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Caesar
Julius Caesar
EdUt^T \OOO.SIS.<^OS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY OF THE
Department of Education
COLLECTION OF TEXT-BOOKS
Contributed by the Publkhers
TRANSFERRED
TO
HARVARD COLLEGE
LIBRARY
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iWcinte anti fHoxQm'si Eatin Series
EDITED FOR USE IN SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES
.VNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
EDWARD P. MORRIS, L.H.D.,
PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN YALE UN'IVERSITY
AND
MORRIS H. MORGAN, PH.D.
PROFESSOR OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY
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VOLUMES OF THE SERIES
Essentials of Latin for Beginners. Henry C. Pearson, Teachers
College, New York. 90 cents.
A School Latin Grammar. Morris H. Morgan, Harvard University.
$1.00.
A First Latin Writer. M, A. Abbott, Groton School, 60 cents.
Connected Passages for Latin Prose Writing. Maurice W.
Mather, Harvard University, and Arthur L. Wheeler, Bryn Mawr
College. $1.00.
Caesar. Episodes from the Gallic and Civil Wars. Maurice
W. Mather, Harvard University. ;Si.25.
Cicero. Select Orations with Extracts from the Epistles to
serve as Illustrations. J. Remsen Bishop, Walnut Hills High
School, Cincinnati, and Frederick A. King, Hughes High School,
Cincinnati.
Selections from Latin Prose Authors for Sight Reading. Susan
Braley Franklin and Ella Catherine Greene, Miss Baldwin's School, Bryn
Mawr. 60 cents.
Cicero. Cato Maior. Frank G. Moore, Dartmouth College. 80 cents.
Cicero. Laelius de Amicitia. Clifton Price, University of California.
75 cents.
Selections from Livy. Harry E. Burton, Dartmouth College. $1.25.
Horace. Odes and Epodes. Clifford H. Moore, Harvard University.
$1.50.
Terence. Phormio and Adelphoe. Edward P. Morris, Yale Uni-
versity.
Pliny's Letters. Albert A. Howard, Harvard University.
Tibullus. Kirby F. Smith, Johns Hopkins University.
Lucretius. William A. Merrill, University of California.
Latin Literature of the Empire. Alfred Gudeman, University of
Pennsylvania.
Vol. I. Prose: Velleius to Boethius $1.80
Vol. II. Poetry: Pscudo-Vergiliana to Claudianus 1.80
Selections from the Public and Private Law of the Romans.
James J. Robinson, Yale University. $1.25.
Others to be announced later.
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* Longltnde 8 Wggt 0 LongJtnde
(.FtgoUtptcct, UaOwt'i Cdhv)
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CAESAR
EPISODES FROM
THE GALLIC AND THE CIVIL WARS
WITH AN INTRODUCTION, NOTES, AND VOCABULARY
BY
MAURICE W. MATHER, Ph.D.
FORMERLY INSTRUCIOR IN LATIN IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY
NEW YORK :• CINCINNATI .:• CHICAGO
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
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JULa8'190^>
Harvard Universi^i
Oept of Education Ubraryi
Gift of the Publisher*
fRAIISFCffKEO TO
HARVApO COLLEGf LIBR^Rt
Copyright, 1905, by
EDWARD P. MORRIS and MORRIS H. MORGAN.
Entbrbd at Stationers' Hall, London.
MATHER. CAESAR.
W. P. 1
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PREFACE
A BOOK of seleclioLs from Caesar's Commentaries on the
Gallic and the Civil Wars will be welcomed by many teachers.
In most schools the reading of the whole of Caesar's extant
writings is quite out of the question. A selection must be
made, and the method of selection which is most likely to
produce the best results with the pupil is to take from the
different books those episodes which are of greatest interest
and importance.
It is still customary in many schools to limit the study of
Caesar to the Gallic War, or even to the first fo«r books of this
work. Some of the most interesting portions of Caesar's writ-
ings are thus entirely neglected. The description of Britain
and the Britons in the Fifth Book of the Gallic War and the
comparison of the Gauls and the Germans in the Sixth Book
are not only instructive, as the earliest sources of information
on these peoples, but entertaining as well. No more amusing
fairy tale can be found in any Latin serviceable for schools
than Caesar's sober account of some of the animals in the
Hercynian Forest. The failure at Gergovia — the only repulse
suffered by Caesar's army in Gaul when led by him in person
— and the successful siege of Alesia against an overwhelming
force from without and a strong army from within, commanded
by the intrepid Yercingetorix, greatest of all the Gauls, are
episodes of the utmost interest.
The Ciml War is often altogether unknown to pupils. And
yet no work of antiquity is of greater historical importance or
merit, and few narratives are more interesting than the story in
the Third Book pf the struggle between Caesar and Pompey.
5
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6 PREFACE
Many teachers who would be glad to devote to the Ciml War
a part of the time sj>ent on the study of Caesar have been
deterred by the necessity of buying an additional text-book, an
expense which they have felt to be unwarranted, owing to the
short time during which it could be used.
In this volume some of the most interesting and important
parts of both the Gallic and the Civil War are presented. The
selections from the Gallic War are equivalent in amount to the
first four books. From the Civil War about two thirds as
much is taken. To facilitate reference, all chapters are num-
bered as in complete editions of Caesar.
The notes on the last three books of the Gallic War and on
the Civil War are specially full, for the greater assistance of
those who may find themselves, in these selections, on unfa-
miliar ground. The notes on the First and the Second Books
of the Gallic War have been prepared with an eye to the needs
of those classes which begin their study of Caesar with either
book. Preceding the notes on each book is a summary of the
entire book. The summaries of those parts not included in
this volume are inclosed in brackets.
The Latin text of the Gallic War is in the main that of Meu-
sePs school edition (Berlin, 1894), and of the Civil War that of
Ellger's revision of Paul (Leipzig, 1898). The principal varia-
tions from either of these authorities are in details of spelling.
In the Civil War, 2, 29, Menge^s reading iactaverant has been
inserted to avoid a lacuna; and the conjectures accepted by
Ellger in 3, 6, of iumenta for impedimenta of the Mss., and in
3, 97, of locis acquis for the usual reading iugis eius, have not
been adopted.
" Hidden quantities " are marked in accordance with the
revised edition of Lane's Grammar. A decided advance has
been made in this troublesome subject by the agreement which
was reached in the marking of almost all words by the editors
of the revised Lane, the new Allen and Greenough, and the
Hale and Buck grammars, all of which appeared in 1903.
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PREFACE 7
It is believed that all teachers and pupils will welcome the
innovation in the Vocabulary of printing in full the principal-
parts of verbs and the genitive of nouns, except in the first
conjugation of verbs and in such nouns of the first, second, and
fourth declensions as offer no possibility of mistake.
For the long indirect quotations of the Gallic War, i, 13,
and 14, and for the more difficult passages earlier, the direct
discourse has been given in the Notes ; but this help has not
been supplied in later passages, as it is desirable for the pupil
to be thrown on his own resources a little even in the early
stages of his study, and it is easily possible to make indirect
discourse too much of a bugbear.
On the Plan of the battle with the Nervii {B,G, 2, 18 ff.) the
positions usually assigned to the xth and the ixth legions have
been reversed, so that the ixth shall be stationed on the extreme
left. This harmonizes better with the statement in Chapter 21
that Caesar, when he first started out to encourage his troops,
came by chance first to the xth legion ; for we may assume that
he had been engaged up to that moment about the site of the
camp. It is also at least probable, from the order in which
Caesar mentions the legions in Chapter 23 (namely, ix and x,
XI and VIII, xii and vii), that this was their arrangement in the
line; for it is clear from Chapters 25 and 26 that the viith
legion was on the extreme right (see Holmes, Caesar^ s Conquest
of Gaul, p. 660).
In the brief treatment of Caesar's army no attempt has been
made at completeness. Only such information has been sup-
plied as is needed to make the selections in this book intelligible.
Probably not one in a hundred of the readers of Grant's Memoirs
has even an elementary knowledge of army tactics. Why should
it be considered any more necessary to be thoroughly posted in
Roman military antiquities in order to read Caesar with appre-
ciation and en joymient ?
The sources of the illustrations are sufficiently indicated, for
the most part, in the list, pp. 11 ff. Figures 8, 24, and 38 are
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8 PREFACE
photographs of casts in the Scott Collection at Harvard Uni-
versity. Figure 26 has been drawn specially for this book by
Mr. Gleeson. Figure 35, a photograph of the bust of Caesar in
the British Museum, has been included because of the fame
which this head has long enjoyed, although its authenticity as a
likeness of Caesar is doubtful.
It is a pleasure to acknowledge with gratitude the many
helpful suggestions and criticisms received from the editors of
the series to which this book belongs. Cordial thanks are also
due Mr. Eugene VV. Harter, of the Erasmus Hall High School,
Brooklyn, and Mr. H. T. Rich, of the Boston Latin School, from
whose experience and scholarship the Notes have derived valu-
able improvements. Mr. N. VV. Helm, of the Phillips Exeter
Academy, has given generous assistance in proof-reading.
M. W. M.
Cambridge.
April. 1905.
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CONTENTS
PAGE
Illustrations ii
Maps and Plans 14
Introduction :
Life of Caesar 15
Life of Pompey 31
Caesar's Army 37
A Few Useful Books for the Study of Caesar ... 48
Selections from the Gallic War :
Book I, I, Main Divisions of Gaul 51
2-29, The Helvetian War 52
Book II, 15-28, Defeat of the Nervii 72
Book III, 1-6, War with Alpine Tribes .... 81
7-19, Revolt of the Aremorican States ... 84
20-27, The Campaign in Aquitania .... 94
28-29, Expedition against the Morini and the Menapii 98
Book IV, I- 19, Campaign against the Germans . . .100
20-36, First Expedition to Britain . . .111
37-38, Second War with the Morini and the Menapii . 121
Book V, I, 2, 8-23, Second Expedition to Britain . .123
44, Two Brave Centurions 134
Book VI, 1 1-24, Customs of the Gauls and of the Germans . 135
25-28, The Hercynian Forest and its Fauna . 143
Book VII, 43-53, Caesar's Disastrous Engagement atGergovia 146
69-90, Conflict at Alesia with an Allied Army of all the
Gauls 154
9
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lO
CONTENTS
Selections from the Civil War:
Book 11, 23-44, Curio's Disastrous Campaign in Africa .
Book III, 1-5, Preparations for the Campaign in the East
6-8, 10-19, 23-30, The Eastern Campaign until Antony's
Union with Caesar
39-40, Destruction of Caesar's Fleet
41-44, 47-55, 58-72, Caesar's Unsuccessful Blockade of
Pompey near Dyrrachium
73-99, The Campaign in Thessaly
102-104, Pompey 's Flight and Death
105-107, Caesar in Asia and Alexandria .
Abbreviations
Notes
Vocabulary
170
187
190
205
, 207
224
243
245
248
249
449
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ILLUSTRATIONS
BOOKS USED
BaumeisteTj Denkmaler des Klassischen Altertums.
Bernouilli^ Romische Ikonographie.
Brunn and Arndt^ Griechische und Romische Portrats.
ChatelatHy Pal^ographie des Classiques Latins.
Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des Antiquity Grecques et
Romaines.
Duruyy History of Rome.
Froehner^ La Colonne Trajane.
von Goler^ Caesars Gallischer Krieg.
Lanciani, New Tales of Old Rome.
Undenschmit, Tracht und Bewaffnung des Romischen Heeres.
Napoleon ///, History of Julius Caesar, Atlas.
Oehier, Bilder-Atlas zu Caesars BUchern de Bello Gallico.
RUsiow, Heerwesen und KriegfUhrung Caesars.
SchreibeTy Atlas of Classical Antiquities.
PIG. PAGB
1. Julius Caesar, bust in the Campo Santo, Pisa. Photograph
Facing 17
2. Coin of Augustuses Time, showing the Civic Crown. Duruy 17
3. The Spot where the Body of Caesar was Cremated. Lanciani 25
4. Pompey the Great, bust in Copenhagen. Brunn and Arndi
Facing 32
5. Plan of a Roman Camp, for five legions. After RUstow . 43
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12 ILLUSTRATIONS
FIG. PAGB
6. Caesar, statue in the Palace of the Conservatori, Capitoline,
Rome. Photograph Facing 52
7. A Roman Legionary, from a grave monument in the museum
at Bonn. Lindenschmit 57
8. Caesar, cast of bust No. 107, Chiaramonti Gallery in the
Vatican, Rome. Photograph . . . Facing 61
9. Gallic Armor and Standards, from the Roman arch at Orange.
Duruy 66
10. A Legionary in Full Armor, from a grave monument in the
museum at Wiesbaden Lindenschmit .... 68
11. Vexillum, from the arch of Claudius in Rome, 43 a.d.
Schreiber 75
12. Galea, found in a Roman fort at Niederbiber, Germany.
Lindenschmit 76
13. A Centurion, from a grave monument at Verona Linden-
schmit 78
14. A Standard-bearer, from a grave monument in the museum
at Bonn. Lindenschmit 79
15. Beginning of the Third Book of the Gallic War, from a
manuscript of the tenth century (Parisinus 5763).
Chatelain 81
16. A Ship of War, from a Pompeian wall-painting. Schreiber . 86
17. Vinea. von Goler . -95
18. Caesar's Bridge over the Rhine 109
19. A Transport, from a Pompeian tomb relief. Schreiber . 1 13
20. The Eagle-bearer, from a grave monument in the museum at
Verona. Lindenschmit 115
21 lugum, firom a wall-painting in Nero's Golden House. Da-
remberg and Saglio .119
22. Testudo, from Trajan's Column. Froehner . . . .125
23. Coin of Caesar, owned by Professor M. H. Morgan. Photo-
graph 127
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ILLUSTRATIONS 13
FIG.
24. Caesar, cast of bust in Parma. Photograph . . Facing 132
25. Caesar, basalt bust in Berlin. Brunn and Arndt Facing 141
26. Reindeer and European Elk, drawn by Gleeson . .144
27. The Defenses on Caesar's Rampart before Alesia. Napo-
leon HI 156
28. Outline of Caesar's Works before Alesia. von Gbler . -157
29. Lilium. Napoleon III 157
30 Stimulus. Napoleon III 158
31. Conjectural Appearance of Caesar's Works before Alesia.
Oehler 158
32. Glans, found at Asculum in Italy. Baumeister . . . 164
33. A General, wearing the Cloak, from Trajan's Column. Duruy 168
34. Caesar, bust in the museum at Naples. Brunn and Arndt .
Facing 177
35. Caesar, bust in the British Museum, London. Photograph .
Facing 192
36. Coins of Antony. Bernouilli 204
37. Coins of Pompey. Bernouilli 211
38. Caesar, cast of bronze statuette in Besan9on. Photograph
Facing 213
39. lumentum, from Trajan's Column. Froehner . . .216
40. Mark Antony, bust in the Vatican, Rome. Bernouilli, Facing 220
41 . Attack on a Walled Town, from Trajan's Column. Froehner 230
42. Coins of Caesar. Bernouilli 242
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MAPS AND PLANS
Gaul in Caesar's Time, after Meusel .... Frontispiece
PAGB
Caesar's Defenses along the Rhone 56
The Battle with the Helvetii 67
The Battle with the Nervii 74
The War with the Veneti 90
The Siege of Gergovia, after Holmes 147
The Siege of Alesia, after Holmes 153
Curio's Campaign in Aftica 171
Macedonia and Thessaly, after Paul-Ellger 191
Oricura 205
Caesar^s Siege of Pompey near Dyrrachium . . .218
The Battle of Pharsalus * 236
14
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INTRODUCTION
LIFE OF CAESAR
" That Julius Caesar was a famous man." — Shakspbrb, Richard tlt^ 3, i, 84.
, I. In beginning the study of Caesar, it is well to
many- remember that we are dealing with one of the greatest
sided characters of all time. He not only laid the founda-
tions of the Roman Empire, which survived, with vari-
ous changes, until the abdication of Francis II, in 1806 ; but by
his conquest of Gaul, which Freeman (^General Sketch of European
History y 1874, p. 77) calls "one of the most important events in
the history of the world," he paved the way for Roman civili-
zation in western Europe, and is properly considered the founder
of modern France. Although we are tempted to think of him
principally as a successful general, he is distinguished above
Alexander, Hannibal, Napoleon, or Grant, in that he showed
unusual ability in many other lines as well. As an orator he had
gained favorable notice before he was twenty-five years of age, and
in the judgment of Quintilian (10, i, 114), an excellent Roman
critic, he might have rivaled even Cicero, if he had devoted him-
self to the art of oratory. His style as a writer is given high praise
by Cicero {Brutus y 262), and yet his literary productions were
composed rapidly, and in the midst of an exceedingly busy life of
affairs. It is as a statesman and practical politician, however,
that Caesar deserves the greatest renown. He appears to have
been the only man of his time to see the impossibility of holding
the Roman government together under the old senatorial rule, in
which corruption and violence often rode supreme over all justice
or right. Caesar's strongest claim to honor rests on the clear-
»5
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1 6 LIFE OF CAESAR
sighted, firm course he pursued in restoring order out of the chaos
of civil war, and in securing a just and wise reform administration
in many departments of the Roman domain.
The word Caesar is perpetuated in the German Kaiser and
possibly in the Russian Czar^ both of which mean 'emperor.*
The name of the month in which Julius Caesar was born was
changed, in his honor, from Quinctilis to Julius, and is preserved in
English, French, and several other modern languages.
2. Gaius luUus Caesar was born July 12, probably
boyhood. ^^ *^^ X^^^ '^^ ^-^"^ ^^ ^*^ father's side he claimed
descent from the mythical founders of the Roman state,
and his paternal grandmother's family traced its ancestry to Ancus
Marcius, reputed to be the fourth king of Rome.
Caesar was fortunate in having a good mother, who watched
over her boy and guided his education so carefully that she is
named by Tacitus {Dialogus, 28) side by side with Cornelia, the
mother of the Gracchi, as a model of motherly devotion. It may
have been due to her wisdom that he was not, like most Roman
boys at that time, intrusted to the instruction of a Greek slave, but
was given a tutor from Gaul (probably Cisalpine Gaul, now north-
em Italy), a well-educated, refined man, named Gnipho, to whose
influence he may have partly owed his lifelong interest in the Gal-
lic peoples. It is easy to suppose, too, that many of Caesar's
gentler characteristics, which distinguished him from most men of
his day, were inherited from his mother.
Early 3- Caesar's political activities were early enlisted
democratic by the democratic party against the nobility of the
tendencies, g^jj^^^g j^g jj^^g^ y^^cvt been somewhat influenced by
the career of his uncle, the great Marius, through whose support
* This is the year for which Mommsen {History of Rome, edition of 1895, IV, ayS-aSo)
argues, chiefly on the ground that if we accept the traditional date, too B.C., Caesar held the
aedileship, praetorship, and consubhip, two years before the legal age. Had this been the
case, we should expect some reference to it in ancient writers. It seems unlikely too; for at
that time Caesar had not attained to such distinction as to make it probable that he was
exempted from the regular workings of the law.
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Fig. X. — CAESAR: PISA
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LIFE OF CAESAR
17
he was appointed a priest of Jupiter when a mere boy, and still
more by his marriage in S^ b.c. to Cornelia, daughter of Cinna,
Loyalty a prominent democratic politician. His loyalty to his
to his wife, young wife when Sulla, the head of the senatorial
party, ordered him, the next year, to put her away, illustrates
two traits of his character which were often displayed throughout
his life; namely, his strong will, and his faithfuhiess to friends. He
was outlawed and obliged to go into hiding for a time. Once he
was caught, and escaped with his life only by bribing his captor.
But influential friends interceded, and Sulla finally pardoned him,
prophesying that he would one day be the ruin of the aristocracy,
for in him there were many Mariuses.
Wins the ^' ^^^^^^S ^hat there was no security for him in
civic Rome, Caesar went to Asia Minor, where he gained
*^^ his first military
experience, and won the
civic crown, equivalent to
a medal of honor, for sav-
ing the life of a fellow-
soldier. Upon Sulla's death,
in 78 B.C., he returned to
Rome, and soon attracted
public attention by the skill
with which he conducted the
prosecution, for extortion,
of two provincial governors.
Studies 1076 B.c.,wishing
oratory. to perfect his ora-
torical talent, he studied at
Rhodes under the famous teacher Molon. On his way thither he
Captured was captured by pirates near Miletus, and for thirty-
by pirates, eight days, while the ransom money was being collected,
he was held a prisoner. He joined in their sports, wrote verses
and speeches for their amusement, and if they failed to admire his
MATH. Ci€SAR — 2
Fig. 2. — Coin showing Civic Crown.
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1 8 LIFE OF CAESAR
efforts, called them to their faces barbarous and illiterate, and
threatened to crucify them. Upon his release, he procured ship?
at Miletus, took the pirates by surprise, recovered his ransom
money, and carried out the threat which he had jestingly made
when he was in their power.
5. In 74 B.C., after being chosen to the religious
ndStarv o^ce of pontiff, he returned to Rome, and was soon
tribune, elected to his first public magistracy, the military
*^"du'^'' tribunate. In 70 B.C. he supported the democratic
measures of the consuls Pompey and Crassus, whereby
the Sullan constitution, which had made the senate supreme, was
overthrown. In 68 B.C. he served as quaestor in Further Spain.
Three years later, as curule aedile, he had control of public fes-
tivals, and improved to the utmost the opportunity of winning the
favor of the populace by giving lavish exhibitions and elaborate
gladiatorial contests. He also restored the statue and trophies of
Marius, which had been destroyed by Sulla. When he laid down
the aedileship, he was the hero of the democratic party, and was
practically certain of being elected, at the earliest legal age, to the
highest offices of the government.
6. In 63 B.C. Caesar was elected chief pontiff, and
^^^ Xhe' thus became the head of the Roman religion. This
Catiline office was held for life, and was considei-ed a great prize,
conspir- j^ ]^gpj ^ j^^^ constantly before the eyes of the people,
and enabled him to exert no little control over the
government through the management of the calendar. When
Caesar left home on the morning of the election, he kissed his
mother and told her he should return as chief pontiff or not at
all. This was the year of Cicero's consulship, made forever mem-
orable by the overthrow of Catiline's conspiracy. Caesar was
charged by some of his political enemies with being implicated in
it, and may very well have sympathized with the attempt to weaken
the rule of the aristocracy ; but the most radical schemes of the
revolutionists, involving murders and arson, can hardly have been
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LIFE OF CAESAR 1 9
countenanced by a man of his usually humane and merciful
character. In the end, he stood with his party in advising
against the adoption of the unconstitutional death penalty for
the conspirators.
Pnetor. 7- After holding the praetorship, a judicial ofl5ce,
Proprae- for the year 62 B.C., Caesar served as propraetor in
first triam- P"^^^*^^'* Spain. There he gained much useful military
Tirate. experience and won such successes that he was entitled
^^^^' to celebrate a triumph upon his return to Rome. This
honor he renounced, however, owing to certain legal difficulties,
in order to stand as a candidate for the consulship for 59 B.C.
His election to this office was effected partly by his great popu-
larity with the common people, and partly by a masterly stroke
of politics, by which he formed the so-called First Triumvirate,* a
union of himself with Pompey, the greatest general, and Crassus,
the wealthiest man of Rome, for the purpose of promoting their
own interests in spite of the obstructive senate. Bibulus, Caesar's
colleague in the consulship, representing the aristocrats, strove
to thwart all his plans, until utterly beaten at every turn he
at last shut himself up at home for the rest of the year, thus
giving the wits a chance to say that the consuls were Julius and
Caesar, instead of Caesar and Bibulus. Laws were then passed
ratifying Pompey's acts in the East and granting farms to his dis-
charged veterans. Through Caesar's influence, abstracts of all de-
bates in the senate were posted in the forum, and more stringent
laws against extortion in the provinces were carried. Other impor-
tant legislative work was accomplished, by the aid of the popular
assembly, regardless of the inefficient and jealous senate. During
the year the union with Pompey was strengthened by his mar-
riage to Caesar's beautiful and accomplished daughter Julia. At
about the same time Caesar married his third wife. Cornelia
(§3) had died nine years before, and a second wife, owing to a
1 This was not a board esublished by law, but a " steering committee " privately arranged
by these three politicians.
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20 LIFE OF CAESAR
scandalous report, was divorced in 62 B.C., with the well-known
remark, " Caesar's wife must be above suspicion."
Proconsul 8. The senate hoped that at the end of his consul-
in Gaul. ship Caesar could be buried in obscurity and his legis-
lation undone. But the triumvirate, which had been formed to
guard against any such contingency, obtained for him, through the
vote of the people, an appointment for five years, with the com-
mand of three legions, to the governorship of Cisalpine Gaul (north-
ern Italy above the Rubicon) and Illyricum. The senate, seeing
the way in which the wind of popular favor was blowing, added the
Roman province in Transalpine Gaul (southern France, called
Provincia on the map) and one legion. Nobody realized that
this last appointment was to open the way for one of the most
successful and famous military careers in history. The command
to defend the province against attacks from without gave him the
excuse for his campaigns in central and northern Gaul during the
next eight years, which resulted in the complete subjugation of
the whole territory. Caesar himself described the campaigns
of the years 58-52 b.c.,^ but the exploits of 51 B.C., which
made the victory secure, were narrated by Hirtius, one of
Caesar's faithful lieutenants. During these years both Britain
and Germany were entered for the first time by a Roman
army.
The con- ^' ^" ^^^ spring of 56 B.C. Caesar met his colleagues
ference at of the triumvirate at Lucca, on the frontier of his Cisal-
Lucca. pjj^g province, to lay plans for a continuance of their
policies. This conference was attended by all the principal men
of the democratic party. It was decided that Caesar's governor-
ship of Gaul should be extended for another term of five years,
while Pompey and Crassus, after holding the consulship for 55 B.C.,
were each to receive a governorship for five years, Ponipey in
Spain, Crassus in Syria.
* For these campaigns, see the summary at the head of the notes on each book of the
Gaiitc War.
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• LIFE OF CAESAR 21
Bud of the ^^' ^^ S4 ^'^' Crassus departed for Syria, and was
triomvi- killed tlie next year at the battle of Carrhae. Pompey
'*^' intrusted his province to a lieutenant, and remained,
contrary to all precedent, at Rome. In this year his beloved
wife Julia died, and thus a strong bond of sympathy and interest
between him and Caesar was broken. With the death of Crassus
the triumvirate was at an end, and the gulf separating the two
survivors constantly widened. In 52 B.C. Pompey was made sole
consul to restore order from the anarchy which had prevailed in
the city the past few years. He thus found himself the champion
of the senatorial party, which was opposed to Caesar and hoped to
get him out of the way, as soon as his term of office should expire,
by overthrowing his political measures and even bringing him to
trial for his unconstitutional proceedings during his governor-
ship.
Efforts to '^' Caesar's only safeguard against the attacks of his
piovent political foes lay in his election as consul for 48 B.C. ;
■ec^^' for, according to Roman law, so long as a man held
consul- office he could not be tried for his official acts. As
■^P- early as 56 B.C., at the Lucca conference, the triumvirs
had arranged that upon the expiration of his command in Gaul he
should at once enter the consulship, and a law was put through in
52 B.C. exempting him from the requirement by which all candi-
dates for office had to declare themselves in person seventeen
days before the election ; for during his proconsulship he could
not legally come into Italy from his province. This exemption
was annulled, however, a little later through Pompey's influence,
and Caesar's enemies in the senate endeavored during the
years 5 1 and 50 B.C. to deprive him of his proconsulship before
the legal expiration of his term at the close of 49 b.c. At the
same time the army under Pompey's command was strengthened
by various measures.
CiTil war 12. Caesar made more than one attempt to come to
begun. a compromise with the senate, and even offered to give
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22 UFE OF CAESAR
up his governorship and disband his army if Pompey would do
likewise. He would then come to Rome and stand for the con-
sulship in the regular way. His proposals were met by the senate
early in January, 49 B.C., with the demand that he give up his
provinces and dismiss his troops before a certain day on pain of
being declared a traitor. A few days later, by a decree of the
senate, the country was declared to be in danger, and Pompey
and other magistrates were given full power to provide for it§ de-
fense. The Caesarean tribunes, one of whom was Mark Antony,
finding their right of veto overridden and their very lives endan-
gered, fled in disguise to Caesar ; and this violation by the senate
of the sacred office of tribune gave Caesar the opportunity, which
he was not slow to seize, to pose as the protector of the constitu-
tion against the lawless attacks of the senate. Seeing that war or
political ruin were the alternatives before him, Caesar, being as-
sured of the allegiance of his soldiers (only Labienus, his ablest
and most trusted officer, deserted him), crossed the Rubicon, the
little stream separating his province from Italy, and civil war was
begun.
13. Caesar's clear-sighted grasp of a situation and
War. his rapidity of action were never better displayed than
Caesar j^ the first year of the Civil War. By October, 49 B.C.,
•opreme. j^^iy^ Sicily and Sardinia, Spain, and Marseilles had all
been won to his side. In August of the next year he completely
defeated Pompey at Pharsalus in Thessaly. Going to Alexandria
in Egypt in pursuit of Pompey, he was detained until the summer
of 47 B.C. by an uprising which, though insignificant in itself,
nearly cost him his life.* While there he came under the spell
of the famous Cleopatra. Before returning to Rome he settled
affairs in Asia, winning at Zela in Pontus such an easy victory
that he sent home the well-known message, "Veni, vidi, vici."
Arriving in Italy before anybody dreamed of his approach, he set
> For these campaigns, see the summaries of the three books o( the Ctvu IVar, pp. 38a-
384. 397-398.
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LIFE OF CAESAR 2$
about restoring order and confidence in the government and in
business lines. B«l in a few weeks he had to take the field again,
thb time in Afi-ica, where the Pompeians had gathered a strong
army. In the battle of Thapsus, fought in April, 46 B.C., Caesar
won a decisive victory. Labienus, his old friend and lieutenant,
with Pompey*s son Sextus and other survivors, escaped to
Spain, where at Munda, in March, 45 B.C., the final conflict
of the war resulted in the complete overthrow of the Pompeians.
Caesar was now the undisputed master of the whole Roman
dominion.
Caesar's '4* ^^^ senate and people lavished honors and
wise and titles upon the conqueror. He was made dictator for
^'^ ""**• life, having already thrice received the appointment for
shorter terms. The title of Imperator was given him, signifying that
he held supreme military and civil power throughout the empire.
He controlled all legislation through the tribunician powers which
were conferred upon him. The censorial power gave him com-
plete management of the senate, and oversight of the conduct of
all the citizens. He used his prerogatives for the most part wisely
and well. The senate, which in. its old form had outlived its use-
fulness, was remodeled, its numbers were largely increased, and
even provincials and worthy men of low rank were admitted to its
membership. A beginning was made in the disbanding of the
legions and settling them on farms in Italy and the provinces.
Bankruptcy laws were passed, granting justice both to debtors and
creditors. Free distribution of com, which helped to pauperize
thousands of the poor, was better organized, and the number of
recipients reduced by more than a half. For the relief of Rome
and Italy colonization was projected on a large scale. Carthage
and Corinth, which had been destroyed by Rome a hundred years
before, were rebuilt shortly after Caesar's death in accordance
with his plans. An effort was made to reduce the evils of slavery
and provide for the employment of a greater number of free men.
Provincial administration was much improved and a just system of
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24 LIFE OF CAESAR
taxation was inaugurated. As early as 49 B.C. Caesar gave to the
Gauls between the Po and the Alps the full Roman citizenship,
and he afterwards conferred the same or similar rights on more
distant communities, as Cadiz in Spain and some districts in
Transalpine Gaul. The calendar, which was nearly two months
out of the way, was reformed on scientific principles, and with
only slight modification remains in use to-day. And these are
only a few of the many projects which he had in mind for the
betterment of the government in many parts of the empire. His
rule promised a great improvement over the senatorial system of
government, which had too often fostered the interests of the aris-
tocratic and capitalist classes and neglected the welfare of the
people taken as a whole.
Caesar's '5* Although Caesar had shown the utmost gener-
assassina- osity and clemency towards the men who had fought
^^^' against him in the Civil War, there were naturally many
among them who could not accept peaceably the idea of an ab-
solute monarchy. Disgruntled politicians, too, who felt that they
had been slighted in the distribution of the offices, capitalists and
others whose dreams of wealth had been balked by his finan-
cial legislation, unpractical lovers of the old republican forms,
and some who could not forgive him because he had reduced
them to the necessity of being forgiven by him, were all restless
under the new yoke. A conspiracy comprising about sixty men,
among them several of his intimate friends, was finally formed,
and on the Ides (the 15th) of March, 44 B.C., he was assassinated
at a meeting of the senate.^ An act more useless or less justified
by results the world has seldom seen. The empire was plunged
once more into civil war, from which it was Hberated only after
thirteen years of strife and bloodshed, when Caesar's grandnephew
and heir became sole ruler and established firmly the principle of
absolutism which the greatest of the Caesars had set up.
* Shaksperc's Julius Caesar gives an interesting imaginative account, based upon Plu-
tarch, of the plot and assassination.
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LIFE OF CAESAR
25
l6. Caesar is said by Suetonius {Life of Caesar^ 45)
to have been tall and of light complexion. He had a
commanding presence, dark eyes, large mouth, and a
high forehead. He was extremely fastidious about his
dress and personal appearance. A premature baldness
gave him not a little uneasiness. He was strong and
active, excelled in athletics, and was capable of an astonishing
amount of work without relaxation.
Personal
appear-
ance.
Character.
Religious
views.
Deifica-
tion.
Fig. 3. — The Spot where the Body of Caesar was Cremated. From
Lanciani's New Tales of Old Rome,
By permission of Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
In energy and swiftness of action he has never been surpassed,
frequently appearing in front of an army when he was supposed to
be hundreds of miles away. Even in hardship and disaster his
courage was firm, and he inspired his men with perfect confidence
in his judgment and ability as a commander. He won their
devotion, too, by his willingness to share their dangers and priva-
tions, his hearty commendation of merit, and his interest in their
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26 LIFE OF CAESAR
personal welfare. More than once he saved the day by leaving
his horse and fighting side by side with his men. Although in
accordance with the custom of the time he allowed his soldiers
occasionally to indulge in unnecessary cruelty against a vanquished
foe, yet he is distinguished above all his contemporaries for his
mercy and readiness to forgive his fellow-countrymen who took
sides against him. His fairness is seen in his writings, whefe he
praises even his barbarian enemies, as the Helvetii and the Nervii.
Although the republican constitution was overthrown by Caesar,
he cannot be regarded as a usurping tyrant seeking power merely
to satisfy his own ambition. It was only after exhausting every
means to obtain a peaceable settlement with Pompey and the
senate that he began the Civil War. The alternative to fighting
was complete political ruin for himself, and the triumph of the
senatorial party, which had been showing itself for years less and
less worthy of conducting the government. When victory placed
the sole power in his hands, he saw clearly and truly that the only
way to effect the reforms which the just interests of the whole
people, poor as well as rich, provincials or Romans, demanded,
was to keep the reins in his own hands and to use the officials and
the senate simply as functionaries to carry out his will. That he
rose to absolute power in accordance with a well-matured plan
formed years before is not likely ; but he was a constructive states-
man, capable of taking advantage of circumstances and of directing
them towards the end which his discernment saw was essential for
the public welfare.
In religion Caesar was a freethinker. Like most educated men
of the time he could not believe in the national gods, Jupiter,
Juno, and the rest. Although he showed favor to the Jews at
Alexandria and elsewhere, it is not to be supposed that he knew
anything of their God, in whom modem civilized peoples believe ;
and the Christian religion was not yet founded. He appears,
however, to have trusted somewhat in an overruling power, which
he called Fortune. Death he thought should not be feared, as it
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UFE OF CAESAR 27
brings no misery, but sets men free from the troubles of this life.
He laughed at the signs which worried the superstitious. When
he was disembarking in Africa for the brief campaign which was
ended with his victory at Thapsus, he stumbled and fell, but giving
a good turn to what others considered an unlucky omen he said,
" I seize thee, Africa."
In the year after his death by a solemn vote of the senate this
freethinker was enrolled among the gods and given the name
Divus lulius. The people thought that he was proved to have
become a god by the appearance of a comet in the heavens at the
celebration, in his honor, of the games of Venus Genetrix, who
was considered to be the ancestral goddess of the Julian family.
Caesar's 1 7. Caesar's literary activity covered a wide field.
wTitings. i,^ j^is gj^rly years and again near the close of his life he
dabbled in poetry, although not with marked success. His only
extant verses are in praise of the comic poet Terence. In oratorv
Caesar was surpassed only by Cicero, who praises his style highly
(^Brutus y 252). One winter during a journey from Cisalpine Gaul
to his army he composed a grammatical treatise. He wrote a
book on astronomy, probably in connection with the reform of
the calendar. After the suicide of the sturdy but narrow-minded
republican, Cato of Utica, Caesar attacked him in a pamphlet
replying to Cicero's panegyric. A collection of notable and witty
sayings was also published by Caesar, and for many years after his
death his official despatches and many of his private letters to
Cicero, Balbus, and other friends, were extant. Of all these works
only the merest fragments are preserved.
By great good fortune we have, however, Caesar's most im-
portant works, namely, the Commentaries on the Gallic and the
Civil Wars. The Gallic War describes Caesar's campaigns in
Gaul during the years 58-52 b.c, and was probably published in
51 B.C. The events of each year are related in a single book.
The campaign of 51 B.C., in which the Gauls were completely
subjugated, was described by Hirtius, one of Caesar's officers, who
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28 LIFE OF CAESAR
also recounts the attempts made at Rome in 50 b.c by Caesar's
opponents to prevent his having a second consulship in 48 b.c.
The Civil IVar, which was published after Caesar's death, treats
in detail the events of 49 and 48 b.c, from the outbreak of the
war till the Alexandrine uprising. It thus includes Caesar's con-
quests in Italy, Spain, and Thessaly, the capture of Marseilles, the
loss of Curio's army in Africa, and the unsuccessful blockade of
Pompey near Dyrrachium. The narrative ends abrupdy, and
doubtless Caesar meant to carry it farther with the account of the
Alexandrine, Asiatic, African, and Spanish campaigns, which had
occupied'him intermittently through 47-45 B.C.
Caesar's account of the Gallic and the Civil wars is one of the
most valuable military histories ever written. The style is singu-
larly clear and direct, free from all rhetorical or literary artifices,
and from the time of Cicero to the present day has been con-
sidered the best model of simple unaffected Latinity. Caesar's
purpose was not so much to write history himself as to furnish
historians with the materials for writing ; but Cicero says (Brufi^s,
262) that by his pure and clear brevity he discouraged others from
attempting to improve on his work. Doubtless he wished to make
his exposition favorable to himself, and presumably he concealed
some of his mistakes. Apparently, too, he was sometimes misled
by the reports of others, and in a few details his memory may
have played him false ; but for the most part his statements can
be accepted with confidence.
The Commentaries have always been read and studied by
military men. Napoleon recommended them to all aspiring
officers, and I^rd Wolseley, recently commander-in-chief of the
British army, says that the words of Caesar will suggest to a soldier
of to-day " reflections that he may afterwards recall with advantage
as applicable to modern campaigns." At the battle of San Jacinto
(April, 1836), by which Texas won its independence from Mexico
in a victory strikingly like some of Caesar's achievements, the
commander of the Texans was the picturesque old frontiersman.
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LIFE OF CAESAR 29
General Sam Houston, who had been a diligent student of Caesar's
Commentaries.
" A wonderful man was this Caesar !
Who could both write and fight, and in both was equally skillfull "
— Longfellow, Tht Courtship 0/ Miles Standish^ Part II.
Caesar in '^' ^° English literature Caesar holds only an ob-
later liter- scure place. Even in Shakspere's Julius Caesar^ the
ature. most important work in which he appears prominently,
he can hardly be called the hero of the play. While Brutus, Cas-
sius, and Antony are all idealized, Caesar is pictured as weak,
vacillating, and superstitious. And yet Shakspere held no mean
opinion of him, as can be seen from such lines as
" Caesar was mighty, bold, royal, and loving." — Julius Caesar ^ 3, x. 127.
" There be many Caesars ere such another Julius." — Cymbeline, 3, i, zi.
Chaucer, in the Monk's TalCy tells of Caesar's murder, wrongly
putting it on the Capitol, a detail in which he is followed by
Shakspere, who makes Polonius say (^Hamlet, 3, 2, 97), "I did
enact Julius Caesar : I was killed i' the Capitol ; Brutus killed
me." There is a record as early as 1562 of a performance
at Whitehall of a play entitled Julius Caesar, but this entry is
possibly mythical. In 1582 a I-,atin play, Caesar Interfectus, by
Dr. Eedes, was acted at Oxford. It is to this performance that
Polonius refers in Hamlet; and probably the familiar "Et tu.
Brute" first occurred in the Latin play, although Shakspere is
more likely to have taken it from the True Tragedy of Richard^
Duke of York (1595).
After Shakspere's play appeared (probably 1600-1601), an un-
successful counterblast, called Caesaf^s Fall, was written by Web-
ster, Middleton, Munday, and Drayton. In 1604 Alexander's
Julius Caesar appeared. A puppet-play of 1605 was founded
on Shakspere's play. In 17 19 Davenant and Dryden altered
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30 LIFE OF CAESAR
Shakspere's play to conform to the tastes of the day. No play of
Shakspere is more popular or has been translated into more lan-
guages than /u/ius Caesar, The Duke of Buckingham's two plays,
The Tragedy of Caesar and The Tragedy of BrutuSy were printed
in 1722, but neither was ever acted.
A different period of Caesar's life is presented in Fletcher's
tragedy The False One (about 1620), which deals with Caesar's
experiences in Egypt after the battle of Pharsalus (§ 13). His
relations with Cleopatra give the principal interest to the plot.
An adaptation of this play was produced in 1724 by CoUey Cibber,
whose Caesar in Egypt shows a nobler and more idealized charac-
terization of both Caesar and Cleopatra. Pompey's murder and
Caesar's narrow escape from destruction in the war with Ptolemy
are important episodes of both plays.
The only novel in which Caesar holds a prominent part is
A Friend of Caesar (1900), written by an American, Mr. William
Stearns Davis, and even here the interest of the story centers
round other characters.
In the literatures of other languages Caesar has exerted even
less influence than in English. In 1550 the French scholar Muret
(generally called Muretus) pubHshed a poem in Latin called yiviiW
Caesar, which consisted largely of anecdotes taken from Suetonius.
Among Voltaire's early tragedies are his Brutus and La Mort de
Cesar, neither of which compares favorably with Shakspere's play.
A German school teacher, Nicodemus Frischlin, produced in 1588
a Latin play, the Helve tiogermani, which relates the story, given
in the first book of the Gallic War, of the campaigns against the
Helvetii and the Germans under Ariovistus. In the comedy
Julius Redivivus, Frischlin represents Caesar and Cicero visjting
the upper world in his own day at Strassburg. It contains pas-
sages based on Caesar's account of the Germans in the sixth book
of the Gallic War, Petrarch, the Italian poet of the fourteenth
century, wrote a life of Caesar, which follows closely the ancient
sources, and in the account of the Gallic and the Civil wars is
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LIFE OF POMPEY 3 1
based on Caesar's own books. Louis XIV of France translated
the first twenty- nine chapters of the first book of the Gallic War,
containing the narrative of the Helvetian campaign. August e
Barbier*s play, Jules Cesar (1848), is of no special merit. A
patriotic and historical poem, Vercingetorix et Cesar, by J. Pautet,
was published in 1865.
Though his influence in literature has been small, Caesar has
always been a familiar name to school children in all lands where
Latin forms an essential part of the educational system. The
simple, clear style of his writings, as well as the interest of the nar-
rative itself and the greatness of the author, make it improbable
that Caesar's influence in this direction will ever wane.
" O Julius Caesar, thou art mighty yet ! " — Julius Caesar, 5, 3, 94.
LIFE OF POMPEY
Birth. '9* Pompey's career illustrates the extremes of for-
Early tune. Rising in the height of his successes to such
exp oiU. j^Q^or as no Roman before him had ever won, he finally
Joins tne ' ■'
senatorial became a fugitive, seeking safety wherever it might be
party. found, and met death at the hands of a cowardly assassin.
Gnaeus Pompey was born September 29, 106 B.C., not quite
nine months after the birth of his friend and political supporter,
Cicero, and about four years earlier than his rival and conqueror,
Caesar. While a mere boy he saw service in his father's army,
and at the age of twenty-three so distinguished himself as an in-
dependent commander, in behalf of the senatorial or aristocratic
party, that Sulla, the greatest general of the time, saluted him with
the compHmentary title of Imperator, a most extraordinary honor
for a man so young. During the next two years, he commanded
with such success against the popular or democratic forces in
Italy, Sicily, and Africa, that Sulla greeted him on his return
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32 LIFE OF POMPEY
with the surname of Magnus, or the Great, and after some
reluctance permitted him to celebrate a triumph. This was
the first time that such an honor was granteti a man who had
not held any public office, and who, consequently, was not a
member of the senate.
CommaiidB 20. Upon Sulla's death, in 78 B.C., the democratic
against consul, Lepidus, tried to overthrow the Sullan constitu-
and Ser- ^^^^* which had put all the government in the hands of
torius. the aristocratic party. Pompey was given command
against Lepidus and soon drove him out of Italy. In the next
year he was sent by the senate to aid Metellus in the war against
Sertorius in Spain. Sertorius declared that a ferule was the only
weapon he should need with which to whip this lad, if he were not
afraid of the old woman Metellus; and in fact he would have
worsted Pompey in pitched battle more than once if Metellus had
not come to the rescue. Finally in 72 b.c. Sertorius was treach-
erously assassinated by his own officers, and Pompey found no dif-
ficulty in defeating his successor and bringing the war to a close.
On his return to Italy he met and cut to pieces five thousand fugi-
tive slaves from the army of Spartacus, who had been overthrown
by Crassus. For this exploit he egotistically claimed that, while
Crassus had conquered the slaves in battle, he had plucked up
the whole war by the roots.
First con- 21. Although he had not yet reached the legal age,
sulship. and had held none of the lower offices, Pompey was
elected consul with Crassus for the year 70 B.C. He won the
favor of the popular party by restoring to the tribunate the powers
it had possessed before Sulla's reforms, and by taking away from
the senate the exclusive right of sitting on juries in the law courts.
Caesar supported these democratic measures and was glad to see
the senate alienated from the popular hero. During this year
Pompey received his formal discharge from military service, de-
claring at the ceremony that he had served the full number of
campaigns prescribed by law, and all under himself as general.
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Fig. 4.— POMPEY: COPENHAGEN
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UFE OF POMPEY 33
Wan with 22. For the next two years Pompey lived in retire-
the pirates ment, but in 67 B.C., upon the proposal of the tribune
mthiidft- Gabinius, he was given by vote of the people, in spite of
tea. strong opposition from the senate, an extraordinary
command against the pirates, with absolute control over the whole
Mediterranean and its shores for fifty miles inland. The pirates
had carried things with a high hand for many years, destroying
fleets, plundering cities and temples, taking Roman officials pris-
oner, and above all cutting off Rome's corn supply from the
provinces. In three months Pompey cleared the sea of pirates,
making commerce secure once more and restoring plenty and
cheap prices to the capital.
Through this astonishing success Pompey became by far the
most distinguished man of the time. The following year the trib-
une Manilius proposed that he should be given charge of the war
against Mithridates, king of Pontus in Asia Minor, who had been
warring with the Romans for more than twenty years. Pompey
brought this troublesome and dangerous war to an end in 63 B.C.,
and reorganizad the states of Asia, adding several new provinces
to the Roman domain and increasing the revenues of the treasury
by more than a half. One of his achievements was the capture of
Jerusalem and the reduction of Judea to a Roman dependency.
When he returned home in 62 B.C., he might easily have seized
the supreme power with the help of his army and the political sup-
port of the people. But shrinking from such violation of the con-
stitution, he dismissed his legions as soon as he landed in Italy, and
was thus left at the mercy of the jealous senate, which long refused
to grant him a triumph, to ratify his acts in the East, or to assign
farms to his veterans.
Friendl ^^* When Caesar returned from Spain in 60 B.C., his
xelationa chief ambition was to secure the consulship for the fol-
Yj^ lowing year. Taking advantage of the feud between his
friend Pompey and the senate, he formed the First
Triumvirate (§7) with Pompey and Crassus for the purpose of
MATH. CAESAR — J
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34 LIFE OF POMPEY
forwarding their own interests in spite of senatorial opposition.
Early in his consulship he secured the ratification of Pompey's
settlement of the East and the assignment of lands for his
veterans.
The friendship of the two men was sealed by the marriage of
Pompey to Caesar's daughter Julia. When the people had voted
to Caesar the governorship of Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum for
five years, it was Pompey who proposed in the senate that Trans-
alpine Gaul should be added to Caesar's province.
In 57 B.C. Pompey was made commissioner for five years of the
com supply throughout the empire, a position of high honor but
little power. His request to be intrusted with the restoration of
the exiled Ptolemy Auletes to the throne of Egypt was refused by
the senate.
At the Lucca conference in 56 B.C. (§9) Pompey and Crassus
were designated as consuls for 55 B.C., and Pompey was to receive
the governorship of Spain for the five years following. He appears
to have felt, however, that his influence, which had been waning
as Caesar's had been growing during the last few years, would be
endangered if he left Italy. Consequently, under the pretext of
administering the corn supply, and disregarding all precedent, he
committed his province to lieutenants and remained near Rome.
The break ^4* ^^^^ J"^*^ ^'^^ ^^ September, 54 B.C., a strong
with tie between Pompey and Caesar was broken, and with
Caesar. ^^^ death of Crassus the next year the community of
interests which had held the triumvirate together was at an end
(§ 10). Still no open rupture occurred, and in 53 b.c. Pompey
loaned Caesar a legion to be used in Gaul. Anarchy prevailed at
Rome, elections even could not be held regularly, and at the
beginning of 52 B.C. such disorder followed the murder of Clodius,
Caesar's demagogue supporter, that Pompey was made sole consul
by the senate.
This action made him the leader of the senatorial party, and put
an end to the union of eighteen years' duration with Caesar.
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LIFE OF POMPEY 35
During the year Pompey married Cornelia, daughter of Metellus
Scipio, a bitter enemy of Caesar, and on August i he made his
father-in-law his colleague in the consulship for the rest of the
year. In the next two years Pompey and the enemies of Caesar
in the senate were intriguing to prevent Caesar from receiving a
second consulship in 48 B.C., and refusing all of Caesar's overtures
for peaceable settlement of the rivalry between himself and
Pompey (§§ 11, 12).
In the fall of 50 B.C., upon the false report that Caesar was col-
lecting his troops in upper Italy, the consul Marcellus with both
consuls elect, all fanatically opposed to Caesar, ordered Pompey, on
their own responsibility and therefore unconstitutionally, to defend
his country, using the forces then under his command and, if
necessary, levying more. Pompey was so overconfident, being
deceived partly by extravagant demonstrations throughout Italy
over his recovery from a severe illness, and partly by the asser-
tions of certain officers that Caesar's soldiers would desert as soon
as war began, that he neglected all proper precautions, boasting
that, whenever he stamped with his foot in any part of Italy, troops
enough would arise in an instant.
vil ^5* ^^^^f '" January, 49 B.C., the implacable senate,
war. refusing all of Caesar's proposals, declared the country
Pompey'8 to be in danger, and summoned Pompey and the other
magistrates to its defense (§ 12), Pompey was found to
be far less ready for action than his rival. Upon learning that
Caesar had crossed the Rubicon and that town after town was
passing into his hands, all Rome was filled with the wildest con-
fusion. Wholly unprepared for fighting, Pompey and his sup-
porters fled in hot haste to Brundisium, whence the two consuls
and part of the army at once embarked for Dyrrachium, and
Pompey himself with the rest of his troops followed a few weeks
later, when Caesar arrived before the town.
Making his headquarters at Dyrrachium, Pompey spent the
year 49 b.c. in strengthening his fleet and collecting men and
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36 LIFE OF POMPEY
supplies of every sort from all the countries of the East, where
his name had been one to conjure with ever since his exploits in
the Mithridatic War. When Caesar, after his victorious campaigns
in Italy and Spain,* arrived in Epirus at the beginning of the next
year, his little army was no match for Pompey's in numbers or
equipment. But while Caesar's troops were veterans, who had
learned to put implicit confidence in their general and were ready
to do and dare the utmost in his behalf, Pompey was hampered
by the jealousies and feuds of the many nobles and magistrates in
his suite, each one of whom wanted a share in the direction of
affairs.
Although Caesar's daring attempt to blockade Pompey near
Dyrrachium was a failure, he amply atoned for this reverse a few
weeks later by his crushing defeat of the Pompeians at Pharsalus
(August 9, 48 B.C.).
Plight and ^6. Pompey himself fled with a handful of compan-
death. ions. Coming to the sea, he spent the night in a fish-
erman's cottage, and next morning obtained passage in a merchant
ship for Lesbos, where his wife and younger son were sojourning
during the war.
The pathetic meeting with his wife is related by Plutarch. She
had been led to believe that his success at Dyrrachium had de-
cided the war in his favor. When she learned that he had come
as a fugitive with a single ship, and that not his own, she fell in a
swoon. Upon recovering her senses, she was brought to Pompey,
who tried to console her with philosophical reflections. " It be-
hooves us, who are mortals bom," he said, "to endure these
events, and to try fortune yet again ; neither is it any less possi-
ble to recover our former state than it was to fall from that into
this."
Taking his wife and a few friends on board, Pompey proceeded
on his way. After mature deliberation he decided to seek refuge
with the Egyptian king, whose father had been restored to his
> See the summary of Book First of the Civil War, p. 382 f.
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CAESAR'S ARMY 37
throne through Porapey's favor. The young king's ministers,
hoping to win Caesar's favor, had him treacherously murdered
before the eyes of his wife and friends, as he was stepping ashore.
The body, which was left lying on tlie sand, was burned by a
freedman of Pompey, who had accompanied him to land. The
funeral pile was made from planks of an old fishing boat. The
head was reserved as a trophy for Caesar, who, when he saw it,
turned away in disgust and sorrow, and afterwards had two of the
guilty ministers punished with death.
Pompey died September 28, 48 b.c, the thirteenth anniversary
of his triumph for the victory over Mithridates, and one day before
he would have been fifty-eight years old. He was an honest man
in an age of corruption and crookedness, a good husband and
father, and a capable military officer. But he was not gifted with
Caesar's strong character and power of leadership, and if he had
been victorious at Pharsalus, there can be no doubt that he would
have been the mere tool of the bloodthirsty, unscrupulous aristo-
crats, who were eager only to enrich themselves at the expense
of their political and personal enemies, in utter disregard of the
welfare of the state as a whole.
CAESAR'S ARMY
The 27. The tactical unit in the Roman army was the
legion. legion, the full strength of which was theoretically 6000
men. But, as in modern armies, the effective fighting strength
was constantly changing, owing to sickness, desertions, or losses in
battle. It is estimated that Caesar's legions never much exceeded
5000 men, and at the battle of Pharsalus, as we know from his
own statement {B,C. 3, 89), they averaged only 2750. Like
modem corps and regiments, the legions were designated by num-
bers, as first, tenth, etc.
The legionary soldier was a Roman citizen of the lower classes.
He enlisted for twenty years, and at the expiration of his term
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38 CAESAR'S ARMY
was rewarded with money, often with a farm, thus being assured
of a competence for the rest of his days, just as in our own times
veterans are given pensions and government positions. Veterans
were often invited by a general to reenter the service for one or
more campaigns. They were exempt from all the harder duties,
and received liberal pay and rewards. Caesar paid his legionaries
at first 1 20, afterwards 225, denarii (about $40) a year, but the
purchasing value of money was greater then than now. In addi-
tion to their pay, soldiers received a share of the booty, and gifts
from the general, after successful campaigns. They were trained
to a variety of duties, and could fortify a camp, build bridges, or
repair ships, as readily as they could fight. They constituted the
heavy infantry of the army.
Divisions ^^' ^^^ legion was divided into ten tactical units
of the called cohorts, each cohort comprising three maniples,
legion. Qj. companies, and each maniple being again subdivided
into two centuries, or platoons. Accordingly, there were thirty
maniples and sixty centuries in each legion. The best men of the
legion were in the first cohort.
The aux- 29. While the brunt of the fighting fell on the legions,
i^^i^es. there was a considerable body of light infiantry {pedites
levis armaturag) always attached to the army. These were never
Romans, but were furnished by allied or subject states upon the
requisition of the commander, or were hired fi-om independent
nations. They comprised the slingers {/unditoris) and archers
{sagiifarii) . They had only light defensive armor or none at all.
In battle they were stationed at the wings, and were depended on
merely to make a show of numbers or to help in confiising the
enemy at the first attack.
The cav- 30. The cavalry also belonged to the auxiliaries, being
•I'y- raised altogether from allied and subject states. Cae-
sar's cavalry was composed of Gauls, Germans, and Spaniards.
The Germans were by far the most effective. Horsemen were no
match for infantry in actual conflict, but they were useful for
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CAESAR'S AHMY 39
defending the legions from flank attacks, for reconnoitring, and
especially in the pursuit of a defeated enemy.
Thegeft- 31 • Caesar as governor of a province had absolute
exal. command of his army. Although he possessed the
imperium^ or supreme power, from the moment of entering upon
his office, the title of imperatory general-in-chief, was given by his
soldiers after his first victory, which was won over the Helvetians
in 58 B.C.
The Uea- 32. The lieutenants (Jegafi) were members of the
^•"•^^•' Roman senate, appointed by that body on the nomina-
tion of the general. They could be detailed by the general for
any service, civil or military. Caesar appointed his lieutenants to
the command of single legions. Occasionally a lieutenant was
given temporarily an independent command of two or more
legions, with the title of legatus pro praetore (* lieutenant acting
as commander*). Among Caesar's most capable lieutenants
were Labienus, who deserted him at the beginning of the Civil
War, Publius Crassus, son of the triumvir, Quintus Cicero, tjie
orator's brother, and Mark Antony, who afterwards shared with
Octavian the rule of the Roman world.
The quaes- 33- Every governor of a province had a quaestor
^'- assigned to him by lot. These officials, elected annually
at Rome, had charge of the finances of the province, the pay,
equipment, and supplies of the army, and the management of the
booty. Caesar occasionally put a quaestor in command of one
or more legions.
The commander-in-chief with his lieutenants, quaestor, and a
large number of aids and guards, formed the general staff of the
army.
The trib- 34- The tribunes were young men of equestrian rank,
*"*••• who obtained appointment from the general himself
through family and political influences. Being without military
experience and usually remaining with the army only a short time,
they were of less value than the lieutenants. Their command in
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40 CAESAR'S ARMY
battle was apparently limited to small detachments of one or more
cohorts. They presided over courts- martial and took part in the
councils of war. They also had numerous administrative duties,
such as maintaining the discipline of the camp, attending to the
levying or discharge of troops, and assisting the quaestor in pro-
viding supplies and equipment. There were six tribunes to each
legion.
The cea- 35« Most important of the subordinate officers were
torions. the centurions. Unlike the superior officers they were
professional soldiers, having been promoted from the ranks through
merit. As their name implies they were commanders of centuries.
Accordingly there were sixty in each legion, six in each cohort,
and two in each maniple (§ 28).
Of the six centurions in each cohort the two belonging to the
first maniple were called p'llus prior and pilus posterior; the two
belonging to the second maniple, princeps prior and princeps pos-
terior; and the two of the third maniple, hastatus prior and
hastatus posterior. The ptlus prior must have commanded the
whole cohort, and within each maniple the prior^ or senior, cen-
turion was doubtless in charge.
The cohort to which a centurion belonged was indicated by
prefixing the proper numeral. The lowest centurion of the tenth
cohort of any legion was decimus hastatus posterior^ the fourth
centurion of the fifth cohort was quintus princeps posterior^ the
first centurion of the first cohort ^nzb primus pilus prior ^ generally
abbreviated to primifilus.
The pnmip'ilus was the chief centurion of the legion and ranked
next to the lieutenant, its commanding officer. This was the highest
rank to which any centurion could aspire. The six centurions of
the first cohort, called centuriories pnmorum ordinum^ outranked
all the others and enjoyed the special confidence of their superiors,
being the only centurions invited to the councils of war. The
centurions of the tenth cohort were the lowest in rank {centurioties
tnfimorum ordinum), and the order of promotion was probably
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CAESAR'S ARMY 4I
through the six grades of the tenth cohort, then of the ninth, the
eighth, and so on to the first. Men of special bravery were some-
times promoted over the heads of their superiors. Caesar tdls of
advancing a worthy centurion from a position in the eighth cohort
to the rank oi pnmiptius, the highest in the whole legion.
The coon- 36- The commanding officer frequently invited to a
dlofwar. council of war his lieutenants, quaestor, tribunes, and
centurions of highest rank. This body could merely advise. The
general was perfectly free to go contrary to its judgment.
The pre- 37« The prefects were officers of the auxiliary troops,
fects. whether infantry or cavalry. The subordinate prefects
were generally of the same nationality as their men, but the high-
est prefects were Romans. The engineering operations of the
army were also in charge of an officer called prefect of engineers.
38. The legionary soldier was protected by a helmet
{galea or rassis), which was adorned with a crest, and
left the face exposed ; a leather cuirass (/drlca), reenforced with
strips of metal ; and a shield (scutuni) of cylindrical shape, made
of wood covered with hide. Probably a greave {ocrea) was worn
on the right shin, the left was sufficiently protected by the shield.
39. The weapons of the legionary were the javelin
* {pilum) and the sword {giadius). The javelin, which
was about six feet long, consisted of a wooden shaft in which was
fitted a long slender iron hardened only at the point. When the
weapon struck, the iron bent and thus made it unserviceable for
the enemy's use. The javelins were hurled with great force and
accuracy by the charging soldiers when they were about seventy-
five or one hundred feet from the enemy. In the hand-to-hand
encounter which followed, the weapon used was the sword, about
two feet long, double-edged, and sharp-pointed. It was carried
on the right side suspended from a belt passing over the left
shoulder.
The stand- 40. The Standard of the legion was a silver or bronze
"*•• eagle {aquiia), with outstretched wings, carried on a
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42 CAESAR'S ARMY
long pole. It was borne by the aquilifer under the special chaige
of the chief centurion {pnmipUus),
Each maniple had its standard {signum), of varying forms so
that the soldiers could easily distinguish their own. Animals were
the commonest devices, and streamers or metal ornaments were
often attached. The cohort had no separate standard.
The cavalry and the auxiliary infantry had rectangular flags or
banners {vexiila) of different colors. A vexillum was also kept
flying at the general's quarters.
41. Wheat was the favorite food of the Roman sol-
diers, about two pounds forming one day's ration. On
one occasion in the Civil War, rations for three weeks were issued,
but ordinarily the soldier received his allowance every fortnight.
The grinding and cooking were the work of the soldiers them-
selves. Variety of diet could be obtained by trading with the
sutlers, who attended the army in considerable numbers. Meat
was only sparingly eaten.
The 42. On the march each soldier carried his own per-
b*ggag«- sonal baggage, containing rations, clothing, cooking and
intrenching utensils, arms, etc., all tied in a secure bundle {^sar-
cind) and fastened to a forked stick slung over the shoulder. This
pack must have weighed, according to the amount of rations,
from thirty to sixty pounds.
The general baggage of the legion, including tents, artillery,
provisions, hand-mills for grinding the grain, etc., was carried by
pack-animals (iumentd) or on wagons. From four hundred to
five hundred pack-animals must have been required for each
legion. The baggage train was such a hindrance to the army on
the march that it was called impedimenta.
The camp 43* ^^^ Roman army always spent the night in a care-
Its fortill- fully built camp {castra). The shape of the camp was as
cations. nearly square or rectangular as the nature of the ground
allowed. The favorite site was a gently sloping hill, which would
give a commanding position against an enemy, and near which
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CAESAR'S ARMY
43
could be found an abundance of water and fodder, with wood for
fuel and for fortification. The place was selected, and the plan
of the camp marked out, by scouts sent on ahead. When the
army came up, men were at once detailed to complete the work.
A ditch {fossa) was dug round the outer line of the camp, the
dirt being thrown up on the inner side to form a rampart {vaiium).
The dimensions of ditch and FbrtaPrMtoru
rampart varied according to /^ ^-^ ^\
(
1 1
• 4
1 1 1
S t I 1
2 2 2
! 1 8 s
4 5
L»ffat.Tribi| L^tr*t.Trib.j
» 10
-» 10
M lO
m
m
5~^
CO ^
CO M
m
1
m
CO •>
m
m
V^
CO ->
Anx.
1
Anx.
3»
o> *>
CO •
o»
Anx.
Anx.
«D
A lU
00 «-
o
lO
o
O
•4 *.
r
9
s
S
9
9
t
X
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X
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X
)
circumstances, but ordinarily
the ditch was about nine feet
wide at the top and seven
feet deep, the rampart about
six Jeet high and six feet
broad at the top. On the
outer edge of the rampart
stakes {val/t) were planted
close together, making a
fence, some four feet high,
from behind which the de-
fenders hurled their weapons
down upon their assailants.
Towers and other defenses
were sometimes added to the
rampartJ
Interior of 44- In the mid-
thecamp. die of the camp
was a roomy open space, in which were the general's quarters
{praefbrium)y the tribunal from which he addressed his troops, and
the altar for sacrificing. The quaestor's quarters were just behind
the praetorium. From the praetorium a street ran to the main
entrance of the camp {porta praetor id) in the middle of the front
rampart. Directly opposite this entrance, in the rear wall of the
camp, was the porta decumana. Each of the side walls also had
an entrance connected by a wide street passing in front of the
J}
PorU Dwnmaiuk
Fig. 5. — Plan of a Roman Camp.
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44 CAESAR'S ARMY
praeiorium. All the troops, both infantry and cavalry, had their
regular positions in camp, so that every man could find his own
quarters without any confusion.
The winter camp {htberna) was constructed on the same plan,
but as it was a permanent home of the soldiers for several months,
its fortiHcations were ordinarily stronger, and thatch-covered huts
took the place of tents.
The gates were always securely guarded, and their defense was
made easier by the arrangement of the entrance, whereby any one
attempting to enter exposed his right side, which was unprotected
by the shield.
45. The day's march usually began at sunrise and was
completed about noon. Sixteen or seventeen miles
made an ordinary march, but Caesar's army was famous for forced
marches {magna itinera) ^ of twenty-five miles or more, by which
the enemy were often taken completely by surprise. The van-
guard {pnmum agmen) consisted of cavalry and light infantry.
The legions followed at a suitable distance, each legion preceding
its own baggage {impedimenta) ^ except in times of danger, when
the baggage of the whole army was united. A strong force of
infantry brought up the rear {navissimum agmen). Occasionally,
in the immediate proximity of the enemy and over level ground,
the army marched in three parallel columns, and could thus be
quickly formed into the triple line of battle {triplex acies),
46. The legion was generally drawn up for battle in
three lines {triplex acies). The number of cohorts in
each line varied according to circumstances, but the normal
arrangement was probably with four cohorts, side by side, in the
first line, and three in each of the other two.
4th 3rd 2nd 1»t Cohort
I II ir II I
7th 6th 5th
r II II I
10th 9th
II — ir
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CAESAR'S ARMY 45
The three maniples of each cohort stood side by side, the
second century of each maniple behind the first. If two or more
legions were in line, they stood beside each other, perhaps with a
slight interval between, but it is unlikely that there was any
interval between the cohorts in the first line of a single legion.
Cavalry and auxiliaries were generally stationed on the extreme
wings of the army.
Occasionally the army was drawn up in a double line (duplex
aa?s), with five cohorts in each, and more rarely, as at Pharsalus
{B.C. 3, 89), a fourth line was formed as a special reserve.
Other formations were occasionally adopted as circumstances
demanded.
The first line began the battle, charging the enemy at full speed.
When they came within range, the soldiers hurled their spears
upon the enemy's line, and then fought hand to hand with the
sword. The men of the second line gradually worked their way
into the fight, taking the places of the killed and wounded. As a
man became exhausted he fell back, giving way to a fresh man of
the second line until rested enough to resume fighting. The third
line was held as a reserve to be launched on the enemy at a criti-
cal moment or to support the first two lines in any way desired.
47. The Romans exercised great ihgenuity in taking
walled towns. If the fortifications were weak, an assault
was tried at once. The walls were cleared of defenders by
showers of well-aimed missiles, the ditch round the town was filled
with earth and brush, the gates and walls were demolished at the
most convenient points, or scaling-ladders were run up, and the
capture {expugnatid) of the town was speedily accomplished.
Some towns were so strong in their position that they could be
taken only by a blockade {obsidio), which might continue until
the besieged were starved into submission. Caesar's investment
of Alesia, in 52 B.C., was one of the most remarkable military
operations of all time.
If a town was strongly defended, but not inaccessible in loca-
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46 CAESAR'S ARMY
tioD, a regular siege {pppugnatio) was begun, with elaborate prep-
arations culminating in an assault A siege mound (agger) of
timber and earth was built, starting from a point nearly, or quite,
out of range of the enemy's missiles, and rising in height as it
approached the wall of the town. The builders were protected
by high movable fences and by rows of sheds (vinecu) along the
sides of the mound. Stronger sheds {musculi) were used as the
work came near the wail. Archers and slingers, and sharp-
shooters with artillery for hurling stones or shooting darts, also
endeavored to prevent the enemy from manning the walls. Some-
times the mound equaled the height of the wall ; in this case the
invaders rushed along the mound and entered the town without
much difficulty. Sometimes it was raised only high enough to
admit more easily of using scaling-ladders {scaiae) or towers
(turres). The towers were huge structures on wheels, built up,
story upon story, to overtop the enemy's wall. From them mis-
siles could be hurled into the town, or drawbridges thrown out,
on which soldiers passed across to occupy the wall and seize the
town. Mines (cuntculi) were sometimes dug to give entrance to
the town. Whenever a breach had been made in the wall, ranks
of men, holding their shields so that they overlapped and formed
a tortoise-covering (Jestudo) above their heads, ran up and tried
to force an entrance.
The besieged tried in every way to thwart the assailant. Some-
times the siege mound was undermined or set on fire. The sheds,
too, unless they were well protected by strong coverings and green
hides, were liable to be destroyed by fire or heavy stones. The
implements for demolishing the walls were occasionally caught in
nooses and hauled into the city. Sorties were made when possible
in the effort to drive the enemy away and to destroy his works.
48. The Romans had no distinct naval service, but
the fighting men of a fleet, both officers and privates,
were drawn from the legions. The tactics were comparatively
simple, consisting mainly of ramming an enemy's vessel with the
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CAESAR'S ARMY 47
sharp metal-covered beak {rostrum) and sinking it, or of running
ak>ngside and grappling it while the legionaries sprang on board
and engaged in a hand-to-hand combat. Towers were sometimes
erected on a ship from which missiles could be sent down on the
enemy.
The ships of war {naves iongae) were about eight times as long
as broad. They had only one or two sails, being propelled mainly
by rowers, and were capable of high speed. The commonest
form was the trireme {tririmis), in which the rowers sat on three
levels or banks. The mdders were two large oars, one on each
side, at the stem. For carrying troops or supplies, transports
{naves onerariae) were used. These were only about four times
as long as broad, and were consequently steadier, but far slower,
than the ships of war. They were propelled mainly by sails.
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48 USEFUL BOOKS
A FEW USEFUL BOOKS FOR THE STUDY OF CAESAR
Fowler, W. W. Julius Caesar. Heroes of the Nations series, N.Y. and
London, 1892. The best account of Caesar's life and influence, popular
but scholarly.
Froude, J. A. Caesar ^ a Sketch, N.Y., 1879 and (Harper, cheap edition)
1 88 1. An interesting but partisan history of Roman politics and of
Caesar. Unfair towards Cicero.
TrollOpe, A. The Commentaries of Caesar. Edinburgh and London, 1870,
Philadelphia, 1875. ^^ account, book by book, of the Gallic and the
Civil wars.
Dodge, CoL T. A. Caesar. Boston and N.Y., 1892. A history of the art
of war among the Romans, with a detailed description of Caesar's cam-
paigns.
Holmes, T. R. Caesar's Conquest of Gaul. London and N.Y., 1899. An
excellent narrative of the Gallic War, with abundant discussions of many
knotty points.
Napoleon IIL Histoire de Jules Cesar. Paris and N.Y., 1 865- 1 866; trans-
lation, London and N.Y., 1865. To be used with caution. Has a valuable
atlas, containing maps of Gaul in sections, and plans of battles.
Stoffel, Col. E. 6. H. C. Histoire de Jules Cesar, Guerre Civile. Paris,
1887. Continues Napoleon's work.
Heuzey, L. Les Operations Militaires de Jules Cesar. Paris, 1886. A study
of Caesar's operations in Macedonia, lllyricum, Epirus, and Thessaly, in
the Civil War. Good maps.
Scott, F. J. Portraitures of Julius Caesar. London and N.Y., 1903. Has
a brief sketch of Caesar's life, followed by a description of all the known
coins, busts, and statues which purport to give his likeness. Many plates
and cuts.
Baring-Gould, S. Tragedy of the Caesars. London, 1892. Vol. I gives an
entertaining narrative of Caesar, with the most important busts and
statues of Caesar, Pompey, and others.
Boissier, 6. Cicero and his Friends. N.Y. and London, 1897. P^ges
209-302 treat of Caesar's relations with Cicero.
Suetonius. Lives of the Caesars. Alexander Thomson's translation, revised
byT. Forester. London, 1896. The life of Julius Caesar is one of the
most reliable of the ancient sources.
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USEFUL BOOKS
49
Plutarch. ZjWj, Vol IV. Clough's translation. Boston, 1 88 1. The life of
Caesar is interesting, but not to be depended on where it conflicts with
other sources.
Mommsen, T. History of Rome. N.Y., 1895. Vols. IV and V have a full
and highly laudatory account of Caesar, who is Mommsen's hero.
Holm, A. History of Greece. London and N.Y., 1894-1898. Vol. IV,
Ch. 28, and especially Note 2, may be read as an antidote to Mommsen.
Oehler, R. Bilder-Atlas zu Caesars Buchern De Bello Gallico. Leipzig,
1890. Has useful pictures and maps.
Kraner-Dittenberger. De Bello Gallico. Berlin, 1890. Includes the eighth
book by Hirtius. The best annotated edition for those who can read
German.
Kraner-Hoffmann. De Bello Civili. Berlin, 1890. Similar in plan to the
last-named book.
Benoist et Dosson. fules Char, Commentaires sur la Guerre des Gaules.
Paris, 1899. Useful for its notes on history, geography, and antiquities.
Mensel, H. Lexicon Caesarianuni. Berlin, 1887-1893. A list of all words
in Caesar's writings, including proper names, and stating all the passages
in which each word occurs.
Davis, W. S. A Friend of Caesar. N.Y., 1900. A novel of the time of the
Civil War. Gives a satisfactory picture of Caesar, and will be read with
interest and profit.
MATH. CAESAR— 4
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C IVLI CAESARIS
BELLI GALLICI
UBER PRIMVS
I. BfAIN DIVISIONS OF GAUL
I. Gallia est omnis divlsa in partes tres, quarum unam
incolunt Belgae, aliam Aqultan!, tertiam qui ipsorum lin-
gua Celtae, nostra Gall! appellantur. Hi omnes lingua,
institutis, legibus inter se differunt Gall5s ab Aquitanis
5 Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit.
Horum omnium fortissiml sunt Belgae, propterea quod
a cultu atque humanitate prdvinciae longissime absunt, mi-
nimeque ad e5s mercatdres saepe commeant atque ea quae
ad effeminandos animds pertinent important ; proximique
losunt Germanis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum
continenter bellum gerunt. Qua de causa Helvetil quoque
reliqu5s Gallos virtute praecedunt, quod fere cotldianis
proelils cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suls finibus
eos prohibent, aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt
15 Eorum una pars, quam Gall5s obtinere dictum est,
initium capit a flumine Rhodano; continetur Garumna
flumine, Oceano, finibus Belgarum ; attingit etiam ab Se-
quanls et Helvetils flumen Rhenum; vergit ad septen-
triones. Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur;
5«
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52 BELLI GALLICI
pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis RhenI; spectant
in septentrionem et orientem solem. Aquitania a Garumna
flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et earn partem Oceani quae
est ad Hispaniam pertinet ; spectat inter occasum soiis et
5 septentriones.
2-29. THE HELVETIAN WAR, 58 B.C.
Plots of OrgetoriXi a Helvetian noble
The Heiveiit 2. Apud Helvctios longc nobilissjmus fuit et
^ml^r^ation dltJssimus Orgetorix. Is, M. Messala, M. Pisone
into Gaul. consullbus, rcgnl cupiditate inductus coniura-
tionem nobilitatis fecit, et civitati persuasit ut de ffnibus
10 suis cum omnibus copifs exirent : perf acile esse, cum vir-
tute omnibus praestarent, totlus Galliae imperio potirl. Id
hoc facilius ils persuasit, quod undique loci natura Helvetil
continentur: una ex parte flumine Rheno latissimo atque
altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit ; altera
15 ex parte monte lura altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et
Helveti5s; tertia lacu Lemannd et flumine Rhodan5, qui
provinciam nostram ab Helvetiis dividit. His rebus fiebat
ut et minus late vagarentur et minus facile fmitimls bellum
inferre possent ; qua ex parte homines bellandl cupidT magnd
2odol6re adficiebantur. Pr5 multitudine autem hominum et
pr5 gloria belli atque fortitudinis angust5s se fines habere
arbitrabantur, qui in longitudinem mlllia passuum ccxl, in
latitudinem clxxx patebant.
3. His rebus adducti et auctoritate Orgetorlgis permoti
25 constituerunt ea quae ad proficlscendum pertinerent com-
parare, iumentdrum et carrorum quam maximum numerum
coemere, sementes quam maximas facere, ut in itinere
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FIG. 6. — CAESAR: CAPITOLINK
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Liber i, cap. 2-4 53
copia frumenti suppeteret, cum proximis civitatibus pacem
et amicitiam c5nfirmare. Ad eas res cdnficiendas biennium
sibi satis esse duxerunt ; in tertium annum profecti5nem
lege cdnfirmant.
5 Orgetorix dux deligitur. Is legationem ad intrigues of
civitates suscipit. In e5 itinere persuadet Cas- ^fj^^caf/u
tico, Catamantaloedis filio, Sequand, cuius pater •''^''^•
regnum in Sequanis mult5s annos obtinuerat et a senatu
populi Roman! amicus appellatus erat, ut regnum in civi-
lotate sua occuparet, quod pater ante habuerit; itemque
Dumnorigi Haedu5, fratri Dlviciacl, qui eo tempore princi-
patum in civitate obtinebat ac maxime plebi acceptus erat,
ut idem conaretur persuadet, eique ffliam suam in ma-
trimonium dat. Perfacile factu esse illls probat conata
15 perficere, propterea quod ipse suae civitatis imperium
obtenturus esset: non esse dubium quln totlus Galliae j)lu-
rimum Helvetii possent; se suls copiis sudque exercitu
illTs regna conciliaturum confirmat. Hac oratione adducti
inter se fidem et ius iurandum dant, et regno occupato per
20 tres potentissimos ac firmissimos populos totius Galliae sese
potirT posse sperant.
4. Ea res est Helvetiis per indicium enuntiata. jyia/ and
M5ribus suTs Orgetorigem ex vinculis causam ch-ggtoiix.
dicere coegerunt ; damnatum poenam sequi opor-
25 tebat ut igni cremaretur. Die cdnstituta causae dictionis
Orgetorix ad iudicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum
millia decem^ undique coegit, et omnes clientes obaera-
t5sque suos, quorum magnum numerum habebat, eodem
conduxit; per eos ne causam diceret se eripuit. Cum
3ocivitas ob eam rem incitata armis ius suum exsequi c6nar§-
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54 BELLI GALUCI
tur, multitudinemque hominum ex agrls magistratus c6-
gerent, Orgetorix mortuus est; neque abest susplcid, ut
Helvetil arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem c5nsciverit.
Preparations of tk^ Hehtetii for departure
5. Post eius mortem nihilo minus Helvetii id quod
5 constituerant facere conantur, ut e finibus suis exeant.
Ubi iam se ad earn rem paratos esse arbitral! sunt, oppida
sua omnia, numerd ad duodecim, vlc5s ad quadringentos,
reliqua privata aedificia incendunt, frumentum omne,
praeter quod secum portaturl erant, comburunt, ut domum
iorediti5nis spe sublata paratidres ad omnia pericula sub-
eunda essent ; trium mensum molita cibaria sibi quemque
domo efferre iubent. Persuadent Rauracis et Tulingls et
Latobrigls finitimis, uti e5dem usi cdnsilio, oppidis suis
vicisque exustis, una cum iis proficlscantur ; Boiosque, qui
15 trans Rhenum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transie-
rant Noreiamque oppugnarant, receptos ad se socios sibi
adsclscunt.
6. Erant omnino itinera duo quibus itineribus domo
exire possent : unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile,
pointer montem luramet flumen Rhodanum, vix qua singull
carri ducerentur ; m5ns autem altissimus impendebat, ut
The route ^^Lcilc perpaucf prohibcrc possent ; alterum per
throtigh the provinciam nostram, multo facilius atque exge^
Province is ditius, proptcrca quod inter fines Helvetiorum
25 ^^^^' et AUobrogum, qui nuper pacati erant, Rhodanus
fluit, isque n5n nuUls locis vado transltur. Extremum^oppi-
dum AUobrogum est proximumque Helvetidrum finibus
Genava. Ex eo oppido pons ad Helveti5s pertinet. Alio-
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LIBER I, CAP. 5-7 55
brogibus sese vel persuasurds, quod n5ndum bono anim5
in populum Rdmanum viderentur, existimabant, vel vi
coacturds ut per suos fines eos ire paterentur. Omnibus
rebus ad profectidnem comparatls diem dicunt qua die ad
sripam Rhodani omnes conveniant. Is dies erat a. d. v.
KaL Apr., L. Pls5ne, A. Gablnia c5nsulibus.
Caesar opposes the Helvetian plans
7. Caesarl cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provinciam
nostram iter facere conarl, maturat ab urbe proficisci, et
quam maximis potest itineribus in Galliam ulteridrem con-
lotendit et ad Genavam pervenit. Provinciae t5ti quam
maximum potest militum numerum imperat (erat omnino
in Gallia ulteridre legio una), pontem qui erat ad Genavam
iubet rescind!.
Ubi de eius adventu Helvetil certiores facti TheHeiveHi
• •-. • . i«i«* • ash Caesar's
15 sunt, legatos ad eum mittunt nobihssimos clvi- permission to
tatis, cuius legationis Nammeius et Verucloetius ^f ihrough
the Provuice,
principem locum obtinebant, qui dicerent sibi
esse in anim5 sine uUo maleficio iter per provinciam facere,
propterea quod aliud iter haberent nullum ; rogare ut eius
2ovoluntate id sibi facere liceat. Caesar, quod memoria
tenebat L. Cassium c5nsulem occlsum exercitumque eius
ab Helvetiis pulsum et sub iugum missum, concedendum-
n5n putabat ; neque homines inimico animo, data facultate
per provinciam itineris faciundl, temperatiiros ab iniuria
25 et maleficio existimabat. Tamen, ut spatium intercedere
posset dum mllites quos imperSverat convenlrent, legatls
respondit diem se ad deliberandum sumpturum; si quid
vellent, ad Id. Apr. reverterentur.
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56
BELLI GALLICI
Anattempud 8. Interea ea legidne quam secum habebat
invasion of -f-»i - - . .- - . _
the Province militibusque qui ex provmcia convenerant, a
is repulsed, j^^q Lcmanno, qui in flumen Rhodanum Influit,
ad montem luram, qui fines Sequanorum ab Helvetils
5 dividit, mlllia passuum xviiii murum in altitudinem pedum
sedecim fossamque perducit. E5 opere perfectd praesidia
disp5nit, castella community quo facilius, si se invitd trans-
Ire c5narentur, prohibere posset.
Ubi ea dies quam constituerat cum legatls venit, et legati
10 ad eum reverterunt, negat se m5re et exempl5 popull R5-
Caesar's Defenses along the Rhone.
mani posse iter uUl per provinciam dare ; et, si vim facere
conentur, prohibiturum ostendit. Helvetil, ea spe deiecti,
navibus iunctis ratibusque compluribus factis, alii vadls
RhodanI, qua minima altitudo fluminis erat, non numquam
zsinterdiu, saepius noctu, si perrumpere possent cdnati,
operis munltidne et militum concursu et tells repulsl hoc
c5natu destiterunt.
The sequa- 9- Rclinqucbatur una per Sequands via, qua
man route IS ggquai^jg invitis propter angustias Ire n5n po-
granted them
20 through the tcrant
intercession , *-.
ofDumnorix. posscnt, legatos ad Dumnorlgem Haeduum mit
His cum sua sponte persuadere non
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LIBER I, CAP. 8-10
57
tunt, ut eo deprecatore a Sequanis impetrarent. Dum-
norix gratia et largltione apud Sequanos plurimum poterat,
et Helvetiis erat amicus quod ex ea clvitate Orgetorigis
filiam in matrimonium duxerat ; et cupiditate regni adduc-
5tus novis rebus studebat, et quam plurimas civitates su5
benefici5 habere obstrictas volebat.
Itaque rem suscipit, et a Sequanis
impetrat ut per fines suos Helve-
tids ire patiantur, obsidesque uti
winter sese dent perficit: Sequani,
ne itinere Helvetids prohibeant;
Helvetii, ut sine maleficid et iniuria
transeant.
caesarbrings ^^' Caesarl nuntiatur
x^more troops Helvetiis esse in anim5
fromltafy,
per agrum Sequanorum
et Haeduorum iter in Santonum
fines facere, qui non longe a Toldsa-
tium flnibus absunt, quae civitas est
20 in provincia. Id si fieret, iritellege-
bat magno cum periculo prdvinciae
f uturum ut homines bellic5s5s, populi
Romani inimic5s, locis patentibus
maximeque frumentariis finitimos haberet. Ob eas causas
25 ei munitioni quam fecerat T. Labienum legatum praeficit ;
ipse in Italiam magnis itineribus contendit duasque ibi
legidnes conscribit, et tres, quae circum Aquileiam hiema-
bant, ex hlbernis educit, et, qua proximum iter in ulteriorem
Galliam per Alpes erat, cum his quinque legidnibus ire
30 contendit. Ibi Ceutrones et Graioceli et Caturiges locis
Fig. 7. — a Roman Legionary.
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58 BELLI GALUa
superioribus occupatis itinere exercitum prohibere conantur.
Compluribus his proeliis pulsis, ab Ocelo, quod est citerioris
provinciae extremum, in fines Vocontidrum ulterioris pr5-
vinciae die septimd pervenit ; inde in Allobrogum fines, ab
5 Allobrogibus in Segusiav5s exercitum ducit. Hi sunt extra
provinciam trans Rhodanum primi.
II. Helvetii iam per angustias et fines Se-
and others quanorum suas copias traduxerant, et in Hae-
^rouc^^ duorum fines pervenerant e5rumque agros
10 from the Hei' populabantur. Haedui, cum se suaque ab iis
defendere n5n possent, legates ad Caesarem
mittunt rogatum auxilium : Ita se omni tempore de populo
R5man5 meritos esse ut paene in c5nspectu exercitus
nostri agri vastari, liberi in servitutem abducl, oppida
isexpugnari non debuerint. Eodem tempore Ambarri, ne-
cessarii et consanguinei Haedudrum, Caesarem certiorem
faciunt sese depopulatis agris n5n facile ab oppidis vim
hostium prohibere. Item Allobroges, qui trans Rhodanum
vicos possessi5nesque habebant, fuga se ad Caesarem reci-
aopiunt, et demonstrant sibi praeter agri solum nihil esse
reliquL Quibus rebus adductus Caesar non exspectandum
sibi statuit dum omnibus fortunis sociorum consumptis in
Santonos Helvetii pervenirent.
Caesar annu ^^* Flunicn est Arar, quod per fines Haedu5-
hiiatesofu ^um ct Sequanorum in Rhodanum influit, in-
c an ton of the *^
Helvetii ai crcdibili Icnitatc, ita ut oculis in utram partem
fluat iudicari non possit. Id Helvetii ratibus ac
lintribus iunctis transibant. Ubi per exploratores Caesar
certior factus est tres iam partes copiarum Helvetios id
3oflumen traduxisse, quartam fere partem citra flumen
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LIBER I, CAP. 11-13 59
Ararim reliquam esse, de tertia vigilia cum legionibus
tribus e castiis profectus ad earn partem pervenit quae
n5ndum flumen transierat. E5s impeditds et inoplnantes
adgressus magnam partem eorum concidit ; reliqui sese
5 f ugae mandarunt atque in proximas silvas abdiderunt. Is
pag^s appellabatur Tigurlnus ; nam omnis civitas Helvetia
in quattuor pag5s dfvlsa est.
Hic pagus Onus, cum domo exisset, patrum nostrdrum
memoria L.- Cassium c5nsulem interf ecerat et eius exerci-
10 tum sub iugum mlserat. Ita sive casu sive consilio deorum
immortalium, quae pars civitatis Helvetiae Insignem ca-
lamitatem popul5 Rdmano intulerat, ea princeps poenas
persolvit Qua in re Caesar n5n solum publicas sed etiam
prfvatas iniurias ultus est, quod eius soceri L. Pisonis avum,
15 L. Plsonem legatum, Tigurini e5dem proelio quo Cassium
interf ecerant
13. Hoc proelio facto, reliquas copias Helve- Tht Heivetu
tiorum ut consequi posset, pontem in ArarT \as^^'
faciendum curat atque ita exercitum traducit ^^^^«
30 Helvetil repentlno eius adventu commoti, cum id quod ipsi
diebus xx aegerrime conf ecerant, ut flumen transient, ilium
un5 die fecisse intellegerent, legatos ad eum mittunt;
cuius legationis Divico princeps fuit, qui bello Cassiand
dux Helvetiorum fuerat Is ita cum Caesare egit: Si
aspacem populus Romanus cum Helvetils faceret, in eam
partem ituros atque ibi futuros Helvetios ubi eos Caesar
constituisset atque esse voluisset ; sin bello persequi per-
severaret, reminisceretur et veteris incommodi popull
RomanI et pristinae virtutis Helvetiorum. Quod impro-
30VIS0 unum pagum adortus esset, cum il qui flumen trans-
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6o BELLI GALLiCi
Issent suis auxilium ferre non possent, ne ob earn rem aut
suae magnopere virtuti tribueret aut ips5s despiceret ; se
ita a patribus maioribusque suis didicisse ut magis virtute
contenderent quam dol5 aut insidiis niterentur. Quare ne
scommitteret ut is locus ubi constitissent ex calamitate
populi R5manl et internecidne exercitus ndmen caperet
aut memoriam proderet.
Caesar's 14. His Cacsar ita respondit : Eo sibi minus
jdc^s^oud dubitationis dan quod eas res quas legati Helvetii
xo^*pfy' commemorassent memoria teneret, atque eo gra-
vius ferre, quo minus merito populi RdmanI accidissent;
qui s! alicuius iniuriae sibi conscius fuisset, non fuisse
difficile cavere ; sed eo deceptum, quod neque commissum
a se intellegeret quare timeret, neque sine causa timendum
15 putaret. Quod si veteris contumeliae obllvisci vellet, num
etiam recentium iniuriarum, quod eo invit5 iter per pro-
vinciam per vim temptassent, quod Haeduos, quod Ambar-
ros, quod Allobrogas vexassent, memoriam deponere posse ?
Quod sua victoria tam Insolenter gloriarentur, quodque tam
2odiu se impune iniurias intulisse admlrarentur, eodem per-
tinere. C5nsuesse enim deos immortales, quo gravius
homines ex commutatione rerum doleant, quos pro scelere
eorum ulcTsci velint, his secundiores interdum reset diutur-
niorem impunitatem concedere. Cum ea ita sint, tamen, si
25 obsides ab ils sibi dentur, uti ea quae polliceantur f acturds
intellegat, et si Haeduls de iniurils quas ipsis sociisque
eorum intulerint, item si Allobrogibus satisfaciant, sese
cum iis pacem esse facturum.
Divico respondit : Ita Helvetios a maioribus suis institutos
30 esse uti obsides accipere, n5n dare, consuerint; eius rei
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I'k;. 8. — CAIiSAR: CHlARAMONll
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LIBER I, CAP. 14-16 61
populum Romanum esse testem. H5c responsd data
discessit.
15. Postero die castra ex e5 loco movent, nu HeheHi
Idem facit Caesar equitatumque omnem, ad Z'a^h/L ^
5 numerum quattuor millium, quem ex omnI pr5- ''^^^ ^^^'^
. .- TT 1 . ^ Caesar,
vmcia et Haeduis atque eorum socils coactum
habebat, praemittit, qui videant quas in partes hostes iter
faciant. Qui cupidius novissimum agmen Insecuti aliend
loco cum equitatu Helvetidrum proelium committunt; et
lopauci de nostris cadunt. Qu5 proeli5 sublati Helvetii,
quod quingentis equitibus tantam multitudinem equitum
propulerant, audacius subsistere non numquam et novis-
simo agmine proelio nostros lacessere coeperunt. Caesar
suos a proelio continebat, ac satis habebat in praesentia
15 hostem raplnis populatidnibusque prohibere. Ita dies cir-
citer XV iter fecerunt, uti inter novissimum hostium agmen
et nostrum primum non amplius quinis aut senis millibus
passuum interesset
Hostility to Caesar among the Haedui
16. Interim cotldie Caesar Haeduos frumen- The Haedui
20 turn quod essent publice poUiciti flagitare. Nam ^^/«. ""
propter frigora, quod Gallia sub septentrionibus,
ut ante dictum est, posita est, non modo frumenta in agrls
matura non erant, sed ne pabuli quidem satis magna copia
suppetebat ; eo autem frumento quod flumine Arari navibus
assubvexerat propterea uti minus poterat, quod iter ab
Ararl Helvetii averterant, a quibus discedere nolebat.
Diem ex die ducere Haedui ; cdnferri, comportari, adesse
dicere.
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62 BELLI GALUCI
Ubi se diutius duel intellexit et diem Instare quo die
frumentum militibus metiri oporteret, convocatis eorum
principibus, quorum magnam copiam in castris habebat, —
in his Dlviciac5 et Lisco, qui summd magistratui praeerat,
5 quem * vergobretum ' appellant Haedul, qui creatur annuus
et vitae necisque in su5s habet potestatem, — graviter eos
accusat, quod, cum neque emi neque ex agris sum! possit,
tam necessario tempore, tam propinquis hostibus, ab ils
non sublevetur, praesertim cum magna ex parte eorum
lo precibus adductus bellum susceperit ; multo etiam gravius
quod sit destitutus queritur.
17. Tum demum Liscus oratione Caesaris
plains thai adductus quod antea tacuerat pr5p5nit: Esse
'^Roman "^n nuUos qudrum auctoritas apud plebem
^facHonamong pjurimum valcat, quI privatim plus possint
quam ipsi magistratus. Hos seditiosa atque
improba oratione multitudinem deterrere ne frumentum
conferant quod debeant: praestare, si iam principatum
Galliae obtinere non possint, Gallorum quam Romanorum
20 imperia perf erre ; neque dubitare debere quin, si Helvetids
superaverint RomanI, una cum reliqua Gallia Haeduis liber-
tatem sint erepturL Ab isdem nostra consilia quaeque in
castris gerantur hostibus enuntiarl; hos a se coercerl non
posse. Quin etiam, quod necessariam rem coactus Caesarl
25 enuntiarit, intellegere sese quanto id cum perlculo fecerit,
et ob eam causam quam diu potuerit tacuisse.
Dumnorix ^^' ^^^^^^ ^^^ oratione LiscI Dumnorlgem,
u the chief of DlviciacI fratrcm, deslgnari sentiebat ; sed, quod
** * pluribus praesentibus eas res lactari nolebat,
3oceleriter concilium dimittit, Liscum retinet. Quaerit ex
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LIBER I, CAP. 17-19 63
s5l6 ea quae in conventu dixerat ; dicit liberius atque auda-
cius. Eadem secretd ab aliis quaerit; reperit esse vera:
Ipsum esse Dumnorigem, summa audacia, magna apud
plebem propter liberalitatem gratia, cupidum rerum nova-
5 rum. Complures annds portoria reliquaque omnia Haedu-
orum vectigalia parvo pretio redempta habere, propterea
quod illo licente contra liceri audeat nemo. His rebus et
suam rem familiarem auxisse et facultates ad largiendum
magnas comparasse; magnum numerum equitatus suo
losumptu semper alere et circum se habere, neque solum
domi sed etiam apud finitimas civitates largiter posse;
atque huius potentiae causa matrem in Biturigibus homini
illlc n5bilissimo ac potentissimo conlocasse ; ipsum ex Hel-
vetiis uxorem habere, sororem ex matre et propinquas suas
isnuptum in alias civitates conlocasse. Favere et cupere
Helvetils propter eam adfmitatem, 5disse etiam suo n5mine
Caesarem et Romanes, quod eorum adventu potentia eius
deminuta et Diviciacus frater in antiquum locum gratiae
atque honoris sit restitutus. Si quid accidat Romanis,
20 summam in spem per Helvetios regni obtinendi venire;
imperio populi Roman! non modo de regno, sed etiam de
ea quam habeat gratia, desperare.
Reperiebat etiam in quaerendo Caesar, quod proelium
equestre adversum paucis ante diebus esset factum, initium
asfugae factum a Dumnorlge atque eius equitibus, — nam
equitatui quem auxilid Caesari Haedui miserant Dumnorix
praeerat ; eorum f uga reliquum esse equitatum perterritum.
19. Quibus rebus cognitis, cum ad has suspici5nes
certissimae res accederent, quod per fines Sequandrum
3oHelveti5s traduxisset, quod obsides inter e5s dandos
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64 BELLI GALLICI
curasset, quod ea omnia n5n modo iniussu sud et civitatis
sed etiam Inscientibus ipsis fecisset, quod a magistxatu
Haeduorum accusaretur, satis esse causae arbitrabatur
quare in eum aut ipse animadverteret aut civitatem
5 animadvertere iuberet.
His omnibus rebus unum repugnabat, quod
Ccusar pat'
dons Dum- Dlviciaci f ratris summum in populum Roman um
Regard fLlL studium, summam in se voluntatem, egregiam
brottur Divi- fidem, iustitiam, temperantiam cognoverat ; nam
lo ne eius supplicio Dlviciaci animum offenderet
verebatur. Itaque priusquam quicquam conaretur, Divi-
ciacum ad se vocari iubet et, cotidianis interpretibus
remotis, per C. Valerium Troucillum, principem Galliae
provinciae, familiarem suum, cui summam omnium rerum
15 fidem habebat, cum eo conloquitur; simul commonefacit
quae ips5 praesente in concilio de Dumnorige sint dicta,
et ostendit quae separatim quisque de eo apud se dixerit.
Petit atque hortatur ut sine eius offensione animi vel ipse
de e5, causa cognita, statuat vel civitatem statuere iubeat.
20. Diviciacus multls cum lacrimls Caesarem complexus
obsecrare coepit ne quid gravius in f ratrem statueret : Scire
se ilia esse vera, nee quemquam ex eo plus quam se do-
loris capere, propterea quod, cum ipse gratia plurimum
domi atque in reliqua Gallia, ille minimurnpropter adu-
aslescentiam posset, per se crevisset; quibus opibus ac
nervis non s5lum ad minuendam gratiam sed paene ad
perniciem suam uteretur. Sese tamen et amore fraterno
et existimatione vulgl commoveri. Quod si quid el a
Caesare gravius accidisset, cum ipse eum locum amicitiae
30 apud eum teneret, neminem existimaturum non sua volun-
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LIBER I, CAP. 20-a2 65
tate factum ; qua ex re f uturum uti totfus Galliae animi a
se averterentur.
Haec cum pluribus verbis flens a Caesare peteret,
Caesar eius dextram prendit; cdnsolatus rogat finem
5 orandi f aciat ; tanti eius apud se gratiam esse ostendit uti
et rei publicae iniuriam et suum dol5rem eius voluntati
ac precibus condonet. Dumnorfgem ad se vocat, fratrem
adhibet; quae in eo reprehendat ostendit; quae ipse in-
tellegat, quae civitas queratur, prdponit; monet ut in
loreliquum tempus omnes suspfcidnes vltet; praeterita se
Diviciaco fratri condonare dicit. Dumnorlgi cust5des
ponit, ut quae agat, quibuscum loquatur, scire possit
Subjugation of the HehteHi
21. Eodem die ab exploratoribus certior fac- Caesar ^e-
tus hostes sub nionte cdnsedisse millia passuum t^u.
15 ab ipsius castrls oct5, qualis esset natura men-
tis et qualis in circuitu ascensus qui cdgnoscerent misit.
Renuntiatum est facilem esse. De tertia vigilia T. Labie-
num, legatum pro praetore, cum duabus legionibus et iis
ducibus qui iter c5gnoverant, summum iugum montis ascen-
aodere iubet; quid sui cdnsili sit ostendit. Ipse de quarta
vigilia eodem itinere quo hostes ierant ad eos contendit,
equitatumque omnem ante se mittit. P. C5nsidius, qui rei
militaris peritissimus habebatur et in exercitu L. Sullae et
postea in M. Crassi fuerat, cum exploratoribus praemittitur.
25 22. Prima luce, cum summus mons a Labiend a battu is
teneretur, ipse ab hostium castris non longius ^^^^Li*
mille et quingentis passibus abesset, neque, ut o/omsidsus,
postea ex captivis comperit, aut ipsius adventus aut Labieni
MATH. CAESAR — 5
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66
BELLI GALLICI
c5gnitus esset, Cdnsidius equ5 adniiss5 ad eum accurrit,
dicit montem quern a Labiend occupari voluerit ab hostibus
teneri ; id se a Gallicis armls atque inslgnibus c5gn5visse.
Caesar suas copias in proximum collem subducit, aciem
instruit. Labienus, ut erat
el praeceptum a Caesare
ne proelium committeret,
nisi ipsius copiae prope
hostium castra vTsae essent,
ut undique uno tempore in
hostes impetus fieret, monte
occupatd nostros exspecta-
bat proeli5que abstinebat.
Multo denique die per ex-
ploratdres Caesar cdgnovit
et montem a suls teneri et
Helvetios castra movisse et
Considium timore perterri-
tum, quod non vidisset, pr5
viso sibi renuntiavisse. Eo
die, quo consuerat intervallo, hostes sequitur et millia pas-
suum tria ab eorum castris castra ponit.
23. Postridie eius die!, quod omnino biduum
marches supererat cum exercitui frumentum metiri opor-
25^^^?^ teret, et quod a Bibracte, oppidd Haeduorum
followed by longe maxjmo et c5pi6sissim6, non amplius mil-
tfuHeh/etU. ,., ° ^ 7-^ —
libus passuum xviii aberat, re! frumentanae
prospiciendum exlstimavit ; itaque iter ab Helvetils avertit
ac Bibracte Ire contendit. Ea res per fugitivos L. Aemill,
3odecuri5nis equitum Gallorum, hostibus nuntiatur. Hel-
FiG. 9. —Gallic Armor and Standards.
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LIBER I, CAP. 23-24
67
vetil, seu quod timorc pcrtcrritos Romanos discedere a se
existimarent, eo magis quod pridie superionbus locis occu-
patis proelium non commTsissent, sive eo, quod re frumen-
taria intercludi posse confiderent, commutatd c5nsili5
5 atque itinere conversd nostrds a novissimd agmine insequl
ac lacessere coeperunt.
24. Postquam id animum advertit, copias suas Caesar offen
Caesar in proximum collem subduxit equitatum- HeivetUmaki
que qui sustineret hostium impetum misit. Ipse ^^^^^^^^
^ ^ '^ *^ but are de-
10 interim in coUe medio triplicem aciem instruxit featedand
legidnum quattuor veteranarum ; in summ5 iugo "'^j^^^''
The Battle with the Helvetii.
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68
BELLI GALLia
duas legiones, quas in Gallia citeri5re proxime cdnscrip-
serat, et omnia auxilia conlocarl, sarcinas in unum locum
conferri, et eum ab iis qui in superiore acie constiterant
munirf iussit. HelvetiT cum omnibus suls cams secuti
5 impedimenta in unum locum contulerunt; ipsT, c5nfertis-
^iXQi acie reiecto nostr5 equitatu, phalange facta sub prl-
mam nostram aciem successerunt
25. Caesar, prlmum su5, deinde omnium ex cdnspectu
remotis equis ut aequato omnium perlculo spem fugae
tolleret, cohortatus suos proe-
lium commlsit. Mllites e loco
superiore pills missis facile
hostium phalangem perfrege-
runt. Ea disiecta, gladils de-
strictls in eos impetumfecerunt.
Gallls magno ad pugnam
erat impediment© quod, pluri-
bus eorum scutis uno ictu pil5-
rum transflxis et conligatIs,cum
ferrum se Inflexisset, neque
evellere neque sinistra impedfta
satis commode pugnare pote-
rant, multl ut diu iactatd brac-
chio praeoptarent scutum manu
emittere et nudo corpore pug-
nare. Tandem vulneribus de-
fessl et pedem referre et, quod
m5ns aberat circiter mllle passus, eo se recipere coeperunt.
Capto monte et succedentibus nostrls, Bol et TulingI, qui
3ohominum millibus circiter xv agmen hostium claudebant
Fig. 8. — A Legionary in Full Armor.
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UBER I, CAP. 25-27 69
et novissimis praesidid erant, ex itinere nostrds ab latere
aperto adgressi circumvenire, et id conspicati Helvetii, qui
in montem sese receperant, rursus instare et proelium
redintegrare coeperunt R5manl conversa signa bipertito
5 intulerunt ; prima et secunda acies, ut victts ac summotis
resisteret, tertia, ut venientes sustineret.
26. Ita ancipiti proelio diu atque acriter pugnatum est.
Diutius cum sustinere nostr5rum impetus n5n possent,
alterl se, ut coeperant, in montem receperunt, alterl ad
10 impedimenta et carrds suos se contulerunt Nam hoc toto
proeli5, cum ab h5ra septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit,
aversum hostem videre nemo potuit. Ad multam noctem
etiam ad impedimenta pugnatum est, propterea quod pro
valid carros obiecerant et e loc5 superi5re in nostros veni-
15 entes tela coniciebant, et non nulll inter carros raedasque
raataras ac tragulas subiciebant nostrosque vulnerabant.
Diu cum esset pugnatum, impedlmentis castrlsque nostrl
potitl sunt. Ibi Orgetorlgis filia atque unus e fllils captus est.
Ex e5 proelio circiter hominum mlUia cxxx superf uSrunt
2oeaque tota nocte continenter ierunt; in fines Lingonum
die quarto pervenerunt, cum et propter vulnera mllitum et
propter sepulturam occlsdrum nostrl eos sequi non potuis-
sent. Caesar ad Lingonas litteras nuntiosque misit, ne
eos frumento neve alia re iuvarent; qui si iuvissent, se
25e5dem loc5 quo Helvetios habiturum. Ipse triduo inter-
misso cum omnibus copils e5s sequI coepit.
27. Helvetii omnium rerum inopia adducti legatos de
deditione ad eum miserunt. Qui cum eum in itinere con-
venissent seque ad pedes proiecissent suppliciterque locuti
joflentes pacem petlssent, atque eos in eo loco quo tum
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^0 BELLI GALLICI
essent suum adventum exspectare iussisset, paruerunt.
E6 postquam Caesar pervenit, obsides, arma, servos qui
ad e5s perfugissent, poposcit.
Dum ea conquiruntur et conferuntur, circiter
Six thousand ^
5 Hehetii, en^ hominum mllUa VI eius pagl qui Verbigenus ap-
escaZ^^G^- pcllatur, sivc timore perterriti, ne armis traditis
many, are put supplici5 adficerentur, sive spe salutis induct!,
to (Uath^
quod in tanta multitudine deditlciorum suam
fugam aut occultari aut omnind ignorarl posse existima-
10 rent, prima nocte e castris Helvetidrum egress! ad Rhenum
f!nesque Germandrum contenderunt.
28. Quod ubi Caesar resciit, quorum per fines ierant,
h!s ut! conquirerent et reducerent, s! sibi purgat! esse
vellent, imperavit; reductos in hostium numerd habuit;
15 reliquos omnes obsidibus, arm!s, perfug!s tra-
ordtredto dit!s in deditidnem accepit. Helvetios, Tulingos,
Latobr!g6s in fines su5s, unde erant profect!,
revert! iussit ; et, quod omnibus f rugibus amiss!s dom! nihil
erat quo famem tolerarent, Allobrogibus imperavit ut i!s
2ofrumenti c5piam facerent; ipsos oppida v!c6sque, quos
incenderant, restituere iussit.
Id ea maxime ratione fecit, quod noluit eum locum unde
Helveti! discesserant vacare, ne propter bonitatem agrorum
German!, qu! trans Rhenum incolunt, ex su!s finibus in
25 Helvetiorum fines transirent et finitim! Galliae pr5vinciae
Allobrogibusque essent. B6i5s petentibus Haedu!s, quod
egregia virtute erant cognit!, ut in finibus su!s conlocarent,
concessit; quibus ill! agros dederunt, qu5sque postea in
parem luris libertatisque condicionem atque ipsi erant
30 receperunt
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LIBER I, CAP. 28-29 71
29. In castrls Helvetidrum tabulae repertae Census of the
sunt litterls Graecis c5nfectae et ad Caesarem fireman/'
relatae, quibus in tabulls nominatim ratio c5n- o/ier the mi-
gration.
f ecta erat, qui numerus domo exisset eorum qui
sarma ferre possent, et item separatim quot puerl, senes
mulieresque. Summa erat capitum Helvetiorum millia
ccLxiii, Tulingorum millia xxxvi, Latobrigorum xiiii,
Rauracorum xxiii, Bdiorum xxxii; ex his, qui arma ferre
possent, ad millia xcii. Summa omnium fuerunt ad millia
locccLXViii. Eorum qui domum redierunt, censu habito ut
Caesar imperaverat, repertus est numerus millium c et x.
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LIBER SECVNDVS
15-28. DEFEAT OF THE NERVII, 57 B.C.
QusarUams 15. E5rum f incs Ncrvii attingebant ; qu5rum
vii and tJUir ^^ natura mdribusque Caesar cum quaereret,
^^f^' sic reperiebat : Nullum esse aditum ad eos mer-
catoribus; nihil pati vini reliquarumque rerum
sad luxuriam pertinentium Inferri, quod his rebus relan-
guescere animos et remitti virtutem existimarent; esse
homines feros magnaeque virtutis; increpitare atque in-
cusare reliquos Belgas, qui se popul5 Romano dedidis-
sent patriamque virtutem prdiecissent ; confirmare sese
loneque legates missuros neque ullam condicionem pacis
accepturos.
16. Cum per eorum fines triduum iter fecisset, invenie-
bat ex captlvis Sabim flumen a castris suls non amplius
mlUia passuum x abesse; trans id flumen omnes Nervios
isconsedisse adventumque ibi Romanorum exspectare una
cum Atrebatibus et Viromanduls, finitimis suls (nam his
utrlsque persuaserant uti eandem belli fortunam experlren-
tur); exspectarl etiam ab iis Atuatuc5rum copias atque
esse in itinere; mulieres quique per aetatem ad pugnam
aoinutiles viderentur in eum locum coniecisse quo propter
paludes exercitui aditus non esset.
72
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LIBER II, CAP. 15-18 73
17. His rebus cognitis exploratores centurid- The Nervn
nesque praemittit qui locum castris idoneum de- the Romans
ligant Cum ex dediticiis Belgis reliquTsque ^*M*^
Gallls complures Caesarem secuti una iter fa- camp.
5 cerent, quidam ex his, ut postea ex captlvis co-
gnitum est, eorum dierum consuetudine itineris nostri
exercitus perspecta, nocte ad Nervdos pervenerunt, atque
his demdnstrarunt inter singulis legiones impedlmento-
rum magnum numerum intercedere, neque esse quicquam
lonegdti, cum prima legi5 in castra venisset reliquaeque
legi5nes magnum spatium abessent, banc sub sarcinis
adoriri; qua pulsa impedimentlsque direptis futurum ut
reliquae contra cdnsistere non auderent. Adiuvabat etiam
e5rum consilium qui rem deferebant, quod Nervii antiqui-
15 tus, cum equitatu nihil possent (neque enim ad hoc tempus
ei rei student, sed, quicquid possunt, pedestribus valent
copiisX qu5 facilius finitimorum equitatum, si praedandi
causa ad eos venissent, impedirent, teneris arboribus incisis
atque inflexis, crebrisque in latitudinem ramis enatis, et
20 rubis sentibusque interiectis, effecerant ut Tnstar muri hae
saepes munimentum praeberent, qu5 non modo non in-
trari sed ne perspici quidem posset. His rebus cum iter
agminis nostri impediretur, non omittendum sibi consilium
Nervii existimaverunt.
25 18. Loci natura erat haec quem locum nostri castris
delegerant Collis ab summq aequaliter declivis ad flumen
Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, vergebat. Ab eo flumine
pari acclivitate collis nascebatur adversus huic et contra-
rius, passus circiter cc infimus apertus, ab superiore parte
30 silvestris, ut n5n facile in trdrsus perspici posset. Intra eas
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74
BELLI GALUa
silvas hostes in occulto sese continebant; in apert5 loco
secundum flumen paucae stationes equitum videbantur.
Fluminis erat altitudo pedum circiter trium.
The Battle with the Nervii.
The Nervian 19. Cacsar cqultatu praemiss5 subsequebatur
5 7/^Jws the omnibus copiis ; sed ratio 6rd5que agminis aliter
Romans into gg habcbat ac Bclgae ad Nervios detulerant.
confusion, ^
Nam quod hostibus appropinquabat, cdnsuetu-
dine sua Caesar vi legiones expeditas ducebat ; post eas to-
tlus exercitus impedimenta conlocarat ; inde duae legiones
10 quae proxime cdnscrlptae erant totum agmen claudebant
praesidioque impedlmentls erant. Equites nostri cum fun-
ditoribus sagittarilsque flumen transgress! cum hostium
equitatu proelium commiserunt. Cum se illi identidem in
silvas ad suos reciperent ac rursus ex silva in nostr5s im-
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LIBER 11, CAP. 19-20
75
petum facerent, neque nostri longius quam quern ad finem
porrecta loca aperta pertinebant cedentes insequi auderent,
interim legiones vi quae primae venerant opere dimens5
castra munire coeperunt.
5 Ubi prima impedimenta nostri exercitus ab ils qui in
silvis abditi latebant visa sunt, quod tempus inter e5s
committendl proeli convenerat, ut intra silvas aciem ordi-
nesque c5nstituerant atque ipsi sese confirmaverant, subito
omnibus copils provolaverunt impetumque in nostros equi-
10 tes fecerunt. His facile pulsis ac pr5turbatls, incredibill
celeritate ad flumen decucurrerunt, ut paene uno tempore
et ad silvas et in flumine hostes viderentur. Eadem autem
celeritate adverse colle ad nostra castra atque e5s qui in
opere occupati erant contenderunt.
15 ^. . ,. , 20. Caesarl
Disctpltne of
Caesar's Omnia un5 tem-
*''^^' pore erant agen-
da : vexillum propdnendum,
signum tuba dandum, ab
ao opere revocandl mllites, qui
paul5 longius aggeris pe-
tendl causa processerant ar-
cessendl, acies Instruenda,
mllites cohortandl, signum
25 dandum. Quarum rerum
magnam partem temporis
brevitas et incursus hostium
impediebat. His difficulta-
tibus duae res erant subsidio,
30 — scientia atque usus mllitup, quod superi5ribus proelils
Fig. II. —Vexillum.
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j6 BELLI GALLICI
exercitatl quid fieri oporteret non minus commode ipsi sibi
praescrlbere quam ab aliis doceri poterant ; et quod ab
opere singullsque legionibus singul5s legatds Caesar dis-
cedere nisi munitls castris vetuerat. Hi propter propin-
5 quitatem et celeritatem hostium nihil iam Caesaris imperium
exspectabant, sed per se quae videbantur administrabant.
Caesar en- 2^' Caesar, nccessariis rebus imperatis, ad
courages his cohortandos milites, quam partem fors obtulit,
men. I^iffi'
cuUiesof decucurrit, et ad legionem decimam devenit.
^jheirposUion, ^jjj^gg j^^j^ Ifljigiore orati5ne cohortatus quam
uti suae prTstinae virtutis memoriam retinerent neu per-
turbarentur animo hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinerent,
quod ndn longius hostes aberant quam quo telum adigl pos-
set, proell committendl sTgnum dedit. Atque
in alteram partem item cohortandl causa pro-
tect us pugnantibus occurrit. Temporis tanta
fuit exiguitas hostiumque tam paratus ad
dimicandum animus ut non modo ad insignia
accommodanda, sed etiam ad galeas induen-
20 °' "•" ^^' das scutlsque tegimenta detrahenda tempus
defuerit. Quam quisque ab opere in partem casu devenit
quaeque Erima sTgna conspexit, ad haec c5nstitit, ne in
quaerendis suTs pugnandT tempus dimitteret.
22. Instruct5 exercitu magis ut loci natura deiectusque
25Collis et necessitas temporis quam ut rei militaris ratio
atque ordo postulabat, cum diversae legiones aliae alia in
parte hostibus resisterent, saepibusque densissimis, ut ante
dem5nstravimus, interiectis prospectus impedlretur, neque
certa subsidia conlocarl neque quid in quaque parte opus
3oesset provider! neque ab uno omnia imperia administrarl
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LIBER II. CAP. 21-24 77
poterant. Itaque in tanta rerum iniquitate fortunae quo-
que eventus varii sequebantur.
23. Legionis nonae et decimae mllites, ut in nuAtn^
sinistra parte acie constiterant, pills emissis romoMduiare
scursu ac lassitudine exanimatds vulneribusque '^f^'^f ^'
*" the Nervtt
c6nfect5s Atrebates (nam his eapars obvenerat) gamOuRo^
celeriter ex loco superidre in flumen compule- **^^*^^*
runt, et transire conantes insecuti gladiis magnam partem
eorum impeditam interfecerunt. Ipsi transire flumen non
lodubitaverunt, et in locum iniquum prdgressi rursus resis-
tentes hostes redintegratd proelid in fugam coniecerunt.
Item alia in parte diversae duae legiones, undecima et
octava, prdfligatis Viromanduls, quibuscum erant con-
gressae, ex loc5 superi5re. in ipsis fluminis rfpfs proelia-
15 bantur. At totis fere castris a fronte et a sinistra parte
nudatis, cum in dextro cornu legio duodecima et non
magna ab ea intervallo septima constitisset, omnes Nervii
confertissima agmine duce Boduognata, qui summam im-
perf tenebat, ad eum locum contenderunt ; quarum pars ab
20 aperta latere legianes circumvenire, pars summum castra-
rum locum petere coepit.
24. Eadem tempore equites nostr! levisque Panico/the
.^- j.^- - ._ - - r t, - Roman cav-
armaturae pedites, qui cum 11s una f uerant, quos ^^ ^^
prima hostium impetu pulsas dixeram, cum se camp^/oiiow-
25 in castra reciperent, adversis hostibus occurre- Hono/ttu
bant ac rursus aliam in partem fugam petebant ; '^^'"'
et calanes, qui ab decumana porta ac summo iuga coUis
nostras victares flumen transisse canspexerant, praedandi
causa egressi, cum respexissent et hostes in nostris castris
30 versari vidissent, praecipites f ugae sese mandabant Simul
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78
BELLI GALLICI
e5rum qui cum impedimentis veniebant clamor f remitusque
oriebatur, aliique aliam in partem perterriti ferebantur.
Quibus omnibus rebus perm5ti equites Treveri, quorum
inter Gallos virtutis opinio est singularis, qui auxili causa
5 a civitate missi ad Caesarem venerant, cum multitudine
hostium castra compleri, legiones premi et paene circum-
ventas teneri, calones, equites, fundit5res, Numidas di-
spers5s dissipatosque in omnes partes fugere vidissent,
desperatis nostris rebus domum contenderunt ; Roman5s
iopuls5s superat5sque, castris impedimentlsque edrum hostes
potltds civitati renuntiaverunt.
25. Caesar ab deci- ^
^ Caesar enters
mae legi5nis cohorta- thebattuin
tione ad dextrum comu ^^^'"**
profectus, ubi suos urgerl signisque
in unum locum conlatTs duodecimae
legionis c6nfert5s milites sibi ips5s
ad pugnam esse impedimenta vTdit,
quartae cohortis omnibus centurio-
nibus occTsis, signifero interfecto,
sTgno amissd, reliquarum cohortium
omnibus fere centurionibus aut vul-
neratls aut occTsIs, in his primipild
P. Sexti5 Baculo, fortissim5 vir5,
multls gravibusque vulneribus con-
fect5, ut iam se sustinere non posset,
reliquos esse tardiores et non null5s
ab novissimis desertd loc5 proelio
excedere ac tela vltare, hostes neque a fronte ex Inferiors
30 loc5 subeuntes intermittere et ab utrdque latere instare et
Fig. 13. — a Centurion.
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LIBER II, CAP. 25-26
79
rem esse in angust5 vldit neque ullum esse subsidium quod
summitti posset ; scut5 ab novissimis mllitl detracts, quod
ipse eo sine scuto venerat, in primam
aciem prdcessit centuri5nibusque n5-
5 minatim appellatis reliquos cohorta-
tus mllites signa Inferre et manipulos
laxare iussit, qu5 facilius gladiis uti
possent. Cuius adventu spe inlata
militibus ac redintegrate anim5, cum
10 pr5 se quisque in conspectu impera-
toris etiam in extremis suls rebus
operam navare cuperet, paulum hos-
tium impetus tardatus est.
26. Caesar, cum septimam legid-
isnem, quae iuxta cdnstiterat, item
urgerf ab hoste vidisset, tribun5s
militum monuit ut paulatim sese
legiones coniungerent et conversa
slgna in hostes Tnf errent. Quo facto,
20 cum alils alii subsidium f errent neque
timerent ne aversi ab hoste circumvenirentur, audacius re
sistere ac fortius pugnare coeperunt.
Interim mllites legionum duarum quae in
novissimp agmine praesidio impedimentis fue-
FlG. 14. — A Standard-bearer.
25 rant, proeli5 nuntiato, cursu incitato in summo
Reinforce-
ments from
Ijibienus
turn the tide
of battle, and
coUe ab hostibus conspiciebantur ; et T. Labienus the Nervu
castris hostium potltus et ex loco superiore quae ^,^,^</.
res in nostris castris gererentur conspicatus,
decimam legionem subsidid nostris mlsit. Qui cum ex
3oequitum et calonum fuga quo in loc5 res esset quantoque
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8o BELLI GALLICI
in perlculo et castra et legiones et imp^rator versaretur
cognovissent, nihil ad celeritStem sibi reliquT fecerunt.
27. Horum adventu tanta rerum commutatio est facta
ut nostrl, etiam qui vulneribus c5nfecti procubuissent,
sscutis innlxl proelium redintegrarent, cal5nes perterrit5s
hostes conspicati etiam inermes armatls occurrerent, equi-
tes vero, ut turpitudinem fugae virtute delerent, omnibus
in locTs pugnando se legionariis mllitibus praefeiTent. At
hostes etiam in extrema spe salutis tantam virtutem prae-
lostiterunt ut, cum prlml e5rum cecidissent, proximi iacenti-
bus insisterent atque ex eorum corporibus pugnarent ; his
deiectis et coacervatis cadaveribus, qui superessent ut ex
tumul5 tela in nostras conicerent et pTla intercepta rerait-
terent ; ut non nequiquam tantae virtutis homines iudicari
isdeberet ausos esse translre latissimum flumen, ascendere
ajtisgimas rlpas, sublre iniquissimum locum; quae facilia
ex difficillimis animi magnitud5 redegerat.
SubmisHoH 28. Hoc proelio facto et prope ad intemecio-
*!^mr-' ^^"^ gente ac nomine Nerviorum redactd, maiores
^^vivors. natu, qu5s una cum puerls mulieribusque in aes-
tuaria ac paludes coniectos dixeramus, hac pugna nuntiata,
cum victoribus nihil impeditum, victls nihil tutum arbitra-
rentur, omnium qui supererant consensu legatos ad Caesa-
rem miserunt seque el dediderunt; et in commemoranda
25Civitatis calamitate ex dc ad tres senatores, ex hominum
millibus LX vix ad d qui arma ferre possent sese redactos
esse dlxerunt. Qu5s Caesar, ut in miseros ac supplices usus
misericordia videretur, dlligentissime conservavit suisque
finibus atque oppidls utl iussit, et finitimis imperavit ut ab
30 iniuria et maleficio se suosque prohiberent.
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LIBER TERTIVS
1-6. WAR WITH ALPINE TRIBES, END OF 57 B.C
I. Cum in Italiam proficlsceretur Caesar, Ser. Gaiba is sent
Galbam cum legione duodecima et parte equitatus *^opeH a road
in Nantuates, Veragros Sedun5sque misit, qui a ^^^f^
finibus Allobrogum et lacu Lemanno et flumine luhes winter
5 Rhodand ad summas Alpes pertinent. Causa ^*^^^*
mittendl fuit quod iter per Alpes, quo magfno cum perlculo
magnlsque cum portorils mercatores ire cdnsuerant, patefierf
volebat. Huic permlsit, si opus esse arbitraretur, uti in his
Fig 15. — Beginning of the Third Book of the Gallic War, from a manuscript of
the tenth century. Reduced one half.
locis legionem hiemandi causa conlocaret. Galba, secun-
lodis aliquot proeliis factis castellisque compluribus eorum
expugnatis, missis ad eum undique legatis obsidibusque
datis et pace facta, constituit cohortes duas in Nantuatibus
conlocare et ipse cum reliquis eius legi5nis cohortibus in
vic5 Veragrorum, qui appellatur Octodurus, hiemare ; qui
15 vicus positus in valle, n5n magna adiecta planitie, altissimis
MATH. CAESAR — 6 8l
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82 BELLI GALLICI
montibus undique continetur. Cum hic in duas partes
flu mine divider etur, alteram partem eius vici Gallls con-
cessit, alteram vacuam ab his relictam cohortibus ad hie-
mandum attribuit. Eum locum vallo fossaque munivrit.
2. Cum dies hibernorum complures transis-
^ uprising of
the mountain sent, frumeutumquc eo comportarl iussisset,
subito per exploratores qertior factus est ex ea
parte vici quam Gallis concesserat omnes noctu disces-
sisse, montesque qui impenderent a maxima multitudine
10 Sedun5rum ct Veragr5rum tenerL Id aliquot de causts
acciderat, ut subito Galli belli renovandi legionisque oppri-
mendae consilium caperent : prlmum, quod legidnem, neque
earn plenissimam, detractls cohortibus duabus et compluri-
bus singillatim, qui commeatus petendl causa missi erant,
isabsentibus, propter paucitatem despiciebant ; turn etiam,
quod propter iniquitatem loci, cum ipsi ex montibus in
vallem decurrerent et tela conicerent, ne prlmurn quidem
impetum suum posse sustineri existimabant. Accedebat
quod suos ab se liberos abstractos obsidum n5mine dole-
20 bant, et Romanos non solum itinerum causa sed etiam per-
petuae possessionis culmina Alpium occupare c5narT et ea
loca flnitimae provinciae adiungere sibi persuasum habe-
bant.
A council of 3. His iiuntiis acccptis Galba, cum neque
tht Romans ,- » __,.-« 1--
^^ votes to forHfy opus hibcrnorum munitionesque plene essent
the camp, perfcctac neque de frumento reliquoque com-
meatu satis esset provTsum, quod deditione facta obsidi-
busque acceptis nihil de bello timendum exfstimaverat,
consilio celeriter convocatd sententias exquirere coepit.
30 Quo in c5nsili6, cum tantum repentinl periculi praeter
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LIBER III, CAP. 2-5 83
opinionem accidisset ac iam omnia fere superiora loca
multitudine armatorum completa conspicerentur, neque
subsidia venlri neque commeatus supportari interclusis
itineribus possent, prope iam desperata salute n5n nullae
seius modi sententiae dicebantur, ut, impediments relictls
eruptione facta, Isdem itineribus quibus eo pervenissent ad
salutem contenderent. Maiori tamen parti placuit hoc
reservato ad extremum casum c5nsilio interim rel eventum
experlrl et castra defendere.
10 4. Brevi spatio interiecto, vix ut ils rebus The Gauis
quas constituissent conlocandls atque adminis- ZeH(Uiack'
trandls tempus daretur, hostes ex omnibus f'^^^'^^^
but success-
partibus sign5 dat5 decurrere, lapides gaesaque >/.
in vallum conicere. Nostri primo integrls viribus
isfortiter propugnare neque ullum frustra telum ex loco
superiore mittere, et quaecumque pars castrorum nudata
defensoribus premi videbatur, e5 occurrere et auxilium
ferre, sed hoc superari, quod diuturnitate pugnae hostes
defessi proelio excedebant, alii integris viribus succede-
20 bant; quarum rerum a nostrls propter paucitatem fieri
nihil poterat, ac non modo defesso ex pugna excedendl,
sed ne sauci5 quidem eius loci ubi constiterat relinquendl
ac sul recipiendi facultas dabatur.
5. Cum iam amplius horls vi continenter pugnaretur
25 ac non s5lum vires sed etiam tela nostras deficerent, atque
hostes acrius instarent languidi5ribusc[ue nostrls vallum
scindere et fossas complere coepissent, resque esset iam ad
extremum perducta casum, P. Sextius Baculus, grimi plli
centurio, quem Nervic5 proelio complunbus confectum
^ovulneribus diximus, et item C. Volusenus, tribunus mlli-
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84 BELLI GALLia
turn, vir et c5nsili magni et virtutis, ad Galbam accurrunt
atque unam esse spem salutis decent, si eruptione facta
extremum auxilium experirentur. Itaque convocatis centu-
rionibus celeriter milites certi5res facit paulisper intermit-
5 terent proelium ac tantummodo tela missa exciperent seque
ex labore reficerent ; post dato signo ex castrls erumperent
atque omnem spem salutis in virtute ponerent.
6. Quod iussi sunt faciunt, ac subito omnibus
Though * .
finally portls erupti5ne facta neque cognoscendl quid
^^^ol^da^e- fieret neque sui colligendl hostibus facultatera
treats to the rcUnquunt. Ita commutata fortuna eos qui in
Province,
spem potiundarum castrorum venerant undique
circumventos interficiunt ; et ex hominum millibus amplius
xxx, quem numerum barbarorum ad castra venisse consta-
15 bat, plus tertia parte interfecta reliquos perterritos in
fugam coniciunt ac ne in locis quidem superiorihus con-
sistere patiuntur. Sic omnibus hostium c5piis fusis armls-
que exutis se intra munltiones suas recipiunt.
Qu5 proelio fact5, quod saepius fortunam temptare Galba
2on6lebat, atque alio se in hlberna consilio venisse memine-
rat, aliis occurrisse rebus viderat, maxime frumenti com-
meatusque inopia permotus, poster5 die omnibus eius vici
aedificils incensls in provinciam reverti contendit, ac nullo
hoste prohibente aut iter demorante incolumem legionem
25 in Nantuates, inde in Allobroges perduxit ibique hiemavit.
7-19. REVOLT OF THE AREMORICAN STATES, 56 B.C.
Sub;t4gation of the Veneti
7. His rebus gestls, cum omnibus de causis Caesar
pacatam Galliam exlstimaret, atque ita inita hieme in Illyri-
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LIBER III, CAP. 6-8 85
cum profectus esset quod eas quoque nationes adire et
regiones c5gn6scere volebat, subitum bellum in Gallia
coortum est.
Eius bell! haec fuit causa. P. Crassus adu- Causes of the
5 lescens cum legione septima proximCls mare ^^ *veneH
Oceanum in Andibus hiemabat. Is, quod in fake the Uad.
his locis inopia frumenti erat, praefectos tribunosque mlli-
tum complures in finitimas civitates frumenti causa dlml-
sit ; qu5 in numero est T. Terrasidius missus in Esuvios,
10 M. Trebius Gallus in Coriosolitas, Q. Velanius cum T. Sili5
in Venetds.
8. Huius est civitatis longe amplissima auctoritas omnis
orae maritimae regionum earum, quod et naves habent
Venetl plurimas, quibus in Britanniam navigare consue-
15 runt, et scientia atque usu rerum nauticarum ceteros ante-
cedunt, et in magno impetu maris vasti atque aperti panels
portibus interiectis, quos tenent ipsi, omnes fere qui eo
mari uti consuerunt habent vectigales. Ab his fit initium
retinendT SilT atque VelanT, quod per eos suos se obsides
20 quos Crass5 dedissent recuperaturos existimabant. Horum
auct5ritate finitim! adducti — ut sunt Gallorum subita et
repentina consilia — eadem de causa Trebium Terrasidi-
umque retinent ; et celeriter missis legatis per suos prln-
cipes inter se coniurant nihil nisi communi c5nsili6 acturos
25 eundemque omnes fortunae exitum esse laturos ; reliquas-
que civitates sollicitant ut in ea llbertate quam a maioribus
acceperint permanere, quam Romanorum servitutem per-
ferre malint. Omni ora maritima celeriter ad suam sen-
tentiam perducta, communem legationem ad P. Crassum
30 mittunt : Si velit suos recuperare, obsides sibi remittat.
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86
BELLI GALLICI
Both sides 9- Quibus dc Fcbus Cacsar a Crasso certior
prepare for factus, quod ipsc abcrat longius, naves interim
longas aedificari in flumine LigerT, quod Influit
in Oceanum, remiges ex provincia InstituI, nautas guberna-
5t5resque comparan iubet. His rebus celeriter adminis-
tratis ipse, cum primum per anni tempus potuit, ad
exercitum contendit.
Fig. i6. — a Roman Ship of War.
Venetl reliquaeque item civitates, cognito Caesaris
adventu, simul quod quantum in se facinus admisissent
lointellegebant, legates — quod nomen ad omnes nati5nes
sanctum in violatumque semper fuisset — retentos ab se et in
vincula coniectos, pr5 magnitudine perlculi bellum parare
et maxime ea quae ad usum navium pertinent providere
instituunt, hoc maiore spe quod multum natura loci
15 c5nfidebant. Pedestria esse itinera conclsa aestuariis,
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LIBER III, CAP. 9-11 87
navigati5nem impedltam propter Inscientiam locorum
paucitatemque portuum sciebant, neque nostras exercitus
propter frumenti inopiam diutius apud se morarl posse
confidebant ; ac iam ut omnia contra opini5nem acciderent,
stamen se plurimum navibus posse, Romanes neque ullam
facultatem habere navium, neque eorum locorum ubi bel-
lum gesturi essent vada, portus, insulas ndvisse ; ac longe
aliam esse navigatidnem in concluso mari atque in vasti^-
simo atque apertissimd Oceano perspiciebant. His initis
10 consilils oppida muniunt, frumenta ex agrls in oppida com-
portant, naves in Venetiam, ubi Caesarem prlmum bel-
lum gesturum constabat, quam plurimas possunt cdgunt.
Socios sibi ad id bellum Osism5s, Lexovios, Namnetes,
Ambiliat5s, Morinos, Diablintes, Menapios adsclscunt;
15 auxilia ex Britannia, quae contra eas regidnes posita est,
arcessunt.
10. Erant hae difficultates belli gerendl quas supra
ostendimus, sed tamen multa Caesarem ad id bellum inci-
tabant : iniuria retentorum equitum Rdmanorum, rebellio
ao facta post deditionem, defectio datis obsidibus, tot clvita-
tum coniuratio, in pj-imTs ne hac parte neglecta reliquae
nationes sibi idem licere arbitrarentur. Itaque caesar's
cum intellegeret omnes fere Gallos novls rebus measures to
prevent a
studere et ad bellum mobiliter celeriterque exci- spread 0/ the
25tari, omnes autem homines natura llbertati stu- ^Z^'^''^"-
dere et condicionem servitutis odisse, priusquam plures
civitates consplrarent, partiendum sibi ac latius distribuen-
dum exercitum putavit.
11. Itaque T. Labienum legatum in Treverds, qui
joproximi flumini Rhen5 sunt, cum equitatu mittit. Huic
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88 BELLI GALLICI
mandat Remos reliquosque Belgas adeat atque in officio
contineat, Germanosque, qui auxiiio a Gallis arcessiti dice-
bantur, si per vim navibus flumen transire conentur, pro-
hibeat. P. Crassum cum cohortibus legionariis xii et
smagno numero equitatus in Aquitaniam proficisci iubet,
ne ex his nationibus auxilia in Galliam mittantur ac tantae
nationes coniungantur. Q. Titurium Sabinum legatum
cum legionibus tribus in Venellos, Coriosolitas, Lexoviosque
mittit, qui earn manum distinendam curet. D. Brutum
loadulescentem classi Gailicisque navibus, quas ex Pictonibus
et Santonis reliquisque pacatis regionibus convenire ius-
serat, praeficit et cum prim urn possit in Venetos proficisci
iubet. Ipse eo pedestribus copiis contendit.
„., ^ , 12. Erant eius modi fere situs oppidorum
6UuattoH of *^*
15 the Veiutan ut posita in extrcmis lingulis prdmunturiisque
neque pedibus aditum haberent, cum ex alt5 se
aestus incitavisset, quod accidit semper horarum xii spatio,
neque navibus, quod rursus minuente aestu naves in vadis
adflictarentur. Ita utraque re oppidorum oppugnatio
2oimpediebatur; ac si qiiando, magnitudine operis forte
superati, extruso mari aggere ac molibus atque his oppidi
moenibus adaequatis, desperare fortunis suis coeperant,
magno numero navium appulso, cuius rei summam faculta-
tem habebant, sua deportabant omnia seque in proxima
25oppida recipiebant; ibi se rursus isdem opportunitati-
bus loci d€fendebant. Haec eo facilius magnam partem
aestatis faciebant, quod nostrae naves tempestatibus
detinebantur, summaque erat vasto atque aperto mari,
magnis aestibus, raris ac prope nullis portibus, difficultas
30 navigandi.
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LIBER III, CAP. 12-14 89
13. Namque ipsorum naves ad hunc modum Comparison
factae arniataeque erant: carinae aliquant5 tan and the'
plani5res quam nostrarum navium, quo faci- Roman skips.
lius vada ac decessum aestus excipere possent; prdrae
sadmodum erectae, atque item puppes, ad magnitudinem
fluctuum tempestatumque accommodatae ; naves totae
factae ex robore ad quamvis vim et contumeliam perferen-
dam ; transtra ex pedalibus in altitudinem trabibus, conflxa
clavTs ferrels digit! pollicis crassitudine ; ancorae pro funi-
10 bus ferrels catenls revinctae; pelles pr5 velis alutaeque
tenuiter confectae, sive propter inopiam llnl atque eius
usus inscientiam, sTve eo, quod est magis verl simile, quod
tantas tempestates Ocean! tantosque impetus ventorum
sustinerl ac tanta onera navium regl veils n5n satis com-
15 mode posse arbitrabantur.
Cum his navibus nostrae class! eius modi congressus
erat ut una celeritate et pulsu remorum praestaret ; reliqua
pr5 loci natura, pro vl tempestatum, illls essent aptiora et
accojnmodatidra. Neque enim ils nostrae rostro nocere
20 poterant (tanta in ils erat firmitud5), neque propter altitu-
dinem facile telum adigebatur, et eadem de causa minus com-
mode c5pulls continebantur. Accedebat ut, cum saevire
ventus coepisset et se vento dedissent, et tempestatem
ferrent facilius et in vadls consisterent tutius et ab aestu
25 relictae nihil saxa et cautes timerent ; quarum rerum om-
nium nostris navibus casus erat extimescendus.
14. Compluribus expugnatis oppidls Caesar, ubi intel-
lexit frustra tantum laborem sumi, neque hostium fugam
captis oppidls reprim! neque ils nocerl posse, statuit ex-
3ospectandam classem. Quae ubi convenit ac primum ab
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90
BELLI GALLICl
hostibus Visa est, circiter ccxx naves conim,
paratissimae atque omni genere armorum oma-
tigsixaa^y profectae ex portu nostns adversae
constiterunt ; neque satis Brut5, qui class!
praeerat, vel tribunis militum centurionibusque,
quibus singulae naves erant attributae, consta-
bat quid agerent aut quam rationem pugnae Insisterent.
The mavai
battU.
Roman inge'
nutty and
valor over-
come the
enemy* s ad-
5 vantage in
ships.
The War with the Veneti.
Rostro enim noceri non posse cdgnoverant ; turribus autem
excitatis, tamen has altitudd puppium ex barbaris navibus
losuperabat, ut neque ex Inferiore loco satis commode tela
adigl possent et missa a Gallis gravius acciderent.
Una erat magno usul res praeparata a nostris, falces
praeacutae insertae adf ixaeque longuriis, n5n absimili forma
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LIBER III. CAP. 14-16 91
muralium falcium. His cum funes qui antemnas ad maids
destinabant comprehensi adductlque erant, navigio remis
incitato praerumpebantur. Quibus absclsls antemnae ne-
cessario concidebant ; ut, cum omnis Gallicis navibus spes
5 in veils armamentlsque consisteret, his ereptls omnis usus
navium uno tempore eriperetur. Reliquum erat certamen
positum in virtute, qua nostri mllites facile superabant,
atque e5 magis, quod in conspectu Caesaris atque omnis
exercitus res gerebatur, ut nullum paulo fortius factum
10 latere posset; omnes enim colles ac loca superiora, unde
erat propinquus despectus in mare, ab exercitu tenebantur.
15. Deiectls, ut diximus, antemnis, cum singulas binae
ac temae naves circumsteterant, milites summa vi tran-
scendere in hostium naves contendebant. Quod postquam
isbarbarl fieri animadverterunt, expugnatis CQmpluribug navi-
bus, cum el rei nullum reperlretur auxilium, fuga salutem
petere contenderunt. Ac iam conversls in eam partem
navibus quo ventus ferebat, tanta subito malacia ac tran-
quillitas exstitit ut se ex loc5 movere non possent. Quae
2oquidem res ad negotium conficiendum maxime fuit oppor-
tuna; nam singulas nostri consectati expugnaverunt, ut
perpaucae ex omnI numero noctis interventu ad terram
pervenirent, cum ab hora fere quarta usque ad solis occa-
sum pugnaretur.
25 16. Quo proelio bellum Venetorum totlusque Submission 0/
orae maritimae confectum est. Nam cum omnis Tktu^evert
iuventus, omnes etiam gravioris aetatis, in quibus /*«»«*«^»'-
aliquid consill aut dignitatis fuit, eo convenerant, tum
navium quod ubique fuerat in unum locum coegerant ; qui-
30 bus amissis reliqul neque quo se reciperent neque quem ad
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92 BELLI GALLICI
modum oppida defenderent habebant. Itaque se suaque
omnia Caesari dediderunt. In qu5s eo gravius Caesar
vindicandum statuit, quo diligentius in reliquum tempus a
barbaris ius legatorum conservaretur. Itaque omni senatu
5 necato reliquos sub cordna vendidit.
Collapse of the AremorUan revolt
Sabinus 17. Dum hacc in VenetTs geruntur, Q. Tilu-
'^y^iu, rius Sablnus cum ils copiis quas a Caesare
He avoids an acceperat in fine's Venellorum pervenit. His
engagement. * *
praeerat Viridovix ac summam imperl tenebat
loearum omnium clvitatum quae defecerant, ex quibus exer-
citum magnasque copias coegerat ; atque his paucis diebus
Aulercl Eburovices Lexoviique senatu suo interfecto, quod
auctdres belli esse nolebant, portas clauserunt seque cum
Viridovlce coniunxerunt ; magnaque praeterea multitude
15 undique ex Gallia perditorum hominum lati onumque con-
venerat, et qu5s spes praedandi studiumque bellandi ab
agri cultura et cotTdian5 labdre sevocabat.
Sablnus idoneo omnibus rebus loc5 castrls sese tenebat,
cum Viridovix contra eum duorum mlllium spati5 consedis-
20 set cotldieque productis copiis pugnandl potestatem f aceret,
ut iam non solum hostibus in contemptidnem Sablnus
veniret, sed etiam nostrdrum mllitum vocibus non nihil
carperetur ; tantamque opinionem timoris praebuit ut iam
ad vallum castrorum hostes accedere auderent. Id ea de
25 causa faciebat, quod cum tanta multitudine hostium, prae-
sertim eo absente qui summam imperl teneret, nisi aequo
loc5 aut opportunitate aliqua data, legatd dimicandum non
existimabat.
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LIBER III, CAP. 17-19 93
18. Hac confirmata opinione timoris, idoneum Byfrtund.
quendam hominem et callidum delegit, Galium, ^^C^w
ex iis quos auxill causa secum habebat. Huic ^^^*^^
*■ OH aUack,
magnis praemils pollicitationibusque persuadet
5 uti ad hostes transeat, et quid fieri velit edocet. Qui ubi pro
perfuga ad eos venit, timorem Rdmanorum proponit;
quibus angustils ipse Caesar a Venetis prematur docet,
neque longius abesse quin proxima nocte Sablnus clam
ex castrfs exercitum educat et ad Caesarcm auxill ferendl
10 causa proficlscatur. Quod ubi audltum est, conclamant
omnes occasionem neg5t! bene gerendi amittendam n5n
esse ; ad castra iri oportere.
Multae res ad hoc consilium Gallos hortabantur ; superi-
onipi dierum Sabinl cunctatio, perfugae confirmatio, inopia
15 cibariorum, cui rel parum diligenter ab ils erat provisum,
spes VeneticI belli, et quod fere libenter homines id quod
volunt credunt. His rebus adducti non prius Viridovlcem
reliquosque duces ex concilio dimittunt quam ab ils sit
concessum arma utI capiant et ad castra contendant. Qua
20 re concessa laetl ut explorata victoria, sarmentis virgultls-
que coUectls quibus fossas Romanorum compleant, ad
castra pergunt.
19. Locus erat castrorum editus et paulatim His victory
ab imo accllvis circiter passus mllle. Hue ^Ikesurrettder
35 magnd cursu contenderunt ut quam minimum ^f;^,^ *^ ^*'
° ^ -« ' ' bell tous states,
spati ad se colligend5s armandosque Romanis
daretur, exanimatique pervenerunt. Sablnus suos hortatus
cupientibus signum dat. Impedftis hostibus propter ea quae
ferebant onera, subito duabus portis eruptionem fieri iubet
30 Factum est opportunitate loci, hostium inscientia ac defati-
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94 BELLI GALLICI/^
gatidne, virtute militutn et superiwum pugnarum exercita-
tione, ut ne primum quidenTnostrdrum impetum ferrent ac
statim terga verterent. Qu5s integris viribus milites nostri
cdnsecuti magnum numerum eorum occlderunt ; reliquos
5 equites consectati paucos, qui ex f uga evaserant, rellquerunt.
Sic uno tempore et de navall pugna Sablnus et de
Sablnl victoria Caesar est cerjioj: factus, civitatesque
omnes se statim Titurid dediderunt. Nam ut ad bella
suscipienda Galldrum alacer ac promptus est animus, sic
10 mollis ac minime resistens ad calamitates perferendas
mens edrum est.
20-27. THE CAMPAIGN IN AQUITANIA, 56 B.C.
Crassusis 20. Eodcm fere tempore P. Crassus, cum in
theSoHa^s. Aqultaniam pervenisset, quae, ut ante dictum
est, et regionum latitudine et multitudine homi-
15 num est tertia pars Galliae aestimanda, cum intellegeret in
ils locis sibi bellum gerendum ubi panels ante anhls L.
Valerius Praeconlnus legatus exercitu pulso interfectus
esset, atque unde L. Manlius prdconsul impedimentis
amissis profugisset, non mediocrem sibi dlligentiam adhi-
aobendam intellegebat. Itaque re frumentaria provlsa, auxi-
lils equitatuque comparato, multis praeterea virls fortibus
Tolosa et Carcasone et Narb5ne, quae sunt civitates Gal-
liae provinciae flnitimae his regionibus, nominatim evocatis,
in Sotiatium fines exercitum introduxit. Cuius adventu
ascognito Sotiates magnis c5pils coactis equitatuque, quo
plunmuni valebant, in itinere agmen nostrum adortl prlnui^
equestre proelium commlserunt ; deinde, equitatu suo puls5
atque insequentibus nostrls, subito pedestres c5pias, quas
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UBER III, CAP. 20-22
95
in convalle in Insidils conlocaverant, ostenderunt. Hi
nostros disiectds adortl proelium renovarunt.
21. Pugnatum est diu atque acriter, cum He defeats
Sotiates superioribus vict5rils freti in sua virtute ^tJ^JTheir^
5 totlus AquTtaniae salutem positam putarent, ^^'^^
nostri autem quid sine imperatore et sine reliquis legid-
nibus adulescentulo duce efficere possent perspici cuperent ;
tandem confecti vulneri-
bus hostes terga verte-
10 runt. Quorum magno
numerd interfect5 Crassus
ex itinere oppidum Sotia-
tium oppugnare coepit -^•
Quibus fortiter resistenti-
15 bus vTneas turresque egit.
III! alias eruptione temp-
tata, alias cunlculTs ad aggerem vineasque actls (cuius
rel sunt longe perltissiml Aqultani, propterea quod multls
locis apud eos aerariae secturaeque sunt), ubi dlligentia
20 nostrorum nihil his rebus prdfici posse intellexerunt, legatos
ad Crassum mittunt, seque in deditidnem ut recipiat petunt.
Qua re impetrata arma tradere iussi faciunt.
22. Atque in eam rem omnium nostr5rum Adiatunnus
intentis animis, alia ex parte oppidi Adiatunnus, ^ted/ottow-
25 qui summam imperi tenebat, cum dc devotis, ^^•
qu5s illi 'soldurios' appellant, — quorum haec est con-
dici5, ut omnibus in vita commodis una cum ils fruan-
tur quorum se amicitiae dediderint; si quid his per vim
accidat, aut eundem casum una ferant aut sibi mortem
joconsclscant; neque adhuc hominum memoria repertus est
Fig. 17. — Vinea.
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96 BELLI GALLICI
quisquam qui, eo interfectd cuius se amicitiae devovisset,
mortem recusaret, — cum his Adiatunnus eruptionem facere
conatus, clamdre ab ea parte munltionis sublat5, cum ad
arma mllites concurrissent vehementerque ibi pugnatum
5 esset, repulsus in oppidum tamen uti eadem deditionis con-
dicione uteretur a Crassd impetravit.
23. Armis obsidibusque acceptis, Crassus in
termintsto flnes Vocatium et Tarusatium prof actus est.
^diowbe^r^ ^^^ vero barbarl commoti, quod oppidum et
^Q the enemy get natura iocl ct mauu munltum panels diebus qui-
ioo strong,
bus eo ventum erat expugnatum cognoverant,
iegatos quoque versus dlmittere, coniurare, obsides inter se
dare, copias parare coeperunt. Mittuntur etiam ad eas
civitates iegati quae sunt citeriSris Hispaniae finitimae
15 Aqultaniae ; inde auxilia ducesque arcessuntur. Quorum
adventu magna cum auct5ritate et magna hominum multi-
tudine beiium gerere conantur. Duces vero ii deliguntur
qui una cum Q. Sertorid omnes annos fuerant summamque
scientiam rei militaris habere existimabantur. Hi cdnsue-
20 tudine popull RomanI ioca capere, castra munire, com-
meatibus nostros intercludere Instituunt. Quod ubi Crassus
animadvertit suas copias propter exiguitatem non facile
diduci, hostem et vagari et vias obsidere et castrls satis
praesidi relinquere, ob eam causam minus commode fru-
asmentum commeatumque sibi supportari, in dies hostium
numerum augerl, non cunctandum existimavit quin pugna
decertaret. Hac re ad consilium delata, ubi omnes idem
sen tire intellexit, posterum diem pugnae c5nstituit.
24. Prima luce productis omnibus copils, duplici acie
joinstituta, auxilils in mediam aciem coniectis, quid hostes
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LIBER 111. CAP. 23-26 97
consill caperent exspectabat. I 111, etsi propter multitudinem
et veterem belli gl5riam paucitatemque nostrorum se tut5
dimicaturos existimabant, tamen tutius esse arbitrabantur
obsessis vils commeatu intercluso sine 0115 vulnere victoria
5 potiri, et, sf propter inopiam rei frumentariae RomanI sese
recipere coepissent, impeditos in agmine et sub sarcinis
Infirm i5res^ anim5 adoriri cogitabant. Hoc consilia pro-
bata, ab ducibus prdductis Roman5runi cdpils, sese castris
tenebant. Hac re perspecta Crassus, cum sua
, The camp of
10 cunctatione atque oplnione timoris hostes nostrds the enemy u
milites alacridres ad pugnandum effecissent, th^^g,^urths
atque omnium voces audirentur exspectari diu- of them are
tius n5n oportere quin ad castra Iretur, cohor-
tatus suos omnibus cupientibus ad hostium castra contendit.
15 25. Ibi cum alii fossas complerent, alii multls tells con-
lectis defensores vallo munltionibusque depellerent, auxilia-
resque, quibus ad pugnam n5n multum Crassus confldebat,
lapidibus telisque sumministrandls et ad aggerem caespi-
tibus comportandis speciem atque opIni5nem pugnantium
20 praeberent, cum item ab hostibus constanter ac non timide
pugnaretur telaque ex loco superi5re missa non frustra
acciderent, equites circumitis hostium castris Crasso re-
nuntiaverunt non eadem esse dlligentia ab decumana porta
castra munlta facilemque aditum habere.
25 26. Crassus equitum praefectos cohortatus ut magnis
praemiis pollicitationibusque suos excitarent, quid fieri
vellet ostendit IllI, ut erat imperatum, eductis ils cohor-
tibus quae praesidio castris relictae intrltae ab labore erant
et Ipngiore itinere circumductis, ne ex hostium castris con-
so spiel possent, omnium oculls mentibusque ad pugnam
MATH. CAESAR — 7
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98 BELLI GALLICI
intentis, celeriter ad eas quas diximus munitiones pervene-
runt, atque his prorutls prius in hostium castris constiterunt
quam plane ab his videri, aut quid rei gereretur c6gn5sci
posset Turn vero ciamore ab ea parte audito nostri redin-
5 tegratis viribus, quod plerumque in spe victoriae accidere
consuevit, acrius impugnare coeperunt. Hostes undique
circumventi, desperatis omnibus rebus, se per munitiones
deicere et fuga salutem petere contenderunt. Quos equita-
tus apertissimis campis consectatus, ex miilium l numero,
10 quae ex Aquitania Cantabrisque convenisse constabat, vix
quarta parte relicta, multS nocte se in castra recepit.
Most of the ^^' ^^^ audita pugna piaxima pars Aquita-
Atruitanian niae sese Crasso dedidit obsidesque ultro misit ;
quo in numero fuerunt Tarbelli, Bigerriones,
isPtianii, Vocates, Tarusates, Elusates, Gates, Ausci, Ga-
rumni, Sibusates, Cocosates ; paucae ultimae nationes anni
tempore confisae, quod hiems suberat, id f acere neglexerunt.
28-29. EXPEDITION OF CAESAR AGAINST THE MORINI AND
THE MENAPII, 56 B.C.
28. Eodem fere tempore Caesar, etsi prope exacta iam
aestas erat, tamen, quod omni Gallia pacata Morini Mena-
20 piique supererant qui in armis essent neque ad eum umquam
The enemy legatos de pace misissent, arbitratus id bellum
^fyres^MuT ^^^^"^^^ confici posse, eo exercitum duxit ; qui
swamps, longe alia ratione ac reliqui Galli bellum gerere
karrytke^ coeperunt. Nam quod intellegebant maxima^
25 ^<w»Miw. nationes quae proelio contendissent pulsas supe-
ratasque esse, continentesque silvas ac paludes habebant,
eo se suaque omnia contulerunt. Ad quarum initium silva-
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UBER III, CAP. 27-29 99
rum cum Caesar pervenisset castraque munlre Instituisset,
neque hostis interim visus esset, dispersis in opere nostris,
subito ex omnibus partibus silvae evolaverunt et in nostrds
impetura fecerunt. Nostri celeriter arma ceperunt eosque
sin silvas reppuierunt et, compluribus interfectls, longius
impedltioribus locis secut! paucos ex suls deperdiderunt.
29. Reliquls deinceps diebus Caesar silvas caedere In-
stituit; et, ne quis inermibus imprudentibusque mllitibus
ab latere impetus fieri posset, omnem earn materiam quae
loerat caesa conversam ad hostem conlocabat et pr5 valid ad
utruraque latus exstruebat. Incredibill celeritate q^^^ ^
magna spatio panels diebus confecto, cum iam for^f^hcon^
tmuous raitts
pecus atque extrema impedimenta a nostrls tene- toretin, h«
rentur, ipsi densiores silvas peterent, eius mod! ^^'*^^.
15 sunt tempestates consecutae ut! opus necessario '^^•
intermitteretur et continuatione imbrium diutius sub pelli-
bus milites continerl non possent. Itaque vastatis omnibus
eorum agrls, vicis aedificiisque incensis, Caesar exercitum
reduxit et in Aulercis Lexoviisque, reliquis item clvitatibus
20 quae proxime bellum fecerant, in hibernis conlocavit
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LIBER QVARTVS
1-19. CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE GERMANS, 55 B.C.
l^Var with tkt UsipeUs and Tencteri
Supremacy I. Ea quac sccuta est hieme, qui fuit annus
^l! Germany, ^^' Pompeio, M. Crass5 consulibus, Usipetes
Their CMS- German! et item Tencteri magna multitudine
hominum flumen Rhenum transierunt, non longe
5 a mari quo Rhenus influit. Causa transeundl fuit quod ab
SuebTs complures annos exagitati bello premebantur et agri
cultura prohibebantur.
Sueborum gens est longe maxima et bellic5sissima Ger-
manorum omnium. Hi centum pagos habere dlcuntur, ex
loquibus quotannls singula mlllia armatorum bellandl causa
ex finibus educunt. ReliquI, qui domi manserunt, se atque
illos alunt ; hi rursus in vicem anno post in armis sunt, ill!
domi remanent. Sic neque agrI cultura nee ratio atque
usus belli intermittitur. Sed privati ac separati agrI apud
iseos nihil est, neque longius anno remanere uno in loco
colendl causa licet. Neque multum frumento, sed maxi-
mam partem lacte atque pecore vivunt, multumque sunt in
venationibus ; quae res et cibi genere et cotldiana exercita-
tione et llbertate vltae, — quod a pueris nullo officio aut
aodisciplina adsuefacti nihil omnino contra voluntatem faci-
unt, — et vires alit et immani corporum magnitudine
100
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LIBER IV, CAP. 1-3 lOI
homines efficit. Atque in earn se c5nsuetudinem adduxe-
runt ut iocis frlgidissimis neque vestltus praeter pelles
haberent quicquam, quarum propter exiguitatem magna
est corporis pars aperta, et lavarentur in fluminibus.
5 2. Mercatoribus est aditus magis eo, ut quae bell5
ceperint quibus vendant habeant, quam quo ullam rem
ad se importarl deslderent. Quin etiam iumentis, quibus
maxime Galli delectantur quaeque impenso parant pretio,
GermanI importatis n5n utuntur, sed quae sunt apud e5s
lonata, parva atque deformia, haec cotidiana exercitati5ne
summi ut sint laboris efficiunt. Equestribus proelils
saepe ex equls desiliunt ac pedibus proeliantur, equosque
eodem remanere vestlgio adsuefecerunt, ad quos se celeri-
ter, cum usus est, recipiunt ; neque eorum moribus turpius
15 quicquam aut inertius habetur quam ephippiis utl. Itaque
ad quemvis numerum ephippiatorum equitum quamvis
pauci adlre audent. Vinum omnino ad se importarl n5n
patiuntur, quod ea re ad laborem ferendum remollescere
homines atque effeminarl arbitrantur.
20 3. Publice maxim am putant esse laudem quam latis-
sime a suTs finibus vacare agros; hac re significarl mag-
num numerum clvitatum suam vim sustinere non posse.
Itaque una ex parte a Suebis circiter mlllia passu urn c
agri vacare dicuntur. Ad alteram partem succedunt Ubil,
25 quorum f uit clvitas ampla atque florens, ut est captus Ger-
manorum ; il paul5, quamquam sunt eiusdem generis, sunt
ceteris humaniores, propterea quod Rhenum attingunt, mul-
tumque ad eos mercatores ventitant, et ipsi propter pro-
pinquitatem GallicTs sunt m5ribus adsuefactl. Hos cum
3oSuebI multls saepe bellis expert! propter amplitudinem
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I02 BELLI GALLICI
gravitatemque clvitatis finibus expellere non potuissent,
tamen vectlgales sibi fecerunt ac multo humiliores in-
firmioresque redegerunt.
4. In eadem causa fuerunt Usipetes et Tenc-
Tht Usipetes , . ^ ^
S and Tencteri, tcrl, qu5j supra dlximus, qui complures annos
Ikonu h^Uhe Sucborum vim sustinuerunt ; ad extremum tamen
SueH, cross agris cxpulsl ct multls locis Germaniae triennium
the Rhine ojut
occupy the vagati ad Rhenum pervenerunt, quas regiones
A^/w» Menapii incolebant. Hi ad utramque npam
10 fluminis agros, aedificia, vicosque habebant ; sed
tantae multitudinis adventu perterriti ex iis aedificiis quae
trans flumen habuerant demigraverant, et cis Rhenum dis-
positls praesidils Germanos transTre prohibebant. IllI
omnia expertl, cum neque vl contendere propter inopiam
15 navium neque clam transire propter cust5dias Menapiorum
possent, reverti se in suas sedes regionesque simulaverunt,
et tridul viam progress! rursus reverterunt atque, omni hoc
itinere una nocte equitatu c5nfect6, Inscios inoplnantesque
Menapios oppresserunt, qui de Germanorum discessu per
20 expl6rat5res certiores f acti sine metu trans Rhenum in
suos vicos remigraverant. His interfectis navibusque eorum
occupatis, priusquam ea pars Menapiorum quae citra Rhe-
num erat certior fieret, flumen transierunt, atque omni-
bus eorum aedificiis occupatis reliquam partem biemis se
25 eorum copiis aluerunt.
Caesar, 5, Hls de rcbus Caesar certior factus et In-
knowini^ the ~ —
inconstancy firmitatcm Gallorum veritus, quod sunt in c6n-
detertf^s^fyf siUls capicndls mdbiles et novis plerumque rebus
prevent their student, nihil hIs ^committcudum existimavit.
30 the Germans. Est cuim hoc Gallicae consuetudinis, uti et
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LIBER IV, CAP. 4-7 IO3
viatores etiam invit5s c5nsistere cogant, et quid quisque
edrum de quaque re audierit aut c5gn6verit quaerant;
et mercatores in oppidls vulgus circumsistat, quibusque
ex regi5nibus veniant quasque ibi res c5gn5verint pronunti-
5 are cogat His rebus atque auditi5nibus permoti de sum-
mis saepe rebus cdnsilia ineunt, qudrum eos in vestlgio
paenitere nec.esse est, cum incertis rumdribus serviant et
plerique ad voluntatem e5rum ficta respondeant.
6. Qua consuetudine c5gnita Caesar, ne CTavi5r! bello
10 occurreret, maturius quam cdnsuerat ad exercitum profi-
ciscitur. Eo cum venisset, ea quae fore suspicatus erat
facta c5gn6vit: missas legatidnes ab non nullis clvitatibus
ad German5s invltatosque e5s uti ab Rhen5 discederent ;
omnia quae postulassent ab se fore parata. Qua spe
15 adducti German! latius iam vagabantur et in fines Eburo-
num et Condrusorum, qui sunt Treverorum clientes, per-
venerant. Principibus Galliae evocatis Caesar ea quae
c6gn5verat dissimulanda sibi existimavit, eorumque animis
permulsis et confirmatis equitatuque imperato bellum cum
20 Germanis gerere cdnstituit.
7. Re f rumen taria comparata equitibusque Caesar re-
delectis, iter in ea loca facere coepit quibus ^fi^messagc
in locis esse Germanos audiebat. A quibus A^ ^^
_. . , , , Germans,
cum paucorum dierum iter abesset, legatl ab
25 lis venerunt, qu5rum haec fuit 6rati5: Germanos neque
priores populo Romano bellum Inferre, neque tamen
recusare, si lacessantur, quin armis contendant, quod Ger-
man5rum consuetudo sit a mai5ribus tradita, quicumque
bellum Inferant, resistere neque deprecarl. Haec tamen
jodicere, venisse mvitos, eiectos dom5; si suam gratiam
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I04 BELLI GALLICI
Roman! velint, posse ils utiles esse amicos ; vel sibi agros
attribuant vel patiantur eos tenere quos armls possederint :
sese unis Suebls concedere, quibus ne dii quidem immortales
pares esse possint ; reliquum quidem in terrls esse neminem
5 quem non superare possint.
The Ger- 8. Ad haec Caesar quae visum est respondit ;
^dlredZ^ sed exitus fuit orationis : Sibi nullam cum iis
Uave Gaul, amlcitiam esse posse si in Gallia remanerent ;
try to gain _ « r -
time by nequc vcFum esse qui suos fines tuerl non
^^negotiations, p^tuerint alienos occupare; neque uUds in
Gallia vacare agr5s qui darl tantae praesertim multitudini
sine iniuria possint ; sed Hcere, si velint, in Ubiorum finibus
c5nsldere, quorum sint legatl apud se et de Sueborum
iniurils querantur et a se auxilium petant; hoc se Ubiis
15 imperaturum.
9. Legatl haec se ad su5s relaturos dixerunt et re
dellberata post diem tertium ad Caesarem reversuros ;
interea ne propius se castra moveret petierunt. Ne id
quidem Caesar ab se impetrarl posse dixit. Cognoverat
2oenim magnam partem equitatus ab ils aliquot diebus ante
praedandl frumentandlque causa ad Ambivarit5s trans
Mosam missam; h5s exspectarl equites atque eius rel
causa moram interponi arbitrabatur.
Description ID. Mosa profluit ex montc Vosego, qui est in
^laJ/the^^^ finibus Lingonum, et parte quadam ex Rheno
Rhine. rcccpta quac appellatur Vacalus, Insulam efficit
Batav5rum, neque longius inde mlllibus passuum lxxx in
Oceanum Influit. Rhenus autem oritur ex Lepontils, qui
Alpes incolunt, et longd spatio per fines Nantuatium, Hel-
3oveti5rum, Sequan5rum, Mediomatricum, Triboc5rum, Tre-
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LIBER IV. CAP. 8-12 IO5
verdrum citatus fertur, et, ubi Oceano appropinquavit, in
plures diffluit partes multls ingentibusque insulis effectis,
quarum pars magna a feris barbarlsque nationibus incolitur,
— ex quibus sunt qui piscibus atque ovis avium vivere ex-
slstimantur, — multlsque capitibus in Oceanum influit.
11. Caesar cum ab hoste non amplius pas- y<. ^^
suum XII mlllibus abesset» ut erat c5nstitutum, mans, odtat/t-
- ,-__ ^ -.... in^ a truce,
ad eum legati revertuntur; qui m itmere con- treacAercus/y
gressi magnopere ne longius progrederetur '^^^^^.^^
loorabant Cum id n5n impetrassent, petebant Roman
uti ad eos equites qui agmen antecessissent prae- ^^ ^'
mitteret e5sque pugna prohiberet, sibique ut potestatem
faceret in Ubios legates mittendl; quorum si principes ac
senatus sibi iure iurando fidem fecisset, ea condicione
15 quae a Caesare ferretur se usuros ostendebant ; ad has
res conficiendas sibi tridui spatium daret Haec omnia
Caesar eodem ill5 pertinere arbitrabatur, ut tridui mora
interposita equites eorum qui abessent reverterentur ;
tamen sese n5n longius mlllibus passuum iiii aquati5nis
20 causa processurum eo die dixit; hue postero die quam
frequentissimi convenirent, ut de eorum postulatis cognds-
ceret. Interim ad praefectos qui cum omnI equitatu ante-
cesserant mittit qui nuntiarent ne hostes proelid lacesserent ;
et, si ipsi lacesserentur, sustinerent quoad ipse cum exer-
25 citu propius accessisset.
12. At hostes, ubi primum nostros equites c5nspexe-
runt, quorum erat v mlllium numerus, cum ipsI n5n
amplius dccc equites haberent quod ii qui frumentandi
causa ierant trans Mosam n5ndum redierant, nihil timen-
jotibus nostris, quod legati eorum paulo ante a Caesare
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I06 BELLI GALLia
discesserant atque is dies indutiis erat ab his petftus,
impetu factd celeriter nostros perturbaverunt ; rursus his
resistentibus, c5nsuetQdine sua ad pedes desiluerunt, suf-
fosslsque equis compluribusque nostrls deiectis, reliqu5s in
sfugam coniecerunt atque ita perterritos egerunt ut ndn
prius f uga desisterent quam in conspectum agminis nostri
venissent.
Two brave In CO proclio ex equitibus nostrls interficiun-
Aquitanians, ^y^^ jjjj ^^ ^xx, in hIs vir foitissimus, Rs5 Aqul-
10 tanusy amplissimo genere natus, cuius avus in civitate sua
regnum obtinuerat, amicus a senatu nostro appellatus. Hic
cum fratri intercluso ab hostibus auxilium ferret, ilium ex
perlcul5 eripuit, ipse equo vulnerat5 delectus, quoad potuit
fortissime restitit; cum circumventus multls vulneribus
15 acceptis cecidisset, atque id frater, qui iam proelio exces-
serat, procul animadvertisset, incitato equo se hostibus
obtulit atque interfectus est.
Caesar 1 3. H5c fact5 proello Caesar neque iam sibi
oHack " legatds audiend5s neque condici5nes accipiendas
2Qno longer, arbltrabatur ab lis qui per dolum atque Insidias,
petlta pace, ultro bellum intulissent ; exspectare ver5 dum
hostium c5piae augerentur equitatusque reverteretur, sum-
mae dementiae esse iudicabat; et cognita Gall5rum Infirmi-
tate, quantum iam apud eos hostes uno proelio auctoritatis
asessent consecuti sentiebat; quibus ad consilia capienda
nihil spati dandum existimabat. His constitutis rebus et
consili5 cum legatls et quaest5re communicate ne quem
diem pugnae praetermitteret, opportunissima res accidit,
quod postrldie eius diel mane eadem et simulati5ne et per-
30 fidia usi GermanI f requentes, omnibus principibus maioji.
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LIBER IV, CAP. 13-15 107
busque natu adhibitis, ad eum in castra v€n€runt, simul,
ut dicebatur, purgandl suT causa, quod, contra atque esset
dictum et ipsi petissent, proelium prfdie commisissent,
simul ut, si quid possent, de indutils fallendo impetrarent.
5 Qu5s sibi Caesar oblat5s gavlsus, illos retiner! iussit ; ipse
omnes c5pias castris eduxit equitatumque, quod recent!
proelid perterritum esse existimabat, agmen subsequi iussit.
14. Acie triplici institute et celeriter viii mil- j^ q^^
lium itinere c5nfect5, prius ad hostium castra ^*^^^*
utterly routed
lopervenit quam quid ageretur GermanI sentire and most 0/
possent. Qui omnibus rebus subito perterriti, ^^^^*^*-
et celeritate ad vent us nostrl et discessu suorum, neque
consill habendl neque arma capiendl spati5 dat5 pertur-
bantur, cdpiasne adversus hostem ducere an castra defen-
isdere an fuga salutem petere praestaret. Quorum timor
cum fremitu et concursu significaretur, mllites nostrl prls-
tini diel perfidia incitati in castra inruperunt. Qu5 loco
qui celeriter arma capere potuerunt paulisper nostrls resti-
terunt atque inter carros impedlmentaque proelium com-
2omIserunt; at reliqua multitudo puer5rum mulierumque
(nam cum omnibus suls domS excesserant Rhenumque
transierant) passim fugere coepit; ad quos consectandos
Caesar equitatum misit.
15. GermanI post tergum clamore audlto cum suos
25 interfici viderent, armis abiectis signlsque mllitaribus relie-
fs se ex castris eiecerunt, et cum ad confluentem Mosae
et RhenI pervenissent, reliqua fuga desperata, magno nu-
mero interfecto, reliqui se in flumen praecipitaverunt, atque
ibi timore, lassitudine, vl fluminis oppressi perierunt. Nos-
3otri ad unum omnes incolumes, perpaucis vulneratls, ex
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I08 BELLI GALLICI
tanti belli timdre, cum hostium numerus capitum ccccxxx
mlllium fuisset, se in castra receperunt. Caesar iis quos
in castrls retinuerat discedendi potestatem fecit. Illi sup-
plicia crucial usque Gall5rum veriti, qu5rum agr5s vexave-
5 rant, remanere se apud eum velle dixerunt. His Caesar
libertatem concessit.
Caesar crosses the Rhine
Reasons /or i6. Germanico bello confect5, multis de causis
Hon, ^' Caesar statuit sibi Rhenum esse transeundum;
quarum ilia fuit iustissima, quod, cum videret
loGermanos tam facile impelll ut in Galliam venlrent, suls
quoque rebus e5s timere voluit, cum intellegerent et posse
et audere populi RomanI exercitum Rhenum transire.
Accessit etiam quod ilia pars equitatus Usipetum et
Tencterdrum, quam supra commemoravl praedandi fru-
15 mentandlque causa Mosam translsse neque proelio inter-
fuisse, post fugam su5rum se trans Rhenum in fines
Sugambrorum receperat seque cum his coniunxerat. Ad
qu5s cum Caesar nunti5s misisset qui postularent eos
qui sibi Galliaeque bellum intulissent sibi dederent, re-
2osponderunt : Populi R5manl imperium Rhenum flnire; si
se invltd Germanos in Galliam transire non aequum exls-
timaret, cur sul quicquam esse imperl aut potestatis trans
Rhenum postularet ?
Ubil autem, qui unl ex Transrhenanis ad Caesarem le-
25 gatos miserant, amicitiam fecerant, obsides dederant, mag-
nopere orabant ut sibi auxilium ferret, quod graviter ab
Suebis premerentur; vel, si id facere occupatidnibus rei
publicae prohiberetur, exercitum modo Rhenum transpor-
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LIBEK IV, CAP. 16-17
109
taret; id sibi ad auxilium spemque reliqui temporis satis
futurum. Tantum esse ndmen atque opini5nem eius
exercitus Ariovisto pulso et hoc novissimd^ proelio facto
etiam ad ultimas German5rum nati5nes, uti opinidne et
samlcitia populi R5niani tuti esse possent. Navium mag-
nam copiam ad transportandum exercitum pollicebantur.
17. Caesar his de causfs quas commemoravl ^^^^^.^
Rhenum transire decreverat ; sed navibus trans- itridge over
ire neque satis tutum esse arbitrabatur, neque
10 suae neque populi R5manl dignitatis esse statuebat.
Itaque, etsi summa difficultas faciendi pontis proponeba-
FlG. 18. — Caesar's Bridge over the Rhine.
Af Tigna bina sesquipedalia. D^ Fibulae. G, Crates.
B, Tigna iis contraria. Et Derecta materia. H, Sublicae pro ariete subtectae.
C, Trabs bipedalis. F^ Longurii. /, Sublicae supra pontem immissae.
tur propter latitudinem, rapiditatem altitudinemque flumi-
nis, tamen id sibi contendendum aut aliter non traducendum
exercitum exlstimabat.
15 Rationem pontis banc instituit. Tigna bina sesquipe-
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no BELLI GALLICI
dalia paulum ab Im5 praeacuta, dimensa ad altitudinem
fluminis, intervall5 pedum dudrum inter se iungebat.
Haec cum machinationibus immissa in flumen defixerat
festuclsque adegerat, — non sublicae mod5 derecte ad per-
5 pendiculum, sed prone ac fastlgate, ut secundum naturam
fluminis procumberent, — iis item contraria duo ad eundem
modum iuncta, intervallo pedum quadragenum ab Inferiore
parte contra vim atque impetum fluminis conversa statue-
bat. Haec utraque Insuper bipedalibus trabibus immissTs,
10 quantum edrum tigndrum iunctura distabat, binls utrimque
fibulis ab extrema parte distinebantur ; quibus disclusis
atque in contrariam partem revInctTs, tanta erat operis
firmituda atque ea rerum natura ut, quo maiqr vis aquae
se incitavisset, hoc artius inligata tenerentur. Haec derecta
15 materia iniecta contexebantur ac longurils cratibusque con-
sternebantur; ac nihilo setius sublicae et ad inferidrem
partem fluminis oblique agebantur, quae pr5 ariete sub-
iectae et cum omni opere coniunctae vim fluminis excipe-
rent, et aliae item supra pontem mediocri spatio, ut, si
2oarborum trunci sive naves deiciendi operis causa essent
a barbaris immissae, his defens5ribus earum rerum vis
minueretur, neu ponti nocerent.
18. Diebus x quibus materia coepta erat com-
Caesar enters
Germany, portari omui opcrc effect5, exercitus traducitur.
^'^V4hu^ days Caesar ad utramque partem pontis firmo prae-
retumsto sidio relict5 in fines Sugambr5rum contendit.
Interim a compluribus civitatibus ad eum le-
gati veniunt; quibus pacem atque amicitiam petentibus
liberaliter respondet obsidesque ad se adduci iubet. At
30 Sugambri ex e5 tempore qu5 p5ns institui coeptus est f uga
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LIBER IV, CAP. 18-20 III
comparata, hortantibus iis quos ex Tencteris atque Usipeti-
bus apud se habebant, finibus suls excesserant suaque omnia
exportaverant seque in sdlitudinem ac silvas abdiderant.
19. Caesar pauc5s dies in edrum finibus moratus, omni-
5 bus vicis aedificiisque incensis frumentisque succTsis, se in
fines Ubiorum recepit, atque his auxilium suum pollicitus
si a Suebis premerentur, haec ab ils c5gn5vit : Suebos,
posteaquam per expl5rat5res pontem fieri comperissent,
more suo concili5 habito nuntios in omnes partes dlml-
losisse, uti de oppidls demigrarent, Ilberds, ux5res suaque
omnia in silvls depdnerent, atque omnes qui arma ferre
possent unum in locum convenlrent; hunc esse delectum
medium fere regi5num earum quas Suebl obtinerent ; hic
R5man5rum adventum exspectare atque ibidem decertare
15 constituisse.
Quod ubi Caesar comperit, omnibus ils rebus c5nfectls
quarum rerum causa traducere exercitum constituerat, ut
Germanis metum iniceret, ut Sugambros ulclsceretur, ut
Ubios obsididne liberaret, diebus omnino xviii trans Rhe-
2onum consumptis, satis et ad laudem et ad utilitatem pro-
fectum arbitratus, se in Galliam recepit pontemque rescidit.
20-36. CAESAR'S FIRST EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN, 55 B.C.
20. Exigua parte aestatis reliqua Caesar, etsi The advan^
in his locis, quod omnis Gallia ad septentriones /^ii^ ^^
vergit, maturae sunt hiemes, tamen in Britan-
25 niam proficlsci contendit, quod omnibus fere Gallicis bellls
hostibus nostrls inde sumministrata auxilia intellegebat, et,
si tempus ad bellum gerendum deficeret, tamen magno sibi
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112 BELLI GALLICI
USUI fore arbitrabatur, si modo insulam adisset, genus ho-
minum perspexisset, loca, portus, aditus cogn5visset ; quae
omnia fere Gallis erant inc5gnita. Neque enim temere
praeter mercat5res ill5 adit quisquam, neque his ipsis quic-
squam praeter oram maritimam atque eas regidnes quae
sunt contra Gallias ndtum est Itaque vocatis ad se undi-
que mercataribus, neque quanta esset insulae magnitudo,
neque quae aut quantae nati5nes incolerent, neque quern
usum belli haberent aut quibus Institutis uterentur, neque
10 qui essent ad maiorem navium multitudinem iddnel portus,
reperire poterat.
Voinsenusis 21. Ad haec c5gn6scenda, priusquam pericu-
senito recon- j^j^ faceret, id5neum esse arbitratus C. Voluse-
not* ft. lift-
voys come num cum navl longa praemittit. Huic mandat
from several i - - m • i t
^S states of ^^ exploratis omnibus rebus ad se quam primum
Britain, revertatur. Ipse cum omnibus c5pils in Mori-
nos proficlscitur, quod inde erat brevissimus in Britanniam
traiectus. Hue naves undique ex finitimis regionibus, et
quam superiore aestate ad Veneticum bellum effecerat
aoclassem, iubet convenlre.
Interim c5nsili6 eius cognito et per mercatores perlato
ad Britann5s, a compluribus Insulae civitatibus ad eum
legatl veniunt qui polliceantur obsides dare atque imperio
popull RomanI obtemperare. Quibus audltis, llberaliter
25 pollicitus hortatusque ut in ea sententia permanerent, e5s
domum remittit et cum ils una Commium, quem ipse Atre-
batibus superatis regem ibi constituerat, cuius et virtutem
et consilium probabat et quem sibi fidelem esse arbitraba-
tur cuiusque auctdritas in his regionibus magnl habebatur,
3omittit. Huic imperat quas possit adeat civitates hortetur-
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LIBER IV, CAP. 21-22
113
que ut populi RomanI fidem sequantur, seque celeriter e5
venturum nuntiet. Volusenus, perspectis regi5nibus quan-
tum ei facultatis dari potuit qui navi egredi ac se barbai is
committere n5n auderet, quinto die ad Caesarem revertitur,
5 quaeque ibi perspexisset renuntiat.
22. Dum in his locis Caesar navium paran- TTUMorini
j« _ -. - ^ n/f • - make their
darum causa moratur, ex magna parte Morino- pgacewuk
rum ad eum legati venerunt qui se de superioris ^^"«^- ^*^
• >. _ - arrange'
temporis cdnsiliQ excusarent, quod hominesbar- ments/or tu-
10 bar! et nostrae consuetudinis imperiti bellum ^'"^^'^'•
popul5 Rdmano fecissent, seque ea quae imperasset f acturos
pollicerentur. Hoc sibi Caesar satis opportune accidisse
arbitratus, quod neque post tergum hostem relinquere vo-
lebat neque belli gerendi propter anni tempus facultatem
15 habebat neque has tantularum rerum occupationes Britan-
niae anteponendas iudicabat, magnum iis numerum obsi-
dum imperat. Quibus adductis e5s in fidem recipit.
Navibus circiter lxxx
onerarils coactis, quot
20 satis esse ad duas trans-
portandas legiones exlsti-
mabat, quod praeterea
navium longarum habe-
bat, quaestorl, legatls
25 praefectisque distribuit.
Hue accedebant xviii
onerariae naves, quae ex
eolocoa millibus passuum
VIII vento tenebantur qu5 minus in eundem portum venire
^ 30 possent ; has equitibus distribuit. Reliquum exercitum
Fig. 19. — A Transport.
MATH. CAESAR — 8
)
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114 BELLI GALLICI
Titurio Sabino et Aurunculei5 Cottae legatis in Menapios
atque in eos pag5s Morinorum a quibus ad eum legati non
venerant ducendum dedit ; Sulpicium Rufum legatum cum
e6praesidi5 quod satis esse arbitrabatur portum tenere iussit.
5 23. His c5nstitutis rebus, nactus iddneam ad
reaches navigandum tempestatem tertia fere vigilia sol-
^*** vit, equitesque in ulteriorem portum progredl et
naves c5nscendere et se sequi iussit. A quibus cum paulo
tardius esset administratum, ipse hora diel circiter quarta
10 cum prirnig^ navibus Britanniam attigit atque ibi in omni-
bus collibus expositas ho$tium c5pias armatas cdnspexit.
Cuius loci haec erat natiira atque ita montibus anguste
mare continebatur uti ex Joels s^geridribus in iTtus telum
adigl posset. Hunc ad egrediendum nequaquam id5neum
15 locum arbitratus, dum reliquae naves eo convenirent ad
horam n5nam in ancorls exspectavit. Interim legatis tribu-
nisque mllitum convocatis, et quae ex Voluseno c5gn6vis-
set et quae fieri vellet ostendit, monuitque*, ut rel militaris
rati5, maxime ut maritimae res postularent (ut quae cele-
20 rem* atque Instabilem m5tum haberent), ad nutum et ad
tempus omnes res ab iis administrarentur. His dimis-
sis et ventum et aestum uno tempore nactus secundum,
dat5 sign5 et sublatis ancorls circiter mlllia passuum vii ab
e5 loc5 progressus, aperto ac piano lltore naves constituit.
25 ^ , ^. 24. At barbari consili5 Romanorum cognito,
The landing ^ °
is stoutly re- praemiss5 equitatu et essedarils, quo plerumque
^"'^ ' genere in proelils utI consuerunt, reliquis c5piis
subsecuti nostros navibus egredi prohibebaT^t. Erat ob
has causas summa difficultas, quod naves propter magni-
3otudinem nisi in alt5 constitul non poterant; militibus
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LIBER IV, CAP. 23-25
IIS
autem, igndtis locis, impeditis manibus, magno et gravl
onere armdrum pressis, simul et de navibus desiliendum
et in -fluctibus c5nsistendum et cum hostibus erat pugnan-
dum ; cum illl aut ex arid5 aut paulum in aquam pr5gressi,
5 omnibus membris expeditis, notissimis locis, audacter tela
conicerent et equ5s Insuefactos incitarent Quibus rebus
nostri perterritr atque huius omnTn5 generis pugnae impe-
riti n5n eadem alacritate ac studio quo in pedestribus uti
proeliis c5nsuerant utebantur.
10 25. Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, naves longas, quarum
et species erat barbarls inusitatior et mdtus ad usum ^
peditior, paulum removeri ab onerariis navibus et remis
incitari et ad latus apertum hostium
c5nstitu! atque inde f undis, sagittis,
istormentls hostes propelli ac sum-
moverl iussit ; quae res magn5 usui
nostris f uit Nam et navium figura
etremorum motu et inflsitatogenere
tormentorum permdti barbari con-
2ostiterunt ac paulum etiam pedem
rettulerunt.
Atque nostris mllitibus cunctan-
tibus, maxime propter altitudinem
maris, qui decimae legidnis aquilam
25ferebat obtestatus de5s ut ea rSs
legioni feliciter evenlret, " Desi-
lite," inquit, " commllitones, nisi
vultis aquilam hostibus prddere;
ego certe meum rei publicae atque
30 imperatori officium praestitero. " fig. ao. — The Eagie-bearer.
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Il6 BELLI GALLICI
Hoc cum voce magna dixisset, se ex navl prdiecit atque
in hostes aquilam ferre coepit. Tum nostrl cohortati inter
se ne tantum dedecus admitteretur, Qniversi ex navf
desiluerunt. H5s item ex proximis navibus cum c5n-
5 spexissent, subsecuti hostibus appropinquaverunt.
After a hard 26. Pugnatum cst ab utrlsquc acriter. Nostri
^Romamrout tamcn, quod neque drdines servare neque firmi-
the enemy, tCF Insistcre neque sTgna subsequi poteraut,
atque alius alia ex navi quibuscumque signis occurrerat se
lo adgregabat, magnopere perturbabantur ; hostes vero, n5tis
omnibus vadis, ubi ex lltore aliquos singulares ex navi
egredientes conspexerant, incitatis equis impeditos adorie-
bantur, plures paucos circumsistebant, alii ab latere aperto
in univers5s tela coniciebant. Quod cum animadvertisset
15 Caesar, scaphas longarum navium, item speculatoria navi-
gia, militibus compleri iussit, et qups laborantes conspexerat
his subsidia summittebat. Nostri, simul in arido constite-
runt, suis omnibus consecutis in hostes impetum fecerunt
atque eos in fugam dederunt; neque longius prosequi
aopotuerunt, quod equites cursum tenere atque insulam capere
non potuerant. Hoc unum ad pristinam fortunam Caesari
dcfuit.
27. Hostes proelio superati, simul atque se ex
piotniseto fuga rccepcrunt, statim ad Caesarem legat5s de
25 ^" ^' ' pace miserunt ; obsides daturos quaeque imperas-
set facturds esse polliciti sunt. Una cum his legatis Com-
mius Atrebas venit, quem supra demonstraveram a Caesare
in Britanniam praemissum. Hunc illi e navi egressum,
cum ad eos 5rat5ris mod5 Caesaris mandata deferret, com-
30 prehenderant atque in vincula coniecerant; tum proeli5
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UBEK IV, CAP. 26-29 117
facto remlserunt, et in petenda pace eius rei culpam in
multitudinem contulerunt, et propter imprudentiam ut
fgndsceretur petiverunt. Caesar questus quod, cum ultr5
in continentem legatis missis pacem ab se petissent, bellum
5 sine causa intulissent, Ignoscere imprudentiae dixit obsides-
que imperavit ; qu5rum ilii partem statim dederunt, partem
ex longinguioribys locis arcessltam paucis diebus sese
datur5s dixerunt. Interea suos remigrare in agros iusse-
runt, principesque undique convenire et se civitatesque suas
10 Caesari commendare coeperunt
28. His rebus pace confirmata, post diem Ousar'sjieet
._. . ' -n -t. • 1. - - is almost dt*
quartum quam est m Britanniam ventum, naves stroyedbya
XVIII de quibus supra demonstratum est, quae ^^^ ^^
equites sustulerant, ex superjore portu lenl vento ucuum.
issolverunt. Quae cum appropinquarent Britan-
niae et ex castrls viderentur, tanta tempestas subito coorta
est ut nulla earum cursum tenere posset, sed aliae eddem
unde erant profectae referrentur, aliae ad Inferiorem par-
tem insulae, quae est propius soHs occasum, magn5 sul
20 cum perlculo deicerentur; quae tamen ancoris iactis cum
fluctibus complerentur, necessarid adversa nocte in altum
provectae continentem petierunt.
29. Eadem nocte accidit ut esset luna plena, qui dies
maritim5s aestus maximos in Oceano efficere c5nsuevit,
asnostrisque id erat incognitum. Ita uno tempore et longas
naves, quas Caesar in aridum subduxerat, aestus com-
plebat, et onerarias, quae ad ancoras erant deligatae,
tempestas adfllctabat, neque ulla nostrls facultas aut ad-
ministrandl aut auxiliandl dabatur. Cpmpluribup navibus
3ofractis, reliquae cum essent — funibus, ancoris reliqulsque
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Il8 BELLI GALLia
armamentis amissfs — ad navigandum inutiles, magna (id
quod necesse erat accidere) tdtius exercitus perturbatio
facta est. Neque enim naves erant aliae quibus rej)ortari
possent, et omnia deerant quae ad reficiendas naves erant
5 USUI, et, quod omnibus cdnstabat hiemari in Gallia oportere,
frumentum in his locis in hiemem prdvlsum non erat
The Britons 30. Quibus Fcbus c5gnitis prlncipes Britan-
^ant^of ^^^^» ^^* P^^^ proelium ad Caesarem convene-
his distress, rant, inter se conlocuti, cum et equites et naves
10 et frumentum Rdmanis deesse intellegerent et paucitatem
mllitum ex castrorum exiguitate c5gn5scerent, — quae hoc
erant etiam angustiora, quod sine impedlmentis Caesar
legi5nes transportaverat, — optimum factu esse duxerunt,
rebellidne facta frumento commeatuque nostros prohibere
15 et rem in hiemem prdducere ; quod his superatis aut reditu
interclusis neminem postea belli Inferendl causa in Britan-
niam transiturum cdnfldebant. Itaque rursus coniurati5ne
facta paulatim ex castrls discedere et su5s clam ex ag^is
deducere coeperunt.
^^ He repairs 31- At Cacs^r, etsl uondum eorum consilia
thejieet. c5gn6verat, tamen et ex eventu navium suarum
et ex eo, quod obsides dare intermlserant, fore id quod
accidit suspicabatur. Itaque ad omnes casus subsidia com-
parabat. Nam et frumentum ex agrls cotldie in castra
25 c5nferebat, et quae gravissime adfllctae erant naves, earum
materia atque aere ad reliquas reficiendas utebatur, et
quae ad eas res erant usuI ex continenti comparari iubebat.
Itaque cum summ5 studio a militibus administraretur, xii
navibus amissls, reliquls ut navigarl satis commode posset
30 eff ecit.
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LIBER IV, CAP. 30-33 119
32 Dum ea geruntur, legione ex cdnsuetudine Tyeackenms
una frumentatum missa, quae appellabatur sep- Homanfor-
tima, neque ulla ad id tempus belli susplcione <vrv/'w(r.
interposita, cum pars hominum in agris remaneret, pars
setiam in castra ventitaret, ii qui pr5 portis castrdrum in
statidne erant Caesari nuntiaverunt pulverem maiorem
quam consuetudo ferret in ea parte videri quam in
partem legid iter fecisset. Caesar id quod erat suspica-
tus, aliquid novi a barbaris initum consili, cohortes quae in
10 statidnibus erant secum in eam partem proficisci, ex reliquis
duas in statidnem succedere, reliquas armari et confestim
sese subsequi iussit. Cum paul5 longius a castris pro-
cessisset, suos ab hostibus premi atque aegre sustinere et
cdnferta legiSne ex omnibus partibus tela conici animad-
isvertit. Nam quod omni ex reliquis partibus demesso
frument5 pars una erat reliqua, suspicati hostes hue nos-
tr5s esse venturos noctu in silvis delituerant; tum di-
spers5s depositis armis in metendd occupatos subito adorti,
paucis interfectis reliquos incertis ordinibus perturbaverant,
losimnl equitatu atque essedis circumdederant.
■* * Manner of
33. Genus hoc est ex essedis pugnae. Prima figkHngwUh
per omnes partes perequitant et tela comciunt
atque ipso terrore equ5rum et strepitu rotarum drdines
plerumque perturbant, et cum se inter
25equitum turmas insinuaverunt, ex essedis
desiliunt et pedibus proeliantur. Aurigae
interim paulatim ex proelio excedunt atque
ita currus conlocant ut, si illi a multitudine
hostium premantur, expeditum ad su5s re- \,
joceptum habeant Ita mdbilitatem equitum, fig. aa— lugum.
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I20 BELU GALLICl
stabilitatem peditum in proeliis praestant; ac tantum usL
cotldiano et exercitatidne efficiunt uli in declivi ac prae^
cipiti loco incitatds equos sustinere et brevl moderari ac
flectere, et per tem5nem percurrere et in iugo insistere et
5 se inde in currus citissime recipere consuerint.
The Ramans 34* Q^ibus Fcbus pcrturbatls nostris novitate
are relieved, pugnae tempore opportunissim5 Caesar auxi-
Another at- ^ ^ ^ '^^ ^ *-
tack is lium tulit; namque eius adventu hostes con-
pianned. stitcrunt, nostrl se ex tim5re receperunt. Qu5
lo facto ad lacessendum hostem et committendum proelium
alienum esse tempus arbitratus, su5 se loco continuit et
brevl tempore interjnisso in castra legidnes reduxit. Dum
haec geruntur, nostris omnibus occupatis, qui erant in
agris reliqui discesserunt. Secutae sunt continuos com-^
15 plures dies tempestates quae et nostras in castris contine-
rent et hostem a pugna prohiberent. Interim barbari
nuntios in omnes partes dimiserunt paucitatemque nostrd-
rum niilitum suis praedicaverunt, et quanta praedae facien-
dae atque in perpetuum sui liberandi facultas daretur, si
20 R5man6s castris expulissent, demon straverunt. His rebus
celeriter magna multitudine peditatus equitatusque coacta
ad castra venerunt.
The Britons 35- Cacsar, ctsi idem quod superioribus die-
are defeated ^^^g accidcrat f orc videbat, — ut, si essent hostes
and offer ' *
2$ their sudmis- pulsi, cclcritate pcriculum eflfugerent, — tamen
sion. Caesar . _ . . _ ^ . a
returns to nactus cquitcs circitcr xxx, quos Commius Atre-
Giiu/. jj^g^ ^^ q^^j^ ^^^g dictum est, secum transporta-
verat, legiones in acie pro castris c5nstituit. Commisso
proelio diutius nostrorum militum impetum hostes ferre
3on5n potuerunt ac terga verterunt. Quos tantd spatid
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LIBER IV, CAP. J4-37 121
secuti quantum cursu et viribus efficere potuerunt, com-
plurgs ex iis occiderunt; deinde omnibus longe lateque
aedificiis incensis se in castra receperunt.
36. Eddem die legati ab hostibus missi ad Caesarem de
5 pace venerunt. His Caesar numerum obsidum quem ante
imperaverat duplicavit, eSsque in continentem adducl ius-
sit, quod propinqua die aequinocti infirmis navibus hiemi
navigatidnem subiciendam n5n existimabat. Ipse iddneam
tempestatem nactus paul5 post mediam noctem naves
10 solvit ; quae omnes incolumes ad continentem pervenerunt ;
sed ex ils onerariae duae eosdem portus quos reliquae
capere n5n potuerunt, et paulo Infra delatae sunt
37-38. SECOND WAR WITH THE MORINI AND THE MENAPII,
55B.C
37. Quibus ex navibus cum essent expositi TkeAforini
.... . t attack th€ A*o-
milites circiter ccc atque m castra contenderent, ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^
15 Morini, quos Caesar in Britanniam proficiscens '■'f«^f^/^
^ * suomisston,
pacatos rellquerat, spe praedae adducti primo
ndn ita magn5 suorum numerd circumsteterunt ac, si sese
interfici nollent, arma p5nere iusserunt. Cum illi orbe
facto sese defenderent, celeriter ad clamorem hominum
20 circiter mlllia vi convenerunt. Qua re nuntiata Caesar
omnem ex castrls equitatum suis auxilio misit. Interim
nostri milites impetum hostium sustinuerunt atque amplius
horis nil fortissime pugnaverunt, et paucis vulneribus ac-
ceptis complures ex his occiderunt. Postea vero quam
as equitatus noster in conspectum venit, hostes abiectis armis
terga verterunt magnusque e5rum numerus est occlsus.
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122 BELLI GALLia
38. Caesar postero die T. Labienum legatum cum iis
legidnibus quas ex Britannia reduxerat in Morinds, qui
rebellionem fecerant, misit. Qui cum propter siccitates
paludum qu5 se reciperent non haberent (quo perfugio su-
5 periore anno erant usi), omnes fere in potestatem Labieni
77k€ Aftnapi ^enerunt. At Q. Titurius et L. Cotta legati, qui
are again in Meuapiorum fines legiones duxerant, omni-
bus e5rum agrls vastatls, frumentls succisis, aedi-
ficils incensis, quod Menapii se omnes in densissimas silvas
loabdiderant, se ad Caesarem receperunt. Caesar in Belgis
omnium legionum hiberna constituit. E5 duae omnino
clvitates ex Britannia obsides miserunt, reliquae neglexe-
runt.
His rebus gestis ex litterls Caesaris dierum xx suppli-
es cati5 a senatu decreta est
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LIBER QVINTVS
1-23. SECX)ND EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN, 54 B.C.
Preparations on both sides for the campaign
1. L. Domitio, Ap. Claudia c5nsulibus, disce- Ajieetispre-
dens ab hibernis Caesar in Italiam, ut quotannis tk/wmter"*^
facere consuerat, legatis imperat, quos legioni- <«»^^'»^^
bus praefecerat, uti quam plurimas possint hieme deredto
5 naves aedificandas veteresque reficiendas curent. ^^PortiHus.
Elarum modum formamque demonstrat. Ad
celeritatem onerandi subducti5nisque paulo facit humili-
ores quam quibus in nostr5 marl utl consuevimus, atque id
eo magis, quod propter crebras commutationes aestuum
10 minus magnds ibi fluctus fieri cognSverat; ad onera ac
multitudinem iumentorum transportandam, paulo latiores
quam quibus in reliquls utimur maribus. Has omnes actu-
arias imperat fieri, quam ad rem multum Kumilitas adiuvat.
Ea quae sunt usui ad armandas naves ex Hispania appor-
15 tari iubet.
• «««•«•
2. His confectis rebus conventibusque peractis, in ci-
teriorem Galliam revertitur atque inde ad exercitum profi-
ciscitur. Eo cum venisset, circumitis omnibus hibernte
singular! mllitum studio in summa omnium rerum inopia
123
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1^4 liELLI GALLtCt
circiter dc eius generis, cuius supra demonstravimus,
naves et longas xxviii invenit Tnstructas, neque multum
abesse ab eo, quin paucTs diebus deduci possint. Con-
laudatls militibus atque ifs qui negoti5 praefuerant, quid
5 fieri velit ostendit, atque omnes ad portum Itium convenire
iubet, qu5 ex portu commodissimum in Britanniam traiec-
tum esse c5gnoverat, circiter mlllium passuum xxx a con-
tinent! ; huic rei quod satis esse visum est militum relinquit.
«««««««
C(usar 8. His rcbus gestls, Labien5 in continent! cum
^^l^inandiands trfbus legiouibus ct cquitum mlllibus duobus
his troops relicto, ut portus tueretur et rel frumentariae
without oppO' *
siHon. provideret, quaeque in Gallia gererentur c5-
gnosceret, consiliumque pro tempore et pr5 re caperet,
ipse cum v legi5nibus et pari numero equitum quem in
15 continent! relinquebat, ad solis occasum naves solvit;
et len! Africo provectus, media circiter nocte vento inter-
miss5, cursum non tenuit ; et longius delatus aestu, orta
luce sub sinistra Britanniam relictam conspexit. Tum
rursus aestus commutationem secutus remis contendit ut
2oeam partem Insulae caperet qua optimum esse egressum
superiore aestate c5gnoverat. Qua in re admodum fuit
militum virtus laudanda, qui vectdrils gravibusque navigils
non intermissd remigandl labore longarum navium cursum
adaequarunt. Accessum est ad Britanniam omnibus navi-
25 bus merldiano fere tempore ; neque in e5 loco hostis est
visus, sed, ut postea Caesar ex captlvis cognovit, cum
magnae manus eo convenissent, multitudine navium per-
territae, quae cum annotinis privatlsque, quas su! quisque
commodi causa fecerat, amplius dccc uno erant visae
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LIBER V. CAP. 8-9
125
tempore, a lltore discesserant ac se in superiora loca
abdiderant.
9. Caesar, exposito exercitu et loc5 castris idoned captd,
ubi ex captivis cognovit quo in loc5 hostium copiae c5nse-
5 dissent, cohortibus x ad mare relictis et equitibus ccc qui
praesidio navibus essent, de tertia vigilia ad hostes con-
tendit, e5 minus veritus navibus, quod in litore molli atque
apertd deligatas ad ancoras relinquebat. El praesidio navi-
busque Q. Atrium praefecit. Ipse noctu pr5- The first en-
logressus millia passuum circiter xii hostium copias /av^i^eto
conspicatus est. lUi equitatu atque essedls ad '*^ ^om^u,
flumen prdgressi ex loc5 superi5re nostrds prohibere et
proelium committere coeperunt. Repulsi ab equitatu se
in silvas abdiderunt, lo- i^
15 cum nacti egregie et
natura et opere muni-
tum, quem domestic!
belli, ut videbatur, causa
iam ante praeparave-
20 rant; nam crebris ar-
boribus succlsis omnes
introitus erant praeclusi.
Ipsi ex silvis rari prdpug-
nabant nostr5sque intra
asmunltiones ingredl pro-
hibebant. At milites
legionis septimae, testu-
dine facta et aggere ad
munitiones adiectd, locum ceperunt eosque ex silvis expule-
30 runt paucis vulneribus acceptls. Sed e5s fugientes longius
Fig. 22. — Testudo.
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126 BELLI GALLICI
Caesar prosequi vetuit, et quod loci naturam Tgndrabat, et
quod magna parte diel cdnsumpta munitidni castrorum
tempus relinqui volebat.
10. Postridie eius die! mane tripertito mllites
5 damaged by a equitesque in expediti5nem mlsit, ut e5s qui fuge-
^ paired an7' rant perscquerentur. Hisaliquantum itinerispro-
drawn up on gressis, cum iam extremi essent in prdspectu,
shore, . ^ i . , ^
equites a Q. Atnd ad Caesarem venerunt qui
nuntiarent, superiore nocte maxima coorta tempestate,
10 prope omnes naves adfllctas atque in lltus eiectas esse, quod
neque ancorae funesque sustinerent neque nautae guber-
nat5resque vim tempestatis pati possent; itaque ex eo
concursu navium magnum esse incommodum acceptum.
II. His rebus cognitis Caesar legiones equitatumque
isrevocari atque in itinere resistere iubet, ipse ad naves
revertitur ; eadem fere quae ex nuntils c5gnoverat coram
perspicit, sic ut amissis circiter xl navibus reliquae tamen
refici posse magno negotio viderentur. Itaque ex legioni-
bus fabrds deligit et ex continenti alios arcessi iubet ; Labi-
ao eno scrlbit ut quam plurimas possit ils legionibus quae sint
apud eum naves Instituat Ipse, etsi res erat multae operae
ac laboris, tamen commodissimum esse statuit omnes naves
subduci et cum castrls una munitione coniungL In his r€bus
circiter dies x consumit ne noctumis quidem temporibus ad
25 laborem militum intermissis.
Cassiveiiau' Subductis navibus castrlsque egregie munltis
nusisap- easdcm copias quas ante praesidio navibus re-
pointed com-
manderofthe linquit, ipse cddcm unde redierat proficlscitur.
'^"^^ Eo cum venisset, maiores iam undique in eum
30 locum cdpiae Britannorum convenerant, summa imperi
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LIBER V, CAP. IO-I2 127
belllque administrandl communi consilio permissa Cassi-
vellauno ; cuius fines a maritimis civitatibus flumen dividit,
quod appellatur Tamesis, a marl circiter millia passuum
Lxxx. Huic superiore tempore cum reliquis civitatibus
scontinentia bella intercesserant ; sed nostra adventu
permati Britanni hunc t5ti bello imperi5que praefecerant.
Description of Britain
12. Britanniae pars interior ab iis incolitur The peopus,
_ « . ,- . « .- - i«. resources, and
quos nates m Insula ipsa memona proditum climate 0/
dicunt; maritima pars ab iis qui praedae ac ^'''^^''»-
10 belli inferend! causa ex Belgio transierunt (qui omnes fere
isdem n5minibus civitatum appellantur quibus orti ex clvi-
FlG. 23. — Silver denarius, struck 38-36 B.C., enlarged to twice the original size.
Obverse : head of Caesar. Reverse : standard, eagle» plow, scepter.
tatibus eo pervenerunt) et bello inlat5 ibi remanserunt
atque agros colere coeperunt. Hominum est Tnflnita mul-
titude creberrimaque aedificia fere GallicTs cdnsimilia, pe-
iscoris magnus numerus. Utuntur aut nummo aured aut
taleis ferrels ad certum pondus examinatis pro nummo.
Nascitur ibi plumbum album in mediterranels regionibus,
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128 BELLI GALLICI
in luaritimls ferrum, sed eius exigua est copia ; acre utun-
tur iniportato. Materia cuiusque generis, ut in Gallia, est
praeter fagum atque abietem. Leporem et gallinam et
anserem gustare fas n5n putant ; haec tanien alunt animi
5 voluptatisque causa. Loca sunt temperatidra quam in
Gallia, reniissi5ribus f rigoribus.
Its form, Hze, ^3* Ii^sula natura triquetra, cuius unum latus
and reioHve ^gt coutra GalHam. Huius lateris alter angulus,
position. The
neighboring quI cst ad Cantium, qu5 fere omnes ex Gallia
\o^^" • naves appelluntur, ad orientem s5lem, inferior
ad meridiem spectat. Hoc latus pertinet circiter miUia
passuum d. Alterum vergit ad Hispaniam atque occi-
dentem s5lem ; qua ex parte est Hibernia insula, dimidid
minor, ut existimatur, quam Britannia, sed pari spatio
15 transmissus atque ex Gallia est in Britanniam. In hoc
medio cursu est insula quae appellatur Mona; complures
praeterea minores obiectae insulae existimantur ; de quibus
insulls non nulli scripserunt dies continues xxx sub brumam
esse noctem. Nos nihil de e5 percontationibus reperieba-
2omus, nisi certis ex aqua mensuris breviores esse quam in
continenti noctes videbamus. Huius est longitudo lateris,
ut fert illorum opinio, dcc millium. Tertium est contra
septentriones ; cui parti nulla est obiecta terra, sed eius
angulus alter maxime ad Germaniam spectat. Hoc mll-
25 Hum passuum dccc in longitudinem esse existimatur. Ita
omnis Insula est in circuitu vicies centum millium passuum.
Customs of 14- Ex his omnibus longe sunt humanissimi
the Briions, q^J Cantium incolunt, — quae regio est maritima
omnis, — neque multum a Gallica differunt cdnsuetudine.
30 Interidres plerlque frumenta non serunt, sed lacte et came
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LIBER V, CAP. 13-16 129
vivunt pellibusque sunt vestlti. Omnes ver5 se Britanni
vitro inficiunt, quod caeruleum efficit colorem, atque h5c
horribili5res sunt in pugna aspectu ; capilloque sunt pro-
miss5 atque omnl parte corporis rasa praeter caput et
5 labrum superius. Uxores habent denl duodenique inter se
communes, et maxime fratres cum fratribus parentesque
cum iTberis ; sed qui sunt ex lis natl eorum habentur llberi
qu5 primum virgo quaeque deducta est
The Britons submit to Caesar
15. Equites hostium essedariique acriter proe- BriHsh meth-
lolia cum equitatu nostro in itinere confllxerunt, ^provf&oubu-
ita tamen ut nostrl omnibus partibus superi5res ^f *"' *° ^^
* * Romans.
fuerint atque e5s in silvas collesque compulerint ;
sed compluribus interfectis cupidius Insecuti non nullds ex
suis amiserunt. At ill! intermiss5 spati5, imprudentibus
isnostrls atque occupatis in muniti5ne castrorum, subito
se ex silvis eiecerunt, impetuque in eos factd qui erant in
statidne pr5 castrls conlocati, acriter pugnaverunt; dua-
busque missis subsidi5 cohortibus a Caesare, atque his
primis legi5num duarum, cum eae perexigu5 intermiss5
20 loci spatio inter se c5nstitissent, novo genere pugnae per-
territls nostrls, per medi5s audacissime perruperunt seque
inde incolumes receperunt. Eo die Q. Laberius Durus,
tribunus mllitum, interficitur. IllI pluribus summissis
cohortibus repelluntur.
25 16. Tot5 h5c in genere pugnae, cum sub oculls omnium
ac pro castrls dimicaretur, intellectum est nostr5s propter
gravitatem armorum, quod neque InsequI cedentes possent
neque ab signis discedere auderent, minus aptos esse ad
MATH. CAESAR — 9
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130 BELLI GALLICI
huius generis hostem ; equites autem magno cum pericul5
proeli5 dimicare, propterea quod illl etiam c5nsult5 ple-
rumque cederent et, cum paulum ab legionibus nostr5s
rem5vissent, ex essedis desillrent et pedibus disparl proelid
5 contenderent. Equestris autem proell rati5 et cedentibus
et Insequentibus par atque idem perlculum Inferebat. Ac-
cedebat hue ut numquam c5nferti, sed rarl magnlsque
intervallis proeliarentur stati5nesque dispositas haberent,
atque alids alii deinceps exciperent, integrique et recentes
lodefatlgatls succederent
17. Poster5 die procul a castrls hostes in col-
Caesar wins "^
an important libus c5nstiterunt, rarlque se ostendere et lenius
^^^*^' quam prldie nostros equites proelio lacessere
coeperunti Sed meridie, cum Caesar pabulandi causa iii
islegidnes atque omnem equitatum cum C. Treb5ni5 legatd
mlsisset, repente ex omnibus partibus ad pabulatores ad-
volaverunt, sic uti ab sTgnIs legidnibusque non absisterent.
NostrT acriter in e5s impetu facto reppulerunt, neque flnem
sequendl fecerunt quoad subsidi5 conflsT equites, cum post
20 se legi5nes viderent, praecipites hostes egerunt, magnoque
eorum numero interfecto neque suT colligendi neque c5n-
sistendl aut ex essedis desiliendl facultatem dederunt. Ex
hac fuga protinus quae undique convenerant auxilia dis-
cesserunt, neque post id tempus umquam summis ndblscum
25 cdpils hostes contenderunt.
18. Caesar c6gnit5 consilio e5rum ad flumen
Hf crosses
the Thames Tamcsim in fines CassivellaunI exercitum duxit;
^c^n&y c[uod flumen uno omnino loco pedibus, atque
but the enemy h5c acgTc, trausM potcst. Eo cum vcnisset,
avoid a battle. . , • , » n *
30 animadvertit ad alteram flummis ripam magnas
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LIBER V. CAP. 17-20 131
esse copias hostium instructas. Ripa autem erat acutis
sudibus praeflxlsque munlta, eiusdemque generis sub aqua
deflxae sudes flumine tegebantur. His rebus c5gnitis a
captivis perfugisque, Caesar praemisso equitatu cdnfestim
$ legidnes subsequi iussit. Sed ea celeritate atque eo impetu
milites ierunt, cum capite solo ex aqua exstarent, ut hostes
impetum legidnum atque equitum sustinere ndn possent
npasque dlmitterent ac se f ugae mandarent.
19. Cassivellaunus, ut supra dem5nstravimus, omnI de-
loposita spe contentidnis, dimissis amplioribus copiis, mlllibus
circiter iiii essedaridrum relictis, itinera nostra servabat;
paulumque ex via excedebat loclsque impedltis ac silves-
tribus sese occultabat atque ils regionibus quibus n5s iter
facturds c6gn5verat pecora atque homines ex agris in silvas
15 compellebat ; et cum equitatus noster liberius praedandi
vastandique causa se in agr5s effunderet, omnibus viis
semitisque essedarios ex silvls emittebat et magno cum
perfculo nostr5rum equitum cum his cdnfllgebat atque hoc
metu latius vagari prohibebat. Relinquebatur ut neque
solongius ab agmine legi5num disced! Caesar pateretur, et
tantum agrls vastandls incendilsque faciendis hostibus
noceretur quantum in labore atque itinere legidnaril milites
efficere poterant.
20. Interim Trinovantes, prope firmissima Om tribe
asearum regidnum civitas, ex qua Mandubracius '^^Ztiu^to
adulescens Caesaris fidem secutus ad eum in <^^'^'
continentem venerat, — cuius pater in ea civitate regnum
obtinuerat interfectusque erat a Cassivellaund, ipse fuga
* mortem vitaverat, — legates ad Caesarem mittunt polli-
3ocenturque sese ei dediturds atque imperata facturos ; petunt
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132 BELU GALUCI
ut Mandubracium ab iniuria Cassivellauni defendat, atque
in civitatem mittat qui praesit imperiumque obtineat. His
Caesar imperat obsides xl frumentumque exercituf, Man-
dubraciumque ad e5s mittit. Illi imperata celeriter fece-
5 runt, obsides ad numerum frumentumque mlserunL
21. Trinovantibus defensis atque ab omni militum iniuria
prohibitis, Cenimagni, SegontiacI, Ancalites, BibrocT, Cassi
legati5nibus missis sese Caesarl dedunt. Ab his c5gnoscit
Casswtiiau- ^^^ longe cx e5 loc5 oppidum Cassivellauni
10 nus's strong- abesse silvis paludibusque munltum, quo satis
hold is m ,
stormed by magnus hominum peconsque numerus conve-
the Romans, ^^rit. Oppidum autem Britanni vocant cum
silvas impeditas vall5 atque fossa munierunt, quo incur-
sidnis hostium vltandae causa con venire cdnsuerunt. E5
15 proficiscitur cum legionibus. Locum reperit egregie natura
atque opere munitum ; tamen hunc duabus ex partibus
oppugnare contendit Hostes paulisper morati militum
nostrdrum impetum ndn tulerunt seseque alia ex parte
oppidi eiecerunt. Magnus ibi numerus pecoris repertus,
«omultique in fuga sunt comprehensi atque interfectl.
22. Dum haec in his locis geruntur, Cassivel-
An attack on 1 ^ . 1 «
th€ Roman launus ad Cantium, quod esse ad mare supra
^^^. demonstravimus, quibus regionibus mi reges
siveiiaunus praeerant, Cingetorix, Carvilius, Taximagulus,
sumndirs. _ ... , .
25 Segovax, nuntids mittit atque his imperat uti
coactis omnibus copils castra navalia de improvlso adori-
antur atque oppugnent. Hi cum ad castra venissent,
nostrl eruptione facta multls eorum interfectis, capto
etiam nobill duce Lugotorige, su5s incolumes redux-
30 erunt
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Fig. 24. -CAESAR: PARMA
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LIBER V, CAP. 21-23 133
Cassivellaunus, hoc proelio nuntiato, tot detrimentis ac-
ceptis, vastatis flnibus, maxime etiam permdtus defectione
civitatum, legatos per Atrebatem Commium de deditione
ad Caesarem mittit Caesar, cum constituisset hiemare in
5 continent! propter repentinds Galliae motus, neque multum
aestatis superesset, atque id facile extrahi posse intelle-
geret, obsides imperat, et quid in ann5s singulos vectigalis
popul5 R5man5 Britannia penderet constituit; interdicit
atque imperat Cassivellaun5 ne Mandubraci5 neu Trino-
lovantibus noceat.
23. Obsidibus acceptis exercitum reducit ad Caesarre-
mare, naves invenit refectas. His deductis, ^"'^'^ ^*''
quod et captivorum magnum numerum habebat et non
nullae tempestate deperierant naves, du5bus commeatibus
15 exercitum reportare instituit. Ac sic accidit uti ex tantd
navium numero tot navigationibus neque h5c neque supe-
riore anno uUa omnlno navis quae mllites portaret deslde-
raretur; at ex ils quae inanes ex continenti ad eum
remitterentur prioris commeatus expositis mllitibus, et quas
2opostea Labienus faciendas curaverat numero lx, perpaucae
locum caperent, reliquae fere omnes reicerentur. Quas
cum aliquamdiu Caesar frustra exspectasset, ne anni tem-
pore a navigatione excluderetur, quod aequinoctium suberat,
necessario angustius mllites conlocavit, ac summa tran-
25quillitate cdnsecuta, secunda inita cum solvisset vigilia,
prima luce terram attigit omnesque incolumes naves
perduxit.
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134 BELLI GALLICI
44. TWO BRAVE CENTURIONS
44. Erant in ea legione fortissimi viri, centuriones, qui
iam prlmls 5rdinibus appropiuquarent, T. Pullo et L. Vore-
nus. Hi perpetuas inter se controversias habebant uter
alterl anteferretur, omnibusque annis de loc5 summis simul-
5 tatibus contendebant. Ex his Pull5, cum acerrime ad muni-
ti5nes pugnaretur, "Quid dubitas," inquit, "Vorene? aut
quern locum tuae probandae virtutis exspectas ? Hie dies
de nostris controversiis iudicabit." Haec cum dixisset, pr5-
cedit extra munitiones, quaeque pars hostium confertissima
10 est vl3a inrumpit. Ne Vorenus quidem sese tum valid
continet, sed omnium veritus existimationem subsequitur.
Mediocri spati5 relicto Pullo pllum in hostes immittit atque
unum ex multitudine prdcurrentem traicit; qu5 percusso et
cxanimato, hunc scutis protegunt hostes, in ilium universi
15 tela coniciunt neque dant progrediendi facultatem. Trans-
figitur scutum Pull5ni et verutum in balteo defigitur.
Avertit hie casus vaginam et gladium educere c5nanti dex-
tram moratur manum, impeditumque hostes circumsistunt.
Succurrit inimicus illi Vorenus et lab5ranti subvenit. Ad
20 hunc se confestim a Pullone omnis multitudo convertit;
ilium verut5 transfixum arbitrantur. Gladio comminus
rem gerit Vorenus atque uno interfecto reliquos paulum
propellit; dum cupidius instat, in locum delectus inferio-
rem concidit. Huic rursus circumvent© subsidium fert
25 Pullo, atque ambo incolumSs compluribus interfectis
summa cum laude sese intra munitiones recipiunt.
Sic fortuna in contentione et certamine utrumque ver-
savit ut alter alteri inimicus auxilio salutique esset, neque
diiudicari posset uter utri virtute anteferendus videretur.
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LIBER SEXTVS
11-24. CUSTOMS OF THE GAULS AND OF THE GERMANS
Customs of the Gauls
11. Quoniam ad hunc locum perventum est, n5n alie-
num esse videtur de Galliae Germaniaeque mdribus et quo
differant hae nationes inter sese proponere.
In Gallia n5n s5lum in omnibus civitatibus Two partus
5 atque in omnibus pagls partibusque, sed paene '^ry'ltau.
etiam in singulis domibus facti5nes sunt ; earum-
que factionum principes sunt qui summam auct5ritatem
eorum iudicid habere existimantur, quorum ad arbitrium
iudiciumque summa omnium rerum consili5rumque redeat.
10 Idque eius rei causa antiquitus institutum videtur, ne quis
ex plebe contra potentiorem auxili egeret; suos enim
quisque opprimi et circumveniri non patitur, neque, aliter
si faciat, uUam inter suos habeat auctoritatem. Haec
eadem ratio est in summa totius Galliae; namque omnes
i5Civitates divisae sunt in duas partes.
12. Cum Caesar in Galliam venit, alterius fac- j^ f^^^^^ ^yr
tionis principes erant Haedui, alterius Sequani. these partus
were for-
Hi cum per se minus valerent, quod summa meriythe
auctoritas antiquitus erat in Haeduis magnae- tiu Sequani
20 que eorum erant clientelae, Germanos atque a/^^ Cae-
sar's arrival
Ariovistum sibi adiunxerant eosque ad se mag- the Haedui
usqi
135
nis iacturis poUicitationibusque perduxerant. ^^^^^^'"''
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136 BELLI GALLICI
Proelils vero compluribus factis secundis atque omni
nobilitate Haeduorum interfecta, tantum potentia anteces-
serant ut magnam partem clientium ab Haeduls ad se
traducerent obsidesque ab his principum filids acciperent,
set pubjice iurare cogerent nihil se contra Sequanos con-
sili inituros, et partem finitimi agri per vim occupatam
possiderent Galliaeque t5trus principatum obtinerent. Qua
necessitate adductus Diviciacus auxili petendi causa R5-
mam ad senatum profectus Infecta re redierat.
10 Adventu Caesaris facta commutati5ne rerum, obsidibus
Haeduls redditis, veteribus clientelis restitutis, novis per
Caesarem comparatis, quod ii qui se ad e5rum amicitiam
adgregaverant meli5re condicione atque aequiore imperid
se utl videbant, reliquis rebus e5rum gratia dignitateque
15 amplificata, SequanI principatum dimlserant. In eorum
locum Rem! successerant ; quos quod adaequare apud
Caesarem gratia intellegebatur, ii qui propter veteres ini-
mlcitias nullo modo cum Haeduls coniungi poterant se Re-
mls in clientelam dicabant. H5s illl dlligenter tuebantur ;
aoita et novam et repente collectam auctoritatem tenebant.
Eo tamen statu res erat ut longe principes haberentur
Haedul, secundum locum dignitatis RemI obtinerent.
Two classes ^3* ^^ omnI Gallia eorum hominum qui ali-
ofthenobii- ^q gunt numero atque hondre genera sunt duo ;
^^ common folk nam plebes paene serv5rum habetur loco, quae
mostly saves, ^jj^.j ^^Jg^ p^^ g-^ j^-]]j adhibetur c5nsili6.
Plerlque, cum aut aere aliend aut magnitudine tributorum
aut iniuria potentiorum premuntur, sese in servitutem di-
cant ndbilibus ; quibus in hos eadem omnia sunt iura quae
dominis in servos.
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LIBER VI, CAP. 13-14 137
Sed de his duobus generibus alterum est r/udmids
druidum, alterum equitum. IllI rebus dlvinls ^fj^^g^
intersunt, sacrificia publica ac privata procu- M^P^
rant, religidnes interpretantur ; ad eos magnus
5 adulescentium numerus discipllnae causa concurrit, magn5-
que hi sunt apud eos honore. Nam fere de omnibus con-
troversils publicis privatisque constituunt; et, si quod est
admissum facinus, si caedes facta, si de hereditate, de fini-
bus controversia est, idem decemunt, praemia poenasque
10 constituunt; si qui aut privatus aut populus e5rum decret5
non stetit, sacrificils interdicunt. Haec poena apud eos est
gravissima. Quibus ita est interdictum, hi numer5 impid-
rum ac sceleratorum habentur, his omnes decedunt, aditum
eorum sermonemque defugiunt, ne quid ex contagione in-
15 commodi accipiant, neque ils petentibus ius redditur neque
honos ullus communicatur.
His autem omnibus druidibus praeest Onus, qui summam
inter e5s habet auctoritatem. Hoc mortu5, aut si qui ex
reliquis excellit dignitate, succedit, aut, si sunt plures pares,
2osuffragi5 druidum, non numquam etiam armis de prlnci-
patu contendunt.
Hi certo anni tempore in finibus Carnutum, quae regio
totius Galliae media habetur, c5nsldunt in loco consecrato.
Hue omnes undique qui controversias habent conveniunt,
aseorumque decretis iudicilsque parent. Discipllna in Bri-
tannia reperta atque inde in Galliam translata existimatur;
et nunc qui dlligentius eam rem cognoscere volunt plerum-
que illo discendi causa proficiscuntur.
14. Druides a bello abesse consuerunt neque TkHrim-
3otributa una cum reliquis pendunt. Tantis exci- ttachitt^.
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138 BELU GALLICI
tati praemiis et sua sponte multl in disciplinam con-
veniunt et a parentibus propinquisque mittuntur. Mag-
num ibi numerum versuum ediscere dicuntur. Itaque
ann5s non null! vicenos in disciplina permanent Neque
5 fas esse exlstimant ea litteris mandare, cum in reliquls fere
rebus, publicis privatlsque rationibus, Graecis litteris utan-
tur. Id mihi duabus de causis Instituisse videntur, quod
neque in vulgus disciplinam efferri velint neque eos qui
discunt litteris confisds minus memoriae studere; quod
10 fere plerisque accidit ut praesidio litterarum dlligentiam in
perdiscenda ac memoriam remittant.
In primis hoc volunt persuadere, non interire animas,
sed ab aliis post mortem transire ad alios ; atque h5c
maxime ad virtutem excitari putant metu mortis neglecto.
15 Multa praeterea de sideribus atque eorum motu, de mundi
ac terrarum magnitudine, de rerum natura, de deorum im-
mortalium vl ac potestate disputant et iuventuti tradunt.
Thekni hts ^^' Alterum genus est equitum. Hi, cum est
are all usus atquc aliquod bellum incidit (quod fere
^^warrwrs. ^^^^ Cacsaris advcutum quotannis accidere sole-
bat, uti aut ipsi iniurias Tnferrent aut inlatas propulsarent),
omnes in bell5 versantur; atque eorum ut quisque est
genere copilsque amplissimus, ita plurimos circum se am-
bactos clientesque habet. Hanc unam gratiam potentiam-
35 que noverunt.
Human i6- Natio cst omuis Gallorum admodum de-
sacrifices, jj^^ religi5nibus ; atque ob eam causam qui
sunt adfecti gravioribus morbls, quTque in proeliis peri-
cullsque versantur, aut pro victimis homines immolant aut
30 se immolaturos vovent (administrlsque ad ea sacrificia
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LIBER VI, CAP. 15-18 139
druidibus utunturX quod, pro vita hominis nisi hominis vita
reddatur, non posse deorum immortalium numen placarl
arbitrantur; publiceque eiusdem generis habent Instituta
sacrificia. Alii imman! magnitudine simulacra habent,
5 qu5rum contexta viminibus membra vlvis hominibus com-
plent; quibus succensis circumvent! flamma exanimantur
homines. Supplicia eorum qui in furto aut Iatr5cini6 aut
aliqua noxia sint comprehensi gratiora dls immortalibus
esse arbitrantur ; sed cum eius generis copia deficit, etiam
load innocentium supplicia descend unt.
17. De5rum maxime Mercurium colunt ; huius The goUU
sunt plurima simulacra, hunc omnium invento- ^^
rem artium ferunt, hunc viarum atque itinerum ducem,
hunc ad quaestus pecuniae mercaturasque habere vim
ismaximam arbitrantur; post hunc Apollinem et Martem et
lovem et Minervam. De his eandem fere quam reliquae
gentes habent opinionem : Apollinem morbos depellere,
Minervam operum atque artificiorum initia tradere, lovem
imperium caelestium tenere, Martem bella regere. Huic,
20 cum proelio dimicare constituerunt, ea quae bello ceperint
plerumque devovent ; cum superaverunt, animalia capta
immolant, reliquas res in unum locum conferunt. Multls
in civitatibus harum rerum exstructos cumulos locis conse-
cratls conspicarl licet; neque saepe accidit ut neglecta
25 quispiam religione aut capta apud se occultare aut posita
tollere auderet, gravissimumque el rel supplicium cum
cruciatu cdnstitutum est.
18. Galli se omnes ab Dite patre prdgnatos Reputed oru
praedicant idque ab druidibus proditum dicunt. ^ngofHwu!
30 Ob eam causam spatia omnis temporis n5n ^^^ia^ respect
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I40 BELLI GALLICI
numero dierum, sed noctium finiunt ; dies natales et men-
sum et annorum initia sic observant ut noctem dies subse-
quatur. In reliquis vitae institutis hoc fere ab reliquTs
differunt, quod su5s llberos, nisi cum adoleverunt ut munus
5 mllitiae sustinere possint, palam ad se adire non patiuntur ;
filiumque puerili aetate in publico in conspectu patris
adsistere turpe ducunt.
Dawrits. ^9* ^^"» quantas pecunias ab uxoribus dotis
Husbands nomine acceperunt, tantas ex suls bonis aestima-
and wives,
lotynerai ti5ne facta cum dotibus communicant. Huius
^^'^^' omnis pecuniae coniunctim ratio habetur fruc-
tusque servantur ; uter eorum vita superavit, ad eum pars
utriusque cum fructibus superiorum temporum pervenit
Viri in uxores, sicuti in liber5s, vitae necisque habent
15 potestatem ; et cum pater familiae inlustridre loco natus
decessit, eius propinqui conveniunt et de morte, si res in
suspicionem venit, de uxoribus in servllem modum quaesti-
onem habent, et, si compertum est, ignl atque omnibus tor-
mentls excruciatas interficiunt.
ao Funera sunt pro cultu Gallorum magnifica et sumptu5sa ;
omniaque quae vivis cordi fuisse arbitrantur in ignem in-
ferunt, etiam animalia; ac paulo supra banc memoriam
servi et clientes, quos ab ils dllectos esse c5nstabat, iustis
funebribus confectis una cremabantur.
^5 Pubiu ^^- Qu^^ civitates commodius suam rem pub-
mattersare Jicam administrare existimantur habent leeibus
under the ^
control of the sanctum, sl quis quid de re publica a finitimis ru-
ma^strates. ^^^^ ^^ fama accepcHt, uti ad magistratum de-
ferat neve cum qu5 alio communicet, quod saepe homines
3otemerari6s atque imperitos falsis rumoribus terreri et ad
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Fig. 25. — CAESAR: BERLIN
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LIBER VI, CAP. 19-22 141
f acinus impelli et de summls rdbus c5nsilium capere c5-
gnitum est. Magistratus quae visa sunt occultant, quae
esse ex usu iudicaverunt multitudinl pr5dunt De re
publica nisi per concilium loqul n5n conceditur.
Customs of the Germans
5 21. Germani multum ab hac consuetudine Thegods.
differunt. Nam neque druides habent qui rebus customs,
dfvlnis praesint neque sacrificils student. De5-
rum numero eos solos ducunt quos cemunt et quorum
aperte opibus iuvantur, S5lem et Vulcanum et Lunam;
loreliquds ne fama quidem acceperunt.
Vita omnis in venationibus atque in studils re! mllitaris
c5nsistit ; a parvis labor! ac duritiae student. Qui diutis-
sira€ impuberes permanserunt maximam inter suos ferunt
laudem ; hoc all staturam, al! vires, nervdsque confirmarl
isputant Intra annum ver5 vicesimum feminae notitiam
habuisse in turpissimis habent rebus; cuius re! nulla est
occultatio, quod et promiscue in fluminibus perluuntur et
pellibus aut parvis ren5num tegimentis utuntur, magna
corporis parte nuda.
2c 22. Agri culturae non student, maiorque pars Temireo/
eSrum victus m lacte, caseo, carne consistit
Neque quisquam agri modum certum aut fines habet pro-
pri5s; sed magistratus ac principes in ann5s singulos
gentibus c5gnati5nibusque hominum, quique una coierunt,
25 quantum et quo loco visum est agri attribuunt, atque anno
post alio transire c5gunt. Eius rei multas adf erunt causas :
ne adsidua c5nsuetudine capti studium belli gerendl agri
cultura commutent; ne latds fines par^re studeant poten-
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142 BELLI GALUCI
ti5res atque humili5res possessi5nibus expellant ; ne accu-
ratius ad f rigora atque aestus vftand5s aedificent ; ne qua
oriatur pecuniae cupiditas, qua ex re factiones dissensi-
5nesque nascuntur ; ut animi aequitate plebem contineant,
5 cum suas quisque opes cum potentissimls aequari videat.
H^'ar Free- ^^' Civitatibus maxima laus est quam latissime
dootingr. Hos' circum se vastatis flnibus s5litudines habere.
pitaliiy
Hoc proprium virtutis existimant, expulsos agiis
finitim5s cedere, neque quemquam prope se audere consis-
lotere; simul h5c se fore tutiores arbitrantur, repentinae
incursi5nis tim5re sublat5. Cum beilum clvitas aut inlatum
defendit aut Inf ert, magistratus qui el bello praesint, et vitae
necisque habeant potestatem, deliguntur. In pace nuUus
est communis magistratus, sed principes regionum atque
15 pagorum inter su5s ius dicunt controversiasque minuunt.
Latrocinia nuUam habent Tnfamiam quae extra fines
cuiusque civitatis flunt, atque ea iuventutis exercendae ac
desidiae minuendae causa fieri praedicant. Atque ubi quis
ex principibus in concilio dixit se ducem fore, qui sequi
2ovelint profiteantur, c5nsurgunt il qui et causam et homi-
nem probant suumque auxilium pollicentur, atque a mul-
titudine conlaudantur ; qui ex his secuti non sunt, in
desertorum ac pr5dit6rum numero ducuntur, omniumque
his rerum postea fides derogatur.
25 Hospitem violare fas non putant; qui quacumque de
causa ad eos venerunt, ab iniuria prohibent sanctosque ha-
bent, hisque omnium domus patent victusque communicatur.
Decadence of 24. Ac fuit antca tempus cum Germanos
tfu Gauls; Q^lll virtute superarcnt, ultro bella Inferrent,
rise 0/ the ^ '
30 Germans. propter hominum multitudinem agrique inopiam
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UBER VI, CAP. 23-25 143
trans Rhenum colonias mitterent. Itaque ea quae fertilis-
sima Germaniae sunt loca, circum Hercyniam silvam(quam
Eratostheni et quibusdam Graecls fama notam esse video,
quam illi Orcyniam appellant), Volcae Tectosages occu-
5 paverunt atque ibi consederunt ; quae gens ad hoc tempus
his sedibus sese continet summamque habet iustitiae et
belllcae laudis opinionem. Nunc, quod in eadem inopia,
egestate, patientia, qua ante, Germanl permanent, eodem
vlctu et cultu corporis utuntur, Gallls autem provinciarum
10 propinquitas et transmarinanira rerum notitia multa ad
copiam atque usus largitur, paulatim adsuefacti superari
multisque victi proeliis, ne se quidem ipsi cum illis virtute
comparant
25-28. THE HERCVNIAN FOREST AND FTS FAUNA
25. Huius Hercyniae silvae, quae supra de- Vast extent
15 monstrata est, latitudo vim dierum iter expedito ^'^'
patet; non enim aliter finlri potest, neque mensuras
itinerum noverunt. Oritur ab Helvetiorum et Neme-
tum et Rauracorum finibus, rectaque fluminis Danuvl
regione pertinet ad fines Dacorum et Anartium ; hinc se
aoflectit sinistrorsus diversis a flumine regtonibus multa-
rumque gentium fines propter magnitudinem attingit;
neque quisquam est huius Germaniae qui se aut adisse ad
initium eius silvae dicat, cum dierum iter lx prdcesserit,
aut quo ex loc5 oriatur acceperit ; multaque in ea genera
as ferarum nasci constat quae reliquls in locis visa non sint ;
ex quibus quae maxime differant a ceteris et memoriae
prodenda videantur haec sunt.
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144
BELLI GALLICI
The rein-
deer.
26. Est bos cervl figura, cuius a media fronte
inter aures unum cornu exsistit excelsius ma-
gisque derectum his quae nobis n5ta sunt cornibus ; ab
eius sum mo sicut palmae ramlque late diffunduntur.
5 Eadem est feminae marisque natura, eadem forma mag-
nitudoque cornuum.
The elk.
Fig. 26 — Reindeer (left) and European Elk.
27. Sunt item quae appellantur alces. Harum
est consimilis caprls figura et varietas pellium,
sed magnitudine paul5 antecedunt mutilaeque sunt corni-
10 bus et crura sine nodis articullsque habent ; neque quietis
causa procumbunt neque, si quo adflictae casu conciderunt,
erigere sese ac sublevare possunt. His sunt arbores pro
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LIBER VI, CAP. 26-28 145
cubilibus; ad eas se applicant atque ita paulum modo
reclinatae quietem capiunt. Quarum ex vestlgiis cum est
animadversum a venatdribus qu5 se recipere consuerint,
omnes eo loco aut ab radicibus subruunt aut accidunt
sarbores, tantum ut summa species earum stantium re-
linquatur. Hue cum se cdnsuetudine recUnaverunt,
infirmas arbores pondere adfllgunt atque una ipsae con-
cidunt
28. Tertium est genus eorum qui uri appel- j^^ ^y^ ^^
lolantur. Hi sunt magnitudine paulo Infra ele-
phantos, specie et colore et figura taurl. Magna vis eorum
est et magna veldcitas, neque homini neque ferae quam
conspexerunt parcunt. Hos studiose fovels captos inter-
ficiunt. H5c se labore durant adulescentes atque hoc
15 genere venationis exercent ; et qui plurimos ex his inter-
fecerunt, relatis in publicum comibus quae sint testimonio,
magnam ferunt laudem. Sed adsuescere ad homines et
mansuefierl ne parvull quidem excepti possunt Ampli-
tudo cornuum et figura et species multum a nostrorum
20 boum cornibus diff ert. Haec studiose conqulslta ab labrls
argento circumcludunt atque in amplissimis epulis pro
p5culls utuntur.
MATH. CAESAR -
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LIBKR SEPTIMVS
43-53- CAESAR'S DISASTROUS ENGAGEMENT AT
GERGOVIA, 52 B.C.
catrsar de- 43. Ipsc maidrcm Galliae motum exspectans,
"d/aw^fro'm Hc ab omnibus civitatibus circumsisteretur, c5n-
Gergovia gjij^ inibat qucm ad modum a Gergovia disce-
wlthout ap- *
pearanu of dcrct ac fursus omncm exercitum contraheret, ne
^fi'S ^' profecti5 nata ab timdre defecti5nis similisque
f ugae videretur.
He learns 44- Hacc cogitanti accidere visa est facultas
that the bene gerendae rei. Nam cum in minora cas-
enemy are en- *^
grossed in tra operis perspiciendi causa venisset, animad-
10 „"Jw/hfeo/ vertit collem qui ab hostibus tenebatur nudatum
defense. hominibus, qui superioribus diebus vix prae mul-
titudine cerni poterat. Admlratus quaerit ex perfugis
causam, quorum magnus ad eum cotldie numerus con-
fluebat. Constabat inter omnes, quod iam ipse Caesar
15 per exploratares cognoverat, dorsum esse eius iugi prope
aequum, sed silvestre et angustum, qua esset aditus ad
alteram partem oppidl ; vehementer huic illos loco timere,
nee iam aliter s«ntlre, uno colle ab Romanis occupato, si
alterum amlsissent, quin paene circumvallati atque omnl
20 exitu et pabulatione interclusi viderentur. Ad hunc miinien-
dum locum omnes a Vercingetorlge evocatos.
146
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147
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148 BELLI OALLia
45. Hac re cognita Caesar mittit complures
the enemy's cquitum turmas eo de media nocte ; imperat ut
^ans^anal' P2^ul5 tumultuosius omnibus locis pervagentur.
• ^^ ^^ *^^*^ Prima luce magnum numerum impedlmentorum
camp,
5 ex castris mulorumque prdduci deque his stra-
menta detrahi mulidnesque cum cassidibus, equitum specie
ac simulatione, collibus circumvehl iubet. His paucos
addit equites qui latius ostentationis causa vagentur.
Longo circuitu easdem omnes iubet petere regiones.
10 Haec procul ex oppidd videbantur, ut erat a Gergovia
despectus in castra; neque tanto spatio, certi quid esset,
explorarl poterat. Legionem unam eodem iugo mittit et
paulum progressam inferidre constituit loc5 silvlsque occul-
tat. Augetur Gallis susplcio, atque omnes illo ad muni-
15 tionem copiae traducuntur.
Vacua castra hostium Caesar conspicatus, tectis Inslgni-
bus suorum occultatisque signis mllitaribus, raros mllites,
ne ex oppidd animadverterentur, ex maioribus castris in
minora traducit, legatlsque qu5s singulis legionibus prae-
20 fecerat quid fieri velit ostendit ; in primis monet ut con-
tineant mllites ne studio pugnandl aut spe praedae longius
progrediantur ; quid inlquitas loci habeat incommodi pro-
p5nit ; hoc una celeritate posse vltari ; occasi5nis esse rem,
non proell. His rebus expositis signum dat et ab dextra
25 parte alio ascensu e5dem tempore Haeduos mittit.
Capture of 46- Murus oppidi a planitie atque initio ascen-
th€ camp, gQg recta regione, si nullus anfractus intercederet,
Mcc passus aberat ; quicquid hue circuitus ad moUiendum
cllvum accesserat, id spatium itineris augebat. A medio
30 fere colle in longitudinem, ut natura montis ferebat, ex
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LIBER Vn, CAP. 45-47 I49
grandibus saxis vi pedum murum qui nostrdrum impetum
tardaret praeduxerant Galli atque, Inferiore omni spati5
vacuo relicto, superiorem partem collis usque ad murum
oppidi densissimis castrls compleverant
5 Milites dato slgn5 celeriter ad munitionem perveniunt
eamque transgress! trinis castris potiuntur; ac tanta fuit
in castris capiendls celeritas ut Teutomatus, rex Nitio-
brogum, subito in tabernaculo oppressus, ut meridie con-
quieverat, superiore parte corporis nuda, vulnerato equo
10 vix se ex manibus praedantium mllitum eriperet.
47. Consecutus id quod animo proposuerat, Caesar re-
^ ^_ _. .^1.-. J. calls his men,
Caesar receptui cam lussit; legionisque decimae, imttkeystrwe
quacum erat, continue signa constiterunt. At ^^^^^
reliquarum legidnum milites n5n audlt5 sono
15 tubae, quod satis magna valles intercedebat, tamen a tribu-
nis mllitum legatisque, ut erat a Caesare praeceptum, retine-
bantur ; sed elati spe celeris victoriae et hostium f uga et
superiorum temporum secundls proelils nihil adeo arduum
sibi existimabant quod non virtute consequi possent ; neque
20 finem prius sequendi f ecerunt quam mur5 oppidi portisque
appropinquarunt
Tum vero ex omnibus urbis partibus orto clamore, qui
longius aberant repentino tumultu perterriti, cum hostem
intra portas esse exlstimarent, se ex oppido eiecerunt.
25Matres familiae de muro vestem argentumque iactabant,
et pectore nudo prominentes passis manibus obtestabantur
Romanos ut sibi parcerent neu, sicut AvaricI fecissent, ne
a mulieribus quidem atque Infantibus abstinerent; non
nullae de muro per manus demissae sese mllitibus trade-
30 bant. L. Fabius, centurio legionis octavae, quem inter
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ISO BELLI GALLICI
suos eo die dixisse constabat excitarl s§ Avaricensibus
praemils, neque commissurum ut prius quisquam murum
ascenderet, tres suos nactus manipulares atque ab ils sub-
levatus murum ascendit ; hos ipse rursus singulos exceptans
5 in murum extulit.
The enemy 48. Interim if qui ad alteram partem oppidi»
Teln/ofced. ^^ supra dem5nstravimus, munitionis causa con-
caesarsum- yencrant, pnm5 exaudito clamore, inde etiam
^ mons re- *
serves. crcbris nuntiis incitatl oppidum a R5manls te-
lonerl, praemissis equitibus magno cursu eo contenderunt.
E5rum ut quisque primus venerat, sub muro consistebat
suorumque pugnantium numerum augebat. Quorum cum
magna multitude convenisset, matres familiae, quae pauld
ante Rdmanis de muro manus tendebant, suos obtestari et
15 more Gallic5 passum capillum ostentare llberosque in con-
spectum pr5ferre coeperunt. Erat Romanfs nee loc5 nee
numero aequa contentid ; simul et cursu et spati5 pugnae
defatigati non facile recentes atque integros sustinebant.
49. Caesar cum iniquo loco pugnari hostiumque copias
acaugeri videret, praemetuens suTs ad T. Sextium legatum,
quem minoribus castrTs praesidio reliquerat, misit ut co-
hortes ex castris celeriter educeret et sub infimo coUe ab
dextro latere hostium constitueret, ut, si nostros loco de-
pulsos vidisset, quo minus libere hostes insequerentur ter-
-«5 reret. Ipse paulum ex eo loco cum legione progressus ubi
constiterat, eventum pugnae exspectabat.
Terror of the 50. Cum accrrimc comminus pugnaretur,
f^^izZZ hostes loc5 et numerd, nostri virtute confiderent,
/he Haedui. subito sunt Hacdui visi ab latere nostris aperto,
Bravery 0/ _ , , » ,.- - » -
3<> Petromus. quos Cacsar ab dextra parte alio ascensu manus
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UBER VU, CAP. 48-51 151
distinendae causa mlserat. Hi similitudine armorum vehe-
menter nostrds perterruerunt, ac tametsi dextrls umerls
exsertis animadvertebantur, quod inslgne pactum esse con-
suerat, tamen id ipsum sui fallendl causa milites ab hosti-
5 bus factum existimabant.
Eodem tempore L. Fabius centurio quique una murum
ascenderant circumvent! atque interfectl de mur5 praecipi-
tabantur. M. Petronius, eiusdem legi5nis centuri5, cum
portas excldere conatus esset, a multitudine oppressus ac
ijsibi desperans, multis iam vulneribus acceptis, manipula-
ribus suis qui ilium secuti erant, ** Quoniam/' inquit, " me
una vobiscum servare non possum, vestrae quidem certe
vitae pr5spiciam, qu5s cupiditate gloriae adductus in perl-
culum deduxl. Vos data facultate vobis consulite." Simul
15 in medids hostes inrupit du5busque interfectis reliquos a
porta paulum summovit. Conantibus auxiliari suls, " Frus-
tra/* inquit, " meae vitae subvenlre conamini, quem iam
sanguis viresque deficiunt, Proinde ablte, dum est facul-
tas, vosque ad legionem recipite." Ita pugnans post
20 paulum concidit ac suis saluti fuit.
51. Nostri cum undique premerentur, xlvi Repulse of
centurionibus amissis deiecti sunt loco. Sed Juh^hla^
intolerantius Gallos Insequentes legio decima ^^^^•
tardavit, quae pro subsidid paulo aequiore loco c5nstiterat.
25 Hanc rursus tertiae decimae legionis cohortes exceperunt,
quae ex castrTs minoribus eductae cum T. Sexti5 legato
ceperant locum superiorem. Legi5nes ubi primum plani-
tiem attigerunt, infestls contra hostes slgnls c5nstiterunt
Vercingetorix ab radlcibus collis suos intra munitiones
^oreduxit. E5 die milites sunt paulo minus dcc deslderatl.
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152 BELLI GALLICI
Caesar cen- 52. Postcro die Caesar contione advocata
^asLessof temeritatem cupiditatemque mllitum reprehen-
hismen jj^^ quod sibi ipsi iudicavissent qu5 prdceden-
though prais-
ing their dum aut quid agendum videretur, neque sign5
5^ ' recipiendi dato c5nstitissent, neque a tribunis
militum legatTsque retinerl potuissent. Exposuit quid
iniquitas loci posset, — quod ipse ad Avaricum sensisset,
cum sine duce et sine equitatu deprehensis hostibus expl5-
ratam victdriam dimisisset ne parvum modo detrlmentum
10 in contentione propter iniquitatem loci accideret. Quaiito
opere edrum animi nmgnitudinem admlraretur, quos non
castrorum munltiones, n5n altitud5 montis, non murus
oppidi tardare potuisset, tantd opere licentiam adroganti-
amque reprehendere, quod plus se quam imperatdrem de
15 victoria atque exitu rerum sentire exlstimarent ; nee minus
se a mllite modestiam et continentiam quam virtutem
atque animi magnitudinem desTderare.
^^ ^ 53. Hac habita c5nti5ne et ad extremam
After offer- *'*'
ing battle, orationem confirmatis militibus, ne ob banc
which is re- . _ _ ^ j • -
^^ fused by the causam animo permoverentur neu, quod mi-
enemy,Caesar quj^as loci attuUssct, id virtuti hostium tribue-
retires into *
theHaeduan rent, cadcm de profecti5ne cogitans quae ante
^*^ ^' senserat, legiones ex castrls eduxit aciemque
idoneo loco constituit Cum Vercingetorix nihilo magis in
25aequum locum descenderet, levl facto equestrl proelio
atque eo secundo, in castra exercitum reduxit. Cum hoc
idem postero die fecisset, satis ad Gallicam ostentati5nem
minuendam mllitumque animos c5nfirmandos factum exis-
timans in Haeduos m5vit castra.
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154 • BELU GAJLLICI
69-9a CONFLICT AT ALESIA WITH AN ALLIED ARMY OF ALL
THE GAULS, 52 B.C
Preparations of both sides for a decisive contest
AUsia, zv. 69. Ipsum erat oppidum in coUe summ5 ad-
GmUandof modum edito loco, ut nisi obsididne expugfnari
theRotMMs, q5h posse videretur. Cuius coUb radices duo
duabus ex partibus flumina subluebant Ante oppidum
splanities circiter millia passuum iii in longitudinem pate-
bat ; reliquis ex omnibus partibus coUes, mediocri interiecto
spatio, pan altitudinis fastlgio oppidum cingebant. Sub
muro, quae pars collis ad orientem s5lem spectabat, hunc
omnem locum c5piae Gallorum compleverant, fossamque
10 et maceriam in altitudinem vi pedum praeduxerant. Eius
munltidnis quae ab R5manls Tnstituebatur circuitus xi millia
passuum tenebat Castra opportunis locis erant posita
VIII castellaque xxiii facta; quibus in castellfs interdiu
stationes ponebantur, ne qua subito eruptio fieret; haec
15 eadem noctii excubitoribus ac fifmis praesidiis tenebantur.
J 7^' Opere instituto fit equestre proelium in
win a cavalry eS pllnitie quam intermissam collibus in millia
engagem . pg^gy^j^ jj^ long^tudinem patere supra demon-
stravimus. Summa vi ab utrisque contenditur. Laboranti-
20 bus nostrls Caesar Germanos summittit legidnesque pr5
castrls constituit, ne qua subito inruptio ab hostium pedi-
tatu flat Praesidio legionum addit5 nostris animus auge-
tur ; hostes in fugam coniecti se ipsi multitudine impediunt
atque angustioribus portis relictis coartantur. Germani
25 acrius usque ad munitiones sequuntur. Fit magna caedes ;
non null! relictis equis fossam transire et maceriam tran-
scendere c5nantur. Paulum legi5n€s Caesar quas pro
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LIBER VII, CAP. 69-72 155
vallo constituerat promoveri iubet. Non minus qui intra
munltidnes erant GaHi perturbantur ; venirl ad se con-
festira existimantes ad arma conclamant ; non nulll perter-
riO in oppidum inrumpunt. Vercingetorix iubet portas
5 claudl, ne castra nudentur. Multis interfectis, compluribus
equls captis, German! sese recipiunt
71. Vercingetorix, priusquam munltiones ab Vercmge-
Romanis perficiantur^ consilium capit omnem f^onslud
ab se equitatum noctu dimittere. Discedentibus ^^^/^„
^ Gaul. His
10 mandat ut suam quisque eorum civitatem adeat straitened
omnesque qui per aetatem arma ferre possint ad j^|^'
bellum cogant. Sua in illos merita proponit,
obtestaturque ut suae salutis rationem habeant, neu se
optime de communi libertate meritum hostibus in cru-
isciatum dedant. Quod si indlligentidres fuerint, millia
hominum delecta lxxx una secum interitura demonstrat.
Ratione inita frumentum se exig^e dierum xxx habere, sed
paul5 etiam longius tolerari posse parcendo.
His datis mandatis, qua erat ^nostrum opus intermissum,
flosecunda vigilia silentio equitatum dimittit. Frumentum
omne ad se referri iubet; capitis poenam ils qui non
paruerint constituit; pecus, cuius magna erat copia a
Mandubils compulsa, virltim distribuit; frumentum parce
et paulatim metlrl Instituit. Copias omnes, quas pro
asoppidd conlocaverat, in oppidum recipit. His rationibus
auxilia Galliae exspectare et bellum administrare parat.
72. Quibus rebus cognitis ex perfugis et cap-
tlvls, Caesar haec genera munltionis Instituit. vests AUsia
Fossam pedum xx derectis lateribus duxit, ut eiab^ateiine
3oeius fossae solum tantundem pateret quantum </«w^^-
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t56
BELLI GALLICI
summa labra distarent. Reliquas omnes muniti5nes ab
ea fossa pedes cccc reduxit hoc consilio (quoniam tantum
esset necessario spatium complexus, nee facile totum opus
corona militiim cingeretur), ne de impr5vIso aut noctu ad
5 munltiones multitudd hostium advolaret, aut interdiu tela
in nostr5s open destinatos conicere possent.
Ft'nna
Fig. 27. — The Defenses on Caesar's Rampart before Alesia.
Hoc intermisso spatio duas fossas xv pedes latas, eadem
altitudine, perduxit; quarum intcriorem campestribus ac
demissTs locis aqua ex flumine derlvata complevit.
) Post eas aggerem ac vallum xii pedum exstruxit ; huic
loricam pinnasque adiecit, grandibus cervis eminentibus ad
commissuras plutedrum atque aggeris, qui ascensum hos-
tium tardarent ; et turres toto opere circumdedit quae
pedes Lxxx inter se distarent
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LIBER VII. CAP. 73
157
73. Erat eodem tempore et materiari et frumentari et
tal^tas munitiones fien necesse, deminutis nostrls c5pi!s,
quae longius a castris progrediebantur ; ac n5n numquam
opera nostra Galli temptare atque eruptionem ex oppidd
5 pluribus portis summa vi facere conabantur. Quare ad
haec rursus opera addendum Caesar putavit, quo minore
numer5 mllitum munitiones defend! possent
Fig. 28. — Outline of Caesar's Works before Alesia.
Itaque truncis arborum aut admodum firmis ramis
abscisis, atque horum delibratis ac praeacutis cacuminibus,
10 perpetuae fossae quTn5s pedes altae ducebantur. Hue ill!
stipites demissT et ab infimo revlncti, ne revelli possent,
ab ramIs eminebant. Qulni erant 5rdines, coniiincti inter
se atque implicati ; qu5 qui intraverant, se ipsi acutissimls
vallis induebant. Hos cippos appellabant.
15 Ante hos obliquls 5rdinibus in quincuncem dispositis
scrobes in altitudinem
trium pedum fodiebantur
paulatim angusti5re ad
infimum fastlgio. Hue
20 teretes stipites f eminis
crassitudine ab summo
praeacuti et praeusti de-
mittebantur, ita ut non amplius digitis iiii ex terra eminerent;
simul confirmandi et stabiliendl causa singuli ab infimo solo
Lilium.
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158
BELLI GALLICI
rr
V
pedes terra exculcabantur ; reliqua pars scrobis ad occul-
tandas fnsidias vfminibus ac virgultis inte-
gebatur. Huius generis oct5ni 5rdines
duct! ternos inter se pedes distabant Id
ex similitudine fl5ris Iilium appellabant.
Ante haec taleae pedem longae ferrels
hamis InfixJs totae in terram fnfodiebantur,
Fig, 30. — Stimulus, mediocribusque intermissis spatiis omnibus
locis dissercbantur, qu5s stimulos nominabant.
10 His defenses 74. Hls rcbus perfcctls, regidncs secutus
apainst tht • ••— .1.— ...
inemy/rom quam potuit aequissimas pro loci natura, xiiii
without. miUia passuum complexus pares eiusdem gene-
ris muniti5nes, diversas ab his, contra exteriorem hostem
perfecit, ut ne magna quidem multitudine munftidnum
Kk;. 31.— Conjectural Appearance of Caesar's Works before Alcsia.
For greater clearness, only a few rows of cippi and of lilia are shown. For all details, except
the turres, sec Figs. 25-28.
15 |)raesidia circiimfundl possent ; ne autem cum periculd ex
castrls egredl cogatur, dierum xxx pabulum frumentumque
habere omnes convectum iubet
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LIBER VII, CAP. 74-76 159
75. Dum haec ad Alesiam geruntur, Gall! Animwumst
concilid prfncipum indictd non omnes qui arma Z^reiu/
ferre possent, ut censuit Vercingetorix, convo- <*fy^''^^
gttorix.
candos statuunt, sed certum numerum cuique
scivitati imperandum, ne tanta multitudine cdnfusa nee
moderari nee discernere suos nee frumentandi rationem
habere possent. Imperant Haeduis atque edrum clienti-
bus, Segusiavfs, Ambivaretis, Aulercfs Brannovfcibus, millia
XXXV ; parem numerum Arvernis, adiunctis Eleutetis, Ca-
lodurcis, Gabalis, Vellaviis, qui sub imperio Arvemorum esse
e5nsuerunt; Sequanis, Senonibus, Biturigibus, Santonis,
Rutenis, Camutibus duodena millia; Bellovacis x; toti-
dem Lemovicibus ; octona Pictonibus et Turonis et Parisiis
et Helvetiis ; sena Andibus, Ambianis, Mediomatrieis, Pe-
15 trocoriis, Nerviis, Morinis, Nitiobrogibus ; v millia Aulercis
Cenomanis ; totidem Atrebatibus ;. iiii Veliocassis ; Aulercis
Eburovicibus iii; Rauracis et Bois bina; x universis
civitatibus quae Oceanum attingunt quaeque eorum con-
suetudine Aremoricae appellantur, quo sunt in numero
ao Coriosolites, Redones, Ambibarii, Caletes, Osismi, Veneti,
Lexovii, Venelli. Ex his Bellovaci suum numerum non
contulenint, quod se su5 ndmine atque arbitrid cum R5ma-
nis bellum gestures dicerent neque cuiusquam imperi5
obtemperaturos ; rogati tamen a Commio pro eius hospitio
25 duo millia miserunt.
76. Huius opera Commi, ut antea demonstravimus, fideli
atque utili superioribus annis erat usus in Britannia Caesar ;
pro quibus mentis civitatem eius immunem esse iusserat,
iura legesque reddiderat atque ipsi Morinos attribuerat.
30 Tanta tamen universae Galliae consensio fuit libertatis
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l60 BELLI GALLICI
vindicandae et pristinae belli laudis recuperandae ut neque
beneficiis neque amicitiae memoria moveretur, omnesque et
animo et opibus in id bellum incumberent.
Coactis equitum mlllibus viii et peditum circiter ccl,
shaec in Haeduorum finibus recensebantur, numerusque
inibatur, praefecti constituebantur ; Commio AtrebatI,
Viridomaro et Eporedorigl Haeduls, Vercassivellauno Ar-
verao, c6nsobrin5 Vercingetorlgis, summa imperl traditur.
His delect! ex civitatibus attribuuntur qu5rum consilio
10 bellum administraretur. Omnes alacres et flduciae pleni
ad Alesiam proficlscuntur ; neque erat omnium quisquam
qui aspectum modo tantae multitudinis sustinerl posse
arbitraretur, praesertim ancipiti proeli5, cum ex oppido
eruptione pugnaretur, foris tantae copiae equitatus pedi-
istatusque cemerentur.
77. At il qui Alesiae obsidebantur, praeterita
inAUsia die qua auxilia su5rum exspectaverant, con-
^verge of star- sumpto omni frumeuto, Inscii quid in Haeduls
vaHon, A grereretur, concilia coact5 de exitu suarum fortu-
barbarous "
20 proposal for narum consultabant. Ac varils dictis sententils,
Ejected. ^The quarum pars deditionem, pars, dum vires suppe-
Mandubii tcrent, cruptionem censebat, n5n • praetereunda
are forced to
leave the oratio CHtognatl videtur propter eius singula-
toum, ^^^ ^^ nefariam crudelitatem.
25 Hic summo in Arvernis ortus loco et magnae habitus
auctoritatis, "Nihil/* inquit, "de eorum sententia dicturus
sum qui turpissimam servitutem deditionis nomine appel-
lant, neque hos habendos civium loco neque ad concilium
adhibendds censeo. Cum his mihi res est qui eruptionem
3oprobant; quorum in consilid omnium vestrum consensu
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LIBER VII, CAP. 77 l6l
pristinae residere virtutis memoria videtur. AnimI est
ista mollitia, n5n virtus, paulisper inopiam ferre non posse.
Qui se ultro morti offerant facilius reperiuntur quam qui
dolorem patienter ferant. Atque ego banc sententiam
sprobarem (tantum apud me dignitas potest), si nullam
praeterquam vltae nostrae iacturam fieri viderem ; sed in
c6nsili5 capiendo omnem Galliam respiciamus, quam ad
nostrum auxilium concitavimus. Quid, hominum mlUibus
Lxxx uno loco interfectis, propinquis c5nsanguinelsque
lonostrls animi fore existimatis, si paene in ipsls cadaveri-
bus proelio decertare cdgentur ? Nolite hos vestro auxili5
exspoliare qui vestrae salutis causa suum perlculum neg-
lexerunt, nee stultitia ac temeritate vestra aut animI imbe-
cillitate omnem Galliam prostemere et perpetuae servituti
15 subicere.
** An, quod ad diem non venerunt, de e5rum fide con-
stantiaque dubitatis? Quid ergo? Romanos in illls
ulterioribus munitionibus animlne causa cotldie exercerl
putatis? Si ill5rum nuntils confirmarl non potestis omnI
soaditu praesaept5, his utimini testibus appropinquare eorum
adventum ; cuius rel timore exterriti diem noctemque in
opere versantur.
"Quid ergo mel consili est? Facere quod nostrl ma-
iores nequaquam pari bell5 Cimbrdrum Teutonumque fece-
25 runt; qui in oppida compulsl ac simill inopia subacti,
edrum corporibus qui aetate ad bellum in utiles videbantur
vltam toleraverunt, neque se hostibus tradiderunt. Cuius
rel si exemplum non haberemus, tamen llbertatis causa
InstituI et posterls pr5dl pulcherrimum iudicarem. Nam
30 quid illl simile bello fuit? Depopulata Gallia Cimbri,
MATH. CAESAR — 1 1
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1 62 BELLI GALLia
magnaque inlata calamitate, finibus quidem nostrls all-
quando excesserunt atque alias terras petierunt ; iura,
leges, agrds, libertatem nobis reliquerunt. RomanI vero
quid petunt aliud aut quid volunt, nisi invidia adducti,
5 quos fama n^biles potentesque bell5 cogndverunt, h5rum
in agrls civitatibusque cdnsldere atque his aeternam iniun-
gere servitutem? Neque enim umquam alia condici5ne
bella gesserunt. Quod si ea quae in longinquis nati5nibus
geruntur Ign5ratis, respicite finitimam Galliam, quae in
10 prdvinciam redacta, iure et legibus commutatls, securibus
subiecta perpetua premitur servitute."
78. Sententils dictis constituunt ut il qui valetudine aut
aetate inutiles sint bello oppido excedant, atque omnia
prius experiantur quam ad CritognatI sententiam descen-
isdant; illo tamen potius utendum consilio, si res cogat
atque auxilia morentur, quam aut deditionis aut pads sube-
undam condicionem. Mandubil, qui eos oppido recepe-
rant, cum llberls atque uxoribus exire c5guntur. Hi cum
ad munltiones R5manorum accessissent, flentes omnibus
20 precibus 5rabant ut se in servitutem recept5s cib5 iuvarent
At Caesar, dispositis in vallo cust5dils, recipl prohibebat.
79. Interea Commius reliqulque duces, quibus
The arrival
ofthereiiev' summa impcrl permissa erat, cum omnibus c6-
^brines"hope P"^ ^^ Alcsiam pervcniunt et colle exteriore
iK^tothebe- occupat5 non longius mllle passibus a nostrls
sieged.
munltionibus c5nsldunt. Poster© die equitatu
ex castrls educto omnem eam planitiem quam in longitu-
dinem mlUia passuum iii patere demonstravimus complent,
pedestresque copias paulum ab eo loc5 abductas in locis
30 superi5ribus constituunt Erat ex oppid5 Alesia despec-
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LIBEK VII. CAP. 78-80 163
tus in campum. Concurrunt his auxiliis vTsIs; fit grStu-
lati5 inter eos, atque omnium animi ad laetitiam excitantur.
Itaque productis copils ante oppidum consistunt et proxi-
mam fossam cratibus integunt atque aggere explent seque
5 ad eruptidniem atque omnes casus comparant.
The Gauls are completely defeated and Vercingetorix surrenders
80. Caesar omnI exercitu ad utramque partem y,^^ Romans
munitionum disposit5, ut, si usus veniat, suum win a sharp
'^ battle.
quisque locum teneat et noverit, equitatum ex
castrls educT et proelium committi iubet. Erat ex omnibus
locastrls, quae summum undique iugum tenebant, despectus;
atque omnes milites intenti pugnae proventum exspecta-
bant. Galli inter equites raros sagittarios expedltosque
levis armaturae interiecerant, qui suis cedentibus auxilid
succurrerent et nostr5rum equitum impetus sustinerent.
15 Ab his complures de impr5vIso vulneratl proelio excede-
bant. Cum suos pugna superi5res esse Galll conflderent
et nostr5s multitudine premi viderent, ex omnibus parti-
bus et il qui munltionibus continebantur et il qui ad auxi-
lium convenerant clamore et ululatu su5rum anim5s
2oc5nfirmabant. Quod in c5nspectu omnium res gerebatur
neque recte aut turpiter factum celarl poterat, utrosque
et laudis cupiditas et timor Ignominiae ad virtutem
excitabat.
Cum a merldie prope ad solis occasum dubia victoria
25 pugnaretur, GermanI una in parte c5nfertls turmis in
hostes impetum fecerunt e5sque propulerunt; quibus in
fugam coniectis sagittaril circumventi interfectlque sunt.
Item ex reliquls partibus nostrl cedentes usque ad castra
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1 64 BELLI GALLICI
Insecuti sul colligendi facultatem n6n dederunt. At ii qui
Alesia prdcesserant, maestf, prope victdria desperata, se in
oppidum receperunt
The Gauls ^^' ^^^ ^^^ intcrmisso Galli atque hoc
x^ make a vain spatio magno cratium, scalarum, harpagonum
attack by
night OH Cae- numcro cffcctd, media nocte silentio ex castrTs
sar's works, egj-ggsj ^A campcstres munlti5nes accedunt.
Subito clamore sublato, qua significatione qui in oppido
obsidebantur de suo adventu cognoscere possent, crates
loproicere, fundls, sagittis, lapidibus nostrds de vallo prd-
turbare, reliquaque quae ad oppugnationem pertinent pa-
rant administrare. Eodem tempore clam5re exauditd dat
tuba signum suls Vercingetorix atque ex oppidd educit
Nostn, ut superi5ribus diebus suus cuique erat locus
15 attributus, ad munltiones accedunt; fundls librilibus,
sudibusque quas in opere dis-
posuerant, ac glandibus Gall5s
proterrent. Prospectu tenebrls
adempta, multa utrimque vulnera
-'"a„^'';„^rorrrP accipiuntur. ComplQra tormentis
(for Pompeium), ue. Strike tela coniciuntur. AtM.Antonius
^""^^y- et C. Trebonius legatl, quibus hae
partes ad defendendum obvenerant, qua ex parte nostrds
premi intellexerant, his auxilio ex ulterioribus castellis
25 deductos summittebant.
82. Dum longius a munltione aberant Galll, plus multi-
tudine telorum proficiebant; posteaquam propius succes-
serunt, aut se stimulTs inoplnantes induebant aut in scrobes
delati transfodiebantur aut ex vallo ac turribus traiecti
30 pills muralibus interlbant. Multls undique vulneribus ac-
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LIBER VII, CAP. 81-83 165
ceptis, nulla munitione perrupta, cum lux appeteret, veriti
ne ab latere aperto ex superioribus castris eruptione cir-
cumvenlrentur, se ad suos receperunt. At interiores, dum
ea quae a Vercingetorlge ad eruptionem praeparata erant
5 proferunt, priores fossas explent, diutius in his rebus ad-
ministrandls moratl, prius su5s discessisse cognoverunt
quam munltionibus appropinquarent .Ita re Infecta in
oppidum reverterunt
83. Bis magno cum detriments repulsi Galll The final
10 quid agant consulunt ; locdriim perltos adhibent ; 'jj^em^ts
ex his superiorum castrorum situs munltionesque <*fj^<^''^
c6gn5scunt. Erat a septentrionibus collis,
quern propter magnitudinem circuitus opere circumplecti
non potuerant nostrl ; necessarioque paene inlquo loco et
15 leniter decllvl castra fecerant. Haec C. Antistius Reglnus
et C. Caninius Rebilus legati cum duabus legionibus ob-
tinebant
Cognitis per exploratores regionibus duces hostium lx
mlllia ex omnI numero deligunt earum civitatum quae
20 maximam virtutis opinionem habebant ; quid quoque pacto
agl placeat occulte inter se constituunt; adeundl tempus
deflniunt cum merldies esse videatur. His copils Vercas-
sivellaunum Arvemum, unum ex mi ducibus, propinquum
Vercingetorlgis, praeficiunt. lUe ex castris prima vigilia
25egressus, prope confecto sub lucem itinere post montem
se occultavit, militesque ex noctumo labore sese reficere
iussit. Cum iam merldies appropinquare videretur, ad ea
castra quae supra demonstravimus contendit; eodemque
tempore equitatus ad campestres munlti5nes accedere et
30 reliquae copiae pro castris sese ostendere coeperunt.
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1 66 BEIXI GALLICI
Tke Romam 84. Vcrcingetorix ex arce Alesiae suos con-
(pre ditdcktd • .i—i. ..i •
on au sides, spicatus, cx oppido egrcditur ; crates, longunos,
musculos, falces, reliquaque quae eruptionis
causa paraverat profert. Pugnatur uno tempore omnibus
slocISy atque omnia temptantur; quae minime visa pars
firma est, hue concurritur. R5man5rum manus tantls
munltidnibus distinetur nee facile pluribus locis occurrit.
Multum ad terrendos nostras valet clamor, qui post tergum
pugnantibus exsistit, quod suum perlculum in aliena vident
lovirtute constare; omnia enim plerumque quae absunt
vehementius hominum mentes perturbant.
_, , 85. Caesar iddneum locum nactus, quid qua-
nature of tk€ que in parte geratur cognoscit; laborantibus
^^^ ' subsidium summittit. Utrlsque ad animum
15 occurrit unum esse illud tempus quo maxime contendl con-
veniat : Galli, nisi perf regerint munltianes, de omnI salute
desperant; R5mani. si rem obtinuerint, finem lab5rum
omnium exspectant. Maxime ad superiores munitiones
laboratur, quo Vercassivellaunum missum demonstravimus.
aolnlquum loci ad declivitatem fastigium magnum habet
m5mentum. Alii tela coniciunt, alii testudine facta subeunt ;
defatlgatis in vicem integri succedunt. Agger ab universis
in munltionem coniectus et ascensum dat Gallls, et ea quae
in terra occultaverant RomanI contegit; nee iam arma
25 nostrls nee vires suppetunt.
Caesar goes ^6. His rcbus coguitls Cacsar Labienum cum
about encour- cohortibus VI subsidio laborantibus mittit; im-
aging and
directing his pcrat, sl sustinerc non possit, deductis cohortibus
^tlfttu^ eruptione pugnet; id nisi necessario ne faciat.
-yijieU. Ipse adit reliquos ; cohortatur ne labdrl succum-
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LIBER VII, CAP. 84-88 167
bant ; omnium superidrum dimicationum fructum in eo die
atque hora docet consistere. Interidres, desperatfs cam-
pestribus locis propter magnitudinem raunitionum, loca
praerupta ascensu temptant ; hue ea quae paraverant c6n-
sfenint. Multitudine telorum ex turribus propugnantes
deturbant, aggere et eratibus fossas explent, falcibus val-
lum ac loricam rescindunt.
87. Mittit primum Brutum adulescentem cum cohortibus
Caesar, post cum aliis C. Fabium legatum ; postremd ipse,
10 cum vehementius pugnaretur, integros subsidio adducit.
Restituto proelio ac repulsis hostibus, eo qu5 Labienum
miserat contendit ; cohortes iiii ex proxim5 castello dedu-
cit, equitum partem se sequi, partem circumlre exteridres
munltiones et a tergo hostes adorlri iubet. Labienus, post-
15 quam neque aggeres neque fossae vim hostium sustinere
poterant, coactis xi cohortibus, quas ex proximls praesidils
deductas fors obtulit, Caesarem per nunti5s facit certiorem
quid faciendum existimet. Accelerat Caesar ut proelio
intersit.
20 88. Eius adventu ex colore vestltus cognito, The Gauis
quo msigni m proehis uti consuerat, turmisque ^^^^^ jy^
equitum et cohortibus visis quas se sequT iusserat, ar^ of relief
ut de locis superioribus haec decllvia et devexa
cernebantur, hostes proelium committunt. Utrimque
25clam6re sublato, excipit rursus ex vallo atque omnibus
munitionibus clamor. Nostri emissis pTlIs gladils rem
gerunt. Repente post tergum equitatus cernitur ; cohortes
aliae appropinquant. Hostes terga vertunt; fugientibus
equites occurrunt. Fit magna caedes. Sedulius, dux et
3oprinceps Lemovicum, occlditur; Vercassivellaunus Arver-
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i68
BELLI GALLICI
nus vivus in fuga comprehenditur ; slgna militaria lxxiiii
ad Caesarem referuntur ; pauci ex tanto numero se inco-
lumes in castra recipiunt. Con-
spicati ex oppido caedem et fugam
suorum, desperata salute, copias a
munltionibus reducunt. Fit prdtinus
hac re audita ex castris Gallorum
fuga. Quod nisi crebrls subsidils
ac totlus die! labore mllites essent
defessl, omnes hostium copiae delerl
potuissent. De media nocte missus
equitatus novissimum agmen c5n-
sequitur; magnus numerus capitur
atque interficitur, reliqui ex fuga in
civitates discedunt.
89. Postero die Vercin- The besUged
. . .1.- _._ army sur-
getonx COnClllO COnVOCatO renders. Ver^
id bellum se suscepisse "«^<''^'^"
delivered up
non suarum necessitatum, to caesar.
20 Fig. 33. - A General wearing sed communis llbertatis
the Cloak. ,
causa dem5nstrat; et quoniam sit
fortunae cedendum, ad utramque rem se illls offerre,
seu morte sua Romanls satisfacere seu vivum tradere
velint. Mittuntur de his rebus ad Caesarem legatL
25 lubet arma tradi, prlncipes producl. Ipse in munltione
pr5 castris cdnsldit; e5 duces pr5ducuntur. Vercinge-
torlx deditur, arma proiciuntur. Reservatis Haeduis
atque Arvernls, si per eos civitates recuperare posset,
ex reliquls captlvis totl exercitui capita singula praedae
30 nomine distribuit.
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LIBER VII, CAP. 89-90 169
90. His rebus c5nfectis in Haedu5s proficisci- ike Haedui
tur; civitatem recipit. Eo legatl ab Arvernis ar^r/aCv^.'
miss! quae imperaret se facturds pollicentur. ^"^g^^*^^^
Imperat magnum numerum obsidum. Legiones winter guar-
5 in hfberna mittit. Captivorum circiter xx mlllia ^^l^ ^
Haeduis Arvernisque reddit. ^^^•
T. Labienum cum duabus legionibus et equitatu in
Sequanos proficisci iubet; huic M. Sempronium Rutilum
attribuit. C. Fabium legatum et L. Minucium Basilum
10 cum legionibus duabus in Remis conlocat, ne quam a
finitimis Bellovacis calamitatem accipiant. C. Antistium
Reginum in Ambivaret5s, T. Sextium in Bituriges, C. Ca-
nlnium Rebilum in Rutenos cum singulis legi5nibus mittit.
Q. Tullium Cicer5nem et P. Sulpicium Cavill5ni et Matis-
15 c5ne in Haeduis ad Ararim rei f rumentariae causa conlocat.
Ipse Bibracte hiemare constituit.
His rebus ex Caesaris litteris cognitis, Romae dierum xx
supplicatia redditur.
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C. IVLI CAESARIS
BELLI CIVILIS
LIBER SECVNDVS
23-44. CURIO'S DISASTROUS CAMPAIGN IN AFRICA,
AUGUST, 49 B.C.
His first operations are successful
Curio's land' 2$. Isdem temporibus C. Curio in Africam
7s^ul^osed. profectus ex Sicilia, etiam ab initia copias P.
AttI Varl despiciens, duas legidnes ex iiii quas
acceperat a Caesare, d equites transportabat, blduoque et
snocte in navigatione consumpta appellit ad eum locum
qui appellatur Anquillaria. Hic locus abest a Clupea
passuum xxii mlllia, habetque non incommodam aestate
stati5nem, et duobus eminentibus pr5munturils continetur.
Huius adventum L. Caesar flHus cum x longTs navibus ad
loClupeam praest5lans, quas naves Uticae ex praedonum
bello subductas P. Attius reficiendas huius belli causa
curaverat, veritus navium multitudinem ex alto refugerat
appulsaque ad proximum lltus trireme constrata et in
lltore relicta pedibus Hadrumetum profugerat. Id oppi-
15 dum C. Considius Longus unlus legi5nis praesidid tueba-
tur. Reliquae Caesaris naves visa eius f uga se Hadrumetum
170
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LIBER II, CAP. 23-24
171
receperunt. Hunc secutus Marcius Rufus quaestor navi-
bus XII, quas praesidio onerarils navibus Curio ex Sicilia
eduxerat, postquam in litore relictam navem conspexit,
banc remulco abstraxit, ipse ad C. CuriSnem cum classe
5 rediit.
Curio's Campaign in Africa.
24. Curio Marcium Uticam navibus prae- Cuno sets out
mittit; ipse e5dem cum exercitu proficTscitur Zierethe
biduique iter progressus ad flumen Bagradam ^'"M^
* * " " force under
pervenit Ibi C. Canlnium Rebilum legatum Varus is en-
10 cum legionibus relinquit; ipse cum equitatu ^^onn^tres^
antecedit ad Castra expl5randa Cornelia, quod ^^'"P ^^'
is locus peridaneus castrTs habebatur. Id autem
est iugum derectum, eminens in mare, utraque ex parte
praeruptum atque asperum, sed tamen paul5 leniore fas-
istfgio ab ea parte quae ad Uticam vergit; abest derectd
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172 BELLI CIVILIS
itinere ab Utica paulo amplius passus mille. Sed hoc
itinere est f5ns, quo mare succedit, longe ut lateque is
locus restagnet ; quem si qui vitare voluerint, sex millium
circuitu in oppidum perveniunt.
5 25. Hoc expl5rato loco Curio castra Vari conspicit murd
oppidoque coniuncta ad portam quae appellatur Bellica,
admodum munita natura loci, una ex parte ipso oppido
Utica, altera theatro quod est ante oppidum, substructidni-
bus eius operis maximis aditu ad castra difficili et angustd.
loSimul animadvertit multa undique portari atque agi ple-
nissimis viis, quae repentini tumultus tim5re ex agris in
urbem conferebantur. Hue equitatum mittit ut diriperet
atque haberet loc5 praedae ; e5demque tempore his rebus
subsidio be equites Numidae ex oppid5 pedi-
\i a troop of tesque cccc mittuntur a Varo, quos auxill causa
midian allies, ^cx luba paucTs dicbus ante Uticam mlserat.
and takes Huic ct patcmum hospitium cum Pompeio et
possession of ^ *^ *^
200 trans- simultas cum Curione intercedebat, quod tri-
^ ' bunus plebis legem promulgaverat qua lege
20 regnum lubae publicaverat. Concurrunt equites inter se ;
neque vero primum impetum nostrorum Numidae ferre
potuerunt, sed interfectls circiter cxx reliqui se in castra
ad oppidum receperunt Interim adventu longarum
navium Curio pronuntiarl onerarils navibus iubet quae
asstabant ad Uticam numero circiter cc, se in hostium
habiturum loco qui non ex vestigio ad Castra Cornelia
naves traduxissent. Qua pronuntiatione facta, temporis
puncto sublatls ancorls omnes Uticam relinquunt et qu5
imperatum est transeunt. Quae res omnium rerum copia
3ocomplevit exercitum.
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LIBER II, CAP. 25-27 173
26. His rebus gestis Curio se in castra ad Curioen-
Bagradam recipit atque universi exercitus con- ^utlca^^A
clamatione iniperator appellatur, posteroque die ^^^ondsuc-
* cessful skir-
Uticam exercitum ducit et prope oppidum cas- mish.
stra ponit Nondum opere castrorum perfect©
equites ex statidne nuntiant magna auxilia equitum pedi-
tumque ab rege missa Uticam venire ; eodemque tempore
vis magna pulveris cernebatur, et vestigi5 temporis primum
agmen erat in conspectu. Novitate rel Curio perm5tus
lopraemittit equites qui primum impetum sustineant ac
morentur ; ipse celeriter ab opere deductis legi5nibus aciem
Instruit. Equitesque committunt proelium, et, priusquam
plane legipnes explicarl et c5nsistere possent, tota auxilia
regis impedlta ac perturbata, quod null5 5rdine et sine
15 timore iter fecerant, in fugam coniciunt, equitatuque omnl
fere incoluml, quod se per litora celeriter in oppidum
recipit, magnum peditum numerum interficiunt.
Signs of defection in Curio's army
27. Proxima nocte centuri5nes Mars! duo ex Twodesert-
^_ ... . 1- •!. - ers assure
castrls Curionis cum manipulanbus suis xxii yarusthat
20 ad Attium Varum perfugiunt. Hi, sive vere CuHoS whole
^ ° army ts
quam habuerant opIni5nem ad eum perferunt, disaffected
sIve etiam auribus Varl serviunt (nam quae
volumus, ea credimus libenter, et quae sentlmus ipsi reli-
quos sentire speramus), c5nfirmant quidem certe totius
25 exercitus animos alien5s esse a Curione, maximeque opus
esse in conspectum exercitus venire et conloquendl dare
facultatem. Qua opini5ne adductus Varus postero die
mane legiones ex castrls educit. Facit idem Curio, atque
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174 BELLI CIVILIS
una valle non magna interiecta suas uterque copi§s
instruit
28. Erat in exercitu Varl Sextus Quinctllius
Ah attempt r.^r ,_«-
to induce Varus, qucm fuisse Corflni supra demonstra-
^^u^ to dessert ^^^ ^^^' ^^^ dimissus a Caesare in Africam
is almost vcncrat, legidnesque eas traduxerat Curio quas
successful. ... ., ^ r • - -o.
superioribus temporibus Corflnio receperat Cae-
sar, adeo ut paucis mutatis ceuturi5nibus Idem drdines
manipullque c5nstaront. Hauc nactus appellationis cau-
losam Quinctllius circumire aciem Curionis atque obsecrare
mllites coepit ne prlmam sacramenti quod apud Domitium
atque apud se quaestorem dlxissent memoriam deponerent,
neu contra eos arma ferrent qui eadem essent usi fortuna
eademque in obsididne perpessi, neu pr5 his pugnarent
15 a quibus cum contumelia perfugae appellarentur. Hue
pauca ad spem larglti5nis addidit, quae ab sua llberali-
tate, si se atque Attium secuti essent, exspectare deberent.
Hac hablta oratione nullam in partem ab exercitu Curionis
fit significatio, atque ita suas uterque copias reducit.
20 29. At in castrls Curionis magnus omnium incessit
timor animis; is varils hominum sermonibus celeriter
augetur. Unusquisque enim opiniones fingebat et ad id
quod ab alio audierat sul aliquid timoris addebat. Hoc ubi
uno auctore ad plures permanaverat atque alius alii tradi-
asderat, plures auctores eius rel videbantur. Erat civile
bellum ; genus hominum cui quod liberet liceret f acere, et
sequi quod vellet ; legiones eae quae paul5 ante apud adver-
sarios fuerant (nam recentia Caesaris beneficia imminuerat
mansuetud5 qua cdnferrentur in municipia etiam diversis
aopartibus coniuncta); aeque enim ex Marsis Paelignisque
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LIBER II, CAP. 28-31 175
veniebant et qui superiore nocte perfugerant et qui in con-
tubemils centuriones militesque remanserant Non nulli
graviora iactaverant. Sermones militum dubii durius
accipiebantur, n5n nulla etiam ab iis qui diligentidres
5 videri volebant fingebantur.
30. Quibus de causis c5nsilio convocato de cuno holds
summa rSrum deliberare incipit. Erant sen- ^^^^'
tentiae quae conandum omnibus modis castraque «"*'^^
. . , . opinions are
Vari oppugnanda censerent, quod hums modi divided be-
.0 militum cansiliis 5tium maxime consentaneum "^ZZte
esse arbitrarentur ; postremd praestare dicebant attack and
a retreat,
per virtutem in pugna belli fortunam experiri
quam desertos et circumventos ab suis gravissimum
supplicium perpeti. Erant qui censerent de tertia
isvigilia in Castra Cornelia recedendum, ut mai5re spatio
temporis interiecto militum mentes sanarentur, simul, si
quid gravius accidisset, magna multitudine navium et
tutior et facilior in Siciliam receptus daretur.
31. Curio utrumque improbans consilium, CuHo
20 quantum alteri sententiae deesset animi, tantum gainst both
alteri superesse dicebat : hos turpissimae f ugae P^^^-
rationem habere, illos etiam iniquo loco dimicandum
putare. " Qua enim,*' inquit, ** fiducia et opere et natura
loci munitissima castra expugnari posse confidimus? At
25vero quid proficimus, si accepto magno detrimento ab
oppugnatidne castrorum discedimus ? Quasi non et felicitas
rerum gestarum exercitus benevolentiam imperatoribus et
res adversae odia concilient! Castr5rum autem mutatio
quid habet nisi turpem fugam et desperationem omnium
30 rerum et alienationem exercitus? Nam neque pudentes
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176 BELLI CIVILIS
suspicarl oportet sibi parum credl neque improbos scire
sese timer!, quod illis licentiam timor augeat noster,
his susplcio studia deminuat. Quod si iam/* inquit,
"haec expldrata habeamus quae de exercitus alienatidne
sdlcuntur, — quae quidem ego aut omnino falsa aut certe
minora opinione esse c6nfld5, — quanto haec dissimulare
et occultare quam per ii5s confirmare praestet ! An non,
uti corporis vulnera, ita exercitus incommoda sunt tegenda,
ne spem adversarils augeamus? — At etiam ut media
lonocte proficlscamur addunt; quo maidrem, credo, licen-
tiam habeant qui peccare conentur. Namque huius modi
res aut pudore aut metu tenentur, quibus rebus nox
maxime adversaria est. Quare neque tanti sum animi ut
sine spe castra oppugnanda censeam, neque tantI timoris
isuti spe deficiam; atque omnia prius experienda arbitror
magnaque ex parte iam me una voblscum de re iudicium
facturum confldo."
CuHo ^^* Dimisso consilio contionem advocat mlli-
addresses tum. Commcmorat quo sit eorum usus studio
his soldier s^ , x-. i- . ^ t 1 •
20 and wins ad Corflnmm Caesar, ut magnam partem Italiae
back their bcneficio atouc auctaritate eorum suam fecerit.
allegtance. ^
"Vos enim vestrumque factum,'* inquit, "omnia
deinceps municipia sunt secuta, neque sine causa et
Caesar amicissime de v5bls et illl gravissime iudicaverunt :
25Pompeius enim nullo proelio pulsus, vestrl fact! praeiu-
dicio demotus Italia excessit ; Caesar me, quem sibi caris-
simum habuit, provincias Siciliam atque Africam, sine
quibus urbem atque Italiam tuerl non potest, vestrae fidel
commlsit.
30 " At sunt qui vos hortentur ut a nobis desclscatis. Quid
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Fig. 34. — CAESAR: NAPLES
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LIBEK II, CAP. 32 177
enim est illis optatius quam uno tempore et nos circum-
venire et vos nefario scelere obstringere? aut quid irati
gravius de vobis sancire possunt quam ut cos prddatis qui
se vobis omnia debere iudicant, in edrum potestatem venia-
5 tis qui se per vos perisse existimant ? An ver5 in Hispania
res gestas Caesaris non audlstis? duos pulsos exercitus,
duos superatos duces, duas receptas provincias ? haec acta
diebus xl quibus in conspectum adversaridrum venerit
Caesar ? An qui incolumes resistere non potuerunt perdit!
loresistent? Vos autem incerta victoria Caesarem secuti
diiudicata iam belli fortuna victos sequeminl, cum vestri
offici praemia percipere debeatis? Desertos enim se ac
prdditos a vobis dlcunt et prioris sacramenti mentionem
faciunt. V5sne vero L. Domitium, an vos Domitius dese-
isruit? Nonne extremam pat! fortunafti paratos pr5iecit
ille? non sibi clam vobis salutem fuga petlvit? n5n pr5-
diti per ilium Caesaris beneficio estis conservati ? Sacra-
mento quidem vos tenere qui potuit, cum proiectis fascibus
et deposit© imperio privatus et captus ipse in alienam
aovenisset potestatem? Fingitur nova religio, ut, eo neg-
lect© Sacramento quo teneminl, respiciatis illud quod dedi-
tione ducis et capitis deminutione sublatum est.
" At, credo, Caesarem probatis, in me off enditis : qui de
mels in vos meritis praedicaturus non sum, quae sunt
asadhuc et mea voluntate et vestra exspectatione leviora;
sed tamen sul laboris mllites semper eventu bell! praemia
petlverunt, qui qualis sit f uturus ne vos quidem dubitatis ;
dlligentiam quidem nostram aut, quem ad flnem adhuc
res processit, fortunam cur praeteream ? An paenitet vos,
30 quod salvum atque incolumem exercitum nulla omnino
MATH. CAESAR — 12
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178 BELLI CIVILIS
nave desiderata traduxerim ? quod classem hostium primo
impetu adveniens pr5fligaverim ? quod bis per biduum
equestri proeli5 superaverim? quod ex portu sinuque ad-
versaridrum cc naves oneratas abduxerim edque illos
scompulerim ut neque pedestrl itinere neque navibus
commeatu iuvari possint? Hac vos fortuna atque his
ducibus repudiatis Corflniensem ignominiam, Italiae fu-
gam, Hispaniarum deditionem, — AfricI belli praeiudicia,
— sequiminl! Equidem me Caesaris mllitem dici volul,
10 vos me imperatoris nomine appellavistis : cuius si vos
paenitet, vestrum vobis beneficium remitto; mihi meum
restituite nomen, ne ad contumeliam honorem dedisse
videamini."
33. Qua oratione permoti milites crebro etiam dicentem
15 interpellabant, ut* magno cum dolore infidelitatis suspi-
cionem sustinere viderentur ; discedentem vero ex contione
universicohortantur magno sit animo, neu dubitet proelium
committere et suam fidem virtutemque experiri. Quo facto
commutata omnium et voluntate et opinione, consensu
aosuorum omnium constituit Curio, cum primum sit data
potestas, proeli5 rem committere; posteroque die pr5-
Varus'sarmy ductos codem loco quo supcriorc die consti-
tsfmttoroui, ^^^^^ jj^ ^cie coulocat. Ne Varus quidem
Attius dubitat copias producere, sive splHcitandi milites
25Sive aequo loco dimicandi detur occasio, ne facultatem
praetermittat.
34. Erat vallis inter duas acies, ut supra demonstratum
est, non ita magna, at diflficili et arduo ascensu. Hanc
uterque si adversariorum copiae transire conarentur ex-
aospectabat, quo aequiore loco proelium committerct. . . .
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LIBER II, CAP. 33-35 179
Sirnul ab sinistro comu P. Atti equitatus omnis et una levis
armaturae interiecti complures, cum se in vallem demitte-
rent, cernebantur. Ad eos Curio equitatum et duas
Marrucinorum cohortes mittit. Quorum primum impetum
5 equites hostium ndn tulerunt, sed admissis equls ad suos
ref ugerunt ; relicti ab his qui una procurrerant levis arma-
turae circumveniebantur atque interficiebantur ab nostrfs.
Hue tota Varl conversa- acies suos fugere et concidi vide-
bat. Tum Rebilus, legatus Caesaris, quern Curio secum
10 ex Siciiia duxerat quod magnum habere usum in re mllitarl
sciebat, " Perterritum," inquit, " hostem vides, Curio : quid
dubitas uti temporis opportunitate ? ** I lie unum elocutus,
ut memoria tenerent milites ea quae pridie sibi confirmas-
sent, sequi sese iubet et praecurrit ante omnes. Adeoque
15 erat impedita vallis ut in ascensu nisi sublevati a suls primi
non facile eniterentur. Sed praeoccupatus animus Attia-
ndrum mllitum timore et fuga et caede suorum nihil de
resistendo cogitabat, omnesque iam se ab equitatu circum-
venirl arbitrabantur. Itaque priusquam telum abici posset
20 aut nostri propius accederent, omnis Varl acies terga vertit
seque in castra recepit.
35. Qua in fuga Fabius Paelignus quidam ex Varus has
Tnfimls drdinibus de exercitu Curionis primus ^escape^om
agmen f ugientium consecutus magna voce Varum ^^•. . ^^
25 nomine appellans requirebat, utI Onus esse ex army into
eius militibus et monere aliquid velle ac dicere
videretur. Ubi ille saepius appellatus respexit ac restitit
et quis esset aut quid vellet quaesivit, umerum apertum
gladio appetiit, paulumque afuit quin Varum interficeret ;
30 quod ille periculum sublatd ad eius conatum scuto vltavit.
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l80 BELLI CIVILIS
Fabius a proximis militibus circumventus interficitur. At
fugientium multitudine ac turba portae castrorum occu-
pantur atque iter impeditur, pluresque in eo loco sine vul-
nere quam in proelio aut in f ugS intereunt ; neque multum
safuit quin etiam castris expellerentur, ac non nulli protinus
eodem cursu in oppidum contenderunt Sed cum loci
natura et munltid castrorum aditum prohibebat, tum quod
ad proelium egressl Curionis milites iis rebus indigebant
quae ad oppugnationem castrorum erant usui. Itaque
10 Curio exercitum in castra reducit suls omnibus praeter
Fabium incolumibus, ex numero adversaridrum circiter dc
interfectis ac mllle vulneratis ; qui omnes discessu Curionis
multlque praeterea per simulati5nem vulnerum ex castris
in oppidum propter timorem sese recipiunt. Qua re ani-
15 madversa Varus et terrore exercitus cognito, bucinatore in
castris et paucis ad speciem tabernaculls relictls, de tertia
vigilia silentio exercitum in oppidum reducit.
7^ towns- 36. Postero die Curio obsidere Uticam valld-
peopU are on . _ . . ~ . . ,
the point 0/ qu^ circummunire instituit. Erat m oppido
20 ^^*^^*»dering multitudd lusolcns belli diutumitate oti, Uticenses
to Curw ^ *
wh€n word pro quibusdam Caesaris in se beneficiis illi ami-
comes that . . _ , _ . ., _
jubats cissimi, conventus qui ex vanis genenbus con-
Zuh^t^on^ staret, terror ex superioribus proeliis magnus.
reen/orce- Itaquc dc dcditlone omnes iam palam loqueban-
25 tur, et cum P. Attio agebant ne sua pertinacia
omnium fortunas perturbari vellet. Haec cum agerentur,
nuntii praemissi ab rege luba venerunt, qui ilium adesse
cum magnis copiTs dicerent et de custodia ac defensione
urbis hortarentur. Quae res e5rum perterritos animos
3oc6nfirmavit.
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LIBER II, CAP. 36-38 181
Annihilation of Curio's army by Jtiba
37. Nuntiabantur haec eadem Curioni, sed CuriowUh-
aliquamdiu fides fieri n5n poterat ; tantam habe- ^amp cor-
bat suarum rerum fiduciam. lamque Caesaris »<'^'f ^«^
_ * sends to Sicily
in Hispania res secundae in Africam nuntiis ac /or reen/orce-
slitteris perferebantur. Quibus omnibus rebus '"^''^"
sublatus nihil contra se regem nisurum exlstimabat. Sed
ubi certls auct5ribus comperit minus v et xx mlllibus longe
ab Utica eius copias abesse, relictis muniti5nibus sese in
Castra Cornelia recepit. Hue frumentum comportare,
lomateriam cdnferre coepit, statimque in Siciliam misit, utl
duae iegiones reliquusque equitatus ad se mitteretur.
Castra erant ad bellum ducendum aptissima natura loci et
munitione et maris propinquitate et aquae et sails copia,
cuius magna vis iam ex proximis erat salinis eo congesta.
IS N6n materia multitudine arborum, non frumentum, cuius
erant plenissimi agri, deficere poterat. Itaque omnium
suorum consensu Curi5 reliquas c5pias exspectare et
bellum ducere parabat.
38. His constitutis rebus probatisque consiliis supposingthe
20 ex perfugis quibusdam oppidanis audit lubam ^"'/^'»^'«
revocatum finitimo bello et contrdversiis Lepti- been detained,
^_ _ ^.^. . _ - o 1- • Curio routs
tanorum restitisse m regno, Saburram, ems prae- the advance
fectum, cum mediocribus copiis missum Uticae ^*'^''^«^^^
* Saburra and
appropinquare. His auctdribus temere credens pursues with
25 consilium com mu tat et proelia rem committere army!"^
constituit. Multum ad banc rem probandam
adiuvat adulescentia, magnitude animi, superioris temporis
proventus, fiducia rei bene gerendae. His rebus impulsus
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1 82 BELLI aVIUS
equitatum omnem prima nocte ad castra hostium mittit ad
flumen Bagradam. Quibus praeerat Saburra, de quo ante
erat auditum ; sed rex cum omnibus copils sequebatur et
VI millium passuum intervallo a Saburra consederat.
5 Equites missi noctu iter c5nficiunt, imprudentes atque
inopinantes hostes adgrediuntur. Numidae enim quadam
barbara c5nsuetudine nullls ordinibus passim consederant.
Hos oppresses somno et disperses adortl magnum eorum
numerum interficiunt ; multi perterriti profugiunt. Quo
10 facto ad Curionem equites revertuntur captlvosque ad eum
deducunt.
39. Curio cum omnibus copiis quarta vigilia exierat
cohortibus v castris praesidio relictls. Progressus mlUia
passuum vi equites convenit, rem gestam cognovit. E cap-
15 tfvis quaerit quis castris ad Bagradam praesit ; respondent
Saburram. Reliqua studi5 itineris conficiendi quaerere
praetermittit, proximaque respiciens slgna, " Videtisne,*'
inquit, " mllites, captiv5rum orationem cum perf ugis con-
venire? abesse regem, exig^as esse copias missas, quae
aopaucls equitibus pares esse non potuerint? Proinde ad
praedam, ad gloriam properate, ut iam d5 praemiis vestrls
et de referenda gratia cogitare incipiamus." Erant.per
se magna quae gesserant equites, praesertim cum eorum
exiguus numerus cum tanta multitudine Numidarum con-
is f erretur ; haec tamen ab ipsis inflatius commemorabantur,
ut de suls homines laudibus libenter praedicant. Multa
praeterea spolia praeferebantur, capti homines equlque
producebantur ; ut, quicquid intercederet temporis, hoc
omnibus victoriam morari videretur : ita spel Curionis mili-
3otum studia non deerant. Equites sequi iubet sese iterque
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UBER II, CAP. 39-41 183
accelerat, ut quam maxim e ex fuga perterritos adoriri
posset. At illi itinere totius noctis confecti subsequi n5n
poterant, atque alii alio loco resistebant Ne haec quidem
res Curionem ad spem morabatur.
5 40. luba certior factus a Saburra de nocturno Saburra
proelio 11 millia Hispanorum et Gallorum equi- '/^o^y^a.
tum, quos suae custddiae causa circum se habere ^"P^^ ^f
^ battU u to
consuerat, et peditum eam partem cui maxime lure the
confldebat Saburrae summittit; ipse cum reli- i^'/^utg
10 quls copiis elephantisque lx lentius subsequitur. retreat,
Suspicatus e praemissis equkibus ipsum adfore Curionem
Saburra copias equitum peditumque instruit atque his im-
perat ut simulatione timoris paulatim cedant ac pedem re-
f erant ; sese, cum opus esset, signum proeli daturum et quod
15 rem postulare cognovisset imperaturum. Curio, ad superi-
orem spem addita praesentis temporis opinione, hostes
fugere arbitratus copias ex locis superioribus in campum
deducit.
41. Quibus ex locis cum longius esset pr5- when the
20 gressus, confecto iam labore exercitu xvi mlUium ^^^^"^ <^*
^ ' worn out by
spatio constitit. Saburra aciem c5nstituit et cir- a vain pur.
cumire drdines atque hortarl incipit; sed pedi- ^finiuyj!^^
tatu dumtaxat procul ad speciem utitur, equites ^^'''•
in aciem immittit. Non deest negotio Curio suosque bor-
as tatur ut spem omnem in virtute reponant. Ne mllitibus
quidem ut defessfs neque equitibus ut paucis et labore con-
fectls studium ad pugnandum virtusque deerat; sed hi
erant numer5 cc, reliqui in itinere substiterant. Hi quam-
cumque in partem impetum fecerant, hostes loc5 cedere
30 cdgebant, sed neque longius f ugientes prosequi neque vehe-
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1 84 BELLI CIVILIS
mentius equos incitare poterant. At equitatus hostium ab
utroque cornu circumire aciem nostram et aversos proterere
incipit. Cum cohortes ex acie procucurrissent, Numidae
integrl celeritate impetum nostrorum effugiebant rursusque
5 ad ordines suos se recipientes circumibant et ab acie exclu-
debant Sic neque in loco manere ordinesque servare
neque procurrere et casum subire tutum videbatur. Hos-
tium c5piae summissis ab rege auxiliis crebro augebantur ;
nostros vires lassitudine deficiebant, simul if qui vulnera
loacceperant neque acie excedere neque in locum tutum
referrl poterant, quod tota acfts equitatu hostium circum-
data tenebatur. Hi de sua salute desperantes, ut extremo
vitae tempore homines facere consuerunt, aut suam mortem
miserabantur aut parentes suos commendabant, si quos ex
15 eo periculo fortuna servare potuisset. Plena erant omnia
timoris et luctus.
Curio and 42. Curio ubi pertcrritis omnibus neque co-
whouJ^my hortationes suas neque preces audirl intellegit,
perish. unam ut in miseris rebus spem reliquam salutis
20 esse arbitratus proximos colles capere universes atque eo
signa ferre iubet. Hos quoque praeoccupat missus a
Saburra equitatus. Tum vero ad summam desperationem
nostri perveniunt, et partim fugientes ab equitatu inter-
ficiuntur, partim integri procumbunt. Hortatur Curionem
25 Cn. Domitius, praefectus equitum, cum paucis equitibus
circumsistens, ut fuga salutem petat atque in castra con-
tendat, et se ab eo n5n discessurum poUicetur. At Curio
numquam se, amisso exercitu quem a Caesare fidei com-
missum acceperit, in eius conspectum reversurum confir-
30 mat, atque acriter proelians interficitur. Equites ex proelio
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LIBER II, CAP. 42-44 185
perpauci se recipiunt ; sed ii quos ad novissimum agmen
equorum reficienddrum causa substitisse demonstratum est,
fuga toGus exercitus procul animadversa, sese incolumes in
castra conferunt. Milites ad unum omnes interficiuntur.
5 43. His rebus cognitis Marcius Rufus quaes-
,. r- . 1 Panic among
tor in castris relictus a Curione cohortatur suo§ cuHo's soi-
ne animd deficiant. I Hi orant atque obsecrant ^^^^/^yy
ut in Siciliam navibus reportentur. Pollicetur to guard tke
camp,
magistrisque imperat navium ut primo vespere
10 omnes scaphas ad litus appulsas habeant. Sed tantus f uit
omnium terror ut alii adesse copias lubae dicerent, alii cum
legidnibus instare Varum iamque s6 pulverem venientium
cemere (quarum rerum nihil omnind acciderat), alii classem
hostium celeriter advolaturam suspicarentur. Itaque per-
isterritis omnibus sibi quisque consulebat. Qui in classe
erant proficisci properabant. Horum fuga navium onera-
riarum magistros incitabat; pauci lenunculi ad officium
imperiumque conveniebant. Sed tanta erat completis
litoribus contentio qui potissimum ex magno numero con-
ao scenderent, ut multitudine atque onere non nuUi deprime-
rentur, reliqui ob timorem propius adire tardarentur.
44. Quibus rebus accidit ut pauci milites pa- ^^^ ^^^^^
tresque familiae, qui aut gratia aut misericordia '^ *^"^'^. ^
valerent aut ad naves adnare possent, recepti in the hands of
as Siciliam incolumes pervenirent. Reliquae copiae ^* ^'
missis ad Varum noctu legatorum numero centurionibus
sese ei dediderunt. Quarum cohortium milites postero die
ante oppidum luba conspicatus, suam esse praedicans
praedam, magnam partem eorum interfici iussit, paucos
30 relictos in regnum praemisit, cum Varus suam fidem ab e5
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1 86 BELLI CIVILIS
laedi quereretur neque resistere auderet. Ipse equo in
oppidum invectus prosequentibus compluribus senatdribus,
quo in numero erat Sen Sulpicius et Licinius Damasip-
pus, quae fieri vellet Uticae constituit atque imperavit,
sdiebusque post paucis se in regnum cum omnibus copils
recepit.
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tIBER TERTIVS
1-5. PREPARATIONS FOR THE CAMPAIGN IN THE EAST, 49 B.C.
Caesar at Rome and Brundisium in December
I. Dicta t5re habente comitia Caesare consules CaesarU
creantur lulius Caesar et P. Servllius; is enim ^sui/or^^"'
erat annus qu5 per leges el c5nsulem fieri liceret. ^ ^•^•
Measures for
His rebus confectis, cum fides tota Italia esset thereiuf
5 angustior neque creditae pecuniae solverentur, debtors and
c5nstituit ut arbitrl darentur; per e5s fierent 0/ creditors,
and also of
aestimationes possessi5num et rerum, quanti men who had
quaeque earum ante bellum fuisset, atque eae convicted 0}
credit5ribus traderentur. Hoc et ad timorem ^^^^n^-
lonovarum tabularum tollendum minuendumve, qui fere bella
et civlles dissensi5nes sequi consuevit, et ad debitdrum
tuendam existimatidnem esse aptissimum existimavit.
Itemque praet5ribus tribunlsque plebis rogatidnes ad po-
pulum ferentibus, non nullos ambitus Pompeia lege dam-
15 nat5s illls temporibus quibus in urbe praesidia legionum
Pompeius habuerat (quae iudicia alils audientibus iudi-
cibus, alils sententiam ferentibus singulis diebus erant
perfecta) in integrum restituit, qui se illl initid civllis
belli obtulerant, si sua opera in bello uti vellet — pro-
187
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/
1 88 BELLI CIVILltS
inde aestimans ac si usus esset, quoniam sui fecissent
potestatem. Statuerat enim prius h5s iudicio populi de-
bere restitui quam suo beneficiS viderl receptos, ne aut
ingratus in referenda gratia aut adrogans in praeripiendo
5 populi bcneficio videretur.
2. His rebus et ferits Latlnis comitilsque
Caesar goes *
to Brun- omnibus perficiendls xi dies tribuit dictaturaque
before" to ^c abdicat et ab urbe proficlscitur Brundisiumque
cross over to pervenit. E5 legiones xii, equitatum omnem
lo and condition venIre iusserat. Sed tantum navium repperit
0/ ts army, ^^ angustc Lxx cohortes legionariorum mllitura,
DC equites transportari possent. Hoc unum Caesari ad
celeritatem conficiendl belli defuit. Atque eae ipsae c5piae
hoc Infrequentiores imponuntur, quod multl Gallicis tot
isbellls defecerant, longumque iter ex Hispania magnum
numerum detinuerat, et gravis autumnus in Apulia cir-
cumque Brundisium ex saluberrimis Galliae et Hispaniae
regidnibus omnem exercitum valetudine temptaverat
Pompefs preparations during the year
Pompey's 3. Pompeius aunuum spatium ad comparan-
^^^5htp!^Md ^^s copias nactus, quod vacuum a bello atque ab
^^^' hoste 6ti5sum fuerat, magnam ex Asia Cycladi-
busque Insulls, Corcyra, Athenls, Pont5, Bithynia, Syria,
Cilicia, Phoenlce, Aegypta classem coegerat, magnam
omnibus locis aedificandam curaverat ; magnam imperatam
25 Asiae, Syriae regibusque omnibus et dynastis et tetrarchls
et llberls Achaiae populls pecuniam exegerat, magnam
societates earum provinciarum quas ipse obtinebat sibi
numerare coegerat.
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LIBER III, CAP. 2-4 189
4. Legiones c5nfecerat civium Romandrum Enmm^raium
vim: V ex Italia, quas traduxerat; unam Qx j[^^
Cilicia veteranam, quam factam ex duabus ge-
mellam appellabat ; unam ex Creta et Macedonia ex vete-
5 ranis militibus qui dimissi a superioribus imperatdribus in
his prdvincils c5nsederant; duas ex Asia, quas Lentulus
c5nsul c5nscribendis curaverat. Praeterea magnum nume-
rum ex Thessalia, Boeotia, Achaia Epiroque supplement!
ndmine in legidnes distribuerat; his Ant5nian5s milites
loadmiscuerat Praetef has exspectabat cum Sclpione ex
Syria legidnes 11. ^gittarios Creta, Lacedaemone, ex
Ponto atque Syria reliqulsque civitatibus in mlUium numero
habebat, fundit5rum cohortes sescenarias 11, equitum vii
mlllia. Ex quibus do Gall5s Deiotarus adduxerat, d Ario-
isbarzines ex Cappadocia; ad eundem numerum Cotys
ex Thracia dederat et Sadalam fllium miserat; ex
Macedonia cc erant, quibus Rhascypolis praeerat, ex-
cellent! virtute; d Alexandria, Gallos Germanosque,
quos ibi A. Gablnius praesid! causa apud regem Ptolo-
aomaeum rellquerat, Pompeius fllius cum classe adduxerat;
Dccc ex servis suls pastorumque suorum numero coegerat ;
ccc Tarcondarius Castor et Domnilaus ex Gallograecia
dederant (horum alter una venerat, alter filium miserat);
cc ex Syria a Commageno Antiocho, cui magna Pompeius
aspraemia tribuerat, miss! erant, in his plerlque hippo-
toxotae. Hue Dardanos, Bessos partim mercennarios,
partim imperio aut gratia comparatos, item Macedones,
Thessal5s ac reliquarum gentium et civitatum adiece-
rat, atque eum quem supra demonstravimus numerum
30 expleverat.
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I90 BELLI CI VI LIS
His grain 5. Frumcnti vim maximam ex Thessalia, Asia,
'Duposuwno/ Aegypto, Creta, Cyrenis reliquTsque regionibus
his forces for comparavcrat. Hiemare Dyrrachi, Apolloniae
. Officers of his omnibusquc oppidis maritimis c5nstituerat, ut
5 ^^''' mare transire Caesarem prohiberet ; eiusque rei
causa omnl ora maritima classem disposuerat. Praeerat
Aegyptils navibus Pompeius filius, Asiaticis D. Laelius et
C. Triarius, Syriacis C. Cassius, Rhodiis C. Marcellus cum
C. Cop6ni5, Libumicae atque Achaicae class! Scrlbonius
loLibo et M. Octavius. T5ti tamen officio maritimo M.
Bibulus praepositus cuncta administrabat ; ad hunc summa
imperi respiciebat
6-30. THE EASTERN CAMPAIGN UNTIL ANTONY'S UNION WITH
CAESAR, JAN.-APR., 48 B.C.
Caesar's unexpected arrival in Epirus
Caesar 6. Cacsar ut Brundisium venit, contionatus
^seuenUgions ^P^d milites, quoniam prope ad finem laborum
^^from Brun- 3^ periculoFum cssct pcrventum, aequo animd
disiumto ^ *
Paiaeste, mancipia atque impedimenta in Italia relinque-
january 4-5. ^^^^^ .p^. expcditi navcs conscenderent, quo maior
numerus militum posset imponi, omniaque ex victoria et ex
sua llberalitate sperarent, conclamantibus omnibus im-
2operaret quod vellet, quodcumque imperavisset se aequo
animo esse factur5s, ii. Non. Ian. naves solvit. Impositae,
ut supra demonstratum est, legiones vii. Postrldie terram
attigit Cerauni5rum saxa inter et alia loca perlculosa quie-
tam nactus stationem ; et portus omnes timens, quod tenerl
25 ab adversarils arbitrabantur, ad eum locum qui appellabatur
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s
191
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192 BELLI CIVILIS
Palaeste, omnibus navibus ad unam incolumibus, milites
exposuit.
HU landing 7' Erant Oriel Lucretius Vespill5 et Minucius
is unopposed. Rufus cum Asiaticls navibus xviii, quibus iussu
5 D. Laeli praeerant, M. Bibulus cum navibus ex Corcyrae.
Sed neque illi sibi conf Isi ex portu prodire sunt ausi, cum
Caesar omnlno xii naves longas praesidi5 duxisset, in
quibus erant c5nstratae iiii, neque Bibulus impeditts navi-
bus dispersisque remigibus satis mature occurrit, quod
loprius ad condnentem visus est Caesar quam de eius ad-
ventu fama omnlno in eas regidnes perferretur.
Caesar's 8. Expositis mllitibus naves eadem nocte
^et^mingfor Bruudisium a Caesare remittuntur, ut reliquae
the rest of his legi5nes equitatusque transportari possent.
troops ^ are • /v •
\i attacked and Huic officid praepositus erat Pufius Calenus
tm^nfd^fy^ legatus, qui celeritatem in transportandis legid-
Bibuius, who nibus adhibcret. Sed serius a terra provectae
then stations
a guard uaves ueque usae nocturna aura m redeundd
whoiJ^ast offenderunt. Bibulus enim Corcyrae certior
20 factus de adventu Caesaris, sperans alicui se
parti onustarum navium occurrere posse, inanibus occurrit
et nactus circiter xxx in eas indlligentiae suae atque erroris
iracundiam eriipit omnesque incendit eodemque ignl nautas
domin5sque navium interfecit, magnitudine poenae reliquos
25deterreri sperans. H5c c5nfect6 neg5ti5 a Sas5nis ad
CuricI portum stationes lltoraque omnia longe lateque
classibus occupavit, custddilsque dlligentius dispositis ipse
gravissima hieme in navibus excubaiis neque uUum laborem
aut munus despiciens, aeque subsldens et exspectans si in
30 Caesaris congressum copiarum venire posset. . . .
♦ ***♦**
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liu 35. — CAESAR; BRITISH MUSEUM
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LIBER III, CAP. 7-IO I93
First military operations of Caesar and Pompey, Caesar's efforts for
peace negotiations
10. Demonstravimus L. Vibullium Rufum, Caesarhad
Pompei praefectum, bis in potestatem perve- ^^lii^'
nisse Caesaris atque ab eo esse dimissUm, semel *" f^prt-
vious summer
ad Corflnium, iterum in Hispania. Hunc pro to bear pro-
5 suls beneficils Caesar iddneum iudicaverat quern ^^^ ^
cum mandatls ad Cn. Pompeium mitteret, Pompey.
eundemque apud Cn. Pompeium auctoritatem habere
intellegebat. Erat autem haec summa mandatorum:
Debere utrumque pertinaciae flnem facere et ab armis
lodiscedere neque amplius fortunam periclitarl. Satis esse
magna utrimque incommoda accepta, quae pro disci-
pllna et praeceptis habere possent ut reliquos casus
timerent; ilium amissa Sicilia et Sardinia duabusque
Hispanils et cohortibus in Italia atque Hispania civium
15 Romanorum centum atque xxx ; se morte Curionis et
detriments African! exercitus, AntonI mllitumque dedi-
tione ad Curictam. Proinde civibus ac rel publicae
parcerent, cum quantum in bello fortuna posset lam
ipsi incommodls suis satis essent document©. Hoc iinum
20 esse tempus de pace agendi, dum sibi uterque confl-
deret et pares ambo viderentur; si vero alterl paulum
modo tribuisset fortuna, non esse usurum condicionibus
pacis eum qui superior videretur, neque fore aequa parte
contentum qui se omnia habiturum conflderet. Condi-
25 clones pacis, quoniam antea convenire non potuissent,
Rdmae ab senatu et a populo petl debere. Id interesse
rel publicae et ipsis placere oportere. Si uterque in
contione statim iuravisset se triduo proximo exercitum
MATH. CAESAR — 1 3
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194 BELLI CIVILIS
dimissurum, depositls armls auxililsque, quibus nunc conf i-
derent, necessarid populi aenatusque iudicio fore utrumque
contentum. Haec quo f acilius Pompeio probarl possent, om-
nes suas terrestres copias urbiumque praesidia deducturum.
5 ynuUius, ^^- VibuUius expositus Corcyrae n5n minus
who had been necessarium esse existimavit de repentTno ad-
VMiiing at , *^
Corcyrafor vcntu Cacsaris Pompeium fieri certiorem, utl ad
^^from*' id consilium capere posset, quam de mandatis'
eastern Mac- agi ; atquc idco coutinuato noctem ac diem
edonia, upon
lo hearing 0/ itiuere atque omnibus hospitils mutatis ad cele-
^iZt'in ritatem iumentis ad Pompeium contendit, ut ad-
Epirus,at essc Cacsarcm nuntiaret. Pompeius erat eo
once hastens
toPompey tempore in Candavia iterque ex Macedonia in
wtththinews. hiberna ApoUoniam Dyrrachiumque habebat.
isSed re nova perturbatus mai5ribus itineribus ApoUoniam
petere coepit, ne Caesar orae maritimae civitates occu-
paret At ille expositls militibus eodem die Oricum profi-
Ca^sar ciscitur. Quo cum venisset, L. Torquatus, qui
^Uum^ iussu Pompei oppido praeerat praesidiumque
2owhuhissur' ibi Parthlndrum habebat, conatus portis clausis
rendered ^ r ^ r^
without fight- oppidum defendere, cum Graecos murum ascen-
*^^' dere atque arma capere iuberet, ill! autem se
contra imperium populi Roman! pugnaturos negarent, op-
pidan! etiam sua sponte Caesarem recipere conarentur,
25 desperat!s omnibus auxilils portas aperuit et se atque oppi-
dum Caesar! dedidit, incolumisque ab eo conservatus est.
ApoUonia ^^* Recept5 Caesar Orico nulla interposita
and other mora ApoUoniam proficlscitur. Eius adventu
towns are , •. r^ \ » -i^ .
surrendered aud!t6 L. Stabenus, qui ibi praeerat, aquam
^^to Caesar, comportare in arcem atque eam mun!re ob-
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LIBER III. CAP. 11-13 195
sidesque ab Apolloniatibus exigere coepit. 111! vero
daturos se negare neque portas consull praeclusuros,
neque sibi iudicium sumpturds contra atque omnis Italia
populusque R5manus iudicavisset. Quorum cognita vo-
sluntate clam profugit Apollonia Staberius. 111! ad Caesa-
rem legat5s mittunt oppidoque recipiunt. Hos sequuntur
Byllidenses et Amantlnl et reliquae finitimae civitates
totaque Eplros, et legatis ad Caesarem missis quae im-
peraret facturos pollicentur.
10 13. At Pompeius cognitis his rebus quae pompeycuts
erant Oriel atque Apoll5niae gestae, Dyrrachio ^^f^^^^^f
timens diurnis e5 nocturnlsque itineribus con- Dyrrackium.
tendit. Simul Caesar appropinquare dicebatur, g^^ai^or^
tantusque terror incidit eius exercitus, quod pro- f^ winter
on opposite
isperans noctem diei coniunxerat neque iter inter- banks of the
miserat, ut paene omnes ex Eplr5 finitimisque ^^^'
regionibus signa relinquerent, complures arma proicerent
ac fugae simile iter videretur. Sed cum prope Dyrrachium
Pompeius constitisset castraque metari iussisset, perterrito
aoetiam tum exercitu princeps Labienus procedit iuratque se
eum non deserturum eundemque casum subiturum, quem-
cumque ei fortuna tribuisset. Hoc idem reliqul iurant
legatl ; hos tribuni mllitum centuri5nesque sequuntur, atque
idem omnis exercitus iurat. Caesar, praecepto itinere ad
25 Dyrrachium, finem properandT facit castraque ad flumen
Apsum ponit in finibus Apolloniatium, castellTs vicisque
bene meritae civitatis ut esset praesidio ; ibique reliquarum
ex Italia legionum adventum exspectare et sub pellibus hie-
mare constituit. Hoc idem Pompeius fecit et trans flumen
30 Apsum positis castrls e5 copias omnes auxiliaque conduxit.
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196 BELU CIVILIS
Cdesarwams 14- Calenus Icgionibus equitibusque Brundisi
f^jueiai jj^ naves impositis, ut erat praeceptum a Cae-
thattheenemy sarc, quantum navium facultatem habebat, naves
%£wAo^e ^ solvit, paulumque a portu progressus litteras a
^coast, Caesare accepit, quibus est certior f actus portus
litoraque omnia classibus adversariorum teneri. Quo c5-
gnitd se in portum recipit navesque omnes revocat. Una
ex his, quae perseveravit neque imperio Caleni obtempe-
ravit, quod erat sine militibus privatoque consilio adminis-
xo trabatur, delata Oricum atqua a Bibulo expugnata est ; qui
de servis liberlsque omnibus ad impuberes supplicium su-
mit et ad unum interficit. Ita in exiguo tempore magno-
que casu totius exercitus salus constitit.
PrwatioH on ^S' Bibulus, ut supra dem5nstratum est, erat
*'^M>s^Lid ^^^ classe ad Oricum, et sicuti marl portibusque
ondBibutus Caesarem prohibebat, ita ipse omnT terra earum
^ii^vJw regionum prohibebatur : praesidils enim disposi-
wUh Caesar, ^|g omnia litora a Caesare tenebantur, neque lig-
nand! atque aquandi neque naves ad terram deligandi po-
aotestas fiebat. Erat res in magna difficultate, summlsque
angustiis rerum necessariarum premebantur, adeo ut c5ge-
rentur sicuti reliquum commeatum ita ligna atque aquam
Corcyra navibus onerariis supportare ; atque etiam uno tem-
pore accidit ut, difficilioribus usi tempestatibus, ex pellibus
25 quibus erant tectae naves nocturnum excipere r5rem coge-
rentur. Quas tamen difficultates patienter atque aequo
anim5 ferebant, neqye sibi nudanda litora et relinquendos
portus. existimabant.
Sed cum essent in quibus demonstravi angustiis, ac se
30 Libo cum Bibulo coniunxisset, loquuntur ambo ex navibus
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LIBER III, CAP. 14-16 197
cum M*. Acllio et Static Murco legatls, quorum alter oppi-
dTs maritimis, alter praesidiis terrestribus praeerat, velle se
de maximis rebus cum Caesare loqui, si sibi eius rei facul-
tas detur. Hue addunt pauca re! confirmandae causa, ut
sde compositione acturl viderentur. Interim postulant ut
sint indutiae, atque ab ils impetrant. Magnum enim quod
adferebant videbatur, et Caesarem idem summe sciebant
cupere, et prdfectum aliquid VibullI mandatis existima-
batur.
10 16. Caesar eo tempore cum legione una pro-
fectus ad recipiendas ulteriores cTvitates et rem thtune^^
frumentariam expediendam, qua angusta uteba- ^^^M
tyr, erat ad Buthr5tum, oppositum Corcyrae. opened wUk
Ibi certior ab Acllio et Murco per litteras factus tkZ^eoH.
15 de postulatls Libonis et Bibull legionem relin- "^hiieatruce
quit, ipse Oricum revertitur. Eo cum venisset,
evocantur ill! ad conloquium. Pr5dit Libo atque excusat
Bibulum, quod is iracundia summa erat inimlcitiasque
habebat etiam prTvatas cum Caesare ex aedilitate et prae-
20 tura conceptas : ob eam causam conloquium vitasse, ne res
maximae spei maximaeque utilitatis eius iracundia impedi-
rentur. Suam summam esse ac fuisse semper voluntatem
ut componeretur atque ab armis discederetur, sed potes-
tatem eius rei nullam habere, propterea quod de consili
25sententia summam belli rerumque omnium Pompeio per-
miserint. Sed postulatis Caesaris cognitfs missuros ad
Pompeium, atque ilium reliqua per sd acturum hortantibus
ipsis. Interea manerent indutiae dum ab illo rediri posset,
neve alter alter! noceret. Hue addit pauca de causa et de
30 copiis auxiliisque suis.
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198 BELLI CIVIUS
^ 17. Quibus de rebus neque turn responden-
the negotia- duiii Cacsar existiiTiavit, neque nunc ut memo-
tA^'tAey'afg ^^^^ prddantuF satis causae putamus. Postulabat
amfy a pretext Cacsar ut Icgatos sibi ad Pompeium sine periculo
/or the sake "
I of relieving mittcrc licerct, idque ipsi fore reciperent aut
•^^' acceptds per se ad eum perducerent. Quod ad
indutias pertineret, sic belli rationem esse divisam ut illi
classe naves auxiliaque sua impedirent, ipse ut aqua ter-
raque eos prohiberet. Si hoc sibi remitti vellent, remitte-
10 rent ipsT de maritimls cust5diis ; sT illud tenerent, se quoque
id retenturum. Nihilo minus tamen agi posse de composi-
tione, ut haec non remitterentur, neque banc rem ill! esse
impedlmento. Libo neque legates Caesaris recipere neque
periculum praestare eorum, sed t5tam rem ad Pompeium
15 reicere unum, instare de indutiis vehementissimeque con-
tendere. Quem ubi Caesar intellexit praesentis pericull
atque inopiae vitandae causa omnem orati5nem instituisse
neque uUam spem aut condicionem pacis adferre, ad reli-
quam c5gitati6nem belli sese recepit.
20 18. Bibulus multos dies terra prohibitus et
Bibuiuson graviorc morbo ex frigore ac labore implicitus,
skipboard. ^^^ ncque curari posset neque susceptum offi-
jecHoMofthe cium descrcre vellet, vim morbi sustinere non
5^5'ma^' potuit. Eo mortuo ad neminem unum summa
^^^yiTfr imperl rediit, sed separatim suam quisque clas-
sem ad arbitrium suum ad minis trabat. Vibul-
lius sedat5 tumultu quem repentinus adventus Caesaris
concitaverat, ubi primum e re visum est, adhibitd Libone
et L. Lucceio et Theophane, quibuscum communicare
30 de maximis rebus Pompeius cdnsueverat, de mandatis
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LIBER III, CAP. 17-19 199
Caesaris agere instituit. Quern ingressum in sermonem
Pompeius interpellavit et loqul plura prohibuit "Quid
mihi," inquit, "aut vita aut civitate opus est quam bene-,
ficid Caesaris habere videbor ? Cuius rei opIni5 tolll non
5 potent, cum in Italiam, ex qua profectus sum, reductus
existimabor/* Bell5 perfect© ab iis Caesar haec facta
c6gn5vit qui sermoni interfuerunt. C5natus tamen nihilo
minus est alils rationibus per conloquia de pace agere.
10. Inter blna castra Pompei atque Caesaris
n . A / Another
lounum flumen mtererat Apsus, crebraque inter effort of
se conloquia milites habebant, neque ullum inte- 2^^^*^
rim telum per pacti5nes loquentium traicieba- defeated by
Ldbienus.
tur. Mittit P. Vatlnium legatum ad ripam ip-
sam flu minis, qui ea quae maxime ad pacem pertinere
15 viderentur ageret. Is crebro magna voce pronuntiavit
liceretne civibus ad elves tuto legates mittere, quod etiam
fugitivis ab saltu Pyrenae5 praedonibusque licuisset, prae-
sertim cum id agerent, ne elves cum civibus armis decer-
tarent? Multa suppliciter locutus est, ut de sua atque
20 omnium salute debebat, silentioque ab utrlsque militibus
audltus. Responsum est ab altera parte A. Varronem
profiterl se altero die ad conloquium venturum atque una
vlsurum quem ad modum tuto legatl venire et quae vellent
exponere possent; certumque el rel tempus constituitur.
25 Quo cum isset posterd die Vatlnius, magna utrimque mul-
titudo convenit; magnaque erat exspectatio eius rei, atque
omnium animi intenti esse ad pacem videbantur. Qua ex
frequentia T. Labienus prodit ; is omisso Varrone oblo-
qul de pace atque altercarl cum Vatlnio incipit. Quorum
jomediam certatidnem interrumpunt subito undique tela
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200 BELLI CIVILIS
missa ; quae ille obtectus armis mllitum vltavit : vulneran-
tur tamen complures, in his Cornelius Balbus, M. Pl5tius,
L. Tiburtius, centuri5nes mllitesque non nullL Turn La-
bienus : " Desinite erg5 de compositione loqui ; nam nobis
5 nisi Caesaris capite relatd pax esse nulla potest/'
Ubo block- 23. Libo, profectus ab Oric5 cum classe cui
^eioT^'^' praeerat navium l, Brundisium venit Insulam-
Bru/tdisium, que quac contra portum Brundislnum est occu-
oftd destroys
a /two/ his pavit, quod praestare arbitrabatur unum locum,
10^^^^' qua necessarius nostrls erat egressus, quam om-
nia lltora ac portus custodia classis tuerl. Hic repentln5
adventu naves onerarias quasdam nactus incendit et unam
frumento onustam abduxit magnumque nostrls terrorem
iniecit, et noctu mllitibus ac sagittarils in terra expositis
15 praesidium equitum deiecit, et adeo loci opportunitate pr5-
fecit uti ad Pompeium litteras mitteret, naves reliquas, si
vellet, subduci et reficl iuberet; sua classe auxilia sese
Caesaris prohibiturum.
24. Erat eo tempore Antonius BrundisL Is
Antonycom- . _ ,. _ ^ , _ _ .
^o pels Libo to virtute militum confisus scaphas navmm mag-
ihdkaiU*^ narum circiter lx cratibus plutelsque contexit
eoque mllites delect5s imposuit atque eas in
lltore pluribus locis separatim disposuit navesque triremes
duas, quas BrundisI faciendas curaverat, per causam exer-
25 cendorum remigum ad fauces portus prodlre iussit. Has
cum audacius pr5gressas Libo vidisset, sperans intercipi
posse quadriremes v ad eas mlsit. Quae cum navibus
nostrls appropinquassent, nostri interiorem in portum refu-
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UBER III, CAP. 23-26 201
giebant, illi studio incitati incautius sequebantur. lam ex
omnibus partibus subit5 Antonianae scaphae signo dato se
in hostes incitaverunt, primoque impetu unam ex his quad-
riremibus cum remigibus defensdribusque suls ceperunt,
sreliquas turpiter refugere coegerunt. Ad hoc detrlmen-
tum accessit ut equitibus per 5ram maritimam ab Antonio
dispositis aquari prohiberentur. Qua necessitate et Igno-
minia permdtus Lib5 discessit a Brundisi5 obsessi5nemque
nostrorum omisit.
Antony joins Caesar
«o 25. Multl iam menses erant et hiems praeci- caesargwes
pitaverat, neque Brundisio naves legionesque ^^[f^i^l^
ad Caesarem veniebant. Ac non nullae eius Brundisium
rel praetermissae occasiones Caesar! videbantur, jirst^^or^
quod certi saepe flaverant venti, quibus necessa- '*^*^-
■srio committendum existimabat. Quant5que eius amplius
processerat temporis, tanto erant alacriores ad custodias
qu! classibus praeerant, maioremque flduciam prohibendi
habebant ; et crebrls Pompel litterls Instlgabantur, quoniam
primo venientem Caesarem non prohibuissent, at reliquos
20 eius exitus impedlrent; duriusque cotldie tempus ad trans-
portandum lenioribus ventis exspectabant. Quibus rebus
permotus Caesar Brundisium ad suos severius scrlpsit,
nactl idoneum ventum ne occasionem navigandl dlmitte-
rent, sive ad iTtora Apolloniatium sive ad Labeatium cur-
25 sum derigere atque eo naves eicere possent. Haec a cus-
tddiis classium loca maxime vacabant, quae se longius a
portibus committere non auderent.
26. IllI adhibita audacia et virtute, administrantibus M.
Ant5ni5 et Fufio Caleno, multum ipsis mllitibus hortanti-
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202 BELLI CIVILIS
The crossing ^"^ ncquc uUum periculum pro salute Caesaris
is safely rccusaiitibus, nacti austrum naves solvunt atque
made in spite , ,. . ti •
of the enemy's altero QIC Apolloniam praetervehuntur. Qui
pursuit, ^^^ essent ex continenti vlsl, Coponius, qui
5 DyrrachI classl Rhodiae praeerat, naves ex portu educit ;
et cum iam nostrls remissiore vento appropinquasset, Idem
auster increbruit nostrlsque praesidio fuit. Neque vero
ille ob earn causam c5natu desistebat, sed labore et perse-
verantia nautarum se vim tempestatis superare posse
losperabat, praetervectosque Dyrrachium magna vl venti
nihilo setius sequebatur. Nostrl usi fbrtunae beneficio
tamen impetum classis timebant, si forte ventus remlsis-
set; et nactI portum qui appellatur Nymphaeum, ultra
Lissum mlllia passuum in, eo naves intrdduxerunt (qui
«5 portus ab Africa tegebatur, ab austro non erat tutus), le-
viusque tempestatis quam classis periculum aestimaverunt.
Quo simul atque intro est itum, incredibill felicitate auster,
qui per biduum flaverat, in Africum se vertit.
^, 27. Hic subitam commutationem fortunae
The pursuers '
20 are wrecked vidcre Hcuit : quI modo sibi timuerant, h5s tu-
'•»». tissimus portus recipiebat; qui nostrls navibus
periculum intulerant de suo timere cogebantur; itaque
tempore commutato tempestas et nostros texit et naves
Rhodias adfllxit, ut ad unam omnes, constratae numero xvi,
25 ellderentur et naufragio interlrent, et ex magno remigum
propugnatorumque numero pars ad scopulos adllsa inter-
ficeretur, pars ab nostrls detraheretur ; quos omnes c5n-
servat5s Caesar domum remlsit.
28. Nostrae naves duae tardius cursu confecto in noc-
50 tem coniectae, cum Igndrarent quem locum reliquae cepis-
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UBER III, CAP. 27-^9 203
sent, contra Lissum in ancorls constiterunt. Has ^^^^^^, ^f
scaphls minoribusque navigils compluribus suls twoofCa*^
,^ .,, _ _ , sar's skips
missis Otacilius Crassus, qui Lissf praeerat, wkukkad
expugnare parabat; simul de dediti5ne eorum ^^^^*^^^'
5 agebat et incolumitatem deditis pollicebatur. Harum al-
tera navium ccxx e legione tlronum sustulerat, altera
ex veterana paul5 minus cc. Hic cognosci licuit quantum
esset hominibus praesidi in animl firmitudine. TTr5nes
enim multitudine navium perterriti et salo nauscaque con-
lofecti, iure iurando accepto nihil iis nocituros hostes, se
Otacili5 dediderunt; qui omnes ad eum pr5ducti contra
religi5nem iuris iurandi in eius c5nspectu crudelissime
interficiuntur. At veteranae legi5nis mllites, item con-
flictati et tempestatis et sentinae vitiis, neque ex pristina
15 virtute remittendum aliquid putaverunt, et tractandls con-
dicionibus et simulatione dediti5nis extract5 primo noctis
tempore, gubernat5rem in terram navem eicere cogunt; ipsi
id5neum locum nacti reliquam noctis partem ibi confecerunt,
et luce prima missis ad eos ab Otacilio equitibus qui eam
20 partem orae maritimae adservabant, circiter cccc, quique
eos armati ex praesidio secuti sunt, se defenderunt et non
nullis eorum interfectis incolumes se ad nostros receperunt.
29. Quo facto conventus civium Romanorum ^^^^ ^
qui Lissum obtinebant, quod oppidum'ils antea ^ieomedat
1 ., . , ^sus. He
25 Caesar attnbuerat muniendumque curaverat, sends ships to
Antonium recepit omnibusque rebus iuvit. ;J;:',^;^7
Otacilius sibi timens ex oppido fugit et ad o/kisarmy,
and notifies
Pompeium pervenit. Expositis omnibus copils caesaro/his
Ant5nius, quarum erat summa veteranarum ^^*^'
3otrium legi5num unlusque tlronum et equitum dccc, pleras-
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204
BELLI CIVILIS
que naves in Italiam remittit ad reliquos mllites equites-
que transportandos ; pontones, quod est genus navium
Fig. 36. — Coins of Antony.
Gallicarum, Lissi relinquit hoc c5nsili6, ut, si forte Pom-
peius vacuam exlstimans Italiam eo traiecisset exercitum,
5 — quae opinio erat edita in vulgus, — aliquam Caesar ad
Insequendum facultatem haberet, nunti5sque ad eum cele-
riter mittit quibus regi5nibus exercitum exposuisset et quid
mllitum trans vexisset.
Caesar and 30. Hacc eodcm fere tempore Caesar atque
^^Pomp^both Pompeius cognoscunt Nam praetervectas
towards An-- Apolloniam Dyrrachiumque naves viderant ipsi,
o/^caesar^ ut iter secundo austro derexerant, sed quo es-
and Antony. ^^^^ jj^^jg delatae primis diebus ignorabant
Pompey «f- r &
camps near C5gnitaque re diversa sibi amb5 c5nsilia ca-
15 ^^^^^^*^^' piunt: Caesar, ut quam prlmum se cum An-
tonio coniungeret, Pompeius, ut venienti in itinere se
opponeret, si imprudentem ex Insidils adorlri posset;
eodemque die uterque eorum ex castrls statlvis a flumine
Aps5 exercitum educunt, Pompeius clam et noctu, Caesar
aopalam atque interdiu. Sed Caesarl circuitu maiore iter
erat longius adverse flumine ut vado transire posset ; Pom-
peius expedlt5 itinere, quod flumen el transeundum n5n
erat, magnis itineribus ad Antdnium contendit. Atque
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UBER III, CAP. 30-39
205
ubi eum appropinquare c5gn5vit, id5neum locum nactus,
ibi copias conlocavit su5sque otnnes castrls continult ignes-
que fieri prohibuit, quo occultior esset eius adventus.
Haec ad Antonium statim per Graecos deferuntur. I lie
5 missis ad Caesarem nuntiis eum diem sese castrls tenuit ;
altero die ad eum pervenit Caesar. Cuius adventu cognito
Pompeius, ne duobus circumcluderetur exercitibus, ex eo
loco discedit omnibusque copiis ad Asparagium Dyrrachi-
norum pervenit atque ibi idoneo loco castra ponit.
39-40. DESTRUCTION OF CAESAR'S FLEET, APRIL, 48 B.C
10 39. Deductls ora maritima praesidils Caesar,
ut supra demonstratum est, iii cohortes Oriel of war are
oppidi tuendi causa reliquit, isdemque custodiam ^^^dedin
navium longarum tradidit quas ex Italia traduxe- ^f^^<^
° ^ ^ of Ortcum,
rat. Huic officio oppid5que M*. Acilius legatus
15 praeerat Is naves nostras interi5rem in portum post op-
1 noiiAM rf n
^^m ^ 1000 «»o aobo WW
^1
!||. J» tqEhrE^ arbor
■ 1
at *• •
Oricum.
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206 BELLI CIVILIS
pidum reduxit et ad terrain deligavit, faucibusque portus
navem onerariam summersam obiecit et huic alteram con-
iunxit; super quam turrem effectam ad ipsum introitum
portus opposuit et militibus complevit tuendamque ad
somnes repentin5s casus tradidit.
40. Quibus cognitis rebus Cn. Pompeius
Potnpey s son _
destroys filius, quI classl Acgyptiac praeerat, ad Oricum
^at^aisTthe venit, summersamque navem remulco multlsque
transports at contendcns funibus abduxit, atque alteram na-
Lissus, *
10 vem, quae erat ad custddiam ab Acllio posita,
pluribus adgressus navibus, in quibus ad libram fecerat
turres, ut ex superiore pugnans loco integr5sque semper
defatlgatis summittens et reliqufs partibus simul ex terra
scalls et classe moenia oppidi temptans, uti adversariorum
ismanus dlduceret, labore et multitudine telorum nostros
vlcit, deiectlsque defensoribus, qui omnes scaphls except!
refugerant, earn navem expugnavit. E5demque tempore
ex altera parte mole tenul natural! obiecta, quae paene
Insulam oppidum effecerat, iiii biremes subiectis scutulls
2oimpulsas vectibus in interiorem portum traduxit. Ita ex
utraque parte naves longas adgressus quae erant dSligatae
ad terram atque inanes, iiii ex his abduxit, reliquas incen-
dit. Hoc confecto negotio D. Laelium ab Asi§tica classe
abductum relinquit, qui commeatus Byllide atque Amantia
25 importarl in oppidum prohibeat. Ipse Lissum profectus
naves onerarias xxx a M. Antonio relictas intra portum
adgressus omnes incendit ; Lissum expugnare c5natus, de-
fendentibus civibus Romanis qui eius conventus erant mlliti-
busque quos praesidi causa miserat Caesar, triduum moratus
30 panels in oppugnatione amissis re infecta inde discessit.
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UBER III, CAP. 40-43 207
41-72. CAESAR'S UNSUCCESSFUL BLOCKADE OF POMPEY
NEAR DYRRACHIUM, APRIL-JULY, 48 B.C.
Circumsiances leading to the blockade
4X. Caesar postquam Pompeium ad Aspara- caesaris
gium esse cognovit, eddem cum exercitu prof ec- 'J*'^^ '*
tus expugnat5 in itinere oppid5 Parthin5rum, in into an en-
quo Pompeius praesidium habebat, tertio die ad ^^^JZ'm^'
5 Pompeium pervenit iuxtaque eum castra posuit, cutting him
of frOfH htS
et postrldie eductis omnibus copils acie instructa base of sup-
decernendl potestatem Pompeio fecit Ubi il- ^rMhiu^'
lum suis locis se tenere animadvertit, reducto
in castra exercitu aliud sibi consilium capiendum existima-
lovit. Itaque poster© die omnibus copiis magno circuitu
difficili angustdque itinere Dyrrachium profectus est, spe-
rans Pompeium aut Dyrrachium compelll aut ab e5 inter-
cludl posse, quod omnem commeatum totumque belli
apparatum eo contulisset; ut accidit. Pompeius enim
15 primo ignorans eius consilium, quod diverso ab ea regione
itinere profectum videbat, angustiis rei frumentariae com-
pulsum discessisse existimabat; postea per exploratores
certior factus castra movit, breviore itinere se occurrere
el posse sperSns. Quod fore suspicatus Caesar, mllites
aoadhortatus ut aequo animo laborem ferrent, parvam par-
tem noctis itinere intermiss5 mane Dyrrachium venit, cum
primum agmen Pompei procul cerneretur, atque ibi castra
posuit
42. Pompeius interclusus Dyrrachio, ubi propositum
25 tenere non potuit, secundo usus consilio edito loco, qui
appellatur Petra aditumque habet navibus mediocrem
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208 BELLI CIVILIS
Pompey fbrtu ^.tquc cas a quibusdam protegit ventTs, castra
/Us his camp communit. Eo partem navium lonerarum con-
at Pitra hill ^ ^
on the coast, vcnire, frumentum commeatumque ab Asia
^lUsVanle ^^^^ omnibus regionibus quas tenebat compor-
^asify fur- tarl iiTiperat. Caesar longius bellum ductum
nished by sea.
Caesar's M existimans et de Italicis commeatibus despe-
^mp^iJr ^^"^» quod tanta diligentia omnia lltora a Pom-
peianis tenebantur, classesque ipsius, quas hieme
in Sicilia, Gallia, Italia fecerat, morabantur, in Eplrum rel
10 frumentariae causa Q. Tillium et L. Canuleium legatum
misit ; quodque hae regiones aberant longius, locis certis
horrea c5nstituit vecturasque frumentl finitimis civitatibus
discripsit. Item Liss5 Parthinlsque et omnibus castellis
quod esset frumenti conqulrl iussit Id erat perexiguum
15 cum ipsius agri natura, quod sunt loca aspera ac montu5sa,
ac plerumque frumentd utuntur importato, turn quod Pom-
peius haec pr5vfderat et superi5ribus diebus praedae loco
Parthlnos habuerat frumentumque omne conquisTtum spo-
liatls sufFossisque eorum domibus per equites comportarat.
Difficulties of establishing and maintaining the blockade
20 Caesar 43- Quibus Tcbus cognitls Caesar consilium
incloses capit ex loci natura. Erant enim circum castra
Pompey. ^
Pompel permulti editi atque asperl colles. Hos
primum praesidils tenuit castellaque ibi communiit; inde,
ut loci cuiusque natura ferebat, ex castello in castellum
25 perducta munltione circumvallare Pompeium Instituit, haec
spectans : quod angusta re f rumentaria utebatur quodque
Pompeius multitudine equitum valebat, quo minore peri-
culo undique frumentum commeatumque exercitui suppor-
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LIBER III, CAP. 43-44 209
tare posset; simul, utl pabulatione Pompeium prohiberet
equitatumque eius ad rem gerendam inutilem efficeret;
tertio, ut auctoritatem, qua ille maxime apud exteras
nati5nes niti videbatur, minueret, cum fama per orbetn
sterrarum percrebruisset ilium a Caesare obsideri neque
audere proelio dimicare.
• 44. Pompeius neque a mar! Dyrrachioque pompe/sde^
discedere volebat, quod omnem apparatum belli, f'**^'^ ^^
* ^ ^^ his oh true-
tela, arma, tormenta ibi conlocaverat frumen- thnofcae^
lotumque exercitul navibus supportabat, neque ^^^^'^ '•
munitidnes Caesaris prohibere poterat, nisi proelio decer-
tare vellet ; quod eo tempore faciendum non esse statue-
rat. Relinquebatur ut extremam rati5nem belli sequens
quam plurimos coUes occuparet et quam latissimas regi5nes
15 praesidiis teneret, Caesarisque c5pias quam maxime posset
distineret ; idque accidit. Castellls enim xxiiii effectis xv
mlllia passuum circumplexus h5c spatio pabulabatur; mul-
taque erant intra eum locum manu sata, quibus interim
iumenta pasceret. Atque ut nostri perpetua munltione
20 providebant ne quo loco erumperent PompeianI ac nostros
post tergum adorlrentur, ita illl interiore spati5 perpetuas
munltidnes efficiebant, ne quem locum nostri intrare atque
ipsos a tergo circumvenire possent. Sed ill! operibus vin-
cebant, quod et numero mllitum praestabant et interiora
asspatia minorem circuitum habebant. Quare cum erant
loca Caesarl capienda, etsi prohibere Pompeius t5tls c5pils
et dimicare non c5nstituerat, tamen suls locis sagittarios
funditoresque mittebat, quorum magnum habebat nume-
rum, multique ex nostris vulnerabantur ; magnusque inces-
joserat timor sagittarum, atque omnes fere mllites aut ex
MATH. CAESAR — 1 4
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210 BELLI CIVILIS
coactis aut ex cent5nibus aut ex coriis tunicas aut teg^-
menta fecerant, quibus tela vltarent.
«««««««
Suffering in 47. Erat nova et inusitata belli ratio, cum
fromiack^ tanto castellorum numero tantdque spatio et
^food, Th€ tantis munltionibus et toto obsidionis genere,
brave spirit *■'
0/ his men. tum etiatti reliquls rebus. Nam qulcumque
alterum obsidere conati sunt, perculsos atque Tnfirmos
hostes aut proelid superatos aut aliqua offensi5ne per-
motos continuerunt, cum ipsi numero equitum mllitum-
10 que praestarent; causa autem obsidionis haec fere esse
consuerat, ut frumento hostes prohiberent At tum inte-
gras atque incolumes copias Caesar Inferiore militum
numero continebat, cum ill! omnium rerum copia abunda-
rent. Cotidie enim magnus undique navium numerus
15 conveniebat, quae commeatum supportarent, neque uUus
flare ventus poterat quin aliqua ex parte secundum cursum
haberent; ipse autem consumptis omnibus longe lateque
frumentis summis erat in angustils. Sed tamen haec sin-
gular! patientia milites fere))ant. Recordabantur enim
2oeadem se superi5re anno in Hispania perpess5s labore
et patientia maximum bellum confecisse; meminerant ad
Alesiam magnam se inopiam perpess5s, mult5 etiam mai5-
rem ad Avaricum, maximarum se gentium victores dis-
cessisse. N5n ill! hordeum quIn daretur, non legumina
25 recusabant ; pecus vero, cuius rel summa erat ex Epiro
copia, magno in honore habebant
AsmbsiUMie 48. Est etiam genus radlcis inventum ab ils
fir bread, qyj convalucrant ex vulneribus, quod appellatur
chara ; quod admixtum lacte multum inopiam levabat. Id
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LIBER III, CAP. 47-49 211
ad similitudinem panis efficiebant. Eius erat magna copia.
Ex hoc effectos panes, cum in conloquiis Pompeiani famem
nostrfs obiectarent, vulg5 in e5s iaciebant, ut spem eorum
minuerent.
5 49. lamque f rumenta maturescere incipiebant, Th^hard-
... , , . sk^s 0/ Pom-
atque ipsa spes mopiam sustentabat, quod cele- ^j sUma-
riter se habitur5s copiam confldebant; crebrae- ^*^^
que v5ces mllitum in circulis conloquiisque audiebantur
prius se cortice ex arboribus
lovlcturos quam Pompeium e
manibus dimissur5s. Liben-
ter etiam ex perf ugls cognos-
cebant equ5s eorum tolerari,
reUqua vero iumenta interlsse; ^'°- 37.~Coins of Pompey.
15 uti autem ipsos valetudine non bona, cum angustils loci et
odore taetro ex multitudine cadaverum et cotldianis lab5ri-
bus Insuetos operum, turn aquae summa inopia adfect5s.
Omnia enim flumina atque omnes riv5s qui ad mare per-
tinebant Caesar aut averterataut magnis operibus obstruxe-
30 rat; atque ut erant loca montudsa et aspera, angustas
vallium fauces sublicis in terram demissis praesaepserat
terramque adgesserat, ut aquam continerent. Ita illl ne-
cessario loca sequi demissa ac palustria et pute5s fodere
cogebantur, atque hunc laborem ad cotldianam operam
35 addebant ; qui tamen f ontes a quibusdam praesidils aberant
longius et celeriter aestibus exarescebant. At Caesaris
exercitus optima valetudine utebatur, cumque aquae copia
tum commeatus. omnf genere praeter frumentum abunda-
bat; cui rel cotldie melius occurrere tempus maioremque
50 spem maturitate frumentorum prop5nI videbant
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212 BELLI CIVIUS
Attacks h SO- I^ novo genere belli novae ab utrisque
mghionCae' bellandi rationes reperiebantur. Illi cum ani-
madvertissent ex ignibus noctu cohortes nostras
ad munltiones excubare, silentio adgressi universi intra
5muniti5nem sagittas coniciebant et se confestim ad suos
recipiebant. Quibus rebus nostri usu docti haec reperie-
bant remedia, ut ali5 loc5 ignes facerent, ali5 excubarenL
An attack an S^- Interim ccrtior factus P. Sulla, quem dis-
oneof Cae- ccdcus castris praefccerat Caesar, auxilio cohorti
sar s forts ts *
\o repulsed by venit cum legi5nibus duabus; cuius adventu
Pompey's facilc sunt rcpulsi Pompeianl. Neque vero con-
new camp, spcctum aut impctum nostrorum tulerunt, prTmls-
que deiectls reliqui se verterunt et loco cesserunt. Sed
insequentes nostros ne longius progrederentur Sulla revo-
15 cavit At plerlque exlstimant, si acrius InsequI voluisset,
bellum eo die potuisse flnlrl. Cuius consilium non repre-
hendendum videtur. Aliae enim sunt legati partes atque
imperatoris ; alter omnia agere ad praescrlptum, alter
llbere ad summam rerum consulere debet. Sulla a Caesare
20 in castris relictus, llberatls suls, hoc fuit contentus, neque
proelio decertare voluit, — quae res tamen fortasse aliquem
reciperet casum, — ne imperatorias sibi partes sumpsisse
videretur. Pompeianis magnam res ad receptum difficul-
tatem adferebat. Nam ex inlquo progressi loco in summo
25 c5nstiterant ; si per decllve sese reciperent, nostrSs ex
superiore Insequentes loco verebantur ; neque multum ad
solis occasum temporis supererat, spe enim conficiendl
negoti prope in noctem rem duxerant. Ita necessario
atque ex tempore capto consilio Pompeius tumulum
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Yi^^^ 38. — CAESAR : BESANgON
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LIBER III, CAP. 50-53 213
quendam occupavit qui tantum aberat a nostrd castell5
ut telum tormentumve missum adigi non posset. Hoc
cdnsedit loc5 atque eura coraraunivit, omnesque ibi
c5pias continuit.
5 52. Eodem tempore du5bus praeterea locis TufootJUr
pugnatum est — nam plura castella Pompeius {^^^^^^
pariter distinendae manus causa temptaverat, ne m>m time,
ex proximis pr^esidils succurrl posset — : uno loco Volca-
cius Tullus impetura legidnis sustinuit cohortibus tribus
10 atque eam loc5 depulit; alterd German! munitidnes nostras
ingressi compluribus interfectis sese ad suos incolumes
receperunt.
53. Ita uno die vi proeliis factis, tribus ad The losses of
Dyrrachium, tribus ad munitidnes, cum horum one day, Cae-
say's rewards
15 omnium ratio haberetur, ad duo mlllia numer5 to his sol-
ex Pompeianis cecidisse reperiebamus, evocatds *^^^*
centurionesque complures (in eo fuit numero Valerius
Flaccus L. fllius, eius qui praetor Asiam obtinuerat);
signaque sunt mllitaria vi relata. Nostrl n5n amplius xx
20 omnibus sunt proeliis deslderatl. Sed in castello illo nemo
fuit omnino mllitura quin vulneraretur, quattuorque ex
octava cohorte centuriones ocul5s amiserunt ; et cum labd-
ris sul perlculique testimdnium adferre vellent mllites,
millia sagittarum circiter xxx in castellum coniecta Caesarl
25 renuntiaverunt, scutoque ad eum relato Scaevae centuri-
onis inventa sunt in eo foramina cxxx. Quem Caesar, ut
erat de se meritus et de re publica, donatum mlllibus cc
conlaudatumque ab octavis ordinibus ad primipllum se
traducere pronuntiavit (eius enim opera castellum magna
30 ex parte conservatum esse constabat) cohortemque prae-
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214 BELLI CIVILIS
terea duplici stipendid, frumento, veste, cibariis mllitaribus-
que ddnis amplissime ddnavit.
Pompey re- 54. Pompeius noctu Hiagnls additis munltidni-
^fi^tlampat ^^^ rcliquls diebus tuires exstruxit, et in altitu-
^Pttrahui, dinem pedum xv elatls operibus vineTs omnem
partem castrorum obtexit; et quinque intermissTs diebus
noctem subnubilam nactus, obstructis omnibus castrorum
portis et ad impediendum obiectis vectibus, tertia inita
vigilia silentid exercitum eduxit et se in antlquas muni-
ioti5nes recepit.
55- Omnibus deinceps diebus Caesar exerci-
Caesar seeks ^^ *^
a battle in tum in aciem aequum in locum produxit, si Pom-
peius proelio decertare vellet, ut paene castrls
Pompei legiones subiceret ; tantumque a vall5 eius prima
15 acies aberat, uti ne tela tormentave adigl possent. Pom-
peius autem ut famam opinionemque hominum teneret, sic
pr5 castrls exercitum c5nstituebat ut tertia acies vallum
contingeret, omnis quidem Instructus exercitus tells ex
vallo abiectis pr5tegl posset.
Pompey breaks the line of blockade
20 Through the 58. Cacsar qu6 f acilius equitatum Pompeia-
foddet^Pom- ^^^m ad Dyrrachium contineret et pabulatione
pey is driven prohiberct, aditus du5s, qu5s esse angustos de-
breakthe monstravimus, magnis operibus praemunlvit
castellaque his locis posuit. Pompeius ubi nihil
25 prdfici equitatu cdgnovit, panels intermissis diebus rursus
eum navibus ad se intra munltiones recepit. Erat summa
inopia pabull, ade5 ut folils ex arboribus strlctis et tenerls
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UBER III, CAP. 54-^ 21$
harundinum radlcibus contusis equ5s alerent. Frumenta
enira quae f uerant intra munltiones sata consumpserant ;
cogebantur Corcyra atque Acarnania long5 interiectd navi-
gationis spatio pabulum supportare, quodque erat eius rei
5 minor c5pia, horded adaugere atque his rationibus equita-
tum tolerare. Sed postquam n5n modo hordeum pabulum-
que omnibus locis herbaeque desectae, sed etiam frons ex
arboribus deficiebat, corruptis equls macie conandum sibi
aliquid Pompeius de eruptidne existimavit.
lo 59. Erant apud Caesarem ex equitum numero Two gouIs
Allobroges 11 fratres, Roucillus et Egus, Adbu- ^f/^'J^^
cilll fllii, quPprincipatum in civitate raultis annis in Caesar's
1 . ... , . army prove
obtinuerat, smgulari virtute hommes, qudrum dishonest,
opera Caesar omnibus Gallicis bellls optima for-
15 tissimaque erat usus. His domi ob has causas amplissimos
magistratus mandaverat atque eos extra ordinem in sena-
tum legendos curaverat, agrosque in Gallia ex hostibus
captds praemiaque rel pecuariae magna tribuerat locuple-
tesque ex egentibus fecerat. Hi propter virtutem non
ao solum apud Caesarem in hondre erant, sed etiam apud
exercitum carl habebantur ; sed f retl amlcitia Caesaris et
stulta ac barbara adrogantia elatl despiciebant suos, stl-
pendiumque equitum fraudabant et praedam omnem do-
mum avertebant. Quibus illl rebus permoti universi
25 Caesarem adierunt palamque de eorum iniurils sunt questi,
et ad cetera addiderunt falsum ab ils equitum numerum
deferri, quorum stipendium averterent.
60. Caesar neque tempus illud animadversionis esse
existimans et multa virtuti edrum concedens rem t5tam
3osustulit; illds secret5 castlgavit quod quaestui equites
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2l6
BELLI CIVILIS
Angered by
Caesar's ceH~
sure and the
contempt of
their com-
rades they
desert to
"^ Pompey,
haberent, monuitque ut ex sua amicitia omnia
exspectarent et'ex praeteritis suis oflficiis reliqua
sperarent. Magnam tamen haec res illis offen-
sionem et contemptionem ad omnes attulit,
idque ita esse cum ex aliorum obiectationibus,
turn etiam ex domestico iudicid atque animi con-
scientia intellegebant. Quo pudore adducti et fortasse
non se iTberarl sed in
aliud tempus reservari
arbitrati, discedere a
nobis et novam temp-
tare fortunam novasque
amicitias experlrl con-
stituerunt : et cum pau-
cis conlocuti clientibus
suIs, quibus tantum fa-
cinus committere aude-
bant, primum conati sunt
praefectum equitum C.
Volusenum interficere
(ut postea bell5 confectd
cognitum est), ut cum
munere aliquo perfu-
gisse ad Pompeium viderentur; postquam id facinus diffi-
25 cilius visum est neque facultas perficiendl dabatur, quam
maximas potuerunt pecunias mutuati, proinde ac si suls
satisfacere et fraudata restituere vellent, multls coemptis
equls ad Pompeium transierunt cum ils qu5s sul consill
participes habebant.
30 61. Quos Pompeius, quod erant honesto loco nati et
Fig. 39. — lumentum.
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UBER III, CAP. 61-62 217
Instructs Uberaliter, magn5que comitatu et mul- yurgUomed fy
tis iuraentis venerant, virique fortes habebantur ^^P^ ^^
give kirn
et in hondre apud Caesarem fuerant, quodque muchMse/ui
hoc novum et praeter consuetudinera acciderat, *5^^'^'^'^*-
5 omnia sua praesidia circumduxit atque ostentavit. Nam
ante id tempus nem5 aut miles aut eques a Caesare ad
Pompeium transierat, cum paene cotldie a Pompeio ad
Caesarem perfugerent, vulg5 vero universi in Epiro atque
Aetdiia conscrlpti mllites earumque regidnum omnium
10 quae a Caesare tenebantur. Sed hi cognitis omnibus
rebus, seu quid in munltionibus perfectum non erat, seu
quid a peritioribus rei mllitaris deslderari videbatur, tem-
poribusque rerum et spatiTs locorum et custddiarum varia
dlligentia animadversa, prout cuiusque eorum qui neg5-
15 tils praeerant aut natura aut studium ferebat, haec ad
Pompeium omnia detulerunt.
62. Quibus ille cdgnitis, eruptionis iam ante Pompeyar-
capt5 cdnsilio, ut demonstratum est, tegimenta ^t^f^caesays
galels milites ex viminibus facere atque aggerem Uneatits
southernmost
aombet comportare. His paratis rebus magnum part near the
numerum levis armaturae et sagittariorum ag- ^*^'
geremque omnem noctu in scaphas et naves actuarias im-
ponit ; de media nocte cohortes lx ex maximls castrls prae-
sidilsque deductas ad eam partem munitionum ducit quae
25 pertinebat ad mare longissimeque a maximls castrls Cae-
saris aberat. Eodem naves quas demonstravimus aggere
et levis armaturae mllitibus completas, quasque ad Dyrra-
chium naves longas habebat, mittit, et quid a quoque fieri
velit praecipit. Ad eas muniti5nes Caesar Lentulum Mar-
30 celllnum quaest5rem cum legione nona positum habebat ;
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2l8
BELLI CIVILIS
huic, quod valetudine minus commoda utebatur, Fulvium
Postumum adiutorem summiserat.
Caesar^s 63- E^at e5 loco fossa pedum xv et vallum
doubuhne contra hostem in altitudinem pedum x, tantun-
of works at ^
^ this point is demque eius valll agger in latitudinem patebat;
toUhin Md^ 2ib eo intermisso spatid pedum dc alter conver-
without. g^g }^ contrariam partem erat vallus humiliore
paul5 munltione. Hoc enim superioribus diebus timens
Caesar's Siege of Pompey near Dyrrachiunu
Caesar, ne navibus nostrl circumvenlrentur, duplicem e5
ioloc5 fecerat vallum, ut, si ancipiti proelio dimicaretur,
posset resistl. Sed operum magnitudo et continens om-
nium dierum labor, quod ralllia passuum in circuitu xvii
munitione erat complexus, perficiendi spatium n5n dabat.
Itaque contra mare transversum vallum, qui has duas
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LIBER in, CAP. 63-64 219
munftidnes coniungeret, nondum perfecerat. Quae res
ndta erat Pompeio, delata per AUobrogas perfugas, mag-
numque nostrls adlatura erat incommodum. Nam ut ad
mare 11 cohortes nonae legionis in excubiis erant, access^re
5subit5 prima luce PompeianI; simul navibus circumvecti
milites in exteridrem vallum tela iaciebant fossasque aggere
complebant, et iegidnaril interidris munltionis defensores,
scalls admdtis, tormentis cuiusque generis telisque terre-
bant, magnaque multitudd sagittariorum ab utraque parte
locircumfundebatur. Multum autem ab ictu lapidum, quod
unum nostrls erat telum, viminea tegimenta galels imposita
defendebant. Itaque cum omnibus rebus nostr! premeren-
tur atque aegre resisterent, animadversum est vitium munl-
tionis, quod supra demdnstratum est, atque inter duos
isvallos, qua perfectum opus non erat, PompeianI expositi
in aversos nostras impetum fecerunt atque ex utraque
munltidne deiect5s terga vertere coegerunt.
64. Hoc tumultu nuntiatd Marcellinus co- Panic of
hortes subsidio nostrls laborantibus summittitex ^%^^
aocastrls. Quae fugientes conspicatae neque illos ^^a^dar^
bearer.
su6 adventu connrmare potuerunt neque ipsae
hostium impetum tulerunt. Itaque quodcumque adde
batur subsidi, id corruptum timdre f ugientium terrorem et
periculum augebat; hominum enim multitudine receptus
25 impediebatur. In eo proelio cum gravl vulnere esset ad-
fectus aquilifer et a viribus deficeretur, cdnspicatus perter-
ritos nostros, " Hanc ego," inquit, " et vivus multos per
annos magna dlligentia defendl et nunc moriens eadem
fide Caesarl restitu5. Ndllte, obsecro, committere, quod
30 ante in exercitu Caesaris n5n accidit, ut rel mllitaris dede-
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220 BELLI CIVILIS
cus admittatur, incolumemque ad eum deferte." Hoc
casu aquila c5nservatur omnibus primae cohortis centuri-
onibus interfectis praeter prlncipem pridrem.
Anfofiy and 6$- lamquc PompeianI magna cum caede nos-
i to^t/u resale, trdrum castris Marcellini appropinquabant non
Pompeyand mediocrl tcrrore inlat5 reliquls cohortibus ; et M.
Caesar en-
camp outside Antonius, qui proximum locum praesididrum
^drcumvLia- tcncbat, ca re nuntiata cum cohortibus xii de-
'»^- scendens ex loco superiore cernebatur. Cuius
loadventus Pompeiands compressit nostr5sque firmavit, ut se
ex maxim5 timore coUigerent. Neque multd post Caesar
significatione per castella fumo facta, ut erat superioris
temporis consuetude, deductis quibusdam cohortibus ex
praesidils eodem venit. Qui c5gnit6 detriment©, cum
15 animadvertisset Pompeium extra munltidnes egressum
secundum mare manere, ut libere pabularl posset nee
minus aditum navibus haberet, commutata ratione belli,
quoniam propositum n5n tenuerat, castra iuxta Pompeium
munlrl iussit.
20 Pompey sends gg. Qua pcrfccta munltidnc animadversum
Tccu^ano/d cst ab spcculatoribus Caesaris cohortes quas-
^cZ^sa^'T^^ dam, quod Instar legionis videretur, esse post
lines, silvam et in Vetera castra duel. Castrorum hic
situs erat. Superioribus diebus nona Caesaris legio, cum
25 se obiecisset PompeianTs copiis, atque opere, ut demonstra-
vimus, coUes circummuniret, castra e5 loco posuit. Haec
silvam quandam contingebant neque longius a marl passi-
bus ccc aberant. Post mutat5 c5nsili6 quibusdam de
causis Caesar paulo ultra eum locum castra transtulerat,
30 pauclsque intermissis diebus eadem haec Pompeius occu-
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Fig. 4a -mark ANTONY: VATICAN
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LIBER III, CAP. 65-67 221
paverat et, quod eo loco plures erat legiones hdbiturus,
relicto interiore valid maiorem adiecerat munitionem. Ita
minora castra inclusa maioribus castelli atque arcis locum
obtinebant. Item ab angulo castrorum sinistro munitionem
5 ad flumen perduxerat circiter passuum cccc, quo liberius
ac minore perlculo milites aquarentur. Sed is quoque
mutatd consilio quibusdam de causis, quas commemorari
necesse non est, e5 loc5 excesserat. Ita complures dies
inania manserant castra; munltiones quidem omnes
lointegrae erant.
67. Eo signa legi5nis lata speculatores Caesarl Caesar sue-
renuntiarunt. Hoc idem visum ex superidribus ^'^ksthif'
quidam caste Ills confirmaverunt. Is locus aberat campwithhis
^ Ufi wing,
a novis Pompei castris circiter passus quingentos.
15 Hanc legi5nem sperans Caesar se opprimere posse, et cu-
piens eius die! detrimentum sarcTre, rellquit in opere cohortes
duas quae speciem munientium praeberent; ipse diverse
itinere quam potuit occultissime reliquas cohortes, numero
XXXIII, in quibus erat legio n5na multls amissis centurioni-
20 bus deminut5que mllitum numero, ad legionem Pompei
castraque duplici acie eduxit. Neque eum prima opinio
fefellit. Nam et pervenit priusquam Pompeius sentire
posset, et tametsi erant munltiones castr5rum magnae,
tamen sinistra comu, ubi erat ipse, celeriter adgressus
25 Pompeianos ex vallo deturbavit. Erat obiectus portae
ericius. Hic paulisper est pugnatuni, cum inrumpere
nostri conarentur, illi castra defenderent, fortissime T.
Pullone, cuius opera pr5ditum exercitum C. AntonI demon-
stravimus, e5 loco propugnante. Sed tamen nostri virtute
30 vicerunt, excisdque ericio prim5 in maiora castra, post etiam
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222 BELLI CIVILIS
in castellum, quod erat inclusum maioribus castris, inrupe-
runt, quod e5 pulsa legi5 sese receperat, et n5n nuUos ibi
repugnantes interfecerunt.
An error of 68. Scd fortuna, quae plurimum potest cum
Sandfavai^^ in rcHquIs rebus turn praecipue in bell5, parvis
proves costly, mdmentls magnas rerum commutationes efiicit;
ut turn accidit. Munlti5nem enim, quam pertinere a castris
ad flumen supra demdnstravimus, dextri Caesaris cornus
cohortes ignorantia loci sunt secutae, cum portam quaere-
lorent castrorumque eam munitionem esse arbitrarentur.
Quod cum esset animadversum coniunctam esse flumini,
prorutls munlti5nibus defendente nullo transcenderunt,
omnisque noster equitatus eas cohortes est secutus.
upon Pom- 69* Interim Pompeius, hac satis longa inter-
pey'sarrruai i^cja mora, ea re nuntiata v legi5nes ab opere
^ Caesars men ' ° ^
are panic- dcductas subsidi5 suls duxit ; eodemque tempore
fieewith*^ equitatus eius nostrls equitibus appropinquabat,
heavy loss, ^^ acies lustructa a nostrls qui castra occupave-
rant cernebatur; omniaque sunt subito mutata. Pompe-
ao iana legio celeris spe subsidi c5nfirmata ab decumana porta
resistere conabatur atque ultro in nostr5s impetum facie-
bat ; equitatus Caesaris, quod angusto itinere per aggeres
ascendebat, receptui suo timens initium fugae faciebat;
' dextrum comu, quod erat a sinistr5 seclusum, terrore equi-
astum animadvers5, ne intra munitionem opprimeretur, ea
parte quam prdruerat sese recipiebat, ac plerlque ex his, ne
in angustias inciderent, ex x pedum muniti5ne se in fossas
praecipitabant, primlsque oppressis reliqui per horum cor-
pora salutem sibi atque exitum pariebant ; sinistrl cornus
3omIlites cum ex vallo Pompeium adesse et su5s fugere cer-
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LIBER III, CAP. 68-71 223
nerent, veriti ne angustils intercluderentur, cum extra et
intus hostem haberent, eddem quo venerant receptu sibi
consulebant, omniaque erant tumultus, timdris, fugae plena,
adeo ut, cum Caesar slgniferum quendam manu prenderet
5 et c5nsistere iuberet, alii, idem iussi, sequi eundem cursum
contenderent, alii metu etiam sTgna dimitterent, neque
quisquam omnin5 consisteret.
70. His tantis malls haec subsidia succurre- causes of
ba"nt, qu5 minus omnis deleretur exercitus, quod ^^^^/J^.
10 Pompeius insidias timens, credo (quod haec prae- mhUatum.
ter spem acciderant eius, qui paul5 ante ex castris fugientes
su5s conspexerat), munltidnibus appropinquare aliquamdiu
non audebat, equitesque eius angustils atque his a Caesaris
mllitibus occupatis ad Insequendum tardabantur. Ita par-
15 vae res magnum in utramque partem momentum habuerunt.
Munlti5nes enim a castris ad flumen perductae, expugnatis
iam castris Pompel, propriam expedltamque Caesaris vic-
toriam interpellaverunt ; eadem res celeritate Insequentium
tardata nostrls salutem attulit
ao 71. Duobus his unlus diel proelils Caesar de- f**'*^*^
^ losses. Cruelty
sideravit mllites dcccclx et equites cc, in quibus of LaHenus.
Tuticanum Galium senatoris fllium, n5t5s equites R5man5s
C. Fleglnatem Placentia, A. Cranium Puteolls, M. Sacrati-
virum Capua, tribunos mllitum et centuriones xxxii — sed
25 horum omnium pars magna in fossis munltionis et fluminis
rlpls oppressa su5rum terrore ac fuga sine ull5 vulnere in-
teriit — ; signaque sunt mllitaria amissa xxxii.
Pompeius e5 proelio imperator est appellatus. Hoc
nomine abstinuit, atque ita se postea salutarl passus est,
30 sed neque in litterls praescribere est solitus neque in f asci-
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224 BELLI CIVIUS
bus Insignia laureae praetulit. At Labienus, cum ab eo
impetravisset ut sibi captivos tradi iuberet, omnes prdduc-
tos ostentationis, ut videbatur, causa, quo maior perfugae
fides haberetur, commilitdnes appellans et magna verborum
5 contumelia interrogans solerentne veteran! militcs f ugere,
in omnium cdnspectu interfecit.
Premature 72. His rebus tantum fiduciae ac splritus
^thTplo^e' Pompeianis accessit ut n5n de ratione belli c5-
ians, gitarent, sed vicisse iam sibi viderentur. Non ill!
lopaucitatem nostrorum mllitum, n5n inlquitatem loci atque
angustias praeoccupatis castrls et ancipitem terrorem intra
extraque munitiones, non absclsum in duas partes exerci-
tum, cum altera alterl auxilium ferre non posset, causae
fuisse c5gitabant. Non ad haec addebant non concursu
i5acriter facto, non proelio dimicatum, sibique ipsos multitu-
dine atque angustiis mains attulisse detrlmentum quam ab
hoste accepissent. N5n denique communes belli casus re-
cordabantur, quam parvulae saepe causae vel fajsae suspl-
cidnis vel terroris repentini vel obiectae religionis magna
aodetrlmenta intulissent, quotiens vel ducis vitio vel culpa
tribuni in exercitu esset off en sum ; sed proinde ac si virtute
vicissent neque ulla commutatio rerum posset accidere, per
orbem terrarum f ama ac litterls victoriam eius diel concele-
brabant.
73-99. THE CAMPAIGN IN THESSALY, JULY-AUGUST, 4^ RC
Caesar retreats into Thessaly
2^ Caesar urges 73- Caesar ab superiaribus consilils depulsus
;^/^^^. omnem sibi commutandam belli rationem existi-
heartened. mavit. Itaquc un5 tempore praesidils omnibus
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LIBER III, CAP. 72-74 225
deductis et oppugnatidne dimissa, coactoque in unum locum
exercitu contionem apud mllites habuit ; hortatusque est ne
ea quae accidissent graviter ferrent, neve his rebus terre-
rentur, multlsque secundls proeliis unum adversum et id
5 mediocre oppdnerent. Habendam fortunae gratiam, quod
Italiam sine aliquo vulnere recepissent, quod duas Hispa-
nias bellicosissimorum hominum peritissimls atque exercita-
tissimis ducibus pacavissent, quod finitimas frumentariasque
prdvincias in potestatem redegissent; denique recordari
10 debere qua felicitate inter medias hostium classes, oppletis
non solum portibus sed etiam litoribus, omnes incolumes
essent transportati. Si non omnia caderent secunda, for-
tunam esse industria sublevandam. Quod esset acceptum
detriment!, cuiusvis potius quam suae culpae debere tribui.
15 Locum se aequum ad dimicandum dedisse, potltum se esse
hostium castrTs, expulisse ac superasse repugnantes. Sed
sTve ipsorum perturbatio sive error aliquis sive etiam fortuna
partam iam praesentemque victoriam interpellavisset, dan-
dam omnibus operam ut acceptum incommodum virtute
ao sarciretur ; quod si esset factum, f uturum ut detrimentum
in bonum verteret, uti ad Gergoviam accidisset, atque il
qui ante dimicare timuissent ultr5 se proelio offerrent.
74. Hac habita contione non nullos sierniferds „
^ Encouraging
ignominia notavit ac loco movit Exercitui qui- effect o/ku
25 dem omni tantus incessit ex incommod5 dolor ^ '
tantumque studium Infamiae sarciendae, ut nemo aut tri-
bunl aut centurionis imperium deslderaret et sibi quisque
etiam poenae loco graviores imponeret labores, simulque
omnes arderent cupiditate pugnandi, cum superioris etiam
3o6rdinis non nulll ratione permoti manendum e5 loc5et rem
MATH. CAF.SAR — 1 5
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226 BELLI CIVILIS
proelio committendam existimarent. Contra ea Caesar
neque satis mllitibus perterritis conffdebat spatiumque
interp5nendum ad recreandos anim5s putabat, et refectis
munitionibus magnopere re! frumentariae timebat.
5 ^^ 75. Itaque nulla interposita mora, sauciorum
donsiAe modo ct acgrorum habita ratione, impedimenta
retreats omnia silentio prima nocte ex castas Apol-
^A^imia ^^niam praemlsit ac conquiescere ante iter
pursued by c5nfectum vetuit. His una legio missa prae-
10 ^ ^' sidid est. His explicitis rebus duas in cas-
trls legiones retinuit, reliquas de quarta vigilia compluri-
bus portis eductas eodem itinere praemlsit; parvoque
spatio intermisso, ut et mllitare Institutum servaretur
et quam serissime eius profectio cognosceretur, concla-
15 marl iussit, statimque egressus et novissimum agmen
consecutus celeriter ex c5nspectu discessit. Neque vero
Pompeius cognito c5nsilio eius moram uUam ad Insequen-
dum intulit, sed eodem die, spectans si in itinere impedl-
t5s et perterritos deprehendere posset, exercitum e castrTs
2oeduxit equitatumque praemlsit ad novissimum agmen de-
morandum, neque consequi potuit, quod multum expedlta
itinere antecesserat Caesar. Sed cum ventum esset ad
flumen Genusum, quod ripis erat impedltis, consecutus
equitatus novissimos proelid detinebat. Huic suos Caesar
25 equites opposuit expedltosque anteslgnanos admiscuit cccc ;
qui tantum profecerunt ut equestrl proelio commisso pelle-
rent omnes compluresque interficerent, ipsi incolumes se
ad agmen reciperent.
76. Confecto iusto itinere eius diel quod proposuerat
30 Caesar traductoque exercitu flumen Genusum veteribus
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UBER III, CAP. 75-78 227
suls in castrfs contra Asparagium consedit, mfli- cae^^fy^
tesque omnes intra vallum castrorum continuit trUkgetsa
lotuf start of
equitatumque per causam pabulandl emissum pomp4y,
confestim decumana porta in castra se recipere
5 iussit. Simill ratione Pompeius confecto eius diel itinere
in suis veteribus castrls ad Asparagium consedit. Eius
milites, quod ab opere integris munltionibus vacabant, alii
lignandl pabulandlque causa longius progrediebantur, alii,
quod subito consilium profectionis ceperant magna parte
xoimpedimentorum et sarcinarum relicta, ad haec repetenda
invitati propinquitate superiorum castrorum, depositis in
contubernio armis vallum relinquebant. Quibus ad se-
quendum impedltis, quod fore provlderat, Caesar merl-
dian5 fere tempore signo profectionis dato exercitum
iseducit, duplicatoque eius die! itinere viii mlllia passuum
ex eo loco procedit; quod facere Pompeius discessu
militum non potuit.
77. Poster© die Caesar similiter praemissis p^p^y^
prima nocte impedimentls de quarta vigilia ipse i^ngthgwes
up the put'
aoegreditur, ut, si qua esset imposita dimicandl suit,
necessitas, subitum casum expedlto exercitu
sublret Hoc idem reliquls fecit diebus. Quibus rSbus
perfectum est ut altissimis flu minibus atque impeditissimis
itineribus nullum acciperet incommodum. Pompeius enim
25 priml diel mora inlata et reliquorum dierum f rustra labdre
suscepto, cum se magnis itineribus extenderet et praegres-
sos consequi cuperet, quarto die finem sequendl fecit atque
aliud sibi consilium capiendum exTstimavit.
78. Caesarl ad saucios deponendos, stipendium exercitui
3odandum, soci5s confirmandos, praesidium urbibus relin-
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228
BELLI CIVILIS
reac/us
Apollonia
and hastens
thence to
Thessaly.
Reasons of
5 Caesar and
of Pompey
for going to
Thessafy,
quendum, necesse erat adire Apolloniam. Sed
his rebus tantum temporis tribuit quantum erat
properanti necesse ; timens Domitio, ne adventu
Pompel praeoccuparetur, ad eum omni celeritate
et studio incitatus ferebatur. Totius autem rel
consilium his rationibus explicabat: ut, si Pom-
peius eddem contenderet, abductum ilium a
marl, atcjue ab iis copils quas DyrrachI comparaverat
frumenti ac commeatus abstractum, pari condicione belli
losecum decertare cogeret; si in Italiam translret, coniunct5
exercitu cum Domitio per Illyricum Italiae subsidio pro-
ficlsceretur; si Apolloniam Oricumque oppugnare et se
omnI maritima ora excludere conaretur, obsesso Sclpione
necessario ilium suls auxilium ferre cogeret Itaque prae-
15 missis nuntils ad Cn. Domitium Caesar scrlpsit et quid
fieri vellet ostendit, praesidioque Apolloniae cohortium iiii,
LissI I, in Oriel relicto, quique erant ex vulneribus aegri
depositis, per Epirum atque Athamaniam iter facere coepit.
Pompeius quoque de Caesaris consilio coniectura iudicans
20 ad Sclpionem properandum sibi existimabat : si Caesar iter
illo haberet, ut subsidium Sclpioni ferret; si ab ora mari-
tima Oriciaque discedere ndllet, quod legiones equitatumque
ex Italia speraret, ipse ut omnibus copils Domitium adgre-
deretur.
79. His de causis uterque eorum celeritati
studebat, et suls ut esset auxilio, et ad oppri-
mendos adversaries ne occasioni temporis dees-
set. Sed Caesarem Apollonia a derectd itinere
averterat, Pompeius per Candaviam iter in
Macedoniam expeditum habebat. Accessit
^5 Caesar finds
the country
hostile,
Domiiius's
narrow
escape from
Pompey and
vnion with
30 Caesar.
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LIBER III, CAP. 79-80 229
etiam ex improvlso aliud incommodum, quod Domitius,
cum dies complures castris Sclpionis castra conlata habu-
isset, rei frumentariae causa ab e5 discesserat et Hera-
cliam, quae est subiecta Candaviae, iter fecerat, ut ipsa
sfortuna ilium obicere Pompeio videretur. Haec ad id
tempus Caesar Ignorabat. Simul a Pompeio litteris
per omnes provincias civitatesque dimissis de proelio ad
Dyrrachium facto, elatius inflatiusque multo quam res
erat gesta fama percrebruerat pulsum fugere Caesarem
lopaene omnibus copiis amissls. Haec itinera infesta red-
diderat, haec civitates non nuUas ab eius amlcitia avert e-
bat. Quibus accidit rebus ut pluribus dimissi itineribus a
Caesare ad Domitium et a Domitio ad Caesarem nulla
ratione iter conficere possent. Sed Allobroges, Roucilli
isatque Eg! familiares, quos perfugisse ad Pompeium de-
monstravimus, conspicati in itinere exploratores DomitI,
seu prTstina sua consuetudine, quod una in Gallia bella
gesserant, seu gloria elatl, cuncta, ut erant acta, exposue-
runt, et Caesaris profectionem, adventum Pompel docue-
20 runt. A quibus Domitius certior f actus, vix iiii horarum
spatio antecedens, hostium beneficio periculum vltavit, et
ad Aeginium, quod est adiectum appositumque Thessaliae,
Caesar! venienti occurrit.
80. Coniuncto exercitu Caesar Gomphos per- caesar takes
25venit, quod est oppidum prlmum Thessaliae Gomphiby
,- % ^ storm,
vementibus ab Epiro; quae gens panels ante
mensibus ultro ad Caesarem legates miserat ut suTs omni-
bus facultatibus uteretur; praesidiumque ab eo militum
petierat. Sed eo fama iam praecucurrerat, quam supra
sodocuimus, de proelio Dyrrachino, quod multis auxerat
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230 BELLI CIVILIS
partibus. Itaque Androsthenes, praetor Thessaliae, cum
se vict5riae Pompel comitem esse mallet quam socium
Caesaris in rebus adversis, omnem ex agrls multitudinem
servorum ac iTberorum in oppidum cogit portasque prae-
scludit, et ad Scipionem Pompeiumque nuntios mittit ut
sibi subsidio veniant: se confldere munltionibus oppidi,
Fig. 41.— Attack on a Walled Town.
sl celeriter succurratur; longinquam oppugnati5nem sus-
tinere non posse. Scipio discessu exercituum a Dyrrachio
cognito Larisam legiones addiixerat; Pompeius n5ndum
10 Thessaliae appropinquabat. Caesar castrls munitis scalas
musculOsque ad repentlnam oppugnationem fieri et crat€s
. parari iussit. Quibus rebus effectls cohortatus mllitSs
docuit quantum usum haberet ad sublevandam omnium
rerum inopiam potlrl oppido pleno atque opulento, simul
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LIBER III. CAP. 8i-«2 231
reliquTs civitatibus huius urbis exemplo inferrl terrorem et id
fieri celeriter priusquam auxilia concurrerent. Itaque usus
singularl militum studio, e5dem quo venerat die post h5ram
n5nam oppidum altissimls moenibus oppugnare adgressus,
5 ante solis occasum expugnavit et ad diripiendum mllitibus
concessit, statimque ab oppid5 castra m5vit et Metropolim
venit sic ut nuntids expugnati oppidi famamque antecederet.
81. Metro polltae primo e5dem usi consilio
Isdem permotl rumoribus portas clauserunt mu- Tktssafy sub-
lorosque armatis compleverunt ; sed postea casu ^amps%*"^
clvitatis Gomphensis cognito ex captfvis qu5s t/u plain of
Pharsaius.
Caesar ad murum producendos curaverat, por-
tas aperuerunt. Quibus dlligentissime conservatls, con-
lata fortuna Metropolltum cum casu Gomphensium, nulla
15 Thessaliae fuit civitas praeter Larisae5s, qui minis Sclpio-
nis terrebantur, c^uln Caesarl pareret atque imperata face-
ret. I lie idoneum locum in agris nactus, quo prope iam
matura erant frumenta, ibi adventum exspectare Pompel
eoque omnem belli ratidnem conferre constituit.
Pompey encamps near Caesar, Confidence of his army
20 82. Pompeius panels post diebus in Thessa- Pompey joins
liam pervenit, contionatusque apud cunctum j^s^y.
*exercitum suls agit gratias, Sclpionis mllites ^^ followers
dispute over
cohortatur ut parta iam victoria praedae ac thedistribu-
praemiorum velint esse participes, receptlsque ^^uLdof
25 omnibus in una castra legionibus suum cum the offices at
, Rome as if
Sclpidne honorem partltur, classicumque apud the war were
eum cani et alterum illl iubet praetorium tendl. ^' ^ ^^'
Auctis copils Pompel duobusque magnis exercitibus con-
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232 BEIXI CIVILIS
iunctis pnstina omnium confirmatur opinio et spes vict5-
riae augetur adeo ut, quicquid intercederet temporis, id
morari reditum in Italiam videretur; et, si quand5 quid
Pompeius tardius aut consideratius faceret, unlus super-
5 esse negotium die!, sed ilium delectari impend et con-
sulares praetoridsque servdrum habere numero dicerent.
lamque inter se palam de praemils ac de sacerdotils con-
tendebant, in annosque consulatum definiebant, alii domos
bonaque edrum qui in castris erant Caesaris petebant;
lomagnaque inter e5s in consilio fuit controversia oporte-
retne Lucili Hirri/quod is a Pompeio ad Parthos missus
esset, proximis comitiis praetoriis absentis rationem haberi,
cum eius necessarii fidem implorarent Pompei praestaret
quod proficiscenti recepisset, ne per eius auctoritatem
isdeceptus videretur; reliqui in labore pari ac periculo ne
unus omnes antecederet recusarent
83. lam de sacerdotio Caesaris Domitius, Scipio, Spin-
therque Lentulus cotidianis contentionibus ad gravissimas
verborum contumclias palam descenderunt, cum Lentulus
2oaetatis honorem ostentaret, Domitius urbanam gratiam
dignitatemque iactaret, Scipio adfinitate Pompei confi-
deret. Postulavit etiam L. Afranium proditionis exercitus
Acutius Rufus apud Pompeium ; et L. Domitius in consi-
lio dixit placere sibi bello confecto ternas tabellas dari acf
25iudicandum iis qui ordinis essent senatorii belloque una
cum ipsis interfuissent, sententiasque de singulis ferri qui
Romae remansissent quique intra praesidia Pompei fuis-
sent neque operam in re militari praestitissent : unam fore
tabellam qua liberandds omni periculo censerent; alteram
30 qua capitis damnarent; tertiam qua pecunia multarent.
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LIBER III. CAP. 83-85 233
Postremo omnes aut de honoribus suls aut de praemils
pecuniae aut de persequendis inimicitiis agebant; neque
quibus ratidnibus superare possent. sed quern ad modum
uti victaria deberent cogitabant
5 84. Re f rumentaria praeparata confirmatisque caesar re-
militibus, et satis longo spatio temporis a Dyrra- ^^]^^^^!
chinis proelils intermisso quo satis perspectum vorabUcav-
, , ,. . . , , alryskirmisA,
habere militum animum videretur, temptandum
Caesar exlstimavit quidnam Pompeius propositi aut volun-
lotatis ad dimicandum haberet. Itaque ex castrls exercitum
eduxit aciemque instruxit, prlmo suls locis pauloque a castrls
Pompel longius, continentibus vero diebus ut progrederetur
a castrls suls collibusque Pompeianis aciem subiceret
Quae res in dies confirmatiorem eius exercitum efficie-
15 bat. Superius tamen Institutum in equitibus, quod demon-
stravimus, servabat, ut, quoniam numero multls partibus
esset Inferior, adulescentes atque expedites ex anteslg-
nanls electos mutatis ad pemlcitatem armis inter equites
proeliarl iuberet, qui cotldiana consuetudine usum quoque
30 eius generis proeliorum perceperant. His erat rebus effec-
tum ut equitum mllle etiam apertioribus locis vii mlllium
Pompeianorum impetum, cum esset usus, sustinere aude-
rent, neque magnopere eorum multitudine terrerentur.
Itaque etiam per eos dies proelium secundum equestre fecit
35 atque unum Allobrogem ex duobus quos perfugisse ad
Pompeium supra docuimus cum quibusdam interfecit.
85. Pompeius, qui castra in colle habebat, ad Caesaris
infimas radices montis aciem Instruebat, semper, change his
ut videbatur, exspectans si inlquls locis Caesar se ^^" ^^
30 subiceret. I He nulla ratidne ad pugnam elicl cidestofigfu.
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234 ' BELLI CIVILIS
posse Pompeium exlstimans banc sibi commodissimam belli
rationem iudicavit, utT castra ex e5 loc5 moveret semperque
esset in itineribus, haec spectans, ut movendls castrls pluri-
busque adeundis locis commodiore frumentatione uteretur,
ssimulque in itinere ut aliquam occasionem dimicandl nan-
clsceretur et Insolitum ad laborem Pompel exercitum cotl-
dianls itineribus defatlgaret. His constitutis rebus, signo iam
profectionis dat5 tabernacullsque detensis, animadversum
est paul5 ante iter extra cotldianam consuetudinem longius a
10 vallo esse aciem Pompel progressam, ut non inlquo loco posse
dlmicarl videretur. Turn Caesar apud suos, cum iam esset
agmen in portls, " Diff erendum est," inquit, "iter in praesentia
nobis et de proelio cogitandum, sicut semper depoposcimus.
Anim5 simus ad dimicandum paratf ; non facile occasionem
15 postea reperiemus ; " confestimque expedltas copias educit
Pompey's 86. Pompeius quoque, ut postea cognitum est,
winnif^Zn suoHim omnium hortatu statuerat proelio decer-
easy victory, tare. Atque etiam in consilio superioris diel
dixerat, priusquam concurrerent acies, fore uti exercitus
aoCaesaris pelleretur. Id cum essent plerlque admlratl,
"Scio me," inquit, "paene incredibilem rem pollicerl; sed
rationem consill mel accipite, quo firmiore animo in proe-
lium prodeatis. PersuasI equitibus nostrls (idque mihi fac-
turos confirmaverunt) ut, cum propius esset accessum,
25 dextrum Caesaris cornu ab latere aperto adgrederentur, et
circumventa ab tergo acie prius perturbatum exercitum pel-
lerent quam a nobis telum in hostem iaceretur. Ita sine
perlculo legionum et paene sine vulnere bellum conficiemus.
Id autem difficile non est, cum tantum equitatu valeamus."
30 Simul denuntiavit ut essent animo parati in posterum diem
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UBER III, CAP. 86-88 235
et, cum iam fieret dimicandl potestas, ut saepe rogfitavissent,
ne suam neu reliquorum opinionem fallerent.
87. Hunc Labienus excepit et, cum Caesaris LabUmus
copias despiceret, PompeT consilium summis laudi- ^^^^^L
5 bus efferret, " Noli," inquit, ** existimare, Pompei, </ Caesar's
hunc esse exercitum qui Galliam Germaniamque
devTcerit. Omnibus interfui proeliis neque temere incogni-
tam rem pronuntio. Perexigua pars illlus exercitus super-
est ; magna pars deperiit, quod accidere tot. proeliis fuit
lonecesse, multos autumni pestilentia in Italia gonsumpsit,
multi domum discesserunt, multi sunt relicti in continent!.
An non audistis ex iis qui per causam valetudinis remanse-
runt cohortes esse Brundisl factas ? Hae qopiae quas videtis
ex dilectibus horum annorum in citeriore Gallia sunt ref ectae,
15 et plerique sunt ex colonils Transpadanis. Ac tamen quod
fuit roboris duobus proeliis Dyrrachinis ihteriit." Haec cum
dixisset, iuravit se nisi victorem in castra non reversurum,
reliquosque ut idem facerent hortatus est Hunc laudans
Pompeius idem iuravit ; nee vero ex reliquTs fuit quisquam
90 qui iurare dubitaret. Haec cum acta essent in c5nsilio,
magna spe et laetitiS omnium discessum est ; ac iam animo
victoriam praecipiebant, quod de re tanta et 5 tam perito
imperatore nihil frustra confirmari videbatur.
The battle of Pharsaltis, Attg. 9, 48 B.C.
88. Caesar cum Pompei castris appro pinquas- sine and or-
2$ set, ad hunc modum aciem eius instructam ani- ^^pgy's
madvertit. Erant in sinistro cornu legiones duae ^'^^'
traditae. a Caesare initio dissensi5nis ex senatus consult© :
quarum una prima, altera tertia appellabatur. In eo loco
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236
BELLI CIVILIS
ipse erat Pompeius. Mediam aciem ScTpio cum legionibus
Syriacls tenebat. Ciliciensis legi5 coniuncta cum cohorti-
bus Hispanis, quas traductas ab Afranio docuimus, in dex-
tro cornu erant conlocatae. Has firmissimas se habere
5 Pompeius existimabat. Reliquas inter aciem mediam cor-
nuaque interiecerat numerumque cohortium ex expleverat
Haec erant numero millia xlv. Evocat5rum circiter duo
mlllia, quae ex beneficiarils superiorum exercituum ad eum
convenerant, tota acie dispertierat. Reliquas cohortes vii
10 castrls propinquisque castellls praesidio disposuerat. Dex-
trum cornu eius rivus quidam impedltis ripls muniebat;
quam ob causam cunctum equitatum, sagittarios fundito-
resque omnes sinistr5 cornu adiecerat.
The Battle of Pharsalus.
A , Position taken by Pompcy for several days, 233, 98.
B, Caesar's fourth line, 237, 13.
C, Route of the fugitives from Pompey's camp, 240, 28 ff,
D, Height occupied by the Pompeians after the battle, 242, i,
£, Place of Caesar's crossing the river, 241, 28.
F, Caesar's lines blocking the retreat of the Pompeians, 249, 4.
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LIBER 111, CAP. 8^-91 237
89. Caesar superius Institutum servans deci- siuandar-
mam legiSnem in dextro cornu, nonam in sinistro ^^arv
conlocaverat, tametsi erat Dyrrachlnls proelils ^*'^^'
vehementer attenuata, et huic sic adiunxerat octavam ut
5 paene unam ex duabus efficeret, atque alteram alter! prae-
sidio esse iusserat. Cohortes in acie lxxx c5nstitutas
habebat, quarum summa erat mlllium xxii; cohortes vii
castrls praesidio rellquerat Sinistra cornu Antonium,
dextro P. Sullam, media acie Cn. Domitium praeposuerat ;
10 ipse contra Pompeium constitit Simul ils rebus animad-
versls quas demonstravimus, timens ne a multitudine equi-
tum dextrum cornu circumvenlretur, celeriter ex tertia acie
singulas cohortes detraxit atque ex his quartam instituit
equitatuique opposuit, et quid fieri vellet ostendit, monuit-
15 que eius diel victoriam in earum cohortium virtute constare.
Simul tertiae acie! quartaeque imperavit, ne iniussu suo
concurreret : se, cum id fieri vellet, vexillo signum daturum.
90. Exercitum cum mllitari more ad pugnam ^^^^^ ^^
cohortaretur suaque in eum perpetui temporis rangueshis
m ' ,. • . army and
aoofncia praedicaret, imprimis commemoravit tes- gives the sig-
tibus se mllitibus uti posse, quanto studio pacem ^^^f^^^^-
petlsset; quae per Vatinium in conloquils, quae per A.
Clddium cum Sclpione egisset, quibus modls ad Oricum cum
Libone de mittendls legatis contendisset. Neque se um-
25 quam abut! mllitum sanguine neque rem publicam alterutro
exercitu privare voluisse. Hac habita oratione exposcenti-
bus militibus et studio pugnae ardentibus tuba signum dedit.
91. Erat Crastinus evocatus in exercitu Cae- The charge
saris, qui superiore anno apud eum primum ^J^f%l^^'
jopilum in legione decima duxerat, vir singular! ^«».
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238 BELU CIVILIS
virtute. Hlc signo dato, " SequiminI me," inquit, " mani-
pulares mel qui fuistis, et vestr5 imperatori quam fnsdtuistis
operam date. Unum hoc proelium superest; quo confecto et
ille suam dignitatem et nos nostram llbertatem recuperabi-
5 mus." Simul respiciens Caesarem, " Faciam," inquit, " hodie,
imperator, ut aut vivo mihi aut mortu5 gratias agas." Haec
cum dixisset, primus ex dextro cornu procucurrit, atque
eum laeti mllites circiter cxx voluntaril eiusdem centuriae
sunt prosecutl.
10 Pompey 92. Inter duas acies tantum erat relictum
^attMkwUk- spati ut satis esset ad concursum utriusque
out charging, exercitus. Sed Pompeius suls praedixerat ut
Caesaris impetum exciperent neque se loco moverent,
aciemque eius distrahl paterentur; idque admonitu C.
15 Triarl fecisse dicebatur, ut primus incursus visque mllitura
infringeretur aciesque distenderetur, atque in suls 5rdinibus
dispositi disperses adorirentur ; leviusque casura plla spe-
rabaf in loco i:etentis militibus quam si ipsi immissis pills
occurrissent ; simul fore ut duplicate cursu Caesaris mllites
20 exanimarentur et lassitudine conficerentur. Quod nobis
quidem nulla ratione factum a Pompeio videtur, propterea
quod est quaedam animi incitatio atque alacritas naturaliter
innata omnibus, quae studio pugnae incenditur. Hanc non
reprimere, sed augere imperatores debent ; neque frustra
25antiquitus Institutum est ut signa undique concinerent
clamoremque universi tollerent; quibus rebus et hostes
terrerl et suos incitarl existimaverunt.
93. Sed nostrl mllites dato sIgno cum Infestis
Routofthi pills procucurrissent atque animadvertissent non
30 ^^'"**'* concurri a Pompeianis, usu periti ac superiori-
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UBER m, CAP. 92-94 239
bus pugnis exercitati sua sponte cursum represserunt et
ad medium fere spatium c5nstiterunt, ne consumptis viri-
bus appropinquarent ; parvdque intermiss5 temporis spatio
ac rursus renovate cursu plla miserunt celeriterque, ut
serat praeceptum a Caesare, gladios strinxerunt. Neque
vero PompeianI huic rei defuerunt. Nam et pila missa
exceperunt et impetum legionum tulerunt et ordines suos
conservarunt pllisque missis ad gladios redierunt. E5dem
tempore equites ab sinistro Pompei comu, ut erat impera-
lotum, universi prdcucurrerunt, omnisque multitude sagitta-
riorum se profudit ; quorum impetum noster equitatus non
tulit, sed paulatim loco motus cessit: equitesque PompSi
hoc acrius instare et se turmatim explicare aciemque nos-
tram a latere aperto circumire coeperunt. Quod ubi Caesar
15 animadvertit, quartae acief, quam Tnstituerat viii cohortium
numero, dedit slgnum. Illae celeriter procucurrerunt In-
festisque sTgnls tanta vl in Pompei equites impetum fece-
runt ut ^oruni nemo consisteret, omnesque conversi non
s5lum loco cederent, sed protinus incitati fuga *montes
aoaltissimos peterent. Quibus summotTs omnes sagittarii
funditoresque destituti suo praesidi5 interfecti sunt. E6-
dem impetu cohortes sinistrum comu, pugnantibus etiam
turn ac resistentibus in acie Pompeianis, circumierunt
eosque a tergo sunt adortae.
as 94. Eodem tempore tertiam aciem Caesar, quae quieta
fuerat et se ad id tempus loco tenuerat, procurrere iussit.
Ita cum recentes atque integrl defessTs successissent, alii
autem a tergo adorlrentur, sustinere Pompeiani non potue-
runt atque universi terga verterunt. Neque vero Caesarem
sofefellit quin ab ils cohortibus quae contra equitatum in
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240 BELLI CIVILIS
quarta acie conlocatae essent initium victoriae oreretur, ut
ipse in cohortandls militibus pronuntiaverat. Ab his enim
primum equitatus est pulsus, ab fsdem facta caedes sagit-
tariorum ac funditorum, ab isdem acies Pompeiana a sinis-
5 tra parte circumita atque initium fugae factum. Sed
Pompeius ut equitatum suum pulsum vldit atque eam par-
tem cui maxime confldebat perterritam animadvertit, aliis
quoque diffisus acie excessit protinusque se in castra equo
contulit, et iis centurionibus quos in statione ad praetoriam
10 portam posuerat clare, ut mllites exaudlrent, " TueminT,"
inquit, ** castra et defendite diligenter, si quid durius acci-
derit. Ego reliquas portas circumeo et castrorum praesidia
confirmo." Haec cum dixisset, se in praetorium contulit
summae rel diffldens et tamen eventum exspectans.
15 .^ 95. Caesar Pompeianis ex fuga intra vallum
camp is cap- compulsis nullum spatium perterritis darl opor-
tere existimans mllites cohortatus est ut bene-
ficio fortunae uterentur castraque oppugnarent. Qui, etsi
magno aestu (nam ad meridiem res erat pr5ducta), tamen
20 ad omnem laborem animo parati imperio paruerunt. Castra
a cohortibus quae ibi praesidio erant relictae industrie
defendebantur, multo etiam acrius a Thracibus barbarisque
auxiliis. Nam qui ex acie refugerant mllites, et animo per-
territl et lassitudine confecti, dimissis plerlque armis slgnls-
25 que mllitaribus magis de reliqua fuga quam de castrorum
defensione cogitabant. Neque vero diutius qui in vallo
constiterant multitudinem telorum sustinere potuerunt, sed
confecti vulneribus locum rellquerunt, protinusque omnes
ducibus usi centurionibus tribunlsque mllitum in altissim5s
30 montes, qui ad castra pertinebant, c5nf ugerunt
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LIBER III, CAP. 95-97 24I
96. In castrfs Pompel videre licuit trichilas Appearance
structas, magnum argenti pondus expositum, re- X«^T''^
centibus caespitibus tabernacula constrata, L. t^cape.
etiam Lentullet n6n nullorum tabernacula prdtecta hedera,
smultaque praeterea quae nimiam luxuriam et vict5riae
f iduciam deslgnarent ; ut facile existimari posset nihil eos
de eventu eius diel timuisse, qui n5n necessarias conqulre-
rent voluptates. At hi miserrimo ac patientissimo exer-
citul Caesaris iQxuriam obiciebant, cui saepe omnia ad
10 necessarium usum defuissent. Pompeius, cum iam intra
vallum nostri versarentur, equum nactus detractis insigni-
bus imperatorils decumana porta se ex castrls eiecit pr5-
tinusque equo citato Larisam contendit. Neque ibi constitit,
sed eadem celeritate paucos su5s ex fuga nactus, nocturno
15 itinere non intermisso, comitatu equitum xxx ad mare per-
venit navemque frumentariam conscendit, saepe, ut dlce-
batur, querens tantum se opinionem fefellisse ut, a quo
genere hominum victoriam sperasset, ab eo initio fugae
facto paene proditus videretur.
20 97. Caesar castrls potltus a mllitibus conten- ^^^^^ ^^.
dit ne in praeda occupati reliqui negoti gerendl ^"^^ *^
enemy and
facultatem dlmitterent. Qua re impetrata mon- compels them
tem opere circummunire instituit. PompeianI, ^^^^*^^^'
quod is mons erat sine aqua, diffisl ei loco, relicto monte
25 universl iugis eius Larisam versus se recipere coeperunt.
Qua re animadversa Caesar copias suas divisit partemque
legionum in castrls Pompei remanere iussit, partem in sua
castra remisit, iiii secum legiones duxit cbmmodioreque
itinere Pompeianls occurrere coepit et prdgressus mlUia
jopassuum vi aciem instruxit. Qua re animadversa Pom-
MAIH. CAESAR — 1 6
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242
BELLI CIVIUS
peiani in qu5dam monte constiterunt. Hunc montem
flumen subluebat. Caesar mllites cohortatus, etsi totius
die! continent! labore erant confecti noxque iam suberat,
tamen munitione flumen a monte seclusit, ne noctu aquari
5 Pompeiani possent. Quo perfect© opere ill! de deditione
missis legatls agere coeperunt. PaucI ordinis senatorii,
qui se cum ils coniunxerant, nocte fuga salutem petiverunt.
Caesar's 9^' Caesar prima luce omnes eos qui in monte
clemency conscderant ex superioribus locis in planitiem
toward his
10 vanquished descendere atque arma proicere iussit. Quod
^^^' ubi sine recusatione fecerunt passisque palmis
proiecti ad terram flentes ab eo salutem petiverunt, cons5-
latus consurgere iussit, et
pauca apud eos de lenitate
sua locutus, quo min5te essent
tim5re, omnes conservavit,
militibusque suis commenda-
vft ne qui eorum violaretur,
Hac adhibita diligentia ex
2ocastris sibi legiones alias occurrere et eas quas secum
duxerat in vicem requiescere atque in castra revert! iussit,
eodemque die Larisam pervenit.
The losses of 99- I'^ ^^ proelio non amplius cc mllites de-
both sides. sideravit, sed centuriones, fortes viros, circiter
25XXX amisit. Interfectus est etiam fortissime pugnans
Crastinus, cuius mentionem supra fecimus, gladio in 6s ad-
versum coniecto. Neque id fuit falsum quod ille in pug-
nam proficlscens dixerat. Sic enim Caesar existimabat, eo
proeli5 excellentissimam virtutem Crastini fuisse, optimS-
30 que eum de se meritum iudicabat. Ex Pompeiano exerQitu
Fig. 4a. — Coins of Caesar.
neu quid sul desiderarent.
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LIBER III, CAP. 98-102 243
circiter mlllia xv cecidisse videbantur, sed in deditionem
veneruntamplius mlllia xxiiii (namque etiam cohortes quae
praesidid castellls fuerant sese Sullae dediderunt), multi
praeterea in finitimas clvitates refugerunt ; signaque mili-
5 taria ex proelio ad Caesarem sunt relata clxxx et aquilae
vim. L. Domitius ex castrls in montem refugiens, cum ylres
eum lassitudine defecissent, ab equitibus est interfectus.
102-104. POMPEY'S FLIGHT AND DEATH, AUGUST-SEPTEMBER,
48 B.C
102. Caesar omnibus rebus relictis perse- Pursued fy
quendum sibi Pompeium existimavit, quascum- 2^,^"^^
10 que in partes ex fuga se recepisset, ne rursus Amphipoiis
to MytiUne,
copias comparare alias et bellum renovare pos- aucia, and
set. Ita quantumcumque itineris equitatu con- ^^^*^-
ficere poterat cotldie progrediebatur, legionemque unam
minoribus itineribus subsequi iussit. Erat edictum Pompei
15 nomine Amphipoll prdpositum, uti omnes eius provinciae
iuniores, Graeci civesque Romani, iurandi causa convenl-
rent. Id utrum avertendae susplcionis causa Pompeius
proposuisset, ut quam diutissime longioris fugae consilium
occultaret, an novls dllectibus, si nemo premeret, Mace-
20 doniam tenere c5naretur, existimarl non poterat. Ipse ad
ancoram unam noctem constitit, et vocatls ad se Amphipoli
hospitibus et pecunia ad necessari5s sumptiis corrogata,
cognito Caesaris. adventu ex eo loco discessit et Mytilenas
paucis diebus veii.t. Biduum tempestate retentus navibus
25 additis actuarils in Ciliciam atque inde Cyprum pervenit.
Ibi cOgnoscit consensu omnium Antioche^sium civiumque
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244 BELLI CIVILIS
Romanorum qui illTc negdtiarentur arcem captam esse ex-
cludendl sui causa, nuntiosque dimissds ad eos qui se ex
fuga in finitimas civitates recepisse dicerentur, ne Antio-
chlam adlrent : id si f ecissent, magno eorum capitis penculo
sfuturum. Idem hoc L. Lentuld, qui superiore anno con-
sul f uerat, et P. Lentulo consularl ac non nullls aliis acci-
derat RhodI; qui cum ex fuga Pompeium sequerentur
atque in insulam venissent, oppido ac portu recepti non
erant, misslsque ad eos nuntils ex his locls discederent,
10 contra voluntatem suam naves solverant. lamque de
Caesaris adventu fama ad civitates perferebatur.
iX>s. Quibus cognitis rebus Pompeius deposito
arrives at adcuudac Syriae consilio, pecunia a societatibus
i>egs h'ing^ sublata ct a quibusdam privatis sumpta, et aeris
15 ptoUmy's magno pondere ad mllitarem usum in naves im-
protection. ° *
posito duobusque mlllibus hominum armatis,
quos partim ex familils societatum delegerat, partim a
negotiatoribus coegerat, qu5s ex suls quisque ad banc rem
idoneos existimabat, Pelusium pervenit. Ibi casu rex erat
20 Ptolomaeus, puer aetate, magnis copils cum sorore Cleo-
patra bellum gerens, quam paucis ante mensibus per su5s
propinquos atque amicos regno expulerat ; castraque Cleo-
patrae non longo spatio ab eius castrls distabaiit. Ad eum
Pompeius mlsit, ut pro hospitio atque amicitia patris Alex-
25 andrlam reciperetur ^tque illlus opibus in calamitate tege-
retur. Sed qui ab eo missi erant, conf ecto legati5nis officio,
llberius cum mllitibus regils conloqui coeperunt eSsque
hortarl ut suum officium Pompeio praestarent neve eius
fortunam despicerent. In h5c erant numer5 complures
3oPompei mllites, quos ex eius exercitu acceptos in Syria
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LIBER in, CAP. 103-105 24s
Gabinius Alexandrfam traduxerat belloque confecto apud
Ptolomaeum, patrem pueri, reliquerat.
104. His turn cognitis rebus amici regis, qui f^^i^
propter aetatem eius in prdcuratidne erant ^*<icher<msfy
* '^ murdertdby
sregnl, sive timore adductl, ut postea praedica- order of the
bant, sollicitato exercitu regio ne Pompeius f^^/^,.
Alexandrlam Aegyptumque occuparet, sIve de-
specta eius fortuna (ut plerumque in calamitate ex amicls
inimlci exsistunt), ils qui erant ab eo missi palam llberaiiter
loresponderunt, eumque ad regem venire iusserunt; ipsi
clam consilio inito Achillam, praefectum regium, singularl
hominem audacia, et L. Septimium, tribunum mllitum, ad
interficiendum Pompeium miserunt. Ab his llberaiiter
ipse appellatus et quadam notitia SeptimI productus, quod
isbello praedonum apud eum ordinem duxerat, naviculam
parvulam conscendit cum paucis suls; ibi ab Achilla et
Septimio interficitur. Item L. Lentulus comprehenditur
ab rege et in cust5dia necatur.
105-107. CAESAR IN ASIA AND ALEXANDRIA, SEPTEMBER-
OCTOBER, 48 B.C.
105. Caesar cum in Asiam venisset, reperie- caesar
20 bat T. Ampium cdnatum esse pecunias tollere ^^^^^J^r
Epheso ex fano Dianae eiusque rel causa Diana's
... , tempUai
senatores omnes ex pr5vincia evocasse, ut his Ephesus.
testibus in sumenda pecunia uteretur, sed in- ^^f/^^
terpellatum adventu Caesaris profugisse. Ita curredontht
«5du6bus temponbus Ephesiae pecuniae Caesar battuof
aUXiUum tuUt. Pharsalus.
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246 BELU CIVILIS
Item constabat Elide in templo Minervae, repetltfs atque
numeratis diebus, quo die proelium secundum Caesar fe-
cisset simulacrum Victoriae, quod ante ipsam Minervam
conlocatum esset et ante ad simulacrum Minervae spec-
stavisset, ad valvas se templi llmenque convertisse. E5-
demque die Antiochlae in Syria bis tantus exercitus clamor
et signorum sonus exauditus est ut in murls armata civitas
discurreret. Hoc idem Ptolomaide accidit, Pergamique in
occultls locis ac reconditis templi, quo praeter sacerddtes
loadire fas nulli est, quae Graecl adyta appellant, tympana
sonuerunt. Item Trallibus in templd Victoriae, ubi Cae-
saris statuam consecraverant, palmam per eos dies inter
coagmenta lapidum ex pavlmento exstitisse ostendebatur.
Ciumr's ^^' Caesar paucds dies in Asia moratus, cum
15 ^'^^^'^^^ audlsset Pompeium CyprI visum, coniectans eum
Street in Aegyptum iter habere propter necessitudines
brawls. regum reliquasque eius loci opportunitates, cum
legione una, quam se ex Thessalia sequi iusserat, et altera,
quam ex Achaia a Q. Fufio legato evocaverat, equitibusque
20 Dccc et navibus longis Rhodils x et Asiaticis paucis Alex-
andrlam pervenit. In his erant legionibus hominum mlllia
tria cc ; reliqui vulneribus ex proelils et labore ac magnitu-
dine itineris confecti consequi non potuerant. Sed Caesar
conflsus fama rerum gestarum Infirmis auxilils proficiscT
25 non dubitaverat, aeque omnem sibi locum tutum fore exls-
timans. Alexandrlae de Pompel morte cognoscit; atque
ibi primum e navl egrediens clamorem mllitum audit, quos
rex in oppido praesidi causa rellquerat, et concursum ad se
fieri videt, quod fasces anteferrentur. In hoc omnis mul-
3otitudo maiestatem regiam minui praedicabat. H5c sedatd
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LIBER 111, CAP. 106-107 247
tumultu crebrae continentibus diebiis ex concursu multitu-
dinis concitatidnes fiebant, compluresque milites huius ur-
bis omnibus partibus interficiebantur.
107. Quibus rebus animadversis legiones sibi
sduas ex Asia adduci iussit, quas ex Pompeianis summons two
militibus cdnfecerat. Ipse enim necessario ete- AHa^tmd^
sirs tenebatur, qui navigantibus Alexandria flant ^^^dertakts to
' ^ ^ settUthe
adversissimi venti. Interim controversias regum quarrel of
ad populum Romanum et ad se, quod esset c5n- cu^!atra
losul, pertinere existimans, atque eo magis, quod
superiore consulatu cum patre Ptolomaeo et lege et sena-
tus consulto societas erat facta, ostendit sibi placere regem
Ptolomaeum atque eius sororem Cleopatram exercitus quos
haberent dimittere et de controversiis iure apud se potius
15 quam inter se armis disceptare.
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ABBREVIATIONS
USED IN THE NOTES AND THE VOCABULARY
abl ablative.
abs absolute.
ace accusative,
act active.
adj adjective.
adv adverb.
B.C Be Hum Ctvile.
B.G Bellum Gallic urn.
^.{cdufer) . . . compare.
ch chapter.
comp comparative.
conj conjunction.
constr construction.
contr contracted.
cpd compound.
dat dative.
dem demonstrative.
dep deponent.
dim diminutive.
dir direct.
disc discourse.
distr distributive.
Eng English.
cquiv r equivalent.
esp especially.
ex., exx example, examples.
f., ff. following:
{., fem feminine.
freq frequentative.
ftn. . . ... footnote.
fut future.
gen genitive.
hist historical.
'ib. {ibidem) . . . in the same place,
x.^. {id est) . . . . that is.
imper imperative.
imperf. imperfect.
impers impersonal.
inch inchoative, inceptive.
indecl indeclinable.
indef. indefinite.
indie indicative.
indir indirect.
infin infinitive.
interrog interrogative.
intr intransitive.
Inlrod Introduction.
1., II /<V»r, //mm.
lit literally.
loc locative.
m masculine.
n neuter.
neg negative.
nom nominative.
nuni numeral.
obj object, objective.
orig originally.
part participle.
partit partitive.
pass passive.
pcrf. perfect.
pers personal.
pi plural.
plpf. pluperfect.
jK>sit Positive.
poss possessixte, possessor.
prcd Predicate.
prep preposition.
pres present.
pron pronoun.
quest. . , . . . question.
rcfl reflexive.
tel relative.
sc.i scilicet) . . . supply, infer.
scmi-dep semi-deponent.
sing singular.
subj subjunctive.
subst substantive.
sup superlative.
s.y. (srfb voce) . . under the word.
Vocab Vocabulary.
248
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NOTES
GALLIC WAR
BOOK FIRST
Campaign of 58 B.C. — While Caesar was stiU at Rome making
preparations to leave for his province, in March, 58 B.C., news came
of Jhe intention of the Helvetii, a Celtic people occupying the modem
Switzerland, to migrate at once with all their possessions to western
Gaul. It was important for the welBare of Rome and of Italy to pre-
vent this plan ; for not only would the Roman province {Prauinciaj see
Introd. § 8) be endangered both by the passage through it of a warlike
people, who were, moreover, hereditary foes of Rome, and by their set-
tlement not fer from its western border ; but, furthermore, if Helvetia
should be ocaipied by the Germans, who had already made frequent
forays into the country and had entered Gaul in large numbers, there
was no doubt that they would next cross the Alps and ravage Italy.
Consequently Caesar hastened without delay to Geneva; but while he
succeeded in thwarting the Helvetian project of marching through the
Roman province, he could not, with the force at his command, prevent
a passage through the country of the Sequani. He accordingly obtained
additional troops from Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy) and set out in
pursuit of the enemy. In two battles he completely defeated them,
and compelled the survivors, less than a third of the number who had
marched forth so confidently, to return to their homes.
[Next to be dealt with were the Germans, who, at the invitation
of the Sequani, had come into Gaul three years before under Ariovistus,
and had humbled the Haedui, a people enjoying the friendship of the
Romans. Exaggerated stories were current of the size and prowess
of the Germans ; and Caesar's soldiers, becoming frightened, refused
to enter on a campaign against them. He shamed his men into sub-
mission, however, by declaring that if necessary he would go alone
attended only by the trusty tenth legion. In a single battle he almost
annihilated the enemy, but Ariovistus and a few of his followers escaped
across the Rhine.]
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250 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
Page 51, Line i. Chapter i. Gallia: Transalpine Gaul exclusive
of the Roman province {Provincia^ see Introd. § 8). — est . . . divisa : a
common use of the perf. pass, to denote a present state (*is divided')
resulting from the action of the perfect (*has been divided')' ; dividi-
tur would denote a present action (Ms being divided'). — omnia: 'as
a whole.' — unam: partem was as easily supplied in thought by the
Roman as 'part' is by us in the .translation.
51, 2. Belgae: their territory included northeastern France as well
as modern Belgium. Form the habit at the outset of consulting the
map (see frontispiece) for all places and peoples mentioned in the text.
— aliam : 'another,' not *a second,' which would be alteram. See both
words in the Vocab. — qui = « qui; it is a third subject of incolunt.
The antecedent of a rel. pron. is often omitted if it can be readily
understood from the context.^ In translating unam , . . quiy the Latin
order of thought may be preserved by making the accusatives the sub-
jects, 'one is inhabited by the Belgae, another by the Aquitani, the
third by those who,' etc. — lingua : abl. of means.'
51.3. Celtae : the Celts formed an important division of the Aryan
or Indo-European group of nations. The Britons and North Italians
were Celts, as are the Irish and Highland Scotch of to-day. The Eng-
lish belong to the Teutonic or Germanic division of the Indo-European
family. — lingua: abl. of specification.* The Celts spoke Celtic, the
Belgae a corruption of Celtic and German, while among the Aquita-
nians, who were not of the Indo-European family, some tribes probably
spoke Iberian, and some Basque. This latter language still survives in
northwestern Spain.
51.4. inter se: 'from each other.'* Latin has no reciprocal pro-
noun ('each other, one another'), but expresses the reciprocal idea
most commonly by inter with the personal pronouns. — Gallos: this
References to the text are made by pages and lines. Grammatical references are grouped
in footnotes. H. « Harkness's Complete Grammar, references to the Standard Grammar being
in parentheses: L.M. a> Lane and Morgan's School I^itin Grammar; A.b Allen and Green-
ough's New Latin Grammar, references to the old grammar being in parentheses; G. = GiI-
dersleeve's Latin Grammar; B.>b Bennett's Latin Grammar.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 640, 3 (550, N. a) 495 (a9«» *) «50. "• » 337. »
• 399. 4 (445. 6) 823 307, c (aoo, O 691 as*. »
S 476 (4«>) 645 409 ('48, <", i) 40» ax8
4 480(4*4) 650 4x8(953) 397 vA
5 5o«. 1 (448, H.) X047 rttt/k^^/) aa« «45
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BOOK I, CHAP. I 25 r
word, as its position at the beginning of the sentence shows,* is more
important in the thought than Garumna. Preserve this emphasis in
translation by making it the subject ; see on gut, 1.2. — ab Aquitanis . . .
a Belgis: observe that before vowels ab is always used, while before
consonants a is usual.
51, 5. Ganmina flomen: compare thb order mih flumen Rhmum
in 1. 18, and with the omission oi /lumen with Matrona and Sequana,
English has the same variety of usage, as, ^ the Ohio River, the River
Rhine or the Rhine, the Potomac.' — dividit: the verb is singular^
because the two rivers form one continuous boundary.
51,6. Honun: partit. gen. with a superlative.' This word stands
first in its sentence, not for emphasis, but to make clear the connection
of the thought with the preceding sentences.^
51, 7. cultu : * civilization,' referring to outward characteristics, dress,
deportment, etc. — hnmanitate, * refinement,' applying to the mind or
feelings. — Doubtless the province owed some of its civilization to the
Romans, who had governed it since 120 B.C. ; but probably more was
due to the influence of Marseilles (Massilia), which had been founded by
Greek colonists about 600 B.C., and had for centuries been an important
commercial center. It was not subject to Rome, but had been a fdthfiil
ally for two hundred years. — minime . . . saepe: *very seldom.'
51, 8. mercatores : Massiliot traders.
51.9. ad effemlnandos animos pertinent: 'tend to weaken charac-
ter,'* lit, 'to the character to-be-weakened'; ad belongs with animosy
which is limited by the gerundive. The principal import was wine,
of which the natives were so passionately fond that for a jar of it they
would even trade a child.
51. 10. quibuscum: cum always follows a rel. in Caesar. In other
writers it sometimes precedes.'
51, II. Qua : • this' ; ^ a rel, equivalent to a dem , and never to be
translated literally, is very frequent at the beginning of a sentence,
L.M. A G. B.
665, X (s6x, i)
XX47
597(344)
67a, a
349
39a, 4 (463* u>
3)
47X
3x7, b (aos, ^)
axx, R. X
a55.3
44a (397. 3)
560
346, tf , a (ai6, tf , a)
37a
aox, t
669.x
XX5X
350,9
6a8 (544. X)
995
506 (300 & N.)
4«7
339»«
182, a (187, a)
668
150, ^& N. (104, e)
4x3, «. I
X4a.4
5x0 (453)
843-44
yAJ%i N. (x8o./)
6x0
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IooqIc
252 NOTES ON TIIE GALLIC WAR
being due to the tendency of Latin to preserve closely the connection
of the thought. See on korunty 1. 6. — causa : i.e, owing to the prox-
imity to Germany. — Helvetii: a people of Celtic blood dwelling in
what is now Switzerland.
51, 12. reliquos: compare in the Vocab. the difference in mean-
ing of altusj ceieri, reliquus. — virtute : * bravery/ see Vocab. For the
abl., see on lingua, 1. 3.
51, 13. proeliis: 'skirmishes/ as is implied by coticUanis, The abl.
denotes manner.^ — cum . . . gerunt : this clause does not define the
time of the main verb contendunty but simply adds a £ict ; cum = ei turn
(cf. qui = et is, etc.) . — suis : observe the difference in meaning between
suis and eorum. These words are emphasized by their contrast, hence
they precede their substantives.* — finibus : abl. of separation.'
51, 15. Eorum: refers not to the Helvetii, but to the peoples men-
tioned in 1. 2 f. Latin frequently names the people where English
speaks of the country. — quam: obj. oiobtinerey which is a main verb
of indir. disc, depending on dictum est,* When the verb of saying or
thinking is passive and impersonal, its subject b the infinitive (with
its subject accusative if it has one, here Gallos) of the indirect quo-
tation.^— obtinere: * occupy,' cf. in the Vocab. with occupo. Be cau-
tious about translating a Latin word by the corresponding English word.
51, 16. a: *at'; the Latin point of view is often that of the place
from which, where the English is that of the place at which.* The
idea is the same in ab (*on the side oV) SequaniSj 1. 17, and ab , . ,
finibus y 1. 19.
51, 18. vergit : observe on the map the direction of the rivers.
51, 19. extremis: 'farthest,' from the province. — Galliae : the dis-
trict just described, not Gallia omnis (1. i).
52, I. spectant in, etc. : * lie towards the northeast.' This statement,
made with reference to the province, is no more exact than the similar
statement about Aquitania in 1. 4 f. We must remember that Caesar
had no such accurate maps at his disposal as we have to-day.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
X 473. 3 (4»9. >u) 636 412 (248) 399 aao, x
a 671, 1 (565, x) X140 598, a (344, a) 676 & r. x 350, x & 5, c
3 464 (4x4) 60X 401 (243) 390, a ax4, a
4 642 (523, i) xoa3 580 (336, 2) 650 314, I
5 6x5 (538) 97X Cf. 566, b (330, a, 2) 528, 2 330
• 48s. 4 (434. 0 499. ^ (a6o. b) 390, a, N. 6
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BOOK I, CHAP. 1-2 253
5a, 4. ad Hispaniam : * near/ etc., the regular meaning with verbs of
rest. — spectat inter : like spectant in above.
5a, 7. Chapter 2. M. : = Marco. Always read and translate an
abbreviation in Latin by the word for which it stands, and in reading
obsffve carefully what case is required. In the designation of dates by
the names of consuls no connective is used.
5a, 8. conaulibos : abl. abs.^ with the proper names, *■ in the consul-
ship ofi' = 61 B.C. The year was usually expressed in thb way, or was
reckoned from the assumed date (753 B.C.) of the founding of Rome. —
regni: obj. gen. — capiditate: abl. of cause.-^
5a, 9. nobilitatia : a collective abstract for concrete ; so Eng.
' nobility ^ for < nobles.^ — civitati : see on nobilitatia. PerswuUo takes
an indir. obj.' of the person persuaded ; while the dir. obj. is either
that which he is persuaded to do, expressed by a substantive clause
of purpose with tU or ne^^ here ut , . , exirent^ or that which he is
persuaded is a £ict, expressed by a clause of indir. disc.,* here perfaciU
esse, or by a neuter pronoun, zsid , . . persucLsit in 1. 1 1 f. In transla-
tion introduce the substantive clause by ' to,' the indir. disc, by ' that,^ < he
persuaded the nation to emigrate . . . : that it was perfectly easy,^ etc.
5a, 10. com omnibus copiis : ^ bag and baggage.' — ezirent : the im-
perf. is used, rather than the pres., because the action is past,* depend-
ing on the perf. persuasit ; and since purpose clauses, from their very
nature, express action not completed at the time of the main act, the
imperf. (its name signifies incompletion) is used rather than the plpf ,
which denotes action completed in the past. The plural is used because
civitaii implies civibus? — perfacile : predicate with esse^ agreeing * with
the subject potiri,
5a, II. omnibus: essential complement or indir. obj. of an intr.
compound verb.* — praestarent: subj. with causal cumy^ The tense
H.
L.M.
A.
G.
B.
489 (43»» 4)
639
419, a (a55, a)
409-10
aa7, X
475 (4»6, M. 0
613
404, b (345, h)
408. N. a
219
4a6, a (385. u)
530-3«
367 (aa7)
346, «. a
i87,ii,«
565(498.0
894
563 (33O
546
a95, «
565,6
579, ftn. (330, i)
546. R. X
543: 545»«», « (49»;
493, 0 804
484. b (a86. R. h)
Sxo
a67,a&3
389. 1 (46X, x)
47a
317, d (ao5, c, 0
axx. R. X (a)
a54. 4, «
394, 4 (438, 3)
97a
a89. d (189. d)
4aa & N. 3
Cf. 3a7. X
9
4*9(386)
53a
370 Sea (aa8 & N.
1) 347 &R. a
187, iii, X
10
598 (5«7)
863
549(3*6)
586
a86,a
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254 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
(representing a pres. subj. of dir. disc.) depends on persuasit (see on
exirenty L lo), the subordinate verbs of a quotation being thrown into
the past by a past introductory verb. Cf. Eng. * he says that he is goia^
if he catty but * he said that he was going if he could J" Observe, how-
ever, that while in Eng. the main verb of a quotation also follows the
sequence of the introductory verb (*says that he m, said that he was '),
the Latin infin. is not thus changed, but remains in its original tense
{perfaciU esse representing per facile est). — imperio: abl. of means,*
serving as obj. of potiri, — Id : * of this,' dir. obj. of persuasit y see on
civiUti, 1. 9. For its position, see on horum^ 51, 6.
isa, 12. hoc (lit., 'on this account'^) tacilius . . . quod: 'more
easily from the fact that ' ; the causal clause is in apposition with koc.
The indie, is used because Caesar states this as his own reason. —
undique: *on (lit, 'from') all sides'; see on a^ 51, 16, and cf. una
ex part Cy * on one side.'
52,14. altera: not ' another ' ; see on a/r^m, 51, 2.
5a, 17. nostram : cf. nostray 51, 3. — His rebus fiebat : * the result of
thb was ' (lit., ' because of these things it was being brought about ').
Note the imperfects in the rest of this chapter, describing a state of
things.
5a, 18. ut . . . yagarentur: substantive clause of result, subject of
fiebat.^ — minus late : * not as widely as they desired.' — finitimis : essen-
tial complement or indir. obj. of a transitive compound verb*; cf.
omnibusy 1. 11.
5a, 19. qua ex parte: 'and on this point.' — homines, etc.: 'being
men fond of warfare'; in predicate apposition with the subject. —
bellandi: obj. gen. with an adj. of desire.'^
5a, 20. Pro multitudine hominum: 'for (= in proportion to) their
great population,' given as 263,000, see 71, 7. The Swiss, in a some-
what larger territory, number about 3,000,000 ; but they are a peaceable
nation.
5a, 21. belli, etc.: 'for bravery in war.' Latin sometimes uses two
nouns with a conj. instead of one noun limited by the other ; this is
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 477, X (4ai, i) 646 410, N. (349, N.) 407, N. 1 az8, x
a 475 (4x6, M. x) 6x9 404 (445) 408 a»9
3 571, X (501, i, x) 90a 569, a (33a, a, a) 553, 3 397, a
4 499. X (386, i) 534 370. «. N. X (aa8,N. a) 347, R. 3 187, iii. 2
5 45«. « (399i ». «) 573. («) 349. « (a«8. «) 374. N. 5 .«H. «
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BOOK I, CHAP. 2-3 255
called hendiadys. The gens, are subjective,^ being the source of the
renown (gioria).
5a, 22. millia passnom : < miles.* The sing. * mile ' is mille passtts =
4854! Eng. feet, thus being about H o^ ^^ Eng. mile (5280 ft.). Pas-
suum is partit. gen.^ — CCXL : ducetUa quadraginta. Always use the
Latin words in reading numerals.
52,23. CLXXX: centum octoginta. As this dimension is about a
hundred miles too large, it Ls probable that Caesar wrote Lxxx, and that
the reading of the Mss. is due to a scribe's mistake, arising perhaps from
the influence of the previous number.
5a, 24. Chapter 3. anctoritate : * influence,' not * authority.'
5a, 25. ea quae : < such things as,' a meaning regularly followed
by the subj. of characteristic. — proficiscendum : compare this verbal
substantive (the gerund) with the verbal adjective (the gerundive)
effeminandos in 51, 9. Observe that the gerund has no object, whUe
the gerundive agrees with its apparent object." — pcrtinerent : subj. in a
rel. sentence of characteristic,* regularly introduced by the idea * such as,
of a sort that,' etc. Cf. ea quae . . . pertinent^ 51, 8 f., * things which
tend,' not *of a sort that tend.' — comparare, etc. : complementary infin.,*
obj. of constUuerunt.
5a, 26. quam maximum : ' the greatest possible.'*
5a, 27. nt . . . suppeteret : pure purposed not an obj. clause like
«/ . . . exirenty l.Qf.
53, 3. sibi : dat. of interest or reference * with satis esse., — in : with
ace. of temporal expressions = * for.'
53t 4' lege : ^ a resolution,' passed in a public assembly. — conflr-
mant : * fix,' pres. of vivid narration or hist, pres.'
53, 5. dux : predicate nom.^<^ — Is : with slight emphasis, * this man.'
Unless the subject changes, it is usually not expressed except for
emphasis.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
X 440, I (396, ii) 553 343, M. X (ai3, i ) 36a X99
a .44a (397, 9) 560 346, tf , a (ai6, a, a) 370 aot, t
3 6a3-a4 (541, 543) 98889 501-03 (a95 -96) 4a6, N. x:4a7 338, 3: 339. «
4 59». » (503. 0 836 535 (390) 631, X 283. 1
5 565, 5 (498* «. M.) 896 563. ''(33».'') 546, M. 3: 4a3, N. a 3a8. 1
6 159, a (X70, a) 679 29X, c (93, h) 303 a4o, 3
7 568 (497» ") 899 531, X (317, x) 545, X a8a, x
8 495. 4 (384, «, a) 537 376 (235) 350. a x88, x
« 53». 3 (467* «») 733 469 (a76, d) aa9 859, 3
10 .393 (36a, a, a) 460 393, a (a39, X, M. a) ao6 x68, a, ^
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2S6 NOTES ON THE GALUC WAR
53, 6. civitates : states, or clans, of Gaul whose aid he wished to
gain. — Observe the annalistic (a subdivision of historical) presents,^
beginning with deligitur and recurring throughout this chapter. They
give, as it were, a memorandum of the efforts and success of Orgetorix.
53, 8. obtinuerat: see on obtinergy 51, 15.
53, 9. amicus : The Roman senate sometimes voted this honor to
rulers as a reward for past services or as an incentive to future &vors. —
at . . . occuparet : cf. «/ . . . exirent^ 5a, 9 f., and see note on civUaSi^ ib.
The sequence^ depends on persuadet, the action of which is past,
although stated as present. — regnum: *the power of a king.^ Mon-
archy had been abolished in most of the Gallic states.
53, 10. ante : * at an earlier time ^ ; cf. the force of the tense in obti-
nueratj implying that he no longer possessed it. — habuerit: Caesar
intimates by the use of the subjunctive that the clause quod . . . habu-
erit is indirectly quoted from the actual instructions of Orgetorix to
Casticus. The force of the quotation can be given in translation thus,
< which, as he said, his ^ther had held.^ Such a quotation, merely indi-
cated by the subjunctive, and not dependent on a formal verb of saying,
may be called implied, or informal, indirect discourse.* The pluperfect
tense might be expected, in secondary sequence with occuparet^ but the
present and perfect subjunctive are sometimes used in secondary
sequence to preserve the tense (not the mood) of the direct statement.*
53, II. qui : refers, not as usual to the person last named, but to the
more prominent one. — principatum : * chief prominence,' not implying
official authority. Officially the Haeduan state was in alliance with
Rome, but at this time, owing to the failure of Rome to aid the Haedu-
ans against their oppressors, the anti-Roman party, headed by Dumnorix,
was predominant. Diviciacus was a leader of the party favorable to
Rome, and was one of Caesar's most trusted allies. Three years before,
he had been in Rome, and Cicero implies in his work On Divination
(i, 41, 90) that he had conversed with him about Gallic religious
customs.
53, 12. plebi (dat. with the adj.^) acceptos: 'popular with the
masses.*
H. L.M. A. 6. B.
« 734 4691 «
a 546 (495. u) 80s 485, f (987, *) 5«t» «• X «^. 3
3 649, i (598, i) 79X 592, I (341, b) 508, 3 v3«3
4 644, 1 (535, x) 806 585, bf N. (336, B, tf , N. 1) Cf. 513, N. 9 968, 7, a
5 434 (39O 536 384 (a34. «) 359 «9». «
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BOOK I, CHAP. 3-4 257
539 i3< Qt idem conAretnr : ' to make the same attempt ^ ; cf. «/ . . .
exirenty 5a, 9 f.
53, 14. Perfacile . . . esse . . . perflcere : cf. perfacile esse . . . po-
tiriy 5a, 10 f. — facta: supine,* best omitted here in translation. — Ulis
probat : * he shows them.'
53* 16. obtentums esset : * he was intending to be in possession of ^ ; ^
for the sequence, dependent on probat (not on esse*), cf. occuparet,
1. 10. — ^91^ : dependent on the idea of saying implied in probat ; * adding
that,' etc — dubium : predicate adj., the subject of esse being the clause
^uin . . . posseni. — Galliae : partit. gen.* with plurimum,
539 17* possent : the mood depends on quinf the tense {possint in
the direct form) on probat,
53> '8. regna: 'the power of kings'; pi., referring to a regnum in
each state. — conciliatnrum : the fut infin. often omits esse,
53> 19* fidem et ins iorandum: * their promise and oath.' — regno
occnpato: abl. abs. expressing time,® 'after seizing royal power.' —
per . . . populos : limits potiri, and refers to the states to which these
three plotters belonged.
53) 20. firmissimos : ' most stable.' — Galliae : the only instance in
Caesar of a gen. with potiri\^ for the usual construction, see imperiOj
5a, n.
53, 22. Chapter 4. res : ' plot ' ; vary the translation of res accord-
ing to the context.
53» 23. Moribns: abl. of manner." — ez: Mn'; cf. the similar diflfer-
ence between Latin and Eng. idiom in initium capit tf, 51, 16, and see
note on a,
53, 24. damnatum, etc. : ^ if convicted, the punishment was to befall
him of being burned with fire.' Damnatum^ used with conditional
force,* limits an implied etim, the obj. of sequi, but an unemphasized
pron. limited by an adj. or part, is commonly omitted. Poenam is the
H. L.M. A. G. B.
635. « (547. M. 0
1007
5»o (303)
436, H. 9
340,9
53« (466, N.)
749
158, ^&N. (113,
^&N.)
347
"5
548 (495» «v)
808
585 (336. B)
5x8
Cf. 970. I.-
443 (397» 4)
560
346, a. 3 (216, a
.a)
37a. N. 3
•01, I
595. X (504. 3. a)
9«3
558,a(33a.ri«
.)
555ta
998
489* « (43*. a>
640
419 (95s, d, 1)
4x0
997, 9, a
458, 3 (410, V, 3)
593
357. « (aa3, «)
¥n.d
tI9, 9
473. 3 (4x9 »")
636
41a (a48)
399
a9o,3
638, a (549. 9)
MATH.
1017 {e)
CAESAR —
496 (a9«)
17
667
Digitized by
337. a. h
GooQk
2S8 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
subject of sequiy and poenam sequi is the subject of oportebaty Ut . .
cremaretur is a subst. clause of result in apposition with poenam.^
53> 25. igni : Caesar appears not to have used igtu.^ Burning was
not an uncommon punishment among the Gauls; see 139, 6. — Die:
abl. of time when ; note the gender.^ — causae : obj. gen. with dictionis^
which itself is poss. gen. with die,
53, 26. familiam : ' slaves.^ — ad . . . decern : this phrase is in appo-
sition vt\i\\ famtliam, ad being an adv. — homintun: for the gen., see
note on millm passuuM^ 52, 22.
53, 27. clientes : these were free supporters, but the obaeratihzd been
enslaved for debt ; cf. 136, 27 flf.
53) 28. eodem : adv.
53. 29. ne . . . eripuit : * he escaped standing trial ' ; * by the crowd
of retainers he overawed the court. — Cum . . . conaretur : * when . . .
was endeavoring'; observe carefully this very common construction.*
With cuntj *when,' the imperf. and plpf. subj. describe subordinate
circumstances under which a past main action occurred. The imperf.
represents the subordinate circumstance as going on, the plpf. as com-
pleted, at the time of the main action.
53> 30. ius : the right of punishing traitors.
54)2. neqne abest suspicio : ^and there is not wanting ground for
believing.' As this is equivalent to *and there is not much doubt,' the
dependent clause (appositive, cf. «/ tgni cremaretur j 53, 25) is intro-
duced by quin ; see on possent, 53, 17.
54. 3. ipse : in Latin idiom the intensive pron. emphasizes the
subject, in English the object. — consciverit : note the tense, repre-
senting the suicide as complete at the time of the present verb
abest?
54.4. Chapter 5. nihilo: abl. of the amount of difference.^ —
id . . . facere : * to carry out the resolution which they had formed.'
54) 5. ut . . . ezeant : ^ of going forth,' in apposition with idy and
H. L.M. A. G. B.
X 6x5f X (538, 0 97X-72 459 (270) 535 330
a 57I1 4 C501, Hi) 902 56i.«; 57o(3a9: 33a./) 557 «97. 3
3 102, 4 (6a, iv) 90I 76, b, 1 (57, b, i) 57, ■ 38
4 «35 ("3) 831 97. « (73) 64 53
5 568 (497. i«) 898 558, ^ (33t» '. a) 548 "95,3
6 600, H, 1(521, H, a) 858 546(393.9:325) 585 a88, I, B
7 543: 545» «, a (49*: 49a, a) 803 484, a (286, r. a) 510 967, 2 & 3
8 479. X (4«7, a) 6S5 4«4 (aS©) 403 aa3
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BOOK I, CHAP. 4-5 259
expressing result.' The reasons for migrating, given in 5a, 12-23, were
just as strong now as before the death of Orgetorix. Perhaps, too, the
Helvetii were getting the worst of it in their constant conflicts with the
Germans; see 51, 12 f.
54, 6. Ubi : ' when,^ commonly takes the perf. indie ; ^ cf. cum . . .
conaretuTy 53, 29 f., and see note. — rem : * move.'
54, 7. nnmero: abl. of specification ; see on lingua, 51, 3. — ad: cf.
ad . , . tnilUa^ 53, 26 f. — tIcos : ^ villages,^ without fortifications.
54, 8. reliqna, etc. : * and all bolated buildings besides ^ ; lit., < the
rest (being) isolated buildings.' — incendont: observe the annalistic
presents in the rest of the chapter ; see on 53, 6.
54* 9. secum : cum is always enclitic with personal pronouns, and in
Caesar with relatives; see on quibuscum, 51, 10. — portaturi erant : cf.
the translation oiobUnturus esset, 53, 16 — combnnmt: note the differ-
ence in meaning of incendunt, 1. 8. — domum': depends on the verbal
subst. rediiionis {^redeundi),
54, 10. ad . . . subeonda : see on proficiscendumy 5a, 25.
54, II. esaent: cf. the sequence with that of extant, 1. 5, the latter
depending on the tense of conantur, a pres. of vivid narration (hist,
pres.), and not on the actual time of its action, which is past. See on
I// . . . occuparet, 53, 9. — trinm mensum : gen. of quality,* * a three
months' supply of.' — sibi quemqne : forms of the pers. or poss. reflexive
used with quisque regularly precede it.*
54) 12. domo : * cf. domum, 1. 9. — Ranrads, etc. : northern neighbors
of the Helvetii.
54, 13. utl : old form of ut, not to be confused with the infin. of Utor. —
nsi and exnstis : in translation coordinate these participles with proficis-
cantur, < to adopt . . . , to bum up ... , and to set out . . . .' Latin
uses subordination much more than English. — consilio : see on imperio,
52, II.
54, 14. eznstis : parallel with usi, both participles by their tense ex-
pressing action prior to that of the principal verb proficiscantur ; but,
H. L.M. A. G. B.
« 57«.4(50»."») 904 570 (33a*/) 557 &«. »97, 3
a 6oa (518, N. i) 881 543 (324) 561 987, i
3 4»9t«(38o,u,a,i) 519 497,9; cf. 388,*/, M. a (258,^; cf. 937^ 337 & "• 5 «8a, 1,^
4 440, 3 (396. ▼) 558 345 (a«5) 3^5 «03. «
5 675,9(569.1,9) 1069 3x3* «>N. 3^1,3 «44t4>«
6 46a, 4 (4xa, ii» i) 608 497, 1 (958. a) 390^9 sag, i,^
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26o NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
while usi is act., exustis is pass, (and so has to be used here as abl. abs. ;
exusti would mean that the men were burned) owing to the lack in Latin
of a perf. act. part, except of deponent verbs.* Avoid translating the
abl. abs. literally. — una: adv. — lis: refers to the subject o( persua-
dent. Secum might have been used as an indir. reflexive ; ^ but as it
could also, like suis just before, refer to the subject oi proficiscaniury the
demonstrative is clearer.
54, i6. oppugnarant : a contracted form.* — receptos, etc. : with Boios^
vthe Boii . . . they take into their own number {ad se) and adopt as
their {sibi) allies.^ — sibi: dat. of interest or reference.*
54, 1 8. Chapter 6. itineribus : Caesar frequently repeats the ante-
cedent with the relative ; * it may be omitted in translation.
54, 19. possent: * might,' characteristic subj.;* not <were able'
{ — paterant)^ but * would be able' if they wished. —unum: along the
north (right) bank of the Rhone, passing through the narrow Pas de
TEcluse {inter nionUm luram et flunun Rhodanum) at a distance of
nineteen Roman {\^\ English) miles from Geneva.
54, 20. vix qua, etc. : a rel. regularly begins its clause, but here
yields to the highly emphatic vix^ *just barely one cart at a time.'^
54, 21. ducerentor: V^t possent^ line 19.
54, 22. prohibere: * prevent a passage/ — possent: pure result* —
alterum: this route presented fewer physical difficulties, but it necessi-
tated crossing the Rhone and marching through the territory of the
Allobroges, who were included in the Roman Province.
54, 25. nuper : the Allobroges had been made subject to Rome in
121 B.C. A revolt in 61-60 B.C. led to their complete subjugation.
54, 26. is : see on />, 53, 5. — locis : locative abl.* — vado : * by ford.' *®
— transitur : *can be crossed,' the potential use of the verb. At present
this part of the Rhone is fordable in but one place.
H.
L.M.
A.
G.
B.
1 640. 4 (550, N. 4)
Cf. 3x9
493, t & a (113, r,
N.)
4X0, R. X
97, iu
a 504.3(449.1.2)
X046
300, 9 & ^ (196, tf ,
9&N.)
sax. 5, N. 3
«44. x,U
3 838(235)
385
i8x, a (198, tf, x)
X31. «
1x6, I
4 495» 4. N. (384, 4. N. 9)
538
377 (235. «)
350.x
x88, X, N.
5 399. » (445, 8)
829
307, a (900, a)
6x5 & H.
a5». 3
6 59*. « (503. 0
836
535 (320)
631, 1
a83,x
7 X64, X (174, t, x)
968; 1080
X37. « (95. rt)
97, R. 9
8x, 4. ^
8 570(500, u)
905
537. I (3x9. 0
55a. X
984, t
9 485, 9 (495, ii, 9)
696
499, I (258,/, x)
385. N. X
928. X. h
10 476(420)
645
409 (948, c)
401
9X8
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BOOK I, CHAP. 5-7 26 1
55, I. persuasoros : see on conciltaturum, 53, 18. — bono animo: *6f
kindly feeling,' abl. of quality used predicatively,^ sc. esse.
55, 2. viderentor : subj. of subordinate clause in indir. disc ; ^ the
sequence depends on the main verb existimabanty not on the fut.
infin.*
55.3. ut . . . paterentur: r<?^<?, like/^j«<i</?^ (seeonw-z/aftf/i, 5a, 9),
may take an obj. clause of purpose with «/;* but the infin. is commoner,
cf. dicer e coegerunt^ 53, 24. — eos : see on //>, 54, 14.
55, 4. die : see on itineribus^ 54, 18. For gender, see on die^ 53, 25,
and note the change of gender in the next sentence where the idea of
an appointed day is dropped.
55, 5. conveniant: rel. clause of purpose.* For the sequence,' cf.
exeant^SA'^ 5, and see on essent, 54, 11. — a. d. v. Kal. Apr.: read ante
diem quintum KaUndas Apriles, but translate * March 28,' " though the
actual equivalent in terms of our calendar is not certain, owing to the
confusion into which the Roman calendar had fallen through the manipu-
lations of the pontiffs, who had charge of it. In 46 B.C. Julius Caesar
established a reform which is the basis of our present calendar.
55, 6. consolibus : = 58 B.C., see on 5a, 8. This Piso was Caesar's
father-in-law.
55. 7- Chapter 7. Caesari : note the emphatic position, and pre-
serve the emphasis in translation by a change of construction, * Caesar,
when it (Jd) had been reported that they were undertaking . . .
hastened.' See on Gallos, 51, 4. — nuntiatom esset: s^e on cum . . .
conaretur, 53, 29. — eos . . . conari : in apposition with id, and in indir.
disc because it is the fact reported.
55, 8. facere: complementary infin.^ with conari; so proficisci with
matured. Note that the complementary infin. has no subject ace,
but denotes another action of the subject of the verb on which it
depends. — urbe : often = * Rome,' the city par excellence in a Roman's
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 473, 9, N. 9 (419, 9, 4) 643 4x5, H. (951, N.) 400 994, «
a 643 (594) 788 580 (336, 9) 650 3x4. 1
3 548 (495. iv) 808 585 (336. B) 5x8 Cf. 970, 1, r
4 565 (498. ") 895 563 (331) 553, 9 & N. 995, X
5 590 (497i «) 835 53X, 9 (3x7, 9) 630 989, 9
• 546 (495i ") 805 48s, / (987, 0 5". «. X a68, 3
7 754-55(649-44) 1171: "74 63X,rf&/; 494,/'(376, P.491-92 371.5:379
d%Le\ 959,0
8 607, N. (533) 954 456 (97X) 493 398, X
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262 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
eyes. Cf. the modern use of * town ' by people living near large cities,
as, * I've been in town/ — Caesar was outside the city (as is shown by
aby not ex) J for as proconsul (see Introd. § 8), with full military powers,
he could not legally enter Rome. This law was a safeguard against
usurpation of tyranny by a military commander.
55, 9. quam mazimis potest : * by the longest possible ' ; cf. quam
maximum, 52, 26, without potest, — itineribiM : abl. of manner. — ulte-
riorem : of Transalpine Gaul, to distinguish it from Gallia citerior or
Cisalpina, in the plain of the Po.
55, 10. ad : note thb use with the name of a town.* — penreiiit : Plu-
tarch, Z.^ of Caesar, ch. 17, says that he arrived on the eighth day.
The rapidity of this first move of Caesar in his Gallic campaigns is
thoroughly characteristic of him ; see Introd. § 16.
55, II. imperat: 'makes requisition for,' with dir. obj. of what is
required, and indir. obj. of that on which the demand is made.
55, 12. legio: the tenth, which became Caesar's favorite corps. On
the Roman legion, see Introd. § 27.
55; 13* rescindi: with its subject pontem it forms the obj. diiubet.^
Most verbs of ordering take the subjunctive.
55, 14. Ubi : see on ubi, 54, 6.
55, 15. nobilissimos: appositive to legates,
55, 17. qui : the antecedent is legatos, the clause r</fkr . . . obtinebant
being parenthetical. — dicerent: <to say,' rel. clause of purpose, like
conveniant, 1. 5. — sibi (possessor •) esse in animo, etc. : * that they pur-
• posed to march,' lit. * that to march was to them in mind ' ; facere is
subject of esse,
55, 19. nnllam : somewhat emphasized, not by virtue of being at the
end of the clause, which is ordinarily not a place of emphasis in the
Latin sentence, but partly owing to its separation from iter, and partly
because it is unusual to have an adj. at the end of a sentence.^ Its un-
usual position gives it prominence, whereas a verb at the end is not at all
emphasized because that is its commonest place. — rogare : sc. Jtf as
subject ; the purpose clause «/ . . . liceat is the obj.*
H. L.M. A G. B.
f 418, 4 (380, U, 0 517
4a8, a (358, S, N. a)
337. R- 4
18a, 3
a 6x4(535,") 968
563. a (331, a)
S3*
33».a
3 430(387) 54a
373 (93O
349
190
4 665, 9 & 4 (561, ii & iii) 1 147 ;
1149
67a. a («)
349;3SO,tx,«
5 56s (498 ») 894
563 (33O
546 & N. X
895,1
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BOOK I, CHAP. 7 263
55, 20. YOluntate: 'with his approval,' specification.* — liceat: not
changed in mood or tense ^ from its direct form ; but haberent is subj.
merely because it is in a subordinate clause of an indir. quotation, and
its tense follows the sequence of dicer ent,^ In translating a passage of
shifting sequence do not imitate the change. Here make rogare and
liceat conform to esse and haberent^ < they asked that they might be per-
mitted ' ; not * they ask that they may be permitted.' The actual words
of the envoys were : Nobis est in animo . . . habemus nullum ; rogamus
ut tua voluntate id nobis facere liceat. — memoria (abl. of means) tene-
bat : takes indir. disc, like a verb of knowing.
55, 22. Helvetiis : i.e. the Tigurini, one of the four cantons of the
Helvetians. This disaster occurred in 107 B.C. — sub iugum: the yoke
consisted of two spears set in the ground and a third fastened across
them at the tops. To be sent under the yoke was the greatest humilia-
tion a Roman soldier could suffer. On this occasion the officer who
signed the degrading terms of capitulation was convicted of treason by
the home government. — concedendum : sc. esse ; so with occisum, etc.,
just before. The construction is impers., ^did not think concession
should be made ' (* it should be conceded ').
55, 23. animo: abl of quality used attributively; cf. animo, 1. i. —
data facultate: abl. abs., expressing a condition,^ Mf an opportunity
should be given.'
55, 24. faciundi: gerundives of the third and fourth conjugations
often end in -undus.^ — iniuria : stronger than * injury.'
55,26. dum: * until,' with the subj. expressing purpose,* * until the
men should assemble.'
55, 27. diem: *time.'
55, 28. vellent : subj. for the same reason as haberent, 1. 19 ; the
tense depends on reverter entur^ which itself depends on respondit, —
reverterentur : for an imperative^ of the original statement, which was.
Diem ad deliberandum sumam; si quid vultis, ad Idus Apriles rever-
timini,
H. L.M. A. G. B.
480 (424)
650
418, a (253, N.)
397
226
644, X (595, 1)
X033
585, 3 & N. (336, B, tf , & N. x)
654 &N.
318
547 (495» i«)
807
482, a (285, 2)
517
267.1
575. 9 (507, 3f N. 7)
640
4ao, 4 (855, d, 4)
593.2
t27, 2, b
243 (339)
39t
P. 89, ftn. X (la, d)
130,8
xx6, 2
603. M, a (5i9f M» a)
921
553 (328)
572
293. iii, :
7
64a & 4 (583, iii)
Z093
588&N.x(339&N.x)
65a
Digitized by V
316
j00qI(
264 NOTES ON THE GALUC WAR
56, I. Chapter 8. legione, militibus: abl. of instrument.
56, 5. millia: ace. of extent of space. — xvmi: to be read undevi-
ginti; this is the distance, following the windings of the river, from
Geneva to the Pas de TEcluse : see on unum, 54, 19. — mttrum . . . fos-
samqiie : the defenses of Caesar were on the left (south) bank of the
Rhone, where traces of them have been found. Only fwt places, aggre-
gating some three miles in length, required artificial fortification. Else-
where the abruptness and height of the bank made it hopeless for the
Helvetian wagon trains to attempt a passage. At these five places the
gentler slope was cut down from the top so as to form a nearly perpen-
dicular wall sixteen feet high, and the dirt being thrown down the bank
left a ditch at the foot of the wall. It is estimated that not over three
or four days were required for this work. — pedum: gen. of quality
limiting mnrum; cf. nunsumy 54, 11.
56, 6. praesidia: ^ garrisons,^ stationed in the forts (casiella)^ which
were built near the places liable to be attacked.
56,7. quo, etc.: <that the more easily.^ ^ — se invito: 'against his
will,' abl. abs. ; se is indir. reflexive.*
56, 8. conarentur: subj. of attraction * ; its sequence is due to posset,
which depends on annalistic (hist.) presents.^
56, 9. dies : note the gender ; see on diej 53, 25.
56, 10. negat se . . . posse : < said that he could not ' (not < denied that
he could ') . — more : abl. of cause, * owing to,' etc
56, 12. oonentnr: do not preserve the primary sequence* in trans-
lation, Mf they attempted (not * attempt') ... he would (not 'will')
prevent' (dir. disc, si . , . conabiminiy prohibebo), — ea spe deiecti:
'disappointed in (lit, 'cast down from') that hope.'*
56, 15. si . . . possent: indir. question* depending on conati^ which,
though a participle, may be translated as a finite verb, * tried to see
if they could.' Begin the next clause with 'but.'
56, 16. operis munitione: 'by the strength (lit., 'defending') of the
works.'
56, 17. conatu: for the constr., cf. spe, 1. 12.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 568. 7 (497. ii. a)
908
53*. « (3»7. ^)
545. »
a8a, X,
a 504 (449» >)
XO46
300, a (196, tf, a)
sax
a44. «.
3 659 (539, ii)
793
593 (34a)
6a9
3a4
4 546(495.")
80s
485, / (987, r)
511, R. I
a68.3
5 46a (4M)
600
40a (.43.*)
390,9
ai4
6 649,11,3(539,11, 1, N.l)
8za
576. « (334,/)
460, 1 (*)
Digitized by LjOO^
300,3
BOOK I, CHAP. 8-IO 265
56, 18. Chapter 9. una: *only'; usually stronger than *one.' —
qua: instrumental abl., denoting the way by which. ^
56, 1 9. Sequanis invitis : used like data facuUcUe^ 55, 23. — angustias :
see 54, 19-
56, 20. His : for its position, see on horum, 51, 6. — sua sponte : ' b>
themselves.'
56, 21. possent : see on cum . . . conaretur^ 53, 29.
57, I. 60 deprecatore: ^through him as mediator,' abl. abs. express-
ing means. ^ — impetrarent : pure purpose.'
57, 2. plurimum poterat : cf. plurimum possent^ 53, 16 f.
57, 4. filiam, etc. : see 53> I3-
57, 5. novis rebus: * revolution,' essential complement or indir. obj.
of an intr. verb.*
57, 6. beneficio : abl. of cause.
57, 7. rem: * mission.'
57, 8. impetrat ut . . . patiantur: * obtains permission for the Hel-
vetii to go,' etc. (lit., * obtains that they permit,' etc.); the dir. obj.
of impetrat is the clause with «/.* So //// . . . dent is the obj. of
perficit,
57, 9. obsides : obj. of dent ; note its emphatic position, see on
G alios, 5X9 4*
57, 10. Sequani, Helyetii : in apposition with the subject of dent,
57, 1 1 . ne . . . prohibeant, ut . . . transeant : pure purpose, depend-
ing on dent. With the sequence after the annalistic presents, 1. 9 flf.,
cf. 56, 8. — itinere : abl. of separation.
57, 15. Chapter 10. Helvetiis . . . animo: cf. sibi esse in animoj
55, 17 f-
57, 18. non longe : about 125 miles, no great distance for a migratory
and warlike people to travel, especially when the intervening country
was open and easily crossed. To be sure Helvetia was much nearer
the province, but the mountains and the Rhone, with its steep banks,
made the eastern part of the Roman territory more secure. — Tolosa-
tium: the modem Toulouse preserves the name of the ancient city
H. L.M. A. G. B.
476 (420, 1, 3)
644
429. a (a58, f)
389
ax8,9
489, 1 (431, a)
640
419. « (»55. «)
409
aa7, I
568 (497, ii)
899
531. 1 (3»7. 0
545
a8a, I
4*4 (3841 >)
530
368. 3 («a7, /, 3)
346, R. a
X87, ii, a
566 (498. ii)
895
563 (33O
553. «
Digitized by v:
a95. «
iooQle
266 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
Tolosa; so Narbonne comes from Narbo, Marseilles from Massilia.
But more commonly it is an old tribal name that is preserved in a
modern town name, as Parisii in Paris, Santones in Saintes (and in
the name of the old province Saintonge), Camutes in Chartres, etc
57y 19* CL11M ciyitas : not ^ which state,^ but < a state which/ or, begin-
ning a new sentence, ^ This state.^
57, 20. si fieret : indir. disc, depending on the secondary tense in-
tellegebat,^ The condition is fut, as the apodosis (fut. infin. futurum)
shows, but the context alone makes it dear ^ that it b of the form which
states the future supposition distinctly and vividly, and so had in the
dir. disc the fut. indie*
57, 22. nt . . . haberet: subst. clause of result, subject oi futurum
[esse].* The subject oi haberet is implied from proinnciae. The tense
b due to intelUgebcUf being habeat in Caesar^s original thought
57, 23. loots : see on lociSj 54, 26.
57, 25. monitioni: essential complement or indir. obj. of a transitive
cpd. verb.* — Labienum: Caesar^s most capable lieutenant throughout
the Gallic War. At the outbreak of the Civil War he joined Pompey.
— legatum : see Introd. § 32.
57, 26. Italiam : = Cisalpine Gaul, between the Rubicon and the Alps,
which, after the subjection of the Celts (222 B.C.), had been rapidly
Romanized, and was already considered a part of Italy, although not
formally annexed until 43 B.C.
57, 27. circum : the soldiers, in accordance with Roman custom, were
quartered for the winter near, not within, the dty. — Aquileiam: an
important military and commercial center at the head of the Adriatic
It was destroyed by the Huns under Attila in 452 a.d., the very year in
which Venice was founded by fugitives who were seeking refuge from
the barbarians.
57, 29. per Alpes : he apparently took the Mt. Gen^vre pass.
58, 2. Compluribus . . . pulsis : the interlocked order, compiuribus
proeliis and his pulsis belonging together. Translate the partidple as
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 545, u, X (493, i) 1031 484, b (a86, R. b) 510 «67, a & 3
a Cf. 646 & I (597, i & ii) X034-35 589, a (337, a) 656, 3; cf. 658 319-ao
3 574, X & a (508, a) 933 5x6, X & «» (307, 1 & a) 595 30a, i
4 571, I (50X, i, x) 903 569, a (33a, tf, a) 553. 4 a97, a
5 548 (495, »v) 808 585(336,8) 5x8 Cf. aTO
6 499, X (386, x) 534 370 & a (aa8 & a) 347 X87, tii, •
Digitized by VjOOQIC
BOOK I, CHAP. lo-ll 267
active, 'having routed these tribes.* — ab: with the name of a town
from which distance is measured, * he arrived on the seventh day from
Ocelum*; cf. the use with longe> — citerioris: see on uUeriorem^ 55, 9.
58, 3. eztremmn : sc. oppidum,
58, 6. trans Rhodanum : Caesar crossed the Rhone above its junction
with the Sa6ne (Arar), and consequently was east of the Sa6ne and
north of the Rhone. The Segusiavi occupied territory on both sides
of the Sa6ne. It is estimated that Caesar had taken some fifty or sixty
days for his journey to Italy. He now had an army of six legions,
aggregating probably not far from 25,000 men (see Introd. § 27), and
an unknown number of provincial soldiers (55, 10 f.).
58,7. Chapter ii. angustiAs: the narrow pass of the Ecluse
(54» 19)-
58, 8. in Haednomm fines : not all of the Helvetii had yet crossed
the Sa6ne (Arar) and entered the Haeduan country, for a fourth part
of them are cut to pieces on the east bank (1. 30 ff.). While their long
emigrant train, plundering as it advanced, had gone some 100 miles,
Caesar had been to the head of the Adriatic and back, and had levied
two new legions in the meantime.
58, II. possent: introduced by causal cum?
58, 12, rogatnm: supine, expressing purpose.' — Ita . . . deboerint:
the tenor of their remarks given in indir. disc, without any introductory
verb of saying further than is implied in rogatum. In translation sup-
ply 'saying^ or a similar word. — Ita se . . . de popnlo . . . meritos esse :
* that they have served the people so well.' The Haedui had been allies
of Rome since about 123 B.C., and they also claimed kinship with the
Romans.
58, 14. nostri : with exercitus. — yastari . . . debtierint : 'ought not to
have been ravaged.*
58, 15. debnerint: result clauses often take the perf,^ even in viola-
tion of sequence, to emphasize the result as an accomplished fact.
With meritos esse a secondary sequence would be regular.^ Of the
H. L. M. A. G. B.
I 469, a (41a, a, 3)
606
4a8, a (958, a, N. i)
39«. R. X
JW9»a
« 59«(5«7)
863
549 (3»6)
586
a86.a
3 633(546)
1005
509(302)
435
340,1
4 618, a (537, 1)
980
486, a (a88. a)
ayo, a
5 55o(495»v»)
806
485,r&N. 1 (a87,f&R.)
5«3
a68,6
6 548 (495, W)
809
585. « (336, B, N. a)
518
Digitized by V.
a68, a
268 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
tenses of the infin. the perf. alone governs sequence ; a subj. depending
on a pres. or fut. infin. tcdces its sequence from-the main verb ; d.fuiurum
ut * , . haberety 57, 22, and see note.
58, 17. depopulatis : perf. participles of deponent verbs are sometimes
used passively.^ Observe that the perf. denotes an action complete at
the time of prohibere,
58, 18. Allobroges: they were subjects of Rome. The Ambarri were
allies of the Haedui and therefore friendly to Rome. On these three
peoples the Helvetii doubtless inflicted as much injury as they could.
They appear to have observed faithfully their agreement with the
Sequani (57, 12).
58, 20. sibi : possessor. — solum : note the d,
58, 21. reliqui : partit. gen.* with nihil^ * nothing left.' — Quibus : sec
on qt4ay 51, 11. — non exspectandmn [esse] sibi : * ' that he ought not to
wait' (lit, * that it ought not to be waited by him ').
58, 22, dam . . . pervenirent : denotes expectation ; ^ cf. dam . . .
convenirent, 55, 26, expressing purpose. — in Santonos : = in Santonum
fines (57, 17), a very common use of tribal names.
58, 24. Chapter 12. Flumen, etc. : 'there is a river, the Sa6ne.'
— per: < through'; in a part of its course, too, it flowed between the
Haedui and the Sequani.
58, 26. lenitate : abl. of quality*; cf. ammo, 55, 23. — in . . . float :
indir. quest.,' depending on iudicari, and forming the subject of possit.
58, 27. Id : not emphatic, but it serves to connect the thought closely
with the previous sentence ; cf. hisy 56, 20.
58, 28. tranaibant : probably at a point near Tr^voux, about half-way
from the junction with the Rhone to M^con (Matisco). Note the im-
perf. tense ; the crossing took twenty days (59^ 21). — Ubi : see on 54, 6.
58, 29. tres partes : * three fourths ' ; so quattuor partes, < four fifths,'
etc. — partes, flumen : objs. of a transitive verb compounded with trans,
flumen belonging closely with the prep.'
58, 30. citra : />. on the east side.
H. L.M. A G. B.
X 909, 9 (931, 9) 190, b (135, l>) 167, N. 9 119, *
« 440. 5 (397. «) 5^ 346, tf, X (at6, tf, x) 369 aof , 1
3 431 (388) 544 374 (a3a) 355 189. «
4 603. a, 9 (519, u, 9) 991 553 (3«8) 57« •93. »«>. «
5 473. « (4»9. ") 643 4x5 (951) 400 994
6 649, ii (599, i) 810 574 (334) 467 300, X, a
7 4x3 (376) SOX 395 (239, b) 331, R. X X79, X
Digitized by
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BOOK I, CHAP. 11-13 269
59, I. Ararim: several names of rivers have the ace. in -im.^
59, 4. concidit : observe the f. — It is possible, though by no means
certain, that the site of this battle is marked by relics of bones, weapons,
bracelets, etc, which were found in 1862 near Tr^voux in the valley of
the Formans, a small tributary of the Sa6ne.
59,5. mAndanmt: see on oppugnarant, 54, 16. — in silyas: limit
of motion, while our idiom expresses place where, 'hid themselves in
the woods.'
59, 6. omnis, diriaa est : as in 51, i.
59, 8. unus: < alone,* see on una, 56, 18. — domo: cf. 54, 12.
59, 9. memoriji: abl. of time within which.^ — Cassium: cf. 55, 21.
59, 10. casu, conailio: abl. of cause.
59, II. quae pars civitatis . . . ea : < that part of the state which,* etc ;
the rel. precedes its antecedent ea^ and the subst. accompanies the rel.'
59, 12. populo: see on munitioniy 57, 25. — princeps, etc: *was the
first* to pay the penalty.'
59, 14. soceri: this is the Piso mentioned in 55, 6, as consul of this
year (58 B.C.). Caesar had married his daughter Calpumia the year
before.
59, 1 5. quo Cassinm : sc. inter fecerani.
59, 18. Chapter 13. nt: on its position, see on vix qua^ 54, 20.
— pontem . . . faciendum curat: <he had a bridge built' ^ The bridge
was probably a rude structiu^ of logs.
59, 20. cnm . . . intellegerent : not defining the time (a meaning
. which requires the indie.) of the main action mittunt^ but expressing
a subordinate circumstance accompanying the main act ; see on cum . . .
conaretury 53, 29. — id : obj. oifecisse.
59, 21. diebus: time within which. — at . . . transirent: < namely, the
crossing of the river,* a result clause, appositive to id; see on jv/ . . .
exeani, 54, 5-
59, 23. bello Cassiano : abl. of time when.* As this war came forty-
nine years before (see on Helvetiis^ 55, 22), Divico must have been an
H. L.M. A. G. B.
z loa, 3, N. (6a, iii, x) Cf. 187 74, d (55, d) 57, R. i 38. «
a 487 (439) 63X 493 (256) 393 a3»
3 399» 3 (445. 9) 8ai 307* ^ & N. (aoo, h & M.) 616, 690 tSXf 4t «
4 497» 3 (442» N.) 990 (191) 395, ». 5 939; cf. 941. a
5 699 (544, 2, M. a) 994 500, 4 (994, ^) 430 337, 7, h, a
6 486(499) 630 4*3 (a56) 394t «• a3o. »
Digitized by
Google
270 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
old man. If the Helvetii had desired to make terms with Caesar, they
would hardly have sent this former conqueror of the Romans, puffed up
as he was by his ancient victory.
59, 24. Si, etc. : Divico^s speech is indirectly quoted. — Si . . . faceret
. . . itoros: same constr. as sifieret . . .futurumy 57, 20.
59, 25. pacem : the contrast between the policies of peace and of war
is emphasized by the position oi pacem and bello,
59, 26. partem : sc. Galliae ; they of course had no thought of return-
ing home after having emigrated in spite of Caesar.
59, 27. constituisset : < should settle' ; the idea is evidently fut., — for
Caesar has not yet settled the Helvetii anywhere, — and the plpf. repre-
sents a completed act in a secondary sequence ; consequently the dir.
disc, had fut. perf. indie* — perseveraret : ]ike /acerety 1. 25.
59, 28. reminisceretnr : ' let him (or < he had better') recall to mind ^ ;
for imper.^ reminiscere of dir. disc. — incommodi: obj. of a verb of
remembering."
59, 29. Quod . . . adortos esset : 'as to his having attacked' ; for quod
. . . adortus es of the actual speech.*
59, 30. transissent : in the perf. system of eoy wherever ii precedes j,
contracted forms* were preferred ; forms with v were generally avoided.
The subj. is due merely to subordination in indir. disc
60, I. possent: like intelUgerent^ 59, 22, hence not changed in indir.
disc. ; and it would not change even if the introductory verb egU were'a
primary tense. — ne . . . tribueret : differs from reminisceretury 59, 28,
only in being negative ; noli tribuere was the dir. form.*
60, 2. magnopere . . . tribueret: < ascribe too much,' etc.
60, 3. at . . . contenderent : pure result ^ of ita didictsse» — yirtnte, dolo,
etc. : means. * That they had learned such doctrines (Jtd) from their
fathers and ancestors that they contended by means of valor more than
they relied on trickery or ambuscades.'
60, 4. Quare, etc. : * Accordingly he had better not give occasion for
that place ... to take,' etc — ne committeret : like tu tribueret y 1. i f.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 644, 9 (525, 9) 748 484, c (986, R., end) 244 969, X, h
a 649t 4 (593* i"i N.) X093 588 (339) 659 3x6
3 454 & X (406, U) 588 350, c (919) 376 906, 9
4 588, 3. N. (516, ii, 9, N.) 847 579, a (333, a) 595, 9 999, a
5 938, 9 (935) 339-33 «03» ^ & ^ (198, a, 2) 131, X rx6, i
6 561, I (489, x) 728 588, N. 9 (339, N. 2) 970, R. 9 976, e
7 570 (500, ii) 905 537» X (3x9. «) 55a, « 984, i .
Digitized by VjOOQIC
BOOK I, CHAP. 13-14 271
60y 5. lit . . . caperet : result, obj. of commUteret> — constitisseiit :
for fut. perf. of dir. disc, since they had not yet taken their position for
battle. — Divico's speech directly quoted would be: Si . . , faciei^ . . .
ibunt atque ibi erunt Helvetii ubi eos /i#, Caesar, constitueris atque
esse volueris ; sin . . . per sever abisy reminiscere . . . Quod . . . adortus
esy cum ii qui flumen transierant suis . . . possent, noli . . . aut tuae . . .
tribuere aut nos despicere; nos . . . maioribusque nostris didicimus ut
. . . contendamus'^ quam . . . nitamur, Quare noli committere ut is locus
ubi constiterimus . . . nomen capiat aut memoriam/r^<^.
60y 8. Chapter 14. Caesar^s answer is likewise indirectly quoted.
— Bo : < on that account,^ explained by the appositive causal clause quod
. . . teneret,
60) 9. dnbitationis : partit. gen.' with minus, * that less hesitation
was allowed him from the fact that {eo quod) he remembered/ etc
60, 10. eo . . . quo : amount of difference.^
60, II. ferre: sc x^ as subject. — merito: cf. moribus, 53» 23. *He
was the more annoyed by them, the less they had happened in accord-
ance with the deserts,' etc
60, 12. qui (see on qua, 51, 11) si: 'for if they' (/>. the Roman
people). — alicoius: 'some,' less indefinite than ^i//kf, *any.' — iniuriae:
obj. gen. with an adj. of knowing; cf. bellandi, 5a, 19. — fuisset: past
condition of action non-occurrent or contrary to fact.* — non foisse:
* it would not have been ' ; for nonfuit^oi dir. disc.
60, 13. eo . . . quod : as in 1. 8 f — deceptnm [esse] : sc eum {=^ po-
pulum Romanuni) as subject. — commissnm [esse] a se . . . quare timeret :
'that occasion had been given by them for fearing' ('wherefore they
should fear,' rel. clause of result').
60, 15. Quod (adverbial ace,' *as to which') si: 'but if.' — contu-
meliae : see on incommodiy 59, 28. — yellet : ' he (or ' they ') were will-
ing,' for vellem (or veUet) of dir. disc' Whether the subject still
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I S7«, 3 (50X. ". 0
90a
568 (33a) 553, «
a97. I
a 5So(495,vi)
806
485, c (287, r) 5^3
•68, 7. «
3 44a (397, 3)
564
346, a, 3 (ai6, a. 3) 369
aox, a
4 479, I (4a3)
65s
4x4, a (950, R.) 403
993
5 647 (527, Hi)
1037
589. ^. 1 (337. ^. x) 597. "• 4
3ai, B
6 647,3; 583,3 (597,
iii
, N. 9
; 5". ».
>H.3)
940
5x7, c (308, r) 597. R. 3
304. 3. «
7 591, a (500, 1)
836
537. a (319, a) 63X
a84,a
8 510, 9; 416, a (453,
6;
378,
«)
507
397, a (240, V) 6x0, R. %
185.2
9 647 (597, iii)
X037
589. ^. X (337, ^ x) 597» ». 4
sax, B
Digitized by
Google
272 NOrES ON THE GALLIC WAR
remains the Roman people, or shifts to Caesar, is not certain. There is
the same ambiguity in eo invito,
60, 16. iniurianim : obj. gen. with tfumoriamy L 18. — quod . . . vexas-
sent^ : substantive clauses in apposition with iniuriarumy having indie in
dir. disc.^
60, 18. posse: a purely rhetorical question, not expecting an answer,
if it is of the first or third person, is treated in indir. disc like a declara-
tive sentence and takes the infin.' with subject ace (here se implied).
* But if he were willing to forget the old affront, could he also set aside
the memory of the fresh wrongs, their having forcibly attempted (* the
fact that they had,' etc.) a journey through the province against his will,
their having harried the Haedui, the Ambarri, the Allobroges?'
60, 19. Quod . . . gloriarentur, etc. : cf. quod . . . adartus esset, 59, 29 f.
The subject is Helvetii implied. — victoria : of 107 B.C.
60, 20. eodem pertinere : * as for their boasting, etc , ... it all tended
to the same issue ' (as the old affront and the fresh wrongs), />. to the
overthrow of the Helvetii. "Whom the Gods would destroy they first
m<ike mad.'' Caesar doubtless hoped by the bit of moralizing which he
indulges in here to increase the confidence of his own soldiers, and to
dispirit the enemy.
60, 21. consuesse : * are accustomed.' * — quo : see on qtio^ 56, 7.
60, 22. doleant : ^ may suffer,' preserve in translation the primary
sequence of the rest of Caesar's speech. — quos . . . velint ; the rel.
clause, as often, precedes its antecedent (Jiis) ; * to grant unusual pros-
perity for a season and longer impunity (than would be expected) to
those whom,' etc.
60, 24. Cum : in reading Latin the meaning of cum must be held in
suspense until the context makes clear whether it is a preposition or a
conjunction, and if the latter, whether it is copulative (cum . . . tum^
< not only . . . but also '), temporal, causal, or concessive. Tamen fol-
lowing points to concession. — sint: not changed from dir. disc*
60, 25. dentur: see on sifieret^ 57, 20. — ea: obj. oifacturos [esse],
the subject of which is eos implied.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I «38(935)
385
z8i, a (128, a, i)
X3«.x
1x6, I
a 588» 3 (540, iv, N.)
848
573 & N. (333 & nO
► 525. >
999. ».
3 64a, 9 (523. ". a)
X024
586 (338)
651, R. I
315, «
4 399, a (997, i, a)
aos, N. a (143, N.)
175. 5
a6a,A
5 598(5x5.*")
863
549 (3*6)
587
Digitized by VjOO
309.3
BOOK I, CHAP. 14-15 273
60y 26. Haednis, Allobrogibns : indir. objs. of the intr. verb sa^ts-
faciatU. — ipsis : = the Haedui ; indir. obj. of a transitive q>d. verb.
Caesar^s speech in dir. disc. : £0 mihi . . . datur quod eas res quas
vos^ legati Helvetii^ commemorastis memoria Uneo^ atque eo gravius/irr<7
quo . . . acciderunt ; qui si . . . fiiisset, nonfuii . . . ; sed eo decepttis est
quod . . . itUellegebcU . . . putabat. Quod si . . . vellem (vellet), num
. . . quod me (eo) invito iter . . . temptastis . . . vexastis^ memoriam
deponere possum {potest) ? Quod vestra victoria . . . gloriamini^ quod-
que . . . w?jimpune . . . admiramini^^o^txa pertinet , Consuerunt emm
diiimmortales . . . ulcisci vo/unt si obsides a i/^tr mihidabuH'
tury uti ea quae pollicemini vos facturos intellegamy et si . . . intuUstis
. . . saiisfacietisy ego vobiscum ^^otvafaciam.
60, 30. consuerint : not changed from its dir. form ; see on 1. 5, ftn. 2.
— eins . . . testem : a parting taunt on the disaster of 107 B.C.
61, 6. Chapter 15. coactum habebat : it was from the use oihabeo
with a perf. part, that the modern perf. with * have * arose ; but in Caesar's
time habeo in this combination had its full force, * have, hold ' ; so here,
* he held, collected from the province.'^
61, 7. qui yideant : < to see,' rel. clause of purpose ;^ pL, referring to
a collective antecedent. — quas . . . faciant : indir. quest., obj. of videant,
61, 8. cupidiua: *too eagerly." — alieno: 'unfavorable,' />. * an-
other's ' ; opposite of sno, * one's own,' hence * favorable.'
61, 9. loco : see on locis, 54, 26.
61, 10. pauci, etc. : the rest took to flight led by Dumnorix ; see 63,
25. — proelio: cause.
6x, II. equitibus, agmine : cf legione and militibus, 56, i f.
6x, 13. proelio: manner, d^ proeliis, 51, 13.
61, 15. rapinis: separation. — prohibere: obj. oi habebat, satis serv-
ing as pred. ace.,* * he deemed it sufficient to hinder,' etc. — Ita ... uti :
' in such manner that.'
61, 17. primum [agmen]: *van.' — amplioa: neuter com p. adj. used
as a subst., subject of interesset, — quinis : i.e, five miles each day. —
millibiis : abl. of comparison.^
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 431. 3 (388, X, N.) X018 497, 6 (99a, e) 138 337, 6
a 590 (497. i) 835 531. a (317, 2) 630 aSa, a
3 498 (444f i) 678 a9i, a (93, a) »97, a 340, i
4 410, 1 (373» x) sax 393 (339, x, a) 340 X77, a
5 47X (4x7) 6x5 406 (a47) 398 ax7, i
MATH. CAESAR— 18
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274 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
6i, 19. Chapter 16. cotidie: emphatic from its position; interim
is not emphatic, but serves to connect the thought with what precedes.
— Haeduos fnunentum : both are objs.^ oi flagitare,
61, 20. essent . . . polliciti : implied indir. disc, (see on habuerit^
53, 10), representing as the original demand, * Give the grain which you
have promised ' (estis polliciti). — flagitare : infin. of intimation or hist.
infin.,2 intimating, but not distinctly declaring, repeated or persistent
action. * Meanwhile every day Caesar kept dunning the Haedui for the
grain which, as he said, they had promised in the name of the state.'
61, 21. frigora: *cold weather,^ *cold spells';^ Caesar was used to
the early springs of Italy. The climate of Gaul may have been colder
than it is now, owing to the great extent of its forests and marshes.
61, 22. frumenta : * grain crops' ; the pi. is regularly used of standing
grain.
61, 23. matura, etc. : it must have been towards the end of June, too
early for the harvest in the latitude of Gaul. — pabuli : the lack of green
fodder was due less to the weather than to the ravages of the Helvetian
emigrant train which had just passed over this same route.
61, 24. fnimento: abl. of means with uti.^ — flumine: see on qua^
56, 18.
61, 26. averterant : westward towards the Santones. At what point
they left the Sa6ne is not certain.
61, 27. Diem: duration of time. — ducere: *kept putting him off,' cf.
flagitare^ 1. 20. Dicer e is the same constr. — conferri, etc. : scfrumen-
turn ; * that it was being collected, was being brought up, was already
here.'
62, I. diutins: of. cupidius, 61, 8. — die: cf. itineridusy 54, 18, and
see note.
62, 2. fnunentum : obj. of metiri, which is itself subject ' of oporterety
<the distribution of grain to the soldiers was due.' See Introd. § 41.
— oporteret : note the sequence, depending not on instare^ but on the
verb (intelUxit) which introduces the indir. disc.*
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 4" (374) S^a 396(239. <^) 339 178. «»«
a 610, X (536, 1, N.) ToB-OQ 463 (275) ^47 335
3 138, a (X30, 9) xoo, c (75, c) ao4, n. 5 55, 4, c
4 477, X (421, i) 646 410, N. (349, N.) 407, N. X ax8, z
5 6x5 (538) 971 452 (270) 492 327, x
6 548 (495. iv) 808 585(336,6) 518 a. 070, 1, 4
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BOOK I, CHAP. 16-17 27s
63, 4. DiTiciaoo, Lisco : appositives with principibus, — magistratui :
essential complement or indir. obj. of an intr. cpd. verb.^
62,5. qnetn: *this official,' although the antecedent means * office.'
This shift in meaning by the use of a mere relative is easier in Latin
than in English, because magistratus = both * magistrate ' and * magis>
tracy.' -— quem vergobretum : the pron. is dir. obj, the subst. is pred.
obj., oi appellant \^ cf. Haeduos frumentum^ 61, 19.
6a, 6. in soos : ^ over his people.'
6a, 7. quod . . . sublevetur : implied indir. disc, representing Caesar's
charge, as accttso quod . . . fwn subUvor, — possit : as with conferri^
6x, 27, the subject b easily implied.
6a, ID. suaceperit : changed only in person, from susceperim.^ Ob-
serve that the pres. possit^ 1. 7, denotes an action incomplete, while the
perf. susceperit denotes an action complete, at the time of the main
verb.* — multo: cf. eo^ 60, 10.
6a, 13. Chapter 17. quod: rel. pron., its antecedent being the
implied obj. {id) oi proponit,
6a, 15. privatim : * as private citizens.' — plot possint : cf. piurimum
. . . possentj 53, 16 f.
6a, 17. ne* . . . conferant: *from bringing in'; for the pi., cf.
videanty 61, 7.
6a, 18. praestare . . . erepturi: indir. disc, in apposition with ora-
tioru ; * saying that it is better,' etc.
6a, 20. debere : sc. eos as subject, referring to the same persons as
multitudinerHj 1. 17. — quin . . . sint erepturi: observe that subordinate
quin is used only in dependence upon negative expressions of doubting,^
etc. ; cf. fwn esse dubium quin, 53, 16. The periphrastic form expresses
more definitely than the pres. subj. the futurity of the action.
6a, 21. superayerint : perf. subj. for fut. perf. indie, of the dir. disc,
< shall succeed in overpowering.' — una: adv., cf. 54> 14* — Haeduis:
dat. of the optional complement, denoting disadvantage ; ^ render here
by * from.'
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 499 (386) 539 370 (aaS) 347 X87, ill, I
a 4x0, X (373, 1) sn 393 (239, I, fl) 340 177, I
3 598(5x7) 863 549(326) 586 a86.2
4 545, i, I & a (499, 1 & a) 799 484. « («86, r. a) 5x0 967, 3
5 596» a (505. w, «) 898 558, b (331, r, a) 548 995, 3
6 595, X (504. 3. a) 9x3 558 & a (33a. g, r.) 555. a ^
7 4«7 (385. «i, a) 539 38x (999) 347. »• 5 x88, 9,rf
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276 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
6a, 22. quaeqne . . . gerantur: <and what is being done,* indir.
quest. ; or possibly rel. clause, with implied antecedent ea as second
subject of enuntiari,
6a, 23. a 86 : Liscus, as chief magistrate.
6a, 24. Quin etiam : * in fiact.* — quod . . . enontiarit : see on quod
. . . adortus esset, 59, 29.
62, 25. fecerit : for the constr., cf. f octant , 6z, 8.
6a, 26. qnam diu : < as long as.*
6a, 27. Chapter 18. Dumnorigem: see on principatumy 53, 11.
6a, 29. pluribns praesentibna : < with many present,' abl. abs.
63, I. dixerat, dicit: Liscus is subject.
63, 2. vera: pred. adj. with esse^ of which the subject is the indir.
disc, U. 2-22 ; < he finds the facts to be.*
^3) 3* Ipsum : emphatic, ' that Dumnorix is positively the man * (cf.
designari sentiebat, 62, 28). — summa audacia : * of the utmost daring ' ;
the abl. of quality always has a limiting adj. or gen.^
63, 4. renun : see on bdlandiy 5a, 19.
^3) 5< portoria : < customs duties,* including not only taxes on im-
ports and exports, but also tolls on all merchandise passing through the
country.
63, 6. yectigalia : * revenues * of all sorts, comprising the customs
duties and also taxes on land, buildings, mines, and various industries.
— redempta : the Haedui apparently, like the Romans, sold at auction
the privilege of collecting taxes. The highest bidder paid a lump sum
into the state treasury, and then through his agents extorted all he
could from the people. The publicans of the New Testament were tax
collectors of this sort. — habere : *he has held* (*and still holds* im-
plied) ; with an expression of duration of time (here compiures annos)
the pres. has the force of a continuing, not of a completed, perfect*
Dumnorigem continues to be the subject throughout the indir. disc.
63, 8. ad largiendum : gerund denoting purpose,'^ * for bribery.*
63, 1 1 . domi : loc* — largiter posse : cf. plus possinty 6a, 15.
63, 12. causa : note that with a preceding gen. the meaning is regu-
larly * for the sake.*
H. L.M. A. G. B.
« 473. « (4X9» w) 643 4x5 (a5«) 4«> ■'4
a 533. « (467. »". «) 73« 466 (976, a) 230 859, 4
3 628 (542, iii, N. a) 995 506 (300) 432 338, 3
4 484, a (436, ■) 6ax 437. 3 (2581 d) 4x1, R. a asa, t
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BOOK I, CHAP. 17-19 277
63, 14. nzorem: see 53, 13 f. — ez matre: ^on the mother's side,* a
half-sister.
63, 15. nuptam^ . . . conlocasse: 'he has given in marriage.*
63, 16. Helyetiis: essential complement or indir. obj. of the two
intr. verbs.2 — suo nomine: *on his own account,' abl. of cause.
63, 18. Diviciacus: see on principatum, 53, 11.
63, 19. sit : belongs with both demintUa and restiiutus^ but as usual
in such cases is expressed but once. — Si quid accidat: Mf anything
should happen/ implying misfortune ; a fut. supposition in the less vivid
form,* quoted without change in a primary sequence (depending on
reperit, 1. 2, a pres. of vivid narration or hist, pres., which, like proponit,
6a, 13, is followed by primary sequence* throughout the quotation).
The : podosis venire represents pres. indie of dir. disc, * he has the
greatest hope.'
63, 20. obtinendi : cf. this gerundive, which is a verbal adj. limiting
regni (lit, * of a king's power to be obtained,' which we translate * of
obtaining a king's power'), with the gerund largiendum^ I. 8, which is a
verbal subst.
63, 21. imperio: 'under the supremacy,' abl. of time when.
63, 23. quod . . . asset factum : cf. quod . . . adorius essetj 59; 29 f.
— proelium : see 61, 9 f.
63, 25. nam . . . praeerat : a parenthetical explanation, not part of
Caesar's discovery, hence dir. disc*
63, 26. aozilio Caesari : 'as aid (dat. of purpose^) for Caesar' (dat.
of interest').
63,29. Chapter 19. certissimae res: 'perfectly certain facts.'
— accederent : often pass, in force. For the mood, cf. susceperit^ 6a, 10.
— qnod . . . accusaretor : * namely, that he had,' etc, four fects, each
introduced by quod^ and in apposition with res ; cf. quod . . . vexassen/,
60, 16 if. The subjunctives are due to implied indir. disc ; * Caesar
H. L.M. A. O. B.
I 633,1(546,1) 1005 S09(3<») 43$ 340.'.^
a 4»6, 4, N. (385, i) S3X 367(327) 346 X87. ».«
3 576 (509) 936 5»6, * (307, 3) 596, X 303
4 546 (495» «») 785 485. ' (287, /) 509. « 268, 3
5 643, 3 (524, 2, x) 1028 583 (336, 6) 628, H. a 3x4, 3
6 433 (390. ") 548 382, I (933. «) 356 & K. I 191, 9,6
7 425, 2 (384, X, 2) 537 376 (23s, N.) 350, a 188, 1
8 649,1(528,0 79X 59a* 3 (34X* <') 508,3 3«3
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278 NOTES ON THE GALUC WAR
quotes fects with which he was acquainted at the time he is describing ;
* that (as he knew) he had led,' etc. ; see on habuerity 53, 10.
63, 30. dandos curasset : < had effected an exchange of ^ ; for the
constr., see on pontem . . , faciendum curat y 59, 18. For the fact, see
57, 9 f-
64, 2. ipsis: Caesar and the Haedui. — magirtrata: Liscus, the
vergobret.
64, 3. accuaaretur: observe the change of tense, 'was,^ not 'had
been/ — satis . . . causae (partit.^) : * reason enough.'
64, 4. quare . . . animadverteret : < for him either to take action him-
self against him ' (lit, * why he should,' etc.), a characteristic clause,*
changed only in tense (originally pres.) from the dir. disc.
64, 6. unum: <just one (see on 56, 18) consideration,' explained by
the clause with quod in apposition.
64,8. studium: < devotion.'
64, 9. cognoverat: <was acquainted with."
64, 10. ne . . . offenderet : complementary or subst. clause, obj. of a
verb of fearing.* — eius: *of Dumnorix'; pronouns, owing to their
variety, are clearer in Latin than in English, and frequently may be best
translated by proper names. — animum : * feelings.'
64, II. priusquam . . . conaretur: before attempting.*
64, 13. principem: <a (not *the') leading man.'
64, 14. omnium rerum: <in all matters'; the gen. is the case to ex-
press dependence of one subst. upon another, but in English such
dependence is often not expressed by * of.'
64, 15. eo: Diviciacus; so ipso in 1. 16.
64, 16. sint dicta : indir. quest.
64, 17. apud se : < before him,' Caesar.
64, 19. causa cognita, statuat : < he may come to a decision after
looking into the case.'
64, 20. Chapter 20. complezus : he ^Is at Caesar's feet, em-
bracing his knees.
64, 21. ne quid, etc. : ' not to come to any too severe (see on cupidiusy
61, 8) decision against his brother.' Observe that verbs of asking and
H.
L.M.
A
G.
B.
443 (397. 4)
564
346, a, 4 (2x6, «, 4)
369
aoi, 9
59i» 4 (503» 0
836
535, a (320, a)
631, X
a83. «
399, a (297, i. 9)
205, N. a (X43, N.)
236. R.
a6a.A
567 & X (498. iiif M. i)
897
564 (331,/)
$50, a
396.2
605, u (520, u)
880
55«. * (327)
577.1
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)OQle
BOOK I, CHAP. 19-ao 279
urging (cf. 1. 18 f.) take an obj. clause of purpose, with ut or ne and the
subj.,^ but not with the infin. as in English. — Scire se: < saying that
he knew' (not * knows,' see on praestarent^ 5a, 11). Observe the
sequence of the subjs., which take their time from coepU^ not from
obsecrare or any of the infins. within the quotation.
64, 22. ex eo : neuter. — plus . . . doloris : cf. satis . . . causae^ 1. 3.
64, 23. ipse : used like the reflexives (11. 22, 25, etc) to refer to the
speaker.
64, 24. ille : * Dumnorix,' subject of the next three verbs.
64, 25. posset: see on cum . . . cottar etury 53, 29. — crevisset: with
propterea quod. — qoibns . . . nervis : abl. of means.'
64, 27. fratemo : equivalent to an obj. gen.*
64, 28. si quid . . . accidisset : the apodosis existimaturum shows
that the condition is fiit., and the tense, denoting completed action,
represents accordingly an original fut. perf. indie* — ci: * Dumnorix.'
64, 29. cum ipse . . . teneret : in dir. disc, cum ego teneo of pres.
definite time,' or cum ego teneam of cause (cf. susceperit, 6a, 10).
65,1. fatorum nti : < it would result that' ; the subject oi futurum
is the result clause.
65, 3. plnribos verbis : < at greater length.'
65, 5. facial : coordinated with rogat, ' begs him cease his entreating,'
and equiv. to an obj. clause subordinated by i//.'^ — tanti . . . esse:
* that his friendship with him is so highly prized.' '
65, 6. eius YOlontati . . . condonet : < he will overlook ... out of
regard for his wish ' (lit., * will give up ... to his wish,' indir. obj.).
65, 8. reprehendat: cf. sint dicta, 64, 16.
65, ID. suspiciones : < suspicious actions,' the pi. being less abstract
than the sing., d./rigora, 61, 21.
65, II. condonare: Caesar's leniency with Dumnorix was possibly in
part due to hb desire to gratify Diviciacus, but doubtless still more to
the effect which he h6ped to produce on the Gauls in general.
H. L M A. G. B.
I 565(498.0
894
563 (33O
546
295,1
a 548(495»«v)
808
585 (336. B)
518
Cf. 270.1,
3 477.(4ai,i)
646
410 (349)
407
ai8, I
4 437 (395. K. a)
57«
348, a (217, a)
363,*
aoo
5 644.a(5a5,a)
748
484. c (286, R. b)
657»4
3«9.tf
6 600. i (531, i)
855
547 (325, N.)
580
289
7 565.4(499,")
781
565 & N. I (33». /, R.)
54<>, R. a
a95,8
8 448(404)
576
4x7 (asa, a)
380,1
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28o NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
65, 1 5. Chapter 2 1 . esset : indir. quest, depending on cognoscereni,
65, 16. in circoitu : <all around ' ; Caesar's scouts were to reconnoitre
the mountain on all sides, except of course where the enemy were en-
camped, and to discover the best means of reaching the heights above
the enemy without being observed by them. — qui cognoscerent misit :
* sent men to find out ' ; rel. clauses of purpose ^ often have an indef.
antecedent which is so easily understood that it need not be expressed ;
see on qui, 51 1 2.
65, 17. esse : sc. ascensum,
65, 18. pro praetore : < with the rank of commander,' i>. invested
with the right to exercise military command in the full authority of a
general. A lieutenant would exercise this right only at his commander's
pleasure. See Introd. § 32.
65,19. dacibus: < as guides,' appositive.
65, 20. consili sit : ^ pertains to his plan,' ^ viz. that Labienus should
swoop down on the enemy from the hill while he himself engaged them
in front.
65, 22. rei : obj. gen. with an adj. of knowing.^
65, 23. Sullae : against Mithridates, 88-84 B.C.
65, 24. in, etc. : *in that of,' etc. — Crassi : against Spartacus, 71 B.C.
65, 26. Chapter 22. tcnerctur : cf. this tense, which denotes action
still going on, with cognitus esset^ 66, i, which denotes action completed,
at the time of the main action accurrit,
^5* 27. passibus: better explained as abl. of amount of difference*
with abesset than as abl. of comparison with longius.^
66, 3. a . . * insignibus : < from . . . ornaments,' such as plumes
and horns on the helmets.
66, 5. erat . . . praeceptum: impers , ^orders had been given,' the
subject being the purpose clause with ne.^
66, 9. yisae essent : see on habueriiy 53, 10, and si quid . . . acd-
disset^ 64, 28.
66, II. fieret: pure purpose
66,18. timore perterritum : * panic-stricken.'
H. L.M. A. G. B
I 590 (497. ») «3S 53«» a (3«7. «) ^J© a8a, a
a 447 (403) 556 343. ^ (214. 0 366 X98, 3
3 450-51 (399, 1. 9) 573 349. « (ai8. «) 374. N. 4 a<H, i
4 479. 3 (4*3. N. a) 655 425. ^ (257. ^) 403. N. x aa3
5 47X, 4 (417, X, N. a) 6x8 407. c («47. c) 296, r. 4 ax7, 3
6 S64fii(499.3) 894 566 (33«. *) 546. « 994
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fiOOK I, CHAP. 21-24 281
66, 19. quod: the implied antecedent is obj. of renuntiavisse, ^\is^
TWO : * as seen.'
66, 21. quo consnerat interrallo : = eo intervallo ^ quo consuerat (se-
qui), *at the usual distance/ i.e. five or six miles ; see 6x, 17.
66, 23. Chapter 23. diet : poss. gen. limiting postridie, which was
originally a substantive (Ht., <on that day's following day^).
66, 24. cum : < before ' (lit., < when '). — frumentum, etc. : see on 6a,
2. — oporteret : * was due,' implied indir. disc, Caesar's thought at the
time being, biduum superest cum . . . opartet.
66, 25. a Bibracte : names of towns take a prep, when they denote
the place from which distance is measured.^
66, 26. millibos : see on passibus, 65, 27.
66, 27. XVIII : = duodeviginti.
66, 28. prospiciendum [esse] : impers., ' provision must be made.* —
ATertit : he goes northward.
66, 29. fugitivos : * runaway slaves ' ; deserters are perfugae (70, 15)
or transfugae.
67, 2. existimarent : not stated as Caesar's reason, which he is will-
ing to vouch for (with the indie, the mood of facts), but as the reason
of the Helvetii which he quotes,' the subj. intimating that the statement
is a quotation (implied indir. disc). — co magis : cf. eo gravius^ 60, 10.
— snperioribns, etc.: abl. abs. expressing concession, ^although they
had seized,' etc.
67, 3. eo quod : * from the fact that,' cf. eo sibi . . . quod^ 60, 8 f. — re :
abl. of separation.
67, 4. posse : sc. Romanos as subject.
67, 5. itinere conyerso : ' turned back,' to follow Caesar. — a : < on,'
see on a, 51, 16.
67, 7. Chapter 24. animum advertit : has the same meaning
and takes the same constructions as the, far commoner compound
animadverto (64, 4 f.). Id is the obj.
67, 9. qui sustineret : cf. qui cognoscerent misH, 65, 16.
67, 10. in colle medio : ^ < half-way up the hill.'— triplioem aclem : see
Introd. § 46.
H.
L.M.
A.
0.
B.
I 479f 3 (4*3. W. ■)
655
4x4 (950)
403
293
2 46a, 9 (41a. u, 3)
606
4a8, a (958, a, n. x)
391. «• »
929,
3 588. U (516, u)
788, 791
540 (3a«)
54«
986.
4 497, 4 (440, H. l)
565
293 («93)
991, R. 9
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ooq\
282 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
67, II. quattaor : the one legion which Caesar found in further Gaul
on his first arrival (55, I2)yand the three legions which he brought later
from Aquileia (57» 27). — summo : * top of.' ^
68, 3. ab lis : i.e. the two legions of raw recruits from hither Gaul
(57, 26 f.) and the auxiliary forces (Introd. § 29). Caesar was doubt-
less afraid to trust these troops in a pitched battle.
68, 4. moniri: in 1886 the remains of an ancient intrenchment were
discovered on the hill of Armecy, southeast of Mont Beuvray on which
Bibracte stood, and answering to the only indication given by Caesar
of the site of the battle, viz. that it was within eighteen Roman miles
from Bibracte (66, 25 ff.). In 1889 nine other trenches were discovered
containing ashes, charcoal, and crumbling bones ; and still more recently
fragments of bones, armor, and weapons, have been found near by.
The intrenchment is in the shape of a crescent, 300 yards wide from
tip to tip, and was evidently hurriedly made to serve only a temporary
purpose. There is no doubt that this is the site of Caesar's fortifica-
tions.
68, 5. confertissima acie : the Gauls fought in close masses, and
were thus always at a disadvantage with the open, flexible batde line of
the Romans.
68, 6. phalange : as they advanced in close order, the men in the
front line held their shields before them so that they overlapped, form-
ing an unbroken defense against the enemy's spears.
68,8. Chapter 25. suo: sc. equo rentoto. — omnium: i.e. of all
his oflScers and staff, not of his cavalry. Caesar's willingness to share
danger on an equal footing with his men shows us one reason for their
unfailing loyalty to him. See Introd. § 16.
68, 10. cohortatus : before a battle a Roman officer regularly ad-
dressed words of encouragement to his army.
68, 12. pills: javelins were generally thrown when the enemy were
some 75 or 100 feet distant, and with such force and accuracy that the
enemy's line was often broken. When the armies came together, the
sword was used. See Introd. § 39.
68, 16. Gallis . . . impedimento quod : *the Gauls (dat. of interest*)
were greatly hampered (* it was for a great hindrance,' dat. of tendency
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 497. 4 (440i N. 1) 565 293 (193) 291, R. 2 241, I
a 425, 4 (384. i» 2) 537 376 (a3S. N.) 350, 1 188, i
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BOOK I, CHAP. 24-26 283
or service *) in fighting by the fact that,' etc The clause with quod
is subject of erat,'^
68, 20. inflezlBset : with causal cum,^
68,21. sinistra, etc.: abl. abs. expressing cause, *as the left hand
(on which the shield was carried) was hampered.'
68,23. multi: *a great many,' emphasized by its position before
lit; see on vix qua^ 54, 20. — iactato bracchio: abl. abs. expressing
time, < after tossing the arm about,' in the effort to disentangle the
shields.
68, 24. mann : abl. of separation.
68,25. Q^o: < unprotected.' — corpore: abl. of manner.
68, 28. passos : ace. of extent. — eo : * thither.'
68, 29. Capto . . . et snccedentibus : observe the difference in tense,
'after they had reached the mountain and while our troops were coming
up after them.'
69, I. novissimis (= novissimo agmini) praesidio: cf. GalUs . . .
impedimerUOy 68, 16 f. — ex itinere: * right from their march,' without
waiting to form a line of battle. — ab latere aperto: *on the exposed
flank.' This must have been the left flank here ; see plan, p. 67. The
flanks of the legionary troops were usually protected by auxiliaries or
cavalry.
69, 2. circnmyenire : depends on coeperunt^ 1. 4.
69, 4. conTersa signa, etc. : ^ changed front and charged in two divi-
sions' (lit., *bore their turned standards on' the enemy). Canversa
signa applies only to the third line, as is clear from the next statement ;
the first and second lines continued to fight with the Helvetii in front,
who had already been driven back from their first position {summotis),
but had returned to the attack as soon as they saw the Boii and Tulingi
coming up {venientes),
69, 7. Chapter 26. ancipiti proelio : abl. of manner, 'with a battle
of two fronts.' — diu, etc. : 'there was long and sharp fighting'; cf. the
translation of erat praeceptum^ 66, 5.
69, 9. alter! . . . alteri: «one party' (the Helvetii) ... 'the other'
(the Boii, etc.) ; observe the pi., used of two groups, — se . . . receperunt
. . . contnlerunt : used of orderly marching, not of a rout
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 433 (390* «) 547 38a* » ('33. «) 35^ & «• 3 X9»» «.«
a 588. 3 (540. «▼, N.) 848 572 & N. (333 & N.) saS, « a99» '
3 598(517) 863 549(326) 586 986.2
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284 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
69, II. proelio: time when.^ — hora septinu: about one o^dock;
see hora in Vocab. — pagnatam sit : with concessive cum,^
69, 12. aversam: nuraed in flight/ Caesar generously praises the
bravery of the Helvetii ; see also 51, 11 f.
^9 13- pi^ • • • obiecerant: <they had drawn their carts up in front
as a rampart/
69, 14. loco saperiore : they stood in the carts. — venientes : ^as they
came up,' with fwstros.
69, 16. snbiciebant : * hurled' (from below).
69, 17. impedimentia : see on imperio^ 53, 11.
69, 18. captnsost: agrees with the nearer subject'
69, 20. nocte: abl. expressing duration.^ — Lingontim: north of the
Haedui.
69,21. Tulnera, sepulturam: evidently Caesar*s victory had been
dearly bought.
69, 22. potnissent : with causal cum.
69, 23. Lingonas : cf. Allobrogasj 60, 18 ; this is a Greek ace. ending,*
and was frequently applied by the Romans to any foreign name, whether
Greek or not. — ne . . . iuvarent : * that they were not to aid,' indir. quo-
tation • of Caesar's message, fwlite . . . iuvare,
69, 24. qui si iurissent : ' and if they should,' for si iuveritis^ fiit
perf., of dir. disc. ; see on si quid . . . accidissety 64, 28. — se, etc. : = se
eodem loco (^on the same footing') Lingonas kabiturum quo Helvetios
haberet,
69, 28. Chapter 27. Qui: see on qua^ 51, 11.
69, 30. cos : the Helvetii.
70, I. essent : implied indir. disc, (see on habuerit^ 53, 10), represent-
ing estis in Caesar's order. — iussisset: sc. Caesar ^ an abrupt change of
subject, as in 63, i.
70, 2. Bo : as in 68, 28 ; for its position, see on horum, 51, 6. — per-
yenlt: observe the perf. indie with postquam^ — servos: Ha^ fugittvi
of 66, 29.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 486 (429) 630 424, d (259, a) 393 •30, I
a 598 (5»5, •") 863 549 (3*6) 587 309, 3
3 393(463,0 47> S'T.^- (ao5,<') aSs, « ns. »
4 4i7» a (379. 0 633 494, * (256, 3) 393. « "S*, »
5 109, 5 (68) 179-80 8i, 5 (63,/) 66, 4 47, 3
6 642, 4 (523, ui» N.) X023 588, N. 2 (339, N. 2) 652 316, a
7 6<w, (5x8. N. i) 881 $43 (324) 56* •87, 1
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BOOK I, CHAP. 26-28 285
7o> 3* perfngissent : for perfugerunt of the actual demand ; cf.
essent^ 1. i.
70, 4. ea : neuter, referring to persons and things taken collectively.
— conqnimntur, etc. : the pres. of vivid narration (hist, pres.) is regular
with dum^ meaning * while.'*
70,6. perterriti: agrees with the persons implied in miUia,^ — ne
. . . fupplicio adficerentur : 'that' they should be visited with punish*
ment' (viz. death).
70, 8. quod . . . existimarent : see on existimarent^ 67, 2.
70, 10. prima: denoting a part,* as often; cf. medio and summo^
67, 10 f — ad : • towards.'
70, 12. Chapter 28. Quod : cf. guij 69, 28. — reaciit : note that uhi
takes the same construction as postquam^ 1. 2 ; see also 54, 6; 55, 14,
etc — qoonim: its antecedent is his^ the indir. obj. oiimperavit,
70, 13. uti, etc. : dir. obj. of imperavit, — sibi: *in his eyes,' dat. of
relation or reference.* — purgati: part, used as pred. adj. with the com-
plementary iniin.*
70, 14. vellent: cf. essent^ 1. i. — in . . . habnit: a euphemism; they
were put to death or sold into slavery.
70, 16. in deditionem accepit : they thus became not only the sub-
jects, but the wards of Rome. — Helvetios, etc : of the tribes named in
54, 12 ff., only the Rauraci are not accounted for. Possibly their name
has fallen out of the Mss.
70, 19. tolerarent: characteristic^
70, 20. faeerent : ' furnish.^ — ipsos : the Helvetii, etc, in distinction
from the Allobroges.
70, 22. ea . . . ratione : <on this account.^
70, 23. ne . . . transirent : n^. clause of pure purpose.
70, 26. Boies : contrasted with the tribes that returned home, hence
occup3dng the most prominent place in the sentence. It is obj. of con-
locarent, — petentibus Haedoia : < to the request of the Haedui,' indir.
obj. of concessit.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 604, I (467, ui, 4) 917 s^h 8l n. (a76, #) M9> «• »93. »
» 394. 7 (438. 6) 477 «86. 6 (187, d) axi, R. x, * 235, B, 9,r
3 567, X (498. iii, N. x) 897 564 (33X./) SS©, « 996. «
4 497. 4 (440, N. i) 565 "93 (x93) a9x. «• » «4«. «
5 4»5. 4 (384. 4, N. 3) 546 378&x(»35) 35* xW. »
6 6xa, I (536. a, 1) 957 458 (271, c) 906, R. 3 338, »
7 59*. X (503. ») 838 535, • (3J0, «) 631, a 883, a
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286 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
70, 27. virtute : pred. abl. of quality with esse implied. — erant cogniti :
sc. Boi, — ut . . . conlocarent: obj. ol petentibus,
yoy 28. concessit : < he gave his consent.^
70, 29. parem . . . atque ipsi erant: 'same ... as ^ they themselves
enjoyed.'
71, I. Chapter 29. tabulae : < tablets,' much like folding slates, but
made of wood. The inner surface was coated with wax to hold the
writing.
71, 2. litteris: * letters'; the words were Celtic. The Gauls in gen-
eral knew nothing of Greek, as we see from Caesar's use of it in a secret
despatch to one of his officers. The druids were acquainted with the
alphabet at least (138, 6) ; and inscriptions in the Celtic language, but
with Greek letters, have been found in southern Gaul. — et: connects
repertcLe and relatae. As usual, the copula {sunt) is expressed with
only one participle.
71, 4. qui; interrog. adj.^ pron. introducing an indir. quest.
71, 5. possent : characteristic. — pueri, etc : sc. exissetU.
71, 6. capitum : < souls,' depending on millia.
71, 8. ex his : sc. summa erat eorum (antecedent oiqui),
71, 9. ad millia CCCLXVUI : ad must be an adv. here, as tnilUa is
pred. nom., governing the number of the verb.* Generally with
numerals ad may be taken as a prep.
BOOK SECOND
Campaign of 57 B.C. — [In the winter of 58-57 B.C., while Caesar
was holding court and attending to other civil duties of his governor-
ship in Cisalpine Gaul, numerous reports reached him that the Belgic
tribes, afraid that the Roman arms would next be turned upon them,
had all joined a conspiracy against him. With the same rapidity of
action which he had shown in the previous year against the Helvetii,
Caesar raised two new legions in his Cisalpine province, and at the
opening of the campaigning season led his army, now consisting of
eight legions and an uncertain number of cavalry and auxiliaries, over
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 657, 1, N. (554. i, a, H.) 760 324, c (156, a) 643 341, i,*
a 183, 2 (188, ii, 1) 284 148, b (104, a) io6, r. 90
3 390(462) 473 316.^(204,*) 2it,R. t.c «54, 3
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BOOK I, CHAP. 28-29; BOOK II, CHAP. 15 287
the Mame (Matrona) into the territory of the RemL This tribe at
once submitted and became a faithful ally. Bibrax, an important
Reman town, was relieved by Caesar from a vigorous assault of the
confederate Belgae, who a few days later suffered such a disastrous
defeat on the Aisne (Axona) that they dispersed to their homes, sooth-
ing their pride with the agreement to rally for the defense of any dis-
trict that might be invaded by the Romans. In quick succession Caesar
entered the countries of the Suessiones, Bellovad, and Ambiani, all of
whom surrendered with hardly a show of opposition.]
In the Nervii, however, Caesar met a foe worthy of his steel, who
not only scorned all thought of submission and declared that they
would not accept any terms of peace, but fought so valiantly on the
banks of the Sambre (Sabis) that they all but won a decisive victory
from his veteran legions, and Caesar himself was obliged to enter the
battle before the day was finally saved. Having lost a large proportion
of their army in this battle, the Nervii immediately surrendered, and
were kindly treated by Caesar, who warmly admired their splendid
courage and ability as warriors.
[The Atuatuci were next attacked. Terrified by the sight of the
Roman siege engines, they offered their submission, but making a treach-
erous assault on the Romans the next night, they were overpowered, and
all of them, numbering 53,000 men, women, and children, were sold as
slaves. At the same time several maritime tribes of northwestern Gaul
were subdued by Crassus, and a number of German states, impressed
by the uninterrupted successes of Caesar, sent envoys to promise
obedience to all his commands.
In Italy his victories aroused great enthusiasm, and the senate
decreed him the unprecedented honor of a thanksgiving service for fif-
teen days.]
Page 72, Line i. Chapter 15. Eorum: = the Ambiani, whose
surrender had just been related. This word stands first in the sen-
tence, not for emphasis, but to connect the thought with the preceding
sentence.^ — qaortim: = eorum^ * their'; a rel., equivalent to a dem.,
and never to be translated literally, is very frequent at the beginning of
sentences, being due to the tendency, which is much stronger in Latin
than in Englbh, to preserve the connection of the thought.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
1 669,1 1x51 350,9
a 5*0(453) 843-44 9o8,/&ii. (180,/) 6x0 851,6
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288 NOTES ON THE GALUC WAR
y2y 2. cum qnaereret : 'upon inquiring' ; see on cum . . . canaretur,
53, 29.
72, 3. sic : * the following facts ' ; related in indir. disc, which is
introduced in Eng. by *that.' — esse . . . mercatoribus (dat. of poss.*) :
* traders had ' ; for the feet, cf. 5i» 8 f.
72, 4. pati : sc. eos ; the subject of an infin. is not infrequently to be
implied from the context, provided its omission causes no ambiguity. —
vini : partit. gen. with nt'Ai/,^
72, 6. animos : ' character.' — ezistimarent : subj. in a subordinate
clause of a quotation,"* representing the pres. indie* of dir. disc. The
tense depends on the past introductory verb* reperiebat^ and denotes
action not completed* at the time of the main verb. Observe that,
contrary to Eng. idiom, the infins. in a quotation do not follow the
sequence of the introductory verb, but keep the tense they had in dir.
disc. ; see on praesiarent^ 52, 11. — esse : the eos implied with pati is
still the subject.
72, 7. magnae yirtatis : gen. of quality,^ equiv. to an adj. and so
united ioferos by -que,
7a, 8. qui . . . dedidissent : ' for having surrendered,' a rel. clause
expressing cause;® hence it had the subj. in dir. disc. The tense,
originally perf., follows the sequence of reperiebai^ and denotes action
completed* at the time of the main verb.
72, 9. patriam : adj. — sese : subject of the following infins., referring
to the implied subject {eos) of confirmare,
7a, 10. missuros : indir. disc, depending on confirmare. The tense
represents a fiit. indie, of their actual declaration. In the fiit. infin.
esse is often omitted.
Caesar's information directly quoted would be: NtUlus est adUus
ad eos mercatoribus; nihil patiuntur vini . . . inferri, quod . . . exis-
timatU; sunt homines feri magnaeque virtutis; increpUant atque
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 430(387)
54a
373 (231)
349
X90
a 44* (397» «)
564
346, 0, I (316, «,
«)
369
90X, Z
3 643(5*4)
X026
580 (336. a)
650
3x4.x
4 588.i(5»6.i)
85X
540 (32O
540
986, I
5 543 (49«)
X031
585: 483 (336. B:
986)
509, X
318: 967, a
0 545. »<» « (493. »)
799
484. b (a86, R. h)
5»
a67.3
7 440, 3(396, v)
558
345 (ai5)
365
903
8 593 (5«7)
839
535, ' (3«>, t)
633
a83. 3. «
9 545* ii, 9 (493> >)
799
484, ^ (986, R.^)
5x0
•67,3
Digitized by VjO(
3Qle
BOOK II, CHAP. 15-17 289
incusant . . . qui se . . . dediderint . . . proiecerint; canfirmant sese
. . . accepturos.
Direct form of the clauses depending on existimarent, 1. 6, and con-
firmare, 1. 9 : His rebus relanquescunt animi et remittitur virtus, and
Neque legatos mittemus (or missuri) neque ullam . . . accijnemus (or
accepturi sumus) .
7a, 12. Chapter 16. C11111 . . . fecisset: cf. the tense with cum
quaererety 1. 2, and see on cum . . . conaretury 53, 29. — eorum : the
Nervii. Caesar entered their territory from the southwest, and was
now north of the Sambre (Sabis) . For his route before reaching the
Nervii, see summary of Book II, p. 287. — tridamn: ace. of duration
of time.^ — inyeniebat: followed by indir. disc, to the end of the
chapter.
72, 13. Sabim: see on Ararim, 59, i.
7a, 14. milUa: ace. of extent, not affected in construction by am*
piius.^ — tianB: on the south bank.
7a, 15. una: adv.
72y 16. his and nti . . . experirentur : see on civitati, 5a, 9.
7a, 17. utrisque : the pi. is used only of two groups. — persnaaerAiit :
the indic.^ shows that this is merely an explanation for the reader, and
not a part of what Caesar learned from prisoners.
7a, 19. mulieres: obj. of coniccisse, the implied subject of which is
eoSf clearly referring to the Nervii, who are the people most prominent
in the narrative. — quique : = cosgt4C qui, see on qui, 51,2.
7a, 20. earn : * a.' — quo : ' to which,' adv.
7a, 21. esset: subj. in a clause of characteristic^ introduced by a
rel. adv. (= in quern).
Direct discourse of 11. 13-21 : Sabis /lumen . . . abesi; trans id flumen
omnes Nervii consederunt zAv^ntornqnt . . . exspeciant . . . exspectaniur
etiam ab iis Atuatucorum copiae atque sunt in itinere ; mulieres quique
. . . videbantur . . . coniecerunty(\\io . . . non esset (possibly j»^, depend-
ing on a perf. definite, but secondary sequence b usual •).
73, 2. Chapter 17. qui . . . deligant: 'to select,' rel. clause of
H.
L. M.
A
G.
B.
4«7 (379)
5«3
4^3 (256)
336
x8x, 1
471. 4 (4«7. N. a)
618
407, c (947, c)
296. «. 4
«7.3
643. 3(524. a X)
Cf. I038
583 (336, i)
6a8, K. (a)
314*3
59»t X (503. »)
836
535 (3«>)
631,8
283.1
546 (492. «. N. 1)
MATH.
785
CAESAR — 19
485, a (a87, a)
5". «. 3
*68, X
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290 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
purpose.^ Cf. the primary sequence,* depending on a pres. of vivid
narration (hist, pres.'), with that oioccuparet^ 53, 10. — castris idoneom :
see Introd. § 43.
73, 3. dun . . . facerent : ' inasmuch as several . . . were follow-
ing Caesar and marching along with him.* The subj. is regulariy
used with causal cum.^ The part., as often, is best translated by a
verb. — ex . . . Qallis: equivalent to a partit. gen. with com-
piuresfi
73* 5* vt : observe that the indie, follows, hence it does not mean
'that'
73, 6. eorum . . . perspecta : < having observed our army's way of
marching in those days ' ; the Latin gen. is often not to be expressed
by 'o^' and the abl. abs. should not be translated literally.
73, 7. nocte : abl. of time when.*
73, 8. singolas : < each two ' (as they marched along one by one).
73,9. numerum: < amount'
73, 10. negoti : cf. vini^ 72, 4. — castra : used inexactly of the place
selected for the camp. — venisset, abessent : for fiit. perf. and fiit. indic^
of dir. dbc; for the subj., see on existimarent^ 7a, 6.
73, II. spatinm: extent of space.' — banc : the prima Ugio. — rab
sarcinis : i,e. before the soldiers could lay down their packs and equip
themselves for fighting.
73, 12. qua . . . direptis: abl. abs. expressing condition, equivalent
to fut. perf. indie, 'if this should be routed,' etc ; the apodosis v&futu-
runty *the result would be.' — ut . . . auderent: subst clause of result,
subject oi futurumf taking its sequence from demonstrarunt^ 1. 8.
73, 13. Adinvabat, etc. : the subject is the subst clause quod, . . effe-
cerant:'^ * there was support, too, for the plan of those who reported
the matter in the fact that the Nervii,' etc
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 590(497,0
835
53X. a (3x7. a)
630
a8a,9
a 546(495,")
805
485, t (287, €)
5XX, «. X
a68.3
3 532. 3 (467, »»»)
733
469 (^76. d)
a^
•59.3
4 598(5x7)
863
549 (3«6)
586
•86, a
5 444 (397, 3. H. 3)
563
346, c (1x6, c)
37a. «.«
90I, 1,
6 4«6(4«9)
630
4*3 ("56)
393
030
7 600. i (sai, i)
855
547 (3a5. c)
580
•89
8 4x7(379)
5x3
495 (a57)
335
x8i
9 57X. X (sox, i, 1)
90a
569, « (33a, «. a)
553.3
•97, a
10 588. 3 (540, IT. H.)
848
579 & N. (333 & N.)
5a5.x
•99, «.
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BOOK II, CHAP. 17-18 291
73, 15. eqniUtn: abl. of spedfication.^ — nihil possent: 'had no
strength * ; for the mood, cf. facerenty 1. 4. — neqne enim : * and in £act
. . . not'
73, 16. rei : * branch of the service ' ; res often refers to a preceding
subst., here to equitatu. The dat. is essential complement or indir. obj.
of an intr. verb; cf. his^ 72, 16. — quicqnid . . . copiis: 'whatever
strength they have lies in their foot-forces.'
73, 17. quo . . . impedirent : Mn order to hamper'; quo b the regu-
lar final particle if there is a comparative in the purpose clause.' — prae-
dandi: gerund; see on proftciscendum^ 52, 25.
73» 18. veniBsent : subj. of implied indir. disc.,' i,e, not depending on
a formal verb of saying or thinking, but implying by the mood that it b
an indirect quotation of the thought in the minds of the Nervii when
they formed their purpose, which was, ' In order to hamper the cavalry
of our neighbors in case they come (lit, 'shall have come') against us,
we will construct hedges.' As the plpf. tense expresses completed action
and the thought b future, the original tense must have been fut. perf. ; ^
cf. venissety 1. 10. — teneris, etc : 'they cut into young trees and bent
them over, and as the branches grew out thickly on the sides (lit., ' in
width ') and bramble-bushes and briers were planted between the trees,
they had produced the result that these hedges,' etc.
73, 20. vt . . . praeberent : complementary or subst. clause of result,
obj. ci effeceranifi — instar: in apposition with munimentum,
73,21. quo: 'through which' (lit., 'into which' = m quod^ cf.
7a, 20). — intrari, perspici : impers. passives.
73, 22. posset : rel. clause of result,' ' so that through it not only no
entrance could be made, but no view even could be gained.' Similar
hedges may be seen to-day in the neighborhood of the Sambre.
73, 23. sibi : dat. of agent with the gerundive.^ — consilium : the plan
of attack suggested in 11. 9-12.
73, 25. Chapter 18. haec : 'as follows.' — locum : see on itineribusy
54,18.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 480 (4*4) 650 418 (953) 397 996
a 568, 7 (497» ". a) 908 53X,«(3»7,^) 545, a aSa, i.*
3 649, i (saS, 1) 791 59a, I (34X, i) 5o8» 3 3a3
4 540 (473) 748 478 (281) 844 964
5 57X» 3 (50»f ", x) 90a 568 (33a) 553» « a97, 1
6 591, a (500, i) 836 537, a (319, a) 631 284, a
7 43«C388) 544 374 (asa) 355 »89, x
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292 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
73, 26. aaqnaliter declivis : < with even decline.^ This is the hill of
Neuf-Mesnil on the north bank of the Sambre. The site of the battle
b fixed by the feet that no other part of the river corresponds to all the
details given by Caesar.
739 27. quod : agrees yt'xih /lumen; cf. 5a, 14 and 16, where the pron.
agrees with the proper name. — supra, in 72, 13.
73, 28. pari accUyitate : * of like ascent,' abl. of quality ^ limiting
collisy equiv. to an adj. * equally steep' ; cf. magnae virtutis, 72, 7. Note
that both the gen. and the abl. of quality require a limiting adj. or its
equivalent. — adyersus, etc.: < feeing this (the hill of Neuf-Mesnil) and
opposite to it,* on the south bank of the river.
73, 29. passus CC [= ducentos'] : cf. spatium^ 1. 11. — infimns * at the
foot,'^ contrasted with ab (see on a, 51, 16) super tore parte, 'on the
upper part.'
73, 30. penpici : impers. as in 1. 22. — posset : pure result.*
74, 2. secundum : preposition.
74, 3. Fluminis : the change of subject from the hill to the river b
made dear at once by putting this word first. If aUitudo preceded, a
Roman reader would be expecting a measurement of the mountain.
Latin puts at the beginning of sentences either emphasized words (as
here) or phrases which unite the thought closely with what precedes ;
see on eorum and quorum, 72, i. — pedum: gen. of quality, used predi-
catively like magnae virtutis, 72, 7.
74,5. Chapter 19. omnibus oopiis: the abl. of accompaniment *
may be used without cum in military phrases when there is a limiting
adj. — aliter se habebat ac: 'was different from what,' etc. (lit., *had
itself otherwise than'*; with this use of ^r oi.parem . . . atque, 70, 29).
The verb is sing, because the subjects form one unit ; see on drvtdit, 51, 5.
74, 7. hostibus : essential complement or indir. obj. of an intr. cpd.
verb.* — consuetudine : cf. moribus, 53, 23.
74, 8. ezpeditas : i.e, not impeded by the slowly moving baggage
train; but the soldiers carried their individual packs {sarcinae). See
Introd. §42.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 473. 9 (419, U) 643 415 (asx) 400 aa4
a 497» 4 (440» a» N. i) 565 »93 (i93) 291, R. a 841, 1
3 570 (500, ii) 905 537, I (319, x) 559, 2 984, X
4 474, 9, H. X (4x9. X, x) 634 4«3. <» (248, «, N.) 39a. P. t 999, X
5 657, X, H. (554, i, 9, H.) 760 394, c (156, a) 643 34X, i, c
6 4*9 (386) 539 370 (a98) 347 X87. ui
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BOOK II, CHAP. 18-19 293
74, 9. conlocarat : cf. the form * with demonstrarunty 73, 8. Beware
of confusing this verb with coUigo.
74, 10. proxime : the xiiith and xivth legions had been levied by
Caesar in Cisalpine Gaul in the spring of this year. As in the battle
with the Helvetii, the raw recruits are kept in the background ; cf. 68,
I ff.,and see on <z^ /at, 68, 3.
74, II. praesidio : dat. of tendency or service,^ accompanied as usual
by a dat. of interest, * were a protection to the baggage.' On the Roman
order of march, see Introd. § 45.
74, r3. Cum . . . reciperent, etc : note the imperf., expressing action
going on at the fime of the main verb coeperunt ; see on cum . . .
canaretur, 53, 29. The Roman cavalry and light-armed troops, by
keeping the enemy occupied on the south side of the river, thwarted
the plan of attacking immediately the first legion to arrive ; see 73,
10 ff.
74, 14. silyas, silva : probably denoting by the pi. the different parts
of the woods into which the enemy ran, and by the sing, the whole
woods collectively.
75, I. quern ad finem: <to the limit to which,' the antecedent stand-
ing only in the rel. clause. Cf.*73, 25, where the antecedent {loci) is
repeated in the rel. clause.
75, 2. porrecta, etc. : ' the stretch of (lit., ' stretched ') open ground'
— cedentes: *as they retreated,' agreeing with the implied obj. (eos) of
insequi,
75, 3. opere dimenso, etc. : 'marked out the works and began,' etc.
(lit., *the works having been marked out they began'). For the pass,
use of a dep. perf. part., see on cUpopulatiSy 58, 17. Cf. this perf. part.,
denoting action complete at the time of coeperunt^ with the pres. cecUn-
iesy which expresses action going on at the time of auderent.
75, 5. XTbi : see on 54, 6. — prima : * the first part of,' see on infimus
in 73, 29.
75, 6. quod tempus : 'the time which.^
75, 7. committendi proeli : ' for beginning battle,' limits tetnpus ;
see on eorum . . . perspecta^ 73, 6. — ut : * just as,' expressing manner.
75, 8. sese oonfirmaverant : ' had resolved.*
75, 12. yiderentur: ct posset^ 73, 30.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
X 238 (935) 385 181, a (ia8, a, x) 131, x xi6, x
9 433 (390, ») 547 38«. « («33. «) 356 X9X, a, m
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294 NOTES ON THE GALUC WAR
75, 13. adrerao coUe : * up the hill/ abl. abs. expressing the way by
which.*
75, 14. occapati: adj., <busy^ on the works of fortification {ppere).
Caesar here n^lected, while building camp, the usual precaution of
keeping a detachment under arms. His carelessness cost him dear.
75, 15. Chapter 20 Caesari: see on sibiy 73, 23.
75, 1 7. agenda : < to be done,' gerundive ; * so proponendum (sc erat\
revocatuU (sc erant)y etc.
75, 18. yezillam : a large red banner was displayed at the general's
quarters as a signal for battle.
75, 19. signom : the signal for '< falling in.''
75, 20. opere : as in 1. 14.
75,21. panlo: amount of difference.* — longins: <too for.'* —
aggeris : < materials for the rampart ' of the camp ; an unusual meaning.
— petendi: <of searching for materials' (lit, <of materials to be
sought '), gerundive, attributive with aggeris ; the other gerundives of
this sentence are predicative, but all are equiv. to verbal adjs.,* agreeing
with their substantives. See on proficiscendumy 5a, 25.
75, 22. causa : ' for the sake of,' so regularly when following a gen.
— arcessendi [erant] : the subject is tHe implied antecedent {it) of gut;
see on qui, 51, 2.
75, 24. cohortandi: see on cohortaiusy 68, 10. — tignam: for begin*
ning battle.
75, 29. snbsidio : see on firaesidio, 74, 1 1.
75) 30. proeliia : abl. of means.
7«, I. quid . . . oporteret: indir. quest.,* obj. oi praescribere, taking
its sequence from the finite verb {poteratU) on which praescribere de-
pends.''
76, 2. et quod, etc. : the second of the two helpful circumstances. —
ab opere, etc. : ' the several lieutenants . . . from the works and their
several legions.' E^ch legion was under the immediate command of a
lieutenant. See Introd. § 32.
H. L.M. A. O. a
1 644 4a9ta(a58.r) otS,©
a 937 (»34) 356 «94f ^ (»«9) »«9 ««S
3 479» « (4*3) 655 4x4 (aso) 403 "3
4 49« (444, i) 678 «9». « (93» «) •97. • M©* «
5 6*3 (543) 988 503 (896) 497 399, 1
6 649, u (599, i) 8x0 573 (334) 467 315, 1
7 548 (495. iv) 808 484,*(a86,«.*) 5x8 Gtt70,x, 4
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BOOK II, CHAP. 19-21 295
76, 4. niti mnnitis cattris : 'until the camp had been fortified/
76, 5. nihil : adverbial acc.,^ equiv. to an emphasized hoh^ * they did
not wait any longer at all ^ (iam with a neg. = ' no longer^).
76, 7. Chapter 2 1 . necetsariisy etc. : ^ having given only the neces-
sary orders.*
76, 9. decocurrit : sc. m earn partem. For the antecedent standing
only in the rel. clause, cf. quern adfinem^ 75, i. — ad . . . decimam : for
the position of the armies at the beginning of the battle see the plan,
p. 74. This was Caesar^s favorite legion, as he himself says elsewhere.
76, 10. non longiore oratione (abl. of means) . . . qnam qU: 'in a
speech not longer than merely that,^ etc.
76, II. uti . . . sustinereiit : complementary or subst clauscsi objs.
of cohortatus^
76,12. animo: loc abl.*— que: *but.*
76, 13. qnam quo: 'than a distance to which*; cfl quo^ 7a, 20. —
posset: characteristic See on essetj 7a, 21.
76, 16. pugnantibns: 'already fighting*; for the omission of the
pronoun (alt), cf. cedenies^ 75, 2, For the case, see on hostibus^ 74, 7.
76, 17. hostium: poss. gen. with animus,
76, 18. insignia: 'ornaments,* such as the crests of the helmets,
which may have served to distinguish the legions, and doubtless indi-
cated the rank of the wearer ; also metal decorations for valor, worn on
the breast and arms. These had been stowed away during the march.
76, 19. galeas : on the march the soldier carried his helmet suspended
on his breast The shield, which was often highly ornamented, was kept
in a leather case when not in use.
76, 20. scntis : abl. of separation.^
76, 21. defnerit : pure result ; for the tense, see on debuermty 58, 15.
— Qnam ... in partem : ' to whatever place.'
76, 22. qnaeqoe, etc. : ' and whatever standards he caught sight of
first, by these he took his position.*
76. 23. snis: scstgniS; each maniple had its standard. Seelntrod.
§ 40. — dimitteret : neg. clause of pure purpose.^
H. L.M. A. O. B.
« 4«6. a (378. a) SP7 390, </, H. a (240, m) 333, i 176. 3
a 565 (498* >) 894 563(330 S46 «95. 1
3 485, I (4a5» «» a) 695 409, 3 (254, a) 385, H. 1 a«8, i
4 46a (4«3) 600 40X (343) 390» a 214
5 s68(497»m) 899 53i»x(3X7»0 545.3 ••a. «
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296 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
76, 24. Chapter 22. ut : cannot mean < that ^ with the indie
76, 26. com . . . resisterent . . . impediretur : cf. cum . . . facerent^
73» 3 ^' — diversae: ^'separately.^ ^ — aliae alia in parte: 'some in one
place, some in another,' the regular meaning of alius when repeated
in different cases.
76, 27. ante : see 73, 18 ff.
76, 28. interiectis : with saepibus^ abl. abs. expressing cause. — neque
. . . poteraiit : the main clause, ' no definite reserves could be posted/
etc, />. with definite orders to support the tenth legion for instance ; for
Caesar could not tell where reenforcements were to be most needed.
76, 29. quid . . . esset : indir. quest, depending on provider^ and
equiv. to a subst. in the nominative parallel with subsidia and imperia.
For sequence, see on quid . . . oporterety 1. i. — Render this long Latin
sentence by two sentences in English. Make instructo exercUu the
leading clause of the first sentence, ' the army was drawn up/ and begin
a new sentence with cum, English does not admit so readily as Latin
many subordinate clauses in one sentence.
77, I. fortunae : contrasted with rerum^ * circumstances,^ and depend-
ing on eventus,
77, 4. Chapter 23. acie : gen.* For the positions of the Roman
and Belgian forces at the beginning of the battle, see the plan, p. 74. —
pilis: see on 68, 12.
77, 6. Atrebates : ace — ea pars : the Roman left.
77, 7. loco superiore : the higher ground up which the enemy charged
after crossing the river; see 75» I3-
77, 8. conantes : see on cedentes, 75, 2.
77, 9. impeditam : * hampered as they were ' by the river. — Ipsi : the
Roman pursuers.
77, 10. progressi: they drove the enemy up the hill south of the
Sambre (73, 28). — rursus resistentes hostes : ace; note the pres. part,
expressing action not completed at the time of the main verb {coniece-
rutU)y 'as the enemy were again making a stand.^
77, II. redintegrato, etc. : *they renewed . . . and threw them,' etc
77, 12. diyersae: as in 76, 26.
77, 13. qnibuscum : see on 51, 10.
77, 14. ex loco : with profligatis.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
X 497(443) >9o(i90 "39
a 134, 3 (lao) 836 98, N. (74, a) 63, N. i 5*, 3
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BOOK II, CHAP. 2a-24 297
77, 15. a fronte : * on the front ' ; see on a, 51, 16.
77, 16. cum: causal.
77.17. intenrallo: amount of difference.^ — constitisset : with two
or nx>re sing, subjects the verb is often sing.'
77.18. agmine: abl. of manner.*— duce Boduognato: 'under the
leadership of B.,* abl. abs.
77, 20. aperto latere: apparently the left flank, exposed by the
departure of the other legions in pursuit of their adversaries. —
legiones: the xiith and viith. — snmmum caatrorum (poss. gen.)
locnm : ' the summit occupied by the camp.^
77, 22. Chapter 24. leris armaturae : gen. of quality.* These
were the slingers and bowmen of 74, 1 1 f. See Introd. § 29.
77, 23. una : adv. — quos : refers to both equites and pedites,
77, 24. dixeram : in 75, 10.
77, 25. adversia : * face to face.' For the case of hostibusy cf. pugnan-
tibusy 76, 16.
77, 27. summo ingo : the camp was laid out on the sloping summit
of the hill so that the rear gate should be at the highest point.
77, 28. victores : < victoriously,' cf. diversae^ 76, 26.
77, 29. egressi : translate this part, by a finite verb and begin the
next clause with 'but.' — respexissent : with this tense, which denotes
that the action of looking back preceded their flight, cf. reciperenty 1. 25,
meaning that they were in the act of retreating when they met the
enemy ; see on cum , . . conaretur, 53, 29.
77« 30. versari : this tense denotes an action still going on at the
time of vidissenty whereas transisse (1. 28) expresses an action com-
pleted at the time oi conspexerantfi
78, I . qui, etc. : the baggage train was coming up, with the xiiith
and xivth legions in the rear; see 74, 10, and the plan.
78, 2. alii aliam, etc.: cf. aliae alia, etc., 76, 26. — f erebantor :
'rushed,' reflexive use of the pass.*
78, 4. Tirtutis opinio : ' reputation for courage.'
H. L.M. A G. B.
« 4«7» 3 (379» a) 655 4a5» ^ («57» *) 403 "3
« 39a (463. >) 47« 3«7f <" («>5» <') «8S. E«c. 3 955, t
3 473» 3 (4«9» ">) *36 4«a (848) 399 ««>. x
4 440. 3 (396, ▼) 558 345 (a> 5) 3*5 »3
5 617 (537) 978 486 (a88) 381, I & 3 370, I, a & ^
0 S>7 (465) 687 156, a(iix, a) 318 956,1
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298 NOTES ON THE GALUC WAR
78, 5. mnltitiidiiie : abl. of means.
78, 6. oompleri, etc : indir. disc., depending on vidisseni. For the
tense, see on versari, 77, 30. — legiones : the xiith and viith.
78, 7. Hnmidas : the sagittarii of 74, 12.
78, 9. domtim : limit of motion.^
78, 10. pulflos [esse]: indir. disc. — castris: abl. of means with
pciitos^ [esse].
78, 12. Chapter 25. Caesar: subject oi processU^ 79, 4. This sen-
tence is an unusually long example of the Latin period. The principal
subordinate ideas are expressed by a participle {profectus, 1. 15), a
long clause introduced by idn (1. 15) and closing with posset (79, 2),
and an abl. abs. scuto . . . detracto (79, 2). In translation, — which
should not be undertaken until the meaning of the whole sentence is
understood in the Latin, — end the first sentence with profectus ; omit
udij and render the participles in the abl. abs. by finite verbs, making as
many separate sentences as seems desirable.
78, 15. signis: each of the thirty maniples of a legion had its own
standard, which it followed in battle, but in this instance, owing to
the confusion with which the men had fallen in (76, 21 f.) and the
suddenness of the enemy^s attack, no definite arrangement of troops
was possible, and the standards had all been gathered in one place.
78, 17. Bibi . . . impedimento : ' hindered each other in fighting ^ ; see
on praesidio^ 74911*
78, 19. centnrionibus : there were six in each cohort; see Introd.
5 35-
78, 20. signifero, signo : *• a (not ' the ^) standard-bearer, a standard.'
There were three maniples in a cohort, each having its own standard,
but the cohort as a whole had no separate standard.
78,23. in his: < among them.' — primipilo: with confecto, Baculus
is active again in the following winter (83, 28).
78, 27. esse tardiores: 'were too slow,^' indir. disc, depending like
the following infins. on vidit (1. 18).
78, 28. ab noYlssimis: Mn the rear'; cf. a ^rontCy 77, 15. — proelio:
abl. of separation.^
H. L.M. A. G. B
I 419, I (380, 2, i) 5«9 4*7. a (958, h) 337 182, I, b
a 477, 1 (421, i) 646 4x0, N. (249, N.) 407, N. I 218, 1
3 498 (444, x) 678 291, a (93, a) 297, 2 240, 1
4 462 (4X4) 600 40a (243, hi) 390, 2 2X4
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BOOK II, CHAP. 24-26 299
78, 29. neqne . . . et : correlatives ; translate, < while they did not . . .
yet they were,' etc.
79, I. yidit: repeated from 78, 18, for the sake of clearness.
79, 2. posset : characteristic* The xuith and xivth legions were
not yet on hand, being in the rear of the baggage train, which was just
coming up (78, i). — militi: dat. of the optional complement express-
ing disadvantage ; ' render by ' from.'
799 3* ^'' ^dv.
79, 4. nominatiiii appelUtis : this helps us to understand Caesar's
popularity with his troops. See also on omniumy 68, 8. Miles Standish
boasts in Longfellow's poem, The Courtship of Miles Standish (Ch. I) :
" And, like Caesar, I know the name of each of my soldiers ! '*
79, 6. manipiilos laxare : < to open out the ranks,' that each man
might have more room for wielding his sword.
79, 7. qno . . . possent: see on qtw . . . impedirentj 73, 17. —
gUdiis : cf. cdstris, 78, 10.
79, 8. Coins : = eius, see on quorum^ ^a. i . — adyontn : abl. of cause.
79, 9. militibus: dat. of essential complement or indir. obj. with a
transitive cpd. verb.' — cum : causal.
79, II. extremis . . . rebus: * extreme danger'; see on resy 53, 22.
In connection with this episode, cf. the comments which Longfellow
puts into the mouth of Miles Standish (Ch. II) :
" Now do you know what he did on a certain occasion in Flanders,
When the rear-guard of his army retreated, the front giving way too,
And the immortal Twelfth Legion was crowded so closely together
There was no room for their swords ? Why, he seized a shield from a soldier.
Put himself straight at the head of his troops, and commanded the captains,
Calling on each by his name, to order forward the ensigns ;
Then to widen the ranks, and give more room for their weapons ;
So he won the day, the battle of something-or-other.
That's what I always say ; if you wish a thing to be well done,
You must do it yourself, you must not leave it to others I *'
79, 17. Chapter 26. nt . . . ooninngerent : complementary or subst.
clause, second obj. of monuit^
H. L.M. A G. B.
X 59». « (503. >) 838 535. • (3«>. «) 63X. » "BS. »
a 427 (385, ii. a) 539 38x (aag) 347. «• 5. «88, a, d
3 499, 1 (386. j) 534 370>« & K » (a«8, H. x) 347. K. 3 187, tii,s
4 565 (498, ») 894 5^(331) 546 •95. •
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300 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
79, 1 3. converaa, etc. : 'face about and charge the enemy/ Probably
the result of this manoeuvre was to present a front to the enemy on all
sides. Thb may have been effected, if the two legions were drawn up
side by side, by the rear lines ^cing about while the maniples on the
extreme wings faced out.
79, 20. cum : causal. — aliis alii : cf. aliae alia^ etc., 76, 26.
79,21. ne . . . circumvenirentnr : complementary or subst. clause,
obj. of a verb of fearing.^ The tense expresses action going on at the
time of timerenty which itself denotes incomplete action at the time of
the past tense coeperutu:^ — ayersi: Mn the rear' (lit., * being turned
away ' from the enemy).
79, 23. duamm : the xiiith and xivth.
79, 25. proelio, etc. : * received word of the battle, and quickening
their speed they were caught sight oV ; remember that the abl. abs. is
not to be translated literally. — summo : near the Roman camp.
79. 26. Labienus : he was in command of the xth l^on, which with
the ixth had pursued the Atrebates across the river (77, 3*ff.).
79, 28. gererentur : indir. quest.
79, 29. subsidio : dat. of purpose,' accompanied as usual by a dat. of
interest. — Qui: pi., of the milites implied in Ugionem.
80, I. yersaretur: see on captus est, 69, 18.
80, 2. nihil, etc. : ' they made all possible speed ' (lit, * made nothing
left for themselves in regard to speed '). — reliqui : pred. gen.*
80, 4. Chapter 27. qui . . . procubuisaent : ' such as had &l]en,^ a
characteristic clause ; cf. posset^ 79, 2.
80, 5. scutis: abl. of means. — redintegrarent, occnrrerent, praefer-
rent : pure result.'
80, 6. hostes : ace. — inermes : ' though unarmed,' with calones, —
armatis : for the case, cf. pugnantibus^ 76, 16.
80, 7. delerent : pure purpose.'
80, 8. pugnando : gerund, abl. of specification,^ < showed themselves
superior in fighting.'
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 567, 1 (498. Hi. H. x) 897 564(331,/) 550,9 396,3
« 545, M, J (493. ») 799; 804 484. ^ (a86, r. h) 5x0 967, 3
3 433. a (390. ") 548 382, X (333) 356, n x X9>, «. ^
4 447 & X (403) 556 343. * (2x4, c) 369, R. a 198. 3
5 570 (500, li) 905 537, X (3x9, x) 55a, X 384, X
6 568 (497. ii) 899 53X, X (3x7, x) 545, X aSa, i
7 480 (424) 650 4x8 (353) 397 9*6
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BOOK II, CHAP. 26-28 301
80, 9. eztrema : < last.^
80y 10. iacentibus: for the case, cf. armatisj 1. 6.
80, II. his: iht proxifni,
80, 12. superessent : cf. procubuissent, I. 4. — ut ez tumulo : <as from
a mound.^
80, 13. conicerent: in the same construction as insisterent. — pila:
not so general a word as tela.
80y 14. ut . . . deberet: ^so that the verdict ought to be that it was
not without reason that men of such great courage,' ^ etc. The result
depends on the whole of the preceding sentence, At . . , remttterent,
80, 16. altissimas: the banks here are steep and over twenty feet
high. — quae: refers to the preceding infins., * deeds which.' — facilia:
pred. adj.
80, 17. ex : * instead of.' The Nervii gave Caesar one of his hardest
contests and well deserved his praise of their prowess. Cf. his com-
mendation of the Helvetii, 69, 12.
80, 18. Chapter 28. ad intemecionem : an exaggeration, although
Caesar, judging from the reports of the envoys who came to sue for
peace (1. 25 f ), may have believed it to be the truth. In 54 B.C. the
Nervii were strong enough to join a revolt against Caesar, and in
52 B.C. they furnished a contingent of 6000 men for the relief of Alesia
(159, 14 f).
80, 20. natu : abl. of specification. — pueris : < children,' so often in
the pi.
80, 21. dixeramus: in 72, 19 ff.
80, 22. cum : as in 79, 20. — victoribus, etc. : * that for the victors
nothing was {sc. esse) forbidden (lit., * hindered'), for the conquered
there was no security.'
80, 23. consensu : manner.
80, 24. commemoranda : see on petendi, 75, 21.
80, 25. DC : note that this is abl. {sescentis), while D after ad is ace.
80, 26. possent : characteristic, hence it was subj. in dir. disc.
80, 27. Quo8 : see on quorum, 72, i . — usus [esse] videretur : * that
he might be seen to have shown.'
80, 29. uti : * to remain in the possession of.' — finitimis : for the
case, cf. r«, 73, 16. — ut . . . prohiberent : cf . «/ . . . coniungerent, 79, 17.
80, 30. iniuria : see on 55, 24.
H.
L.M
A.
G.
B.
440, 3 (396, v)
558
345 (9x5)
365
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302 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
BOOK THIRD
Campaign of 56 B.C. — At the end of the Belgian campaign Caesar
quartered his legions for the winter among the Carnutes, Turoni, and
Andes, tribes dwelling along the Loire (Liger), and himself returned as
in the previous year to his Cisalpine province. At the same time he
sent Galba with a small force into the Alpine region just east of Geneva
for the purpose of opening up the road from Italy to Gaul over the Great
St. Bernard, a route which had hitherto been extremely dangerous and
subject to heavy tolls. This object, in spite of a few success^ engage-
ments, Galba was unable to accomplish, and he was soon forced to
retreat for the winter into the district of the Allobroges.
During the winter a revolt broke out among the maritime states of
northwestern Gaul. The initial step was taken by the Veneti, who
seized two Roman officials sent to them to demand grain for the legions.
The revolt spread rapidly and was joined by most of the tribes along
the northern coast To meet the dangers which threatened from many
sides Caesar divided his army. Labienus was sent to the Treveri with
orders to hold the Belgae in allegiance and to prevent the Germans
from assisting the disloyal states. Crassus was despatched to Aquitania,
while Sabinus undertook to keep the Venelli and their neighbors occu-
pied at home. Decimus Brutus was put in charge of the fleet which
had been collected to cooperate with Caesar himself in overpowering
the Veneti. While Crassus and Sabinus had but little trouble in sub-
duing the districts intrusted to them, Caesar found that the task he had
taken upon himself was decidedly difficult. It was only towards the
end of summer that by means of his fleet, which had long been detained
at the mouth of the Loire by storms, he was able to inflict a crushing
blow. This is the earliest recorded battle fought on the Atlantic
All of the maritime states from Spain to the Rhine, with the excep-
tion of the Morini and the Menapii in northern Belgium, were now
subject to Rome. Although the campaigning season was nearly over,
Caesar led his army against these bold tribes, but his expedition was
rendered fruitless by severe and continuous storms. His legions were
quartered for the winter among the Aulerci, Lexovii, and other peoples
lately subdued.
Page 81, Line i. Chapter i. If Caesar had here observed his
custom of including in a single book the events of each year, he would
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BOOK III, CHAP. I 303
have described Galba^s Alpine expedition in the second book. — Cum
. . . proficisceretur : note the force of the tense with temporal cum ; see
on cum . . . conaretur^ 53, 29. With the subj. the temporal clause does
not date, or define the time o(^ the main action, but merely states a
subordinate circumstance attending the main action. — Itidiam : see on
57, 26.
81, 2. Galbam : although always befriended by Caesar, Galba joined
the conspiracy against his life. He was great-grandfather of the
emperor Galba.
81,5. sninmas Alpes: <the highest part of the Alps/ including
Mont Blanc (15780 feet), the Matterhom (14,705), and Monte Rosa
("5»2i5)-
81, 6. iter : the route over the Great St. Bernard, which descends to
Martigny (Octodurus). This was the nearest way from Italy to central
or northern Gaul. — periculo : arising from the hostility of the moun^
taineers rather than from the difficulties of the way. Both periculo and
portoriis express manner.^
81,7. consuerant: *were (not *had been') accustomed/ the perf.
meaning *I am (/.^. *have become') accustomed.'* With the con-
tracted form cf. conlocarat^ 74, 9.
81, 8. arbitraretor : implied indirect discourse (see on habuerii, 53,
10), the subj. implying that, in giving Galba permission to winter his
legion in the Alps, Caesar said si , , . arbUraberis^ * if you (shall) think
it necessary.' — uti . . . conlocaret : complementary or subst clause, dir.
obj. of permisit,^
81, 9. secimdis . . . facta : translate these ablatives absolute like
indie, clauses, ^ Galba fought several successful engagements,' etc.
Begin a new sentence with missis, and a third with constituit, intro-
ducing the former by * consequently,' * accordingly,' or the like, and the
latter by * so.'
81, 14. qui Ticiis : see on qua, 51, 11.
8a, 2. fluinine : the Dranse, a mountain stream which flows into the
Rhone at the great bend. — diyideretnr : with causal cum>
8a, 3. racuam, etc. : ^ that had been left free from them.' *
O. B.
399 MO
175. 5 a6a, A.
546 995. a
586 a86,3
390, 3, N. I ai4, z, d, N. I
H.
L.M.
A.
473. 3» N. (419, Ui. N. I)
636
412,/. (248, N)
999, 3 (a97, i, a)
905, N 2 (143, r, M.)
565 (498. i)
894
563 (33x)
598 (517)
863
549 (3*6)
465 (4«4, «i)
604
40a, a, M. (843)
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304 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
8a, 4. Bom locnm : the part occupied by Galba was fortified like a
regular camp.
82, 5. Chapter 2. hibemorum: *of their winter encampment/ —
transissent: cf. the tense with proficisceretur, 81, i. For the contrac-
tion, see on 59, 30.
8a, 8. concesserat : not a part of the scouts^ report, but an explana-
tion of Caesar for the reader ; hence the indic.^ Impenderent^ on the
other hand, represents impendent of the original report. For the se-
quence, depending not on teneri but on foetus est, see on debuerint,
58, 15.
8a, II. ut . . . caperent : a complementary or subst. clause in appo-
sition with idy and expressing result.'
8a, 12. neque earn plenisslmam : *and that not in its full strength ' ;
the reason is explained by the ablatives absolute. This legion had also
met heavy losses in the battle with the Nervii (78, 16 fF.).
82,13. compluribus: wi\}[i absentibus.
8a, 16. cum . . . decurrerent : ' when they themselves should rush
down,' representing decurremus ^ of their original thought.
8a, 18. Accedebat quod : ^furthermore' (lit., 'there was added the
fact that '). The clause with quod is subject * of accedebat,
8a, 19. abstractos [esse]: indir. disc, depending on dolebant. —
nomine: abl. of manner.
8a, 22. sibi persuasum habebant : < they had the firm conviction ' (lit.,
* held it persuaded to themselves,' see on 61, 6). The conviction is ex-
pressed by indir. disc, Romanos . . . conariy etc, with ^\iv^i persuasum
agrees as a neuter pred. adj.
82, 25. Chapter 3. opus hibemorum : < the work on .the winter
quarters,' adapting the village to a military camp, but not including the
building of fortifications {munitiones) . — assent perfectae : see on cap-
tus est, 69, 18.
8a, 28. nihil, etc. : * that there need be no fear of wan'
82, 29. consilio : probably composed of the tribunes of the l^on
and the centurions of the first cohort ; see Introd. § 36.
H L.M. A. O. B.
I 643. 4 (5a4» a) «o»8 5^3 (336, h) 6a8, R. («) 314, 3
a 643(584) »<m6 580(336,2) 650 3x4. «
3 57«. 4 (501, iii) 9<H 570 (cf. 33a, /) 557 & "• «97. 3
4 600, i (sai, i) 855 547 (3a5» c) 580 a89
5 588, 3 (540, iv, N.) 848 57a & N. (333 & N.) 595, 1 a99» <> ^
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BOOK III, CHAP. 1-4 305
8a, 30. pericnli : partit. gen. with tantum.^
83, 2. mnltitndine : not agent, as in 8a, 9, but means.
83, 3. snbsidio : dat. of purpose.' — yeniri : impers.,' with poss^ im-
plied from possenty ' and nobody could come to their relief.*
83, 5. at . . . contenderent : complementary or subst. clause of pur-
pose,^ in apposition with sententiae,
83,6. perrenissent : subj. of attraction.*
83, 7. Maiori . . . parti pUcnit : ' the majority voted.* The infins.
are the subjects oi piacuii.
83, 10. Chapter 4. yix ut: see on vixqua^ 54* 20.
83, II. constitnissent : see on pertinerenty 5a, 25.
83, 13. decurrere, conicere : * came running down/ < and kept hurling * ;
see on flagUare^ 61, 20.
83, 14. integris riribus : ' so long as their strength was unimpaired,*
abl. abs. expressing time.
83, 16. snperiore : of the rampart, see 8a, 4.
83, 17. def ensoribns : abl. of separation.*
83, 18. hoc (abl. of cause) snperari quod: ^were at a disadvantage
from the fact that ' (lit., * on this account, namely, because ') ; the clause
with quod is in apposition with hocy and takes the indie, because Caesar
states the reason as his own.
83,19. defessi: ^whenexhausted.*— integris Tiribns: abl. of quality.''
83, 20. qaamm remm : partit. with nihil f < whereas none of these
(see on qtuiy 51, 11) things.*
83, 21. non modo . . . sed ne . . . qnidem, etc. : < not only was there
no opportunity given to the exhausted man . . . but not even to the
wounded man,* etc. The negative in ;r^ . . . quidem applies also to the
first clause. Sometimes non modo non is written, as in 73, 21.
83, 23. sni recipiendi : < of recovering himself.* Observe that exce-
dendi is a gerund, while reUnquendi and recipiendi are gerundives ; see
on proficiscendumj 5a, 25.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
« 44a (397» 3) 564 346, «, 3 (ax6. «. 3) 3^9 •«>«. «
• 433» X (390. N. a) 548 38a, X (833, a) 356, N. i 191, i
3 5x8, X (465, x) 3x4 908, d (X46, d) ao8. a X38, iv.
4 564. "« (499. 3) 899 561, a (3x7, 3) 546, N. a 394
5 65*. X (599. ". H. x) 793 593 (34a) 663, X 394, X
6 46a (4x4, i) 60X 40X (a43, a) 390, a 9x4, x, h
7 473. a (4x9. ") 643 4x5 (asx) 400 aa4
• 44« (397. x) 564 346, «, X (ax6, «, x) 369 tox, x
MATH. CAESAR — 20
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306 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
83,24. Chapter 5. Cum . . . pngnaretor : *when the battle had
been raging' (and was still raging^). — horis: see on miUibuSj 61, 17.
83, 26. languidioribus nostris : < as our men were growing weaker,'
abl. abs. expressing cause. ^
83, 27. fossas : pi., because the ditch was being filled at several
places; cf. ripis^ 77, 14.
83^ 30. diximus : see 78, 24 f.
84, 2. unam : regularly emphatic, ' only one.' — si . . . experirentur :
the condition, in apposition with spem, is indirectly quoted from st\ . .
experiemur. Secondary sequence ' is common with the pres. of vivid
narration (hist, pres.), the action being past though stated as present*
84,3. auxilium: < resource.'
84, 4. intermitterent : indir. disc, for intermittUef * he teUs the sol-
diers they are to stop fighting.'
84, 5. tantummodo . . . ezciperent: 'merely receive,' not throwing
any weapons back, but keeping them to use when the sortie is made.
84, 6. post: beware of confusing /£7j/ (adv.) ytiXh postquam (conj.).
84, 8. Chapter 6. Quod : see on qui, 51, 2.
84, 9. portis: abl. of the way by which.* — cognoscendi: gerund de-
pending ovk fcLCultatem,
84, 10. fieret : though depending on cognoscendi, it takes its sequence ^
from relinquunt (see on si , ... experirentur, 1. 2). — sui colligendi: *of
rallying ' (* pulling themselves together ') ; sui, having the form of a
singular, is accompanied, even when plural, by a singular gerundive.'
Another explanation makes sui obj. gen. limiting a gerund.
84, 1 1 . eos . . . circumrentos interficiunt : ' those who had, etc, were
surrounded and slain ' ; for the pass, in translation, see on qui, 51, 2.
84, 12. potiundomm: see onfaciundi, 55, 24.
•84, 13. millibus XXX: a comparison with the population in this
district to-day makes it almost certain that this number is exaggerated,
but it is probably the estimate reported to Caesar by Galba.
H. LM. A. G. B.
X 535» X (469, w, 2)
738
471, h (a??. *)
•
934
260,4
a 489, I (431. i)
640
4x9,41; 4ao,a(a55,
a&i/.
a) 409
a27, X & a, i/
3 546(495,")
805
485, e (287, e)
5IX, R. I
a68,3
4 539. 3 (467, "•)
733
469, N. (276, d)
229
a59»3
5 642,4(523,110
X093
588 (339)
65a
3«6
6 476 (4ao, X, 3)
644
4a9, a (358, g)
401
2x8,9
7 548(495,iT)
808
518
8 6a6, 3 (542, i, N. x)
1000
504, r (298, r)
428, R. X
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339>5
ooqIc
BOOK III, CHAP. 5-8 307
84, 17. armis : abl. of separation with exutisy which belongs with
copiis. They were so hotly pursued that they threw their arms away in
order to run faster.
84, 19. taepins : ' too often.* ^
84, 20. alio . . . Tiderat : * remembered that he had come into winter
quarters with one purpose (see 81, 5-8), but saw that he had met with
other results/
84, 21. rebus : for the case, cf. pugManiibus, 76, 16.
84, 26. Chapter 7. cum : concessive.*
84, 27. inita hieme : abl. abs. expressing time. — Illjrriciim : this was
the eastern part of Caesar's Cisalpine province. Caesar had been in
Cisalpine Gaul during Galba's campaign.
85, 5. proximns : * nearest ' (of all Caesar's officers). The others
were stationed for the winter among the Turoni and the Carnutes. —
mare: the ace. is sometimes used with proximus as with prope; but
see 51, 9 f., where the dat. is used.
85, 8. complitrea : with cvvitates,
85, 10. Coriosolitas : see on LingonaSy 69, 23.
85,12. Chapter 8. Huius civitatis: the last mentioned. The
Veneti were the principal seafaring people of Gaul and controlled the
carrying trade with Britain. Their monopoly was in danger from the
Romans, for Caesar's intention to invade Britain was already known.
Consequently, although in common with other Aremorican states they
had submitted to Crassus in the summer of 57 B.C., they seized the first
opportunity to assert their independence, and hoped by uniting all their
allies to overthrow Caesar's ambitious designs.
859 13* orae: partit. gen. with the superlative,* and itself limited by
the poss. gen. regionum,
85, 14. consuenmt: see on conmtraniy 81, 7.
859 15* scientia, usn: abl. of specification, cf. virtutey 51, 12.
85* 17* portibus interiectis: abl. abs. expressing cause; 'and since
in the midst of the mighty violence . . . there are only a few scattered
harbors.* — omnes : obj. of habent^ with vectigaUs as pred. ace As the
Veneti had a monopoly of the harbors on this stormy coast, they exacted
heavy tolls from all shipmasters who entered them.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 498 (444. i) 678 a9x, a (93, a) 297. a 94o, i
« 598(515. "•) 863 549(3*6) 587 309.3
3 44* (397» 3) 560 346» «. « (a»6, «, 2) 372 aox, 1
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308 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
85, 19. retinendi: translate ^by holding.^
85, 20. dedissent : in the previous summer ; see on kuius civUatis^
1. 12.
85,21. ut: with the indie cannot mean 'that/ — snbita, etc: the
inconstancy of the Gauls is often mentioned by Caesar and others.
85, 24. communi consilio : ' with a common purpose ' ; abl. of
manner.
85, 27. acceperint : implied indir. disc, (see on habuerit^ 53, 10), for
accepistis of the actual exhortation. With the primary sequence, cf.
j/ . . . experirentury 84, 2 f., and see note. — quam : * than.'
85) 30- Si, etc. : indir. quotation of the message. — remittat : cf. inter'
mtiterenty 84, 4.
86^2. Chapter 9. longins: 'too far' to take command himself.
— naves longas: see Introd. $ 48.
86, 6. per . . . potuit: 'the season of the year allowed' (lit., 'he
could, owing to the season '). He probably reached his army in May.
He was at Lucca in April, arranging affairs of state with Pompey and
Crassus. See Introd. § 9.
86, 9. quantum . . . admisissent : indir. quest.
86, 10. legatos . . . retentos [esse] : indir. disc, depending on inUl-
legebaniy and in apposition with facinus^ ' namely, that envoys,' etc. —
quod nomen : * a name which,' see on quod iempuSy 75, 6. An apposidve
word which is also the antecedent of a rel. pron. b taken into the rel.
clause.
86^ 14. institnnnt : ' begin.' — hoc. . . quod : see on hoc super ari quodj
83, 18. — natura: loc. abl. with confidebanty
87, I . inscientiam : />• of the Romans.
87, 2. neqne . . . confidebant : the connective belongs with confide-
bant^ the negative with/^jj^; 'and they trusted that our armies could
not.'
87, 3. diutius : ' very long.'
87.4. iam ut, etc.: 'even supposing ever)rthing turned out'; the
only other instance in Caesar of ut introducing an assumption or con-
cession^ is in 198, 12.
87.5. navibus: abl. of specification. — posse: indir. disc, depending
on perspiciebanty 1. 9.
H.
L.M.
A.
G.
B.
485, X (485. X. X. H.)
f^
431 & H. (854. ^)
389
.98. X
586, u (5x5, iu)
90X
597, tf (3x3, a)
608
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BOOK III, CHAP. 8-1 1 309
^7* 7* S^Bturi essent : see on obtenturus essef^ 53, 16.
87, 8. AliAm . . . atque : see on aUier ... or, 74, 5. — concluao nuri :
i.e, the Mediterranean, where the Romans were most at home.
87, 10. fmmeiita : see on 61, 22.
87, 12. qiuun plnrinus possnnt : cf. quam maximis potest, 55, 9.
87, 13. Sodos . . . adsciscimt : cf. 54, 16 f. — sibi : dat. of interest or
reference.*
87, 14. llOriiuw, Meiupioa : in northern Belgium ; the other peoples
named were neighbors of the Veneti.
87, 19. Chapter 10. iniuria retentomm eqoitam: 'the outrage of
holding Roman knights ^ ; in the genitive phrase the participle contains
the leading idea.' The tribunes (85, 7) were regularly chosen from the
equestrian rank ; see Introd. § 34.
87, 21. ne . . . arbitrarentor : a subst. clause, equiv. to another nom-
inative in apposition with multa (1. 18); translate, * the fear that,* if
this region should be disregarded, the remaining peoples,^ etc.
87,23. cum: causal. — noria rebua^ stadere: cf . «/ . . . consilia^
«5t 21 f.
87, 25. natara: abl. of cause.
87, 26. odiaae : of present force, see on consuesse, 60, 21.
87, 27. conspirarent : the imperf. in secondary sequence, representing
a pres. subj.* of dir. disc. — sibi : see on 73, 23.
87> 30. Chapter i i. flumini : cf. mare, 85, 5, and see note.
88, I. adeat: coordinated with mandat, *bids him visit the Remi,'
and equiv. to an obj. clause subordinated by «/,•• d.faciat, 65, 5.
88, 2. aozilio : dat. of purpose,^ without the usual dat. of interest accom-
panying it ; cf. 63, 26. — arcessiti [esse] dicebanttir : ' were said to have
been summoned ' ; when dependent on a passive verb of saying iLsed
p>ersonally,' the infin. is complementary, not in indir disc, and a pred.
subst. or adj., including the part, in the perf. infin., is in the nom.»
H. L.M. A. O. B.
1 425, 4, N. (384, 4. N. 9) 538 377(«35,«) 350, X x88, i.H.
a 636, 4 (549, 5, H. a) X013 497 (99a, a) 664, «, a 337, $
3 567, X (498. i". H. x) 897 a. 564 (33X./) 550, 1 996. «
4 4»6, 1 (38$) 53* 367 (m7) 346. «. a '87, ii, a
5 605. 1 (sao, i, a) 878 55X, e (327, a) 577 »9a. «. *
• 565. 4 (499. a) 78X 565 & N. I (33*./. «•) 546. «• a a95, 8
7 433. 3 (39«>. ". "• a) 548 38a, x (233 a) 356 & N. i X9X, t
8 6xx, X (534. X. N. x) 96a 588(330.*) 33a, <•
9 6xa, X (536, a, X, M ) 957 4S8 (971, c) 3a8, a
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310 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
88, 3. conentur: implied indir. disc, for a fut. indie, of the actual
command ; see on habuerit^ 53, 10.
88, 6. nationibus : pi., of the different tribes of Aquitania. — Galliam :
used in a restricted sense, as in 51, 19, of the land of the Galli ; see 51, 4.
Probably Caesar was needlessly alarmed as to the danger of the Aqui-
tanians taking part in the Venetan war, for, being of different stock and
speech, they never made common cause with the rest of the Gauls.
88, 9. qui . . . curat : rel. clause of purpose,^ < to see that their troops
were kept back.^ For the gerundive, see on 59, 18. — Brntum: Brutus,
like Galba (see on 81, 2), showed the basest ingratitude to Caesar by
joining the conspiracy against his life. Do not confuse Pecimus Brutus
with his more famous kinsman, Marcus.
88, 12. possit : for an original poteris; see on conentur, 1. 3.
88, 14. Chapter 12. eius modi: pred. gen. of quality.*
88, 16. pedibus : abl. of means, < by land.^ — haberent : in a comple-
mentary or subst. clause of result in apposition with eius modi** — cum :
temporal.
88,17. spAtio: time within which.*
88, 19. adflictarentur : subj. of attraction,* the causal clause being
an essential part of the result. — The high tide overflowed the isthmus
connecting a town with the mainland. At low tide the town was left
high and dry on all sides, so that a ship which had come near to the
town at high tide was obliged to go out with the ebbing tide or be
stranded on the shallows. — utraque re : < by both circumstances.^
88, 20. operis : the Roman * works,' explained by the abls. abs. ex-
truso . . . acUuquatis,
88, 21. superati : agrees with the subject of coeperant. — extmso, etc. :
< when the sea had been shut off by a massive dike and the works had
been made equal in height to the walls of the town.' Apparently the
Romans built a broad dike or embankment across the low ground
which was overflowed at high tide, and as it approached the town its eleva-
tion was increased until it equaled the height of the town walls. Thus
it not only gave uninterrupted access to the town by land, but also served
H.
L.M.
A.
G.
B.
I 590(497,0
835
53X» 2 (3«7t »)
630
s8a, s
a 440, 3 (396, v)
558
345 (ai5)
365
•03.5
3 57», 4 (501, iii)
892; 90a
570 (319. 3)
557
»97. 3
4 487 (499)
631
423 (256)
393
a3X
5 65a. X (539. M. N. I. l)
793
593 (34«)
6a9
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3H.1
3Qle
BOOK III, CHAP. 11-13 311
as a ri^e mound (see Introd. § 47). — aggere ac molibut: lit, <by a
mound and massive structures/ but as only one structure is meant, it b
equiv. to * by a massive dike.'
88, 23. cttiuB rei : *of which,' referring to navium,
88, 24. deportabant, etc. : conclusion of the condition si . , . coepe-
ranij the imperf. showing that this was their customary conduct as one
town after another was attacked.
88, 26. eo . . . quod: 'from the fifict that' (lit., 'on that account,
because ') ; eo \s abl. of cause and is explained by the appositive causal
clause. — partem : ace. of duration of time.
88, 28. detinebantor : doubtless near the mouth of the Loire ; see
86, 3. The Roman ships were not so well adapted as those of the
Veneti to the rough waters of this coast, and the Romans themselves
were unused to the open ocean. — somma : with difficulias; the separa-
tion of words belonging together emphasizes them both.^ — yasto . . .
portiboB : abb. abs., expressing cause.
89, I. Chapter 13. Namque: introduces a further explanation of
faciUus, 88, 26, * but the Veneti were not troubled, for ' ; namque gen-
erally implies an omission which is easily supplied from the context —
ipeonim : < their own.'
89, 2. armatae : not < armed.' — carinae : sc. erant ; so through 1. 10.
89, 3. quo : see on guoy 5^, 7-
89,5. erectae: 'straight'
89, 6. accommodatae : ' being adapted,' applies to both prortu and
puppes.
89, 7. robore: abl. of material.* — qnamvis,* the indef. pron.
89, 8. transtra: 'cross-beams,' supporting the deck and strengthen-
ing the sides. The usual meaning, ' rowers' benches,' is not possible
here, for the Venetan ships were propelled by sails alone ; see 91, 4 f. —
ex . . . trabibna : ' of timbers a foot thick.'
89, 9. digiti . . . crassitudine : ' of a thumb's thickness,' abl. of qual-
ity, with a gen. instead of the usual adj." — pro funibos: this implies
that the Romans used ropes.
89, 10. pelles, etc. : ' skins and leather thinly dressed were used for
sails.'
H. L.M. A. G. B.
« «^. 4 (56X, iii) 1149 S9B, 9 (344, ') 672, a, 3 350, xi,
s 470 (4x5. Ui) 6x0 403, a (a44, a) 396
S 473, « (4x9,11) 643 4>5(«50 400 aa4.a
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312 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
89, 14. tanta onera nayiam : <such heavy ships ^ ; not 'ships of such
burden,^ which has a different meaning.
89, 16. daasi: dat. of possessor, but translate, 'the encounter of our
fleet.'
89, 17. pnlsa remonun : < in rowing' ; for the abl., cf. scienim^ 85, 15.
— reliqna, etc. : ' while in all other respects, considering the nature of
the locality and the violence of the storms, the Venetan ships had an
equipment more suitable and appropriate than ours.' Grammatically
reUqua is subject oi essent^ which is parallel with praestaret ; ilUs
[navibus] is dat. of possessor.
89, 19. lis : essential complement or indir. obj. of nocere^
89, 21. adigebator: < could be thrown so as to reach its mark,' the
potential use of the verb ; cf. iransitur^ 54, 26.
89, 22. copulis, etc. : the Romans always endeavored in a naval
battle to run alongside of the enemy's ships, to make them fest to their
own by grappling hooks, and to board them; for in a hand-to-hand
fight they had good hopes of proving superior, but as seamen they never
showed remarkable cleverness. — Accedebat ut : * furthermore,' cf. tuce-
debat quod, 8a, 18. The subjects of accedebat are the complementary or
subst. result clauses «/ . . . ferrent? etc.
89, 23. se yento dediasent: 'they (the Venetan ships) ran before the
wind'; a stereotyped nautical phrase, hence ventus is repeated. — et
(before tempestatem) . . . et . . . et : correlatives, * not only . . . but
also . . . and.'
89, 24. consiaterent : < anchored.' — aestu : personified and given the
construction of a voluntary agent.'
89, 25. nihil: see on 76, 5.
89, 26. naribis: cf. sibi, 87, 27. — casus: *the occurrence.'
89, 29. Chapter 14. neque iia, etc. : 'and that they could not be
harmed' (lit., *it could not be harmed to them'); verbs which, like
noceo^ take a dat. of the essential complement (indir. obj.) are imper-
sonal in the passive, and the dat. is retained.'*
89, 30. Quae : see on quorum, 7a, i .
90, 2. armonim: not 'arms' merely; cf. arnuUaey 89, 2.
H. L M. A. G. B.
X 496, 1 (385, i) 53« 367 (2«7) 346. ". a «87. ii, «
% 57X, I (501, i, i) 909 569, a (33a, tf , a) 553, 3 997, a
3 468, X (4x5, i, a) 614 405, N. 3 (a46) 40X, K. x ai6, x
4 496,3(384.5) 530 37a («3o) 346, K.x s87*n»^
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BOOK 111, CHAP. 13-15 313
90, 3. portn : probably in the Auray River.
90, 4. Bruto : essential complement (indir. obj.) of constabat,
90, 5. tribunis, etc. : these were army officers, and the fighters on the
ships were legionaries. In ancient times a naval service distinct from
the military was unknown. See Introd. § 48.
90, 8. Rostro : instrumental, as in 89, 19. — noceri, etc. : impers. (see
on 89, 29) without a complement, * no harm could be done.' — cognove-
rant : ' they knew,' not however implying that there had been any naval
engagement. — tnrribus . . . ezcitatia: that the abl. abs. is concessive b
seen from the following tamen.
90, 9. ez . . . navibus : <on the . . . ships' ; see on <i, 51, 16.
90, II. gravius: they gained velocity by their descent from the
higher level.
90, 12. Usui: see on auxilio^ 88, 2.
90, 13. longoriis: dat. of essential complement (indir. obj.) with the
cpd participles. — forma : abl. of quality, ' of a shape not unlike that of
wall-hooks.'
91, I. falcinm: poss. gen. with an \mp\\^^ formae depending on
absimili. These hooks were used for pulling down city walls. — cum :
* as often as,' * every time ' ; temporal and conditional clauses expressing
repeated action commonly take the indicative.*
91, 4. nayibut : dat of interest or reference.^
91, 6. nno tempore : ^ in a single moment.'
91, 9. res gerebatnr : ' the action was taking place.' This is the
earliest recorded battle fought on the Atlantic Ocean. — paulo fortius :
< unusually brave'; paulo denotes the amount of difference* between
these and ordinary deeds.
91, 10. coUes : probably the heights of St. Gildas.
91, 12. Chapter 15. cum: as in I. i. — singnlas, etc.: as soon
as a Venetan ship had been disabled in its sails, which were its only
means of propulsion, the Romans had no trouble in surrounding it with
two or three of their ships and overpowering it by their usual mode of
fighting; see on copuUs, 89, 22.
91, 16. cum : causal.^
H.
L.M.
A.
G.
B.
X
60X, 4 (59X, u, x)
854
54«;5x8,^(3aa;
309.0
584
a88,3
3
485. 4» N. (384, 4. N. a)
538
377 ("35, «)
350.x
x88,x,H.
3
479. » (423)
655
4x4 (aso)
403
823
4
S9« (5«7)
863
549 (3-6)
586
Digitized by V
886, a
jOOQk
314 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
91, 17. conrenis, etc. : ue. so as to sail before the wind. The battle
probably took place in late summer (see 88, 26 f.), and at that season in
these regions to-day the wind usually dies out about noon.
gi, 23. cum . . . pugnaretur : ^ since the battle lasted,^ explaining how
it happened that night afforded escape to a few of the enemy. — hora . . .
quarta : between nine and ten in the forenoon.
91, 26. Chapter 16. cum . . . tum : * not only . . . but furthermore,'*
91, 27. aetatis : gen. of quality.
91, 28. aliqoid, etc. : * some degree of discretion or of prestige.' —
consili : pardt. gen. ; ^ so navium with quod^ * what ships there had been
an)rwhere.'
9i> 30. quo : rd. adv., introducing a characteristic clause ; ' the im-
plied antecedent may be expressed in translation, < they had neither a
refuge to which they might withdraw nor a means of defending their
towns.'
ga, 2. eo: abl. of cause, explained by the appositive purpose clause
quo . . . conservaretur ; c£* eo , . . minus , . . quod, 60, 8 f. Translate
eo gravius * the more severely.'
9a, 3. yindicandum [esse] ; impers., ' that punishment must be in-
flicted.' — quo : see on 56, 7.
ga, 5. snb corona : this phrase arose, as the Romans believed, from
an ancient custom, which had long since died out, of putting wreaths
on the heads of captives in war who were to be sold at auction. The
sale was conducted by the quaestor, and the principal purchasers were
wholesale slave dealers. Caesar is said by Plutarch to have taken a
million captives in his Gallic campaigns, a large part of whom were
probably sold into slavery. — It is not to be supposed that the state of
the Veneti was utterly annihilated, for they are named later (159, 20) as
contributors to the force which was mustered by the Gauls for the relief
of Alesia. But their position as leaders was gone forever.
ga, 6. Chapter 17. genmtnr: see on conquiruntur^ 70, 4.
ga, 7. copiis : see 88, 8.
ga, II. copiaa : probably forces not regularly organized as an exer^
citus, — his paucia diebus : ^ within a few days ' after Sabinus's arrival.
ga, 13. nolebant : for the pi., see end of note on exirenty 5a, 10.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
« 657f 4f N. X ($54. »» 5) 864 M4. « (i55» «) S88 090, a
a 44» (397. 3) 564 346. «» 3 (9«6, a, 3) 37X 90f , 9
3 S9X»«(503. 0 836 535f«(3«>»«) 631,9 983,1
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BOOK 111, CHAP. 15-1S 31$
9a, 18. omnibus rebus: Mn all respects/* — loco: cf. locis^ 54, 26.—
castris : loc. abl. with instrumental force, hence used without it^.^
92, 19. millinm: sc. passuum. — spatio: abl. of the amount of dif-
ference,* <at a distance.' — consedisset, faceret: subj. with concessive
cum. Note the difference in tense, the former expressing completed,
the latter incomplete, action at the time of the main verb tenebat,
9a, 21. hostibus : dat. of interest or reference.^
9a, 22. non nihil : *• somewhat,' the defining or cognate acc.^
9a, 26. eo : Caesar.
9a, 27. legato: dat. of the agent* with the impers. gerundive
dimicandum [esse], *that a lieutenant ought to fight.'
93, 3. Chapter 18. anzili causa : <as a reenforcement,' see Introd.
§ 29. — Huic and uti . . . transeat : see on crvUatiy 5a, 9.
93? 5- pro perfnga : <as a deserter.'
93, 7. prematnr: indir. quest., like velU^ 1. 5.
93) 8- neqne longius, etc. : 'and that not later than the next night
Sabinus will,' etc. (lit., *• and that it is not farther away but that on the
next night Sabinus will,' etc.).
93, 9. educat : with quin^ depending on a neg. expression of abstain-
ing.^ The clause is subject of ^^x^.
93, 12. iri oportere: 'that they ought to go.' An impersonal pas-
sive ' of forms of eo is not uncommon ; it must be translated as active.
93, 13. superiorum dierum: <on the previous days,' see on eorum
. . . perspectay 73, 6.
93, 15. era! provisom : impers., 'provision had been made*
93, 16. quod fere, etc. : ' the feet that,' etc. ; the clause is appositive *
with res (1. 13). Cf. our proverb, "the wish is fether to the thought,"
and the remark in parenthesis, 173, 22 E
93, 17. non prius . . . qnam : ' not . . . until.' Ante znApHus regu-
larly stand in the main clause when it is negative ; otherwise they are
H. L.M. A. o. B.
X 480(494)
650
4x8 (953)
397
226
a 476, 3 (495, X. «)
6a8
4*9, 1 (258,/, 1)
389
9x8,7
3 479. 3 (4a3» "• «)
65s
495, ^ (957* ^)
403, N.I
223
4 485, 4. N. (384, 4. N. 2)
538
377 (935, «)
350, X
188, I. M.
5 409» « (37«. ")
507
390, c (238, b)
333.x
176, 3. «
6 431(388)
544
374, a (932)
355
189,1
7 595, X (504)
9x3
559 (3x9. <')
555
998
8 518, X (465. 1)
686
ao8.rf(i46,rf)
908.9
X38. iv
9 588, 3 (540» iv, N.)
848
57«» N. (333, N.)
5«5.«
Digitized by V
•99. x. «
jOOQle
3l6 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
usually, but not always, united with quam at the head of the subordinate
clause.
93> 1 8. sit concessum : implied indir. disc.,* representing fut. perf.* of
the direct thought, which was, Non prius vos dimittemus quam a vobis
erit concessufftj etc.
93, 19. arma uti, etc.: see on vix qua, 54, 20. — uti capiant: com-
plementary or subst. clause of purpose, subject of stt concessum.
93, 20. ut explorata victoria : * as if victory were certain,' abl. abs. ex-
pressing conaition; cf. hac parte neglecta, 87, 21.
93, 21. quibus . . . compleant: rel. clause of purpose.
93,24. Chapter 19. passns mille: ace. of extent of space with
accUvis,
93, 25. quam minimum spati : < the least possible time,' subject of
daretur,
93, 28. cupientibns : sc. Us (dat.) ; translate, * for which they are
eager.'
94, 8. ad bolla snscipienda, etc. : cf. omnes . . . excitari^ 87, 23 f.
94, 9. animus, mens : < spirit, purpose.^
94, 13- Chapter 20. Aquitaniam : see 88, 4 f., and second sentence
of the note on Galliam, 88, 6. — ante : referring inexactly to 51, 2 and
5a, 2 ff.
94, 15. tertia pars : it will be seen by consulting the map (see frontis-
piece) that this is an exaggerated estimate ; but see on spectant in, 52,
I. — cum intellegeret : in translating begin a new sentence here, making
cum . . . pervenisset (1. 12 f.) an independent statement, *Crassus arrived,'
etc.
94, 16. sibi: see on legato, 9a, 27. — annis: abl. of the amount of
difference ; cf. paulo, 91, 9. These defeats occurred in 78 B.c, when
the Aquitanians were in alliance with Sertorius, and Manlius was gov-
ernor of the Roman province {Provinda).
94, 19. non : immediately precedes the word it limits. A negation
which amounts to a strong affirmation of its opposite is called litotes, as
here * no ordinary ' = * extraordinary ' ; cf. minime . . . sctepe, 51, 7 f.
94, 20. Translate the abls. abs. of this sentence as independent
statements, ^ he made provision for a supply of grain,' etc.
94, 21. comparato: observe the agreement; cf. captus est, 69, 18. —
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 649, i (538, i) 79Z 599, a (34X, e) 663 333
a a. 60s (Sao, ». x) »7« 55*. <• (sa?. «) 574 •9i» «
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BOOK III, CHAP. 18-22 317
▼iris . . . eTOcatis : these were veterans who had served their full time
in the Roman army. See Introd. § 27.
94, 22. Tolosa, etc. : these towns are all important cities to-day. For
their modem names, see Vocab.
94^23. provinciae: in apposition^ with Galliae. — flnitimae ; limits
cruUates^ and governs regionibus ^ (= Aquitaniae).
95*4- Chapter 21. saperioribns : of 78 B.C., see on annis^ 94,
16. — victoriis: loc. (or instrumental) abl. with/r^//.«
95, 6. quid . . . poesent : indir. quest., subject oiperspici, — impera-
tor» : * commander-in-chief,' while dux is a general word for * officer.' —
aitte reliquis legionibns : Crassus had only twelve cohorts of legionary
soldiers, with a considerable body of cavalry and auxiliaries ; see 88, 4 f.
and 94, 20 f.
95, 7. adolesoentiilo duce : abl. abs., < under the leadership of a mere
boy ' : see on coMsulibus, 5a, 8. Crassus is often called aduUscens (see
85, 4) : here the diminutive is used for rhetorical effect.
95) 14- Qnibiis . . . resiatentibuj : translate as a causal clause, < since,'
etc
95, 16. alias . . .alias: correlative adverbs.
95, 17. cuius rei: 'a work in which'; the gen. is obj. mth pirilis'
95, 19. locis : see on locis^ 54, 26. — ubi : in translating, begin a new
sentence here. — diligentia : causal abl., possibly referring to counter-
mines dug by the Romans.
95, 22. faciunt : sc. id as obj. ; translate * they comply.'
95,24. Chapter 22. ex: depends on ^upWanem /acera, g6f 2»
95, 26. quorum . . . condicio : ' whose terms of union are as follows ^
(Aaec).
95, 27. ut . . . fmantur : complementary or substantive clause, in
apposition with Aaec,^ The soldurii are said to have lived with their
chief, to have eaten at the same table, and to have dressed like him. —
commodis : instrumental abl., serving as obj. oi fruantur .^
H. L.M. A. G. B.
« 393 (363) 463 a8a ('84) 3a« «69» «
a 434 (39«) 536 384 (a34) 359 «9»f «
3 476, X (4*5. "f X. N.) 6a9 431, a (254, b, a) 40X, N. 6 ax8, 3
4 45X, X (399, i, a) 573 349, a (ai8) 374 904, x
5 564. i" (499» 3) 89a 561, a (331, head-note) 557, R. 897, 3
6 477. X (4ax, i) 646 4x0, N. (a49, N.) 407, N. x ax8, x
Digitized by VjOOQIC
3l8 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
95, 28. dediderint, accidat : subj. of attraction.^ Accidit generally
implies misfortune, cf. 63, 19.
95, 29. feriEnt, consciscant: same constr. ^^fruantur,
95, 30. memoria : see on 59, 9.
96, I . quiaqnam : chiefly used when there is a negative expressed or
implied.^
96, 2. recoaaret: see on possent, 54, 19. — cum his: repeating cum
. . . devotis, 95, 25.
96, 3. conatus, sublato : translate as finite verbs.
96, 5. repulsus: expresses concession, as is seen from tamen with
impetravit, — uti . . . impetravit: 'obtained the privilege of using,'
etc. ; see on impetrcU ut^ etc., 57> 8. — eadem : < the same as the rest '
(95,2if.).
96, 10. Chapter 23. paucis diebus quibus: < within a few days
after ' (lit., * within which ') ; both the antecedent and the relative are
abl. of time within which.
96, II. ventum erat: cf. iri^ 93, 12.
96, 14. dterioris: i.e, with reference to Rome. — Hispaniae: pred.
gen. of possession. — finitimae: nom., as in 94, 23. The people of
northern Spain were kindred of the Aquitanians ; see on lingua^ 5I9 3-
96, 16. auctoritate : * prestige,' arising from their victories of 78 B.C.
(94, 16 if.) and from the presence of Spanbh officers and soldiers who
had fought under Sertorius against Rome. The abl. denotes nianner,
muUUudine is instrumental.
96, 17. Duces: pred. nom."
96, 18. Sertorio: invited to Spain in 80 B.C. by the rebellious Lusi-
tanians, he maintained with varying fortunes for eight years a fierce
struggle against the authority of the Roman senate.
96, 19. consuetudine : cf. 74, 7.
96, 20. loca . . . munire : this important feature of defensive tactics
was not adopted by the rest of the Gauls until four years later under
Vercingetorix.
96, 21 . Quod : * but ' ; see on quod sty 60, 15.
96, 23. diduci : * could be separated,' see on transUur^ 54, 26. — et . . .
et . . . et : ' not only . . . and . . . but also ' ; cf. 89, 23 f.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 65a, X (599, ii, N. 1) 793 593 (349) 663, X 324, X
a 5«3 (457) X071 3" («o2» <•) 3»7» I »5a» 4
3 4»o* X (373. a) 4^© 393, a (939, a, n. 9) 906 x68, a, b
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Google
BOOK 111, CHAP. 22-25 319
96, 26. non canctandiim . . . quiii . . . decerUret: *that there ought
to be no delay about fighting/ etc. ; cunctandum [esse] is impers.
pass. ; for decertaret^ see on educate 93, 9.
96, 27. idem aentire : ^ had the same feeling ^ ; see on non nihily 9a, 22.
96, 28. pugnae : dat. of the optional complement or interest.^
96, 29. Chapter 24. duplici : the double line was adopted when
a force was small. The usual formation was in three lines. See Introd.
§46.
96, 30. in medium: the newly levied auxiliaries (94, 20 f.) could
not be trusted to stand their ground if placed in their usual position on
the wings.
97, 4. obaessis . . . interclnao : translate the abls. abs. as infins.
paraUel with potirt, — Tictoria : see on imperioy 5a, 1 1 .
97, 6. coepissent : implied indir. disc., representing coeperint (fut.
perf.) of the original thought, which was, *If they begin to retreat, we
will attack,' etc. ; see on habuerit^ 53, 10. — impeditoa: sc. eos^ obj. of
adoririy which is complementary infin.^
97, 7. animo : abl. of specification with infirmiores.
97, 8. caitris: see on 9a, 18.
97, 9. sua : refers to hostes^ the subject.
97, 10. opinions timoris : < the impression they gave of fear.^
97, II. elleciMent, audiientur : observe the difference in tense.
97, 12. ezspectari : impers. pass., subject oioportere ; its own subject
is the clause with ^um, Uhat an advance on the camp ought not
to be delayed any longer.' This is the only instance mentioned by
Caesar of an attack by the Romans on a fortified Gallic camp.
97, 1 7. Chapter 25 . quibns : essential complement or indir. obj . of
confidebaty which commonly takes the dat. of persons, the abl. of things.
97, 18. lapidibos . . . comportandis : gerundives expressing means.*
— ad aggerem: a mound, such as the Romans used in besieging towns
(see Introd. § 47), was built up against the enemy's rampart (which
must have been of unusual height) to enable the attacking force to
scale the defenses.
97, 19. speciem, etc: 'were giving the semblance and the impres-
sion of being combatants.*
H. L.M. A. G. " B.
« 4*5, «< 384. «,«.»)) 537 376 (ass, H.) 350, • x88, x
a 607(533) 954 456(270 4*3 3*8. »
3 630(544, 1; 549, iv) xooa 507 (30^) 43* 339i x*. 338. 4.«
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Google
320 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
97, 20. ac non : ^ not neque, as non timide is a case of litotes (see on
non^ 94, 19), ^ with no sign of fear/ This brave conduct of the enemy
was not what the Romans had been led to expect ; see 1. 10 f.
97, 21 . pognaretnr : * the battle was being fought/ — loce superiore :
the high rampart.
97, 22. circomitis, etc. : translate as active, * having ridden round
the camp/
97, 23. ab : see on a^ 51, 16.
97, 28. Chapter 26. praesidio : dat. of purpose,^ accompanied by
a dat. of interest (castris), Meft as a protection for the camp.'
98, I . eas : < that part of.'
98, 2. prills . . . qaam : separated as in 93, 17 f.
98,3. yideri: sc. possent from the following posset, — quidrei: cf.
quid consilit 96, 30 f.
98, 4. posset : the subj. is used with prius quam of an action which
is prevented by the main act.'
98, 5. quod : * a thing which,' referring to redirUegratis viribus,
98, 7. per : * over.'
98, 9. campis : instrumental, denoting the route taken.*
98, 10. quae : subject of convenisse^ which itself is subject of the
impers. canst abat,
98, 16. Chapter 27. paucae, etc.: <only a few nations, the most
remote.'
98, 17. tempore : loc. (or instrumental) abl. ;* see on quibuSy 97, 17.
98,18. Chapter 28. propeexacta: Caesar had used up most
of the summer in the campaign against the Veneti ; see 88, 26 f.
98, 20. essent : subj. of characteristic.
98, 21. arbitratus: the perf. part, of deponent verbs is sometimes
used like a present.
98, 23. alia . . . ac : * different from' ; see on cUiter ... ^, 74, 5.
99, 5. compluribus: of the enemy. — longius: <too far'; see on or-
pidius, 61, 8.
99, 6. locis : cf. campisy 98, 9.
99) 7. Chapter 29. caedere inatitait : < made a beginning of cut-
ting.'
H. L.M. A.
« 433 (390, i) 548 38a, X (933» tf)
a 605, ti (590, U) 880 551, t (327)
3 476 (4«o, X, 3>) t>44 4a9» « («58, r)
4 476, 3 (4a5f ". t. N.) 629 43X & N. (254, 6)
G.
B.
356
191 , a, h
577. «
a9«.x.*
40X
2x8,9
40T, N. 6
ax9, 1
Digitized by VjOO
de
BOOK 111, CHAP. 25-29; BOOK IV 321
99, 8. inermibiis . . . militibiis : abl. abs., ' while the soldiers,^ etc.
99, 9. ab : cf. 97, 23. — materiam . . . conTenam . . . conlocabat : < he
was placing the timber so that the branches were turned toward the
enemy.'
99, 10. pro Tallo : cf. 69, 13 f.
99, 12. confocto: 'had been cleared.' With rjvM begin a new sen-
tence.
99, 13. eztrema : < the rear of ; cf. summas, 81, 5. — tenerentur : note
the tense of incomplete action, < were being reached.'
99, 14. ipsi : the enemy.
99, 16. snb pellibus : />. in the tents, which were of leather.
99, 19. Aolercia, etc. : see 9^9 12 if.
BOOK FOURTH
Campaign of 55 B.C. — In the winter of 56-55 B.C., while Caesar was
attending to the dvil duties of his governorship in Cisalpine Gaul, the
report reached him that two German tribes, the Usipetes and Tencteri,
had crossed the Rhine and settled down in the Menapian territory.
Their presence was a grave menace to Roman authority in Gaul.
Caesar knew that the inconstant Gallic peoples, all of whom, except
the Morini and the Menapii (99, 17 if.) and a few mountain tribes in
Aquitania (98, 16 f.) and in Helvetia (84, 19 if.), had now submitted to
the rule of Rome, would most likely invite these invading Germans
to assist them in overthrowing their Roman master. Accordingly he
returned to his army earlier than usual, and marched straightway
against the Germans, who had by this time moved as biT south as the
countr)* of the Eburones and the Condrusi. Having been treacherously
attacked during a truce, with no less treachery he fell upon the enemy in
camp the next day and massacred almost their entire force, men, women,
and children. Their cavalry alone escaped across the Rhine and found
refuge among the Sugambri, who refused Caesar's demand for their
surrender.
Although Gaul was thus freed from present danger, Caesar believed
that it would be a safeguard against future invasions if he should show
the Germans that they were not secure even on their own soil. He
was desirous, too, of punishing the Sugambri for harboring his enemies.
Furthermore, the ambition of being the first Roman to lead an army
MATH. CAESAR — 21
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322 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
across the Rhine doubtless was not without its influence. In order to
impress the barbarians as thoroughly as possible with the ability and
resourcefulness of the Romans, he was not content to cross by boats in
the barbarian way, but from some point on the Treveran bank, not hr
from the mouth of the Moselle (Mosella), he built a bridge, so strong
and substantial that, as Plutarch sa3rs, one who saw it could hardly
believe that it had been made in ten days. The Germans, with the
exception of the Ubii, who had put themselves under his protection,
decamped at hb approach ; and as he was unwilling to incur the risk
of following them into their boundless forests, he devastated their
territories and returned to Gaul.
The year 55 B.C. is of great interest to English-speaking peoples,
because it marks the first visit of Romans to Britain. This expedition
was only a reconnaissance preliminary to a more extensive enterprise
the next year.
This season's campaigning was dosed by the subjugation of the
Morini. The Menapian territory was ravaged, but the people took
refuge again, as in the previous year, in their dense forests.
Page zoo, Line 2. Chapter i. Cn. . . . consulibus : = 55 B.C.;
see on Af,, 5a, 7, and consulibus, 5a, 8. Before 46 B.C., when Caesar
established the Julian system, which is still in use, there was much
confusion in the Roman calendar (see on 55, 5). The year 55 B.C.
began more than a month before the winter solstice, so that Caesar
here speaks of the winter of 56-55 as belonging altogether to the
year 55.
100, 4. transierunt : probably not far from where the Waal (Vacalus)
branches off from the Rhine.
100, 5. quo : adv. = in quod,
100, 6. annos : expresses the duration of exagitati, — premebantnr,
etc. : note the tense expressing continuance, and the mood showing
that Caesar states the reason on his own authority.*
zoo, 9. pagos : < divisions,' probably used here of the people, not of
the country. — ex quibus . . . singula millia: 'from each of which . . .
a thousand.^ ^
zoo, 10. causa : observe that in this meaning it regularly follows its
genitive ; cf. causa transeundi, 1. 5, in a different meaning.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 588, i (516, i) 85X 540 (32O 539 •W, I
a 164, X (X74, a, x) xoBo X37, « (95, a) 97. »• » •«» 4f «
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BOOK IV, CHAP, i-a 323
100, 12. anno post : * the year after.' ^
100, 13. ratio atqno nsos : * theory and practice.'
100, 14. priTati, etc. : private ownership of land belongs to a more
advanced state of civilization than had been reached by these peoples.
— agri : partit. gen. with nihil,
looy 15. anno: abl. of comparison with Umgius,
zoo, 16. fnimento: abl. of means. — maximam partem: adverbial
ace.*
looy 18. quae res: <and this way of living'; see on quorum^ 7a, i,
and res^ 53, 22. — genere : abl. of cause.
100, 19. a pueris: 'from childhood.' — officio: abl. of means, the
regular construction with adsuefacio in Caesar's time ; a little later the
dat. began to be used, thus corresponding to the English idiom.
100, 21. magnitudine : pred. use of abl. of quality.*
loi, I. homines : pred. ace. ; sc. eos as dir. obj.
loi, 2. ut . . . haberent . . . et lavarentur : complementary or subst.
clauses of result,^ in apposition with earn consuetudinem. Note the
secondary sequence depending on a perf. definite.* Translate, 'and
they have acquired the custom, although their country is very cold
(/>. from a Roman's point of view ; abl. abs. expressing concession), of
having no clothing . . . and of bathing,' etc — Testitus : partit gen.
with quicquam,
loi, 4. laTarentnr : reflexive use of the passive.*
101, 5. Chapter 2. eo, ut . . . habeant : * for the sake of their hav-
ing purchasers of what they have taken in war ' ; eo, * on that account,'
is explained by the appositive purpose clause ; cf. 60, 8 f., where a causal
clause explains eo; ceperint and vendant are in characteristic clauses.'
loz, 6. quam quo: introduces an untenable reason (equivalent to
non quo\ 'than because.'*
loi, 7. ad se : onut in translation.
xoi, 8. pretio : abl. of price.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
t
479. 3 (423* N. a)
655
4M (aso)
403. "•4
aa3
a
416, 2 (378, a)
508
397. « («40, *)
334, R. a
185, X
3
473. «. N- a (4x9. ")
643
4x5, N. (asi, N.)
400
324, X
571, 4 (5o«, »")
90a
570 (3«9. 3)
557
297,3
546 (495, >)
785
485, a (287, a)
51X. ». 3
a68, X
517 (465)
687
Z56, a (zii, a)
ax8
256, I
59». I (503. »)
836
535 (3«>)
631, a
»83, X
588,ii,a(5x6,u,a)
85a
54o» M. 3 (331, «.)
54«, N. a
Digitized by v:
a86.x.
iOOQl
324 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
zoz, 9. importatis : limits iumentis,
loiy II. somini ut sint Uboris: subst. clause of result, equiv. to a
pred. ace., * capable of the hardest work ' ; laboris is pred. gen. of quality.
— proeliis: abl. of time when.
pedibns : abl. of manner,
quamvis panel : < however few.^
Vinom : cf. what is said of the Nervii, ya, 4 ff.
Chapter 3. Pnblice: <for a state.* —landem: 'title to
lOX,
12.
lOX,
16.
101,
17-
lOI,
20.
praise.'
»
lOI,
21.
lOI,
22.
lOX,
23-
Tacare agros : *• for lands to be unoccupied,* subject of esst,^
numerum . . . posse : indir. disc, subject of significari,
a: *from.'
zoz, 24. agri : nom.
zoi, 28. mercatores : on the influence of traders in Gaul, see 51, 8 f.
zoz, 29. moribos : see on officio^ zoo, 19. — cum : concessive, as tamen
shows.
zoz, 30. experti: the appositive part, expressing concession,^ 'in
spite of having made the attempt.*
zoa, I. graTitatem: < importance.*
zoa, 2. Tectigales, humiliores: see on homines^ zoz, i.
zoa, 4. Chapter 4. causa : < position.*
zoa, 8. qnas regiones : < districts which * ; avoid making the rel. pron.
an adj. in Eng., as ' which districts.*
zoa, 9. ad : < on.*
zoa, 1 1 . multitudinis : = 430,000, according to zo8, i .
zoa, 12. trans, cia: from the Gallic or Roman standpoint.
zoa, 13. nil . . . cum : < the Germans made all sorts of attempts, but
since,* etc
zoa, 14. ri contendere: <to use force.*
zoa, 18. itinere: abl. abs. with confecto. — equitatu: abl. of means;
the infantry could not have covered the distance so quickly.
zoa, 23. fieret: subj. because the action was prevented by the main
action," ' before that part . . . could be informed.'
zoa, 24. partem : cf. annos^ zoo, 6.
zoa, 25. copiis: < stores.*
H. L.M. A. G. B.
1 6«5» a <538, «) 97' 45». » (a7o» ») 4" 330
a 638, a (549. ») >ox7 496 (292) 667 337, a, e
3 605, ii (sao, ii) 880 551, ^ (327) 577. « «9a» «. *
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BOOK IV, CHAP. 2-7 325
xoa, 26. Chapter 5. inflrmiUtem : cf. 87, 23. Caesar feared that
the Gauls would welcome the Germans and endeavor with their aid to
drive out the Roman conqueror.
loa, 29. nihil . . . committendtini : * that no confidence at all ought to
be placed in them.' JViM b adv. ace., and the gerundive (sc. esse) is
impersonal.
loa, 30. contiietiidinis : pred. gen. of possession.^ — uti . . . cogant,
quaerant, circumsittat, cogat: in apposition with Aoc, Mt is a Gallic
custom to force,^ etc.
i03y 3. et . . . ynlgns circnmsistat : ' and for a crowd to (lock around.^
103, 6. quomm eos . . . paenitere, etc. : *of which they must repent.^'
Eos is obj. of paenif ere (cf. Genesis 6, 6, * And it repented the Lord that
he had made man on the earth^), which is itself subject of est.
Z03, 7. mmoribtts : essential complement or indir. obj. of sennant,
*are slaves to.'
103,8. pleriqne: the viatores. — eonun: 'of the questioners.* — Acta
respondeant : < mold their answers.*
103, 9. Chapter 6. graTiori: 'too serious.' — bello: essential
complement or indir. obj. of an intr. compound verb.*
103,10. consnerat: see on consueranty 81^7. — ezercitam: quartered
in several states west of the Seine ; see 99^ 19 f*
103, 1 1 . suspicatiis erat : in an explanatory rel. dause, not considered
as a part of the quotation which depends on cognovit; hence the
indie*
103, 12. facta: sc esse, — missas, invitatos: sc. esse; these indir.
disc, clauses are in apposition with /a.
103, 13. ab Rheno: i.e, to come farther into Gaul.
103, 14. omnia . . . parata : depends on the idea of promising con-
tained in invitatos, * with the promise that everything which they should
demand would be made ready by them.' The actual promise was, omnia
quae postulaveritis (fut. perf.) a nobis erunt parata.
103, 23. Chapter 7. locis: see on itineribusy 54» 18.
103, 24. dienun: gen. of quality. — iter: ace, cf. viam, 102, 17.
X03, 25. neque . . . neque : * not . . . and not either,' * That the Ger-
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 447 (40a) 556 343.*(a«4,0 366, ». a 198,3
a 457 (409» »") 585 354, * (»»«. *) 377 •o9
3 499(386) 53a 370 Ua8) 347, »•« 187, ui, x
4 643, 3 (599, M. i,a)) xo»8 583 (336. 0 6a8, R. tf 3«4f 3
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326 NOTES OM THE GALUC WAR
mans are not making war first on Rome, and yet they do not refuse
either,' etc
Z03, 27. lacessantor : < if they are attacked,' for fiit indie, of dir. disc.
Although the verb which introduces the quotation is past, Caesar uses
primary sequence* throughout this speech, thus more nearly reproducing
the original form. — quin . . . contendant : obj. of the neg. verb of refusing.
See on educate 93, 9.
X03, 28. consuetudo sit . . . tradita : <it is the custom . . . handed
down.' — quicmnque: the antecedent (iisy indir. obj. of resistere) may
be omitted in English as well as in Latin.
103, 29. Haec tamen dicere : * they have this to say however.' The
subject of an infin. may be omitted if there is no chance for ambiguity.
It is here first expressed with concederey 104, 3.
104, I. iis: the Romans.
Z04, 2. attribuant : * let the Romans assign,' for imper., attribuuniOy
of dir. disc.* — eos : sc. agros, — possederint : from possido,
Z04, 4. reliqunm . . . neminem : < but there is not any one else on
earth.'
104, 5. possint : in a characteristic clause," hence it was subj. in the
dir. disc.
Z04, 6. Chapter 8. quae : obj. of responderey which is implied as
subject of visum est,
Z04, 8. remanerent: for fut. indie of dir. disc. The secondary
sequence depends on /«//, but the remaining subjs. of this passage pre-
serve their original tense, in violation of sequence ; see on lice<Uy 55, 20.
Do not imitate this shift of sequence in translation.
104, 10. occupare : .see on obtinerey 51, 15. With its implied subject
eos (antecedent of qui) it is subject of esse,
104, 13. et . . . querantur et . . . petant : < complaining . . . and ask-
ing'; the pres. part, is not so freely used in Latin as in English.
104, 14. hoc . . . imperatumm : <that he would enjoin this upon the
Ubii.'
Z04, 17. Chapter 9. post diem tertiuin: Mn two days.' The
Romans reckoned the day of departure as the first day ; we leave it out
of account.
H. L.M. A G. B.
I 644, I (595, i) 103a 585, ^ & N. (336, B,a & N. X) 654. «• 3«8
a 64a (533, iii) X093 588 (339) 65a 316
3 59»» » (503» ») 838 535, a (320. a) 631, a a83, a
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BOOK IV, CHAP. 7-1 1 327
104,18. propius: used as a prep. ^
104, 19. ab: <from.'
104, 2 1 . trans : to the west side.
104,24. Chapter 10. Vosego: Caesar comprehends under this
name not only the Vosges Mountains, but also the plateau of Langres,
in which the Meuse rises, and the Monts Faucilles, which unite the
plateau with the Vosges.
104, 25. parte . . . recepta: < taking up a branch from the Rhine.^
The Waal (Vacalus) is to-day much the most important mouth of the
Rhine.
104, 27. inde : from the junction of the Meuse and the Waal, which
may have been farther east than at present. — miUibus : as in 61, 17.
104, 28. ex: *in'; cf. ^^ . . . finibus oriuntur, 51, 19, and see on «,
51, 16.
104,29. spatio: < course,^ abl. of manner. — Nantnatium, etc.: the
list of peoples whose territories are here said to have touched the Rhine
is neither accurate nor complete (see on spectant itty 52, i). The
Nantuates were south of Lake Geneva (Lacus-Lemannus) ; see 81, 3 fF.
The word per is applicable to the Triboci only.
105, 2. tnultis . . . effectis: < making many large islands.^ The abl.
abs. is not to be translated literally.
105.4. ex... qui: <some of whom,' lit., *from whom there are
[some] who ' (not * of the sort who/ which would require a subj. of
characteristic) .
105.5. capitibus: < mouths,' abl. of means.
105, 6. Chapter i i . passuum xu millibus : Caesar had continued
to draw nearer to the Germans ; cf. 103, 24 and 104, 18. f. For the abl.,
see on passibus, 65, 27.
105, 7. erat constitutom : refers to the promise of the envoys to re-
turn in two days ; see 104, 17.
105, II. antecessissent : implied indir. disc. ; see on habuerit^ 53, 10.
— praemitteret : without obj., * send ahead to the cavalry.' The Roman
army when on the march was usually led by cavalry and light-armed
troops (Introd. § 45), whose duty in case of meeting the enemy was to
hold him at bay until the infantry could be made ready for fighting.
105, 12. sibique nt: the pronoun is emphatic, in contrast with eos
eqtates ; cf . t/ix qua, 54, 20.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 430, 5 (437, 1) 659 43a, a (261, a) 416, 33 X41, 3
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328 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
105,14. inre iurando : 'under oath/ manner. — ea condicione . . .
nraros : ' would avail themselves of those terms ^ ; see 104, 12 f.
XQ5, 16. daret : ut might have been expressed again, as mihfaceret^
1.13.
X05, 17. eodam, etc. : tended to the same end^ ; eodem and tUo are
advs., explained by the appositive purpose clause.
105, 18. abessent: in a subordinate clause of indir. disc.
Z05, 21 . conyenirent : ioxconvenite of dir. disc ; cf. attrUmant^ Z04, 2.
X05, 23. qui nnntiarent : < men to announce ^ ; see on qui^ 51, 2. —
ne . . . lacesserent : ' that they were not to attack,^ indir. disc for noUie
lacessere.^
Z05, 24. raatinerent : cf. convenirenty 1. 21. The Romans were to
act merely on the defensive.
Z05, 25. accessisset : for perf. subj. of dir. disc, expressing an accom-
plished expectation, * until he should [have] come.' The imperf. (for
the pres. subj.^ of dir. disc.) would be more usual, not implying accom-
plishment.
105,26. Chapter 12. ttbiprimum: <as soon as,^ takes the same
constr. as ubi,*
Z05, 27. millinm : gen. of definition, or appositional gen.*
Z05, 28. equites : ace, ampUus having no influence on the constr. ; *
but cf. amplius . . . millibus^ 61, 17.
105, 29. nihil timentibus nostris : < and while our men were in no
fear of anything.'
106, I . indutiis : dat. of purpose.*
Z06, 2. rursiis, etc. : the Romans rallied after a few moments of fright.
106, 3. snffossis, etc. : ' and stabbing our horses underneath db-
mounted many of our men.' Begin a new sentence with reliquos.
Z06, 5. non prius . . . quam : see on 93, 17.
Z06, 7. Tenissent: attracted into the subj. (from the perf. indie'')
because it is an essential part of the result clause.^
H. L. M. A.
I 56t, X ; 64a, 4 (489, 7a8: T093 450, i : 588, N. a (969,
x; 593, iii, N.) «, 9; 339, H. 9)
t 603, ii, 9 (519, ii, 9) 99a 553 (398)
3 609(5x8) 881 543(324)
4 440, 4 (396. ▼») 569 343. ^^ (a«4»/)
5 47«f 4 (417* «»».«) 618 407, c (947, c)
• 4a5. 3 (384. M. «, 3> 54« 38a. a (933, h)
7 605, ii, X (590, N. i) 879 55X, a (397)
8 659, X (599, ii, w. X, x) 793 593 (34«)
G.
R
971, 9; 659
Vlf^c\ 3x6,
57a
993, Ui. a
56X
287, 1
361. «
909
996, R. 4
«7. 3
356, N a
191, 1
576
99X,9
663, X
3a4.«
Digitized by Vj(
30Qle
BCX)K IV, CHAP. 11-13 329
X06, 9. PiM : probably this man had been given Roman citizenship,
and as was regularly done he took the name of the Roman patron through
whose agency he had been honored.
Z06, 10. genere: abl. of source.^
106, 1 1, amicus : see on amicus, 53, 9. — Hie, ilium : < he, him,^ never
* this one, that one/
106, 13. ipse . . . quoad : < but upon his horse being wounded he was
himself dismounted, yet as long as,^ etc. Cf. this use ^ of quoad with
that in 105, 24.
Z06, 16. incitato equo: <he put spurs to his horse.^
106,20. Chapter 13. ab iia qui: 'from men who,^ with a clause
of characteristic. The treachery of the Germans gave Caesar a welcome
excuse for attacking them at once ; for the superiority, which had just
been proved, of the German over the Gallic cavalry, as well as the
untrustworthiness of the Gauls, made clear the folly of waiting until
the German cavalry should be reenforced.
106, 2 1 . ezspectare : subject of esse,* — dnm . . . angerentur : cf. quoad
. . . accessissety 105, 24 f.
106, 23. dementiae : pred. gen. of possession,* ' was an act of the
utmost folly.'
106, 24. attctoritatis : partit. gen. with quantum, *• how great an influ-
ence.' The partit gen. is usually separated from the word upon which
it depends.
106,25. 4^hii8: the enemy.
X06, 27. quaestore : probably here, as on some other occasions, the
quartermaster was given an equal military authority with the lieutenants,
having command of a l^ion. See Introd. § 33. — ne . . . praetermitteret :
' not to let any ' day for a battie go by,^ in apposition with consiUo,
106.28. pngnae: gen. ofposs.
106.29. quod: Mn that'; the clause is in apposition with res.* —
eadem: 'the same as before.' — perfidia: possibly the German chiefs
and elders came in good foith to excuse the attack of their cavalry, but
Caesar may well have believed that they were planning further treachery.
H. L. M. A. G. B.
I 469, 9 (4x5, ii) 609 403, « (944. «) 395 «»5
a 603,1(519,1) 918 555(3*8. a) 5^9 «93.»
3 615 (538) 97« 45a (970) 4aa 397. «
4 447 (40a) 557 343, * (aM, c) 366 198, 3
5 x86 (190) 1064 X49» * (105. d) 3x5 asa, x
6 588, 3 (540, iv, N.) 848 57a* N. (333, H.) 535. X 899, X. rt
Digitized by VjOOQIC
330 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
107, I. nata: see on So, 20. — sinml . . . simiil: ^partly . . . partlj/
X07, 2. sui : pl.^ ; cf. 83, 23, where it is sing. — quod . . . oommisis-
sent : the subj. is used on the principle of implied indir. disc., to show
that Caesar is quoting the reason put forward by the Germans.^ — contra
atque : < contrary to what.^ — esset dictum, petissent, possent : subjs. of
attraction.
107, 4. at . . . impetrarent : < that if they had any influence, they
might carry their point in the matter of a truce by deception.'
107, 5. illos : same persons as quos, Caesar's treachery in arrest-
ing the German envoys was every whit as black as that of the Veneti
(85, 18 ff.), whom he punished with the utmost severity, that, as he says
(9a> 3 f-)> *^e rights of ambassadors might be respected.
107, 7. subsequi : as the cavalry had shown its unreliability, it was
ordered to bring up the rear ; it usually led the march (see on pnu^
mitteret^ 105, 11).
107, 8. Chapter 14. Acie triplid : U, in three parallel columns,
so that a line of battle might be formed as soon as the enemy appeared
(see Introd. §45).
Z07, 9. prius . . . qnam: see on 93, 17.
Z07, 10. quid ageretor: 'what was going on,' depending on seniire,
107, II. possent: see onfierety loa, 23.
107, 12. et . . . at: 'both . . . and.' — soonun: the envo3rs who had
gone to Caesar, 1. i.
107, 14. ne ... an ... an : 'whether . . . or . . . or.' •
Z07, 15. praestaret: impers., having the infins. as subjects. — Quo-
rum : see on 7a, i .
107, 18. qui: see on 51, 2.
107, 20. puerorum : gen. of definition or appositional gen.* Like the
Helvetii they had migrated bag and baggage, and were seeking a new
home in Gaul.
107, 22. ad quos, etc. : however justifiable Caesar's attack on the •
enemy may have been in the light of their attack upon him the day
before, and necessary though it was fi^om a military and political stand-
point for the Germans to be kept out of Gaul, there was surely no excuse
H. L.M. A. G. R
1 626, 3 (543, 1, N. x) xooo 504, c (398, a) 438, R. 1 339, 5
a 588, ti (516, ii) 851 540 & N. I (321 & N. x) 541 a86, x
3 380 (353. x) 81X, 813 335 (3") 458, 460 300. 4
4 440, 4 (396. vi) 568 343, d (ax4. /) 36X, x aos
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BOOK IV, CHAP. 13-16 331
for his detention of the envoys or for his cold-blooded slaughter of
women and children. When a public recognition of his victory was
being voted in the senate at Rome, Cato led the opposition, declaring
that Caesar ought to be handed over to the barbarians in order that the
wrath of heaven might ^1 upon him alone and not on the state. See
Plutarch, Ufe of Caesar^ 22.
107, 24. Chapter 15. Germani: i,e, those who engaged with the
Romans. — clamore audito cum . . . yiderent : ^ hearing the outcry . . . and
seeing,' etc.
107,25. abiectis, relictis: translate by finite verbs, Uhey threw
away,' etc.
107, 27. Rheni : loosely used for the Waal (Vacalus) branch ; see
104, 26 and note on inde^ 104, 27. — reliqua : * further.'
107, 30. ex . . . timore : translate, * relieved from fear.'
108, 1 . cum : causal, explaining tanti. — capitum : partit. with mil-
UuMy which is gen. of definition, as in 105, 27. The number seems
incredible, but an exaggeration is not surprising if we remember how
easily to-day extravagant reports are circulated in time of danger.
108, 8. Chapter 16. Caesar, etc. : on Caesar's invasion of Ger-
many, see summary of Book IV, p. 321 f.
108, 9. iUa : * the following.' — iustissima : * the most forcible.'
108, II. com intellegerent : implied indir. disc, representing Caesar's
thought as suis . . . timebunt cum intellegent.
X08, 13. Accessit . . . quod : see on accedebat qiwd, 8a, 18.
108, 14. supra: in 104, 20 ff. — commemoravi : Caesar, the author ,
sometimes speaks in the first person, but his achievements are always
described in the third.
X08. 18. quos: the Sugambri.
X08, 19. dederent : coordinated with postulareni ; see on adeat^ 88, i.
108, 20. The answer of the Sugambri is no less insolent than that of
the Usipetes and Tencteri, 103, 25ff. — Rhenum finire: the Rhine re-
mained the boundary between Gaul and the barbarians until the fifth
century. In later times Germans have generally possessed territory
west of the river, and to-day the dearest ambition of the French people
is to recover Alsace-Lorraine, which was taken by Germany in the war
of 1870-71.
X08, 21. Germanos . . . transire : subject of an implied esse^ aequum
being in the predicate.
xo8y 22. cur . . . postularet : indir. quest., for an original cur tut . . .
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332 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
postulas. — sui imperi : poss. gen. used predicatively.^ — esse : the infin.
with postularety * expect/ which in the sense of * ask ' takes the subj.
(generally with «/, but see dederenty 1. 19). Translate, *why did he
expect anything across the Rhine to be under his control or power?'
108, 27. prem6rentur : implied indir. disc, giving the reason of the
Ubii, not of the writer; see on quod . . . commisissent, 107, 2.
io8y 28. ezercitum, Rhenum : see on partes ^ flumen^ 58, 29. — trans-
portaret : same constr. ^s ferret j 1. 26.
109, I . sibi : dat. of interest or reference ; translate with ady etc., * for
their help.'
log, 2. opinionem: < reputation.' — eius: <his.'
109, 3. Arioyisto pulso : see end of summary of Book L p. 249. The
abl. abs. expresses cause, ^because of the rout,' etc.
log, 10. Chapter 17. dignitatis: cf. imperi, 108, 22. Trans-
late this sentence, * but as to crossing in boats he not only thought it
was not sufficiently safe but he also made up his mind that it was not in
keeping with his own high position or that of Rome.' This preserves
the prominence oitransire (which is the subject of both tutum esse and
dignitatis esse)^ and brings out the force of neque . . . neque^ which fre-
quently cannot be properly rendered by * neither . . . nor.'
109, 12. latitudinem : probably Caesar crossed the Rhine at some
point not more than ten miles north of the Moselle. Excavations of
1 898-1 899 furnished uncertain additional evidence in favor of Neuwied,
eight miles north of the mouth of the Moselle. Napoleon and many
others have preferred Bonn, which is only a few miles south of the mouth
of the Sieg (Siga). The bridge cannot have been less than a quarter
of a mile long.
log, 15. Rationem, etc. : ' the style of bridge he adopted was as fol-
lows.'— Too finished a structure should not be assumed, as only ten days
were given to building it. It is probable that the different parts of the
bridge were festened together by ropes. — Tigna bina: * pairs* of
logs.'
IXC, I. ab imo: 'at the lower ends'; see on tf, 51, 16. — dimenaa:
* proportioned ' ; pass., as in opere dimenso, 75, 3.
no, 2. intervallo: measure of difference, *at a distance of two feet
apart.' — inter se: * together.' Two logs were laid on the ground two
H. L.M. A. G. B.
X 447 (40a) 556 343, ^ (a»4. c) 366 198, 3
a 164, 4 (174, a, 4) 1073 X37, d (95, d) 97, r. a 81, 4, a
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BOOK IV, CHAR 16-17 333
feet apart and festened together by crosspieces. Probably about 100
such pairs were needed.
no, 3. Haec : translate, * one of these pairs.' — cum : see on 91, i . —
machinationibiis : a general word for machines, perhaps here derricks on
rafts. — defixcrat : merely of fixing the pointed ends of the pair in the
bed of the river, while adegerat applies to driving the logs home with
pile-drivers.
IXC, 4. sublicae modo : * like a pile,' /./. perpendicularly.
no, 5. Mcnndam naturam fluminis : < in the direction of the current.'
no, 6. duo : sc. iigna. Opposite the first pair of logs and slanting
toward them another pair was set up at a distance of forty feet down-
stream {ab inferiore parte) ,
no, 7. quadragenum: an old form of gen. pi., = quadragenorum \
of. Mediomairicum^ 104, 30.
110,9. Haecutraque: sc. tigna btna; subject of distinebantur , —
insuper . . . immissis: abl. abs. expressing means. — trabibus: one of
these beams (marked C in the cut) hewn, at least at the extremities, so
as exactly to fit into the space between the two logs of each pair, and
resting on the uppermost crosspieces which fastened the pair together,
joined each upper pair with its corresponding pair down-stream.
no, 10. quantum: adverbial ace. — utrimque: applied, like »/ra^i//,
to each pair of logs.
no, II. fibulis : what the nature of these fasteners was is not known.
The cut on p. 109 shows as simple and effective a device as any that
has been proposed. — If a pair of logs tended to yield to the force of
the current, the rope-bound fasteners would press more firmly both
against the connecting beams and the logs themselves. — ab eztrema
parte : the (upper) end of the pair of logs. Translate this sentence,
*on both these pairs beams were let down from above, two feet in thick-
ness, just filling the space between the logs of each pair ; and by these
beams and two fasteners on each pair of logs at the end these opposite
pairs were held apart' (i.e, prevented from slanting more and more
towards each other). — quibus . . . revinctis: *and as these logs were
kept apart and fastened back in opposite directions.'
no, 13. ea: <such.' — rerum: <the structure.* — quo maior ... hoc
artiua : < the greater the force with which the water rushed on, the more
closely'; cf. eo gravius . . . quo minus, 60, 10 f.
110,14. incitayiflset : subj. of attraction. — inligata: sc. ttgna, —
Haec, etc. : * these frames (consbting of tigna and trabes) were joined
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334 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
together by timber laid on straight,' ue, lengthwise of the bridge.
Across these timbers poles (probably small trees stripped of branches)
were laid, lying in the direction of the stream, and over the poles wicker-
work was spread, woven of saplings and branches.
no, 1 6. nihilo setius : implying that the bridge was strong enough
without these additions. — et: correlates with et in 1. 19, 'piles were
driven both on the down-stream side slantwise . . . and likewise others
a little distance above the bridge.'
1 10, 17. oblique : slanting athwart the stream. — pro ariete subiectae :
'put underneath as a buttress ' ; cf. pro vallo, 69, 13 f. Probably each
lower pair of logs was supported by two props, one on each side, lean-
ing forward obliquely towards each other. They would in addition
stiffen the bridge against longitudinal vibration.
xio, 18. ezciperent: ' should support,' purpose.
xio, 19. aliae : it has commonly been assumed that three piles were
planted before each upper pair of logs on the up-stream side, but there is
no indication of the number in the text.
no, 22. neu, etc: *and that they (referring to earum rerum) might
not damage the bridge.'
110,23. Chapter 18. quibus: see on paucis dUbus quibus^ 96*
10. — coepta erat : the pass, is used with the pass, infin.
110,25. P*rt©ni: *end.'
zio, 26. Sugambronun: see zo8, 17 if.
zii, I. hortantibus lis : 'at the instigation of those.'
111, 3. in solitudinem: observe that in Latin the idiom is limit of
motion ; in English, place where.
111,4. Chapter 19. moratus, incensia: note the shift from the
nom. to the abl. abs. ; see on exustisy 54, 14. Translate the abl. parts,
as active finite verbs.
Ill, 7. premerentur : implied indir. disc. ; this would be formal indir.
disc, if Caesar had written an infin., as se daturum polUcitus.
izz, 9. more auo : cf. moribus aula, 53, 23.
zzi, 10. uti . . . conyenirent : subst. clauses, objs. of the idea of
urging (which may be expressed in translation) implied in nuniios
dtmisisse.
Ill, 13. medium: 'in the middle,' pred. adj.
Ill, 17. ut . . . liberaret: subst. clauses in apposition with rebusy
and expressing the purpose of Caesar's expedition. Translate, ' namely,
inspiring fear . . • avenging,' etc.
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BOOK IV, CHAP. 17-31 335
III, 19. xvm : to be read duodeviginti,
III, 20. pr5f ectum : noXprdfectum from profidscar,
1X1,22. Chapter 20. Ezigiia . . . rellqua : abl. abs. denoting
concession; connect in translation with tbe clause etsi"^ . . . hiemesy
^ although but a small part of the summer was left and the winters,^ etc.
Ill, 23. ad septentriones : cf. 51, 18, and 61, 21.
Ill, 24. in BritanniAm : see summary of Book IV, p. 322. — Although
this expedition was without important results, except as it prepared the
way for the more extensive operations of the following summer, it yet
marks one of the most noteworthy events in the history of Europe.
Plutarch's words (Lt/e of Caesar ^ 23) are interesting : " By invading an
island, the reported extent of which had made its existence a matter of
controversy among historians, many of whom questioned whether it
were not a mere name and fiction, not a real place, he might be said to
have carried the Roman empire beyond the limits of the known world.''
Ill, 25. bellis: abl. of time when.
Ill, 26. ramministrata, etc. : the only instance mentioned by Caesar
b in the Venetan war, 87, 15.
XXX, 27. magno . . . usui: dat. of tendency or service,' accompanied
by a dat. of interest sibi^ * it would be a great advantage to him.'
XX a, I. si . . . adisset, etc. : the conditional clauses serve as subjects
oi fore. The plpf. tenses represent fut. perfs. of dir. disc
1X2, 3. fere: belongs with the following words, *were generally un-
known.' Probably the Venetan shipmasters, who controlled the carry-
ing trade between Gaul and Britain (see 85, 14, and note on 85, 12), and
some of the Belgian peoples were best informed. — Neqne enim . . .
qixisqaam ' : < and in £act nobody.'
ixa, 4. illo : adv. — his : dat., depending on the adj. notum,^
xxa, 6. Oallias: pL, of the divisions of Gaul (51, i).
xxa, 7. neque quanta, etc : the indir. quests, depend on repertre^ L 1 1.
1X2, 9. nsnm belli : * experience in war.'
1x2,10. maiorem: ' rather large.' •
XI 2, 13. Chapter 21. faceret: see oupriusquam . . . conaretur^
64, 1 1. — idonenm esse : sc. eum^ meaning Volusenus. His lack of suc-
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 585 (5X5» M. 0 943 5*7. c (3x3, e) 604 309. •
a 433 (39«>» ») 547 38a, i (a33. «) 35^ »9«. «. «
3 513 (457) «o7x 3" (J05, A) 3x7, 1 asa, 4
4 434 (39O 536 383 (a34) 359 «9a, 1
5 498 (444, x) 678 agi, tf (93, a) 397, a 340, i
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336 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
cess shows, however, that he was not fitted for the task (see 113, 2 if.),
although he had the reputation of being a courageous and prudent
officer (83, 30 f.).
xza, 17. in Britanniam: depending on the verbal noun traiectus. If
Caesar saUed from Port Itius, as he did the next year on his second
expedition (124, 5 f.), the distance to Britain was only about thirty Roman
miles (124, 7). Port Itius is probably to be identified with Wissant.
1 12, 19. qnam . . . classem : < the fleet which/ the antecedent appear-
ing only in the rel. clause. — For this fleet, see 86, 2 f
112,23. dare : complementary infln. Verbs of promising commonly
take the fiit infin. in indir. disc.^ — Imperio : indir. obj. of an intr. cpd.
verb.
ZX2, 26. Atrebatibns saperatis : see 77, 6 ff.
IZ2, 27. regem : eleven Gallic kings are named by Caesar. Probably
monarchy had once prevailed throughout Gaul, but had been superseded
in most states by republican or aristocratic forms of government. — ibi :
among the Atrebates.
112, 29. his regionibns : in Belgium. — magni habebatur : < was con-
sidered valuable.' '
1X2, 30. quas possit: the rel. clause often precedes its antecedent
The subj. is due to implied indir. disc, representing Caesar's order, as,
Quas poteris adi civitates, — adeat, hortetur, nuntiet : coordinated with
imperat ; see on facial^ 65, 5.
X13, I. fidem sequantur : * seek the protection.' — se: indir. refl.,*
referring to the subject of the main verb imperat.
XX 3, 2. quantum . . . potuit : < so far as opportunity could be given a
man.'
1x3,4. auderet: characteristic subj.
'i3> 5' perspexisset : for sequence, see on ui occuparet^ 53, 9.
XX3, 7. Chapter 22. moratur : see on ^<;;i^»/r»/f/jyr, 70, 4.
X13, 8. superioris temporis : <of a previous occasion,' ix, the autumn
of 56 B.C. ; see 98, 19 fF.
1x3, 9. ezcusarent: in a rel. clause of purpose.^ — homines, etc.: in
apposition with the subject, * being foreigners,' etc.
H.
LM.
A
G.
B.
z
619. i (537, H. X)
986
58o.f&ll. (330»/&N.)
53«. N. 4
Cf. 269, t,exx
a
448 (404)
576
417 (25a, a)
380, X
ao3, 3
3
5<H (449. 0
1046
300, 2 (196, tf, 2)
52X
244, ", •
4
590 (497. »)
835
53*. a (3x7, a)
630
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282, 2
30Qle
BOOK IV, CHAP. 21-23 337
XX3, 10. conraetudinis : obj. gen. with imperiti> The reference is to
the leniency of Rome towards all who submitted voluntarily.
X13, II. fecissent: implied indir. disc, giving Caesar^s quotation of
the reason offered by the envoys.— imperasset: observe that this plpf.
depending on pollicerentur (which by its meaning refers to the future)
denotes different time irom fecissent.
113, 12. pollicerentur: in the same construction as excusarent,
ZZ3, 13. neque . . . neque . . . neque: <not . . . and not . . . and
not.'
1 13, 14. anni tempns : it was in August, too late to begin a campaign.
1X3, 15. has . . . anteponendas : <that occupation with such trivial
matters ought to be given precedence of Britain.'
113, 18. Navibns . . . onerariis: see Introd. §48.
1 13, 19. quot, etc. : * a number which he judged to be sufficient,' etc
113, 20. dnas . . . legiones: the vnth and xth, as we learn from
ZZ5, 24 andxzg, 2.
1x3,22. qixod . . . nayimn: * what ships.' ^
XX3, 25. distriboit: sc eas.
XX3, 26. Hue accedebant : * there were also' (* to these were added ').
XX3, 28. eo loco: Port Itius,seeon xia, 17. — a millibaspassaiimyui:
* eight miles away.'
XX3, 29. tenebantur, etc. : * were kept from being able.' •
XX4, 3. dttcendum: ace of the gerundive, expressing purpose with a
verb of giving.*
XX4, 6. Chapter 23. tertia fere yigilia : not far from midnight.
XX4, 7. ulteriorem portmn : where the eighteen ships assigned to the
cavalry were detained (113, 26 ff.). This harbor, called superior in xxy.
14, was probably at or near modem Calais, which is not quite eight
miles northeast of Wissant. This part of the French coast has changed
greatly since Caesar's time.
XX4, 8. paulo tardins : < a little too slowly,' i.e. to take advantage of
the fevorable wind. They did not sail for three days (see 117, 11 f.).
XX4, 10. attigit: astronomical calculation, considering the full moon
mentioned in xx7, 23 and the equinox (xax, 7), sets the landing of
H. L. M. A. G. B.
I 450 (399) 573 349. « (ai8. «) 374 «H. x
a 44X (397, 3) 564 346. «. 3 (ai6, /?, 3) 369 «>»» «
3 568, 8, (497, ii, 2) 90Q 558, h (331, e, 9) 549 a95. 3
4 6a3 (544, H. a) 994 Soo. 4 (a94» d) 43«> 337. 7» ^ «
MATH. CAESAR — 22
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^38 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
Caesar in Britain on August 27. The passage had taken eight or nine
hours. Steamers now make the trip from Calais to Dover in less than
two hours.
114, 12. ita montibns, etc. : ' was so closely bounded by mountains.*
Caesar had apparently arrived off the chalk diflfs near Dover, which in
clear weather were visible even from Gaul. It was from these white
cliffs that the name Albion arose.
114, 15. dum . . . conyenirent: 'for the rest of his ships to come
up ' ; see on 55, 26.
114, 18. monuit: its obj. is the coordinate clause ad nuium . . .
administrarentur ; see on factat, 65, 5. — ut . . . postolarent: implied
indir. disc, for ut . . . postulant ^ of Caesar^s original admonition ; < as
(see Vocab., s.v. ut) the theory of military science and especially
manoeuvres by sea require.'
114, 19. ut quae . . . haberent: 'since they have sudden and un-
steady movement ' ; a causal rel. clause,^ having habeanl in the original
speech. General truths in subordinate clauses take the present tense in
English, but in Latin they follow the laws of sequence.
114, 24. progressus : from off Dover, probably northeastward to the
neighborhood of Deal. — constituit : the vessels were moored as far
inshore as possible ; see 1. 29 f After the battle the ships of war were
beached (117, 26).
114, 26. Chapter 24. quo genere: * a class of warriors which,' re-
ferring to essedariis. Their mode of fighting is described in 119, 21 ff.
See on quod nomen, 86, 10.
114.27. con%xutxvmX: sttonconsuerantj^ijj, — copiis: accompani-
ment.'
114.28. prohibebant: * tried to prevent,' the conative use of the
imperf.*
114.29. has: * the following.'
114.30. alto: *deep water.' — militibus : dat of agent with the
gerundives ; limited by pressts,
115, I. locis: loc. abl. — manibos: abl. abs., expressing attendant
circumstance. Translate this sentence, ' and the soldiers, moreover, on
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 316, 3 (311, 2) 888
a 59a. I (5^7. 3f x) 839-40 535? ', N. I (320, e, N. i) 626, N. 1 aSs, 3,tf
3 474. a, N. I (419, iii, i, i) 634 413, a (248, a, N.) 392, E. 1 aaa, x
4 530 (469, »ii x) 739 47>t c (277, c) 233 960, 3
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BOOK IV, CHAP. 23-26 339
un£(Uniliar ground, with hands hampered, and weighed down as they
were with a great and heavy load of arms, had at one and the same time
to leap dowiiy^ etc.
115, 4. cum illi, etc. : * while the Britons,' etc. The clause describes
a subordinate circumstance accompanying the main action ; see on cum
, . . conareturj 53, 29.
1x5, 6. insnefactos : < well trained.'
I'Sy 7* generis: obj. gen. with imperiti^
1x5, 8. pedeetribns : ^ on land.'
XX5, II. Chapter 25. innsitatior: < stranger' than that of the
transports, as they were less like the ships of traders. See beginning
of note on 85, 12.
115, 14. inde: < from their position' on the water's edge.
X15, 16. quae res: see on quo genere^ 1x4, 26.
X15, 18. remomrn mota: evidently the Britons, like the Veneti (see
91, 4 f.), propelled their ships by sails only.
1x5,24. qui: ^themanwho'; see on qut\ 51, 2. — decimae: as in
the battle with the Nervii (79, 29 ff.), so here, Caesar's ^vorite legion
decides the issue.
1x5, 25. at . . . eveniret : a subst. clause, second obj. of obtestatus ;
see on Haeduos frumentum^ ^»> ^9- — ea res : * his action.'
XX5, 29. certe : • at any rate.'
XX5, 30. praeetitero: * shall have done.'
1x6, 2. inter se: 'each other'; see on 51, 4.
1x6, 3. ne . . . admitteretor : translate as active, * not to be guilty
of.' — dedecns: /.^. the loss of the eagle.
xx6, 4. Hoe, etc.: 'likewise, men from the nearest ships, catching
sight of them, followed after and,' etc
xx6, 6. Chapter 26. utriaque: the pi. b used of two groups, the
sing, of two individuals.
xx6, 8. signa subseqni: each maniple had its own standard, but
here, as in the battle with the Nervii (76, 21 f.), men did not try to find
their proper maniple.
1x6, 9. alios, etc.: 'men from different ships' (*one man from one
ship, another from another '). — quibuscumque signis: the implied
antecedent (its signis , indir. obj. of the cpd. vb. adgregabat) may be
omitted also in translation, ' gathered round whatever,' etc.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 45«» I (399t '» a) 573 349. « (a«8, a) 374 ao4» «
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340 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
ii6, II. ubi: 'whenever^; this meaning is shown by the plpf. tense
in the subordinate clause with the imperf. in the main clause, these
tenses being regularly so used to show customary or repeated past action.
ii6, 13. ab: <on.'
X16, 14. in universos: < against the whole body.'
116, 16. quos: < whomsoever ' ; see on ubi^ L 11.
1x6, 17. simul = simul aique,
1x6, 18. suis . . . consecutis : 'and all their comrades had come up.^
xx6, 19. neque: 'but . . . not.' — longius : * very for.'
X16, 20. eqnites : see on paulo tardtus, 114, 8.
xx6, 21. Hoc, etc. : *this was the only thing Caesar (dat. of posses-
sor) lacked for his previous good fortune.'
xx6, 25. Chapter 27. daturos : sc. se ; see on patt) 72, 4. — quae
imperasset: representing ^i^/t^ imperaveris (fut. perf.) of dir.disc.
xx6, 27. supra: see xia, 26. In translation subordinate supra de-
monstraveraniy * who, as I pointed out above, was sent ahead.'
xx6, 28. illi: = Britanni,
xx6, 29. cum: concessive. — oratoris modo: Mn the character of an
envoy.'
XX7, 2. impmdentiam : Mack of discretion.'
XX7, 3. ignosceretur : sc. sibi; verbs which in the active take the
dat. are impersonal in the passive, and the dat. remains.^ — quod . . .
intulissent : ' because, as he said, they had,' etc. : implied indir. disc.
XX7, 4. legatis missis : see xxa, 23.
XX 7, II. Chapter 28. post diem quartumquam^ . . . ventom:
'three days (see on X04, 17) after the arrival,' etc., i,e, August 30; see
on X14, 10.
XX7, 13. sapra: see xx3, 26.
XX7, 14. soperiore portu: see on ulteriorem portuniy XX4, 7.
XX7, 16. vidcrcntur: 'were in sight.'
1x7, 19. propius: see on X04, 18. — sui: 'to themselves,' obj. gen.
XI 7, 20. tamen: applies to the concessive abl. abs. ancoris iactis;
' and since, though they had cast anchor, they were nevertheless fiUing
with water.'
XX7, 21 . adversa nocte : ' even in the fece of night ' ; concessive abl.
abs.
H. L. M. A. G. B.
1 426, 3 (384, 5) 530, end 372 (230) ai7 187, ii, i
2 488, a (430, N. X, 3) 658 434 (a63) 403, N. 4 W 357. »
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BOOK IV, CHAP. 26-31 341
117, 23. Chapter 29. lima: see on 114, 10.
XI 7, 24. maritimoa: omit in translation.
XZ7, 25. incognitmn : it would seem as if the Romans might have
observed this fact during the Venetan war (cf. 88, 29). There is
almost no tide in the Mediterranean.
1x7, 28. nostris: the men in camp. — administrandi, etc. : 'of con-
trolling or helping the ships.'
118, I . amissls : ^ owing to the loss of,' etc. — id qnod ^ : /'</ is in ap-
position with the antecedent sentence; quod b subject of cucidere^
which with its subject ace. is in turn the subject of ercU?^
118,4. possent: characteristic
1x8,5. l^nuui (impers. pass.) . . . oportere: 'that the winter
ought to be spent.'
1x8, 9. Chapter 30. inter se : see on 51, 4.
X18, II. quae . . . quod: 'which was more contracted, too, from the
fact that'; see on hoc faciUus . . . quod^ 5a, 12.
Z18, 13. optimum: pred. adj. with esse^ which is in indir. disc, with
duxerunl ( = * thought') ; the subjects of esse are prohibere and pro-
ducere, — factu : see on 53, 14.
1x8, 14. rebellione facta: 'to renew hostilities.'
118, 15. rem: 'the struggle.' — his . . . interclnsis: abl. abs. ex-
pressing condition.
1x8, 18. castris: the Roman camp; the Britons had given up all
warlike operations (1x7, 8 fF.).
X18, 19. deducere : the men who had gone to their homes a few days
before (117, 8) were now brought back secretly.
xx8,2i. Chapter 31. exeventu: 'from what had happened to,'
etc.
1x8, 22. ez eo, qnod: 'from the fact that'; the causal clause is in
apposition with the neuter eo, — fore . . . accidit : ' that that was com-
ing which actually did happen.'
1x8,25. 4^^^ * * * i^^OBy earam: 'of those ships which'; see on
59, II.
xx8, 26. aere: bronze, which was early used for a great variety of
purposes, was more serviceable in ships than iron because of its freedom
from rust.
H. L.M. a. G. b.
I 399*6(445.7) 830 307, </ (900, *) 614, R. « «47» «»*
• 6»5, I (538. 0 971 45a (a7o) 4»a 330
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342 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
ii8, 29. ut . . . posset : an impers. clause of result, obj. oi effecH; *
' he made it possible to sail fairly well with the rest.'
119, I. Chapter 32. Dum: as in 113, 6. — legione . . . missa:
translate as a main clause, ^ one legion had been sent.'
119, 2. frumentatum : see on rogatum, 58, 12.
119, 3. neque ulla . . . interposita: <and no suspicion of war for
that time had been aroused.'
119, 4. hominum: Britons. Since some of them remained at work
in their fields and others kept coming (note the fi^eq. or intensive
vb.^) even into the enemy's camp, the Romans were thrown off their
guard.
119, 5. ii: begin a new sentence, 'presently those.' — in statione:
one cohort was usually on guard before each of the four gates of the
camp. See Introd. § 44.
119, 7. quam consuetudo ferret : 'than usual.' — parte : ' direction.'
119, 8. id quod crat : * the truth.'
119,9. aliquid . . . consili': ' namely, that some new plan had been
formed,' etc. ; indir. disc; in apposition with id.
119, II. reliquas: i.e. four cohorts. Of the two legions which
Caesar brought to Britain (113, 20) the seventh was out foraging; four
cohorts of the tenth, which had been on guard at the four gates of the
camp and so were already armed, were ordered out to relieve the
seventh ; only two cohorts could be spared to take their places, prob-
ably half a cohort being assigned to each gate ; the remaining four
cohorts were to arm and follow Caesar at once. — armari: *to arm,'
refl. use of the passive.*
119, 12. paulo longius: 'some little distance.'
119, 14. conferta legione: 'that the legion was crowded closely
together and,' etc.
119, 16. una : note the full force, 'only one.'
119, 19. paucis interfectis: 'they killed a few and,' etc. — inoertis
ordinibus : ' since the ranks were not formed.*
119,21. Chapter 33. pugnae: here with the force of a verbal
noun (' fighting '), and so more easily modified by a prepositional phrase.
B.
«97f X
X55.«
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•56*t
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909
568 (33a) 553,
a
364 (336)
93
263, a (167, b) 191,
3
441 (397. 3)
564
346, a, 3 (216, tf, 3) 369
4
517 (465)
687
X56, a (xxz,a) ai8
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BCX)K IV, CHAP. 31-36 343
xxQ, 23. eqnomm: subjective gen., < terror caused by the horses/
— ordines : of the enemy.
1x9,24. com: < whenever^; this meaning is shown by the perf.
tense in the subordinate clause with the pres. in the main clause, these
tenses being regularly so used to show customary or repeated present
action; cf. the note on xx6, 11.
1x9, 25. eqnitam: of their own army.
1x9, 26. pedibns: cf. xox, 12.
1x9, 28. illi: 'the fighting men,^ of whom there may have been six
on each chariot.
1x9,29. receptmn: substantive.
X90, I. tantom . . . efficiunt : < acquire such skill.*
xao^ 3. incitatos : < even on the gallop.^
X90, 4. iago : the yoke, which held the two horses together and sup-
ported the pole. See the cut, p. 119.
xao^ 6. Chapter 34. rebus : abl. of means. — nostris : indir. obj. of
itilii. — Boritate : abl. of cause, ' owing to,^ etc.
xao^ II. aliennm and suo : opposed to each other, < unfavorable ^ and
* £aivorable.*
lao^ 13. haec: the battle. — qui . . . reliqui: the Britons who had
stayed at work in the fields as a blind, 1x9, 4.
I90, 15. quae . . . continerent: <so severe as to keep.*
X90, 19. sni liberandi : see on sui colUgendi^ 84, 10.
lao, 20. ezpnlistent : for fut. perf. of dir. disc.
xao, 23. Chapter 35. idem . . . fore: <that the result would be
the same as,* etc.
lao, 24. ut . . . effngerent : a subst clause of result, in apposition
with idem,"^
lao^ 26. eqnites XXZ : not enough to be very effective in attack,
but useful in pursuing and cutting down a flying enemy.
xao, 27. ante: see xxa, 26 ff., and 116, 26 if.
xao, 30. tanto spatio : < over as long a course,* a strange use of the
abl. of manner ; cf. X04, 29.
xax, 5. Chapter 36. His : dat. of interest or reference, expressing
disadvantage. — ante: see xxj, 5 f.
xax, 7. die: note the gender; ' since the season of the equinox was
near.* Caesar was probably in Britain about three weeks (see on x 14, 10) .
H. L. M.
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344 NOTES ON THE GALUC WAR
xai, II. qiios reliquae: 'as the rest.*
lai, 12. paulo infra : * a little farther down,' ue, southwest from Port
Itius (see on iia, 17). The current along the French coast runs to the
west.
121,13. Chapter 37. Quibva ez nayibna : the two transports just
mentioned.
xax, 14. in castra : probably the camp of Sulpicius at Port Itius ; see
"4, 3 f-
xai, 15. profidscens: <at his departure.'
xai, 16. pacatos: see XX3, 7ff.
xai, 17. non ita magno: ' not a very large. "* — sese interfici: Uo be
kiUed ' ; an infin. used as obj. of verbs of wishing generally takes a sub-
ject ace. only when the subject is different from that of the goveming
verb.i
xax, 18. nollent: implied indir. disc, representing an original nan
vultis, — orbe facto : when a body of troops was attacked on all sides it
sometimes formed in a circle, all facing out.
xax, 19. ad clamorem: <at a shout.' — hominnm: of the enemy; it
belongs with miUia,
xax, 21. suis auzilio: see on 63, 26.
xax, 23. horis : abl. of comparison ; commonly ampUus has no in-
fluence on the construction ; see equites^ X05, 28, and note.
xax, 24. Postea . . . quam : < after.'
xaa, 3. Chapter 38. Qui com : * and since they,' the Morini. — aic-
citates : abstract substantives are sometimes used in the pi. when the
abstract idea pertains to several things.
xaa, 4. reciperent: subj. of characteristic, 'they had no place to
which they could retreat.' — quo perfugio: see on quod nomeny 86, 10.
For the fact, see 98, 26 f.
xaa, 6. Titurius, Cotta; see xx4, i.
xaa, 8. fmmentis : note the pi. ; see Vocab.
xaa, 9. in . . . silvas: see on in soUtudinem^ "if 3-
laa, 12. neglexerunt: an admission that the expedition was without
important results ; see on xxi, 24.
xaa, 14. His rebus gestis : ' for these exploits,' abl. abs. expressing
cause. — ez: Mn accordance with.' — dierum XX: this unprecedented
honor was longer by five days than any previous thanksgiving cdebrated
H. L.M. A. G. B.
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BOOK IV, CHAP. 36-38; BOOK V 345
at Rome. While it shows how proud the Romans were of Caesar's
achievements in penetrating with a Roman army into two unknown
countries, it was not decreed without strong opposition in the senate ;
see on ad guos, 107, 22.
BOOK FIFTH
Campaig;n of 54 B.C. — The winter of 55-54 B.C. was spent in building
a fleet and making other preparations for an invasion of Britain in force
the following summer. Five legions and two thousand cavalry were
taken across the Channel. In several engagements Cae.sar was vic-
torious, and many tribes sent him hostages in token of submission.
Stilly he advanced only to the Thames and left no permanent results of
his six or eight weeks' campaign. It was almost a hundred years before
the Romans again visited Britain, in the reign of the emperor Claudius.
Enough had been learned of the island, however, to dispel the common
notion of its unbounded wealth.
[Owing to drought and scanty harvests Caesar scattered his army
more than usual for the following winter. One legion under the com-
mand of Quintus Cicero, brother of the orator, was stationed among the
Nervii; while another, under the trusted Labienus, was quartered on
the Treveran frontier of the Remi. Sabinus and Cotta were given joint
command of one legion and five unorganized cohorts stationed among
the Eburones. The remaining five legions were dbtributed among the
Esuvii, Morini, and Bellovad.
This wide separation of the Roman forces appeared to the Gauls to
afford a good opportunity to strike for freedom. The first attack was
made by Ambiorix, chief of the Eburones, who, pretending friendship
and gratitude to Caesar, warned Sabinus and Cotta that their only hope
of escape from an overwhelming force of Gauls and Germans who would
fall upon them within two days was to abandon their post and unite with
Cicero or Labienus. In spite of the stout opposition of Cotta and many
other officers thb advice was adopted. The Romans had gone only
two miles when Ambiorix fell upon them from an ambush and cut
them to pieces almost to a man. Without delay he then marched into
the country of the Nervii, Caesar's old enemy of three years before, and
easily persuaded them to join in an attack on Cicero's camp. After a
galhuit defense fi-om siege and assault, during which not one man in ten
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346 NOTES ON THE GALUC WAR
escaped without wounds, Cicero finally succeeded, after many ^oreSy
in getting word to Caesar, who came with all haste to his relief and pat
the enemy to rout.
Labienus^s camp was attacked by the Treveri, but their repulse and
the death of their chief, Indutiomarus, quieted Gaul for a season. For
the first time Caesar spent the winter in Gaul, making his headquarters
at Amiens (Samarobriva) in the country of the Ambiani.]
Page 123, Line i. Chapter i. L consalibiis: = 54 b.c. The
consuls took office on January i, which, owing to the confusion of the
Roman calendar, came some six or eight weeks earlier than at present
Consequently Caesar may have gone to Italy early in the winter. See
on 100, 2.
133, 2. Italiam : see on 57, 26.
133, 3. legatis : Caesar had eight legions at this time, each under the
command of a lieutenant ; see on ab opere^ 76, 2.
123, 4. qoam plurimas possint . . . naves : ' the largest possible num-
ber of ships'; see on quam maximis potest^ 55> 9- — possint: implied
indir. disc.
123, 5. naves aedificandas . . . curent : ' have ships built.' ^
123, 6. Eamm : applying only to the new ships, not to the vettres,
— modom: < style.'
123, 7. humiliores : sc. eas, obj. oifacit,
123, 8. quam quibos : = quam eae sunt quibus ; see on quty 51, 2. —
nostro: the Mediterranean. — id (scfacit) . . . quod: < he does this all
the more fi"om the fact that he,' etc.
123, 10. minus magnos: <not so large' as in the Mediterranean.
This observation is incorrect. The existence of tides, too, does not
materially influence the size of waves, but merely changes their form.
123, II. iumentorum: including principally the cavalry horses. —
Utiores : sc. eas factt.
123, 12. actuarias : pred. adj. The addition of oars made the fleet
more independent of wind and tide.
123, 14. armandas: cf armatae, 89, 2, and armarum^ 90, 2. — His-
pania : Spain produced abundant material for making both ropes and
metal implements.
123, 16. Chapter 2. His . . . rebus : referring to the punishment
of the barbarous Pirustae, who had invaded Illyricum, a part of Caesar*s
H.
L.M.
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994
500, 4 («94, rf)
430
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BOOK V, CHAP. 1-8 347
province ; see Introd. § 8. This is briefly related in the last half of
Ch. I, which is omitted in this book.
las, 17. proflciscitiir : Caesar cannot have been away from his army
much more than five months. During this time he traveled at least
2000 miles, from Belgium (laa, 10) to Illyricum and back.
laa, 19. studio : < owing to the enthusiasm.^ — in . . . inopia : < although
in,' etc
124, I. cuius : for quodf an unusual attraction of the rel. to the case
of the antecedent.^
124, 2. neqne . . . qnin : < and were not bs from the point where.*
The clause quin . . . possint is in apposition with eoy the use of quin *
instead of ut being due to abtsse,
124, 5. Itinm: see on xia, 17.
124, 7. millinm : gen. of quality with traiectum,
124, 8. hnic rei: 'for this purpose/ of assembling all the troops at
Port Itius. — quod . . . militom (pardt. gen.) : ' as many soldiers as.*
124, 9. Chapter 8. His rebus : in the omitted chapters Caesar
tells of quieting a disaffection of the Treveri, and of the open revolt of
Dumnorix the Haeduan, which ended in his death.
124, II. portns : Port Itius and the ulterior portus of 114, 7.
124, 13. pro tempore, etc. : 'according to the time and the circum-
stance.*
124, 14. pari . . . quern : ' the same ... as,* />. 2000.
124, 16. pnnrectiis, intermisso : translate as finite vbs.
124, 17. longina: his proper course from Port Itius was northwest
to the vicinity of Dover and Deal, but the current carried him too isx
noithward.
124, 19. contendit, etc. : at about daybreak the tide began to run to
the southwest, and Caesar taking advantage of {secutus) this fact strove
by rowing to reach the coast near Deal (see on progressus, 114, 24).
124, 22. rectoriis, etc. : * in heavy transports,* abl. of means.
124, 23. non intermisso : ' with no respite from.*
124, 28. qnae cum, etc. : ' of which, including those of the year before *
(the veteres of 123, 5). — sui (with commodt) quisqne : see on sibi quern-
qucy 549 I !• The private ships probably belonged to officers, traders,
H. L.M. A. G. B.
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« 595» I (5(H» 3» •) 9*3 558 (33«./) $55» « «95.3*«
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348 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
and others who accompanied the expedition for the sake of pleasure or
profit.
134, 29. DCCO : = octingeniae, agreeing with qua€ ; see on equiUSy
105, 28.
xas, 5. Chapter 9. cohortibiis x : probably two from each of his
five legions (124, 14).
125, 7. nayibos : dat. of interest or reference. — moUi atqne aperto : =
aperto ac piano of 114, 24.
125, II. equitato, etc: accompaniment*; cum is commonly used if
there is no adj.
125, 12. flumen: the Stour, which flows northeast through Canter-
bury and empties into the sea about six miles north of Deal. Caesar
must have marched west, as in this direction the river is about twelve
miles from his landing place. — prohibere : * hinder ' fi-om crossing.
125, 17. domestici belli . . . causa : < for use in civil war.^
1^5) 23. rari propugnabant : < scattered here and there hurled forth
weapons.'
125, 28. aggere : probably only a simple mound of earth built up
against the enemy's fortification in the manner of the Roman si^;e
mound (see Introd. § 47).
126,4. Chapter 10. tripertito : by three routes.
126, 7. extremi : < the rear ' of the enemy.
126, 8. Atrio : see 125, 9.
126, II. funes: cf. pro funibusj 89, 9, and see note. — sustiiiereiit :
observe that the subj. shows this reason to be Atrius's.
Z26, 13. concursu: < colliding.'
126, 15. Chapter i i. in itinera resiatera : * merely to resist on the
march,' />. merely to defend themselves if attacked as they marched
back to camp.
126, 17. sic ut : ' the state of aflEurs being such that.' — amissis : abl.
abs. expressing concession.
126, 18. negotio: abl. of manner.
126, 19. deligit : this word shows that Caesar had no separate force
of carpenters, but selected fi'om the ranks such men as could be of most
service for a given undertaking. — Labieno : in command on the con-
tinent ; see 124, 9 ff.
H. L.M. a. g. b.
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BOOK V, CHAP. 8-12 349
196, 20. lit . . . institiiat : a complementary or subst. clause, obj. of
scribity which is here equiv. to a vb. of command, * writes L. to build/ *
An infin. would be in indir. disc., * writes L. that he is building.^ —
possit, sint : implied indir. disc. ; d.fugerant in 1. 5, where the main vb.
mistt gives no implication of indir. disc. — legionibus : abl. of means.
za6, 21. operae, etc. : gen. of quality, < an undertaking requiring much
labor and exertion.*
za6, 24. ne . . . intermissis : < not granting even in the night-time any
respite to the soldiers' toil.*
za6, 27. qnas ante : <as before,* see 125, 5 f.
ia6, 28. eodem : adv.
ia6, 30. summa . . . administrandi : ^the chief command and manage-
ment of the war.'
za7, 3. a mari : Caesar reckons according to his line of march from
hb landing place.
127, 4. Huic . . . intercesserant : < he had been engaged in,' etc.
ia7, 6. hone, etc. : * had given him chief command of the whole
war.'
ia7, 8. Chapter 12. quos . . . diciuit : ' of whom they say there is
a tradition that they originated,' etc. ; quos natos [esse] is the subject
oi prodiium [esse]. Many peoples in antiquity had the mistaken no-
tion that their race sprang from the soil of the country in which they
lived. The Britons of Caesar's day were Celtic, and they are believed
to have been preceded by Iberians. See on Celtae, 51, 3.
ia7, II. nominibus: for instance, there were Atrebates and Belgae
in southern Britain, and Parisii on the east coast in modem Yorkshire. —
qnibus . . . civitatibus : see on itinerilms, 54, 18.
ia7, 13. Hominom: < population.'
ia7, 14. Gallicis: Gallic houses were round (cf. Indian wigwams),
made of boards or wickerwork of stakes and interwoven branches, and
had thatched roofs.
ia7, 15. aureo : gold coins antedating Caesar's visit have been found
in England.
za7, 16. ad certom pondus : among most primitive peoples the use
of metals by weight precedes coinage.
ia7, 17. Mediterraneis : i.e. Cornwall, which was so for from that
part of ^e island visited by Caesar that he might easily imagine it to
H. L. M. A. G. B.
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350 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
be inland. The tin of Cora wall had been exported by Phoenicians as
early as the tenth century B.C.
ia8, I . maritimis : iron is now found principally in the interior, and
the supply is abundant.
ia8, 3. fagom, abietem : both are native in Britain.
ia8, 4. gustare : subject oiesse implied. — haec : neuter, referring to
things of different genders.* — animi cansa : * for amusement.'
128,6. frigoribus: see on 61, 21. The Gulf Stream tempers the
climate of England.
ia8, 10. Chapter 13. inferior: instead of alter ^ correlated to
alter above.
xaSy II. ad meridiem : not a bad mistake, as Land's End really
points southwest.
xa8, 12. Hispaniam: Tacitus, writing 150 years later, puts Ireland
between Britain and Spain (Agricola, 24).
ia8, 14. spatio : abl. of quality, parallel with minor.
xa8, 15. atque: <as'; see on 70, 29. Translate the phrase, Mying
just as far from it as the distance from Gaul to Britain.' Note that
iransmissHs is gen. — In . . . carsn : ' in the middle of this passage.*
ia8, 16. Mona : evidently the Isle of Man ; Tadtus {Agncoloj 14)
gives the name to Anglesey.
laS, 17. obiectae: sc. esse^ 'to be near*; probably the blands off
the coast of Scotland are meant.
xa8, 18. non nulli : probably Greek travelers. In the last part of
the fourth century B.C., Pytheas of Marseilles (Massilia) wrote of his
voyage in a Phoenician ship from Cadiz (Gades) to Britain and be-
yond. — dies, etc. : not true for any part of Britain.
laS, 20. nisi : * but.' — certis . . . mensnris : < from exact measure-
ments with water,' t,e. by the clepsydra or water-clock, which measured
time by the dripping of water through a small orifice, on the principle
of a sand-glass. — brevioras ; the shortest nights of summer are about
an hour and a half shorter in London than in Rome.
ia8, 22. ut fert, etc.: 'as they suppose.' — millium : pred. gen. of
quality ; cf. 124, 7. For the omission oipassuum^ cf. 9a, 19.
128,27. Chapter 14. Bx his : the Britons.
128, 29. omnis: see on 51, i.
128, 30. fnunenta, etc. : the tribes on the southera coast wefe more
H. L.M. A. G. B.
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BOOK V, CHAP. 12-17 351
civilized; see xxS, 14 and 24, and 1x9, 2 and 16. — lacte, etc. : so the
Suebi, see 100, 17 and loi, 2.
xa9, 2. yitro : the woad plant is still cultivated in some parts of
Europe, the dye extracted from its leaves being mainly used to improve
the quality of indigo. — hoc : abl. of cause.
xa9, 3. capillo, parte: abls. of quality; *they have,' etc.
xag, 5. deni duodenique : * ten or twelve.' — inter se : < together.'
129, 7. qui . . . nati : * the offspring of these wives.'
xa9, 8. quo : adv. { = ad quos), with ear urn as its antecedent.
129,9. Chapter 15. The account of Caesar's exploits, which
was interrupted by Chs. 12-14, is resumed.
xa9, 10. itinera : i,e, on the march back from the naval camp (126,
28).
X29, II. ita : < with the result.' — partibus : see on locis, 54, 26.
X29, 12. fuerint: for the tense, see on debuerint, 58, 15.
129, 14. intermisso spatio : < after a time.'
129, 18. atqne his primis : * and these the first ' ; the first cohort of a
legion had the best men ; see Introd. § 28.
X29, 19. perexiguo . . . se : < with a very short distance between
them.'
129, 20. noYO genere : i,e, the method of the essedarii explained in
1x9, 21 ff.
X29, 21. per medics: through the space between the two cohorts. —
permpemnt : //// (1. 14) is still the subject.
129,28. Chapter 16. neqne . . . auderent: if small detach-
ments withdrew from the ranks, they were exposed to attack from the
chariots.
130, I. equitet . . . dimicare : depending on intellectum est above.
130,2. illi: the fighters on chariots.
130, 4. dispari : the Roman cavalry, not being supported by infantry,
was at a disadvantage with the enemy, some of whom were fighting on
foot and some from chariots.
130,5. ratio: < character.' — et cedentibus et inseqnentibns : < to our
men whether retiring or pursuing.' The war chariots gave the Britons
a constant advantage.
130, 6. Accedebat hue ut : Mn addition to this ' ; see on 89, 22.
130, 8. stationes, etc. : * reserves posted here and there.'
130^ 9. alios alii, etc. ' they followed one another in succession.'
130,17. Chapter 17. sic uti, etc.: *with such boldness that
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352 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
they did not hold off from the ranks of the legions ' (hendiadys), i.e.
they did not confine their attacks to the cavalry or to detached bodies
of foragers.
130, 19. subsidio: see on tempore^ 98, 17.
130, 20. egenint : quoad takes the indie, to express an actual fi&ct ; '
for the constr. to denote expectation or purpose, see accessisset^ 105, 25,
and note.
130,21. sni colligendi: see on 84, 10. With the combination of
gerundive and gerunds in 1. 21 f., cf. 83, 21 ff.
130, 22. Ex: < after.'
130, 23. quae . . . auzilia : see ia6, 29 f.
130, 24. snmmis copiis : < in full force.'
130,26. Chapter 18. consilio: their plan of campaign is de-
scribed in Ch. 19.
Z30, 29. hoc : sc. loco, Caesar probably crossed the Thames not bcc
from Hampton Court, about 22 miles above London Bridge.
13Z, 2. praefizisque : < driven into the edge of the bank.'
131, 3. defizae : < driven into the bed of the stream.'
131, 5. ta, 60: *such.'
131, 6. iemnt : Caesar leaves us in the dark as to how his men got
round the stakes in the river and on the shore. It is possible that the
lines of stakes were not planted for enough to be effective. — capite :
abl. of amount of difference ; ' although only their heads were above
water.' Modern armies consider it dangerous to ford a stream which
is over three feet deep.
131, 9. Chapter 19. supra : in 130, 24 f.
131, 10. contentionis : <of keeping up the struggle.' — amplioribiis :
* the greater part of.'
131, IX. senrabat: <kept watch of.'
131, 12. ezcedebat, etc. : translate these imper£s. with 'would,' to ex-
press customary action.
X31, 16. viis, etc.: *by all the highways and bywa3rs'; abb. of
means. The chariots must have been narrow to pass between the
trees, and their wheeb were probably of good size so as to go easily
over rough ground.
13Z, 18. pericnlo . . . equitnm: < danger to our cavalry * ; eguitum b
possessive gen. — hoc metu : < owing to their fear of thb.'
H. L.Bi. A G. a
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BCX)K V, CHAP. 17-22 353
13I; 19. Relinqaebatar ut: 'the result was that/ etc.; the clauses
with ut are subjects of relinquebaiur.
131, 20. disced!, etc. : impers., * permit his men to go away.'
13Z, 21. tantum . . . quantum: 'only so much . . . as.' — hostibus:
see on neque iis^ 89, 29.
131, 22. quantum, etc. : as no detachments of cavalry or infantry
could venture far from the main army, only a comparatively small ter-
ritory could be ravaged.
131, 28. Chapter 20. ipse : Mandubracius.
131, 30. sese : obj. oi dedituros ; the subject of an infin. is frequently
omitted when it can be easily implied.
13a, 2. qui : Mandubracius ; introducing a rel. clause of purpose.
13a, 3. imperat: see on 55, 11. — exercitui: dat. of interest or ref-
erence, expressing advantage.
Z3a, 7. Chapter 21. Cenimagni, etc.: Caesar's kindness to the
Trinovantes leads to the submission of other tribes.
13a, 9. oppidum : thought to be at St. Albans, about twenty miles
northwest of London.
13a, II. convenerit: note the sequence with the pres. of vivid narra-
tion^ (hist. pres.).
13a, 12. oppidum . . . Yocant: 'call it a town'; the following defi-
nition shows the British town to have been not a place of residence or
of business, but a stronghold. — cum : see on 119, 24.
13a, 14. consuerunt : see on consuesse, 60, 21.
13a, 20. multi : persons, not cattle.
13a, 22. Chapter 22. supra : in ia8, 28.
13^9 23. reges : apparently monarchy prevailed in Britain at that
period.
13a, 26. castra navalia : see ia6, 22 f. and 26 f.
1339 3- Commium: see 11 a,- 26.
Z33, 5. Galliae motus : see on subita, 85, 2 1 . — neque multum aestatia :
it was toward the middle of September (see 1. 23). Caesar was prob-
ably in Britain about two months.
133, 6. eztrahi : * be wasted.'
133, 7. quid . . . vectigalis: 'what tribute'; the partit. gen. is often
separated from the word on which it depends. This tribute was never
paid, as no troops were left to enforce it.
H. L. M. a. G. b.
1 546(495»«») 805 485,/ (987, #) 5".»-« a68. 3
MATH. CAESAR — 23
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354 NOTES ON THE GALUC WAR
Z33, 8. interdicit atque imperat ... no : < he most emphatically
orders . . . not to.'
133, 14. Chapter 23. commeatibns : < trips ' ; abl. of manner.
133, 15. uti . . . desideraretnr : complementary or subst. clause of
result, subject of accidit,
133, 16. tot nayigationibns : < in spite of so many voyages * ; abl. abs.
expressing concession.
. X33, 17. quae . . . portaret : < fit to carry ' ; characteristic.
X33, x8. ez lis : < of those ' ; antecedent of both qiicte and qtitu,
133, 20. postea : i.e. after receiving Caesar^s orders from Britain
(ia6, 19 ff.). — numero: abl. of specification, limiting LX.
X33, 21. locum: < their destination,* Britain. — caperent, reicerentnr :
in the same constr. as desiderareiur, 1. 17.
133, 24. angustius : < in rather dose quarters * on the ships.
133, 25. consecuta: see on depopulatis, 58, 17. The abl. abs. of de-
ponent vbs. is rare. — cum solvisset: translate as if independent, 'he
set sail.*
134, I. Chapter 44. The incident related in this chapter oc-
curred during the siege of Quintus Cicero's camp by the Eburones,
Nervii, and their allies, under the lead of Ambiorix (see summary of
Book V, p. 345). It illustrates well the caliber of the Roman soldiers,
of whom King Pyrrhus of Epirus, 225 years before, had said, ** With
such soldiers as these I could conquer the world P — legione: the one
stationed with Cicero in the territory of the Nervii.
1349 2. primis ordinibus, etc. : 'were nearing promotion to the first
rank of centurions ' ; see Introd. § 35.
134,3- perpetuas: 'endless.'
X34, 4. omnibus annis : * every year.' — d6 loco : ' for precedence.' —
snmmia simultatibos : ' with keenest rivalry.'
1349 6* Qu^d dnbitas : < why do you hesitate ? '
134, 7. locum : * opportunity.'
X34, 8. Haec : for position, see on horumy 51,6.
X34, 10. inrumpit : sc. in earn partemy antecedent of qutie pars. —
Mae . . . yallo continet : < stay behind the rampart ' ; vallo is abl. of
means.
X34, 12. mediocri . . . relicto : between Pullo and the enemy.
<349 13- 4^0 • the same man as hunc^ both referring to unum. Per-
cussum et exanimatumy agreeing with hunCy or Quern percussuMy etc.,
omitting hunCy would be more regular than the abl. abs. here.
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BOOK V, CHAP. 22-44; BOOK VI 355
134, 14. illam: PuIIo.
134, 16. Polloni: dat. of interest or reference, expressing disadvan-
tage ; * * Pullo has his shield pierced through.'
134, 17. Ayertit, etc.: *this accident turns the scabbard away,' i^,
from its usual position. The sword was worn on the right side so as
not to interfere with the shield, which was carried on the left arm. —
conanti : see on PuUoni, 1. 16 ; * as he tries.'
134, 19. illi, laboranti: essential complements or indir. objs. of intr.
cpd. vbs.^
134, 21. comminns rem gerit: 'engages in hand-to-hand combat.'
134, 23. in . . . inferiorem : * stumbling into a hole.'
134, 26. summa cum laude : < greeted with shouts of praise.'
134, 27. Sic: *thus,' not correlated with «/, which = *so that.' — in
contentione : * in their rivalry.'
134, 28. inimicus : < though an enemy.'
134, 29. posset: the subject is the following indir. quest. — antefe-
rendos : note the gerundive force, * worthy to be considered superior.'
BOOK SIXTH
Campaign of 53 B.C. — [The successes of Ambiorix in 54 b.c. had
given new spirit to several states of northeastern Gaul. Caesar, seeing
that trouble was brewing, raised two new legions ; and these, with the
legion loaned him by Pompey, gave him an army of ten legions. With
his usual promptness he struck the first blow. The Nervii, Se nones,
and Camutes were speedily brought to submission. The Menapii, the
only tribe of Gaul that had not yet sued for peace, were reduced by
a force led by Caesar himself. Meanwhile Labienus conquered the
Treveri.
The next move, a second expedition into Germany, was no more
successful than that of 55 B.C. The Suebi, whom he wished to punish
for aiding the Gauls, withdrew, bag and baggage, to the remotest part
of their territory, where the Romans could not safely follow.]
At this point Caesar interrupts his narrative to give an interesting
account of the customs of the Gauls and of the Germans, and a descrip-
H. L M. A. G. B.
I 435, 4, N. (384, 4. N. a) 538 376 (235. N.) 350, 1 188, 1, N.
3 499(386) 533 370 C"8) 347 x87,iu, I
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356 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
tion of some of the strange animals of the Hercynian Forest in southern
Germany.
[Returning to Gaul, Caesar devoted his whole attention to destroying
Ambiorix and the Eburones (see summary of Book V, p. 345). The
army in three divisions devastated the country. Neighboring tribes
were invited to join in the work and enrich themselves with booty.
Parties of native cavalry scoured the whole district in search of Am-
biorix, who, however, always evaded his pursuers.
Finally the pursuit was abandoned and the army was quartered for
the winter of 53-52 B.C* among the Treveri, the Lingones, and the
Senones. Before leaving for Italy Caesar put to death the Senonian
chief^ Acco, who had been the leader of the revolt of the Senones and
the Carnutes the previous spring.]
Page 135, Line i. Chapter ii. locum: < point ^ in the narrative.
Caesar had just told of his second expedition into Germany. He crossed
the Rhine by a bridge which he built not far above his place of crossing
in 55 B.C. (see on 109, 12). He wished to punish the Germans for aid-
ing his enemies in Gaul, and to prevent them from harboring Ambiorix
in the campaign which he meant to b^in, upon his return to Gaul,
against that danng and unscrupulous chieftain (see summary above).
Hb journey was largely fruitless, however, owing to the impossibility of
safely pursuing the German tribes into their forest retreats.
135,2. de . . . proponere : 'to give an account of,' etc. — quo: *in
what respect'; abl. of specification, from gwd^
X35, 5. paitibus : * districts.'
X35, 7. principes sunt qui: 'the leaders are the men who'; the rel.
clause defines the antecedent, whereas the next clause quorum . . . red-
eat, instead of defining or restricting the antecedent principes j refers to
it as an indefinite class, 'men (not 'the men') to whose decision';
hence the subj. of characteristic.
X35, 8. eorum iudicio : ' in their judgment ' ; ' eorum means the Gauls.
— quorum: has the same antecedent as qui; see on 1. 7.
135, 9. summa . . . redeat : ' the chief control ... is referred.'
135, 10. Id : ' this practice.' — eius rei causa : ' to the end,' explained
by the appositive clause of purpose ne . , , egeret. Note the sequence *
of egeretj depending on the perf infin. institutum [esse] .
H. L. M. A. G B.
1 480 (434) 650 4x8 (353) 397 n6
• 548 (495. »▼) 809 485./ & N. (387, «: 336, B, N, a) 5x8 a68, a
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BOOK VI, CHAP. 11-13 357
135, II. anzili : with a verb of want.^
i35» 13. ii facial: ftit. condition of the less vivid form.*
135, 14. ratio: * system.' — est, etc.: 'exists in general throughout
all Gaul ' ; GalUae is pred. poss. gen. with est,*
X35, 15. divisae sunt: see on ^j-/ . . . dtinsa, 51, i.
X35, 16. Chapter 12. Cum: with the indie, dating, or defining
the time of, the main action.^
135, 18. Hi: 'the latter.'
135, 19. antiqnitus : the Haedui owed much of their influence to the
Romans, with whom they formed an alliance about 123 B.C.
135, 21. AriOTistom: a German king, who entered Gaul in 61 B.C.
to assist the Sequani against their more powerful rivals, the Haedui.
The Haedui appealed to Rome for aid, but without success until Caesar,
in the first year of his governorship (58 B.C.), after his defeat of the
Helvetii, took up their cause and expelled the Germans from Gaul. See
summary of Book I, p. 249.
136, 5. iurare : sc. eos as subject, meaning the Haedui. — consili : for
its position, see on quid . . . vectigalis, 133, 7.
X36, 6. occnpatam possiderent : *• seized and kept possession of.*
X36, 8. Diviciacna : see on prtncifatumy 53, 11. He went to Rome
in 61 B.C.
136, 9. infecta re : ' without success.'
136, 10. facta, etc. : * there came a change of circumstances.' Trans-
late all these abls. abs. as coordinate independent sentences.
X36, 14. reliquis rebus : begin a new sentence, ' In all other respects
too ' ; abl. of specification.
X36, 16. quos quod, etc. : 'and because it was understood that they
were equally (with the Haedui) in favor with Caesar.'
X36, 18. se . . . dicabant: 'attached themselves as dependents to the
Remi.'
136, 20. repente coUectam : /./. within the five years since Caesar
came into Gaul.
X36, 21. Bo . . . statu: 'in such a condition'; pred. abl. of quality.
136, 23. Chapter 13. aliquo . . . nomero: 'of some account.'
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 458, a (4x0, V, x) 594 356 & N. (2*3 & N.) 383, X aia, x
a 576 (509) 936 516, a & ^ (307, a & *) 596, X 303
3 447 (40X) 556 343.*(aM.O 3W&«.x X98, 3
4 600, i (sax, i) 8s6 545 (3*3. 3*5) SSo «88,A
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358 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
136, 25. quae : < being a class which/
136, 26. nulli, etc : * is admitted to no consultation.'
X36, 29. qoibus : dat. of poss., * and they have over them,' etc
i37> 2. druidum : * that of the druids.' For the gen., cf. mtlhum^
105, 27, and see note. — Illi : * the former.'
137) 5- disciplinae causa : ' for instruction ' in the system of the
druids.
i37> 6. hi : the druids. — eos : the Gauls.
'37) 7* quod : indef. adj. pron.,^ W\Xh /acinus.
i37» 9- idem : < they likewise.' *
i37» 10. qui: *any,' adj. like quody 1. 7. — decreto: loc abl.
137, II. sacriflciis: abl. of separation.
137, 12. Qoibus: dat. of essential complement or indir. obj., used
regularly with the impers. pass, of inlr. vbs. ;• * those who are thus
excluded.'
i37f 13* his : dat. of optional complement, expressing disadvantage ; ^
'all move away from them.'
*37> 14- ^^ ' indef. subst. pron. ; cf. quod, 1. 7.
137, 18. qui: as a subst. quis is commoner; cf. 1. 10.
i37» 25. Disciplina : * the system,' i.e. of the druids. — in Britannia :
Tacitus {Agrtcola, 1 1 ) implies, on the contrary, that the system was
introduced into Britain from Gaul. Which view is correct cannot be
determined. Britain, being less exposed to foreign influences, doubtless
retained a purer form of the system than Gaul.
Z38, I. Chapter 14. in disciplinam conveninnt: 'come together
to study the system.'
138, 3. ibi : in the druids' school. — Ydrsuum : their instructions
could be more easily learned in verse than in prose.
Z38, 4. Yicenos: English, with less exactness, uses the cardinal
numeral.
138,5. ea: 'these instructions.' — litteris: *to writing.' — cum :
concessive.
138, 6. rationibus : ' transactions.' — Graecia : see on UtteriSy 71, 2.
138, 9. litteria : see on tempore^ 98, 17.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
1 5xa, X (455, x) aS; X49 & ^ (104, a) X07, 1 91
« 508, 3 (45Xf 3) »o59 «98. * («9S. ') 3» M, i
S 4a6. 3 (384. 5) 530. end 37a (330) 9x7 187, ii, h
4 4«7 (385. •) 537 381 (aa9) 350, a x88, t, «f
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BOOK VI, CHAP. 13-18 359
138, la acddlt Qt, etc. : this is just as true now as it was then.
138, 13. transire : the doctrine of the transmigration of souls is still
held by the Buddhists.
138, 14. ezcitari : impers., * men are spurred on.^
138, 18. Chapter 15. Alteram . . . equitom: see 137, i f.
138,21. uti . . . propolsarent : ^either they themselves inflicting
wrongs or warding off wrongs inflicted upon them^ ; a clause of result
in apposition with ^uod,
138, 22. ut quisque . . . ita, etc. : ' the more distinguished one of
them is . . . the more,' * etc.
X38, 23. Amt>act08, etc. : cf. the great body of slaves and retainers
brought by Orgetorix to his trial, 53, 26 ff.
X38, 24* Banc onam, etc. : * this is the only . . . which they know.'
138,29. Chapter 16. homines immolant: if we consider other
cruel Gallic practices related by Caesar, this statement appears credi-
ble enough. Even at Rome as late as 216 b.c. a human sacrifice was
allowed on one occasion, although Livy, who tells about it (aa, 57),
takes pains to add that this was not a Roman custom.
139, 3. habent instituta : see on coactum habebat, 61, 6.
Z39, 4. simulacra : probably huge images of wickerwork in human
form.
i39f 6. qnibna : i^, the simulacra.
139, 7. Imto : in England till the eighteenth century theft was pun-
ishable with death.
i39> II* Chapter 17. Mercnrium, Apollinem (1. 15), etc: Caesar
means to say merely that the Gallic gods had attributes similar to those
of the Roman gods mentioned, not that they were known by these
names.
*39> 13' itinerum: 'of journeys,' i^. he not only points out the way,
but also accompanies the traveler.
139,20. cum: see on X19, 24. — ceperint: 'they shall succeed in
taking,' implied indir. disc, for fut. perf. indie of the actual vow.
i39> 25. religione : * religious obligation.' — posita : * what has been
deposited ' in consecrated places.
139,28. Chapter 18. ab Dite: the god of the lower world.
Apparently they believed themselves sprung from the soil. See on
127, 8.
H. L.M. A G. B.
I 5«$f 5 (458, 3) 889 a. 3x3. *, N. I (cf. 93, e, end) 643, R. a a. 253, 5, c
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36o NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
i39> 30. Ob earn cansam : i^. because they were descended, as they
thought, from the god who ruled the world of darkness and night
X40, I. noctium: the Germans, too, reckoned time by nights instead
of by days (Tadtus, Germania, 11). Our words * fortnight' and
' sennight ' are relics of the custom. Primitive peoples mark time by
the changes of the moon rather than of the sun.
140, 2. nt . . . subseqnatur : t^. the calendar day began at sunset
140, 6. filium . . . adsistere : * for a son to appear ' ; the clause is
subject of esse implied, iurpe being a pred. adj.
140, 8. Chapter 19. Viri, etc. : * husbands, upon receiving proi>-
erty from their wives as a dowry, take an equal amount from their
own possessions and, afier an appraisal, add it to the dowry in a common
fund.' Of course this custom could not be observed among the poor.
140, 12. uter . . . superavit: * whichever of them has outlived the
other.' — vita : abl. of specification.
140, 14. yitae . . . potestatem : so the Roman head of a household
had the power of life and death over all his family.
140, 15. inlostriore loco natus: <of higher rank'; loco is abl. of
source.
140, 16. si . . . yenit: Mf it looks suspicious.'
140, 17. d6 ozoribns, etc. : *they hold an investigation of the wives.'
This looks as if polygamy was practiced among the Gallic, as we know
it was among the German, nobles.
X40, 18. si compeitum est : impers., ^ if there is a discovery.'
140, 20. pro cultu : ^considering the civilization.' — magnifica, etc. :
apparently the modem Frenchman comes honestly by his love of show.
140, 21. vivis, etc. : * were dear to them when alive.' — ignem : burial
of the dead was also practiced among the Gauls, although apparently
it was less common than cremation. Graves have been excavated in
which were found armor, rings, vases, and bones of animals.
Z40, 22. supra banc memoriam : < before our time.'
140, 23. iostis, etc. : * after the regular funeral service was finished.'
140,25. Chapter 20. Quae civitates: * those states which'; the
antecedent is an implied eae civitates^ subject of habent, — commodins :
* to best advantage.'
140, 26. babent, etc. : * have it established by law ' ; sanctum is pred.
adj. agreeing with the clauses uti . . . communicet^ which are objs. of
hcU>ent.
X40, 27. qois, quid, quo (1. 29) : substs. ; see on qui^ 137, 18.
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BOOK VI, CHAP. 18-23 361
X40, 28. acceperit : implied indir. disc for fiit. perf. of the actual law.
Z40, 29. neve : the regular particle to connect two purpose clauses if
the second is negative.— quod . . . cognitnm est: see 103, 5 ff.
141, 2. quae yisa sunt : < what they see fit.^
44Zy 4. per concilium : 'in the council.*
141,6. Chapter 21. dmides: it is certain that the Germans
had priests, although their powers were not so extensive as those of
the druids. — qui . . . praesint: <to have charge of,* rel. clause of
purpose.
141, 9. Solem, etc : probably Caesar was mistaken in this. Tadtus,
writing 150 years later, mentions several other gods {Germania, 9), some
of whom may, to be sure, have been introduced into Germany after
Caesar*8 time. In most matters the accounts of Caesar and Tadtus
agree.
Z41, II. Vita, etc.: with this account, to 1. 26, cf. 100, 14-ioz, 4,
where the Suebi are described.
141,12. aparyis: ' from childhood.*
141,14. hoc: < by this means.* — nervos: not* nerves.*
141, 16. in . . . rebus: 'they regard as disgraceful.'
Z41, 18. magna . . . nnda : abl. abs.
141, 20. Chapter 22. Agri cultnrae : though they were not de-
voted to agriculture, yet they pursued it to some extent ; see 100, 13.
141, 23. in annos singulos : < for a year at a time.*
141, 24. gentibufl cognationibusqne : ' to fomilies and clans.* — qniqne :
sc. its as antecedent, * and to those who.'
Z41, 25. qoantnm . . . agri : < the quantity of land and the location
which they see fit.'
141, 26. alio : adv.
141, 27. ne, etc : the subj. dauses are in apposition with causas, —
adsidna conanetadine : 'by a permanent way of living.* — agri cultura:
'for agriculture ' ; abl. of price. ^
'4«> 3' pecuniae, etc. : cf. i Timothy 6, 10, "The love of money is
the root of all evil."
14a, 4. animi aequitate : ' owing to their contentment,* explained by
the causal dause cum . . . vicUat.
142, 6. Chapter 23. laos : ' title to praise ' ; cf. loi, 20 ff.
143, 7. finibos : ' the border lands.*
H. L. M. A G. B.
I 478, 4 (4sa, M. «) 65a 4X7f ^ (359f ^) 4<H> N. i aas
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362 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
142, 8. Hoc : < it,* explained by the appositive infin. clauses, ' for their
neighbors to,* etc.
142, 10. hoc : < by this means.*
142, 12. qui . . . praesint : as in 141, 6 f.
142, 14. prindpes : they were elected in the assembly [Germania^ 1 2) .
Z42, 15. minnunt: < settle.*
Z42, 16. Latrocinia, etc. : this principle prevails in all semidvilized
communities.
Z42, 17. cniusqna: <any.*
142, 18. nbi : ^ whenever,* see on cum, izg, 24. — quia : as in 140, 27.
142, 19. ducem : ue, of a freebooting expedition. — qui . . . profitean-
tnr : < that those who wish to follow are to hand in their names,* indir.
disc, for qui . . . volunt prqfiteantur^ (hortatory). Note the primary
sequence depending on the perfect definite^ {dixit) y which in statements
of customary or repeated action may often be best translated as present.
Z42, 23. omniomqne, etc. : ^and in all matters henceforth confidence
is withhdd from them.**
Z439 I* Chapter 24. trans Rhenom: it is now generally be-
lieved that the Gallic peoples which in Caesar*s time were east of
the Rhine had not migrated from Gaul, but had remained there when
most of their kinsmen moved farther westward.
143, 2. circum . . . silvam : i.e, in southern Germany.
Z43, 4. Volcae Tectosages : the larger part of this tribe had settled in
southern Gaul, and were at this time induded in the Roman province,
north of the Pyrenees.
143, 6. iofltitiae, laudis: for the case, see on beUi, 52, 21 ; < reputa-
tion for justice and achievement in war.*
143) 9* prOvincianun : the Roman provinces, Cisalpine and Transal-
pine Gaul.
Z43, 10. mnlta: dir. obj. of largituTy Gallis being indir. obj. — ad
. . . nana : < contributing to their abundance and their advantages.*
X43, 12. ipsi: the Gauls, illis meaning the Germans.
143) 15* Chapter 25. latitudo: from north to south. — iter: ace
of extent, dL 103, 24. — ezpedito : * for an unencumbered traveler.* *
1
t
3
4
H.
64«(5a3.Hi)
546 (49a. «. N. 1)
4*7 (385, u» a)
4»5. 4 (3«4» u. Xf a)
L.M.
1093
785
539
$37
A.
588, a (339. R.)
485, a (287, «)
381 (aag)
376 (ajS)
G.
659
S09, a W
345. «.«
350*1
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B.
316
x88, a. d
x88, X
BOOK VI, CHAP. 23-27 363
143? 17* *^: see on a, 51, 16.
143, 18. recta . . . regione: * straight on in the direction of,' etc.
This vast forest extended from the Rhine, through southern Germany
and Austria-Hungary, to the Carpathian Mountains.
143, 20. diversis . . . regionibus : * in a different direction from,' etc.
143, 22. huius: <this part of,' ue. western. — qui. . . dicat: <who
can say,' subj. of characteristic.
Z43, 23. initiom: on the east; we should say *the end.' — cum:
concessive.
*43> 25. quae (also in 26): *such as,' introducing characteristic
clauses. — reliquis : * any other.'
143, 26. memoriae prodenda : < worthy to be recorded.'
143, 27. haec : * the following.'
i44» I . Chapter 26. cervi figura : * with the shape of a stag ' ; abl.
of quality, with a limiting gen. instead of an adj.
144, 2. unum comu : it is probable that Caesar is trying to describe
the reindeer, which once roamed as for south as Germany. But he can-
not have seen the animal, except perhaps in a profile view, for otherwise
he would not have given it only one horn.
144, 3. ab eiu3 summo : < at the end of it.'
144, 4. palmae ramique : * palms and branches.' The horns of the
reindeer are partly palmate, i.e, flat like the palm of the hand, with
projections like fingers.
144, 5. natura : most other deer have horns only in the male. The
horns of the female reindeer are, however, smaller than those of the
male.
144, 7. Chapter 27. alces : the European elk is closely related to
the American moose. The American elk, or wapiti^ is a different
animal.
144, 8. varietas : * variety in color.'
Z44, 9. mutilae, etc. : *and they have mutilated horns.' This state-
ment is not inapplicable to irregular palmate antlers, with their short
projections. See Fig. 26.
144, 10. crura, etc. : the following fairy tale seems peculiar from a
man of Caesar's common sense, but it is always easy to believe strange
yams from a new country. The story appears again in more than one
Roman writer. — sine . . . articulis : the animal's clumsy gait doubtless
led to this notion.
1449 1 1 • adflictae : < thrown down.'
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364 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
144, 12. 8686 : belongs with both infins., which mean about the 1
thing; translate ' rise to a standing position/
145) 4* oinnes : limits arbor es, — Ab: as in 143, 17.
145, 5. tantom ut, ^tc. : *but not too far forithem to retain perfectly
the appearance of standing firmly ^ (lit., * only so fax that the utmost
appearance of them standing is left^).
145,6. Hue: < against them. ^
1459 9* Chapter 28. uri : just what animal Caesar was trying to
describe is uncertain. It may have become extinct. Doubtless the
account is far from accurate, as Caesar probably saw none of the ani-
mals described.
145, II. specie, etc. : cf. cervifigura^ 144, i.
145, 16. relatis . . . comibus : < display the horns publicly.' — quae
sint, etc. : *as evidence' ; cf. qui praesinty 141, 6 f.
145, 18. ne . . . except!: *not even if they are very young when
caught.'
Z45, 20. ab labris : < at the brim.' Horns were still used as drinking-
cups in the Middle Ages.
BOOK SEVENTH
Campaign of 52 B.C. — [This was the most decbive of Caesar's cam-
paigns in Gaul. A widespread revolt was planned during the winter of
53-52 B.C. Many of the Gallic nobles were enraged by Acco's execu-
tion (see end of summary of Book VI, p. 356). The time appeared to
be favorable, too, for an outbreak, because political disturbances in
Rome seemed likely to detain Caesar in his Cisalpine province.
Vercingetorix, a young Arvernian chief, the most distinguished pa-
triot and leader that ancient Gaul produced, soon became the moving
spirit of the insurrection. Most of the states of western Gaul rallied to
his standard. His purpose was to invade the Roman province, win
over as many of the provincials as possible, and cut off Caesar from his
legions in the north.
This scheme was thwarted by Caesar's characteristic swiftness of
action. Returning from Italy, he planted garrisons along the frontier
of the province, crossed the C^vennes in the dead of winter, spreading
dismay among the Arvemi, and slipped away to his legions before the
Gauls could offer the least opposition. Mobilizing his whole army at
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BOOK VI, CHAP. 27-28 ; BOOK Vll 365
Sens (Agedincum), in the Senonian country, he set out to find Vercin-
getonx, capturing several towns on the way and arranging for as large
a supply of provisions as he could get in the winter. He first crossed
swords with Vercingetorix in a cavalry skirmish in which he gained the
victory. The Gallic leader thereupon adopted the policy of avoiding a
battle and conquering the Romans by starvation, urging his country-
men to burn all their towns and granaries. Avaricum, a strongly forti-
fied town of the Bituriges, which was defended, although against his
advice, was captured by the Romans after a heroic defense, and he led
his army away to Gergovia, the capital of his own people.]
Caesar undertook to besiege Gergovia, but, as the rebellion was
gaining strength and there was danger that he might be hemmed in,
he soon sought a way of retiring without giving the appearance of
flight. He had an opportunity in a few days to storm the enemy's out-
works, but the overwhelming numbers of the Gauls quickly turned a
momentary success into a repulse, and after a day or two of cavalry
skirmishes, in which the Romans had the advantage, he led his army
away to join Labienus, who with four legions was carrying on a success-
ful campaign round Paris (Lutetia).
[The disaster before Gergovia was the only defeat suffered by the
Romans when under Caesar's personal command, during the entire war.
Caesar's prestige was broken, and all the states of Celtic and Belgic
Gaul, except the Remi, Lingones, and Treveri, joined the confederacy
against him. Vercingetorix was elected commander-in-chief. In the
territory of the Lingones he was defeated in a cavalry battle and retired
to Alesia, a stronghold of the Mandubii, which he had chosen as his
base. Caesar, having united his ten legions, at once set to work to
shut up the Gallic army in the town.]
The campaign round Alesia was the most remarkable of the whole
war. Caesar encircled the town with a line of forts and camps eleven
miles in length. He also defended himself against attacks, either from
the town or from without, by an elaborate series of trenches, buried
spikes, and earthworks. When Vercingetorix found his position grow-
ing desperate, he sent to all the states of Gaul, begging them to despatch
an army to his relief. Upon the arrival of the relieving army, numbering
over 250,000 men, three fierce battles were fought in rapid succession,
all of which resulted favorably to the Romans. The army of relief dis-
persed and great numbers of them were captured or killed in their
flight
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366 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
Nothing remained for the besieged but to surrender. Their arms
were given up and one captive was handed over to each of Caesar^s
soldiers as booty.
Verdngetorix, as is related by other writers, although Caesar himself
says nothing of it, was kept in prison at Rome for six years, when he
was exhibited as one of the most brilliant trophies in Caesar^s triumph.
He was then put to death.
Caesar made his headquarters for the winter at Bibracte, the Haeduan
capital. His legions were distributed where they could best protect his
friends and restrain the disloyal.
Page 146, Line i. Chapter 43. After the capture of Avaricum
(see summary, end of first bracket, p. 365) Caesar sent Labienus with
four legions northward to engage the confederates who had collected
among the Senones and the Parisii. He himself with six legions fol-
lowed Verdngetorix to Gergovia, the capital of the Arvemi. There he
established his large camp southeast of Gergovia. A few days later he
dislodged a weak garrison of the enemy from the precipitous hill, the
Roche Blanche, south of the town, and posted two legions there, facili-
tating intercourse between his large and small camps by digging two
parallel trenches from one to the other.
Ipse : Caesar. — maiorem . . . motum : the Haedui, the strongest state
in Gaul (136, 21 f.) and long friendly to Rome (see on 135, 19), were
plotting rebellion, and Caesar knew that their example would lead many
other tribes to follow suit.
146, 3. « : « from the neighborhood of,' so with names of towns.^
146, 4. contraheret : ue, unite his six legions with the four under
Labienus. — ne . . . yideretur : neg. clause of purpose, * without his
departure seeming,' etc.
146, 7. Chapter 44. Haec : /.^. the plans just mentioned.
146, 8. bene . . . rei : * of success.' — minora castra : on the Roche
Blanche.
146, 9. operis : * works,' the Roman defenses.
146, 10. collem : the part of the Heights of Risolles marked A on
the plan.
146, II. hominibiifl: abl. of separation.
146, 14. Constabat inter onines : < all agreed in reporting.'
146, 15. dorsum . . . eiua iugi: 'the top of that ridge,' connecting
H. L.M. a. g. b.
« 46a, 3 (4x2, 3f N.) 606 438, a (258, tf, N. 0 391, K. I 839, a
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BOOK VII, CHAP. 43-45 367
Risolles with Gei^ovia, marked C on the plan. The Gauls were for-
tifying the western side of the ridge, where alone it was accessible.
Consequently they were not visible from the Roche Blanche.
146, 17. alteram: <the forther' (from the Roman camp), the west
side.
1469 18. nee iam aliter sentire . . . quin . . . viderentur: <and they
had no other thought, now that one hill had been seized by the Romans,
than that if they should lose another, they would be seen to have been,^
etc JVec aliter sentire is equivalent to nee dubitarey hence the use of
quiny
146, 19. omni exitu et pabulatione: 'every possibility of going out
to forage.^ On the north the hill of Gergovia was too precipitous to be
passable.
148, 2. Chapter 45. eo : f>. to the west side of the ridge which
the Gauls were fortifying.
Z48, 3. tumultuosius : < more noisily than usual,* so as to attract the
enemy^s attention. The movements described in 11. i- 14 were only a
diversion. Caesar's real purpose was to raid the Gallic camp when it
had been left defenseless by the rallying of the Gauls to protect the
western approaches. He thought that, if this plan succeeded, he could
withdraw from Gergovia without losing prestige.
148, 4. impedimentomm : < beasts of burden.*
148, 5. stramenta : ' pack-saddles,^ which were not adapted for riding.
148, 6. cassidibns : accompaniment — specie, etc. : manner.
148, 7. collibns drcnmvehi : < to ride round (to the west side of
Risolles) over the hilb.* Collibus is abl. of means, denoting the route
taken.
148, 9. easdem . . . regiones : f>. to the west of Risolles.
148, II. neque: 'and yet . . . not.* — tanto spatio: abl. abs., 'at so
great a distance.* — certi quid esset : ' what it really meant * ; certi is
partit. gen.
Z48, 12. eodem logo : the same in constr. and meaning as collibus^ 1. 7.
This legion probably halted not for from the present village of Chano-
nat.
Z48, 14. illo : cf. eo^ 1. 2.
148,17. raros: ' in small groups.*
Z48, 21. ne . . . progrediantur : complementary or substantive clause
H. L. M. A. G. B.
I 595. « (504. 3, 2) 9»3 558, a (33a. r» «•) 555. « a95. 3. «
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368 NOTES ON THE GALUC WAR
of purpose, depending on cotUineant^^ < restrain the soldiers from
advancing/ etc.
148, 22. incommodi : partit. gen. with quid,
1489 23. oocasionis : pred. gen. of possession, < that it is a question
of opportunity, not of battle.' The absence of the Gauls from their
camp gave an opportunity to raid it, but the superiority of the enemy
in numbers and the nature of the ground were not ^vorable for a
battle.
148,27. Chapter 46. recta regione: Mn a straight line.' — si
. . . intercederet : ^ if there were no windings in the route,' a condition
of action non-occurrent or contrary to fact.* The apodosis aberaty ex-
pressing a fact independent of the protasis, takes the indicative.
148, 28. MCC = mille ducentos. — hue : < to this,' <>. to the distance
of 1200 paces. — circttitns : partit. with quicquid,
148, 29. A medio, etc. : * about half-way up the hill.'
Z48, 30. in longitudinem, ut . . . ferebat : < lengthwise of the moun-
tain' (^ along the length according to the nature \i.e, form] of the
mountain ' ; see Vocab., s,\,fcrOy for similar idioms).
149, I. VI pedum: *six feet high'; gen. of quality.
149, 2. inferiore, etc. : the part of the sidehill below the six-£M>t wall.
149, 4. densissirois castris : the contingent of each state had its own
separate camp. As there were many states represented and the space
between the wall of the town and the outer wall {vi pedum murus) was
but little over half a mile wide, the camps were crowded closely
together.
Z49, 5. munitionem: the six-foot wall.
Z49, 6. trinis : * three.'* — castris : see on imperiOj 5a, 11.
Z49, 9. nuda : he had taken off his breastplate.
Z49, 1 1 . Chapter 47. id qnod, etc. : the raiding of the camp ; see
on tumultuosius^ 148, 3. — animo: loc. abl.
Z49, 12. decimae: Caesar's favorite Tenth was stationed as a reserve
on the west slope of the hill on which Merdogne village (or Gergovie)
now stands; see loth legion, ist position, on the plan. From this
point Caesar had a view of the Gallic camps several hundred yards dis-
tant across a valley.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 566(498) 898 558, * (331. ', «) 548 ags, 3
a 579, X (5x0, K. 9) 938 517. a (308, tf) 597, R. 1 304» «
3 i64f 3 («74f 9| 3) »o8« I37»*(95.*) 97, «• 3 «x,4f^
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BOOK VII, CHAP. 45-49 369
X49, 14. reliquamm : the raiders. — non andito : translate as a finite
verb with milites as subject, and begin a new sentence with tamen,
Z49^ 16. retinebantnr : conative use of the imperf., <an effort was
made to hold them back.^
Z49, 19. neqoe . . . prina . . . qiuun : see on 93) I7*
Z49, 20. moro : the course of this wall and the positions of the gates,
as well as the outlines of Caesar^s large and small camps and the paral-
lel trenches connecting them, have been discovered by excavations con-
ducted under the direction of the Emperor Napoleon III.
149, 23. aberant : Le. from the south side of town.
149, 27. nen . . . ne . . . quidem . . . abstinerent : ^ and not refuse to
spare even women,' etc. For neu^ see on tuvty 140, 29. — Ayarici : of
the 40,000 men, women, and children in Avaricum at the time of its
capture (see summary, end of first bracket, p. 365), only 800 escaped
massacre.
Z49, 29. per maniifl demissae : < let down by the hands of friends ^
(who were on the wall).
149, 30. quern . . . diziase : subject of constabat ; translate, ' who, as
all agreed in reporting, said among his men,' etc.
150, I . Avaricensiboa praemiis : Caesar had offered rewards to those
who should be the first to scale the walls of Avaricum. Fabius hoped
that similar rewards might be given here.
150, 2. priiifl : adv., < before him.'
Z50, 6. Chapter 48. alteram: as in 146, 17.
150, 7. supra: in 146, 20 f.
150, 8. primo : adv.
150, II. Eonim, etc.: 'each one of them as soon as he had come^
they did not wait to come in a body. — sub : ' at the foot of,' and on the
outside of the wall.
150, 15. passum capillnm: a sign of grief.
150, 17. cnrsu : they had run more than a mile up a steep ascent.
150, 18. non facile . . . sostinebant: Hhey could not easily with-
stand.'
150, 21. Chapter 49. caatris: dat of interest; prcusidio is dat.
of purpose.
150, 22. sub . . . colle : at the foot of the Roche Blanche. The
detachment under Sextius was to attack the enemy's right wing in case
they pursued the Romans down the hill from Gergovia. The tenth
legion was to attack the enemy's left.
MATH. CAESAR — 24
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370 NOTES ON THE GALUC WAR
150, 24. yidiflset : implied indir. disc., representing a fiit. perf. ; see
on habuerit, 53, 10. — quo minna: depending on terreret^ which is
equiv. to a verb of hindering ; * translate as if hostes were the obj. of ter-
reret, * frighten the enemy from pursuing.^
150, 25. progressua: Caesar moved down the hillside a short dis-
tance so as to be in position to attack the enemy^s left and to support
his own troops if they should flee. See on the plan (p. 147) loth
legion, 2d position.
150, 28. Chapter so. loco, etc. : see on tempore^ 98, 17.
150, 29. ab latere . . . aperto : * on our men's exposed flank ' ; nostris
is dat. of optional complement, expressing disadvantage (' exposed for
our men').
15O9 30. manua : i,e. of the enemy.
151,1. miserat: see 148, 25. — similitudine armomm: 'from the
resemblance of their arms to those of the enemy.'
151, 2. deztria . . . exsertia: pred. abl. of quality, sc. esse; *to have
the right shoulders uncovered.'
151,3. insigne pactum: < the sign agreed upon,' /./. to designate
friendly Gauls.
151, 6. Fabius, etc. : see 149, 30.
151, 9. excidere: <to cut away,' so as to gain an entrance. Appar-
ently only Fabius and his three comrades scaled the wall.
151, 12. quidem: translated only by emphasizing vestrae,
151,13. quos : the antecedent is implied in z/^j/ro^.
Z51, 19. post paulum: adverbs, 'a little later.'
151, 20. ac . . . fuit : * but he saved his men ' ; i.e. by engaging the
enemy until they had time to escape.
151, 21. Chapter 51. cum . . . premerentur: < being hard pressed
on every side ' ; see on cum . . . conaretury 53, 29.
151, 22. amissia : < with a loss of.'
Z51, 24. aequiore loco : in the plain northeast of the Roche Blanche ;
see on the plan (p. 147), loth legion, 3d position.
151, 26. eductae : see 150, 20 iT.
151, 27. auperiorem : i.e. higher on the slope of the Roche Blanche
than their first position; see on the plan, Sextius, 2d position. —
Legiones : the raiding legions, which had been pursued down the hill
from Gergovia.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
1 568, 8 (497, u, •) 909 558, b (331, r, a) 549 ags, 3
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BOOK VII, CHAP, 49-69 371
151, 30. rednzit : Vercingetorix was unwilling to risk a battle on
level ground. — minus DCC: = mintis septingenti; the construction of
words denoting number is often not affected by nunus^ ampUuSy etc. ;
see on equites, 105, 28.
152,5. Chapter 52. recipiendi: the gerund of this vb. occurs
rarely, where we should expect the gerundive with the refl. sui,
15a, 7. quod . . . sensisset: <a thing which he himself had under-
stood,' etc.
152, 8. sine dnce : with deprehensis, ^ caught without a leader.^ This
refers to an occasion when Vercingetorix had gone away from his army
without leaving any officer in charge. The Roman troops were eager
to attack, but Caesar refused because of the secure position of the enemy.
152, 1 1 . quos . . . potuisset : a clause of characteristic, while admU
raretur is subj. merely because it is in a subordinate clause of indir.
disc.
152, 14. reprehendere : an independent clause of indir. disc. ; sc. se
as subject.
152, 18. Chapter 53. adeztremam, etc.: < towards the end of^
his speech.'
152, 20. quod . . . attulisset : implied indir. disc.
152, 22. ante : see 146, i ff.
152, 26. atque eo secundo : ' and that with success.'
152, 27. satis . . . factum : Caesar hoped to impress both upon the
enemy and his own men that his departure was not a flight. He did
not try, however, with this phrase, to cover up the 6act of his repulse, for
he admits this plainly enough in 151, 21 ff., and 152, 20 f.
154, I. Chapter 69. oppidum: Alesia, to which Vercingetorix
had retired after being defeated by Caesar's cavalry in the country of
the Lingones (see summary of Book VII, second bracket, p. 365),
occupied the summit of a precipitous hill, not so high as the plateau of
Gergovia, but even more secure from assault This hill is the modem
Mont Auxois, x>n the southwestern slope of which is the village of Alise-
Sainte-Reine.
154, 2. loco : loc. abl.,* * in a very elevated position.'
154, 4. flnmina : the Ose on the north and the Oserain on the south.
i54> 5* planities : the plain of the Laumes, west of Mont Auxois.
H. L. M. a. G. b.
I 497» 4 (440, N. X & a) 565 293 (193) 991, R. a 941, i
3 485, a (495, U, a) 6a6 4a9, x (asS,/, x) 385, M. x aaS, x, b
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372 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
154, 6. mediocri . . . spatio : < no great distance away.*
154, 7. pari altitudinis faatigio : abl. of quality, limiting collesy < of
equal height' (equal to Mont Auxois).
154, 8. muro : the wall of Alesia. — quae pars . . . spectabat : this
clause is repeated by hunc . . . locum ; translate, * that part of the hill
facing east had all been filled by forces of the Gauls.'
154, 9. fossam : see PQRS on the plan, p. 1 53. The exact position
of these defenses of the Gallic camp has been fixed by excavations
under the direction of Emperor Napoleon IIL
154, 1 1 . munitionia : the course of Caesar's lines of contravallation
and of circumvallation, for by far the greater part of their length, was
determined by Napoleon's excavations.
154, 12. tenebat: * extended.' — Castra: traces of four infantry and
four cavalry camps and of five redoubts (10, 11, 15, 18, 22, on the plan)
have been discovered. The locations of the other redoubts are merely
conjectural.
154, 16. Chapter 70. Opere : the Roman works of 1. 1 1 ff.
Z54, 18. supra: in 1. 5.
154, 20. Germanos : Caesar had just obtained fi*om Germany im-
portant additions to his cavalry force. The German cavalry was much
superior to that of the Gauls.
154,22. Praesidio: * support.' — nostris: dat. of interest or refer-
ence, expressing advantage ; ^ translate, * of our men.'
154, 24. angustioribus : pred. adj., 'as the gates had been left rather
narrow.' These gates were in the stone wall inclosing the enemy's
camp, PQRS on the plan.
155,2. munitiones: the Gallic wall and trench. — yeniri: impers.,
* that the enemy were coming.'
155, 4. portas : the gates of the town were closed that the camp
might not be left without defenders.
155, 8. Chapter 71. perficiantur: 'can be finished'; the subj. is
used with priusquam in clauses representing an act not as accom-
plished but as anticipated.*
155, 10. soam quisque: see on sibi quemque, 54, 11.
155, 12. cogant: the subject is not quisque, but all the men who
depart ; omnes is the obj. — in illos merita (subst.) : ' services to them.'
H. L.M. A. G. B
X 485, 4, N. (384, 4, N. a) 538 377 (235. «) 350, a «88, i, n.
a 605, i (520, i, a) 878, cf. 880 551, c (327, a) 577. « a9«i «. *
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BOOK VII, CHAP. 69-72 373
155, 13. 86 . . . merttnm (part) : ' him who has best served the in-
terests of their common liberty.^
155, 15. fuerint: perf. subj. for fiit. perf. of dir. disc.
155, 17. Ratione inita: <by actual calculation.' — diemm: gen. of
quality.
155, 18. tolerari: impers., 'they can hold out.'
»55> '9- ^o*> etc. : * where gaps had been left in our works ' (of con-
travallation).
155, 20. Fnimentum : />. in Alesia.
155,22. pamerint: implied indir. disc; for the tense, d, fuerint^
1.15.
155^29. Chapter 72. pedum XX: in breadth. — derectis: < per-
pendicular/ more fiilly explained by the result clause. Trenches
i^ually had sloping sides. The object in digging this ditch, which ex-
tended only from the Ose to the Oserain, was to protect Caesar's troops
at the point where they were most exposed to attack while building
their line of contra vallation, i.e, on the west side of Mont Auxob. Ex-
cavations show it to have been about nine feet deep.
155, 30. 851am : * the bottom.'
156, I . distarent : subj. of attraction.^
156, 2. pedes CCCC : probably a copyist's mistake for passus CCCCy
as this is the approximate distance between the remains of the twenty-
foot trench and of the line of contravallation. — hoc consilio : explained
by the appositive purpose clauses ^ ne . . , advolaret . . . possent. —
tantum . . . spatinm : eleven miles, see 154, 11 f.
156, 3. esset . . . complezus, cingeretur : implied indir. disc., being a
part of Caesar's thought when he formed hb plan. — totom opna: the
contravallation.
156, 4. corona: *an encircling line,' filling the whole contravallation.
156,5. advolaret, p088ent: for the change in number, cf. adeat^
cogatUy 155, 10 and 12.
156, 7. Hoc . . . spatio : /./. 400 paces, see on pedes cccc^ I. 2. —
dnas fossas : of these only the inner trench surrounded Alesia, the outer
extended merely from the Ose to the foot of the Heights of Flavigny.
It was only in the plain that the strongest defenses were required.
156, 8. altitadine : the excavations show the depth of both trenches
H. L.M. A. G. B.
1 65a, 1 (5*9, ii, N. i) 793 593 (342) 663, 1 3*4, 1
a 564, iii (499, 3) 89a 561, a (331, beadoote) 546, N. a 394
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374 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
to have been from eight to nine feet. — campestribua . . . locis : ' on the
low lands of the plain.* In the rest of its course it was too high to be
flooded.
156, 10. Post: i,e, from the point of view of Alesia. — aggerem ac
Tallom: < embankment and palisade^; vallum alone would have ex-
pressed the idea, as its common meaning is a palisaded rampart. — zn
pedum: the agger was probably about nine feet high, and the vaUi,
composing the palisade {vallum)^ increased the height some three feet.
156, II. loricam: < breastwork,* made of interwoven branches and
put in front of the palisade to strengthen it. — pinnas: < battlements,^
probably made by building the breastwork four or five feet higher at
intervals than elsewhere. — cenris: < spreading branches,* planted in the
embankment at the foot of the breastwork ; see Fig. 28.
156, 12. pluteonun: < screens,* the sections of wickerwork of which
the lorica wias composed.
156, 13. toto opere: <on the whole line of works* round Alesia, see
Fig. 3i.~qnAe . . . distarent: <so that they were eighty feet apart,* rd.
clause of result.^
157, 2. Chapter 73. necesse: pred. adj. with erat^ the subjects
being the three infins. — deminntis, etc. : ' and our troops were
diminished.*
157) 3* progrediebantur : for building material and supplies.
Z57, 6. addendum : impers., < that an addition ought to be made. —
quo : see on quo . . . impedirent^ 73, 17.
157, 10. perpetnae : these continuous trenches, parallel with the line
of contravallation, surrounded Alesia, being interrupted only where the
nature of the ground made such elaborate defenses unnecessary. — Hoc :
' in these,' the five-foot trenches.
157, II. stipites: including both the frunct and the ramt\ 1. 8. — ab
infimo revincti : < ^tened down at the bottom.*
157, 12. ab ramis eminebant: 'projected from the ground with their
branches only.* — Quini: probably the five rows of trunks were in five
trenches lying parallel and near together so as to allow the intertwining
of the branches. See on octom) 158, 3. — ooniimcti, etc : * joined to one
another and intertwined.'
157) 13' 4^0 • Adv., 'among them,' the rows of sharp branches.
157, 14. cippos : ' boundary stakes,' a soldier's joke. See Fig. 28.
H. L.M. A, G. B.
1 59Xf • (soo, 0 836 537f « (3X9. «) 631 ««4, a
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BOOK VII, CHAP, ^a-75 375
Z57, 15. Ante: towards the town. —in qnincnncem dispositis: < ar-
ranged in diagonal order,' like dots on the five-spot of dice.
157, 18. paulatim . . . fastigio: translate, <with sloping sides and
gradually narrowing towards the bottom.' They were about six feet
across at the top.
157,21. crassitudine : abl. of quality, the gtn. feminis taking the
place of an adj.
Z57, 22. praenati : so as to harden the point.
Z57, 24. singnli, etc. : ' a foot of each trunk at the bottom of the
pit was packed in firmly trodden earth.' Thus the trunks were left
exposed for about two feet of their length, but they were covered over
with brush. See Figs. 28 and 29.
158, 3. octoni : the distributive denotes that there were eight rows
in every section of the contravalladon where elaborate defenses were
required; cf. quiniy 157, 12.
158, 6. taleae : < stakes,' buried so that only the iron hooks pro-
truded from the ground. Five of these hooks and 86 pits {scrobes),
157, 16, were discovered during the excavations. See Figs. 28 and 30.
158, 10. Chapter 74. regiones, etc. : *• keeping to as level ground
as he could.'
158, II. pro: * considering.'
158, 12. pares, etc. : a line of circumvallation was built to protect the
Roman camps from attack by the Gallic army which was being mustered
for the relief of Alesia.
158, 13. diversas ab his: < facing the opposite direction from the
former.'
158, 17. habere . . . conrectam: see on coactum hdbebaty 61, 6. In
spite of Caesar's precautions his army finally suffered so severely from
lack of supplies, that four years later the recollection of what they had
borne at Alesia encouraged his men to endure without a murmur the
still greater hardships of the siege of Pompey near Dyrrachium (210, 22).
159,2. Chapter 75. nononmes: subject of ^<wz/«rtf«<i5!?j [esse].
As usual, non is placed immediately before the word it limits.
'59, 3. censuit : * urged,' see 155, 1 1 f.
«59, 5. ciTitati: see on imperat^ 55, 11.
Z59, 6. rationem habere : < to have any way.*
Z59, 12. duodena millia : note the distributive, ^ twelve thousand each.^
Z59) 21. Belloyaci : they took up arms against Caesar the next year,
but without success.
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376 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
159, 24. pro : * in consideration of.'
159, 26. Chapter 76. antea: see ixa, 26 ff., xao, 26, 133, 3.
159, 28. ciyitatem : the Atrebates.
^59) 29. ipsi: *to him himself'; he had been made ruler over the
Morini) who were thus punished for their obstinate resistance to Caesar
(see 98, 19 ff. and lai, 15 if.)*
159, 30. oniversae : an exaggeration ; the Aquitanians (see on Ga/-
liamj 88, 6), Remi, Lingones, and Treveri (see summary of Book VII,
second bracket, p. 365) did not join the uprising.
x6o, 2. moveretur : sc. Gallia as subject. — que : < but.'
x6o, 3. animo . . . incttmberent : * gave their hearts and their re-
sources to that war.'
x6o, 4. CCL : sc. millibus,
x6o, 5. haec: sc. millia; translate, * these troops.'
160, 9. delecti ex civitatibiis : < men selected from the states.' This
civil advisory board was apparently to act as a check on the military
officers. The efficiency of the latter was still further weakened by divid-
ing the command between four men.
x6o, II. ad; see on ad^ 55, 10.
160, 13. arbitraretur : subj. of characteristic.^ — andpiti proelio : abl.
abs., *in a battle with two fronts.' — cum : * when.'
160, 14. eruptione: abl. of cause, * there would be fighting due to a
sally.' — pugnaretur, oemerentur: representing fut. indie, of the actual
thought of the Gauls.
160, 17. Chapter 77. die : for the gender, see on die, 53, 25.
x6o, 18. quid . . . gereretur : see 1. 4 ff.
160,21. suppeterent: implied indir. disc, representing pres. indie,
of the opinion as it was expressed in the council.
x6o, 22. non praetereunda [esse] : * to deserve not to be passed over.'
160, 26. auctoritatis : pred. gen. of quality.
160, 29. mihi res est : < my business is.'
160, 30. omnium . . . consensu : <as you all agree.'
161, 2. ista : a dem. or rel. pron. used as subject of a clause usually
agrees in gender and number with a pred. subst. — posse : in apposition
with isla,
161, 3. Qui, etc. : * men to offer,' etc., a clause of characteristic.
161, 5. tantum . . . potest: 'has such great influence.'— dignitas:
H. L M. A. G. B.
I 591. X (503, i) 838 S35« <> (3>Of <>) 63X,a 883,1
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BOOK VII, CHAP. 75-78 377
of those who £ivor making a sally. — si . . . yiderem : < if I saw * (imply*
ing <I do not see').*
i6x, 6. praeterquam vitae nostrae : < except of our lives.*
x6i, 7. respiciamus : hortatory, * let us/ etc.
x6i, 8. miUibus LXXX : see 155, 16.
x6Xy 9. propinqnia, etc. : dats. of poss. v/ith /ore.
x6Xy 10. animi : with ^uidy * what heart.*
x6i, II. Nolite . . . ezspoliare . . . prostemere . . . sabicere: the com-
monest form of prohibition.^
x6x, 18. animi causa : see ia8, 4 f. The enclitic -ne is often added to
an emphatic word of a question.* — exerceri: with reflexive force, *are
taking exercise' (* exercising themselves').
161, 19. illomm : Gauls in the relieving army.
i6x, 20. his: Romans. — testibus: pred. apposition, ' as witnesses,*
followed by indir. disc.
161, 23. Quid ergo, etc. : *what then b proposed by my plan?' The
answer, yiw:^^, etc., is subject oi met consili (pred. gen. of possession*)
est implied from the question.
x6i, 24. Cimbromm, etc. : the Cimbri and Teutones were Germanic
peoples from the shores of the Baltic and the North Sea, who overran
Gaul and Spain, 11 3-102 B.C. They had planned to invade Italy when
they were annihilated by the great Marius, the Teutones in southern
Gaul, 102 B.C., and the Cimbri in northern Italy the following year.
161, 29. institui, prodi : subjects of esse implied, pulckerrimum be-
ing pred. adj., * for it to be adopted . . . was most glorious.'
161, 30. illi . . . bello : dat. of poss., ^ what similarity had that war
to this ? ' — Depopolata : see on 58, 1 7.
x6a, 5. quos: a rel. not infrequently precedes its antecedent (here
horuni),
i6a, 9. finitimam Galliam : < the neighboring part of Gaul,' i.e, the
Roman Province.
162, 10. securibos : axes were borne before military commanders to
symbolize their power of punishing with death.
i6a, 14. Chapter 78. experiantur : has the same subject as the
H.
L. M.
A.
G.
B.
z
579 (5x0, N. x)
938
517 (308)
597
304.x
a
561. X (489, x)
7a8
450 (269. tf , a)
«7i»a
a76,tf
3
378, ? (35»t a)
699
332 (aio, a)
454 & R. X
i6a, a, c
4
447(403)
556
343» * (»«4. c)
366 & B. I
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378 NOTES ON THE GALLIC WAR
main vb. consiituunt, — descendant : subj. with prius quam of action
anticipated.
162, 15. ntendnm [esse] : 'that they must avail themselves,^ indir.
disc, depending on the idea of saying in constUuunt, This merely
repeats indirectly a declaration of the Gauls, while ut exccdanty
experiantury is expressed as their purpose. Cf. the impersonal use^
of the intr. verb utendum with the personal use of the transitive
subeundam,
16a, 20. cibo itnrarent : *give them food.' Caesar was quite unable
to comply with this request, even if he had so desired (see on 158, 17),
and these unfortunate victims of one of the cruel necessities of war
starved to death, as we are told by another writer, between the Roman
lines and the walls of their own city.
162, 24. Chapter 79. coUe : the heights of Mussy-la-Fosse, south-
west of Alesia; see plan, p. 153.
162, 28. demonstrayimos : in 154, 5.
163, I. Concammt: the Gauls in Alesia.
163, 4. fossam; the twenty-foot trench, see plan and 155, 29. — ag-
gere: 'earth.*
163, 6. Chapter 80. exercitu : U, the infantry ; the cavalry were
sent out to engage the enemy. — utramque : the outer and inner lines
of defense.
163, 7. snnm qaisqne : see on sibi quetnquey 54, 1 1.
X63, 10. castris ; see 154, 12 f.
163, 12. inter equites, etc.: this idea was borrowed from the Ger-
mans, whose cavalry in Caesar's army was always superior to the Gauls' ;
see 1. 25 f. and 1549 20, 24 f.
1639 13* qui • • • sustinerent : rel. clauses of purpose.
163, 15. complnres: of Caesar's cavalry.
163, 18. qui . . . continebantur : the besieged.
X63, 21 . neqne . . . factum : < and no brave or cowardly deed.' Parti-
ciples used as substantives are usually modified by adverbs instead of
by adjectives. — utrosque : both Gauls and Romans.
X63, 24. Com . . . pngnaretur: 'when the battle had been raging*
(and was still raging^).
163, 27. sagittarii : they were not so well trained as the German
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 6ai,a(30x, 1) 99a S<»» 3 (a94. ^, »•> 4a7f N- 4 337» 7» *» «
• 535. X (469. Wi a) 738 47«» * i*nt *) •34 •6«V 4
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BOOK VII, CHAP. 7S-83 379
archers, who, as we learn from Caesar, were able in a rout to keep up
with the horsemen by taking hold of the horses' manes.
163, 28. cedentes : ace.
164,4. Chapter 81. Uno: * a single'; emphasized, as usual. —
Galli : i.e. the relieving force.
164, 5. cratinm : < hurdles,' of interwoven branches, with which to
cover over the trenches. — harpagonnm : ' hooks,' on long poles, for
tearing down the fortifications.
164, 7. campestres : < in the plain ' of the Laumes, referring to Cae-
sar's outer line west of Alesia.
X64, 8. qua: 'that by this,' introducing a rel. clause of purpose. —
qui . . . obsidebantur : since this clause merely defines the subject of
posseni, and is not considered as an essential part of the purpose, the
verb is not attracted into the subjunctive.
164, 14. ut . . . attributus : for the fact, see 163, 7 f.
X64, 15. librilibos : < throwing stones of a pound in weight*
164917* glandibus: Mead bullets,' hurled by slings.
164,18. tenebris: this battle was fought between midnight and
dawn, see 1. 6 and 165, i.
164,21. Antonius: the £amous Mark Antony. He was a lieutenant
of Caesar in 52 and 51 B.C., and afterwards in the Civil War.
X64, 24 : his : serves as antecedent of qua ex parte, but denotes per-
sons rather than place. The dat. expresses interest, accompanying
auxilioy which is a dat. of purpose.
X64, 26. Chapter 82. Dum : <so long as.' — plua . . . proflciebant:
<they were more effective' than they were when they came nearer.
X64, 28. stimnlia: see 158, 6ff. — aerobes: see 1579 15 ff*
X64, 29. delati, etc. : * felling into the pits were wounded,' by being
impaled on the stipites (157, 20).
X64, 30. pills muralibus : heavier than the ordinary javelin.
X65, 2. aperto : as often, of the right side, which was not protected
by the shield. But see on a^ latere aperto, 69, i. — superioribus : on
the Heights of Flavigny.
X65, 3. interiores : the besieged Gauls in Alesia.
X65, 5. priores fossas : the trench twenty feet wide. The pi. refers
to difFerent parts of the trench. — explent : like proferunt depending
on dum,
165, 7. appropinquarent : see on perftciafUur, X55, 8.
X65, 12. Chapter 83. collis: Mont R^a.
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38o , NOTES ON THE GALUC WAR
165, 15. castra: D on the plan, p. 153. Wherever possible the
Romans avoided camping near the foot of a hill, as the enemy by
seizing the summit could win a great advantage. The lack of this
precaution here cost Caesar dear.
X65, 19. numero : referring only to the relieving army, which num-
bered, according to 160, 4, about 258,000 men.
165, 20. qnid . . . placeat : ^ what they think best to do, and in what
way.'
165, 22. yideatur : implied indir. disc, representing fut. indie, in the
original thought, adibimus cum nieridies esse videbitur,
165, 27. ea castra : of Reginus and Rebilus.
166, 3. Chapter 84. falces : like the harpctgones of 164, 5.
166, 7. locis : essential complement or indir. obj. of the intr. cpd. vb.
x66, 8. Moltum . . . valet: * tends greatly.' — post tergum: some of
the Romans were on the inner line of defense ^ing the Gauls from
Alesia, and some were on the outer line facing the relieving army. The
men in each line accordingly felt that their safety depended on the
success of their comrades behind them.
166, 9. pugnantibus : < as they are fighting,' dat. of interest or refer-
ence.— pericalttm: we should say * safety.'
166, 12. Chapter 85. locum: without doubt, on the northwest
slope of the Heights of Flavigny, marked J.C, on the plan, p. 153.
— quaque : from quisque,
x66, 14. Utrisque: i.e. both Gauls and Romans. For the dat., cf.
pugnantibus^ 1. 9. Translate, ^the thought comes to the minds of both
armies.'
166, 15. unum: *the one of all.' — mazime, etc.: * there is call for
the greatest effort.'
166, 18. munitiones: the castra of 165, 28.
166,20. Iniquum: see on castra^ 165, 15. — ad decliyitatcim faa-
tigium: downward slope.'
166,22. Agger: earth and other materials thrown on the Roman
defenses (in munitionem coniectus)^ covering over the cippL, liliay and
stimuli (157, 8 ff.).
x66, 26. Chapter 86. Labienum : supposed to have been in com-
mand of the troops on the Heights of Bussy, northeast of Alesia.
166.28. deductis cohortibus: *to draw off his cohorts' from the
rampart
166.29. emptione pugnet: 'make a sally.' The clause is obj. of
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BOOK VII, CHAP. 83-88 381
imperat^ with which it is coordinate (not subordinated by «/). — nisi:
belongs with necessario only.
167, 2. Interiores : as in 165, 3.
167, 3. manitionttm : the cippiy etc, which were planted only in the
plain. The Roman works on the hills had no need of these additional
defenses.
167, 4. ascensu : abl. of specification. — temptant : the Gauls thought
that owing to the lack of cippi, etc., the works on the hills might be
successfully attacked. The attempt was probably made on the Heights
of Flavigny.
167, 5. propugnantes : ace
X67, 7. loricam: see on 156, 11.
167, 8. Chapter 87. Bmtum : see on 88, 9.
X67, II. eo: /.<?. to the camp on Mont Rda.
»^> 13' circumire ezteriores, etc. : probably the cavalry that were to
go round the outer line of defenses marched out from the camp near
Gr^signy {G on the plan, p. 153). The hills prevented their move-
ments from being seen by the enemy. Any such manoeuvre attempted
from the cavalry camps in the plain (Hy /, K) would have been frus-
trated by the Gauls of the relieving army.
167, 18. faciendum : i.e. to make a sally, in accordance with Caesar^s
directions in 166, 28 f.
167, 20. Chapter 88. colore, etc : the imperator wore over his
armor the paludamentum^ a cloak of light purple or scarlet.
167,21. insigni: *as a distinguishing garb,' in pred. apposition to
quo.
167, 23. superioribus : i.e. on Mont R^a above the Roman lines. —
dediyia, etc : the slopes of Flavigny, from which Caesar came.
167,2$. ezcipit: * follows.' The shout of the Romans and the
Gauls fighting at Mont Rda was taken up by the Romans all along their
lines.
167, 26. Nostri, etc. : the Romans made a sally, hurling their javelins
and then rushing to close quarters to settle the combat with their swords.
X67, 27. equitatus : the body from camp Gy see on 1. 13. — cemitur :
i.e. by the Gauls.
X67, 28. aliae : the cohorts with Caesar. — Note the rapidity and the
vividness of this closing narrative, expressed by the annalistic presents
(see on civitates, 53, 6) and by the short disconnected sentences.
168,3. Conspicati: when the subject changes, it is usually expressed,
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382 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
but here the words ex oppido make it clear that the Gauls from Alesia
are meant.
i68, 7. Gallomm: of the relieving army.
168, 8. Quod niai: *but if . . . not/ see on quod si, to, 15. — crebria
subsidiis : ^ by repeatedly going to the support of each other. ^
x68, 22. Chapter 89. ad utramque rem : < for either fate.*
x68, 26. Vercingetoriz : until 46 B.C. he was kept in prison at Rome.
Then after being led as one of the principal trophies in Caesar^s trium-
phal procession he was put to death.
x68y 28. si . . . posset : indir. quest., * to see if/ etc.
x68, 29. capita singula : * one man apiece.^
169, 2. Chapter 90. recipit : before this great rebellion the Haedui
had been Caesar^s firm allies.
169, 8. huic : Labienus.
169, 10. ne quam, etc. : the Remi, second only to the Haedui in
power (136, 22), submitted without opposition to the Romans in the
second year of Caesar's governorship, and were one of the few tribes
which remained loyal in the outbreak of the present year (see on 159,
30). The Bellovaci were subdued the next year (51 B.C.) after a stub-
bom resistance.
X69, 17. diemm XX: see on durum XX, 122, 14. This unusual
honor shows that the home government appreciated the importance of
this year's victories. The backbone of Gallic resistance to Rome had
been broken by the splendid victory of Alesia. In the following year,
51 B.C., although a few states made a gallant struggle for independence,
all opposition was finally crushed, and the foundation was securely laid
for the complete Romanization of Gaul. Thus France of to-day, like
Spain and Italy, is a Latin country, and the French language is one of
several daughters of Latin.
CIVIL WAR
BOOK FIRST
[Campaign of 49 B.C. — Italy and Spain. — The Civil War (see
Introd. §§ 12, 13) opened in January, 49 B.C., with Caesar's passage
over the Rubicon, the little stream which divided his province of Cisal-
pine Gaul from Italy. Caesar first made a rapid and victorious march
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BOOK I-II 383
down the east coast of Italy to Brundisium, whither the Pompeians fled
in hot haste with the purpose of mobilizing their forces where, if neces-
sary, they could be most easily transported across the Adriatic In feet,
when Caesar arrived at Brundisium, the consuls and a large part of the
army had already sailed to Dyrrachium. Caesar endeavored to block-
ade Pompey and his remaining troops in the city, but Pompey cleverly
effected his escape by sea and joined the consuls in Macedonia (March,
49 B.C.). Being unable to follow without considerable delay owing to
lack of ships, Caesar determined to secure the West, where Pompey was
hardly less strong than in the East He first marched to Rome and
made himself master of the public funds. Sicily and Sardinia, which
supplied Rome with grain, were easily occupied during the summer by
two of his lieutenants, Curio and Valerius. Caesar himself hastened to
Marseilles (Massilia), which he found supporting the cause of Pompey.
Arranging for the siege of this town, the only place in Gaul which took
sides against him, he hurried on to Spain, — whither his Gallic legions
had already been despatched, — to encounter a strong Pompeian army
under Afranius and Petreius. Near Ilerda, in northeastern Spain, he
snatched victory from the very jaws of defeat, and the whole peninsula
submitted without further opposition (August and September, 49 B.C.).
Following the policy he had adopted in Italy at the beginning of the
war, Caesar dismissed all the captives, officers and men, some of whom
enlisted in his army, while others poorly requited his clemency by joining
Pompey in Macedonia.]
BOOK SECOND
Campaign of 49 B.C. — Marseilles and Africa. — [Marseilles (Massilia)
held out for about six months (April-October, 49 B.C.). Trebonius,
who had distinguished himself in Britain and at Alesia (130, 15, and
164, 22), conducted the siege skillfully and vigorously by land, while
Decimus Brutus, who had made a reputation as a naval officer by his
cleverness in the war with the Veneti seven years before (88, 9. He also
did important service at Alesia, 167, 8), twice defeated the enemy on the
sea. Finally the Massiliots were reduced to such straits by their lack
of supplies, the weakened condition of their walls, and their despair of
receiving help from Pompey, that upon Caesar^s arrival from Spain, in
October, the town was immediately surrendered. Granting a general
pardon Caesar hastened on to Rome.]
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384 NOTES ON THE aVIL WAR
Curio, after securing Sicily (see summary of Book I, p. 383), crossed
over to Africa to engage the Pompeian forces there under Varus.
Meeting at first with the utmost success, he was soon entrapped by the
Numidian allies of Varus, and perished with almost all his army
(August, 49 B.C.)' This was a severe blow to Caesar's cause, not only
because it encouraged the enemy, just at the time of their overthrow in
Spain, but also because in Curio Caesar lost his ablest political sup-
porter and one of his bravest and most skillful officers.
Apart from this disaster, however, the first year of the war was highly
successful for Caesar. The Pompeians, on the other hand, only gained
a trifling advantage with their fleet in the upper Adriatic and reduced
most of Illyricum. Results so pitiably small, considering Pompey's
great superiority by sea, and the power of his name and influence
throughout the Roman world, except only in Caesar's provinces of
Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul and Illyricum, suggest an astonishing
d^^ee of mismanagement and confusion in the ranks of the senatorial
party.
Page 170, Line i. Chapter 23. Isdem temporibus : i,e. during
the campaigns in Spain and at Marseilles; see summaries of Books
I and II, p. 383. — Curio: if Plutarch may be believed (^Life of Pom-
pey, 58), Caesar won over Curio, who had previously sided with the
senatorial party, by paying off his debts. Curio served Caesar well in
the controversy with the senate (50 B.C.), accompanied him on the
march to Brundisium, and from there was sent to seize Sicily (see
summary of Book I, p. 383). A few weeks later, early in August, he
sailed from Sicily to Africa. — Africam : i,e, the district round Carthage,
which had been made a province, under the name * Africa,' in 146 B.C.
It comprised the upper eastern part of modern Tunis.
170, 3. Vari : a Pompeian officer, whose troops had deserted him
and joined Caesar during the triumphal march from the Rubicon to
Brundisium. He had fled to Africa, and finding the province without
a governor he assumed the office and raised an army of two l^ions.
He accomplished his schemes easily because of his acquaintance in
Africa, where he had been governor a few years before.
170, 4. acceperat : when he was sent to Sicily.
170, 5. consumpta: abl. abs. with biduo and nocte^ agreeing with
the nearer subst.
170, 9. L. Caesar : a distant relative of Julius Caesar who supported
the cause of the senate throughout the war. His father was a lieutenant
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BOOK U, CHAP. 23-25 385
of Caesar in Gaul, but after the outbreak of the Civil War he remained
at Rome.
170, 10. ex praedonnm bello : 'just after the pirates^ war * of 67 B.C. ;
see Introd. § 22.
170, II. reficiendas: see on pontem . . .faciendum curat, 59, 18.
These ships would be likely to need rather extensive repairs if they had
been lying on the shore eighteen years.
170, 12. Veritas : with L, Caesar, — ex alto : he was lying off Clupea
{ad Clupeam)y which is near the end of a promontory running well out
to sea. See the plan, p. 171.
170, 14. Hadrumetum : on the coast to the south of Gupea.
170, 15. Longus : he had been governor of Africa the year before.
170, 16. Caesaris: Lucius.
171, 2. praesidio, nayibos : datives.
171, 6. Chapter 24. Uticam : capital of the province and head-
quarters of the Poropeians.
171, 7. eodem : adv.
171,8. bidui: probably a mistake. The distance from Anquillaria
to the Bagrada, which was nearly seventy miles, could hardly have been
covered by infantry in two days.
171, 9. Rebilum: he had been with Caesar in Gaul (165, 16). He
was one of the few to survive Curio's expedition.
X71, II. Castra Cornelia: so called from the elder Publius Cornelius
Scipio Africanus, who had a camp here in 204 B.C., during the war with
Hannibal. Both this place and Utica are now at some distance from
the sea owing to changes in the coast line.
171, 12. Id: refers to is iocus^ but follows Latin usage in agreeing
with the pred. subst. in its own clause.
171, 14. fastigio: abl. of quality.
172,1. paasus mille: a mistake. The distance is nearly three
miles.
172, 2. quo mare succedit : * through which the sea-water comes up.'
172, 5. Chapter 25. maro . . . coniuncta: < close to the wall of
the town,' hendiadys.
172, 6. ad portam : < near the gate.'
172, 7. oppido, theatre : abl. of means, limiting munita,
172, 8. substructionibns : abl. of cause, limiting the abl. abs. adiiu
. . . angusto. The camp was protected on one side by the wall of the
town, on another by the theatre, the substructure of which, supporting
MATH. CAESAR — 2$
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386 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
the rising and semicircular rows of seats, was probably built up in two
or more tiers of arches. See the illustrations under * amphitheatre ' or
* theatre ' in the English dictionaries.
172, 10. portari atque agi : < things were being carried and animals
driven.'
172, 1 1 . Yiis : abl. of means, expressing the way by which ; * over
crowded roads.'
172,13. locopraedae: < as booty.'
172, 16. luba : Juba naturally supported the Pompeians, for his father
had been restored to the throne of Numidia by Pompey more than thirty
years before. He also had a private grudge against Curio, who, when
tribune the year before, had proposed to annex his kingdom to the
Roman domain.
172,24. pronuntiari: * the announcement to be made.'
Z72, 25. in . . . loco : in this meaning loco commonly omits tit, as in
1.13.
X73> I* Chapter 26. in castra : Rebilus had been left in command,
171, 9 f-
173, 3. imperator : this was merely an honorary title given by the
soldiers to their commander after an important victory. In the present
case a victory trifling in itself may have assumed importance in the
eyes of the soldiers as it resulted in their gaining an abundance of
supplies from the transports.
X73, 7- rege: Juba.
173, 13. possent: subj. ^^ priusquam^ of an act anticipated.'
X73, 15. equitatuqne, etc. : of the enemy's cavalry; abl. abs. express-
ing concession.
173, 16. litora : for the pi., see on priores fossasj 165, 5. — oppidom :
Utica.
X73> 18. Chapter 27. Marsi : Curio's men were largely from the
Marsian and Paelignian districts in central Italy. Enlisted as Pom-
peians, they joined Caesar on the march to Brundisium.
173, 22. senriunt: 'tickle,' by telling what would be welcome news.
— quae yolumus, etc. : the two clauses in parenthesis explain in inverse
order (the chiasdc arrangement) the sive . . . sive clauses. The cen-
turions thought that Varus would bdieve in the truth of what he was
glad to hear, and they hoped that Curio's soldiers would be as faithless
H. L. M.
I 605, U (500, ii) 880
A.
5SX. ^ (3«7)
G.
577.1
B.
09*, I, 5
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BOOK II, CHAP. 25-29 387
as they themselves had been. Cf. quod fere^ etc., 93) 16 f., and see
note.
173, 24. confirmant quidem certe : *• make at any rate a positive asser-
tion ^ ; quidem emphasizes the preceding word, certe = ' at any rate/
173, 25. mazimeqiie . . . facnltatem : the point is that if Curious men,
who had formerly been in Pompey^s service, should see and talk with
Varus's soldiers, they would probably return to their old allegiance.
174, I. unayalle, etc. : 'with only a little valley between them.*
174, 4. Chapter 28. Corfini : it was at Corfinium, on the route
from the Rubicon to Brundisium, that one of Pompey's strongest forces
surrendered to Caesar, including the two legions now with Curio. At
the surrender Quinctilius, instead of joining Caesar, had gone to Africa.
i74> 7* Corfinio : abl. of separation, not to be translated as locative.
174, 8 : idem . . . constarent : *• the centuries and the maniples re-
mained the same.* See Introd. § 28.
i74> II* primam : best translated with sacr amentia although it limits
memariam^ as if sacramenti memoriam were a cpd. Then, as now,
enlisting soldiers were required to take the oath of allegiance. — Domi-
tinm : Domitius Ahenobarbus was Pompey^s lieutenant in command at
Corfinium, and Quinctilius was his quaestor.
174, 12. dizissent: subj. in implied indir. disc.
1749 13* qui . . . perpessi: at Corfinium.
174, 14. pro his: Curio and his officers.
174, 15. Hue: *to this.'
174, 16. ad spem: <to inspire a hope*; cf. the common use of the
gerundive with ad to express purpose. — quae : interrog., introducing
an indir. quest, in apposition with pauca^ * as to what they ought,' etc.
174, 18. nullam . . . significatio: * there was no sign made in any
way,' either of approval or disapproval.
174, 20. Chapter 29. At : although Curio's soldiers had shown
no sympathy with the suggestions of Quinctilius, their loyalty was
nevertheless seen to be wavering. Consequently Curio and his faithful
officers and men were filled with apprehension. — omninm : i.e. of the
loyal.
174, 22. opiniones flngebat : ' kept inventing fancies ' ; ofdnio often
implies a mere notion or conjecture as contrasted with setUentia^ a welU
grounded opinion.
174,23. Hoc: * this invention.'
i74y 24. nno auctore : abl. abs., < starting from a single source.'
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388 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
174, 25. plares . . . videbantur : ' there seemed to be several sources
of the story ' ; and so what might be only the creation of some fright-
ened soldier^s imagination appeared to be a well-authenticated fact —
Erat civile bellnm : ' it was a civil war,* i,e, a war in which men might
change sides without any lack of patriotism. With this statement, and
those that follow, through iactaverant^ 175, 3, Caesar is justifying the
apprehensions of Curio and his faithful supporters. Curio's two legions,
which had been in Pompey's army only a few months before, would be
seriously weakened if many men should follow the example of the two
Marsian centurions and their twenty-two comrades (173, 18 f.). — The
text of the rest of this chapter is very uncertain, and is the product
largely of modem scholars' conjectiu-es ; the manuscripts are badly
corrupted.
174, 26. genus hominnm, etc. : ' it was a class of men which could
do what it pleased and follow what party it would,' i.e, they were inde-
pendent Italians, and could follow either Caesar or Pompey. The sub-
junctives express characteristic.
174, 27. legiones : pred. oierant implied ; etu is subject.
174, 28. nam : follows not the previous statement itself^ but its im-
plication ' and so they were not attached to Caesar,' for his favors to
individual soldiers had been outshone by his favors to whole communi-
ties. The bond of personal gratitude was therefore weak. — beneficia :
translate as subject, making the vb. passive, 'the &vors had been less-
ened in value.' No exactions had been made of his fallen foes by
Caesar, except that in Italy the private soldiers were enrolled in his own
army. The officers were allowed to go free with all their possessions.
>74y 29. conferrentnr : the subject is beneficia implied. This rel.
clause is represented as quoted from the soldiers' remarks, implied
indir. disc; *with which, as it was said, they were bestowed,' etc. —
etiam . . . coniuncta : ' even those that had been united to the opposite
party.' From the time that he crossed the Rubicon Caesar had for-
bidden private soldiers to enter a town armed ; and when Corfinium
was surrendered late in the evening, he postponed its occupation till
dawn in order to avoid all possibility of plunder and outrage in the
dark.
174, 30. enim : connects the following sentence with legiones . . .
fuerant, not with nam . . . coniuncta, — Marsis, etc. : see on 173, 18.
175, 2. centuriones militesque : in pred. apposition with the ante-
cedent (» implied) of the second qui^ * those who had remained in
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BOOK II. CHAP. 29-31 389
their tents, both centurions and privates/ There was danger that the
men remaining in the army, being fellow-countrymen of the deserters,
might show the same disloyalty. — Non nuUi, etc : * some had thrown
out rather offensive remarks.'
1759 3* Sermones, etc. : * remarks of the soldiers of doubtful meaning
were given the harsher interpretation.'
i75> 4- diligentiores : * uncommonly watchful,' />. for all signs of
disloyalty.
X75, 6. Chapter 30. consilio : a council of war was composed of
the superior officers ; see Introd. § 36.
175, 8. conandum : impers., ' that efforts should be made.'
175, 9. huius . . . consiliis : ' to plans of this sort (/./. d desertion)
on the part of the soldiers.'
X75, 12. ezperiri, perpeti : subjects of praesiarey ' it was better.'
175? 13- grayissimum sappliciom: Uhe utmost penalty,' />. death.
They knew that if they fell into the power of Varus they would be put
to death. The Pompeians showed none of Caesar's clemency.
175, 14. Erant qui censerent: 'some urged.' ^ — de tertU Tigilia:
about one o'clock.
175) 15- at . . . sanarentor: 'that after some little time the soldiers
might be restored to their right minds.'
175, 17. accidisset : for fut. perf. of dir. disc., ' if anything disastrous
should occur.'
175, 18. daretur: in a second purpose clause with ut (1. 15).
175, 20. Chapter 31. quantum . . . supereaae : 'that there was as
great an excess of spirit in one proposition as there was lack of it in
the other.' Sententiae is dat. of possessor, animi is partit. gen. with
quantum and tantum.
175, 21 . hos : * the latter,' ^ i.e, those who had spoken last (1. 14 ff.) ;
illos^ ' the former,' whose proposition is given in 1. 7 ff.
175, 25. accepto magao detrimento : ' with heavy loss.'
175, 26. Quasi . . . concilient : * ' as if it were not the case that good
fortune in exploits gains,' etc.
175, 29. quid habet : * what does it mean?'
X76, I. sibi pamm credi: 'that they are not much trusted.' Intr.
H. L.M. A. O. B.
I 59*. > (503. ») 838 535, a (390, a) 631, a «83, a
s 506 (450, a & N.) xosa 897, a & ^ (zoa, a%Lb) yajt >. > M^* i
3 584, a (513, ii. N. i) 944-4S 5*4 * M. « (3" * «•) «<» 307
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390 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
vbs., whether pass, or act., may have an indir. obj. ; in the pass, they
are impers.^
176, 2. illis, his : * the latter, the former,' a rarer use than that in 175,
21 f. ; see hie in Vocab. HiSy though referring here rather unusually to
the more distant word {pudentes), designates the persons who were
actually nearer the speaker. Curio implies that only men of honor
were present in the council. The dat. expresses interest or reference.
— augeat : * would increase,' a protasis ^ being implied, * if they should
know of it'
176, 4. ezplorata habeamiu : * we should * regard as certain.'
176, 6. quanto : amount of difference with prtustet^ which contains
a comfiarative idea, * how much better it would be ! '
176, 7. An : expresses emphasis,' *or b it not the case that, like the
wounds of the body, so the troubles of an army ought to be concealed ? '
176, 10. addunt: 'add the injunction'; here equivalent to a vb. of
commanding, hence the obj. clause with ut, — quo: see on quo . . .
impedirenty 73, 17.
X76, II. huius modi res : such as plots of disloyalty.
176, 13. tanti . . . animi : pred. gen. of quality.
176, 15. spe: abl. of separation, 'abandon hope.'
176, 16. magnaqne . . . confido: 'and I trust that I shall soon come
to a decision on the matter, in great part in harmony with you.'
176, 21. Chapter 32. auctoritate : ' example.' A strong force went
over to Caesar at Corfinium (see on Corfini, 174, 4), so that the in-
fluence of its example was important. — fecerit: result clauses some-
times take the perf., which is independent of sequence {usus sit would
regularly be followed by a secondary tense) and represents the result as
an accomplished £^ct.
176, 23. et Caesar, etc. : * Caesar formed a most kindly opinion of
you, while the other side felt most bitterly.' The Pompeians lost what
Caesar gained.
176, 26. Italia excessit : with Pompey's departure from Brundisium
(see summary of Book I, p. 383) Caesar was left the undisputed
master of Italy, after a campaign of only two months, in which not a
single pitched battle had been fought.
H. L,M. A. G. B.
» 4a6f 3 (384, S) S30, end 37a (930) 346, R. 1 187, ii, h
a 576 (509) 936 516, a & 3 (307, a & ^) 596, 1 303
3 380, 3 (353» ») 7«» 335. * («xx. *) 457. « x6a, 4, a
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BOOK II, CHAP. 31-32 391
176, 27. sine qnibos, etc. : because these provinces furnished the
largest part of the grain supply of Rome and Italy.
^7^y 30. sunt qui: men like Quinctilius (174, 10 if.).
177,2. quid . . . grayiua, etc.: 'what harsher measure can they
enact in regard to you?' — irati: *in their anger,' at Curio's men for
deserting them and joining Caesar.
177, 3. eos : the Caesareans ; eorum, the Pompeians.
177, 5. in Hispania : the victory of Ilerda, at the beginning of August
(see summary of Book I, p. 383). •
177,7. duces: Afranius and Petreius. — proyincias: Hither and
Farther Spain, the former including the northern and eastern parts of
the peninsula, the latter the southern and western.
177, 8. diebus XL qoibus : < within forty days after * ; the rel., like its
antecedent, is abl. of time within which.
177, 9. qui . . . resistent : i.e. the Pompeians, now that they have
been crushed in Spain.
177, 10. incerta yictoria : abl. abs^ 'while victory was uncertain.*
177, II. com: concessive.
177) 13* prioris sacramenti, etc. : see 174, 11.
Z77, 14. Domitius: when Caesar arrived at Corfinium on his march
south from the Rubicon, Domitius Ahenobarbus, Pompey's lieutenant
in command there, not feeling strong enough to stand a siege or to
engage in open battle, plotted with his closest friends to run away and
leave the army to its fete. Upon the discovery of hb cowardly scheme
the soldiers arrested him and his accomplices and surrendered to Caesar,
who dismissed Domitius and his aristocratic officers unharmed and
enrolled their legions in his own army.
177, 18. qui: *how,' adv. — proiectia . . . imperio: things which
Domitius had practically done in plotting to desert his army.
177, 20. Fingitur, etc. : ironical, 'there is being invented a new idea
of your sacred obligation.' — nt . . . reapidatis: a subst. clause in
apposition with re/tgio,
177, 22. capitis deminotione : < loss of dvil rights.* A Roman taken
prisoner in war lost all his social and political privileges ; but if he was
allowed to return home through release or escape, his rights were
restored.
177,26. laboria: limits praemia,
177, 27. qui . . . dubitatis: *and what (qualis) the end (qui^ the
antecedent of which is ti/eniu) is going to be, even you are not in doubt*
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392 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
177, 28. qnem . . . processit : modifying fortunam^ ^ so far as the
war has yet advanced.^
177, 29. cor praeteream : < why should I pass by.^ ^
178,2. adyenieiis: *by my mere approach/ referring to Lucius
Caesar's flight (170, 12 ff.).
178, 3. sinuque, etc. : *and from the very bosom of the enemy.'
178, 4. eoqae, etc : ' and have driven them to that pass.'
178, 6. oommeatu iuyari : * be provided with supplies.'
178, 7. Italiae fugam : * the flight from Italy,' see on Italia excessity
176, 26.
178, 8. praeindicia : in apposition with the three aces., t^nominiam,
etc. ; * precedents for,' etc., portending another disaster for the Pora-
peians in Africa.
178, 9. seqnimini: *you throw in your lot with the disgrace at Cor-
finium ! ' etc.
Z78, 10. imperatoria : see on 173, 3. — cuiua, etc.: Mf you regret
this.' 2
178, II. menm . . . nomen: i.e. Caesaris miles .
178, 16. Chapter 33. vidcrentur: pass., *they were seen.'
178, 17. sit: an obj. clause coordinate with cohortantur; see on
facial, 65, 5.
178, 20. sit data : * should be given,' implied indir. disc, representing
fut. perf. indie
178, 23. Varus . . . Attius : until the time of the Empire, when there
was great confusion in the order of personal names, the family name
commonly followed the gentile or clan name. Cf. this same name in
170, 3-
178, 24. siye . . . detur : implied indir. disc, being a part of the
purpose ne . . , praetermittat, — soUicitandi milites: <of tampering
with the soldiers' of Curio.
178, 27. Chapter 34. supra: in 174, i.
178, 28. non ita : * not so very.' — Hanc : object of transire, referring
to vallis, 1. 27.
178, 29. si . . . oonarentur : indir. quest, depending on exspectabat.
i78> 30. quo: as in 176, 10. —aequiore loco : ^ in the more favorable
position,' i.e. above the enemy as they came up out of the valley.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 557 (486, ii) 733 444, « (a66) 259 277 & a
« 457 (409, iii) 585 354» * (a«x. *) 377 *>9. »
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BOOK II, CHAP. 32-35 393
Z79, I. Simnl, etc. : the thought of this sentence has no immediate
connection with the one before it. A statement about Curio's army has
apparently been lost. — levis . . . complures : * several men of light equip-
ment (gen. of quality) interspersed among them.' This custom was
borrowed from the German cavalry employed by Caesar in Gaul. For
the use of the footmen, see 163, 12 ff.
179, 2. cum, etc. : * were seen descending,' etc.
179, 6. qui: sc. //as antecedent (see on quiy 51, 2), which is limited
by levis armaturae.
179, 7. circumveniebantur : they were bunglers; Germans would
have escaped. See on 163, 27.
179, 8. Hue . . . con versa : < turned this way.'
179, 9. Rebilua : see on 171, 9.
179, 1 2. unum : * merely ' (' one thing only ').
»79> 13- ^l'"^ • • • confinnassent : see 178, 17 f. The subj. is due to
implied indir. disc, * which, as he said, they had,' etc.
179, 14. Adeoque . . . vallis : * and the valley was such an obstruction'
(lit., *was so obstructed'), because of its steep slopes (178, 28).
179. 15. nisi sublevati : * except when supported,' being pushed ahead
by those behind them.
179.16. animus. . . militum: 'the soldiers'; Latin frequently assigns
an action to a man's animus^ * the mind, the heart,' when English, with
less exactness, speaks only of the man. Animus is collective here ; the
pi. is commoner when applied to a number of persons.
179, 19. priusquam, etc. : see on possenty 173, 13.
179,22. Chapter 35. ez infimis ordinibns: <a centurion of the
lowest rank,' see Introd. § 35.
179, 23. de ezercitu : with primus, * was the first from Curio's army
to overtake,' etc. ; ci. ex . . . militibusy 1. 25 f., depending on unus, and
see on ^jr . . . GalliSy 73, 3.
179, 26. eius : = Vari.
Z79, 29. panlumque afnit quin : * he lacked little of killing ' (lit., ' it
was not for away but that he killed') ; afuit is impers., having as its
subject the clause with quin ; see on educate 93, 9.
180, 6. cum . . . tum : ' not only . . . but also.'
180, 7. quod . . . indigebant: *the feet that the soldiers were with-
out,' etc. This subst. clause^ is an additional subject oi prohibebat,
H. L M. A. G. B.
X 588»3(5»6, i) 848 57a&N. (333&N.) 535,1 a99. ». ^
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394 NOTES ON THE QVIL WAR
z8o, 15. bncinatore : he gave the signals for the change of sentries
during the night.
x8o, 16. ad speciem : * to keep up appearances,^ so that Curio should
think Varus's army was still in camp. It will be remembered that this
camp was built right beside the city of Utica (172, 5 f.).
x8o, 20. Chapter 36. mnltitudo : * the common people/ including
the formers from the country round about (cf. 172, 10 ff.). — belli : obj.
gen. with insoUns, — Uticenses : the citizens, enjoying political rights.
180, 21. illi: = Caesari,
z8o, 22. conyentus: <a Roman association,* the collective name of
Romans living in a provincial town. Cf. 'the American colony' in
Berlin or Paris. — qui . . . constaret: < consisting of,' etc., a clause of
characteristic. — generibus : ' classes ' ; i.e, among the Romans in Utica
there were adherents of Caesar as well as of Pompey.
181, 2. Chapter 37. fides, etc. : * he could not be made to believe
them.'
181, 4. nuntiiB ac litteris : indicating reliable information, confirming
the rumors which had been circulating two days or more; see 177,
5ff.
181, 7. millibus : abl. of amount of difference, not affected by minus ;^
longe is redundant.
181, 8. munitionibus : Curio's camp near Utica (173, 4 f.).
181, II. duae legiones: of the four legions received from Caesar,
Curio had left two in Sicily (170, 3).
z8i, 13. sails : salt was commonly obtained by evaporating sea water
in pits dug near the shore. To insure a constant supply of cheap salt at
Rome the government very early assumed control of the business.
181, 20. Chapter 38. perfugis: these men, pretending to be de-
serters, were really in the service of Juba. Of course their report
was false.
181, 21. Leptitanomm : the people of Leptb Minor, a town on the
coast of the province of Africa, south of Clupea.
181, 26. Multom . . . adiuvat : ' contribute a great deal to the ap-
proval of this course.'
181, 27. superioris temporis proventus : * the outcome of the past,'
i,e, of his efforts in Sicily and Africa.
181, 28. rei bene gerendae : ^ of success.' Severe as was the blow to
H. L. M. A. G. B,
I 471, 4 (417, X, N. a) 6x8 407, c & M. (347, <^ & N.) 296, R. 4 a>7. 3
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BOOK n, CHAP. 35^1 39S
his cause from the overthrow of Curio, Caesar has no word of blame,
but rather finds excuses, for his rashness.
182, I. prima nocte : < in the early part of the night.^
Z82, 4. intenrallo: see 77, 17 and note.
182,7. nnllis ordinibua : < helter-skelter.*
i8a, 14. Chapter 39. convenit, cognoyit, qnaerit: the narrative,
by its lack of connectives, admirably represents Curio's haste.
182, 16. Saburram : sc. castris firaeesse. — Reliqoa : < all further ques-
tions.' He would have done well to learn how far away Juba was ; but
he had no suspicion of the supposed deserters (181, 20).
182, 17. signa: < maniples,' each of the thirty maniples in a legion
having its own standard.
z82, 18. cum perfugis : an abridged form of expression (for cum per-
fugarum oratione)^ common to many languages.
Z82, 20. potuerint: subj. of characteristic.
182, 22. de referenda gratia: 'about making requital for your ser-
vices. — per se : i,e. without being exaggerated.
182, 26. libenter praedicant : < like to boast.'
182, 28. qnicqnid intercederet temporis : < whatever time was allowed
to go by.'
Z82, 29. ita . . . deSrant: 'so the hopefidness of Curio was equaled
by the soldiers' enthusiasm.'
183, I. quam muxime . . . perterritoa: 'while they were in the
greatest possible panic'
183, 4. ad 8pem : Mn his hope ' (lit., ' with reference to his hope').
183, 8. Chapter 40. cui: see on quibus, 97, 17.
Z83, 10. elephantis: elephants were first used in battle against
Roman armies by Pyrrhus of Epirus at the battle of Heradea, 280 B.C.
During the Punic wars, in which elephants were used by the Carthagin-
ians, the Romans became £amUiar with them and ceased to fear them.
183, 13. simulatione timoris : ' pretending to be afraid.'
183, 15. cognovisset: for fiit perf. of dir. disc.
Z83, 16. praesentis . . . opinione : < his notion of the present move-
ment,' i.e, that it represented fear. With this use oi opinio, cf. 174, 22,
and see note.
183, 2 1 . Chapter 41 . spatio : ' at a distance,' i,e, from the starting-
point at Camp Cornelia. Cf. intervallo, 182, 4.
183, 23. ad spedem : as in 180, 16. The in&ntry were not to fight
as yet.
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396 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
183, 24. Non deeat negotio : * is equal to the emergency.'
183, 26. ut defessis : < though exhausted/
183,28. numero CC: sc. tantum^ ^only 200.^ — reliqui, etc.: see
I. 2 f.
183, 29. hostes : subject of cedere.
183, 30. longiua, vehementius : *very far, very rapidly.'
184, 2. ayersos proterere : < to trample down those in the rear.'
184, 3. cum : * whenever ' ; this meaning is clear from the imperfs., of
repeated action, in the main clause. In subordinate clauses of repeated
action the subj. is less common than the indie. : ^ d. feceranty 183, 29.
184, 5. recipientes : sa eos, referring to the Romans.
X84, 7. casum subire : ' to take the chances.'
184, 12. eztremo . . . tempore : ' in the last moments of life.'
184, 14. si quos: instead of its quosy to express better the great
uncertainty whether any of their number would be saved ; * commended
their parents to each other, in case fortune,' etc.
184, 15. Plena erant omnia : * the air was full.'
184, 19. Chapter 42. ut in miseris rebus: < considering their sad
plight.'
184, 20. universos : limits eos implied, subject of caper e,
184, 24. integri procumbunt : ' fall without a wound,' from exhaustion
and discouragement.
184, 27. Curio . . . interficitur : see summary of Book II, p. 384.
" The gay licentious braggart of the forum and camp, the darling of
Cicero, the counsellor of Caesar, the prime mover of the civil war,
of which he was the most distinguished victim, crowned a career of
inconsistencies and a character of contradictions by dying magnani-
mously in the foremost ranks of slaughter rather than seek his personal
safety after losing the army entrusted to him." Merivale, quoted by
Moberly.
185, 2. demonstratum est : in 183, 2 f.
185, 4. Militcs = pedites, — ad unum : ' to a man.'
185,5. Chapter 43. Rufus: see 171, i. He was now in com-
mand of the five cohorts left to guard the camp (182, 13).
185, 9. primo: \^<tprimay 182, i.
185, 13. claasem hostium: L. Caesar's fleet at Hadrumetum; see
170, 16.
H L.M. A. G. R
1 601,4(518,1) 794 5x8,^(309, 3) 567* N. 288, 3, 4t
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BOOK II, CHAP. 41-44; BOOK III 397
185, 15. in classe : the swift ships are meant, distinguished from the
transports mentioned in the next line. All the large ships, instead of
sending their boats to shore in obedience to Rufus's orders (1. 10),
sailed away without taking thought of the unfortunates on shore.
185, 17. incitabat : ' instigated ^ to the same conduct. — ad offlcinm,
etc. : * reported for duty.'
185, 19. qui . . . conacenderent : indir. quest, depending on the idea
of decision in contention * struggle to decide just who,' etc.
185, 20. non nuUi : sc. Ununculi.
185, 23. Chapter 44. qui . . . yalerent . . . possent: character-
istic, * who had influence either through friendship or pity,' etc. The
pity would be chiefly for the patresy who had £unilies dependent upon
them.
Z85, 26. numero : cf. loco^ 172, 13.
185,30. cum: concessive. — fidem: his promise of safety to the
soldiers who had surrendered.
186, I . neque : = neque iamen, * and yet did not dare.*' — Ipse : Juba.
With all the pride and swagger of a petty barbarian king, Juba took
advantage of his great services to the Pompeians in destroying Curio's
army to enter the capital of the Roman province and take control there
for a few days, while Varus and the rest could do nothing but acquiesce
with the best grace possible.
BOOK THIRD
Campaign of 48 B.C. —Macedonia and Thessaly. — Arriving in Rome
from Marseilles (see summary of Book II, first paragraph, p. 383) about
the first of December, Caesar remained there only eleven days, during
which he was elected consul for the next year, and then hastened on to
Brundisium to direct the immediate transportation of his army across
the Adriatic for the decisive struggle with Pompey.
During the nine months' respite granted by Caesar's campaign in the
West, Pompey had been gathering a strong army and fleet from all the
eastern peoples who were subject or allied to Rome. His headquarters
were at Dyrrachium, and his fleet lined the coast. Probably his inten-
tion was to invade Italy the following spring, and nothing was further
from his thoughts than that Caesar would bring the war into Greece.
On January 5, 48 B.C., in the midst of a storm, Caesar landed in
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398 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
Epirus with about halt his troops. The ships were returning for the
rest oi his army, which was at Brundisium under command of Antony,
when they were destroyed by Pompey's admiral, Bibulus. It was nearly
three months before Antony could effect a crossing. Meanwhile Caesar, "
immediately upon his arrival in Greece, had marched towards Dyrra-
chium, receiving without resistance the surrender of Oricum, ApoUonia,
and other towns. Pompey^s army hastened to intercept him, and the
opposing forces encamped on opposite banks of the Apsus. While here
Caesar made once more futile attempts for peace. Finally, near the end
of March, Antony succeeded with the aid of the greatest good fortune
in landing near Lissus. Caesar, outgeneraling Pompey, joined Antony
and cut Pompey off from his headquarters at Dyrrachium. With his
control of the sea, however, Pompey was not much harmed by this move,
and intrenching himself at Petra hill he decided to wear Caesar out by a
policy of masterly inactivity. Caesar responded by attempting to block-
ade Pompey, but was obliged to extend his lines of drcumvallatiotf so
far that they could not be properly defended, and Pompey finally broke
through, inflicting a severe loss on Caesar.
Caesar at once withdrew to Apollonia and thence marched away to
Thessaly. The Pompeians believed that the war was over, and the
nobles in the army even fell to disputing over the distribution of the
spoils and of the offices in Rome. Caesar encamped in the plain of
Pharsalus, and Pompey, who had followed leisurely after, took up a posi-
tion some miles to the north at Larissa. Although outnumbered more
than two to one, Caesar was eager for a battle. But Pompey was slow to
accept the challenge, and was only driven to it after some days by the
taunts of his followers, who declared that he was prolonging the war
merely for the sake of maintaining his command. By a skillful arrange-
ment of his troops Caesar won a complete victory (August, 48 B.C.).
Pompey fled to Egypt, where he was treacherously assassinated. Caesar,
hastening in piu-suit, arrived at Alexandria in October. Sorely against
his will and the interests of Rome he was detained there for about nine
months by the so-called Alexandrine War, which was caused by hb
efforts, through arbitration of the quarrel between young Ptolemy and
his sister Cleopatra, to set them on the throne as joint rulers.
Page 187, Line i. Chapter 1. Dictatore: *as dictator.' Caesar
learned at Marseilles of his appointment as dictator for the purpose
of holding the consular elections for the year 48 B.C. These elections
were regularly presided over by a consul, but both consuls of 49 B.C.
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BOOK III, CHAP. I 399
were with Pompey^s army at Dyrrachium. The dictator was an extraor-
dinary official, with absolute power, appointed in public crises for such
time as circumstances required, but not to exceed six months.
i87y 3* V^^ 1^^ : a law of 342 B.C. enacted that no man should be
reelected to an office until after an interval of ten years. Caesar had
been consul in 59 B.C., consequently 48 B.C. was the first year in which
he was eligible for a second term. — consulem : in pred. agreement with
the subject oifieri^ which is implied from ei. The dat. is more com-
mon.^ ^- liceret : characteristic.
X87, 4. cum : causal.* — fides, etc : * credit was somewhat contracted.'
In the uncertainties of a time of war financiers are unwilling to lend
money except at high rates of interest. — tota Italia : the abl. of place
where, if limited by totus, is generally used without in.
187, 5. neqne . . . solyerentur: debtors refused to make payment
because it was popularly believed that a general abolition of debts
would result from the war. This was also a strong reason for the
collapse of credit — creditae pecuniae : < loans.'
187, 6. arbitri darentur : < appraisers should be appointed.' — fierent,
traderentur : in the same construction as darentur.
187, 7. possessionum et renim : < of real estate and personal property.'
Only the property of debtors would need to be appraised. — quanti : gen.
of indefinite value,' ^ at that value which each of these properties had
before the war.' The subj. is due to implied indir. disc. Property had
depreciated since the outbreak of the war.
187, 8. eae : < these pieces of property,' at their value before the
war.
187,9. ^^* ^\kiv& measure,' subject of esse, 1. 12. If Caesar had
been merely a revolutionary leader of the people and not the patriotic,
fer-seeing statesman that he was, he would have yielded to popular
clamor and have declared the abolition of all debts. Instead, he sacri-
ficed the favor of the debt-ridden populace, and passed a law which
helped not only the debtor by increasing the value of his property
which he could offer in payment of his liabilities, but also the creditor
by securing him at least a partial payment of what was due him and
relieving his fear of losing everything.
H. L.M. A. G. B
I 6ta, 3 (536, 2, 3 & N.) 975 455. « (a?'. «» «) 535. "• 3 3»7» » & «
a 598(517) 863 549 (3a6) 586 986,2
3 448 (4<h) 576 4x7 (asa.*) 380^1 903,3
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400 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
187, 12. ezistimationem : < credit'; the debtor's credit was protected
by his being obliged to pay at least part of his debts.
1^7) 13- praetoribus . . . ferentibus : abl. abs., 'upon the praetors . . .
bringing the bills before the people/ />. in the popular assembly. Caesar
as dictator could have taken the step without consulting the assembly,
but by allowing a popular vote he made the pardons doubly sure and
avoided the appearance of arrogance towards the people (see z88, 2 ff.).
187, 14. nonnullos: obj. of restiiuiiy 1. 18. — ambitus: gen. of the
charge with damnatos^
187, 15. illis temporibos: in 52 B.C., owing to political anarchy at
Rome resulting from the intense partisan warfare between the senate
and the popular party, Pompey was given dictatorial power under the
name of ^ consul without a colleague,' and hb soldiers occupied the city.
Among his laws was one increasing the penalty for bribery at elections,
with retroactive force till the year 70 B.C., by which almost any politician
of Rome, except perhaps Cato and Cicero, might have been sent into
banishment. It was especially enforced against Caesar's friends, whom
he now pardoned, justifying his action by the gross injustice of their
trials (Judicia)y which had been limited to a single day each, and the
jurors who gave the verdict [sententiam ferentibus) had sometimes not
been present when the evidence was being taken.
187, 18. in integrum : * to their former standing,' ie. which they had
held before the trials. — qui : * men who ' ; the antecedent is non nuUos.
Z87, 19. yellet: implied indir. disc. — proinde ... si: < rating them
just as if The subj. is regularly used in conditional comparisons ; *
the sequence follows resiituit,
z88, I. 8ui fecissent potestatem: 'they had put themselves in his
hands.' Sui is obj. gen. with potestatem ; the subj. is due to implied
indir. disc.,' being quoted as the reason in Caesar's mind when he
granted the pardons.
z88, 2. enim : refers back to the first clause of the previous sentence ;
see on praetoribus . . .ferentibus^ 187, 13. — prius: 'rather.'
188, 4. ingratua : it was a greater favor, because it meant greater
security, for the exiles to be recalled by a vote of the people rather than
by Caesar's authority as dictator.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 456 (409, ii) 58a 35« (««>) 378 ao8
« 584 (5x3. ") 944 5*4 (3") «<» 307
3 649, i (cf. 508, x) 866 59a, N. (34«. d, r.) 541 323
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BOOK III, CHAP. 1-3 401
x88y 6. Chapter 2. feriis Latinis : an ancient Latin festival of
Jupiter Latiaris (god of the Latins), in which Rome had taken part for
nearly 500 years. It was celebrated near the beginning of each year
on the Alban Mount under the direction of the new consuls, who never
entered upon a military campaign without thus assuring themselves of
the favor of their guardian deity. By not neglecting this religious cus-
tom in spite of his haste to be off for Greece, Caesar "was making
himself the supreme impersonation of the laws against Pompey with his
hordes of Oriental auxiliaries.^^ — comitiis: elections for other magis-
trates besides consuls.
188, 7. dictatura : abl. of separation.
188, 10. tanttim nayium: <so few ships.^
188, II. LXXcohortes: i.e. seven legions (see xgo, 22 and Introd.
§ 28). The inability to take the whole army at once proved a serious
handicap. It was nearly three months before Antony and the remain-
ing legions joined Caesar.
x88, 12. Hoc . . . defuit: *this was the only thing that prevented
Caesar from speedily finishing the war.^ With ad ceUritaiem, cf. ad
speniy 183, 4.
188, 14. hoc. . . quod : cf . ^<7 . . . quody 60, 8 f. — infrequentiores : < in
smaller numbers,^ i.e. the legions lacked their full quotas.
188, 1 5. defecerant : < had been lost.^ Caesar^s campaigns in Gaul,
58-51 B.C., are meant.
188, 16. autnmnus: Caesar^s army was in Apulia in December, ac-
cording to the uncorrected calendar (see on 100, 2), which at this time
was about two months ahead of the seasons. In southern Italy the
autumns are very hot
188, 17. ex: < after.'
188, 19. Chapter 3. annnum spatium : really only some nine
months and a half. Pompey had left Italy in March ; see summary of
Book I, p. 383.
z88, 21. Asi^: />. the Roman province, comprising Mysia, Lydia,
Caria, and Phrygia. The introduction in chapters 3-5 of so many
foreign names both of persons and places, together with a sprinkling of
strange political titles, is highly effective in indicating the vastness and
the barbaric character of Pompey's resources as contrasted with Caesar's
little army of Italians and Gauls. The pupil should look up on a map
all the places mentioned, in order to get a better idea of the extent of
Roman influence in the East.
MATH. CAESAR — 26
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402 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
188, 24. imperatam . . . ezegerat : * he had required and collected
from Asia,' etc Asiaty etc., are indir. objs. of imperatam; see on
imperatj 55, 11.
188,25. dynastis et tetrarchis: petty rulers to whom Rome still
allowed some degree of independence.
188, 26. liberis Achaiae populis : Achaia was the name given to the
part of Greece south of Epirus and Thessaly from 146 B.C., when the
whole country became subject to Rome and was placed under the super-
vision of the governor of Macedonia. The separate communities
were left " free," in so far as they retained the ownership of their land
and in purely local matters governed themselves. Democracy, however,
was abolished and the government everywhere was intrusted to boards
of wealthy men. All mutual and foreign relations were subject to
Rome's dictation, and tribute was paid by most, if not all, of the states.
188,27. societates: <tax collecting companies.' The business of
collecting the Roman revenues, both in Italy and in the provinces, was
sold at auction by the censors in Rome, for terms of five years, to joint
stock companies of capitalists, who paid the state a fixed sum annually
and made their profits from the taxes collected. These companies
occupied a place in the ancient financial world similar to that held by
the steel and oil trusts of the present day. There was a president who
conducted the bidding for the lease, and gave bonds to the state for the
due performance of all the terms of the contract. The superintendent
of the home office in Rome had general oversight of all the accounts,
correspondence, etc., and had under his control a number of assistant
managers in charge of the different departments. Since much of the
revenue was paid in kind, storehouses, ships, and great bodies of
slaves and subordinates were required for handling and marketing the
produce. Taxes were levied on lands, mines, personal property, exports
and imports, etc. Pompey apparently compelled the companies to pay
him the sums which should have been turned over to the authorities of
the state. — quas ipse obtinebat : Macedonia including Epirus and Thes-
saly, lUyricum, the only territory won from Caesar (see summary of
Book II, last paragraph, p. 384), and Africa, which the ill-fated Curio
had failed to rescue from the Pompeians.
189, 3. Chapter 4. factam ez duabua : two depleted legions were
united.
Z89, 4. veteranis : legionary soldiers who, upon completing twenty
years of service, had been honorably discharged.
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BOOK III, CHAP. 3-4 403
189, 6. Lentvlua : Lentulus Crus, consul of the year 49 B.C.
189,8. snpplementi nomine : 'as substitutes/ to take the places of
men who had beealost.
189, 9. Antonianoi : Gaius Antonius, younger brother of Mark An-
tony, was Caesar's commander in Illyricum in 49 B.C. In an attempt
to relieve Dolabella and his fleet he was besieged on the island of
Curicta and, partly through beachery of his centurion Pullo (221, 28),
compelled to surrender with fifteen cohorts (see on quas ipse obtitubaty
188, 27). His men were enroUed in Pompey's army.
Z89, 10. Sdpione : Pompey's £either-in-law, governor of the province
of Syria. *
i89« 1 1 . Creta : the preposition, regularly omitted with the names of
little islands, is sometimes omitted in the case of large islands.
189, 12. numero: abl. of speciflcation, <to the number.'
189, 14. Gallos : in the third century B.C. three tribes of Gauls in-
vaded Asia Minor, and after overrunning the peninsula for about fifty
years, were .compelled to settle down in the district which was thence-
forth called Galatia. Although they took on so much of the Greek
civilization with which they were surrounded that they were called also
Gallograed and their country Gallograecia, still they preserved their
own language with such persistency that in the fourth century a.d.
their speech was said by Jerome to resemble that of the Treveri in Gaul.
They were organized in twelve divisions, four to a tribe, each ruled by
a tetrarch. It was to the descendants of these Gauls that St. Paul
wrote his Epistle to the Galatians. — Deiotams : a tetrarch in Galatia,
who had received from Pompey considerable additions to his territory
for his services in the Mithridatic war. — Ariobarzanes : king of Cappa-
doda, whose grandfaither had been restored to his throne by Pompey.
189, 15. ad: adv.^ 'about.'
189, 17. ezoellenti Tirtnte : abl. of quality, best taken with cc.
189, 19. Ptolomaeum : in 81 B.C. Egypt was left by will to Rome.
Ptolemy Auletes was allowed, however, to assume the throne, and he
bought freedom from interference afterwards by immense bribes. To
meet these payments he oppressed his people so severely that he was
finally driven from his kingdom. In 55 B.C., upon his promise of a
further payment of 10,000 talents ($12,000,000), he was restored, at
Pompey's order, by a Roman army, made up partly of Gauls and Ger-
mans, under command of Gabinius. A detachment of these troops
remained at Alexandria as a bodyguard for the king.
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404 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
189, 20. Pompeiua filius : Gnaeus, elder son of Pompey.
Z89, 23. alter . . . yenerat : = Domnilaus. — filium : young Castor in
45 B.C. accused his grandfather, the tetrarch Deiotarus (1. 14). of having
plotted to kill Caesar when he was in 'Asia in 47 B.C. One of Cicero's
extant speeches was spoken in defense of Deiotarus.
189, 24. Antiocho : his kingdom had been secured to him by Pompey
in 64 B.C.
189, 26. Hue: *to these forces'; cf. 174, 15.
189, 27. imperio, gratia : abls. of manner ; * got together at his
orders or as a favor to him.'
189, 28. reliquarum . . . civitatum: partit. gen., <men of all other
nations,' etc.
189, 29. supra : in 1. 13 f., vii tnillia,
>9o, 3. Chapter 5. Dyrrachi, ApoUoniae: the most important
towns of western Macedonia, and the terminals of the Roman military
road, the Via Egnatia, which connected them with Thessalonica and
the East. ApoIIonia was at this time an educational centre. Caesar's
grandnephew and heir, the young Octavian, who became the emperor
Augustus, studied there.
190, 6. omni ora : without />i, omni being equiv. to tota ; see on fata
Italia^ 187, 4.
190, 8. Cassius : shortly after the battle of Pharsalus he surrendered
to Caesar. Although he was well treated, being given both military and
political offices, he was a leader with Brutus in the conspiracy against
Caesar's life. See Shakspere's/«//«j Caesar, — MarceUua : consul with
Lentulus (189, 6) in 49 B.C.
190, 10. officio maritimo : ' naval service,' indir. obj. oi praepositus.
190, II. Bibulus: Caesar's colleague in the aedileship, 65 B.C., in the
praetorship, 62 B.C., and in the consulship, 59 B.C. A stubborn, in-
capable aristocrat, he was always arrayed against Caesar, but never with
success (see Introd. § 7). His appointment as admiral of the fleet
was one item in the general mismanagement of Pompey's campaign in
the first year of the war (see summary of Book II, last paragraph,
P- 384)- — ad hunc . . . respiciebat: * devolved upon him.'
190, 13. Chapter 6. Caesar . . . solvit: solvit (1. 21) is the main
verb of this long sentence. There are three principal subordinate
clauses, w/ . . . venit (1. 13), contionatus . . . sperarent (11. 13-19), and
conclamantibus .. . facturos (11. 19-21). Translate in two sentences,
ending the first with sperarent and making the participle contumatus
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BOOK III. CHAP. 4-8 405
its main verb. — contionatuSy etc. : < he addressed his soldiers, saying,^
foUowed by indir. disc.
igo, 16. relinquerent, conscenderent, sperarent : ^they should leave/
etc, representing imperatives of the actual speech.*
190, 17. quo: see on 73, 17.
Z90, 19. oonclamantibtts omnibus : ^upon their all shouting out,' fol-
lowed by indir. disc. — imperaret: cf. relinquexenty etc., 1. 16.
• igo, 20. imperavisset : for imperaveris^ fut. perf., of dir. disc.
zgo, 21. n Non. Ian. : read secundo Nonas /anuarias or pridie Nonas,
etc., but translate * January 4.'^ See on autumnus, 188, 16.
igo, 22. supra : in 188, 11.
igo, 23. inter : < among ' ; a commoner position would be before
Cerauniorum, For Caesar's campaign against Pompey during 48 B.C.,
see the map Macedonia and Thessaly, p. 191.
190,25. arbitrabantur : deponent verbs are rarely used passively.
The perf. participle b most frequently so used ; see depopulatisy 58, 17.
192, I. ad unam: < without ^jrception ''\di. ad unum, 185, 4.
192, 3. Chapter 7. Oriel: only a few miles north of Palaeste.
192, 5. Corcyrae: loc., as regularly with names of little islands; cf.
Creta, 189, 1 1, and see note.
192, 6. sibi: see on quibusy 97, 17.
Z92, 7. praesidio: 'as a convoy,' dat. of purpose.
192,8. im: <only four.' — neqne . . . occorrit: <and Bibulus did
not come up early enough ' to hinder Caesar's landing ; cf. 1. 19 ff. —
impeditis . . . nmigibus : abls. abs. expressing cause.
192, 10. priua . . . quam : see on non prius . . . quanty 93, 17.
192, II. perferretur : see on perftcianiur, 155, 8.
192, 16. Chapter 8. qui . . . adhiberet : rel. clause of purpose;
translate * with orders to use,' etc.
192, 19. offenderunt: < met with disaster.*
192, 21. onustarum: < still laden' with soldiers, opposed by inanibus
(dat.), * empty ships only.'
192, 22. indiligentiae . . . iracondiam: 'the wrath due to his own
carelessness and mistake.'
Z92, 25. deterreri: an uncommon use of pres. instead of fiit. infin.
with a verb of hoping, * hoping for the rest to be frightened off.' —
H. L.M. a. g. b.
1 643 (593, iii) 1093 588 (339) 65a 316
a 754, ui, 1 : 755 (649-44) 117a; 1174 631, i^ ft / (376, dike) P. 49X 37«. 5: 3y«
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406 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
a SasoniB : sc. portu, Bibulus tried to make up by his watdifiilness
for his previous carelessness. The whole coast of Macedonia and
Illyricum was now patrolled by his ships.
192, 28. gravissima hieme: abl. abs. expressing concession, < though
the winter was very severe.'
19a, 29. si . . . posset : indir. quest., < to see if he could encounter
Caesar's forces.' The sentence is incomplete in the manuscripts.
193, 4. Chapter 10. Corfinium: see on 174,4. — in Hiapania: see
summary of Book I, near the end, p. 383.
193, 5. iudicaverat: the plpf. shows that Vibullius had recdved his
commission to carry proposals of peace to Pompey at some time before
Caesar^s arrival at Palaeste, probably at the time of his second dismissal
from Caesar. — quern . . . mitteret *. a clause of characteristic limiting
idoneum^ *a fit person to send.'
193, 8. haec : observe that a subject demonstrative agrees in gender
with a pred. subst.^ — summa: 'substance.'
193, 9. Debere : standing first, the verb is more emphasized than its
subject utrumque ; translate * it was the duty of both.'
193, II. quae . . . possent: rel. clause of result limiting satis fnagnay
'great enough for them to be able to regard them as instruction and
warnings to fear the chances that were still in store.' K/ . . . //-
merent is a subst. clause of purpose in apposition with discipUna and
praeceptis,
»93> 13- ilium: * Pompey.' Ab illo would be expected to follow the
passive satis . . . accepta ; but i/ium implies the addition of satis magna
incommoda accepisse. The omission is as natural in English as in
Latin. — amissa . . . xxx : see summary of Book I, p. 383. Translate,
* through the loss of,' etc.
193, 15. morte . . . exercitus: see 184, 27 ff.
193, 16. Antoni, etc. : see on AntonianoSy 189, 9. Caesar's losses
during 49 B.C. were light in comparison with Pompey^s ; see summary
of Book II, last paragraph, p. 384.
193, 18. parcerent : * they should spare,' representing an exhortation,
parcamuSy of dir. disc.
193, 19. satis essent docomento: 'were a sufficient proof,' dat. of
tendency or service.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
X 591. 7 (503. ". a) 837 535./ (320,/) 55a. R. a 383,1
a 396» 2 (445. 4) 483 896, tf (195. *t) ail, r. 5 846. 5
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BOOK III, CHAP. 8-13 407
X93, 25. oonyenire : < to be agreed upon.*
193* 27. lei pttblicae : gen.^
194, I. depositis, etc. : ^laying down their arms and letting the aux-
iliary troops go.' — quibiis : abl.*
Z94, 5. Chapter ii. Corcyrae: Pompey's naval headquarters. Vi-
bullius, who had come here upon his second dismissal from Caesar
(i93» 3 f')> ^'^^ waiting for Pompey to return from a trip through the
interior of Macedonia before presenting Caesar's proposals of peace.
But upon learning of Caesar's arrival at Palaeste he started post-haste
to meet "Pompey.
194, 7. ad id: 'with reference to it,' i.e. Caesar's arHvak
194, 8. de mandAtis agi : < for action to be taken in the matter of his
errand,' i.e. about peace.
Z94, 10. omnibus hospitiis: cf. omniora^ 190, 6, and see note.
194, 20. Paxthinomm : a Greek people living near Dyrrachium ; not
Parthians.
U^Z94, 21. com: introduces three verbs. — Graecos: the Parthini.
194, 23. imperiom populi Romani : represented by Caesar, the duly
elected consul ; see end of note onferiis Latinis^ 188, 6.
195, 2. Chapter 12. negare: infin. of intimation (hist, infin.").
1959 3* sihi indicium, etc : ' take upon themselves a decision contrary
to what^ all Italy . . . had decided.'
195,8. Spiros: with Greek nom. ending.^ — imperaret: for sequence,
see on nt . . . occnparet, 53, 9.
195, II. Chapter 13. Dyrrachio: indir. obj. of timens used
intransitively, * fearing for.' Caesar of course hoped to get possession
of Dyrrachium, where Pompey had collected all his supplies (see aoy,
13 f).
195, 14. eius ezercitus : * in Pompey's army,' subjective gen. Pompey
is subject of coniunxerat and intermiserat. The soldiers saw by Pom-
pey's haste that he himself was much alarmed.
195, 20. prinoeps: adj. — primus^ *was the first to come forward.'
Labienus was the ablest of Caesar's lieutenants in Gaul, and enjoyed his
utmost confidence. In 50 B.c. he was put in charge of Cisalpine Gaul,
H.
L. M.
A.
G.
B.
449, 1 (408, i, i)
580
355 (aaa)
381
91X, 1
476, 3 (4a5» ip «i N.)
639
431 & N. (254, V)
401, N. 6
219,1
610 (536, 1)
708
463 (»75)
647
335
516, 3 (459, a)
760
334, e (156, a)
643 &N. 3
34«. 1
89(34)
X55
Sa(43)
65
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408 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
but while holding this position of trust he was won over to the cause of
Pompey and the senate, and at the outbreak of the Civil War he fled to
the Pompeian army. Caesar had all his baggage sent after him unharmed.
The only one of Caesar's officers to desert him, he showed himself through-
out the war a monster, not only of ingratitude, but of cruelty and hate.
He was killed at Munda in the closing battle of the Civil War, 45 b.c.,
being himself largely responsible for the manoeuvre which lost the day
for the Pompeians.
195, 25. ad . . . Apsnm : on the south side.
195, 26. castellis yicisqoe: dats. of interest, accompanying the dat.
of service praesidio,
X95> 27. reliquamm . . . legionum : the five legions at Brundisium,
see x88, 9, and 190, 22.
195, 28. sub pellibus : this meant great hardship. Roman soldiers
were generally quartered for the winter in towns or in wooden barracks.
196, I. Chapter 14. Calenus: see 1929 15.
196* 3* quantum: < so far as ^; he embarked as many men as his
supply of ships allowed.
196, 6. litora: 'parts of the coast'
196, 9. priyatoque consilio, etc. : ' and was being run under private
management.''
196, 10. delata: sc. est. With two passives side by side the required
form of sum is usually expressed but once.
196, II. serns, etc.: *all, slaves and free.' — ad impuberes: 'includ-
ing the bo)rs ' ; cf. the same use of ad in ad unum, * to a man.' Bibulus
displayed the same ferocity in 192, 23 f.
X96, 12. in . . . constitit: 'depended on,' etc.
196, 13. casu: 'good luck,' />. the arrival of Caesar's letter in the
nick of time.
196, 14. Chapter 15. supra, etc.: implied in 1. 10.
196, 15. sicuti . . . ita: 'while . . . still'; in 1. 22, *not only . . . but
even.'
196,23. uno tempore: 'onetime.'
196, 24. difficilioribus, etc. : ' having had unusually bad weather,' so
that water could not be brought from Corcyra.
196, 25. ezcipere: 'to catch,' as it dripped from the skins.
196, 29. in quibus . . . angustiis : = in its angustiis in quibus eos esse
demonstravi,
19^9 30* Libo: with his colleague Octavius (190, 10) he had con-
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BOOK 111, CHAP. 13-17 409
quered llljrricum in 49 B.C. by defeating Dolabella and Gaius Antonius ;
see on Anionianos, 189, 9.
197) 4* ut . . . Tiderentur : < so that they really seemed about to treat
for a settlement.^
197, 7. sciebant: Acilius and Murcus are the subjects.
197? 8. profectnm [esse] : from proficio ; * something was thought to
have been gained.^ They supposed that Pompey had commissioned
Bibulus and Libo to reply to the proposal for peace which Caesar had
made through Vibullius (see i93> 9 ff)-
197, 12. Chapter 16. expediendAm : < arranging.' — qua.. .
ntebatnr: *with which he was scantily provided.'
197, 19. ezaedilitate: see on Bibulus, 190,^1.
197, 22. Suain : < their,' including Bibulus, as is dear from the pi.
missuros, 1. 26, and ipsis, 1. 28.
Z97, 23. componeretor : impers., 'a settlement might be made.^
197, 24. de consili sententia : < by a vote of the council,' i.e, of the
senators about Pompey, who considered themselves ** the senate " and
the only legitimate rulers of Rome.
197,27. perse: * by himself.'
197, 28. manerent: Met . . . remain in force,' for maneant (horta-
tory) of Libo's own words. — dum . . . posset: * until a message could
come back from him.' Libo said possit, subj. 0/ expected action with
dumy
197, 29. de cansa : < about the matter in dispute,^ between Caesar and
Pompey.
198, I. Chapter 17. Quibns de rebus : refers to the paucaoi^^
previous sentence. Apparently Libo had tried to impress Caesar with
the folly of his engaging in a struggle against Pompey's overwhelming
force. Caesar thought such boasting unworthy of an answer at the time
or of mention in his history.
198,2. ut . . . prodantur: a complementary or subst. result clause,^
equiv. to a pred. ace. with the implied esse of which satis is subject.
Sc. eae res as subject oi prodantur.
198, 3. causae : partit. gen. with satis,
198, 5. idque ipsi, etc. : *and that they themselves (Libo and Bibu-
lus) guarantee that this should be done, or take the envoys and them-
H. L.M. A. G. B.
I 603, s (519, a) 921 553 (338) 57a 993, Hi. a
a 57«. a (50«» ». a) 9«« 57* (ct 33a, «, a) 553, 4 997, 3
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4IO NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
selves {per se) conduct them to him.' Recipio^ meaning ' take the re-
sponsibility for, guarantee,^ is equiv. to a vb. of promising.
198,6. Quod . . . pertineret: <as to the truce'; see on quod . . .
adortus esset^ 59, 29.
198, 7. illi : the Pompeians, who were preventing Caesar's troops at
Brundisium from coming to him.
198, 8. ipse : precedes ut because emphatic, contrasted with illi,
198, 9. Si hoc, etc. : * if they wished this restriction given up for
them, they should give up for him (jpsi) their guards on the sea.'
For remitterenty see on relinquerenty etc., 190, 16.
198, 10. illud : * that restriction of theirs ''\ id,*^ this of his.'
198, 1 1 . Nihilo minus^ etc. : *• none the less, however, it was possible
to treat for a settlement, although these restrictions were not given up.'
For concessive «/, see on 87, 4.
198, 12. banc rem : * this point,' i.e, the failure to remove the restric-
tions. — illi : sc rei (from rem) = treating for a settlement ; dat of
interest.
198, 13. recipere, etc.: infins. of intimation (hist.), < would not re-
ceive,' etc.
198, 14. pericnlom praestare eorum : < be responsible for their danger.'
198,15. instare, etc.: ^ while he kept insisting on a truce and
struggled very earnestly for it ' ; de indutiis belongs with both infins.
198, 17. yitandae: belongs with both genitives, agreeing with the
nearer.
198, 18. reliqnam, etc. : * further planning for the war.'
198, 22. Chapter 18. curari: *be taken care of.' — neqae . . .
yellet : < and yet was unwilling.'
198, 25. quisqne : see 190, 7 ff. for the division commanders of Pom-
pey's fleet.
198, 28. e re : < expedient'
198, 29. Lucceio : he had been a candidate for the consulship for 59
B.C., the year of Caesar and Bibulus. He was a historian, apparently
of no mean ability. In 56 B.C. Cicero wrote him a letter, still preserved
{ad Fam,y 5, 12), urging him to write a monograph of Cicero's life and
even to set it forth in more glowing colors than the strict truth would
warrant. In the Civil War he accompanied Pompey and was one of his
most trusted advisers. — Theophane: a Greek from Mitylene, one of
Pompey's most intimate friends and advisers. When Pompey, during
his flight after the battle of Pharsalus, was considering in what part of
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BOOK III, CHAP. 17-23 411
the world he could find the safest asylum, it was Theophanes who
advised him to go to Egypt. He wrote an account of Pompey^s career,
which was accused of gross partisanship.
i99y 3* ▼ita: instrumental abl. with opus esty
199, 4. Coins rei, etc. : ' the reputation for which {i^, owing every-
thing to Caesar) it will not be possible to dispel.^
199,5. rednctns [esse]: Uo have been brought back,^ contrasted
with profectus sum, * I went forth,' />. of his own accord.
199, 9. Chapter 19. bina: <two*; see on trinisj 149, 6.
199,13. Mittit: Caesar is subject. — Vatiniom: as tribune of the
people in 59 b.c. he was instrumental in procuring for Caesar the govern-
orship of the Gauls and lUyricum for fivt years.
i99> 15* pronontiayit: < called out, asking.^
199, 16. liceretne: < whether it was permitted,^ indir. quest.'
199, 17. fagitiyis: the remnants of Sertorius's Spanish army, who
had been aUowed by Pompey to settle just north of the Pyrenees in
Aquitania, 72 B.C. — praedonibnaqne : for Pompey's war with the pirates,
see Introd. § 22.
199, 18. id agerent: 'they were working to the end,' followed by a
purpose clause in apposition with id,
199, 23. Tisnmm qoem ad modom : < would see how,' i,e. ' make pro-
vision that.'
199,25. isaet: contracted form of /Afj^/.
X99, 26. eiiis rei : 'of the outcome.'
aoo^ I. ille: Vatinius.
aoo, 3. non nnlli: limits both centuriones and mUUes. — Labientis:
the vb. of saying is frequently omitted with a direct quotation.
aoo, 4. ergo : ' then,' i>. seeing that the soldiers are so bitterly hos-
tile. Doubtless the throwing of the missiles was prearranged by Labie-
nus. See on 195, 20.
aoo, 5. nisi . , . relate: 'unless Caesar's head be brought to us.'
aoo, 6. Chapter 23. ab Orico: 'from the neighborhood of
Oricum.' • Libo's fleet had joined Bibulus off Oricum some days before
(see 196, 14 f., and 30), and at Oricum Caesar and Libo had their inter-
view (197, 16 f.).
H. L. M. A. G. B.
I 477i «" (414* »▼) 646 411 (a43. *) 4o6 ai8, •
9 649, u, a (599, 1) 8x1 ai7, d ; 574 (149, d ; 334) 467 300, i & 3
3 46a, 3 (41a, 3, M.) 606 408. m (958, a, M. x) 391, R. X aa9, a
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412 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
200, 9. praestare : as in 175, 1 1 .
200, 10. omnia litora: i^. from Sason to Curicum (192, 25 f.). Dur-
ing the stormy weather only the principal ports were guarded.
200, 15. adeo . . . profecit: *he accomplished so much owing to his
advantageous position/
2oOy 16. naves . . . iiberet: ^ telling him to order/ etc ; of. r^/>r^«^
rent^ etc , 190, 16, and see note.
200, 17. vellet : for voles of the letter itself.
200, 19. Chapter 24. Antonius : Mark Antony, one of Caesar^s
most skillful officers, was in command of the troops which Caesar had
been obliged to leave at Brundisium (188, 9ff.).
200, 20. virtute : see on quibusy 194, i .
200, 21. cratibus plnteisque: < with wickerwork screens,^ hendiadys.
200, 22. eoque : adv. = et in eas.
200, 24. per causam : * on the pretext ' ; so always in Caesar.
201,2. Antonianae: — Antoni,
201, 4. defensoribns : the fighting men on board, ' marines.^ — suia :
refers to unam. The reil. sometimes refers to an emphatic word which
is not the subject.
201, 5. Ad hoc, etc. : * in addition to this loss they were prevented,'
etc. ; see on accedebat ut, 89, 22.
201, 10. Chapter 25. Multi . . . erant: 'many months had
already passed,^ i.e. since Caesar arrived in Greece. It was probably
toward the end of March, about Feb. i according to the seasons ; see
on autumnusy 188, 16. As Caesar landed Jan. 5 (190, 21 f.), not quite
three months had passed, but the time doubtless seemed longer to him
in his impatience over the delay of his reenforcements.
201, 13. praetermissae [esse] : * to have been allowed to go by.'
There is a story told by later writers that Caesar, in his suspicion of
Antony's loyalty, put to sea in an open twelve-oared boat, intending to
cross to Brundisium and bring his troops over himself, but was driven
back by a strong west wind.
201, 14. certi . . . venti: * the very winds.' — necessario commltten-
dnm: *they must necessarily intrust themselves.'
20iy 15. eins . . . temporis: partit. gen. with ampiiusy 'the more
this season had gone by.'
201, 16. tanto : with both alacriores and maioremy abl. of amount of
difference. -^ ad custodias : < for guard duty,' pi. because several fleets
were on duty.
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BOOK III, CIIAP. 23-27 413
9oxy 18. qnoniam . . .at: < since . . . yet^; these clauses quote
indirectly the contents of the letters.
aox, 19 reliquos . . . ezitiia: <his further departures,* ia, of his
troops from Italy.
aoi, 20. impedirent: see on relinquereni^ etc., 190, 16. — dorinsqney
etc. : *and they were daily looking forward to a harder time for trans-
portation owing to lighter winds/ Transports were dependent upon
wind (see Introd. § 48), so that as the spring advanced every day be-
came less favorable for Antony. Pompey*s ships of war, on the other
hand, being propelled by rowers, were more and more favored by the
weather.
aox, 23. ne . . . dimitterent : < that they should not,* etc, indir.
disc for nolite dimittere>
aox, 24. Labeatiom : a people just above Lissus, so hx north that
Pompey's coast guards were not numerous. A more desirable destina-
tion was the coast of ApoUonia, near Caesar^s camp on the south bank
of the Apsus (x95, 25 f.), and it was not well guarded by Pompey^s
fleet because in the stormy weather the commanders were unwilling to
ventiu^ far from the harbors of Dyrrachium and Corcyra.
aox, 25. eioere : ' run the ships on shore,* of a hurried and irregular
landing.
aox, 28. Chapter 26. lUi : refers to suos^ 1. 22, Le. Caesar*s troops
at Brundisium.
aoa, 3. praeteryehontur : the wind was probably too strong for them
to try to run their ships ashore at ApoUonia.
aoa, 4. Coponius : see X90, 9.
aoa, 6. cum . . . appropinqoasset : Caesar*s transports depended
altogether on wind ; Coponius*s ships of war were rowed, and so had
the advantage when the wind died down. See Introd. § 48.
aoa, 12. si . . . remisisset: implied indir. disc, representing a fut.
perf. of the actual thought in the soldiers' minds.
aoa, 13. Nymphaeum : a harbor of the Labeates (aox, 24).
aoa, 16. tempestatis . . . periculnm: the south wind, blowing
straight into the harbor, would drive the transports violently on
shore.
aoa, 20. Chapter 27. mode: *a moment before.'
aoa, 23. tempore commutato: <by a change of circumstances.*
H.
L.M.
A.
G.
B.
1 64a, 4 (533, iii, nO
loaa
588, «. N- a (339. N. a)
65a
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414 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
202,24. <L^ anam: see on 192, i. — constratae nnmero XYI: < six-
teen of them being decked ^ ; numero is abl. of specification.
202y 26. propugnatoramque : see on defensoribus^ 201, 4.
202, 29. Chapter 28. Nostrae naves duae : ' two of our ships. ^
— in noctem coniectae : < overtaken by night.*
203, 7. CC ; ducentosy the case which would be required if the com-
parative were omitted.^
203, 8. asset : < there is * ; statements of general truths follow the
sequence of tenses. In English the present tense is preferred.
203, 9. salo nauaeaque : < seasickness,* hendiadys.
203, 13. interficiontur : the ferodty of the Pompeians throughout
the war was a sad contrast to Caesar's clemency ; cf. 202, 27 f.
203, 14. vitiis: * discomforts.' — neque . . . et: correlative; d. fugue
. . . nequey where both clauses are neg., and et . . . et, where both are
affirmative. Translate, ^ did not think . . . but*
203, 15. tractandis . . . deditionis : abls. of manner limiting ^jr/r^u^^i^i
< after dragging out the first part of the night in discussing terms and
in a pretense of surrender.*
203,20. CCCC: limits equitibus. — quiqne : =± ftr^i^ (in the same
constr. as equitibus) quiy < and men who followed them armed from the
garrison.*
ao3, 23. Chapter 29. conventus : see on 180, 22.
203, 25. attribuerat : during his governorship of the Gauls and
Illyricum. Lissus was in Illyricum.
203, 29. quarum erat, etc. : * of which there was a total of,* etc ; qua-
rum is poss. gen., legionum, etc., are gens, of definition or appositional
gens. ; see on millium, 105, 27.
204, 2. qnod : a rel. pron. agrees in gender and number with a
pred. subst in its own clause rather than with its antecedent. Cf. haecy
X93, 8.
204, 4. traiedsset : for a fut. perf. in Antony's thought
204, 5. quae opinio : * a notion that he would do this.*
204, 7. quibus, etc. : indir. quests, depending on nuntiosy < messengers
to tell in what,* etc.
204, 8. militum : partit. with quidy * what force of soldiers.*
204, 12. Chapter 30. secundo austro : <with the south wind.*
204, 16. venienti: i,e, Antony.
H L. M. A. G. B.
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BOOK HI, CHAP. 27-40 415
ao4, 17. si . . . posset : indir. quest., ' to see if he could.* ^
ao4, 19. edncunt : a pi. vb. with uterque is rare.
204, 20. Caesari, etc. : ^ Caesar had to take a longer, more round-
about route up-stream.^ The Apsus could not be bridged or forded so
near its mouth. Circuitu is abl. of quality ; adverso flumine is abl. abs.
204, 22. expedite itinere : * by an unobstructed route.*
205, 2. castris: see on 92, 18.
205, 4. Graecos : the inhabitants of the country.
205, 8. Asparaginm : a town on the Genusus, near its mouth. See
the map, p. 191, for the assumed routes of Caesar and Antony.
205, II. Chapter 39. ut ... est: referring only to deductis . . .
proisidiisy not to Caesar . . . reliquit. Caesar stated in Ch. 34 (omitted
in this book) that upon his union with Antony he withdrew a legion
from Oricum, and sent small detachments to secure the surrounding
districts of central Macedonia, Thessaly, and Aetolia.
205, 13. qaas . . . traduzerat: see 192, 7. These ships had been heid
at Palaeste when Caesar sent his transports back to Brundisium (192,
12 f.), and had afterward been brought round into the secure harbor
of Oricum.
205, 14. Aciliiis: see 1979 i-
206, I . fancibns : essential complement or indir. obj. of obiecit. The
entrance to the inner harbor was very narrow ; see the plan, p. 205.
206, 2. snmmersam obiecit : < he sank a transport and blockaded the
entrance.* This is a measure often adopted in modem warfare, as at
Santiago de Cuba in the Spanish- American war of 1898, and at Port
Arthur, in 1904, in the war between Russia and Japan.
ao6, 7. Chapter 40. qui . . . praeerat : see 190, 7.
206,9. contendens: <by great efforts.* — atqne: connects abduxit
with vicit (1. 16).
206, II. ad libram: *of equal height,' but higher than the tower on
Acilius*s ship (cf. superior e^ 1. 12).
206, 12. nt . . pngnans, etc. : ' since he was fighting,* etc., giving the
reasons for vicit.
206, 13. reliquis partibus: <at the other points*; loc. abl., see on
locisy 54, 26. If Oricum had not been attacked, it could have sent aid
to the ship.
206, 18. mole . . . obiecta: < where a narrow natural breakwater had
H. L. M. A. G. B.
« 649. 3 (5a9» «. N. i) 8ia 576, a (334./) 460. * 30o, 3
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4l6 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
been thrown up,' i.e. by the action of the waves. Oricum had once
been on an island. — paene insuiam: ^a peninsula. **
206, 20. impulsas vectibus : * moving them along with levers.' — ex
utraque parte : from the entrance and from the inner harbor itself.
206, 21. deligatae: used as an adj. parallel with inanes,
ao6, 26. naves .* the pontones of 204, 2. The loss of his ships at
Oricum and at Lissus was a severe blow to Caesar.
206,28. conventus: see 203, 23.
207, I. Chapter 41. Caesar, etc.: continuing the narrative of
Ch. 30.
207, 2. eodem : adv.
207, 3. Parthinorum : see on 194, 20.
207, 7. decemendi : * of a decisive engagement.'
207, 10. magno circuitu : Caesar started out in the opposite direction
{drverso itinere^ 1. 15 f.) from Dyrrachium, leading Pompey to suppose
that he was on a foraging expedition to the fertile districts farther east.
But later in the day Pompey 's scouts discovered Caesar's army hasten-
ing toward Dyrrachium. Upon learning this alarming news, Pompey
set off by the shortest route to protect his base of supplies, but found
Caesar, who had made one of his characteristically swift marches, already
encamped before the town.
207, 12. Dyrrachium . . . intercludi: Caesar hoped to cut Pompey off
from Dyrrachium, and to force him to fight in a position less favorable
than that at Asparagium, or else to shut his great army up in the city,
where it would soon be in hard straits.
207,22. primum: adj. — oemeretur: < was in sight'
207, 24. Chapter 42. propositum tenere : < hold to his purpose,^
i.e, to enter Dyrrachium before Caesar arrived.
207, 26. mediocrem : * feirly good.' Pompey's position at Petra hill
was only a few miles below Dyrrachium, and in easy communication
with it across the bay. See plan, p. 218.
208, 2. convenire : an act. infin. with impero is rare, occurring only
in combination with a pass, or dcp. infin., the latter being not un-
common with impero.
208, 5. longius . . ductum iri : the comparatively rare fiit. pass, infin.,
'would be dragged out rather long.'
208, 9. fecerat : =faciendas curaverat, * had had built.'
208, 15. cum . . . turn : see on 91, 26.
208, 17. haec proyiderat: ^had foreseen this move.'
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BOOK III, CHAP. 40-47 417
ao8y 19. snffoesisqiie : apparently grain and supplies had been hidden
in cellars or pits.
ao8, 25. Chapter 43. haec spectans: < having these aims in view,'
explained by the appositive purpose clauses quo . . . possety uti . . . pro-
hiderety etc.
^^» 3- 4<^- see on quibusy 194, i.
209, 4. niti videbatur : * was clearly relying ' (* was seen to be
relying*).
209,5. percrebmisset : < should have been spread abroad,' implied
indir. disc., for fiit. perf. of the thought in Caesar's mind when he
formed his plan.
209, II. Chapter 44. nisi . . . vellet: 'unless he were willing,' a
less vivid fut. condition in the past, the imperf. representing an original
pres. subj.^
209,13. Relinquebatur : impers., having as subject the result clauses
with uty^ < it remained for him to,' etc. — eztremam rationem belli : < the
only method of warfare left.'
209, 15. posset : might be omitted, as with quam piurimos and quam
latissimas,
209, 17. mnltaqne : many kinds of crops, which were useful as green
fodder. Grain could be brought by water from Dyrrachium.
209, 18. quibus . . . pasceret : * on which he could feed,' etc., charac-
teristic.
209, 20. ne quo : cf. ne quern, xo6, 27, and see on if^ . . . praetermit'
terety tb.
209, 23. operibus : abl. of specification, ^ the enemy won in the
matter of works.'
209, 25. cum: < whenever,' as is seen by the imperf. mittebat in the
main clause.
209,26. loca: indef., < places.'
209, 27. suis locis : an unemphasized poss. pron. follows its subst. ;
here, as often, suus means *his own,' in the sense of *fevorable' or.
* suitable' for him.
209, 28. magnum . . . nnmerum : see 189, 1 1 ff.
2x0, 2. quibus . . . yitarent : purpose, ^ with which to avoid.'
2x0, 4. Chapter 47. tanto . . . nmnero, etc. : abls. of cause, * on
H. L.M. a. g. b.
« 545. ". 3 (509. w. 3) 936-37 5«6,/(307,/) 596. a 303 &^
a 57if « (501, i, 0 9o« 5^9. « (33a. «. •) 553» 3 »97. a
MATH. CAESAR — 27
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41 8 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
account of the great number,^ etc. Caesar^s lines extended seventeen
miles (218, 12). They inclosed Pompey's fortifications, which were
fifteen miles long (309, 16 f.), and had to be built at some distance from
them owing to Pompey's vigorous obstructive tactics. See plan, p. 218.
aio, 7. conati sunt, continuerunt : gnomic perfs., stating what has
regularly been true, * whenever generals have attempted to besiege
another, they have shut in an enemy,* etc.
axo, 16. quin . . . haberent : < without their (the ships) having.' *
aio, 20. in Hispania : shortly before the battle of Ilerda (see sum-
mary of Book I, toward the end, p. 383) Caesar's army suffered severely
from lack of supplies.
axo, 21. ad Alesiam: the remarkable siege of Alesia is described in
154, I ff., but no mention is made of dbtress in the Roman army.
aio, 23. ad Avaricum: see summary of B,G.<, Book VII, p. 365.
axo, 24. Non : put first, and then repeated, for emphasis, ' not even.*
— illi : < the brave fellows.' — hordeom : not so well liked by the Romans
as com or wheat. — quin daretur : see on quin . . . contendant^ 103, 27,
^ they did not refuse to accept even barley ' (lit., * but that barley should
be given').
axo, 25. peons: meat was acceptable to the Roman soldier only
when grain {frumentum) was not to be had.
axo, 29. Chapter 48. chara: not to be translated. — Id...
efflciebant: Uhey made this into a dish like bread.' Napoleon's
soldiers on the retreat from Moscow prepared grass for food.
axx, 5. Chapter 49. frumenta : observe the pi.
yicturos: note the quantity of/,
tolerari : * were barely kept alive.'
nti : note the quantity of u.
insuetos, adf ectos : both limit ipsos^ * the men themselves,*
but insuetos is in pred. apposition, ^ unused, as they were, to work,' and
explains laboribus, while adf ectos is causal, ^ because they were afflicted,'
and is correlated by turn to the causal abls. following cum,
axx, 22. continerent: * kept back'; a result clause. Caesar diverted
the streams which flowed through the space Pompey had inclosed with
his lines of defense.
axx, 23. seqni: 'seek.'
axx, 25. qni . . . fontes: < these springs,' meaning the putei.
axx.
10.
axx,
13-
axx,
15-
axx.
17.
H.
L. M.
A.
G.
B.
595(504)
91S
559 (3*9. «')
556
•84.3
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BOOK 111, CHAP. 47-51 419
211,26. longins: <too£ar.*
an, 29. cui rei: indir. obj. of occurrercy <for which they saw that
daily a better time was coming,' i,e the grain was ripening every day,
and so their chances of having a supply were constantly improving.
21 a, 4. Chapter 50. ad munitiones, etc. : * were bivouacking near
the lines.' — nniversi : so as to cause great damage with one volley.
aia, 7. ut, etc. : * to build,' etc., complementary or subst. result
clauses in apposition with remedia, A considerable passage has been
lost here, telling of Caesar's unsuccessful attack on Dyrrachium, and of
the gallant defense of one of Caesar's redoubts by a single cohort against
four legions of Pompey, unti} after several hours Sulla came to its relief
as related in Ch. 51.
aia, 8. Chapter 51. Sulla: nephew of the dictator Sulla, a good
soldier, but a man of disreputable character. He had been kept out of
the consulship for 65 B.C. by a charge of bribery which was proved
against him. He was tried in 62 B.C. for complicity in Catiline's con-
spiracy, and although successfully defended by Cicero in a speech still
extant, he Was probably guilty. — discedens: to attack Dyrrachium (see
on 1. 7).
aia, 9. castris : Caesar's main camp, between Pompey and Dyrra-
chium (ao7, 21 f.) ; see plan, p. 218. — cohorti: dat. of interest accom-
panying the dat. of purpose. This cohort (see on 1. 7) was defending
a redoubt at the northeastern part of Caesar's lines.
aia, 15. voloisset: not changed in form by being quoted.^
axa, 16. potuisse : represents potuit of the dir. disc.^ — non repiehen-
dendum [esse] : * not to deserve blame.'
aia, 17. Aliae . . . atque: < different from.'
axa, 18. ad: < according to '; so in the next line.
ai2, 20. hoc : ' with this achievement,' i.e, the rescue of hb comrades
{liberaiis sutSy abl. abs.).
aia, 21. quae res, etc. : * an undertaking which anyhow (/>. although
victory seemed probable) might' perhaps have met with some mis-
chance.'
aia, 23. res : * the situation.' — ad : see on ad spem^ 183, 4.
axa, 24. in summo : sc. loco, < at the highest point,' where the redoubt
was.
H. L M. A. G. B.
I 647 (527, iii) 1037 589, b, I (337, b, t) 597, R. 4 391, B
a 647» 3 (Sa?, ">. H. a, i) 940 s^h b, 4 (308. c) 597, r. 3 304, 3. «
3 553; 554» 3 (485) jao 446 (311. a) 257,1:958 a8o
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420 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
aia, 25. si . . . recipeient : * if they were to retire' ; see on nisi . . .
vellety 209, n-
aza, 28. rem duzerant : < tliey had prolonged the attack/ — necessario
atque ez tempore : < in accordance with the necessities of the moment.'
Upon the arrival of Sulla with his two legions (1. 10) Pompey bad
withdrawn from the attack on the redoubt, but fearing to retreat to his
own lines because he supposed the Caesareans would pursue him down
the slope, he seized a hill lying near but out of range of missiles from
the redoubt, and encamped there for a few days. See on the plan, p. 2 1 8,
Pompey's temporary camp.
2x3, 9. Chapter 52. cohortibus : abl. pf means.
ax3, 10. Germani: see 189, 18.
ai3, 13. Chapter 53. ad Dyrrachinm : see. on aia, 7.
az3, 15. ad duo millia : ^ is an adv., < about.'
ax 3, 16. evocatoe . . . complures: in apposition with millia, < several
being,' etc.
ai3, 18. L. filina : = LucifiUus, — eiiis : ' the man,' in apposition with
Luci, The elder Flaccus was praetor in 63 B.C., and assisted Cicero in
overthrowing the Catilinarian conspiracy. The next year he was gov-
ernor of the province of Asia. In 59 B.C. Cicero successfully defended
him, in a speech that is still preserved, against the charge of Asiatic
extortion, bringing into court the son, then a mere boy, to stir the
sympathies of the jury.
ax 3, 19. Nostri : a poss. pron. stands in agreement with pauci or a
numeral rather than, as in English, in the partit. gen. Cf. fiostrae naves
duae, aoa, 29.
az3, 20. castello illo : the one relieved by Sulla, where the hardest
fighting had occurred (see on aia, 7).
ai3, 21. qoin : * but that,' after a general negative, as in aio, 16.
ai3, 25. Scaevae : according to Suetonius {Ufe of Caesar^ 68) he
lost an eye, and was wounded in the thigh and shoulder, but would
not surrender the gate which he was guarding.
ax3, 26. ut . . . meritus : * according to his services to him.'
ax3, 27. donatnm, etc. : translate as finite vbs. parallel with pronunti-
avit, — millibuscc: sc. sestertium (gen. pi). So in English, when
spoken, the words * dollars ' and * cents ' are often omitted. The ses-
terce was about four cents, so that Scaeva's reward amounted to over
$8000.
ax3, 28. ab octavis ordinibus ad primipilnm : < from the centurions
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BCX)K III. CHAP. 51-58 . 421
of the eighth cohort (lit., ' from the eighth grades ') to first centurion of
the l^on.' On the promotion of centurions, see Introd. § 35.
ai4, I. militaribnsque donis : soldiers^ ornaments and marks of honor,
such as bracelets, crowns, spears (for show, not for service, like gift
swords to-day), banners, etc.
214, 4. Chapter 54. reliqois diebns : * on the remaining days.*
Pompey stayed in the temporary camp five days. From the strength
of his fortifications it is likely that he expected to be attacked there.
214, 5. operibns : the towers.
214, 8. ad impediendum : to hinder the Caesareans if they should
attack him when he was marching away from camp.
214, 9. antiqnas, etc. : his main camp on Petra hill (207, 26).
214, 12. Chapter 55. aequnm in locum: between his and Pom-
pey's main camps. — si . . . vellet : see on j/ . . . posset^ 204, 17.
214, 13. ut: <so that,^ result.
214, 14. tantum : ^ only so far,^ from the rampart of Pompey^s camp.
214, 15. uti ne : used generally with purpose clauses,^ but sometimes,
as here, with clauses that express an intended result.^ In 2x3, 2, a
pure result clause has ut . . , non.
2x4, 16. famam opinionemque : * the fair report and esteem.* Since
his successes against the pirates and Mithridates, 67-63 B.C., Pompey's
feme, especially in the East, had for overshadowed that of any other
military or political leader of the time. Caesar now and then implies,
rather sarcastically, that Pompey is living too much on the reputation
of hb past achievements. See 209, 3 f.
214, 17. tertia acies : see Introd. § 46.
2x4, 20. Chapter 58. eqaitatum : cavalry which Pompey had sent
by water from Petra hill to protect the town against Caesar^s attack (see
on 2x2, 7).
2x4, 22. demonstraTimns : these approaches to Dyrrachium must
have been described in the lost passage after Ch. 50. One approach
was by a bridge over the stream connecting the lagoon with the bay ;
see plan, p. 218. The other was at the northern end of the lagoon
where it is separated fi'om the sea by a narrow isthmus ; see map of
Macedonia and Thessafy, p. 191.
2x5, I. alerent : < they had to feed,* the obligatory use of the verb.
B.
H.
L. M.
A. G.
1 56a, a, 4th ex. (499, 1)
891
53>» « (3»7) 545, «•
a 570,4
537, «. N. (3«9. «. N.)
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422 . NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
axS, 2. quae . . . sata : see aog, 17 f.
ax5y 3. Corcyra: see on Creiaj 189, 11. Acarnania woiild regulariy
have ex^ but is attracted to the constr. of Corcyra, — longo . . . spatio :
* by a long voyage/
a 15, 5. hordeo adaugere : < to increase it by adding barley/
a 1 5, 6. tolerare: of. tjlerariy an, 13.
axS, 8. conandum, etc. : ^ that he ought to make some attempt in the
way of a sortie.'
ax5, 12. Chapter 59. multis annis: expressing the space of
time within which,^ but to be translated like the ace. of duration^
which might have been used.
215, 14. optima : pred. adj., < had found most useful.'
ax5, 16. senatum : of the Allobroges.
ax5, 21. amicitia: see on victoriisy 95, 4.
ai5, 22. stipendiom, etc. : these two Gauls appear to have been pay-
masters in the Gallic cavalry. They not only kept part of the soldiers'
wages, but drew dead men's pay, and when booty was turned over to
them for distribution among their troops, they kept it all themselves
{domum avert ebant),
ax5, 24. illi : the equites.
ax5, 28. Chapter 60. neqne, etc : < thinking that this was no
time for taking action.' He wanted to give all his attention to the
siege of Pompey.
axs, 29. vMnti: indir. obj. of concedens, < making many allowances
out of regard for their bravery.' — rem . . . sostolit : ' he quashed the
whole proceeding.'
^'S? 30* ^uod . . . haberent : < because, as he said, they were using
their cavalr3rmen for gain ' ; implied indir. disc, stating the reason which
Caesar gave them for his reproof.
2x6, I. at, etc. : in contrast to the method which they were pursuing.
2x6, 2. reliqua : sc. officiaj <and to hope for future ^vors in keeping
with his past services.'
ax6, 4. ad omnes : 'among all.'
ax6, 6. ez domestioo, etc. : < from their own judgments and guilty
consciences.'
216, 7. Qno pudore : = cuius rei pudorcy < by a feeling of shame at the
situation.'
H. L. M. A. O. B.
« 4x7* a (379» x) 63X 434, b, N. (956. *. N.) 393, B. • aji, x
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BOOK III, CHAP. 58-62 423
ax6, 8. liberari : i,e. from punishment. They doubtless remembered
how, five years before, in Gaul, Caesar had deferred the punishment of
Acco till the campaigning season was over (see summary oiB.G,, Book
VI, last paragraph, p. 356).
ai6, 15. clientibus : appositive to paucis, *a few men only.'
ai6, 22. cum munere aliquo : *■ with some service ' to him.
ai6, 26. ac si : like quasiy etc., taking the subj. of a conditional
comparison.^
ai6, 30. Chapter 61 . honesto loco nati : ' of honorable birth.' *
ax7, I. comitatu: indefinite designations of military forces, if limited
by an adj., may omit cum ; * iumentis is attracted to the constr. of comi-
tatu ; if alone, it would take cum.
a 1 7, 4. hoc . . . acciderat : < this was a new and unusual circum-
stance,' i.e* for deserters to come to him from Caesar.
ai7, 5. circomduzit : quos is the dir. ohy, praesidia is a secondary
obj. belonging closely with the preposition.*
a 1 7, 8. Yulgo yero universi . . . milites : sc. perfugerant, < in feet,
the soldiers had deserted all together in a body (vulgo) who had been
enrolled,' etc — in Epiro : see 189, 8.
a 1 7, 9. eammque regionom : parallel with in Epiro . . . conscriptiy
limiting milites^ ' and the soldiers of all those districts.'
ai7, 10. quae . . . tenebantur: see on aos, 11. Caesar's clemency,
as well as his energy and success in the war thus for, were apparently
having their effect in winning men to his side. — hi : the two Gauls. —
omnibus rebus : i,e, in Caesar's army.
ai7, II. quid : indef., as after si.
ai7, 12. peritioribus : indef., *men well skilled.' — rei: obj. gen.* —
tempohbusque . . . animadversa : < and having observed the times of
doing things and the distances between places,' etc
a 1 7, 14. prout . . . ferebat: explaining variay * according to the
character or the energy of each of the men in charge of undertakings.'
a 1 7, 15. haec : summing up the clauses cognitis . . .ferebat,
ai7, 18. Chapter 62. ut demonstratum est: in 215, 9. — tegi-
menta: the advantage of these twig coverings appears in aig, 10 f.
H.
L. M.
A
G
B
I
S84 (5«3. »>)
944
524 (3")
603
307
a
469, 2 (415, ii)
609
403, a (244, a)
395
2J5
3
474, 2, N. 1 (4i9,iii, i)
^34
413, a (248, fl, N.)
39a, R. X
aaa,
4
4«3 (376)
501
395 (239. *)
331. " «
f79
s
450 (399)
573
349, a (2x8. a)
374
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424 NOTES ON THE QVIL WAR
az7, 19. aggerem: < rubbish/ for filling up Caesar^s trenches (azg,
6f.).
2x7, 23. cohortes LX : the equivalent of six legions. Assuming an
average of 3600 men to a legion (Introd. § 27), we may suppose that
over 20,000 legionary soldiers, besides the strong force of light troops,
were used in the attack on Caesar^s lines. — ez mairimia castris, etc. :
Pompey^s main camp at Petra hill and the posts here and there along
his lines.
a 17, 24. ad earn partem, etc. : the southernmost part of Caesar's lines,
running west toward the sea. A double line of fortifications had been
built there, 600 feet apart, within which the Caesareans could repel
attacks from the north or the south. See 218, 3 fF.
2x7, 25. maximis castris Caesaris: the main camp, at the northwest-
em end of the lines.
^17930. positum habebat : 'was keeping . . . stationed'; see on coac'
turn habebaty 61, 6.
2x8, 3. Chapter 63. pedum XV: in width, as generaUy when
only one dimension of a trench is given. The depth was probably
about nine feet.
2x8, 4. contra hostem : i,e, facing Pompey's lines, which were a short
distance away to the north. — pedum x : gen. of quality with vallum.
218, 5. agger: * earthwork,' on which palisades were planted to pro-
tect the soldiers as they fought from the top of the rampart. The width
of the earthwork, ten feet, was sufficient to allow the defenders to move
about comfortably.
2x8, 7. in contrariam partem : facing south, as a defense against any
troops that Pompey might land from his ships south of Caesar's lines.
— y alius: =. vallum.
2x8, 8. Hoc: explained by the appositive clause tu . . . circumvent'
rentury which takes its constr. from timens.
2x8, 10. ancipiti: with one force attacking on the north and another
on the south.
2x8, II. posset resist! : irapers., Mt might be possible for resistance
to be made.' — omnium dierum: * of every day,' poss. gen.
2x8, 13. perficiendi spatium: 'time for completion.'
2x8, 14. contra: * facing.' — transversum yallum: *a cross wall,'
uniting the two lines at their western end.
2x9, 4. in excttbiis : between Caesar's two parallel lines. The two
cohorts were sent from Marcellinus's camp (217, 29 f ), which was near
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BOOK III, CHAP. 62-65 425
by ; see the plan. — accessere : this form of the perf. third person pi. is
rare in Caesar.
219,6. milites: the light-armed men (217, 27), who landed at a
point outside Caesar's lines and attacked the outer or southern wall.
219, 7. legionarii: the sixty cohorts who marched down from Pom-
pey's main camp (217, 23) and attacked the inner or northern wall of
Caesar's double lines.
219, 9. ab utraque parte : the archers, who had come by water (217,
21), were sent, some against the northern, some against the southern
wall.
219, 12. omnibus rebns: < in all respects.'
2x9, 13. animadyersum est: the two deserters had told Pompey of
the incompleteness of the cross wall (1. if.), but the spot was now dis-
covered and men from the ships poured in to attack in the rear Caesar's
two cohorts who were defending the two parallel ramparts.
019, 18. Chapter 64. cohortes: of the ninth legion (2x7, 30).
219, 20. fugientes : ace.
219,26. a yiribus deficeretur: *he was being deserted by his
strength,' viribus being personified and made a voluntary agent.
219, 27. Hanc : sc. aquilam^ the eagle being the standard of the
Roman legion (Introd. § 40).
2x9, 29. Nolite . . . committere : see on x6i, 1 1 .
2x9, 30. at . . . admittatur: obj. of committere,
220, I . inoolumemque : ' but,' etc.
220, 3. principem priorem : belonging in the first cohort he was the
third in rank of the sixty centurions of his legion. See Introd. § 35.
220, 6. Chapter 63. cohortibus: those of the ninth l^on which
had remained in camp.
220, 7. prozimum: i,e. the post nearest to Marcellinus's camp, and
lying north of it.
220, 12. percastella: *from redoubt to redoubt.'
220, 15. extra monitiones : upon the rout of Caesar's cohorts from
the double lines, Pompey had apparently led his legionaries to the
south or outer side of these lines, where he was fortifying a new camp
near the shore ; see the plan.
220, 16. ut . . . posset: expresses the purpose of egressum, nee . . ,
haberet that of manere, — nee minus: *and nevertheless.'
220, 18. propositum, etc. : * he had not succeeded in his purpose,'/.^,
of blockading Pompey. — castra : his new camp east of Pompcy's.
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426 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
aao, 22. Chapter 66. quod: see on 204, 2.
aaoy 23. yetera castra : the old camp north of Caesar's double lines ;
see the plan.
aao, 25. at demonstravimns : in Ch. 45 f., omitted in this book.
aaoy 28. qnibusdam de cansis : probably he found that he could run
his siege lines to better advantage farther south.
aaoy 29. transtolerat : to Marcellinus's camp.
aao, 30. eadem haec : the old camp abandoned by Caesar's ninth .
legion.
aax, 2. relicto, etc. : * leaving the inner wall standing.' This was the
rampart of the original camp, but was partly inclosed by Pompey. It
is marked in red on the plan, p. 218.
aax, 3. maioribns : sc. castris.
aai, 4. munitionem : an earthwork and ditch running northeast from
the camp to the Palamnus River, which had not been diverted from its
course with the other streams (an, 18 f.).
aai, II. Chapter 67. legionis: the cohorts of aao, 21.
aax, 16. in opere : ' engaged on the works,' building his new camp,
which was about half a mile from Pompey's new camp.
aax, 18. reliqnaa cohortes: i,e, the rest of his troops in the
new camp. There were other legions in the redoubts along his
lines.
aax, 21. duplici acie: the double line, which was longer than the
usual formation in triple line (see Introd. § 46), was preferable for sur-
rounding the old camp and attacking on all sides at once. — prima
opinio: i,e. that he could crush Pompey's legion (1. 15).
aax, 28. Pullone : one of the brave centurions of 134, i ff. He
joined Pompey after betraying Gaius Antonius in 49 B.C. See on
AntonianoSy X89, 9. — demonstrayimus : probably in the lost passage
after Ch. 8.
aaa, i. castellnm: the original camp of Caesar's ninth legion; see
aax, 2.
aaa, 3. repngnantes :* ace.
aaa, 8. Chapter 68. supra : in aax, 4 f.
aaa, 9. portam : the gate of the old camp. They thought that the
wall running to the Palamnus was the rampart of the camp. If Caesar *
had provided for a reconnaissance before leaving his new camp, thb
blunder of his right wing might have been avoided.
aaa, 11. Quod: 'but,' as in quod si, see on 60, 15.
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BCX)K 111. CHAP. 66-69 *427
aaa, 13. prorntis mimitionibiif : a comparatively small breach was
made, as is seen from 1. 22 fF.
aaa, 14. Chapter 69. satis : < rather.*
aaa, 15. ab opere : from the work of fortifying his new camp.
aaa, 16. sols : the legion in the old camp.
aaa, 17. appropinquabat : Pompey^s cavalry must have ridden round
the old camp, being hidden from view by the woods (aao, 27, and the
plan), and have appeared on the northeast of the camp to Caesar's
cavalry, which had just passed through the breach in the wall that ran
to the river (see 1. 13).
aaa, 18. acies: the line of Pompey's ^ve l^ons in battle array,
probably southwest of the old camp.
aaa, 19. Pompeiana legio : the legion that had been so hard pressed
in the old camp (1. 2) saw the reenforcements and began to fight with
fresh courage.
aaa, 20. decomana porta : here the gate in the northwest wall of the
camp. The legion had been pushed by Caesar^s men to the extreme
rear of the indosure.
aaa, 22. angosto itinere: see on pramiis munitionibusj 1. 12. — per
Aggeres : * over the earthworks.'
aaa, 23. receptui: dat. of interest, < fearing for,' etc.
aaa, 24. deztmm comu : the body which had gone astray along the
wall running to the river and had then breached it and passed through
with the cavalry (1. 8 fT.). It was separated from the left wing (aai, 24)
by the rampart of the camp.
aaa, 25. monitionem : the wall to the river.
aaa, 27. angostias: <a tight place.' They knew that if they all
crowded to the narrow breach in the wall, Pompey's cavalry would cut
many of them down before they could get through. — ex . . . munitione :
< fi'om the ten-foot fortification.' This was also the height of Caesar's
inner line south of the old camp (az8, 4). If the trench was, also like
Caesar's, fifteen feet wide, it was doubtless some nine feet deep (see on
pedum xVy aiS, 3), thus making a jump of nearly twenty feet. — fotsas :
pi., of different parts of the trench.
aaa, I. angostiis: abl. of means, 'shut up in a ti^t place,' f>. be-
tween the two ramparts of the old camp.
aaa, 2. eodem . . . receptu : < by the same way of retreat as they had
come,' an inexact expression for eodem quo venerani itinere se recipien-
tesy * retreating the same way they had come.'
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428 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
223, 5. idem iussi, etc. : ^ though receiving the same order, hastened
to pursue the same course as before,' i.e. kept on in their flight. Plutarch
says that when a big, strong soldier who was running away was ordered
by Caesar to stand and face the enemy again, he seized his sword and
would have killed his general if his arm had not been cut oif by Caesar^s
attendant
223, 6. signa dimitterent : ' threw away their standards.*
223,8. Chapter 70. His tantis, etc.: *the following helpful cir-
cumstances came to the relief of these great disasters, preventing the
whole army's being destroyed, namely that Pompey,' etc
223, 9. quo minus : depending on the idea of hindering ^ in the pre-
vious clause. — quod . . . tardabantur : subst. clauses in apposition ^ with
haec subsidia,
2a3> 13- angustiis, etc.: *by the narrow breach (in the wall which
ran to the river), and that too, occupied,' etc. Ci. aique hisy 129, 18,
and note.
223, 14. ad: see on ad spem, 183, 4.
223, 17. propriam ezpeditamque : 'complete and easy.^
223,22. Chapter 71. equites: * knights.'
223, 23. Placentia : abl. of source, a usage far less common than the
proper adj., which would be here Placentinum.
223,25. fossis: see ony^^^^ij, 222, 27.
223, 28. imperator: see on 173, 3. Pompey allowed himself to be
addressed by this title, but as his victory had been won over fellow-
countrymen, he refrained from using it officially or from adopting the
decoration which it usually carried.
*2i3» 30. praescribere : the Romans signed their names at the be-
ginning of letters and despatches, while the place and date of writing
were put at the end.
224, 3. quo . . . haberetur : * that greater confidence in the deserter
(obj. gen.) might be felt.' Labienus. who had deserted Caesar at the
outbreak of the war, was naturally distrusted by Pompey. He con-
stantly sought to prove his loyalty by his cruelty toward his old com-
rades in Caesar's army.
224, 4. appellans : the dir. obj., as aljo of i titer rogans and irUerfecit^
is omnesy 1. 2. — magna . . . contumelia: abl. of manner.
H. L.M. A. G. B.
1 568, 8 (497, «) 909 558, ^ (331. '. a) 549 995, 3
a 588, 3 (540, iv, N.) 848 572 & N. (333 & N.) 525, 2 999, x,m
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BOOK III, CHAP. 69-73 429
aa4y8. Chapter 72. ratione belli: *the conduct of the war.'
Pompey was advised to take his army at once to Italy, leaving only
a small force to harry Caesar, who, being without ships, could follow
him only by marching through Illyricum round the head of the Adri-
atic. Pompey rejected this advice because it looked too much like
running away.
224, 9. Non : to bring out the emphasis which the negative receives
from its position and repetition, translate, ' it was not the small number
of our soldiers, it was not the unfavorableness,' etc.
224, 1 1- praeoccupatis castris : * due to the seizure of the camp before-
handy' i>. by Pompey^s legion.
224, 12. non abscisum, etc. : * it was not the cutting of our army into
two divisions.' The perf. part, agreeing with a subst. frequently con-
tains the main idea.^
224, 13. causae fniase, etc,: 'that had been the cause of our defeat,
as they thought.' Patuitatem^ etc., are subjects oi fuisse; causae is dat.
of tendency or service.
224, 14. non concursn, etc : translate the abl. abs. as if parallel with
dimicaium [esse], *that no fierce charge had been made, no real battle
fought, but the men themselves,' etc.
224, 17. commnnes . . . casns: < the chances of war that are common
to all.'
224, 18. qnam: adv. Xxmx^ng parvulae^ * what trivial causes,' and like
quotiensy 1. 20, introducing an indir. quest, in apposition with casus, —
suspidonis, etc : gens, of definition or appositional gens.,^ * in the way
of,' etc.
224, 19. obiectae religionis : < of opposing religious scruples.'
224,21. esset offenanm: impers. ; cf. offenderuniy 19a, 19. — *c si:
see on 216, 26.
225, 4. Chapter 73. onum : emphatic by contrast with multis.
225, 5. opponerent : *set against.' — Habendam . . . gratiam : < they
ought to be gratefiil.'
225, 6. aliqno : * some ... or other ' ; cf. sine ullo vulnere^ 223, 26,
* without any wound.'
225, 7. bellicosissimomm . . . ducibus : to keep the Latin order of
thought, translate, *with their warlike men under highly skilled and
H. L. M. A. G. B
I 636, 4 (549, 5, N. a) X013 497 (29a, n) 664, R. a 337. 5
a 440, 4 (396. m) 569 343. <i (^M, /) S^x, x «»
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430 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
well-trained leaders.* Hondnum limits ducibus, which is concessive
abl. abs. with the adjs.
225, 9* provincias : Sicily and Sardinia, which supplied great quanti-
ties of grain for the Roman market. For all these conquests, see sum-
mary of Book I, p. 383.
225, 10. debere: sc. eos as subject. — inter medias: Mn the very
midst.'
225,12. transportati : from Brundisium to Palaeste and Nymphaeum
(192, I and 202, 13). — non: generally stands, as here, immediately be-
fore the word it limits.
225, 14. cuiusYis . . . culpae : * to anybody's fault rather than his.'
castris : the old camp. For the constr., see on imperiOy 52, 1 1 .
ipaorum: * their own.' — aliquis: generally subst, here =
225,
16.
aaS,
17.
aliqui.
aaS,
20.
quod si asset factum: <if this should be done'; for the
tense, see on 64, 28.
225, 21. verteret: intr., * would turn to a blessing.' For the constr.,
see oTiut , . , auderenty 73, 12. — uti . . . accidisset: *as had happened.'
The repulse at GergOvia, the only town in Gaul which made successful
resistance to Caesar, is related in 150, 6ff. The victory at Alesia, which
broke the backbone of Gallic opposition^ came a few weeks later (163, 6
-168, 30). Similarly, in the present campaign, Caesar's admirable
courage in the face of the complete failure of his elaborate plans for
besieging Pompey, near Dyrrachium, had its effect on the spirit of his
men, and in another month they overwhelmingly defeated Pompey's
greatly superior force at Pharsalus.
225, 23. Chapter 74. signiferos : Caesar's punishment was merci-
ful, as the penalty for throwing away standards was death.
225, 24. loco moYit : i.e. he reduced them to the ranks.
225, 27. desideraret : < waited for.' — sibi quisque : the regular order ;
see on sibi quemquey 54, 11.
225, 30. ordinis ; * rank,' gen. of quality. The lieutenants and trib-
unes are meant. — ratione permoti : * moved by reason,' not merely by a
desire to wipe out the disgrace of their defeat.
226, I. Contra ea: * contrary to these views,' *on the other hand.'
226, 3. refectis munitionibus : abl. abs. expressing a concession,
'even if his lines should be repaired.'
226, 6. Chapter 75. modo . . . habita ratione : < merely taking care.*
226, 7. prima : ' the first part of.'
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BOOK III, CHAP. 73-77 43 1
aa6, 9. confectum: see on non abscisum^ 324, 12; and cf. the com-
mon expression ante urbem conditanty 'before the founding of the
city/
226, 13. institntom: it was contrary to military usage to leave camp
without sounding the signals for packing up and marching out. But by
not giving the signals until the last division of the army was ready to
march, Caesar concealed his plan from Pompey until his baggage and
the larger part of his troops were well out of harm's way.
226, 16. neque . . . moram . . . intnlit: < allowed nothing to delay his
pursuit.'
226, 18. impeditos: < burdened with their baggage.*
226, 2 1 . neque . . . potoit : ^ but could not.* — ezpedito itinere : < hav-
ing an unobstructed road,' abl. abs. expressing cause.
226, 25. antesignanos : picked men who could be detailed for special
services ; as here, to support the cavalry according to the German cus-
tom; see on Uvis . . . compluresy 179, i.
226, 29. Chapter 76. iusto itinere : < the regular march,* i^. about
twenty miles over the ordinary roads.
226, 30. yeteribos . . . castris: see 207, i and 5.
237f 3* V^^ caosam : see on 200, 24. Both armies reached their old
camps on opposite banks of the Genusus before noon (1. 13 f*). Pom-
pey, seeing Caesar's cavalry start out to forage, as he supposed, thought
he was going to remain there till the next day, and accordingly allowed
many of his soldiers to return to their camp near Dyrrachium for their
personal effects, which, owing to their hasty departure early in the
morning, they had been obliged to leave behind. This gave Caesar a
chance to gain a lead of eight miles, which Pompey was unable to
overcome.
227, 4. decomana porta: see Introd. § 44. It is easy to see why
Caesar chose this gate.
227, 12. Quibus . . . impeditia: <as they were prevented from pursu-
ing.' For ady cf. 183, 4.
227, 13. fore: * would be the case.'
227, 15. duplicatoque, etc : increasing his march of that day'; it
cannot mean doubling his forenoon's march, because the Genusus is
some twenty miles from his camp near Dyrrachium, a iustum tier (226,
29) for a Roman army.
227, 18. Chapter 77. similiter: i.e. as on the previous night
(226, 6 ff.).
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432 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
227, 20. esset imposita : implied indir. disc, represeotiDg fiit. pert of
the original thought.
227,21. ezpedito: ' unencumbered,^ by the baggage.
227, 23. altissimis . . . itineribus : concessive abls. abs., ' although
the rivers were,' etc
227, 25. primi . . . suscepto: causal abls. abs., 'since he had been
delayed on the first day and his exertions on the remaining days were
made in vain.'
227, 26. com : concessive. — se . . . eztenderet : ' he exerted himself
with forced marches.' Pompey's army, with its large number of Roman
gentlemen, who were unused to hardships, and hampered by its size,
was no match in marching for Caesar's little force of devoted veterans.
227, 27. quarto : ' the third,' according to our way of reckoning. The
Romans counted the day of departure as the first, we begin with the
next day.
227, 30. Chapter 78. urbibus : dat. of interest ; the abl. of place
would require in.
228, 2. tantom : < only so much.'
228, 3. properanti : * because of his haste ' (lit, * for him hurrying,'
sc. et). — Domitio : dat. of interest. Domitius Calvinus, one of Caesar's
lieutenants, was in central Macedonia, opposing two legions of Pompcy's
army under Scipio (189, 10 f.).
228, 4. celeritate : limits ferebatur^ * he was hurrying with all haste
and the utmost (lit., * spurred on by') eagerness.'
228,5. ^^^'' 'campaign.'
228, 6. his rationibus : abl. of manner, < according to the following
calculations,' explained by the appositive clauses of purpose ut . . .
decertare cogeret, . . . proficisceretur^ . . ,ferre cogeret,
228, 7. eodem : to Macedonia to join Scipio, see on DomiiiOy 1. 3. —
abductum, abstractum: translate as vbs. parallel with cogent^ 'he
might take him away,' etc.
228, 8. Dyrrachi: Pompey's headquarters (207, 13 f.).
228, 9. pari condicione : i,e, SLVfzy from hb base of supplies.
a28, 10. in Italiam : see on 224, 8.
928, 1 1 . Italiae : dat of interest with subsidioj dat. of purpose.
228, 12. se : indir. refl., referring to Caesar, the subject of the main
vb. explicabat (1. 6).
228, 14. sols : dur. refl., referring to the subject of its own dause,
iUum,
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BOOK III, CHAP. 77-80 433
aa8, 18. depositiJB : abl. abs. with its implied as antecedent ofgui, —
Athamaniam : a district of southeastern Epirus. See map, p. 191.
22B, 21. illo: adv.
228,22. Oriciaque : adj., 'and especially the coast near Oricum,^
where the two legions still left in Italy could most conveniently land.
228, 26. Chapter 79. suis, ad . . . adyersarios : so emphatic as to
precede ^ and ne.
228, 27. ne . . . deesset : * that he might not fail to take advantage
of a favorable opportunity.'
228,29. Candayiam: east of Dyrrachium. — iter . . . ezpeditum:
see on expedito itinere^ 226, 21. Pompey's route was along the Via
Egnatia to Heraclia. This road was the main highway from Dyrra-
chium and Apollonia to Thessalonica and the East. — in Macedoniam :
i.e, into Macedonia proper, which, before the organization of the prov-
ince (see Macedonia in the Vocab.), extended only to the mountains
east of the Drilon River.
229,1. quod: * the fact that.'
229, 2. conlata habuisset : <had kept his camp near to,' etc.
229, 4. snbiecta : * below ' ; Candavia was mountainous.
229, 8. quam res erat gesta : * than the facts warranted.'
229, 10. Haec : sc. fama.
229,12. dimissi: * messengers sent out'
229, 15. demonstrayimus : in 216, 28.
229, 17. pristina sua consnetudine : causal, < owing to their former
intimate relations with them.'
229, 18. gloria elati : * puffed up with pride.'
229, 20. yix . . . antecedens : * getting barely four hours' start.'
229, 22. quod est, etc. : * which lies near the borders of Thessaly ' ;
the participles have about the same meaning.
229, 25. Chapter 80. quod : agreeing with the pred. noun as
usual; cf. 204, 2.
229, 26. yenientibus : * as you come.' * — ab Spiro : < from the boun-
dary of Epirus ' ; ex would mean * out from.' — quae gens ; the people of
Gomphi.
229, 27. ut . . . uteretur : obj. of the idea of bidding contained in
legates miser at y * telling him to make use of,' etc.
229, 29. supra : in 1. 9.
H. L. M. A. G. B.
I 425, 4 (384, 4, N. 3) 546 378. 2 (235. f>) 353 >88, a, m
MATH. CAESAR — 28
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434 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
229, 30. quod . . . partibus : < and had exaggerated it many fold/
The subject is implied from fama; partibus expresses amount of
difference.
230, I. praetor : regularly used to translate the Greek word for * gen-
eral/ In the early years of the Republic at Rome it was the name of
the highest magistrate or commander, but was superseded by * consul.'
230, 6. munitionibus : see on quibus, 194, i.
230, 9. Larisam : to the south, in the plain of Thessaly.
230, II. crates : to be used in filling up the trench before the wall of
Gomphi.
230, 1 3. haberet : the subjects are the infins. potin, inferri^ fi^i
* how great an advantage it would be to get possession,' etc.
231, I. ciyitatibos : indir. obj. of the cpd. vb.
231, 3. horam nonam: about three o'clock; see hora in the Vocab.
231, 5. ad diripiendam : Plutarch says that in addition to provisions
wine was found here, which the soldiers drank freely, and under its
influence dancing and carousing along their march, they shook off the
illness with which their privations had afflicted them.
231, 7. ezpugnati oppidi : *of the capture of the town ' ; see on non
abscisunty 224, 12.
231, 14. Chapter 81. Metropolitum : -urn for -arum is chiefly
poetic except in names of peoples.^
231, 16. quin, etc.: * which did not obey,' a characteristic clause
after a general negative.*
231, 17. nie : Caesar. — quo, rel., with antecedent locum,
231.18. frumenta : observe the pi.
231.19. belli rationem: < campaign' (lit, 'war business'). — con-
ferre: *to transfer.'
231, 20. Chapter 82. in Thessaliami Pompey marched by the
Egnatian Way to Heraclia, and then turned southward to join Scipio
at Larissa (230, 9).
231, 23. parta iam victoria : abl. abs., * in a victory already won.'
This spirit of overconfidence contributed to the completeness of the
defeat which came soon.
231,26. honorem partitur: i,e. he takes a colleague in the chief
command. Scipio was Pompey's father-in-law, and had been his col-
H. L. M. A. G. B.
I 80, I (49, 3) 139 43, d (36, d) 29, R. 3 ax. 9, €l
3 595. 4 (504. ») 9*5 559 (3«9f <') 5S6 383, 4
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BOOK III, CHAP. 80-83 435
league in the consulship for the last five months of 52 B.C. — classi-
cum : the signals were sounded before the general's quarters. Porapey
honors Scipio by having them sounded also at his quarters {apud
eum),
231, 27. praetoriom : this word came into use when praetor had its
old meaning; see on 230, i.
232, 4. unius . . . diei : < that only a single day's work was left.'
232, 5. ilium : Pompey.
232, 6. numero : as in 185, 26. — dicerent : indefinite * they,' of the
officers and nobles in the army. Plutarch says that everybody except
Cato was eager to fight and tried to goad Pompey into a battle by such
nicknames as Agamemnon and king of kings, implying that he took
pleasure in exercising supreme command over so many of the great
men of Rome.
232, 7. praemiis : * the prizes,' of office.
332, 8. in annosque : ^ and for years in advance.'
232, 10. consilio: Uhe council,' see on 197,24. — oporteretne, etc.:
'whether (see on licereincy 199, 16) Lucilius Hirrus, inasmuch as he
had been sent by Pompey to the Parthians, ought to be considered in
his absence at the next election of praetors.' Hirri is obj. gen. with
rationem ; rationem haberi is subject of oporteret. Hirrus was unsuc-
cessful in his efforts to raise allies among the Parthians. The contro-
versy turned on the point whether, owing to the important work in
which he was engaged, he should be exempt from the law requiring a
candidate for office to present himself in person (see Introd. § 11).
232, 13. cum . . . implorarent . . . recusarent: temporal clauses, ex-
pressing by the imperf. tense action coincident with that of the main
vh.fuit (see on cum . . . conareiur, 53, 29) ; translate, * his fiiends
appealing to Pompey's good feith to grant,' etc. — praestaret ; an obj.
clause coordinate * with impiorarenty not subordinated by ut,
232, 14. recepisset : see on 198, 5. — ne . . . yideretur: a pure dause
of purpose. Hirrus is the subject.
232, 15. reliqui, etc.: parallel to necessarii . . . implorarent y *the
others refusing in equal hardship and danger to have ^ one man take
precedence of them all.'
232, 17. Chapter 83. sacerdotio Caesaris: since 63 B.C. Caesar
H. L,M. A. G. B.
1 565. 4 (499. a) 78X 565* « (331 ./» «.) 546» R. a "95. 8
a 596, a (505* ". 0 898 558. * (33«» '. a) 548 295,3
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436 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
had been pontifex maximus or head of the college of pontifis, who
had charge of the state religion. In order to be able to fix the dates
of religious festivals they managed the calendar, which was varia-
ble and uncertain till Caesar, by virtue of his office as chief pontiff,
introduced the reform which, with but slight change, b now in use in
most civilized countries. As the priesthoods were held for life, it is
apparent that the Pompeians had no thought of sparing Caesar in the
victory which they felt perfectly confident was soon to be theirs. —
Domitiu9: Ahenobarbus, not to be confused with Caesar's lieutenant
(see on aaS, 3). After his dismissal by Caesar at Corfinium (see on
Z77, 14), he took charge of the campaign of the Massiliots (see summary
of Book II, p. 383), and upon their surrender to Caesar he fled to
Pompey in Macedonia. — Spintherqne : the Lentulus femily had so
many branches that additional fisimily names, as Cms, Spinther, etc.
(see Lentulus in the Vocab.), were assumed to distinguish them. The
added name commonly followed the regular family name. With the
order here cf. Varus AttiuSy 178, 23, and see note. Spinther, like
Domitius Ahenobarbus, had been allowed to go free at the capture of
Corfinium.
asa, 20. aetatis . . . ostentaret: 'held up the honor due to his age.^
— nrbanam gratiam, etc. : ' his popularity and high position in the dty,*
i>. at Rome.
asa, 21. adfinitate: see on honorem partitur^ %%\y 2(i»
aaa, 22. proditionis, etc.: gen. of the charge;^ *of betraying his
army,' at Ilerda in Spain the year before; see summary of Book I,
p. 383. Afranius was a less capable officer than Petreius, and showed
sooner a disi>osition to yield to Caesar. Rufus's object in bringing the
accusation of treachery was to prevent the candidacy of Afranius for the
consulship.
aaa, 24. placere : < that it seemed best.' — temas ... lis : < for three
ballots to be given for voting to each of those.'
aaa, 25. ordinis: gen. of quality.
aaa, 26. sententiasque . . . ferri : < and for verdicts to be passed on
the men one by one.' This statement is no exaggeration. Cicero,
who was himself a follower of Pompey, shows in several letters to his
friends that the savage threats and bitter enmity of the nobles in
Pompey's army towards all who had not actually taken up arms in their
H.
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B.
« 456(409»")
58a
35a (aao)
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BOOK III, CHAP. 83-^ 437
support made him dread the outcome of a victory of his own party.
Indeed Cicero is chiefly aimed at in the second clause, quiqu€ytiQ.<,\. 27,
for although he had joined Pompey in Macedonia, he had not taken any
active part in the war, and had remained behind in Dyrrachium when
Pompey started east on the present campaign.
232, 28. unam fore, etc. : Uhat one ballot should be for voting that
they ought,' etc. The fiit. infin. is indir. disc, depending on dixii^ 1. 24,
not, like dari and ferri, subject of placere ; qua (lit., * with which ')
introduces a rel. clause of purpose.
2339 30. qua damnarent : ' < for condemning them to death. ^ The
Pompeian nobles had no intention of giving their enemies a fair legal
trial after the war was over, but they meant to secure the verdict which
they desired by giving it themselves. — capitis : gen. of the penalty ;
cf. proditionisj 1. 22. The penalty is sometimes expressed by the abl.,
as in the next clause.
*33> 7- Chapter 84. perspectum habere: see on coactum habebaty
61, 6. The clause quo . . . vicUretur is rel. of result, *for him to think
that he had the spirit of his soldiers pretty well proved.'
*33» 9. propositi: a partit. gen. is usually separated from the word
on which it depends, here quidnam,
233, 1 1 . primo : observe the difference between this word and pri-
mum; see Vocab. — suis locis: see on 209, 27.
233, 12. continentibus, etc. : * but on successive days (contrasted
with primo) in such a way as to go farther from his own camp.'
S33> 13* collibus Pompeianis : upon his union with Scipio Pompey
marched south and encamped about four miles from Caesar on the hills
of Karadja Ahmet ; see plan, p. 236. This move of his is not definitely
mentioned, but the una castra of 231, 25 is doubtless this camp on the
hiUs.
233, 14. eiu8 : Caesar's. His army thought that Pompey was afraid
to fight.
233, 15. demonstravimas : see 226, 24 f.
233, 16. multis partibus : 'far,' cf. 229, 30.
233,17. esset: subj. of attraction, being an essential part of the
clause I// . . . iuberet. — antesignanis : see on 226, 25.
233, 18. mutatis . . . armis: < changing their arms (/>. heavy for
light) for the sake of speed.'
233, 21. mille: the subst. use (with dependent gen.) is rare in the
sing., though regular in the pi.
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438 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
a33, 22. 11808 : < need.^
233, 26. supra ; in 216, 28 f.
233, 28. Chapter 85. aciem : marked A on the plan, p. 236. —
instniebat : denoting repetition, during the successive days when Caesar
was forming his line nearer and nearer to Pompey (1. 12 f.).
233, 29. ezspectans : * waiting to see.' — si . . . snbiceret : see on
si , . . cofiarentury 178, 29.
234, 2. uti . . . itineribus : complementary or subst. clauses in appo-
sition with hanc rationemy *■ namely, to move,' etc
234, 3. ha^ spectans : see on 208, 25. — movendis . . . locis : abl^ of
means.
, 234, 6. insolitum ad laborem : Caesar speaks more than once of the
disadvantage which Pompey was under of having in his army so many
nobles and gentlemen who were unused to hard work; see 211, 17.
234, 8. detensis : the opposite idea to that of tendiy 231, 27.
a34»9- pauIo ante iter : *a little while before their start.' — extra:
< contrary to.'
234, 10. non iniquo : = aequo (litotes), ^ fevorable' to Caesar.
234, II. dimicari: impers., *a battle could be fought.' — cum, etc.:
< although his column was already at the gates,' ready to march out
a34, 14. Animo : < in heart,' abl. of specification.
234,17. Chapter 86. hortatu : abl. of cause, < owing to,' etc. See
232, lE
234, 20. Id : ' that statement.'
234, 22. rationem : < nature.'
234, 23. Persuasi : this word standing first emphasizes the idea
that the only thing needed to insure a victory was a little persuasion
on the part of the commander. We may imagine that Caesar, in
the light of the outcome of the battle, so vastly different from what
Pompey had confidently predicted, wrote these lines with the liveliest
satis&ction.
234, 24. esset accessnm: implied indir. disc, (so iaceretur^ 1. 27)
representing a fut. perf.
234, 25. ab latere aperto : Caesar's right flank was exposed, whereas
his left was protected by the Enipeus River ; see plan, p. 236.
234, 26. perturbatum, etc. : ^ to throw the army into confusion ahd
put it to flight,' etc.
234, 29. equitatu : Pompey had 7000 cavalry, Caesar less than 1000.
Pompey's plan would have succeeded if Caesar had not, by an unusual
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BOOK III, CHAP. 84-88 439
arrangement of his infantry, guarded against just such an attack as was
made; see 337, i2ff.
235, 2. reliquomm : /^. of all who were not present in the coundl,
which was composed of nobles only. See on <U consili senietUia, 197,
24-
235,3. Chapter 87. ezcepit: * followed.' — cum ... dcspiceret :
' while he expressed his contempt for,' etc.
235, 5. Noli . . . existimare : see on, 161, 11. — Pompei : cf. the case
with that in 1. 4.
^35> 9* quod . . . necesse : < which it was inevitable should happen, as
there were so many battles ' (abl. abs.).
235, 10. automni: see 188, i6ff., and note on auiumnus,
235, I), in oontinenti : i^, in Italy; they were not brought across
the water to Greece.
235, 12. An: see on 176, 7. — ex lis: WiXh facias . — per caoaam va-
letudinia: implying that they were not really sick; see on 200, 24.
This sentence is a rhetorical reenforcement of muUi sunt reUcti in con-
linentu Labienus claims that men enough were left behind in Italy to
make up entire cohorts, and that these men were practically deserters,
their health being only a pretext to enable them to escape service against
Pompey.
235, 14. honim annomm : < of these last years,' />. the years of the
Civil War, 49 and 48 bx. — citeriore Gallia : see on uUeriorem, 55, 9.
235,21. animo: Mn imagination ' ; abl. of means.
235, 23. nihil, etc : ' no assertion seemed to be made in vain.'
235, 27. Chapter 88. traditae a Caesare : at the beginning of
53 B.C. Pompey, who was then on friendly terms with Caesar, lent
him a legion to help make good the severe losses of the previous
campaign in Gaul. In 50 B.C. the senate required Pompey and Caesar
to furnish one legion apiece for the Parthian war (see Vocab., s.v. Partki),
To meet this requisition Pompey demanded back the legion he had
loaned Caesar, who thus lost two legions, both of which, instead of be-
ing sent against the Parthians, were kept by Pompey to be used against
Caesar in case war should be the outcome of the quarrel between Caesar
and the senate.
/236, I. Mediam aciem: <the centre.' — legionibus Sjrriacia: two
Roman legions which had been serving in Syria; see 189, 11.
236, 2. Ciliciensis : the <' twin legion " of veterans ; see 189, 3 f.
' 336) 3- qoM . . . docoimus : this statement, which is not found in the
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440 NOTES ON THE OVIL WAR
Civil War, may have belonged in the passage lost at the end of Ch. 50.
— Afranio: see Vocab.
336, 4. Has . . . habere : ' that these were the strongest cohorts he
had. .
336, 7. millia XLV : each of the eleven legions (=110 cohorts, see
Introd. § 28) accordingly had over 4000 men.
236, 8. saperionim exercituum : * in his former armies.''
236, II. rims: the Enipeus, which in summer was only a small
stream.
237, I. Chapter 89. snperius institutnm: not the custom men-
tioned in 233, 15, but that of giving his favorite tenth legion the post
of honor on the right wing.
^37' 3* ^i^At . . . attenuata : the ninth legion, which had been sta-
tioned under Marcellinus at the southern end of Caesar's lines near
Dyrrachium (217, 30), suffered severely in the battles with Pompey
(221, 19 f.)-
^37^ 7* qoamm . . . xxn : < of which there was a total of 22,000.''
This gives an average of 2750 men to each of the eight legions engaged ;
see Introd. § 27.
237, 8. Antonium : Mark Antony.
237, 10. ipse . . . constitit : on his right wing, for Pompey was on
his own left (236, i). — iia rebus: i.e, Pompey's disposition of his
troops, especially his cavalry ; see on 234, 29.
237, 12. tertia acie : his troops were drawn up in the usual triple line.
See Introd. § 46.
a37> '3- singulas: *one from each legion.' — quartam: sc. aciem.
See B on the plan.
237, 19. Chapter 90. snaque . • • officia : ' his constant services
to it ; ' temporis is gen. of quality.
237, 20. testibus . . . uti : ^ have the soldiers as witnesses.*
237, 22. per Vatinium: see 199, 13 ff. — per Clodium: when Caesar
heard that Scipio had arrived in Macedonia from the East, he sent their
common friend Clodius to beg him to intercede with Pompey for peace.
But the request was not granted (Ch. 57, omitted in this book).
237, 23. cum Libone : see 197, 14 ff.
237) 25- sanguine : cpds. of utar take the same constr. as the simple
verb.
237, 26. ezercitu : abl. of separation.
S37> 27. signum : for the whole army to advance, including the third
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BOOK III, CHAP. 88-92 441
and fourth lines ; but the latter were not to begin fighting until a special
signal was given them with a flag (1. 16 f.)*
a37, 29. Chapter 91. primum pilnm, etc: *had led the first
maniple of the first cohort in the tenth legion,' U, had been the highest
centurion in the favorite legion. See Introd. § 35.
338, I. manipulares . . . fuistis: equiv. to a vocadve, <niy old com-
rades.' Crastinus was not addressing the soldiers who were then serv-
ing in the first maniple of the tenth legion, over whom he had no
command, but those of his fellow evocati who had ever served in a
maniple with him as he had been promoted fi-om maniple to maniple
and cohort to cohort up to the highest centurionship of the whole legion.
238, 2. qaam inatitaiatia : ' which you have undertaken,' />. by reen-
listing. .
238, 4. libertatem : they had reenlisted for thb war only, and would
be released as soon as it was over.
238, 6. ut . . . agas : complementary or subst clause of result, obj.
oifaciam^ ' I shall make you thank me.'
238, 8. laeti : ' gladly.' — centnriae : a division of the evocati^ not of
the tenth legion. As Caesar's legions averaged only 2750 men each
(see on 237, 7) and there were 60 centuries in a legion (Introd. § 28),
it is improbable, even if ^e suppose the first cohort to have been larger
than the others, that any century of the legions had 120 men.
238, 13. Chapter 92. neque . . . morerent: 'without stirring fi-om
their position.*
238, 14. distrahi : the line would necessarily bflcome more or less
disordered in charging at full speed.
238, 15. Triari: see 190,8.
238, 17, dispositi: 'his own men stationed,' etc — disperses: 'a
scattered enemy,' meaning Caesar's army. — leyius : * with less force.'
238, 18. retentis militibos: abl. abs. expressing a condition, of which
casura [esse] is the conclusion. — pilis : indir. obj. of an intr. cpd. vb.,
'run to meet the javelins that had been thrown against them.'
238, 19. fore: <that the result would be,' depending on sperabat. —
dnplicato cursu: *by running double distance,' ue. double what they
would have to run if Pompey's army should advance to meet them in
the middle of the field.
238, 2 1 . quidem : * at least.' — ratione : • judgment.'
H. L M. A G.
« 57X. 3 (50«. »»» «) 90a 568 (33«) 553. t
B.
•97.*
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442 NOTES ON THE OVIL WAR
238, 25. signa . . . condnerent : * signals should be sounded on all
sides at once,* with trumpets.
238, 28. Chapter 93. infestiB : ^ threatening'/ i.e, pointed towards
the enemy and ready to throw.
338, 29. non concurri : impers., < that there was no charge.'
238, 30. nan periti, etc. : Caesar liked to praise his soldiers. A
similar commendation occurs in the account of the battle with the
Nervii (75, 30 flf.).
239, 5. Neqne . . . defaenmt: 'but the Pompeians were not caught
napping.'
239, 7. excepenmt : ue, with their shields.
^39? 8. pilisque, etc. : the regular procedure in Roman battles was
to charge at full speed, hurling the spear while yet some yards from the
enemy, and then to fight at close quarters with the sword.
239, 9. ut erat imperatum : see 234, 23 ff.
239, 14. a latere aperto: see on 234, 25.
239, 15. vm cohortium: pred. gen. of definition or material, limit-
ing quam^ 'consisting of eight cohorts,' one from each legion (237,
13).
239, 16. signum: with a flag (237, 17).
239, 19. incitati faga : * at fiill speed.*
239, 21. praesidio: ue* the cavalry.
3399 23* circmnienint, etc. : the tables were turned completely on
Pompey. Hb left wing was treated to the very medicine which he had
prescribed for Caesar's right (234, 25 f.).
239, 25. Chapter 94. quae . . . tenuerat : the third line, as usual,
was held back as a reserve ; see 237, 16 f., and Introd. § 46, end.
*3d» 29. Weque . . . fefellit : * but it did not escape Caesar's notice.'
This is equiv. to 'there was no doubt in Caesar's mind,' hence the
subject clause is introduced by quin*, cf. neque abest stisfncio quin^
54, 2, and see note.
240, 2. pronuntiaverat : * had declared would be the case ' ; see
monuU . . . constare, 237, 14 f.
240, II. si . . . acciderit : ' if there shall prove to be any serious
accident.'
240, 12. circnmeo, oonfirmo : the pres. is sometimes, as in English,
used loosely for the fiit., ' I'm going round to the rest of the gates and
reassure the guards of the camp.*
240, 14. summae : subst., indir. obj. of diffidens, which, unlike con^
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BOOK III, CHAP. 92-96 443
fido (see on qtdbusy 97, 17), takes the dat. regulariy of both persons and
things.
240, 15. Chapter 95. yallnm: of Pompey's camp.
240, 16. spatinm: * respite/
240,18. etsi: sometimes accompanies the concessive abl. abs. ;
^although the heat was intense.^ The battle was fought August 9.
240, 21. cohortibus : seven in number (236, 9).
240, 22. barbarisqne, etc. : * and other barbarian allies.*
240, 24. pleriqne : although grammatically limiting an implied tmUtis^
antecedent of qui . . . refugerant miUteSy its position shows that in
thought it belongs closely with the abl. abs. dimissis . . . miUtarihus;
translate, < for the soldiers who . . . most of whom, too, had thrown
away their arms/ etc.
240, 26. Neque vero dintiiis: <and in £ict not very long.* — qui . . .
constiterant : i,e, soldiers of the seven cohorts guarding the camp (1. 21).
240,29. ducibns: <as leaders,* appositive. — in...montM: the
same way by which the cavalry had fled (239, 19 f.), along the line
marked C on the plan, p. 236.
241,2. Chapter 9(6. argenti: * silverware.'
241,4. nonnullomm: 'of some others.* — protect*: from the mid-
summer sun.
24Z, 6. designarent : subj. of characteristic.
241, 7. qui, etc. : a causal rel. clause, 'since they,* etc. — non neoe*-
strias: 'unnecessary*; litotes.
241, 8. At hi : emphatic and indignant, 'but these very men used to
taunt Caesar's army,* etc According to Suetonius {Life of Caesar^ 67),
Caesar allowed his soldiers such extravagances as perfrimery, and armor
decorated with silver and gold. But taunts at such mild indulgences
as these came with ill grace from the luxurious nobles of Pompey's
army.
24Z, II. inslgnitms: including decorations and uniform; see on
colore, 167, 20. Pompey's cowardly desertion without any effort to
collect his army, which was as yet more frightened than hurt, is a strong
contrast to Caesar's conduct aifter his plan of campaign had suffered a
much severer check near Dyrrachium ; see 224, 25 ff.
24Z, 14. sues : see on nostri, 2x3, 19.
241, 17. se: obj., 'his fancies had so badly deceived him.* — a quo
. . . ab eo : the rel. clause precedes its antecedent ; ' by that body . . .
from which.*
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444 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
241,20. Chapter 97. a militibus contendit: < entreated his sol-
diers.'
241, 22. montem : the Pompeians had fled to the highest part of
Karadja Ahmet (240, 29 f.), and had gathered on one of its hills, which
Caesar now began to invest.
241, 25. iugis eius : < along its ridges/ abl. of means, expressing the
way by which.
241, 28. commodioreqae itinere : Caesar doubtless crossed the Eni-
peus near the point marked E on the plan, p. 236, whence he marched
rapidly through the plain to F, and drew up in line of battie before the
Pompeians by their more difficult route through the mountains could
reach the river.
241, 29. occurrere co«pit : < started to head off.'
242, I. quodam monte : D on the plan.
242, 4. seclosit : this necessitated recrossing the river, not a difficult
matter, however, since in summer the Enipeus, like most rivers of
Greece, was only a small stream. It is called rivus, 236, 1 1.
242, 12. Chapter 98. proiecti: ' throwing themselves.'
242, 17. oommendavit ne qui : < he recommended that no one' ; qui
is less common than guts as the indef. subst. pron. ; cf. 137, 18. Caesar's
clemency is in keeping with his course from the beginning of the war,
and with his claim of 237, 25 f. He is said to have put to death only
those senators and knights who had faX\tn into hb hands earlier in the
war and had forfeited all right to further mercy by breaking their parole
and rejoining Pompey.
242, 19. neu quid, etc.: ^and that they should not lose any of their
property.' Caesar's generosity was shown by nothing more clearly than
by his burning unread all of Pompey's correspondence, in which much
incriminating information would have been found. — Hac . . . diligentia :
* having carefully attended to these matters.'
242, 23. Chapter 99. cc milites : see on milUa, 72, 14.
242, 26. supra : in 237, 28 ff. — gladio : etc. : * having received a
sword thrust right in the face.'
242, 28. eo proelio : abl. of time when.
242, 29. ezcellentissimam, optimeque: with fidl superlative force.
Crastinus's sacrifice was especially great, since, being an evocatus^ he
might have remained at home in security.
243, 3. castellis : see 236, 10.
243, 5. ex proelio: * after the battle.'
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BOOK III, CHAP. 97-103 445
243, 14. Chapter 102. Erat . . . propositnm: *had been pub-
lished.'
243, 15. Amphipoli: an important port, near the mouth of the
Strymon, in eastern Macedonia.
243, 16. iuniores: men from seventeen to forty-six years old, who
could be enrolled at any time for military service ; distinguished from
the seniores^ who were over forty-six and were called out only in emer-
gencies. — iurandi: see end of note oxa primam^ 174, 11.
243/ 17. utrum ... an: introduce a double indir. quest., which
serves as subject of poUrat,
243, 20. conaretur: referring to the fat., * would try.' — exiatimari;
* be determined.'
243, 23. Mytilenas : on the island of Lesbos off the coast of Asia
Minor. Pompey stopped for his wife Cornelia and his younger son
Sextus, who had been sent here for safety at the beginning of the war.
Plutarch {Life of Pompey y 74 f.) describes the sad meeting. See
Introd. § 26.
244, I. arcem: i.e. of Antioch, an important commercial city of
Syria, which received its independence from Pompey himself when
Syria was made a Roman province, 64 B.C.
244, 2. e08 : fagitive nobles from Pompey's army.
244, 3. ne, etc. : obj. of the idea of ordering implied in nutUios
dimissos.
244, 4. magno . . . periculo : ' at the great risk of their lives.*
244, 7. Rhodi : the capital of the island of the same name. Caesar
studied there as a young man, and the people had favored his cause
from the beginning of the war.
244, 9. ex . . . discederent : coordinate, ^to depart from these places' ;
cf. «^ . . . adirenty 1. 3 f.
244, 13. Chapter 103. pecnnia . . . snblata: see i38, 24 E —
societatibus : see on soviet at esj 188, 27.
244, 17. familiis : < the bodies of slaves * employed by the great tax
collecting companies.
244, 18. quo8 ex suis, etc. : a second rel. clause limiting hominum ;
* being those o^ each man's slaves whom he thought siutable for this
purpose.'
244, 19. Pelusium: at the eastern mouth of the Nile. Pompey was
inclined to seek refuge in Parthia. Some of his counselors favored
the province of Africa, where Caesar's army under Curio was annihilated
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446 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
the year before, and whither many of his own soldiers were fieeing from
Macedonia ; but Pompey's fevorite, Theophanes (see on 198, 29), urged
him to go to Egypt, partly because it was near, and partly because
he could probably count on the gratitude of the young king, whose
father had been restored to the throne by his favor in 55 b.c. (see on
Ptolonuuum^ 189, 19).
244, 20. Ptolomaeus: when Ptolemy Auletes died in 51 B.C., he left
his throne to his ten-year-old son, Ptolemy Dionysus, and his ^unous
daughter, Cleopatra, who was then sixteen. The young king's guardian
soon expelled Cleopatra from the country. She raised an army m
Syria and made war upon the king, who, at the time of Pompey's arri-
val, was encamped against her near Pelusium.
244, 23. spatio : cf. intervalloy 77, 17, and see note.
244, 28. ut . . . praestarent : * to do their duty by (lit., * to ') Pompey.'
244, 29. hoc . . . numero : of the king's troops.
244, 30. Pompei milites : see on Ptohmaeutn^ 189, 19.
a45> 3- Chapter 104. amici regis : Pothlnus, the king's guardian,
Theoddtus, his tutor, and Achillas, commander of the army.
245, 6. sollicitato, etc. : />. by Pompey's messengers (244, 27 f.).
For the position of the abl. abs. before ne^ see on vix qua, 54, 20. —
ne . . . occuparet : depending on timorey ^ that by tampering with the
king^s army Pompey would get possession,' etc.
245, 9. palam: 'publicly,' contrasted with c/aMy 1. 11.
245, 14. quadam . . . productus : < drawn on by a slight acquaintance
with Sepdmius.^
245, 15. bello praedonom: see Introd. § 22. With the abl. cf. go
proelioy 242, 28 f. — ordinem duzerat : * had led a century,' ue. had been
a centurion. — naviculam parvulam : ' a little tub of a boat,' the double
diminutive emphasizing the utter lack of respect shown the fellen Pom-
pey by the Egyptians.
245, 16. paucis suis: cf. paucos suosy 241, 14.
345, 17. interficitur: fuller details are given by Plutarch in hb Ufe
of Pompey (Ch. 77 ff.). Pompey was just stepping ashore when he was
stabbed in the back by Septimius, in full view of his wife and son, who
had been left behind on their ship. He was killed on the 28th of Sepn
tember, 48 B.C., the day before he would have completed his fifty-eighth
year.
245, 19. Chapter 105. Aaiam: the province (see on 188, 21),
which Caesar reached by way of Thrace and the Hellespont. When
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BOOK ni, CHAP. 103-105 447
he was crossing the Hellespont, Gains Cassins appeared with ten Pom-
peian ships, but was so astonished at Caesar^s boldness in summoning
him to an immediate surrender that he yielded without resistance. See
on Cassius, 190, 8.
245, 21. Spheso: abl. of place from which, like ex fano; we should
say *■ from the temple of Diana at Ephesus." In this chapter observe the
different constructions of place in the names of towns and of countries.
245, 23. testibos : he had witnesses at hand to make it appear that
he meant to pay back the money later.
245, 25. duobus temporibus : the other occasion is described in Ch. 33,
omitted in this book. Scipio was on the point of helping himself to
the money in the temple of Diana when a despatch from Pompey was
handed to him stating that Caesar had arrived in Macedonia, and bid-
ding him to march thither at once. Accordingly Caesar claims that he
had twice saved the treasure of Diana. This £unous temple was one of
the "wonders of the world."
246, I. Item: this word makes it almost certain that a passage has
been lost describing other supernatural events favorable to Caesar and
similar to those which follow. Several are related by Plutarch in his
Life of Caesar (Ch. 47). The Romans believed that in these ways the
gods expressed their fevor or displeasure. So Caesar^s death is said to
have been portended by many prodigies. Shakspere mentions some of
them \n Julius Caesar y i, 3 and 2, 2 :
" A common slave (you know bim well by sight)
Held up his left hand, which did flame and bum
Like twenty torches join'd ; and yet his hand.
Not sensible of fire, remained unscorch'd.'*
" Fierce fiery warriors fight upon the clouds,
In ranks, and squadrons, and right form of war,
Which drizzled blood upon the Capitol :
The noise of battle hurtled in the air.*'
— Elide: loc. abl. — repetitis, etc.: translate the abl. abs. immediately
after constabaty Mt was agreed, by reckoning and counting the days
backward, that,' etc.
246, 2. quo die : as antecedent sc eo die before simulacrum ; and for
the order of clauses, cf. a quo , , , ab eoy 241, 17 f.
246, 5. conyertisse : in her own temple the statue of Minerva natu-
rally faced the entrance. The statue of Victory, which had been facing
the Minerva, now turned round towards the door.
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448 NOTES ON THE CIVIL WAR
246, 15. Chapter 106. Cypri: see on Corcyrae^ xga, 5.
246, 16. iter habere : -* was on his way/ — necessitudines res^um : < his
ties of friendship with the monarchs,' Ptolemy and Cleopatra ; see on
344, 19-
246, 18. qnam . . . iusserat: 243, 13 f.
246, 19. Achaia: see on 188, 26. During the siege of Pompey near
Dyrrachium Caesar had sent Fuiius Calenus (192, 15) into Achaia to
win it to his support.
246, 22. CC : ducenti. These two legions were greatly depleted.
For the size of Caesar's legions at the battle of Pharsalus, see on 237, 7.
246, 24. fatna: see on quibusy 97, 17. — auziliis: abl. of accompani-
ment; see on comitatu, 217, i.
246, 26. Pompei morte : the king's friends (see on 245, 3) thought to
please Caesar by bringing to him, as he landed, Pompey's head and
ring. But Caesar turned away in sorrow, and afterwards had the mur-
derers put to death. He was undoubtedly hoping to have the oppor-
tunity of pardoning Pompey, for he wrote home to his friends that the
greatest pleasure which his victory afforded him was the possibility of
repeatedly granting pardon to his fellow-citizens who had fought against
him (Plutarch, Life of Caesar y 48).
246, 29. fasces anteferrentm : as a military commander Caesar had
the ax bound up in the rods, symbolizing his absolute power. The
Egyptians, who remembered, too, that he had proposed in 65 B.C. mak-
ing their country a Roman province, resented this show of sovereignty
in their capital. — In hoc : < in this act.'
247, 5. Chapter 107. Pompeianis militibos : the soldiers who had
surrendered and received pardon (242, 12 ff.).
247, 6. etesiis : the prevailing winds during the summer in the eastern
Mediterranean.
247, 7. nayigantibos : cf. venientibus, 229, 26, and see note.
247, 8. regum: as in 246, 17.
247, II. superiore consulatu: in 59 B.C.
247, 12. societas: it was as a favor to Pompey that Caesar had this
recognition voted to Ptolemy Auletes, who was said to have paid over
17,000,000 for it. The oppression which the collection of this money
brought upon the people was avenged by the king's expulsion ; see on
Ptolomaeum, 189, 19. — placere, etc. : Caesar's desire to settle the succes-
sion to the throne before leaving Egypt involved him in the Alexandrine
War. See Introd. § 13.
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VOCABULARY
In the derivations of compound words the first part is given only when it is not evident from
the form of the compound ; for example, ad is given in the derivation of ACCedO, but not in
thatofadduco.
The sign + is used in the derivations of compounds only when the two words thus united
have grown together to form the compound : as acccdo is formed directly from ad 4- cedo.
In cases like acclivis, on the other hand, the sign + is not admissible ; for we have here not
the simple union of ad and CliTas, but of ad and an adjective form derived from clims.
Likewise acciiso is not a compound of ad and causa, but of ad and a verb form derived from
causa.
When a word that is used in explaining derivations is preceded by the abbreviation " cf./'
the vocabulary word is not derived from it, but both are descended from the same root or
stem ; for example, aditUS is not derived from the verb adeo, but both words come from the
foot i.
A hyphen signifies that the word to which it is attached is used only in composition.
Wor^ used in explaining derivations are translated unless they are defined in the vocabu-
lary immediately above or below.
abiSs, abietis, /, fir^ the tree or the
timber.
abscidG, abscfdere, abscidi, abscisus
[aba ( = ab) + caed6, cut\, cut off
or away,
absSna, absentis [part, of absum],
adj.^ absent^ in the absence of,
absimiliB, absimile [similis, like\
unlike,
absistG, absistere, abstiti, — [sistS,
place (one's self)], stand off, hold off,
abstineO, abstinere, abstinuT, absten-
tus [aba (=ab)+tene5, hold^,
abstain from, refrain from, spare,
abstrahG, abstrahere, abstraxi, abs-
tractus [aba (= ab) + traliG, draw,
drag\ draw or drag away,
absom, abesse, afui, afutunis [sum,
be^, be away, be absent, be distant; be
wanting OT lacking; a bell6 abeasei
take no part in war ; ndll longios
abesae quin, not to be farther away
than that; paoltun abease qain,
lack tittle of.
A. = Aulas, -T, m., a Roman prae-
nomen or given name.
&, ab [a is used only before conso-
nants, ab before vowels and some
consonants. Eng. of and off are
akin to ab], prep, with abl., from,
away from (cf. e, ex, out of) ; by ;
at, on, in ; initium capit a, begins
at; a millibtts passoain yiii, eight
miles away,
abdicd, -are, -avf, -atus [cf. died, say],
disown; dictatura 86 abdicare,
resign the dictatorship,
abdd, abdere, abdidi, abditus [d6,
put], put away, hide.
abduc5, abducere, abduxi, abductus
[dac5, lead], lead or take away,
carry off,
abed, abfre, abii, abiturus [ed, go], go
away, go.
abicid, abicere, abiecl, abiectus [iaci5,
throw], throw away, hurl.
MATH. CAESAR — 29
449
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4SO
VOCABULARY
abundd, -are, -avT, -Iturus [undd, rise
in waves'], over/low, be rich in,
abound,
abator, abuti, abusus [utor, use], use
up, waste.
ac, see atque.
Acam&nia, -ae, /, a country of
Greece, on the middle western
coast, south of Ambracia.
accSdd, accedere, access!, accessurus
[ad + cJt^h, go], approach, come up;
be inspired in ; be added; accedit
quod (lit., there is added the fact
that), accedit at (see on 89, 22),
furthermore,
accelerd, -are, -avl, -atus [ad +
celerG (from celer, swift), hasten],
hasten,
acceptas, -a, -um [part of accipid],
acceptable, popular,
accidd, accidere, accidi, — [ad + cad5,
fall], fall to or upon, fall ; befall,
happen (generally of misfortunes),
arise,
accidd, accidere, accTdi, accTsus [ad
-I- caedG, cut], cut into.
accipid, accipere, accepT, accept us
[ad + capid, take], take, accept,
receive ; incur, suffer ; learn, hear;
take, interpret; fama accipere,
hear of,
accliyis, acclive [ad, clivas, slope],
sloping, ascending,
accliyitas, acclivitatis [accliyis], /,
upward slope, ascent.
accommodatas, -a, -um [part, of ac-
COmmodd], adapted, appropriate,
accommodG, -are, -avi, atus [ad +
commodG, from commodas, fit],
put on, adjust,
accurate [acc&ratas, carefully made],
adv,, carefully; accoratias, too
carefully,
accarrd, accurrere, accurrf or accu-
curri, accursiirus [ad + carrd, run'\,
run to, hasten up,
accusO, -are, -avi, -atus [ad, caasa,
reason], {bring a reason against),
blame, accuse,
icerrime, sup. of icriter.
Achaia, -ae, /, Achaia ; see on z88,
26.
Achaicus, -a, -um, Achaian,
Achill&s, -ae, f«., an Egyptian, com-
mander of the king's army, one of
Pompey*s murderers,
acies, aciei (also gen. aci§), /, line
of battle, army (in line of battle) ;
see Introd. § 46.
Acilius, Aclli, m,, a Roman gentile or
clan name. Manius Acilius Gla-
brio, a lieutenant of Caesar in the
Civil War.
acriter [acer, sharp], adv,, sharply,
vigorously, fiercely,
actoarius, -a, -um [actas, a driving,
cf. ag6, drive], (driven), swift'Sail"
ing, propelled by both oars and
sails,
ictas, part, of agd.
Acatius, Acutf, m,, a Roman gentile
or clan name. Acutius Rufus, a
follower of Pompey in the Civil
War.
acatas, -a, -um [part o{ dxx^,sharpen],
sharpened, sharp,
a.d. = ante diem; see on 55, 5.
h^,prep. with ace, to, toward, against,
until, up to ; near, among, at, on ;
for, with reference to, according to,
for the sake of; with numerals, when
it is sometimes an cuh., about, tO'
ward,
adaequd, -are, -avT, -atus [aeqnS, make
equal], make equal to, make cu high
as; be equal to, equal; conum
adaeqa&re, keep up with,
adauged, adaugere, adausd, adauctus
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451
[aageO, increase]^ increase by add-
ing,
Adbucillas, -i, m., a leading citizen
of the Allobroges.
add5, addere, addidf, additus [d5,
/«/]. add,
adducO, adducere, adduxi, adductus
[dfic5, lead\ lead or bring to ; pull
(toward one) ; prompt, prevail upon,
persuade.
ademptos, part, of adimd.
aded, adire, adii, aditus [t^,go'], go to,
approach, come near ; visit; attack.
aded [e5, thither^, adv., to that point;
so, to such a degree, so much.
adferd, adferre, attiUi, adlatus [fer5,
bring"], bring to, bring, bring for-
ward, allege ; bring about, cause.
adficid, adBcere, adfeci, adfectus [fa-
ci6, do], do to, affect; visit with, Jill
with, afflict with.
adfigd, adfigere, adfixi, adfixus [fig5,
fix], fasten to.
adfinitas, adfinitltis [adfinis, border-
ing], f, relationship by marriage,
alliance.
adflictd, -are, -avf, -atus [freq. of ad-
fllgd], dcuh to pieces, wreck,- damage.
adfligd, adfligere, adflixi, adflfctus
[flfgd, strike], strike against, dam-
age; throw doiun.
adfore = adfutunun esse, fut. infin.
of adsum.
adgerd, adgerere, adgessi, adgestus
[ger5, carry], bring up, add.
adgredior, adgredi, adgressus [gra-
dior, step], approach, go against,
attack ; begin (cf. ingredior).
adgregS, -are, -avT, -atus [gregd, from
grex, fiock], unite in a flock; se
adgregare, gather round, attach
themselves to.
adhibed, adhibere, adhibui, adhibitus
[habed, have], bring in or with, ad-
mit ; employ, use ; principibus adhi-
bitis, bringing their chiefs with
them.
adbortor, -arf, -Situs [hortor, urge],
urge, encourage.
adhuc [ad, to, + hflc, hither; cf. the
similar pleonasm in Eng. from
whence], adv., as yet, up to this
time.
Adiatonniis, -T, m., a chief of the
Sotiates.
adicid, adicere, adiecT, adiectus [iacid,
throw], throw to, throw up (of a
siege mound against fortifications) ;
set near, add; adlecti planitiS, with
a plain adjacent.
adigd, adigere, adegi, adactus [ag5,
drive], drive to; drive home (of
piles); throw to the mark (of
weapons).
adimd, adimere, ademi, ademptus
[em6, take], {take to one's self),
take away, cut off.
aditus, -us [cf. aded, go to], m., ac-
cess, approach ; means of access or
of approach; mercatdribus est adi-
tus, traders are admitted; aditum
dSfttgere, avoid meeting them,
adiungd, adiungere, adiunxT, adiunc-
tus [iungd, join], join to, annex ;
adiunctis Sleatetis, with the Eleu-
teti added,
adiutor, adiutoris [cf. adiayd], m.,
assistant
adiuv5, adiuvare, adiuvi, adiutus
[iuv6, help]y help, aid, support.
adlfdd, adlldere, adllsT, adlisus [laedd,
injure], dash against,
administer, administr! [minister, ai
tendant], m., assistant,
administrd, -are, -avf, -atus [ministrd,
attend], manage, superintend, con-
trol, execute, attend to; administra-
torn est, the order was executed.
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admiror, -irT, -fttus [miror, wonder},
wonder at, be surprised, admire.
admisceS, admiscere, admiscui, ad-
mixtus [misoed, mix], mix wilk,
add.
admittd, admittere, admfol, admissus
[mittd, send], let go; eqa5 ad-
missd, with his horse on the gallop,
at full speed: with or without in aS,
he guilty of, commit.
admodom [ad modum, to the (full)
measure], adv., very, exceedingly,
greatly.
admonitua, -us [cf. admoiia5, advise'\,
m., advice, suggestion.
admoyed, admoyere, admovi, admd-
tus [mOYeO, move], bring up.
adndf adnare, adnavf, — [n5, sivim],
swtm to,
adolSscO, adolescere, adolevi, adultus
[oliscdy grow], grow up (to matur-
ity).
adorior, adorfrf, adortus [orior, rise],
(rise against), attach unexpectedly,
fall upon.
adrog&na, adrogantis [part, of adrogd,
claim], adj., assuming, arrogant.
adrogantia, -ae [adrogans], /, arro-
gance.
adsdacd, adsclscere, adsciv!, adscftus
[seised, decree], tahe to one's self by
decree, adopt.
adserrS, -ire, -avi, -atus [servd,
save], watch over, guard,
adsiduus, -a, -um [cf. sedeO, sit],
{sitting by), continuous, constant,
permanent.
adsistd, adsistere, adstiti, — [slstd,
place (one's self)], stand by, tahe a
position near; in cOnspectfi adsis-
tere, appear in the presence of
adsnSfacid, adsuefacere, adsueficT,
adsuefactus [cf. adsaesc5, facid,
make], accustom, habituate.
adsnSsc5, adsnescere, adsuSvT, adsue-
tus [snSscd, get used], get used, be-
come accustomed.
adsnm, adesse, adfuf, adfuturus [snm»
be], be near or present or cU hand^
be here or there.
adulSscins, adulescentis [part, of
adolSsco], adj., young; as subst.,
young man,
adttlSscentia, -ae [adulSscSns], /,
youth,
adnlSsoentttlns, -i [dim. of adulSa-
cSns], m,, a mere boy.
advenid, advenlre, advenl, adventQrus
[venid, come], come to, arrive,
adyentus, -fis [cf. adyeniO], m,, com-
ing, arrival.
adyers&rius, -a, -um [adyersns, part
of adyertd], opposed, unfavorable;
m. as subst., opponent, enemy.
adyersns, -a, -um [part, of adyertd],
{turned to or against), facing, oppo-
site ; unfavorable, adverse ; ady ersd
coUe, uphill; adyersO flfimine, up
stream ; adyersi nocte, in the face
of night; rSs adyersae, misfortune.
adyersns [part, of adyertd, cf. rfir-
sns], prep, with ace, against.
adyertd, advertere, advert!, adyersus
[yertd, turn], turn to; animnm
adyertere ( = animadyertere), ob-
serve, notice.
adyocd, -are, -ayf, -atus [yocd, calf],
call, summon.
adyold, -are, -ayf, -aturus [yold, fly],
fly to, rush upon.
ad3rta, -orum, »., pi., a Greek word
for innermost sanctuary, holy of
holies ; not to be translated in 246,
10.
aedificinm, aediBcI [cf. aedificd], n.,
building.
aedificd, -are, -avT, -atus [aedds,
house, cf. facid, make], build.
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VOCABULARY
453
aedilit&8, aedTlitatis [aedilis, aediUy
a commissioner of public works,
etc.], /, aediUship,
aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick.
Aeginium, Aegini, n., a city of east-
ern Epirus, near the Thessalian
frontier.
aegre [aeger], adv,, with difficulty,
hardly; sup. aegerrimS, vnth the
greatest difficulty,
Aegyptius, -a, -um, Egyptian.
Aegyptus, -!, /, Egypt, bequeathed
to Rome in 8i B.C., but remaining
virtually independent until 47 B.C.,
when Caesar established Roman
supremacy.
Aemilius, Aemill, m,, Lucius Aemi-
liuSf a decurion in Caesar's Gallic
cavalry.
aeqoaliter [aeqnalis, equal '\, ach.,
evenly, uniformly,
aeque [aequas], adv,, equally.
aequinoctium, aequinocti [aeqaua,
equal; noz, night'], n,, equinox.
aequitaa, aequitatis [aequus], /,
evenness; animi aequitas, content-
ment,
aequ5, -are, -avi, -atus [aeqaus],
make equal, equaliu.
aeqaus, -a, -um, even, level; favora-
ble; fair, just; evenly matched;.
aequ5 animd, calmly^ patiently,
aeraria, -ae [f. of aerarius, of copper],
f, copper mine.
aes, aeris, n,, copper ; bronze, an alloy
of copper and tin; aes aliSnum,
debt {^another's money).
aest&8, aestatis [cf. aestus], /, sum-
mer,
aestimitid, aestimationis [aeatimd],
/, valuation, appraisal,
aestimd, -are, -avT, -atus [aes,
money], determine the {money)
value of, rate.
aestnariom, aestuarl [aestns], n,,
marsh (land overflowed by tidc-
^ water).
aestos, -us, m,, heat; boiling, tide;
pi., hot weathei', heat,
aetas, aetatis, /, age^ time of life, of
youth or old age.
aetemus, -a, -um, eternal, everlasting,
Aetdlia, -ae, /., a country of central
Greece.
Afranias, Afranf, m,, a Roman gentile
or clan name. Lucius Afranius, in
command, with Petreius, of the
Pompeian forces in Spain at the
beginning of the Civil War. After
their defeat at Ilerda, 49 B.C., they
were pardoned by Caesar, but both
joined Pompey in Macedonia.
Africa, -ae, /, Africa; see on 170, I.
Africanas, -a, -um, African,
Africus, -a, -um, African; m. as
subst. (sc. ventus, wind), the south-
west wind, blowing to Italy from
Africa.
afni, perf. of absnin.
ager, agri [akin to Eng. acre], m,,
cultivated land, field, territory,
country; agri cultiira, cultivation
of the soil, agriculture,
agger, aggeris [ad., cf. gert, carry],
m,, {that which is carried to), ma-
terials for a rampart or for filling
a trench, rubbish, earth; rampart;
earthwork, embankment; siege
mound, see Introd. § 47.
agmen, agminis [ag5, put in motion],
n,, army on the march, marching
troops, column; noTissimom ag-
men, rear (the part that passes
last) ; primom agmen, van; in
agmlne, on the march ; see Introd.
§45-
ag5, agere, eg!, Sctus, drive; do, act,
transact; bring up (siege sheds,
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454
VOCABULARY
etc.) ; extend (mines) ; agere dS,
treat for, discuss, talk about; agere
cum, treat witA, address; quid
agitur, wAat is going on f gr&tias
agere, thank,
alacer, alacris, alacre, quick, eager,
alacritas, alacritatis [alacer], /,
readiness, eagerness, spirit,
albus, -a, -urn, white,
alces, alcis,/, elk,
Alesia, -ae, /, principal city of the
Mandubii, round which was centred
the most decisive struggle of the
Gallic War, 52 B.C. The name sur-
vives in the modern Alise-Sainte-
Reine,
Alexandria, -ae, /, Alexandria, in
Egypt ; founded by Alexander the
Great in 332 B.C., it soon became
the most important commercial and
literary centre of the world. Its
famous library was seriously dam-
aged in the war between Caesar
and the king, 47 B.C.
alias [ace. pi. of alius, another ; sc.
yicSs, turns'], adv,, at another time ;
alias . . . alias, at one time , , , at
another,
aliSnitid, alienatidnis [aliSnd, trans-
fer to another], f, loss of allegiance,
alienus, «, -um [alius], another's;
unfavorable, disadvantageous; un-
suitable, out of place; alienus a
with abl., unfavorable to, disloyal to,
ali5 [old dat. of alios; cf. e5dem,
to the same place], adv,, to another
place, elsewhere,
aliquamdifi [ace. of aliqnf + dia,/»r
a long time], adv,, for some time,
some time,
aliqnandd [ali- (of alius) + quandd,
when], adv., at some time, at length,
aliquantd [abl. of aliquantos], adv.,
somewhat, considerably.
ali^uantus, -a, -urn [ali- (of alios)
+ qoantos, how great], consider-
able; aliqoantom itineris, some
distance,
aliqof, -qua, -quod [ali- (of alios) +
qui, any], indef, adj, pron,, some^
some , , , or other (less indefinite
than any),
aliquis, -qua, -quid [ali- (of alios) -f-
qois, anybody], indef subst, pron,,
somebody, something (less indefinite
than anybody, anything, although
these meanings occur sometimes) ;
aliqoid c5nsiH, some degree of dis-
cretion,
aliqoot [ali- (of alios) + qoot, hew
many], adj,, indecl., some, several ;
not implying many.
aliter [cf. alios], adv,, otherwise, dif-
ferently; aliter sS habere ac, be
different from what,
alios, -a, -ud, another, other, different,
else; alios . . . alios, one . . . an-
other ; alii . . . alii, some , . . others;
legidnes aliae alia in parte, sonte
in one place, some in another; alios
alii, one to one, another to another ;
alios atqoe or ac, different from,
Cf. alter, also cSteri and reliqoos.
Allobroz, Allobrogis, m,, one of the
Allobroges, a Gallic people in the
northeastern part of the Roman
Transalpine Province, subject to
Rome since 121 B.C. PI. AUobro-
g6s, -um, ace. -es or -as, the Allob-
roges,
al5, alere, aluT, altus, nourish, in-
crease, feed, support, maintain,
keep, raise,
Alpes, Alpium,/, pi., the Alps,
alter, altera, alterum, the other, an-
other (of two), the second (of two
or more), the tuxt; either one;
alter . . . alter, one , . , the other.
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VOCABULARY
455
pLy one party , . . the other, Cf.
aUos.
altercor, -in, -atus [cf. alter], dis-
pute,
alteniter, -tra, -trum [alter nter, the
other of two ; which one f], indef,
eulj,t either (of two),
altitadd, altitudinis [tlta^^, f,, height,
depth; thickness,
altum, •! [n. of altus], ft., the deep,
sea, deep water,
altns, -a, -um [part of «15, nourish'\,
{grown) high, tall; looked at from
the top, deep,
alfita, -ae, /, soft leather, prepared
with alum (alomen).
Amantia, -ae, /, a town in Epirus
southeast of Oricum.
Amantini, -arum, m,, pi., the people
of Amantia.
ambactas, -i, m,, dependent, vassal,
Ambarri, -drum, m,, pi., a Celtic
tribe on both sides of the Sa8ne
(Arar), closely related to the Hae-
dui.
AmbiJLni, -drum, m,, pi., a tribe on
the western part of the coast of
Belgium, whose name survives in
Amiens (the ancient Samarobriva).
Ambibarii, -orum, m,, pi., a tribe on
the northwestern coast of Gaul.
Ambiliati, -orum, m,, pi., a Celtic
tribe south of the Loire (Liger).
ambitus, -us [cf. ambid, go round],
m,, going round asking for votes,
usually implying bribery ; bribery,
Ambivareti, -orum, m., pi., a Celtic
tribe on the western bank of the
upper I^ire (Liger), dependents
of the IJaedui.
Ambivariti, -orum, m,, pi., a tribe of
northeastern Belgium, on the west
bank of the Meuse (Mosa).
ambO, -ae, -5, both.
amic< [arnicas], adv,, in a friendly
manner, kindly,
amicitia, -ae [jud1c\ib], f, friendship,
amicus, -a, -um [cf. am5, love],
friendly, well-disposed; m. as subst,,
friend.
imittd, amittere, amisi, amissus
[mittd, send], send away, let go,
lose,
amor, amdris [cf. am5, love], m,, love,
Amphipolis, -is,/, an important com-
mercial city of eastern Macedonia,
formerly a colony of Athens.
Ampius, AmpI, m,, a Roman gentile
or clan name. Titus Ampius Bai-
bus, a friend of Pompey and bitter
opponent of Caesar.
amplified, -are, -ivf, -fttus [ampius,
cf. facid, make], extend, increase,
amplit&d5, amplitudinis [ampius],
/, extent, site,
amplius [comp. of ampli, largely],
adv,, more, further; sup. amplis-
simS, most liberally.
ampius, -a, -um, of large extent, great ;
distinguished, illustrious; splen-
did; amplius, n. comp. as subst.,
more,
an, conj., used only in questions, or,
AnartSs, -ium, m,, pi., a tribe in
Dacia.
AncalitSs, -um, m,, pi., a British
tribe.
anceps, ancipitis [an- (= ambi-,
round), caput, head], adj,, {hav-
ing a head on both sides), double;
anceps proelium, battle of two
fronts (of an army facing in two
directions).
ancora, -ae, /, anchor ; in ancoris,
ad ancoras, ad ancoram, at anchor,
AndSs, -ium, m,, pi., a Celtic people
north of the Loire (Liger), whose
name survives in the modern Anjou,
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AndrostbeiiSs, -is, m^ a militaiy goy-
ernor of Thessaly.
infractns, -us [an- (=ambi-,
round), cf. frangd, ^eaJk"}, m,,
winding (of a road).
angulus, -1, m.» corner, angle,
angnstS [angustus], adv,, narrowly,
closely; barely,
anguatiae, -ariun [anguatna], /, pi
{narrows), narrow pass; straits,
difficulties ; scarcity ; with or with-
out loci, narrow quarters, tight
place,
angnatua, -a, -um [cf. angor, a stran-
gling^ narrow, contracted; scanty ;
rea eat in angnatd, the situation is
critical,
anima, -ae [cf. animna], /, breath;
soul,
animadyeraiG, animadversidnis [cf.
animadyertd], /., taking action
(mild for punishment),
animadyertd, animadyertere, animad-
yerti, animadyersus [animum ad-
Tertd, turn the mind to"], turn the
mind to, attend to, take action
against (mild for punish) ; notice,
observe,
animal, anim^lis [anima], n., living
thing, animal (including man).
animna, -i [cf. anima], mind, heart;
feelings, character, spirit, courage ;
aninu cauaa, for amusement; ani-
mi magnitfidd, nobility of purpose,
annOtinna, -a, -um [cf. annna], of the
year before, Icut year's,
annna, •!, m,, year,
annuna, -a, -um [annna], of a year,
yearly, annual.
Anqnillaria, -ae, /, a seaport in
Africa on the eastern side of the
Gulf of Carthage.
ftnaer, anseris, m., ^v^x/.
aitte, ( i) 0^. of place or time, before.
previously; (2) prep, with acc^ of
place or time, before, in front of,
antea [ante ea, before this^, adv,^
before, previously,
antecedd, antecedere, antecessi, ante-
cessus [ced5, go'], go before or ahead
of, get the start, arrive before; take
precedence of, excel, surpass; mul-
tom antecSdere, get a long lead,
anteferO, anteferre, antetuli, ante-
latus [ferO, carry\, carry before ;
place before; nter alter! anteferre-
tnr, as to which was the better
man,
antemna, -ae,/, yard (for sails).
antep5n5, anteponere, anteposuf, an-
tepositus [p5n5, put^ put before,
give precedence,
antengnanua, -! [ante aigntmi, before
the standard^ m,, originally a sol-
dier of the first line, Bghting in
front of the standards ; in Caesar's
army, a skirmisher, belonging to a
body of picked men attached to
each legion ; see on 226, 25.
AntiochenaSa, -ium, m,, pi., the people
of Antioch.
Antiochia, -ae, /, Antioch, capital of
the Greek kingdom of Syria, given
its independence by Pompey in
64 B.C. ; an early centre of Christi-
anity, the name of Christian being
first used there {Acts 1 1, 26).
Antiochua, •!, m,, king of Conmiagene,
a supporter of Pompey in the Civil
War.
antiqnitna [antiqnna], adv., long ago,
of old, in ancient times, from an-
cient times.
antiqnna, -a, -um [cf. ante], former,
ancient, old,
Antiatins, •!, m., a Roman gentile or
clan name. Gaius Antistius Regi'
nuSf one of Caesar's lieutenants.
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VOCABULARY
457
Antdniiniia, -a, -am, of An/onius,
Antonys*
Antdnius, Antdm, m., a Roman gen-
tile or clan name. . (i) Mark
Antony, a lieutenant of Caesar in the
Gallic and the Civil Wars. He was
a member of the second triumvirate,
and shared with Octavian the rule
of the Roman world. His defeat
off Actium, in 31 B.C., left Octavian
sole ruler. (2) Gaius Antonius,
see on 189, 9.
Ap. = Appias, AppT, m,, a Roman
praenomen or given name.
aperid, aperire, aperui, apertus, un-
cover, open,
aperte [apertus], adv,, openly, mani-
festly.
apertuB, -a, -um [part of aperid], ex-
posed, open,
Apoll5, Apollinis, m., a Greek deity,
early adopted by the Romans. He
was the god of light and healing,
and the patron of prophecy, music,
and poetry.
Apolldnia, -ae,/, a large and impor-
tant Greek city in the province of
Macedonia, allied with Rome since
229 B.C. ; see also on 190, 3.
Apolldniates, -ium, m., pL, the people
of Apollonia.
apparatus, -us [appar5, prepare^, m.,
equipments, including engines of
war and materials of every sort.
appellatid, appellatidnis [appelld,
call'\, f, addressing, accosting,
appelld, -are, -avi, -atus, call, name,
address, accost,
appelld, appellere, appulT, appulsus
[ad + pell5, drive'\, bring in shore
(of ships) ; navSs appelluntar,
ships come to land; mil., land,
appetd, appetere, appetivi or appetii,
appetitus [ad -h pet5, seek"], seek
for; strike at; approach^ bt cU
hand.
applied, -are, -avi or -uT, -atus [ad +
plicO, fold\ attach; sS applic&re
ad, lean against.
app5nd, apponere, apposuT, appositus
[ad + p6nd, put], put beside, set
near,
apportd, -are, -avf, -atus [ad + portd,
carry], carry to, bring.
appropinqud, -are, -avi, -aturus [ad
+ propinqud, from propinquus,
near], approach, come near, draw
near,
appulsus, part, of appelld.
Apr. = Aprilis, Aprfle, adj,, of April,
Apsus, -1, m., a river of southwestern
Macedonia, emptying into the Io-
nian Sea just north of Apollonia.
aptus, -a, 'Mm, fitted, suitable.
apud, prep, with ace, at, among, in,
with, at the house or quarters of, be'
fore (in the presence of) ; apud
Caesarem in hondre tsat, be hon-
ored by Caesar,
Apulia, -ae,/, a fertile district on the
Adriatic coast of south central Italy.
aqua, -ae,/, water,
aquatid, aquationis [aquor], /, get'
ting water,
aquila, -ae, /, eagle; a silver or
bronze eagle on a staff was the
standard of the Roman legion ;
see Introd. § 40.
Aquileia, -ae, /, a city of Cisalpine
Gaul ; see on 57, 27.
aquilifer, aquiliferl [aquila, cf. ferd,
bear], m., eagle-bearer, the standard-
bearer of a legion, corresponding to
the color-sergeant of a regiment ;
see Introd. § 40.
Aquitania, -ae, /, the country of
the Aquitanians, in southwestern
Gaul.
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Aqnitftnas, -I, m,, an AqMitanian^ a
native of southwestern Gaul between
the Garonne (Garumna) and the
Pyrenees; pi., the Aquitani or
Aquiianians,
aquor, -arf, -atus [aqua], get water,
Arar, Araris, ace. Ararim, m., the
Sa6ne, a river of eastern Gaul, flow-
ing into the Rhone,
arbiter, arbitrl, w., eye-witness; ap-
praiseVy umpire,
arbitritim, arbitr! [arbiter], n., wiU^
decision^ jtui^ment ; authority,
arbitror, -ari, -atus [arbiter], {state
on^s belief as a witness) ^ think, sup-
pose, believe; with pass, force, be
thought, 190, 25.
arbor, arboris, /, tree,
arcessd, arcessere, arcessivf, arcessitus,
send for, summon, call in,
arded, ardere, arsi, arsurus, be afire,
burn,
ardaua, -a, -um, steep, high ; difficult,
Aremoricna, -a, -um, Aremorican, of
the states on the northwestern coast
of Gaul,
argentnm, -1, «., silver ; silverware,
aridus, -a, -um [cf. ired, be dry^, dry;
n. as subst,, dry land.
ariSs, arietis, m,, ram; battering
ram; buttress, prop,
AriobarxinSs, -is, m,, king of Cappa-
docia.
Ariovistos, -I, m,, a German chief,
defeated by Caesar in Gaul, 58 B.C. ;
see p. 249.
anna, -orum, n, {things fitted to the
body), arms, armor, equipment.
armimenta, -orum [arm5, equip'}, n,,
pi., tackle, rigging,
armit^a, -ae [ann5], /, armor,
equipment; troops; levis arm&-
turae pedites, light infantry,
armd, -are, -avi, -atus [arma], arm^
equip; perf. part. pi. as subst^
armed men,
BXB, artis,/, skill; art, science,
arte [artus, close}, adv., closely,
articnlna, -I [dim. of artus, joint'],
m,, joint,
artificium, artifici [artifez, artificer},
n,, trade,
Aryemus, -a, -um, Arvemian; m.
pi. as subst,, the Arverni, one of the
most powerful tribes'bf Gaul, on the
headwaters of the Allier (EUaver)
and touching the northern boun-
dary of the Province.
arx, arcis, /, stronghold, fortress^
citadel,
ascendd, ascendere, ascend!, asc€nsas
[ad + scandd, climb}, climb, as-
cend, scale, mount,
aacinsus, -us [cf. aacendd], m,, as-
cent, ascending, means of ascent,
Asia, -ae, /., the Roman province of
Asia, organized in 129 B.C. from
the kingdom of Pergamus, which
was bequeathed to Rome in 133
B.C. by Attalus III. It comprised
the districts of Mysia, Lydia, Caria,
and Phrygia.
Asiiticus, -a, -um, Asiatic,
Asparagiom, Asparag!, n,, a town on
the Genusus, half-way between
Dyrrachium and Apollonia.
aspectus, -iis [cf. aspicid, look at},
m,, appearance; sight,
asper, aspera, asperum, rough, wild,
at, conj,, but, yet,
Athaminia, -ae,/, a district of south-
eastern Epirus.
AthSnae, -arum, /, pi., Athens, prin-
cipal city of the province of Achaia.
In Caesar's time it was still famous
as a centre of philosophical study.
atque [ad + que, and to the fore-
going], conj,, and, and besides, and
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VOCABULARY
459
furthermore ; as, than ; contrft at-
qae, contrary to what; alius atque,
different from, other than. Before
consonants ac is often used ; this is
formed from atqae, like nee from
neqae, by syncope of tinal e.
Atrebas, Atrebatis, adj,, Atrebatian;
m. pi. as stibst,, the Atrebates, a tribe
of Belgic Gaul west of the Nervii.
Atrius, A'rT, m., a Roman gentile or
clan name. Quintus Atrius, in
command of Caesar's camp on the
coast of Britain, 54 B.C.
attenud, -are, avi, -atus [ad+ tenud
(cf. tenuis), make Mm], reduce^
weaken,
Attiinus, -a, -um, of Attius,
attingd, attingere, attig!, attactus [ad
+ tangd, touch'}, touch, border on;
reach, extend to,
Attius, Atti, m,, a Roman gentile or
clan name ; see V&rus.
attribud, attribuere, attribui, at-
tributus [ad + tribu5, assign}, as-
sign, allot.
attuli, perf. of adferd.
Atuatuci, -orum, m., pi., a tribe of
Belgic Gaul east of the Nervii.
auctor, auctoris [cf. auged], m,, pro-
moter, adviser, source (of a report).
auctdritas, auctoritatis [auctor], /,
influence, reputation, prestige ; ex-
ample,
audacia, -ae [audaz, bold], f,, bold-
ness, daring.
audacter [audlLz, bold}, adv,, boldly,
auded, audere, ausus sum, semi-dep,,
dare, venture.
audid, audire, audlvl, auditus, hear,
listen to, hear of
auditid, audltionis [audid], /, hear-
ing! report.
auged, augere, auxf, auctns, increase,
add to ; exaggerate.
Attlerd, -orum, m,, pi., a people of
several branches in Celtic Gaul.
(i) Aulerci Sburovices, in the
north, south of the lower Seine
(Sequana). (2) Aulerci Branno-
▼ices, south of the Haedui, to whom
they were subject. (3) Aulerci
Cenomani, in the northwest, south
of Aremorica.
aura, -ae,/, breeze.
aureus, -a, -urn [aunun, gold}, of
gold, gold,
auriga, -ae [cf. aurea, bridle, and
ag6, drive}, m., charioteer, driver.
auiis, auris,/., ear.
Aurunculeius, AurunculeT, m., a Ro-
man gentile or clan name; see
CotU.
Ausci, -drum, m., pi., a tribe of east-
em Aquitania.
auster, austri, m., south wind,
aut, conj,, or; aut . . . aut, either
. . , or,
autem, conj,, but ; moreover,
autUQinus, -!, m., autumn.
auziliaris, auxiliare [auzilium],
auxiliary; m. pi. as subst., auxili-
aries (=auxilia).
auzilior, -ari, -atus [auzilium], ren-
der aid, help.
auzilium, auxili [cf. auged], n,, aid,
assistance, resource; auzili causa,
as a reenforcement ; pi., auxiliary
troops (light-armed infantry fur-
nished by allied and subject states),
reenforcements,
Ayaricdnsis, -e, of Avaricum.
Ayaricum, -1, n., principal town of
the Bituriges, now Bourges,
iyertd, avertere, Sverti, aversus
[yertd, turn}, turn away or aside;
alienate ; with or without domum,
appropriate; tLYeraua, turned away,
in the rear; ayersum hostem, an
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VOCABULARY
enemy turned in flight; iyeni cir-
camTeniantur, they are surrounded
in the rear*
avis, avis,/, bird.
ayas, -i, w., grandfather.
B
Bacnlns, -1, see Seztins.
Bagrada, -ae, m., the principal river
of the province Africa, now the
Medjerda.
Balbus, -i, /»., a Roman family name.
Cornelius BalbuSy a follower of Cae-
sar in the Civil War.
1>alteii8, -1, m., belty passing over the
left shoulder and supporting the
sword on the right side.
barbanis, -a, -um, foreign, of the
natives; uncivilized, barbarous;
m. pi. as subst., savages, barbarians,
natives,
Baailos, -!, //i.,a Roman family name;
see Minacina.
Bativi, -drum, m., pi., the Batavi or
Batavians, occupying the islands
formed by the mouths of the Rhine.
Belgae, -arum, m., pi., the Belgae or
Belgians, inhabiting the district be-
tween Celtic Gaul and the lower
Rhine. They were of mixed Celtic
and German stock.
Belgiam, Belgi, n„ the country of the
Belgae, in northeastern Gaul.
bellicdsus, -a, -um \\it\h.c\iB], fond of
war, warlike,
bellicua, -a, -um [bellom], of war,
in war; Porta Bellica, the War
Gate, one of the gates of Utica.
bell5, -are, -avi, -aturus [bellom],
wage war, carry on war,
Bellovaci, -drum, m,, pi., a powerful
tribe of southwestern Belgium.
The name survives in Beauvais,
bellom, -i [old duellnm, from dno,
two; "it takes two to make a
quarrel "], »., war, campaign,
warfare,
bene [cf. homiB,good'\, comp. melius,
sup. optimS, adv,, well, successfully,
beneficiiriiis, beneBciari [benefi-
ciom], m,, favorite, a soldier who
had received, by the favor of the
commander, exemption from hard
and disagreeable tasks.
beneficium, benefici [beneficus, ^^n-
erous\, n,, favor, service, kindness,
beneyolentia, -ae [benevolSiis (bene
-I- part, of void, wish), well-wish-
i^\ /. good-will,
Bessi, -drum, m., pL, a tribe in west-
em Thrace.
Bibracte, Bibractis, n,, chief town of
the Haedui, on the hill now called
Mont Beuvray.
Bibroci, -orum, m., pi., a British tribe.
Bibnlus, -1, m,, a Roman family name.
Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, ad-
miral of Pompey*s fleet in the Civil
War ; see also on 190, 1 1.
bidniim, b!du! [bi-, akin to dno (cf.
bellnm), cf. diSs, day\ n., two days,
bienninm, bienni [bi-, akin to dno
(cf. bellnm), annns, year!, n,, a
period of two years,
BigerridnSs, -um, m,, pi., a tribe of
southern Aquitania. The name
survives in the modem Bigorre,
binl, -ae, -a [bi-, akin to dno (cf.
bellnm)], distr, num,, two each,
two at a time, in pairs ; with nouns
which are used only in the pi., ttoo,
bipedalis, bipedaie [bi-, akin to dno
(cf. bellnm), ^B,foot'\, two feet in
thickness.
bipertitO [bi-, akin to dno (cf. bel-
lnm), + part, of partior, divide"],
adv., in two divisions.
birSmis, biremis [bi-, akin to dno
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461
(cf. bellum), rSmus, oar], /,
biremgf a galley with two banks of
oars ; cf. triremis.
bis [akin to duo, cf. bellum], num,
adv.t twice.
Bithynia, -ae, /, a district of Asia
Minor, on the shore of the Black
Sea, bequeathed to Rome in 74 B.C.,
and organized with western Pontus
as a province by Pompey in 65 B.C.
Bituriges, -um, m., pi., a Celtic tribe
of central Gaul, west of the Haedui.
Bodaognatns, -i, m.^ a chieftain of
the Nervii.
BoeOtia, -ae, /, a district of Achaia
(Greece) lying north of Attica.
Bdi, Boiorum, dat. and abl. Bois, ace.
Boios, /«., pi., a Celtic people, from
whose name Bohemia is derived.
A part of them settled in the Hae-
duan country between the Allier
(Elaver) and the Loire (Liger).
bonitas, bonitatis [bonus], /, good-
ness ; fertility,
bonum, -1 [n. of bonus], »., good,
advantage^ blessing; pi., goods, pos-
sessions.
bonus, -a, -um, comp. melior, sup.
optimus, good, kindly, useful,
bOs, bo vis, gen. pi., bourn, m, and f,
ox, cow.
bracchinm, bracchl, n., arm.
BrannoYices, -um, m., pi., see Anlerci.
brevi [abl. of brevis], adv., in a short
time, soon.
brevis, breve, short, brief,
brevitas, brevitatis [Xnevis], f, short-
ness,
Britanni, Britannorum, m., pi., the
Britons, natives of Britain.
Britannia, -ae, /, Britain, Hrst visited
by Romans, under Caesar, 55 and
54 B.C.
biiima, -ae [for breyuma, old sup. of
brevis, sc. diSs, day"], /, the winUr
solstice,
Brundisinus, -a, -um, of Brundisium,
Brundisium, Brundisi, n., a Tarentine
colony on the southeastern coast of
Italy, which came under Roman
control in the third century B.C.,
and was thenceforth one of the prin-
cipal naval stations of Italy. It
was the southern terminus of the
Appian Way, and was then, as it is
now, the port of departure for
Greece and the East. The name is
preserved in the modern Brindisi,
Briitus, -T, m., a famous Roman family
name. Decimus Junius Brutus
Albinus, an able lieutenant of Cae-
sar in the Gallic and the Civil Wars;
see also on 88, 9.
bucinator, bucinatoris, m,, bugler, who
gave the signals for the change of
sentries during the night.
Biithrotum, -i, n,, a town of Epirus
opposite northern Corcjrra, now
Butrinto,
Byllidenses, -ium, m,, pi., the people
of Byllis.
Byllis, -id is, /, a town southeast of
Apollonia.
C. = Gaius, Gil, m., a Roman prae-
nomen or given name.
C = centum, hundred; CC = ducenti;
CCC = trecenti ; CCCC = quadrin-
genti ; CX = centum decem.
cacumen, cacuminis, n., point, top,
cadaver, cadaveris [cf. cadd], n.,
corpse.
cad5, cadere, cecidT, casurus, fall;
be killed ; fall out, happen,
Cadurci, -drum, m., pi., a small tribe
of southwestern Gaul, dependents
of the Arverni.
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VOCABULARY
caedes, caedis [cf. caed5],/., murder ^
carnage ^ massacre,
caedd, caedere, cecid!, caesus, cut^ cut
down,
caelestis, caeleste [caelum, heaven\
heavenly ; m. pi. as subst., the gods,
caeruleus, -a, -um [for caeluleus, from
caelum, sky], dark blue.
Caesar, Caesaris, m., a Roman family
name, (i) Julius Caesar; see
Introd. §§ I ff. (2) Lucius Ju-
lius Caesar, a partisan of Pompey
during the Civil War ; see also on
170, 9.
caespes, caespitis, m,, sod, turf,
calamitas, calamitatis, /, disaster,
misfortune, damage.
Calenus, •!, m,, a Ruman -family
name. Quintus Fufius Calenus, a
political supporter of Caesar, and
one of his lieutenants in the last
year of the Gallic campaign and
throughout the Civil War.
Caletes, -um, or Caleti, -drum, m,,
pi., a coast tribe at the mouth of
the Seine (Sequana).
callidus, -a, -um [cf. calle5, be ex-
perienced], experienced, shrewd.
dil5, calonis, m,, soldier's servant.
campester, campestris, campestre
[campus], of or in the plain,
campus, -f, m., plain, field, '
Candayia, -Z!t,f,, a mountainous dis-
trict east of Dyrrachium.
Caninius, Canlnl, m,, a Roman gen-
tile or clan name. Gaius Cani-
nius Rebilus, a lieutenant of Caesar
in the Gallic and the Civil Wars.
cand, canere, cecini, — , sing; of
an instrument, sound, play ; recep-
tui canere, sound a retreat,
Cantabri, -drum, m,, pi., the Canta-
bri or Cantabrians, a warlike tribe
of northern Spain.
Cantium, Cant!, n., Kent, in south-
eastern Britain.
CanulSius, Canulel, m., a Roman
gentile or clan name. Lucius Canu-
leius, a lieutenant of Caesar in the
Civil War.
capillus, -i [cf. caput], m,, hair
(collectively).
capi5, capere, cepl, captus, take, take
possession of, seise, capture, catch;
incur, feel; reach a place ; capti-
vate, charm; initium capere,
begin; cdnsllium capere, form a
plan, plan,
Cappadocia, -ae,/, a kingdom in the
central eastern part uf Asia Minor,
which Pompey, when he was organ-
izing the East, in 63 B.C., left nomi-
nally independent.
capra, -ae, /, she-goat, goat,
captiTUS, -i [cf. capi5], m,, captive,
prisoner,
captus, -us [cf. capi5], m,, capacity ;
ut est captus Germ&ndrum, from
a German standpoint,
Capua, -ae, /, the principal city of
Campania, famous for its wealth
and luxury, now Santa Maria di
Capua,
caput, capitis, n., head; mouth of a
river; civil rights; life; pi. in
enumerations, souls (cf. ' ten head
of cattle ') ; capitis poena, penalty
of death ; capitis damnaie, con-
demn to death,
Carcasd, -onis,/, Carcassonne, a city
of the western part of the Prpvincc.
carina, -ae, /, keel, bottom of a ship.
CamutSs, -um, m,, pi., a Celtic tribe
of central Gaul. Their name b
preserved in the modem Chartres,
card, czims, f, fiesh, meat.
carp5, carpere, carps!, carptus, pluck,
pick at, criticise.
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carrus, -i, m,, car/, with two wheels,
used for carrying freight.
earns, -a, -um, i/ear, beloved,
Carvilius, Carvill, m., a Briton, king
of a part of Kent.
caseus, caseT, m., cheese,
Cassi, -5rum, m,, pi., a British tribe.
Cassianus, -a, -um, of Cassius.
cassis, cassidis, /., htlmet, of metal.
Cf. galea.
Cassius, CassT, m., a Roman gentile
or clan name, (i) Lucius Cassius
Longinus, consul 107 B.C., slain
in a battle with the Tigurini.
(2) Gaius Cassius Lottginus, an
officer of Pompey's fleet in the Civil
War ; see also on 190, 8.
Cassiyellaunus, •!, m., a British chief,
appointed commander against Cae-
sar in 54 B.C.
castellum, -1 [dim. of castrum, a
fortified place^ fort, redoubt,
stronghold,
Casticus, -T, m., a Sequanian noble-
man.
castigd, -are, -avT, -atus [castus, pure,
cf. ag6, do'l, correct, reprove, cen-
sure.
Castor, -oris, m,, Tarcondarius Cas-
tor, a tetrarch in Galatia, son-in-law
of Deiotarus. He sent a small
contingent of cavalry under his son
Castor to support Pompey in the
Civil War.
castra, -orum [pi. of castmm, a forti-
fied place], n,, camp (which was
always fortified); castra mov€re,
breah camp ; see Introd. §§ 43,
44.
Castra ComSlia, «., pi.. Camp Cor-
nelia, a place on the coast of Africa
near Utica ; see on 171, 11.
casus, -us [cf. cad6, /?//], m., a fall;
chance, occurrence, fortune (good
or bad); accident, mischance, fate ;
good luck; casu, by chance; ex-
tremus casus, the last emergency,
direst extremity.
Catamantaloedes, -is, m., a chief of
the Sequani.
catena, -ae, /, chain,
Caturiges, -um, m., pi., an Alpine
tribe between the hither and the
farther province.
causa, -ae, f, cause, reason ; excuse,
pretext; case (at law), matter in
dispute ; abl. after a gen., for the
sake of; causaxn dicere, plead a
case, stand trial ; in eadem causa,
in the same position ; per causam,
on the pretext.
cautes, cautis, f, jagged rock, reef,
caved, cavere, cavT, cautus, be on
on^s guard,
Cayilldnum, -T, n,, a town of the
Haedui on the Sadne (Arar). The
name is preserved in the modem
Chdlon-sur- Sadne,
cecidi, perf. of cad5.
ced5, cedere, cessT, cessiirus, go away,
give way, retreat, retire ; yield,
celer, celeris, celere, swift, sudden,
speedy,
celeritas, celeritatis [celer], /, speed,
quickness, rapidity,
celeriter [celer], adv., quickly,
speedily,
cel5, -are, -avf, -atus [cf. clam,
secretly'^, conceal,
Celtae, -arum, m,, the Celts, inhabit-
ing Gallia Celtica ; see on 51, 3.
Cenimagni, -5rum, m., pi., a British
tribe.
Cenomani, -orum, m,, pi.; see
Aulerci.
censed, censere, censuT, census, esti-
mate, hold an opinion, propose,
urge, vote.
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VOCABULARY
census, -us [cf. censed], m., census^
numbering.
centd, cent5nis, m., patchwork quilt,
centum or C, hundred,
centuria, -ae [centum], /, century,
a division of the legion containing
nominally a hundred men ; see
Introd. § 28.
centurid, centuridnis [centuria], m.,
centurion, commander of a cen-
tury ; see Introd. § 35.
Ceraunii, -5rum (sc. months), m., pi.,
the Ceraunian Mountains, a range
along the coast of northwestern
Epirus. With the use of the pi.
adj. as subst,, cf. ' the AUeghanies,
the Rockies.*
cemd, cernere, crevi, certus (-cretus in
cpds., see decernd), separate ; esp.
of sight, distinguish, make out, see.
certamen, certiminis [cert5, strive"],
n., strife, struggle, contest.
certatid, certationis [cert5, strive],
/, strife.
certe [certus], adv., certainly, surely ;
at any rate, at least.
certus, -a, -um [part, of cemd], cer-
tain, sure, specified, definite, reliable,
exact, regular ; certidrem facere,
inform, tell; certi quid esset, whcU
it really meant,
cervus, -1, m., stag; pi., in military
language, spreading branches (like
stag's horns, planted as an obstacle
to an enemy).
cSteri, -ae, -a, adj., pi., the rest, the
others. Cf. reliquus and alius.
CeutronSs, -um, m., pi., an Alpine
tribe between the hither and the
farther province.
chara, -ae, /, chara, an unknown
vegetable.
cibaria, cibariorum [cibus], n., pro-
visions ; molita cib&ria, meal.
cibus, •!, m.,food. .
Cicerd, Cicer5nis, m,, a Roman fiun-
ily name. Quintus TuUius Cicero,
brother of the great orator, a lieu-
tenant of Caesar in Gaul.
Cilicia, -ae, /, the southeastern dis-
trict of Asia Minor, a stronghold of
pirates, permanently organized as a
province by Pumpey, in 64 B.c^ and
extended to include Isauria and
Pamphylia.
Ciliciensis, -e, Cilician.
Cimbri, -5rum, m., pi., a German
people who overran Gaul ; see on
161, 24.
Cingetoriz, Cingetorlgis, m.^ a British
king in Kent
Cingd, cingere, cinxi, cinctus, sur-
round, encircle; man (of works
encircling a place under siege).
cippus, -1, m,, stake, boundary-stake
(as a soldier's joke, see 157, 14).
circiter [circus, circle], adv., about.
circuitus, -iis [cf. circumed], m., cir-
cuit, roundabout route ; in circuitu,
all round; maguitudd circuitus,
the distance round a thing.
circulus, -T [dim. of circus, circle],
m., circle; social group.
drcum [ace of circus, circle], prep.
with ace, around, round about.
circumdudd, circumcludere, circum-
clusl, circumclusus [claudd, shut],
inclose, surround, encircle.
circumdd, circumdare, circumdedf,
circumdatus [dd, give], put round;
surround, encircle.
circumducO, circumdiicere, circum-
diixl, circumductus [d&c5, lead],
lead round.
circumed, circumTre, circumii, circum-
itus [e6, go], go round; go round
to, visit one after another; sur-
round.
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VOCABULARY
465
circumfundd, circumfundere, circum-
fudl, circumfusus [fundd, pour],
pour round; surround ; pass.,
throng round.
circummunio, circummunire, clrcum-
munivi, circummunitus [munid,
fortify\ ivall round, invest, fortify.
circumplector, circumplectl, circum-
plcxus [plectd, intertwine], sur-
round; build an inclosing line of
works.
circiimsistd, circumsistere, circum-
stetl, — [sistd, place (one's self)],
surround, beset.
circumvalld, -are, -avi, -atus [valid,
fortify with a rampart], blockade,
invest.
circumyehor, circum ve hi, circumvec-
tus [veh5, carry], {be carried
round), ride round, come round
circumvenid, circumvenlre, circum-
veni, circumventus [venid, come],
come round, surround; impose upon,
deceive (cf. ** fllget round hi m^^).
cis, prep, with ace, on this side of.
citatus, -a, -urn [part, of citS, put in
quick motion], swift, rapid ; cita-
tus itt\MX, flatus rapidly ; equS ci-
tat5, with his horse at full gallop.
citerior, citerius [cf: citra], comp.
adj., nearer, hither ; Gallia or pro-
vincia citerior, hither Gaul, i.e.
on the side of the Alps nearer
Rome.
cits [abl. of citus, quick], adv.,
quickly; sup. citissime, very
quickly.
citra [cf. cis], prep, with ace, on this
side of
civilis, civile [civis], of citizens, civil.
civis, cTvis, m., citizen.
ciyitas, clvitatis [civis], /, state, na-
tion ; the citizens collectively ; citi-
zenship.
MATH. CAESAR — 30
clam, adv,^ secretly ; prep, with abl.,
unknown to,
clamor, clamoris [cf. clamd, call out"],
m., shouting, shouts, outcry.
Clare [clarus, clear"], adv., clearly,
distinctly.
classicum, -I, n., signal, trumpet-call.
dassis, c\zss\s, f, fleet.
Claudius, Claud!, m., a Roman gen-
tile or clan name. Appius Clau-
dius Pulcher, consul 54 B.C.
daudo, claudere, clausi, clausus, shut,
close; agmen claudere, bring up
the rear.
clavus, -i [cf. claudd], m., nail^
spike.
Cleopatra, -ae,/, a famous queen of
Egypt. She was driven from her
throne by her brother (see on 244,
20), but was restored by Caesar in
47 B.C. She is best known as the
charmer of Mark Antony, who for
her sake became a traitor to his
country ; see Shakspcre*s Antony
and Cleopatra.
cliens, clientis [= cluens, part of
clued, hear], m., {hearer), client,
dependent, a free man who attached
himself to a noble, and in return for
services received the nobleman's
protection. Used also of states.
clientela, -ae [cliens], /, clientship;
pi. clients, (of states) dependencies ;
se in clientelam dicare, attach them-
selves as dependents.
Clivus, -T, m., slope, ascent.
Clddius, GodT, m., a Roman gentile
or clan name. Aulus Clodius, a
follower of Caesar in the Civil War ;
not to be confused with the dema-
gogue, Publius Clodius, who was
murdered by Milo, 52 B.C.
Clupea, -ae, /, a seaport in Africa
southeast of the Promontory of
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466
VOCABULARY
Mercury. The name survives in
the modern Kelibia.
Cn. = Gnaeus, Gnael, m,^ a Roman
praenomen or given name.
coacervd, -are, -avi, -atus [co- (=
com-) + acervd, heap up\^ heap up
with the others.
COacta, -orum [part, of Cdgd, bring
together^ «., pi., felt^ coarse, thick
cloth, made of closely pressed wool
or hair.
coactus, part, of cdg5.
coagmentum, -I [co- (= com-)* cf.
agS, (lrive\ n., joining, crevice,
COartO, -are, -avi, -atus [co- ( = com-)
-f arid, make dose'], crowd together,
Cocosates, -ium, m,, pi., a tribe of
northwestern Aquitania.
COemo, coemere, coemi, cogmptus [co-
(= com-) -\- emo, buy], buy up,
coed, coire, coil, coiturus [co- ( =
com-) -I- eo, go], go or come together,
unite,
COepi, coepisse, coeptus (only in the
perf. system) , began ; COepi is used
with an act. in fin., coeptus sum
with a pass, intin.
OOSrced, cogrcere, co6rcuT, coSrcitus
[co- (= com-) + arced, shut up],
restrain, check.
C5gitati5, cogitationis [cSgitO],/, de-
liberating; planning.
C0git5, -are, -avf, -atus [co- ( = com-)
-f agitd, ponder], ponder, reflect,
consider, think; have in mind,
plan,
c5gnati5, cognationis [cSgnatus, re-
lated by birth, from con- -\- part, of
(g)ll2scor, be born], /, blood-rela-
tionship; persons related by birth,
clan, kindred,
C5gnd8c5, cognoscere, cognovT, cogni-
tu8 [con- -I- (%)nbscb, learn], learn,
learn of, find out, ascertain^ per-
ceive; investigate; get acquainted
with ; in perf. system, knew, be ac^
quainted with,
cdgd, c5gere, coegf, co&ctus fco- (=
com-) -I- agS, drive], bring together^
gather, collect; compel, force ; coic-
tns, under compulsion,
cohors, cohortis, /, cohort, company^
the tenth part of a legion 7 see
Introd. § 28.
cohortatid, cohortationis [cohortor],
/, encouragement, address of en*
couragement,
cohortor, -arf, -atus [co- (= com-) -V
hortor, urge], encourage, address
words of encouragement, urge; 00-
hortati inter sS, urging each other,
coUigo, colligere, collegf, collectus
[com- ->- legO, gather], gather to-
gether, collect; acquire; 88 OOlli-
gere, recover one's self, rally,
coUis, collis, m., hill,
cold, colere, colm, cultus, till, culti-
vate; worship,
coldnia, -ae [coldnus, colonist, cf.
cold and inoold], /., colony, settle-
ment,
color, coldris, m,, color,
com-, con-, co- [same word as the
prep, cum], used only in composi-
tion, with, together; as intensive,
altogether, completely,
combiird, comburere, combussi, com-
bustus [cf. ba8tum,/fiM^tf//^r^],
burn up, consume,
comes, comitis [com-, cf. itnm, part
of ed, go], m,, associate, companion,
sharer,
comitatus, -&8 [comitor, accompany],
m,, escort.
comitia, comitidrum [com-, cf. itnm,
part, of ed, go], n., pi., assembly of
the Roman citizens ; election, held
by the assembled citizens.
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VOCABULARY
467
CommlgSniM, -a, -urn, of Comma-
genet an independent kingdom just
north of Syria.
commaitus, -us [commed], m., going
back and for th^ trip; supplies ^ pro-
visions,
CommemorS, -Sre, -avT, -atus [me-
morS, call to mind\ call to mind^
remind; mention^ relate,
commendd, -are, -avf, -atus [maiid5,
give over"], commit for protection^
intrust^ commend^ recommend.
oommeO, -ire, -avi, -aturus [me5, go\
go and come^ go back and forth;
with ad, visits resort to.
GOmmilitd, commTlitonis, [miles,
soldier\ »i., fellow-soldier ^ com-
rade.
commiiiiM [maniis, kand], adv.,
kandto hand, in close combat.
commiss&ra, -ae [cf. committd], /,
joint, juncture,
COmmittO, committere, commisT, com-
missos [mittd, send], send together,
join; trust, pUue confidence in ; in-
trust, commit; expose; with proe-
lium, begin battle; proelid rem
committere, risk a battle ; with ut
or qnarS, give occasion for, permit.
Commiua, Commi, m., a chief of the
Atrebates, apiK>inted king by Gie-
sar, to whom he afterwards proved
unfaithful.
COmmodS [commodus], adv., conve-
niently, to advantage, readily ; non
satis COmmodS, not very easily.
Gommodnm, -i [n. of commodus], ».,
advantage, profit, convenience ; good
things.
commodus, -a, -um [modus, meas-
ure}, {having the same measure
with anything taken as a standard),
fit, suitable; convenient, advanta-
geous, good.
commonefacid, commonefacere, com-
monefeci, commonefactus [cf. com-
moned, remind, facid, make"],
remind.
commoved, commovere, comm5vi,
commotus [moved, move'\, move
violently, disturb, unsettle, alarm.
communicd, -are, -avT, -atus [cf.
communis], {make common), share,
communicate; consult; cum ddti-
bus commiinicare, add to the dowry
in a common fund.
communid, commun'ire, communivi,
communitus [munid, fortify\, for-
tify strongly, build {oi fortiHcatiuns).
commiinis, commune [cf. miinus,
duty'\, common, in common, com-
mon to all, general; commuid cOn-
silid, with a common purpose.
commutatid, commutationis [com-
miitS],/, change.
commiito, -are, -avT, -atus [miitS,
change'\, change entirely, change, ex-
change.
compard, -are, -avT, -atus [par5, pre-
pare'], prepare, get together, procure.
comparO, -are, -avT, -atus [compar,
equal to, from com- + p&r, equal],
pair, compare.
compelld, compellere, compuli, com-
pulsus \^€^, drive], drive together,
collect; drive, force.
comperi5, comperire, compeif, com-
pertus, learn, find out, discover.
complector, complectl, complexus
[plectd, intertwine], embrace, in-
close.
comple5, complere, complevi, com-
pletus [cf. plenus, full], fill up,
fill; compleri hominibus, to be
covered or completely occupied with
men ; complere exercitum, supply
the army.
compliires, compluria or complura
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VOCABULARY
[plQs, more'^, aiff., pi., several,
many,
compdnd, componere, composuT, com-
posites [pdn5, /«/]» bring together,
settle,
comportd, >Sre, -avi, -atus [portd,
carry], bring togethir, collect, bring
in,
compositid, coinpositi5iiis [cf. com-
p0n5],/, settlement, agreement,
comprehendd, comprehendere, com-
prehendi, comprehensus [pre-
hend5, grasp"], grasp, seize, catch,
arrest, capture,
Comprim5, comprimere, compress!,
compressus [^yztmJb, press], press to-
gether, check,
con-, see com-.
c5nitum, •! [part, of cOnor, attempt,
as pass.], n,, {thing attempted), at-
tempt, undertaking,
cdnatus, -us [c5nor, attempt], m,,
attempt,
COncSdd, concedere, concessi, conces-
sus [cSdd, give way], give way,
yield; allow, grant, give up, assign;
make concession, give consent,
concelebrS, -are, -avi, -atus [celebrO,
repeat], proclaim, publish.
COncidd, concidere, concidT, — [cadd,
fall], fall in a heap, tumble dffivn,
ConcidO, concidere, concTdi, concTsus
[caedd, cut], cut to pieces, destroy ;
cut up,
C0iicili5, -are, -avT, -atus [concilium],
bring together, reconcile, win over,
gain, secure,
concilium, concilT [cf. cal5, call], n.,
meeting, assembly, council.
concind, concinere, concinuT, — [canS,
sound], sound or be sounded to-
gether,
OOncipid, concipere, concept, concep-
tus [capi5, take], take up, take.
concitatiO, concitationis [concitS],/,
outbreak, riot.
COncitd, -are, -avI, -atus [freq. of con-
Ci5, call together], call out, stir up,
conclamatid, conclamationis [con-
clamd], /., loud shout (of men to-
gether).
conclamd, -are, -avI, -atus [cUlm5,
call out], call out together, shout;
give the signal for packing up ; ad
arma conclamare, call to arms,
concltidd, concludere, concIusT, con-
clusus [claudo, shut], shut in, in-
close,
concurrd, concurrere, concurri or con-
cucurri, concursurus [currd, run],
run together, run (in a crowd) ; cu-
semble, flock, resort (in great num-
bers) ; charge (of two armies coming
together) ; concummt equit§8 in-
ter sS, the cavalry rush together (in
battle).
concursus, -us [cf. concurrd], m., run-
ning together, charge, assault.
condicio, condicionis [cf., condicd,
ogree], f, agreement, terms, condi-
tion; state.
condonO, -are, -avi, -atus [ddnd, give],
give up ; overlook, pardon.
Condriisi, -drum, m., pi., a tribe of
eastern Belgium on the Meuse
(Mosa), clients of the Treveri.
condiicd, conducere, conduxi, con-
duct us [dlic5, lead], bring together,
assemble,
c5nfectus, part, of cdnficid.
cdnferd, conferre, contulT, conlatus
[fero, bring], bring together, gather,
collect ; bestow, confer ; transfer ;
compare ; perf. part, with dat., near
to; s§ (often with suaque, with
his possessions) cdnferre, betake
himself, remove ; culpam cdnferre,
throw the blame on.
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VOCABULARY
469
cSnfertus, -a, -um [part, of c5nfer.
cift, press ia^ge/Aer], crowdedy dense^
in close array,
cOnfestim, adv.^ at once, immediately,
Cdnficidy cdnficere, confeci, c5nfectus
[iaci5, make\ accomplish^ carry
out, complete^ finish; make out,
write; dress (of leather); get to-
gether, raise (of troops) ; wear outy
use up,
c5nfldd, confidere, c5nfisus sum [fidd,
trusty semi'dep., trust {fully) , be
confident, place confidence in, rely
on,
C5nfig5» cojifigere, confixi, confixus
\i\gb,fix],fiisten together,
cdnfirmatid, confirmationis [cdn-
finnS],/., confirmation, affirmation,
cdnfinnatas, -a, -um [part, of cdn-
firmd], encouraged^ confident,
C5nfirm5, -are, -avi, -atus [finn5,
strengthen^, strengt/ien, establish, fix ;
reassure, encourage; corroborate;
assert, declare; se cdnfiimare, re-
solve,
cSnflictor, -an, -atus [freq. of c6n-
^^'\, fight, be afflicted,
cOnfligd, confligere, conflIxT, conflic-
tus [fligd, strike^ strike together,
fight, engage in conflict,
Cdnfluens, cdnfluentis [part, of cdn-
flu5], m., Junction of two rivers,
confluence.
cdnflud, confluere, c5nflux!, — [fluft,
fiow'] , flow together, flock,
Cdnfugid, c5nfugere, confugi, con-
fugiturus [fugiO, flee'], flee for
refuge.
cOnfundd, c5nfundere, confudi, c5n-
fusus [fundO, pour], pour together ^
bring together (in confusion), w/ft/lf.
congerd, congerere, congessi, congea-
tus [gerS, carry], collect.
congredior, congredi, congresias
[gradior, step"], come togeffier, meety
engage (in battle).
congressus, -us [cf. congredior], m.,
meeting; encounter,
conicid, conicere, coniecT, coniectus
[con- + iaclO, throw], throw to-
gether, hurl, cast; drive together,
gather ; in fugam conicere, ptu to
flight,
coniectS, -are, -avT, -2tus [freq. of
conicid], infer, conjecture.
coniectiira, -ae [iactura, a throwing],
f, (a throwing together, cf. " I inf^
by putting this and that together "),
conjecture.
coniiinctim [cf. coniunctns, part, of
COniungd], adv., jointly, together,
coniungo, coniungere, coniunxT, con-
iunctus \vivl^, join], join together,
join, unite ; se coniungere, unite ;
perf. part, with a dat., close to,
united to, reaching to.
coniuratid, coniurationis [coniiird],
f, swearing together, conspiracy,
conifird, -are, -avi, -itus [iiird, swear],
take oath together, form a conspir-
acy ; inter se conitirare, ^V^ oath
to each other.
conlatus, part, of c5nfer5.
conlaudd, -are, -avi, -atus [landd,
praise], praise highly.
C0nlig5, -are, -avi, -atus [ligd, bind],
fasten together,
COnlocS, -are, -avf, -atus \}Xi^h, place],
place, set, station ; arrange, order ;
store; with or without nuptum,
give in marriiige,
conloquium, conloqui [cf. conloquor].
If., interview, conference, conver-
sation.
conloquor, conloqui, conlociitus [lo-
quor, speak], hold an interview,
converse,
cOnor, -arf, -atus, try, attempt, en-
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470
VOCABULARY
tUavor ; Idem cSliari, make the
same attempt,
conqtuescd, conquiescere, conquievi,
conquieturus [quiescd, r«/], rest,
take a nap,
conquirdy conqulrere, conquisivf, con-
quTsftus [quaerS, look for\^ search
for, hunt up, seek,
cdnsanguineus, -a, -um [sanguis,
blood \ of the same blood; as subst,,
kinsman, relative,
cSnscendO, conscendere, conscendi,
conscensus [scandd, climb"], climb
upon; with or without naves, go on
board, embark,
cdnscientia, -ae [cSnsciCns, part, of
C5nscid» be conscious], f, conscious-
ness ; conscience,
Cdnscisc5, conscTscere, conscJvT, con-
scitus [seised, decree], decree ; sibi
mortem cdnsciscere, make way with
himself
Cdnscius, -a, -um [cf. sci5, know],
conscious (with sibi, to himself),
aware.
Cdnscribd, conscrTbere, conscripsi, c5n-
scrlptus [scribd, write], {write to-
gether in a list), enroll, enlist, levy.
cdnsecrO, -are, -avi, -at us [sacrd, set
aside as sacred], dedicate, consecrate.
Cdnsector, -ari, -atus [freq. of cdnse-
^^x], follow up, overtake,
c5nsensid, consensionis [cf. c5nsenti5,
agree], f, agreement, unanimity,
consensus, -us [cf. c5nsentid, agree],
m., agreement, consent,
cdnsentaneus, -a, -um [cf. c5nsentid,
agree], agreeing, suited.
consequor, consequi, consecutus [se-
quor, follow], follo7v up {along
with), overtake ; follow, ensue; ob-
tain, g<iin, succeed in,
c6nservo,-are, -av!, -atus {B%n^,save],
save, preserve, keep, spare ; observe.
cdnsiderite [c5n8idei:itu8,dSr/i^^ai^],
adv,, deliberately,
Cdnsidius, C5nsidi, m., a Roman gen-
tile or clan name, (i) Fublius
Considius, a veteran officer of Caesar
in Gaul. (2) Gains ConsieUus
Longus, propraetor of Africa in
50 B.C., a follower of Pompey in the
Civil War.
c0nsid5, consldere, cSnsedl, c5nsessQ-
rus [sidd, sit down], sit down; settle
down, halt, encamp; hold sessions,
cdnsilium, consili [cf. c5n8ul5], n.,
consultation, deliberation ; plan^
purpose; advice, prudence, discre-
tion ; council, of war, etc. (cf. con-
cilium); commiini cdnsiliS, with
a common purpose, by common con"
sent,
cdnsimilis, cdnsimile [similis, like],
just like, very similar,
c5nsist5, c5nsistere, constiti, — [sistS,
place (one's self)], make a standi
take a position; settle; stop, halt^
(of ships) anchor; stay; depend
on, consist of
cdnsobrinus, -T [cf. soror, sistei^], m^
cousin (son of a mother's sister).
c5nsdlor, -arT, -atus [s51or, comfort],
comfort, console.
c5nspectus, -us [cf. cdnspiciS], m^
sight; presence,
Cdnspicio, conspicere, conspex!, con-
spectus [specid, look], catch sight
of, descry, see,
cdnspicor, -arT, -atus [cf. cdnspidfi],
catch sight of, see,
cdnspiro, -are, -avf, -atus [spirS,
breathe], league together, conspire,
cdnstanter [cdnstans, firm], adv.,
firmly, resolutely.
cdnstantia, -ae [cSnstins, firm], /,
firmness, constancy.
cSnsternd, constemere, constravf, c5n-
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VOCABULARY
47'
strattu [stemd, spread'}, spread
over^ cover; cdnstratus, of ships,
decked. Ancient ships of war had
only one deck, sometimes only
quarter-decks at bow and stern ;
transports and merchantmen might
have two or three decks.
cdnstiti, perf. of cOniistS.
cdnstitud, constituere, constitui, con-
stitutus [statttd, set up], set up,
establish, station, settle, draw up,
moor ships ; determine on, appoint,
fix ; determine, decide,
CdnatS, constare, constiti, constaturus
[8t6, stand], stand firm; remain
(unchanged) ; with in and the abl.,
depend on ; usually with ex, consist
of; often impers., be agreed, be evi-
dent, be clear,
cdnstratus, part, of cdnstemd.
c5nsu§8Cd, cdnsuescere, c5nsuevi, con-
suetus [suescS, get used], become
accustomed; perf. tenses, be accus-
tomed,
c5nsu§tudd, consuetudinis [for c5n-
8U§titudd, from c5nsuetus, part, of
CdnsuCscO], /, custom, habit, way,
way of living; intimacy; cdnsue-
tudine sua, in accordance with his
{their) custom; est Gallicae c5n-
snStfidinis, it is a Gallic custom.
Cdnsul, c5nsulis, m,, consul, one of
the two chief magistrates at Rome,
elected annually.
cdnsularis, consularis [cdnsul], m,,
man of consular rank, ex-consul,
cSnsuUtus, -us [cf. cdnsul], m., con-
sulship,
Cdnsuld, consulere, consuluT, consultus,
consult, take counsel ; with dat. of
interest, look out for, take thought
for.
Cdnsultd, -are, avT, -atus [freq. of c6n-
ral5], consult, deliberaU,
cdnsultd [impers. abl. abs. of part, of
cdnsuld], adv., designedly, on pur-
pose,
cdnsultum, •! [part, of cdnsuld], n.,
decree.
cdnsumd, consumere, consiimpsi, con-
sumptus [sumd, take], use up, de-
stroy, consume, spend,
cdnsurgd, consurgere, consurrexl, con-
surrectus [surgd, rise], rise together,
rise.
contagid, contagionis [cf. tangd,
touch], f, contact,
contegd, contegere, context, contectus
[tegd, cover], cot>er over,
contemptid, contemptionis [cf. con-
temnd, disregard], f., disdain, con-
tempt; hostibusin contemptidnem
venire, incur the enemy s disdain.
contendd, contendere, contend!, con-
tentus [tendd, stretch], strive for,
strive; struggle, contend; entreat;
hasten ; vi contendere, use force ;
dS \w:h COnttVL^tXt, strive for pre-
cedence; ab utrisque contenditur,
both sides fight.
contentid, contentionis [cf. contendd],
/, struggle, contest, dispute,
contenttts, -a, -um [part, of contined],
contented, satisfied,
COntezd, contexere, contexuT, contex-
tus [texd, 7veave], weave together,
join together; contexta Yiminibus
membra, limbs formed of inter-
woven twigs,
continens, continentis [part, of con-
tined], adj., continuous, uninter-
rupted, successive ; f. as subst. (sc.
terra), continent, mainland.
continenter [continens], adv., con*
tinuously, incessantly, continually,
continentia, -ae [continens, part, of
contined], /, self-restraint; self-
control.
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472
vcx:abulary
oontined, continere, continuT, conten-
tus [tened, hold'\, hold together ^ keep;
keep back or within bounds^ restrain,
hold; bound, inclose, shut in; 86
continere, keep himself, remain.
contingd, contingere, contigf, contac-
tus [tangd, touch"], touch, reach,
adjoin,
continuatid, continuationis [con-
tinu5],/, continuance,
continud, -are, -avi, -atus [continuus],
make continuous, continue,
continud [abl. of continuus], adv.,
immediately, straightway,
continuus, -a, -um [cf. contined], conr-
tinuous, in succession,
Cdntid, contionis [co- ( = com-) +
yentid, coming], /., meeting, as-
sembly; address (to an assembly).
cSntidnor, -ari, -atus [cdntid], make
an address.
contra, (i) adv,, opposite, in opposi-
tion; contra atque, contrary to
what; (2) prep, "wiih 9lcc,, opposite,
facing; against, contrary to.
COntrahd, contrahere, contraxT, con-
tractus \\X9L\i^,draw'], draw together,
bring together,
contrarius, -vl, -MmlconXxa,], opposite,
over against,
contrdversia, -ae [contrdyersns (con-
tra 4- part, of vertft, turn), dis-
puted], f, dispute, quarrel,
contubemium, contubemi [con, cf.
tabema, hut], n., tent, commonly
occupied by ten soldiers together.
COntumelia, -ae, /, affront, insult ;
violeme; cum contumelia, insult-
ingly i ad grayissimas yerbdrum
COntumSlias, to the most offensive
and insulting remarks,
contundS, contundere, contudT, contu-
sus [tundS, /<7««</], bruise, grind,
conyal§sc5, convalescere, convalul, —
[valescd, grow strong; ct yalett],
recover.
convallis, convallis ly9XLts,valiey],f,^
valley, ravine,
conyehd, convehere, convex!, convcc-
tus [vehd, carry], carry U^ether^
collect,
convenid, convenire, conveni, conven-
tus [yenid, come], come together,
assemble; ^^///^ (of several) ; meet;
agree with ; be agreed upon ; be fit-
ting, be called for,
conventus, -us [cf. conyeni5], m.,
gathering, assembly ; esp. a gather-
ing of persons in a province to
attend a court of justice presided
over by the governor, court; also an
association of Roman citizens living
in a province or provincial town,
association, corporation,
converts, convertere, convert!, con-
versus [vertS, turn], turn about,
turn ; direct; se conyertere, turn ;
itinere conversS, turned back ; con-
vertere signa, change Jront, face
about,
conyocd, -are, -avi, -atus [vocd, call],
call together, assemble,
coorior, cooriri, coortus [co-(= com-)
-\- orior, rise], rise, break out (of
war).
c5pia, -ae [co-( = com-), cf. ops, aid],
f,, abundance, supply, number ; pi.,
resources, supplies, stores; troops,
forces, force.
cdpiOsos, -a, -um [c5pia], abundantly
supplied, zoealthy.
C0p5nius, Coponi, m., a Roman gen-
tile or clan name. Gaius Coponius,
commander of a division of Pompey*s
fleet in the Civil War.
Cdpola, -ae, /, grappling hook,
cor, cordis, n., heart ; COrdi esse, be
dicur.
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VOCABULARY
473
oSram Cca-(= com-), cf. Ot, face\
adv,t fa€e to face ; cdram perspicit,
he sees with his own eyes,
Corc^a, -ae, /, an isbmd, with capi-
tal of the same name, off Epiros.
It had long been an important
naval ]K>wer. The modern name is
Corfu,
Corfinifinais, -e, of Corfinium,
Corfinium, Corf !ni, n,, a strongly situ-
ated town in the Apennines, east of
Rome ; see on 174, 4.
CorioaoUtSa, -um, ace. -as, /»., pL,
a coast tribe of northwestern Gaul.
corinm, cori [cf. cortex], ir., skin,
hide.
CoraSlins, Cornell, m., a Roman gen-
tile or clan name ; see Balbus.
comfi, -us, »., horn; wing (of an
army).
COrdna, -ae, /, wreath, crown ; encir-
cling line; sub cordna ySndere,
sell into slavery ; see on 9a, 5.
corpus, corporis, »., bocfy,
corrogd, -are, -avi, -atus [com- 4-
rOgO, ask\, {get together by asking) ^
collect,
C0rrump5, corrumpere, corriip!, cor-
mptus [com- -H nimpO,^^a>(], ruin,
weaken,
cortex, corticis [cf. corium], m,, bark.
cotidianns, -a, -um [cotidi§], chily,
ordinary,
COtidiC [quot, how many, diSs, day\
adv., daily, every day, implying re-
currence merely; cf. in dies, s.v.
diSs.
Cotta, -ae, m,, a Roman family name.
Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta, a lieu-
tenant of Caesar in Gaul.
Cotys, Cotyis, tn,, king of the Odrysae,
a Thracian tribe.
crassitudd, crassitudinis [crassns,
thick"], f, thickness.
Crassns, -T, m., a Roman family name,
(i) Afarcus Licinius Crassus, con'
sul with Pompey, 70 and 55 B.C.,
member of the First Triumvirate
with Caesar and Pompey. (2) Pub-
lius Licinius Crassus, son of (i), a
skillful lieutenant of Caesar, 58--56
B.C (3) Otcuilius Crassus, one of
Pompe/s officers.
Craatinus, -T, m,, a reSnlisted veteran
in Caesar's army.
crfttis, cratis,/, wickerwork, hurdle,
crSber, crebra, crebrum, thick, thickly
growing, close ; numerous, frequent,
repeated,
crebrd [abl. of cr8ber], adv,, fre-
quently, repeatedly,
creditor, credit5ris [cr€d5], m,, cred-
itor,
credd, credere, credidf, creditus, be-
lieve, trust, suppose ; loan,
cremd, -are, -Svl, -atus, burn,
creS, -are, -Svl, -atus, create, make,
elect,
crescS, crescere, crevi, cretus [cf.
creO], grow, increase, gain power or
influence,
Cr€ta, -ae, f, Crete, organized by
Pompey as a Roman province in
67 B.C.
Critognitos, -T, m,, an Arvernian
chief.
cruciatos, -Qs [cmciS, torture], m,,
torture,
crudClit&s, cnidelitatis [crfidSlis,
cruel], f, cruelty,
crudCliter [cr&dSlis, cruel], adv.,
cruelly,
crus, cruris, n., leg,
cubile, cubflis [cf. cab5, lie; see pr5-
Ctmib5], n., bed, resting-plcue,
cnlmen, culminis, n,, height, top, sum-
mit,
culpa, "Zit, f, fault, blame, error.
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474
VOCABULARY
cnltQra, -ae [cf. col5, /i//], /, Hiling,
cultivation,
coitus, -us [cf. cold, cultivaU\ m.,
cultivation^ care^ especially of one's
self ; way of livings civilitalion, de-
gree of civiliMation,
cum, conj^ wheny whenever^ while,
since, although ; cum . . . tum, not
only . . . but furthermore, but also ;
cum primum, as soon as.
cum, prep, with abl., with. With
pers. and rel. pronouns cum is en-
clitic.
cumulus, -!, m., heap, pile,
C&nctatid, cunctatidnis [cfinctor], /,
delay, hesitation,
cQnctor, -ari, -atus, delay, hesitate,
cQnctus, -a, -um [co- (=com-) +
iflnctus, part of iungd, join to-
gether}, all together, the whole;
cuncta administrire, have general
management.
cuniculus, -I, m,, rabbit; burrow;
tunnel, mine (in military sense, the
only use in Caesar) ; see Introd.
§47.
CUpidS [cupidus], adv,, eagerly, en-
thusiastically,
cupiditas, cupiditatis [cupidus], /,
desire, eagerness,
cupidus, -a, -um [cf. cupid], eager for,
desirous, fond,
CUpid, cupere, cupfvf, cupitus, desire
earnestly, be eager for (with ace.) ;
wish well to (with dat.).
C&r, rel, and interrog. adv,, why,
Curicta, -ae, /, an island in the upper
Adriatic near the coast of Illyricum,
where Caesar's lieutenant, Gaius
Antonius, with fifteen cohorts, sur-
rendered in 49 B.C. Now V^ia,
Curicum, -T, n,, a town on the island
of Curicta.
C&riO, Curi5nis, m,, a Roman family
name. Gaius Scribonius Curio, a
lieutenant of Caesar in the Civil
War. He lost his life in the ill-
fated expedition to Africa, 49 B.C.;
see also on 170, i.
CfirS, -are, -avi, -atus [c&ra, care'}, care
for, attend to ; with 9s:;fi, gerundive,
have a thing done.
currus, -us [cf. cunO, run\, m^
chariot,
cursus, -us [cf. curr5, run}, m,, run-
^i^i speed; course; eOdem curan,
without stopping; cursfi incitat5,
quickened their speed,
custddia, -ae [custSs],/, a watch-
ing, protection; guards sentinel;
prison,
CUstOs, cust5dis, m,, guard, walchmatt^
spy,
Cyclades, -um [derived from the
Greek word for circle; cf. cycle,
bicycle], /, pi., the islands in the
Aegean Sea which encircle Delos.
Cyprus, -i, /., an island in the north-
eastern comer of the Mediterranean,
taken by Rome from Egypt, in 58
B.C., and governed as part of the
province of Cilicia.
CyrSnae, -arum, /, pi., Cyrene, an
ancient Greek city in northern
Africa west of Alexandria, a seat of
learning and culture, capital of the
Roman province of Cyrenaica or-
ganized in 74 B.&
D. = Decimus, -T, m,, a Roman prae-
nomen or given name.
D = quingenti. Jive hundred; dc =
sescenti; DCC = septingenti;
Dccc = octingenti ; dccco = n?Ui-
gentL
Dici, -5rum, m,, pi., the Daeians, a
barbarous people occupying an ex-
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VOCABULARY
475
tensive territory north of the lower
Danube, comprising modern Ru-
mania and eastern Hungary.
Damasippus, •!, m., a Roman family
name. Licinius Damasippust a
Roman senator.
damnd, -are, -avT, -at us [damnum,
loss^, {inflict loss l>y fine), convict,
condemn,
Danuvius, Danuvi, m., the Danube,
Dardani, -drum, m,, pi., a tribe in
southwestern Moesia, just north of
Macedonia.
dS, prep, with abl., down from, from ;
oMi of of; about, in regard to, con-
cerning; for, on account of; of
time, just after the beginning of,
during,
dCbed, debere, debui, debitus [de +
habed, have from a person], owe;
with in5n., he bound, ought,
debitor, debitoris [debed], m., debtor.
dCcedd, decedere, decessi, decessurus,
[c€dd, go^ go away, move away ;
pass away, die,
decern or X, ten,
dScemS, decemere, decrevi, decretus
[cemO, separate, distinguish'^, {sepa-
rate one opinion from others),
decide, determine, make up one's
mind, decree,
dScertd, -are, -avi, -aturus [cert5,
fight], fight decisively, fight; some-
times with pugna or procliS,/^/
a decisive engagement.
dScessns, -us [cf. dSc^dd], m., with-
drawal; ebbing of the tide.
decimns, -a, -um [decern], Unth,
dScipid, decipere, decepT, deceptus
[capi5, take], catch, deceive,
dSdivis, decllve [cliyua, slope], slop-
it^ down, descending; n. as subst,,
slope,
decliyitib, declivitatis [dficliTia], /,
downward slope ; ad decliTititem,
downward,
decretnm, -i [part, of decemd], n„
decision, decree,
decumanus, -a, -um [decimus], of the
tenth; decumana porta, the rear
gate of the Roman camp (see
Introd. § 44), near which the tenth
cohort uf each legion was originally
stationed.
decurid, decurionis [cf. decem], m,,
decurion, an under officer of cav-
alry, in charge of about ten men.
decurrd, decurrere, decucurri, decur-
surus [currd, run], run down, rush
down,
dedecus, dedecoris [ttc^OA, grace], n,,
disgrace, dishonor,
dSditicins, -a, -um [dSditus, part, of
ded5], surrendered ; m. pi. as
subst., prisoners of war,
deditid, deditidnis [d§d5], /, sur-
render; eds in d§ditidnem acci-
pere or recipere, accept their
surrender; in d§ditidnem yenire,
surrender,
dedS, dedere, dedidl, deditus [dJ -f
d6, put], give up, surrender;
devote,
dedticd, deducere, deduxi, deductus
[duc5, lead], lead down or away,
withdraw, bring; bring home a
bride, marry ; of ships, launch,
defatigatiS, defatigationis [d€fatig5],
/, exhaustion,
dSfatigd, -are, -avi, -atus [iatigd,
tire], tire out, exhaust,
defectiO, defectionis [cf. deficiO], /,
a falling away, defection, revolt,
dCfendO, defendere, defend!, defensus,
ward off ; defend, protect,
defensiS, defensionis [cf. dCfendd],/,
defense,
definaor, defensoris [cf. dSfendO], m^
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476
VOCABULARY
defender f protector ; sometimes used
of things, as of piles protecting a
bridge.
dSferd, deferre, d€tuli, delatus [ferO,
bear\^ carry down^ bring down or
away^ bring; report^ lay before;
dSUttu aestti, drifting,
dSfessns, part, of defetiscor.
dSfetiscor, defetisci, defessus [fatis-
eOittgrow weak], become exhausted;
perf. part., exhausted^ worn out,
dSficid, deHcere, defect, defectus
[facid, do"], failf be lacking^ be lost ;
abandon^ fall away, desert, revolt;
animd d§flcere, lose courage,
dSfigS, defigere, defIxT, defixus [figd,
fix], fix, fasten, set firmly, drive
down.
dSfiniO, deflnire, definivf, defimtus
[finid, bound], set bounds to, fix,
appoint,
dSfdrmis, deforme [f5rma, shape],
misshapen, deformed, ugly,
dSfngiS, defugere, defugi, defugiturus
[fngid, fiee], flee from, avoid,
dSiciS, deicere, deiecf, delectus [iaci5,
throw], thro7v down, overthrow, dis-
mount; drive down, carry down,
dislodge; disappoint,
dSiectus, -us [cf. d§ici5], m,, descent,
slope,
deinceps [cf. deinde and capid, take;
see princeps], adv,, (^taking next
rank), in succession, without inter-
ruption,
deinde [dS inde, from thence], adv,,
then, next, afterwards,
DSiotarus, -T, m,, a tetrarch of the
Gauls in Galatia, an ally of Rome
against Mithridates, rewarded with
nominal independence and an addi-
tion of territory.
dSUtiis, part, of dSferO.
d€lect5, -are, -ivT, -Stus, pUcue;
mazimC dilecULri with abl., takt
the greatest pleasure in,
delectus, part of dSligd.
dSled, delere, delevf, deletus, wipe oui^
destroy,
d§liber5, -are, -Svi, -atus [liberd,
probably from libra, sccUes], weigh
well, consider, deliberate,
delibrd, -are, -avi, -atus [cf. liber,
bark], strip a tree of bark,
dSligd, -are, -ivf, -atus [lig6, bincT^,
bind doivn, make fast, tie,
deligd, deligere, delegi, delectus [leg6»
choose], choose, pick out, select; perf.
part., picked, select,
dSlitCscS, delitescere, delitui, —
[lat€8Cd, inch, of lated, lie hidden],
go into hiding, hide away,
dementia, -ae [demens, bereft of
mind],f,, madness, folly,
dCmetd, demetere, demessui, demes-
sus [met5, reap], reap, cut doton,
demigrS, -are, -avi, -aturus [migr5,
move], move away, depart, emi-
grate,
d§minud, deminuere, deminuT, de-
roinutus [minu5, lessen, cf. minua],
lessen, diminish, impair,
dSminutiS, deminuti5nis [dSminud],
/., lessening; capitis deminfitlG,
loss of civil rights, such as voting
and holding office, and, in its sever-
est form, personal freedom.
d§mi88U8, -a, -um [part, of dSmitt5],
low,
dSmittd, demittere, dSmTsf, d€missus
[mittd, send], send or drive dawn,
let down ; sS dSmittere, descend,
dSmSnstrd, -are, -avf, -atus [mdnstrO,
show], point out, show, mention,
describe,
dSmoror, -i.n, -Stus [moror, dolay],
delay, retard.
dSmOYdd, demovere, deiii5vi^ dfi*
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VOCABULARY
477
m5tu8 [moreO, move'\t move away,
drive away.
dSmnm, adv., at length, at last,
dSni, -ae, -a [cf. decern, ten], distr,
num., ten each, ten at a time; ten
(acting as a group).
dCnique, adv., at last, finally.
densus, -a, -urn, thick, dense, close
together,
denuntid, -are, -avT, -atus [nuntiO,
report], announce, order,
depelldy depdlere, depulT, depulsus
[pell5, drive\ drive off, dislodge;
ward off; ab cdnsilils depulstu,
forced to give up his plans.
deperdd, depcrdere, depcrdidf, deper-
ditus [perdd, ruin, lose], lose.
depered, deperire, de peril, deperiturus
[pered, perish], de lost or destroyed.
depOnd, deponere, deposul, depositus
[pOnd, put], put or lay down or
aside, leave, deposit ; give up.
depopulor, -ari, -atus [populor, dev-
astate], devastate, ravage, plunder ;
perf. part, as pass., plundered.
deportd, -are, -avi, -atus [portd,
carry], carry away, remove.
dSposcO, deposcere, depoposci, —
[posed, demand], demand.
deprecator, deprecatoris [deprecor],
m., mediator, intercessor.
dSprecor, -arf, -atus [precor, pray],
pray to escape from, beg off, sue for
mercy,
d§prehend5, deprehendere, depre-
hendl, deprehensus [prehendd,
seize], seize, catch, surprise.
deprimd, deprimere, depress!, depres-
sus [premd, press], weigh down,
sink.
derectS [derectus], adv., straight,
directly,
derScttu, -a, -um [part, of dCrig5],
straight, direct; perpendicular.
dSrigd, derigere, der€rf, derectus
[regd, keep straight], lay straight,
direct, aim.
derivS, -arc, -Svl, -5tus [cf. riyus,
broQk], draw off, divert.
derogd, -are, -avT, -atus [rogO, ask],
take away, withhold.
discendd, descendere, descend!, de-
scensus [scandd, climb], climb down,
descend, come down; have recourse
to, resort to.
desciscS, desc!scere, descivi, descltus
[seised, approve], {withdraw ap-
proval), desert, be unfaithful ; a
ndbis d§seiseere, be unfaithful to us.
deseed, desecare, desecu!, desectus
[seed, cut], cut down.
deserd, deserere, desenu, desert us
[serd, unite], {disunite) ; abandon,
desert,
desertor, desertoris [deserd], m,,
deserter.
desiderd, -are, -avi, -atus, wish for,
desire, wait for, miss, lose ; pass.,
be missing or lost.
dSsidia, -ae [deses, idle, cf. desided,
sit idle], f, idleness.
designd, -are, -av!, -atus [signd,
mark], mark out, point out, mean,
indicate.
desilid, desiUre, desilui, — [salid,
leap], leap ox jump down, dismount.
desind, desinere, dfsii, desitus [sind,
give leave], leave off, cease.
desistd, desistere, destiti, destiturus,
[sistd, place (one*s self)], stand
off, cease, desist.
despectus, -us [cf. dSspicid, look
down], m., view down (from a
height).
dSsperatid, desperati5nis [despSrd],
f, despairing, despair.
desperd, -are, -av!, -atus [sperd,
hope], give up hope, despair of.
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478
VOCABULARY
despiciO, despicere, despexi, despectus
[specio, look'\y look down on, despise t
scorn, express contempt for.
destino, -are, -avi, -ziMS, fasten, secure;
appoint, detail.
d§8titud, destituere,destitu!, destitutus
[status, set up\ {set away from
one*s self), abandon, desert.
destringo, destringere, destrinxi, de-
strictus [stringd, strip'], strip off;
draw (of a sword, stripping off its
scabbard).
desum, degsse, defui, defuturus [sum,
be"], {be from), be lacking, fail ;
omnia deerant, there was a lack of
everything,
detendo, detendere, detendi, detensus
[tend5, stretch], unstretch, strike
(of tents).
deterred, deterrere, deterruT, deterritus
\XKVi^h, frighten], frighten off, hin-
der, prevent.
dStined, detinere, detinuT, detentus
[tened, hold], hold off, detain,
delay,
detrahd, detrahere, detraxl, detractus
[trahd, draiv], draw away, seize;
take away, detach, take off.
detrimentum, -i [cf. deterd, rub
away], n., {ivear and tear), loss;
defeat, reverse.
deturbd, -are, -avi, -atus [turbd, to
disorder], drive off or away (in
confusion).
dens, -1, nom. pi. dii, m., god.
d§Yenid, devenire, devenl, deventurus
[venid, come], come doivn, come.
dSyexus, -a, -um [old part, of deveho,
carry down], sloping; n. pi. as
subst., hillsides.
deyincS, devincere, devTci, devictus
[vincS, conquer], conquer complete-
ly, subdue.
devoveS, devovere, devovi, devotus
[voveS, vow], pledge, devote; d€-
vdtus, as subst., devoted follower,
dexter, dextra, dextrum, right,
dextra, -ae [dexter, sc. manus, hanc[\,
f, right hand.
Diablintes, -um, m,, pi., a Celtic
tribe in central Aremorica. The
name survives in Jablins,
Diana, -ae, /, the great goddess of
the Ephesians {Acts 19, 27 f. and 34
f.). Her temple, of vast size and
magnificence, was one of the seven
wonders of the world. Her statue
was of wood, and its great antiquity
was attested by its rude workman-
ship, but it was gorgeously appar-
eled and kept in a shrine of costly
splendor. This goddess had noth-
ing in common with the Roman
Diana, who was a patroness of
hunting.
dic5, -are, -avi, -atus [cf. died], dedi-
cate, devote, attach.
dic5, dicere, dixi, dictus, say, tell,
speak; call, name, appoint, men-
tion; take oath.
dictator, dictatdris [dictd, dictate],
m., dictator, a Roman magistrate ;
see on 187, i.
dictatura, -ae [dictd, dictate], /,
dictatorship.
dictid, dictionis [cf. dictus, part of
died], /, speaking, pleading,
diducd, diducere, diduxi, diductus
[dis- -\- dixcd, lead], lead apart,
divide.
dies, diei [cf. diu, for a long time],
m., day; f, time, an appointed day ;
diem ex die, day after day ; multd
die, late in the day ; his paucis
diebus, w/Mi« a few days; in dies,
from day to day, implying progres-
sion, cf. cotidie ; ad diem, on the
appointed day.
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479
diiferO, differre, distull, dllitus [dis-
+ ferft, carry"], carry apart, scatter ;
put off, postpone ; differ,
difficilis, difficile [diS'+fadlis^^ajry],
difficult, hard,
difficult&s, difficultatis [difflcilis], /,
difficulty, embarrassment,
diffidd, difffdere, diffisus sum [dis- +
fidS, trust], semi'dep,, distrust,
despair of,
diffiu5, difflucre, diffluxl, — [dis- +
flu5, flow], flow apart, divide,
difhmdd, diffundere, diffudi, diffusus
[dis- + funds, scatter], spread out,
digitus, "1, m., finger ; as a measure,
finger, finger's breadth; digitus
poUez, thumb,
dignitas, dignitatis [dignus, worthy],
/, worth, merit, prestige, high
position,
dii, see deus.
diiudicd, -are, -avT, -atus [di8- +
iudicd, ju<^e'\, decide.
dilectus, -us [dis-, cf. legO, choose],
m,, choosing, levy, enrollment,
diligens, diligentis [part, of diligd],
adj., careful, watchful,
dnigenter [dUigens], adv,, carefully,
scrupulously, faithfully,
dnigentia, -ae [diligSns], /, care,
pains, diligence,
dnigd, diligere, dilexi, dilectus [dis-
-f legO, choose], {choose apart), love,
esteem,
dimStior, dimetiri, dfmensus [dis- -H
mStior, measure]^ measure out;
mark out; proportion,
dimic&tiO, dimicatidnis [dimic5], /,
fight, struggle,
d^ic5, -are, -avi, -atQrus [dis- +
inicS, shcJke], {brandish weapons),
fight; impers. pass., the battle is
carried on.
(Umidium, dimidi [n. of adj. dimidius
( dis- + medius, apart in the mid'
dU), half], n., a half
dimittd, dimittere, dimlsl, dfmissus
[dis- -f- mittd, send], send away,
dismiss, let go, discharge ; lose; send
out (in different directions), send to
their posts; give up, abandon, throw
away.
diripid, diriperej dlripuT, direptus [dis-
■V rapid, seize], tear apart, plunder,
pillage.
dis-, di-, dif-, dir-, used only in
composition, apart, in different
directions; un-, not,
dis, contr. from diis, see deus.
Dis, Ditis, m., Dis, more commonly
called Pluto, the Roman god of the
lower world and king of the dead.
discedd, discedere, discessT, disces-
surus [ced5, go], disperse, scatter;
go away, depart, withdraw; ab
armis discedere, lay down their
arms; victdres discedere, come off
conquerors.
disceptO, -are, -avT, -atus [capt5, freq.
of capiO, take'], {take apart for
examination), settle,
discemd, discemere, discrevi, discretus
[cemd, separate], distinguish, know
apart.
discessus, -us [cf. discSdd], m,,
departure,
disciplina, -ae [discipulus, learner],
f, instruction, discipline, system;
in disciplina, under instruction,
discliidd, discludere, disclusi, discliisus
[claudd, shut], keep apart,
disc5, discere, didici, — , learn.
discribd, discribere, discripsT, discrip-
tus [dis- + scribd, write], appor-
tion, assign,
discurrd, discurrere, discurri or dis-
cucurrf, discursurus [currd, run],
run to and fro.
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48o
v(x:abulary
disicifif disicere, disiec!, disiectus
[iaci5, ihrow']y hurl asunder j break
up, disperse, scatter .
dispar, disparis [par, equal], adj,,
unequal, ilUmatched,
dispergO, dispergere, dispersi, di-
spersus [dis- + spargd, scatter],
scatter,
dispertid, dispcrtirc, dispertm or dis-
pertil, dispertitos [paitid, part],
distribute,
dispdnO, disponere, disposui, disposi-
tus [p0n5, place], place here and
there; station in several places ; set
in order, arrange,
diflputd, -are, -avf, -atus [pntd, think],
discuss, argue; multa disputare,
have many discussions,
dissSnsid, dissensionis [cf. dissentid,
disagree], /,, disagreement, dissen-
sion,
disserd, dissererc, — , — [serO, sow],
plant here and there,
dissimuld, -are, -avf, -atus [simul5,
pretend a thing is what it really is
not], pretend a thing is not what it
really is, conceal,
dissipd, -are, -avi, -atus, disperse.
distendd, distendere, distendi, dis-
tentus [tendd, stretch], stretch apart,
separate,
distined, distinere, distinuT, distentus
[tened, hold], hold apart, separate,
keep back, detain, divert,
distO, distarc, — , — [dis- + 8td,
stand], stand apart, be separated; be
distant; quantum iiinctura dista-
bat, just filling the space between,
di8trah5, distrahere, distraxi, dis-
tractus [trahO, draw], draw apart,
break.
distribuS, distribuere, distribuT, dis-
tributus [tribu5, assign], assign (in
parts), distribute, divide.
ditissimua, -a, -am [tup. of dlres,
rich], richest.
diu [cf. di€s, day], adv., long, for a long
time; comp. diutius, longer, too
long, very long; sup. diutiasime,
longest; quam diu, as long as;
quam difitissime, as long as possible,
diumus, -a, -um [cf. dies, day], by day,
diutumitas, diutumitatis [diutur-
nus], f., length (of time), long
continuance.
diutumua, -a, -um [did], long (of
time), long continued.
diyersus, -a, -um [part of dirertd,
separate], separate, apart, different ;
facing in the opposite direction,
opposite,
Diyici&CU8, -i, m., a Haeduan noble-
man, leader of the pro-Roman
faction among the Haedui ; loyal
to Caesar, by whom he was highly
favored.
Diyicd, Divic5nis, m., a chief of the
Helvetii.
dividd, dividerc, divisi, divisus, divide,
part, separate,
diyinus, -a, -um [divus,^^], of a god,
divine ; rSs dlYinae, religious mat-
ters, worship,
d5, dare, dedi, datus, give; appoint;
88 vents dare, run before the wind;
in fugam dare, put to flight,
doced, docere, docul, doctus, teach,
show, tell of,
documentum, -! [cf. doced], ».,
example, warning, proof,
doled, dolere, dolui, doliturus, suffer, be
grieved,
dolor, dol5ris [cf. doled], m., pain;
grief; vexation, indignation.
dolus, -i, m., trickery, cunnitig,
domesticus, -a, -um [domus], of the
home, native, civil (of war); his
(their) own.
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VOCABULARY
48 J
dominns, -T [cf. domS, tame], m,,
master,
Domitius, Domitl, m., a Roman gen-
tile or clan name, (i) Lucius
Domitius Ahenobarbus, consul in
54 B.C., an officer of Pompey in the
Civil War, one of Caesar's bitterest
opponents. He was killed at Phar-
salus, 48 B.C. (2) Gnaeus Domi-
tius, a cavalry commander in Curio's
army. (3) Gnaeus Domitius Cat-
vinus, one of Caesar's most trusted
officers in the Civil War.
Domnilaus, -1, m., a tetrarch of Gala-
tia, who led a contingent of cavalry
to Pompey's support in the Civil
War.
domas, -us, f,, house^ home; domi,
loc, at home; dom5, abl., from
home; domum, end of motion,
home.
dOno, -are, -avT, -atus [dOnum], re-
ward, present (with).
ddnum, -1 [cf. dS], «., gift.
dorsum, -1, n., back; of a mountain
ridge, top.
d5s, dotis [cf. dS],/, dowry.
druides, druidum, m., pi., the druids,
priests of the native religion in
Gaul and Britain. They were also
the supreme judges in all disputes,
and failure to abide by their deci-
sions was punished by a sort of
excommunication. Admittance to
their order was granted only after
a long period of study. Their
teachings were transmitted orally
and in verse form.
dubitatid, dubitationis [dubitS], /,
doubt, hesitation.
dubitd, -are, avi, -atus [cf. dubius],
doubt; hesitate (so regularly with
complementary infin.).
dubioSy -a, -urn, doubtful, of doubtful
MATH. CAESAR — 3 1
meaning; nSn est dubium qain,
there is no doubt that.
dacenti, -ae, -a, or CC [dao + centum,
hundred], two hundred.
duco, ducere, diixl, ductus [cf. dux],
lead, conduct; bring; draw; dig z.
trench; drag out, prolong, put off;
calculate, consider, regard, think;
in matrimdnium diicere, marry
(of the man), cf. nubd.
dum, conj,, while, so long as ; until,
Dumnorix, Dumnorigis, m,, a Hae-
duan nobleman, brother of Divicia-
cus; a leader of the anti-Roman
faction among the Gauls, he con-
stantly endeavored to thwart Cae-
sar's plans, until he was put to
death in 54 B.C., just before Caesar
sailed the second time to Britain.
dumtaxat, adv., only.
duo, -ae, -o, or II, two.
duodecim, or xii [duo -f- decern,
ten], twelve.
duodecimus, -a, -um [duodecim],
twelfth.
duodeni, -ae, -a [cf. duodecim],
distr. num., twelve each, twelve
at a time; twelve (acting as a
group).
duodeyiginti, or xvni [duo d€ vi-
ginti, two from hventy], eighteen.
duplex, duplicis [duo, cf. ^]ich,fold],
adj., twofold, double.
duplicd, -are, -avT, -atus [duplex],
double, increase.
dure [dunis], adv., hardly, harshly.
diiritia, -ae [dtirus], /, hardness,
hardship.
diird, -are, -avi, -atus [diims], harden,
toughen.
diirus, -a, -um, hard,
Durus, 1, m., a Roman family name.
Quintus Laberius Durus, a tribune
in Caesar's army.
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482
VOCABULARY
dliz,ducis [cf.dfic5], m., leader, guide,
officer,
dynastes, -ae [Greek = mighty man'],
m,, dynast,
Djrrracliiiius, -a, -um, of or near
Dyrrachium ; m. pi. as subst,, the
people of Dyrrachium,
Dyrrachium, Dyrrachi, n,, famous in
Greek history as Epidamnus.
When in 229 B.C. it was allied with
-Rome, the name was changed to
avoid the suggestion of damnum,
his, Pompey made his headquar-
ters there in 49-48 B.C. See also on
Z90, 3. The name survives in the
modem Durauo,
S, ez [S is used only before conso-
nants, ez before either vowels or
consonants], prep, with abl., out of,
out from (cf. a, ab, away from),
from, of; in, on ; according to ; of
^asLt^from, after ; xcoSb. ez parte, on
one side; S re, expedient,
SburOnSs, -um, m,, pi., a tribe of
eastern Belgium, clients of the
Treveri.
BburOYicSs, -um, m,, pi., see Aulerci.
Sdictum, -I [part, of edic5, proclaim],
n., proclamation,
Sdiacd, ediscere, cdidici, — [di8C5,
learn], learn by heart,
Sditus, -a, -um [part, of §d5], high,
elevated,
Sd5, edere, edidl, editus [d5, put],
{put out), publish ; Sdere in vul-
gUS, spread abroad,
SdoceO, edocere, edocu!, edoctus
[dOCeO, teach], teach thoroughly,
show clearly, instruct,
Sdfio5, educere, eduxi, eductus [duc5,
lead], lead out or forth; draw a
sword.
effeminG, -are, -avf, -Stus [ex,
f§mina, woman], make womanish,
weaken, enfeeble.
efferd, efferre, extuli, elatus [ez +
ferd, carry], carry out, take away ;
spread abroad, publish; lift up,
raise; extol; elate, carry away,
puff up,
efficid, efficere, effecl, effectus [ez -f
facid, make], make out, make,
produce, accomplish, bring about,
complete,
effugid, effugere, effugi, effugitCinis
[ex H- fugid, flee], escape,
effundd, effundere, effudi, effusus [ez
+ fundd, pour], pour out; sS
in agrds effundere, pour forth, or
spread, over the fields,
egens, egentis [part, of egeO], adj.,
needy, poor,
eged, egere, egui, — , lack, be without.
egestas, egestatb [cf. ege5],/,/rt-
vation, penury.
^iU perf. of ag6.
ego, mel, pers. pron., I; pi. nda,
we,
Sgredior, egredl, egressus [gradior,
step], go out, march out; with or
without n&vi (n&yibus), land, dis-
embark,
SgregiS [egregius], adu,, uncom-
monly well, admirably,
Sgregius, -a, -um [grez, herd], un-
common, distinguished, remarkable.
Sgressus, -us [cf. Sgredior], m„ way
out, landing.
£gU8, -1, m., an Allobrogan, pay-
master in Caesar's Gallic cavalry.
Sicid, eicere, eiecl, eiectus [iadO,
throw], cast or drive out, ccut up,
run on shore ; se iicere, rush out.
Slate [{Utua, part, of effeiO, elate],
adv,, with elation,
Slitus, part, of efferd.
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VOCABULARY
483
Elayer, Elaveris, «., the Allier, a
tributary of the Loire (Liger).
ilectus, part, of eligd.
elephantus, -T, m., elephant.
Eleuteti, -orum, m., pi., a small tribe
of southwestern Gaul, dependents
of the Arverni.
§lici5, elicere, elicuT, — [lacid, en-
Hce']t entice or lure out.
elldd, elfdere, ellsl, elisus [laedd, in-
jur e^t break to pieces,
Sligd, eligere, elegT, electus [leg5,
choose^ pick out^ select.
Ells, Elidis, f,, capital of the country
Elis in western Peloponnesus, near
Olympia.
Sloquor, eloquT, elocutus [loquor,
speak'l, speak out, call out,
Elusates, -ium, m., pi., a tribe of
east central Aquitania.
8mine5, eminere, eminui, — , stand
out, project.
§mitt5, emittere, emisT, emissus
[mittd, send], send out or forth;
hurl; let go, drop.
em5, emere, emi, emptus, buy (orig.
take ; cf. Eng. sell, orig. give).
inascor, enasci, enatus [nascor, be
born], groiv out,
enim, conj., postpositive, y5>r ; neque
enim, for , . , not, and in fact
, , , not,
enitor, enitf, enisus or enixus [nitor,
struggle], struggle out, climb up,
Snuntid, -are, -avi, -atus [nantid, an-
nounce], speak out, reveal, report,
c6, ire, ii, iturus, ^<?, pass, march, ad-
vance ; qud simul atque intrd est
itam, as soon as they had gone in
here,
e5 [old dat. of is, that; cf. e5dem],
adv,, thither,'^ there, to that place.
eS [abl. of is, that], adv,, on that ac'
count, therefore ; with comparatives,
the, all the, so much ; e5 magis, all
the more,
e5dem [old dat. of idem, the same;
cf. e5, thither], adv., to the same
place,^ to the same issue,
Sphesius, -a, -um, of or at Ephesus,
Ephesian,
Ephesus, -1, /., an old Greek city,
large and wealthy, on the west
coast of Asia Minor, famous for its
worship of Diana. A Christian
church was established there by St.
Paul, who afterwards wrote to it one
of his best epistles. This was one
of the seven great churches of Asia,
mentioned in Revelation i, 11, and
2, I.
ephippiatus, -a, -um [ephippium],
supplied with a horse-cloth,
ephippium, ephippT, n., horse-cloth.
The saddle, sella equesths, does
not appear to have been used be-
fore the fourth century a.d.
Epirus or Epiros, -T, /, the northwest-
ern district of Greece, included in
the province of Macedonia in 148
B.C.
Eporedoriz, -igis, m., a Haeduan
noble, one of the Gallic command-
ers in the uprising of 52 B.C.
epulum, -T, n., pi. eptllae, /, banquet,
feast.
eqaes, equitis [equus], m., horseman^
cavalryman ; knight (member of
the equestrian order, the moneyed
class at Rome ; applied also to the
wealthy classes in Gaul) ; pi. col-
lectively, cavalry,
eqaester, equestris, equestre [eques],
of cavalry, cavalry-.
> For the dat. in this use, see H. 428, i (385, 4, i) : L. M. 540 ; A. 438, k (225,^, 3) ; G
358 : B. 193, 1.
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484
VOCABULARY
eqnidem, adv,^for my part
equititns, -us [equitd, ride\ m,,
cavalry,
equns, equi, xv., horse ; equd, on horse-
back*
BratosthenSs, -is, m., a famous Greek
geographer, historian, grammarian,
and astronomer. He died about
200 B.C. at Alexandria, where he
was librarian of the most celebrated
library of antiquity.
ergd, adv,j thtreforCi then,
Sricius, erici [§r, he<i^ehog\ m., beam
bristling with spikes^ used to block-
ade an entrance or approach.
Srig5, erigere, erexl, erectus [reg5,
keep straight'\, set up straight^ lift
up: se Srigere, stand up; perf.
part, as adj.^ high and straight,
high,
§ripi5, eripere, eripuf, ereptus [rapid,
seiu]f wrest away, tear away, res-
cue; sS Sripere, escape from,
error, erroris [cf. err5, wander"], m^
mistake,
SnimpO, erumpere, erupt, eruptus
[rampd, burst], burst forth, break
out, make a sally ; transitive, /<>«r
out, vent.
Sroptid, eniptidnis [cf. §rumpO], /.,
sally, sortie,
essed&rius, essedar! [essedum], m,,
filter from a war chariot,
essedum, -I, n,, two-wheeled war
chariot, of the Britons.
Ssuyii, -drum, m., pi., a Celtic tribe
in northwestern Gaul.
et, conj,, ami, even, too; et . . . et,
both , . . and, not only , . . but
also,
etisiae, -arum, /, pi., the etesian
winds, blowing regularly from the
north, during the summer, in the
eastern Mediterranean.
etiam [et iam, and now], conj,, also^
even, too,
etsi [et si, even if], conj,, even i/^
although,
ev&dd, evadere, evasl, evasurus [yadd,
go], escape,
§veU6, evellere, evelll, evulsus [velld,
pluck], pull out.
Svenid, evenire, even!, eventurus
[venid, come], turn out, result,
Sventus, -us [cf. evenio], m,, outcome,
issue, end,
evocatus, -T [part, of eyocd], m,, re-
enlisted veteran, a soldier who had
served his full time and received an
honorable discharge, but had reen-
tered service upon the invitation
(hence the name) of a commander.
He was exempt from menial duties,
and received high wages and gen-
erous rewards.
evocd, -are, avi, at us [vocS, caU], call
out, invite, summon,
eY0l5, -are, -avi, -atiirus [vol6,/>'],
fly out, rush forth,
ex, see §.
exagitd, -are, -avi, -atus [agitO, freq.
of ag5, drive], pursue constantly,
harass,
ezamind, -are, -avT, -atus [ezamen,
tongue of a balance], weigh; ad
certum pondas examin&tis, of a
definite weight (lit., weighed up to a
definite weight),
exanimd, -are, -avi, -atus [ezanimns,
out of breath, lifeless], put out of
breath; kill; perf. part., breathless,
exhausted; killed,
ezarescd, exarescere, exarul, — [cf.
&ridus, dry], dry up.
exaudid, exaudire, exaudivf, exaudi-
tus [audid, hear], hear clearly,
ezcSdd, excedere, excess!, excessurus
[p^^'b, go], go out, withdraw, retire.
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VOCABULARY
485
ezcellSns, excellentis [part, of ex-
celld], adj.^ eminent superior^ re-
markable,
ezcell9» excellere, excellui, excelsus,
be eminent ^ excel,
excelsus, -a, -um [part, of excelld],
high^ elevated.
ezcepto, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of ex-
Cipi6], catch up,
excidd, excldere, excTdl, excisus
[caed5, ctU\, cut out^ cut away,
excipi5» excipere, excepT, exceptus
[capi5» take^ receive^ take^ catch;
withstand^ support; folloiv^ succeed ;
vada excipere (of ships), stand the
shallows,
excitd, -are, -avI, -atus [excitus, part.
of excied, call out], call out, rouse,
excite, spur on ; raise, erect,
excludd, excludere, exclusT, exclusus
[claudd, shut], shut out, cut off, pre-
vent,
excrucid, -are, -avi, -atus [crucid,
torture], torture, torment,
excubiae, -arum [cf. excubd], /, pi.,
standing guard; in excubiis, on
guard,
excubitor, excubitoris [cf. excubd],
m,, sentinel.
excubd, excubare, excubai, excabiturus
[cubQ, lie], lie out, bivouac, stand
guard, keep watch,
exculcd, -are, -avT, -atus [calc5, tread,
from calx, heel], tread down, stamp
doiun,
exciiso, -are, -avi, -atus [ex, causa,
reason; cf. accusd], {bring a reason
for setting free), excuse, make excuses
for (with ace).
exemplum, -t [ex, cf. em5, take], n.,
{sample), example, precedent,
exe5, exire, exii, exiturus [eS, go], go
out, emigrate ; march off,
exerced, exercere, exercui, exercitus
[arceS, hold off], keep at work ; ex-
ercise, train, discipline,
exercitatid, exercitatidnis [exercit5,
freq. of tXVtZX^], f, practice, train-
ing, exercise,
exercitatus, -a, -um [part, of exercitd,
freq. of txticetO], practiced, trained,
exercitus, -us [exerced, train], m.,
(a training, a trained body), army,
exigd, exigere, exegi, exactus [ag5»
drive], exact, collect, demand; (of
time) pass, spend; pass., be past, be
aver,
exigu§ [exiguus], adv., scantily,
barely,
exiguitas, exiguitatis [exiguus], /,
scantiness, smallness, lack, small
number.
exiguus, -a, -um, scanty, small, short,
ejdstimatid, exTstimationis [exis-
timSj,/, judgment, estimate, opin-
ion ; reputation, credit,
existimd, -are, -avi, -atus [aestimd,
estimate the value of], estimate,
think, believe ; determine,
exitus, -us [cf. exe5], m., a going out,
departure, escape ; end, conclusion;
result, issue, outcome.
expedid, expedire, expedlvT, expeditus
[ex, 'p6B,foot], (free the foot from),
disentangle, free, arrange,
expedltid, expedltionis [expedid],/.,
expedition (in light marching order).
expeditus, -a, -um [part, of expedid],
unobstructed, unencumbered, free,
without baggage, light-armed ; ready,
easy.
expelld, expellere, expulT, expulsus
[pell5, drive aivay], drive out,
expel,
experior, expcriri, expertus, try, test,
learn by experience ; attempt; rei
Sventum experiri, joait and see how
things will turn out.
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486
VOCABULARY
expled, explere, explevf, expletus
[pled.///],/// up..
explic5, -are, -avi, -alus, and -ul,
-itus [plied, folii\ unfold^ spread
out, deploy t arrange.
expldrator, expl <rat6ris [ezplord],
m., a scout.
expldratus, -a, -um [part, of ezpldro],
certain^ undoubted.
ezpldrd, -are, -avT, -atus, search out^
examine, investigate, reconnoitre.
expdnd, exponere, cxposui, cxpositus
[p0n5, place\ set out, array ; dis-
embark, land; set forth (in words),
state; his rebus ezpositis, having
made these statefnents.
ezportd, -are, -avT, -atus [porto,
carry"], carry away.
exposed, exposcere, expoposci, —
[pOSC5, demand], demand, ash
eagerly,
ezpUgnd, -are, -avl, -atus [pugnd
Jight\, (Jake away by fighting), take
by storm, capture (by assault), re-
duce.
ezquird, exquirere, exquTsivT, exquTsT-
tus [quaerd, look for], ask for, seek
out,
exsequor, exsequT, exsecutus [sequor,
follow], follow out or up, enforce.
ezserd, exserere, exserui, exsertus
[serd, weave], thrust out, un-
cover,
ezsistd, cxsistere, exstiti, — [sist5,
place (one's selO]f arise, ensue;
of horns, grow out.
ezspectitid, exspectationis [ez-
spectd], /, expectation.
ezspectd, -are, -avi, -atus [spectd,
look at], look out for, expect, wait
for, wait, wait to see.
ezspolid, -are, -avT, -atus [spolid,
strip], strip off; deprive,
ezstiti, perf. of ezsistd.
ezstd, exstare, — , exstaturus [std,
stand], stand out from ; be above.
ezstrud, exstruere, exstruxi, exstruc-
tus [strud, arrange], heap up ; con-
struct.
eztendd, extendere, extendi, extentus
or extensus [tendd, stretch], stretch
out; se eztendere, exert himself
ezter or ezterus, extera, exterum [ez,
out of] , foreign, outer. Comp. ezte-
rior, outer; ezterior hostis, an
enemy from xvithout. Sup. eztie-
mus, outermost, extreme, farthest,
last, end of ; worst; ad eztremnm,
at last; ab extr§iiii parte, at the
end; ad eztr§mam dr&tidnem,
towards the end of the speech.
ezterred, extcrrere, exterrui, exter-
ritus [terred, frighten], frighten
greatly, terrify.
eztimSscd, extimescere, extimuT, —
[timescd, inch, of t\m^,fear],fear
greatly, dread.
eztra [cf. ez, out of], (i) adv., tvith-
out; (2) prep, with ace, outside, out
of, without; contrary to,
eztrahd, extrahere, extraxT, extractus
[trahd, draw], draw out, waste,
eztrSmus, see ezter.
eztriidd, extrudere, extrusi, extrusos
[trudd, thrust], thrust out, shut
out.
ezud, exuere, exui, exutus, strip, de-
prive, despoil.
eziird, exurere, exussT, exustus [urd,
burn], burn up.
F
faber, fabri, m., mechanic, carpenter,
Fabius, FabT, m., a Roman gentile or
clan name, (i) Lucius FaMus, a
centurion in Caesar's army in GauL
(2) Gaius Fabius, one of Caesar*i
I lieutenants. (3) Fabius, a Paelig-
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VOCABULARY
487
nian centurion in Curio's army in
Africa.
facile [n. of facilis], adu.^ easily.
fadlis, facile [cf. facio], easy,
facinus, facinoris [cf. facid], »., deed;
esp. misdeed, crime,
£aci5» facere, feci, factus, make^ do^
accomplish; proelium idLOtitt fight
a battle ; praedam facere, get booty.
For pass., see f i9.
facti5» factionis [cf. facid], /, party ^
fiiction,
factum, A [part, of facid], «., thing
done, deed, act.
facnlt&s, facultatis [cf. facilis], /,
abiiity, power ; opportunity, means,
chance ; supply, store, goods,
f&gus, -1, /, beech, the tree or the
timber.
fall5, fallere, fefellT, falsus, deceive,
disappoint, escape the notice of,
talsus, -a, -um [part, of falld], false,
unfounded,
falx, falcis,/., a curved blade or hook;
muralis falx, wall-hook, for pulling
down city walls.
fama, -ae, /, report, good report,
famSs, famis, /, hunger, starvation,
familia, -ac [famulus, servant^ f,
body of slaves in a household ; house-
hold; pater familiae, head of a
family,
famili&ris, familiare [familia], of a
household; res famillarls, private
property, estate; m. as subst., friend,
intimate.
f&num, -T, «., temple,
fas, «., indecl., right (in the sight of
Heaven). Cf. ius, which is right
according to human law.
fascis, fascis, m., bundle ; pi., the rods,
the fasces, a bundle of rods carried
by a lictor before the highest Roman
magistrates as a symbol of authority.
The number of lictors depended on
the office of the magistrate ; con-
suls had twelve. Prdicere fasces,
to throw away the fasces, i.e. to give
up an office. Provincial governors,
and other magistrates in time of
war, had an ax bound up with the
rods, symbolizing the power of life
and death.
fastigate [fastigatus, slopittg'], adv.,
sloping, slanting,
fastigium, fastigi, n,, top; slope, de-
scent ; altitudinia fastigium,
height,
fauces, faucium, f, pi., throat; nar-
row way, entrance,
faved, favere, favl, fautiirus, favor, be
favorable to,
f efelli, perf. of falld.
felicitas, fellcitatis [feliz, lucky'^, f,
luck, good fortune.
feliciter [felix, lucky'], adv„ luckily,
happily, successfully,
f emina, -ae, f, woman, female,
femur, femoris and feminis, n., thigh,
fera, -ae [ferus],/, wild beast.
ferS, adv., almost, about, for the most
part, generally, usually; hoc fere
differunt, they differ chiefly in
this.
feriae, -arum, /, pi., holidays; fSriae
Latinae, the Latin festival; see on
188, 6.
ferS, ferre, tulT, latus, bear, carry,
bring; carry off, win; bear, en-
dure, suffer ; report, say; with refl.
or in pass., hurry, rush; graviter
ferre, be annoyed or indignant at;
condicidnem ferre, propose terms;
yentus f ert, the wind blows ; c6n-
suStiidd fert, it is usual; fert ill5-
rum opinid, they suppose; ut na-
tura montis ferebat, according to
the form of the mountain.
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488
VOCABULARY
ferreus, -a, -um [fermm], of iron,
iron,
fomiiiif -iy ff.f iron,
fertiliB, fertile [fert], bearing, pro-
ductive, fertile,
feras, -a, -um, wild^ fierce,
festttca, 'Sie,f,, rammer, pile-driver,
fibula, -ae [cf. figd,^], f,, fastener,
clasp,
fictus, part, of fingS.
fid^is, fidele \tS3W\, faithful, true,
fidSs, fidel, /, good faith, fidelity, loy-
alty; plec^, promise; confidence,
trust; credit; fidem facere, give a
promise; fidem seqtli, seeh the pro-
tection; in fidem recipere, receive
under protection,
fiducia, -ae [cf. fidis], /, confidence,
figura, -ae [cf. fingd],/, shape, form,
filia, -ae,/, daughter,
filius, nil, m,, son,
fingO, Bngere, finxl, Actus, mold,
shape; invent; ticta respondere,
mold their answers,
finid, finlre, finivi, finitus [finis],
bound, limit, measure, end, finish,
finis, finb [cf. find5, cuf\, m,, bound-
ary, limit, end; pi., borders, country,
territory; finem facere, stop,
finitimus, -a, -um [finis], bordering
on, neighboring; m. pL as subst,,
neighbors; finitimom bellum, a
war with neighbors,
fid, fieri, factus, used as pass, of facid,
be made, be done, be given ; become;
be brought to pass, come about, result,
happen, be,
firmiter [firmns], adv,, firmly,
steadily,
firmitudd, firmitudinis [firmus], /,
strength^ firmness,
finn5, -are, -avi, -atus [firmns],
strengthen, encourage,
finnus, -a, -um, strong, firm, stable.
Flaccns, -T, m,, a Roman family i
See Valerius,
flagitd, -2re, -avf, -itus, ask earnestly,
demand, dun,
flamma, -zt,f,,fiame, blazing fire,
flectd, flectere, flexi, flexus, bend, turn,
Fleginas, -atis, m,, a Roman family
name. Gains Fleginas, a Roman
knight from Placentia, in Caesar's
army in the Civil War.
fle(^, flere, flevi, fletus, weep, shed tears,
fid, flare, fiavi, flatus, blow,
fldrens, florentis [part, of il5re5»
bloom"], adj,, prosperous, fiourishing,
flds, floris, m.^fiower.
fluctus, -us [cf. flud], m.,wave, billcw,
flnmen, fluminis [cf. flud], n,, river,
current,
flu5, fluere, fluxT, fluxurus,^i9zv.
fodid, fodere, fodl, fossus, dig,
folium, foil [cf. flds], n., leaf
fdns, fontis, m,^ spring, fountain,
for&men, foraminis, n,, opening, hole,
fore = futurum esse, fut infin. of
sum.
foris, adv., out of doors; outside^
fdrma, -ae,yi, shape, Jorm,
fors, fortis [cf. ferS],/, chance,
fortasse [cf. forte], adv „ perhaps.
forte [abl. of fors], adv,, by chance,
perchance.
fortis, forte, brave, strong,
fortiter [fortis], adv,, bravely, gal-
lantly,
fortitiidd, fortitudinis . [fortis], /,
bravery,
fortuna, -ae [tors], f, fortune, chance,
fate; good fortune; pi., fortrtne%
property,
fossa, -ae [part, of fodid], /., dilck,
trench,
fovea, -9A, f, pitfall,
frangd, frangere, fregf, fractus, break,
wreck.
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VOCABULARY
489
friter, fritris, «., brother,
fritemus, -a, -um [frater], of ox for a
brother^ brotherly.
frauds, -are, -avi, -Stus [fraus, cheat-
ing]t cheats steal.
fremitus, -us [fremd, roar'\t tn,j up-
roar, din.
frequens, frcquentis, adj,, in great
numbers ; quam frequentissimi,
in as great numbers as possible.
frequentia, -ae [frequens], /, crowds
throng.
fr§tus, -a, -um, relying on.
frigidus, -a, -um [cf. frigus], cold.
frigUS, frlgoris, w., cold; pi., cold
weather ^ as consisting of cold spells.
frdns, frondis, /, foliage.
frGns, frontis, /, forehead; front.
fructus, fructus [cf. fruor], m., {en-
joyment), fruit; income, profit;
reward,
fruges, friigum [cf. fructus], /, pi.,
fruits (of the soil rather than of
trees), crops,
frumentarius, -a, -um [frumentum],
of grain, productive of grain, grain-
producing; res frumentaria, ^^//f
supplies; iiayisfriunentaria,^^^
transport,
frumentatid, frumentationis [fru-
mentor], /., foraging.
frumentor, -arl, -atus [frumentum],
get grain or supplies, forage.
fr&mentum, -i [cf. fruor], n., grain ;
pi., crops, standing grain.
fruor, fruT, fructus, enjoy,
frustri, adv., in vain, without effect,
without reason,
Ffifius, Fufi, m., a Roman gentile or
clan name. See Calenus.
tvigi^-9it,f., flight,
fugid, fugere, fug!, fugiturus [cf.
tVLgai], flee, run away; fugient§8,
as subst,, Jugitives,
fugitiyus, -a, -um [cf. fugi6],/^//«^;
m. as subst., runaway slave, fugitive.
Fulvius, FulvT, m,, a Roman gentile
or clan name. Fulvius Postumus,
one of Caesar's soldiers in the Civil
War.
fumus, -1, m., smoke.
funda, -ae [cf. fundS],/, sling.
funditor, funditoris [cf. funda], m,,
slinger.
fundd, fundere, fudl, fusus, scatter,
rout.
funebris, funebre [cf. funus], of a
funeral; n. pi. as subst., funeral
sen ice.
funis, funis, m., rope.
funus, funeris, n., funeral.
furtum, -T [cf. fur, thief], n,, theft,
futurus, with or without esse, fut.
inBn. of sum.
Gabali, -drum, m., pi., a small tribe
of southern Gaul, bordering on the
province, dependents of the Arverni.
Gablnius, GabinT, m., a Roman gen-
tile or clan name. Aulus Gabinius,
consul 58 B.c In 67 B.C. he pro-
posed the Gabinian law, which gave
Pompey command against the pi-
rates. As consul he acquiesced in
Cicero's banishment. In 55 B.C. he
was sent by Pompey to restore
Ptolemy Auletes to his throne.
gaesum, -i, n., javelin, of the Alpine
Gauls.
Galba, -ae, m.,9. Roman family name.
Servius Sulpicius Galba, a lieu-
tenant of Caesar in Gaul ; see also
on 81, 2.
galea, -ae, /, helmet, usually of leather
strengthened by metal.
Gallia, -ae,/, Gaul, (i) Commonly
applies to Gallia trdnsalpina or
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490
VOCABULARY
ulterior, comprising France, Bel-
gium, the parts of Germany and
of Holland west of the Rhine, and
Switzerland. (2) Restricted to
Gallia Celtica in 51, 19. (3) Re-
stricted to the Roman province,
prdvincia ulterior or simply pro-
znncia. (4) Gallia cisalpina or
citerior, northern Italy between the
Rubicon and the Alps.
Gallicus, -a, -um [Callus], Gallic.
gallina, -ae [gallus, cock], /, hen.
Gallograecia, -ae, /, a name of Gala-
tia ; see on Gallos, 189, 14.
Gallas, -a, -um, Gallic; m. as subst.,
a Gaulf the Gauls; also a Roman
family name, see Trebius and
Tuticanus.
Garumna, -ae, /, the Garonne, a river
of southwestern Gaul.
Garumni, -orum, m., pi., a tribe of
southeastern Aquitania, on the up-
per Garonne (Garumna).
Gates, -ium, m., pi., a tribe of north-
eastern Aquitania.
gaude5, gaudere, gavTsus sum, semi-
dep., be pleased or delighted,
gavisus, part, of gaaded.
gemellus, -a, -um, twin.
Genava, -ae, /, Geneva, a town of the
Allobroges.
gens, gentis [cf. genus], /, clan,
family ; race, nation,
genus, generis [cf. gens], «., family,
race, kind, sort; class, species;
character, nature, method,
Genusus, -!, m., a river in the west-
em part of the province of Mace-
donia, emptying into the sea between
Dyrrachium and Apollonia.
Gergoyia, -ae, /, the principal city of
the Arverni, where Caesar's army met
its only repulse in Gaul when under
his personal command.
Gennania, -ae, /, Germany, includ-
ing Denmark, most of Holland and
of Germany, the northwest corner
of Austria, and part of Russian
Poland ; bounded by the sea, the
Rhine, the Danube, and the Vistula.
Germanicus, -a, -um [Germanus],
German, of or with the Germans.
Germanus, -a, -um, German; m. pi.
as subst., the Germans.
gerS, gerere, gessT, gestus, carry,
bear ; manage, do; pass., be done,
go on; negdti bene gerendi, of
successfully accomplishing their en-
terprise ; bellum gerere, fght,
carry on a campaign, wage war ;
rem gerere, f^ht; res gerebatur,
the action was taking place ; res
gesta, exploit.
gladius, gladi, m., sword; see Introd.
§39.
glans, glandis,/, acorn; bullet.
gldria, -ae, /, glory, renorvn ; vain-
glory, pride.
gldrior, -ari, -at us [gloria], ^ry i«,
boast of.
Gomphensis, -e, of Gomphi ; m. pi.
as subst., the people of Gomphi.
Gomphl, -drum, m., pL, a town of
western Thessaly, near the borders
of Epirus.
Graecus, -a, -um, Greek; m. pi. as
subst., the Greeks.
Graioceli, -orum, m., pi., an Alpine
tribe between the hither and the
farther province of Gaul.
grandis, grande, large, great.
Granius, Granf, m , a Roman gentile
or clan name. Aulus Granius, a
Roman knight from Puteoli, in Cae-
sar's army in the Civil War.
gratia, -ae [gratus], /. favor, influ-
ence, popularity ; friendship; grati-
tude ; gratiam referre, repay a
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VOCABULARY
491
favor f make requital ; gr&tiam ha-
bere, be grateful; gratias agere,
thank,
gratolatid, gratulationis [gratulor,
congratulate^ /, congratulation ;
fit gratulatid inter eos, they con-
gratulate each other,
gratus, -a, -um, pleasing^ acceptable,
gravis, grave, heavy ^ oppressive; of-
fensive ; severe^ serious^ harsh ;
gravior aetas, more advanced age ;
gravis autumnas, the trying au-
tumn,
gravitas, gravitatis [gravis], /,
weight; importance,
graviter [gravis], adv„ heavily ; se-
verely t bitterly; graviter ferre, be
annoyed or indignant at.
gubemator, gubematoris [gubemd,
steer'jt m., helmsmany pilot,
gustd, -are, -avT, -atus, taste.
habed, habere, habuT, habitus, have^
possess f hold; make a speech; re-
gard, consider ; se habere, be ; cSn-
silium habere, hold a consultation ;
rationem habere, keep an account,
have regard for ; have a way, pro-
pose; cdntidnem habere, make an
address ; comitia habere, hold the
elections; iter habere, be on his
way,
Hadrumetum, !, »., one of the oldest
Phoenician settlements in Africa,
on the coast south of Carthage.
Haedaus, HaeduT, m., a Haeduan;
pi., the Haedui or llaeduans, a
powerful tribe of east central Gaul,
allied to Rome since about 1 23 B.C.
hamus, -T, m,, hook.
harpagd, harpagonis, m,, hook, grap-
pling hook, with a long pole, used
for tearing down walls.
hanindG, hanindinis,/, reed,
hedera, -ae, /, ivy,
Helvetias, -a, -um, Helvetian, of the
Helvetii ; m. pi. as subst,, the Hel-
vetii or Helvetians, a Celtic nation
whose territory nearly coincided
with modern Switzerland.
Heraclia, -ae, /, an important city of
central Macedonia, on the Via
Egnatia.
herba, -ae, /, grass,
Hercynius, -a, -um, Hercynian, used
only with silva. The Hercynian
forest covered southern Germany ;
see on 143, 18.
hereditas, hereditatis [her8s,^^i>],/,
inheritance,
Hibernia, -ae,/, Ireland,
hibemus, -a, -um [hiems], of winter ;
n. pi. as subst, (sc. castra), winter
quarters, winter camp,
hlC, haec, hoc, dem, pron,, referring
to what is near in place, time, or
thought (cf. ille), M/j, this man;
he, she, etc. ; the following, as fol-
lows ; hoc, n. abl., on this account;
hie . . . ille, the latter (i.e. the
nearer in the narrative) , , , the
former, rarely the former (when
this is nearer in place, time, or
thought, though farther away in
the narrative) , , , the latter,
hie [loc. of hie, this\, adv., here, in
this place (of what is near either in
fact or in the narrative; cf. illic).
hiemd, -are, -avl, -aturus [hiems],
pass the winter, winter,
hiems, hiemis, /, winter; stormy
weather,
hinc [old case form of Mc, this^ adv,,
hence, from here,
hippotoxota, -ae [Greek = horse-
bowman], m., mounted archer,
Himis, -I, m.,9. Roman family name.
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492
VOCABULARY
Gaius Lucilius Hirrus^ a follower
of Pompey in the Civil War.
Hispania, -ae, /, Spain, including
Portugal ; organized as two prov-
inces, Hither and Farther Spain,
whence the pi. Hispaniae, M^
Spains (cf. "the Carolinas," of
North and South Carolina).
Hispanua, -a, -um, Spanish.
hodie [cf. hie, this; abl of dies, day^
adv., to-day,
hoind, hominis, m., human being,
man, fellow ; pi., men, people, man-
kind, population,
honestas, -a, -um [honor], honorable.
honor or honos, honoris, m,, honor,
distinction.
hSra, -ae, /, hour. The Romans di-
vided the time between sunrise and
sunset into twelve hours, varying in
length from about forty-five minutes
in December to about seventy- five
minutes in June. H5ra septima, be-
tween twelve and one d' clock.
hordeum, -T, « , barley.
horreum, -I, n., storehouse, granary.
horribilis, horribile [cf. horred, shud-
der <7/] , to be shuddered at, frightful.
hortatus, -us [hortor], «., urging.
hortor, -ari, -atus, urge, exhort, en-
courage, instigate.
hospes, hospitis, m., guest; friend ;
stranger.
hoapitium, hospiti [hospes], n., re-
lation of guest and host, guest- friend-
ship, friendship ; lodging, inn.
hostis, hostis, m. {stranger), enemy,
the enemy (both sing, and pi.) , used
of a public enemy, while an inimi-
CUS is a personal enemy.
hflc [old case form of hic, M/j], adv.,
hither, here ( = hither), to this place ;
to this; hac accedSbant, to these were
added.
hflmanitis, huminitStis [hfiminna],
f, refinement^ culture.
humanus, -a, -um [cf. homd], civi-
Hud, refintd,
hamilis, humile [humus, ground^
low ; lowly, humbU, obscure ; multS
humilidres redigere, reduce to much
greater obscurity,
humilitas, humilitatis [hamilis],/,
lowness.
iaced, iacere, iacul, iaciturus, lie, lie
dead; iacentSs, the fallen,
iacid, iacere, iecl, iactus, throw, cast,
iacto, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of iacid],
throw, toss back and forth ; discuss,
throw out, utter ; boast of.
iactiira, -ae [cf. iacid], /., throwing
away ; loss, sacrifice, cost,
iam, adv., now, already, at length;
even, in fact; with a fut. idea, soon ;
n5n iam or iam n5n, no longer.
Cf. nunc,
lin. = lanuarius, -a, -um, offanuary,
ibi, ach*., there, in that place.
ibidem [ibi], adv., just there, in that
very place.
ictus, -us, m., blow, stroke.
Idem, eadem, idem, dem, pron., the
same, the same thing; likewise, also.
identidem [idem], adv., repeatedly,
again and again.
ided, adv., therefore.
iddneus, -a, -um, suitable, fit, favor-
able, capable.
Idiis, Iduum, /, pi., the Ides, the 15th
of March, May, July, October, the
13th of other months,
ignis, ignis, m.,fire,
igndminia, -ae [in- neg., (g)n9men,
name'],f., disgrace.
ign5rantia, -ae [ign5r&n8, part of
ignSrS],/, ignorance.
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VOCABULARY
493
igii5r5, -are, -avf, -atus [cf. !gii5sc5],
not knoWf be ipiorani of; pass., be
unknown,
igll5sc5, ignoscere, Igndvi, Ignotui^
[in- neg. + (g)n6sc6, /earn], {not
to learn of wrong-doing, wink at),
pardon, overtook,
igndtus, -a, -urn [in- neg. + (g)n5tii8,
known], unknown, unfamiliar.
ille, ilia, illud, dem, pron., referring
to what is remote in place, time,
or thought (cf. hie, this), that,
that man; he, she, etc.; the fol-
illic [loc. of ille + ce], adv., there, in
that place (of what is remote; cf.
Mc, here).
1115 [old dat. of ille, cf. eS, thither],
adv., to that place, to that end.
lUyricum, -T, a Roman province from
167 B.C., on the east shore of the
Adriatic. It was a part of Caesar's
province; see Introd. § 8.
imbScillitas, imbecillitatis [imbScil-
lus, weak],f, weakness.
imber, imbris, m., rain.
immanls, immane, immense, huge.
immintid, imminaere, imminuT, im-
minutus [in -I- minu5, lessen], les-
sen, impair.
immittd, immittere, immlsi, immissus
[in + mittd, send], send into or
against; let down into or between;
throw, throio against.
immol5, -are, -avi, -atus [in, mola,
meal], {sprinkle meal on a sacri-
ficial victim), sacrifice.
immortalis, immortale [in- neg. H-
mortalis, mortal], immortal.
immunifl, immune [in- neg., cf. mu-
nns, duty, service], free from obli-
gations, free from tribute.
impedimentam, -I [impedid], n.,
hindrance; pi., baggage (of a legion,
see Introd. § 42), baggage train;
rarely, baggage animals.
impedid, impedlre, impedlvi, impedi-
tus [in, pes, foot]y entangle, ham-
per, obstruct; block, hinder, prevent;
perf. part., obstructed, hampered,
embarrassed, burdened with baggage
(cf. impedimentam) ; impeditidri-
bus locis, over ground unusuttlly
obstructed,
impelld, impellere, impulT, impulsus
[in + pelld, drive], drive on, incite,
induce.
impended, impendere, — , — , [in
-H pended, hang], hang over, over-
hang.
impensus, -a, -um [part, of impendd,
expend], expensive, high,
imperator, imperatoris [imperd], m.,
commander-in-chief, general.
imperatdrius, -a, -um [imperator],
of a general, generates.
imperatum, -I [part, of imperd], n.,
command, order.
imperitns, -a, -um [in- neg. -f peri-
tus, experienced], inexperienced,
unacquainted.
imperium, imperi [cf. imperd], n.,
command, absolute control, suprem-
acy, sovereignty, government.
imperd, -are, -av!, -atus [in, cf. parid,
get], make requisition, require,
see on 55, 11; command, order,
enjoin.
impetrd, -are, -avT, -atus [in -f- patrd,
effect], obtain (by request or influ-
ence), obtain one's request.
impetus, -us [in, cf. petd, aim at],
m., onset, attack, assault ; violence.
impius, -a, -um [in- neg. + pius, du-
tiful], impious {undutifuJ towards
heaven).
implied, -are, -avf, -atus, and -uT, -itus
[in -H 'plich, fold], intertwine; gra-
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494
VOCABULARY
yiGre morbO implicitus, attacked by
a severe sickness,
impl5r5, -are, -avT, -atus [in + pl5r5,
bewaW^t entreat (with tears), ap-
peal to,
iinp0n5, imponere, imposui, impositus
[in + p0n5, place"], place or put in
or on; impose; put on boards
embark,
imports, -are, -avl, atus [in + portd,
carry], bring in, import,
imprimis [in primis, among the fir st^,
adv,, especially, particularly,
improbd, -are, -avl, atus [improbus],
{think base, see probd), disapprove,
reject,
improbus, -a, -um [in- neg. -f probus,
good], base, shameless,
imprdvisns, -a, -um [in- neg. -f part,
of prdyided, foresee^ unforeseen;
n. abl., alone or with de, ex, unex-
pectedly,
imprQdens, imprudentis [in- neg. +
prudSns (contr. from prdvidens),
foreseeing], adj,, not expecting, off
one^s guard,
imprudentia, -ae [impriidgns], /.,
lack of foresight, lack of discretion,
ignorance,
impiib§s,impuberis [in- neg.-f pabes,
mature], adj,, immature ; unmar-
ried, chaste ; as subst., boy.
impugnd, -are, -avi, -atus [in -f- pug-
nS, fight], f^ht against, attack,
impulsus, part, of impelld.
impune [n. of impiinis (in- neg., cf.
poena, punishment) unpunished],
adv,, with impunity,
impiinitils, impunitatis [impunis (in-
neg., cf. poena, punishment), un-
punished], f., impunity, freedom
from punishment,
imus, see inferior.
in, prep, (i) with ace, into, to.
among, towards, upon, against; aC'
cording to, in ; for, till; (2) with
abl., in, among, on, over ; in the case
pf; during, in the course of,
in- neg., used only in composition,
not, un-,
inanis, inane, empty,
incaute [incautus, incautious], adv,,
incautiously, recklessly,
incedd, incedere, incessi, incessurus
Icedb, go], enter t fill; breakout,
incendium, incendi [cf. inoenddj, n.,
fir,.
incendd, incendere, incendt, incensus
[cf. canded, shine], set fire to, kin-
die, burn,
incertus, -a, -um [in- neg. + cartas,
certain], uncertain, untrustworthy ;
incertis drdinibus, since the ranks
were not formed,
incidd, incidere, incidl, incasurus
[cad5, fall^, fall into or upon, oc-^
cur ; of war, fear, etc., break out,
incidd, incidere, incTdl, incfsus [caedS,
cut], cut into,
incipid, incipere, incepi, inceptus
[capi5, take], take in hand, begin,
incitatid, incitationis [incitS],/, ex-
citement, enthusiasm,
incite, -are, -avT, -atus [citd, put in
quick motion], excite, rouse, urge,
drive on, spur on, instigate ; se inci-
tire, rush on, come in (of the tide) ;
perf. part., stirred up^ angered; on
the gallop; cursii incitatd, quicken-
it^ their speed
incliidd, includere, inclusi, inclusus
[claudd, shut]y shut in, inclose,
incdgnitus, -a, -um [in- neg. -f part,
of c5gndscd, learn], unknown,
incold, incolere, incolui, — [col5,
dwell], inhabit, dwell in, live,
incolumis, incolume, unharmed, all
safe and sound.
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VOCABULARY
495
incolumitas, incolumitatis [incola-
mis],/., safety,
inconimodum, -l [incommodus], ».,
disadvantage ^ misfortune, trouble,
loss, disaster, harm ; quid incom-
modi, what disadvantage, any
harm.
incommodus, -a, -um [in- neg. +
COmmodus, convenient"], inconven-
ient, unfavorable.
increbrescd, increbrescere, increbruT,
— [cf. creber, thick], increase,
freshen.
incredibilis, incredibile [in- neg. 4-
credibilis, believable], past belief,
incredible, extraordinary.
increpitd, -are, — , — [freq. of in-
crepd, chide], keep chiding or nag-
ging, reproach.
incumbd, incumbere, incubul, incubi-
turus [cf. CUbO, lie], lean or press
upon; in bellum incumbere, ^V^
one's self to war.
incursid, incursionis [cf. incurrd, run
upon],f., invasion, attack.
incursus, -us [cf. incurrd, run upon],
m., assault, onset.
incusd, -are, -avi, -atus [in, causa,
reason], {bring a reason against),
blame, complain of.
inde [cf. is, that, + de, from], adv.,
from that place, from there, thence ;
after that^ then.
indicium, indie! [index, discloser]^ n.,
disclosure.
indicd, indicere, indlxi, indictus [dic5,
say], proclaim, appoint, convoke.
indiged, indigere, indigul, — , lack, be
without.
indnigSns, indiligentis [in- neg. -f
diligens, careful], adj., careless,
negligent.
indiligentia, -ae [indiligens], /.,
carelessness.
indQc5, inducere, induxi, inductus
[dtic5, lead], lead in, lead on; in-
fluence, impel.
indud, induere, induT, indutus, put
on ; se induere, impale themselves,
industria, -ae,/., diligence.
industrie [industrius, diligent], adv,^
diligently.
indiitiae, -arum,/, pi., truce.
ined, inire, inii, initus \ji^,go],go into,
enter upon, begin, form (plans);
tertia inita vigilia, early in the
third watch ; inita hieme, in early
winter; ratidnem inire, make a
calculation ; numerus inibatur, the
number was counted,
inermis, inerme [in- neg., arma,
arms], unarmed,
iners, inertis [in- neg., ars, skill],
adj., unskilful, weak, unmanly.
Infamia, -ae [infamis, disreputable,
from in- neg., fama, good report],
/., disrepute, disgrace; infamiam
habere, bring disgrace.
infans, infantis [in- neg. + pres.
part, of for, speak], m, and /, in-
fant, child.
infectus, -a, -um [in- neg. -f part of
facid, do], not done; re infecta,
without accomplishing his {their)
purpose,
inferior, inferius [cf. infra], comp.
adj., lower, weaker, smaller ; ab in-
feridre parte, dotvn-stream. Sup,
infimus or imus, lowest, bottom of,
foot of; ab imS, ab infimo, from or
at the foot.
inferd, Tnferre, intuU, inlatus [ferd,
carry], carry or bring in or upon ;
import ; inspire in ; inflict on ;
put upon ; bellum inferre with dat.,
make war upon ; signa inferre,
advance, charge; conyersa signa
mtene,face about and charge.
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496
VOCABULARY
infestns, -a, -um, unsafe; hostile^
threatening; inf esUs 8igxU8» in bat-
tle array.
inficidyinficere, TnfecT, infectus [faciS,
do\, stain.
infidSlitas, inBdelitatis [infidSlis, un-
faith/ul'\f /,, unfaithfulness^ disloy-
alty,
infi^, inflgere, Infixl, fnfixus [figO,
fix"], fix in, fasten in.
infimus, see inferior,
infinitus, -a, -um [in- neg. + part, of
finidy bound^, boundless, unlimited,
countless.
infirmitas, mfirmitatis [infinnus], /,
weakness; inconstancy.
Infirmos, -a, -um [in- neg. + firmns,
strong], weak, feeble; infirmidres
animd, weakened in spirit.
inflatius [infl&tus, puffed up'], comp.
adv., with more exaggeration ; with
considerable exaggeration.
inflects, Inflectere, Inflexi, inflexus
[fleets, bencr\, bend, bend over.
influS, Tnfluere, Influx!, — \fLv3b,flow'],
flow into, flow.
infodiS, infodere, infodf, infossus
[fodiS, dig"], dig in, bury.
infra [cf. inferior], adv., and prep.
with ace, below, farther down.
infrequSns, infrequentis [in- neg. +
frequens, in great numbers'], adj.,
in small numbers.
infringS, infringere, infregT, Tnfractus
[frangS, break], break, weaken.
ingSns, ingentis, adj., vast, huge, large.
ingratua, -a, -um [in- neg. H- gratus,
grateful], ungrateful.
ingredior, ingredi, ingressus [gradior,
stepl, enter, go into; enter upon^ be-
gin.
iniciS, inicere, inieci, iniectus [iaciS,
throw"], throw into or on^ lay on;
inspire.
inimicitia, -ae [inimicna],/., usually
pi., enmity, hostility.
inimicus, -a, -um [in- neg. + amiciia,
friendly], unfriendly, hostile / m. as
subst., enemy ; used of a personal
enemy, while hostia is a public
enemy.
iniquitas, inlquitatis [imquos], f.^
unevenness, diversity, inepiality,
unfavorableness.
iniquos, -a, -urn [in- neg. H- aequua,
even], uneven, unfavorable, disad"
vantageous.
initium, initi [cf. ineS, go into], n.,
beginning, et^e (of forests); pL,
elements.
initus, part, of ineS.
ininngS, iniungere, iniunxT, iniunctua
[iungS, join], fasten upon.
iniiiria, -ae [in- neg., iSa, rig^], /,
wrong, injustice, outrage.
iniussii, abl. only [in- neg. -|- inasO,
by the orders], m., without the com^
mandot orders.
inlatus, part, of inf erS.
inligS, -are, -avT, -atus [ligS, bind'],
bind on, bind.
inlustris, inlustre [in, lux, light], dis-
tinguished, famous.
innascor, innasci, innatus [niacor, be
born], be bom in ; perf. part, in-
born.
innitor, innltl, innlsus and innlxus
[nitor, rely on], lean on, support
one^s self with.
innocSns, innocentis [in- neg. + part,
of noceS, harm], adj., harmless,
guiltless, innocent.
inopia, -ae [inops, needy], f, need,
lack, want.
inopinans, inopfnantis [in- neg. +
part, of opinor, suppose], adj., un-
suspecting, off one's guara, taken by
surprise.
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VOCABULARY
497
inqnit, defective vb.^ he says ; always
after one or more words of a direct
quotation, cf. " says he."
inrampd, inrumpere, inrupi, inrup-
tus [nunpd, burst]^ burst in, rush
in or upon.
inruptiO, inrupti5nis [cf. inniinpd],
f,f invasion, attack.
insciens, inscientis [in- neg. + part.
of sciOy knoTti], unaware, without
the knowle(^e of,
inscientia, -ac [insciSns], /, igno-
rance, lack of acquaintance with,
inexperience,
inscius, -a, -um [in- neg., cf. scid,
kmnv] , ignorant, taken unawares,
insequor, insequi, insecutus [sequor,
foiiow'], follow on or up, pursue.
inserO, inserere, inserui, insertus
[serd, to string], insert.
insidiae, -arum [cf. insided, sit t/i],
/, pi., ambush, ambuscade, trap,
stratagem.
msigne, InsTgnis [insignia], n., mark,
sign; ornament, decoration (for
valor); distinguishing garb,
insignis, tnsTgne [signum, mark],
marked, notable.
insinud, -are, -avi, -atus [sinnO,
wind\ wind in; 86 insinnare,
work their way in,
insistd, insistere, institi, — [sistO,
place (one*s self)], step on, stand on,
stand ; pursue, adopt,
iosolens, insolentis [in- neg. -1- part.
of soled, be accustomed], adj,^ un-
used to.
insolenter [insolens, insolent], adv.,
insolently, arrogantly.
insolitus, -a, -um [in- neg. -f soli-
tus, accustom ecT], unaccustomed,
unused.
instabilis, instabile [in- neg. + sta-
bilis, standing firm], unsteady.
MATH. CAESAR — 32
instar, n., indecU likeness ; with gen.,
like, as large as,
instigd, -are, -avf, -atus, goad on,
urge,
institud, Tnstituere, Institui, institutus
[status, set up], set in order, draw
up, form, make ready, furnish,
adopt ; build; set about, undertake,
bq^n, institute, ordain ; teach, train,
institutum, -I [part, of instituO],
n., usage, custom, institution, plan.
inst5, Tnstare, institT, instaturus [std,
stand], be at hand; press on ; insist.
instru5, instruere, instriixi, instructus
[strud, arrange], draw up an army
in battle array, form ; build; pro-
vide, equip.
insuefactus, -a, -urn [cf. insnescd, ac-
custom, part of faciO, make], aC"
customed, well-trained.
insuetus, -a, -um [in- neg. + suetus,
accustomed; cf. cdnsuescd], unac-
customed, unused,
insula, -ae, /, island,
insuper [super, above], adv,, on top,
from abffve.
integer, integra, integrum [in- neg., cf.
tangO, touch], untouched, unim-
paired, intact, fresh, unwearied,
unwounded,
integO, integere, intexl, intectus [tegO,
cover], cover over.
intellegO, intellegere, intellexi, intel-
lect us [inter + leg6, select], {select
or distinguish betiveen), see plainly,
understand, comprehend, know,
intentus, -a, -um [part, of intends,
stretch], intent, eager; with in or
ad and ace, intent on, absorbed in,
inter [in], prep, with ace, between,
among; in reciprocal idea with
pers. pron., from, to, or with each
other.
intercSdO, intercedere, intercesd, in-
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498
VOCABULARY
tercenunis [ced5, go]* ff^ between,
be between, intervene; huic bella
intercesaerant, he had been engaged
in wars ; httic simultas cum Curi-
5ne intercedebat, there was enmity
between him and Curio,
intercipiO, intercipere, intercepi, in-
terceptus [capiO, take], cut off, in-
tercept,
intercludO, intercludere, interclusi, in-
terclusus [claudO, shut], shut off,
cut off, close up, blockade,
interdict, interdlcere, interdlxl, inter-
dictus [died, speak], {inter/ere by
speaking), forbid, prohibit, ex-
clude; interdicere ne, forbid to,
order not to,
interdiu [inter, cf. diSs, day], adv,,
by day,
interdum [inter dum, betweenwhiles],
adv,, for a time ; sometimes.
interea [inter ea, betioeen those things],
in the meantime, meanwhile ; pres-
ently,
intereOy interlre, interil, interiturus
[ed, go], perish, die, be destroyed.
interficid, interBcere, inter(eci, inter-
fectus [faciO, do], put out of the
way, kill, slay,
intericid, intericere, interieci, inter-
iectus [iacid, throw], throw between,
put between, intersperse; pass., in-
tervene; brevi spatid interiectO,
after a brief interval; portibus in-
teriectis, harbors scattered (along
the coast).
interim [cf. inter], adv., in the mean-
time, meanwhile,
interior, interius [cf. intra], comp, adj,,
inner, interior, inner part of; in-
teri5r€8, the inland peoples; the
besieged,
intermittO, intermittere, intermlsi, in-
termissus \roi^^Jli, send], interrupt.
cease, discontinue; let pass (of
time); leave vacant; intermisaS
spatid, at a distance; tridod in-
termissd, after an interval of
three days; yentd intermissd, the
wind died out; intermissua col-
libus, free from hills,
interneciS, intemecidnis [cf. nec5,
hilf\tf*i annihilation, utter destruc-
tion,
interpellO, -are, -avi, -atus [cf. pelld,
strike], interrupt, prevent,
interpQnd, interponere, interposul, in-
terpositus [pond, /m/],/m/ betioeen,-
interpose, allow to elapse; arouse
suspicion ; nulla interposita mora,
without delay,
interpres, interpretis, m,, interpreter,
interpretor, -ari, -atus [interpreaj,
interpret, explain,
interrogO, -are, -avi, -atus [rogO, ask],
ask, question.
interrumpd, interrumpere, interrupt,
interrupt us [rumpO, burst], burst
into, interrupt,
intersum, interesse, interfuT, interfu-
tiirus [sum, be], be between; take
part in (a battle, worship, etc) ;
be for the interest of,
intenrallum, -T [vallua, stake], {space
between two stakes), space, interval^
distance apart, distance,
interventus, -us [cf. intenreniO, come
between], m,, coming on, interven'
tion,
intoleranter [intolerins, impatient,
from in- neg. -|- part, of toler5,
endure], adv,, impatiently; in-
tolerantius insequi, be in hot
pursuit,
intri [cf. in], prep, with ace, within,
inside of; intra annum yicSsimum,
before the twentieth year,
intritns, -a, -um [in- neg. -1- tiitaa,
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VOCABULARY
499
rubbed away]y not worn^ not ex*
/lausted,
intrd [cf. in], adv,, to the inside^ in.
intrS, -are, -avi, -atus [cf. intr6, adv."],
go into, enter, step in,
intr5diic5, introducere, intr5dux!, in-
troductus [intrO, <idv,, + diic5»
lead\ lead in,
introitos, -us [cf. introed, enter\ m,,
entrance,
intrSrsus [contr. from intr57orau8,
turned in; cf. rarsus], adv., inside,
into the interior,
intus [cf. in]» adv,, within,
inositatus, -a, -urn [in- neg. + flsiti-
tU8, usual], unusual, strange,
inntiliSyioutile [in- oeg. + dtilis, use-
ful], useless,
invehd, invehere, invexl, invectus
[veh6, carry], carry in; pass.,
ride in,
invenid, invenire, invenl, inventus
[▼eni5, come], come upon, find (by
chance, cf. reperid) ; discover, learn,
inyentor, inventoris [cf. inyeni5], m,,
discoverer, inventor,
Inyidia, -ae [inyidna, envious], /,,
envy, jealousy,
inviolatos, -a, -um [in- neg. H- part, of
yiol5, violate], inviolate; inviolable.
inyitO, -are, -avi, -atus, invite,
inyitos, a, -um, unwilling; sS inritd,
against his will,
lovem, ace. of luppiter.
ipse, -a, -um, intensive pers, pron,,
himself, he himself, he (emphatic),
his own; herself, etc.; very, the
very one,
iracundia, -ae [iracnndus, irritable],
f,, hasty temper, irritability, wrath,
iratus, -a, -um [part, of irascor, be
angry], angered, in anger,
is, ea, id, dem, pron,, not emphasiz-
ing nearness like hie, nor remote-
ness like ille, that, this, the ; he, she,
it; followed by a result clause, such,
ita [cf. is], adv., so, thus, in this way,
as follows; nOn ita, not so very,
Italia, -ae,/, Italy; see on 57, 26.
Italicus, -a, -um, Italian, from Italy,
itaqne [ita + que, and], conj,, and
so, accordingly, consequently.
item [cf. ita], adv,, likewise, also, in
like manner,
iter,itineris [cf. itom, part, of ed, go],
n,, a going, marching; journey,
march; course, road, route ; magnis
itineribus, by forced marches (see
Introd. § 45) ; iter facere, to march;
iter &axe, grant a passage; in iti-
nere, in itineribns, on the march ;
ez itinere, right from the march,
itenun, ach,, again, a second time,
Itius, -a, -um, only with portus, the
port from which Caesar sailed to
Britain, either Wissant or, less prob-
ably, Boulogne. See on 112, 17.
itom, part, of ed, go,
Inba, -ae, m,, king of Numidia, a sup-
porter of the Pompeian party in the
Civil War. See idso on 17a, 16.
inbed, iubere, iussi, iussus, order, com-
mand,
ifidex, iudicb [ins, cf. died, speak],
m,, (one who declares justice), juror,
indicium, iudic! [i&dez], n., judicial
investigation^ trial, court ; judgment,
decision, opinion,
iiidicO, -are, -avT, -atus [ifidex],yi*<^^,
decide, give a verdict, vote ; be of the
opinion, think,
ingnm, -1 [cf. inngd], n,, yoke; (of
mountains) rii^e,
lulins, lull, m,, a Roman gentile or
clan name. See Caesar.
iumentnm, -! [for ingmentnm, cf.
ingnm and inngS], n,,yoke^nimal,
beast of burden, pack-horse, horse.
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500
VOCABULARY
i&nctara, -ac [iimg5], /, joining;
quantum iunctura distabat, just
Jiliing the space between,
iirngd, iungere, iunxi, iunctus, join,
unite,
iOnior, iuni5ris [contr. comp. of inye-
nis, youf^^ m., young man; see
on 243, 16.
Inppiter, lovis, m,^ Jupiter^ god of
the sky, the chief deity of the
Romans, worshiped as the king of
gods and men.
I&ra, ae, m,y the Jura^ a mountain
range separating the Helvetii from
the Sequani.
i&r5, -are, -avi, -atus [i^]» take oath^
swear,
iU8, iuris, n,, ri^t^ justice^ rights;
i^ dicere, administer justice ; rare,
according to justice, rightly.
ins rarandum, iuris iurandl [ins +
gerundive of itlr5], «., oath.
iussu, abl. only [cf. inbed], m,, under
the command, by the orders,
iflstitia, -ae [iuatus], /., justice, up-
rightness,
i^tus, -a, -um [iua], rightful, just ;
(of a reason) forcible; regular,
iuyentiis, iuventutis [iuyenis, young'l,
f, youth ; young men,
invO, iuvare, iuvl, iutus, help, aid,
i&zta, adv,, near, near by,
K
Kal. = Kalendae, -arum, /, Calends,
the first day of the month, the
name of the month being a limit-
ing adj.; see on 55, 5.
L
L. = Lficius, Luc!, m,, a Roman prae-
nomen or given name.
L = qmnq«aginta,//|>'/ LX = aexi-
gintl ; LXX=8eptiiaginta; LXZX
= octOginta.
Labe&tSs, -ium, m,, pi., an Illyrian
people just north of Lissus.
Laberius, Laberl, m., a Roman gen-
tile or clan name. See Darns.
Labienus, -1, m., a Roman family
name. Titus Labienus, Caesar's
ablest lieutenant in the Gallic War.
See also on 195, 20.
labor, laboris, m,, toil, effort, exer-
Hon, hardship,
Iab0r5, -are, -avi, -aturus [labor], toii^
make effort; be in distress, be in
danger.
labrum, -T [cf. lambd, lick'], n,, lip /
brim, rim, edge.
lac, lactis, n,, milk,
Lacedaemon, -onis,/, Sparta, capital
of Laconia in Peloponnesus, once
the most powerful city of Greece,
but in Caesar's time of greatly
diminished importance.
lacessd, lacessere, lacessivf, lacessi-
tus, harass, annoy, assail, attack,
lacrima, -ae,/, tear,
lacus, -iis, m,, lake,
laed5, laedere, laesT, laesus, injure;
break (a promise).
Laelius, LaelT, m*, a Roman gentile
or clan name. Decimus Laelius, a
naval officer of Pompey in the Civil
War.
laetitia, -ae [laetna], /, rejoicing,
gladness.
laetus, -a, -yim, glad, joyful,
languidus, -a, -um, weak, listless,
lapis, lapidis, m,, stone,
largior, largiri, largTtus [largus,
abundant], give freely, supply with ;
bribe,
largiter [largns, abundani], adv,,
abundantly; largiter posse, have
abundant influence,
largitiS, largitionis [largior], /, lav-
ish giving, corruption.
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VOCABULARY
501
L&risa, -ae, /, Larissa^ a city of cen-
tral Thessaly.
L&risaei, -drum, m., pi., the people of
Larissa.
lassitudO, lassitudinis [lassus, weary]^
f,, weariness, exhaustion.
l&tS [latus], adv.,, widely f exten-
sively; longe latSque, far and
wide.
lateO, latere, latuT, — , He hidden,
lurk; pass unnoticed,
Latinus, -a, -um, of Latium (the dis-
trict of Italy in which Rome was
situated), Latin,
latitudd, latitudinis [latus], /,
width, breadth, extent,
Latobrigi, -orum, m., pi., a German
tribe, north of the Helvetii and the
Tulingi.
Iatr5, latronis, m,, bandit, robber,
latrdcinium, latrocini [cf. UtF5cinor,
rob^ n., robbery, free-booting,
latus, lateris, n., side, flank; ab
latere, on the flank.
latus, -a, -um, broad, wide, exten-
sive,
ULtus, part, of fer5.
landd, -are, -avl, -atus [laus], praise,
laurea, -ae,/, laurel wreath.
laus, laudis, /, praise, title to praise,
glpry ; achievement,
lavd, lavare, lav!, lautus, wash ; pass,
used reflexively, bathe,
lazO, -are, -avi, -atus [lazns, wide
open"], open out, spread out.
legatid, legatidnis [leg5, send on a
mission"], f, embassy,
legatus, -I [part, of 18g5, send on a
mission], m., envoy, ambassador;
in the army, lieutenant; see Introd.
§32.
Iegi5, legiSnis [cf. Ieg6, collect], f,
levy, legion ; see Introd. § 27.
legidnarius, -a, -um [legiO], of a
legion, legionary; m. pi. as subst,,
legionary soldiers,
legO, legere, leg!, lectus, gather,
choose,
legumen, legiiminis [cf. legO, collect]^
n,, legume (the fruit of podded
plants, including beans, peas, and
lentils).
Lemannus, •!, m,. Lake Geneva; in
Caesar always with lacus,
LemoYices, -um, m,, pi., a tribe of
southwestern Gaul, west of the
Arverni. The name survives in
Limoges,
lenis, lene, smooth, gentle.
ISnitas, lenitatis [lenis], /, smooth-
ness, gentleness, leniency,
leniter \\ttL\%], adv., gently ; ISnius,
less vigorously,
lenti [lentus, slow], culv., slowly.
Lentulus, -!, m., a Roman family
name, (i) Lucius Cornelius Len-
tulus Crus, consul in 49 B.C., bitter
opponent of Caesar. (2) See Mar-
cellinus. (3) Publius Cornelius
lentulus Spinther, consul in 57 B.c
and active in procuring Cicero's
recall from exile. In the Civil War
he followed Pompey.
lenunculus, -!, m,, small sailing
vessel.
Lepontii, -orum, m., pi., an Alpine
tribe, near the frontier of Cisalpine
Gaul.
Leptitani, -orum, m., pi., the people
of Leptis Minor, a town on the
coast of the province of Africa.
lepus, leporis, m., hare,
levis, leve, light, trifling, unimpor-
tant.
leviter [levis], adv., lightly.
levC, -are, -av!, -atus [levis], lighten,
relieve.
ISx, legis, /., law, statute ; bill.
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502
VOCABULARY
Lexoviiy -drain, m.., pl^ a Celtic tribe
just west of the mouth of the Seine
(Sequana). Their name is pre-
served in the modern LUieux,
libenter [liMns, willing^ adv,,
wiilingiy, gladly,
Uber, libera, libenim, fretj independ-
ent,
Uber&liUa, liberalitatis [liber&lis, be-
fitting a freeman'], /, generosity^
liberality,
Uberftliter [liberalis, befitting a fi^ee-
man], adv,, generously, liberally,
courteously,
liberS [liber], adv,, freely, openly.
liberi, -orum [pi. of liber], m,, pi.,
children (the free-born, never in-
cluding slaves).
Iiber5, -are, -avi, -at us [liber], free,
deliver, rescue,
UberUs, libertatis [liber], /, free-
dom, liberty,
libet, libere, libuit, impers,, U is pleas-
i^t it pleases,
Lib(^, Libonis, m,, a Roman family
name. Lucius Scribonius Libo, an
intimate friend of Pompey and a
commander in his fleet. With
Octavius he conquered Illyricum in
49B.C.
Ubra, -ae, /, balance, level ; ad li-
bram, of equal height (lit, according
to the level),
librilis, libnle [libra, pound], of a
pound; fundae libril€s, slings
throTving stones weighing a pound,
LibnmicttS, -a, -um, Liburnian, The
people of Liburnia, the coast dis-
trict of northern Illyricum, were
famous for their seamanship and
their swift galleys.
licentia, -ae [licSns, part, of licet],
/, freedom ; presumption, lawless-
mssu
liceor, liceri, licitus, bid (at auction).
licet, liccre, licuit, impers., be per-
mitted, be allowed; cdnspicari licet,
we can see,
Licinius, Licinl, m,, a Roman gentile
or clan name. See Damasippos.
Liger, Ligeris, m,, the Loire,
lignor, -an, -atus [lignum], gather
wood,
lignum, -1, n,, wood, timber; pi.,
firewood,
lilium, ITU, If., lily. The name was
jokingly given to one of Caesar's
defensive devices at Alesia ; see
158. 5-
limen, liminis, n,, threshold, entrance.
Lingones, -um, m., pi., a Celtic tribe
of east central Gaul.
lingua, -ae,/, tongue; language,
lingula, -ae [dim. of lingua], /,
tongue of land.
linter, lintris,/, boat,
linum, -I, n,,fiax,
Liacus, -T, m., chief magistrate of the
Haedui in 58 B.C
Liasus, -!, m., a town of southwestern
Illyricum, near the coast.
litteia, -ae,/, letter of the alphabet.
PI., letters; collectively, Utter
(epistle), despatch, writing; some-
times letters, despatches,
litus, Htoris, n,, shore, beach, coast,
locuplSs, locupletis [locus, cf. plenus,
full], adj., rich in lands, wealthy.
locus, -1, m., pL loca, n., place, site,
position, ground; degree, footing;
rank ; opportunity ; senrdrum
loc5, as slaves ; loo5 C^ere, give
ground.
locQtus, part of loqoor.
longe [longus], adv., far, by far;
away, distant. Comp. longius,
farther, too far, very far, to some
distance; longer (of time).
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VOCABULARY
503
longinqmis, -a, -urn [longus], far
removed^ distant.
longitudo, longitudinis [longus], /.,
length,
longurius, longuri [longufl], w.,
long pole.
longus» -a, -urn, long.
Longus, -i, w., a Roman family
name. See Considius.
loquor, loquT, locutus, speak^ talk,
teU.
lOrica, -ae [15nim, strap\ /, coat of
mail (originally of leather) ; breait-
work.
Lncceios, Luccel, w., a Roman gen-
tile or clan name. Lucius Luc-
ceiusj a confidant of Pompey ; see
on 198, 29.
Lucilius, LucilT, //*., a Roman gentile
or clan name. See Hirrus.
Lucretius, LucretT, /«., a Roman gen-
tile or clan name. Lucretius Ves-
pillo, one of Pompey's naval officers.
luctus, -us [cf. Iuge5, mournl, w.,
mourning, grief.
Lugotorix, -igis, m., a British chief.
luna, -ae [cf. liix],/, moon; personi-
fied, Luna, the Moon.
lux, lucis,/, light; prima luce, ortfi
luce, at daybreak.
liizuria, -ae [luxus, excess\ /, ex-
travagance, riotous living.
M. = Marcus, -i, m., M\ = Manins,
Man!, m., Roman praenomina or
given names.
M = mille, thousand; MC = mille
centum, eleven hundred ; MCC =
mille ducenti, twelve hundred.
Macedones, -um, m., pi., Macedo-
nians,
Macedonia, -ae, /., organized as a
province in 148 B.C., including
Epirus, Thessaly, and southern lUy-
ricum, with Dyrrachium and Apol-
lunia.
maceria, -ae,/., wall.
machinatid, machinatidnis [machi-
nor, contrive'\, f, contrivance, ma-
chine (in general).
macies, — , abl. made, /., leanness,
loss of fodder,
maestus, -a, -um [cf. maered, be sad'\,
sad, dejected,
magis [cf. magnus], <-^w/. adv., more,
rather. Sup. mazime, most, very,
exceedingly, especially ; quam max-
im€, as much as possible; quam
maxime potest, as much as he can,
magister, magistri [cf. magis], m,,
master, captain (of a ship).
magistratus, -iis [cf. magister], m,,
magistrate ; magistracy,
magnificus, -a, -um [magnus, cf.
facio, make"], grand, magnificent.
magnitiidd, magnitudinis [magnus],
/, greatness, size, extent.
magnopere [abl. magnd opere, with
great labor], adv., very much,
greatly, earnestly,
magnus, -a, -um, comp. maior, sup.
maximus, great, large, mighty, im-
portant; v6x magna, loud voice.
Comp. also, older ; pi. as subst., an-
cestors, fathers, (with natu) elders.
maiestas, maiestatis [maior], /,^^a/-
ness, majesty,
maior, see magnus.
malacia, -ae, /, calm (at sea).
maleficium, malefic! [maleficus,
wrongdoer'], n., wrong, harm, dam-
age,
malO, malle, malui, — [mags (syn-
copated form of magis) + V0I6,
wish], wish rather, prefer rather,
malum, -T [malus, bad], n., disaster,
misfortune.
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504
VOCABULARY
m&lus, -1, m., nuut.
mancipium, mancip! [cf. rnanns,
capiO, take]^ n,, (^taking by kand^
in formal acceptance of ownership),
slave, obtained by legal transfer.
mandatum, -i [part of mandS], ».,
commission, instruction, order, er-
rand,
mandO, -SLre, -avi, -at us [cf. manusy
dO, give^ give over into one's hands,
intrust, commit ; commission^ direct,
order ; fugae sS mand&re, take to
flight,
Mandttbu, -drum, m,, pL, a tribe of
east central Gaul, before whose
chief city, Alesia, the most decisive
struggle of the Gallic War was
fought.
Mandttbraciua, Mandubraci, m., a
chief of the Trinovantes in Britain,
friendly to Caesar.
m&ne, adv^ in the morning,
maned, manere, mansi, mansurus, stay,
remain,
manipuUris, manipularis [manipu-
lus], m,, comrade (of the same
maniple).
manipnlua, -i [manus, cf. yl^,filf\,
m,, {handful) ; maniple, company,
in the Roman legion. Its standard
was originally a handful of hay
about a pole. See Introd. § 28.
Manlius, Manlf, m,, a Roman gentile
or clan name. Lucius Manlius,
governor of the Province in 78 B.C.,
defeated by the Aquitanians.
mansuSfaciO, mansuefacere, mansue-
feci, mansuefactus [cf. minsuescd,
grow tame, f acid, make'\ , tame ; pass.
m&nsuSfid, be tamed,
mansttetudO, mansuetudinis [for m&n-
SttStitiidO, from mansnetus, tamed} ,
/., gentleness, clemency.
manus, -us, /, hand; troops fi^Ci^
^ik/ (of soldiers); manfi mfinitiis,
artificially fortified,
Marcelliniis, -I, m., a Roman family
name. Publius Cornelius Lentulus
Marcellinus, a quaestor in Caesar's
army in 48 B.C.
Marcellna, -!, m,, a Roman family
name. Gaius Claudius MarceUus,
consul 49 B.C., a bitter opponent of
Caesar, commander of a division of
Pompey*s fleet in the Civil War.
Marcius, -!, m,, a Roman gentile or
clan name. Marcius Rufus, an
officer of Curio in Africa.
mare, maris, n,, sea, sea-water; mare
Oceanus, the Ocean,
maritimus, -a, -um [mare], of or on
the sea, sea-, on the coast; naval;
r§8 maritimae, manauvres by sea,
MarrGcinl, -orum, m,, pi., a tribe of
central Italy on the Adriatic, neigh-
bors of the Paelignians.
M&rs, Martis, m,. Mars, a Roman god
of flocks and herds, who became
identified with Ares, the Greek god
of war.
Mirsos, -a, -um, Marsian, of the Mar-
sians ; m. pi. as subst., the Marsians,
a people inhabiting the mountains
of central Italy, famous as soldiers.
mas, maris, m,, male,
matara, -ae, /, a Gallic javelin.
m&ter, matris, /., mother; m&trSs
familiae, matrons,
m&teria,-ae \rxAiet'\,f,, timber, wood,
m&terior, -SrT, — [materia], get tim-
ber.
MatiscS, -onis,/, a town of the Haedui
on the Sadne (Arar). The name
survives in the modern Mdcon,
m&trimOniiim, mitrimonl [mater],
n., {motherhood), marriage ; in nUL-
trimdnium dttcere, marry, of the
husband only; cf. n&bd.
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VOCABULARY
50s
Matrona, -ae,/, the Marne^ flows into
the Seine (Sequana) near Paris
(Lutetia).
m&tttrS [maturus], adv.^ early,
matorescd, maturescere, maturui, —
[cf. matunis], ripen,
matoritls, matiiritatis [m&t&ras],/,
ripeness,
matur5; -are, -av!, -atus [mat&rus,
early\y hasten,
maturus, -a, -um, ripe; early,
mazime, see magis.
maximos, see magnus.
mediocris, mediocre [medios], mid-
dlingy ordinary, unimportant, com-
mon ; small; of dbtance, short, no
great,
Mediomatrici, -drum or -um, m., pi.,
a tribe of northeastern Celtic Gaul.
mediterraneus, -a, -urn [medius,
terra, land\ inland,
mediua, -a, -um, the middle of, mid- ;
a or in colle medi5, half-way up
the hill; per mediOs, through the
midst of them,
melior, see bonus.
membrum, -i, n,, limb, of the body.
memin!, meminisse, perf. with pres.
force, remember,
memoria, -ae [memor, mindful], f,
memory, recollection ; memoria
tenere, remember; memoria pr5-
ditum est, there is a tradition;
memoriae prddendum, worthy to be
recorded; supra hanc memoriam,
before our time,
Menapil, -onim, m,, pi, a people in
northeastern Belgium, having pos-
sessions also across the Rhine.
m§ns, mentis, f, mind, intellect^ pur-
pose,
mensis, mensis, gen. pi. until post-
classical period, mensum [cf. me-
tior, measure'], m., month.
mSnsura, -ae [cf. m€tior], /, meas-
urement, measure,
mentid, mentionis [cf. mens],/,rtf//-
ing to mind, mention,
mercator, mercatoris [mercor, trade],
m,, trader, merchant.
mercatura, -ae [mercor, trade], f,
trade, traffic ; pi., trading transac-
tions.
mercennarius, -a, -um [merces,/^^],
serving for pay, mercenary.
Mercurius, Mercuri [cf. mercor,
trade], m.. Mercury, the Roman
god of trade. In time he became
identified with the Greek Hermes
and was considered the messenger
of the gods, the conductor of souls
to the lower world, the protector of
streets and roads, the inventor of
the lyre, of the alphabet, and of the
power of speech, and the patron of
eloquence.
mereor, merer!, meritus, deserve ; me-
rSri dS, serve {deserve from), serve
the interests of; bene meritus, well-
deserving,
merfdianus, -a, -um [meridies], of
midday; meridiinO tempore, at
noon,
meridies, meridiel [for medidies,
from medius + dies, day], m,, mid-
day; south,
meritum, -1 [part of mereor], n,,
deserts, service,
Messala, -ae, m,, a Roman family
name. Marcus Valerius Messala,
consul 61 B.C.
mStior, metlrf, mensus [cf. metor],
measure, measure out, distribute,
metd, metere, messui, messus, reap,
m€tor, -arl, -atus [cf. mStior], meas'
ure, lay out,
Mgtropolis, -is, /, a city of western
Thcssaly.
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5o6
VOCABULARY
Metropolitae, •arum or -um, m,, pi.,
the people of Metropolis.
metus, -us, /n ., fear,
meu8, -a, -urn [cf. me, ace. of ego, /],
poss.pron,, my, mini.
miles, militis, m., soldier, foot-soldier,
militaris, militare [miles], military;
r§s militaris, military science, war-
fare,
militia, -ae [nules],/, military ser-
vice,
mille or M, indecl. adj, in sing., thou-
sand; pi. as subst,, millia, mfliium.
If., usually with partit. gen.; mille
passus, thousand paces, mile; pi.
millia passttam, or millia alone,
miles,
minae, -arum,/, pi., threats.
Minerva, -ae,/, the Roman goddess
of wisdom, who presided over the
arts and sciences and all the handi-
work of women. She was patroness
of schools, and schoolboys took part
in the celebration of her festival,
which lasted five days in March.
She was identified with the Greek
goddess Athena.
minim€, see minus.
minimus, see parvus.
minor, see parvus.
Minucius, Minuci, m,, a Roman gen-
tile or clan name, (i) Lucius
Minucius Basilus, one of Caesar's
officers in Gaul. (2) Minucius
Rufus, one of Pompey*s naval offi-
cers.
minu5, minuere, minui, minutus [mi-
nus], lessen, diminish ; ebb (of the
tide) ; settle disputes.
minus [n. ace. of minor], r^m/. adv,,
less, less easily, not well, not very ;
sup. minime, least, very little ; not
at all, by no means.
miser, misera, miserum, wretched, un-
fortunate, sad; m. pi. as subst,,
unfortunates,
misericordia, -ae [misericors, merci-
ful'\,f, mercy, compassion, pity,
miseror, -arl, -atus [miser], lament,
deplore.
mittO, mittere, misi, missus, send;
hurl, throw weapons.
mdbilis, mdbile [cf. moved], easily
moved, hasty.
mdbilitas, m5bilitatis [mdbilis], /,
ease of movement, agility.
mObiliter [mdbilis], adv., easily.
moderor, -arf, -atus [cf. modus],
(^set a measure), bring under con-
trol,
modestia, -ae [modestus, keeping due
measure ; cf. modus], /, modera-
tion, discretion,
modo [abl. of modus], adv., only,
merely, even; just now; ndn
modo, not only,
modus, -i, m., measure, amount ; way,
manner, style ; sublicae mod5, like
a pile; eius modi, of this sort or
nature, of such violence (of storms) ;
ad hunc modum, in this fashion ;
quern ad modum, in what way,
how ; nlUlO modO, in no way,
moenia, moenium, n,, pi., walls of a
city, fortifications.
mOles, molis, /, mass; dike, dam,
breakwater,
moUid, mollTre, mollivi, mollltus [mol-
lis], soften ; make easier.
mollis, moUe, soft, weak, infirm;
gently sloping.
moUitia, -ae [mollis],/, weakness.
mold, molere, moluT, molitus, grind;
molita cibaria, meal.
mdmentum, -1 [cf. moved], n,, influ-
ence, weight; mdmentum habere,
be of importance.
Mona, -ae,/., the Isle of Man,
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VOCABULARY
507
mone5, monere, monuT, momiu3,warH,
advise f urge ; monere aliqnid,^z/^
some advice,
m5ns, montis, m,^ mountain,
montudsus, -a, -urn [mdns], moun-
tainous,
mora, -ae,/., delay.
morbus, -I [cf. morior], m., sickness,
disease,
Morini, -orum, m., pi., a powerful
tribe on the coast of Belgium.
morior, mori, mortuus [cf. mors], die;
perf. part., dead.
moror, -arl, -atus [mora], delay, wait,
stay ; hinder,
mors, mortis,/, death.
mortuus, part, of morior.
m5s, moris, m,, habit, usagCy way, cus-
tom ; pi., customs, regular practice,
character (as molded by habits);
mOribns suis, in conformity to tiieir
regular practice,
Mosa, -ae, /, the Meuse, a river of
eastern Belgium.
mOtus, -us [cf. moved], m., move-
ment; uprising, outbreak,
moyed, movere, movi, mdtus, move,
remove ; influence ; se movere, stir ;
castra movere, break camp, some-
times move camp; locd movirc,
degrade, drive from a position,
mulier, mulieris,/, woman.
mulid, mulionis [miilus], m., mule-
driver^ muleteer.
multitudO, multitudinis [mnltus],/.,
great number, crowd, multitude ; the
public, the common people.
mnltO, -are, -avi, -atus [multa,yf«^],
punish ; pecunia multare, sentence
to pay a fine.
mnltO [abl. of multus], adv., much,
far,
multum [n. ace. of multus], adv„
comp. plus, sup. plurimum, much.
greatly, a great deal; plMmum,
most, very, very great, very much.
multus, -a, -um, comp. plus, sup.
plurimus, much ; pi., many ; multS
die, late in the day ; plures, more^
many, several; plurimi, most, the
greatest number „
mulus, -1, m., mule.
mundus, •!, m,, universe, world,
miinicipium, municipi [miiniceps
(miinia, official duties, cf. capi5,
take), a man who takes part in offi-
cial duties'\, n.,free town, the name
of many communities in Italy which
had been conquered by Rome,' but
were allowed local self-government
and given more or less complete
rights of Roman citizenship.
mimimentum, -T [muniS], n., fortifi-
cation, defense,
munid, mumre, miinivf, miinitus [cf.
motnUA], fortify, defend ; construct
(of a camp),*
m&nitiO, munitionis [m&niO], /, a
fortifying, defending; fortification,
defense, lines,
miinitus, -a, -urn [part of mfiniS],
fortified; mumtissimus, most
strongly fortified,
miinus, miineris, n,, duty, service;
munus militiae, military service.
mur&lis, murale \mxa\iA],ofa wall,
wall- ; m&ralis falz, wall-hook.
Murcus, -I, m.," a Roman family
name. Lucius Statius Murcus, a
lieutenant of Caesar in the Civil
War.
miirus, -I, m., wall; rampart,
miisculus, -1 [dim. of mus, mouse^
m., shed. See Introd. § 47.
miitltiS, mutationis [mntO],/., chang-
ing, change.
mutilus, -a, -um, mutilated.
mutd, -are, -avf, -atus, change.
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5o8
VOCABULARY
mntuor, -ail, -itus [mfituns, bor-
r<nved\ borrow,
Mytilemie, -arum, /, pi., an impor-
tant Greek city on the island of
Lesbos.
iiactu8» part, of nancfscor.
nam, conj,t for.
Nammeius, Nammei, m., a Helvetian
nobleman.
NamnetSs, -um, m., pi., a Celtic tribe
north of the mouth of the Loire
(Liger). Their name is preserved
in the modern Nantes.
namque [nam + que, <?»</], conj^^for
you see, for ; see on 89, I.
nanciscor, nandscT, nactus, ge/, ob-
tain, meet with, find, light upon,
reach,
Nantuates, -ium, m,, pi., an Alpine
tribe south of Lake Geneva (Lacus
Lemannus).
Narb5, -onis, m., Narbonne, an im-
portant city in the western part of
the Province. It was made a Ro-
man colony in 118 B.C.
nascor, nasci, natus [old form
gnascor], be born, spring up, rise,
originate; of animals, be raised,
be found; of metals, be found,
natalis, natale [cf. natu], of birth ;
dies natalis, birthday,
n§ti5, nationis [cf. nascor], /,
{birth), race, people, nation, tribe.
natu, abl. only [cf. nascor], m,, in
age ; mai5res natii, elders,
natiira, -ae [cf. nascor], /, nature,
character ; de rerum natura, on
nature or natural science,
nitQralis, natiirale [natiira], natural.
n&turaliter [naturalis], adv., natu-
rally.
natus, part, of nascor.
nanfragium, naufragi [niyia, cf.
frangO, break"], n,, shipwreck.
nausea, -ae [cf. navis],/, seasickmss.
nauta, -ae [cf. navis], m., sailor.
nauticus, -a, -urn [nauta], naval,
nautical.
n&valis, navale [navis], naval; ni-
valis pugna, sea-fight,
navicula, -ae [dim. of navis],/., little
boat.
navigatiO, navigatidnis [navigd], /,
sailing, navigation, voyage.
navigium, navigi [cf. navigO], n.,
vessel, boat.
navigd, -are, -avT, -atus [navis, cf.
ag6, drive], sail.
navis, navis, /., ship, boat; navis
longa, ship of war ; see Introd.
§48.
navO, -are, -avT, -atus [navus, busy\
do diligently ; operam navare, do
one^s best.
ne, (l) conj., that . . , not, not to;
with verbs of fearing, that; with
words of hindering, from (with
verbal in -ing) ; ut ne, that not, see
on 214, 15; (2) adv,, not ; vA . . .
qnidem, inclosing the emphasized
words, not even, not . . . either.
-ne, enclitic, (i) conj., used in an
indir. quest., whether; (2) ach:,
used in a dir. quest, and translated
only by the interrogative form of
sentence.
nec, see neqne.
necessarid [abl. of necessirius],
adv., necessarily.
necess&rius, -a, -um [necesse], neces-
sary; urgent, critical; as subst.
{one bound), friend, relative.
necesse, adj., indecl., necessary, in-
evitable.
necessitas, necessitatis [necesse], /•
necessity, urgency, need.
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VOCABULARY
509
necessitfldS, necessitudinis [neoesse],
/, bond of friendship,
need, -are, -avf, -atus [nez, violent
cUath\ put to deaths murdtr.
nefirius, -a -um [nefas, impious
deed; cf. fas], impious^ atrocious,
neglegO, neglegere, neglexT, neglectus
[nec, not^ + leg6, coliect']^ disregard,
neglect,
negO, .-are, -avT, -atus, say , . . not,
neg5tiator, negatiaioris [negdtior],
m,, business man, merchant,
negdtior, -an, -atus [negOtium], do
business,
negdtium, negotl [nec, not, + dtinm,
leisure"], «., business, enterprise,
undertaking, work, trouble, difficulty.
NemetSs, -urn, m., pi., a German tribe
with settlements on both banks of
the Rhine, south of the Treveri and
the Ubii.
n§m5, dat. nemini, ace. neminem
[ne, not, + homd, man"], m,, no-
body, no one. For the other forms
nullus was used.
nequaquam [ne, not, + quaquam,
in any way], adv,, in no way, not
at all, by no means,
neque or nec [ne = ne, not, + que,
and], conj., and , . . not, but . . .
not, nor ; neque . . . neque, neither
, . , nor, not , , , and not either,
not only not . , . but also not.
nSquiquam [ne, not, + qniquam,
anyhow, old abl. of quiaquam],
adv., in vain, to no purpose, without
reason,
Neryicua, -a, -um, Nervian, with the
Nervii,
Nenril, -orum, m,, pi., the Nervii,
a brave tribe of central Belgic
Gaul,
nenrua, -I, m,, sinew ; pi. also, power.
neu, see neve.
n$ve or neu [n8, not, •\- ve, or], conj,,
and that not, nor, and not,
nez, necis, /, violent decUh,
nihilum, -I, or indecl. nihil [ne = nS,
not, + hilam, a whit], n., nothing;
= emphatic nOn, not at all; nihil
reliqui, nothing left; nihil vini,
no wine at all; nihil5 minus and
nihil5 aetius, none the less; nOn
nihil, somewhat,
nimius, -a, -um, too much, excessive.
nisi [ne = ne, not, + si, if], conj., if
not, unless, except.
Nitiobroges, -um, m,, pi., a tribe of
southwestern Gaul, on the Garonne
(Garumna).
nitor, nftl, nisus and nixus, rely on ;
struggle, make an effort,
ndbilis, nobile [cf. ndscO], well-
known, famous; noble, high-born;
pi. as subst., nobles.
ndbilitas, nobilitatis [ndbilis], /,
nobility; usually collective, the
nobility.
noce5, nocere, nocui, nocitiirus,
harm, injure, damage,
noctu [cf. noz], adv., by night, in the
night.
nocturnus, -a, -um [nox], of the night,
by night, night- ; noctumis tempo-
ribus, in the night- time.
nddus, -I, m., knot; knotlike protu-
berance of a joint
n616, nolle, noluT, — [ne = ne, not, +
▼old, wish], not wish, be unwilling,
ndmen, ndminis [cf. ndscd], n,, name
(that by which one is known) ; re-
nown ; suO nOmine, on his {their)
awn account; ddtis nOmine, as a
dowry,
nOminatim [cf. ndminO], adv,, by
name.
ndmind, -are, -avT, -atus [ndmen],
name, mention.
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5IO
VOCABULARY
ll5n, adv,^ not
Ndmie, -arum, /, pL, the Nones, the
teventh of March, May, July, and
October, the fifth of the other
months.
Ii5nigint& or XC [novem], ninety.
ndndnm [ii5n + dam, wAi/e'], adv.,
not yet.
ndngenti, -ae, -a, or DCCCC [noyem
+ centum, hundred'^, nine hun-
dred,
nSnne [n6n + -ne], interrog. adv.,
expecting an affirmative answer, not ?
n5n nullas, see nullus.
ndn nnmqtiam, see numqoam.
ndnus, -a, -um [for noventts, from
novem], ninth.
N5r€ia, -ae, /, a town of Noricum,
now Neumarkt, in west Austria.
NOricns, -a, -um, Norican, of Nori-
cum, a district east of the Helvetii,
in modern Austria.
n5ec5, ndscere, novi, notus [old form
gn5ec5], learn, get acquainted
with; in perf. system, know, be
acquainted with.
noster, nostra, nostrum, post, pron.,
our, ours; m., pi., our men, our
troops,
ndtitia, -ae [nStus], /, knowledge,
familiarity, acquaintance.
notO, -are, -avT, -at us [nota, mark"],
mark, brand.
nOtus, -a, -um [part, of (g)n5sc0],
known, familiar, well-known,
novem or vim, nine.
novit&8, novitatis [novus], /, ntiv-
ness, strangeness^ strange kind.
novufl, -a, -um, new, recent; strange ;
sup., last, rear; res nova, news;
rSs novae, revolution ; novissimom
agmen, rear (of marchingUoo^^,
i.e. the last part to pass by.
noz, noctis,/, night; admoltamnoc-
tem, till late at night; de media
nocte, just after midnight.
nozia, -ae [cf. noced, harm'\, /,
wrongdoing, offense, trespass.
nubd, nubere, nupsl, nupta [cf. nubes,
cloud'], veil one's self (of a bride),
marry (of the woman) ; cf. ducd.
nndO, -are, -avi, -atus [niidus], lay
bare, strip, expose, leave unprotected,
nndos, -a, -um, naked, bare, unpro-
tected.
nlUlus, -a, -um [ne, not, -f nllua, any] ,
not any, no, none; ndn nullns,
some, several; m. as subst., no one,
nam, interrog. adv., expecting the
answer no, translated only by the
form of the question ; num possum,
can I ? I can't, can I?
numen, numinis [cf. nuO, nod], n.,
divine will, divine power.
numeF5, -are, -avi, -atus [numerus],
count out, pay.
ntmierus, -i, m., number, amount,
quantity ; ad numerum, to the re-
quired number; aliqud numeF5
esse, be of some account; numerd
or in numerd with a gen., as.
Numidae, -arum, m., pi., Numidians,
a barbarian people of northern
Africa. Numidian archers served
as auxiliaries in Caesar's army.
nummus, -i, m., coin,
numquam [ne, ff<7/,+umquam, ever],
adv., never ; ndn numquam, some-
times.
nunc, adv., now, always used of the
present; cf. iam, which may be
used also of the past or the future.
nuntid, -are, -avi, -atus [nuntius],
send news, report, announce.
niintius, nuntl, m., messenger; mes-
sage.
nuper [for noviper, from novus],
adv., recently, lately.
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VOCABULARY
Sii
nutus, -us [cf. nuo, nod"], m., nod;
ad nutum, at a nod, at a mere hint.
Nymphaeum, -T, m., a port of the
Labeates in southwestern lUyricum.
Ob, prep, with ace, on account of, for.
obaeratus, -I [cf. aes, money'\t m.^
{liable for debt)^ debtor.
Obicio, obicere, obiecT, obiectus
[iacid, throw'], throw up in front,
blockade^ set against, oppose, expose ;
cast in the teeth, taunt with ; perf.
part., lying before or near, opposing.
obiectatid, obiectationis [obiectd],
f, taunt, reproach.
obiectd, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of
Obicio], throw in one's face, taunt ;
famem nostris obiectare, taunt
our men with hunger.
oblatus, part, of offerd.
oblique [obliquus], adv., slantwise.
Obliquus, -a, -urn, slanting, crosswise.
ObllYiscor, obllviscT, oblltus, forget.
Obloquor, obloqui, oblociitus [loquor,
talk] , talk abusively.
Obsecrd, -are, -av!, -atus [sacro,
regard as sacred], implore (in the
name of something sacred) , entreat.
observd, -are, -avi, -atus [servS,
keep], keep, mark.
obses, obsidis [ob, cf. sede5, sit], m.,
(a guarded person^, hostage, a per-
son, generally of noble birth, often
a child, deposited by one state with
another as a pledge of fidelity.
Obsessid, obsessi5nis [cf. obsided],/,
besieging, blockade.
obsided, obsidere, obsedi, obsessus
[sedeo, sit], {sit down against), be-
siege, blockade, block.
Obsidio, obsidionis [cf. obsided], /,
siege, blockade ; oppression,
obstringd, obstringere, obstrinxl, ob-
strfctus [stringd, bind], bind (lit.
or by favors), entangle.
Obstnid, obstruere, obstruxi, obstruc-
tus [strud, arrange], block, stop up,
barricade.
ObtegO, obtegere, obtexi, obtectus
[tegO, cover], cover over, protect.
obtempero, -are, -avi, -aturus [tem-
pers, restrain one's self], comply
with, submit to, obey.
obtestor, -ari, -atus [testor, call to
witness, cf. testis], appeal to,
implore.
Obtined, obtinere, oI)tinuI, obtentus
[tened, hold], hold, possess, occupy ;
govern (a province) ; rem obtinSre,
be successful.
obtuli, perf. of offerd.
obyenid, obvenlre, obvenl, obventurus
[venid, come], come to, meet (by
chance), fall to (by lot).
occasid, occasionis [cf. occidd], /,
opportunity.
occasus, -us [cf. occidd], m., in Caesar
always with sdlis, sunset, the west.
occidd, occidere, occidl, occasurus
[ob + cadd, fall] , fall, set ; occidens
sdl, sunset, west; cf. orior.
occidd, occidere, occidi, occisus [ob +
caedd, cut], cut down, kill, slay.
occultatid, occultationis [occultd],/.,
concealment.
OCCUlte [occultus], adv., secretly.
occultd, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of
OCCUld, cover], hide, conceal,
occultus, -a, -um [part, of occuld,
cover], covered, hidden, concealed,
secret; in occultd, in hiding.
OCCupatid, occupatidnis [occupd], /,
employment, occupation, business;
occupatidnes re! pQblicae, state
business.
occupd, -are, -avi, -atus [ob, cf.
capid, take], take possession of, seize ;
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512
Vocabulary
/// up; perf. part., busy, engaged,
occupied.
occurrd, occurrere, occurrf, occursurus
[0b4-curr6, run], run to meety meet,
come upon, find, encounter, head
off; run up, come up; come, suggest
Oceanus, -i, m., the ocean,
Ocelom, -1, n., a town on the western
frontier of Cisalpine Gaul» occupy-
ing the site of modern Drubiaglio
or Avigliana.
Octayius, Octavf, m., a Roman gentile
or clan name. Marcus Octavius, a
naval ofBcer of Pompey; conqueror,
with Libo, of Illyricum, 49 B.C.
octayus, -a, -um [oct5], eighth,
octingenti, -ae, -a, or dccc [cf. octd,
centum, hundred], eight hundred
0Ct5 or vm, eight.
OctOdorua, -1, m., a town of the Vera-
gri, now Martigny.
0Ct5gint& or LXXX [octd], eighty,
octdni, -ae, -a [oct6], distr, num,,
eight each, eight at a time.
oculus, -1, m., eye,
5di, odisse, perf. with pres. force,
hate.
odium, odi [cf. 5di], n., hatred,
odor, od5ris, m., smell, stench.
offends, offendere, offend!, offensos,
hit against, hurt; meet with dis-
aster; animum offendere, hurt the
feelings, offend; in mS offendere,
be displeased with me,
offSnaid, offensidnis [cf. offendd], /,
a hurting, wounding; mishap; dis-
credit, disfavor.
offerd, offerre, obtuli, oblatus [ob 4-
ferS, bring], bring to, offer ; expose.
officiom, ofiici [ob, cf. facid, do], n.,
(a doing for somebody), service;
obligatory service, duty ; allegiance;
business.
omittd, omittere, omisT, omissus [ob
4- mitts, send], let go, give up,
neglect.
omnind [omnia], adv., altogether,
in all, only, entirely; with neg.
ideas, at all, whatever.
omnia, onme, all, every, the whole of,
whole.
onerarius, -a, -um [onus], for bur-
dens; nayia oneraria, transport;
see Introd. § 4S.
oner5, -are, -avi, ^tus [onus], load,
onus, oneris, n., load, burden, cargo;
weight,
onustus, -a, -um [onus], laden, loadecL
Opera, -ae [opus], /, effort, work,
pains; services; operam n&yare, J
cb one*s best; operam dare, mahe
an effort, render a service.
Op€s, opum, /, pi., resources, means,
power,
opinid, opinionis [cf. opinor, suppose],
f., notion, fancy, opinion ; expecta-
tion ; esteem ; reputation ; opini-
dnem praebere,^tV^ an impression ;
minus opinidne, less than is
fancied.
Oportet, oportere, oportuit, impers., it
is necessary, it is proper, it ought, it
is due ; iri oportere, they ought to
go; pudentSs suspicari oportet,
men of honor ought to suspect.
oppidanus, -a, -um [oppidum], of
or from the town ; ro. pi. as subst.,
townspeople.
oppidum, -!, n,, town (with fortifica-
tions), stronghold.
oppled, opplere, opplgvT, oppletus
[ob, cf. plSnus, full], fill ox occupy
completely,
oppdnd, opponere, opposu!, oppositus
[ob + pdn5, put], set against, place
opposite, oppose; perf. part., lying
over against, opposite, \
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VOCABULARY
513
Opportune [opportunus], adv.^ oppor-
tunelyy advantageously,
opportunitas, opporiunitatis [oppor-
tunus], /, fitness^ suitableness^
advantage,
Opportunus, -a, -um,y?/, advantageous^
opportune.
opprimd, opprimere, oppress!, oppres-
sus [ob -I- premd, press'\^ crush,
overwhelm; fall upon, surprise;
oppressus somnd, dazed by sleep.
oppugnatid, oppugnationis [op-
pugnd], /, attack, assault, storm-
ing,
oppugns, -are, -avi, -at us [ob +
pugnd, Jight"], attack, storm.
optatus, -a, -um [part, of optd, wish
for'\, wished for, desired, desirable,
optime, see bene.
optimus, see bonus.
opulentus, -a, -um [opes], rich.
opus, operis, n., work, both of the
effort and of the product; operum
atque artificiorum, of crafts and
trades; in military sense, works,
fortifications ; in nom. or ace. with
esse, // is necessary, there is need;
quantd opere . . . tantd opere,
as much as . , . so much,
5ra, -ae, /, shore, coast; 6ra mari-
tima, seacoast,
dratid, orationis [6r6, talk'\, f, talk,
words, speech, address,
drator, oratoris [5r6, talk'\, m.,
speaker; envoy,
orbis, orbis, m., circle; orbis terra-
rum, world, the circle of lands
round the Mediterranean, compris-
ing the world as known to the early
Romans.
Orcynius, -a, -um, a Greek form for
the Latin Hercynlus.
« 5rdd, ordinis, m., row, line, rank;
company, century ; order, arrange-
MATH. CAESAR — 33
ment; exttiibT^inem, out of order,
irregularly ; rank, grade, of centu-
rions, see Introd. § 35.
Orgetoriz, Orgetorigis, m,, a Helve-
__ tian nobleman.
Oricius, -a, -um, of or near Oricum,
Oricum, -I, n., an important port on
the upper coast of Epirus, now
Ericho,
orior, oriri, ortus, arise, rise, spring
from, begin; oriSns 851, sunrise,
east, cf. OCCidd; orta luce, at day-
break,
dm5, -are, -avI, -atus, furnish, equip;
perf. part, as adj., furnished,
equipped,
5rd, -are, -avi, -atus [Os, mouth"],
{talk), beg, entreat,
ortus, part, of orior.
ds, oris, n., face ; mouth,
Osismi, -orum, m., pi, a Celtic tribe
in the northwestern corner of
Gaul
ostendd, ostendere, ostend!, ostentus
[obs (= ob ) -I- tends, stretch],
{stretch towards), shojv, point out,
disclose, declare; se OStendere,
appear,
ostentatid, ostentationis [ostento],
/., display, show,
OStentd, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of
ostendd], display, exhibit, hold up.
Otacilius, Otacill, m,, a Roman gen-
tile or clan name. See Crassus.
dtiSsus, -a, -um [Otium], at leisure,
undisturbed.
dtium, otT, n., leisure, idleness ; peace,
dynm, -T, «., egg.
P
P. = Publius, Publi, m,, a Roman
praenomen or given name.
pabulatid, pabulationis [pabulor],/,
foraging.
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5M
VOCABULARY
pabnlator, pabulataris [pabnlor], m.^
forager,
pabulor, -an, -atus [pabulum], gather
fodder y forage,
pabulum, -i [cf. pascS, /r^</], n., fod-
der.
paciscor, paclsci, pactus, agreey stipu-
late; perf. part, with pass, force,
agreed upon,
pac5, -are,-avT, -atus [pax,/^ar^], sub-
due (euphemistic, \\i,-= make peace-
ful; cf. " benevolently assimilate ").
pactid, pactionis [cf. paciseor], /.,
agreement.
pactum, -i [part, of paciscor], n.,
agreement ; way, manner,
Paelignus, -a, -um, Paelignian, of
the Paeli^nians ; m. pi. as subst,,
the Paeligniansy a people inhabit-
ing the mountains of central Italy.
Corfinium was their capital.
paene, adv., nearly, almost,
paenitet, paenitere, paenituit, impers.,
it repents one ; qudrum eds pae-
nitet, of which they repent; paeni-
tet v6s quod, etc., do you regret
that, etc. ?
p&gus, -I, m,, district, canton; di-
vision. The inhabitants of Helve-
tia were divided into four cantons,
the Suebi into a hundred ; but in
the case of the Suebi the word is
apparently applied only to the pop-
ulation, not at all to the territory.
See IOC, 9, and 15.
Palaeste, -es (with Greek endings),
/, a town on the coast of Epirus
above Corcyra.
palam, adv,, openly, publicly,
palma, -ae, /, palm of the hand;
palm tree,
palus, paludis,/, sivamp, marsh,
paluflter, palustrb, palustre [palus],
swampy.
pandd, pandere, pandl, passus, spread
out; passis manibus, with out-
stretched hands; passus capillus,
disheveled hair.
panis, panis [cf. pasc5], m,, bread,
loaf
par, paris, adj,, like, equal, the same ;
a match for,
paratus, -a, -um [part, of par5],/r^-
pared, ready,
parce [parens, sparing], adv,, spar-
i*^gh* frugally.
pared, parcere, peperci, — , spare;
parcendo, by economizing,
parens, parentis [cf. pario, get], m.,
parent,
pared, parere, panil, — , obey, comply.
parid, parere, peperi, partus, get^ ob-
• tain, secure, win,
Parisii, -orum, m,, pi., a Celtic tribe
on the Seine (Sequana). Their
name survives in Paris (the ancient
Lutetia).
pariter [par], adv,, equally, at the
same time,
pard, -are, -avi, -atus, prepare, make
ready, get ready for, procure, ac-
quire,
pars, partis, /, part, share, branch
(of a river) ; district, place, divi-
sion ; side, direction ; party, fac-
tion ; pi., rble, duty ; una ex parte,
on one side; qua ex parte, in
which respect, and on this point;
magna ex parte, in great part;
aliam in partem, in another direc-
tion ; maior pars, the majority;
maximam partem, chiefly ; omni-
bus partibus, in all respects; mul-
tis partibus, many fold, far.
Parthi, -orum, m,, pi., the Parthians,
a barbarous people, whose empire,
at the time of the Civil War, ex-
tended from the Euphrates to the
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VOCABULARY
S'S
Indus. After the death of Mithri-
dates, 63 B.C., they were the most
formidable enemies of the Romans,
their victory over the triumvir Cras-
sus at Carrhae, 53 B.C., being one
of the greatest disasters that ever
befell a Roman army.
Parthini, -orum, ;//., pi., a Greek peo-
ple near Dyrrachium.
particeps, participis [pars, cf. capid,
/akg], m., participant partner.
partim [old ace. of pars], adv., partly^
in part.
partior, partlrl, partltus [pars], part,
divide.
partus, part, of pari5.
param, adv., not enough, too little, not
much ; panun diligenter, not care-
fully enough.
panrulus, -a, -um [dim. of parvus],
very small, very young ; trivial.
parvus, -a, -um, comp. minor, sup.
minimus, little, small, trifling ; a
panris, from childhood ; n. comp.
as subst., less; sup., least; mini-
mum posse, have very slight influ-
ence.
pascd, pascere, pavT, ^^d^XM^, fred, pas-
ture.
passim [cf. passus, part, of pandd],
adv., in all directions, at ran-
dom,
passus, -us, m.,pace, a measure of five
Roman feet = four feet ten and
one quarter inches ; mille passiis,
mile.
passus, part, of pandd.
passus, part, of patior.
pastor, pastoris [cf. pascd], m., shep-
herd.
patefacid, patefacere, patefecl, pate-
factus [cf. pated, facid, make^, open
up, open,
patefid, pass, of patefacid.
pated, patere, patui, — , be open, ex-
tend; tantundem patere, be just as
wide.
pater, patris, m., father.
paternus, -a, -um ['p^XibT^, of a father,
paternal.
patiens, patientis [part, of patior],
adj., patient, long-suffering.
patienter [patiens], adv., patiently,
patientia, -ae [patiens], /., endur-
ance,
patior, patT, passus, suffer, endure,
allffiv, permit.
pa thus, -a, -um [pater], of a father,
of their fathers, ancestral.
pauci, -ae, -2!^ adj., ^\.,few, only a feiv;
as subst., a few, only a few, a few
words.
paucitas, paucitatis [pauci], /, small
number,
paulatim [cf. paulum], adv., liule by
little, gradually.
paulisper [cf. paulum, per], adv., a
little while.
pauld [abl. of paulus, little^ adv,, a
little, somewhat.
paulum [paulus, little], n., a little.
paulum [n. ace. of paulus, littW],
adv., a little, somewhat ; a short dis-
tance.
pavimentum, -i [pavid, beat\ n.,
hard floor, pavement.
pax, pacis,/, peace.
peccd, -are, -avi, -atus, do wrong, trans-
gress.
pectus, pectoris, n., breast.
pecuarius, -a, -um [cf. pecus], of cat-
tle ; res pecuaria, cattle.
peciinia, -ae [cf. pecus], /, property
(once chiefly represented by cattle),
money, sum of money.
pecus, pecoris, n., cattle (including
sheep, goats, and swine); meat;
pecore vivere, live on meat.
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5i6
VOCABULARY
pedalis, pedale [p§8, foot\ of a foot^
measuring a foot,
pedes, peditis [p^s, foot\ w., foot-
soldier ; pL, infantry,
pedester, pedestris, pedestre [pedes],
on foot; of infantry; on land,
peditatus, -us [cf. pedes], w., in-
fantry,
pellis, peUis,/,^fV/if, skin ; sub pelli-
bus, in tentSf made of skins spread
like our canvas over wooden sup-
ports.
pelld, pellere, pepull, pulsus, strike;
drive away^ put to flight, rout,
Pelusium, Pelusi, «., a city of Egypt
at the eastern mouth*of the Nile, an
important strategic point for the de-
fense of Egypt against the East.
pendd, pendere, pependi, pensus, sus-
pendy weigh out ; pay (before coin-
age was adopted payment was made
by weight; see 127, 16, and
note).
per, prep, with ace, throughj over,
along; for, during; by means of
by, by the agency of by reason of
with; per se, of ox by himself or
themselves, independently ; per vir-
tfitem, courageously,
peragO, peragere, peregT, peractus
[ag5, do'\, finish, carry through.
percelld, percellere, perculi, perculsus,
strike with terror, dishearten,
percipid, percipere, percepi, percep-
tus [capid, take], seize entirely ^ ob-
tain, gain; praemia percipere,
reap the rewards,
percontatid, percontationis [percon-
tor, inquire], f, inquiry, question-
ing,
percrSbrSscd, percrebrescere, percre-
brui, — [cf. creber, thick"], become
frequent, be spread abroad,
perculsus, part, of percelld.
percurrS, percurrere, percucurrT or
percurri, percursurus [curr5, run]^
run through or along,
percutid, percutere, percuss!, percus-
sus [quatid, shake], strike through,
run through, hit,
perdiscd, perdiscere, perdidici, —
[disc5, learn], learn thoroughly,
perditus, -a, -urn [part, of perdd,
ruin], ruined, abandoned, desperate.
perducd, perducere, perdiixi, perduc-
tus [duc5, lead], lead through, bring,
bring over; continue ; digz, ditch ;
naves perducere, bring skips to
port; ad se perducere, win to their
cause,
pered, perfre, peril, periturus [e6,^],
perish, be ruined,
perequitd, -are, -avl, — [equit5, be a
horseman, ride], ride through, ride
about.
perexiguus, -a, -urn [ex\giraB,5caniy],
very small, very little.
perfacilis, perfacile [fadlis, easy],
very easy,
perfer5, perferre, pertulT, perlatus
[fer5, carry], carry through or
over, bring; report; bear, endure,
put up with,
perficid, perficere, perfeci, perfectus
[facid, make], make or do thor-
oughly, accomplish, bring ctbout,
carry through, finish, complete ; utl
dent perficit, he gets them to give,
perfidia, -ae [perfidus, faithless], f,
faithlessness, treachery.
perfringd, perfringere, perfregi, per-
fractus [frangd, break], break
through,
perfuga, -ae [cf. perfngid], m., de-
serter.
perfugid, perfugere, perfugi, perfugi-
tiirus \plfl}Jb, flee], flee for refuge;
desert.
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VOCABULARY
517
perfugium, pcrfugi [cf. perfugid], «.,
refuge^ place of refuge,
Pergamum, -T, «., capital of the Ro-
man province of Asia, an important
centre of art and learning. Its
famous library was given by Antony
to Cleopatra and carried to Alexan-
dria to augment the library there.
pergd, pergere, perrexi, perrectus
[regd, keep straight], keep ouy go
on, proceed,
periclitor, -arl, -at us [periculiim],/r^,
tesU
pericul5sii8, -a, -um [periculum],
dar^erous,
periculom, -1 [cf. ezperior, te5t\y n.,
trial, attempt ; risk, danger.
periddneus, -a, -um [iddneus, suit-
ad/e'jt very suitable .
peritus, -a, -um [cf. ezperior, test\
{tested) f experienced, skilled, fa-
miliar with.
perlud, perluere, pcrlul, perlutus [luo,
wash"], wash thoroughly ; pass, used
reflexively, bathe.
permaned, permanere, permansT, per-
mansurus [maned, s/ay'\, stay
through to the end, remain, con-
tinue.
permand, -are, -avT, — [manS./ow],
flow through ; reach the ears of (of
reports).
permittd, permittere, permlsT, per-
missus [mittd, send], allorv, per-
mit; intrust.
permoyed, permovere, permovT, per-
motus [moved, moife\ moi>e thor-
oughly, rouse, influence, prnmil
upon; alarm.
permulced, permulcere, permulsi, per-
mulsus [mulced, stroke], soothe,
quiet.
permultus, -a, -um [multus^ much],
very much ; pi., very many.
pemicies, pemiciel [per, cf. nex, vio-
lent death], f, destruction.
pernicitas, permcitatis [pemiz, nim-
ble], f, nimbleness, speed.
perpauci, -ae, -a [pauci, few], very
few.
perpendicnlum, -1 [perpendd, weigh
(and so, let hang down)], n., plumb-
line ; ad perpendiculum, perpen-
dicular.
perpetior, perpetT, perpessus [patior,
suffer], bear patiently,
perpetuus, -a, -um, continuous, unin-
terrupted, endless, permanent; in
perpetuum, forever.
perrumpo, perrumpere, perrupl, per-
ruptus [rumpo, break], break
through.
persequor, persequT, persecutus [se-
quor, follow], follow up (through
thick and thin), pursue ; avenge,
perseverantia, -ae [perseyerans,
part, of perseyerd], /., persever-
ance,
perseyerd, -are, -avl, atiirus [perse-
verus, very strict], persist; (of a
ship) keep on its course,
persolvo, persolvere, persolvi, persolu-
tus [solvS, loose], pay in full;
poenas persolvere, pay the penalty.
perspicio, perspicere, perspexl, per-
spectus [specio, look], see through,
see clearly, perceive, observe, ex-
amine, inspect, praise .
persuaded, persuade re, persuasi, per-
suasurus [suaded, urge], persuade,
convince, convince of,
perterreS, perterrere, perterruT, per-
territus [terreo, frighten], frighten
thoroughly, terrify, throw into a
panic.
pertinacia, -ae [pertinax, persistent],
f, persistency, stubbornness.
pertineo, pertinere, pertinai, — [per
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5i8
VOCABULARY
+ tene5, hold a course through to
the end], reach, stretch, extend;
tend, have to do with, belong to, be
of concern to,
perturbatid, perturbationis [per-
turb5], /, disturbance, alarm,
confusion,
perturb5, -are, -avi, -atus [turb5, to
disorder^, disturb, alarm, throw
into confusion ; perturbari with
an indir. quest., be in confusion
and uncertainty whether,
pcrvagor, -arl, -atus [vagor, wander\
roam about,
penrenid, pervenlre, pervenT, pcrven-
turus [veili5, come\, come through,
come, arrive,
pes, pedis, m,, foot / as a measure, a
foot; pedibus proeliari, fight on
foot ; ad pedes desilire, leap to the
ground (from on horseback).
pestilentia, -ae [pestilens, un-
healthy"], f, malaria, fever,
pets, petere, petfvi, petitus, seek, look
for, go to get, make for ; ask, beg;
f ugam petere, take to flight,
Petra, -ae, /, a hill on the Illyrian
coast southeast of Dyrrachium.
Petrocorii, -orum, m,, pi., a tribe of
southwestern Celtic Gaul.
Petronius, Petronl, m., a Roman
gentile or clan name. Marcus
Petronius, a centurion in Caesar's
army.
phalanx, phalangis,/, phalanx, com-
pact mass of troops.
Phoenice, -es (Greek form for Latin
Phoenicia),/, Phoenicia, a district
along the coast of Syria. Tyre and
Sidon were the chief cities.
Pictones, -urn, m,, pi., a Celtic tribe
south of the Loire (Liger), whose
name is preserved in Poitou,
pOurn, -I, n,, javelin, the missile of
the Roman legionary ; see Introd.
§39.
pilus, -I, m,, first maniple of a cohort,
regularly with primus, the first man'
iple of the first cohort of a legion ;
primi pili centurid = primipilus,
the first centurion of a legion ; see
Introd. § 35.
pinna, '9Jt,f, battlement,
piscis, piscis, m,,fish,
Pisd, PTsonis, m,, a Roman family
name, (i) Marcus Pupius Piso Cat-
purnianus, consul 61 B.C. (2) Lu-
cius Calpurnius Piso, lieutenant
of Cassius, slain by the Tigurini,
107 B.C. ; grandfather of No. 3.
(3) Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caeso-
ninus, consul 58 B.C. (4) Piso,
a brave Aquitanian in Caesar's
army.
Placentia, -ae, /, principal city of
Cisalpine Gaul, on the Po ; the
modern Piacenza,
placet, placere, placuit, impers,, it
pleases, seems best to; maidri parti
placuit, the majority voted or
resolved,
placd, -are, -avT, -atus [cf. placet],
conciliate, appease,
plane [planus], adv., flatly, plainly ;
quite, entirely,
pl&nities, planitiel [planus], /, a
plain.
pl&nus, -a, 'Mm, flat.
plebs or plebes, plebis, /, the common
people, the commons, the masses,
plene [plenus], adv., fully, com-
pletely.
plenus, -a, -um [cf. -pled in comple5,
fill], full,
plerumque, [n. ace. of plSmsqoe],
adv., for the most part, generally,
plerusque, -aque, -umque, sing, rare,
most, the greater part^ most of.
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VOCABULARY
519
P15tius, Ploti, m,, a Roman gentile
or clan name. Afarcus Ptotius, a
follower of Caesar in the Civil
War.
plumbum, -i, »., lead; plumbum
album, tin.
plurimum, aJv,, see multum.
plurimus, see multus.
plus, adj.y see multus ; adv., see
multum.
pluteus, i» m., screen, of boards or
wickerwork.
pdculum, -i, »., drinking-cup.
poena, -ae [cf. punid, punish], /,
punishment, penalty,
pollex, pollicis, m., thumb ; used also
in apposition with digitus.
poUiceor, pollicerl, pollicitus [por-
(=pr6) 4-liceor, bid], offer,
promise; liberallter pollicitus,
making generous promises,
poUicitatid, pollicitationis [pollicitor,
freq. of poUiceor],/, promise.
Pompeianus, -a, -um, of Pompey,
Pompey^s, occupied by Pompey ; m.
pi. as subst,, Pompey s followers,
Pompeians.
Pompeius, PompeT, m., a Roman gen-
tile or clan name, (i) Gnaeus
Pompeius Magnus, Pompey the
Great; see Introd. §§ 19 ff.
(2) Gnaeus Pompeius, elder son
of (i), a naval officer on his father's
side in the Civil War. He in-
flicted severe losses on Caesar's fleet
in the winter and spring of 48 B.C.
He was killed at Munda in Spain,
45 B.C.
Pompeius, -a, -um, of Pompey, Pom-
peian,
pondus, ponderis [cf. pendd, weigh],
n., weight, mass.
pdn5, ponere, posui, positus, place,
put; lay down; deposit; pitch
camp ; build redoubts ; station ;
pass, sometimes, be situated, lie;
depend on,
pons, pontis, m., bridge,
ponto, poutdnis, m,, a Gallic trans-
port.
Pontus, -T, m,, the northeastern dis-
trict of Asia Minor, on the shore of
the Black Sea. Its western part
was organized with Bithynia by
Pompey into a Roman province in
65 B.C.
populatid, populationis [populor],/,
ravaging, devastating,
populor, -an, atus, devastate, ravage^
plunder,
populus, -I, m,, a people, nation;
populus Rdmanus, Roman people,
Rome. Not used of people as in-
dividuals, which =3 homines.
porrigd, porrigere, porrexl, por-
rectus [por- (= prS) -h regS, keep
straight], stretch forth or out,
porta, '2^t,f,gqte, entrance,
porto, -are, -avi, -atus, carry, take,
portdrium, portori [cf. porta], «.,
customs, duty, toll; see on 63, 5.
portus, -us [ct pdrta], m,, harbor,
port,
posed, poscere, poposci, — , demand,
call for,
possessid, possessionis [cf. possided],
/, possession ; real estate,
possided, possidere, possedi, possessus
[por- (= prS) -I- seded, sit], pos-
sess, hold,
possidd, possidere, possedi, possessus
[por- ( = prS) 4- sid6, sit down],
take possession of, seize,
possum, posse, potui, — [pote, able,
4- sum, be], be able, can ; have power
or influence or strength; pliiri-
mum posse, be the most powerful,
be very strong or influential.
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S20
VOCABULARY
post, (i) adv,f afterwards f after;
(2) prep, with ace, after^ behind;
post diem quartum qaam, three
days after i see on 117, ii ; annd
post, a year later,
postea [post ea, after this'], adv.,
afterwards, hereafter ; postea . . .
quam (usually united, see postea-
qaam), after,
posteaquam [postea quam, later
than'], conj.y after,
posterns, -a, -um [cf. post], next,
ftfllowing; m. pi. as subst., posterity,
postqoam [post quam, later than],
conj., after,
postrSmo [abl. of postrSmus (sup.
of postenis), last], adv., at last,
finally, in short,
postridie [loc. poster! die, on the
next day], adv., on the next day ;
postridie eius diei, on the next
day, see on di€i, 66, 23.
postolatom, -i [part, of postuld], n,,
demand, claim,
postuld, -are, -avi, -atus, demand, ask,
claim, require ; expect (see on esse,
108, 22) ; accuse,
Postumus, -T, a Roman family name.
See Fulvius.
potSns, potentis [part of possum],
adj,, power fid; comp. as subst,, a
man more powerful than others.
potentia, -ae [potens], /, mi^t,
political infiuenccy power; cf.
potest&s.
potestas, potestatis [potis, able], fi,
power (in general, esp. civil and
magisterial ; cf. potentia, might,
political influence, imperium, mili-
tary power), control ; opportunity ;
potestatem facexe,give an oppor-
tunity ; potestis yitae, power over
life,
potior, poUri, potitus [potis, able],
become master of, get possession of,
acquire, obtain,
potius, comp, adv., rather. Sup.
potissimum, before all others, chiefly,
prae [cf.pr5],/r<'/.with abl, before;
in phrases of hindrance, on account
of, for,
praeacutus, -a, -um [acutus, part, of
acud, sharpen], sharpened at the
end, pointed,
praebed, prae be re, praebui, praebitus
[prae -I- habed, have], {hold before),
offer, furnish, afford,
praecSdd, praecedere, praecessi, prae-
cessus [ced5,^<>], go before ; surpass,
be superior to,
praeceps, praecipitis [prae, cf. caput,
head], adj., headlong, in headlong
haste; steep.
praeceptum, -1 [part, of praecipid],
n,, order, warning.
praecipiS, praecipere, praecepl, prae-
ceptus [capid, take], seize in ad-
vance, anticipate; order, instruct,
praecipitd, -are, -avi, -atus [prae-
ceps], throw headlong; rush down,
come to an end.
praecipue [praecipuus (prae, cf.
capid, take), taken before others],
adv., especially,
praecliidd, praecludere, praeclusi,
praeclusus [claudd, shut], shut off,
close up, close in the face of.
Praecdninus, -I, m., z. Roman family
name. See Valerius.
praecurrd, praecurrere, praecucurri
or praecurrT, praecursurus [currS,
run], run on ahead, go or come
before,
praeda, -ae [cf. prendd, seize], f,
booty, plunder, prey.
praedicd, -are, -avI, -atus [cf. died,
say], make known, announce, re-
port, declare, emphasize ; boast.
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VOCABULARY
521
praedic5, praedTcere, praedixT, prae-
dictus [died, ja>'], tell beforehand,
charge,
praedd, praedonis [cf. praedor], m.,
plunderer, pirate,
praedor, -an, -atus [praeda], plunder,
get booty,
praed&c5, praeducere, praeduxi, prae-
ductus [duc5, lead\ lead before;
build.
praefectns, -1 [part of praeficid], m,,
prefect, see Introd. § 37 ; officer,
praeferd, praeferre, praetuli, praela-
tus [ferd, carry\ put before, carry
in front, display ; sS praeferre, show
onis self superior,
praeficid, praeficere, praefeclp prae-
fectus [facid, make\ put before or
over, put in command of,
praefigd, praefigere, praefTxT, prae-
fixus \i^%fi, fix\ fix in front, drive
on the edge,
praegredior, praegredf, praegressus
[gradior, step\ go on ahead,
praeiudicium, praeiudici [indicium,
judgment^, n,, {anticipatory juc^-
ment), precedent,
praemetud, praemetuere, praemetuT,
— [mtXxih, fear^, fear beforehand,
be apprehensive or anxious.
praemittd, praemittere, praemlsl,
praemissus [mitt5, send'\, send be-
fore or ahead,
praemium, praemi, «., reward, priu,
praemunid, praemunire, praemunlvi,
praemunitus [munid, fortify^, for-
tify {in front), secure,
praeoccupd, -are, -avi, -atus [occupd,
seize'], seize beforehand, preoccupy,
surprise,
praeoptd, -are, -avI, -atus [optd,
choose], choose rather, prefer,
praepard, -are, -avi, -atus [paro, pre-
pare], prepare beforehand.
praep5n5, praep5nere, prae|>osuT,
praepositus [p5n5, put]y put before,
put in charge of, put in command,
praeripid, praeripere, praeripul, prae-
reptus [rapid, seize], anticipate^
forestall,
praerump5, praerumpere, praerupT,
praeruptus [mmpd, break], break
praemptus, -a, -um [part of prae-
rump5], steep, precipitous,
praesaepid, praesaepire, praesaepsT,
praesaeptus [saepid, hed^e in],
fence off, barricade,
praescribO, praescribere, praescripsi,
praescriptus [scribO, write], write
before or at the beginning, prescribe,
order, direct,
praescriptiim, -! [part, of praescriM],
«., previous instruction, order,
praes^ns, part, of praesom.
praesertim [cf. 8er6,yW»], adv,, {put
first), especially, particularly.
praesidium, praesidi [praeses, de-
fender], n,, guard, garrison ; camp,
post; escort, convoy; protection,
defense ; praesidiS litteramm,
with the help of writing,
praestd, praestare, praestitT, prae-
stitus [st5, stand], stand or put
before, excel, surpass; grant, fur-
nish, afford, give, show ; be responsi-
ble for; officium praestire, do a
duty; praestat, impers., it is
better,
praestdlor, -arl, -atus, wait for,
praesum, praeesse, praefuT, — [sam,
be], be before or over, be in charge
of, hold an office, have command
of; pres. part. praesSns, present,
at hand; in praesentia (sc tem-
pora), for the present,
praeter, prep, with ace, beyond, be-
sides, except; contrary to.
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522
VOCABULARY
praeterea [praeter ea, besides this'\,
adv.y besides^ further,
praetered, praelerire, praeterii, prae-
teritus [eo, go^^ pass by or aver ;
perf. part, as adj, or n, subst,, past,
the past,
praetermitto, praetennittere, praeter-
misi, praetermissus [mittd, send],
let go by, neglect, omit,
praeterquam [praeter + qoam,
than"], adv., except, other than,
praetenrehor, praetervehi, praeter-
vectus [veh5, carry"], be carried
past, sail past,
praetor, praetoris [contr. from prae-
itor, one who goes before], m,,
commander; praetor, a Roman
magistrate, next in rank to the con-
sul; see on 230, I.
praetdrium, praetorl [praetor], n„
generates tent; see on 231, 27.
praetdrius, -a, -um [praetor], of a
commander, of a praetor ; porta
praetoria, the front gate of a Roman
camp, connected by a straight street
with the general's tent (praeto-
rium) in the middle of the camp;
see Introd. § 44.
praetdrius, praetorl [praetdrius], m.,
ex'praetor,
praetura, -ae [cf. praetor], /, prae-
torship,
praeustus, -a, -um [ustus, part, of
iir5, burn], burnt at the end,
preces, precum, /, pi., prayers, en-
treaties,
premd, premere, press!, pressus, press,
press hard, oppress, embarrass, weigh
down,
prSndd, prendere, prendi, prensus
[contr. from prehendd], seiu,
grasp,
pretium, preti, «., price,
prex, see preces.
pridie [loc; cf. pr5, digs, day\ see
postridie], adv,, on the day before,
primipilus, -i [primus 4- pDus, first
maniple of a cohort], m,, the first
centurion of a legion; see Introd.
§35.
primd [abl. of primus], adv,, ai first,
contrasted with what comes after-
wards. Cf. primum.
primum [n. ace. of primus], ach,,
first (in a series of events, cf.
primd), in the first place ; quam
primum, as soon as possible,
primus, see prior.
princeps, prTncipis [primus, cf. ca-
pi5, take], adj., {taking first rank),
first, chief; as subst,, leading man,
leader, chief, spokesman or chairman
(of an embassy) ; princeps prior,
first centurion of the second mani-
ple ; see Introd. § 35.
principatus, -us [cf. princeps], m,,
chief position, leadership, implying
personal influence merely, not offi-
cial authority.
prior, prius [cf. pr5], comp, adj,,
former, first (of two), previous.
Sup. primus, -a, -um, first, first
part of; in primis, especially,
pristinus, -a, -um [for prius-tinus],
former, of or in former times,
previous.
prius [n. of prior], adv., before, sooner,
first, rather ; n5n prius dimittere
quam, not to let go until, Prius
and quam are often united; see on
93, 17, and cf. priusquam.
priusquam [prius quam, sooner
than], conj., before,
priyatim [cf. priyatus], adv., pri-
vately, as private citizens,
priyatus, -a, -um [part, of priyS],
private ; isolated; as subst,, privaU
person.
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VOCABULARY
S23
privd, -are, -avl, -atus [priyus, om^s
own], deprive,
pr5, prep, with abl., in front of
before ; in behalf of for ; instead of
as ; in proportion to^ according tOy
considering^ for, in return for,
prob5» -are, -avT, -atus [probus,^^//],
{think good), approve, esteem, prove,
show, make acceptable.
pr5ced5, procedere, process!, proces-
surus [cedd, go'\, go forward, pro-
ceed, advance, go or come forth,
pr5cdnsul, proconsulis [prd -f- c6n-
sul, consul^, m , proconsul^ an ex-
consul serving as governor of a
Roman province.
procul, adv., in the distance, cU some
distance,
prdcamb5, procunjbere, procubuT, —
[cf. CUb6, lie\, fall (forwards)-, lie
down ; lean,
prdcuratid, procuratidnis [prdcurd],
f, management, charge,
prdcurd, -are, -avT, -atus [curd, attend
to\ attend to, have charge of.
prdcurrd, procurrere, procurri or pro-
cucurrT, procursurus [currd, run\
run forward, charge,
prdded, prodlre, prodiT, proditurus
[prSd- (= prd) + ed, go\ go or
come forth, go or come out.
prdditid, proditionis [prddd], /, be-
traying, betrayal.
prdditor, pr5ditoris [prddd], m,,
traitor,
prddd, prodere, prodidi, proditus [dd,
/«^]» {p^l forth), hand doiun (to
posterity), transmit, publish ; be-
tray, abandon ; memoriae prddere,
record,
prdducd, prodvicere, produxl, pro-
ductus [ducd, lead], lead forth or
out, bring forward; prolong; lead
on, induce.
proelior, -arl, -atus [proelium], fight,
proelium, proeli, n., battle, engage-
ment, skirmish,
profectid, profectionis [cf. proficis-
COr], /., start, departure, going
away,
prdferd, proferre, protulT, prolatus
[ferd, bring~\, bring out,
prdficid, proHcere, profecT, profectus
[facid, make], make headway, gain,
accomplish, be effective,
proficiscor, proficTscI, profectus [cf.
prdficid, make headway], start, set
out, depart, go,
profiteer, profiterT, professus [fateor,
confess], confess Jreely, declare pub-
licly, volunteer, promise.
prdfligd, -are, -avT, -atus [fligd, strike],
rout.
prdflud, profluere, profliixi, — [flud,
flow], flow forth, rise,
profugid, profugere, profugi, pro-
fugiturus [fugid, flee], flee, run
aivay,
profundd, profundere, profudT, pro-
fusus [fundd, pour], pour forth;
se profundere, rush forth,
prdgnatus, -a, -um [prd + (g)iiatu8,
born], sprung, descended,
prdgredior, progredl, progressus [gra-
dior, step], go forward, advance;
proceed, go.
prohibed, prohibere, prohibui, prohi-
bitus [habed, have], hold off, keep
off, kinder, prevent, keep, forbid;
ab iniuria prohibere, protect from
wrongs,
prdicid, proicere, proiec! proiectus
[iacid, throw], throw forward or
down, cast, throw away ; abandon;
se proicere, throw himself down,
proinde [prd, forth, -f inde, from
there], adv., therefore, and so;
just ; proinde ac si, just as if
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VOCABULARY
prdmined, prominere, prominni, — ,
Uan forward or over,
prdmiscue [prdmiscnus, mixed'},
adv,, in common, together,
prdmissus, -a, -um [part, of prdmittd,
put forth}, long (of the hair).
prdmoyed, promovere, promovT, pro-
motus [moved, morve}, move for-
ward,
prdmptus, -a, -um [part, of pr5m5,
bring forth}, at hand, ready, dis-
posed,
prdmulgd, -are, -av!, -atus, bring for-
ward, propose.
prdmtmturium, promunturl [cf. pr5-
mined], n., headland^ promontory,
prdne [prdnus, inclined}, adv.,
leaning, inclined,
pr5nuntiati5, pronuntiationis [pro-
nuntidj,/, announcement, declara-
tion,
prdnuntid, -are, -avi, -atus [nuntio,
report}, set forth, report, make an
announcement, declare, call out,
proclaim,
prope, (i) adv., nearly, almost;
(2) prep, with ace, near; comp.
propius, as adv. or prep., nearer ;
sup. proxime, most recently, last.
prdpelld, propellerc, propull, propul-
sus [pelld, drive}, drive away,
rout, put to flight,
proper5, -are, -avi, -atus [properns,
quick}, hasten.
propinquitas, propinquitatis [pro-
pinquus],/, nearness,
propinquus, -a, -um [cf. prope], near,
neighboring; as subst., m. and /,
relative, kinsman, kinswoman,
propius, see prope.
pr5p5n5, proponere, proposuT, pro-
positus [i^^nh, place}, put forward,
set forth, state, publish ; set before^
present, offer, put out, display (of a
flag) ; with or without animd, pur-
pose, intend.
prdpositum, -1 [part, of pr5p5nd], n.,
plan, purpose.
proprius, -a, -um [cf. prope], one's •
07vn, particular ; characteristic ;
permanent, compute ; proprium
yirtiitis, a mark of valor.
propter, prep, with ace, on account of,
owing to,
propterea [propter ea, on account of
this}, adv., on that account; prop-
terea quod, because.
prdpugnator, prdpugnatoris [pr5-
pugnd], m., defender.
prdpugnd, -are, -avT, -aturus [pugn5],
fight in defense, repel an assault;
hurl forth weapons.
prdpulsd, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of
prdpelld], drive off, repel, ward
off.
prora, -ae,/, prow of a ship.
prdrud, proruere, proruT, prorutus
[ru6, dash down}, demolish.
prOsequor, prosequi, prosecutus [se-
quor, follow}, follow up, pursue;
escort, accompany,
pr5spectu8, -us [cf. prdspicio], m.,
outlook, vie7u, sight.
prdspicid, prospicere, prospexT, pro-
spectus [specid, look}, look forward,
provide for, look out for.
prdstemd, prosternere, prostravi, pro-
stratus [sternd, strew}, strew before ;
overthrow, ruin.
prdtegd, protegere, protexi, protectus
[tegd, confer}, cover over, protect.
prdterd, proterere, protrfvT, protritus
[terS, rub}, tread under foot, tram-
ple down,
prdterred, proterrere, proterrui, pro-
territus [terred, frighten}, frighten
away, drive off in fear.
protinos [prO, forth, + tenos, as far
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525
as'lf adv,^ right on; straightway ,
forthwith,
prdturbd, -are, -avi, -atus [turbo, to
disorder^ drive in confusion^ re-
pulse,
prout [pro, in proportion to, -\- ut,
tfj], conj., according as, as,
prdvehd, provehere, provexl, pro-
vectus [veho, carry], carry for-
ward; in altum prSvectae, putting
out to sea; Afric5 pr5vectus, wafted
by the southwest wind,
proyentus, -us [cf. prdvenid, come
forth], m., outcome, result.
prdvideo, providere, provldl, provTsus
[videS, see], foresee, look out for,
provide; satis est provisum, suf-
ficient provision has been made,
prdvincia, -ae, /, province ; often the
Province in southern Gaul, subject
to Rome since 120 B.C.
provolo, -are, -avi, — [volo, fly], fly
forth, rush out,
proxime, see prope.
prozimus, -a, -urn [sup. of propior,
cf. prope], nearest ; of that which
follows or precedes, next, last,
Ptianii, -orum, m., pi., a tribe of
south central Aquitania.
Ptolomaeus, -i, ;;/., name of the kings
of Egypt after about 300 B.C.
(i) Ptolemy Auletes ; see on 189, 19.
At his death in 51 B.C. he left the
throne to his son and his famous
daughter, Cleopatra. (2) Ptolemy
Dionysus, son of (i); see on
244, 20. He fell in the Alex-
andrine War against Caesar, 48-
47 B.C.
Ptolomais, -idis, /, a city of Phoe-
nicia south of Tyre, famous during
the Crusades under the French
name St, Jean d^Acre or simply
Acre,
publics [publicus], adv,, in the name
of the state, for a state,
publico, -are, -avi, -atus [publicus],
make public, confiscate, annex,
publicus, -a, -um [cf populus,/^^//?],
of the people or state, public ; in
publics, in public; in publicum
referre, display publicly,
pudens, pudentis [part, of puded,
have a sense of shame], adj., sensi-
tive, honorable; m. pi. as subst,,
men of honor.
pudor, pudoris, m,, sense of shame,
decency, honor.
puer, puerl, m., boy; pi., children
(boys and girls); a pueris, from
childhood.
puerilis, puerile [puer], of a child;
puerili aetate, during childhood,
pugna, -ae, /., fight, combat, battle;
fighting,
pugnd, -are, -avi, -atus [pugna],
fight; often impers. pass., there is
fighting, the battle rages or is carried
on, etc.
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, comp.
pulchrior, sup. pulcherrimus, beau-
tiful, glorious.
Pulld, -onis, m,, a Roman family
name. Titus Pullo, a centurion in
Caesar's army in Gaul, who betrayed
a division of his army and joined
Pompey in the first year of the Civil
War.-
pulsus, part, of pello.
pulsus, -us [cf. pelld, strike], m.,
stroke,
pulyis, pulveris, m., dust,
punctum, -I [part, of pungd, prick],
n , point; temporis puncto, on the
instant,
puppis, puppis, /., stern of a ship.
purgd, -are, -avi, -atus [purus, clean,
cf. ago, drive], clean, clear, excuse.
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VOCABULARY
Pnteoli, -orum, m., pi., an old Greek
city in Campania, on the bay of
Naples, now Pozzuoli,
putens, -1, m.y well.
put5, -are, -avi, -atus, thinks believe^
consider,
Pyrenaeus, -a, -um, of the Pyrenees;
with montes, the Pyrenees^ between
Gaul and Spain.
Q. = Qaintus, -i, m.y a Roman prae-
nomen or given name.
qua [abl. of qui, rel.y sc. parte, dis-
tricty or via, way^ adv.y by which
wayy where.
quadrageni, -ae, -a [cf. quadraginta],
distr. num., forty eachy forty in
each instance.
quadraginti or XL [cf. quattuor],
forty.
quadringenti, -ae, -a, or CCCC [cf.
quattuor, centum, hundred^ four
hundred.
quadriremis, quadrireme [cf. quat-
tuor; TtmxiBy oar']y with four banks
of oars ; f. as subst. (sc. rikv\a)y quad-
rireme.
quaerd, quaerere, quaesTvT, quaesTtus,
look for y asky inquire about.
quaestid, quaestionis [cf. quaerd],/.,
inquiry y investigation.
quaestor, quaestoris [cf. quaero], m.y
quaes tor y quartermaster; See In-
trod. § 33.
quaestus, -us [cf. quaer5], m.y ac-
quisitiony gain ; ad quaestus pe-
cuniae, for pecuniary gains.
qualis, quale, interrog. adj.y of what
sorty whaty what sort of.
quam, adv.y how; thany as; quam
diii, as long as; strengthening
superlatives, quam maximus, the
greatest possiblcy as great as possi-
ble ; post diem qnartom quam,
three days after; see on 117, 11.
quamqnam [quam doubled, with
generalizing force], conj.y however y
although.
quamvis [quam + yis (from to15,
wish)'\y adv,y as you willy however.
quandd, adv.y every at anytime.
quantum [n. ace. of quantus], adv.y
so far asy as much as.
quantus, -a, -um, how greaty how
much ; as; tantum . . . quantum,
so much or only so much . . . as.
quantuscumque, -tacumque, -turn-
cumque [quantus + cnmque, with
generalizing force], hifwever great
or much; quantumcumque itine-
ris, as long a march as,
quare [qua re, by which thing']y adv.y
whereforcy accordingly ; by reason
of whichy why.
quartus, -a, -um [cf. quattuor],
fourth ; post diem quartum quam,
three days after ; see on 117, 1 1.
quasi [qua (old n. pL ace. of the
rel.) + si, 1/], conj,y as if.
quattuor or iniyfour.
quattuordecim or xim [quattnor +
decem, ten]y fourteen..
-que, conj.y enclitic, and,
queror, queri, questus, complainy com-
plain of,
qui, quae, quod, rel. pron.y whoy
whichy that; often implying an an-
tecedent, he whOy that whichy etc;
frequently for a dem. or pers. pron.
in Eng., thisy thaty this many he, etc.;
quo, with comparatives, the, qu5
minus, the less,
qui, quae, quod, interrog. adj. pron.y
what? which? For the interrog.
subst. pron.y see quis.
qui, qua, quod, indef adj. or subst.
pron.y any; anybody; generally
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VOCABULARY
527
follows 81, nisi, nS, or num. Cf.
quis, indef,
qui [old abl. of qui, inter rog,\ inter -
rog. adv^ how ?
quicquam, see quisquam.
quicumque, quaecumque, quodcum-
que [qui, rel,^ + cumque, with
generalizing force], indef. pron.,
whoever^ whichever, whatever.
quidam, quaedam, quiddam and (as
adj,) quoddam, indef. subst. or adj.
pron., a certain man or thing,
some one, one ; certain, some, a.
quidem, adv. (emphasizing the word
before it), in fact, at teast, some-
limes rendered merely by emphasiz-
ing the preceding word; but, yet ;
ne . . . quidem (inclosing the empha-
sized words), not even^ not . . .
either.
quies, quietis, /, rest, repose.
quietus, -a, -um [part of quiescd, to
rest], quiet, still, unoccupied.
quin [qui, how, + ne = ne, not], con;.,
but that, that, often best rendered
by from, of, to, without ; who . . .
not; quin etiam, nay even, in
fact.
Quinctilius, QuinctTlI, m., a Roman
gentile or clan name. See Varus.
quincunx, quincuncis [quinque, cf.
uncia, ounce], f. (the arrangement
of dots marking a five-ounce
pie<;p of copper, :•:), quincunx;
in quincuncem, in diagonal or-
der, :•:•:•:•..
quindecim or XV [quinque + decern,
ten], fifteen.
quingenti, -ae, -a, or D [quinque +
centum, hundred], five hundred.
quini, -ae, -a [quinque J, distr. num.,
five each, five at a time.
quinquaginta or L [quinque], fifiy.
quinque or V, five.
quintus, -a, -um, or y. [qtunque],
fifth.
quis, quae, quid, interrog. subst. pron.,
who? which? what? why? For
the interrog. adj. pron., see qui.
quis, qua, quid, indef. subst. or adj.
pron., anybody, anything; any;
generally follows si, nisi, n§, or
num. Cf. qtu, indef.
quisnam, quaenam, quidnam [quis,
interrog., + nam, with emphasiz-
ing force], interrog. subst. pron.,
who? what? who in the world?
quispiam, quaepiam, quidpiam, incUf.
subst. pron., anybody, anything.
quisquam, — , quicquam, indef. subst.
pron., anybody, anything; quic-
quam negdti, any trouble or diffi-
culty.
quisque, quaeque, quidque and (as
adj.) quodque [quis, interrog., +
que, with generalizing force], indef.
subst. or adj. pron., each (of any
number, cf. uterque), every; each
man, every man; ut quisque est
amplissimus, ita plurimds clientes
habet, the more distinguished a man
is, the more dependents he has.
quisquis, — , quicquid [quis doubled,
with generalizing force], indef. rel.
pron., whoever, whatever.
quivis, quaevTs, quidvis and (as adj.)
quodvls [qui, rel., + vis (from void,
wish)], indef. subst. or adj. pron.,
anybody you will; any whatsoever.
qu5 [old dat. of qui, rel.; cf. e6, thither],
adv., whither, where, to or into
which {place).
qu5 [abl. of qui, rel.], conj,, that, in
order that, whereby, usual only when
there is a comparative in the clause ;
quam qud, than because; qu5
minus, that not, usually best trans-
lated hy from and a verbal in -ing;
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VOCABULARY
tenSri qu5 minus . . . posset, to
be kept from being able,
quoad [qu6, whither ^ -f ad, to\ conj.y
(Jo which point), until ; as long
as,
qood [ace. of qui, rel.'], conj., as to
which, inasmuch as, because; in
that, as to what, as for the fact that;
that, the fact that ; quod si, btU if,
qu5 minus, see qud, conj,
quoniam [quom, old form of cum,
when, since, + iam, nffw\, conj,,
since, seeing that,
quoque, conj., too, as well, also, Quo-
que always follows the word it
emphasizes, etiam usually precedes.
qu5que [old dat. of quisque, cf. e5,
thither^, adv,, regularly followed by
yersus, in every direction,
quot, indecl, adj., how many,
quotannfs [quot + annis, in how
many (i.e. in all the) years there
are], adv., every year, yearly,
quotiSns [quot], ddv,, how often,
R
radix, radlcis, /., root; pi , foot (of a
hill) ; ad infimas radices, at the
very foot,
rad5, radere, rasi, rasus, shave,
raeda, -ae, /, wagon, with four
wheels.
r&mus, •!, m., branch, bough.
rapiditas, rapid itatis [rapidus, swift],
f,, swiftness, rapidity,
rapina, -ae [cf. rapid, seized f, plun-
der, plundering, pillaging-
rarus, -a, -um, thin, rare ; infrequent,
few, scattered, in small parties,
ratid, rationis [cf. ratus, part, of reor,
reckon'], f, reckoning, calculation,
account, transaction, business ; judg-
ment, reasoning, reason ; plan, style,
manner, way, method, nature ; the-
ory ; system; rati5nem habSie,
keep an account, make a reckoning,
have regard for, take care, consider,
have a way, propose,
ratis, ratis,/., raft.
Hauraci, -orum, m,, pi., a tribe on
both banks of the upper Rhine,
north of the Helvetii.
re-, red- (before vowels), used only in
composition, back, again,
rebellid, rebellidnis [cf. rebello, re-
new hostilities'], f, renewal of hos-
tilities,
Rebilus, -i, m,, a Roman family name.
See Caninius.
recedd, recedere, recess!, recessurus
[ct^h, go], go back, retire,
recens, recentis, adj,, fresh, new, re-
cent,
recensed, recensere, recensuT, recensus
[C§nse5, estimate], review,
receptus, -us [cf. recipid], m,, retreat,
means of retreat,
recipid, recipere, recepT, receptus
[capio, take], take back, recover ;
receive, admit, meet with, take;
take on board; take possession of;
take responsibility, guarantee; sS
recipere, retreat, retire, return, re-
cover themselves; signum recipi-
endi, signal for retreat,
reclind, -are, -avl, -at us [-clind, bend],
bend back; xt(^^xa^.^^, leaning ; sS
reclinare, lean.
reconditus, -a, -um [part, of recondd,
hide], hidden, sequestered,
recordor, -art, -atus [re-, cor, heart,
mind], recall to mind, recollect,
recred, -are, -avi, -atus [cred, create],
restore, revive.
recte [rectus], adv,, straight, rightly,
well.
rSctus, -a, -um [part, of reg5],
straight.
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VOCABULARY
529
recaper5, -are, -avi, -atus [cf. capi5,
desire], get back, recover,
recusatid, recusationis [recusd], /,
objection, refusal,
recusd, -are, -avi, -atus [cf. acc&85,
accuse], bring objection against, de-
cline, refuse,
reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditus [red-
(= re-) + d5, put], {put back),
restore, return ; render, make, pay,
observe.
feded, redire, redii, rediturus [red-
(= re-) -f ^,go],go back, return;
be referred; fall to; ad gladids
redire, take to their swords,
redigd, redigere, redegf, redactus
[red-(=re-) +ag6, drive], drive
back; reduce; make,
redim5, redimere, redeml, redemptus
[red-(= re-) + em5, buy],buy back,
buy up, purchase,
redintegrd, -are, -avi, -atus [red-
(= re-) + integrd, make whole], re-
new, revive, restore.
reditid, reditionis [cf. reded], /, a
returning, return,
reditus, -us [cf. reded], m,, a return-
ing, return,
Redones, -urn, m,, pi., a tribe of north-
western Gaul, whose name survives
in Rennes.
reducd, reducere, reduxl, reduc-
tus [ducd, lead], lead or bring
back.
referd, referre, rettulT, relatus [ferd,
carry], carry back, bring back,
bring, report; repay; referri or
pedem referre, retreat; in publi-
cum referre, display publicly ; gra-
tiam referre, make requital, repay
a favor,
reficio, reficere, refecT, refectus [facid,
make], repair, refresh, rest, reen-
force,
MATH. CAESAR — 34
refugid, refugere, refugi, refugiturus
[fugid, flee], flee back, take to
fiight,
Reginus, -i, m,, a Roman family name;
see Antistius.
regid, regionis [cf. reg5],/, direction ;
district, region, territory; recUL
regidne, in a straight direction,
parallel with,
regius, -a, -um [rex], of the king,
king's, royal,
regnum, -i [cf. reg5 and rex], n,,
kingly rule, royal power, throne,
kingdom,
reg5, regere, rexi, rectus, keep straight,
direct, control, manage,
reicid, reicere, reieci, reiectus [iacid,
throw], throw back, drive back, re-
pulse; refer,
rela]igu§8c5, relanguescere, relangui,
— [re- + inch, of langued, be faint],
become enfeebled, be weakened,
religid, religionis [cf. ligS, bind], f,
religious scruple, sacred obligation ;
pi., matters of religion,
relinqud, relinquere, relTqui, relictus
[linqud, leave], leave,*Uave behind,
abandon ; leave standing ; pass., be
left, remain, the result is,
reliquus, -a, -um, remaining, left, the
rest of ; pi., the others, all other, the
rest; nihil reliqui, nothing left;
reliquum tempus, the future. Cf.
ceteri and alius.
remaneO, remanere, remans!, reman-
surus [maneO, stay], stay behind,
remain,
remedium, remedi [re-, cf. medicor,
heal], n,, remedy,
remex, remigis [rSmus, cf. agd,
drive], m., rower,
Remi, -drum, m,, pi., the Remi, a
powerful tribe of southern Belgium,
friendly to Rome. Their name sur-
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VOCABULARY
vives in Rheims (the ancient Duro-
cortorum) .
remigd, -are, — , — [remex], row.
remigrd, -are, -avl, -aturus [migrd,
move^f move back^ return,
reminiscor, reminlscl, — [re-, cf.
memini, remember^, recall to mind;
remember.
remissus, -a, -um [part, of remitto],
relaxed; remissidribus frigoribuS;
the cold weather being less severe ;
remissidre yento, in a lighter wind,
remittd, remittere, remisi, remissus
[mittd, send'^t send back^ thrmv
back ; give back, return ; relax^give
uPf (of wind) die down.
remoUescd, remollescere, — ,— [mol-
lescO, become softy cf. mollis], be-
come softened or enervated,
remOTeo, removere, removi, remotus
[moyed, move], move bach, send
away, draw away,
remolcum, -i, «f ., tow-line.
remus, -I, m., oar.
rend, renonis, m., deer-skin.
renovd, -are, -avT, -atus [novd, renew,
from nOYllS, new\ renew.
renuntio, -are, -avi, -atus [nuntld,
report"], bring back word, report.
repell5, repellere, reppuli, repulsus
[pell5, drive away], drive back, re-
pulse. ,
repente [abl. of repens, sudden],
adv., suddenly,
repentinus, -a, -um [repens, sudtien],
sudden, unexpected.
reperid, reperlre, repperi, repwrtus,
find (by effort, cf. invenid), dis-
cover, ascertain,
repetd, repetere, repetlvf, repetitus
[pet5, look fbr], go back after;
reckon backward.
rep5nd, reponere, reposui, repositus
[p5nd, put], put back, put.
reporto, -are, -avT, -atus [port5,
carry], carry back,
reprehends, reprehendere, reprehend!,
reprehensus [prehendo, seize], hold
back; blame, censure. ,
reprimd, reprimere, repress!, repressus
[premd, press], keep back, check,
repudid, -are, -av!, -atus [repudinm,
divorce], reject,
repugno, -are, -avT, -aturus [pngnd,
fii^l]^ resist, be opposed to.
repulsus, part, of repelld.
requiescd, requiescere, requievi, requi
etus [quiescd, rest], rest,
requird, requirere, requ!s!vi, requisitus
[quaero, look for, ask], look for,
ask for.
res, rei, /, thing (in the most varied
applications, to be translated accord-
ing to the context) ; matter, affair,
business; fact, circumstance, etc. ;
res noyae, revolution; omnibus
rebus, in all respects ; rSs publica,
the state, the public welfare, public
interests ; res gestae, exploits.
rescindo, rescindere, rescid!, rescissus
[scindd, cut], cut away or down, de-
stroy, pull down,
rescisc5, resciscere, rescivi or rescii,
rescitus [seised, inquire], find out,
learn.
reservd, -are, -av!, -atus [scrvd, keep],
keep back, reserve,
resided, residere, resedi, ^ [seded,
sit], sit back, remain,
resistd, resistere, restit!, — [sistd,
place (one's self)], w^^^ a stand,
stop, stay ; resist, oppose ; resistens
sometimes as adj., resolute, firm,
respicid, respicere, respex!, respectus
[speci5, look], look back, look (^back)
at, consider, have regard for ; de-
volve upon,
responded, respondere, respond!, re-
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VOCABULARY
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sponsus [sponded, promise'], reply,
answer,
respdnsum, -1 [part, of responded],
n., answer, reply.
res publica, see res.
restagnd, -are, — , — [stagnd, over-
flow and form a stagnum, pool],
overflow ; be overflowed,
restiti, perf. of resisto.
restitud, restitucre, restituT, restitutus
[statnO, set up], restore, revive,
refined, retinere, retinui, retentus
[tened, hold], holdback, detain, keep,
preserve, maintain.
reyelld, revellere, revellT, revulsus
[yelld, pluck], pull up, tear away.
reTertor, revert!, reversus [TertS,
turn], dep., except in the perf., plpf.,
and fut. perf., which have reverti,
etc. (from reTertd), turn back, re-
turn, come again.
reyincid, revinclre, revinxT, revinctus
[Tincid, bind], bind back, make
fast, fasten.
reTOCd, -are, -avi, -atus [vOc6, call],
call back, call off.
rex, regis [cf. rego], m., king; pi.,
monarchs (king and queen).
Rhascypolis, -is, m., a Macedonian,
who joined Pompey's army with
two hundred cavalrymen.
Rhenns, -T, m., the Rhine.
Rhodanos, -T, m.,the Rhone,
Rhodins, -a, -um, Rhodian.
Rhodus, -T, /, Rhodes, an important
maritime city on the island of
Rhodes, a famous center of art and
learning. The bronze colossus,
some hundred feet in height, was
one of the Seven Wonders of the
world. The island retained its in-
dependence as an ally of Rome
until the Emperor Gaudius added
it to the provmce of Asia, 44 a.d.
ripa, -ae, /, bank of a stream.
riyns, -1, m,, stream, brook.
rdbor, roboris, «., oak ; strength.
rogatid, rogationis [rogS], /., an ask-
ing of the people's will upon any
matter, proposal, bill.
rogitd, -are, -avT, — \_freq. of rogd],
ask for over and over again,
rog5, -are, -avT, -atus, ask,
Rdma, -ae,/, Rome.
Rdmanus, -a, -urn [Rdma], Roman,
of Rome ; pi. as subst., the Romans,
ros, roris, m., dew,
rdstrum, -1 [cf. rSdS, gnaw], n., beak
of a ship of war ; see Introd. § 48.
rota, '2it,f, wheel.
Roucillus, -T, m., an Allobrogan, pay-
master in Caesar's Gallic cavalry.
mbus, -i, m., bramble-bush,
Rofus, -T, m., a Roman family name ;
see Solpicius, Marcius, Minucins,
Vibullius, Acutius.
rumor, rumoris, m., rumor.
rursus [for reyorsus, old part, of re-
yertor], adif., back again, again,
on the other hand, in turn.
Ruteni, -orum, m., pi., a tribe of
southern Gaul, partly in the Prov-
ince. The name is preserved in the
modern Rodez.
Rutilus, -1, m., a Roman family name ;
see Semprdnius.
S
Sabinus, -!, m., a Roman family
name. Quintus Titurius Sabinus,
a lieutenant of Caesar in Gaul.
Sabis, Sabis, m., the Sambre, a river
of Belgic Gaul flowing into the
Meuse (Mosa).
Saburra, -ae, m., an officer of Juba,
king of Nuinidia, by whose tactics
Curio was drawn into his disastrous
battle, August, 49 B.C.
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VOCABULARY
sacerdds, sacerdotis [sacer, sacred'],
m., priest.
sacerddtium, sacerdat! [sacerdos], if.,
priesthood.
sacramentum, -T [sacr5, set apart as
sacred], «., oath.
Sacrativir, Sacrativirl, rn.y a Roman
family name. Marcus Sacralivir^
a Roman knight from Capua, in
Caesar's army in the Civil War.
sacrificium, sacriBc! [sacrificus, sac-
rificial], w., sacrifice,
Sadala, -ae, m., son of the Thracian
king Cotys.
saepe, adv,, often; comp. saepius,
too often, repeatedly.
saepes, saepis, /, hec^e,
saevid, saeyire, saevii, saevfturus [sae-
VUS, raging], rage; blow a gale.
sagitta, -ae, /, arrow.
Sagittarius, sagittari [sagitta], m.,
bowman, archer,
sal, salis, m., salt.
salinae, -arum [sal],/., pi., salt-pits.
saltus, -us, m., mountain forest.
salubris, salubre, sup. saliiberrimas
[salus], healthful.
salum, -I [sal], n., sea.
salus, salutis [cf. salvus], /, safety,
welfare, deliverance ; place of safety ;
saluti esse, bring deliverance, save.
salut5, -are, -avi, -atus [salus], wish
health, greet.
salvus, -a, -um [cf. salus], safe, well.
sancid, sancTre, sanxT, sanctus, make
sacred, establish unalterably, enact.
sanctus, -a, -um [part, of sancid],
holy, sacred, inviolable.
sanguis, sanguinis, m., blood.
s8.no, -are, -avT, -atus [sanus, sound],
make sound, restore to health.
Santoni, -orum, or Santones, -um,
m., pi., a Celtic tribe on the west
coast of Gaul. The name is pre-
served in Sainies and Sainionge;
see on Toldsatium, 57, 18.
sarcinae, -arum, f, soldiers' packs or
bundles; see Introd. § 42.
sarci5, sarcire, sarsT, sartus, patch,
mend, repair.
Sardinia, -ae, /, Sardinia.
sannentum, -1, n., twig, light branch.
Sasdn, -onis, /., a little island near
Oricum and Apollonia, now Saseno.
satis, adv., enough, sufficiently;
rather ; the weak very ; sometimes
as pred. adj., or neuter subst. with
partit. gen.
satisfacid, satisfacere, satisfecT, satis-
factus [satis facid, cb enough], give
satisfaction, make reparation.
satus, part, of serd.
saucius, -a, -um, wounded,
saxum, -1, n,, stone, rock,
Scaeva, -ae, w., a brave centurion in
Caesar's army ; see 213, 25 and
note.
scala, -ae [cf. scandd, climb], f, lad-
der, scaling-ladder.
scapha, -ae,/, ship'^s boat, skiff.
sceleratus, -a, -um [part, of scelerd,
pollute, from scelus], accursed, vil-
lainous.
scelus, sceleris, »., crime, guilt, wick-
edness,
scientia, -ae [sci§ns, part, of scid],
/, knowledge, skill.
scindo, scindere, scidi, scissus, cut, tear
down a rampart by pulling up the
stakes.
scid, scire, scivi, scitus, know, under-
stand.
Scipid, Sclpionis, m., a Roman family
name. Quintus Caecilius Metellus
Pius Scipio, Pompey's father-in-law
from 52 B.C., and his colleague in
the consulship the last five months
of that year. Second to Pompey in
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VOCABULARY
533
command of the senatorial forces
at Pharsalus, 48 B.C., and the chief
commander at Thapsus, 46 B.C.
scoptUus, -T, ///., cliffy rock,
SCribd, scribere, scripsT, scriptus, write.
Scribonius, ScrlbonT, m., a Roman
gentile or clan name ; see Lib5.
scrobis, scrobis, /». and /, /</, hole,
scutula, -ae,/, wooden roller,
scutum, -1, »., shield^ of the Roman
legionary soldier ; see Introd. § 38.
se, sese, see sui.
sSdudd, seclOdere, seclusT, seclusus
[8e(d), old adv,^ apart, by one^s self,
+ Claudd, shut^ shut off, part,
secretd [abl. of secretus, part of
sScerno, separate"], adv., in private,
secretly,
sectiira, -ae [cf. seed, cut], f., a cut-
ting, quarry,
secundum [n. ace. of secundus],
prep, with ace, along, following,
according to.
secundus, -a, -um [cf. st(\fiOT, follow],
second ; favorable (of winds, battles,
etc.), successful; secundae res,
prosperity, success.
securis, securis [cf. sec6, cut], f, ax.
sed, conj., but,
sedecim or xvi [sex + decem, ten],
sixteen,
sedes, sedis [cf. sedeO, sit], f, seat;
either sing, or pi., dwelling-place,
abode,
sSditiosus, -a, -um [seditid, insurrec-
tion], insurrectionary, rebellious.
8ed5, -are, -avi, -at us [cf. sedes],
allay, quiet.
Sedulius, Seduli, m., a leader of the
IvCmovices.
Seduni, -orum, m., pi., an Alpine
tribe on the upper Rhone.
Segontiaci, -orum, m., pi., a British
tribe.
Segoyaz, -actis, m., a British king in
Kent.
Segusiavi, -orum, m,, pi., a Celtic
tribe, adjoining the Province, with
territory on both sides of the Sa6ne
(Arar).
semel, num, adv,, once, the first time,
sementis, sementis [semen, seed], f,,
sowing, planting,
semita, -ae, f, path, byway.
semper, adv., always, constantly,
Semprdnius, Semproni, m., a Roman
gentile or clan name. Marcus Sem-
pronius Rutilus, one of Caesar's
cavalry officers.
senator, senatons [cf. senex], m.,
senator.
senatdrius, -a, -um [senator], of a
senator, senatorial.
senatus, -us [cf. senex], m., senate,
council of elders,
senex, senis, ///., old man,
seni, -ae, -a [sex], distr, num,, six
each, six at a time.
Senones, -um, m., pi., a tribe of north-
em Celtic Gaul, on the Seine
(Sequana). The name is pre-
served in Sens, the modern name
of their chief city, Agedincum.
sententia, -ae [cf. sentid],/, opinion,
view, way of thinking, proposition,
decision, vote; sententiam dicere,
express an opinion; sententiam
f erre, give a verdict,
sentes, sentium, m., pi., briers, thorns,
sentina, -ae, /, bilge-water,
sentid, sentire, sens!, sensus, perceive,
see, be aware, feel, think, under-
stand,
separatim {ci,w^dJl\jiB], adv,, sepa-
rately,
separatus, -a, -um [part, of 8§par5,
separate], separate, distinct,
septem or VII, seven.
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534
VOCABULARY
septendecim or xvii [septem +
decern, /^»]» seventeen.
septentrid, septentrionis [septem +
trid, a plow ox'\t m,j generally
pi., the north ; properly the seven
stars forming the Dipper in the con-
stellation of the Great Bear or the
Wain.
Septimius, SeptimI, m,, a Roman
gentile or clan name. Lucius Sep-
timius, at one time a centurion in
Pompey's army, later in the service
of the Egyptian king ; one of
Pompey's murderers.
Septimus, -a, -urn [septem], seventh.
septingenti, -ae, -a, or DCC [septem
+ centum, hundred'^, seven hun-
dred.
septuiginti or LXX [cf. septem],
seventy.
sepultura, -ae [cf. sepelid, bury'^, /,
burial.
Sequana, ae,/, the Seine.
Sequanus, -\,m.,a Sequanian; pi.,
the Sequani or Sequanians, a pow-
erful tribe of Celtic Gaul, adjoining
the Helvetii.
sequor, sequi, secutus, follow, pursue,
attend; poena eum sequitur, pun-
ishment befalls him; fidem sequi,
seek the protection.
Ser. = Senrius, ServT, m., a Roman
praenomen or given name.
sermd, sermdnis [cf. ser5, weave'\, m.,
conversation (words of two or more
persons woven into continuous dis-
course), remark, discussion.
ser6, serere, sevT, satus, sow, plant.
s€r5 [abl. of s§rus, late^, adv., late;
com p. serius, too late; quam seris-
simS, as late as possible.
Sertdrius, Sert5rT, m., a Roman gen-
tile or clan name. Quintus Ser-
torius, a leader of the Marian or
democratic party, bitterly opposed
to the senatorial government estab-
lished by Sulla. In Spain he made
the Brst attempt to Romanize the
people of a province by introducing
Roman dress and having Latin
taught in schools ; see on 96,
18.
senrilis, servile [servus], of a slave ;
in senrilem modum, in the way
that is used with slaves, i.e. by tor-
ture.
SenrDius, Servili, m., a Roman gen-
tile or clan name. Publius Servil-
ius Vatia Jsauricus, consul with
Caesar in 48 B.C., remaining in
charge of affairs at Rome while
Caesar conducted the war against
Pompey.
senrid, servlre, servivi, servitunis
[servus], be a slave to, follow
blindly; auribus seryiie, tickle the
ears.
senritus, servitiitis [senrus],/, sktv-
ery, bondage; sSse in serritutem
dicare, attach themselves as slaves,
servd, -are, -avl, -atus, save, keep,
maintain, observe, keep watch of.
seiTUS, -T, m., slave.
sescSnarius, -a, -ura [sescSm, six
hundred each], of six hundred men
each.
sescenti, -ae, -a, or DC [sex -\- cen-
tum, hundred], six hundred.
s^quiped&lis, sesquipedale [s§s-
qnipes, a foot and a half, from
sesqui, adv., by a half + p$8,/w/],
a foot and a half in thickness.
setius, comp. adv., less ; nihild s^tius,
none the less, nevertheless.
seu, see siye.
severs [severus, stern], adv., sternly,
sharply.
sevocd, -are, -avi, -atus [8§(d), old
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adv.y aparty by on^s selfy + yoc5,
cair\t call apart, call away.
sex or VI, six.
sezaginta or LX [sex], sixty.
Seztius, Sexti, m., a Roman gentile
or clan name, (i) Publius Sextius
Baculus, a centurion in Caesar's
army. (2) Titus Sextius, one of
Caesar's lieutenants.
Sextus, -1, m., a Roman praenomen
or given name.
si, conj., if, whether ; to see if.
Sibusates, -ium, m., pi., a tribe of
southwestern Aquitania.
sic, adv., so, thus, in this way / nt . . .
sic, while . . . yet, as . , . so.
siccitas, siccitatis [siccus, dry}, f,
dryness.
Sicilia, -ae, /, Sicily.
sicut or sicuti [sic + uti, <w], conj.,
just as, as, as it were ; siCUti . . .
ita, while . . . still, not only . . .
but even.
sidus, sideris, n., heavenly body.
signifer, slgniferi [signom, cf. ferd,
bear\, m., standard-bearer, color-
sergeafit.
significatid, slgniBcationis [signi-
fied],/., signaling, signal, sign.
signified, -are, -avT, -atus [signum, cf.
facid, make'\, make sigtts, show, in-
dicate.
signum, -T, n., signal; standard, see
Introd. § 40; signa convertere,
change front, face about: signa
ferre or inferre, advance, charge;
conyersa signa inferre, face about
and charge; ab signis discedere,
withdraw from the ranks; signa
legionis cdnsistunt, the legion
halts; signa relinquere, run
away.
silentium, silent! [silSns, silenf], n,,
silence.
Silius, STlI, m., an officer in Caesar's
army.
silya, -ae,/, woods, forest.
silvestris, silvestre [silya], covered
with woods, wooded.
similis, simile, like, similar,
similiter [similis], adv., in the same
way.
similitudo, similitudinis [similis],/,
likeness, resemblance.
simol, adv., at the same time, at once ;
with or without atque, as soon as ;
simul . . . simol, partly . . .
partly.
simulacrum, -i [simuld], n., like-
ness, image; usually of gods, cf.
statua.
simulati5, simulationis [simuld],/,
pretense, deceit; equitum simula-
tidne, making a pretense of being
cavalrymen ; per simulatidnem
yulnerum, by pretending to be
wounded.
simuld, -are, -avT, -atus [cf. similis],
make like, pretend.
simultas, simultatis [cf. simul], /,
rivalry; enmity.
sin [si -I- ne = ne, not"], conj. {if not),
but if
sine, prep, with abl., without.
singillatim [cf. singuli], adv., singly,
individually,
singularis, singulare [singuli], one
by one, unique, unparalleled, un-
equaled, extraordinary.
singuli, -ae, -a, distr. num., one at a
time, one by one ; singly, severally,
one apiece; single, separate; in
annds singulds, for each year, for
a year at a time.
sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, left.
sinistra, -ae [sinister, sc. manus,
hand'],f., left hand,
sinistrdrsus [sinister -h yorsus, old
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VOCABULARY
form of Tersus, towards^ cf. rfirsos] ,
adv,, to the left,
•inos, -us, m.y bosom,
situs, -us, m., situation^ site,
sive or seu [si + -ve, <>r], cohj,^ or if;
slye (sen) . . . sire (sen), whether
. , .or,
socer, soceri, m,^ fiither-in-law,
socieULs, societatis [socius], /, part-
nership, company; tax collecting
company^ see on x88, 27 ; alliance,
socius, soci [cf. sequor], m,, comrade,
ally, partner,
sOl, solis, m,, the sun; personified,
Sol, the Sun.
SOldurius, soldurf, m,, retainer, ft>l'
lower ; see 95, 26 ff.
soled, solere, solitus sum, semi-^ep,, be
accustomecL
sOlitudd, solitudinis [s51us], /, lone-
liness; wilderness, desert waste,
SOllicitd, -are, -avT, -atus [sollicitus,
all stirred up'], rouse, incite, urge,
tamper with,
solum, -I, n., bottom, soil ; agri solum,
the bare ground,
sOlum [n. ace. of s51us], adv,, only,
merely,
sOlus, -a, -um, only, cUone,
SOlvd, solvere, solvi, solutus, loosen;
with or without nayes, set sail; pay,
somnus, -1, m^ sleep,
sond, sonare, sonu!, sonitus [sonus],
sound,
sonus, -1, m,, sound.
soror, sororis, /, sister; soror ex
matre, half-sister (on the mother's
side),
85tiates, -ium, m,, pi., a strong tribe
of north central Aquitania.
spatium, spatl, n,, space, distance,
course ; interval, time, period,
speciSs, speciei [cf. specid, look'], /.,
sight, appearance, semblance.
spectd, -are, -avf, -atus [freq. of speci5,
look], look, look at, regard, aim cU ;
of countries, lie, face ; spectans si
posset, aiming to see if he could,
specul&tor, speculatoris [speculor, spy
out], m,, spy, scout.
specul&tdrius, -a, -um [speculator],
of a spy, for reconnoitring,
sp$r5, -are, -avi, -atus [sp5s], hope,
hope for,
spes, spei, /, hope, expectation, hope-
fulness ; in spem venire, hope,
Spinther, -eris, m,, a Roman family
name; see on 232, 17.
spihtus, -us [cf. spiro, breathe], m.,
breath ; spirit, arrogance,
spoils, -drum, n,, pL, arms stripped
from an enemy, spoils, trophies,
spolid, -are, -avi, -atus [spolia], strip,
rob, despoil,
sponte, abl. only, /., of onis own
accord; by one's self, unaided
Staberius, Staberi, m,, a Roman gen-
tile or clan name. Lucius Staberius,
an officer of Pompey in the Civil
War.
stabilid, stabilTre, stabilTvT, stabiUtus
[stabills, steady], make steady or -
firm.
stabilit&s, stabilitatis [stabilis,
steady], f, steadiness.
statim [cf st5], adv., on the spot,
forthwith, immediately, at once,
statiS, stationis [cf. st5], / (« stand-
ing), guard, picket, sentry; outpost;
anchorage, harbor ; in statidne, on
guard.
Statins, Stati, m,, a Roman gentile
or clan name. See Murcus.
stativus, -a, -um [cf stS], stationary,
permanent.
statua, -ae [cf statud], /, statue;
usually of men, cf. simuUlcrum.
statud, statuere, statu!, statutus
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VOCABULARY
537
[status], set up ; decide^ determine^
thinks make up one's mind,
statura, -ae [cf. sto], /. {a standing),
stature, height.
status, -us [cf. st6], w. (a standing),
position, condition,
stimulus, -T, m., goad, spur. This
name was jokingly given by Caesar's
soldiers to one of his defensive de-
vices at Alesia; see 158, 6 ff.
stipendium, stipend! [stips, contribu-
tion, cf. pendo, /<7^], n,,pay,
stipes, stipitis, ///., log, trunk.
st6, stare, steti, staturus, stand; of
ships, lie at anchor ; decreto stare,
stand by or abide by a decision,
stramentum, -1 [cf. stemo, spread
out], n., covering; pack-saddle,
strepitus, -us [strepo, make a noise'],
m., din, rattle.
stringd, stringere, strinxi, st rictus,
strip off; unsheathe, draw a
sword.
stru5, struere, struxi, structus, arrange,
build
studeo, studere, studui, — [cf. stu-
dium], be eager for, desire ; pay
attention to, be devoted to.
studidse [studidsus, eager], adv.,
eagerly,
studium, stud! [cf. studed], n., zeal,
eagerness, enthusiasm, energy, devo-
tion ; pursuit (to which devotion is
given).
stultitia, -ae \sXm\Xvls], f,, folly.
stultus, -a, -nm, foolish,
%x\i,prep. (i) with abl. (of position),
under, at the foot of; sub sinistra,
at the left; (2) with ace. (of mo-
tion), under ; o{ time, just before.
subdiicd, subducere, subduxT, subduc-
tus [diicd, lead], lead up from a
lower position; of ships, draw up
on shore.
subductid, subductionis [cf. subdiic5],
f, a drawing up on shore, beaching,
subed, subire, subii, subitus \th,go],go
under, undergo ; come up (from be-
low, or to a wall), come up to, meet,
subicio, subicere, subieci, subiectus
[iacio, throw], put underneath ;
throw or thrust (from below) ; ex-
pose, subject, bring up to ; perf. part.,
below, near,
subigd, subigere, subegT, subactus [ag5,
drive], {drive under), reduce, con-
strain,
subitd[abl. of subitus], a^., suddenly,
unexpectedly,
subitus, -a, -um [part, of subed, come
up unexpectedly], sudden, unex-
pected,
sublatus, part, of toll5.
subleyd, -are, -avT, -atus [IctS, lift],
lift up; support, relieve, assist;
se sublevare, rise,
sublica, -ae, /, pile, stake,
sublud, subluere, subluT, sublutus [lud,
7vash], (wash below), wash, wash
the base of,
subniibilus, -a, -um [sub, a little, -f
niibilus, cloudy^ rather cloudy,
subrud, subruere, subrui, subrutus
[ruo, cause to fall], undermine,
subsequor, subsequi, subsecutus [se-
i^QX, follow], follow on,follo%v, come
on after, bring up the rear of,
subsidium, subsidi [cf. seded, sit], n,
{a sitting in reserve), reserve, re-
enforcement ; help, aid, relief, re-
sources,
subsidd, subsidere, subsedi, subsessu-
rus [sidd, sit down], settle down,
crouch down and watch, lie in am-
bush,
subsists, subsistere, substitT, — [sistd,
place (one's self)], make a stand,
halt, stop.
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538
VOCABULARY
substructid, substructi5nis [cf. sub-
8tru5, build undgr], /,, substruc-
ture.
subsum, subesse, — , — [sum], be
under ; be near^ be near at hand.
subvehd, subvehere, subvead, subvec-
tus [vehd, carry\j bring up.
subyenid, subvenire, subveni, subven-
turus [yenid, come\ come to the res-
cue or to the assistance of.
succedd, succedere, success!, succes-
surus [sub + Ced5, go\ come up
{from below) f approach; take the
place of succeed; ad alteram par-
tem succedunt Ubii, on a second
side the Ubii come next to them (lit,
come up to a second side) ; in statid-
nem succ€dere, to take their turn
on guard.
succendd, succendere, succendT, suc-
census [sub, cf. canded, shine], set
on fire.
succidd, succidere, succTdf, succisus
[sub + caed5, cut], cut off beloiv,
cut down.
8uccumb5, succumbere, succubul, suc-
cubiturus [cf. cub5, /i>], lie down
{under) y give in, succumb.
SUCCurrd, succurrere, succurrT, succur-
surus [sub + currd, run"], run to
on^s aid, run up (to aid) ; impers.
pass., aid comes up.
sudis, sudis, /, stake.
Suebi, -orum, m., pi. , a powerful Ger-
man tribe, or confederation of tribes.
The name is preserved in the mod-
ern Swabia.
8Uffodi5, suffodere, sufiodi, suffossus
[sub + fodid, dig"], dig under, stab
underneath, undermine.
suffragium, suffragT, n., vote.
Sugambri, -orum, m., pi., a German
tribe opposite Belgium.
sui, sibi, se or sese, reflexive pron, of
third pers., himself, herself, he, him,
etc.; with inter in reciprocal idea,
from, to, or 7vith each other.
Sulla, -ae, m., sl Roman family name,
(i) Lucius Cornelius Sulla, com-
mander against Mithridates, 88-84
B.C., dictator, 81-79 B.C. (2) Pub-
lius Cornelius Sulla, nephew of ( i ),
a lieutenant of Caesar in the Civil
War, in command of the right wing
at the battle of Pharsalus. See
also on 2X2, 8.
Sulpicius, Sulpici, m., a Roman gen-
tile or clan name. ( i ) Publius Sul-
picius Rufus, a lieutenant of Caesar
in Gaul. (2) Servius Sulpicius, a
Roman senator.
sum, esse, fui, futunis, be, exist ; hap-
pen ; sui esse imperi, belong to his
control.
summa, -ae [summus, sc. rSs, thing],
f, sum total, total; chief control, gen-
eral manage tneftt ; substance ; sum-
ma imperi, the chief command ;
in summ&, in general; summa rei
or rgrum, the general situation.
summS [summus], adv., very ear-
nestly.
summergd, summergere, summers!,
summersus [sub +.nierg5, dip], dip
under, sink.
sumministrd, -are, -av!, -atus [sub -|-
ministrS, wait upon], supply, fur-
nish.
summittd, suramittere, summis!, sum-
missus [sub -I- mittd, send] , send up,
send as aid, send.
summoyed, summovere, summ5vi,
summotus [sub + moye6, mcve],
remove, drive back, dislodge.
summus, see superior.
sumd, sumere, sumps!, siimptus [sub
+ em6, take], take ; spend (of ex-
ertion); supplicium sumere d€,
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VOCABULARY
539
inflict punishment on ; sibi sumere,
take upon himself y assume,
sumptudsus, -a, -urn [sumptus], ex-
pensive, costly, lavish,
sfimptiis, -us [cf. sumd]» m,, expense,
super, prep, with ace, aboive, over,
upon,
superior, superius [cf. super], comp,
adj,, higher, upper; superior,
stronger ; former, earlier, previous.
Sup. summus, highest; top of;
most important, chief; utmost, ex-
treme; very great; summis cdpiis,
in full force; ab summd, at the
end,""
supers, -are, -avT, -atus [superus,
higher\ overtop; overpower, con-
quer; surpass, be superior ; outlive,
survive; pass., be at a disatlvan-
tage, be overpowered,
supersum, superesse, superfui, super-
futurus [sum], ("^^ over and
above"), be left, remain, survive;
be in excess,
SUppetd, suppetere, suppetivi, suppe-
titurus [sub + petd, seelf^, be on
hand, be available, hold out,
supplementum, •! [suppled, /i/<'i^].
If., substitutes,
supplex, supplicis [sub, cf. plied,
fold\ m, and / (^one who bends the
knee), suppliant,
supplic&tid, supplicationis [supplied,
kneel'], f, public prayer, thanks-
giving,
suppliciter [supplex], adv,, suppli-
antly, as a suppliant.
supplidum, supplici [supplex], n,
{kneeling in supplication or to be
punished), punishment, penalty,
supports, -are, -avi, -atus [sub +
portd, carry], bring up, furnish,
supr& [cf. super], adv,, and prep,
with ace., above ; before.
suscipid, suscipere, suscepi, susceptus
[subs (=sub)+capi5, /<7/&^], {take
up from beneath), take up, undertake.
suspicid, suspicionis [cf. suspicid, look
askance at], f, suspicion, ground
for believing, suspidous action ; in
suspicidnem yenire, look suspicious.
suspicor, -ari, -atus [cf. suspieid, look
askance at], suspect,
sustento, -are, avi, -atus [freq. of sus-
tined], uphold, support, mitigate.
sustined, sustinere, sustinui, sustentus
[subs (=sub) + tened], hold up
(^from below), support, endure;
check, withstand ; without obj., hold
out, hold firm, stand their ground;
se sustinere, stand.
sustuli, perf. of tolld.
suus, -a, -um, poss, pron. (reflexive,
referring to subject), his, her, its,
their; his own, etc.; his favorable,
his characteristic, favorable, suit-
able ; sui, his (their) men, friends,
people ; sua, his (their) possessions,
Syria, -ae, /, organized by Pompey,
in 64 B.C., as a Roman province,
lying along the eastern coast of the
Mediterranean.
Syriacus, -a, -um, Syrian.
T. = Titus, -T, m., a Roman prae-
nomen or given name,
tabella, -ae [tabula],/, tablet, ballot.
tabemaculum, -I [taberna, hut], n.,
tent,
tabula, -ae, /, board; writing tablet,
list; account book; noYae tabulae,
new accounts, abolition of debts.
See on 71, i.
taceo, tacere, tacui, tacitus, be silent,
say nothing; say nothing about.
taeter, taetra, taetrum, foul, repulsive.
talea, -ae, /., rod, bar, stake.
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540
VOCABULARY
tarn, adv,^ so.
tamen» adv., yet, still, however^ never-
theless, anyhow.
Tamesis, -is, m,, the Thames »
tametsi [tarn ^ etsJ, although'], conj,,
although, though,
tandem, adv,, at lengt/i, finally,
tantalus, -a, -um [dim. of tantus],
so small, so trimal,
tantum [n. ace. of tantus], adv., so
far, to such an extent, only so far, so.
tantummodo [tantum modo, so much
only'], adv., only, merely.
tantundem [tantus], adv., just so
far ; the same distance.
tantus, -a, -um [cf. tam], so great, so
much, such a great, that great;
only so much, so few.
Tarbelll, -drum, m,, pi., a tribe of
southwestern Aquitania. Tlie name
survives in the modern Tarbes,
Tarcondarius, see Castor.
tardS [tardus], adv., slowly.
tardd, -are, -avi, -atus [tardus], re-
tard, check, hinder.
tardus, -a, -um, shw.
Tarusates, -ium, m., pi., a tribe in
west central Aquitania.
taurus, -I, m., bull.
Taximagulus, -i, m., a Briton, king
of a part of Kent.
TectosagSs, -um, m., see Volcae.
tegimentum, -i [tegd], »., covering.
tegS, tegcre, texi, tectus, cover ; hide,
conceal; shelter, protect.
tSlum, -T, «., spear, javelin, weapon.
temerarlus, -a, -um [cf. temere],
rash, thoughtless, inconsiderate.
temere, adv., casually, without strong
reasons, rashly.
temeritas, temeritatis [cf. temere],/,
rashness, foolhardiness.
tSmd, temonis, m., pole of a chariot or
wagon.
temperantia, -ae [temperans, Mod-
erate], f, moderation, self-control.
temperatus, -a, -um [part, of tem-
pers], temperate, mild.
temperd, -are, -avi, -atus [tempus, a
division of time], {observe due pro-
portion^, restrain one^s self refrain,
tempestas, tempestatis [tempus],/,
weather ; bad weather, storm.
templum, -T, n., temple.
temptd, -are, -avT, -atus [tentus,
part, of tened; iox p,zi. Thompson
( Tom^s son)], handle ; test, attempt,
tempt; assail, attack.
tempus, temporis, n., time; season;
circumstances; in reliquum tem-
pus, for the future; ad tempus,
promptly; ex tempore, according
to circumstances.
Tencteri, -orum, m., pi., a German
tribe which entered Belgium and
was annihilated by Caesar, 55 B.C.
tendd, tendere, tetendi, tent us, stretch
out, stretch ; pitch a tent.
tenebrae, -arum,/, pi., darkness.
tene5, tenere, tenui (-tentus only in
cpds.), hold, keep, occupy, have;
detain ; restrain, bind; se tenere,
remain; XI nullia passuum tenSre,
extend eleven miles.
tener, tenera, tenerum, tender, young.
tenuis, tenue, thin, narrow.
tenuiter [tenuis], adv., thinly.
teres, teretis [cf. ter5, rub], adj.,
well-rounded, round, smooth.
tergum, -1, n., back; terga vertere,
turn and run; post tergum, be-
hind them {him, etc.) ; a terg5, in
the rear.
temi, -ae, -a [cf. trgs], distr. num.^
three each, three at a time,
terra, -ae [cf. torred, dry up], /,
earth, ground; land, region; pi.,
the earth, world; in terris, on earth.
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VOCABULARY
541
Terraflidias, Temsidl, m^ an officer
in Caesar's army.
terred,terrere, terrui, ieTtitus^JrigAUn,
terrify,
terrestris, terrestre [terra], on land,
land',
terror, terroris [cf.terreS], m,,frighit
alarnty terror,
tertid [abl. of tertius], adv.^ in the
third place ^ thirdly,
tertins, -a, -um, third; post diem
tertinm, in two days, see on Z04,
17 ; tertius decimus, thirteenth.
testimdniom, testimon! [testis], ».,
evidence, testimony,
testis, testis, m. and/, witness,
testiidd, testudinis, /, tortoise; tor-
toise-covering, formed by soldiers in
ranks holding their shields above
their heads so as to overlap and
ward off missiles thrown down from
above ; see Introd. § 47.
tetrarches, -ae [Greek = ruler of a
fourth part'\, m,, tetrarch,
Teutomatus, -1, m,, a king of the
Nitiobroges.
Teutones, -um, m., pi., a German peo-
ple '^ see on z6i, 24.
theatrum, -!, n., theatre,
Theophanes, -is, m,, a Greek his-
torian, conBdant of Pompey; see
on Z98, 29.
Thessali, -orum, m,, pi., Thessalians,
Thessalia, -ae, /, Thessaly, the
northeastern district of Greece, in-
cluded in the province of Mace-
donia in 148 B.C.
ThracSs, -um, m,, pi., the Thracians,
Thracia, -ae, /, Thrace, the country
between Macedonia and the Black
Sea, conquered by Rome in 73 B.C.,
but left practically independent un-
der native princes.
Tiburtius, Tiburtl, m,, a Roman gen-
tile or clan name. Lucius Tibur-
tius, a follower of CaesAr in the
Civil War.
tignum, -f, n., U^, timber,
Tigtirinas, -a, -um, of the Tigurini;
m. pi. as subst,, the Tigurini, one
of the four cantons of the Helvetii,
living near Zurich.
Xniitis, Tllli, m,, a Roman gentile or
clan name. Quintus Tillius, one
of Caesar's followers in the Civil
War.
timed, timere, timul, — tfiar, be afraid,
timidS [timidus,/a//M/], adv., with
fear, timidly; n5n timidS, with no
sign of fear,
timor, timoris [cf. timed], m,, fear;
timdre perterritus, panic-stricken,
tird, tironis, m,, raw recruit,
Titurius, TiturT, m,, a Roman gentile
or clan name. See Sabinus.
tolerO, -are, -avl, -atus [cf. toll5], bear,
support, endure; keep alive ; fa-
mem tolerire, keep from starving,
tollO, tollere, sustulf, sublStus, lift,
raise; take on board; weigh (of
anchors) ; elcUe, inspirit ; take away,
remove, dispel, annul, dismiss,
quash; clamdre snblatd, shouts
arising,
Toldsa, -ae,/., Toulouse, an important
city in the western part of the
Province.
Tolds&tSs, -ium, m., pL, the people
of Toulouse (Tolosa), a city in the
western part of the Province.
tormentam, -f [cf. torqneO, tvnst'\,
n,, hurling engine, worked by
twisted ropes ; also missile from a
hurling engine; torture (on the
rack).
Torqniittis, -!, m,, a Roman family
name. Lticius Afanlius Torquatus,
an officer of Pompey in the Civil War.
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S42
VOCABULARY
tot, indecl. adj.^ so many.
tOtidem [cf. tot], indecl, adj,^ just
as many, the same number,
tOtus, -a, -urn, the whole, the whole of,
aU,
trabs, trabis,/, timber, beam,
tractd, -are, -avT, -at us [freq. of trahd,
draw^ handle, discuss,
tridO, tradere, tradidi, traditus [trans
+ d6, ptU\, {put across), handover,
deliver up ; hand down, teach ; pass
on a report,
traducd, traducere, traduxT, traductus
[trans + duco, lead], lead across or
over, lead; bring over, win over ;
promote,
tr&gula, -ae,/, a Gallic lance,
traicid, traicere, traieci, traiectus
[trans + iacid, tlirow], throw
across, take over; pierce, run
through (with a javelin).
traiectus, -iis [cf. traicid], m,, cross-
ing over, passage,
Tralles, -ium,/, pi., a city of western
Asia Minor, near Ephesus.
tranquillitas, tranquillitatis [tran-
quillus, still], /., stillness, quiet,
calm; summa tranquillitas, a
dead calm,
trans, prep, with ace, across, over ;
beyond,
transcendd, transcendere, transcendi,
transcensus [trans +scandd, climb],
climb over, board, cross,
transed, transfre, transit, transitus
\t^,go],go across, pass over, cross,
march through; of time, pass, go
by,
transfers, transferre, transtuli, trans-
latus [fer6, carry], carry across,
bring over, transfer.
tr&nsfigd, transffgere, transfix!, trans-
fTxus [figd, fix], pierce, thrust
through.
transfodi5, trlnsfodere, tHLnsf5df,
transfossus [fodi5, dig], {dig
through), pierce through, ivound,
transgredior, transgredl, transgressus
[gradior, step], go across or over^
cross,
translattts, part of transfer^.
transmarinus, -a, -um [trftns mare,
across the sea], from across the sea,
foreign,
transmissus, -us [cf. transmittd, senlf
across], m,, passage; pari spatid
transmissus, lying just as far away
(lit., with the same interval of pas-
sasre),
Transpadanus, -a, -um [trins
Padum, across the Po], beyond the
Po, i.e. from the point of view of
the Romans; applied to territory
between the Po and the Alps.
transports, -are, -avi, -atus [port5,
carry], carry across, bring over,
transport,
Transrhenanus, -a, -um [tr&ns
Rhenum, across the Rhine], beyond
the Rhine ; m. pi, as subst., people
beyond the Rhine,
transtrum, -i [trans], n,, cross-beam ;
see on 89, 8.
transvehO, transvehere, transvesd,
transvectus [yeh5, carry], carry or
brit^ across,
transyersus, -a, -um [versus, part, of
vertd, turn], turned across, cross-
wise,
Trebius, TrebT, m,, a Roman gentile
or clan name. Marcus Trebius
Callus, an officer in Caesar's army.
Trebdnius, TrebonT, m,, a Roman
gentile or clan name. . Gains Tre-
bonius, a lieutenant of Caesar in the
Gallic and the Civil wars, who
afterwards joined the conspiracy
against his life.
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VOCJABULARY
543
trecenti, -ae, -a, or CCC [trSs + cen-
tum, hundred^f three hundred,
tres, tria, or in, three,
Treyeri, -drum, m.^ pl^ a tribe of
Celtic Gaul bordering on the Rhine,
south of Belgium.
Tri&rius, Triarf, m,^ a Roman family
name. Gaius Valerius Triarius,
a naval officer of Pompey in the
Civil War.
Triboci, -orum, m., pL, a German
tribe, probably occupying territory
on both banks of the Rhine south
of the Treveri.
trib&nu8, -i, m., tribune, (i) an offi-
cer in the Roman army ; see In-
trod. § 34. (2) tribunns plSbis,
tribune of the commons, originally a
protector of the plebeians against
patricians, but becoming in time
the most powerful of the civil offi-
cials of Rome. Ten tribunes were
elected each year. By their right
of veto they could block all legisla-
tion and all acts of magistrates. It
was unconstitutional to injure or
interfere with a tribune.
tribuO, tribuere, tribui, tributus [tri-
bU8, tribe {a third part)"], {divide
by threes), assign, ascribe, give, de-
vote,
tributum, -T [part of tribu5], n,
(amount assigned to be paid), trib-
ute, tax,
trichila, -ae, f,, bower, summer-
house.
triduum, tridul [tres, cf. diSs, day],
n,, three days,
triennimii, trienni [trS8,anniia,^^ar],
n., a period of three years,
triginta or XXX [tres], thirty,
trini, -ae, -a [tr€s], distr, num,, three
each ; with words used only in the
pi., three.
Trinorantls, -um, m,, a tribe of
Britain, on the east coast just north
of the Thames.
tripertitd [abl. of tripertitns (from
ties + partitus, divided), divided
into three parts'], adv,, in three
divisions,
triplex, triplicis [trSs, cf. plic5,/>/0,
adj., threefold, triple,
triquetrus, -a, -um, three-cornered,
triangular,
triremis, trireme [tres, remus, oar],
with three banks of oars; f. as subst,
(sc. nayis), trireme, a long and
narrow ship of war, propelled by
about fifty rowers sitting on three
levels or banks ; sometimes with,
sometimes without, a complete
deck ; see Introd. § 48.
Troncilltis, -!, a distinguished Gaul ;
see Valerius.
tmncus, -1, m,, trunk of a tree.
tfl, tui, pi. yds, pers, pron,, you,
tuba, -ae, /, trumpet, straight with
flaring end.
tueor, tuerl, tutus, watch, protect,
guard, defend.
Tuliugi, -drum, m,, a German tribe,
northern neighbors of the Helvetii.
Tnllius, TullT, m,, a Roman gentile or
clan name ; see Cicerd.
Tullus, -T, m,, a Roman. family name ;
see Volcacius.
turn, adv,, then, at that time; cum
. . . \xxa., not only , , , btU further-
more, but also,
tumultudsS [tumultudsns, turbu-
lent], adv,, turbulently, noisily,
tnmultus, -us, m,, uproar, confusion,
disorder; sudden attack,
tumulus, -! [cf. tumed, swelf], m,,
mound, hillock,
tunica, '9.c,f,, tunic, the ordinary gar-
ment of tlie Roman when at home
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VOCABULARY
or working; it had short sleeves
and reached to the knees,
turba, -ae,/, disorder^ turmoil,
turma, -ae, /, troops squadron^ of
cavalry, consisting of about thirty
men.
turmatim [turma], adv., by squad-
rons,
TuronI, -orum, m,, pi., a tribe of west
central Gaul, on the Loire (Liger).
Their name survives in Tours.
turpis, turpe, shameful^ disgraceful,
tuq>iter [turpis], adv., shamefully,
disgracefully,
tuq>itiid5, turpitQdinis [tuq)is], /,
disgrace,
turris, turris, /, tower; see Introd.
§47.
tiite [tiittis], adv,, safely.
Tuticanus, -I, m., a Roman name.
Tuticahus Callus, a senator's son
in Caesar's army in the Civil War.
tiito [abl. of tutus], adv., in safety.
tutus, -a, -um [part, of tueor], pro-
tected, safe, secure,
tympanum, -1, «., tambourine.
ubi, adv, and conj., where; when,
whenever; ubi primum, as soon
as,
Ubif, -orum, m,, pi., a German tribe
opposite Belgium and the Treveri,
friendly to Caesar.
nbique [ubi + que, with generalizing
force, cf. quisque], cidv,, anyivhere,
everywhere,
ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus, avenge, punish.
ullus, -a, -um [for unulus, dim. of
iinus, one"], any, any one.
ulterior, ulterius [cf. ultra], comp.
adj,^ farther, more distant ; ulterior
Gallia or provincia, /^r/Z/^r Gaul,
i.e. on the side of the Alps farther
from Rome. Sup. ultimus, -a,
-Mm, farthest, most distant,
ultra, prep, with ace, beyond,
Ultr5, adv., voluntarily, without provo-
cation; moreover,
ululatus, -us [ululO, yell], m., yell-
iftg, yell-
umerus, -i, m,, shoulder,
umquam, adv,, ever,
iina [iinus], adv,, at one and the
same time, at the same time, together ;
iina cum, together with, along with,
unde, adv., whence, from which,
iindecim or XI [unus -f decem, ten],
eleven,
iindecimus, -a, -um [iindecim],
eleventh,
iindeyiginti or xvmi [unus de
yiginti, one from twenty], nineteen.
undique [unde + que, with generaliz-
ing force], from every side, on all
sides.
iiniyersus, -a, -um [iinus + part of
verts, turn], all together, all in a
body, the whole of,
iinus, -a, -um, one, only one, a single,
alone, only; ad iinum, to a man,
iinusquisque, unluscuiusque [iinus +
quisque, each], indef, subst, pron,,
each one, every man,
urbanus, -a, -um [urbs], of or in the
city,
urbs, urbis, /, city ; often the city, of
Rome,
urged, urgere, ursT, — , press, press
hard.
iirus, -1, m,, wild ox.
Usipetes, -um, m., pi., a German
tribe, which entered Belgium and
was annihilated by Caesar, 55 b.c
usque, adv,, all the way, uninterrupt-
edly.
iisus, -us [cf. iitor], m., use, practice,
employment; experience ; need, nt'
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VOCABULARY
545
cessity; service^ advantage; osiis
est, there is need ; esse Usui, be of
use; ez usu, of advantage.
at, uti, adv, and conj.^ with indie, as,
when; with subj., that, in order
that, so that; supposing, although;
ut yictdria ezpldrftta, as if victory
were certain; ut , . . SIC (ita), at
. . , so, while , , . yet; ut qui, in
causal rel. clauses, since he. With
obj. clauses of purpose best ren-
dered by to and an infinitive ; with
appositive clauses, by of and a ver-
bal in -ing,
uter, utra, utrum, interrog, or rel, adj,,
which (of two),
nterqne, utraque, utrumque [uter -|-
que, with generalizing force], each
(of two only, cf. quisque), both,
either ; pi. of two groups, utrique,
both peoples, both sides,
nti, see ut.
Utica, -ae, /, the oldest Phoenician
settlement in Africa, on the west
shore of the Gulf of Carthage. It
became the capital of the Roman
province of Africa, organized in
146 B.C.
nticens€s, -ium, m,, pi., the citizens
of Utica,
utilis, utile [utor], useful, serviceable,
utilitas, iitilitatis [utilis], /, usefid-
ness, advantage,
fitor, uti, usus, use, adopt, avail on^s
self of, employ, show, practice, have,
enjoy, receive, accept, find ; finibus
uti, remain in possession of terri-
tory; aequidre imperiO uti, have
juster government,
utrimque [cf. uterque], adv,, on both
sides; binis utrimque fibulis, by
two fasteners on each pair of logs,
utrum [«. of uter], conj., whether,
uxor, uxoris, /, wife,
MATH. CAESAR — 35
▼ = quinque, five; v. = quintus,
fifth / VI = sex; vmi = noTem.
Vacalus, -!, m., the Waal, the south
mouth of the Rhine, flowing into
the Meuse (Mosa).
yac5, -are, -avT, -atiirus [cf. vacuus],
be vacant or unoccupied, be free,
▼acuna» -a, -um [cf. yac6], empty ^
clear ^ free, unoccupied,
yadum, -i, n,, ford; shoal, shaliew.
yftgina, '9it,f, scabbard, sheath,
yagor, -ari, -atus, wander, rove, roam
about,
yaleO, valere, valuT, valitunis, be
strong, have weight or influence;
tend,
Valerius, Valerf, m., a Roman gentile
or clan name, (i) Gaius Valerius
Troucillus, an eminent Gaul of the
Province, interpreter for desar.
(2) Lucius Valerius Praeconinus,
a Roman lieutenant, killed in
Aquitania, otherwise unknown.
(3) Lucius Valerius Flaccus,i9.\htt
and son. See on 213, 18.
yaletudd, valetudinis [cf. yale6]»/,
state of health (good or bad), sick-
ness,
yallSs or yallis, vallis,/, valley,
yHUum, -i [n. of yftUus], n,, fence of
stakes, palisade; rampart, wall, of
earth set with stakes, the usual Ro-
man fortification ; see Introd. § 43.
yUlus, -1, m., stake ; sometimes =
yallum, rampart, wall,
yalyae, -arum,/, pi., leaves of a fold'
ing door, door,
yarietis, varietatis [yarius],/, vari-
ety, variety in color,
yarius, -a, -um, various, different,
varying,
Varrd, -5nis, m., a Roman family
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546
VOCABULARY
name. Aulus Terentius Varro^
one of Pompey's soldiers.
Varus, -1, OT., a Roman family name,
(l) Pub^us Aiiius raruSt a Pom-
peian officer in the Civil War. He
was besieged by Curio in Utica, but
was relieved by Juba, 49 B.C. See
also on 170, 3. (2) Stxn*s Quinc-
tilius Varusy a Porapeian officer in
the Civil War. See on 174, 4.
vastd, -are, -avi, -at us [yastus], lay
waste, devastate,
▼astus, -a, -um, waste ; vast,
Vatinius, VatinT, w.,a Roman gentile
or clan name. Publius Vatinius,
a political supporter of Caesar, and
his lieutenant in Gaul and in the
Civil War. See also on 199, 13.
-ve, conj,^ enclitic, or,
▼ectigal, vectigalis [cf. veh6, carry\
n., tribute; tax, revenue; see on
63,6.
vectigalis, vectigale [vectigal], tribu-
tary,
▼ectis, vectis [cf. yeho, carry^ w.,
bar, lever,
yectdrius, -a, -um [vector, carrier,
cf. yehO, carry\ carrying; vectS-
ria navigia, transports,
vectiira, -ae [cf. veho, carry^ /,
carrying, transportation,
yehementer [vehemens, violent],
ach,, violently, furiously, exceed-
ingly, earnestly, very greatly,
vel [old imper. of volo, wish], conj.,
or {if you wish); vel . . . vel,
either , , , or.
Velanius, Velani, m,, an officer in
Caesar's army.
Veliocassi, -orum, or Veliocasses,
-ium, m,, pi., a Belgic tribe on the
lower Seine (Sequana).
Vellavii, -orum, m,, pi., a small tribe
of southern Gaul, bordering on the
Province, dependents of the Arverni.
The name survives in the modem
Velay,
veldcitas, vel5citatis [veldx, swift],
f, swiftness, speed,
velum, -T, «., sail,
venatid, venationis [venor, hunt'],f,,
hunting; in veil&ti5llibll8, on
hunting trips,
vSnator, venatoris [venor, hunt], ///.,
hunter,
yendd, vendere, vendidT, venditus
[vSnum dd, put to sale], sell,
Venelli, -orum, m., pi., a Celtic tribe
on the northern coast of GauL
Veneti, -orum, m., pi., a powerful
maritime nation of northwestern
Gaul, with whom Caesar fought the
only naval battle of the Gallic
War.
Venetia, -ae, /, the country of the
Veneti, in modern Bretagne or
Brittany.
Veneticus, -a, -um [Veneti], of or
with the Feneti, Venetan,
venio, venire, venT, venturus, come.
ventitO, -arc, -avi, — [freq. of
venid], come often, resort, keep
coming,
ventus, -T, m,, wind; si vent5 dare,
run before the wind.
Veragri, -orum, m,, pi., an Alpine
tribe southeast of Lake Geneva
(Lacus Lemannus).
Verbigenus, -T, m., one of the four
cantons or divisions of the HelvetiL
verbum, -T, w., word,
Vercassivellaunus, •!, m,, an Arver-
nian noble, one of the Gallic com-
manders in the great uprising of
52 B.C.
Vercingetorix, VercingetorTgis, «.,an
Arvernian prince, commander-in-
chief of the Gauls in their last great
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VOCABULARY
547
Struggle for freedom, 52 B.C.; see
summary of B. G, VII, p. 364 ff.
v6re [vcrus], adv.^ truly, really.
vereor, vereri, veritus, ftar, be afraid,
TergC, -ere, — , — , incline^ slope,
lie.
yergobrettts, -1, vergobret, the chief
magistrate of the Haedui.
vers [abl. of vSms], (i) adv., in
truth, in faei ; (2) conj., but, while
as to ; equitSs vero, while as to the
cavalrymen, they, etc.; tum ver6,
now at that very time.
versd, -are, -avi, -atus [freq. of vcrtC],
turn often, treat; fortiiiia utrum-
que versavit, fortune sported with
both of them; pass, as dep., turn
one's self round and round, be en-
gaged, be busy, be.
yersus, -us [cf. vertS], m., verse, line
(the turning of the rhythm in
poetry to begin anew).
yersus [part, of yertS], adv., toiuards ;
qu5qae yersus, in every direction ;
Larisam yersus, toivards Larissa.
yertC, vertere, vertT, versus, turn;
intr., turn, change; se yertere,
change, wheel about; terga yertere,
turn and run.
Venicloetius, VerucloetT, m., a Hel-
vetian nobleman.
yerus, -a, -um, true; right; n. as
suhst., truth, in pi., facts; yeri
simile, probable.
yerutum, -I [yeru, a spif], «., dart,
light spear.
yespcr, vesper!, abl. vespere, m,,
evening.
VespillO, -onis, m., a Roman family
name; see Lucretius.
yester, vestra, vestrum, poss. pron,,
your, yours.
yestigiutn, vestigT, n., footprint, track ;
spot, place ; in or ex yestigid, on
the spot, instantly^ ySstigid tem-
poris, in a moment.
yestid, vestire, vestivi, vestitus [yes-
tis], clothe; pass., wear.
yestis, vestis,/, clothing.
yestitus, -us [yestid], m., clothing.
yeteranus, -a, -um [yetus], veteran.
yetC, vetare, vetul, vetitus, /?r^i</.
yetus, veteris, ctdj., old, former, of long
standing.
yexillum, -1, n., banner, flag; see
Introd. § 40.
yez5, -are, -avi, -atus, harry, overrun.
yia, -ae, /, way, route, road; jour-
ney; tridui yia, a three days'
journey,
yULtor, viatoris [as if from a verb
yiare, from yia], m., wayfarer,
traveler,
Vibullius, VibullT, m., a Roman gen-
tile or clan name. Lucius Vibul-
lius Kufus, a prefect of Pompey in
the Civil War.
yiceni, -ae, -a [cf. yiginti], distr.
num., twenty each, twenty.
yicesimus, -a, -um [cf. yiginti],
twentieth.
yicies [cf. yiginti], num. adv., twenty
times ; yicies centum millium pas-
suum, two thousand miles.
yicis, vicis,/., change, turn ; in Caesar
only in yicem, in turn.
y ictima, -ae, /., victim, sacrifice.
yictor, victoris [cf. yincd], m., con-
queror, victor ; as adj., victorious.
yictOria, -ae [yictor], /, victory;
personified as a goddess. Victory.
yictus, -lis [cf. yiyS], m., living;
{means of living^, food.
yicus, -i [akin to Eng. -wick or -wich ;
Norwich — north village], m., vil-
lage.
yideO, videre, vidl, vTsus, see; pass,
often as dep., seem, appear, seem best.
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VOCABULARY
Tigilia, -ae [yigil, awake]^ /, watch.
The Romans did not divide the
night like the day into twelve
hours, but into four equal watches
from sunset to sunrise; dS tertia
Tigilii early in the third watch, ;=
1 2-1 A.M.
Yiginti or XX, twenty.
yimen, viminis, n,, pliant tung, withe,
osier.
yimineus, -a, -am [vimen], of
twigs,
Yinc5, vincere, vici, victus, conquer,
defeat, win,
▼incultun, -I [cf. Tincid, bind^ n,,
chain, bond,
▼indic5, -are, -avf, -atus [vindez, a
maintainer"], maintain a claim,
demand; in aliqnem yindicare,
punish somebody (euphemistic, lit.,
maintain a claim against one).
yinea, -ae, /, shed, used as a shelter
for soldiers in attacking fortified
places; see Introd. § 47.
yumm, •!, n,, wine,
yiol5, -are, -avf, -atus [cf. yis], treat
violently, injure,
vir, viri, m,, man ; husband,
virgd, virginis,^, maiden, virgin,
yirgulta, -orum, n,, pi., thicket; brush-
wood,
Viridomiros, -I, m,, a Haeduan noble,
one of the Gallic commanders in
the great uprising of 52 B.C.
Viridovix, -icis, m,, a chief of the
Venelli.
yiritim [yir], adv,, man by man, to
each man separately,
Viromandui, -drum, m,, pi., a tribe
of Belgic Gaul south of the Nervii.
yirtQs, virtutis [yir], /, manliness,
courage, valor, merit, spirit,
yis, — , — , vim, vl, pL vires, -ium,
etc., /, force^ might, violence;
influence; quantity ; pi., strength;
per yim, forcibly; sumini yi,
with might and main; yis pal-
yeris, cloud of dust.
yisus, part of yided.
yita, -ae [cf. yiyO],/, life,
yitiom, viti, «., fault, defect; discom-
fort,
yitO, -are, -avi, -atus, avoid, shun;
escape,
yitnun, -f, n,, xvoad, a plant used by
the Britons for dyeing blue.
yiv6, vivere, vixT, vTctiirus, live ; lacte
yiyere, live on milk,
viyus, -a, -xmi [cf. yiy6], living,
alive,
yiz, adv., with difficulty, hardly,
scarcely, barely,
Voc&tes, -ium, m,, pi., a tribe in
northern Aquitania.
yoc5, -are, -avT, -atus [cf. y6x], call,
summon; name,
Vocontii, -orum, m,, pi., a Celtic tribe
in the eastern part of the Province.
Volc&cius, Volcaci, m,, a Roman gen-
tile or clan name. Gaius Volcacius
Tullus, an officer of Caesar in the
Gallic and the Civil Wars.
Volcae, -arum, m,, a Gallic people in
the Roman province. There were
two branches, the Areoomid just
west of the Rhone, .and the Tecto-
sages north of the Pyrenees. A
part of the latter tribe was settled in
southern Germany. See 143, i ff.,
and notes on 143, I and 4.
yol6, velle, volul, — , wish, be willing,
yolunt&rins, -a, -um [yolSns, part, of
yolC], willing, volunteer,
yoluntis, voluntatis [yolSns, part, of
yolC], /, wish, will, willingness,
good-will, approval, consent,
yolnptas, voluptatis [cf. yol6], /,
pleasure^ enjoyment.
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549
Volusenus, -i, m,, a Human family
name. Gains Volusenus Quadratus,
a military tribune and cavalry of-
ficer of Caesar in the Gallic and the
Civil Wars.
Vorenus, -I, w., a Roman family
name. Lucius Vorenus, 2. ctniMxion
in Caesar's army.
Vosegus, -i, w., the Vo^es Mountains,
in eastern Gaul, along the Rhine;
see on Z04, 24.
VOVed, vovere, vovl, votus, vow, prom-
ise solemnly.
v5x, vocis [cf V0C6, call\ /, voice,
word; pi., talk, remarks.
Vulcanus, -i, m,, Vulcan^ the Roman
god of fire and of the forge.
vulg5 [abl. of vulgusj, ach,, in a
crowd, generally, everywhere,
VUlgUS, -i, «., crowd, multitude,
masses, commons ; in yolgus efferri,
become common property,
YUlnerO, -are, -avi, -atus [yulnns],
wound.
YUlnus, vulneris, n,, wound.
X = decern, ten; xv = quindecim;
xx = viginti; XXX = triginta ; XL
= quadraginta.
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LANE'S LATIN GRAMMAR
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By GEORGE M. LANE, Ph.D., LL.D.
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AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
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Half Leather, 12mo. 216 pages Price $1.00
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While, in general, the vocabulary and the constructions for any
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of the Romans, together with a list of valuable works on subjects treated in the
Introduction.
2. Th« t«xt is chiefly that of the critical edition of H. Meusel, Berlin,
1894, now quite generally accepted as the standard. Each important chapter
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3. Th« not«S are intended to guide the £uthful efforts of the student and
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