearance; the an-
terior portion of the first thoracic segment of the body is much
smaller in diameter than the head; the body
is cylindrical, tapering to a point.

Chrysalis.— Short, stout, with trans-
verse ridges above the wings on the middle
of the abdomen, keeled on the sides. The
cremaster is small and furnished witha glob-
ular tip, the face of which is on the same
plane as the ventral surface of the body,
causing the chrysalis to hang somewhat ob-
liquely from the surface which supports it.

This is a large genus of mostly tropical
species, possessed of rather singular habits.
The caterpillars in the early stages of their
existence have much the same habits as the
caterpillars of the genus Basilarchia, which
have been already described. After passing
the third moult they construct for themselves
nests by weaving the edges of a leaf together, and thus conceal
themselves from sight, emerging in the dusk to feed upon the
food-plant. They live upon the Euphorbiaceae, the Lauracew, and
the Piperacew. The insects are double-brooded in the cooler
regions of the North, and are probably many-brooded in the
tropics.

(1) Pyrrhaneza andria, Scudder, Plate XXIV, Fig. 1, 2 (The
Goatweed Butterfly).

Butterfly, é.—Solidly bright red above, the outer margins
narrowly dusky on the borders. On the under side the wings
are gray, dusted with brown scales, causing them to resemble
the surface of a dried leaf.

Q@.— The female has the upper side paler and marked by pale
fulvous bands, as shown in the plate. Expanse, 6, 2.50 inches;
9, 3.00 inches.

Early Stages.—In Fig. 21, on p. 9, is a good representation of
the mature caterpillar, the nest which it constructs for itself, and
the chrysalis. A full account of the life-history may be found
in the ‘‘ Fifth Missouri Report” from the pen of the late C. V. Riley.
The caterpillar feeds on Croton capitatum.

The insect ranges from Illinois and Nebraska to Texas.

192

Fic.111.—Neuration of the
genus Pyrrhancea.

Genus Ageronia

(2) Pyrrhanza morrisoni, Edwards, Plate XXIV, Fig. 2, 9
(Morrison’s Goatweed Butterfly).

Butterfly, 6.— Much like P. andria, but more brilliantly and
lustrously red on the upper side, and marked with paler macular
bands like the female.

.— Differing from the female of P. andria in the more mac-
ular, or spotted, arrangement of the light bands on the wings, as
is well shown in the plate. Expanse, 2.25-2.50 inches.

Early Stages.— Unknown.

This species occurs in Arizona and Mexico.

(3) Pyrrhanea portia, Fabricius, Plate XXIV, Fig. 3, 3 (Portia).

Butterfly.—Splendid purplish-red on the upper side. On the
under side the fore wings are laved with bright yellow on the
basal and inner marginal tracts, and the secondaries are dark
brown, irrorated with blackish scales arranged in spots and strie.
Expanse, 2.75—-3.00 inches.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

Portia occurs in the extreme southern part of Florida and in
the Antilles.

Genus AGERONIA, Hubner
(The Calicoes)

Butterfly.—The antennz moderately long, delicate, terminated
in a gradually thickened club. The eyes are naked; the palpi
are compressed, only slightly porrect, not
densely covered with scales. The neuration
is alikein bothsexes, the costal and the median
veins greatly thickened towardthe base. The
first and second subcostals arise from before
the end of the cell; the fourth and fifth sub-
costals arise from a common stem emitted
from the third subcostal beyond the end of
the cell. The cells in both the fore and hind
wings are closed. The butterflies are of
medium or large size, curiously marked with
checkered spots, blue and white, with
broad paler shades on the under side of the
secondaries. They are rapid fliers and are
said to alight on the trunks of trees with , ;

: ; ; IG. 112.— Neuration of
their wings expanded and their heads _ the genus Ageronia.

193

Genus Victorina

down. When flying they emit a clicking sound with their
wings.

Early Stages.—Very little is known of these.

The chrysalids are slender and have two ear-like tubercles on
the head.

This genus is, strictly speaking, neotropical. About twenty-
five species have been described from Central and South Amer-
ica, some of them being exceedingly beautiful and rich in color.
The two species credited to our fauna are reported as being
occasionally found in Texas. I have specimens of one of the
species which certainly came from Texas. I cannot be so sure
of the other.

(1) Ageronia feronia, Linnzus, Plate XXIV, Fig. 4, 4
(The White-skirted Calico).

Butterfly.—Easily distinguished from the only other species
of the genus found in our fauna by the white ground-color of
the under side of the hind wings. Expanse, 2.50 inches.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

This remarkable insect is said to be occasionally found in Texas.

(2) Ageronia fornax, Hubner, Plate XXIV, Fig. 5, 6, under
side (The Orange-skirted Calico).

Butterfly.— Closely resembling the preceding species on the
upper side, but at once distinguished by the orange-yellow
ground-color of the under side of the hind wing. Expanse, 2.60
inches.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

Like its congener, A. fornax is reported only from the hotter
parts of Texas.

Genus VICTORINA, Blanchard
(The Malachites)

Butterfly. — Large butterflies, curiously and conspicuously
marked with light-greenish spots upon a darker ground; wings
upon the under side marbled with brown about the spots and
having a satiny luster. The third median nervule of the fore
wing is very strongly bowed upward. The cells of both wings
are open. The hind wing is tailed at the end of the third median
nervule. The two first subcostals arise before the end of the

194

Fossil Insects

cell; the fourth and fifth spring from a common stem which is
emitted from the third beyond the end of the cell, as the cut shows.
Early Stages.—We know nothing of
these.
This genus, in which are reckoned
five species, all found in the tropics of
the New World, is represented by but a
single species in our fauna, which oc-
curs in southwestern Texas and in Flor-
ida. It is very common in the West
Indies and Central America.
(1) Victorina steneles, Linnzus,
Plate XXIV, Fig. 6, 6 (The Pearly Mal-
achite).
This splendid insect is occasionally
found in southern Florida and the extreme
southern part of Texas. It is common
throughout tropical America. Nothing
has ever been written upon its early rue EN cutaiontontne
stages. genus Victorina.

FOSSIL INSECTS

Investigations within comparatively recent times have led to
the discovery of a host of fossil insects. A few localities in
Europe and in North America are rich in such remains, and the
number of species that have been described amounts to several
thousands. Strangely enough, some of these fossil insects are
very closely allied in form to species that are living at the present
time, showing the extreme antiquity of many of our genera. One
of the comparatively recent discoveries has been the fossil remains
of a butterfly which Dr. Scudder, who has described it, declares
to be very near to the African Libythea labdaca, which differs in
certain minor anatomical respects from the American Libytheas
which are figured in this work; and Dr. Scudder has therefore pro-
posed a new generic name, Dichora, meaning ‘‘ an inhabitant of
two lands,” which he applies to the African species because
related to the extinct American butterfly. The strange dis-
coveries, which have been made by palzontologists as to the
huge character of many of the mammals, birds, and reptiles

195

Fossil Insects

which at one time tenanted the globe, are paralleled by recent
discoveries made in insect-bearing strata in France. M. Charles
Brongniart of the Paris Museum is preparing an account of the
collection which he has made at Commentry, and among the
creatures which he proposes to figure is an insect which is
regarded by Brongniart as one of the forerunners of our dragon-
flies, which had an expanse of wing of two feet, a veritable giant
in the insect world.

Of fossil butterflies there have thus far been discovered sixteen
species. Of these, six belong to the subfamily of the Nymphalz-
de, and five of the six were found in the fossiliferous strata of
Florissant, Colorado. Two species belong to the subfamily Saty-
rine, both occurring in deposits found in southern France, and
representing genera more nearly allied to those now found in
India and America than to the Satyrine existing at the present
time in Europe. One of the fossils to which reference has al-
ready been made belongs to the subfamily of the Lzbytheine.
The remainder represent the subfamilies of the Pzerine, the
Papilionine, and the family Hesperitde.

It is remarkable that the butterflies which have been found in
a fossil state show a very close affinity to genera existing at the
present time, for the most part, in the warmer regions of the
earth. Though ages have elapsed since their remains were
embedded in the mud which became transformed into stone,
the processes of life have not wrought any marked structural
changes in the centuries which have fled. This fixity of type
is certainly remarkable in creatures so lowly in their organi-
zation.

TOASTS Ae
PURINA INOS MINON gure

i Wowie, A sip! nf aati

jatla\

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV

1. Pyrrbanea andria, Scudder, 2. 6. Victorina steneles, Linneus, 3".
2. Pyrrhanea morrison, Edwards, 9. Cystineura ampmone, Ménétries, 3. ~
3. Pyrrbauca portia, Fabricius, ¢. . Srachloé crocale, Edwards, &, unde
4. Ageronia feronia, Linneus, j. side. ; :
5. Ageronia fornax, Hiibner, g, under 9. Synchlo& crocale, Edwards, 3.
side. ~ 10. Eurema lethe, Fabricius, 3.
é, z :

XIV.

PLATE X

THE ButTeERFLY Book.

SUBFAMILY SATYRINZE (THE SATYRS)

‘* Aught unsavory or unclean
Hath my insect never seen;
But violets and bilberry bells,
Maple-sap and daffodils,
Grass with green flag half-mast high,
Succory to match the sky,
Columbine with horn of honey,
Scented fern and agrimony,
Clover, catch-fly, adder’s-tongue,
And brier-roses dwelt among.”

EMERSON.

THE butterflies belonging to this subfamily are, for the most
part, of medium size, and are generally obscure in color, being of
some shade of brown or gray, though a few species within our
territory are brightly colored. Gaily colored species belonging
to this subfamily are more numerous in the tropics of both hemi-
spheres. The wings are very generally ornamented, especially upon
the under side, by eye-like spots, dark, pupiled in the center
with a point of lighter color, and ringed around with one or
more light circles. They are possessed of a weak flight, flitting
and dancing about among herbage, and often hiding among the
weeds and grasses. Most of them are forest-loving insects,
though a few inhabit the cold and bleak summits of mountains
and grassy patches near the margins of streams in the far North,
while some are found on the treeless prairies of the West. In
the warmer regions of the Gulf States a few species are found
which have the habit of flitting about the grass of the roadsides
and in open spaces about houses. The veins of the fore wings
are generally greatly swollen at the base, enabling them thus to
be quickly distinguished from all other butterflies of this family.

The eggs, so far as we have knowledge of them, are subspher-

197

Satyrine (the Satyrs)

ical, somewhat higher than broad, generauy ribbed along the
sides, particularly near the apex, and rounded at the base, which
is generally broader than the apex.

The caterpillars at the time of emergence from the egg have
the head considerably larger than the remainder of the body; but
when they have reached maturity they are cylindrical, tapering a
little from the middle to either end. They are bifurcated at the
anal extremity, a character which enables them to be distin-
guished at a glance from the larve of all other American butter-
flies except those of the genus Chlorippe. They are mostly pale
green or light brown in color, ornamented with stripes along
the sides. They feed upon grasses and sedges, lying in con-
cealment during the daytime, and emerging at dusk to take their
nourishment.

The chrysalids are rather stout in form, but little angulated,
and without any marked prominences or projections. They are
green or brown in color. Most of them are pendant, but a few
forms pupate at the roots of grasses or under stones lying upon
the ground.

The butterflies of this subfamily have been arranged, so far
as they are represented in the faunal region of which this book
treats, in nine genera, which include about sixty species. It is
quite possible that a number of species still remain to be discov-
ered and described, though it is also true that some of the so-
called species are likely to prove in the end little more than local
races or varieties.

Genus DEBIS, Westwood
(The Eyed Nymphs)

“The wild bee and the butterfly
Are bright and happy things to see,

Living beneath a summer sky.”
Exiza Cook.

Butter fly.—Characterized by the stout but not greatly swollen
costal vein of the fore wing, by the rather short costal vein of the
hind wing, which terminates before quite reaching the outer
angle, by the great length of the lower discocellular vein of the
fore wing, and by the prolongation of the outer margin of the
hind wing at the end of the third median nervule. The outer

198

Genus Debis

margin of the fore wing is either rounded or slightly excavated.
The palpi are long and narrow, thickly clothed with hairs below;
the antennze are moderately long, gradually

thickening toward the tip, without a well-

marked club; the fore legs in both sexes greatly

atrophied.

Egg.—Flattened spheroidal, broadly trun-
cated at the base, the surface smooth.

Caterpillar.—Body long, slender, tapering
from the middle; the head cleft, each half being
produced upward as a conical horn; the anal
segment provided with a pair of horns similar
to those of the head, produced longitudinally Fic. 114.—Neura-
backward, ee ote

Chrysalis.—Strongly convex dorsally, con-
cave ventrally, with a stout tubercular eminence on the thorax,
without any other projecting tubercles or eminences; light green
in color.

This genus is large, and is well represented in Asia and the
Indo-Malayan region. | cannot see any good ground for gener-
ically separating the two species found in North America from their
congeners of Asiatic countries, as has been done by some writers.

(1) Debis portlandia, Plate XVIII, Fig. 20, 2 ; Plate III, Fig.
16, Jarva; Plate IV, Fig. 6, chrysalis (The Pearly Eye).

Butterfly.—The butterfly, the male of which is well depicted
as to its upper side on the plate, does not differ greatly in the
sexes. The hind wings on the under side are marked with a
series of beautiful ocelli. In the North the insect is single-
brooded; in the region of West Virginia and southward it is
double-brooded. Expanse, 1.'75-2.00 inches.

Early Stages.—The illustrations give a good idea of the ma-
ture larva and the chrysalis. The caterpillar, like most of the
Satyrine, feeds upon grasses.

The range of this pretty insect is extensive, it being found
from Maine to the Gulf of Mexico, and westward to the Rocky
Mountains.

(2) Debis creola, Skinner, Plate XVIII, Fig. 18, 4 ; Fig. 19,
9 (The Creole).

Butterfly.—Easily distinguished from the preceding species by
the elongated patches of dark raised scales upon the fore wings,

199

Genus Satyrodes

situated on the interspaces between the median nervules. The
female has more yellow upon the upper side of the fore wings
than D. portlandia. Expanse, 2.25 inches.

Early Stages —Unknown.

Creola ranges from Florida to Mexico along the Gulf.

Genus SATYRODES, Scudder
(The Grass-nymphs)

Butterfly.—The head is moderately large; the eyes are not
prominent, hairy; the antennz are about half as long as the costa of
the fore wing, not distinctly clubbed, gradually thickening toward

the extremity. The palpi are slender, compressed,
hairy below, with the last joint rather short and
pointed. The fore and hind wings are evenly
rounded on the outer margin. The costal vein of
the fore wing is thickened, but not greatly swollen.
The first and second subcostals are emitted well
before the end of the cell, the third beyond it, and
the fourth and fifth from a common stem, both
terminating below the apex. The upper disco-
cane cellular vein is wanting, and the upper radial,
Satyrodes. (After therefore, springs from the upper angle of the
Santon) cell of the fore wing.

Egg.—Flattened spheroidal, broader than high, flat at the
base and rounded above.

Caterpillar.—The head is full, the summit of either half pro-
duced upward and forward into a slender, conical horn. The
body is nearly cylindrical, tapering backward, the last segment
furnished with two pointed, backward projections, resembling
the horns of the head.

Chrysalis.—Relatively longer and more slender than in the
preceding genus, with the thoracic prominence more acute and
the head more sharply pointed.

This genus was erected to receive the single species which,
until the present time, is its sole representative.

(1) Satyrodes canthus, Boisduval and Leconte, Plate XXV,
Fig. 1, 2; Plate Ill, Fig. 9, /arva; Plate IV, Fig. 9, chrysalis
(The Common Grass-nymph).

200

Genus Neonympha

Butterfily.—It always haunts meadows and hides among the
tufts of tall grasses growing in moist places. It is rather com-
mon in New England and the Northern States generally. It is
found in Canada and is reported from the cool upper mountain
valleys in the Carolinas. It has a weak, jerking flight, and is
easily taken when found. Expanse, 1.65-1.90 inch.

Early Stages.—These have been well described by various
writers. The caterpillar feeds upon grasses.

Genus NEONYMPHA, Westwood
(The Spangled Nymphs)

“Oh! the bonny, bonny dell, whaur the primroses won,
Luikin’ oot o’ their leaves like wee sons o’ the sun;
Whaur the wild roses hing like flickers 0’ flame,
And fa’ at the touch wi’ a dainty shame;
Whaur the bee swings ower the white-clovery sod,
And the butterfly flits like a stray thoucht 0’ God.”
MacDonatp.

Butterfly.—Eyes hairy. The costal and median veins of the
fore wings are much swollen at the base. The palpi are thin,
compressed, thickly clothed below with long hairs. The antennz
are comparatively short, gradually thickening to-
ward the outer extremity, and without a well-de-
fined club. Both the fore wing and the hind wing
have the outer margin evenly rounded.

Egg.— Globular, flattened at the base, marked
with irregular polygonal cells.

Caterpillar. — The head is large, rounded, the
two halves produced conically and studded with
little conical papillae. The last segment of the body
: : Fic. 116. —
is bifurcate. Neuration of

Chrysalis.— Relatively long, strongly produced the genus Neo-
at the vertex; elevated on the thorax into a blunt eae
tubercular prominence; green in color.

This genus, which has by some writers been sunk into the
genus Euptychia, Hiibner, is quite extensive. Nearly two hun-
dred species are included in Euptychia, which is enormously
developed in the tropical regions of the New World. Seven

201

Genus Neonympha

species of Neonympha are found within the region of which
this book treats.

(1) Neonympha gemma, Hubner, Plate XXV, Fig. 2, ¢,
under side (The Gemmed Brown).

Butterfly.—Upon the upper side the wings are pale mouse-
gray, with a couple of twinned black spots on the outer margin

_of the hind wings. On the under side the wings are reddish-
gray, marked with irregular ferruginous lines. Near the outer
margin of the hind wings is a row of silvered spots, the spots
corresponding in location to the dark marginal spots being ex-
panded into a violet patch marked in the middle by a twinned
black spot centered with silver. Expanse, 1.25-1.35 inch.

Early Stages.—These have been beautifully described and fig-
ured by Edwards in the third volume of ‘‘ The Butterflies of
North America.”’

The egg is somewhat globular, rather higher than wide, flat-
tened at the base, and marked with numerous shallow reticulated
depressions. The caterpillar of the spring brood is pale green,
of the fall brood pale brown, marked respectively with numerous
longitudinal stripes of darker green or brown. It has two long,
elevated, horn-like projections upon the head, and on the anal
segment two similar projections pointing straight backward.
The chrysalis is small, green, or brown, strongly bifid at the
head. The caterpillar feeds on grasses.

The insect ranges from West Virginia to Mexico.

(2) Neonympha henshawi, Edwards, Plate XXV, Fig. 8, 2
(Henshaw’s Brown).

Butter fiy.— Much like N. gemma, but considerably larger and
decidedly reddish upon the upper side of the wings. Expanse,
1.65 inch.

Early Stages.— Mr. Edwards has figured the egg, which is
different in shape from that of the preceding species, being
broader than high, subglobular, flattened broadly at the base,
green in color, and almost devoid of sculpturings upon its sur-
face. Of the other stages we know nothing.

Henshaw’s Butterfly ranges through southern Colorado into
Mexico.

(3) Neonympha phocion, Fabricius, Plate XXV, Fig. 7, ¢,
under side; Plate III, Fig. 8, /arva; Plate IV, Figs. 10 and 11
(The Georgian Satyr).

202

Genus Neonympha

Butterfly.—The upper side is immaculate gray; beneath
pale, with two ferruginous transverse lines. Between these
lines is a ferruginous line on each wing, rudely describing a circle.
In the circle on the fore wing are three or four eye-spots with a
blue pupil and a yellow iris; in the circle on the hind wing are
six eye-spots which are oblong and have the pupil oval. Ex-
panse, 1.25 inch.

Early Stages.— These have been fully described, and are not
unlike those of other species of the genus. The caterpillar feeds
on grasses.

The insect ranges from New Jersey to the Gulf of Mexico as
far west as Texas.

(4) Neonympha eurytus, Fabricius, Plate XXV, Fig. 4, 2;
Plate III, Figs. 3, 6, 10, 13, 14, /arva; Plate IV, Fig. 28, chrysa-
lis (The Little Wood-satyr).

Butterfly.—Easily distinguished from other species in our
fauna by the presence of two more or less perfectly developed
ocelli on the upper side of the fore wing and also of the hind
wing. Expanse, 1.75 inch.

Early Stages.—This is a rather common butterfly, the larval
stages of which have been fully described by various authors.
The egg is even taller in proportion to its breadth than that of
N. gemma, which it otherwise closely resembles in outline and
sculpturing. The caterpillar is pale brown, conformed in gen-
eral form to that of other species of the genus, but somewhat
stouter. It feeds on grasses. The chrysalis is pale brown,
mottled with darker brown.

The insect ranges through Canada and the United States to
Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas.

(5) Neonympha mitchelli, French, Plate XXV, Fig. 6, 6,
under side (Mitchell’s Satyr).

Butterfly.— Easily distinguished from the other species of the
genus by the eye-spots on the under side of the wings, four on
each of the primaries and six on each of the secondaries, arranged
in a straight series on the outer third, well removed from the
margin. These spots are black, ringed about with yellow and
pupiled with blue.

Early Stages.— Unknown.

The species is local, and thus far is recorded only from
northern New Jersey, near Lake Hopatcong, and the State of

203

Genus Neonympha

Michigan. No doubt it occurs elsewhere, but has been over-
looked by collectors.

(6) Neonympha sosybius, Fabricius, Plate XXV, Fig. 5, 2,
under side (The Carolinian Satyr).

Butterfly. — The upper surface is immaculate dark mouse-
gray. On the under side the wings are paler, with three
transverse undulatory lines, one defining the basal, the other
the median area, and one just within the margin. Between the
last two are rows of ocelli. The spots in these rows are obscure,
except the first on the primaries and the second and last two on
the secondaries, which are black, ringed about with yellow and
pupiled with blue.

The female is like the male, but a trifle larger.

Early Stages. — These have been described by Edwards,
French, and Scudder, and do not differ strikingly from those of
other species.

The species ranges from the latitude of New Jersey south-
ward, throughout the southern half of the Mississippi Valley to
Mexico and Central America.

(7) Neonympha rubricata, Edwards, Plate XXV, Fig. 3, 3
(The Red Satyr).

Butterfly. — Easily distinguished by its much redder color
from all its congeners, among which it has its closest ally in
N. eurytus. It has an eye-spot near the apex of the fore wing,
and one near the anal angle of the hind wing. The basal area of
the primaries beneath is bright reddish; the secondaries on this
side are gray, crossed by two transverse lines as in the preceding
species, and a double submarginal line. On the fore wings the
double submarginal line is repeated, and in addition there is
another line which runs upward from just before the inner angle
to the costa, at about one third of its length from the apex. The
eye-spots of the upper side reappear below, and in addition there
is another near the outer angle of the secondaries, and a few sil-
very well-defined ocelli between the two on the secondaries.

Early Stages.— Unknown.

The Red Satyr is found in Texas, Arizona, Mexico, and Cen-
tral America.

204

besiytel Ay

SABRE Bay ay ee sai

OTIS pays

J ebirwbha \owinwd One

4 STONES
Reset nit

1 what r re ityeky ¥

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV —

Satyrodes cainthus, Boisd.-Lec., 3".

Neonvmpha gemma, Hirbner, J, wi~
der side. :

Neouvinpha yubricata, Edwards, 3".

. Neourimpha eurrtus, Fabricius, g'.

. Neonpmpha sosybius, Fabricius, @,

undey side.

Neonvmpha mitchell’, French, 3, -

under side.

Neonvmpha phocion, Fabricius, 3,
under side.

Neouympha henshawi, Edwards, &.

Cenonrmpha california, Db\.-Hew.,
var. galactinus, Boisd., 3.

Cenoumpha california, Db\.-Hew.,
var. expngii, Henry Edwards, @.

Cenonvmpha ochracea, Edwards, &.

Cenonrmpha ochracea, Edwards, 3,
under side, :

Cenonvmpha inornata, Edwards, 4,
under side. :

Cenonynpha california, Db\.-Hew.,

». Neominois dionysius, Scudder, 3.
. Erebia magdalena, Strecker, J. :
. Erebia sofia, Strecker, = ethela,

Edwards, 2. om those

. Evebia discoidalis, Kirby, 3’.
. Erebia tvndarus, var. callias, Ed-

wards, ¢.
Cenonvinpha ampelos, Edwards, 3,
under side. f
Cenonvinpha kodiak, Edwards, ©.

. Erebia disa, var. inancinus, Dbl.-

Hew... .
Cenonympha havdeni, Edwards, 3.
Canonympha elko, Edwards, &,

under side.

Canonvinpha elko, Edwards, f.
Cenourmpha pamphiloides, Rea-
kirt, ©.

8. Erebia epipsodea, Butler, of.

Cenonympha inornata, Edwards, 3.

Cenonvmpha ampelos, Edwards, 3.

Cenonympha pamphiloides, Rea-
kirt, O. =a

15. Neominots ridingsii, Edwards, 3.

THE BUTTERFLY Book. PLATE XXV,

Wee Tl

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND

Genus Cenonympha

Genus CH NONYMPHA, Westwood
(The Ringlets)

‘* There is a differency between a grub and a butterfly; yet your butterfly was a
grub.”—SHAKESPEARE.

Butterfly. —Small butterflies. The costal, median, and sub-
median veins are all strongly swollen. The palpi are very
heavily clothed with hairs, the last joint quite long and porrect.
The antennz are short, delicate, gradually but
distinctly clubbed. The eyes are naked. Both
wings on the outer margin are evenly rounded.

Egg.—The egg is conical, truncated, flat on the
top, rounded at the base, with the sides marked
with numerous Jow, narrow ribs, between which
are slight cross-lines, especially toward the apex.

Caterpillar.—The head is globular; the body
is cylindrical, tapering gradually backward, fur- Fic. 117.—Neu-
nished in the last segment with two small hori- USA Te Uae
zontal cone-shaped projections.

Chrysalis. —Ventrally straight, dorsally convex, strongly
produced in a rounded, somewhat keeled eminence over the
thorax; pointed attheend. Generally green or light drab in color,
with dark markings on the sides of the wing-cases.

This genus is distributed throughout the temperate regions
both of the Old and the New World, and includes in our fauna a
number of forms, the most of which are peculiar to the Pacific
coast.

(1) Ceenonympha california, Doubleday and Hewitson,
Plate XXV, Fig. 14, 2; form galactinus, Boisduval, Plate XXV,
Fig. 9, 6; form eryngii, Henry Edwards, Plate XXV, Fig. 10,
4 (The California Ringlet).

Butterfly.— This little species is to be distinguished from its
near allies by its white color. The form galactinus is the winter
form; the form california the summer form. The former is
characterized by the darker color of the hind wings on the under
side and the more prominent development of the marginal ocelli.
The form eryngii is simply a yellower form, with less dark
shading on the under side.

205

Genus Cenonympha

Early Stages. —These have been most carefully and beauti-
fully worked out by Edwards, and the reader, for a full know-
ledge of them, may consult the splendid plate in “The Butterflies
of North America,” vol. iii.

The species ranges from Vancouver's Island southward on
the Pacific coast and eastward into Nevada.

(2) Coenonympha elko, Edwards, Plate XXV, Fig. 25, 9,
under side; Fig. 26, 6 (The Elko Ringlet).

Butterfly.—Yellow on both sides of the wings, the lower
side paler than the upper, and the basal area lightly clouded with
fuscous.

Early Stages. —Undescribed.

This species is found in Nevada and Washington.

(3) Coenonympha inornata, Edwards, Plate XXV, Fig. 13,
6, under side; Fig. 29, 6 (The Plain Ringlet).

Butterfiyv.—The wings on the upper side are ochreous-
brown, lighter on the disk. The costal margin of the fore wings
and the outer margin of both fore and hind wings are gray.
The ocellus at the apex of the fore wings on the under side is
faintly visible on the upper side. On the under side the fore
wings are colored as on the upper side as far as the termination
of the discal area, which is marked by a narrow transverse band
of pale yellow, followed by a conspicuous ocellus. The hind
wings are gray, darkest toward the base, behind the irregular
whitish transverse band which crosses the outer portion of the
disk.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

The species occurs in Montana, Minnesota, British America,
and Newfoundland. Newfoundland specimens, of which |
possess a large series, are distinctly darker in color than those
taken in the Northwest. Some recent writers are inclined to
regard this as a variety of the European C. typhon. I am per-
suaded that they are mistaken.

(4) Coenonympha ochracea, Edwards, Plate XXV, Fig. 11,
6; Fig. 12, 6, under side (The Ochre Ringlet).

Butterfiy.—Glossy ochreous, yellow above, with no markings
but those which show through from below. On the under side
the wings are marked precisely as in the preceding species, ex-
cept that there are two or three small rays on the secondaries
near the base, one on the cell and one on either side of it, of the

206

Genus Ccenonympha

same tint as the discal transverse band, and in some specimens
there is a series of incomplete marginal ocelli on the hind wings.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

Ochracea ranges from British Columbia to Arizona, as far
east as Kansas.

(5) Coenonympha ampelos, Edwards, Plate XXV, Fig. 21,
6, under side; Fig. 30, ¢ (The Ringless Ringlet).

Butterfily.—Distinguished from its allies by the total absence
of ocelli on both wings, above and below. Otherwise the
species is very near ochracea.

Early Stages.—These have been described with minute accu-
racy by Edwards in the ‘‘ Canadian Entomologist,” vol. xix, p. 41.

Ampelos occurs from Nevada and Montana westward to
Vancouver's Island.

(6) Ccenonympha kodiak, Edwards, Plate XXV, Fig. 22,
@ (The Alaskan Ringlet).

Butterfly.—Much darker both on the upper and under sides
than C. california, which in many other respects it resembles.
The figure in the plate is that of the type. It is as yet rare in
collections.

Early Stages. —Nothing is known ofthese. Itisfoundin Alaska.

(7) Coenonympha pamphiloides, Reakirt, Plate XXV, Fig.
27, 2, under side; Fig. 31, 6 (The Utah Ringlet).

Butterfly.— Rather larger than the other species of the genus
found in North America. Easily distinguished by the marginal
row of ocelli on the secondaries, which are always present,
though often “blind,” that is to say, without a distinct dark
pupil. The author of the species named it from a supposed
likeness to the European C. pamphilus. The resemblance is only
superficial. C. pamphilus is a much smaller insect and much
more plainly marked, judging from the large series of specimens
I have received from various European localities. Pamphilus has
no eye-spots on the hind wings. They are a conspicuous fea-
ture of pamphiloides, more so than in any other North American
species except C. haydent.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

Habitat, Utah and California.

(8) Coenonympha haydeni, Plate XXV, Fig. 24, ¢, under
side (Hayden’s Ringlet).

Butterfly.—Dark immaculate mouse-gray on the upper side.

207

Genus Erebia

On the under side the wings are pale hoary gray, with the hind
wings adorned by a marginal series of small ocelli, black, ringed
about with yellow and pupiled with pale blue.

Early Stages.— Unknown.

Hayden’s Ringlet is found in Montana, Idaho, Wyoming,
and Colorado.

Genus EREBIA, Dalman
(The Alpines)

“Then we gather, as we travel,
Bits of moss and dirty gravel,
And we chip off little specimens of stone;
And we carry home as prizes
Funny bugs of handy sizes,
Just to give the day a scientific tone.”
Cuartes EDWARD CarRrYL.

Butterfly.— Medium-sized or small butterflies, dark in color,
wings marked on the under side with eye-like spots; the
antenne short, with a gradually thickened club. The eyes are

naked. The costal vein of the fore wing is
generally strongly swollen at the base. The
subcostal vein is five-branched; the first two
nervules generally emitted before the end
of the cell; the third nearer the fourth than
the end of the cell; the fourth and fifth ner-
vules spring from a common stem, the
fourth terminating immediately on the apex.
The lower radial is frequently projected in-
wardly into the cell from the point where
it intersects the union of the middle and
lower discocellular veins. The outer mar-
gins of both wings are evenly rounded.
Egg.—Subconical, flattened at the base
Fic. 118.—Neuration and at the top, the sides marked by nu-
of the’genus Erebia, en- 6 : : 2
larged. merous raised vertical ridges, which oc-
casionally branch or intersect each other.

Caterpillar.—The head is globular, the body cylindrical,
tapering gradually backward from the head, the last segment
slightly bifurcate.

208

Genus Erebia

Chrysalis.— The chrysalis is formed about the roots of grass
and on the surface of the ground, either lying loosely there or
surrounded by a few strands of silk. The chrysalis is convex,
both ventrally and dorsally, humped on the thorax, produced at
the head; all the projections well rounded. The chrysalids are
generally some shade of light brown or ashen-gray, with darker
stripes and spots. This genus is arctic, and only found in the
cooler regions of the North or upon elevated mountain summits.
A few species range downward to lower levels in more temperate
climates, but these are exceptional cases.

(1) Erebia discoidalis, Kirby, Plate XXV, Fig. 19, ¢ (The
Red-streaked Alpine).

Butterfly.— Easily distinguished by the plain black wings, re-
lieved by a reddish-brown shade on the disk of the primaries on
the upper side.

Early Stages.—Hitherto undescribed.

This species is found in the far North. My specimens came
from the shores of Hudson Bay.

(2) Erebia disa, var. mancinus, Doubleday and Hewitson,
Plate XXV, Fig. 23, 6 (The Alaskan Alpine).

Butterflv.—The wings are dark brown on the upper side.
On the outer third below the apex are three or four black ocelli,
broadly ringed with red and pupiled with white. The upper
ocellus is generally bipupiled, that is to say, the black spot is
twinned, and there are two small light spots in it. On the
under side the fore wings are as on the upper side. The hind
wings are broadly sown with gray scales, giving them a hoary
appearance. The base is more or less gray, and there is a broad,
regularly curved mesial band of dark gray, which in some speci-
mens is very distinct, in others more or less obsolete. The
female does not differ from the male, except that the ocelli on
the fore wings are larger and more conspicuous.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

This species is found in Alaska and on the mountains of
British Columbia.

(3) Erebia callias, Edwards, Plate XXV, Fig. 20, 4 (The
Colorado Alpine).

Butterfly.—Pale brown on the upper side, with a more or
less indistinctly defined broad transverse band of reddish on the
outer third of the fore wings. At the apical end of this band are

209

Genus Erebia

two black ocelli, pupiled with white. The fore wings on the
under side are reddish, with the costa and outer margin grayish.
The ocelli on this side are as on the upper side. The hind wings
are gray, dusted with brown scales and crossed by narrow, irreg-
ular, dark-brown subbasal, median, and submarginal lines.

Early Stages.— Unknown.

This species is not uncommon on the high mountains of
Colorado and New Mexico. It is regarded as a variety of the
European E. tyndarus, Esper, by many. All the specimens of
tyndarus in my collection, and there are many, lack the ocelli on
the fore wing, or they are very feebly indicated on the under
side. Otherwise the two forms agree pretty closely.

(4) Erebia epipsodea, Plate XXV, Fig. 28, ¢ (The Common
Alpine).

Butterfly.—The wings are dark brown on the upper side, with
four or five black ocelli, pupiled with white and broadly sur-
rounded by red near the outer margin of the fore wings, and
with three or four similar ocelli located on the upper side of
the hind wings. The spots on the upper side reappear on the
under side, and in addition the hind wings are covered by a
broad curved median blackish band.

Early Stages.—TYhese have been carefully described by Ed-
wards in ‘‘The Butterflies of North America,” vol. ili, and by H. H.
Lyman in the ‘‘Canadian Entomologist,” vol. xxviii, p. 274.
The caterpillar feeds on grasses.

The species ranges from New Mexico (at high elevations)
northward to Alaska. It is common on the mountains of
British Columbia.

(5) Erebia sofia Strecker (ethela, Edwards), Plate XXV,
Fig. 18, 2 (Sofia .

Butterfly.—Dark brown on the upper side, with an even
submarginal band of red spots on the primaries, and five similar
spots on the secondaries, the last two of the latter somewhat
distant from each other and from the first three, which are
nearer the outer angle. On the under side the primaries are
reddish, with the submarginal band as on the upper side, but
paler. On the secondaries, which are a little paler below than
above, the spots of the upper side are repeated, but they are
yellowish-white, standing forth conspicuously upon the darker
ground-color.

210

Genus Geirocheilus

Early Stages.—Hitherto undescribed.

Sofia has been found at Fort Churchill in British America, in
the Yellowstone National Park, and in a few localities in Colo-
rado. It is still rare in collections. The figure in the plate is
that of the female type of Edwards’ ethela, ethela being a
synonym for sofia.

(6) Erebia magdalena, Strecker, Plate XXV, Fig. 17, 2
(Magdalena).

Butterfly.— Uniformly dark blackish-brown on both sides of
the wings, with no spots or markings.

Early Stages.—These have been partially described and figured
by Edwards.

This species has thus far been found only in Colorado at an
elevation of from ten to twelve thousand feet above sea-level.

There are two or three other species of this obscure genus,
but they are rare boreal insects, of which little is as yet known.

Genus GEIROCHEILUS, Butler

Butterfly.—Medium-sized butterflies, dark in color, with light
eye-like spots on the primaries and brown borders on the secon-
daries. The antennz are short, with a gradually tapering club;
the palpi are long, slender, compressed, well
clothed with scales on the lower surface. The
costa of the fore wings is strongly arched, the
outer margin evenly rounded, the outer margin
of the hind wings regularly scalloped. The
costal vein of the primaries is somewhat
thickly swollen at the base.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

(1) Geirocheilus tritonia, Edwards, Plate
XVIII, Fig. 21, 4 (Tritonia).

Butterflyv.—The wings of the upper side
are dark brown, with a submarginal row of
white-centered ocelli below the apex of the _,Fi6.119.—Neuration

; : : ; of the genus Geirochei-
primaries. The secondaries are marked with 1ws,
a submarginal band of red. On the under
side the fore wings are as on the upper side. The hind wings
have the submarginal band purplish-red, irrorated with whitish-

21!

Genus Neominois

and dark-brown scales, on the inner edge relieved by a number
of imperfectly developed ocelli, which are partially ringed about
on the side of the base by pale yellow.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

Tritonia occurs in southern Arizona and northern Mexico.

Genus NEOMINOIS, Scudder

Butterfly.—Medium-sized, with the costa and inner margin
of the fore wing straight, the outer margin of the same wing
evenly rounded. The hind wings have the outer margin evenly
rounded, and the costal margin quite strongly produced, or bent
at an angle, just above the origin of the costal vein. The
inner margin is straight. The costal vein of the fore wing is
slightly swollen. The costal margin at the extremity of the
second costal nervule is slightly bent in-
ward; the upper discocellular vein is
wanting; the lower radial vein is emit-
ted from the lower discocellular a little
below the point at which it unites with
the middle discocellular. The middle
discocellular of the hind wing appears
as an inward continuation of the lower
radial for some distance, when it bends
upward suddenly to the origin of the
upper radial. The head is small; the an-
tennz are short, with a thin, gradually
developed club; the palpi are slender,
Fic. 120.—Neuration of the ge- compressed, well clothed with long hairs

nus Neominois, enlarged.
below.

Egg.—The egg is somewhat barrel-shaped, broader at the
base than at the top, with the summit rounded. The sides are
ornamented with fourteen or fifteen vertical raised ridges, which
are quite broad, and sometimes fork or run into each other. On
the sides these ridges seem to be regularly excised at their bases,
and between them on the surface are many horizontal raised
cross-lines, giving the depressed surface the appearance of being
filled with shallow cells.

Caterpillar.—The mature caterpillar has the head globular,

212

Genus Neominois

the body cylindrical, gradually tapering backward, and provided
with two very short conical anal horns.

Chrysalis.—The chrysalis is formed under the surface of the
earth; it is rounded, somewhat carinate, or keel-shaped, where
the wing-cases unite on the ventral side. The head is rounded,
the thorax strongly arched, the dorsal side of the abdomen very
convex. On either side of the head are small clusters of fine
processes shaped somewhat like an Indian club, the thickened
part studded with little spur-like projections. These can only
be seen under the microscope.

But two species of the genus are known within our faunal
limits.

(1) Neominois ridingsi, Edwards, Plate XXV, Fig. 15, 2
(Ridings’ Satyr).

Butterfly.—Yhe upper side is well depicted in the plate.
The under side is paler than the upper side, and the basal and me-
dian areas of both wings are profusely mottled with narrow pale-
brown striz, the secondaries crossed by a darker mesial band, the
outer margin of which is sharply indented. Expanse, 1.50 inch.

Early Stages.—These have been beautifully ascertained, de-
scribed, and figured by Edwards in the third volume of “ The
Butterflies of North America.” The egg, larva, and chrysalis
agree with the generic description already given, which is based
upon the researches of Edwards.

It is found in the Mountain States of the Pacific coast.

(2) Neominois dionysius, Scudder, Plate XXV, Fig. 16, 4
(Scudder’s Satyr).

Butter fly.—Distinguished from the preceding species by the
larger and paler submarginal markings on the upper side of the
wings and the pale color of the basal tract in both wings. On
the under side the median band of the secondaries is narrower
and more irregularly curved than in r7dings?, with the dentations
of the outer margin more sharply produced. Expanse, 1.90 inch.

Early Stages. —Nothing has been written on the early stages,
but no doubt they agree closely with those of the other species.

It is found in Utah, Colorado, and Arizona.

“Hast thou heard the butterflies,
What they say betwixt their wings?”
Tennyson, Adeline.

Genus Satyrus

Genus SATYRUS, Westwood
(The Wood-nymphs)

“Fluttering, like some vain, painted butterfly,
From glade to glade along the forest path.”
ArnoLD, Light of Asia,

Butterfly.—Butterflies of medium size, their wings marked with

eye-like spots, or ocelli. Upon the upper surface they are generally

obscurely colored of some shade of gray or brown,

occasionally marked with bands of yellow. On

the under side the wings are generally beautifully

striated and spotted, with the eye-like spots more

prominent. The costal vein at the base is greatly

swollen; the median and submedian veins less

so. The first and second subcostal nervules

arise very near the end of the cell, slightly be-

fore it. The outer margin of the fore wing is

evenly rounded; the outer margin of the hind

Fic. 121.-Neu. Wing somewhat scalloped; the head small, the

ration of the genus eyes of moderate size, full, naked; the antennz

canes (After oradually thickening to a broadly rounded club,

which is slightly depressed; the palpi slender,

compressed, profusely clothed beneath with long hairs. The
fore legs are very small.

Egg.—Short, barrel-shaped, greatly diminishing in size on
the upper half; truncated at the summit; the sides furnished
with a large number of vertical ribs, not very high, with numer-
ous delicate cross-lines between them. At the summit the ribs
are connected by a waved, raised elevation.

Caterpillar.—Head globular; body cylindrical, tapering from
the middle forward and backward; provided with short and
slender diverging anal horns.

Chrysalis.—Shaped very much as in the genus Deb7s, from
which it is hardly distinguishable. Generally green in color.

This genus includes numerous species which are more or less
subject to varietal modifications. In the following pages I have
treated as species a number of forms which by some writers are
reckoned as mere varieties. Whether the view of those who
regard these forms in the light of varieties is correct is not per-

214

EXPLANATION OF Plate XXVI

. Satyrus alope, Fabricius, 3. 12. Satyrus charou, Edwards, 9.

. Satyrus alope, Fabricius, 2. 13. Satyrus meadi, Edwards, 9.

. Satprus nephele, Kirby, o. . Salyrus meadi, Edwards, dj, wider

. Satyrus nephele, Kirby, 2, under Esiden- :

side. 5. Satyrus baroii, Edwards, &.

. Satyrus ariane, Boisduval, 3. ' 10. Satprus baroni, Edwards, ¢, under

. Satyrus ariane, Boisduval, 2, under —_—_ side. i

side. . 17. Satyrus gabbi, Edwards, 2, under

. Satprus etus, Boisduval, 3g. side.

. Satyrus etus, Boisduval, o, wider 18. Satyrus pegala, Fabricius, 2, under

side. Seaside: ‘ ia

9. Satyrus olympus, Edwards, 3. 19. Satyrus paulus, Edwards, gf, under
. Satyrus olympus, Edwards, 2, under side. ¥

side, 20, Satyrus sthenele, Boisduval, gi, ui-

. Satyrus charon, Edwards, 3’. der side. ~~ :

THE ButTERFLY Book. PLATE XXVI.

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J, HOLLAND, 1898.

Genus Satyrus

fectly plain to me, and we cannot be sure until more extensive
experiments in breeding have been carried out.

(1) Satyrus pegala, Fabricius, Plate XXVI, Fig. 18, 9, under
side (The Southern Wood-nymph).

Butterfly.—The largest species of the genus in our fauna,
easily recognized by the broad yellow submarginal band on the
primaries, marked with a single eye-spot in the male and two
eye-spots in the female. The plate gives a correct idea of the
under side of the wings. Expanse, 2.75 inches.

Early Stages.—These have only been partially ascertained.
The caterpillar, like all others of the genus, feeds on grasses.

This insect is found in the Gulf States and as far north as
New Jersey, and is probably only a large Southern form of the
next species.

(2) Satyrus alope, Fabricius, Plate XXVI, Fig. 1, ¢; Fig. 2,
@ ; Plate Ill, Fig. 18, Zarva (The Common Wood-nymph).

Butterfly. —Closely resembling the preceding species, but only
two thirds of its size. The figures in our plate give a correct
idea of its appearance. The number of the ocelli is not constant,
and occasionally specimens occur in which they are almost want-
ing. Several varietal forms have been described: S. maritima, from
Long Island and Martha’s Vineyard, in which the wings are
smaller, the band inclined to orange-yellow, and the upper side
of the wings is darker than in the typical form; and S. fexana,
from the extreme South, in which the ground-color of the wings
is paler brown, the yellow band ochreous, and the spots on the
under side of the hind wings larger than in the other forms.

(a) Satyrus alope, form nephele, Kirby, Plate XXVI, Fig. 3,
3; Fig. 4, 2, under side, Plate lV, Figs. 7, 8, chrysalis (The
Clouded Wood-nymph).

This varietal form of S. alope, long held to be a species, but
now known to be a dimorphic variety, is characterized by the
partial or entire suppression of the yellow band on the primaries
and the tendency of the eye-spots to become obsolete. It is the
Northern form of the species, and is found in Canada, New Eng-
land, and on the continent generally, from the Atlantic to the
Pacific, north of the latitude of central New York and southward
on the mountain masses of the Appalachian ranges.

(4) Satyrus alope, form olympus, Edwards, Plate XXVI,
Fig. 9, 2; Fig. 10, 9, under side (Olympus).

215

Genus Satyrus

This form of S. alope is common in the region west of the
Mississippi. The males are a trifle darker and the females a
shade paler than in the form mephele, which they closely approxi-
mate, and from which it would almost be impossible to separate
them without a knowledge of the country whence they come.

In ariane we have a decidedly dwarfed form, in which the
males and the females are quite dark. The ocelli, though small,
are persistent, well defined, rarely showing a tendency to dis-
appear completely. This form is found in British America, Ore-
gon, and the northwestern portion of the United States.

(d) Satyrus baroni, Plate XXVI, Fig. 15, 4; Fig. 16, 3,
under side (Baron's Satyr).

This is another form, dark on the upper side and reddish
below, in which the ocelli on the under side show a tendency to
become obsolete, and in some specimens are wholly wanting.

There are other varietal forms, one of which, named bodpzs
by Behr, is commonly found on the Pacific coast in northern
California, Oregon, and Washington, and the ocelli, while prom-
inent on the upper side of the wings, are almost obsolete below.

Early Stages.—TYhe early stages of S. alope (typical form)
and its variety mephele have been well described by several
authors. The caterpillar feeds on grasses. There is, however,
a fine field for the entomologist to work out the causes of the
rather remarkable variation to which the species is subject.

(3) Satyrus gabbi, Edwards, Plate XXVI, Fig. 17, 2, under
side (Gabb’s Satyr).

Butterfly.—The male is dark reddish-brown, the female pale
fawn. The ocelli in both sexes are very well developed on both
sides of the wings. The anal series on the secondaries consists
of three spots, of which the one in the middle is always large.
Expanse, 2.25 inches.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

Gabb’s Satyr is found in Oregon and Utah.

(4) Satyrus meadi, Plate XXVI, Fig. 13, 9; Fig. 14, ¢,
under side (Mead’s Satyr).

Butterfly.—This well-marked species is comparatively small,
and may easily be distinguished from all others by the bright red
on the limbal area above and on the middle area of the prima-
ries below. Expanse, 1.60-1.75 inch.

216

Genus Satyrus

Early Stages.—These have been described and figured by
Edwards in ‘‘ The Butterflies of North America,” vol. ili. The
caterpillar is green, marked by paler stripes and lozenge-shaped
spots of pale green on the side. The chrysalis is pale green.
The egg is pale saffron. The caterpillars feed on grass.

Mead’s Satyr ranges through Colorado, Montana, Utah, and
Arizona.

(5) Satyrus paulus, Edwards, Plate XXVI, Fig. 19, 6, under
side (The Small Wood-nymph).

Butterfiy.—A little smaller than S. nephele, dark brown above
in both sexes, the fore wings always with two pupilate ocelli,
one near the apex, the other near the inner angle, most conspicu-
ously developed in the female. The secondaries have one or
two spots of the same kind near the anal angle. On the under
side the wings are pale reddish-brown, abundantly marked by
transverse striz. The primaries are marked with gray at the
apex and on the outer margin, and have a submarginal and sub-
median transverse ferruginous line, between which the ocelli are
located. The secondaries are crossed by a broad darker median
band defined inwardly and outwardly by narrow dark lines. The
outer third is pale gray, mottled with darker spots and lines, and
traversed by a dark ferruginous submarginal line. Expanse,
1.75-2.00 inches.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

Paulus occurs in California and Nevada. It has been regarded
as a variety of sthenele by some writers; but I am convinced of
its distinctness, though there is considerable resemblance.

(6) Satyrus charon, Edwards, Plate XXVI, Fig. 11, 6; Fig.
12, 2 (The Dark Wood-nymph).

Butterfly.—The male is dark in color; the female is paler.
There are two eye-spots on the fore wings in the usual location,
indistinct on the upper, distinct on the lower side of the wings.
The under sides of the wings are variable. In the type they are
dark; in other specimens they are paler. They may or may not
have ocelli on the secondaries. The form with obsolescent
ocelli has been named sz/vestris by Edwards. Both the fore and
hind wings are abundantly and evenly marked by little striz, and
crossed on either side of the median area by obscure, irregular,
transverse dark lines, either one or both of which may be want-
ing in some specimens. Expanse, 1.50-1.75 inch.

Early Stages.—These have been described and beautifully

217

Genus C£neis

figured by Edwards in the third volume of his great work, to
which the reader may refer. The caterpillar is green, cylindrical,
tapering before and behind, marked with longitudinal pale-yellow
lines. The chrysalis is green or black, striped with narrow white
lines. The egg is somewhat firkin-shaped, flat at the top and base,
vertically ribbed, and honey-yellow. The larva feeds on grasses.

Charon is found in the Northwest, ranging from British
Columbia as far as New Mexico.

(7) Satyrus cetus, Boisduval, Plate XXVI, Fig. 7, 4 ; Fig. 8,
6, under side (Boisduval’s Satyr).

Butterfly.—Larger than charon, paler on the upper side,
especially in the female sex, in which the outer third of the pri-
maries is reddish-fawn. On the under side the secondaries of
the male are without ocelli, or at most faint traces of ocelli ap-
pear. In the female the ocelli near the anal angle of the secon-
daries are usually well developed. Expanse, 1.60-2.00 inches.

Early Stages. —These await description.

The species is found in northern California.

(8) Satyrus sthenele, Boisduval, Plate XXVI, Fig. 20, 2,
under side (The Least Wood-nymph).

Butter fly.—Quite small, superficially resembling charon. The
female is paler and the ocelli are larger and more distinct than in
charon. The distinguishing mark of this species is the irregular,
dark, twice-strangulated band of the secondaries, bordered on
both sides externally by whitish shades. This is shown in our
figure. Expanse, 1.40-1.50 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

The species is Californian.

Genus CENEIS, Hiibner
(Chionobas, Bozsd.)
(The Arctics)

“ To reside

In thrilling region of thick-ribbed ice.”
SHAKESPEARE.

Buttexfily.—The antennz are short; the eyes of moderate size;
the front full, protuberant; the palpi slender; the fore wings
somewhat produced at the tip, with the outer margins rounded

218

Genus Cneis

and the hind margins very slightly, if at all, sinuated. The ner-
vules of the fore wings are slightly dilated toward the base; the
hind wings are elongated, oval, with the

outer margins evenly rounded. The col-

or of these butterflies is some shade of

brown; the outer margin is generally

lighter than the base of the wing, and is

marked with black spots, sometimes pu-

piled with white. The wings are gener-

ally marbled and mottled on the under

side, and sometimes crossed on the mid-

dle of the hind wings by a broad band of

darker color. The fringes are brown,

checkered with white.

Egg.— The egg is ovate-spherical,
higher than broad, marked on the side
from the apex to the base with raised F's. 122.—Neuration of the

; genus CEveis, enlarged.
sculptured ridges. These eggs are de-
posited, so far as we have been able to learn, on dried grass and
the stems of plants in proximity to the growing plants upon
which the young caterpillars are destined to feed.

Caterpillar.—The head of the caterpillar when it emerges
from the egg is somewhat larger than the rest of the body, but
as it passes successive moults and attains maturity the relative
thickness of the body increases, and the adult larva tapers a
little from about the middle in either direction. The larve are
pale green or brown, marked by darker stripes upon the back
and on the sides, the markings on the sides being in most spe-
cies more conspicuous than those on the back. The species all
feed on grasses.

Chrysalis.—The chrysalids are stout, very slightly angulated,
and are formed, so far as we know, unattached, under stones
and at the roots of grasses. When pupating, the caterpillar often
makes for itself a slight depression or cell in the soil, in which a
few threads of silk have been deposited, though not enough to
justify us in calling the structure a cocoon.

This genus is composed of butterflies which are mainly arctic
in their habitat, or dwell upon the summits of lofty mountains,
where the summer is but brief. Only a few species are found
at comparatively low elevations, and these in British America, or

219

Genus Cneis

the parts of the United States immediately contiguous to the
Canadian line. The most widely known of all the species up to
this time is the White Mountain Butterfly, CEmezs semidea, Say,
a colony of which has existed probably ever since the glacial
period upon the loftiest summit of Mount Washington, in New
Hampshire. A number of species are found in the region of the
Rocky Mountains. One species, Gnezs jutta, Hubner, occurs in
Maine, Nova Scotia, and parts adjacent. There are in all about
a score of species of this genus recognized by authors as occur-
ring in our fauna. In spite of the fact that these insects are
boreal or arctic in their habits, Mr. W. H. Edwards has with
marvelous skill and patience succeeded in obtaining the eggs
and rearing at his home in Coalburg, West Virginia, a number
of species. We are indebted to him for more of our knowledge
of the generic characteristics of these insects, in their early stages,
than had been ascertained hitherto during a century of investi-
gation. His work is one of the beautiful triumphs of that endur-
ing zeal which is a supreme quality in the naturalist. In their
early stages all of the species show a close likeness to one an-
other.

(1) G&neis gigas, Butler, Plate XXVII, Fig. 1, ¢; Fig. 2, 2
(The Greater Arctic).

Butterfiyv.—This, one of the largest species in the genus,
occurs on Vancouver's Island. The butterfly hides among the
dark mosses and upon the trunks of prostrate trees. The males
are vigilant and inquisitive, and dart out suddenly when alarmed,
or attracted by passing insects. The females have a slower and
more leisurely flight and are more readily taken. Expanse, 2.00-
2.25 inches.

Early Stages. —Edwards has figured the egg and the cater-
pillar in its first three stages, but the remaining life-history of
the species awaits investigation.

(2) GEneis iduna, Edwards, Plate XXVII, Fig. 4, ¢ (The
Iduna Butterfly).

Butterflv.—This insect, which even exceeds CE. gigas in size,
is found on the Coast Range in northern California. It is
decidedly lighter on the outer third of the wings than the pre-
ceding species, the male being prevalently a pale yellowish-
brown, with the basal and median areas of the fore wing dark
brown. On the under side the wings are somewhat lighter than

220

ExpLanaTION oF PLATE XXVII
4

1,: Bueis gigas, Butler, g. , 7. nets brucei, Edwards, 3".
Gineis gigas, Butler, 2. : _ 8. Gneis varuna, Edwards, J.
Gueis macouni, Edwards, 3. 9.. Eneis ivallda, Mead, 3.
CEneis iduna, Edwards, 3. 10. CEneis chryxus, Dbl.-Hew.,
GEneis jutta, Hiibner, 2. 11. CEnets semidea, Say, gi.

nets taygete, Hubner, 3". 12. CEneis ubleri, Reakirt, x.

THE BuTTERFLY Book. Pirate XXVII.

ce, aa

COPYRIGHTED BY W, J. HOLLAND, tAD8,

Genus Cneis

in the preceding species, and the transverse lines are more dis-
tinctly marked. Expanse, 2.00-2. 30 inches.

Early Stages.—These have been most beautifully delineated by
Edwards in the third volume of “The Butterflies of North America.”

(3) GEneis macouni, Edwards, Plate XXVII, Fig. 3, 4
(Macoun’s Arctic).

Butterfiy.—This species is closely allied to the two foregoing,
but may be distinguished by the broad median band of dark brown
traversing the under side of the hind wings, as well as by other
peculiarities of marking. It
lacks the bar of raised scales
which is found in the male sex
about the lower part of the cell
of the fore wing in most of the
species of the genus. It has
been found thus far only on
the north shore of Lake Su-
perior and at the eastern base
of the Rocky Mountains in
the territory of Alberta. Ex-
panse, 2.00—2.25 inches.

Early Stages. — For a know-
ledge of these in all their
minute details the reader is
again referred to the pages of
the indefatigable Edwards.

(4) GEneis chryxus, West- ; i
Woodypiate XVI Fis,10,6 mmm ae
(The Chryxus Butterfly).

Butterfly.—This species is widely distributed, being found in
Colorado, British Columbia, and the vicinity of Hudson Bay. It
is distinguished from other species by the darker brown color,
which covers the basal and median areas of both the fore and
hind wings, leaving a broad band of lighter brown on the outer
margin. On the under side the wings are beautifully mottled
with white and dark brown. (C@nezs calais, Scudder, is prob-
ably only a form of chryxus, which is somewhat lighter in color
on the base of the wings. Expanse, 1.60-1.75 inch.

Early Stages.—The life-history is fully recorded in the pages
of Edwards.

221

Genus C£neis

(5) Géneis ivallda, Mead, Plate XXVII, Fig. 9, 4 (Mead’s
Arctic).

Butterfly.—This species is easily distinguished from all others
by the peculiar pale ashen-brown of the upper side of the wings.
It is not a common species, and is apparently restricted to the
mountains of Nevada, principally about Lake Tahoe, though it
probably occurs elsewhere. Expanse, 1.90-2.10 inches.

Early Stages.— Unknown.

(6) GEneis varuna, Edwards, Plate XXVII, Fig. 8, 4 (The
Varuna Butterfly).

Butterflv.—This species is much smaller than any of those
which have thus far been mentioned. It is found in the prairie
lands of Montana, North Dakota, and the parts of Canada adjacent.
It is not uncommon about Calgary. It is light in color on the upper
side of the wings, and on the under side it is mottled with brown,
strongly marked with blackish blotches or shades. Expanse,
1.50-1.60 inch.

Early Stages. —These await description.

(7) Géneis uhleri, Reakirt, Plate XXVII, Fig. 12, ¢ (Uhler’s
Arctic).

Butterflv.—This species is found in Colorado. It is redder
on the upper side than varuna, and the females are generally
very richly ornamented with eye-spots on the outer borders of
both the fore and hind wings. Expanse, 1.45-1.55 inch.

Early Stages. —These have been most thoroughly described
and beautifully delineated by Edwards.
~ (8) G&neis jutta, Hibner, Plate XXVII, Fig. 5, @ (The Nova
Scotian).

Butterfilyv.—This beautiful species, which is also found in
Europe, is not uncommon in the State of Maine as far south as
Bangor, and occurs also in Nova Scotia, and ranges thence west-
ward to Ottawa and the Hudson Bay country. It is one of the
more conspicuous species of the genus, the eye-like spots upon
the wings having a very striking appearance. Expanse, 1.80-
2.10 inches.

Early Stages. —For a thorough knowledge of these the reader
may consult the pages of Scudder and Edwards.

(9) GEneis semidea, Say, Plate XXVII, Fig. 11, ¢ ; Plate Ill,
Figs. 1, 2, 4, 7, 15, Jarva; Plate IV, Figs. 4, 5, chrysalis (The
White Mountain Butterfly).

222

Genus Cneis

Butterflv.—This species has thin wings, and is much darker
in color than any of the species which have thus far been men-
tioned. It is restricted in its habitat to the summit of Mount
Washington, in New Hampshire, and only reappears on the high
mountains of Colorado and in Labrador. Its life-history has
been very carefully worked out. It is to be hoped that entomol-
ogists and tourists resorting to Mount Washington will not suf-
fer it to disappear by reason of too wholesale a capture of the
specimens, which hover about the barren rocks on which the
race has existed since the great continental ice-sheet melted away
and vanished from the face of New England. Expanse, 1.75
inch.

Early Stages.—The curious reader is again referred for a
knowledge of these to the pages of Scudder and Edwards.
They are similar to those of other species, and the generic de-
scription which has been given must suffice for all in this work.

(10) GSneis brucei, Edwards, Plate XX VII, Fig. 7, ¢ (Bruce’s
Arctic).

Butterfly.—Though somewhat closely related to the last spe-
cies, Bruce’s Arctic may at once be distinguished from it by the
broad dark band on the under side of the secondaries and the
great translucency of the wings, which permits a label to be
read through them. It is found in Colorado and in British Co-
lumbia at an elevation of from twelve to thirteen thousand feet
above sea-level. Expanse, 1.75 inch.

Early Stages.—All we know of these is contained in the
pages of Edwards’ great work.

(11) GEneis taygete, Hiibner, Plate XXVII, Fig. 6, ¢ (The
Labrador Arctic).

Butterfly.—Much like CE. brucei, but the wings are not so
translucent as in that species, and the broad mesial band on the
under side of the hind wings is differently shaped, being more
strongly directed outward just below the costa. The figure in
the plate is from a specimen taken at Nain, in Labrador. Ex-
panse, 1.75 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

There are eight or nine other species of Céne7s in our fauna,
but they are all arctic, and most of them very rare. Those we
have described and figured will give a good idea of the genus.

223

In the Face of the Cold

IN THE FACE OF THE COLD

When the full moon hangs high overhead, the snow creaks
underfoot, the north wind roars with furious blast, and the
trees of the forests crack in the frost with a report like that of
cannon, then, hanging in its little nest on the bare branches of
the wind-tossed trees, the tiny caterpillar of the Viceroy keeps
the spark of life where men freeze and die. Nothing in the
realm of nature is more wonderful than the manner in which
some of the most minute animal forms resist cold. The genera
Erebia and Cénets, and many species of the genus Brenthis, are,
as we have already learned, inhabitants of the arctic regions or
of lofty Alpine summits, the climate of which is arctic. Their
caterpillars often hibernate in a temperature of from forty to
fifty, and even seventy, degrees below zero, Fahrenheit.

It has been alleged that caterpillars freeze in the winter and
thaw out in the spring, at that time regaining their vitality.
Thus far the writer is unable to ascertain that any experiments
or observations have positively decided for or against this view.
A number of recorded cases in which caterpillars are positively
stated to have been frozen and to have afterward been found to
be full of vitality when thawed are open to question.

The most circumstantial account is that by Commander
James Ross, R.N., F. R.S., quoted by Curtis in the Entomo-
logical Appendix to the ‘‘ Narrative” of Sir John Ross’s second
voyage to the arctic regions. The specimens upon which the
observations were made were the caterpillars of Larza rossi, a
moth which is found abundantly in the arctic regions of North
America. [1 quote from the account: ‘‘ About thirty of the
caterpillars were put into a box in the middle of September, and
after being exposed to the severe winter temperature of the next
three months, they were brought into a warm cabin, where, in
less than two hours, every one of them returned to life, and
continued for a whole day walking about; they were again ex-
posed to the air at a temperature of about forty degrees below
zero, and became immediately hard-frozen; in this state they
remained a week, and on being brought again into the cabin,
only twenty-three came to life; these were, at the end of four
hours, put out once more into the air and again hard-frozen;

224

In the Face of the Cold

after another week they were again brought in, when only
eleven were restored to life; a fourth time they were exposed to
the winter temperature, and only two returned to life on being
again brought into the cabin; these two survived the winter,
and in May an imperfect Larza was produced from one, and six
flies from the other.”

The foregoing account seems to verify more thoroughly the
stories that have been told than anything else I have been able to
discover within the limits of entomological literature, but does
not conclude argument. It would be interesting in these days,
when methods of artificial freezing have been so highly per-
fected, to undertake a series of experiments to prove or disprove,
as the case may be, the view which has been held since the time
of the ancients. There is here a field for nice investigation on
the part of some reader of this book. In making the experiment
it probably would be well to select the larve of species which
are known to hibernate during the winter and to be capable of
withstanding a great degree of cold.

The effect of cold suddenly applied to the chrysalids of
butterflies at the moment of pupation is often to produce re-
markable changes in the markings. The spots upon the wings
of butterflies emerging from chrysalids thus treated are frequently
rendered more or less indistinct and blurred. The dark mark-
ings are intensified in color and enlarged; the pale markings
are also in some cases ascertained to experience enlargement.
Many of the strange and really beautiful aberrations known to
collectors have no doubt been produced by the action of frost
which has occurred at the season when the larva was pupating.
The species believed by the writer to be most prolific in aberra-
tions are species which pupate early in the spring from cater-
pillars which have hibernated or which pupate late in the
autumn. Some are species found at considerable altitudes
above sea-level, where late frosts and early frosts are apt to
occur. A number of very beautiful experiments upon the effect
of cold upon the color of butterflies have been made in recent
years, and some very curious phenomena have been observed.
The writer has in his collection a considerable number of
strikingly aberrant specimens which emerged from chrysalids
treated to a sudden artificial lowering of the temperature at the
critical period of pupation.

225

SUBFAMILY LIBYTHEIN/E (THE SNOUT-BUTTERFLIES)

“What more felicitie can fall to creature
Than to enjoy delight with libertie,
And to be Lord of all the workes of Nature,
To raigne in th’ aire from th’ earth to highest skie,
To feed on flowres and weeds of glorious feature,
To take whatever thing doth please the eie ?”
SPENSER.
Butterfly.—The butterflies of this family are very readily dis-
tinguished from all others by their long projecting palpi, and by
the fact that the males have four feet adapted to walking, while
the females have six, in which respect they approach the Ery-
cinidee.
Only one genus is represented in our faunal region, the
genus Libythea.

Genus LIBYTHEA, Fabricius
(The Snout-butterflies)

Butterfly.—Rather small in size, with the eyes moderately
large; the antennz with a distinct club at the end; the palpi
with the last joint extremely long and heavily clothed with hair.

The wings have the outer margin strongly excised

between the first median nervule and the lower

radial vein. Between the upper and lower radial

veins the wing is strongly produced outwardly;

the inner margin is bowed out toward the base

before the innerangle. The costa of the hind wing

is bent upward at the base and excised before

Fe tt the outer angle; the wing is produced at the
ration of the genus €Nds of the subcostal vein, the third median ner-
Libythea, vule, and the extremity of the submedian vein.
There is also a slight projection at the extremity of the first me-
dian nervule. Of these projections the one at the extremity of

226

Genus Libythea

the third median nervule is the most pronounced. The cell of
the primaries and of the secondaries is lightly closed.

Egg.—The egg is ovoid, nearly twice as high as wide, with nar-
row vertical ridges on the sides, every other ridge much higher than
its mate and increasing in height toward the vertex, where they ab-
ruptly terminate, their extremities ranging around the small de-
pressed micropyle. Between these ridges are minute cross-lines.

Caterpillar.—The caterpillar has the head small, the anterior
segments greatly swollen and overarching the head. The re-
mainder of the body is cylindrical.

Chrysalis.—The chrysalis is of a somewhat singular shape,
the abdomen conical, the head sharply pointed, a raised ridge
running from the extremity of the head to the middle of the first
abdominal segment on either side, and between these ridges is
the slightly projecting thoracic tubercle. On the ventral side
the outline is nearly straight.

The caterpillar feeds upon Celtis occidentalis. Three species
are reckoned as belonging to our fauna. It is, however, doubtful
whether these species are in reality such, and there is reason to
believe that the three are merely varietal forms or races, no struc-
tural difference being apparent in any of them, and the only dif-
ferences consisting in the ground-color of the wings.

(1) Libythea bachmanni, Kirtland, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 1, 2;
Fig. 2, ¢, under side; Plate V, Figs. 23, 24, chrysalis (The
Snout-butterfly).

Butterfly.—Easily distinguished from the following species
by the redder color of the light spots on the upper side of the
wings. Expanse, 1.75 inch.

Early Stages.—The generic description must suffice for these.
They have been frequently described.

The butterfly ranges from New England and Ontario south-
ward and westward over the whole country as far as New
Mexico and Arizona.

(2) Libythea carinenta, Cramer, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 3, ¢
(The Southern Snout-butterfly).

Butterfly.—Much like the preceding species, but readily dis-
tinguished from it by the paler yellowish-fulvous light markings
of the upper side of the wings. Expanse, 1.75 inch.

Early Stages. —These have not been carefully described as yet.

L. carinenta ranges from New Mexico into South America.
22

FAMILY II. LEMONIID/E

SUBFAMILY ERYCININ/E (THE METAL-MARKS)

“1 wonder what it is that baby dreams.
Do memories haunt him of some glad place
Butterfly-haunted, halcyon with flowers,
Where once, before he found this earth of ours,
He walked with glory filling his sweet face?”
EDGAR FAWCETT.

Butterfly.—Small, the males having four ambulatory feet,
the females six, in which respect they resemble the Libytheinz,
from which they may readily be distinguished by the small palpi.
There is great variety in the shape and neuration of the wings.
The genera of this subfamily have the precostal vein on the ex-
treme inner margin of the wing; in some genera free at its end,
and projecting so as to form a short frenulum, as in many gen-
era of the moths. In addition the costal vein sends up a branch
at the point from which the precostal is usually emitted. This
apparent doubling of the precostal is found in no other group of
butterflies, and is a strong diacritical mark by which they may

PC be recognized. They are said to carry their

wings expanded when at rest, and frequently

alight on the under surface of leaves, in this

respect somewhat approaching in their habit

the pyralid moths. Many of the species are

most gorgeously colored; but those which are

Fic. 125.—Neura- found within our region are for the most part

tion of base of hind pot gaily marked. They may be distinguished
wing of the genus Le- ; :

monias: PC, precostal from the Lycenidz not only by the peculiar neu-

vein; PC’, second ration and manner of carrying the wings, but by

precostal vein. : Bai ie E

the relatively longer and more slender antenne.

Early Stages. —Comparatively little is known of these, though
in certain respects the larve and the chrysalis show a relationship

228

EXPLANATION oF PLaTeE XXVIII

Libythea bachmanm, Kirtland, @. 22.

: 2. Eumaus atala, Poey, 3%, under
. Libythea bachmanni, Kirtland, ¢, side.
under side. 23. Chrysophanus virginiensis, Edwards,
. Libythea carinenta, Cramer, 3. Ge x
. Lemonias cythera, Edwards, 2, 24. Chivsophanus virginiensis, Edwards,
under side. ; OF
Lemonias cythera, Edwards, 3. 25. Chrysophanus hypophleus, Boisdu-
Lemonias virgulti, Behr, 3. val, o:
Lemonias mormo, Felder, g\, wider 20. Chrrsophanus editha, Mead, J’.
side, 27. Chrysophanus editha, Mead, 2.
Lemonias ais, Edwards, &. 28. Chrysophanus epixanthe, Boisd.-
Lemonias nats, Edwards, 2. bee. ort ;
Lemonias durvf, Edwards, 2. 290. Chrusophanus xanthoides, Boisduval,
Lemonias palmeri, Edwards, 3’. fats
Calephelis borealis, Gyote and Rob- 30. Chrrsophanius xanthoides, Boisduval,
inson, @', wider side. ; ar

Calephelis borealis, Grote and Rob- 31, Chrvsophanus tho®, Boisd.-Lec., 5.
inson, ¢. Chrvsophanus thot, Boisd.-Lec., 2.

Calephelis nemesis, Edwards, 6. 33. Chivsophanus helloides, Boisduval,

Calephelis australis, Edwards, 3). S- ic
Calephelis caenius, Linnzeus, g. 34. Chrvsophanus helloides, Boisduval,
Lemonias zela, Butler, o. ON

Lemonias zela, Butler, 2. 35. Chrisophanus gorgon, Boisduyal,- 3.

Lemonias cleis, Edwards, 3. 36. Chrysophanus gorgon, Boisduyal, 2.

Lemonias cleis, Edwards, &. 37. Chivsophanus mariposa, Reakirt, 3.

7
» Foniseca tarquinius, Fabricius, f. 38. Chrysophanus mariposa, Reakirt, 2.

THE BUTTERFLY Book. Pate XXVIII

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, 1h98,

Genus Lemonias

ta the Lyczenidz, with which some writers have in fact grouped
them, but erroneously, as the writer believes.

Almost all of the species are American, and the family attains
its highest development in the tropical regions of South America.

Genus LEMONIAS, Westwood

Butterfly.— Small, brightly colored, the sexes often differing
greatly in appearance from each other. The eyes are naked.
The palpi are produced, porrect; the last joint is short, thin,
pointed, and depressed. The antennz are moderately
long, provided with a gradually thickening, incon-
spicuous club. The upper discocellular vein is _Z
wanting in the fore wing. The middle and lower
discocellulars are of equal length. The hind wing
has the end of the cell obliquely terminated by the S
middle and lower discocellular veins. The apex of Fig. 126.—
the fore wing is somewhat pointed, the outward mar- Neuration of
gin straight. The outward margin of the hind wing is Ca
evenly rounded.

Egg.— Flattened, turban-shaped, with a small, depressed, cir-
cular micropyle, the whole surface covered with minute hexag-
onal reticulations.

Caterpillar.— Short, flattened, tapering posteriorly; the seg-
ments arched; provided with tufts of hair ranged in longitudinal
series, the hairs on the sides and at the anal extremity being long,
bent outward and downward.

Chrysalis.— Short, suspended at the anal extremity, and held
in position by a silk girdle, but not closely appressed to the
surface upon which pupation has taken place; thickly covered
with short, projecting hair.

The citadel of this genus is found about the head waters of
the Amazon, where there are many species. Thence the genus
spreads northward and southward, being represented in the
limits of our fauna by only a few species, which are found on the
extreme southern borders of the United States.

(1) Lemonias mormo, Felder, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 7, 4, under
side (The Mormon).

Butterfly.—The wings on the upper side are dark ashen-gray,

229

Genus Lemonias

with the primaries from the base to the limbal area, and inwardly
as far as the bottom of the cell and the first median nervule, red.
The wings are profusely marked with white spots variously
disposed. The under side is accurately depicted in our plate.
Expanse, 1.10 inch.

Early Stages.—These have not been studied.

The Mormon is found in Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, and
California.

(2) Lemonias duryi, Edwards, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 10, 9
(Dury’s Metal-mark).

Butterfly.—The only specimen as yet known is the type
figured in our plate. I doubt whether it is entitled to specific
rank, and am inclined to believe it to be a form of the succeeding
species in which red has replaced the greater part of the gray on
the upper side of both wings. Expanse, 1.25 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

The specimen came from New Mexico.

(3) Lemonias cythera, Edwards, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 4, 2,
under side; Fig. 5, 6 (Cythera).

Butterfiy.— Distinguished from L. mormo by the red sub-
marginal band on the secondaries on the upper side, the greater
prevalence of red on the primaries, and by the tendency of the
spots on the under side of the secondaries, just after the costa,
to fuse and form an elongate pearly-white ray. The sub-
marginal spots on the lower side of the fore wings are smaller
than in mormo. The sexes do not differ except in size. Ex-
panse, 1.00-1.30 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

Cythera is found in Arizona and Mexico.

(4) Lemonias virgulti, Behr, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 6, 4 (Behr’s
Metal-mark).

Butterfiv.— Much like the preceding species on the upper side
of the wings, but darker. The hind wings on the under side are
much darker than in L. cythera, and the pearly-white spots
relatively smaller, standing out very distinctly on this darker
ground. Expanse, .90-1.10 inch.

Early Stages.— Undescribed.

Virgulti is common in southern California and Mexico.

(5) Lemonias nais, Edwards, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 8, 4; Fig.
9, 2 (Nais).

230

Genus Lemonias

Butterfly.—The ground-color of the upper side is bright red,
clouded with fuscous on the base of the hind wings and bor-
dered with the same color. There is a small precostal white
spot on the primaries near the apex. The wings are profusely
marked with small black spots arranged in transverse series and
bands. The fringes are checkered with white. On the under
side the wings are pale reddish, mottled with buff on the secon-
daries. The black spots and markings of the upper side reappear
on the under side and stand out boldly on the lighter ground-
color. Expanse, 1.00-1.25 inch.

Early Stages.—These are beautifully delineated in ‘‘ The But-
terflies of North America,” vol. ii. The egg is pale green, turban-
shaped, covered with hexagonal reticulations. The caterpillar is
rather stout and short, the first segment projecting over the head.
The body is somewhat flattened and tapering behind, covered with
tufts of hairs projecting outward and downward on all sides,
only the two rows of short tufts on the back sending their hairs
upward. The color is mouse-gray, striped longitudinally on the
back with yellowish-white, the tufts more or less ringed about at
their base with circles of the same color. The chrysalis is black-
ish-brown, attached at the anal end, held in place bya girdle, but
not closely appressed to the surface on which pupation has taken
place, and thickly studded with small projecting hairs. The larva
lives on the wild plum.

Nazis occurs from Colorado to Mexico east of the Rocky
Mountains.

(6) Lemonias palmeri, Edwards, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 11, 3
(Palmer’s Metal-mark).

Butterfly.—Smaller than any of the preceding species. The
ground-color of the wings is mouse-gray, spotted with white; on
the under side the wings are whitish-gray, laved with pale red
at the base of the fore wings. The white spots of the upper side
reappear on the under side. Expanse, .75-.95 inch.

Early Stages.—These are, so far as they have been worked
out by Edwards, quite similar in many respects to those of the
preceding species.

The range of the species is from Utah southward to Mexico.

(7) Lemonias zela, Butler, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 17, 6 ; Fig. 18,
@ (Zela).

Butterfly.—The upper side of both sexes is delineated in the

231

Genus Calephelis

plate. On the under side the wings are pale red, marked with a
few black spots, representing on the under side the markings
of the upper side. Of these, the spots of the median and sub-
marginal bands are most conspicuous. Expamse, 1.00-1.35
inch.

(a) Lemonias zela, Butler, var. cleis, Edwards, Plate XXVIII,
Fig. 19, 6; Fig. 20, 2 (Cleis).

The pale variety, clezs, is sufficiently well represented in our
plate to need no description. On the under side it is like L.
xela.

“he species occurs in Arizona and Mexico.

Genus CALEPHELIS, Grote and Robinson

Butter fiy.—Very small, brown or reddish in color, with me-
tallic spots upon the wings. Head small; eyes naked; antennz
relatively long, slender, with a bluntly rounded
club. Palpi very short; the third joint small,
pointed. The accompanying cut shows the neu-
ration.
Early Stages.—Entirely unknown.
(1) Calephelis cznius, Linnzus, Plate
XXVIII, Fig. 16, ¢ (The Little Metal-mark).
Fic. 127.— Neu- Butterfly.—V ery small, reddish-brown on the
He oe genus ypper side, brighter red on the under side. On
both the upper and under sides the wings are
profusely spotted with small steely-blue metallic markings, ar-
ranged in more or less regular transverse series, especially on the
outer margin. Expanse, .75 inch.
Early Stages.—The life-history is unknown.
Cenius is common in Florida, and ranges thence northward
to Virginia and westward to Texas.
(2) Calephelis borealis, Grote and Robinson, Plate XXVIII,
Fig. 12, 6, under side; Fig. 13, 6 (The Northern Metal-mark).
Butterfly.—Fully twice as large as the preceding species. The
wings on the upper side are sooty-brown, spotted with black,
and marked by a marginal and submarginal series of small me-
tallic spots. On the under side the wings are light red, spotted
with a multitude of small black spots arranged in regular series.

232

Uncle Jotham’s Boarder

The two rows of metallic spots near the margins are repeated
more distinctly on this side. Expanse, 1.15 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

This rare insect has been taken from New York to Virginia,
and as far west as Michigan and Illinois. The only specimen |
have ever seen in life I took at the White Sulphur Springs in West
Virginia. It settled on the under side of a twig of black birch,
with expanded wings, just over my head, and by a lucky stroke
of the net I swept it in.

(3) Calephelis australis, Edwards, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 14, 2
(The Southern Metal-mark).

Buiterfly.—The wings in the male sex are more pointed at
the apex than in the preceding species, and in both sexes are
smaller in expanse. The color of the upper side of the wings is
dusky, on the under side pale yellowish-red. On both sides the
wings are obscurely marked with dark spots arranged in trans-
verse series. The marginal and submarginal metallic bands of
spots are as in the preceding species. Expanse, 1.00 inch.

Early Stages.— Unknown.

Australis ranges from Texas and Arizona into Mexico.

(4) Calephelis nemesis, Edwards, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 15, ¢
(The Dusky Metal-mark).

Butterfily.—Very small,—as small as cenius,— but with the
fore wings at the apex decidedly pointed in the male sex. The
wings are dusky-brown above, lighter obscure reddish below.
Both the primaries and the secondaries on the upper side are
crossed by a dark median band, broader on the primaries at the
costa. The metallic markings are quite small and indistinct. Ex-
panse, .85 inch.

Early Stages.— Unknown.

Nemesis occurs in Arizona and southern California.

UNCLE JOTHAM’S BOARDER

‘€T ve kep’ summer boarders for years, and allowed
I knowed all the sorts that there be;
But there come an old feller this season along,
That turned out a beater for me.
Whatever that feller was arter, | vow
I hain’t got the slightest idee.

233

Uncle Jotham’s Boarder

‘*He had an old bait-net of thin, rotten stuff
That a minner could bite his way through;
But he never went fishin’— at least, in the way
That fishermen gen/’ally do;
But he carried that bait-net wherever he went;
The handle was j’inted in two.

‘*And the bottles and boxes that chap fetched along!
Why, a doctor would never want more;
If they held pills and physic, he ’d got full enough
To fit out a medicine-store.
And he ’d got heaps of pins, dreffle lengthy and slim,
Allers droppin’ about on the floor.

‘‘Well, true as I live, that old feller just spent
His hull days in loafin’ about
And pickin’ up hoppers and roaches and flies —
Not to use for his bait to ketch trout,
But to kill and stick pins in and squint at and all.
He was crazy ’s a coot, th’ ain’t no doubt.

“He ’d see a poor miller a-flyin’ along, —
The commonest, every-day kind,—
And he ’d waddle on arter it, fat as he was,
And foller up softly behind,
Till he ’d flop that-air bait-net right over its head,
And I'd laugh till nigh out of my mind.

‘Why, he ’d lay on the ground for an hour at a stretch
And scratch in the dirt like a hen;
He ’d scrape all the bark off the bushes and trees,
And turn the stones over; and then
He’d peek under logs, or he ’d pry into holes.
I’m glad there ain’t no more sech men.

“My wife see a box in his bedroom, one day,
Jest swarmin’ with live caterpillars;
He fed ’em on leaves off of all kinds of trees—
The ellums and birches and willers;
And he ’d got piles of boxes, chock-full to the top
With crickets and bees and moth-millers.

“‘T asked him, one time, what his business might be.
Of course, I fust made some apology.
He tried to explain, but such awful big words!
Sorto’ forren, outlandish, and collegey.
’S near ’s I can tell, ’stead of enterin’ a trade,
He was tryin’ to jest enter mology.

234

Mimicry

‘And Hannah, my wife, says she ’s heerd o’ sech things;
She guesses his brain warn’t so meller.
There ’s a thing they call Nat’ral Histerry, she says,
And, whatever the folks there may tell her,
Till it ’s settled she ’s wrong she ’Il jest hold that-air man
Was a Nat’ral Histerrical feller.”
ANNIE TRUMBULL SLOSSON.

MIMICRY

Protective mimicry as.it occurs in animals may be the simula-
tion in form or color, or both, of natural objects, or it may be the
simulation of the form and color of another animal, which for
some reason enjoys immunity from the attacks of species which
ordinarily prey upon its kind. Of course this mimicry is uncon-
scious and is the result of a slow process of development which
has, no doubt, gone on for ages.

Remarkable instances of mimicry, in which things are simu-
lated, are found in the insect world. The ‘‘ walking-sticks,”’ as
they are called, creatures which resemble the twigs of trees;
the ‘‘leaf-insects,’”’ in which the foliage of plants is apparently
reproduced in animate forms; the ‘‘leaf-butterfly ”’ of India, in
which the form and the color and even the venation of leaves are
reproduced, are illustrations of mimicry which are familiar to all
who have given any attention to the subject.

Repulsive objects are frequently mimicked. A spider has
been lately described from the Indo-Malayan region, which, as it
rests upon the leaves, exactly resembles a patch of bird-lime.
The resemblance is so exact as to deceive the most sagacious,
and the discovery of the creature was due to the fact that the
naturalist who happened to see it observed, to his surprise, that
what he was positive was a mass of ordure was actually in
motion. A similar case of mimicry is observable among some of
the small acontiid moths of North America. One of these is pure
white, with the tips of the fore wings dark greenish-brown. It
sits on the upper side of leaves, with its fore wings folded over,
or rolled about the hind wings, and in this attitude it so nearly
approximates in appearance the ordure of a sparrow as to have
often deceived me when collecting.

23)

FAMILY III. LYC/ENID/E
(THE BLUES, THE COPPERS, THE HAIR-STREAKS)

SUBFAMILY LYC/ENIN/E

‘Mark, while he moves amid the sunny beam,
O’er his soft wings the varying lusters gleam.
Launched into air, on purple plumes he soars,
Gay nature’s face with wanton glance explores;
Proud of his varying beauties, wings his way,
And spoils the fairest flowers, himself more fair than they.”
Quoted as from Haworth by Scudder.

Butterfly.—Small, in both sexes having all feet adapted to
walking. There is exceeding diversity of form in the various gen-
era composing this family. Many of the genera are characterized
by the brilliant blue on the upper side of the wings; in other
genera shades of coppery-red predominate. The hair-streaks
frequently have the hind wings adorned with one or more slen-
der, elongated tails. In Africa and in Asia there are numerous
genera which strongly mimic protected insects belonging to the
Acreine.

Egg.—The eggs are for the most part flattened or turban-
shaped, curiously and beautifully adorned with ridges, minute
eminences, and reticulations. Some of them under the micro-
scope strongly resemble the shells of “sea-biscuits’’ with the
rays removed (see p. 4, Fig. 7).

Caterpillar.—The caterpillars are for the most part slug-
shaped, flattened. They are vegetable feeders, save the larve of
two or three genera, which are aphidivorous, feeding upon mealy
bugs or plant-lice.

Chrysalis. —The chrysalids are short, compressed, attached at
the anal extremity, with a girdle or cincture about the middle,
closely fastened to the surface upon which pupation takes place.

236

0) SONTAG

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX

Chrysophanus arota, Boisduval, 3’.
Chrysophanus arota, Boisduval, ©.
. Chryrsophanus sirius, Edwards, 3.

. Thecla leta, Edwards, 3’.
. Thecla lta, Edwards, 3, under side.
. Thecla adenostomatis, Henry Ed-—

. Chrysophanus sirius, Edwards, 2.
Chrysophanus rubidus, Behr, 3.
. Chivsophanus rubidus, Behr, ©.
. Chiysophanus snowi, Edwards, 3".
Chryvsophanus snowt, Edwards, ©.
Thecla halesus, Cramer, 3.
. Thecla m-album, Boisd.-Lec., %.
. Thecla crvsalus, Edwards, 3’.
. Thecla grunus, Boisduval, 3. muti, Harris, 3.
. Thecla autolycus, Edwards, 2. . Thecla damon, Cramer, g', wider —
Thecla alcestis, Edwards, 2. side. :
. Thecla acadica, Edwards, ©}. . Thecla sepium, Boisduval, .
Thecla acadica, Edwards, 2. . Thecla sepiuin, Boisduval, 3, wider
. Thecla itvs, Edwards, 2. side. ;
Thecla cecrops, Hiibner, 9, under Thecla ines, Edwards, &.
side. pee Thecla chalcis, Behr, 3.
9. Thecla wittfeldi, Edwards, &. Thecla chalcis, Behr, Q, under side. —
. Thecla wittfeldi, Edwards, o, wider Thecla. acis, Drury, g, under side.
side. Thecla simecthis, Drury, 3, under.
. Thecla spinetorum, Boisduval, ©. side: P ,
22, Thecla favonius, Smith and Abbot, 3’.

wards, <.
Thecla calanus, Hubner, .
. Thecla edwardsi, Saunders, 9.
- Thecla liparops, Boisd.-Lec., Q.
. Thecla damou, Cramer, var. discoi-
dalis, Skinner, ¢.
. Thecla tacita, Henry Edwards, 3.
. Thecla melinus, Hitbner, form hu-

CS. Cos) Cyr SS 1 =
1) 1) 1B Te)
So CN

yey)
=)

=
lo

Oo I (Gy J
oT

SSS Sy)

“2

THE BuTTEeRFLY Book. —
PLATE XXIX

Genus Eumzus

Genus EUMUS, Hiibner

Butterfly.— Medium size or small; dark in color, with the
under side and the borders of the upper sides beautifully adorned
with spots having a metallic luster. The palpi are divergent,
longer in the female than in the male. The an-
tenn are stout, rather short, with a gradually
thickened club. The eyes are naked. The veins
on the fore wing are stout. The accompanying
cut gives a clear idea of the neuration. ‘

Early Stages.—Nothing is known of these.

Three species are reckoned as belonging to
the genus, two of them being found sparingly
in the extreme southern limits of our fauna. Fig. 128--=Neus

(1) Eumeus atala, Poey, Plate XXVIII, Fig. tation of the ge-

. nus Eumcus.
22, 6, under side (Atala).

Butterflv.— Easily distinguished by the figure in the plate from
all other species except its congener E. minyas, Hubner, which
can be readily separated from it by its larger size. Expanse, 1.65-
1.75 inch.

Early Stages.—These await description.

Atala is found in Florida and Cuba. Minyas occurs in
southwestern Texas, and thence southward to Brazil.

Genus THECLA, Fabricius
(The Hair-streaks)

‘These be the pretty genii of the flow’rs,
Daintily fed with honey and pure dew.”
Hoop.

Butterfly.— Small or medium-sized; on the upper side often
colored brilliantly with iridescent blue or green, sometimes dark
brown or reddish; on the under side marked with lines and
spots variously disposed, sometimes obscure in color, very fre-
quently most brilliantly colored.

Various subdivisions based upon the neuration of the wings
have been made in the genus in recent years, and these subdivi-
sions are entitled to be accepted by those who are engaged in a

237]

Genus Thecla

comparative study of the species belonging to this great group.

Inasmuch, however, as most American writers have heretofore
classified all of these insects under the genus
Thecla, the author has decided not to deviate
from familiar usage, and will therefore not
attempt to effect a subdivision according to the
views of recent writers, which he nevertheless
approves as scientifically accurate.

Egg.— Considerable diversity exists in the form
of the eggs of the various species included under
this genus as treated in this book, but all of them
may be said to be turban-shaped, more or less

Fic. 129.—Neu- depressed at the upper extremity, with their sur-
ration of Thecla . P % gee
edwardsi. (After faces beautifully adorned with minute projections
Scudder.) Typical arranged in geometric patterns.
ea a Caterpillar.—The caterpillars are slug-shaped
genus. ’

their heads minute, the body abruptly tapering at
the anal extremity. They feed upon the tender leaves of the
ends of branches, some of them upon the leaves of flowers of
various species.

Chrysalis. — What has been said concerning the chrysalids of
the family applies likewise to the chrysalids of this and the suc-
ceeding genera. They lie closely appressed to the surface upon
which they are formed, and are held in place by an attachment
at the anal extremity, as well as by a slight girdle of silk about
the middle. In color they are generally some shade of brown.

(1) Thecla grunus, Boisduval, Plate XXIX, Fig. 12,4 (Bois-
duval’s Hair-streak).

Butterfly.—The wings are brown on the upper side, lighter
on the disk; in some specimens, more frequently of the female
sex, bright orange-tawny. On the under side the wings are pale
tawny, with transverse marginal and submarginal series of small
dark spots on both wings. Two or three of the marginal spots
near the anal angle are black, each crowned with a metallic-
green crescent. Expanse, 1.10-1.20 inch.

Early Stages. —These have, in part, been described by Dyar,
“‘Canadian Entomologist,” vol. xxv, p. 94. The caterpillar is
short, flattened, the segments arched, the body tapering back-
ward, bluish-green, covered with little dark warty prominences
bearing tufts of hairs, obscurely striped longitudinally with broken,

238

Genus Thecla

pale lines, and having a diamond-shaped shield back of the
head. The chrysalis is thick and conformed to the generic type
of structure. The color is pale green, striped and dotted with
pale yellow onthe abdomen. The caterpillar feeds in the Yosem-
ite Valley upon the young leaves of the live-oak (Quercus chryso-
lepis).

The insect is found in California and Nevada.

(2) Thecla crysalus, Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 11, 6 (The
Colorado Hair-streak).

Butterfly.—The wings on the upper side are royal purple,
broadly margined with black. On the fore wings a broad
oblique black band runs from the middle of the costa to the mid-
dle of the outer margin. At the inner angles of both wings are
conspicuous orange spots. On the under side the wings are
fawn, marked with white lines edged with brown. The orange
spots reappear on this side, but at the anal angle of the hind
wings are transformed to red eye-spots, pupiled with black and
margined with metallic green. The hind wings are tailed. Ex-
panse, 1.50 inch.

The variety citima, Henry Edwards, differs in being without
the orange spots and having the ground-color of the under side
ashen-gray. Specimens connecting the typical with the varietal
form are in my possession.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

Found in southern Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and southern
California.

(3) Thecla halesus, Cramer, Plate XXIX, Fig. 9, ¢ (The
Great Purple Hair-streak).

Butterfly.—The hind wings have a long tail, and are lobed at
the anal angle. The wings are fuscous, iridescent bluish-green
at the base. The body is bluish-green above. On the under side
the thorax is black, spotted with white, the abdomen bright orange-
red. The wings on the under side are evenly warm sepia, spotted
with crimson at their bases, glossed with a ray of metallic green
on the fore wings in the male sex, and in both sexes splendidly
adorned at the anal angle by series of metallic-green and iridescent
blue and red spots. Expanse, 1.35-1.50 inch.

Early Stages.— All we know of them is derived from the draw-
ings of Abbot, published by Boisduval and Leconte, and this is
but little. The caterpillar is said by Abbot to feed on various oaks.

Genus Thecla

It is very common in Central America and Mexico; is not
scarce in the hot parts of the Gulf States; and is even reported as
having been captured in southern Illinois. It also occurs in Ari-
zona and southern California.

(4) Thecla m-album, Boisduval and Leconte, Plate XXIX,
Fig. 10, 4 (The White-M Hair-streak).

Butterfly.—Smaller than the preceding species; on the upper
side somewhat like it; but the iridescent color at the base of the
wings is blue, and not so green as in halesus. On the under
side the wings are quite differently marked. The fore wing is
crossed by a submarginal and a median line of white, shaded
with brown, the median line most distinct. This line is contin-
ued upon the hind wings, and near the anal angle is zigzagged,so as
to present the appearance of an inverted M. Near the outer angle
of the M-spot is arounded crimson patch. The anal angle is deep
black, glossed with iridescent blue. Expanse, 1.35-1.45 inch.

Early Stages.—All we know of this pretty species is based
upon the account and drawings of Abbot made in the last century.
We need better information. According to Abbot, the caterpillar
feeds on astragalus and different oaks.

This species has been taken as far north as Jersey City and
Wisconsin, and ranges southward as far as Venezuela. Its cita-
del is found in the live-oak hummocks of the Gulf States and the
oak forests on the highlands of Mexico and more southern
countries.

(5) Thecla martialis, Herrich-Schaffer, Plate XXX, Fig. 18,
@, under side (The Martial Hair-streak).

Butterfly.—The insect figured in the plate, which may easily
be recognized by its under side, has been determined by Dr.
Skinner to be the above species. My specimens coming from
the Edwards collection are labeled Thecla acis, 9. They were
taken at Key West. A comparison with the under side of T.
acts (see Plate XXIX, Fig. 38) will reveal the great difference.
Expanse, 1.00 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

Habitat, southern Florida and Cuba.

(6) Thecla favonius, Abbot and Smith, Plate XXIX, Fig. 22,
6 (The Southern Hair-streak).

Butterfly.—The wings are dusky-brown above, with a small
pale oval sex-mark in the male near the upper edge of the cell in

240

Genus Thecla

the primaries. On either side of the second median nervule, near
the outer margin of both wings, are bright orange-red patches,
most conspicuous in the female. The hind wings near the anal
angle are blackish, margined with a fine white line. On the
under side the wings are marked much as in m-album, but in the
region of the median nervules, midway between their origin and
termination, is a rather broad transverse carmine streak, edged in-
wardly with dark lines. This is largest and most conspicuous in
the female sex. Expanse, 1.00-1.15 inch.

Early Stages.—These have been described, in part, by Abbot
and Smith and Packard. The caterpillar feeds on oaks.

Favonius is found in the Gulf States, and as far north as
South Carolina.

(7) Thecla wittfeldi, Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 19, 9;
Fig. 20, ¢, under side (Wittfeld’s Hair-streak).

Butterfly.—The figures in the plate give a correct idea of both
the upper and under sides of this insect. It is much darker in
ground-color than any of its congeners. Expanse, 1.25-1.35 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

The types which are in my possession came from the Indian
River district in Florida.

(8) Thecla autolycus, Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 13, @
(The Texas Hair-streak).

Butterfly.—On the upper sige resembling favonius, but
with the orange-red spots on the wings much broader, ranging
from the lower radial vein to the submedian in the fore wings.
The carmine spots on the under side of the wings are not ar-
ranged across the median nervules, as in favonius, but are in the
vicinity of the anal angle, crowning the black crescents near the
inner end of the outer margin. Expanse, 1.15-1.30 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

This species is found in Texas, and is also said to have been
found in Missouri and Kansas.

(9) Thecla alcestis, Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 14, 9 (Al-
cestis).

Butterfly.—Uniformly slaty-gray on the upper side of the
wings, with the usual oval sex-mark on the fore wing of the
male, and a few bluish scales near the anal angle. The ground-
color of the wings on the under side is as above, but somewhat
paler. A white bar closes the cell of both wings. Both wings

241

Genus Thecla

are crossed by white lines, much as in m-album. The anal angle
is marked with black, followed outwardly by a broad patch of
iridescent greenish-blue scales. Between the end of the sub-
marginal vein and the first median nervule is a black spot sur-
mounted with carmine, edged inwardly with black; three or four
carmine crescents similarly edged, but rapidly diminishing in size,
extend as a transverse submarginal band toward the costa. Ex-
panse, 1.25 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

Alcestis is found in Texas and Arizona.

(10) Thecla melinus, Htibner, Plate XXIX, Fig. 31, ¢;
Plate XXXII, Fig. 20, ¢; Plate V, Fig. 39, chrysalis (The Com-
mon Hair-streak).

Butterfly.—Much confusion has arisen from the fact that this
insect has received a number of names and has also been con-

founded with others. Fig. 31 in Plate XXIX repre-

sents the insect labeled Awmui, Harris, in the Ed-

wards collection; Fig. 20 in Plate XXXII represents _

the insect labeled me/inus, Htbner. There is a very

large series of both in the collection, but a minute

comparison fails to reveal any specific difference.

Humuli of Harris is the same as me/inus of Hubner;

and recent authors, I think, are right in sinking the

Fro ijore) manne given by Harris as a synonym. This common

Neuration of little butterfly may easily be recognized by its plain

Thee Gee slaty upper surface, adorned by a large black spot,

Scudder.) Typ- crowned with crimson between the origin of the two

ica pisubee. tails of the secondaries. Expanse, 1.10-1.20 inch.

Early Stages. —These are in part well known. The

caterpillar feeds on the hop-vine. Melinus is found all over tem-

perate North America, and ranges southward into Mexico and
Central America at suitable elevations.

(11) Thecla acadica, Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 15, 2;
Plate V, Fig. 35, chrysalis (The Acadian Hair-streak).

Butterfily.—The male is pale slaty-gray above, with some ill-
defined orange spots near the anal angle, the usual oval sex-
mark on the fore wing. The female is like the male above; but
the orange spots at the anal angle of the hind wings are broader,
and in some specimens similar spots appear on the fore wings
near the inner angle. On the under side in both sexes the

242

Genus Thecla

wings are pale wood-brown, adorned by a black bar at the end
of the cells, submarginal and median bands of small black spots
surrounded with white, and on the secondaries by a submarginal
series of red crescents diminishing in size from theanalangle toward
the outer angle. Near the anal angle are two black spots separated
by a broad patch of bluish-green scales. Expanse, 1.15-1.25 inch.

Early Stages.—For a knowledge of what is known of these
the reader may consult the pages of Scudder and Edwards. The
caterpillar feeds upon willows.

It is found all over the Northern States, ranging from Quebec
to Vancouver's Island. It seems to be very common on Mount
Hood, from which I have a large series of specimens.

(12) Thecla itys, Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 17, @ (Itys).

Butterfly.—The only specimen of this species known to me
is figured in the plate. It is the type. Of its early stages nothing
is known. It was taken in Arizona. Expanse, 1.25 inch.

(13) Thecla edwardsi, Plate XXIX, Fig. 27, 2 under side;
Plate V, Fig. 29, chrysalis (Edwards’ Hair-streak).

Butterfiy.—Dark plumbeous-brown on the upper side, with a
pale sex-mark on the fore wing of the male. On the under side
the wings are paler and a trifle warmer brown, with their outer
halves marked with numerous fine white broken lines arranged
in pairs, with the space between them darker than the ground-
color of the wing. The usual black spots, green scales, and
red crescents are found near the anal angle on the under side.

Early Stages.—For all that is known of these the reader will
do well to consult the pages of Scudder. The caterpillar feeds
on oaks.

The species ranges from Quebec westward to Colorado and
Nebraska, being found commonly in New England.

(14) Thecla calanus, Hubner, Plate XXIX, Fig. 26, ¢; Plate
V, Figs. 25, 27, chrysalis (The Banded Hair-streak).

Butterfly.—On the upper side resembling the preceding spe-
cies very closely, but a trifle darker, and warmer brown. On
the under side the wings are marked by fine white lines on the
outer half, which are not broken, as in edwardsz, but form con-
tinuous bands. Expanse, 1.15 inch.

Early Stages.—The caterpillar feeds on oaks. The life-history
is described with minute exactness by Scudder in ‘‘ The Butterflies
of New England,” vol. ii, p. 888.

243

Genus Thecla

This insect has a wide range, being found from the province
of Quebec to Texas and Colorado. It is common in western
Pennsylvania.

(15) Thecla liparops, Boisduval and Leconte, Plate XXIX,
Fig. 28, 9, under side; Plate V, Fig. 28, chrysalis (The Striped
Hair-streak).

Butterfly.—Dark brown on the upper side, grayish below.
The lines are arranged much as in 7. edwardsz, but are farther
apart, often very narrow, scarcely defining the dark bands
between them. The spots at the anal angle are obscure and
blackish. Expanse, 1.15 inch.

Early Stages. —Much like those of the allied species. Scudder,
in “The Butterflies of New England,” gives a full account of
them. The caterpillar feeds on a variety of plants—oaks, wil-
lows, the wild plum, and other rosaceous plants, as well as on
the Ericacee.

It ranges through the northern Atlantic States and Quebec to
Colorado and Montana, but is local in its habits, and nowhere
common.

(16) Thecla chalcis, Behr, Plate XXIX, Fig. 36, 2; Fig. 37,
@, under side (The Bronzed Hair-streak).

Butterfly.—On the upper side uniformly brown. On the
under side dark, with a narrow submarginal and an irregular
median transverse band, and a pale short bar closing the cell on
both wings; a black spot at the anal angle of the secondaries,
preceded by a few bluish-green scales. Expanse, 1.00-1.10 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

Habitat, California and Utah.

(17) Thecla sepium, Boisduval, Plate XXIX, Fig. 33, 2;
Fig. 34, @ (The Hedge-row Hair-streak).

Butterfly.— Almost identically like the preceding species, ex-
cept that the wings on the upper side are a trifle redder, on the
under side paler; the lines on the under side of the wings are
narrowly defined externally by white, and the anal spots are
better developed and defined on the hind wings. Expanse, 1.20
inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

This species is found throughout the Pacific States, and I am
inclined to believe it identical with chalcis. If this should be
proved to be true the latter name will sink as a synonym.

244

Genus Thecla

(18) Thecla adenostomatis, Henry Edwards, Plate XXIX,
Fig. 25, ¢ (The Gray Hair-streak).

Butter fly.— Mouse-gray on the upper side, with a few white
lines on the outer margin near the anal angle; hoary-gray on
the under side, darker on the median and basal areas. The
limbal area is defined inwardly by a fine white line, is paler than
the rest of the wing, and on the secondaries is marked by a full,
regularly curved submarginal series of small dark lunules. Ex-
panse, 1.30 inch.

Early Stages. —Undescribed.

Habitat, California.

(19) Thecla spinetorum, Boisduval, Plate XXIX, Fig. 21, 9
(The Thicket Hair-streak).

Butter fly.—Dark blackish on the upper side, with both wings
at the base shot with bluish-green. On the under side the
wings are pale reddish-brown, marked much as in the following
species, but the lines and spots are broader, more distinct, and
conspicuous. Expanse, 1.15 inch.

Early Stages.—This species is reported, so far, from Colorado,
California, and Washington.

(20) Thecla nelsoni, Boisduval, Plate XXX, Fig. 8, 9, under
side; Fig. 13, @ (Nelson’s Hair-streak).

Butterfly.—Bright fulvous on the upper side, with the costa,
the outer margins, the base, and the veins of both fore and hind
wings fuscous. On the under side the wings are paler red, with
an incomplete narrow white line shaded with deep red just be-
yond the median area, and not reaching the inner margin. This
line is repeated on the hind wing as an irregularly curved median
line. Between it and the outer margin on this wing are a few
dark lunules near the anal angle. Expanse, 1.00 inch.

Early Stages.—I cannot discover any account of these.

The species has been found in California and Colorado.

(21) Thecla blenina, Hewitson, Plate XXX, Fig. 9, 6, under
side (Hewitson’s Hair-streak).

Butterfly.—Brown on the upper side, in some specimens
bright fulvous bordered with brown. On the under side the
wings are pale red, shot with pea-green on the secondaries and
at the base of the primaries. The markings of the under side
are much as in the preceding species, but the line on the hind
wing dividing the discal from the limbal area is broader and

245

Genus Thecla

very white, and the spots between it and the margin more con-
spicuous. Expanse, 1.12 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

It is reported from Arizona and southern California. It has been
named s7va by Edwards, and the figure is from his type so labeled.

(22) Thecla damon, Cramer, Plate XXIX, Fig. 32,4, under
side, var. discoidalis, Skinner, Plate XXIX, Fig. 29, ¢ ; Plate V,
Figs. 30, 31, chrysalis (The Olive Hair-streak).

Butterfly.—On the upper side bright fulvous, with the costa,
the outer margins, and the veins of both wings blackish, darkest
at the apex. On the under side the wings are greenish, crossed
on the fore wing by a straight, incomplete white line, and on the
hind wing by a similar irregular line. Both of these lines are

margined internally by brown. There are a couple
of short white lines on the hind wing near the base,
and the usual crescentic spots and markings on the
outer border and at the anal angle. Expanse, .go-
1.00 inch.
Early Stages.—These have been described by sev-
eral authors. The caterpillar feeds on the red cedar
Fie age (Juniperus virginiana, Linneus). Itis double-brood-
Neuration of ed in the North and triple-brooded in the South.
Thecla damon, Damon ranges from Ontario to Texas over the
enlarged. Type : ts) :
of subgenus entire eastern half of the United States.
Teo (23) Thecla simethis, Drury, Plate XXIX,

; Fig. 39, 6, under side ‘Simethis).

Butterfly.—Resembling the preceding species, but the white
band on the secondaries is straight, and the outer margins are
heavily marked with brown. Expanse, .85-1.00 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

This species occurs in Texas, Mexico, and southward.

(24) Thecla acis, Drury, Plate XXIX, Fig. 38, 2, under side
(Drury’s Hair-streak).

Butterfly.—The upper side of the wings is dark brown. The
under side is shown in the plate. Expanse, .9o inch.

Early Stages.— Unknown.

This very pretty species is found in the extreme southern
portions of Florida and the Antilles.

(25) Thecla cecrops, Htbner, Plate XXX, Fig. 7, ¢; Plate
XXIX, Fig. 18, 2, under side (Cecrops).

246

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TATYANA
echitkvye
of ahh fata yin Dae esto)

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE AA

Thecla dumetorum, Po ceaal a

Thecla dumetorun, Boisduval, A
under side.

Thecla affinis, Edwards, &, under
side. f ellie

Thecla

Thecla
side.

Thecla

Thecla
side.

Thecla
side. (The figure is that of the
type of 7. siva, Edwards.)

Thecla titus, Fabricius, 3.

Thecla niphou, Hiibner, ©.

Thecla irus, Godart, 3:

bebri,
bebri,

Edwards, <.
Edwards, !, wider

clplic, Edwards, &.
cecrops, Hitbner, oj.

Thecla nelsoni, Boisduyal, 2.
Thecla titus, Fabricius, @, wider
side.
Thecla augustus, Kirby, & . 7
. Lycena fuliginosa, Edwards, 3, n=
der side. 1
Thecla ervphon, Boisduval, 2, wider
side.

Thecla martialis, 2 wider side...
_ Lycena pseudargiolus,

var. mnarginata, Bunvresds ao, wi
der side.

Lyewna pseudargiolus, eee
var. lucia, Kirby, o, under; side.

Thecla benrici, Grote and Robinson,
2. i

Thecla niphon, Hitbner, ©) wider
side, :

. Lyewna couperi, Grote, 3.

Lycena fulla, Edwards, 3’.
Lyceena fulla, Edwards, 2.

. Lyceena clara, Henry Edwards, ©.

nelsoni, Boisduval, ©, under

blenina, Hewitson, 3, wider

34. Lucena couperit, Grote, &, under
side.

35. Lyewna antiacis, Boisduval, ¥ under
side.

30. Lycra autiacts, Boisduval, J. =.

372 Lycwna pheres, Boisduval, ce “ny

38. Licerna isola, Reakirt, ©.

39. Lyecena glaucon, Edwards, 3.

40. Lyccena aster, Edwards, 3.

Boisd.-Lec.,

eee weana Mayu, Reece O¢ “under

25,
SLdtEN EY Teas é

28. Lycenadcedalus, Behr, ©, ‘dere

20, Lyceena icarioides, PoeduNaL ae :
under side.

30. Lycctia enoples, Boisduval, Be aebihi, it.
side, ‘e : <TOSSEeG

31. Liceena glaucon, Edwards, ¢ , under ~~
side.

52. Lyewna pseudargiolus, Boisd. Lec. :
GO, under side. . sh dose

Lycana isola, Reakirt,%, wider side.
(The figure is that of the type of L.
alce, Edwards.) ir

iyreeena antiacts, Boisduval, 2. e
. Lyceciia pheres, Boisduyal, ©, EOF
re side, 3
. Lyecena xerxes, Boisduyal, 3, under
side.
lacena sagittigera, Felder, 2, under :
stde.
. Lrewina ammon,
side.
. Lrcarna aster, Edwards, 2.
. Lyceena aster, Edwards, oj, under
side. at
. Lyceena scudderi, Edwards, 3.
. Lrcena scudderi, Edwards, ©.
. Licena lvgdamas, Doubleday, 2,
under side.
. Lyceena enoptes, Boisduval, J.

lucas, © i sonder

pee ee

THE BuTTERFLY Book. PLATE XXX.

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, {A908

Genus Thecla

Butterfiy.—Dark brown, glossed at the base of the wings and
on the inner margin of the secondaries with blue. The under
side is well delineated in the plate. Expanse, 1.00 inch.

Early Stages.—These await description.

Cecrops is common in the Southern States, and has been
taken as far north as West Virginia, Kentucky, and southern
Indiana.

(26) Thecla clytie, Edwards, Plate XXX, Fig. 6, 9 (Clytie).

Butterfiy.—Blue above, with the apical two thirds of the fore
wings black. The wings on the under side are white, with the
usual marginal and transverse markings quite small and faint.
Expanse, .9o inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

Habitat, Texas and Arizona.

(27) Thecla ines, Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 35, 4 (Ines).

Butterfly.— Much like the preceding species, but smaller, with
the secondaries marked with blackish on the costa. On the
under side the wings are slaty-gray, with numerous fine lines
and a broad median dark shade on the hind wings, running from
the costa to the middle of the wing. Expanse, .75 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

Ines is found in Arizona.

(28) Thecla behri, Edwards, Plate XXX, Fig. 4, 23; Fig. 5,
$, under side (Behr’s Hair-streak).

Butterfly.—Both sides are well displayed in the plate, and
therefore need no particular description. Expanse, 1.10 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

This species is found in northern California and Oregon, and
eastward to Colorado.

(29) Thecla augustus, Kirby, Plate XXX, Fig. 15, 9 (The
Brown Elfin).

Butterfly.—Brown on the upper side; paler on the under side.
The fore wings are marked by a straight incomplete median
band, and the hind wings by an irregularly curved median band
or line. Back of these lines toward the base both wings are
darker brown. Expanse, .9o inch.

Early Stages.—These are not well known. Henry Edwards
describes the caterpillar as ‘‘ carmine-red, covered with very short
hair, each segment involute above, with deep double fovez.”’
The chrysalis is described by the same observer as being “ pitchy-

247

Genus Thecla

brown, covered with very short bristly hair, the wing-cases
paler.’”” The food-plant is unknown.

This species is boreal in its haunts, and is found in New Eng-
land and northward and westward into the British possessions.

(30) Thecla irus, Godart, Plate XXX, Fig. 12, ¢; Plate V,
Figs. 32-34, chrysalis (The Hoary Elfin).

Butterfly.—Grayish-brown on the upper side. The wings on
the under side are of the same color, paler on the outer margins,
and darker toward the base. The species is subject to consider-
able variation. The variety arsace, Boisduval, has the hind wings
marked with reddish near the anal angle, and the outer margin
below marked with hoary-purple. The usual small crescentic
spots appear on the outer margin of the hind wings, or they may
be absent. Expanse, 1.10 inch.

Early Stages.—An epitome of all that is known is to be found
in “The Butterflies of New England.” The caterpillar feeds on
young plums just after the leaves of the blossom have dropped
away.

The species is rather rare, but has been found from the Atlan-
tic to the Pacific in the latitude of New England.

(31) Thecla henrici, Grote and Robinson, Plate XXX, Fig. 21,
@ (Henry’s Hair-streak).

Butterfly.—Much like the preceding species on the upper side,
but with the outer half of the wings broadly reddish-brown.
The secondaries on the under side are broadly blackish-brown on
the basal half, with the outer margin paler. The division be-
tween the dark and light shades is irregular and very sharply
defined, often indicated by a more or less perfect irregularly
curved median white line. Expanse, 1.00-1.10 inch.

Early Stages.—These have been described by Edwards in the
“American Naturalist,” vol. xvi, p. 123. The habits of the larva
are identical with those of the preceding species.

It occurs from Maine to West Virginia, but is rare.

(32) Thecla eryphon, Boisduval, Plate XXX, Fig. 17, 2,
under side (Eryphon).

Butterfly.—Closely resembling the following species both on
the upper and under side of the wings, but easily distinguished
by the fact that, on the under side of the fore wings, the inner of
the two dark bands on the outer third of the wing is not sharply
angulated below the third median nervule, as in 7. 2zphon, but is

248

Genus Thecla

more even, and in general parallel with the submarginal line. Ex-
panse, 1.15 inch.
Early Stages.—These have not been described.
Eryphon replaces the Eastern 7. niphon on the Pacific coast.
(33) Thecla niphon, Hubner, Plate XXX, Fig. 11, 9 ; Fig. 22,
2, under side; Plate V, Figs. 38, 40, chrysalis (The Banded Elfin).
Butterfly.—Reddish-brown on the upper side.
The under side is accurately depicted in the plate.
Expanse, 1.10 inch.
Early Stages.—These have been elaborately de-
scribed by Scudder in his great work. The cater-
pillars feed upon pine.
The Banded Elfin is found from Nova Scotia
to Colorado, in the Northern States, where its
food-plant occurs, but is never abundant. Se ewe
(34) Thecla affinis, Edwards, Plate XXX, Neuration © of
Fig. 3, 2, under side (The Green-winged Hair- 7hecla miphon,

enlarged. Typical
streak). of subgenus /n-

Butterfly.—On the upper side closely resem- &52/#4, Minot.
bling the following species. On the under side the wings are
uniformly bright green. Expanse, 1.00 inch.

Early Stages.—These await description.

The types came from Utah. I also have specimens from
California.

(35) Thecla dumetorum, Boisduval, Plate XXX, Fig. 1, 4;
Fig. 2, 6, wnder side (The Green White-spotted Hair-streak).

Butterfly.—Dark fawn-color above, sometimes tinged exter-
nally with reddish. On the under side both wings are green,
the primaries having a short straight band of white spots on the
outer third, and the secondaries a small white spot on the
costa beyond the middle, and two or three conspicuous white
spots near the anal angle. Expanse, 1.10 inch.

Early Stages.—The eggs are laid on the unopened flower-
heads of Hosachia argophylla. This is all we know of the life-
history.

The species ranges from Oregon and California eastward as
far as Colorado.

(36) Thecla leta,, Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 23, 6; Fig.
24, 6, under side (The Early Hair-streak).

Butterfly.—The wings brown, glossed with bright blue above;

249

Genus Feniseca

on the under side pale fawn, with a band of pale-red spots on
both wings about the middle, and a few similar spots on the
outer and inner margins of the hind wings. Expanse, .75 inch.

Early Stages. —Only the egg, described and figured by Scud-
der, is known.

It ranges from Quebec to southern New Jersey, and westward
to West Virginia, and has been taken on Mount Graham, in Ari-
zona. It appears in early spring. It is still rare in collections.

(37) Thecla titus, Fabricius, Plate XXX, Fig. 10, ¢ ; Fig. 14,
3, under side; Plate V, Fig. 37, chrysalis (The Coral Hair-streak).

Butterfiy.—Uniformly gray-brown on the up-
per side. Some specimens of the female have
a few red spots at the anal angle of the hind
wing. On the under side the wings are col-
ored as on the upper side; but the hind wings
have a conspicuous submarginal band of coral-
red spots on their outer third. Expanse, 1.30
inch.
Early Stages.—These have been well described
Fic. 133.—Neu- by several authors. The fullest account is given
zation of Thecla by Scudder. The caterpillar feeds on the leaves
itus, enlarged. : :
Typical of sub- of the wild cherry and the wild plum.
ES ues The insect occurs from the Atlantic to the Paci-
fic, from Maine to Georgia. Itis not very common.

There are some ten or more other species of this genus found
in our fauna, but the species figured in our plates will suffice to
give a good idea of the genus.

Genus FENISECA, Grote
(The Harvesters)

“Upon his painted wings, the butterfly
Roam’d, a gay blossom of the sunny sky.”
Wits G. CLark.

Butterfly.—Small, bright orange-yellow, on the upper side
spotted with black, on the under side more or less mottled and
shaded with gray and brown, the markings of the upper side
reappearing. The cut shows the neuration, which need not be
minutely described.

Egg.—Subglobular, much wider than high, its surface smooth,

250

Genus Chrysophanus

marked with a multitude of very fine and indistinct raised ridges,
giving it the appearance of being covered by very delicate polyg-
onal cells.

Caterpillar.—In its mature stage the cater-
pillar is short, slug-shaped, covered with a
multitude of bristling hairs, upon which it
gathers the white exudations or scales of the
mealy bugs upon which it feeds.

Chrysalis.— Small, brown in color; when
viewed dorsally showing a remarkable and
striking likeness to the face of a monkey, a sin-
gular phenomenon which also appears even

Son ; ; 5 Fic. 134.—Neura-
more strikingly in chrysalids of the allied genus tion of the genus Fen-
Spalgis, which is found in Africa and Asia. tseca, enlarged.

But one species of the genus is known.

(1) Feniseca tarquinius, Fabricius, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 21, 2 ;
Plate V, Figs. 45, 46, chrysalis (The Harvester).

Butterfly.—The upper side of the wings is well depicted in
the plate. There is considerable variation, however, in the size
of the black markings upon the upper surface, and I have
specimens in which they almost entirely disappear. On the
under side the wings are paler; the spots of the upper side
reappear, and, in addition, the hind wings are mottled profusely
with small pale-brown spots. Expanse, 1.30 inch.

Early Stages.—What has been said of these in the description
of the genus will suffice for the species.

This curious little insect, which finds its nearest allies in Asia
and Africa, ranges all over the Atlantic States from Nova Scotia
to the Carolinas, and throughout the valley of the Mississippi.

Genus CHRYSOPHANUS, Doubleday
(The Coppers)

“Atoms of color thou hast called to life
(We name them butterflies) float lazily
On clover swings, their drop of honey made

By thee, dear queen, already for their need.”
Mary Butts.

Butterfly.—Small butterflies, with the upper side of the wings
some shade of coppery-red or orange, frequently glossed with

251

Genus Chrysophanus

purple. On the under side the wings are marked with a multi-

tude of small spots and lines. The neuration of the wing is de-
lineated in the figure herewith given, and
needs no further description.

Egg.—The eggs are hemispherical, flattened
on the base, the upper surface deeply pitted
with polygonal or somewhat circular depres-
sions.

Caterpillar.— The caterpillars, so far as
known, are decidedly slug-shaped, thickest
in the middle, tapering forward and back-

Rica eu Nia: ward, and having a very small head.
tion of Chrysophanus Chrysalis, — The chrysalids are small,
phe clare dtl: rounded at either end, and held in place by
ae a girdle of silk a little forward of the middle.

This genus is found in the temperate regions of both the New
and the Old World, and also in South Africa.

(1) Chrysophanus arota, Boisduval, Plate XXIX, Fig. 1, 2;
Fig. 2, @ (Arota).

Butterfly.—The plate gives a good idea of the upper side of
the wings in both sexes. On the under side the fore wings are
pale gray in the male and pale red in the female, with the outer
margin lavender. The spots of the upper side reappear on the
disk. The hind wings on the under side are purplish-gray on
the inner two thirds and paler gray on the outer third, with
many black spots on the disk, margined with white. Expanse,
1.10-1.25 inch.

Early Stages.—These have been partially described by Dyar
in the ‘‘Canadian Entomologist,” vol. xxiii, p. 204. The cater-
pillar feeds on the wild gooseberry (Rides).

Arota is a Californian species.

(2) Chrysophanus virginiensis, Edwards, Plate XXVIII, Fig.
23, 6; Fig. 24,9 (The Nevada Copper).

Butterfly.— Allied to the preceding species, but easily distin-
guished by the submarginal white bands of crescent-shaped
spots on the under side. These are particularly distinct on the
hind wings. Expanse, 1.25-1.30 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

Virginiensis, so named because the first specimens came from
Virginia City, ranges in California, Nevada, and Colorado.

252

Genus Chrysophanus

(3) Chrysophanus xanthoides, Boisduval, Plate XXVIII,
Fig. 29, 6 ; Fig. 30, @ (The Great Copper).

Butterfly.—The student will easily recognize it by its larger
size, it being the largest species of the genus in North America,
and by its creamy-white under surface, spotted with distinct
small black spots, in large part reproducing the spots of the
upper side. Expanse, 1.50-1.65 inch.

(4) Chrysophanus editha, Mead, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 26, 2 ;
Fig. 27, 2 (Editha).

Butterfly.—This is a much smaller species than the last, which
it somewhat resembles on the upper side. On the under side
it is wholly unlike xanthoides, the wings being pale pearly-gray,
pale ochreous on the outer margins, the spots of the fore wings
black and of the hind wings ochreous, narrowly margined with
white or fine black lines. Expanse, 1.10-1.25 inch.

Early Stages.—Entirely unknown.

This species is found in Nevada.

(5) Chrysophanus gorgon, Boisduval, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 35,
2; Fig. 36, 2 (Gorgon).

Butterfly.—Somewhat like the preceding species, but with
the fore wings of the male redder on the upper side, and of the
female more broadly mottled with pale red, the spots in some
specimens inclining to buff. The under side of the wings is
white, marked with the usual series of black spots. The sec-
ondaries have a marginal series of elongated pale-red spots,
tipped at either end with black. Expanse, 1.25-1.30 inch.

Early Stages.—We as yet know nothing of these.

Gorgon is found in California and Nevada.

(6) Chrysophanus thoé, Boisduval, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 31,
4; Fig. 32, 2; Plate V, Fig. 50, chrysalis (The Bronze Copper).

Butterfly.—The plate makes a description of the upper side
of the wings unnecessary. On the under side the fore wing in
both sexes is bright tawny-red, pale gray at the apex; the hind
wings are bluish-gray, with a broad band of carmine on the
outer margin. Both wings are profusely adorned with small
black spots. Expanse, 1.30-1.40 inch.

Early Stages.—These are only partially known. The cater-
pillar feeds on Rumex.

It is not uncommon in northern Indiana, Illinois, and Pennsyl-
vania, and ranges from Maine to Kansas and Colorado.

253

Genus Chrysophanus

(7) Chrysophanus mariposa, Reakirt, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 37,
6; Fig. 38, 9 (Reakirt’s Copper).

Butterfly.—Small, with a broad dusky band on the hind wing
of the male and on the fore wing of the female. The male is
purplish-red above, the female bright red, with the usual spots.
On the under side the ground-color of the fore wings is pale red,
of the hind wings clear ashen-gray, with the characteristic mark-
ings of the genus. Expanse, 1.10 inch.

Early Stages. —Undescribed.

The insect ranges from British Columbia into northern Cali-
fornia, Montana, and Colorado.

(8) Chrysophanus helloides, Boisduval, Plate XXVIII, Fig.
33, 6; Fig. 34, 2 (The Purplish Copper).

Butterfiy.—The male has the fore wings broadly shot with
iridescent purple. The female is well delineated in the plate.
On the under side the fore wings are pale red, the hind wings
reddish-gray, with a marginal row of brick-red crescents. The
usual black spots are found on both wings. Expanse, 1.15-1.30
inch.

Early Stages.—We know next to nothing of these.

The Purplish Copper is found in the Northwestern States
from northern Illinois and Iowa to Vancouver's Island.

(9). Chrysophanus epixanthe, Boisduval and Leconte, Plate
XXVIII, Fig. 28, ¢ (The Least Copper).

Butterfly.—The smallest species of the genus in North Amer-
ica. On the upper side the wings of the male are dark fuscous,
shot with purple, and having a few red spots near the anal angle of
the secondaries. The female on the upper side is pale gray, and
more profusely marked with black spots. On the under side the
wings are light gray, bluish at the base, and marked with the
usual spots. Expanse, .85-.95 inch.

Early Stages.—Little is known of these.

This is a Northern species, ranging from Newfoundland,
where it is common, to British Columbia, never south of the
latitude of New England.

(10) Chrysophanus hypophleas, Boisduval, Plate XXVIII,
Fig. 25, 6; Plate V, Fig. 49, chrysalis (The American Copper).

Butterfily.—This is one of the commonest butterflies in the
United States. The figure in the plate will serve to recall it to
the mind of every reader. It is abundant everywhere except in

254

Genus Chrysophanus

the Gulf States, and ranges as far north as Manitoba and the
Hudson Bay region. Expanse, 1.00 inch.

Early Stages. —These have often been described. The cater-
pillar, which is small and slug-shaped, feeds upon the common
sorrel (Rumex acetosella).

(11) Chrysophanus snowi, Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 7, ¢ ;
Fig. 8, 2 (Snow’s Copper).

Butterfly.—This is a medium-sized species, easily recognized
by the even, rather wide black border on both wings on the
upper side, and the dirty-gray color of the hind wings on the
under side. Expanse, 1.15-1.25 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

Snow’s Copper, which is named in honor of the amiable
Chancellor of the University of Kansas, occurs in Colorado at
high elevations, and is reported from Alberta and British Co-
lumbia.

(12) Chrysophanus rubidus, Behr, Plate XXIX, Fig. 5, ¢ ;
Fig. 6, 9(The Ruddy Copper).

Butterfly.—This is a rather large species. The male on the
upper side is prevalently pale, lustrous red, with a narrow black
marginal band and uniformly conspicuous white fringes. The
upper side of the female is accurately depicted in the plate. On
the under side the wings are shining white, the secondaries im-
maculate. Expanse, 1.30-1.50 inch.

Early Stages.—These are altogether unknown.

This exceedingly beautiful species is found ir Oregon, Ne-
vada, and Montana.

(13) Chrysophanus sirius, Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 3, 4;
Fig. 4, 2 (Sirius).

Butterfly.—The male closely resembles the preceding species
on the upper side, but is brighter red, especially along the ner-
vules of the fore wings. The female onthe upper side is dusky.
On the under side the wings are whitish or pale gray, but the
hind wings are not without spots, as in the preceding species,
and carry the characteristic markings of the genus. Expanse,
1.20—1. 30 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

The species has been found from Fort McCleod, in British
America, as far south as Arizona, among the North American
Cordilleras.

25)

The Utility of Entomology

THE UTILITY OF ENTOMOLOGY

All the forces of nature are interdependent. Many plants
would not bear seeds or fruit were it not for the activity of insects,
which cause the pollen to be deposited upon the pistil and the
seed-vessel to be fertilized. Attempts were made many years
ago to grow clover in Australia, but the clover did not make
seed. All the seed required for planting had to be imported at
much expense from Europe. It was finally ascertained that the
reason why the clover failed to make seed was because through-
out Australia there were no bumblebees. Bumblebees were in-
troduced, and now clover grows luxuriantly in Australia, making
seed abundantly; and Australian meats, carried in the cold-stor-
age rooms of great ocean steamers, are used to feed the people of
Manila, Hong-Kong, Yokohama, and even London.

A few years ago the orange-groves in southern California be-
came infested with a scale-insect, which threatened to ruin them
and to bring orange-growing in that part of the land to an un-
profitable end. The matter received the careful attention of the
chief entomologist of the United States Department of Agricul-
ture, the lamented Professor C. V. Riley. In the course of the
studies which he and his associates prosecuted, it was ascertained
that the same scale-insect which was ruining the orange-groves
of California is found in the orange-groves of Queensland, but
that in Queensland this insect did comparatively small injury to
the trees. Investigation disclosed the fact that in Queensland the
scale-insect was kept down by the ravages of a parasitic insect
which preyed upon it. This parasite, by order of the chief en-
tomologist, was immediately imported, in considerable numbers,
into southern California, and let loose among the orange-groves.
The result has been most beneficial.

These are two illustrations, from among hundreds which
might be cited, of the very practical value of entomological
knowledge.

The annual loss suffered by agricultural communities through
ignorance of entomological facts is very great. Every plant has
its insect enemy, or, more correctly, its insect lover, which feeds
upon it, delights in its luxuriance, but makes short work, it may
be of leaves, it may be of flowers, it may be of fruit. It has

256

"hi py Ata

2b pwh apnenny a
hinwhd Sea sc

Zhitwbha VEZ DIS yee ie “Ee OAOA EDN Any TSA)
WSH- dG svointos swears
5, WH [dR

Jinboo Wai

kboW. 2 pa

ADA: salou Vourt 7761

Lorotishst

eo eho t yas

. Lycena pseudargiolus, Boisd.-Lec.

var. lucia, Kirby, 3.

. Lyceena pseudargiolus, Boisd.-Lec.

var. marginata, Edwards, 3.

. Lycceena pseudargiolus, Boisd.-Lec.

var. marginata, Edwards, ©.

. Lyccena pseudargiolus, Boisd.-Lec.

var. nigra, Edwards, 3.

. Lyceena pseudargiolus, Boisd.-Lec.

var. violacea, Edwards, 3.

. Licena pseudargiolus, Boisd.-lec.

is
. Lyceena pseudargiolus, Boisd.-Lec.

var. neglecta, Edwards, gj.

_ Lucena pseudargiolus, Boisd.-Lec.

var. seglecta, Edwards, © .

. Lyeena pseudargiolus, Boisd.-Lec.

var. piasus, Boisduval, 3.

. Lyceena dedalus, Behr, 3.

. Lycena pseudargiolus, Boisd.-Lec..

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXJ-

LOS) Cy UY SS = ©

ob Ww Ww Ww Ww LY bv

es)
(S) \'3)

bea TIL

. Lyccena decdalus, Bel, 2. POs tees -
. Lyccena heteronea, Boisduval, $.

. Lyccena heteronea, Boisduyal, 2. ~
. Licena sepiolus, Boisduval, 3: —
. Lyceena scepiolus, Boisduyal
. Lycena lygdamas, Doubleda
. Lycana lygdamas, Doubleday, oF :
. Lyceena sagittigera, Felder, J.
. Lyceena sagiltigera, Felder, 2. 3
. Lyceena sonorensis, Felder, 3. ye=7
. Lyceena sonorensis, Felder, 2.
. Lycona shasta, Edwards, 3).
. Lyceena shasta, Edwards, 2.
. Lyccena melissa, Edwards, ¥. :
. Lyceena melissa, Edwards, 2- us 8
. Lyceena acmon, Dbl.-Hew., 3. =
. Liceena acmon, Dbl.-Hew., 2. ee
. Lycena conyntas, Godart, 3. ;
. Liceena comrntas, Godart, 2.
. Lycena ammon, Lucas, 9.

. Lyceena marina, Reakirt, 2.

THE BUTTERFLY Book.

aoe apa
en
thee

PLATE XXXI.

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, 1898.

The Utility of Entomology

been estimated that every known species of plant has five or six
<pecies of insects which habitually feed upon it. Where the
plant is one that is valuable to man and is grown for his use,
the horticulturist or the farmer finds himself confronted, pres-
ently, by the ravages of these creatures, and unless he has cor-
rect information as to the best manner in which to combat them,
he is likely to suffer losses of a serious character. We all have
read of the havoc wrought by the Kansas locust, or grasshopper,
and of the ruin brought about by insects of the same class in
Asia and in Africa. We all have heard of the Hessian fly, of
the weevil, and of the army-worm. The legislature of Massa-
chusetts has in recent years been spending hundreds of thou-
sands of dollars in the attempt to exterminate the gipsy-moth.
The caterpillar of the cabbage-butterfly ruins every year material
enough to supply sauer-kraut to half of the people. The cod-
ling-moth, the little pinkish caterpillar of which worms its way
through apples, is estimated to destroy five millions of dollars’
worth of apples every year within the limits of the United
States. And what shall we say of the potato-bug, that prettily
striped beetle, which, starting from the far West, has taken pos-
session of the potato-fields of the continent, and for the exter-
mination of which there is annually spent, by the agricultural
communities of the United States, several millions of dollars in
labor and in poisons P

A few facts like these serve to show that the study of ento-
mology is not a study which deserves to be placed in the cate-
gory of useless pursuits. Viewed merely from a_ utilitarian
standpoint, this study is one of the most important, far outrank-
ing, in its actual value to communities, the study of many
branches of zoélogical science which some people affect to regard
as of a higher order.

The legislature of Pennsylvania acted wisely in passing a law
which demands that in every high school established within the
State there shall be at least one teacher capable of giving instruc-
tion in botany and in entomology. The importance of entomol-
ogy, while not perceived by the masses as yet, has been recog-
nized by almost all the legislatures of the States; and not only
the general government of the United States, but the governments
of the individual commonwealths, are at the present time em-
ploying a number of carefully trained men, whose business is to

27,

Genus Lycena

ascertain the facts and instruct the people as to the best manner
in which to ward off the attacks of the insect swarms, which are
respecters neither of size nor beauty in the vegetable world, at-
tacking alike the majestic oak and the lowliest mosses.

Genus LYCAENA, Fabricius
(The Blues)

“Bright butterflies
Fluttered their vans, azure and green and gold.”
Sir Epwin ARNOLD.

Butterfly.—Generally small, for the most part blue on the
upper side of the wings, white or gray on the under side, vari-
ously marked with spots and lines.

What has been said in reference to the subdivision of the
genus Thecla may be repeated in regard to the genus which we
are considering. It has been in recent years subdivided by
writers who have given close attention to the matter, and these
subdivisions are entirely defensible from a scientific standpoint.
Nevertheless, owing to the close resemblance which prevails
throughout the group, in this book, which is intended for popu-
lar use, the author has deemed it best not to separate the species,
as to do so presupposes a minute anatomical knowledge, which
the general reader is not likely to possess.

Egg.—The eggs are for the most part flattened, turban-
shaped (see p. 4, Fig. 7).

Caterpillar.—Slug-shaped, as in the preceding genera, feed-
ing upon the petals and bracts of flowers, or upon delicate ter-
minal leaves.

Chrysalis.— Closely resembling the chrysalids of the preceding
genera.

This genus is very widely distributed in the temperate re-
gions of both hemispheres. Many of the species are inhabitants
of the cold North or high mountain summits, while others are
found in the tropics.

(1) Lycena fuliginosa, Edwards, Plate XXX, Fig. 16, ¢,
under side (The Sooty Gossamer-wing).

Butterfly.— Dark gray on the upper side in both sexes. On

258

Genus Lycena

the under side the figure in the plate gives a correct representa-
tion of the color and markings. Expanse, 1.10 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

The species occurs in northern California, Utah, Nevada,
Oregon, and Washington.

(2) Lyczna heteronea, Boisduval, Plate XXXI, Fig. 13, 4;
Fig. 14, 2; Plate XXXII, Fig. 19, 2, under side (The Varied Blue).

Butterfily.—On the upper side the male is blue, the female
brown. On the under side the wings are white, with faint pale-
brown spots on the hind wings and distinct black spots on the
fore wings, more numerous than in L. /ycea, which it closely
resembles on the under side. It is the largest species of the
genus, and the female reminds us by its markings on the upper
side of the females of Chrysophanus. Expanse, 1.25-1.40 inch.

Early Stages.—These await description.

Heteronea ranges from Colorado to California, at suitable ele-
vations among the mountains.

(3) Lycena clara, Henry Edwards, Plate XXX, Fig. 26, 9
(The Bright Blue).

Butierfly.—The figure in the plate is that of the type of the
female, the only specimen in my collection. Expanse, 1.15 inch.

Early Stages. —These are entirely unknown.

The type came from southern California.

(4) Lyceena lycea, Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 18, ¢, under
side (Lycea).

Butterfiv.—The perfect insect is very nearly as large as L. het-
eronea. The male is lilac-blue on the upper side, with the mar-
gins dusky. The black spots of the under side do not show
through on the upper side, as in L. heteronea. The female is
dusky, with the wings shot with blue at their bases, more es-
pecially on the fore wing. There are no black spots on the
upper side of the wings in this sex, as in L. heteronea. On the
under side the wings are whitish. The spots on this side are
well delineated in our figure in Plate XXXII. Expanse, 1.30 inch.

Early Stages.—These await description.

The butterfly is found in the region of the Rocky Mountains,
from New Mexico to Montana.

(5) Lyceena fulla, Edwards, Plate XXX, Fig. 24, 6; Fig. 25,
2 (Fulla).

Butterfly.— Smaller than the preceding species. The upper

259

Genus Lycena

side of the male is not lilac-blue, but ultramarine. The female
is almost indistinguishable on the upper side from the female of
L. lycea. On the under side the wings are pale stone-gray, with
a black spot at the end of the cell of the primaries and a large
white spot at the end of the cell of the secondaries. The other
spots, which are always ringed about with white, are located
much as in L. icarzoides (See Plate XXX, Fig. 29). Expanse, 1.15-
1.20 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

Fulla occurs in northern California, Oregon, Washington, and
British Columbia.

(6) Lyczna icarioides, Boisduval (mintha, Edwards), Plate
XXX, Fig. 29, 6, under side (Boisduval’s Blue).

Butterfly.—The insect on the upper side closely resembles the
preceding species in both sexes. On the under side it may be
at once distinguished from the following species by the absence
on the margin of the hind wings of the fine black terminal line,
and by having only one, not two rows of submarginal black
spots. There are other marked and striking differences, and the
merging of L. dedalus, Behr, with this species, which has been
advocated’ by some recent writers, is no doubt due to their lack
of sufficient and accurately identified material. Expanse, 1.35 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

This species, which is not common, is found in southern
California.

(7) Lyczna dedalus, Behr, Plate XXXI, Fig. 11, ¢ ; Fig.12,
9; Plate XXX, Fig. 28, 9, under side (Behr’s Blue).

Butterfly.—The wings of the male on the upper side are deep
lustrous blue, with darker borders and white fringes. The
wings of the female are brown, margined with reddish. The
name @chaja was applied to this sex by Dr. Behr, before it was
known to be the female of his L. dedalus. Expanse, 1.12 inch.

Early Stages.—These have not yet been studied.

Dedalus is common in southern California.

(8) Lyczena szpiolus, Boisduval, Plate XXXI, Fig. 15, 3;
Fig. 16, 2 (The Greenish Blue).

Butterfiv.—The male on the upper side has the wings blue,
shot in certain lights with brilliant green. The female on the
same side is dusky, with greenish-blue scales at the bases of the
wings, and often with reddish markings on the outer margin of

260

Genus Lycena

the hind wings. On the under side the wings are gray or pale
wood-brown, with greenish-blue at their base and a profusion of
small black spots margined with white. Now and then the
black spots are lost, the white margins spreading inwardly and
usurping the place of the black. Expanse, .95-1.10 inch.

Early Stages. —These await further study.

The species ranges from British Columbia to Colorado.

(9) Lycena pheres, Boisduval, Plate XXX, Fig. 37, 4; Fig.

2, @, under side (Pheres).

Butterfly.—The male is pale shining blue above, with dusky
borders. The female is dusky, with a little blue at the base of
the wings on the same side. Below, the spots on the fore wings
are strongly defined; on the hind wings they are white on a pale
stone-gray ground. Expanse, 1.20 inch.

Early Stages. —We know no more of these than we do of
those of the preceding species.

Pheres has nearly the same range as s@piolus.

(10) Lyczna xerxes, Boisduval, Plate XXX, Fig. 43, 4, under
side (Xerxes).

Butterfly.—The wings in both sexes are dusky above, shot
with blue, more widely in the male than in the female. On the
under side the wings are dark stone-color, with all the spots on
both wings white, very rarely slightly pupiled with blackish.
Expanse, 1.25 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

The species is found in central California.

(11) Lyczna antiacis, Boisduval, Plate XXX, Fig. 35, 6,
under side; Fig. 36,6; Fig. 41, 2 (The Eyed Blue).

Butterfly.—On the upper side the male is pale lilac-blue, the
female dusky, heavily marked with blue at the base of the wings.
On the under side the wings are deep, warm stone-gray. There
is a single quite regular band of large-sized black spots on the
fore wing beyond the middle, and a triply festooned curved band
of similar spots on the hind wing. These spots are all margined
with white. Expanse, 1.15-1.25 inch.

Early Stages. —These await description.

The insect is found in California.

(12) Lyczna couperi, Grote, Plate XXX, Fig. 34, 4, under
side (Couper’s Blue).

Butterfly.—The wings of the male above are pale shining blue,

261

Genus Lycena

with a narrow black border; of the female darker blue, broadly
margined externally with dusky. On the under side the wings
are dark brownish-gray, with the spots arranged much as in L.
antiacis, but with those of the hind wings generally white, and
without a dark pupil. The series on the fore wing is usually
distinctly pupiled with black. Expanse, 1.25 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

The species is found in Newfoundland, Labrador, Anticosti,
and westward and northward. It is a boreal form.

(13) Lyczna lygdamas, Doubleday, Plate XXXI, Fig. 17,
46; Fig. 18, 9; Plate XXX, Fig. 50, 2, under side (The Silvery
Blue).

Butterfly.—The male has the upper side of the wings pale
silvery-blue, narrowly edged with black; the wings of the female
on the upper side are darker blue, dusky on the borders, with a
dark spot at the end of the cell of the primaries. On the under
side the wings are pale chocolate-brown, with a submarginal
band of black spots, margined with white, on both wings, as
well as a spot at the end of the cells, and one or two on the
costa of the secondaries. Expanse, .85-1.10 inch.

Early Stages.—These are yet to be ascertained.

The insect is reported from Michigan to Georgia.

(14) Lyceena sagittigera, Felder. Plate XXXI, Fig. 19, ¢;
Fig. 20, 2; Plate XXX, Fig. 44, 9, under side (The Arrow-head
Blue).

Butterfly.—The wings in both sexes are variable pale blue,
dusky on the margins, with white fringes checkered with dusky
at the ends of the veins. On the under side the wings are dark
gray, profusely spotted, the most characteristic markings being
a white ray in the cell of the hind wings, a broad submarginal
band of white arrow-shaped markings on both wings, with a
black spot at the tip of each sagittate maculation and a dark
triangular shade between the barbs. These markings are not
shown as they should be in Plate XXX, Fig. 44. They are only
faintly indicated. Expanse, 1.25—-1.30 inch.

Early Stages. —These await description.

This butterfly ranges from Oregon to Mexico, and eastward
as far as Colorado on the mountains.

(15) Lycezena speciosa, Henry Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig.
1, 63 Fig. 2, 2, under side (The Small Blue).

262

Genus Lyczena

Butterfly.— Quite small; the male pale blue above, edged with
dusky; the female dusky, with the inner two thirds shot with
blue. The maculation of the under side is as represented in the
plate. Expanse, .80 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

Habitat, southern California.

(16) Lyczna sonorensis, Felder, Plate XXXI, Fig. 21, 4;
Fig. 22, 2 (The Sonora Blue).

Butterfly.—Easily distinguished from all other species of the
genus by the red spots in the region of the median nervules on
the upper side. Expanse, .87 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

This lovely little insect is found rather abundantly in southern
California and northern Mexico.

(17) Lycezena podarce, Felder, Plate XXXII, Fig. 15, 2;
Fig. 16, @ (The Gray Blue).

Butterfly.—The male is grayish-blue above, with dusky mar-
gins, lighter on the disk of both the fore and hind wings. There
are a few dark marginal crescents on the hind wings. On the
under side the wings are very pale, profusely spotted, the spot
at the end of the cell of the secondaries being large and whitish,
without a pupil, the rest being black ringed about with white.
The female is dark brown above, the fore wings having a black
spot ringed about with yellowish at the end of the cell. Ex-
panse, 1.05 inch.

Early Stages.—These have never been described.

The species is thus far known from California, Nevada, and
Colorado. It is alpine in its habits.

(18) Lyczna aquilo, Boisduval, Plate XXXII, Fig. 9, 6 ; Fig.
10, 3, under side (The Labrador Blue).

Butterfly.—The male is dusky bluish-gray on the upper side;
the female somewhat darker. It is easily distinguished from
other species by the dark-brown shades on the under side of the
secondaries. Expanse, .80 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

It is found in Labrador and arctic America.

(19) Lyczna rustica, Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 17, ¢,
under side (The Rustic Blue).

Butterfiy.—Much like the preceding species, but a third larger,
and brighter blue on the upper side of the wings of the male. On

263

Genus Lycena

the under side the disposition of the spots and markings is pre-
cisely as in L. aguzlo, but on the secondaries the dark spots and
shades are all replaced by white on a pale-gray ground. Ex-
panse, .90-1.00 inch.

Early Stages.—We are in complete ignorance as to these.

The butterfly is found in British America and on the Western
Cordilleras.

(20) Lyczena enoptes, Boisduval, Plate XXX, Fig. 30, 9,
under side; Fig. 51, 6 (The Dotted Blue).

Butterfly.—The wings on the upper side are purplish-blue, —
pale in the male, darker in the female,—bordered with dusky,
more heavily in the female than in the male. The fringes are
white, checkered with dusky at the ends of the veins. The fe-
male sometimes has the hind wings marked on the upper side
with red marginal spots on the inner half of the border. On the
under side the wings are pale bluish-gray, marked with a profu-
sion of small black spots, those on the outer margin arranged in
two parallel lines, between which, on the hind wings, are red
spots. Expanse, 1.00 inch.

Early Stages.— Awaiting description.

Enoptes ranges from Washington to Arizona.

(21) Lyczena glaucon, Edwards, Plate XXX, Fig. 31, 9,
under side; Fig. 39, 6 (The Colorado Blue).

Butterfly.—Purplish-blue, closely resembling the preceding
species, but having the black margin of the wings broader than
in L. enoptes, with the dark crescents of the marginal series on
the under side showing through as darker spots in the margins
of the hind wings. The female has a band of orange spots on
the margins of the secondaries. The two marginal rows of
spots on the lower side of the wings are arranged and colored as
in the preceding species. Expanse, 1.00 inch.

Early Stages.—Of these we must again confess ignorance.

Glaucon ranges from Washington into California, and east-
ward to Colorado, where it is quite common in the mountain
valleys.

(22) Lyczena battoides, Behr, Plate XXXII, Fig. 11, 2
(Behr’s Blue).

Butterfly.—On the upper side paler blue than the preceding
species, with the hind margin tinged with reddish, shining through
from below, and small crescentic dark spots. On the under side

264

Genus Lycena

the wings are smoky-gray, with all the black spots, which are
arranged as in the preceding species, greatly enlarged and quad-
rate, and a broad submarginal border of orange on the hind
wings. The female is like the male, but with more orange on
the upper side of the hind wings.

Early Stages.—But little is, as yet, known of these.

The insect ranges from California and Arizona to Colorado.

(23) Lyczna shasta, Edwards, Plate XXXI, Fig. 23, 4;
Fig. 24, @ (The Shasta Blue).

Butterfly.—The figures in the plate give a fairly good idea of
the upper side of this species in both sexes, though the male is
not quite so dark a blue as represented. On the under side the
wings have the usual black spots, on a dirty-gray ground, and,
in addition, on the hind wings there are a number of small mar-
ginal spots surmounted by metallic-colored bluish-green scales,
somewhat like those found in some species of the genus Thecla.
Expanse, 1.00 inch.

Early Stages.— So far as I know, these have never been de-
scribed.

My specimens are all from Montana and Nevada. It is also
reported from northern California, Oregon, and Kansas, though |
question the latter locality.

(24) Lycezna melissa, Edwards, Plate XXXI, Fig. 25, 2;
Fig. 26, 2 (The Orange-margined Blue).

Butterfly.—The male on the upper side is pale blue, with a
narrow black marginal line and white fringes. The female is
brown or lilac-gray, with a series of orange-red crescents on the
margins of both wings. On the under side the wings are stone-
gray, with the usual spots, and on the secondaries the orange-
colored marginal spots are oblong, tipped inwardly with black
and outwardly by a series of metallic-green maculations. Expanse,
.9O-1.15 inch.

Early Stages. —We know very little about these.

It is found from Kansas to Arizona, and northward to Mon-
tana.

(25) Lyczna scudderi, Edwards, Plate XXX, Fig. 48, 2;
Fig. 49, 9; Plate V, Fig. 41, chrysalis (Scudder’s Blue).

Butterfly. —The commonest Eastern representative of the
group to which the preceding four or five and the following
three species belong. On the upper side the male cannot be dis-

265

Genus Lycena

tinguished from L. melissa; the female is darker and has only a
few orange crescents on the outer margin of the hind wing. On
the under side the wings are shining white, the spots are much
reduced in size, the large orange spots found in L. melissa
are replaced by quite small yellowish or ochreous spots, and the
patches of metallic scales defining them externally are very
minute. Expanse, 1.00-1.10 inch.

Early Stages.—These are accurately described by Dr. Scudder
in his great work, ‘‘ The Butterflies of New England,” and by
others. The caterpillar feeds upon the lupine, and probably
other leguminous plants.

It is widely distributed through the basin of the St. Lawrence,
the region of the Great Lakes, and northward as far as British
Columbia, being also found on the Catskill Mountains. I have
found it very common at times about Saratoga, New York.

(26) Lyczena acmon, Doubleday and Hewitson, Plate XXXI,
Fig. 27, 6; Fig. 28, 9 (Acmon).

Butterfly.—The plate gives a good representation of the male
and the female of this pretty species, which may at a glance be
distinguished from all its allies by the broad orange-red band on
the hind wings, marked by small black spots. On the under side
it is marked much as L. melissa. Expanse, .90-1.10 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

It is found from Arizona to Washington and Montana.

(27) Lyczna aster, Plate XXX, Fig. 40, 6; Fig. 46, 2; Fig.
47, 6, under side (The Aster Blue).

Butterfly.—On the under side this species is very like enoptes
and other allied species. The male looks like a dwarfed speci-
men of L. scuddert. The female is dull bluish-gray above, with
black spots on the outer margins of the wing, most distinct on
the secondaries, and, instead of a band of orange spots before
them, a diffuse band of blue spots, paler than the surrounding
parts of the wing. Expanse, .95-1.00 inch.

Early Stages. —These furnish a field for investigation.

The insect is reported thus far only from Newfoundland,
from which locality I obtained, through the purchase of the
Mead collection, a large and interesting series.

(28) Lycezna annetta, Mead, Plate XXXII, Fig. 13, ¢ ; Fig. 14,
@ (Annetta).

Butterfly.—The male closely resembles the male of L. melissa

266

Sey)

OO Cs Oy

2. Lycena comyntas, Godart, g,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXII

1.«Lyceena speciosa, Henry Edwards, 3.

. Lycena speciosa, Henry Edwards, 2,
under side.

. Lyceena hanno, Stoll, %, under side,

. Lyceena isophthalma, Herrich-Schat-
fer,

. Lyceena exilis, Boisduval, oJ.

. Lyceena theonus, Lucas, 2.

Lycena amyntula, Boisduval, 3.

. Lycena amyntula, Boisduval, 2.

. Lyccena aquilo, Boisduval, 3.

. Lycena aquilo, Boisduyal, 3’,
side.

. Lycena battoides, Behr, 3.

under

side. 4

. Lycna annetta, Mead, 3.

. Lyccena annetta, Mead, 9.

. Lyceena podarece, Felder, ¢.

. Lyceena podarce, Felder, 2.

. Lyceena rustica, Edwards, 3,
side. : ‘

. Lycona lveea, Edwards, 3,
side. ,

. Lyecna ~ heteronea,

under side.

under

. Thecla mnelinus, Hibner, ¥.

. Nathalis iole, Boisduyal, 3.

. Nathalis iole, Boisduval, 2.

. Euchlo® creusa, Dbl.-Hew., 3.

. Euchloé ausonides, Boisduval, 3.

WY to

ow be
© XO) (Co 63 U7

‘wo

iy)

. Euchloé ausonides, Boisduval, 2.

. Euchloé cethura, Felder, 3.

. Euchloé® cethura, Felder, 2.

. Euchloé sara, Boisduval, gj.

. Euchloé sara, Boisduval, 2.

. Euchlot lanceolata, Boisduval, ¥.

. Euchloé sara, Boisduval, var. reakirti,

Edwards, oi. —

. Euchloé sara, Boisduval, var. rea-

under

kirti, Edwards, ©.

3. Euchlo® pima, Edwards, ¢.
4. Euchlo® sara, Boisduval, var. julia,

Boisduyal, Q, 39.

Edwards, ¢..

. Euchloé sara, Boisduval, var. stella.

Edwards, ¢. Pig

. Euchloé sara, Boisduval, var. stella,

Edwards, ©.

. Euchloé genutia, Fabricius, He
. Euchloé genutia, Fabricius, 2.
Euchloé olympia, Edwards, var. rosa,

Edwards, of, under side.

Bre UC Mini

THE BuTTERFLY Book. PLATE XXXII
‘

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J, HOLLAND, 198,

Genus Lyczena

on the upper side. The female is paler than the male, which is
unusual in this genus, and has a ‘‘ washed-out” appearance.
On the under side the markings are very like those found in
L. scuddert. Expanse, 1.15 inch.

Early Stages.— Entirely unknown.

The types which I possess came from Utah.

(29) Lycena pseudargiolus, Boisduval and Leconte, Plate
XXXI, Fig. 6,4; Fig. 7,93 Plate XXX, Fig. 32,4, under side;
Plate V, Figs. 36, 43, 44, chrysalis (The Common Blue).

Butterfiy.—This common but most interesting insect has been
made the subject of most exhaustive and elaborate study by Mr.
W. H. Edwards, and the result has been to show that it is highly
subject to variation. It illustrates the phenomena of polymor-
phism most beautifully. The foregoing references to the plate
cite the figures of the typical summer form. In addition to this
form the following forms have received names :

(a) Winter form lucia, Kirby, Plate XXXI, Fig. 1, 4; Plate
XXX, Fig. 20, 6, under side. This appears in New England
in the early spring from overwintering chrysalids, and is charac-
terized by the brown patch on the middle of the hind wing on
the under side.

(0) Winter form marginata, Edwards, Plate XXXI, Fig. 2,
6; Fig. 3, 9; Plate XXX, Fig. 19, 6, under side. This ap-
pears at the same time as the preceding form. The
specimens figured in the plate were taken in Man-
itoba. This form is characterized by the dark
margins of the wings on the under side.

(c) Winter form violacea, Edwards, Plate
XXXI, Fig. 5, 6. This is the common winter
form. The spots below are distinct, but never
fused or melted together, as in the two preceding Se eee

forms. t Neuration of Ly-

(d) Form nigra, Edwards, Plate XXXI, Fig. 4, cana pseudargi-

4. The wings on the under side are as in viola-~ 9/MS:_,omlarged.
D5 : “~~ Typical of sub-
cea, but are black above. It is found in West Vir- genus Cyaniris,
aah F Dalman.
ginia and occurs also in Colorado.

(e) Summer form neglecta, Edwards, Plate XXXI, Fig. 8, 4 ;
Fig. 9,2. This is smaller than the typical form pseudargiolus,
also has the dark spots on the under side of the wings more dis-
tinct, and the hind wings, especially in the female, paler.

267

Genus Lycena

(f) Southern form piasus, Plate XXXI, Fig. 10, $. This
form, which is uniformly darker blue on the upper side than the
others, is found in Arizona.

There are still other forms which have been named and
described.

Early Stages. —These have been traced through all stages with
minutest care. The egg is delineated in this book on p. 4, Fig. 7.
The caterpillar is slug-shaped, and feeds on the tender leaves and
petals of a great variety of plants.

The range of the species is immense. It extends from Alaska
to Florida, and from Anticosti to Arizona.

(30) Lyczna amyntula, Boisduval, Plate XXXII, Fig. 7, 2;
Fig. 8, 9 (The Western Tailed Blue).

Butter flv.—Closely resembling L. comyntas, of which it may
be only a slightly modified Western form. Until the test of
breeding has been applied we cannot be sure of this. The fig-
ures in the plate give a very good representation of the upper
side of the wings of this species.

Early Stages. —But little has been found out concerning these.

It ranges from the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains to
the Pacificin British Americaand the northern tier of Western States.

(31) Lyczna comyntas, Godart, Plate XXX],
Fig. 29, 6; Fig. 30, 9; Plate XXXII, Fig. 12, ¢,
under side; Plate V, Figs. 42, 47, 48, chrysalis
(The Eastern Tailed Blue).

Butterfly.—The blue of the upper side of the
male in the plate is too dark; but the female and
the under side of the wings are accurately deline-

ated. The species is generally tailed, but speci-
NewStion 2 op Mens without tails occur. Expanse, 1.00-1.10 inch.
Lycaena comyn- Early Stages.—These are well known and have
feet ae been fully described. The caterpillar feeds on legu-
subgenus £v- minous plants.
GR aU This delicate little species ranges from the val-
ley of the Saskatchewan to Costa Rica, and from the Atlantic to
the foot-hills of the Western Cordilleras. It is common in the
Middle and Western States, flitting about roadsides and weedy
forest paths.

(32) Lycena isola, Reakirt, Plate XXX, Fig. 33, 2, under
side; Fig. 38, 2 (Reakirt’s Blue).

268

Genus Lycena

Butterfly.—The male on the upper side is pale lilac-blue, with
the outer borders and the ends of the veins narrowly dusky. The
female is brownish-gray on the upper side, with the wings at
their base glossed with blue. In both sexes there is a rather con-
spicuous black spot on the margin of the hind wings between
the first and second median nervules. The under side is accu-
rately depicted in our plate, to which the student may refer.
Expanse, 1.00 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

The species occurs in Texas, Arizona, and Mexico.

(33) Lyczna hanno, Stoll, Plate XXXII, Fig. 3, 4, under side
(The Florida Blue).

Butterfly.—Larger than the preceding species, on the upper
side resembling L. zso/a,; but the blue of the male is not lilac, but
bright purplish, and the female is much darker. On the under
side a striking distinction is found in the absence on the fore
wing of the postmedian band of large dark spots so conspicuous
in L. zsola. Expanse, .85 inch.

Early Stages. —We have no information as to these.

The insect occurs in Florida and throughout the Antilles and
Central America.

(34) Lyczena isophthalma, Herrich-Schaffer, Plate XXXII,
Fig. 4, ¢ (The Dwarf Blue).

Butterfly.—Light brown on the upper side in both sexes, with
the outer margin of the hind wings set with a row of dark spots,
which on the under side are defined by circlets of metallic scales.
The under side is pale brown, profusely marked by light spots
and short bands. Expanse, .75 inch.

Early Stages.—Up to this time we have learned very little con-
cerning them.

The species occurs in the Gulf States and the Antilles.

(35) Lyczena exilis, Boisduval, Plate XXXII, Fig. 5, 6 (The
Pygmy Blue).

Butterfly.—On the upper side this, which is the smallest of
North American butterflies, very closely resembles the foregoing
species, but may be instantly distinguished by the white spot at
the inner angle of the fore wing and the white fringes of the
same wing near the apex. The hind wings on the under side
are set with a marginal series of dark spots ringed about with
metallic scales. Expanse, .65 inch.

269

Genus Lyczena

Early Stages. —Unknown.

The Pygmy is found in the Gulf States and throughout trop-
ical America.

(36) Lyczna ammon, Lucas, Plate XXXI, Fig. 31, 2; Plate
XXX, Fig. 45, 2, under side (The Indian River Blue).

Butterfly.—The male is brilliant lilac-blue on the upper
side; the female shining violet-blue, with very dark and wide
black borders on the fore wings and one or two conspicuous
black eye-spots near the anal angle of the hind wings, each sur-
mounted by a carmine crescent. The figure in Plate XXX gives
a correct representation of the under side. Expanse, .95-1.10
inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

This beautiful little insect is not uncommon in southern Flor-
ida, and also occurs in the Antilles and tropical America.

(37) Lyczena marina, Reakirt, Plate XXXI, Fig. 32, 92;
Plate XXX, Fig. 27, 2, under side (The Marine Blue).

Butterfly.—The male, on the upper side, is pale dusky-lilac,
the dark bands of the lower side appearing faintly on the upper
side. The female is dark brown on the upper side, with the
wings at the base shot with bright lilac-blue; the dark bands
on the disk in this sex are prominent, especially on the fore wings.
The under side of the wings is accurately depicted in Plate XXX
and therefore requires no description. Expanse, 1.10 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

Marina is found in Texas, Arizona, southern California, and
southward.

(38) Lyczena theonus, Lucas, Plate XXXII, Fig. 6, @ (The
West Indian Blue).

Butter fly.—The male is shining lavender-blue, this color gloss-
ing the dark outer borders of the wings; the female is white,
with the outer costal borders heavily blackish, the primaries shot
with shining sky-blue toward the base. On the under side the
wings are crossed by dark bands of spots, arranged much as in
L. marina, but darker. The hind wings, near the anal angle,
have conspicuous eye-spots both above and below. Expanse,
.80 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

This lovely insect is found in the Gulf States and all over the
hot lands of the New World.

270

Size

SIZE

Size, like wealth, is only relative. The farmer who owns a
hundred acres appears rich to the laborer whom he employs to
cut his wheat; but many a millionaire spends in one month as
much as would purchase two such farms. The earth seems great
to us, and the sun still greater; but doubtless there are suns the
diameter of which is equal to the distance from the earth to the sun,
in which both earth and sun would be swallowed up as mere drops
in an ocean of fire. In the animal kingdom there are vast dispar-
ities in size, and these disparities are revealed in the lower as well
as in the higher classes. In the class of mammals we find tiny mice
and great elephants; in the insect world we find beetles which are
microscopic in size, and, not distantly related to them, beetles as
large as a clenched fist. The disparity between a field-mouse
and a sulphur-bottomed whale is no greater than the disparity in
size which exists between the smallest and the largest of the
beetle tribe. And so it is with the lepidoptera. It would take
several thousands of the Pygmy Blue, Lyca@na exilis, to equal in
weight one of the great bird-wing butterflies of the Australian
tropics. The greatest disparity in size in the order of the lepidop-
tera is not, however, shown in the butterflies, but among the moths.
There are moths the wings of which do not cover more than
three sixteenths of an inch in expanse, and there are moths with
great bulky bodies and wings spreading from eight to nine inches.
It would require ten thousand of the former to equal in weight
one of the latter, and the disproportion in size is as great as that
which exists between a shrew and a hippopotamus, or between
a minnow and a basking-shark.

It is said that, taking the sulphur-bottomed whale as the
representative of the most colossal development of flesh and
blood now existing on land or in the sea, and then with the
microscope reaching down into the realm of protozoan life, the
common blow-fly will be ascertained to occupy the middle point
on the descending scale. Man is, therefore, not only mentally,
but even physically, a great creature, though he stands some-
times amazed at what he regards as the huge proportions of other
creatures belonging to the vertebrates.

271

FAMILY IV
PAPILIONIDZE (THE SWALLOWTAILS AND ALLIES)

THE butterflies of this family in both sexes are provided with
six ambulatory feet. The caterpillars are elongate, and in the
genera Papilio and Ornithoptera have osmateria, or protrusive
scent-organs, used for purposes of defense.

The chrysalids in all the genera are more or less elongate, at-
tached at the anal extremity, and held in place by a girdle of silk,
but they never lie appressed to the surface upon which pupation
takes place, as is true in the Erycinide and Lycenide.

SUBFAMILY PIERIN/E (THE SULPHURS AND WHITES)

‘Fly, white butterflies, out to sea,

Frail pale wings for the winds to try;

Small white wings that we scarce can see
Fly.

Here and there may a chance-caught eye

Note, in a score of you, twain or three

Brighter or darker of tinge or dye;

Some fly light as a laugh of glee,

Some fly soft as a long, low sigh:

All to the haven where each would be,—
Fly.” SWINBURNE.

Butterfly.—For the most part medium-sized or small butter-
flies, white or yellow in color, with dark marginal markings. In
many genera the subcostal vein of the fore wing has five, or even in
some cases six nervules, and the upper radial is lacking in this wing.

Early Stages.—The eggs are spindle-shaped, marked with
vertical ridges and cross-lines. The caterpillars are cylindrical,
relatively long, generally green in color, longitudinally striped with
darker or paler lines. The chrysalids are generally more or less
pointed at the head, with the wing-cases in many of the genera
greatly developed on the ventral side, forming a deep, keel-
shaped projection upon this surface.

272

‘FAMILY: 1¥ * |
pAPILIONIDA® (THE SWALLOWTAILS AND AL LiiEgy:

Tue battestiies of this family i both sexes are provided ‘ i
feet. The caterpillars are elongate, and’ ited
ee Ovnithopicra have osmateria, or protrusr
Piarposes of tefense,
@ Wenera are ior OF hig elongate,
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ta tive morta up

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a

THE BUTTERFLY Book.

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, 1898,

PLATE XXXIII.

iS)

Sart

oer ee

Genus Dismorphia

This subfamily is very large, and is enormously developed in
the tropics of both hemispheres. Some of the genera are very
widely distributed in temperate regions, especially the genera Pieris
and Colzas.

Genus DISMORPHIA, Hubner

“Tl saw him run after a gilded butterfly; and when he caught it, he let it go
again; and after it again; and over and over he comes, and up again; catched it
again.” SHAKESPEARE, Coriolanus.

Butter fly.—The butterflies are medium sized, varying much in
the form of wing, in some species greatly resembling other Prerine
in outline, but more frequently resembling the Ithomiid and
Heliconiid butterflies, which they mimic. Some of them rep-
resent transitional forms between the
type commonly represented in the genus
Pieris and the forms found in the two
above-mentioned protected groups. The
eyes are not prominent. The palpi are Vs
quite small. The basal joint is long,
the middle joint oval, and the third joint
small, oval, or slightly club-shaped. The
antenne are long, thin, terminating in a
gradually enlarged spindle-shaped club;
the fore wings being sometimes oval,
more frequently elongated, twice, or even
three times, as long as broad, especially in the male sex; the apex
pointed, falcate, or rounded. The cell is long and narrow. The
first subcostal vein varies as to location, rising either before or after
the end of the cell, and, in numerous cases, coalescing with the
costal vein, as is shown in the cut.

Early Stages.— Of the early stages of these interesting insects
we have no satisfactory knowledge.

The species of the genus belong exclusively to the tropical
regions of the New World. There are about a hundred species
which have already been named and described, and undoubtedly
there are many more which remain to be discovered. These in-
sects can always be distinguishéd from the protected genera
which they mimic by the possession of six well-developed am-
bulatory feet in both sexes, the protected genera being possessed
of only four feet adapted to walking.

273

Fic. 138.—Neuration of the
genus Dismorphia.

Genus Neophasia

(1) Dismorphia melite, Linnzus, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 17, 2;
Fig. 18, 2 (The Mime).

Butterfly.—The figures in the plate make a description of the
upper side unnecessary. On the under side the wings of the
male are shining white, except the costa, which is evenly dull
ochreous from the base to the apex. The hind wings are ochre-
ous, mottled with pale brown. The female, on the under side,
has the fore wings very pale yellow, with the black spots of the
upper side reproduced; the hind wings are deeper yellow, mot-
tled with pale-brown spots and crossed by a moderately broad
transverse pale-brown band of the same color.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

The species is credited to our fauna on the authority of Reakirt.
It is abundant in Mexico. It mimics certain forms of /thomiine.

Genus NEOPHASIA, Behr

“It was an hour of universal joy.
The lark was up and at the gate of heaven,
Singing, as sure to enter when he came;
The butterfly was basking in my path,
His radiant wings unfolded.”
Rocers.

Butterfly.—Medium sized, white in color, more nearly related
in the structure of its wings to the European genus Aporia than
to any other of the American pieridine genera. The upper radial

is lacking, and the subcostal is provided with five
branches, the first emitted well before the end of
the cell; the second likewise emitted before the
end of the cell and terminating at the apex; the
third, fourth, and fifth rising from a common stalk
at the outer upper angle of the cell.

Early Stages.—The egg is flask-shaped, fluted
on the sides, recalling the shape of the ‘‘ pearl-
top” lamp-chimney. The caterpillar, in its mature
form, is about aninch long. The body is cylindri-

Whe. He hana cal, terminating in two short anal tails. The color
Neophasia. is dark green, witha broad white band on each side,
and a narrow band of white on the back. The feet are black, and
the prolegs greenish-yellow. The chrysalis is dark green, striped

274

Genus Tachyris

with white, resembling the chrysalids of the genus Co/zas, but
somewhat more slender. The caterpillar feeds upon conifers. But
one species is known.

(1) Neophasia menapia, Felder, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 7, ¢
(The Pine White).

Butterfly.—The insect on the under side sometimes has the
outer margin of the secondaries marked with spots of bright pink-
ish-red, resembling in this style of coloration certain species of
the genus De/zas of the Indo-Malayan fauna.

Early Stages.—These have been thoroughly described by Ed-
wards in his third volume. The caterpillar infests the pine-trees
and firs of the northern Pacific States. The larva lets itself down
by a silken thread, often a hundred feet in length, and pupates on
the ferns and shrubbery at the foot of the trees. It sometimes
works great damage to the pine woods.

Genus TACHYRIS, Wallace

“The virtuoso thus, at noon,
Broiling beneath a July sun,
The gilded butterfly pursues
O’er hedge and ditch, through gaps and mews;
And, after many a vain essay
To captivate the tempting prey,
Gives him at length the lucky pat,
And has him safe beneath his hat;
Then lifts it gently from the ground;
But, ah! ’t is lost as soon as found.
Culprit his liberty regains,
Flits out of sight, and mocks his pains.”
Cowper.

This genus, which includes about seventy species, may be
distinguished from all other genera belonging to the Pierina by the
two stiff brush-like clusters of hairs which are found in the male
sex attached to the abdominal clasps. All of the species belong-
ing to the genus are found in the Old World, with exception
of the species described in this book, which has a wide range
throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the New
World. The peculiarities of neuration are well shown in the
accompanying cut, in which the hind wing has been somewhat
unduly magnified in proportion to the fore wing.

Early Stages.—The life-history of our species has not been
thoroughly studied, but we have ascertained enough of the early

275

Genus Pieris

stages of various species found in the tropics of the Old World
to know that there is a very close relationship between this genus
and that which follows in our classification.

(1) Tachyris ilaire, Godart, Plate
XXXV, Fig. 4, 4; Fig. 5, 2 (The Florida
White).

Butter fly.—The hind wings of the male
on the under side, which is not shown in
the plate, are very pale saffron. The under
side of the wings in the female is pearly-
white, marked with bright orange-yellow
at the base of the primaries. A melanic
form of the female sometimes occurs in
which the wings are almost wholly dull
blackish on both sides.

Early Stages.—We know, as yet, but
little of these.

The insect is universally abundant in

Fic. 140.—Neuration of the tropics of America, and occurs in

the genus J7achyris. Hind :
wing relatively enlarged. southern Florida.

Genus PIERIS, Schrank
(The Whites)

“And there, like a dream in a swoon, I swear
I saw Pan lying,—his limbs in the dew
And the shade, and his face in the dazzle and glare
Of the glad sunshine; while everywhere,
Over, across, and around him blew
Filmy dragon-flies hither and there,
And little white butterflies, two and two,

In eddies of odorous air.”
James Wuitcoms RILEY.

Butterfly.—Medium-sized butterflies, white in color, marked
in many species on both the upper and under sides with dark
brown. The antennez are distinctly clubbed, moderate in length.
The palpi are short, delicate, compressed, with the terminal joint
quite short and pointed. The subcostal vein of the primaries has
four branches, the first subcostal arising before the end of the cell,
the second at its upper outer angle, and the third and fourth from
a common stem emitted at the same point. The outer margin of

276

Genus Pieris

the primaries is straight, the outer margin of the secondaries more
or less evenly rounded.

Egg.—The egg is spindle-shaped, with vertical raised ridges.

Caterpillar.—Elongate, the head hemispherical, very slightly,
if at all, larger in diameter than the body. The caterpillars feed
upon cruciferous plants.

Chrysalis.—Attached by the anal extremity, and held in place
by a silk girdle; slightly concave on the ventral side; convex on
the dorsal side, with a distinct or pointed
hump-like projection on the thorax. At the
point where the thoracic and abdominal seg-
ments unite in some species there is in addi-
tion a distinct keel-shaped eminence, and at
the head the chrysalis is furnished with a short
conical projection.

(1) Pieris monuste, Linnzus, Plate
XXXV, Fig. 1, 4 ; Fig. 2, 2? (The Great South-
ern White).

Butterfly.—The upper side of the wings,
depicted in the plate, requires no comment.
On the under side the black marginal mark-
ings of the primaries reappear as pale-brown markings. The hind
wing is pale yellow or grayish-saffron, crossed by an ill-defined
pale-brown transverse band of spots, and has the veins marked
with pale brown, and interspersed between them pale-brown rays
on the interspaces.

Early Stages.—What we know of these is derived principally
from Abbot through Boisduval, and there is opportunity here
for investigation. ;

The species has a wide range through tropical America, and
is not uncommon in the Gulf States.’

(2) Pieris beckeri, Edwards, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 8, 4; Fig.
9, 2 (Becker's White).

Butterfly.—This species, through the green markings of the
under side of the hind wings, concentrated in broad blotches on
the disk, recalls somewhat the species of the genus Ezchloé, and
by these markings it may easily be discriminated from all other
allied species.

Early Stages.—These have been in part described by Edwards
in the second volume of ‘‘ The Butterflies of North America.”

277

Fic. 141.—Neuration
of the genus Pieris.

Genus Pieris

The species ranges from Oregon to central California, and
eastward to Colorado.

(3) Pieris occidentalis, Reakirt, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 13, 2
(The Western White).

Butterfly.—Not unlike the preceding species on the upper
side, but easily distinguished by the markings of the under side
of the wings, which are not concentrated in blotches, but extend
as broad longitudinal rays on either side of the veins from the base
to the outer margin.

Early Stages.—These require further investigation. We do
not, as yet, know much about them.

The species has a wide range in the mountain States of the
West, where it replaces the Eastern P. protodice.

(4) Pieris protodice, Boisduval and Leconte, Plate XXXIV,
Fig. 10, 6; Fig. 11, 9; Plate Il, Fig. 7, Jarva,; Plate V, Figs. 66,
67, chrysalis (see also p. 12, Fig. 26) (The Common White).

Butterfly.—Allied to the foregoing species, especially to P.
occidentalis; but it may always be quickly distinguished by the
pure, immaculate white color of the hind wings of the male on
the under side, and by the fact that in the female the hind wings
are more lightly marked along the veins by gray-green.

Winter form vernalis, Edwards, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 18, ¢.
What has been said of the typical or summer form does not hold
true of this winter form, which emerges from chrysalids which
have withstood the cold from autumn until spring. The butter-
flies emerging from these are generally dwarfed in size, and in
the males have the dark spots on the upper side of the wings al-
most obsolete or greatly reduced, and the dark markings along the
veins on the under side well developed, as in P. occidentalis.
The females, on the contrary, show little reduction in the size
and intensity of any of the spots, but rather a deepening of color,
except in occasional instances.

Early Stages.—The life-history of this insect has often been
described. The caterpillar feeds upon cruciferous plants, like
many of its congeners.

It ranges from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains, from
Canada to the Gulf States.

(5) Pieris sisymbri, Boisduval, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 12, ¢
(The California White).

Butterfly.—Smaller in size than the preceding species, with

278

Genus Pieris

the veins of the fore wing black, contrasting sharply with the
white ground-color. All the spots are smaller and more reg-
ular, especially those on the outer margin of the fore wing, giving
the edge an evenly checkered appearance. On the under side the
hind wings have the veins somewhat widely bordered with gray, ~
interrupted about the middle of the wing by the divergence of
the lines on either side of the veins in such a way as to produce
the effect of a series of arrow-points with their barbs directed
toward the base. The female is like the male, with the markings
alittle heavier. A yellow varietal form is sometimes found.

Early Stages.—The life-history is given and illustrated by Ed-
wards in his second volume. The caterpillar, which is green,
banded with black, feeds upon the Cruczfere.

(6) Pieris napi, Esper, Plate II, Figs. 8, 9, Jarva; Plate V,
Figs. 57, 63, 64, chrysalis (The Mustard White).

Butterfly.—This is a Protean species, of which there exist
many forms, the result of climatic and local influences. Even the
larva and chrysalis show in different regions slight microscopic
differences, for the influences which affect the imago are opera-
tive also in the early stages of development. The typical form
which is found in Europe is rarely found in North America, though
I have specimens from the northern parts of the Pacific coast re-
gion which are absolutely indistinguishable from European speci-
mens in color and markings. I give afew ofthe well-marked forms
or varieties found in North Americato which names have been given.

(a) Winter form oleracea-hiemalis, Harris, Plate XXXIV, Fig.
16, 6 (see also p. 5, Fig. 9, and p. 13, Fig. 27). The wings are white
above in both sexes. Below the fore wings are tipped with pale
yellow, and the entire hind wing is yellow. The veins at the apex
of the fore wings and on the hind wings are margined with dusky.

(6) Aberrant form virginiensis, Edwards, Plate XXXIV, Fig.
14, 6. The wings are white above, slightly tipped at the apex
of the fore wings with blackish. Below the wings are white,
faintly, but broadly, margined with pale dusky.

(c) Form pallida, Scudder, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 15, 9. In this
form the wings are white above and below, with a small black
spot on the fore wing of the female above, and hardly any trace
of dark shading along the veins on the under side.

(d) Alpine or arctic form bryoniz, Ochsenheimer, Plate
XXXIV, Fig. 17, 2. In this form, which is found in Alaska,

279

Instinct

Siberia, and the Alps of Europe, the veins above and below are
strongly bordered with blackish, and the ground-color of the
hind wings and the apex of the fore wings on the under side are
distinctly bright yellow.

(e) Newfoundland variety acadica, Edwards, Plate XXXIV,
Fig. 19, @. This form is larger than the others, and in markings
intermediate between pallida and bryonie. The under side in
both sexes and the upper side in the female are distinctly yellowish.

Early Stages.—TYhese are well known and have often been”
described, but some of the varietal forms need further study.

The species ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from
Alaska to the northern limits of the Gulf States.

(7) Pieris rape, Linnzus, Plate XXXV, Fig. 3, 2; Plate II,
Figs. 11, 12, /arva,; Plate V, Figs. 58, 65, chrysalis (The Cab-
bage-butterfly).

Butterfly.—This common species, which is a recent importa-
tion from Europe, scarcely needs any description. It is familiar to
every one. The story of its introduction and the way in which
it has spread over the continent has been well told by Dr. Scud-
der in the second volume of ‘‘ The Butterflies of New England,”
p- 1175. The insect reached Quebec about 1860. How it came
no man knows; perhaps in a lot of cabbages imported from
abroad; maybe a fertile female was brought over as a stowaway.
At all events, it came. Estimates show that a single female of this
species might be the progenitor in a few generations of millions.
In 1863 the butterfly was already common about Quebec, and was
spreading rapidly. By the year 1881 it had spread over the eastern
half of the continent, the advancing line of colonization reaching
from Hudson Bay to southern Texas. In 1886 it reached Denver,
as in 1884 it had reached the head waters of the Missouri, and it
now possesses the cabbage-fields from the Atlantic to the Pacific,
to the incalculable damage of all who provide the raw material for
sauer-kraut. The injury annually done by the caterpillar is esti-
mated to amount to hundreds of thousands of dollars.

INSTINCT

Two city fathers were standing in the market-place beside a
pile of cabbages. A naturalist, who was their friend, came by.
As he approached, a cabbage-butterfly, fluttering about the place,

280

iW 7b ibe

ARAMA AY

Wighod

GOS Uy)

TibOw aie tiwoxoss

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIV

. Euchloé cethura, Felder, var, Mmorri-
soi, Edwards, 3.

Euchloé creusa, Db\.-Hew., 2, un-
der side. 5 ;

. Euchlot ausonides, Boisduyal, ¢ ,

winder side.

. Euchloé sara, Boisduval, var. flora,

Wright, 3.

5. Euchlo® sara, Boisduval, var. flora,

Se Wineht 2a,
Euchloé sara, Boisduval, var. julia,
Edwards, 2, wader side.
Neophasia menapia, Felder, ¢.
Pieris beckert, Edwards, ¢'.
. Pieris beckeri, Edwards, 9.
Pieris protodice, Boisd.-Lec., &.

vi 2
A=

Pieris protodice, Boisd.-Lec., Ou.

. Pieris sisymbri, Boisduvyal, 3...
. Pieris occidentalis, Reakirt, 3.
_ Pieris virginiensis, Edwards, 3.

Pieris napi, Esper, var. pallida,
Scudder, @.

». Pieris napi, Esper, var. oleracea-hie-

malis, Harris, 3.

. Pieris uapi, Esper, var. brvonia,

Ochsenheimer, ©. ,
Pieris protodice, Boisd.-Lec., var. ~
vernalis, Edwards, 3.
Pieris napi, Esper, var. acadica, Ed=
Wane, Qe F -

>. Kricogonia lyside, @ dart, J.

Kricogonia lyside,

THE BuTTERFLY Book. PLATE XXXIV.

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, 1898.

Genus Nathalis

lit on the straw hat of one of the dignitaries. The naturalist, ac-
costing him, said: ‘‘ Friend, do you know what rests upon your
NeadiaminauNOssaldi ney mine AM butte rihvasnnnIVVell maesal du hes

“that brings good luck.”” ‘‘ Yes,” replied the naturalist; ‘‘and
the insect reveals to me the wonderful instinct with which nature

has provided it.” ‘‘ How is that ?”’ quoth the city father. ‘‘It is
a cabbage-butterfly that rests upon your head.” :

Genus NATHALIS, Boisduval

“The butterflies, gay triflers
Who in the sunlight sport.”
HEINE.

Butterfiv.—The butterfly is very small, yellow, margined with
black. The upper radial vein in the fore wing is wanting. The
subcostal has four nervules, the third and fourth
rising from a common stalk emitted from the
upper outer corner ofthe cell, the first and second
from before the end of the cell. The precostal
vein on the hind wing is reduced to a small
swelling beyond the base. The palpi are slen-
der; the third joint long and curved; the second
joint oval; the third fine, spindle-shaped, and
pointed. The antenne are rather short, with a
somewhat thick and abruptly developed club. — Fig. 1 4.—Neura-

Early Stages.—Very little is known of these. _ tion of the genus Na-

Three species belong to this genus, which dBalis, culated:
is confined to the subtropical regions of the New World, one
species only invading the region of which this volume treats.

(1) Nathalis iole, Boisduval, Plate XXXII, Fig. 21, ¢ ; Fig. 22,
9 (The Dwarf Yellow).

Butterfiy.—This little species, which cannot be mistaken, and
which requires no description, as the plate conveys more infor-
mation concerning it than could be given in mere words, ranges
from southern Illinois and Missouri to Arizona and southern Cali-
fornia. Its life-history has not yet been described. Expanse, 1.00-
1.25 inch.

The identification of this species with N. felicia, Poey, which
is found in Cuba, is doubtfully correct. The two species are
very closely allied, but, nevertheless, distinct from each other.

281

Genus Euchloe

Genus EUCHLOE, Hiibner
(Anthocharis of authors)
(The Orange-tips)

‘* When daffodils begin to peer,
With, heigh! the doxy over the dale,
Why, then comes in the sweet o’ the year;
For the red blood reigns in the winter’s pale.”
SHAKESPEARE.

Butterfly.—Small butterflies, white in color, with the apical
region of the primaries dark brown, marked with spots and bands
of yellowish-orange or crimson. On the under side
the wings are generally more or less profusely mot-
tled with green spots and striz.
Egg.—Spindle-shaped (see p. 4, Fig. 6), laterally
marked with raised vertical ridges, between which
are finer cross-lines.
Caterpillay.—The caterpillar, in its mature stage,
Free is relatively long, with the head small.
Neuration _ of Chrysalis.—With the head relatively enormously
ees Eu- projecting; wing-cases compressed, and uniting to
form a conspicuous keel-shaped projection, the
highest point of which lies at the juncture of the two ends of the
silk girdle where they are attached to the supporting surface.

There are numerous species of this genus, and all are exceed-
ingly pretty.

(1) Euchloé sara, Boisduval, Plate XXXII, Fig. 28, 43 Fig.
29, @ (Sara).

Butterfly.The wings on the upper side in both sexes are
shown in the figures above cited. On the under side the hind
wings are marked with dark irregular patches of greenish-brown
scales loosely scattered over the surface, and having a ‘‘ mossy”
appearance.

There are several forms which are regarded by recent writers
as varieties and may probably be such. Of these we give the
following:

(a) Variety reakirti, Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 31, 3; Fig.
32, @ (Reakirt’s Orange-tip) = flora, Wright, Plate XXXIV, Fig.
4,6; Fig. 5,2. This form hardly differs at all from the form

282

Genus Euchloé

sara, except in being smaller, and having the margins of the hind
wings marked with dark spots at the ends of the veins.

(b) Variety stella, Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 35, ¢ 3 Fig.
36, @ (Stella). The females of this form are prevalently yellow-
ish on the upper side of the wings; otherwise they are marked
exactly as the preceding variety.

(c) Variety julia, Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 34, ¢; Plate
XXXIV, Fig. 6, 9, under side (Julia). The only distinction in
this form is the fact that the black bar dividing the red apical patch
from the white on the remainder of the wing is broken, or tends
to diminution at its middle.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

The species, in all its forms, belongs to the mountain States
of the Pacific coast. Flora, Wright, is regarded by Beutenmiller,
who has given us the latest revision of the genus, as identical with
sara. \t comes nearer the variety reakirti than any other form, as
will be seen by an examination of the plates which give figures of
the types. Expanse, 1.25-1.75 inch.

(2) Euchloé ausonides, Boisduval, Plate XXXII, Fig. 24, 4 ;
Fig. 25, 2; Plate XXXIV, Fig. 3, 6, under side (Ausonides).

Butterfly.—On the under side the fore wings are greenish; the
hind wings are marked with three irregular green bands, the
outer one forking into six or seven branches toward the outer
and inner margins. Expanse, 1.65-1.90 inch.

Early Stages.—The larva and chrysalis are described by Ed-
wards in ‘‘ The Butterflies of North America,” vol. ii. The cater-
pillar is pale whitish-green, with dark-green longitudinal stripes
on the side and back. It feeds on cruciferous plants.

Ausonides ranges from Arizona to Alaska, and eastward to
Colorado.

(3) Euchloé creusa, Doubleday and Hewitson, Plate XXXII,
Fig. 23, 2; Plate XXXIV, Fig. 2, 9, under side (Creusa).

Butterfly.—Similar to the preceding species, but smaller, the
white more lustrous on the under side, and the green markings
on the under side of the wings heavier. Expanse, 1.20-1.40 inch.

Early Stages.—We know very little of these.

The species is reported from California, Colorado, and Alberta.
I possess a singular varietal form or aberration from Arizona, in
which the black spot on the upper side of the primaries fills the
outer half of the cell.

283

Genus Euchloé

(4) Euchloé rosa, Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 39, 6, under
side (Rosa).

Butterflyv.—Pure white, without any red at the tip of the pri-
maries. The transapical black band is broken in the middle,
and a black bar closes the cell. The under side is well repre-
sented in the plate. Expanse, 1.35-1.40 inch.

Early Stages.—Entirely unknown.

The species is found in Texas.

(5) Euchloé cethura, Felder, Plate XXXII, Fig. 26, 4; Fig.
27, 9; form morrisoni, Edwards, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 1, ¢ (Ce-
thura).

Butterfly.—This delicate little insect, for the identification of
which the plates will abundantly serve, has been regarded as
existing in two varietal forms, one of which has been named
after the indefatigable collector Morrison, whose death is still
lamented by the elder generation of American entomologists.
The varietal form is characterized by the heavier green markings
of the under side of the wings. Expanse, 1.25-1.40 inch.

(6) Euchloé pima, Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 33, ¢ (The
Pima Orange-tip).

Butterfly.—This beautiful and well-marked species, the most
brilliant of the genus, is yellow on the upper side in both sexes.
The red of the upper side appears on the lower side. The hind
wings are heavily marked with solid green bands. Expanse,
1.50 inch.

Early Stages.— Unknown.

The only specimens thus far known have come from Arizona.

(7) Euchloé genutia, Fabricius, Plate XXXII, Fig. 37, ¢;
Fig. 38, 2; Plate II, Fig. 5, Jarva; Plate V, Fig. 59, chrysalis;
Fig. 6, p. 4, egg (The Falcate Orange-tip).

Butterfly.—This species is readily recognized by the decidedly
falcate tip of the fore wings. The first brood appears in early
spring. It is single-brooded in the Northern States, but is double-
brooded in the western portions of North Carolina, where | have
taken it quite abundantly late in the autumn. Expanse, 1. 30-1.50
inch.

Early Stages.—The life-history is well known. The caterpil-
lar feeds on Sisymbrium, Arabis, Cardamine, and other crucifer-
ous plants.

It ranges from New England to Texas, but is not found, so

284

Genus Catopsilia

far as is known, in the regions of the Rocky Mountains and on the
Pacific coast.

(8) Euchloé lanceolata, Boisduval, Plate XXXII, Fig. 30,
3 (Boisduval’s Marble).

Butterfiy.—The figure gives a correct idea of the upper sur-
face of the male. The female on the upper side is marked with
light-black spots on the outer margin near the apex. On the
under side in both sexes the apex of the primaries and the entire
surface of the secondaries, except a small spot on the costa, are
profusely sprinkled with small brown scales. The veins of the hind
wing are brown. Expanse, 1.65-1.95 inch.

Early Stages.—The caterpillar, which feeds upon Turritis, is
green, shaded on the sides with pale blue, striped laterally with
white, and covered with transverse rows of minute black points,
each bearing a short black bristle. We know nothing of the
other stages.

The species ranges from northern California to Alaska.

Genus CATOPSILIA, Hiibner
(The Great Sulphurs)

‘*& golden butterfly, upon whose wings
There must be surely character’d strange things,

Onward it flew, . . . then high it soar’d,
And downward suddenly began to dip,
As if, athirst with so much toil, ’t would sip
The crystal spout-head; so it did, with touch
Most delicate, as though afraid to smutch
Even with mealy gold the waters clear.”

Keats, Endymion.

Butterfly.—Large butterflies, brilliant lemon-yellow or orange-
yellow, marked with a few darker spots and with a narrow band
of brown, especially in the female sex, on the outer margin of the
primaries. They are very quick and vigorous in flight, more so
than is the case in any of the preceding genera.

Egg.—The eggs are spindle-shaped, flat at the base, and acutely
pointed, with a few longitudinal ribs and a multitude of delicate
cross-lines.

Caterpillar.—The caterpillar is relatively long, with the head

285

Genus Catopsilia

small; the segments somewhat moniliform, resembling beads
strung together, the surface covered with a multitude of minute
papille ranged in transverse rows.

Chrysalis.—The chrysalis is strongly concave on the dorsal side,
with the head greatly produced as a long, pointed, conical projec-

' tion; the wing-cases are compressed and
form a very wide, keel-shaped projection
on the ventral side. This peculiar forma-_
tion of the wing-cases reaches its greatest
development in this genus.

The butterflies of this genus are mainly
1 tropical. Four or five species, however,
are found in the warmer parts of the United
(LL States, and one of them ranges north as far
Qa as northern New Jersey, and has been occa-
SS sionally taken even in northern Illinois.
Se (1) Catopsilia eubule, Linnzus, Plate
XXXIII, Fig. 2,6; Fig. 3,6, under side;
Plate II, Figs. 2, 4, /arva,; Plate V, Figs. 60-
ce BS SOA 62, chrysalis (The Cloudless Sulphur).
Butterfly.— This splendid and vigorous
butterfly is found from New England and Wisconsin to Patagonia,
being very abundant in the tropics, where it congregates in great
swarms upon moist places by the side of streams. It haunts in
great numbers the orange-groves of the South, and is very fond
of flowers. It is rare on the northern limits of its range, though
quite common on the coast of New Jersey. Expanse, 2.50 inches.
The caterpillar feeds on leguminous plants, but especially upon the
different species of Cassia.

(2) Catopsilia philea, Linneus, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 4, ¢ (The
Red-barred Sulphur).

Butterfilyv.—This is another noble species of this fine genus,
which includes some of the showiest insects of the subfamily.
It may be readily recognized by the bar of deep orange crossing the
cell of the primaries, and by the orange tint on the outer margin
of the hind wings. Expanse, 3.00-3.50 inches.

Early Stages.—But little is as yet known of these. The larva
feeds on the same kinds of plants as the larva of C. eubule. It occurs
in Texas, and is said to have also been found in Illinois as a strag-

gler. It is abundant in Mexico, Central America, and southward.
286

Genus Kricogonia

(3) Catopsilia agarithe, Boisduval, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 1, 3
(The Large Orange Sulphur).

Butterfly.—About the same size as C. eubule, but deep orange
on both sides of the wings. The wings of the female are bordered
somewhat heavily with brown, and are duller in color than those
of the male. Expanse, 2.50-2.75 inches.

Early Stages.—The caterpillar, which resembles that of eubule,
feeds upon various species of Cassia. The chrysalis is also much
like that of ewbule. We need, however, fuller information than
that which we possess, drawn, for the most part, from the pages
of authors who wrote in the last century.

The species occurs in the hot parts of the Gulf States, and is
common throughout tropical America.

Genus KRICOGONIA, Reakirt

Butterfly.—Medium sized, bright yellow on the upper and
lower sides, with some dark markings, especially in the male.
The primaries in the male are generally quite
strongly falcate.

Early Stages.—Nothing has, as yet, been sat-
isfactorily ascertained in relation to these.

The genus is not large, and is confined to
the tropical regions of the New World, being
represented in our fauna in the vicinity of the
city of Brownsville, in Texas.

(1) Kricogonia lyside, Godart (form terissa,

Lucas), Plate XXXIV, Fig. 20, ¢ ; Fig. 21, 2 (Ly-
side). Fic. 145.—Neu-

Butterfly.—This insect, which may easily be bean pipe
distinguished from all its allies by its peculiar
markings, is found in Florida and Texas, and is widely spread over
the Antilles and tropical America. We know nothing of its life-
history. A number of closely allied forms, reckoned as species,
are-known from the Antilles and Central America. They are so
closely related to each other that it is believed that they are possibly
only varieties or local races. We cannot, however, be sure of this
until the test of breeding has been applied. Expanse, 1.90-2.10
inches.

287

Genus Meganostoma

Genus MEGANOSTOMA, Reakirt
(The Dog-face Butterflies)

“Let me smell the wild white rose,
Smell the woodbine and the may;
Mark, upon a sunny day,

Sated from their blossoms rise,
Honey-bees and butterflies.”
Jean INGELow.

Butterfly.— Closely resembling those of the following genus,
Colias, from which they may be readily distinguished by the
more acutely pointed apex of the fore wings and by the remark-
able coloration of these wings in the male sex, the dark outer bor-
«ders being disposed upon the lighter ground-
color so as to present the appearance of a rude
outline of the head of a dog, whence these
butterflies have sometimes been called the

“*dog-face butterflies.”

Egg.—Fusiform, strongly pointed at the
apex, broader at the base, the sides marked
with a few delicate ridges, between which are
numerous cross-lines.

Caterpillar.—Elongate, cylindrical, the head

Fic. 146.—Neura- relatively small, striped on either side by a whit-
Hon ote, genus ish lateral line, each segment having a transverse
Rae darker line. They feed upon leguminous plants.

Chrysalis.—Pointed at the head, convex on the abdominal seg-
ments on the dorsal side, with a decided hump on the thorax.
The wing-covers unite to form a moderately deep carinate, or keel-
shaped, projection on the ventral side, not, however, nearly as
large as in the genus Catopszlia.

But two species of the genus are found within our fauna, one
widely distributed throughout the Southern and Southwestern
States, the other confined to the Pacific coast.

(1) Meganostoma eurydice, Boisduval, Plate XXXVI, Fig.
1, 6; Fig. 2, 2 (The Californian Dog-face).

Butterfly.— The splendid purplish iridescence of the fore wings
of the male is only faintly indicated in the plate. This beautiful

288

Pty Vespa ie

wbbuae

= a1)

eal yal,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXV

Pieris monuste, Linneus, %3. é

Pieris monuste, Linneeus, S. . Colias
. Pieris rape, Linneus, 2. 11, Colias

‘Tachpris ilaire, Godart, g. - 12, Coltas
. Tachyris ilaire, Godart, Q. : ie
». Colias alexandra, Edwards, 3. . Colias

Colias alexandra, Edwards, 2. Q.

Colias scudderi, Reakirt, j. es Colias pelidne, Boisduval, 3.
15. Colias eriphyle, Edwards, f.

ore Wings
autiful

Tue ButTerFLy Boox. PLATE KXXV.

AMIN ATU a -

COPYRIGHTED BY W, J. HOLLAND, tAgs,

Genus Colias

insect is peculiar to the Pacific coast, and there is a wide difference
in appearance between the sexes. Expanse, 1.80—2.00 inches.

Early Stages.—The caterpillar feeds upon Amorpha califor-
nica. The life-history has been accurately described, and the va-
rious stages depicted, by Edwards.

(2) Meganostoma cesonia, Stoll, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 3, 2;
Fig. 4, 2 (The Southern Dog-face).

Butterfly.—The sexes are much alike in this species, which
ranges widely over the Southern States, and is found even in south-
ern Illinois and sometimes still farther north. Expanse, 2.25 inches.

Early Stages.—TYhese have been fully described by various
authors, most carefully by Edwards.

Genus COLIAS, Fabricius
(The Sulphurs)

“ Above the arching jimson-weeds flare twos
And twos of sallow-yellow butterflies,
Like blooms of lorn primroses blowing loose,
When autumn winds arise.”
James Wuitcoms RILEY.

Butterfly.—Medium-sized butterflies, yellow or orange in
color, with black borders upon the wings. In many species this
border is heavier in the female than in the male.

Egg.—The egg is spindle-shaped, thickest at the middle, taper-
ing at the apex and at the base, generally attached by an enlarged
disk-like expansion to the point on which it is
laid. The upper extremity is rounded; the sides
are marked by small vertical ridges, between
which are delicate cross-lines.

Caterpillar.—The caterpillars strongly re-
semble in appearance those of the preceding
genus, from which, superficially, they cannot
be distinguished by any anatomical peculiar-
ities. They feed upon Leguminose, and espe-
cially upon clover (Trifolium).

Chrysalis.— The chrysalids do not generally
differ in appearance from the chrysalids of the iis. Tea et

: genus
genus Meganostoma, though the wing-cases do Colias.
289

Genus Colias

not form as high a keel-shaped projection from the ventral side
as in that genus.

This genus is very extensive, being represented throughout
the temperate regions of both hemispheres, and also occurring in
the cooler portions of South America, especially along the ranges
of the Andes. One species is found in temperate South Africa.
The brightly colored butterflies, which are sometimes found con-
gregating in immense numbers in moist places, are familiar ob-
jects, and swarm upon the clover-fields and by the roadside in the
summer months throughout the United States.

(1) Colias meadi, Edwards, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 5, ¢; Fig.
6, @ (Mead’s Sulphur).

Butterfly.—The wings on the upper side are orange, greenish
on the under side. The discal spot on the lower side is centered
with green. Expanse, 1.75 inch.

Early Stages.—The life-history has been written by Edwards,
and may be found in the pages of the ‘‘ Canadian Entomologist,”
vol. xxi, p. 41. The larva feeds on clover.

The species is alpine in its habits, and is found in Colorado
from nine to twelve thousand feet above sea-level.

(2) Colias elis, Strecker, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 13, 6; Fig. 14,
@ (Strecker’s Sulphur).

Butterfly.—This species is discriminated from the preceding
principally by the narrower black margins on the wings of the
male and the more abundant yellow maculation of the borders in
the female. Expanse, 1.55-1.90 inch.

Early Stages.—Closely resembling those of the preceding spe-
cies, of which it may be only a varietal form.

The habitat of the species is on the lofty peaks of the Western
Cordilleras.

(3) Colias eurytheme, Boisduval, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 18, @ ;
Plate XXXIII, Fig. 5, 4, under side; Plate Il, Fig. 1, Jarva; Plate
V, Fig. 53, chrysalis (Eurytheme).

Butterfly.—This species has been made in recent years the
subject of exhaustive study, and has been discovered to be
strongly polymorphic — that is to say, liable to great variation.
Not only does albinism assert itself in the production of white
forms, but there are many seasonal and climatic forms. We are
not yet through with our studies, and there is doubtless much
more to be ascertained. The figures cited above represent the

290

Genus Colias

typical form of the species. We have given, in addition to these,
the following forms:

(a) Winter form ariadne, Edwards, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 7, 2;
Fig. 8, @. This form, emerging from chrysalids which have
overwintered, is like the type in having the fore wings tinged
with orange. Expanse, 1.75 inch.

(b) Winter form keewaydin, Edwards, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 9,
6; Fig. 10, 9. This is a larger form, more deeply flushed with
orange, though not quite as deeply as shown in the plate. Ex-
panse, 1.85 inch.

(c) Summer form eriphyle, Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 15, 2 ;
Plate XLIII, Fig. 3, 4, wnder side. This summer form differs from
typical C. eurytheme in being yellow and not laved with orange.
Expanse, 2.00 inches.

Early Stages.—Yhe caterpillar feeds on clover, as do most of
the species of the genus.

The range of eurytheme is very wide. It extends from the
Atlantic to the Pacific, and from Canada to the far South, though
rare in the lower parts of Florida and Texas in the hot lands.

(4) Colias philodice, Godart, Plate I (Frontispiece), Fig. 4,
6; Fig. 5, 2; Plate Il, Fig. 10, Jarva; Plate V, Figs. 54, 55,
chrysalis (The Common Sulphur).

Butterfly.—We are all familiar with this species, the ‘‘ puddle
butterfly” of our childhood, which sits in swarms on moist
places by the wayside, and makes the clover-fields gay with the
flash of yellow wings in summer. There are many aberrational
forms, albinos and negroes, white forms and dark forms, dwarfed
forms and large forms, but in the main the species is remarkably
constant, and seasonal forms and distinctly local races do not
abound as in the case of the preceding species. Expanse, 2,
1.25-1.80 inch; 92, 1.60-2.25 inches.

Early Stages.—The food-plant is clover. The eggs are pale
yellow, changing, after being laid, to crimson. The caterpillar
is slender, green, striped longitudinally with paler green. The
chrysalis is pale green.

The species ranges from New England to Florida, and west-
ward to the Rocky Mountains.

(5) Colias chrysomelas, Henry Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig.
12, 6 ; Fig. 13, 2 (The Gold-and-black Sulphur).

Butterfly.—Larger than C. philodice. The male on the upper

291

Genus Colias

side is bright lemon-yellow, with broad black margins on both
wings. The female is paler, with the black margin of the hind
wing lacking or very faintly indicated, and the margin of the
fore wing much broken up by yellow spots. On the under side
the wings of the male are dusky-orange, pale yellow on the disk
of the primaries; the wings of the female on this side are pale
yellow. Expanse, ¢, 2.00-2.10 inches; 2, 2.25—2.30 inches.

‘Early Stages.—Undescribed.

The home of this species is on the Coast Range of northern
California.

(6) Colias alexandra, Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 6, ; Fig.
7,@ (The Alexandra Sulphur).

Butterfly.—Larger than C. philodice. The male is pale canary-
yellow, with much narrower black borders than the preceding
species. The female is pale yellow or white, without black bor-
ders, or, at most, faint traces of them at the apex of the pri-
maries. On the under side the wings are silvery-gray, yellow
only at the base and on the inner margin of the primaries. The
discal spot on the hind wings is white. Expanse, ¢, 1.85 inch;
Q, 2.102. 30 inches.

Early Stages.—TYhe caterpillar is uniformly yellowish-green,
with a white band on each side, broken with orange-réd dashes
running through it. The chrysalis, which resembles that of C.
philodice in form, is yellowish-green, darkest on the dorsal side,
and adorned with three small red dots on the ventral side of the
abdomen near the wing-cases. The caterpillar eats Astragalus,
Thermopsis, and white clover. Expanse, 6, 1.90-2.15 inches;
Q, 2.00-2. 30 inches.

The species is found in Colorado and the mountain regions
to the north and west of that State.

(7) Colias interior, Scudder, Plate XXXV, Fig. 10, ¢ ; Fig. 11,
@ (The Pink-edged Sulphur).

Butterfily.—The male on the upper side closely resembles C.
philodice, but is smaller, the fringes of the wings rose-colored.
The female is pale yellow above, more frequently white, with the
tips of the fore wings lightly marked with blackish. On the
under side the fore wings at the apex and the entire surface of
the hind wings are rusty orange-yellow. The discal spot on the
hind wings is silvery, bordered with rosy-red. Expanse, 6, 1.30-
1.75 inch; 2, 1.60-2.00 inches.

292

Genus Colias

Early Stages.—Little is as yet known of these.

The species was first found by Professor Louis Agassiz on the
north shore of Lake Superior. It ranges through a rather narrow
belt of country, through Quebec, Ontario, and westward to the
Rocky Mountains north of the valley of the St. Lawrence and the
Great Lakes.

(8) Colias scudderi, Reakirt, Plate XXXV, Fig. 8, 4 ; Fig. 9,
@ (Scudder’s Sulphur).

Butterfiy.—Vhe male on the upper side is colored like C. philo-
dice, but the black borders are much wider. The fringes are
rosy. The female is generally white,—very rarely slightly yel-
low,— with very pale dark borders, or often without any trace
of black on the outer margin of the wings. On the under side
the apex of the fore wings and the entire surface of the hind
wings are greenish-gray. The discal spot of the secondaries is well
silvered and margined with pale red. Expanse, 1.80~2.00 inches.

Early Stages.—We know but little of these, except that the
caterpillar feeds on the leaves of the huckleberry and the willow.

Scudder’s Sulphur is found in Colorado, Utah, Montana, and
British Columbia.

(9) Colias pelidne, Boisduval, Plate XXXV, Fig. 14, ¢;
Plate XXXVI, Fig. 15, 6; Fig. 16, @ (The Labrador Sulphur).

Butterfly.—The male on the upper side is pale yellow, with a
greenish tinge on the hind wings; the black borders are narrow; the
fringes are pink. The female on the upper side is white, with very
little or no black on the outer borders, the black marking being con-
fined to the apex of the fore wings. On theunder side the wings are
much as in C. zuferior, and it is possible that the two forms are
varieties of one and the same species. Expanse, 1.60-1.85 inch.

Early Stages.—Little is known of these.

Pelidne is rather abundant in Labrador at the proper season,
and ranges thence westward and northward in boreal America.

(10) Colias nastes, Boisduval, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 11, 2;
Fig. 12, @ (The Arctic Sulphur).

Butter fly.—Easily recognized in both sexes by the pale-green-
ish tint of the wings and the tendency of the outer border of the
fore wings of the male to become divided, like those of the female,
by a band of pale spots. Expanse, 1.50-1.65 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

This is an arctic species, which is found in Labrador, Green-

293

Genus Terias

land, the far North in British America and Alaska, and on the
summits of the Rocky Mountains in British Columbia.

(11) Colias behri, Edwards, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 17, 4 (Behr’s
Sulphur).

Butterfly.—This very rare little species may be easily recognized
by the dark-greenish tint of the upper side of the wings and the
light spot on the upper side of the hind wings. The female has
the outer borders dusky like the male, the dusky shade running in-
ward on the lines of the veins and nervules. Expanse, 1.50 inch.

Early Stages.—We know little of these.

The insect has hitherto been taken only at considerable eleva-
tions among the Western Sierras, and the peaks and lofty mea-
dows about the Yosemite Valley have been until recently the
classic locality for the species.

There are a number of other species of the genus Co/zas, and
numerous varieties which have been named and described from
the western and northwestern portions of our region; but it re-
quires almost as much skill to distinguish them as is required to
discriminate between the different species of willows, asters, and
goldenrods, among plants, and we do not think it worth while
to burden the student with an account of these, and of the con-
troversies which are being waged about them. If any reader of
this book becomes entangled in perplexities concerning the species
of Colzas, the writer will be glad to try to aid him to correct con-
clusions by personal conference or correspondence.

Genus TERIAS, Swainson
(The Small Sulphurs)

“Hurt no living thing :
Ladybird, nor butterfly,
Nor moth with dusty wing,
Nor cricket chirping cheerily,
Nor grasshopper so light of leap,
Nor dancing gnat, nor beetle fat,
Nor harmless worms that creep.”

CuristINA RosseTTI.

Butterfly.—Small butterflies, bright orange or yellow, mar-
gined with black. They are more delicate in structure and have
thinner wings than most of the genera belonging to the subfamily

294

whose)

—tohaytel) by

caliinaybA |

on ky

Ri:
8.
o.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVI s
( 7s; and: |
Meganosloma eurpdice, Boisduval, %. ‘10. Colias Keewaydin, Edwards, 200°)
Meganostoma eurydice, Boisduval, 2. 11. Colias nastes, Boisduval, 3°: >
Meganostoma cevsonia, Stoll, ¢- 12. Colias nastes, Boisduval, 2 Aes
Meganostoma ceesonia, Stolle 13. Colias vlis, Strecker, oe
Colias meadi, Edwards, Gh 14. Colias elis, Strecker, 2.

Colias meadi, Edwards, oy ; 15. Colias pelidne, Boisduval a
Colias AAcn Edwards, Co. OW Vensis, ae She

Colias ariadne, Edwards, ©. :
Coltas keewandin, Edwards, Sf: ae, Scudder; o,
17. Colias beby: Edwards, ik ee {

THE BuTTERFLY Book, PLATE XXXVI.

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J, HOLLAND, 1898,

Genus Terias

of the Pierine. The outer margin of the wings is generally straight
or slightly rounded, though in a few species the apex is somewhat
acuminate. The outer margin of the hind wings

is generally rounded, though in a few species

it is acuminate.

Egg.—Strongly spindle-shaped, pointed and
rounded at the base and at theapex, much swol-
len at the middle, its sides marked by numerous
broad but slightly raised vertical ridges.

Caterpillar.—The caterpillars are small,
relatively long, cylindrical, with the head quite
small, the thoracic segments somewhat larger
than the others, giving the anterior portion of — fig. 148.—Neura-
the body a slightly humped appearance. They tion of the genus Te-
feed upon leguminous plants. We

Chrysalis. —The chrysalis is compressed laterally, with the
head pointed and the wing-cases forming a deep, keel-shaped
projection on the ventral side, more pronounced than in any other
genus except Cafopsilia.

There are an immense number of species belonging to this
genus scattered through the tropical and subtropical regions of
both hemispheres. Many of the species are dimorphic or poly-
morphic, and much confusion has arisen, especially in relation to
the Oriental species, on account of the great tendency to the pro-
duction of seasonal varieties, many of which are strikingly differ-
ent from one another.

(1) Terias gundlachia, Poey, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 1, 4
(Gundlach’s Sulphur).

Butterfly.—This species is easily recognized by the orange-
yellow tint of the upper side of the wings and the sharply
pointed hind wings. Expanse, 1.80 inch.

Early Stages.—We know nothing of these.

The species is found in Texas, Arizona, Mexico, and Cuba.

(2) Terias proterpia, Fabricius, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 2, ¢
(Proterpia).

Butterfly.—Even deeper orange than the preceding species.
The hind wings are, however, less pointed; the veins and ner-
vules are black at their ends, and the costal margin of the fore
wings is evenly bordered with black, which does not run down
on the outer margin asin 7. gundlachia. Expanse, 1.50-1.75 inch.

295

Genus Terias

Early Stages.—Unknown.

Proterpia is found in Texas, Arizona, and Mexico.

(3) Terias nicippe, Cramer, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 3, 3; Fig.
4, 2; Fig. 5, var. flava, 4; Fig. 6, 2, under side; Plate II, Fig.
6, larva; Plate V, Figs. 51, 52, chrysalis (Nicippe).

Butterfly.—The plate gives so full a presentation of this com-
mon species as to make a lengthy description unnecessary. It is
subject to considerable variation. I have specimens of many
varying shades of orange and yellow, and a few albino females.
The orange form depicted in Plate XXXVII, Figs. 3 and 4, is
typical. The form flava is not uncommon. Expanse, 1.50-2.00
inches.

Early Stages.—These are not as well known as they should
be in view of the excessive abundance of the insect in long-set-
tled parts of the country. The caterpillar feeds upon Cassza in
preference to all other plants, but will eat other leguminose.

Nicippe is very rare in New England, but is common south
of latitude 40° as far as the Rocky Mountains, and ranges over
Cuba, Mexico, and Guatemala, into Venezuela and even Brazil.
It fairly swarms at times in the Carolinas, Tennessee, Kentucky,
and southern Indiana and Illinois. I have encountered clouds
of it on the wing near Jeffersonville, Indiana, and thence north
along the lines of the Pennsylvania Railroad as far as Seymour.
It is not common in western Pennsylvania, but in former years
was taken rather frequently about Pittsburgh.

(4) Terias mexicana, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 7, 4; Fig. 8, 9,
under side (The Mexican Yellow).

Butterfly.—Easily distinguished from all other species in our
fauna by the pointed hind wings, margined on the outer border
with black, and by the heavy black border of the fore wings,
deeply excised inwardly, recalling the fore wing of the species
of the genus Meganosfoma. Expanse, 6, 1.75 inch; @, 1.85 inch.

Early Stages.—We do not, as yet, know much about these.

T. mexicana is very common in Arizona, and occurs also in
Texas. It is abundant in Mexico.

(5) Terias damaris, Felder, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 9, 4; Fig.
10, 6, under side (Damaris).

Butterfly.—Allied to the preceding species, but readily distin-
guished from it by the less deeply excised outer border of the fore
wing, by the fact that the black outer margin of the secondaries

296

Genus Terias

extends inwardly beyond the angulated point of the wing, and
by the different color and style of the markings of the lower side.
Expanse, 1.35-1.65 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

Damaris occurs in Arizona, and thence ranges south into
Venezuela.

(6) Terias westwoodi, Boisduval, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 11, 2
(Westwood’s Yellow).

Butterfly.—Pale yellow or orange-yellow, with a narrow
black border on the fore wings, beginning on the costa beyond
the middle, and not quite reaching the inner angle. On the
under side the wings are pale yellow, immaculate, or at the apex
of the fore wing and the outer angle of the hind wing broadly
marked with very pale reddish-brown. Expanse, 1.75—2.00 inches.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

Westwood’s Yellow occurs in Texas and Arizona, but is not
common. It is abundant farther south.

(7) Terias lisa, Boisduval and Leconte, Plate XXXVII, Fig.
13, 65 Plate II, Fig. 3, darva; Plate V, Fig. 56, chrysalis (The
Little Sulphur).

Butterfly.—Allied to the three following species, from which
it may at once be distinguished by the absence of the black bar
on the inner margin of the fore wings and by the profusely
mottled surface of the under side of the hind wings. It is subject
to considerable variation, albino females and melanic males being
sometimes found, as well as dwarfed specimens of very small
size. Expanse, 1.25-1.60 inch.

Early Stages.—These have not been thoroughly studied and
described, in spite of the fact that the insect is very common in
many easily accessible localities. The caterpillar feeds on Cassia
and on clover.

T. lisa ranges from New England south and west as far as the
foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains, and into Mexico and Honduras.
_ It is found in the Antilles and Bermuda. An interesting account
of the appearance of a vast swarm of these butterflies in the
Bermudas is given by Jones in ‘‘ Psyche,” vol. i, p. 121:

‘Early in the morning of the first day of October last year
(1874), several persons living on the north side of the main isl-
and perceived, as they thought, a cloud coming over from the
northwest, which drew nearer and nearer to the shore, on reach-

297

Genus Terias

ing which it divided into two parts, one of which went eastward,
and the other westward, gradually falling upon the land. They
were not long in ascertaining that what they had taken for a cloud
was an immense concourse of small yellow butterflies (Terzas
lisa, Boisduval), which flitted about all the open grassy patches
and cultivated grounds in a lazy manner, as if fatigued after their
long voyage over the deep. Fishermen out near the reefs, some
few miles to the north of the island, very early that morning,
stated that numbers of these insects fell upon their boats, literally
covering them. They did not stay long upon the islands, how-
ever, only a few days, but during that time thousands must have
fallen victims to the vigorous appetite of the bluebird (Szalia sia-
lis, Baird) and blackbird (Mimus carolinensis, Gray), which were
continually preying upon them.”

As the nearest point of land is Cape Hatteras, about six hun-
dred miles distant, it is seen that, weak and feeble as this little
creature appears, it must possess, when aided by favoring winds,
great power of sustained flight.

(8) Terias elathea, Cramer, Plate XX XVII, Fig. 12, 4 (Elathea).

Butterfly.—Distinguished from its near ally, 7. delza, by the
fact that the ground-color of the hind wings is white. The fe-
male in this, as in the allied species, is without the black bar on
the inner margin of the primaries. Expanse, 1.25-1.40 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

Elathea is found in Florida, Mexico, and the Antilles.

(9) Terias delia, Cramer, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 14, ¢ (Delia).

Butterfly.—Al|most exactly like the preceding species, but hav-
ing the upper side of the hind wings yellow. On the under side
the fore wing at the tip and the entire hind wing are red. Ex-
panse, 1.25-1.50 inch.

Early Stages.—But little is known of them. The caterpillar
feeds on Cassia.

Delia occurs commonly in the Gulf States.

(10) Terias jucunda, Boisduval and Leconte, Plate XXXVII,
Fig. 15, 6 ; Fig. 16,4, under side (The Fairy Yellow).

Butterfly.—Distinguished from the preceding species by the
dark marginal band surrounding the hind wing and the pale under
surface. Expanse, 1.60-1.75 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

This little species is found in the Gulf States.

298

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVII

Terias gundlachia, Poey, 4.

Terias proterpia, Fabricius, 3.

Terias nicippe, Cramer, ©’.

Terias nicippe, Cramer, ©. ,

Terias nicippe, Cramer, var. flava
Strecker, ¢.

Terias. nicippe,
side.

Terias mexicana, Boisduval, @.

Terias mexicana, Boisduyal, 3), wi-
der side.

les
14.
15.
10.

Cramer, @, wider

Il.

re. Dismorphia melite, Linneus, ©.

Terias damarts, Felder, 3.
Terias damaris, Felder, i, under’ in-
side, : ite
Terias weslsvoodi, Boisduval, J. ~
Terias elathea, Cramer, 3. ;
Terias lisa, Boisd.-Lec., ¢.
Terias delia, Cramer, 2’.
Terias jucunda, Boisd.-Lec., 3.
Terias jgucunda, Bose -Lec., g UN
dey side.

17. Dismorphia melite, Linnaeus, a

THE BuTTERFLY BOOK. PLATE XXXVII

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J, HOLL

Red Rain

RED RAIN

“The lepidopterous insects in general, soon after they emerge
from the pupa state, and commonly during their first flight, dis-
charge some drops of a red-colored fluid, more or less intense in
different species, which, in some instances, where their num-
bers have been considerable, have produced the appearance of
a ‘shower of blood,’ as this natural phenomenon is sometimes
called.

‘*Showers of blood have been recorded by historians and
poets as preternatural—have been considered in the light of prod-
igies, and regarded, where they have happened, as fearful prog-
nostics of impending evil.

“There are two passages in Homer, which, however poetical,
are applicable to a rain of this kind; and among the prodigies
which took place after the death of the great dictator, Ovid par-
ticularly mentions a shower of blood:

“« * Seepe faces visee mediis ardere sub astris,
Sepe inter nimbos guttz cecidere cruente.’

‘“ (“With threatening signs the lowering skies were fill’d,
And sanguine drops from murky clouds distilled.’)

‘“Among the numerous prodigies reported by Livy to have
happened in the year 214 B.c., it is instanced that at Mantua a
stagnating piece of water, caused by the overflowing of the river
Mincius, appeared as of blood; and in the cattle-market at Rome
a shower of blood fell in the Istrian Street. After mentioning
several other remarkable phenomena that happened during that
year, Livy concludes by saying that these prodigies were expi-
ated, conformably to the answers of the aruspices, by victims of
the greater kinds, and supplication was ordered to be performed
to all the deities who had shrines at Rome. Again, it is stated by
Livy that many alarming prodigies were seen at Rome in the
year 181 B.c., and others reported from abroad; among which
was a shower of blood which fell in the courts of the temples of
Vulcan and Concord. After mentioning that the image of Juno
Sospita shed tears, and that a pestilence broke out in the country,
this writer adds that these prodigies, and the mortality which

299

Red Rain

prevailed, alarmed the Senate so much that they ordered the
consuls to sacrifice to such gods as their judgment should direct
victims of the larger kinds, and that the decemvirs should consult
their books. Pursuant to their direction, a supplication for one
day was proclaimed to be performed at every shrine in Rome;
and they advised, besides, and the Senate voted, and the consul
proclaimed, that there should be a supplication and public worship
for three days throughout all Italy. In the year 169 B.c., Livy
also mentions that a shower of blood fell in the middle of the day.
The decemvirs were again called upon to consult their books,
and again were Sacrifices offered to the deities. The account,
also, of Livy, of the bloody sweat on some of the statues of the
gods, must be referred to the same phenomenon, as the predilec-
tion of those ages to marvel, says Thomas Browne, and the want
of accurate investigation in the cases recorded, as well as the rare
occurrence of these atmospherical depositions in our own times,
inclines us to include them among the blood-red drops deposited
by insects.

“In Stow’s ‘Annales of England’ we have two accounts of
showers of blood, and from an edition printed in London in
1592, we make our quotations: ‘ Rivallus, sonne of Cunedagius,
succeeded his father, in whose time (in the year 766 B.c.) it
rained bloud three dayes: after which tempest ensued a great
multitude of venemous flies, which slew much people, and then
a great mortalitie throughout this lande, caused almost desolation
of the same.’ The second account is as follows: ‘In the time
of Brithricus (A. D. 786) it rayned blood, which falling on men’s
clothes, appeared like crosses.’

‘*Hollingshed, Grafton, and Fabyan have also recorded these
instances in their respective chronicles of England.

‘*A remarkable instance of bloody rain is introduced into the
very interesting Icelandic ghost-story of Thorgunna. It appears
that in the year of our Lord 1009 a woman called Thorgunna
came from the Hebrides to Iceland, where she stayed at the house
of Thorodd; and during the hay season a shower of blood fell,
but only, singularly, on that portion of the hay she had not piled
up as her share, which so appalled her that she betook herself to
her bed, and soon afterward died. She left, to finish the story, a
remarkable will, which, from not being executed, was the cause
of several violent deaths, the appearance of ghosts, and, finally, a

300

Red Rain

legal action of ejectment against the ghosts, which, it need hardly
be said, drove them effectually away.

“In 1017 a shower of blood fell in Aquitaine; and Sleidan re-
lates that in the year 1553 a vast multitude of butterflies swarmed
through a great part of Germany, and sprinkled plants, leaves,
buildings, clothes, and men with bloody drops, as if it had
rained blood. We learn also from Bateman’s ‘Doome’ that
these ‘drops of bloude upon hearbes and trees’ in 1553 were
deemed among the forewarnings of the deaths of Charles and
Philip, dukes of Brunswick.

“In Frankfort, in the year 1296, among other prodigies, some
spots of blood led to a massacre of the Jews, in which ten thou-
sand of these unhappy descendants of Abraham lost their lives.

“In the beginning of July, 1608, an extensive shower of blood
took place at Aix, in France, which threw the people of that place
into the utmost consternation, and, which is a much more im-
portant fact, led to the first satisfactory and philosophical expla-
nation of this phenomenon, but too late, alas! to save the Jews of
Frankfort. This explanation was given by M. Peiresc, a cele-
brated philosopher of that place, and is thus referred to by his
biographer, Gassendi: ‘Nothing in the whole year 1608 did
more please him than that he observed and philosophized about,
the bloody rain, which was commonly reported to have fallen
about the beginning of July; great drops thereof were plainly to
be seen, both in the city itself, upon the walls of the church-yard
of the church, which is near the city wall, and upon the city walls
themselves; also upon the walls of villages, hamlets, and towns,
for some miles round about; for in the first place, he went him-
self to see those wherewith the stones were coloured, and did what
he could to come to speak with those husbandmen, who, beyond
Lambesk, were reported to have been affrighted at the falling of
said rain, that they left their work, and ran as fast as their legs
could carry them into the adjacent houses. Whereupon, he found
that it was a fable that was reported, touching those husbandmen.
Nor was he pleased that naturalists should refer this kind of rain
to vapours drawn up out of red earth aloft in the air, which con-
gealing afterwards into liquor, fall down in this form; because
such vapours as are drawne aloft by heat, ascend without colour,
as we may know by the alone example of red roses, out of which
the vapours that arise by heat are congealed into transparent

301

Red Rain

water. He was less pleased with the common people, and some
divines, who judged that it was the work of the devils and
witches who had killed innocent young children; for this he
counted a mere conjecture, possibly also injurious to the good-
ness and providence of God.

“«*In the meanwhile an accident happened, out of which he
conceived he had collected the true cause thereof. For, some
months before, he shut up in a box a certain palmer-worm which
he had found, rare for its bigness and form; which, when he had
forgotten, he heard a buzzing in the box, and when he opened it,
found the palmer-worm, having cast its coat, to be turned into
a beautiful Butterfly, which presently flew away, leaving in the
bottom of the box a red drop as broad as an ordinary sous or
shilling; and because this happened about the beginning of the
same month and about the same time an incredible multitude
of Butterflies were observed flying in the air, he was therefore of
opinion that such kind of Butterflies resting on the walls had
there shed such like drops, and of the same bigness. Where-
upon, he went the second time, and found, by experience, that
those drops were not to be found on the house-tops, nor upon
the round sides of the stones which stuck out, as it would have
happened, if blood had fallen from the sky, but rather where the
stones were somewhat hollowed, and in holes, where such small
creatures might shroud and nestle themselves. Moreover, the
walls which were so spotted, were not in the middle of towns,
but they were such as bordered upon the fields, nor were they
on the highest parts, but only so moderately high as Butterflies
are commonly wont to fly.

‘“«« Thus, therefore, he interpreted that which Gregory of Tours
relates touching a bloody rain seen at Paris in divers places, in
the days of Childebert, and on a certain house in the territory of
Senlis; also that which is storied, touching raining of blood about
the end of June, in the days of King Robert; so that the blood
which fell upon flesh, garments or stones could not be washed
out, but that which fell on wood might; for it was the same
season of Butterflies, and experience hath taught us, that no water
will wash these spots out of the stones, while they are fresh and
new. When he had said these and such like things to various,
a great company of auditors being present, it was agreed that
they should go together and search out the matter, and as they

302

EXpvaNa TION oF Prate XXXVI”

1. Papilio zolicaon, Boisduval, J. 2. Papilio daunus, Boisduval, Bo.
3. Papilio pilumnus, Boisduval, J. 1

* (The figures in this plate are reduced, being only two thirds of the natural size.)

THE BuTTERFLY Book

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J, HOLLAND, tAga.

PLATE XXXVIII.

iS)

Naat

vo
1

ho |

lye
Pi et Bh

Red Rain

went up and down, here and there, through the fields, they found
many drops upon stones and rocks; but they were only on the
hollow and under parts of the stones, but not upon those which
lay most open to the skies.’

“«This memorable shower of blood was produced by the Ya-
nessa urtice or V. polychloros, most probably, since these spe-
cies of butterflies are said to have been uncommonly plentiful at
the time when, and in the particular district where, the phenom-

enon was observed.”
Frank Cowan, Curious History of Insects.

FOR A DESIGN OF A BUTTERFLY RESTING ON A SKULL

“Creature of air and light,
Emblem of that which may not fade or die,
Wilt thou not speed thy flight,
To chase the south wind through the glowing sky ?
What lures thee thus to stay,
With Silence and Decay,
Fix’d on the wreck of cold Mortality ?

““The thoughts once chamber’d there
Have gather’d up their treasures, and are gone —
Will the dust tell us where
They that have burst the prison-house are flown?
Rise, nursling of the day,
If thou wouldst trace their way—
Earth hath no voice to make the secret known.

““Who seeks the vanish’d bird

By the forsaken nest and broken shell ?—

Far thence he sings unheard,
Yet free and joyous in the woods to dwell.

Thou of the sunshine born,

Take the bright wings of morn !
Thy hope calls heavenward from yon ruin’d cell.”

Mrs. HEmaNns.

303

SUBFAMILY PAPILIONIN/E

Butterfly.—Generally large, and often with the hind wings
adorned by tail-like projections. The most characteristic struc-
tural feature of the group is the absence of the internal vein of
the hind wings. The submedian vein occupies the position usu-
ally held in other subfamilies by the internal.

Early Stages.—In that portion of the group which includes
the genus Parnassius and its allies, the caterpillars are not, so far
as is known, provided with scent-organs, and pupation takes
place upon the ground, or among loosely scattered leaves, which
are interwoven, at the time of pupation, with a few strands of
silk. The genus Papzlio and its allies have large, fleshy, more or
less cylindrical caterpillars, possessed of osmateria, or offensive
scent-organs, and a general resemblance runs through the chrysa-
lids of all species, which are attached by a button of silk at the
anal extremity and supported in the middle by a silk girdle.

Genus PARNASSIUS, Latreille

(The Parnassians)

“Some to the sun their insect wings unfold,
Waft on the breeze, or sink in clouds of gold;
Transparent forms, too fine for mortal sight,
Their fluid bodies half dissolv’d in light.”
PPE.
Butterfly.—Of medium size, with more or less diaphanous
wings, generally white or yellow in color, marked with black
spots and round pink or yellow spots, margined with black.
The head is relatively small, thickly clothed with hairs. The an-
tennz are short and straight, having a gradually thickened club.
The palpi are very thin, straight, and clothed with long hairs.

304

Genus Parnassius

The wings are generally translucent on the margin, with a rounded
apex. Theupper radialis lacking. The subcostal is five-branched,
the third, fourth, and fifth nervules being

emitted from a common stalk which

springs from the upper outer angle of the

cell. The first subcostal nervule rises

well before the end of the cell; the second

from the same point from which the stalk

which bears the other three nervules

springs. The cell of the hind wing is

evenly rounded at its outer extremity.

The inner margin of the hind wing is

more or less excavated.

Early Stages.—The egg is turban-
shaped, flattened, profusely covered
with small elevations, giving it a sha-
greened appearance. The caterpillars Fic. 149.—Neuration of the
have very small heads. They are flat- Serene aeet
tened, having a somewhat leech-like appearance; they are black
or dark brown in color, marked with numerous light spots. The
chrysalis is short, rounded at the head, and pupation takes place
on the surface of the ground, among leaves and litter, a few loose
threads of silk being spun about the spot in which transformation
occurs.

The butterflies of this genus are classified with the Papzliont-
ne, because of the fact that the internal vein of the hind wings is
always wanting, a characteristic of all papilionine genera.

(1) Parnassius clodius, Ménétries, Plate XXXIX, Figs. 7, 9,
4 ; Figs. 8, 10, 9 (Clodius).

Butterfly.—The species may be distinguished from the follow-
ing by the uniformly larger size and the more translucent outer
margins of the fore wings in the male. Expanse, 4, 2.50-2.75
inches; 9, 2.50-3.00 inches.

Early Stages.—These await study. The egg and young larva
were described by W. H. Edwards in the ‘‘ Canadian Entomolo-
gist,” vol. xi, p. 142, but we have no account of the later stages.
The caterpillar feeds on Sedum and Saxifraga.

Clodius is found upon the mountains of California in spring
and early summer. _ It is, like allits congeners, an alpine or boreal
species.

3095

Genus Papilio

(2) Parnassius smintheus, Doubleday and Hewitson, Plate
XXXIX, Fig. 3, 6; Fig. 4, 9; var. behri, Edwards, Fig. 1, 4;
Fig. 2, 2; var. hermodur, Henry Edwards, Fig. 6, 2 ; mate of
hermodur, Fig. 5, 4 (Smintheus).

Butterfly.—This very beautiful insect is greatly subject to va-
tiation, and the plate shows a few of the more striking forms,
of which the dark female, named hermodur by the late Henry
Edwards, is one of the most beautiful. Expanse, 4, 2.00-2.50
inches; 9, 2.25-3.00 inches.

Smintheus is found at proper elevations upon the mountains
from Colorado to California, and from New Mexico to Montana.
The life-history is most exquisitely delineated by Edwards in
‘The Butterflies of North America,” vol. iii.

The caterpillar feeds on Sedum and Saxifraga.

Genus PAPILIO, Linnzus
(The Swallowtails)

“The butterfly the ancient Grecians made
The soul’s fair emblem, and its only name —
But of the soul, escaped the slavish trade
Of mortal life! For in this earthly frame
Ours is the reptile’s lot — much toil, much blame,—
Manifold motions making little speed,
And to deform and kill the things whereon we feed.”
COLERIDGE.

Butterfly.—Generally large, frequently with the hind wings
tailed. A figure of the neuration characteristic of this genus is
given on p. 20, Fig. 38. From this it will be seen that the in-
ternal vein of the hind wing is lacking, the submedian vein oc-
cupying the space which is commonly occupied by the internal
vein. The median vein of the fore wing is connected with the
submedian by a short vein, from the point of union of which with
the submedian there proceeds a short internal vein in this wing.
There is great diversity of form in the wings of this genus, some
species even mimicking the species of the Euplain@ and Helicont-
ide very closely, and being entirely without tails. In all cases,
however, in spite of obvious diversities in color and in form,
there is substantial anatomical agreement in the structure of the
wings; and the caterpillars and chrysalids reveal very strongly

306

(a) Parnassite smintheus, emia wind &
“TNKIX, Fig..9, 35 Fig. 4°93 war, behel, Basse
Fig. 2, 2) var. hermodur, Henry ‘Edwards, Fig 6
bermodur, Fig. 5,°3, (Smintheus),, :

Butterfly.—-This very beautiful insect is picatly subfeck

tiation, and the plate shows a few of the more striking
of whieh the dark female, named hermodur by the late
Edwards, is one of the most beautiful, Expanse, F.3
inches; 9, 2.25<t.¢9 inches,”

_ Smrintheus is tauta at proper elevations upon, the: ineu
from 'Colorada to California, and thom New. Mexico 16 Montana,
The tiles history is most exquisitely’ delineated ose
4 ‘THe ltterties of North America, * yok ili,

The! ~ Bxptanation or Piatt

ite Pemansins smintheus, Dbl. -Hew., 6. Parnassius nintbeus, Dbi.
var. bebri, Edwards, fo erm
. Parnasstus sipnnilions. Dbl Ww
var. bebri, Edwards, ont vee Swi ‘baldur, Ed
Be Parnassiussmintheus, Dbl.-Hew.,j'._ 8. Pai 1assius cl
ae Parnassius smintheus, Dbl.-Hew., 2. (ba Idur, Edy e 5)
. Parnassius gminthens, Dbl.-Hew., 9. fan ssius clodius p Tes
‘ mate of @ bermodur, 10. Rarnassi tries
Chiat the ceptite’s Rabon ‘nit b=
i hoa ett eae as
And toms a ge wh ok
Erion.

: Butoh. ~Generlly"ange, Segue Mth the hind wings
‘told A\ ture of the neuration cha he

va GO foo, Fig. 98. From this i, Wamt be aeen:
tore hele of the blind wing ching, is etnias

_cupyitg the apact wihtich is commonty- 2
ves: Tive median vein of thie, foie satis 2

submedian by a short vein, (oly the pees

the subinedian there proceeds & ghar: ——.

There is areat diversity of fotan in thes

species aven mimicking: the specian of im,

ide very closely, and beirig entirety: aii

however, it spite wr obvinus dw

tate is su tanec anatomical .

ors

PLATE XXXI

THE BUTTERFLY Book.

aon

J, HOLLAND

COPYRIGHTED BY Ww

Genus Papilio

marked affinities throughout the whole vast assemblage of spe-
cies, which at the present time includes about five hundred dis-
tinct forms.

Early Stages.—The eggs are somewhat globular, flattened at
the base, and smooth. The caterpillars are cylindrical, smooth,
fleshy, thicker in the anterior portion of the body than in the
posterior portion, and are always provided with osmateria, or
protrusive scent-organs, which, when the larva is alarmed, are
thrust forth, and emit a musky odor, not highly disagreeable to
the human nostrils, but evidently intended to deter other creatures
from attacking them. The chrysalids are always attached by a
button of silk at the anal extremity, and held in place by a girdle
of silk about the middle. The chrysalids are, however, never
closely appressed to the surface upon which pupation takes
place.

There are about twenty-seven species of this genus found
within the limits of boreal America. Our fauna is therefore much
richer in these magnificently colored and showy butterflies than
is the fauna of all Europe, in which but three species are known
from the Dardanelles to the North Cape and Gibraltar. The ge-
nus is wonderfully developed in the tropics both of the New and
the Old World, and has always been a favorite with collectors,
containing many of the largest as well as the handsomest insects
of the order.

(1) Papilio ajax, Linnzus, Plate II, Fig. 14, Jarva; Plate VI,
Figs. 11, 12, chrysalis (Ajax).

Butterfly.—This insect, which is one of the most beautiful
in our fauna, has been the subject of attentive study in recent
years, and is now known to be seasonally polymorphic. We
have given in Plate XLIV figures of several of the forms.

(a) Winter form walshi; Edwards, Plate XLIV, Fig. 4, ¢.
In this form, which emerges from chrysalids which have been
exposed to the cold of the winter, the black bands of the wings
are narrower and a trifle paler than in the other forms, the tails
of the hind wing tipped with white, and the crimson spot on
the inner margin near the anal angle forming a conspicuous bent
bar. A variety of this form, with a more or less distinct crimson
line parallel to the inner margin on the upper side of the hind
wing, has been named Papilio ajax, var. abbotti, by Edwards.

Another winter form, for which I propose the name floriden-

307

Genus Papilio

sis, is represented in Plate XLIV, Fig. 2, bya male specimen. It
is characterized by the great breadth and intensity of the black
bands on the upper side of the wings, which are quite as broad
as in the summer form marcellus. 1 find this form prevalent in
the spring of the year on the St. Johns River, in Florida. Ex-
panse, 2.50—2.75 inches.

(6) Winter form telamonides, Felder, Plate XLIV, Fig. 1, 2.
In this form the tails of the hind wings are somewhat longer
than in wa/shz, and are not simply tipped, but bordered on either
side for half their length with white, and the red spots near the
anal angle do not coalesce to form a crimson bar, but are sepa-
rate. The black transverse bands on the upper side are wider
than in walsht. Expanse, 2.75—3.00 inches.

(c) Summer form marcellus, Boisduval, Plate XLIV, Fig.
3,4. Inthis form, which represents the second generation emerg-
ing in the summer and fall from chrysalids produced from eggs
of walsht, floridensis, and telamonides, the tails of the hind wings
are greatly lengthened, being fully twice as long as in wa/shi, the
black bands are greatly widened, and there is but a single small
spot of crimson (sometimes none) above the anal angle of the
secondaries. Expanse, 3.00-3.25 inches. Y

Early Stages.—These are well known. The caterpillar feeds
on the leaves of the papaw (Asimina triloba), and wherever
this plant is found the butterfly is generally common.

Ajax ranges from southern New England, where it is very
rare, west and south over the entire country to the foot-hills of
the Rocky Mountains. It is very common in the lower Appa-
lachian region, and in southern Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and
Tennessee is especially abundant.

(2) Papilio eurymedon, Boisduval, Plate XLIV, Fig. 5, 2
(Eurymedon).

Butterfly. — This beautiful insect belongs to the same group
as the four succeeding species. In the style of the markings it
recalls P. turnus, but the ground-color is always pale whitish-
yellow or white, the tails of the hind wings are more slender,
and the white marginal spots on the under side of the fore wings
are fused together, forming a continuous band. There are other
differences, but these, with the help of the plate, will suffice for
the ready identification of the species. Expanse, }3.50-4.00
inches.

308

Genus Papilio

Early Stages. — The caterpillar resembles that of P. turnus,
but may be distinguished by its paler color and the much smaller
spots composing the longitudinal series on the back and sides,
and by the different color of the head. It feeds upon a variety
of plants, and is especially partial to Rhamnus californicus.

The species ranges from Mexico to Alaska, and eastward as
far as Colorado. It is abundant in the valleys of the Coast Range,
and I have found it very common in the cafion of the Fraser
River, in British Columbia, in the month of June.

(3) Papilio rutulus, Boisduval, Plate XLV, Fig.1, ¢ (Rutulus).

Butterfiy.—The insect very closely resembles the following
species in color and markings, but the female is never dimorphic
as in P. furnus, and the marginal spots on the under side of the
fore wings run together, forming a continuous band, as in eury-
medon, and are not separate as in P. turnus. By these marks it
may always be distinguished. Expanse, 4, 3.50-4.00 inches;
2, 3-75-4.25 inches.

Early Stages.—These have been described with accuracy by
W. H. Edwards in the second volume of his great work. The
caterpillar differs from that of P. furniws in many minute par-
ticulars. It feeds on alder and willow. It is the representative
on the Pacific coast of its Eastern congener, the common Tiger
Swallowtail.

(4) Papilio turnus, Linnzeus, Plate XLIII, Fig. 1, 4; Fig. 2,
dimorphic form glaucus, Linnzus, ¢ ; Plate II, Figs. 15, 26, 28,
larva; Plate VI, Figs. 1-4, chrysalis (The Tiger Swallowtail).

Butterfly.—The ‘‘lordly Turnus” is one of the most beautiful
insects of the Carolinian fauna. The plate shows the figures
about one third smaller than in life, but they are sufficient for the
immediate identification of the species. The species is dimorphic
in the female sex in the southern portions of the territory which
it occupies. The black form of the female was regarded for a
long while as a distinct species, until by the test of breeding it was
ascertained that some eggs laid by yellow females produced black
females, and that, conversely, eggs laid by black females often
produced yellow females. In Canada and northward and west-
ward in northern latitudes the dark dimorphic female does not
occur. A small yellow dwarfed form is common about Sitka,
whence I have obtained numerous specimens. Expanse, ¢,
3.00-4.00 inches; 2, 3.50—5.00 inches.

309

Genus Papilio

Early Stages.—The egg is outlined on p. 4, Fig. 3. It is green
or bluish-green, quite smooth, with a few reddish spots in some
specimens. The caterpillar feeds on a great variety of plants, but
has a peculiar preference for the leaves of various species. of wild
cherry (Cerasus). The chrysalis is accurately portrayed in Plate
VI, Figs. 1-4.

The metropolis of this species seems to be the wooded forests
of the Appalachian ranges at comparatively low levels. It abounds
in southwestern Pennsylvania, the Virginias, the Carolinas, Ken-
tucky, and Tennessee. I have often found as many as a dozen of
these magnificent butterflies congregated on a moist spot on the
banks of the Monongahela. At Berkeley Springs, in West Vir-
ginia, I counted, one summer day, forty specimens hovering over
the weeds and flowers in a small deserted field. The move-
ments of the butterfly on the wing are bold and rapid. Its flight
is dashing. Now aloft to the tops of the highest trees, now down
in the shadows of the undergrowth, hither and thither it goes,
often settling for a moment on some attractive flower, or staying
its flight to quench its thirst on the sandy edge of a brook, and
then away again over the fields and into the forests. In New
England it is not very abundant, and in the Gulf States, while
numerous, is still less common than about the head waters of the
Ohio.

(5) Papilio daunus, Boisduval, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 2, 4
(Daunus).

Butterfly.—This magnificent species, which is even larger
than turnus (the figures in the plate are greatly reduced), re-
sembles the preceding species in color and markings, but may at
once be distinguished by the two tails on the hind wing and
the projection of the lobe at the anal angle of this wing. It is
found among the eastern valleys of the Rocky Mountain ranges,
and descends into Mexico. In Arizonait is quite common. Ex-
panse, 4.00-5.25 inches.

Early Stages.—These have not yet been thoroughly studied,
but what we know of them shows that the species is allied very
closely to its immediate congeners, and the caterpillar feeds upon
the same plants, principally Rosacee.

(6) Papilio pilumnus, Boisduval, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 3, ¢
(Pilumnus).

Butterfly.—Resembling the preceding species, but smaller,

310

sana of a preat variety
e for the leaves re various epectes Suis
| accurately portrayed if Plate

¢ seems to be the wor ee forests
, dtahonaies

~othe: ¥ 4
re often wandis ao 4
fed-On a ibis bapets on ie
ley Springs, in West: Vite
specltnens hoveting oven:
The nine

5. Papilio bresicanda, Saandéts, ioe 6
i lees common ‘that wow thechedd att

le reduc ed}, t
= poe: ath Py

; ts n ranges, -
“ate Cr sen.’ Ex2 *

know
immediate congeners,
if Gee), Paar .
¥ Rasa ays

, Boisduva

the pe

PLATE XL.

THE BuTTERFLY Book

Genus Papilio

having the bands and black margins of the wings decidedly
broader, and the lobe of the anal angle of the hind wing so much
lengthened as to give the wing the appearance of being furnished
with three tails. Expanse, 3.80—4. 30 inches.

Early Stages.—All we know of these is derived from the
brief account given by Schaus in ‘‘Papilio,” vol. iv, p. 100. Mr.
Schaus says that the larva ‘‘ feeds on laurel.”

The insect is Mexican, and only occasionally occurs in Ari-
zona.

(7) Papilio thoas, Linnzus, Plate XLII, Fig. 4, ¢ (Thoas).

Butterfly.—This species is readily distinguished from its near
ally, P. cresphontes, by the greater and more uniform breadth of
the median band of yellow spots traversing both the fore and the
hind wing, and by the almost total absence of the curved sub-
marginal series of spots on the primaries. There are other points
of difference, but these are so marked as to make the determina-
tion of the species easy.

Early Stages.—These have never been fully described, but we
know that the caterpillar feeds upon the leaves of the lemon, the
orange, and other plants of the citrus group.

P. thoas is not common within the limits of the United States,
where it is generally replaced by the following species; but it
occasionally occurs in the hot lands of the extreme southern por-
tion of Texas.

(8) Papilio cresphontes, Cramer, Plate XLII, Fig. 3, 2;
Plate II, Fig. 16, Jarva, Plate VI, Figs. 8-10, chrysalis (The Giant
Swallowtail).

Butterfly.—The principal points of difference between this
and the preceding species, its closest ally, have already been
pointed out, and are brought into view upon the plate.

Early Stages.—TYhese are quite well known. The caterpillar
feeds upon Ptelea, Xanthoxylon, and various species of Citrus. It
is very common in the orange-groves of Florida, where the peo-
ple call the caterpillar the ‘‘ orange-puppy,”’ and complain at times
of the ravages perpetrated by it upon their trees. It appears to
have been gradually spreading northward, and in quite recent
years has appeared at points in the Northern States where before
it had never been observed. It has been recently taken in On-
tario. It has become rather abundant in the vicinity of the city
of Pittsburgh, where no observer had seen it prior to the year

311

Genus Papilio

1894. It is one of the largest and most showy species of the genus
found within our faunal limits.

(9) Papilio aliaska, Scudder, Plate XLI, Fig. 1, $ (The Alas-
kan Swallowtail).

Butterfly.—This interesting form of the species, known to
entomologists as Papilio machaon, Linneus, and to every Eng-
lish school-boy as ‘‘the Swallowtail,” represents a colonization
from the Asiatic mainland of this insect, which is the sole repre-
sentative of the genus on English soil. It differs from the Eng-
lish butterfly by having more yellow on the upper side of the
wings, and by having the tails of the secondaries much shorter.

Early Stages. —Undoubtedly these are very much like those of
the forms found in Europe and Asia, and the caterpillar must
be sought upon umbelliferous plants.

Thus far this insect has been received only from Alaska, and
is still rare in collections.

(10) Papilio zolicaon, Boisduval, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 1, 2
(Zolicaon).

Butterfly.—This species is somewhat nearly related to the pre-
ceding, but may at once be distinguished from it by the broader
black borders of the wings, the deeper black on the upper side,
and the longer tails of the secondaries. The figure given in the
plate is only two thirds of the natural size.

Early Stages.—TYhese have been fully described by Edwards,
and are shown to be much like those of P. astertas. The cater-
pillar, like that of the last-mentioned species, feeds upon the
Umbelliferc.

Zolicaon ranges southward from Vancouver’s Island to Ari-
zona, and eastward to Colorado. It is more abundant in the
valleys and foot-hills than on the sierras.

(11) Papilio nitra, Edwards, Plate XLI, Fig. 2, ¢ (Nitra).

Butterfly.—This insect, which is still very rare in collections,
is very nearly related to the preceding species, it having, no
doubt, with the succeeding species, sprung from the same origi-
nal stock as zolicaon and alzaska.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

The insect occurs in Montana and the portions of British
America adjacent on the north.

(12) Papilio indra, Reakirt, Plate XLI, Fig. 3, 2 (Indra).

Butter fiy.—Easily distinguished by the short tails of the secon-

312

Genus Papilio

daries, and the narrow bands of yellow spots on the wings
closely resembling those found in the same location on the wings
of P. asterias, 6. Expanse, 2.50-2.75 inches.

Early Stages.—These still await description.

Indra occurs on the mountains of Colorado, Nevada, and
California.

(13) Papilio brevicauda, Saunders, Plate XL, Fig. 5, 9 (The
Newfoundland Swallowtail).

Butterfiy.—There are two varieties of this species —one with
bright-yellow spots, one with the spots more or less deeply
marked with orange-yellow on the upper sides of the wing.
The latter variety is represented in the plate. The form with the
yellow spots is common. on the island of Anticosti; the other
occurs quite abundantly in Newfoundland. Expanse, 2.75—-3.00
inches.

Early Stages.—Both the caterpillar and the chrysalis show a
very strong likeness to those of P. asterias. The larva feeds on
umbelliferous plants.

The range of the species is confined to the extreme northeast-
ern part of our faunal territory.

(14) Papilio bairdi, Edwards, Plate XL, Fig. 2, ¢ (Baird’s
Butterfly).

Butterfly.—This form, the male of which is represented in the
plate, is the Western representative of P. asferias, and is charac-
terized in general by the fact that the size is larger than that of
astertas, and the postmedian band of yellow spots is broader. The
female is generally darker and larger than that sex in astertas.
Expanse, 3.25—3.50 inches.

Early Stages.—Not unlike those of P. astertas. The cater-
pillar feeds upon Umbelliferc.

The seat of this species or form is Arizona, whence it ranges
northward.

(15) Papilio brucei, Edwards, Plate XL, Fig. 4, 6 (Bruce’s
Butterfly).

Butterfly —This species, which is thought to be the result of
a union between P. oregonia and P. bairdt, is found in Colorado.
Oregonta is, unfortunately, not represented in our plates. It flies
in Oregon and Washington, where P. bairdi is not found. In
Colorado and adjacent regions meeting with the form bard, which
ranges northward from Arizona, hybridization has occurred, and

313

Genus Papilio

we have a fixed form breeding either toward bazrdi or oregonia.
To this form, characterized by more yellow on the bands of the
wings than in P. bairdi, and less than in oregonia, Mr. Edwards
has applied the name P. brucez, in honor of Mr. Bruce of Lock-
port, New York, who has done much to elucidate the problems
connected with the species. Expanse, 3.25-3.60 inches.

Early Stages.—These have been fully described by Edwards.
They are much like those of asterzas, and the food-plants belong
to the same class.

Bruce’s Butterfly is found quite abundantly in Colorado.

(16) Papilio hollandi, Edwards, Plate XL, Fig. 3, ¢ (Hol-
land’s Butterfly).

Butterfiy.—This species or form, which belongs to the Aste-
rias-group, in the breadth of the yellow spots on the upper side
of the wings holds a place intermediate between P. bairdi
and P. zolicaon, between which it has been suggested that it
may be a hybrid, which has become fixed, and therefore a spe-
cies. It is characterized by the fact that the abdomen is always
striped laterally with yellow or is wholly yellow. Expanse, 3.25-
3.50 inches.

Early Stages.—We know as yet but little of these. .

The insect occurs in Arizona and northward to Colorado.

(17) Papilio asterias, Fabricius, Plate XL, Fig. 1, ¢; Plate
II, Figs. 17, 24, 27, Jarva; Plate VI, Figs. 13, 18, 19, chrysalis
(The Common Eastern Swallowtail).

Butterfly.—The male is well represented in the plate. The
female lacks the bright-yellow band of postmedian spots on the
primaries, or they are but faintly indicated. The species is sub-
ject to considerable variation in size and the intensity of the
markings. A very remarkable aberration in which the yellow
spots cover almost the entire outer half of the wings has been
found on several occasions, and was named Papilio calverleyi
by Grote. The female of this form from the type in the author’s
collection is represented in Plate XLI, Fig. 6. Expanse, 2.75-
3.25 inches.

Early Stages.—The caterpillar feeds on the Umbellifere, and
is common on parsley and parsnips in gardens. In the South
I have found that it had a special liking for fennel, and a few
plants in the kitchen-garden always yielded me in my boyhood
an abundant supply of the larve.

314

Teaser titel
: Woe wy WEIR)

(Genus Papiita t

e have a fixed form breedi ing either toward basndl ck aragonite.
‘y this forty ebaracterized by more yellow on the bane
wings than InP. baardi, and less than in oregonta. Mc
has applied the name P. brucei, in bonor_of Mr, Bruce: at

vort, New York, who has. done mu ch to elucidate the ery

sonnecte d with the species. Expanse,
g.— These hav

Dhey
to the Same «

Bruce's & Rutherniv is
{4 6) Papilio poten

* W ards,

land's fhontertly)
Witteity——-This ipootes at

ii = breadth.
Gids FN pie Re
be 4

a Pvorid, whic ae hat Pincinde

w ae S075 bY Aca Vel ryt

r abet. | ee

Pisie

astern Swallow

an
Wet

The tidle is
atte: Fhe bright-yel!
my ave Dut faintly
naidariahle warlation.
A very. temarkalble \.at

ow bite

cree, GOVE
found: on several occasions, .and: ¥
ote. The female ofthis fort

by Grote i
ed’ in Plate 04

is represerited

mile ti rm 3e
A SUS ie -8

~The psipiesicall

eFry were

on parsley and pares.

cthat it had ri

jnerardens abana

f ei tat vat

_BxrbaneTion OF eh TE Sh.

aimost’ the entire: outer.

5-3: 4.60) inches: :
e been fully described by Rawanhe

Ee rly Slares
are much ile those of astertas, and the pehies

iia. . ’
- wite abundantty ra Colorado.»
Pinte xt, a 3, 6. (Hl

form, Which hel a the Aste~

+ shte

io plate. > The

“spots onthe
Pepecics, is-sube
hp ot the!

ate os nt tein i ee oa
i Pay: ie o aiver|: } i

ve Wie in bu: author's

ahi?

elt, EX prise, 2 :

mas Lesh
gaittens. io he Soutt:
Man tettes, | anda few

Cena me: in ny y boyhood:

i x, aude

PLATE XLI

THE BUTTERFLY Book.

Genus Papilio

P. asterias ranges all over the Atlantic States and the valley of
the Mississippi.

(18) Papilio troilus, Linnzus, Plate XLI, Fig. 5, 4; Plate
Il, Figs. 18, 19, 22, /arva,; Plate VI, Figs. 5-7, chrysalis (The
Spice-bush Swallowtail).

Butterfly.—The upper side of the male is accurately depicted
in the plate. The female has less bluish-green on the upper side
of the hind wings. Expanse, 3.75-4.25 inches.

Early Stages.—The caterpillar lives upon the leaves of the
common spicewood and sassafras, and draws the edges of a
leaf together, thus forming a nest in which it lies hidden.

The insect is found throughout the Atlantic States and in the
Mississippi Valley.

(19) Papilio palamedes, Drury, Plate XLII, Fig. 1, 9 (Pala-
medes).

Butterfly.—The upper side of the wings is very accurately
depicted in the figure just cited. On the under side the predomi-
nant tint is bright yellow. Expanse, 3.50-4.25 inches.

Early Stages.—These are described by Scudder in the third
volume of his work on ‘‘ The Butterflies of New England.” The
caterpillar feeds on Magnolia glauca, and on plants belonging to
the order Lauracee.

The insect ranges from southern Virginia, near the coast, to
the extreme southern end of Florida, and westward to southern
Missouri and eastern Texas.

(20) Papilio philenor, Linneus, Plate XLII, Fig. 2, 4 ; Plate
II, Figs. 13, 20, 21, Jarva; Plate VI, Figs. 14, 17, 20, chrysalis
(The Pipe-vine Swallowtail).

Butterfly.—The figures in the plates obviate the necessity for
describing this familiar but most beautiful insect, the glossy
blue-green of which flashes all summer long in the sunlight about
the verandas over which the Aristolochia spreads the shade of
its great cordate leaves. Expanse, 3.75-4.25 inches.

Early Stages.—The caterpillar feeds upon the leaves of Aris-
tolochia sipho (the Dutchman’s-pipe) and Aristolochia serpentaria,
which abound in the forest lands of the Appalachian region.

Philenor is always abundant during the summer months in
the Middle Atlantic States, and ranges from Massachusetts to
Arizona, into southern California and southward into Mexico.
It is double-brooded in western Pennsylvania, and the writer

315

The Caterpillar and the Ant

has found females ovipositing as late as October. The caterpil-
lars are familiar objects about houses on which the Aristolochia
is grown as an ornamental vine.

(21) Papilio polydamas, Linneus, Plate XLI, Fig. 4, 4
(Polydamas).

Butterfly.— Easily distinguished by the absence of tails on the
hind margin of the secondaries. The butterfly recalls the preced-
ing species by the color of the wings on the upper side. On the
under side the fore wings are marked as on the upper side; the
hind wings have a marginal row of large red spots. Expanse,
3.00-3.50 inches.

Early Stages.—The caterpillar is dark brown, and in many
points resembles that of P. philenor in outline, but the segments
are spotted with ocellate yellow and red spots. It feeds on
various species of Aristolochia. The chrysalis resembles that of
P. philenor.

This lovely insect represents in the United States a great
group of butterflies closely allied to it, which are natives of the
tropics of the New World. It occurs in southern Florida and
Texas, and thence ranges southward over Cuba, Mexico, and
Central America.

THE CATERPILLAR AND THE ANT

“A pensy Ant, right trig and clean,
Came ae day whidding o’er the green,
Where, to advance her pride, she saw
A Caterpillar, moving slaw.
* Good ev’n t’ ye, Mistress Ant,’ said he;
“How ’s a’ at hame? I ’mblyth tos’ ye.’
The saucy Ant view’d him wi’ scorn,
Nor wad civilities return;
But gecking up her head, quoth she,
© Poor animal! 1 pity thee;
Wha scarce can claim to be a creature,
But some experiment o’ Nature,
Whase silly shape displeased her eye,
And thus unfinish’d was flung bye.
For me, I ’m made wi’ better grace,
Wi’ active limbs and lively face;
And cleverly can move wi’ ease
Frae place to place where’er I please;

316

The Corerpitiar and the Ant

has found fermales ovipositing: as late-as oe
lars are familiar objects about houses on witich the A
is grown. as an-ornamental vine, ©

(21) Papilio polydamas, Linneeus, -
(Polydamas). a
’ Butterfiy— Easily distinguished by: the Prec: ai
hind matin of the secondaries, The butterfly recalls the |
ing species by the ealor of the wings on the upr iden.
‘under side tte fre Wings, are marked as: on} ihe. upper
hind Ks have a loan row hia rea Meee

Papilio philenor, U

“ treples: @t. tie’ ‘Rew’

Taxing, acd thence eeneeas soutiwars rent,
ish iam me

* A pansy ih,

iy a a
"Where, to advance her pei,
& Caterpillar, Mowiiy ew

Fon

The Caterpillar and the Ant

Can foot a minuet or jig,

And snoov’t like ony whirly-gig;
Which gars my jo aft grip my hand,
Till his heart pitty-pattys, and —
But laigh my qualities I bring,

To stand up clashing wi’ a thing,

A creeping thing the like o’ thee,
Not worthy o’ a farewell t’ ye.’
The airy Ant syne turned awa,

And left him wi’ a proud gaffa.

The Caterpillar was struck dumb,
And never answered her a mum:
The humble reptile fand some pain,
Thus to be banter’d wi’ disdain.

But tent neist time the Ant came by,
The worm was grown a Butterfly;
Transparent were his wings and fair,
Which bare him flight’ring through the air.
Upon a flower he stapt his flight,

And thinking on his former slight,

Thus to the Ant himself addrest:

‘ Pray, Madam, will ye please to rest ?

And notice what | now advise:

Inferiors ne’er too much despise,

For fortune may gie sic a turn,

To raise aboon ye what ye scorn:

For instance, now | spread my wing

In air, while you ’re a creeping thing.’”
ALLAN Ramsay.

FE Reelen dct.

317

FAMILY V

HESPERIIDZE (THE SKIPPERS)

“Bedouins of the pathless air.”—H. H.

Butterfly.—The butterflies belonging to this family are gen-
erally quite small, with stout bodies, the thorax strongly devel-
oped in order to accommodate the muscles of flight. They are
exceedingly rapid in their movements. Both sexes possess six feet
adapted to walking, and the tibiz of the hind feet, with few ex-
ceptions, have spurs. The lower radial vein of the hind wing in
many of the genera is lacking, or is merely indicated by a fold in
the wing. There is great variety in the form as well as in the
coloration of the wings.

Egg.—The eggs, so far as we are acquainted with them, may
be said to be, almost without exception, more or less hemispher-
ical, with the flat section of the hemisphere serving as the base.
They are sometimes smooth, but not infrequently ornamented
with raised longitudinal ridges and cross-lines, the ornamentation
in some cases being very beautiful and curious.

Caterpillar.—The caterpillars are cylindrical, smooth, tapering
forward and backward from the middle, and generally possess
large globular heads. They commonly undergo transformation
into chrysalids which have an anal hook, or cremaster, in a loose
cocoon woven of a few strands of silk.

This family, the study of which presents more difficulties than
are presented by any other family of butterflies, is not very well
developed in the Palzearctic Region, but finds its most enormous
development in the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions. It is also
very strongly developed in the Indo-Malayan and Ethiopian
Regions. There are, at the present time, in the neighborhood
of two thousand species belonging to this family which have been
named and described.

318

. Papilio turnus, Linneeus, g. 3. Colias eriphyle,

1
2. Papilio turnus, Linneus, dimorphic hageni, Edy
O; gaucus, Linneus. ~~~ 4. Pyrameis a
P a 5. Epargyreus tityrus, Fabricius, |
bn . « 4 ?

(The figures in this plate are re uced, being only three fo I size.)

THE BUTTERFLY Book. PLATE XLIII.

yeni

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, 1498.

[S)

SUBFAMILY PYRRHOPYGIN/E

‘Seeing only what is fair,
Sipping only what is sweet.”
EMERSON.

Tuis subfamily is composed of closely related genera which are
found only in the New World. They may be easily recognized
by the large blunt club of the antennz. The cell of the fore wing is
always very long, being two thirds the length of the costa; the
lower radial vein usually rises from the end of the cell, a little above
the third median nervule, and at a considerable

remove from the upper radial.

They are said when at rest to ex-

tend all their wings horizontally.

But one genus belonging to this

anit subfamily is represented within the
limits of the United States.

Fic. 150.— Genus PYRRHOPYGE,
Head and an- ie
tenna of Pyrrho- Hiibner
prge, magnified 2
diameters.

LN _ Fic. 151.—Neura-
Butterfly.—The neuration is as tion of the genus

represented in the cut, and need PTS
not, therefore, be described at length. The club of the antennz
is thickened, usually bluntly pointed and bent into a hook.

(1) Pyrrhopyge araxes, Hewitson, Plate XLV, Fig. 9, 4
(Araxes).

Butterfly.—Easily recognized from the figure in the plate.
The hind wings are prevalently yellow on the under side. It is
wholly unlike any other species found within the faunal limits
with which this book deals. The wings expand about two inches.
We have no knowledge whatever of the life-history of the insect.
It occurs in southern Texas occasionally, but is quite common in
Mexico and more southern countries.

B19

SUBFAMILY HESPERIINZE (THE HESPERIDS)

‘“ Twine ye in an airy round,
Brush the dew and print the lea;
Skip and gambol, hop and bound.”
Drake, The Culprit Fay.

Tuis subfamily falls into two groups:

Group A.—In this group the cell of the fore wing is always
more than two thirds the length of the costa; the lower radial
vein lies approximately equidistant between the third median
nervule and the upper radial. The hind wing is frequently pro-
duced at the extremity of the submedian vein into a long tail or
tooth-like projection. The fore wing is usually furnished.in the
male sex with a costal fold, but is never marked with a discal
stigma, or bunch of raised scales. The antenne always terminate
in a fine point and are usually bent into a hook. The butterflies
when at rest, for the most part, hold their wings erect, though
some of them hold them extended horizontally.

Group B.—In this group the cell of the fore wing is less than
two thirds the length of the costa, and the lower radial is always
emitted from the end of the cell near the upper angle, much nearer
to the upper radial than to the third median. The hind wings are
often somewhat lobed at the anal angle, but never produced as
in the first group. The antennz are very seldom hooked.

Genus EUDAMUS, Swainson

Butterfly.—The antennz terminate in a fine point bent into a
hook at the thickest part of the club. The cell of the fore wing
is very long. The discocellulars are inwardly oblique and on the
same straight line, the upper discocellulars being reduced to a mere
point. The lower radial is equidistant between the upper radial

320

Genus Eudamus

and the third median nervule. The hind wing is without the
lower radial and is always produced into a long tail.

Egg.—The egg is more nearly globular than is true in most of
the genera, but is strongly flattened at the base and is marked
with a number of transverse longitudinal ridges,
somewhat widely separated, between which are

finer cross-lines. The micropyle at the summit is
deeply depressed. b-

Caterptllar.—The caterpillar is cylindrical, taper-
ing rapidly from the middle forward and backward.
The head is much larger than the neck and is dis-
tinctly bilobed.

Chrysalis. —The chrysalis is provided with a
somewhat hooked cremaster, is rounded at the head,
humped over the thorax, and marked on the dorsal
side of the abdominal segments with a few small
conical projections. The chrysalis is formed be-
tween leaves loosely drawn together with a few Rie. Ga—iNare
strands of silk. ration of the genus

This genus is confined to the tropics of the New £427":
World, and is represented in the extreme southern portions of
the United States by the species figured in our plate—E. proteus.

(1) Eudamus proteus, Linnzus, Plate XLV, Fig. 6, 2 ; Plate
Il, Fig. 34, /arva; Plate VI, Fig. 23, chrysalis (The Long-tailed
Skipper).

Butterfily.—The upper side of the wings is brown, glossed
with green at the base of both wings. The spots on the pri-
maries of both sexes are alike, and are well represented in the
plate. On the under side the wings are pale brown; the pri-
maries are marked as on the upper side; the secondaries have the
anal portion and the tail dark brown; in addition they are crossed
by a short dark band at the end of the cell, and another similar
but longer postmedian band, which does not quite reach the costa
and loses itself below in the dark shade which covers the anal por-
tion of the wing. About the middle of the costa of the hind wings
are two small subquadrate black spots. Expanse, 1.60-1.75 inch.

Early Stages.—The plates give us representations based upon
Abbot's drawings of the mature caterpillar and the chrysalis. The
student who desires to know more may consult the pages of
Scudder’s ‘‘ Butterflies of New England.” The caterpillar feeds

321

Genus Plestia

upon leguminous plants, especially upon the Wistaria and various
species of Ci/ztoria (Butterfly-pea). It makes a rude nest for
itself by drawing two of the leaves together with strands of silk.

The species is tropical and is found all over the tropics and
subtropical regions of the New World, but ranges northward
along the Atlantic sea-coast, being occasionally found as far north
as New York City, where it has been taken in Central Park.

Genus PLESTIA, Mabille

Butterfly.—The club of the antenne is flattened, sickle-shaped,
terminating in a fine point. The male has a costal fold upon the
fore wing. The lower radial is nearer to the upper radial than

to the third median nervule. The hind
wing is produced into a short tail. The
fifth vein is wanting.
Early Stages.—Unknown.
This genus is peculiar to Mexico and
/ Central America. But one species is found
ior within our limits, and is confined to Ari-

; zona.

Fic. 153.—Genus Plestia. (1) Plestia dorus, Edwards, Plate
Antenna, magnified 2 diam- XLV, Fig. 11, 4 (The Short-tailed Ari-
eters. Neuration. Asa Skipper).

Butterfiy.—The upper side is accurately depicted in the plate.
On the under side the wings are hoary. The spots of the upper
side reappear, the lower spots of the primaries being partially
lost in the broad honey-yellow tint which covers the inner mar-
gin of that wing. The secondaries are crossed by obscure dark-
brown basal, median, and postmedian bands, portions of which
are annular, or composed of ring-like spots. The anal angle is
clouded with dark brown. Expanse, 1.50-1.60 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

The species has been taken in considerable numbers in Ari-
zona, and ranges thence southward into Mexico.

Genus EPARGYREUS, Hiibner

Butterfly.—The antenne have the club stout, gradually thick-
ened, tapering to a fine point, and abruptly bent into a hook.
322

onl we
a”

redial thar”
ind

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIV
it

1, Papilio ajax, Linneus, var. telamo- 3. Papilio ajax, Linneus, var. marcel-
ides, Felder, 3. ‘ lus, Boisduval, f.

2. Papilio ajax, Linneus, var. floriden- 4. Papilio ajax, Linneus, var. walshi,
sis, Holland, 3. (This is the dark ees . 7 er
form found in Florida in the early 5. Papilio eurymedon, Boisduval, S. —

spring.) aes

PLATE XLIV.

THE BUTTERFLY Book.

Genus Epargyreus

The palpi are profusely covered with thick scales, in which the
third joint is almost entirely concealed. The fore wing of the
male is furnished with a costal fold; the hind wing is prominently
toothed at the extremity of the submedian vein.

Egg.—The egg is elevated, hemispherical;
that is to say, it is flattened at the base, rounded
above, its height being almost equal to the width.
It is marked by about ten narrow, greatly ele-
vated longitudinal ridges, which sometimes fork
below the summit, and between which are a
multitude of fine cross-lines. The micropyle is x
greatly depressed.

Caterpillar.—The caterpillar closely resembles Fig. 154.—Neu-
the caterpillar of the genus Ewdamus, but the ‘ation of the genus
: : Epargyreus.

head is not as strongly bilobed. ‘i

Chrysalis.—The chrysalis likewise resembles the chrysalis of
the genus Eudamus ; the cremaster, however, is not as strongly
hooked as in that genus.

(1) Epargyreus tityrus, Fabricius, Plate XLIII, Fig. 5, 2;
Plate II, Figs. 30, 31, 33, /arva ; Plate VI, Figs. 22, 25, 26, chrysa-
lis (The Silver-spotted Skipper).

Butterfly.—This very common and beautiful insect may easily
be recognized from the figure in the plate. The broad, irregular
silvery spot on the under side of the hind wings distinguishes it
at a glance from all other related species in our fauna. Expanse,
1.75-2.00 inches.

Early Stages.—These have been accurately described by sev-
eral authors, and a very full account of them is contained in
‘“The Butterflies of New England.” The caterpillar feeds upon
leguminous plants, and is especially common upon the W7staria,
which is grown about verandas, and on the common locust
(Robinia pseudacacia). The caterpillar makes a nest for itself in
the same manner as Ezdamus proteus. Pupation generally takes
place among fallen leaves or rubbish at the foot of the trees upon
which the caterpillar has fed.

This butterfly has a wide range, extending to the Gulf,
south of a line passing from Quebec to Vancouver, and ranging
still farther south as far as the Isthmus of Panama. It is single-
brooded in the North, and double- or triple-brooded in the South.

BEB)

Genus Thorybes

Genus THORYBES, Scudder
(The Dusky-wings)

Butterfly.—The club of the antennz is not very heavy, hooked,
the hooked portion about as long as the rest of the club. The
palpi are directed forward, with the second joint heavily scaled,

and the third joint very small. The fore wing
may be with or without the costal fold in the male
sex. The cut gives a correct idea of the neuration.
The hind wing is evenly rounded on the outer
margin, sometimes slightly angled at the extrem-
ity of the submedian vein.
Egg.—The egg is subglobular, somewhat flat-
tened at the base and on top, marked with numer-
Fic. 155.— ous fine and not much elevated longitudinal ridges.
Neuration of the go
genus Thorybes. 1he micropyle covers the upper surface of the egg
and is not depressed.

Caterpillar.—The caterpillar somewhat resembles that of the
genus Epargyvreus, but is relatively shorter, the head proportion-
ately larger and more globular. The neck is greatly strangulated.

Chrysalis.—The chrysalis is somewhat curved in outline, with
a strongly hooked cremaster and a prominent projection on the
back of the thoracic region.

(1) Thorybes pylades, Scudder, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 6, 2;
Plate II, Figs. 25, 29, /arva; Plate VI, Fig. 28, chrysalis (The
Northern Dusky-wing).

Butterfly.—The upper side is represented correctly in Plate
XLVIII. On the under side the wings are dark brown, shading
into hoary-gray on the outer margins. The hind wings are
crossed by irregular basal, median, and postmedian brown bands
of darker spots, shaded with deeper brown internally. The
translucent spots of the upper side reappear on the lower side of
the fore wings. Expanse, 1.60 inch.

Early Stages.—These are elaborately described in the pages of
Dr. Scudder’s great work. The caterpillar feeds on clover, Les-
pedeza, and Desmodium.

This insect is found throughout the United States and Canada,
but is not as yet reported from the central masses of the Rocky

324

Genus Achalarus

Mountain region. It probably, however, occurs there also in
suitable locations. It is very common in New England.

(2) Thorybes bathyllus, Smith and Abbot, Plate XLVIII,
Fig. 5, 2; Plate II, Fig. 32, Jarva; Plate VI, Fig. 24, chrysalis
(The Southern Dusky-wing).

Butterfiy.—Easily distinguished from the preceding species by
the much larger size of the translucent spots on the fore wings.
Expanse, 1.40-1.50 inch.

Early Stages. —TYhe habits of the larva are very similar to those
of the preceding species, and the caterpillar feeds on herbaceous
leguminose.

It ranges from the Connecticut Valley, where it is rare, south-
ward along the coast and through the Mississippi Valley as far
south and west as Texas.

(3) Thorybes emilia, Skinner, Plate XLVI, Fig. 39, 2 (Mrs.
Owen's Dusky-wing).

Butterfly.—This little species, which may readily be identified
by the figure of the type given in the plate, is as yet quite rare in
collections. We know nothing of the early stages. The types
were taken at Fort Klamath, in Oregon. Dr. Skinner named it
in honor of the estimable wife of Professor Owen of the Univer-
sity of Wisconsin, the discoverer of the species. Expanse, 1.20
inch.

(4) Thorybes epigena, Butler, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 13, 4
(Butler’s Dusky-wing).

Butterfly.—Readily distinguished by its large size, the con-
spicuous white fringes of the hind wings on the upper side, and
the broad white marginal band of these wings on the under side.
Expanse, 2.00 inches.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

This insect is common in Arizona and Mexico.

Genus ACHALARUS, Scudder

Butterfly.—The antennz and.palpi are as in the preceding
genus. The neuration is represented in the cut. The hind wing
is slightly lobed at the anal angle; the fore wing may or may not
be provided with a costal fold.

(1) Achalarus lycidas, Smith and Abbot, Plate XLV, Fig. 10,

325

Genus Hesperia

9, under side ; Plate Il, Fig. 23, Jarva ; Plate VI, Fig. 21, chrys-
alis (The Hoary-edge).

Butterfly.—The general appearance of the upper side of the
wings strongly recalls E. ttyrus, but the hoary edge of the secon-

daries and the absence of the broad median silvery
spot found in ¢#tyrus at once serve to discriminate
the two forms. Expanse, 1.65-1.95 inch.
Early Stages.—What is known of them may
be ascertained by consulting the pages of ‘‘The
Butterflies of New England.” The caterpillar is
found on the leaves of Desmodium (Beggar’s-lice).
The insect is rare in southern New England,
and ranges thence southward and westward to
Ne tStion ovine Texas, being scarce in the Mississippi Valley north
genus Achala- of Kentucky, and apparently not ranging west
es of Missouri.

(2) Achalarus cellus, Boisduval and Leconte, Plate XLV,
Fig. 12, 6 (The Golden-banded Skipper).

Butterfiv.—The figure in the plate will enable the instant iden-
tification of this beautiful species, which, on the under side, has
the hind wings banded much as in E. profeus. Expanse, 2.00
inches.

Early Stages. —W hat little we know of these is based mainly
upon the observations of Abbot, and there is an opportunity here
for some young naturalist to render a good service to science by
rearing the insect through all stages from the egg. The habits
of the larva are not greatly different from those of allied species.

A. cellus is found in the Virginias, and thence southward and
westward to Arizona and Mexico. It is common in the Carolinas.

Genus HESPERIA, Fabricius

Butterfiy.—The antenne are relatively short; the club is stout
and blunt at the tip. The palpi are bent upward, with the third
joint buried in the scales covering the second joint. The hind
wing is usually evenly rounded. In all the American species the
male is provided with a costal fold. The neuration is represented
in the cut.

Egg.—Hemispherical, ribbed.

326

Genus Hesperia

Caterpillar.—The caterpillar is much like those which have
been previously described, but is relatively much smaller.

Chrysalis.—Vhe chrysalis has a somewhat blunt and not very
distinctly developed cremaster.

(1) Hesperia domicella, Erichson, Plate XLVII, Fig. 19, 4
(Erichson’s Skipper).

Butterfly.—Allied to the following species, from which it is
easily discriminated by the broad, solid white bands on both the
fore and the hind wings. Expanse, 1.25 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

H. domicella is found in Arizona, Mexico, LB
EY

and southward.

(2) Hesperia montivaga, Reakirt, Plate Ne "7
XLVII, Fig. 18, 3; Plate VI, Fig. 35, chrys- VW
alis (The Checkered Skipper).

Butterfly.—The upper side is correctly oe ee iS
delineated in the plate. The under side of tenna, magnified 3 diam-
the fore wings is much paler than the upper ‘t's:
side, but with all the spots and markings of that side reproduced.
The hind wings are creamy-white, crossed by median, postme-
dian, and marginal irregular bands of ochreous, somewhat annular
spots. There is a triangular black spot at the anal angle of the
secondaries. Expanse, 1.15 inch.

Early Stages.—We know little of these. The caterpillar
probably feeds on malvaceous plants, as do most of the species
of the genus.

' The insect ranges from the Middle States to Arizona, and
westward to the Rocky Mountains.

(3) Hesperia centaurez, Rambur, Plate XLVII, Fig. 13, ¢
(The Grizzled Skipper).

Butterfly.—The upper side may easily be recognized by the
help of the figure in the plate. On the under side the wings are
darker than in the preceding species; the spots of the primaries
reappear on this side, the submarginal curved row of spots coa-
lescing to form a narrow white band, the white spot at the end
of the cell flowing around the dark spot, which it only partly in-
closes on the upper side, and forming an eye-like spot. The
hind wings are brown, scaled with green, and crossed by basal,
median, and marginal bands of quadrate spots. The fringes are
whitish, checkered with gray. Expanse, 1.15 inch.

327

Genus Hesperia

Early Stages.—These await description.

This species, which originally was believed to be confined to
Scandinavia and Lapland in Europe, and to eastern Labrador in
this country, is now known to have a wide range in North
America, extending from Labrador to the Carolinas on the Appa-
lachian ranges, and occurring on the Rocky Mountains from Brit-
ish Columbia to southern Colorado.

(4) Hesperia cezspitalis, Boisduval, Plate XLVII, Fig. 14,
@ (The Two-banded Skipper).

Butterfly.—On the upper side strongly resembling the pre-
ceding species, but the inner row of white spots on the hind
wings is more complete. On the under side the fore wings are
black, crossed by a double row of white spots, as on the upper
side, these spots standing out conspicuously on the dark ground.
The hind wings on the under side are more or less ferruginous,
with the white spots more or less conspicuous. The fringes are
checkered white and gray. Expanse, 1.00 inch.

Early Stages.—But little is known concerning these.

The species occurs in California, Oregon, and Nevada.

(5) Hesperia xanthus, Edwards, Plate XLVII, Fig. 15, ¢
(The Xanthus Skipper).

Butterfly.—Resembling the preceding species, but easily dis-
tinguished by the larger size of all the spots on the upper side
of the wing and the paler under side, the secondaries being
marked somewhat as in H. montivaga. Expanse, 1.00 inch.

Early Stages.—Hitherto undescribed.

The species has thus far been received only from southern Colo-
rado, but undoubtedly will be found elsewhere in that portion of
the land.

(6) Hesperia scriptura, Boisduval, Plate XLVII, Fig. 12, @
(The Small Checkered Skipper).

Butterfly.—Quite small. The hind wings on the upper side
are almost entirely dark gray, the only white mark being a spot
or two at the end of the cell. The fore wings are marked on this
side as in the two foregoing species. On the under side the
fore wings are blackish toward the base, with the costa, the
apex, and the outer margin narrowly whitish. The hind wings
below are pale, with an incomplete median band of white spots
and broad white fringes, which are not checkered with darker
color as in the preceding species. Expanse, .85 inch.

328

Genus Systasea

Early Stages.—Unknown.

The habitat of this species is southern Colorado, New Mexico,
and Arizona.

(7) Hesperia nessus, Edwards, Plate XLVII, Fig. 17, 2
(Nessus).

Butterfly.—This singularly marked little species, which prob-
ably might be separated from this genus on account of the slen-
der and prolonged palpi, and no doubt would be by some of the
hair-splitting makers of genera, | am content to leave where it
has been placed by recent writers. It can be readily recognized
by the figure in the plate, as there is nothing else like it in our
fauna. Expanse, .80 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

Nessus occurs in Texas and Arizona.

There are a few other species of this genus found within the
limits of the United States, but enough have been represented
to give a clear conception of the characteristics of the group,
which is widely distributed throughout the world.

Genus SYSTASEA, Butler

Butterfly.—The palpi are porrect, the third joint projecting
forward, the second joint densely scaled below. The antennz
are slender, the club moderately stout, somewhat bluntly pointed,
bent, not hooked. The hind wings are somewhat
crenulate, and deeply excised opposite the end of the
cell. The fifth vein is lacking. In the fore wing the
lower radial arises from a point nearer the upper
radial than the third median nervule. The fore wings
are crossed about the middle by translucent spots or
bands.

Early Stages. —The early stages are unknown.

(1) Systasea zampa, Edwards, Plate XLVI, , Fis. 158—

° Neuration — of
Fig. 1, ¢ (Zampa). the genus Sys-

Butterfily.—The wings onthe upper side are ochre- /#8¢4-
ous, mottled and clouded with dark brown. The primaries are
marked about the middle and before the apex by translucent
transverse linear spots. In addition there are a number of pale
opaque spots on the primaries. The secondaries are traversed by

329

Genus Pholisora

a pale submarginal whitish line. The under side of the wings is
pale, with the light markings of the upper side indistinctly sepa-
rated. Expanse, 1.10-1.25 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

This interesting little species occurs in Arizona and northern
Mexico.

Genus PHOLISORA, Scudder

Butterfly.—The palpi are porrect, the second joint loosely
scaled, the third joint slender and conspicuous. The antennz
have the club gradually thickened, the tip blunt. The fore wing
is relatively narrow, provided with a costal fold in the
case of the male. The cut gives a correct idea of the
neuration.

Egg.—The egg is curiously formed, much flattened
at the base, marked on the side with longitudinal

Sea ridges and cross-lines, these ridges developing alter-
Neuration of Mnately at their apical extremities into thickened, more
Paes or less rugose elevations, the ridges pointing inwardly

"and surrounding the deeply depressed micropyle.

Caterpillar.—Slender, with the head broad, rounded; the
body stout, thickest in the middle, tapering toward either end,
and somewhat flattened below.

Chrysalis.—The chrysalis is slender, very slightly convex on
the ventral side, somewhat concave on the dorsal side behind
the thorax. The wing-cases are relatively smaller than in the
preceding genera.

(1) Pholisora catullus, Fabricius, Plate XLV, Fig. 4, 4;
Plate VI, Figs. 29, 36, 41, chrysalis (The Sooty-wing).

Butterflv.—Black on both sides of the wings, with a faint
marginal series and a conspicuous submarginal series of light
spots on the primaries in the male sex on the upper side, and, in
addition to these, in the female sex, a faint marginal series on the
secondaries. On the under side only the upper spots of the sub-
marginal series of the primaries reappear. Expanse, .80-1.15
inch.

Early Stages.—The caterpillar feeds on ‘‘lamb’s-quarter”’
(Chenopodium album) and the Amarantacee. It forms a case for
itself by folding the leaf along the midrib and stitching the edges

330

Obs

arnt.)
eisiided

TORCTrES y

o
fe
Wy

cars

EXPLANATION OF PLaTE XLV

. ; ; x HA Te a
Papilio rululus, Boisduval, é. i hanaos br. 170, Boisd.-Lec,, Q > 9"

ite sa ‘
2. Pholisova alpheus, Edwards ei ie 'g Thanaos clitus, Edwards oe alters
By Calpodes elhlius, Cramer, @. AG: Pyrrbopyge araxes, Hewitson,

4. Pholisora catullus, Fabricius, J. 10. eS pratgs Smith ;

5. Thanaos afranius, Lintner, os > the viaewbot &

6. Eudamus proteus, Bago ier a

of the sub- e
-8O-1.15

. : ~quarter™
it forms:a case for
i Stitching ‘the edges

THE BuTTERFLY Book. Pate XLV.
= : : = ae iss —ao

\- ene

COPYRIGHTED DY W. J. HOLLAND, 1998

Genus Pholisora

together with a few threaas of silk. It lies concealed during the
day and feeds at night. A minute account of all its peculiarities
is given by Scudder in ‘‘The Butterflies of New England,” vol.
li, p. 1519.

The insect ranges over the whole of temperate North America.

(2) Pholisora hayhursti, Edwards, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 16, 2
(Hayhurst’s Skipper).

Butterfly.—Easily distinguished from the preceding species
by the somewhat crenulate shape of the outer margin of the hind
wings, the white color of the under side of the abdomen, and
the different arrangement of the white spots on the fore wings, as
well as by the dark bands which cross both the fore and the
hind wings on the upper side. Expanse, .g0-1.15 inch.

Early Stages. —Our information as to these is incomplete.

The species ranges from the latitude of southern Pennsylvania
westward and southward to the Gulf, as far as the Rocky Moun-
tains.

(3) Pholisora libya, Scudder, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 14, ¢ (The
Mohave Sooty-wing).

Butterfily.—Easily distinguished from the two preceding spe-
cies by the white fringes of the wings and by the markings of
the under side. The primaries on the lower side are dark, tipped
at the apex with light gray, and in the female having the costa
and the outer margin broadly edged with light gray. The hind
wings are pale gray of varying shades, marked with a number
of large circular white spots on the disk and a marginal series of
small white spots. Expanse, ¢, .80-1.25 inch; @, 1.15-1.40
inch.

Early Stages.—These await full description.

This species is found from Nevada to Arizona, and is appa-
rently very common in the Mohave Desert.

(4) Pholisora alpheus, Edwards, Plate XLV, Fig. 2, 6 (Al-
pheus).

Butterfiy.—This little species is nearer P. havhursti than any
of the others we have described, but may at once be recognized
and discriminated by the checkered margins and white tip of the
fore wing and the linear shape of the spots composing the sub-
marginal and median bands on the upper side of this wing. The
hind wings on the under side are marked with a number of light
spots arranged in marginal and median bands.

331

Genus Thanaos

Early Stages.—Unknown.
Alpheus occurs in Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico.
There are four other species of the genus found in our fauna.

Genus THANAOS, Boisduval
(The Dusky-wings)

Butterfly.—The antenne have a moderately large club, curved,
bluntly pointed. The palpi are porrect, the third joint almost
concealed in the dense hairy vestiture of the second joint. The
neuration of the wings is represented in the cut.
The fore wing in the case of the male always has a
costal fold. The butterflies comprised in this genus
are all, without exception, dark in color, in a few
species having bright spots upon the hind wings.

The genus reaches its largest development in
North America. The discrimination of the various
species is somewhat difficult.

are in@awes Egg. —The egg is somewhat like the egg in the
Neuration of the genus Achalarus, but the micropyle at the upper
genus Thanaos. : F
end of the egg is relatively larger and not as deeply
depressed below the surface. The sides are ornamented, as in
Achalarus, by raised vertical ridges, between which are numerous
cross-ridges ; in a few cases the vertical ridges are beaded, or marked
by a series of minute globose prominences, upon the edge.

Caterpillar.—The caterpillars are cylindrical, tapering from
the middle forward and backward, marked with lateral and dor-
sal stripes, with the neck less strangulated than in the preceding
genera.

Chrysalis.—Not greatly differing in outline from the chrysalis
of the preceding genera, in most species having the outline of the
dorsum straight on the abdominal segments, with the thoracic
segments forming a slight hump or elevation; convex on the ven-
tral side, the cremaster being usually well developed.

(1) Thanaos brizo, Boisduval and Leconte, Plate XLV, Fig.
7,2; Plate VI, Fig. 38, chrvsalis (The Sleepy Dusky-wing).

Butterfly.—The band of postmedian spots on the fore wing
is composed of annular dark markings, is regular, crosses the
wing from the costa to the hind margin, and is reproduced on

332

Genus Thanaos

the under side as a series of pale-yellowish spots more or less
distinct. The hind wings have a double series of faint yellow
spots; these as well as the marginal spots of the primaries are
very distinct on the under side. Expanse, 1.25-1.60 inch.

Early Stages.—The caterpillar feeds on oaks, Galactia, and
possibly Baptista. The life-history has been only partially ascer-
tained, in spite of the fact that the insect has a wide range and is
not uncommon.

Brizo occurs from the Atlantic to the Pacific, ranging from the
latitude of New England to that of Arizona.

(2) Thanaos icelus, Lintner, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 17, 4; Plate
VI, Fig. 27, chrysalis (The Dreamy Dusky-wing).

Butterfiy.—Prevalently smaller in size than the preceding spe-
cies. The under side of the wings is paler than the upper side,
and the outer third of both the primaries and secondaries is
marked with a profusion of small indistinct yellow spots, which
do not form well-defined bands as in the preceding species. On
the upper side of the fore wing the median area is generally
marked by a broad band of pale gray, but this is not invariably
the case. Expanse, 1.00-1.20 inch.

Early Stages.—These have been described by Scudder. The
caterpillar feeds on a variety of plants, as the aspen, oaks, and
witch-hazel.

Icelus ranges across the continent from Nova Scotia to Oregon,
and south to Florida and Arizona.

(3) Thanaos somnus, Lintner, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 2, ¢ (The
Dark Dusky-wing).

Butterfly.—A little larger than the preceding species, espe-
cially in the female sex. The male is generally quite dark, the
banding of the fore wing on the upper side obscured. The hind
wings have a row of light marginal and submarginal spots, more
distinct on the under side than on the upper. The female gen-
erally is light gray on the upper side of the wings, with broad
median and submarginal bands of dark brown, tending to fuse or
coalesce at a point near the origin of the first median nervule.
Expanse, 4, 1.25 inch; ?, 1.50 inch.

Early Stages.—But little is known of these.

All of the specimens I have ever seen came from southern Florida.

(4) Thanaos lucilius, Lintner, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 10, ¢;
Plate VI, Figs. 30-32, chrysalis (Lucilius’ Dusky-wing).

333

Genus Thanaos

Butterfly.—This species may be distinguished from 7. pacu-
vius, a near ally, by the more mottled surface of the secondaries,
which in pacuvius are almost solidly black; and from T. martialis,
another close ally, by the absence of the purplish-gray cast pecu-
liar to both sides of the wings of the latter species, and the less
regular arrangement of the bands of spots on the upper side of
the fore wings. The plate does not show these delicate but con-
stant marks of difference as well as might be desired. Expanse,
1.20-1.40 inch.

Early Stages.—Dr. Scudder has fully described these. The
caterpillar feeds on the columbine (Aquilegia canadensis).

Lucilius ranges from New England to Georgia, is common in
western Pennsylvania and West Virginia, and extends westward
at least as far as the Rocky Mountains.

(5) Thanaos persius, Scudder, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 1, 4;
Plate VI, Fig. 34, chrysalis (Persius’ Dusky-wing).

Butterfly.—This is a very variable species, some specimens
being light and others dark in color. There is scarcely any posi-
tive clue to the specific identity of the insect except that which is
derived from the study of the genital armature of the male, which
is a microscopic research capable of being performed only by an
expert in such matters. The student may be pardoned jf, in at-
tempting to classify the species of this genus, and the present
species in particular, he should grow weary, and quote a few bib-
lical expressions relating to Beelzebub, the ‘‘ god of flies.” Ex-
panse, 1.20-1.45 inch.

Early Stages.—TYhe caterpillar feeds on willows. Scudder has
with patient care described its life-history.

The insect ranges from New England southward, and inland
across the continent to the Pacific.

(6) Thanaos afranius, Lintner, Plate XLV, Fig. 5, ¢ (Afra-
nius’ Dusky-wing).

Butter fly.— Closely related to the preceding species. The hind
wings on the upper side in the male sex are almost solid black,
the fringes paler. On the under side there is a double row of light
spots along the margin of the hind wing in both sexes. The
female is generally paler in color on the upper side than the male.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

All the specimens I have seen come from Arizona, where the
thing is apparently common.

334 i

Genus Thanaos

(7) Thanaos martialis, Scudder, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 4, 4;
Plate VI, Fig. 37, chrysalis (Martial’s Dusky-wing).

Butterfly.—The upper side of the wings is paler than in most
species, and has a distinctly purplish-gray cast. The fore wings
are crossed by irregular bands of dark spots. The hind wings
on the outer half are profusely mottled with small pale spots.
All the light spots are repeated on the under side of both wings,
and are more distinct on this side than on the upper. Expanse,
1.25-1.40 inch.

Early Stages.—These are partly known. The caterpillar feeds
on Indigofera and Amarantus.

The species ranges from Massachusetts to Georgia, and west-
ward to Missouri and New Mexico.

(8) Thanaos juvenalis, Fabricius, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 11, 2;
Plate VI, Fig. 33, chrysalis (Juvenal’s Dusky-wing).

Butterfly.— Larger than the preceding species. The wings
have a number of translucent spots arranged as a transverse
series beyond the middle of the wing. They are far more dis-
tinct and larger in the female than in the male. The under side
of the wings is paler than the upper side, and profusely but
indistinctly marked with light spots. Expanse, 1.35-1.60 inch.

Early Stages.— For a full knowledge of these the reader may
consult the pages of ‘‘ The Butterflies of New England.” The
caterpillar feeds on oaks and leguminous plants of various
species.

This insect ranges from Quebec to Florida, and westward
as far as Arizona, where it appears to be common.

(9) Thanaos petronius, Lintner, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 7, ¢ (Pe-
tronius’ Dusky-wing).

Butterfly. — Allied in size to the preceding species, but the
translucent spots of the transverse band are not, as in that
species, continued toward the inner margin, but terminate at
the first median nervule. The outer third of the primaries is
pale, the inner two thirds very dark. The under side of the
wings of the male is uniformly dusky, slightly, if at all, marked
with lighter spots. The under side of the wings of the female
is less distinctly marked with light spots than is the case in
allied species. Expanse, 1.50—-1.75 inch.

Early Stages.— Unknown.

The species has thus far been found only in Florida.

335

Genus Thanaos

(10) Thanaos horatius, Scudder, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 15, 3
(Horace’s Dusky-wing).

Butterfly.— Smaller than T. juvenalis, which it resembles in
the long transverse series of translucent spots. It is, however,
paler on the upper side of the wings, and more profusely
mottled on the hind wing both above and below, though there
is considerable variation in this regard. Expanse, 1.65 inch.

Early Stages. —The caterpillar probably feeds on the Legu-
minose. We know very little about the life-history of the species.

The butterfly ranges from Massachusetts to Texas.

(11) Thanaos nevius, Lintner, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 3, 2
(Nevius’ Dusky-wing).

Butterfly.— This insect is closely allied to 7. petronitus, but
the translucent spots on the fore wing are smaller, and there is
generally a light spot near the costa before the three subapical
translucent spots.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

The habitat of this species is the region of the Indian River,
in Florida.

(12) Thanaos pacuvius, Lintner, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 9, 2
(Pacuvius’ Dusky-wing).

Butterfly.—Small, with the fore wings on the upper side
rather regularly banded with dark brown upon a lighter ground.
The hind wings are almost solid black above, with the fringes
toward the anal angle pure white. Expanse, 1.15-1.30 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

This species occurs in Colorado, Mexico, and Arizona.

(13) Thanaos clitus, Edwards, Plate XLV, Fig. 8, 4 (Clitus).

Butterfly.—Larger than the preceding species. The hind
wings are solidly deep black, fringed broadly with pure white.
The fore wings of the male are dark, of the female lighter. Ex-
panse, 1.60-1.75 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

The habitat of this species is Arizona and New Mexico.

(14) Thanaos funeralis, Lintner, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 12, ¢
(The Funereal Dusky-wing).

Butterfly.—Closely allied to the preceding species, of which
it may be only a smaller varietal form. Expanse, 1.35 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

Funeralis occurs in western Texas and Arizona.

336

Collections and Collectors

The genus Thanaos is one of the most difficult genera to work
out in the present state of our knowledge of the subject. The
species are not only obscurely marked, but they vary in the most
extraordinary manner. Except by a microscopic examination of
the genital armature, which can be carried on only when the
student possesses considerable anatomical knowledge and an
abundance of material, there is no way of reaching a satisfactory
determination in many cases.

COLLECTIONS AND COLLECTORS

In almost every community there is to be found some one
who is interested in insects, and who has formed a collection.
The commonest form of a collection is exceedingly primitive and
unscientific, in which a few local species are pinned together in
a glass-covered box or receptacle, which is then framed and hung
upon the wall. Almost every village bar-room contains some
such monstrous assemblage of insects, skewered on pins, in
more or less frightful attitudes. As evidencing an innate interest
in the beauties of natural objects, these things are interesting, but
show a want of information which, as has been already pointed
out, is largely due to a lack of literature relating to the subject in
this country. In many of the schools of the land small collections,
arranged more scientifically, have been made, and some of the col-
lections contained in the high schools of our larger towns and
cities are creditable to the zeal of teachers and of pupils. There
is no reason why every school of importance should not, in the
lapse of time, secure large and accurately named collections, not
only of the insects, but of the other animals, as well as the plants
and minerals of the region in which it is located. Every high
school should have a room set apart for the use of those students
who are interested in the study of natural history, and they ought
to be encouraged to bring together collections which should be
properly arranged and preserved. The expense is not great, and
the practical value of the training which such studies impart to
the minds of young people is inestimable.

The great systematic collections in entomology in the United
States are for the most part in the hands of the museums and
universities of the country. The entomological collections of the

337

Collections and Collectors

United States government at Washington are large and rich in
interesting material. The collections possessed by Harvard Col-
lege and the Boston Society of Natural History are extensive; so
are also the collections of the American Museum of Natural His-
tory, the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, and those
of the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh. The collection in the
latter institution is altogether the largest and most perfect collec-
tion of the butterflies of North America in existence, and covers
also very largely the butterflies of the world, there being about
twelve thousand species of butterflies represented, including rep-
resentatives of all known genera.

The formation of great collections has always had a charm
for those who have possessed the knowledge, the time, and the
means to form them; and the ranks of those who are engaged in
the study of butterflies include many of the most famous natural-
ists, among them not a few of noble rank. One of the most en-
thusiastic collectors in Europe at the present time is the Grand
Duke Nicholas of Russia. The Nestor among German collectors
is Dr. Staudinger of Dresden. In France M. Charles Oberthtr of
Rennes is the possessor of the largest and most perfect collection
on French soil. In England there are a number of magnificent
collections, aside from the great collection contained in the British
Natural History Museum. These are in the possession of Lord
Walsingham, the Hon. Walter Rothschild, Mr. F. D. Godman,
Mr. Herbert Druce, Mr. H. J. Elwes, and others, all of whom
hold high rank in the demain of scientific research.

There are many men who make the collecting of natural-his-
tory specimens a business. They are among the most intrepid
and indefatigable explorers of the present time. The late Henry
W. Bates and Mr. Alfred Russel Wallace were in early life leaders
in this work, and we are indebted to their researches for a know-
ledge of thousands of species. Two of the most successful col-
lectors who have followed in their footsteps are Mr. Herbert H.
Smith and Mr. William Doherty, both of them Americans; Mr.
Smith one of the most enthusiastic and successful explorers in
South and Central America, Mr. Doherty the most diligent ex-
plorer of the Indo-Malayan Region. The story of the travels and
adventures of these two men is a tale full of romantic interest,
which, alas! has been by neither of them fully told.

338

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVI

Syslasea gampa, Edwards, 3.
Exyvaius mantioba, Scudder, 3.
Ervunis manitoba, Scudder, &
Alalopedes huron, Edwards, =.
Alalopedes huron, Edwards, ©.
Aftrptone vitellius, Smith and
bot, of.

Atrvtone melane, Edwards, @'.
Atrvtone melane, Edwards, ©.
Lerema hianna, Scudder, ¢.
Lerema biauna, Scudder, ©.
Exyniis oltoé, Edwards, &.
Eryitis ottoé, Edwards, ©.
Ervuitis sassacus, Harris, 3.

Ab-

Limochores pontiac, Edwards, &.

Hylephila phyleus, Drury, 3.
Hylephila phvleus, Drury, 2.
Atrvtone byssus, Edwards, 2.

Limochores palatka, Edwards, ¥. =
Thymelicus mystic, Scudder, ¥.
Thymelicus mystic, Scudder, 2.
Alrvtone delaware, Edwards, 3.
Atrvlone delaware, Edwards, 2.
Exyunis morrison, Edwards, 3.
Ervunis morrison, Edwards, 2.
Thymelicus etna, Boisduval, 3'.
Thymelicus etna, Boisduval, 2.
Limochores Scud-
der, © .
Euphyes metacomel, Harris, 3".
Euphves verna, Edwards, &.
Lerodea eufala, Edwards, 2.
Prenes ocola, Edwards, ¢.
Oligoria maculata, Edwards, 3.
Lerema carolina, Skinner, <

manataagua,

Phyeanassa aaroni, Skinner, ~.
Phycanassa howardi, Skinner, ¥.
Thorvbes emilia, Skinner, ¥-
Limochores vehl, Skinner, ¥ -

THE BuTTERFLY Book.

PLATE XLVI.

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J HOLLAND, ta9B.

SUBFAMILY PAMPHILIN/E

“Into the sunshine,
Full of light,
Leaping and flashing
From morn till night.”
RUSSELL.

THE Pamphiline found in our fauna fall into two groups.

Group A.—The antenne are not greatly hooked and gener-
ally sharply pointed; the palpi have the third joint short and
inconspicuous; the cell of the fore wing is always less than two
thirds the length of the costa; the lower radial is somewhat nearer
to the third median nervule than to the upper radial. The hind
wing is often lobed. The lower radial in the hind wing is gen-
erally lacking. The male never has a costal fold on the fore
wings, and but rarely is provided with a discal stigma.

But three genera belonging to this section of this subfamily
are found in our fauna, namely, the genera Amélyscirtes, Pam-
phila, and Oarisma.

Group B.—The antenne are sometimes curved, but never
hooked, the palpi having the third joint minute, sometimes hori-
zontally porrected. The cell of the fore wing is less than two
thirds the length of the costa. The lower radial arises much
nearer to the third median nervule than to the upper radial. The
hind wing is elongated, but never tailed. The male is never
provided on the fore wing with a costal fold, but is in many
genera furnished with a discal stigma on the fore wing. When in
a State of rest the majority of the species elevate their fore wings and
depress their hind wings, an attitude which is peculiar to the insects
of this group.

Genus AMBLYSCIRTES, Scudder

Butterfly.—The antennz are short, with a moderately thick
club, crooked at the end; the third joint of the palpi is bluntly
339

Genus Amblyscirtes

conical, short, and erect. The costa of the fore wing is straight,
slightly curved inwardly before the apex. The neuration is
represented in the cut.

Egg.— Hemispherical.

Caterpillar.—Not differing materially in its
characteristics from the caterpillars of other hes-
perid genera.

Chrysalis.— Somewhat slender, with the dorsal
and ventral outlines straighter than in any of the
preceding genera, and the dorsum very slightly

Fic. 161. — ¢levated in the region of the thoracic segments.
Neuration of the (1) Amblyscirtes vialis, Edwards, Plate
cee Ambly- XLVI, Fig. 5, 6; Plate VI, Fig. 40, chrysalis (The

Roadside Skipper).

Butterfly.—This little species, an exceptionally bright example
of which is represented in the plate, may be known by the
dark color of the upper surface, almost uniformly brown, with a
few subapical light spots at the costa. In the specimen that is
figured these light spots are continued across the wing as a curved
band, but this is not usual. The wings on the under side in both
sexes are very much as on the upper side, save that both wings
on the outer third are lightly laved with gray. Expanse, 1.00
inch.

Early Stages.—TYhese have been described with minute accu-
racy by Dr. Scudder.

The Roadside Skipper ranges from Montreal to Florida, and
westward as far as Nevada and Texas. It is not a common spe-
cies in the valley of the Mississippi; it seems to be far more
common in southern New England and in Colorado. At all
events, | have obtained more specimens from these localities than
from any others.

(2) Amblyscirtes samoset, Scudder, Plate XLVII, Fig. 6, 2 ;
Plate VI, Fig. 45, chrysalis (Pepper-and-salt Skipper).

Butterfiy.— This little species on the upper side has the
ground-color as in the preceding species; the fringes on both
wings are pale gray. There are three small subapical spots on
the fore wing, three somewhat larger spots, one on either side of
the second median nervule and the third near the inner margin,
and two very minute spots at the end of the cell. On the under
side the wings are pale gray, the white spots of the upper side

340

Genus Amblyscirtes

of the fore wing reappearing. The hind wing is in addition
marked by a semicircular median band of white spots, a small
spot at the end of the cell, and another conspicuous white spot
about the middle of the costa. Expanse, 1.00-1.10 inch.

Early Stages.—The caterpillar apparently feeds upon grasses.
We know as yet very little of the life-history of the insect.

It is found in Maine, New Hampshire, along the summits of
the Appalachian mountain-ranges as far south as West Virginia,
and is reported to be common in Wisconsin and Michigan.

(3) Amblyscirtes zenus, Edwards, Plate XLVII, Fig. 7, 2
(The Bronze Skipper).

Butterfly.—This obscure little species has the upper side of
the wings somewhat tawny. The markings, which are similar
to those in A. samoset, are not white, but yellow. The wings
on the under side are darker than in samoset. The spots of the
fore wing are the same, but the spots on the under side of the
hind wing are different, and form a zigzag postmedian transverse
band, with a single small spot at the end of the cell, and another
of the same size beyond the middle of the costa. Expanse, 1.00-
1.20 inch.

Early Stages.—These are unknown.

The species occurs in western Texas and Arizona.

(4) Amblyscirtes simius, Edwards, Plate XLVII, Fig. 8, ¢
(Simius).

Butterfly.—The upper side of the male is correctly figured in
the plate. The wings on the under side are quite pale; the spots
of the fore wing reappear on the under side, and the fore wing is
blackish at the base; the hind wing has the angle at the base
broadly white, with a broad white blotch at the end of the cell,
and a semicircular curved band of obscure spots traversing the
middle of the wing. Expanse, ¢, .90 inch; 9, 1.20 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

The species was originally described from Colorado.

(5) Amblyscirtes textor, Edwards, Plate XLVII, Fig. 16, 2,
under side (The Woven-winged Skipper).

Butterfly.—This little species, the under side of which is accu-
rately delineated in the plate, needs no description to charac-
terize it, as its peculiar markings serve at once to distinguish it
from all other species. Expanse, 1.25-1.45 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

341

Genus Pamphila

This little insect ranges from North Carolina southward to
Florida, Louisiana, and Texas.

Genus PAMPHILA, Fabricius

Butterfly.—The antennz are very short, less than half the
length of the costa. The club is stout, elongate, and blunt at its
extremity; the palpi are porrect, densely clothed with scales,

concealing the third joint, which is minute, slender,
and bluntly conical. The body is long, slender, and
somewhat produced beyond the hind margin of the
secondaries. The neuration of the wings is repre-
sented in the cut.
Egg.—Hemispherical, vertically ribbed, the inter-
spaces uniformly marked with little pitted depres-
Fic. 162.— gions.
Neuration of 3 A ‘ 2
the genus Pam- Caterpillar.—The body is cylindrical, slender,
sel. tapering forward and backward; the neck less stran-
gulated than in many of the genera. The body is somewhat hairy;
the spiracles on the sides open from minute subconical elevations.

Chrysalis.—Not materially differing in outline and structure
from the chrysalids of other genera which have already been de-
scribed.

Only a single species belonging to the genus is found in
North America. XLVI!

(1) Pamphila mandan, Edwards, Plate XEXH, Fig. 1, ¢
(The Arctic Skipper).

Butterfly.—No description of this interesting little insect is
necessary, as the figure in the plate will enable the student at
once to distinguish it. It is wholly unlike any other species.
Expanse, 1.10 inch.

Early Stages.—These have been described by Dr. Scudder and
Mr. Fletcher. The caterpillar feeds on grasses.

The insect ranges from southern Labrador as far south as the
White Mountains and the Adirondacks, thence westward, follow-
ing a line north of the Great Lakes to Vancouver’s Island and
Alaska. It ranges southward along the summits of the Western
Cordilleras as far as northern California.

342

Genus Oarisma

Genus OARISMA, Scudder

Butterfly.—Closely related to the preceding genus. The an-
tennz are very short; the club is long, cylindrical, bluntly
rounded at the apex, not curved. The palpi are stout, the apical
joint very slender, elongated, and porrect. The
head is broad; the body is long and slender,
projecting somewhat beyond the posterior
margin of the secondaries. The neuration of
the wings is represented in the cut.

Early Stages.—So far as known to me the
life-history of no butterfly of this genus has
yet been ascertained.

(1) Oarisma garita, Reakirt, Plate XLVII,

Fig. 3, 6 (Garita). /

Butterfly.—This obscure little insect is light — Fig. 163. —Neura-
fulvous on the upper side, with the costa of tion of the genus Oa-
the hind wing somewhat broadly marked with "”"*
leaden gray; on the under side the fore wings are brighter ful-
vous, with the inner margin laved with dark gray. The hind
wings are paler fulvous, inclining to gray, with the inner margin
brighter fulvous. Expanse, .75-1.00 inch.

Early Stages.—We know little of these. The species is found
in southern Colorado, ranging thence westward and southward to
Arizona.

(2) Oarisma powesheik, Parker, Plate XLVII, Fig. 4, ¢
(Powesheik).

Butterfly.—This species may be distinguished from its ally
garita by its larger size, the darker color of the upper side of the
wings, and the red markings on the costa of the fore wings. On
the under side the fore wings are black, edged on the costa and
outer margin for a short distance below the apex with light
fulyous. The hind wings are dusky, with the veins and nervules
white, standing forth conspicuously upon the darker ground-color.
Expanse, 1.00-1.25 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

Powesheth occurs in Wisconsin, and ranges thence westward
to Nebraska, northward to Dakota, and southward as far as
Colorado.

343

Exchanges

EXCHANGES

One of the best ways of adding to a collection is by the method
known as exchanging. A collector in one part of the country
may find species which are rare, or altogether unknown, in an-
other part of the country. By a system of exchanges with
other collectors he is able to supply the gaps which may exist in
his collection. No one, however, cares to effect exchanges with
collectors who are careless or slovenly in the preparation of their
specimens, or inaccurate in naming them. A collector who con-
templates making an exchange should, as the first step, prepare
double lists, in one of which he gives the names and the number
of specimens of either sex of the butterflies which he is able to offer
in exchange; in the other he sets forth the things which he
desires to obtain. The first list is said to be a list of ‘‘ offerta’’;
the second is a list of ‘‘desiderata.” As an illustration of the
manner in which such lists may be conveniently arranged, I give
the following:

OFFERTA $
Papilio turnus, O38 © Zt x
Dimorphic var. glaucus, @ 6.
Colias alexandra, 34; @ 6.
DESIDERATA
Papilio nitra, 2.

Papilio brevicauda, orange-spotted var.

The collector who receives these lists of offerta and desiderata
will be able to decide what his correspondent has which he de-
sires, and what there may be in his own collection which the
correspondent wishes that he can offer in exchange; and the
process of exchange is thus immediately facilitated.

Persons who exchange insects with others should always be
extremely careful as to the manner of packing the specimens,
and the directions given in the introductory portion of this book
should be very carefully followed. Too much care cannot be taken
in preventing damage to specimens in transit.

Genus ANCYLOXYPHA, Felder

Butterfly.— Very small, the antenne very short, the club
straight, bluntly pointed. The palpi have the third joint long,
344

Genus Ancyloxypha

slender, and suberect. The neuration of the wings is shown in
the cut. The abdomen is slender, extending beyond the hind
margin of the secondaries. The fore wings are with-
out a discal stigma.

Egg. — Hemispherical, marked with lozenge-

shaped cells; yellow when laid, later marked with
orange-red patches. S

Caterpillar.—The entire life-history has not yet
been ascertained. The caterpillars live upon marsh y,..900+ >
grasses; they construct for themselves a nest by the genus 4n-
drawing together the edges of a blade of grass with 9/0???
bands of silk. In form they do not differ from other hesperid larve.

Chrysalis.— Not as yet accurately known.

(1) Ancyloxypha numitor, Fabricius, Plate XLVII, Fig. 2,
6 (Numitor).

Butterfly.—The upper side is correctly delineated in the plate.
On the under side the fore wings are black, margined on the
costa and on the outer margin with reddish-fulvous. The hind
wings are pale fulvous. Expanse, .75-.95 inch.

Early Stages. —W hat has been said in reference to these in con-
nection with the description of the genus must suffice for the species.

This pretty little insect is widely distributed, and abounds
among grasses about watercourses. It ranges from the province
of Quebec to eastern Florida, thence westward across the Missis-
sippi Valley as far as the Rocky Mountains.

Genus COPAZODES, Speyer

Butterfly.— The antennz are very short; the club is thick,
straight, rounded at the tip; the palpi are as in the preceding
genus. The neuration of the wings is represented in the cut.
The abdomen is slender, extending beyond the hind margin of
the secondaries. The male is provided in most species with a
linear stigma.

Early Stages.—These have not as yet been described.

(1) Copzodes procris, Edwards, Plate XLVII, Fig. 9, 4 (Pro-
cris).

Butterfly.— The plate gives an excellent idea of the upper side
of this diminutive species. On the under side the wings are col-

345

Genus Copzodes

ored as on the upper side, save that the fore wings at the base
near the inner margin are blackish, and that the hind wings are a
trifle paler than on the upper side. The sexes
do not differ in color. Expanse, .75-1.00
inch.

This pretty little butterfly is a Southern spe-
cies, is found plentifully in Texas and Arizona,
and occurs also very commonly in southern
California.

(2) Copzodes wrighti, Edwards, Plate
XLVII, Fig. 10, 6 (Wright's Skipper).

Butterfly.—This species may be easily dis-
tinguished from the preceding by the dark

Fic. 165.—Neuration fringes of both the fore and the hind wing
ofthe genus Copwodes. and by the different arrangement of the discal
stigma on the fore wing. On the under side it is colored very
much as procris. Expanse, .75-1.10 inch.

Early Stages.— Unknown.

The species is found in the Mohave Desert and southern Cali-
fornia.

(3) Copzodes myrtis, Edwards, Plate XLVII, Fig. 11, ¢
(Myrtis).

Butterfly. —This diminutive little species may be readily
recognized by the plate. The fore wings are somewhat broadly
margined with dusky at the apex and along the outer margin;
the hind wings on the costa are broadly and on the outer edge
narrowly margined with dusky. On the under side the fore
wings are blackish at the base. Expanse, .75 inch.

The only specimens of this butterfly that I have ever seen
came from Arizona. The type is figured in the plate.

Genus ERYNNIS, Schrank

Bittterfly.—The antenne are short, less than half the length of
the costa; the club is robust, with a very minute terminal crook;
the palpi have the third joint minute, suberect, and bluntly coni-
cal. There is a discal stigma on the fore wing of the male.

Egg.—Somewhat spherical.

Caterpillar.—Feeds upon grasses, and is stouter in form than

346

Genus Erynnis

most hesperid larve, and sluggish in proportion to its stoutness.
It does not make a nest, but conceals itself between the leaves of
grass at the point where they unite with the stem,

and is not very difficult to discover.

Chrysalis.—The chrysalis is elongated, cylin-
drical. Our knowledge of this stage is not very
accurate as yet.

(1) Erynnis manitoba, Scudder, Plate XLVI,

Fig. 2, 6 ; Fig. 3, @ (The Canadian Skipper).

Butterfly, 6.—The upper side of the wings is Aes
depicted in the plate. On the under side the wings yori °°
are paler, the fore wings fulvous on the cell, pale the genus Eryn-
gray at the apex and on the outer margin. There 7 ©M!a"sed.
is a black shade at the base of the primaries, and a black streak
corresponding in location to the discal stigma on the upper side.
The hind wings are pale ferruginous, except a broad streak along
the inner margin, which is whitish. All the light spots of the
upper side of both wings reappear on the under side, but are more
distinctly defined, and are pearly-white in color.

9.—The female, on the under side of the fore wing, has the
black discal streak replaced by a broad ferruginous shade. The
hind wings are darker, and the light spots stand forth more con-
spicuously upon the darker ground. Expanse, 6, 1.25 inch; 9,
1.30 inch.

Early Stages.—TYhese remain to be ascertained.

The Canadian Skipper is found across the entire continent
north of a line roughly approximating the boundary between the
United States and the Dominion of Canada. Along the Western
Cordilleras it descends into the United States, as far south as
Colorado and northern California.

(2) Erynnis morrisoni, Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 26, 2;
Fig. 27, @ (Morrison’s Skipper).

Butterflv.—The upper side of the wings in both sexes is suffi-
ciently well delineated in the plate to obviate the necessity for
description. On the under side the fore wings are pale fulvous,
black at the base and ferruginous at the tip, the ferruginous
shade interrupted by the subapical pale spots, which on this side
of the wing are pearly-white. The hind wings are deep ferrugi-
nous, obscured on the inner margin by long pale-brown hairs.
From the base to the end of the cell there is a broad silvery-white

347

Genus Erynnis

ray. Beyond the cell the curved postmedian band of fulvous
spots which appears above reappears as a band of pearly-white,
which stands forth conspicuously on the dark ground. Expanse,
6, 1.20 inch; 2, 1.20-1.35 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

The species ranges from southern Colorado to Arizona.

(3) Erynnis sassacus, Harris, Plate XLVI, Fig. 13, ¢ (The
Indian Skipper).

Buiterfly.—The upper side of the male is as shown in the
plate. The female is larger, the fulvous ground-color paler, the
outer marginal shades darker, and the discal stigma is replaced
by a dark-brown shade. On the under side in both sexes the
wings are pale fulvous, with the spots of the upper side feebly re-
produced as faint lighter spots. The fore wings in both sexes are
black at the base. Expanse, 2, 1.10-1.25 inch; @, 1.25-1.35 inch.

Early Stages.—TYhe caterpillar, which is plumper than most
hesperid larve, feeds on grasses.

The insect ranges from New England to Georgia, and westward
to Colorado.

(4) Erynnis ottoé, Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 11, ¢; Fig.
12, 2 (Ottoé).

Butterfiy.—Considerably larger than the preceding. species.
The wings of the male on the upper side are pale fulvous, nar-
rowly bordered with black. The discal stigma is dark and promi-
nent. The female has the wings on the upper side more broadly
but more faintly margined with dusky. The wings of both sexes
on the under side are uniformly pale fulvous or buff, marked with
dark brown or blackish at the base of the fore wings. Expanse,
6, 1.35 inch; @, 1.45-1.50 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

The habitat of this species is Kansas and Nebraska.

(5) Erynnis metea, Scudder, Plate XLVII, Fig. 33, 6; Fig.
34, 2 (The Cobweb Skipper).

Butterfly.—The upper side of the wings is fairly well repre-
sented in the plate, the male being a little too red, and the wings
at the base and the discal stigma not being dark enough. On the
under side the wings are brown, darker than on the upper side.
The pale markings of the upper side are all repeated below as
distinct pearly-white spots, and in addition on the hind wings
near the base there is a curved band of similar white spots. Ex-
panse, 6, 1.20 inch; @, 1.25-1.30 inch.

348

Genus Erynnis

Early Stages.—We know as yet but little of these.

The species occurs in New England, New York, and west-
ward to Wisconsin.

(6) Erynnis uncas, Edwards, Plate XLVII, Fig. 27, 2; Fig.
28, 2 (Uncas).

Butterfilv.—The upper side of the wings of both sexes is well
represented in the plate. On the under side in both sexes the
wings are beautifully marked with conspicuous pearly-white
spots on a greenish-gray ground. The spots are defined in-
wardly and outwardly by dark olive shades and spots. Expanse,
$, 1.30 inch; 9, 1.55 inch.

Early Stages.—We know nothing of these.

The insect ranges from Pennsylvania to Colorado and Mon-
tana.

(7) Erynnis attalus, Edwards, Plate XLVII, Fig. 23, ¢ (At-
talus).

Butterfly.—The male is fairly well depicted in the plate, but
the light spots are too red. The female is larger and darker.
On the under side the wings are dusky, with the light spots re-
produced in faint gray. Expanse, 6, 1.25 inch; 2, 1.45 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

The species occurs very rarely in New England, is found
from New Jersey to Florida and Texas, and ranges westward to
Wisconsin and lowa.

(8) Erynnis sylvanoides, Boisduval, Plate XLVII, Fig. 44,
6 (The Woodland Skipper).

Butierfly.—The upper side of the male is well shown in the
plate. The female on the upper side has less fulvous, the wings
being prevalently fuscous, and the red color reduced to a spot at
the end of the cell. There is a median band of fulvous spots on
both wings. On the under side in both sexes the wings are
quite pale gray, with the costa near the base and the cell of the
primaries reddish. The primaries at the base near the inner mar-
gin are black. The spots of the upper side reappear, but are pale
and faint. Expanse, 1.25-1.35 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

The species ranges along the Pacific coast from British Co-
lumbia to California, and eastward to Colorado.

(9) Erynnis leonardus, Harris, Plate XLVII, Fig. 35, 2;
Fig. 36, @ (Leonard’s Skipper).

Butterfly.—Stouter and larger than the preceding species, and

349

Genus Thymelicus

notably darker in coloring. The upper side of the wings is
shown in the plate. On the under side the wings are dark brick-
red. The primaries are blackish on the outer half, interrupted
by the spots of the median series, which on the under side are
large, distinct, and shade from pale fulvous to white toward the
inner margin. The secondaries have a round pale spot at the
end of the cell, and a curved median band of similar spots, cor-
responding in location to those on the upper side. Expanse, ¢,
1.25 inch; 9, 1.35 inch.

Early Stages.—These are only imperfectly known. The cat-
erpillar feeds on grasses.

The butterfly, which haunts flowers and may easily be cap-
tured upon them, ranges from New England and Ontario south-
ward to Florida, and westward to Iowa and Kansas.

(10) Erynnis snowi, Edwards, Plate XLVII, Fig. 29, 4 ; Fig.
30, 2 (Snow’s Skipper).

Butterfly.—The upper side of the wings of both sexes is well
represented in the plate. On the under side the wings are uni-
formly reddish-brown, with the primaries black at the base, and
the median spots enlarged near the inner margin and whitish, as
in the preceding species. The light spots of the upper side re-
appear below as pale spots, which are well defined on the dark
ground-color. Expanse, 1.25-1.40 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

The species ranges from southern Colorado to Arizona.

Genus THYMELICUS, Hiibner

Butterfily.—The antennez are short, less than half the length of
the costa; the club is stout and short, somewhat crooked just at
the end. The third joint of the palpi is conical, almost concealed
in the thick vestiture of the second joint. The neuration is given
in the cut. :

Egg.— The egg is hemispherical, with the surface marked by
irregular angular cells formed by slightly raised lines.

Caterpillar.—The caterpillars feed on grasses. They are long
and slender, thicker behind than before, covered with short hair.
They are generally dark in color, and not green as are the cater-
pillars in most of the hesperid genera.

350

Sad bet
nabbiise
, ml —bzi0d
ytd betse=

hem On) 7230

bany

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVI] — bier eth

. Pamphila mandan, Edwards, 3.

22. Poanes massasoit, Scudder, 2. casero
. Ancploxypha numitor, Fabricius, gj. 23. Erynnis attalus, Edwards, oat
. Oarisma garita, Reakirt, g. 24. Polites peckius, Kirby, Sf. }
. Oarisma poweshiek, Parker, Gy. 25. eholites peckits, (Kinbys)9 5 nn
5. Amblypscirtes vialis, Edwards, gj’. 26. Polites mardon, Edwards, f.
. Amblyscirtes samoset, Scudder, 3. 27. Eryvunis uncas, Edwards, 3.
. Amblyscirtes winus, Edwards, @. 28 Eryunis uncas, Edwards, 2.
. Amblyscirtes simius, Edwards, g'. 29. Erpnitis snowi, Edwards, 3.
. Copcodes procris, Edwards, 3. 30. Erpniis snowt, Edwards, 9.9
. Copeodes wrighti, Edwards, 3). 31. Atrtone taxiles, Edwards, f.
. Copeodes mprtis, Edwards, ¢. 32. Atrptone taxiles, Edwards, 9. -
. Hesperia scriptura, Boisduval, 9. 33. Eryunts metea, Scudder, '.
. Hesperia centaurea, Rambur, f. 34. Exynnis metea, Scudder, 2.
. Hesperia cespitalis, Boisduval, 2. 35. Erpuiis leonardus, Harris, 5.
5. Hesperia xanthus, Edwards, 3. 36. Erynnis leonardus, Harris, Q.
. Amblyscirtes textor, Edwards, G, 37. Atrvtone gabulon, Boisd.-Lec., 3’.
under side. 38. Ativtone zabulon, Boisd.-Lec., Q.
. Hesperia nessus, Edwards, 3. 39. Atrytone pocahontas, Scudder, 2. — =

. Hesperia montivaga, Reakirt, S'. 40. Thymelicus brettus, Boisd.-Lec.,
. Hesperia domicella, Erichson, &'. 41. Thymelicus brettus, Boisd.-Lec., 2

. Limochores taumas, Fabricius, ¢'. 2. Polites sabuleti, Edwards, 3.
. Poanes massasott, Scudder, Q. 43. Polites sabuleti, Edwards, 2.
i 44. Erynnis syloanotdes, Boisduyal, 3".
hoof
djastat
icealed
iven
gm :
ie ee

THE BuTTERFLY Book. PLate XLVII.

|
L

COPYRIGHTED DY W. J. HOLLAND, 1898,

Genus Thymelicus

Chrysalis.—1 can discover no account of any observations
made upon the chrysalids of this genus.

(1) Thymelicus brettus, Boisduval and Leconte, Plate
XLVI, Fig. 40, 6; Fig. 41, 9 (The Whirlabout).

Butterfiy.—The male on the upper side resembles Hylephila
phyleus, but may be distinguished by the broader and darker
spots on the under side of the wings. The costal
and outer margins of the secondaries are also gen-
erally more broadly bordered with fuscous than in
phyleus, a fact not shown in the specimen figured
in the plate. The female is quite different from the
female of phyleus, as will be seen by a comparison
of the figures of the two sexes. Expanse, 4, 1.15
inch; @, 1.25 inch. 3

Early Stages.—These are only partially known. 5, fon
The caterpillar feeds on grasses. Neuration of the

The insect is very rare in the North, a few speci- emus 7 byielr-

F 2 . cus, enlarged.
mens having been taken in New England and Wis-
consin. It is found commonly in the Carolinas, and thence south-
ward to the Gulf, and is abundant in the Antilles, Mexico, and
Central America.

(2) Thymelicus etna, Boisduval, Plate XLVI, Fig. 28, ¢ ;
Fig. 29, 2; Plate VI, Fig. 42, chrysalis (The Volcanic Skipper).

Butterfly.—Both sexes are well represented on the upper side
in the plate. On the under side the wings are paler, with the
light spots of the upper side repeated. Expanse, 4, 1.00 inch;
Q, 1.25 inch.

Early Stages.—What we know of these is well stated in the
pages of Dr. Scudder’s great work. The caterpillar usually feeds
on grasses.

The species ranges from New England, Ontario, and Wis-
consin on the north to the Gulf, and as far west as Iowa and
Texas.

(3) Thymelicus mystic, Scudder, Plate XLVI, Fig. 22, 4;
Fig. 23, @ (The Long-dash).

Butterfly.— No description of the upper side is needed, the
figures in the plate being sufficient to enable identification. On
the under side the primaries are fulvous on the costa at the base.
The remainder of the primaries and the secondaries are dark fer-
ruginous, with the light spots of the upper side all repeated

351

Genus Atalopedes

greatly enlarged, pale, and standing out boldly upon the dark
ground-color. The hind wings are pale brown on the inner mar-
gin. Expanse, 6, 1.10 inch; 9, 1.25 inch.

Early Stages.—These have been elaborately described by
Scudder. The caterpillar feeds on grasses, making a tubular nest
for itself among the leaves.

The insect ranges through southern Canada and New Eng-
land to Pennsylvania, and westward to Wisconsin.

Genus ATALOPEDES, Scudder

Butterfly.—Antennz short, less than half the length of the
costa; club short, stout, crooked just at the end; the palpi as in
the preceding genus. The cut shows the neuration. The only
mark of distinction between this genus and the
two genera that follow is found in the shape of
the discal stigma on the wing of the male, which
is described as follows by Dr. Scudder: ‘‘ Discal
stigma in male consisting of, first, a longitu-
dinal streak at base of middle median interspace,
of shining black, recurved rods; second, of a
semilunar field of dead-black erect rods in the
lowest median interspace, overhung above by

: long, curving scales; followed below by a short,
SEibehOete small striga of shining black scales, and outside
Atalopedes, en- by a large field of erect, loosely compacted
larged. scales.”

Egg.—Hemispherical, covered with a network of delicate raised
lines describing small polygons over the surface; minutely
punctate.

Caterpillar.—Cylindrical, tapering backward and forward;
head large; the neck less constricted than in the genus Eudamus
or in the genus 7hanaos; dark in color.

Chrysalis.— The chrysalis is slender, cylindrical, a little
humped upon the thorax, with the tongue-sheath free and pro-
jecting to the end of the fifth abdominal segment.

(1) Atalopedes huron, Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 4, ¢;
Fig. 5, @; Plate VI, Figs. 43, 47, chrysalis (The Sachem).

Butterfly.—The upper side of the wings in both sexes is well

Genus Polites

represented in the plate. On the under side the wings are paler,
with the light spots of the upper side faintly repeated. Expanse,
$, 1.15 inch;, 9, 1.35 inch.

Early Stages.—These are described in full with painstaking
accuracy by Scudder in ‘‘ The Butterflies of New England.”” The
caterpillar feeds on grasses.

The species ranges from southern New York to Florida,
thence westward and southward into Mexico.

Genus POLITES, Scudder

Butterfly. —The antenne and the palpi are as in the pre-
ceding genus; the neuration of the wings is also very much
the same. This is another genus founded by Dr.

Scudder upon the shape of the discal stigma in the

wing of the male. His description of this feature is

as follows: ‘‘ Discal stigma of male consisting of an

interrupted, gently arcuate or sinuate streak of dead-

black retrorse scales or rods, edged below, especially

in the middle, by a border of similar, but dust-

colored, erect rods, and followed beneath by an 2, 69

inconspicuous large area of loosely compacted, erect, Neuration of

dusky scales.” ae aM ire
} } : ; ites, enlarged.

Egg.—Approximately hemispherical, the height,
however, being greater than in the egg of the preceding genus;
reticulated, the lines forming hexagonal figures upon the surface.

Caterpillar, etc.—Of the stages beyond the egg we know as
yet comparatively little. The caterpillar feeds on grasses.

(1) Polites peckius, Kirby, Plate XLVII, Fig. 24, 4; Fig.
25, 2 (Peck’s Skipper).

Butterfly. — This little species, the upper side of which in
both sexes is correctly shown in the plate, has the under side of
the wings dark brown, with the light spots of the upper side
greatly enlarged, especially upon the disks of the wings, fused,
and pale yellow, thus contrasting strongly with the rest of the
wings. Expanse, 2, 1.00 inch; 9, 1.25 inch.

Early Stages.—These are not thoroughly known as yet. The
larva feeds on grasses.

Peck’s Skipper ranges from Canada southward to Virginia,
and west to Kansas and Iowa.

353

Genus Hylephila

(2) Polites mardon, Edwards, Plate XLVII, Fig. 26,4 (The
Oregon Skipper).

Butterfly.— On the under side the wings are pale gray, with
the light spots of the primaries and a curved median band of
spots on the secondaries whitish. Expanse, 6, 1.10 inch; 9,
1.20 inch.

Early Stages.— Unknown.

The only specimens I have, including the types, were taken
in Oregon and Washington.

(3) Polites sabuleti, Edwards, Plate XLVII, Fig. 42, 4 ; Fig.
43, @ (The Sand-hill Skipper).

Butterfly.— Small, the male on the upper side looking like a
diminutive and darkly bordered phyl@us. On the under side the
wings are paler than on the upper side; the still paler spots of
the discal areas are defined outwardly and inwardly by elongated
dark spots. Expanse, 1.00-1.10 inch.

Early Stages. —Unknown.

The habitat of this species is California.

Genus HYLEPHILA, Billberg

Butterfly.—The antenne are very short, scarcely one third the
length of the costa of the fore wing; the club is robust and
short, with a very minute crook at the end; the palpi are as in

the two preceding genera. The neuration of the
wings is represented in the cut.

Early Stages.—As yet but partially known.

The larva feeds on grasses, and the mature form
has been figured by Abbot, a copy of whose draw-
ing is given by Dr. Scudder in Plate 77 of ‘‘ The
Butterflies of New England.”

(1) Hylephila phyleus, Drury, Plate XLVI,
Fig. 18, 6; Fig. 19,9; Plate VI, Fig. 39, chrysalis

CaS il re the (The Fiery Skipper).

genusHylephila, Butterfly.—The upper side is correctly shown
CHER in the plate. On the under side the wings are
pale yellow, with a few small, round spots on the margin and
disk of the hind wings, a black patch at the base, large black
marginal spots, and a central, interrupted, longitudinal black
streak on the disk of the primaries. Expanse, 1.15-1.25 inch.

354

Genus Prenes

The insect ranges from Connecticut to Patagonia, over all
the most habitable parts of the New World. I have taken it
frequently in southern Indiana, where I often have collected in
recent years.

Genus PRENES, Scudder

Butterfly.—The antenne are short, not half the length of the
costa. The head is broad, and the antennz are inserted widely
apart. The club is moderate, terminating ina fine point which is
bent back at right angles, forming a distinct crook. The abdomen
is long and slender, but does not project beyond the hind margin
of the secondaries. The fore wings are pointed at the apex and
are relatively longer and narrower than in the preceding genus.
The neuration is illustrated in the cut.

Early Stages.—TYhese have not yet been studied.

(1) Prenes ocola, Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 34, 4 (The Ocola
Skipper).

Butterfly.—Accurately depicted in the plate. The under side
is like the upper side, but a shade paler. The under side of the

abdomen is whitish. Expanse, 1.45-1.60 inch.
Early Stages. — Un-

known.
This is a Southern spe-

cies, found commonly in

the Gulf States, and rang-

ing northward to Penn-

sylvania, southern Ohio,

and Indiana.

Genus CALPODES,
Hiibner

Fic. 171.—Neuration

of the genus Prenes ; Fic. 172.—Neuration
enlarged. ’ Butterfly.—Rather large, of the genus Calpodes,

stout; head broad; anten- enlarged.
nz as in the preceding genus, but stouter. The neuration, con-
siderably enlarged, is accurately delineated in the cut.
Egg.—Hemispherical, ornamented with irregular, more or less
pentagonal cells.

355

Genus Lerodea

Caterpillar.—Cylindrical, slender, tapering forward and back-
ward from the ninth segment, rapidly diminishing in size poste-
riorly; the head relatively small, the neck not much strangulated;
spiracles surrounded by radiating blackish bristles.

Chrysalis.—The chrysalis is relatively slender, gently convex
both on the ventral and dorsal aspects, with a curved delicate
frontal tubercle. The tongue-case is long and projects for a con-
siderable distance beyond the somewhat short cremaster.

(1) Calpodes ethlius, Cramer, Plate XLV, Fig. 3, 2; Plate
VI, Fig. 48, chrysalis (The Brazilian Skipper).

Butterfly.—There can be no mistaking this robust and thick-
bodied species. The wings on the under side are dull olive,
blackish at the base of the primaries, with all the spots of the
upper side repeated. Expanse, 2.00-2.15 inches.

Early Stages.—The caterpillar feeds on the leaves of the canna.

It is common in the Gulf States, and ranges north to South
Carolina. A stray specimen was once taken at West Farms, New
York. Southward it ranges everywhere through the Antilles to
Argentina, in South America.

Genus LERODEA, Scudder

Butterfily.—The antennz are about half as long as the costa;
the club is robust, slightly elongated, with a distinct crook at the
extremity; the palpi have the third joint erect, minute, and bluntly
conical. The neuration is represented in the cut.

Early Stages.—These are not known.

(1) Lerodea eufala, Edwards, Plate XLVI,
Fig. 33, @ (Eufala).

Butterfly.—The plate shows the upper side
of the female. The male is not different, ex-
cept that the fore wings are a little more pointed
at the apex. The under side is like the upper
side, but a shade paler. The lower side of the
abdomen is whitish. When seen on the wing
the creature looks like a small Prenes ocola.
Expanse, 1.10—-1.20 inch.

Fic. 173.—Neura- 25
tion of the genus Le- Early Stages. ‘Unknown.
rodea, enlarged. This butterfly is found in the Gulf States.

356

Genus Limochores

Genus LIMOCHORES, Scudder

Butterfly.—The antenne are about half as long as the costa;
the club is robust, elongate, with a very short terminal crook; the
palpi have the third joint erect, short, bluntly conical.
The male has a linear discal stigma on the upper side
of the fore wing, as shown in the cut.

Ege.—Hemispherical, somewhat flattened on the
top, the surface broken up by delicate raised lines
into pentagonal cells.

Caterpillar.—Largest on the fourth and fifth ab-
dominal segments, tapering to either end. The lar- pg. 74 —
ve feed on grasses, and construct a tube-like nest Neuration of
of delicate films of silk between the blades. Eid ae

Chrysalis. —Comparatively slender, strongly con- larged.
vex on the thoracic segments and on the dorsal side of the last
segments of the abdomen. On the ventral side the chrysalis is
nearly straight. The cremaster, which is short, is bent upward
at an oblique angle with the line of the ventral surface.

(1) Limochores taumas, Fabricius, Plate XLVII, Fig. 20,
2; Plate VI, Fig. 44, chrysalis (The Fawny-edged Skipper).

Butterflyv.—The upper side of the male is excellently por-
trayed in the plate. The female is without the tawny edge
on the fore wing, the entire wing being olivaceous, with three
small subapical spots and a median row of four spots beyond
the end of the cell, increasing in size toward the inner margin.
On the under side in both sexes the wings are uniformly dull
olivaceous, with the spots of the upper side repeated. The costa
of the male is edged with red on this side, as well as on the upper
side. Expanse, ¢, 1.00 inch; 9, 1.20 inch.

Early Stages.—The reader who wishes to know about them
may consult the pages of “The Butterflies of New England.”
The caterpillar feeds on grasses.

The insect ranges from Canada to the Gulf, and westward to
Texas, Colorado, and Montana.

(2) Limochores manataaqua, Scudder, Plate XLVI, Fig. 30,
2 (The Cross-line Skipper).

Butterfly.—The male on the upper side is dusky-olive, with a
black discal streak below the cell, which is slightly touched with

357

Genus Limochores

reddish, becoming deeper and clearer red on the costa at the base.
The wings on the under side are more or less pale gray, with a
transverse series of pale spots on the primaries, and a very faint
curved discal series of similar spots on the secondaries. The
female, the upper side of which is well shown in the plate, is
marked below much like the male. Expanse, 1.10-1.20 inch.

Early Stages.—These have been described by Scudder.

The insect occurs in New England and Canada, and ranges
westward to Nebraska.

(3) Limochores pontiac, Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 16, 4 ;
Fig. 17, @ (Pontiac).

Butterfly.—This fine insect is so well represented in the plate
as to require but little description. The wings are pale red, clouded
with dusky on the under side, the spots of the upper side being
indistinctly repeated. Expanse, 6, 1.15 inch; @, 1.25 inch.

Early Stages.—Little is known of these.

The insect ranges from Massachusetts to Iowa and Nebraska,
and seems to have its metropolis about the southern end of Lake
Michigan.

(4) Limochores palatka, Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 21, 2
(The Palatka Skipper).

Butterfly.—The upper side of the male needs no description.
The female closely resembles the female of L. byssus, which is
shown in the plate at Fig. 20, but differs from the female of that
species in having the median spots on the primaries much reduced
in size, the band of spots being greatly interrupted beyond the
end of the cell. On the hind wing the female has the entire sur-
face of the secondaries inside of the broad outer band fulvous, as
shown in the figure of the male, and not simply marked by a
transverse narrow band of spots. On the under side the fore
wings are bright fulvous, clouded with black at the base and
near the outer angle. The hind wings are uniformly dull red-
dish-brown. This species has been identified by Dr. Scudder
with a species named dion by Edwards, but which is a very
different thing. Expanse, 4, 1.50-1.65 inch; 2, 1.90-2.00 inches.

Early Stages.—We know nothing of these.

The insect is confined to Florida, all the specimens which I
have seen coming from the region of the Indian River.

(5) Limochores byssus, Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 20, @
(Byssus).

358

Genus Euphyes

Butterfiy.—Allied to the preceding species. The discal stigma
of the male upon the fore wings is much longer than in L. pa-
latha. The outer margin of the secondaries is not as sharply
defined as in that species, but shades insensibly into the lighter
greenish-fulvous of the basal part of the wing. The female on
the upper side is distinguished from the female of the preceding
species by the restriction of the discal band of spots on the hind
wing to a few small light-colored spaces beyond the end of the
cell, and by the regular continuation of the band of yellow spots
across the primaries from the subapical spots to the submedian
nervule near the middle of the inner margin. On the under side
the primaries and the secondaries are very bright, clear orange-
red, with the base and inner margin of the primaries brightly
laved with blackish. The median series of spots in the male are
very faintly indicated on the fore wings, but are more strongly
indicated on those of the female. Expanse, ¢, 1.45 inch; @,
1.65 inch.

Early Stages.—We know little of these.

The insect is found in Florida.

(6) Limochores yehl, Skinner, Plate XLVI, Fig. 40, 4 (Skin-
ner’s Skipper).

Butterfly.—The upper side of the male is shown in the plate.
On the under side the wings are lighter, the secondaries uni-
formly pale cinnamon-brown, marked with a semicircle of four
yellowish round spots, with a small spot on the cell toward the
base. Expanse, 1.25—-1.35 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

The species has been taken in Florida, and is as yet not com-
mon in collections. The figure is that of the type.

Genus EUPHYES, Scudder

Butterfly.— The antennz have the club stout, elongate, fur-
nished with a short crook at the end; the palpi are densely
scaled; the third joint is slender, bluntly conical, projecting be-
yond the vestiture of the second joint. The neuration is shown
in the cut.

Egg.—Hemispherical.

Caterpillar.—The head small, body cylindrical, tapering for-

359

Genus Euphyes

ward and backward from the middle, the body profusely covered
with minute tapering hairs arising from small, wart-like protu-
berances.

Chrysalis.—Thus far undescribed.

(1) Euphyes verna, Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 32, ¢ (The
Little Glass-wing).

Butterfly.—The upper side of the male is correctly delineated
in the plate. On the under side the wings are paler, inclining
to purplish-red. The spots of the upper side are repeated, but in
addition about the middle of the hind wings there
is asemicircle of palespots. Expanse, 4, 1.15 inch;
Q, 1.35 inch.

Early Stages.— We do not know much of these;
what little we do know may be found recorded in
the pages of ‘‘The Butterflies of New England.”
The caterpillar feeds on grasses.

It ranges from southern New England to Vir-

Fic. 175.— ginia, westward to Kansas, and northward to the
Neuration of the 5 : \ : ;
genus Euphyes, Province of Alberta. It is quite common in Ohio,
enlarged. Indiana, and Illinois.

(2) Euphyes metacomet, Harris, Plate XLVI, Fig. 31, 4
(The Dun Skipper).

Butterfly.—The male is dark in color on the upper side, and
on the under side the wings are a shade lighter, the lower side
of the abdomen being generally paler. The female has some
faint traces of translucent apical spots near the costa, and two
minute translucent spots on either side of the second median
nervule near its origin. On the under side the spots of the
upper side reappear. There is a faint trace of a semicircle of
pale spots about the middle of the hind wing. The female
specimens vary on the under side from pale brown to a dis-
tinctly purplish-brown. Expanse, 6, 1.15 inch; @, 1.30 inch.

Early stages.—Next to nothing is known of these.

It ranges from Quebec to the Carolinas, and westward to
Texas, New Mexico, and the British possessions east of the
Rocky Mountains, as far north as the latitude of the northern
shores of Lake Superior.

360

hirer
bie) Eo bs bie

A Boe oka
Led rs tat

VObEiod

2. Thanaos somnus, Lintner, g. —

3. Thanaos nevius, Lintner, &.

4. Thanaos martialis, Scudder, g.

5. Thorybes bathvllus, Smith and Ab-
bot, 2. !

6. Thorpbes prlades, Scudder, 2.

Thanaos persius, Scudder, <.

7. Thanaos petronius, Lintner, 3.
8. Lerema accius, Smith and Abbot, 3.
9. Thanaos pacuvius, Lintner, G.

ExpLanaTIon oF PLate XLVIII

_Pholisora libva, Scudder, S.
Thanaos horatius, Scudder, 3.

Thanaos lucilius, Lintner, fs
Thanaos juvenalis, Fabricius, 2.
Thanaos funeralis, Lintner, 3.
Thorybes epigena, Butler, 3.

Thanaos icelus, Lintner, Sf. -
Colias eurytheme, Boisduval, 9, a7
bino. lic SOME

Pirate XLVIII.

COPYRIGHTED BY W. J. HOLLAND, thom,

ssa
iil sv 9*

Genus Oligoria

Genus OLIGORIA, Scudder

Butterfly.—The antenne are as in the preceding genus; the
palpi have the third joint minute and almost entirely concealed
in the thick vestiture of the second joint. The
Neuration is represented in the cut.

Early Stages.—We know very little of these,
and there is here a field for investigation.

(1) Oligoria maculata, Edwards, Plate
XLVI, Fig. 35, ¢ (The Twin-spot).

Butterfiy.— The upper side of the male is as
shown in the plate. The female closely resem-
bles the male, but the spots on the fore wing are
larger. On the under side the wings are brown,
almost as dark as on the upper side. The pri- _ Fic. 176.—Neura-
maries are whitish near the outer angle. The a Os Une ees

; : é igoria, enlarged.
spots of the upper side of the primaries are re-
produced on the lower side. The hind wings have three con-
spicuous pearly-white spots about the middle, two located one on
either side of the second median nervule, and one removed from
these, located between the upper radial and the subcostal nervule.
Expanse, 6, 1.40 inch; @, 1.50 inch.

Early Stages.— But little is known of these.

This is a Southern species, found abundantly in Florida, and
ranging northward into Georgia and the Carolinas. A speci-
men is reported to have been taken near Albany, New York, and
diligent collecting may show that it has a far more northern
range than has heretofore been supposed.

Genus POANES, Scudder

Butterfly.—The antennz are short; the club is stout, bent,
acuminate at the tip. The third joint of the palpi is slender, cy-
lindrical, short. The neuration of the genus is shown in the cut.

Early Stages.—Nothing is known of these, and they await in-
vestigation.

(1) Poanes massasoit, Scudder, Plate XLVII, Fig. 21, 3 ; Fig.
22, 2 (The Mulberry-wing).

361

Genus Poanes

Butterfly.—The upper side of the wings in both sexes is cor-
rectly shown in the plate. On the under side the fore wings
are black, with the costa and the outer margin bordered with

reddish, with three small subapical light spots

and two or three median spots. On the under side

the hind wings are bright yellow, bordered on the

costa and on the outer margin for part of their dis-

p<————~_ tance with reddish-brown. The female on the

RS under side is more obscurely marked than the male,

WS and the hind wings are more or less gray in many

specimens, lacking the bright yellow which appears

ens lens upon the wings of the male. There is considerable

genus Poanes, variation on the under side of the wings. Expanse,
enlarged. 8, 1.15 inch; 9, 1.20 inch.

Early Stages.—Not known.

The species ranges from New England westward as far as
Nebraska, and its range does not appear to extend south of Penn-
sylvania, though it has been reported from Colorado, and even
from northern Texas, in the West.

Genus PHYCANASSA, Scudder

Butterfiy.—Antenne short; club straight, with a small crook
at the end. The palpi are as in the preceding genus, but a trifle
longer. The neuration is shown in the cut,
and is very much like that of the preceding
genus.

Early Stages.—These are wholly unknown.

(1) Phycanassa viator, Edwards, Plate
XLVI, Fig. 14, 6; Fig. 15, 9 (The Broad-
winged Skipper).

Butterfly.—Accurately delineated in the
plate. On the under side the wings are as on
the upper side, but paler, and the secondaries
are traversed from the base to the middle of — Fig. 178.— Neura-
the outer margin by a pale light-colored longi-_ tion of the genus Phy-
tudinal ray, which is more or less obscured in canassacaltees
some specimens, especially of the female. The light spots of the
upper side appear indistinctly on the under side. Expanse, ¢,
1.45 inch; @, 1.60 inch.

362

Genus Phycanassa

Early Stages.—Unknown.

It is not uncommon in the Gulf States, and has been found as
far north as New Jersey, northern Illinois, and Wisconsin.

(2) Phycanassa howardi, Skinner, Plate XLVI, Fig. 38, ¢
(Howard’s Skipper).

Butterfly.—The figure in the plate gives the upper side of the
male, in which the discal streak is composed of light-colored
scales of the same tint as the rest of the wing, in this respect re-
sembling the allied P. aaront. The under side of the wings is
described by Dr. Skinner as follows: ‘‘Superiors with tawny
central area and border same as upper side. There is a large
triangular spot extending into the wing from the base. The
tawny color above this spot is of a darker hue than that below
and outside of it. Inferiors very light brown, generally with
four or five very faint tawny spots in the central area.” Expanse,
$, 1.50 inch; ¢, 1.60 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

The home of this species is Florida.

(3) Phycanassa aaroni, Skinner, Plate XLVI, Fig. 37, 4
(Aaron’s Skipper).

Butterfly.— This small species, the male of which is figured
in the plate, may be easily recognized from the figure there given.
On the under side the fore wings are black at the base; the mid-
dle area of the wing is tawny, paler than on the upper side, and
bordered as above, but the border below is cinnamon-brown and
not fuscous. The hind wings on the under side are uniformly
light cinnamon-brown, without any spots. The female is like the
male, but larger, the colors somewhat lighter and the markings
not so well defined. Expanse, g, 1.00 inch; @, 1.25 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

The specimens thus far contained in collections have all been
taken about Cape May, in New Jersey, in the salt-marshes.

Genus ATRYTONE, Scudder

Butterfly.—The antennz have a stout club, somewhat elon-
gate, and furnished with a short crook at the end. The palpi are
very much as in the preceding genus. The neuration is shown
in the cut. There is no discal stigma on the fore wing of the
male.

363

Genus Atrytone

Egg.—The egg is hemispherical, somewhat broadly flattened
at the apex, covered with small cells, the inner surface of which
is marked with minute punctulations.

Caterpillar.—The caterpillar feeds upon com-
mon grasses, making a loose nest of silk for
itself at the point where the leaf joins the stem.
The head is small; the body is cylindrical, thick,
tapering abruptly at either end.

Chrysalis.—Covered with delicate hair; the
tongue-case free.

(1) Atrytone vitellius, Smith and Abbot, Plate
XLVI, Fig. 6, 6 (The Iowa Skipper).

Fic. 179.— Butterfly.—The male on the upper side is as
Neuration of the shown in the plate. The female on the upper side
genus Atrytone, R 4
enlarged. has the hind wings almost entirely fuscous, very
slightly yellowish about the middle of the disk. The fore wings
have the inner and outer margins more broadly bordered with fus-
cous than the male, and through the middle of the cell there runs
a dark ray. On the under side the wings are bright pale yellow,
with the inner margin of the primaries clouded with brown. Ex-
panse, 6, 1.25 inch; @, 1.45 inch.

Early Stages.—Very little is known of these.

The species ranges through the Gulf States, and northward in
the valley of the Mississippi as far as Nebraska and Iowa. It
seems to be quite common in Nebraska, and probably has a wider
distribution than is reported.

(2) Atrytone zabulon, Boisduval and Leconte, Plate XLVII,
. Fig. 37, 6; Fig. 38, @ (The Hobomok Skipper).

Butterfly.— The upper side of both sexes is shown in the plate.
The color on the disk of the wings is, however, a little too red.
On the under side the wings are bright yellow, with the bases and
the outer margin bordered with dark brown. Expanse, 4, 1.25
inch; @, 1.50 inch. i

Early Stages.—The caterpillar feeds upon grasses. The life-
history has been described with minute accuracy by Dr. Scudder.

The species ranges from New England to Georgia, and west-
ward to the Great Plains. It is very common in Pennsylvania,
Virginia, and the valley of the Ohio.

Dimorphic var. pocahontas, Scudder, Plate XLVII, Fig. 39, 2.
This is a melanic, or black, female variety of zabulon, which is

364

Genus Atrytone

not uncommon. It is remarkable because of the white spots on
the primaries and the dark color of the under side of the wings.

(3) Atrytone taxiles, Edwards, Plate XLVII, Fig. 31, 6; Fig.
32, 2 (Taxiles).

Butterfly.—The fore wings on the under side of the male are
bright yellow, black at the base, slightly clouded on the outer
margin with pale brown. The hind wings on the under side in
this sex are still paler yellow, margined externally with pale
brown, and crossed near the base and on the disk by irregular
bands of palebrown. Inthe female sex the fore wings on the un-
der side are fulvous, marked much as in the male, but darker, espe-
cially toward the apex, where the subapical spots and two small
pale spots beyond the end of the cell near the outer margin in-
terrupt the brown color. The hind wings on the under side
are pale ferruginous, crossed by bands of lighter spots, and mot-
tled with darker brown. Expanse, ¢, 1.45 inch; @, 1.50 inch.

Early Stages.—Unknown.

The range of this species is from Colorado and Nevada to
Arizona.

(4) Atrytone delaware, Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 24, 4;
Fig. 25, 2 (The Delaware Skipper).

Butterfly.—No description of the upper side of the wings is
necessary. On the under side the wings are bright orange-red,
clouded with black at the base and on the outer angle of the fore
wings. Expanse, 4, 1.25-1.35 inch; 9, 1.35-1.50 inch.

Early Stages.—Very little is known of these.

The butterfly is found from southern New England and north-
ern New York as far south as Florida and Texas, ranging west
to the Yellowstone and southern Colorado.

(5) Atrytone melane, Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 7, ¢ ; Fig.
8, 2 (The Umber Skipper).

Butterfly.—The male on the upper side somewhat resembles
A. zabulon, var. pocahontas; the female likewise closely resem-
bles specimens of this variety. The wings on the under side
are ferruginous, clouded with blackish toward the base of
the inner angle, the light spots of the upper side being repeated.
The hind wings on the under side are reddish, with a broad
irregular curved median band of pale-yellow spots. In the
female the band of spots is far more obscure. Expanse, ¢,
1.30 inch; 9, 1.50 inch.

365

Genus Lerema

Early Stages.—Unknown.
The insect is found in southern California.

Genus LEREMA, Scudder

Butterfly.—The antennez are as in the preceding genus; the
palpi have the third joint erect, short, conical. The neuration is
represented in the cut. The male has a linear glandular streak
on the upper side of the fore wing.

Egg.—Hemispherical, covered with more or
less regularly pentagonal cells.

Caterpillar.—The caterpillar feeds upon
grasses. The body is slender, tapering forward
and backward; the head is small.

Chrysalis.—The chrysalis is slender, smooth,
with a tapering conical projection at the head,
and the tongue-case long and free, reaching al-
most to the end of the abdomen.

Fre naan (1) Lerema accius, Smith and Abbot, Plate
rationofthegenus XLVIII, Fig. 8, 6; Plate VI, Fig. 46, chrysalis
Lerema, enlarged. :

(Accius).

Butterfly.—The male on the upper side is dark blackish-brown,
with three small subapical spots, and one small spot below these,
near the origin of the third median nervule. The female is ex-
actly like the male, except that it has two spots, the larger one
being placed below the small spot corresponding to the one on
the fore wing of the male. The wings on the under side are
dark fuscous, somewhat clouded with darker brown, the spots
of the upper side reappearing on the under side. Expanse, ¢,
1.40 inch; @, 1.50 inch.

Early Stages.—Very little has been written upon the early
stages.

The butterfly ranges from southern Connecticut to Florida,
thence westward to Texas, and along the Gulf coast in Mexico.

(2) Lerema hianna, Scudder, Plate XLVI, Fig. 9, ¢ ; Fig. 10,
9 (The Dusted Skipper).

Butterfly.—The upper side is accurately represented in the
plate. The wings on the lower side are as on the upper side, a
trifle paler and somewhat grayer on the outer margin. Expanse,
6, 1.15 inch; @, 1.25 inch.

366

Genus Megathymus

Early Stages.—Unknown.

It ranges through southern New England, westward to Wiscon-
sin, lowa, and Nebraska, in a comparatively narrowstrip of country.

(3) Lerema carolina, Skinner, Plate XLVI, Fig. 36, 6 (The
Carolina Skipper).

Butterfly.—On the upper side the butterfly is as represented
in the plate. The spots are repeated on the under side of the
fore wing, but less distinctly defined. The costa is edged with
brownish-yellow. The hind wings on the under side are yellow,
spotted with small dark-brown dots. Expanse, ¢, 1.00 inch.
The female is unknown.

Early Stages.—Wholly unknown.

This species has thus far been found only in North Carolina,
and is still extremely rare in collections. The figure in the plate
represents the type. I have seen other specimens. I place it
provisionally in the genus Lerema, though it undoubtedly does
not belong here, and probably may represent a new genus.
Lacking material for dissection, I content myself with this
reference.

Genus MEGATHYMUS, Riley

This genus comprises butterflies having very stout bodies,
broad wings, strongly clubbed antennz, very minute palpi. The
caterpillars are wood-boring in their habits, living in the pith and

Fic. 181.—Megathymus yucce, 9.

underground roots of different species of Yucca. The life-his-
tory of the species represented in the cuts has been well described

367

Genus Megathymus

by the late Professor C. V. Riley, and the student who is curious
to know more about this remarkable insect will do well to con-
sult the ‘‘Eighth Annual Report of the State Entomologist of

Fic. 182.—Megathymus yucce: a, egg, magnified; b, egg from which larva has
escaped; bb, bbb, unhatched eggs, natural size; c, newly hatched larva, magnified;
cc, larva, natural size; d, head, enlarged to show the mouth-parts; e, maxillary
palpi; 7, antenna; g, labial palpi; 4, spinneret.

Missouri’”’ (p. 169), or the ‘‘ Transactions of the St. Louis Acad-
emy of Science”’ (vol. iii, p. 323), in which, with great learning,
the author has patiently set forth what is known in reference to
the insects
The genus Megathymus is referred by some writers to the
Castniide, a genus of day-flying moths, which seem to connect
the moths with the butterflies; but the consideration of the ana-
tomical structure of this insect makes such a reference impos-
sible. The genus properly
represents a subfamily of the
Hespertide, which might be
named the Megathvmine. The
species represented in our cuts
mee” is Mecathymus yucce, Boisdu-
Fic. 183.—Chrysalis of Megathymus val and Leconte. There are a
ee number of other species of
Megathymus that are found in our Southern States, principally in
Texas and Arizona. They are interesting insects, the life-history
of which is, however, in many cases obscure, as yet.

368

Conclusion

WE here bring to a conclusion our survey of the butterflies of
North America. There are, in addition to the species that have
been described and figured in the plates, about one hundred and
twenty-five other species, principally Hesperttd@, which have
not been mentioned. The field of exploration has not by any
means been exhausted, and there is no doubt that in the lapse of
time a number of other species will be discovered to inhabit our
faunal limits.

The writer of these pages would deem it a great privilege to
aid those who are interested in the subject in naming and iden-
tifying any material which they may not be able to name and
identify by the help of this book. In laying down his pen, at
the end of what has been to him a pleasurable task, he again re-
news the hope that what he has written may tend to stimulate a
deeper and more intelligent interest in the wonders of creative
wisdom, and takes occasion to remind the reader that it is true,
as was said by Fabricius, that nature is most to be admired in
those works which are least—‘‘Natura maxime miranda in
minimus.”

369

INDEX

aaroni, Phycanassa, 363
Abbot, John, 70
abbotti, Papilio, 307
abdomen, Gy 1G)
aberrations, 24
acadica, Thecla, 242;
acastus, Melitzea, 143
accius, Lerema, 366
Achalarus, genus, 325 ; cellus, 326; lycidas,

Pieris, 280

325,

acis, Thecla, 240, 246

acmon, Lyczena, 266

Acreea, genus, 162

Acreinz, subfamily, 162

Actinomeris, 157

Adelpha, genus, 187; californica, 187

adenostomatis, Thecla, 245

adiante, Argynnis, 123

Admiral, The Red, 170

Admirals, The White, 182; Hulsi’s, 185;
Lorquin’s, 185

zemilia, Thorybes, 325

genus, Amblyscirtes, 341

zetna, Thymelicus, 351

affinis, Thecla, 249

afranius, Thanaos, 334

agarithe, Catopsilia, 287

Ageronia, genus, 193; feronia, 194 ; fornax,
194

Agraulis, genus, 96

Agrion, genus of dragon-flies, 86

ajax, Papilio, 307

alberta, Brenthis, 135

albinism, 24

albinos, 64

alcestis, Argynnis, 107; Thecla, 241

alexandra, kee 292

aliaska, Papilio, 312

alicia, Chlorippe, 190

alma, Melitaea, 147

alope, Satyrus, 215

alpheus, Pholisora, 331

Alpines, The, 208; Alaskan, 209; Colo-
rado, 209; Common, 210; Red-streaked,

209

Althzea, 170

Amarantacez, 330

Amarantus, 335

Amblyscirtes, genus, 339 ; nus, 341; samo-
set, 340; simius, 341; textor, 341; vialis,

34°
American Entomological Society, 73

ammon, Lyczena, 270

Amorpha californica, 289

ampelos, Coenonympha, 207

amymone, Cystineura, 177

amyntula, Lyceena, 268

anal angle of wing, 19

Anartia, genus, 174; jatrophee, 174

Anatomy of Butterflies, 14-25

Ancyloxypha, genus, 344; numitor, 345

andria, Pyrrhanza, 9, 192

androconia, 18, 19

Angle-wings, The, 163; Colorado,
Graceful, 166

anicia, Melitzea, 140

Animal Men edoms “The Place of Butterflies
in the, 58

annetta, Lyczena, 266

Anosia, genus, 81; berenice, 82, 84; plex-
ippus, 4, 6, 7, II, 12, 14, 15, 63, 82, 171 ;
strigosa, 84

antennze of caterpillar, 6; of butterfly, 14,
16, 23, 61

Antennaria, 170

Anthocharis, genus, 282

Anthrenus, a museum pest, 53

antiacis, Lycaena, 261

antiopa, Vanessa, 5, 7, 94, 169

Antirrhinum, 173

antonia, Chlorippe, 189

aortal chamber, 23

aphrodite, Argynnis, 107

apparatus, collecting, 26; for breeding
butterflies, 34; for mounting butterflies,
39; for inflating caterpillars, 45 ; for pre-
senang specimens, 48; pins, 56; forceps,

165 ;

Aquilegia canadensis, 334

aquilo, Lyczena, 263

Arabis, 284

arachne, Melitzea, 148

Arachnida, 59

arctic butterflies, 171

Arctics, The, 218; Bruce’s, 223; Greater,
220; Labrador, 223; Macoun’s, 221;
Mead’s, 222; Uhler’s, 222

Argynnis, genus, 96, 99, IOI, 161, 172;
adiante, 123; alcestis, 107; aphrodite, 18,
107; artonis, 123; atlantis, 108; atossa,
122; behrensi, 115; bischoffi, 124; brem-
neri, 113; callippe, 118 ; carpenteri, 106;
chitone, 116; cipris, 107; clio, 124; co-
lumbia, 111; cornelia, 110; coronis, 117;

07)

371

Index

cybele, 106; diana, 103; edwardsi, 119;
egleis, 126; electa, 111; eurynome, 125;
halcyone, 116; hesperis, 112; hippolyta,
112; idalia, 103; inornata, 122; lais, 109;
laura, 120; leto, 105; liliana, 119 ; maca-
ria, 121; meadi, t19; monticola, 114;
montivaga, 126; nausicad, 108; neva-
densis, 118 ; nitocris, tos; nokomis, 104;
opis, 124; oweni, 109; platina, II7 ; pur-
purescens, 114; thodope, II5; rupestris,
120; semiramis, 121; snyderi, 118; ze-
rene, I13

ariadne, Colias, 29

ariane, Satyrus, 216

Aristolochia, 315, 316

army-worm, 257

Arnold, Sir Edwin, quotations from, 214,
258

arota, Chrysophanus, 252

arrangement, of specimens, 52; of species,

arsace, Thecla, 248

arthemis, Basilarchia, 184

Arthropoda, definition of, 59; subdivisions
of, 59

artonis, Argynnis, 123

Asama-yama, volcano, I50

Asclepias, 81

Asimina triloba, 308

astarte, Brenthis, 135

aster, Lycaena, 266

asterias, Papilio, 314

Astragalus, 240

astyanax, Basilarchia, 184

atala, Eumzeus, 237

atalanta, Pyrameis, 170

Atalopedes, genus, 352; huron, 352

atlantis, Argynnis, 108

atossa, Argynnis, 122

Atrytone, genus, 363; delaware, 365; me-
lane, 365; pocahontas, 364; taxiles, 365 ;
vitellius, 364; zabulon, 364

attalus, Erynnis 349

augusta, Melitaea, 141

augustus, Thecla, 247

ausonides, Euchloé, 283

australis, Calephelis, 233

autolycus, Thecla, 241

Azalea occidentalis, 166

bachmanni, Libythea, 227

bairdi, Papilio, 313

baits for butterflies, 32

Banded Reds, The, 175

Baptisia, 333

Barbauld, Mrs., quotation from, 76

barnesi, Phyciodes, 155

baroni, Melitzea, 141; Satyrus, 216

base of wing, 19

Basilarchia, genus, 182; arthemis, 184;
astyanax, 183; disippus, 3, 8, 84, 185;
eros, 186; floridensis, 186; hulsti, 84,
185; lorquini, 185; proserpina, 184;
pseudodorippus, 185; weidemeyeri, 185

Bates, H. W., on study of butterflies, 3; as
a collector, 338

batesi, Phyciodes, 154

bathyllus, Thorybes, 325

battoides, Lyczena, 264

beani, Melitzea, 140

beating for lepidoptera, 33
beckeri, Pieris, 277
Beelzebub, the ‘‘ god of flies,” 334
behrensi, Argynnis, II5

behri, Colias, 294 ; Parnassius, 306 ; Thecla,

247

bellona, Brenthis, 134

Belt, ‘ Naturalist in Nicaragua,” 91

berenice, Anosia, 84

bischoffi, Argynnis, 124

Blake & Co., forceps, 56

bleaching wings of butterflies, 20

blenina, Thecla, 245

blow-fly, holding middle place in scale of
animal existence, 271

Blues, The, 236, 258; Arrow-head, 262;
Aster, 266 ; Behr’s, 260, 264; Boisduval's,
260; Bright, 259; Colorado, 264; Com-
mon, 267; Couper's, 261 ; Dotted, 264;
Dwarf, 269; Eastern tailed, 268; Eyed,
261; Florida, 269; Gray, 263; Greenish,
260; Indian River, 270; Labrador, 263;
Marine, 270; Orange-margined, 265;
Pygmy, 269, 271; Reakirt’s, 268; Rustic,
263 ; Scudder’s, 265 ; Shasta, 265 ; Silvery,
262; Small, 262; Sonora, 263; Varied,
259; Western tailed, 268; West Indian,
270

Boeehmeria, 170

Boisduval, Dr. J. A., 70

Boisduval and Leconte, ‘‘ Histoire Géné-
tale et Monographie des Lepidopteéres et
des Chenilles de l'Amérique Septentrio-
nale,’’ 70

boisduvali, Brenthis, 132

Boisduval's Marble, 285

bolli, Melitzea, 147

Books about North American Butterflies,

Cop

boépis, Satyrus, 216

borealis, Calephelis, 232

boxes for preserving collections, 48

brain, 22, 23

breeding butterflies, 34-37

breeding-cages, 35, 30

bremneri, Argynnis, 113

Brenthis, genus, 128, 224; alberta, 135;
astarte, 135; bellona, 134; boisduvali,
132 ; chariclea, 132; epithore, 135; freija,
132; frigga, 133; helena, 131; montinus,
I3I; myrina, 129; polaris, 133; triclaris,

130
brettus, Thymelicus, 351
brevicauda, Papilio, 313
British Museum, 338
brizo, Thanaos, 332
bronchial tubes, 22
Brongniart, M. Charles, 196
Brooklyn Entomological Society, 73
Brown, The Gemmed, 202; Henshaw’s,
202
brucei, CEneis, 223; Papilio, 313
Brush-footed Butterflies. See Nymphalidz
bryoniz, Pieris, 279
Buckeye, The, 173
Buckland, Frank, story of, 68
“Bulletin Brooklyn Entomological Society,”

73
bumblebees in Australia, 256
Butterflies’ Fad, The, 186

Bie

“« Butterflies and Moths of North America,”
Strecker, 72

“ Butterflies of New England, The,” by
S. H. Scudder, 72; by C. J. Maynard, 72

‘Butterflies of North America,’’ by W. H.
Edwards, 71

Butterflies, Widely Distributed, 171

Butterfly, Baird’s, 313; Bruce's, 313;
Chryxus, 221; Holland's, 314; Iduna,
220; Varuna, 222; White Mountain, 222

Butts, Mary, quotation from, 251

byssus, Limochores, 358

cabinets, 50

czenius, Calephelis, 232

czsonia, Meganostoma, 289

ceespitalis, Hesperia, 328

calais, Gneis, 221

calanus, Thecla, 243

Calephelis, genus, 232; australis, 233; bo-
realis, 232; czenius, 232; nemesis, 233

Calicoes, The, 193; Orange-skirted, 194;
White-skirted, 194

california, Coenonympha, 205

californica, Adelpha, 187; Mechanitis, 87;
Vanessa, 168

callias, Erebia, 209

Callicore, genus, 178; clymena, 178

callippe, Argynnis, 118

Callosune, genus, 162

Calpodes, genus, 355; ethlius, 356

calverleyi, Papilio, 314

Camberwell Beauty, The, 169

camillus, Phyciodes, 155

canthus, Satyrodes, 200

Cardamine, 284

cardui, Pyrameis, 170, 171

Carduus, 170

carinenta, Libythea, 227

Carnegie Museum, The, 49, 50, 338

carolina, Lerema, 367

carpenteri, Argynnis, 106

Carryl, Charles Edward, quotation from,
208

caryze, Pyrameis, 170

Cassia, 286

Castniidz, omy, 368

Caterpillar and the Ant, The, 316

caterpillars, structure, form, color, etc., 5-
It; social habits, 8; nests, 8; wood-
boring, 8; moulting, 9; manner of de-
fense, 9; protected by color, 8; duration
of life of, 10; preservation of, 44-48;
carnivorous, g. See Feniseca

Catopsilia, genus, 285; agarithe,
eubule, 286; philea, 286

eatullus, Pholisora, 330

Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, 168

cecrops, Thecla, 246

cellus, Achalarus, 326

celtis, Chlorippe, 189

Celtis, genus of plants, 188

centaurez, Hesperia, 327

Cerasus (Wild Cherry), 310

Ceratinia, genus, 88; lycaste, 88; var.
negreta, 88

cethura, Euchloé, 284

chalcedon, Melitazea, 139

chalcis, Thecla, 244

chara, Melitaea, 146

287;

Index

chariclea, Brenthis, 132

charitonius, Heliconius, 92

charon, Satyrus, 217

Chenopodium album, 330

Chicken-thief, a supposed, 33

Chionobas, genus, 218

chiron, Timetes, 180

chitone, Argynnis, 116

Chlorippe, genus, 188; alicia, 190; antonia,
189 ; celtis, 189; clyton, 190; flora, 191;
leilia, Ig0; montis, 190

chrysalis, form of, 11; color, 12; duration
of life of, 13; preservation of, 43

chrysippus, Danais, 182

chrysomelas, Colias, 291

Chrysophanus, genus, 251; arota, 252;
editha, 253; epixanthe, 254; gorgon,
253; helloides, 254; hypophlzeas, 254;
mariposa, 254; rubidus, 255; sirius,
255; snowi, 255; thoé, 253; virginiensis,
252; xanthoides, 253

cipris, Argynnis, 107

citima, Thecla, 239

Citrus, 311

clara, Lyczena, 259

Clark, Willis G., quotation from, 250

Classification of Butterflies, 58

claudia, Euptoieta, 99

cleis, Lemonias, 232

Clerck, Charles, 69; ‘‘ Icones,’’ 69

clio, Argynnis, 124

Clitoria, 322

clitus, Thanaos, 336

clodius, Parnassius, 305

club-men, 176

clymena, Callicore, 178

clypeus, 14, 15

clytie, Thecla, 247

clyton, Chlorippe, 190

Cnicus, 170

Codling-moth, 257

coenia, Junonia, 173

Ccenonympha, genus, 205; ampelos, 207;
california, 205; elko, 206; eryngii, 250;
galactinus, 205; haydeni, 207; inornata,
206; kodiak, 207; ochracea, 206; pam-
philoides, 207; pamphilus, 207; typhon,
206

Coleenis, genus, 94; delila, 95; julia, 95

Cold, In the Face of the, 224; effects of, on
butterflies, 225

Coleridge, S. T., quotation from, 306

Colias, genus, 161, 163, 289; alexandra,
292; ariadne, 201 ; behri, 294; chrysome-
las, 291; elis, 290; eriphyle, 291; eury-
theme, 290; interior, 292; keewaydin,
291; meadi, 290; nastes, 293; pelidne,
293; philodice, 17, 291; scudderi, 293

collecting apparatus, 26-34

collecting-jars, 28-30

Collections and Collectors, 337

colon, Melitaea, 140

colon, The, 22

golors of eggs of butterflies, 4; of caterpil-
ars,

columbia, Argynnis, rrr

comma, Grapta, 165

Comstock, John Henry, ‘‘A Manual for
the Study of Insects," 74

comyntas, Lyczena, 268

373

Index

Cook, Eliza, quotation from, 198

Copzeodes, genus, 345; myrtis, 346; pro-
cris, 345; wrighti, 346

Coppers, The, 236, 251; American, 254;
Bronze, 253; Great, 253 ; Least, 254; Ne-
vada, 252; Purplish, 254; Reakirt’s, 254;
Ruddy, 255; Snow's, 255

coresia, ietes 180

cornelia, Argynnis, IIo

coronis, Argynnis, 117

costal margin of wing, I9

costal vein, 20, 21

couperi, Lyczena, 261

Cowan, Frank, quotations from, 90, 299

Cowper, quotation from, 275

coxa, 17, I

Cramer, Peter, 69; ‘‘ Papillons Exotiques,”

cremaster, IT

creola, Debis, 199

Creole, The, 199

Crescent-spots, The, 150; Pearl, 153
cresphontes, Papilio, 311

creusa, Euchloé, 283
Crimson-patch, The, 159

crocale, Synchloé, 160

Crustacea, 59

erysalus, Thecla, 239

cybele, Argynnis, 106

Cystineura, genus, 177; amymone, 177
cythera, Lemonias, 230

dzedalus, Lycaena, 260
Dagger-wings, The, 179; Many-banded,
180; Ruddy, 180

damaris, Terias, 296

damon, Thecla, 246

Danais chrysippus, 182
“‘darning-needles,’’ 86

daunus, Papilio, 310

Debis, genus, 198; creola, 199; portlandia,

199
delaware, Atrytone, 365
delia, Terias, 298
delila, Colzenis, 95
Dermestes, a museum pest, 53
diana, Argynnis, 103, 127
Dichora, genus, 195
Diclippa, 157
dimorphism, 23
Dione, genus, 96; vanilla, 97
dionysius, Neominois, 213
Dircenna, genus, 89; klugi, 89
disa, Erebia, 209
discal area of wing, 19
discocellular veins, 21
discoidalis, Erebia, 209; Thecla, 246
disippus, Basilarchia, 3, 8, 84, 185
Dismorphia, genus, 273; melite, 274
Distribution of Butterflies, 25
Dog-face Butterflies, 288 ; Californian, 288 ;
Southern, 289
Doherty, William, 338
domicella, Hesperia, 327
dorsal vessel, 22
dorus, Plestia, 322
Drake, Joseph Rodman, quotation from,

320
Druce, Herbert, 338
dryas, Grapta, 165

drying-boxes, 42

drying-ovens, 46, 47

dumetorum, Thecla, 249

duryi, Lemonias, 230

Dusky-wings, The, 324, 332; Afranius’, 334;
Butler’s, 325; Dark, 333; Dreamy, 333;
Funereal; 336; Horace's, 336; Juvenal’s,
335; Lucilius’, 333; Martial’s, 335; Nz-
vius’, 336; Northern, 3245 Mrs. Owen's,
325; Pacuvius’, 336; Persius’, 334; Pe-
tronius’, 335 ; Sleepy, 332; Southern, 325

Dyar, Harrison G., 1

dymas, Meliteea, 145

eagle, white-headed, 63

editha, Chrysophanus, 253; Meliteea, 142

Edwards, W. H., Author of ‘‘ Butterflies of
North ‘America,’ vi, 71; types of butter-
flies named by, vi

edwardsi, Argynnis, 119 ; Thecla, 243

eggs of butterflies, 3-5; how to secure, 34;
preparation and preservation of, 43

egleis, Argynnis, 126

elada, Melitzea, 145

elathea, Terias, 298

electa, Argynnis, III

Elfin, Banded, 249; Brown, 247; Hoary,

248

elis, Colias, 290

elko, Coenonympha, 206

Elwes, Henry J., 338

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, quotations from,
197, 319 A

Emperor, The Mountain, 190; The Tawny,
Igo

enoptes, Lyczena, 264

“ Entomologica Americana,” 73,

“Entomologist, The Canadian,’ 73

entomology, definition of, 59; in high
schools, 257

envelopes for butterflies, 37

Epargyreus, genus, 322; tityrus, 323

epigena, Thorvbes, 325

epipsodea, Erebia, 210

epithore, Brenthis, 135

epixanthe, Chrysophanus, 254

Erebia, genus, 208, 224; callias, 209; disa,
209; discoidalis, 209; epipsodea, 210;
ethela, 210; magdalena, 211; mancinus,
209 ; sofia, 210; tyndarus, 210

Eresia, genus, 157; frisia, 157; ianthe, 158 ;
punctata, 158; texana, 158; tulcis, 158

Ericaceze, 244

eriphyle, Colias, 291

eros, Basilarchia, 186

Erycininz, subfamily, 228

eryngii, Coenonympha, 205

Erynnis, genus, 346; attalus, 349; leonar-
dus, 349; manitoba, 347; metea, 348;
morrisoni, 347;. ottoé, 348; sassacus,
348; snowi, 350; sylvanoides, 349; uncas,
349

eryphon, Thecla, 248

ethela, Erebia, 210

Ethiopian Faunal Region, 161

ethlius, Calpodes, 356

eubule, Catopsilia, 286

Euchloé, genus, 282; ausonides, 283; ce-
thura, 284; creusa, 283; flora, 282; genu-
tia, 4, 284; julia, 283; lanceolata, 285;

374

morrisoni, 284; pima, 284; reakirti, 282 ;
rosa, 284 ; sara, 282; stella, 283

Eudamus, genus, 320; proteus, 321

eufala, Lerodea, 356

Eumeeus, genus, 237; atala, 237; minyas,
237

Raven genus, 175; monima,176; tatila, 176

Euphorbiacez, 192

Euphyes, genus, 359; metacomet, 360;
verna, 360

Eupleeinz, subfamily, 78, 80; protected in-
sects, 84; Indo-Malayan, 161

Euptoieta, genus, 98; claudia, 99; hegesia,
100

eurydice, Meganostoma, 288

eurymedon, Papilio, 308

eurynome, Argynnis, 125

eurytheme, Colias, 290

eurytus, Neonympha, 203

Exchanges, 344

exilis, Lycaena, 269

external angle of wing, 19

external margin of wing, 19

eyes, of caterpillars, 6; of butterflies, 14, 16

fabricii, Grapta, 164

Fabricius, Johann Christian, 69

Fad, The Butterflies’, 186

Families of Butterflies, 64

Family names, 63

Faun, The, 165

Faunal Regions, 16

faunus, Grapta, 165

favonius, Thecla, 240

Fawcett, Edgar, quotation from, 228

felicia, Nathalis, 281

femur, 17, 18

Feniseca, genus, 250; tarquinius, 9, 251

feronia, Ageronia, 194

Field, Eugene, quotation from, 74

field-boxes, 30

flava, Terias, 296

Flint, Charles L., edition of Harris’ Re-
port, 71

flora, Chlorippe, 191 ; Euchloé, 282

floridensis, Basilarchia, 186; Papilio, 307

food of caterpillars, to

opments, Selection of, by female butter-

yi 5

Food-reservoir, 22

forceps, 56

fornax, Ageronia, 194

Fossil Insects, 195

freija, Brenthis, 132

French, Professor G. H., 72

frigga, Brenthis, 133

frisia, Eresia, 157

Fritillary, The Variegated, 99; Mexican,
Ioo; Regal, 103; Great Spangled, 106;
Miss Owen's, 110; Behr's, 114; Behrens’,
115; Skinner's, 117; Snyder's, 118; Ed-
wards’, 119; Cliff-dwelling, 120; Plain,
122; Bischoff's, 124; Silver-bordered,
129; Hiibner’s, 130; White Mountain,
131; Boisduval's, 132; Lapland, 132;
Polar, 133; Meadow, 134

front, definition of, 14

fuliginosa, Lyczena, 258

fulla, Lyczena, 259

funeralis, Thanaos, 336

Index

gabbi, Meliteea, 144; Satyrus, 216
Galactia, 333

galactinus, Coenonympha, 205,
ganglia, 22, 23

garita, Oarisma, 343

Geirocheilus, genus, 211; tritonia, 211
gemma, Neonympha, 202

genoveva, Junonia, 174

genus, definition of, 63

genutia, Euchloé, 284

Gerardia, 173

Geyer, Karl, 70

Gibson, William Hamilton, quotation from,

Mee (neis, 220

Glass-wing, The Little, 360

glaucon, Lyczena, 264

glaucus, Papilio, 309

Gnaphalium, 170

Goatweed Butterfly, The, 192; Morrison's,

Gednae F. D., 338

gorgon, Chrysophanus, 253

Gossamer-wing, The Sooty, 258

gracilis, Grapta, 166

Grapta, genus, 163; comma, 5, 165; dryas,
165; fabricii, 164; faunus, 165; gracilis,
166 ; harrisi, 165; hylas, 165; interroga-
tionis, 164; marsyas, 165; progne, 166;
satyrus, 165; silenus, 166; umbrosa, 164 ;
zephyrus, 166

greasy specimens, 54

Grossulacez, 167

grunus, Thecla, 238

gundlachia, Terias, 295

Hackberry Butterflies, 188, 189

Hair-streaks, The, 236, 237; Acadian, 242;
Banded, 243; Behr’s, 247; Boisduval’s,
238; Bronzed, 244; Colorado, 239 ; Com-
mon, 242; Coral, 250; Drury’s, 246;
Early, 249; Edwards’, 243; Gray, 245;
Great Purple, 239; Green-winged, 249;
Green White-spotted, 249; Hedge-row,
244; Henry's, 248; Hewitson’s, 245;
Martial, 240; Nelson's, 245; Olive, 246;
Southern, 240; Striped, 244; Texas, 241 ;
Thicket, 245; White-M, 240; Wittfeld’s,
241

halcyone, Argynnis, 116

halesus, Thecla, 239

Hamadryas, genus, 85

Hannington, Bishop, 172

hanno, Lyczena, 269

Harris, Dr. T. W., 70; ‘‘ Report on the
Insects of Massachusetts which are Inju-
rious to Vegetation,” 71

harrisi, Grapta, 165; Meliteea, 144

Harvester, The, 251

Haworth, quotation from, 236

haydeni, Coenonympha, 207

hayhursti, Pholisora, 331

head, of butterfly, 14; of caterpillar, 6

heart, 22, 23

hegesia, Euptoieta, too

Heine, quotation from, 281

helena, Brenthis, 131

Heliconiinze, subfamily, 78, 91, 162

Heliconius, genus, 92, 162; charitonius, 92

helloides, Chrysophanus, 254

375

Index

Hemans, Mrs. Felicia, quotation from, 303

henrici, Thecla, 248

henshawi, Neonympha, 202

hermodur, Parnassius, 306

Hesperia, genus, 326; ceespitalis, 328; cen-
taureze, 327; domicella, 327; montivaga,
327; nessus, 329; scriptura, 328; xanthus,

28,

3 :

Hesperiide, family, 21, 66, 318; fossil, 196

Hesperiinz, subfamily, 320

hesperis, Argynnis, 112

Heterocera, 62

Heterometabola, 59

heteronea, Lyczena, 259

hianna, Lerema, 366

hibernaculum of Basilarchia, 183

hibernation of caterpillars, 10, 37

hippolyta, Argynnis, 112

Hoary-edge, The, 326

hoffmanni, Meliteea, 143

Holland, Philemon, quotation from trans-
lation of Livy, 85

hollandi, Papilio, 314

Hood, Thomas, quotation from, 237

horatius, Thanaos, 336

Hornaday, W. T., vii

Hosackia argophylla, 249

howardi, Phycanassa, 363

Hiibner, Jacob, 69; works of, 7°

Hugo's ‘‘ Flower to Butterfly,”’ 74

hulsti, Basilarchia, 84, 185

humuli, Thecla, 242

Humulus, 170

huntera, Pyrameis, 170

Hunter's Butterfly, 170

huron, Atalopedes, 352

hylas, Grapta, 165

Hylephila, genus, 354; phylzeus, 354

Hypanartia, genus, 175; lethe, 175

Hypolimnas, genus, 180; misippus, 171,
181

hypophleeas, Chrysophanus, 254

janthe, Eresia, 158

icarioides, Lyczena, 260

icelus, Thanaos, 333

idalia, Argynnis, 103

iduna, C£neis, 220

ilaire, Tachyris, 276

imago, the, 13

Immortality, 57

Indigofera, 335

Indo-Malayan Faunal Region, 161

indra, Papilio, 312

ines, Thecla, 247

inflating larvee,

Ingelow, Jean, quotation from, 150, 188

inner margin of wing, 19

inornata, ‘Argynnis, 122;
206

Insect pests, 53

Insecta, 59

Insects, Fossil, 194

Instinct, 280

interior, Colias, 292

interrogationis, Grapta, 164

intestine, 22, 23

iole, Nathalis, 281

irus, Thecla, 248

ismeria, Phyciodes, 152

Coenonympha,

isola, Lyczena, 268

isophthalma, Lyczena, 269
isthmia, Mechanitis, 87
Ithomiine, subfamily, 78, 85, 162
itys, Thecla, 243

ivallda, Gneis, 222

Jackson, Helen Hunt (H. H.), quotation
from, 318

j-album, Vanessa, 168

janais, Synchlog, 159

Japan, Collecting in, 149

jatrophe, Anartia, 174

jucunda, Terias, 298

julia, Colzenis, 95 ; Euchloé, 283

Juniperus virginiana, 246

Junonia, genus, 172; ccenia, 173;
veva, 174; lavinia, 173

jutta, neis, 222

juvenalis, Thanaos, 335

geno-

Kansas grasshopper, 257

Karlsbader pins, 56

keewaydin, Colias, 291

Kenia, Mount, 172

Key to Subfamilies of Nymphalidz, 79

Kilima-njaro, 172

Kirby, Beard, & Co.'s pins, 56

klugi, Dircenna, 89

kodiak, Ccenonympha, 207

Kricogonia, genus, 287; lyside, 287; te-
rissa, 287

labels, 52

labial palpi. See Palpi

labium, of caterpillar, 6; of butterfly, 16

labrum, of caterpillar, 6; of butterfly, 14

lacinia, Synchloé, 159

Lady, "The Painted, 170, 1785 ; The West
Coast, 170

lzeta, Thecla, 249

lais, Argynnis, 109

Lamb's-quarter, 330

lanceolata, Euchloé, 285

lappets, 17

Laria, genus of moths, 224; rossi, 224

larva. See Caterpillar

laura, Argynnis, 120

Lauraceze, 192

Lavatera assurgentiflora, 171

lavinia, Junonia, 173

Leaf-wings, The, I9r

leanira, Melitzea, 146

Leconte, Major John E., 70

legs, of caterpillars, 7; of butterflies, 17

leilia, Chlorippe, 190

Lemonias, genus, 229; cleis, 232; cythera,
230; duryi, 230; mormo, 229; nais, 230;
palmeri, 231; virgulti, 230; zela, 231

Lemoniidz, 65, 228

leonardus, Erynnis, 349

Leopard-spots, The, 178

Lepidoptera, 60 ; diurnal, 61

Lerema, genus, 366; accius, 366; carolina,
367; hianna, 366

Lerodea, genus, 356; eufala, 356

Lespedeza, 324

lethe, Hypanartia, 175

leto, 105

libya, Pholisora, 331

376

Libythea, genus, 226; bachmanni, 227;
carinenta, 227; labdaca, 195

Libytheinz, subfamily, 78,
196

liliana, Argynnis, 119

limbal area of wing, 19

Limochores, genus, 357; byssus, 358; ma-
nataaqua, 357; palatka, 358; pontiac, 358;
taumas, 357; yehl, 359

Linnzus, 58, 69

liparops, Thecla, 244

lisa, Terias, 297

Literature relating to North American
butterflies, 69

Long-dash, The, 351

lorquini, Basilarchia, 185

lower discocellular vein, 21

lower radial vein, 20, 21

lucia, Lyczena, 267

lucilius, Thanaos, 333

Luther's Saddest Experience, 100

Lyczena, genus, 258; acmon, 266; ammon,
270; amyntula, 268 ; annetta, 266; an-
tiacis, 261 ; aquilo, 263; aster, 266; bat-
toides, 264; clara, 259; comyntas, 268;
couperi, 261; dzaedalus, 260; enoptes,
264; exilis, 269; fuliginosa, 258; fulla,
259; glaucon, 264; hanno, 269; hetero-
nea, 259; icarioides, 260; isola, 268;
isophthalma, 269; lucia, 267; lycea, 259;
lygdamas, 262; marginata, 267; marina,
270; melissa, 265; mintha, 260; neg-
lecta, 267; nigra, 267; pheres, 261;
piasus, 268; podarce, 263; pseudargio-
lus, 4, 267; rustica, 263; szepiolus, 260;
Sagittigera, 262; scudderi, 265; shasta,
265; sonorensis, 263; speciosa, 262;
theonus, 270; violacea, 267; xerxes, 261

Lyczenide, 66, 161, 236

lycaste, Ceratinia, 88

lycea, Lyczena, 259

lycidas, Achalarus, 325

lygdamas, Lyczena, 262

lyside, Kricogonia, 287

226; fossil,

macaria, Argynnis, 121

MacDonald, George, quotation from, 201
macglashani, Melitzea, 140

machaon, Papilio, 312

macouni, CEneis, 221

maculata, Oligoria, 361

magdalena, Erebia, 211

Meiaenies The, 194; The Pearly, 195
Malacopoda, 59

m-album, Thecla, 240

Malpighian vessel, 22, 23
manataaqua, Limochores, 357
mancinus, Erebia, 209

mandan, Pamphila, 342

mandibles of caterpillar, 6

manitoba, Erynnis, 347
Many-banded Dagger-wing, The, 180
marcellus, Papilio, 308

marcia, Phyciodes, 153

mardon, Polites, 354

marginata, Lyczena, 267

marina, Lyczena, 270

mariposa, Chrysophanus, 254
maritima, Satyrus, 215

marsyas, Grapta, 165

Index

martialis, Thecla, 240; Thanaos, 335
massasoit, Poanes, 361
Mare of Cay: 6; of butterflies, 14
nard, C. J., 72, 73
ae quotation from, 177
meta Argynnis, 119; Satyrus, 216 ; Colias,

290

Mechanitis, genus, 86; californica,
isthmia, 87; polymnia, 88

median area of wing, 19

median nervules, 21

median vein, 20, 2T

Meganostoma, genus, 288; czesonia, 289;
eurydice, 288

Megathyminze, subfamily, 368

Megathymus, genus, 367; yuccze, 368

melane, Atrytone, 365

melanism, 24

melinus, Thecla, 242

melissa, Lyczena, 265

Meliteea, genus, 137, 161, 163 ; acastus, 143;

87;

alma, 147; anicia, 140; arachne, 148;
augusta, 141; baroni, 141; beani, 140;
bolli, 147; chalcedon, 139; chara, 146;
colon, 140; dymas, 145; editha, 142;

elada, 145; ‘gabbi, 144; harrisi, 144 ; hoff-
manni, 143; leanira, 146; macglashani,

140; minuta, 148; nubigena, 141; nym-
pha, 148 ; palla, 143; perse, 146; phaéton,
4, 138; Tubicunda, 142; taylori, 142;

thekla, 147; wheeleri, 141 ;
wrighti, 147
melite, Dismorphia, 274
menapia, Neophasia, 275
mesothorax, 17, 23
Metabola, 60
metacomet, Euphyes, 360

whitneyi, 143;

Metal-marks, The, 228
Metal-marks, The, 230; Behr’s, 230;
Dury’s, 230; Dusky, 233; Little, 232;

Northern, 232; Palmer's, 231 ;

233

metathorax, 17, 23

metea, Erynnis, 348

mexicana, Terias, 296

micropyle, 4

middle discocellular vein, 21

milberti, Vanessa, 169

mildew, 54

Milkweed Butterfly. See Anosia

Mime, The, 274

Mimic The, 181

Mimicry, 24, 235

mintha, Lyczena, 260

minuta, Melitzea, 148

minyas, Eumzus, 237

misippus, Hypolimnas, 171, 181

‘* Missouri Reports,’’ The, by C. V. Riley, 73

Monarch, The, 82

monima, Eunica, 176

Monkey, story about,
tasteful to, 92

monstrosities, 24

montana, Phyciodes, 156

monticola, Argynnis, 114

montinus, Brenthis, 131

montis, Chlorippe, 190

montivaga, Argynnis, 126; Hesperia, 327

monuste, Pieris, 277

Moore, Thomas, quotation from, 58

Southern,

68; butterflies dis-

377

Index

Moravian Brethren, 127

mormo, Lemonias, 229

Mormon, The, 229

morpheus, Phyciodes, 154

Morris, Rev. John G., ‘‘ Catalogue of the

Described Lepidoptera of North Amer-
ica 7L
morrisoni, Erynnis, 347; Euchloé, 284;

Pyrrhanzea, 193

moths, how to distinguish, from butterflies,
62

mould on spectnens) 54

moulting of caterpillars, 9

mounting butterflies, 38; English method,
39; continental method, 39; on setting-
boards, 40; on setting-blocks, 42

Mount Washington, N. H., 220

Mourning-cloak, The, 169

Mulberry-wing, The, 361

Munkittrick, quotation from, 128

muscles of head of butterfly, 15, 16

mylitta, Phyciodes, 155

Myriapoda, 59

myrina, Brenthis, 129

myrtis, Copzeodes, 346

mystic, Thymelicus, 351

nzevius, Thanaos, 336

nais, Lemonias, 230

names, family, 63; generic, 63; specific,
63; scientific, 66; popular, 68; use of,

7
Naphthaline as a preventative of infection,

Naphthaline cones, 53

napi, Pieris, 279

nastes, Colias, 293

Nathalis, genus, 281; jole, 281; felicia, 281

nausicad, Argynnis, 108

Nearctic Faunal Region, 161, 163

neglecta, Lyczena, 267

negreta, Ceratinia, 88

nelsoni, Thecla, 245

nemesis, Calephelis, 233

Neominois, genus, 212; dionysius, 213;
ridingsi, 213

Neonympha, genus, 201; eurytus, 18, 203;
gemma, 202; henshawi, 202; mitchelli,
203; phocion, 202; rubricata, 204; sosy-
bius, 204

Neophasia, genus, 274

Neotropical Faunal Region, 161, 162

nephele, Satyrus, 215

nervous system of lepidoptera, 22, 23

nervules, 21

nessus, Hesperia, 329

nets, 26-28; the use of, 31

nevadensis, Argynnis, 118

“News, The Entomological,’’ 73

“New York Entomological Society, Jour-
nal of the,’’ 73

Nicholas, Grand Duke, 338

nicippe, Terias, 296

nigra, Lyczena, 267

niphon, Thecla, 249

nitocris, Argynnis, 105

nitra, Papilio, 312

nokomis, Argynnis, 104

Nova Scotian, The, 222

nubigena, Melitzea, 141

number of species of butterflies in the
United States, 25

numitor, Ancyloxypha, 345

nycteis, Phyciodes, 151

nympha, Meliteea, 148

Nymphalidz, 65,77; subfamilies of, 78;
fossil, 196

Nymphalinz, subfamily, 78, 93; eggs of,
94; Indo-Malayan, 161

Nymphs, The (see Nymphalinz); Eyed,
198 ; Common Grass, 200; Spangled, 20r

Oarisma, genus, 343; garita, 3433 powe-
sheik, 343

Oberland, Bernese, 172

Oberthiir, M. Charles, 338

occidentalis, Pieris, 278

ochracea, Coenonympha, 206

ocola, Prenes, 355

Gneis, genus, 218, 224; brucei, 223; ca-
lais, 221 ; chryxus, 221 ; gigas, 220; iduna,
220; ivallda, 222; jutta, 222; macouni,
221; semidea, 222; taygete, 223; uhleri,
222; varuna, 222

cesophagus, of butterfly, 15, 16, 23; of
caterpillar, 22

cetus, Satyrus, 218

oleracea-hiemalis, Pieris, 279

Oligoria, genus, 361; maculata, 361

olympus, Satyrus, 215

opis, Argynnis, 124

Orange-tips, The, 282; Falcate, 284 ; Pima,
284; Reakirt’s, 282

oregonia, Papilio, 314

Ornithoptera, genus, 162, 272; paradisea,
162; victoria, 162

orseis, Phyciodes, 154

osmateria, 9

ottoé, Erynnis, 348

outer angle of wing, I9

oviduct, 23

oweni, Argynnis, 109

Packard, A. S., ‘‘ Guide to the Study of
Insects,’’ 74; ‘‘A Text-book of Ento-
mology,” 74

packing specimens, 55

pacuvius, Thanaos, 336

Palearctic Faunal Region, 161

palamedes, Papilio, 315

palatka, Limochores, 358

palla, Meliteea, 143

pallida, Pieris, 297

palmeri, Lemonias, 231

palpi, of caterpillars, 6; of butterflies, 16,

Panpmle genus, 342; mandan, 342

Pamphilinze, subfamily, 339

pamphiloides, Coenonympha, 207

pamphilus, Coenonympha, 207

papering specimens, 37

Papilio, genus, 161, 162, 272, 306; abbotti,
307 ; ajax, 307; aliaska, 312; antimachus,
162; asterias, 6, 13, 314; bairdi, 313;
brevicauda, 313; brucei, 313; calverleyi,
314; cresphontes, 311; daunus, 310;
eurymedon, 308; floridensis, 307; glau-
cus, 309; hollandi, 314; indra, 312; ma-
chaon, 312; marcellus, 308; nitra, 312;
oregonia, 314 ; palamedes, 315 ; philenor,

378

6, 12, 315; pilumnus, 310; polydamas,
316; rutulus, 309; telamonides, 308;
thoas, 311; troilus, 9, 315; turnus, 3, 23,
309; walshi, 307; zolicaon, 312
“Papilio,” journal devoted to entomology,

Papilionidz, 66, 272

Papilioninz, subfamily, 304; fossil, 196

paradisea, Ornithoptera, 162

Parnassians, The, 304

Parnassius, genus, 304; behri, 306; clo-
dius, 305 ; hermodur, 306; smintheus, 306

Passiflora, 96

passion-flower, 92, 97, 98, 99

Patched Butterflies, The, 159

paulus, Satyrus, 217

Peacock Butterflies, 172

Peacock, The White, 174

Pearly-eye, The, 199

peckius, Polites, 353

pectus, 17

pegala, Satyrus, 215

pelidne, Colias, 293

Periodical literature of entomology, 73

perse, Melitaea, 146

persius, Thanaos, 334

petronius, Thanaos, 335

phaéton, Melitzea, 138

phaon, Phyciodes, 153

pheres, Lyczena, 261

philea, Catopsilia, 286

philenor, Papilio, 315

philodice, Colias, 291

phocion, Neonympha, 202

Pholisora, genus, 330; alpheus, 331; catul-
lus, 330; hayhursti, 331 ; libya, 331

Phycanassa, genus, 362; aaroni, 363 ; how-
ardi, 363 ; viator, 362

Phyciodes, genus,150; barnesi, 155; batesi,
I54; camillus, 155; ismeria, 152; marcia,
153; montana, 156; morpheus, 154 ; my-
litta, 155; nycteis, I51; orseis, 154;
phaon, 153; picta, 156; pratensis, 154;
tharos, 153; vesta, 152

phylzus, Hylephila, 354

piasus, Lyczena, 268

picta, Phyciodes, 156

Pierinz, subfamily, 272 ; fossil, 196

Pieris, genus, 276; acadica, 280; beckeri,
277; bryoniz, 279; monuste, 277; napi,
279; occidentalis, 278; oleracea, 5, 13,
18 ; oleracea-hiemalis, 279 ; pallida, 279 ;
protodice, 12, 278; rapze, 280; sisymbri,
278 ; vernalis, 278; virginiensis, 279

pilumnus, Papilio, 310

pima, Euchloé, 284

pins, 56

Piperaceze, 192

Plantago, 173

platina, Argynnis, 117

Plestia, genus, 322; dorus, 322
lexippus, Anosia, 82
liny, quotation from, 85

Poanes, genus, 361; massasoit, 361

pocahontas, Atrytone, 364
odarce, Lyczena, 263
odostomata, 59

pols, Brenthis, 133
olites, genus, 353; mardon, 354; peckius,
353; sabuleti, 354

Index

polydamas, Papilio, 316
polymnia, Mechanitis, 88
polymorphism, 23

pontiac, Limochores, 358

Pope, Alexander, quotation from, 304
Populus, 169

portia, Pyrrhanzea, 193
portlandia, Debis, 199
potato-bug, 257

powesheik, Oarisma, 343
pratensis, Phyciodes, 154
precostal veins of Erycininz, 228
Prenes, genus, 355; ocola, 355
proboscis of butterflies, 14-16, 23
procris, Copzeodes, 345

progne, Grapta, 166

prolegs, of caterpillars, 7; anal, 8
proserpina, Basilarchia, 184
protective mimicry, 25

proterpia, Terias, 295

proteus, Eudamus, 321
prothorax, 17, 23

protodice, Pieris, 278
pseudargiolus, Lyczena, 267
pseudodorippus, Basilarchia, 185
‘« Psyche,”’ journal devoted to entomology,

Ptelea, 311

punctata, Eresia, 158

pupa. See Chrysalis

Purple, The Banded, 184 ; The Red-spotted,
183

purpurescens, Argynnis, 114

pylades, Thorybes, 324

Pyrameis, genus, 169; atalanta, 170; car-
dui, 170, 171; caryz, 170; huntera, 170;
indica, 172

Pyrrhanzea, genus, 191; andria, 9, 192;
morrisoni, 193; portia, 193

Pyrrhopyge, genus, 319; araxes, 319

Pyrrhopyginz, subfamily, 319

Queen, The, 84

Queens, The Tropic, 180
Quercus, chrysolepis, 239
Question-sign, The, 164

Race after a Butterfly, 127

Ramsay, Allan, quotation from, 316

rape, Pieris, 280

Reakirt, 87-90

reakirti, Euchloé, 282

rectum, 22, 23

Red Rain, 299

Reds, The Banded, 175

Regions, Faunal, 161

relaxing specimens, 41

Repairing broken specimens, 55

Rhamnus californicus, 309

thodope, Argynnis, 115

Rhopalocera, origin of term, 16; suborder
of lepidoptera, 60, 62

Ribes, 252

ridingsi, Neominois, 213

Riley, James Whitcomb, quotation from,

Riley, Professor C. V., vii, 73, 80, 256

Ringlets, The, 205; Alaskan, 207; Cali-
fornian, 205; Elko, 206; Hayden's, 207;

379

Index

Ochre, 206; Plain, 206; Ringless, 207;
Utah, 207
Robinia pseudacacia, 323
Rogers, quotation from, 294
rosa, Euchloé, 284
Ross, Commander James, 224
Rossetti, Christina, quotation from, 294
rossi, Laria, 224
Rothschild, Hon. Walter, 338
rubicunda, Melitaea, 142
rubidus, Chrysophanus, 255
tubricata, Neonympha, 204
Ruddy Dagger-wing, The, 180
Rumex, 253
rupestris, Argynnis, 120
Russell, quotation from, 339
rustica, Lyczena, 263
rutulus, Papilio, 309

sabuleti, Polites, 354

Sachem, The, 352

seepiolus, Lyczena, 260

seepium, Thecla, 244

sagittigera, Lycaena, 262

samoset, Amblyscirtes, 340

sara, Euchloé, 282

sassacus, Erynnis, 348

sassafras, 315

Satyr, The, 165

Satyrinze, subfamily, 78, 197; fossil, 196

Satyrs, The: Baron's, 216; Boisduval's,
218; Carolinian, 204; Gabb’s, 216 ; Geor-
gian, 202; Little Wood-, 203; Mead’s,
216; Mitchell's, 203; Red, 204; Ridings’,
213; Scudder's, 213

Satyrodes, genus, 200; canthus, 200

Satyrus, genus, 214; alope, 215; ariane,
216; baroni, 216; bodpis, 216; charon,
217; gabbi, 216; maritima, 215; meadi,
216; nephele, 215; cetus, 218; olympus,
215; paulus, 217; pegala, 215 ; sthenele,
218; texana, 215

satyrus, Grapta, 165

sauer-kraut, 257

Saxifraga, 306

scales of wings, 18; how to remove, 19;
arrangement on wing, 20

scale-insects, injurious to orange-trees, 256

Schaus, William, 160

scriptura, Hesperia, 328

Scudder, Dr. S. H., author of ‘‘ The But-
terflies of New England,” vi, vii, 72, 73

Scudderi, Lyczena, 265 ; Colias, 293

Sedum, 306

segments constituting external skeleton of
caterpillar, 6

semidea, CEneis, 222

‘semiramis, Argynnis, 121

setting-blocks, 39

setting-boards, 39

setting-needles, 40

sex, 64

sex-signs, 64

Shakespeare, quotations from, 91, 205,
218, 273

shasta, Lyczena, 265

shellac, 55

Shelley, quotation from, 26

‘Shingling *’ butterflies when packing for
shipment, 55

Sigourney, Mrs., quotation from, 57

silenus, Grapta, 166

Silver-spot, Arizona, 108 ; Bremner's, 113;
Columbian, 111; Mead’s, 119; Moun-
tain, 108; New Mexican, 107; Nevada,
118; Northwestern, 109; Owen's, 119

simzethis, Thecla, 246

simius, Amblyscirtes, 341

sirius, Chrysophanus, 255

Sisters, The, 187; Californian, 187

sisymbri, Pieris, 278

Sisymbrium, 284

siva, Thecla, 246

size, 271

Skinner, Dr. Henry, 325, 363

Skippers, The, 318; Aaron's, 363; Arctic,
342; Brazilian, 356; Broad-winged, 362;
Bronze, 341; Canadian, 347; Carolina,

367; Checkered, 327; Cobweb, 348;
Cross-line, 357; Delaware, 365; Dun,
360; Dusted, 366; Erichson’s, 327;

Fiery, 354; Golden-banded, 326; Gniz-
zled, 327; Hayhurst’s, 331; Hobomok,
364; Howard's, 363; Indian, 348; lowa,
364; Leonard’s, 349; Long-tailed, 321;
Morrison's, 347; Ocola, 355; Oregon,
354; Palatka, 358; Peck’s, 353; Pepper-
and-salt, 340; Roadside, 340; Sand-hill,
354; Short-tailed, 322; Silver-spotted,
323; Skinner's, 359; Small-checkered,
328; Snow’s, 350; Tawny-edged, 357;
Two-banded, 328; Umber, 365; Vol-
canic, 351; Woodland, 340; Woven-
winged, 341; Wright's, 346; Xanthus,

Slosson, Mrs. Annie Trumbull, quotation
from, 233

Small Sulphurs, 294; Gundlach’s, 295

smintheus, Parnassius, 306

Smith, Herbert H., 338 :

Smith, Sir James Edward, 70

Smith and Abbot, ‘‘ The Natural History
of the Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of
Georgia,"’ 70

Snout-butterflies, 226, 227; Southern, 227

Snow, Chancellor F. H., 255

snowi, Chrysophanus, 255; Erynnis, 350

snyderi, Argynnis, 118

sofia, Erebia, 210

somnus, Thanaos, 333

sonorensis, Lyczena, 263

Sooty-wing, The, 330; Mohave, 331

sosybius, Neonympha, 204

species, definition of, 62

speciosa, Lyczena, 262

Spenser, Edmund, Quotation from, 226

spermatheca, 23

spicewood, 315

spinetorum, Thecla, 245

spinneret, 6, 22

spinning-vessel, 22

Staudinger, Dr. Otto, 338

stella, Euchloé, 283

steneles, Victorina, 195

sthenele, Satyrus, 218

stomach, 22, 23

Strecker, Herman, 72

strigosa, Anosia, 84

subcostal nervules, 21

subcostal vein, 20, 21

380

subfamily names, 63

submedian vein, 20, 2T

subcesophageal ganglion, 22, 23

“‘sugaring,’’ 32

Sulphurs, The, 272, 289; Alexandra, 292;
Arctic, 293; Behr’s, 294; Cloudless, 286 ;
Common, 291; Gold-and-black, 291;
Great, 285; Labrador, 293; Large Orange,
287; Little, 297; Mead’s, 290; Pink-
edged, 292; Red-barred, 286; Scudder's,
293; Strecker’s, 290

Superstitions, 90

Suspicious Conduct, 136

Swallowtails, The, 272, 306; Alaskan, 312;
Common Eastern, 314; Giant, 311;
Newfoundland, 313; Pipe-vine, 315;
Spice-bush, 315; Tiger, 309

Swinburne, quotation from, 272

sylvanoides, Erynnis, 349

Synchloé, genus, 159; crocale, 160; janais,
159; lacinia, 159

Systasea, genus, 329; zampa, 329

Tachyris, genus, 275; ilaire, 276

tacita, Thecla, Plate XXIX, Fig. 30

tarquinius, Feniseca, 251

tarsi, 17, 18

tatila, Eunica, 176

taumas, Limochores, 357

taxiles, Atrytone, 365

taygete, Céneis, 223

taylori, Melita, 142

tegule, 17

telamonides, Papilio, 308

Tennyson, quotation from, 213

Terias, genus, 294; damaris, 296; delia,
298 ; elathea, 298; flava, 296; gundlachia,
295 ; jucunda, 298 ; lisa, 297; mexicana,
296; nicippe, 296; proterpia, 295; west-
woodi, 297

terissa, Kricogonia, 287

testis, 22

texana, Eresia, 158; Satyrus, 215

textor, Amblyscirtes, 341

Thanaos, genus, 332; afranius, 334; brizo,
332 ; clitus, 336; funeralis, 336; horatius,
336; icelus, 333; juvenalis, 335; lucilius,
333; martialis, 335; nevius, 336; pacu-
vius, 336; persius, 334; petronius, 335;
somnus, 333

tharos, Phyciodes, 153

Thecla, genus, 237; acadica, 242; acis,
240, 246; adenostomatis, 245; affinis,
249; alcestis, 241 ; arsace, 248 ; augustus,
247; autolycus, 241 ; behri, 247; blenina,
245; calanus, 243; cecrops, 246; chalcis,
244; citima, 239; clytie, 247; crysalus,
239; damon, 246; discoidalis, 246; dume-
torum, 249; edwardsi, 243; eryphon, 248;
favonius, 240; grunus, 238 ; halesus, 239;
henrici, 248; humuli, 242; ines, 247;
irus, 248; itys, 243; leeta, 249; liparops,
244; m-album, 240; martialis, 240; meli-
nus, 242; nelsoni, 245; niphon, 249;
szepium, 244; simzetnis, 246; siva, 246;
spinetorum, 245; tacita, Plate XXIX,
Fig. 30; titus, 250; wittfeldi, 241

thekla, Melitzea, 147

theonus, Lyczena, 270

Thibet, 172

Index

thoas, Papilio, 311

thoé, Chrysophanus, 253

thorax, 7, 14, 17, 22, 23

Thoreau, Quotation from, 93

Thorybes, genus, 324; zemilia, 325 ; bathyl-
lus, 325 ; epigena, 325 ; pylades, 324

Thymelicus, genus, 350; ztna, 351; bret-
tus, 351; mystic, 351

tibia, 17, 18

tiger, 63 ‘

Timetes, genus, 179; chiron, 180; coresia,
180; petreus, 180

tip for inflating tube, 46

titus, Thecla, 250

tityrus, Epargyreus, 323

Tokyo, 149

Tongue. See Proboscis

Tortoise, The Compton, 168

Tortoise-shells, The, 167; the California,
168; Milbert’s, 169

trachez, 15, 22

“Transactions of the American Entomo-
logical Society,” 73

transformations, egg to caterpillar, 5;
caterpillar to chrysalis, 11; chrysalis to
butterfly, 13

triclaris, Brenthis, 130

tritonia, Geirocheilus, 211

trochanter, 17, 18

troilus, Papilio, 315

tulcis, Eresia, 158

turnus, Papilio, 309

Turnitis, 285

Twin-spot, The, 361

tyndarus, Erebia, 210

types of butterflies named by W. H. Ed-
wards, vi; used in preparation of this
book, vii

typhon, Coenonympha, 206

uhleri, neis, 222

Umbbelliferae, 312, 313, 314

umbrosa, Grapta, 164

uncas, Erynnis, 349

Uncle Jotham’s Boarder, 233

United States Department of Agriculture,

49, 7.
United States National Museum, 73
upper discocellular vein, 21
upper radial vein, 20, 21
Urtica, 164, 169
urtica, Vanessa, 169
Urticaceze, 164, 165
Utility of Entomology, The, 256

Vanessa, genus, 167; antiopa, 5, 7, 94, 169;
californica, 168; j-album, 168; milberti,
169; urticee, 169; vau-album, 168; xan-
thomelas; 168

vanillze, Dione, 97

varieties, 64; insular, 64

varuna, CEneis, 222

vau-album, Vanessa, 168

veins of wings, 20, 2T

verna, Euphyes, 360

vernalis, Pieris, 278

Vertex, definition of, 14

vesta, Phyciodes, 152

vialis, Amblyscirtes, 340

viator, Phycanassa, 362

381

Index

Viceroy, The, 185

victoria, Ornithoptera, 162

Victorina, genus, 194; steneles, 195
violacea, Lycaena, 267

violets, 98, 102

Violet-wings, The, 175; The Dingy, 176
virginiensis, Chrysophanus, 252; Pieris,

OE). ;
virgulti, Lemonias, 230
vitellius, Atrytone, 364

Wallace, Alfred Russel, 92, 338

walshi, Papilio, 307

Walsingham, Lord, 338

weidemeyeri, Basilarchia, 185

westwoodi, Terias, 297

wheeleri, Melitaea, 141

Whirlabout, The, 351

White Admirals, The, 182

White Peacock, The, 174

Whites, The, 272; Becker's, 277; Cabbage,
280; California, 278; Common, 278;
Florida, 276; Great Southern, 277 ; Mus-
tard, 279; Pine, 275; Western, 278

whitneyi, Melitaea, 143

Wilcox, Ella Wheeler, quotation from, 186

wings of butterflies, 18, 21

winter quarters of Basilarchia, 183

Wistaria, 322

wittfeldi, Thecla, 241

Wood-nymphs, The, 214; Clouded, 215;
Common, 215; Dark, 217; Least, 218;
Small, 217; Southern, 215

wrighti, Melitzea, 147; Copzeodes, 346

writers, early, upon butterflies of North
America, 69; later, 71

xanthoides, Chrysophanus, 253
xanthomelas, Vanessa, 168
xanthus, Hesperia, 328

xerxes, Lyczena, 261

“Yale Literary Magazine,’ 100

yehl, Limochores, 359

Yellow, The Dwarf, 281; The Fairy, 298
The Mexican, 296; Westwood’s, 297

yuccee, Megathymus, 368

zabulon, Atrytone, 364
zampa, Systasea, 329

Zebra, The. See Charitonius
zela, Lemonias, 231

zephyrus, Grapta, 166

zerene, Argynnis, I13
zolicaon, Papilio, 312

Wit

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Full text of "The butterfly book; a popular guide to a knowledge of the butterflies of North America"

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