California fish and game

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f/

SH^

CONSERy/iTION OF WILD UFE THROUGH EDUCATION

.Gooi^lc

BOARD OF FISH AND GAME COMMISSIONERS.

~ CommiHlMiort apjMlntad by th« OovarnOF, by and witti tha cnnitnt of tha kanaU.
Tanri at plaaiur* of Qov«rn«r. N« c«inp«n»atlen,

r. U. NEWBBRT. Prtddwl 8«Rim«ito

OARL WESTSaPBLD, EiacntlTs Oflker San FtuiciaM

J. B. H0NTEB, AaalsUDt ExMatire OfBcW-.. 8kn Frandwo

B. D. DUKB, Attorney > Sui Fnndoco

A. D. FERGUSON, Fiold Ajent (on Furlonsh) - F««io

DEPARTMCNT OF FItHCULTURC.
W. H. SHEBLEY, in Cbargo IlabeoltaN Smi VnuciaM

B. W. HUNT, Field 8ap«riDt«iideat Saa FranciKO

O. H. EiAUBSON, Superintpodent Moant Sbuta lUtdKfy SIhod

W. O. FABBBTT, SaperlDtendtut Fort Seward Hatcbery and Snow UoaoUio

Station Aldarpolnt

a. UcGLODD, Jb., Foreman Id Charge Mmut Whitney Hatcfaeir and Bae

■ Lakra Station Inde[>endeuce

O. B. WEST, ForpmoD la Charge Taboe and Tallac Hatchetiea Taltac

El. T. CASSELL, Foreman io Chaise Almanot and DomlDgo Sprinsa

Hatcheries Keddie

L. PHILLIPS, Foicman In Charge Bear Lake IlatdieiT Sao Bernardino

B. I. BASSLER, Foreman in Charge KUmath Btatlona Horobrook

JUSTIN 8HBBLET, Foreman in Charge Dklah Hatchery Uklah

J. B. SOLLNER, Anistant la Charge Wawona Hatdwry Wawona

A. B, I>ONBY, Flab Ladder Sarrejor San Frandaco

A. B. CULVER. Screen Surveyor San Frandaco

A. M. FAIRFIELD, Inspector Water Pollatioa (on Furlough) Saa Fraadaco

DEPARTMENT OP COMMERCIAL FISHCRIEt.

N. B. SCOFIHLD, In Charge San Ftandac*

H. B. NIDEVER, Aaaiatant Long Beadi

C S. BAUDEB, Aaaiatant--
P. H. (3TER, Ajtlatant

—San Frandaco

C H. BLIOrBB, Aasiatant,.

BUREAU OF EDUCATION. PUBUCITY AND RESEARCH.
DB. H. a BEIANT. In Oa^a B«tol«

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

California Fish and Game

J LIFE THHOVCH EDUCATION-

SACRAMENTO. JANUARY. 1919

CONTENTS.

Paok

SHRIMP FISHERIES OF OAI,IFORNIA_ y. ti. Scofietd 1

THE FISHES OF TIIK CROAKER PAMUA (Rdipniilip) OF CALI-
FORNIA ^,.B, a. Starki 13

NOTE ON THE SAND DAB ..g. C. Starlu 21

THE STICKLEBACK : A PISH EMINKNTLl' PIITED BY NATURE AS

A MOSQUITO DESTROYER - C. L. Hubbt 21

EARLY STAGES OP THE SPINY IX)BSTER IF. L. Sohmiit 24

THE COYOTE AS A DEER KILLER ___B. V. Jotter 26

EDITORIALS 30

FACTS OF CURRENT INTEREST... t»

HATCHERY NOTES -^ .17

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES _. __ 3ft

CONSERVATION IN OTHER STATES - . _ -12

LIFE HISTORY NOTES-._ 42

REPORTS—

Fishery Products, July £o September. 1918 44

Violations of Fish and Game Laws 46

Seizures . 4G

Financial Report . _. . 47

SHRIMP FISHERIES OF OALIFOBNIA.

By N. B. SCOFIELD.

As the queBtiOD of removing the restrictions on the Chinese shrimp
or bag nets periodically arises at each session of the legislature, it is
thought best to give a brief history of the shrimp fishery in the state
and to describe the fishery as it has existed in the past iti order that
those who care to can learn of the great destruction to young fish and
young shrimps by the Chinese method of fishing.

The only account of the earliest shrimp fishing operations in the
state is supplied by Mr. A. Paladini, the venerable fish dealer of Han
Francisco. He came to San Francisco in 1869 and engaged in .shrimp
fishing. There were eitrht boats on San Francisco Bay cngnired in this

2 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

business, each boat maimed by white men. They easily caught enough
shrimps to supply the demand, besides many flounders, sole, tomcod,
etc for the fresh fish market. Pish and shrimps were very plentiful
in the bay at the time. The shrimps caught were the same species as
now, but were much larger than those eaught in later years during the
intensive fishing by the Chinese. This later reduction of the larger and
older shrimps as noted by llr. Paladini is good evidence that the shrimps
were being subjected to overfishing. The early fishing of the eight
lK>ats of Italian fishermen was carried on with small-meshed seines, sixty
feet long and eight feet deep, with » bag at the center. They used the
nets in the deeper water of the bay for there the euteh was freer of
young fish and of the small unmarketable shrimps. The manuer of
fishing was to lav out the net, then anchor the boat down the tide and
pull the net along the bottom toward the boat by means of lines, always
pulling with the tide. The net was pulled directly into the boat. They
would make from three to five hauls on each tide and they eaught from
fifty to seventy-five pounds of shrimps at a haul. This metliod of fish-
ing was far less destructive to young fish than that employed later by
the Chinese. They could fish in deeper water, where young fish and
young shrimps were fewer, and unlike the Chinese nets which are set
during the whole tide and kill practically all the young fish caught,
they were in the water only a short time — less than one-half hour — and
the small per cent of young fish caught were still alive and could be
returned to the water. The shrimps thus caught were sold fresh at
the Long "Wharf. Little thought was then taken as to whether a method
of fishing was destructive or not and there were few laws protecting
fish, for it was thought that the supply of fish in the bay and rivers
was inexhaustible. The Chinese had for some years been in the fish-
ing business and with their destructive methods of fishing had already
begun the extermination of the Sacramento perch and with their
fiendish sturgeon lines had inaugurated a method of fishing that has
resulted id the commercial extinction of that valuable fish which in the
early days was here in apparently inexhaustible numbers.

In 1871 the Chinese began fishing for shrimps and introduced the
destructive Chinese shrimp net. They made enormous catches with
these fine-meshed set nets and found it profitable to supply the markets
with shrimps at one and one-half cents per pound. The original eight
Italian shrimp boats were driven out of business and since that time
shrimp fishing has been almost entirely carried on by f'hineae. From
the very start the Chinese dried the bulk of their catch for the Oriental
export trade. The shrimp fishery ([uickly grew to large proportions
and fishing was carried on at many places in San Francisco Bay and in
Tomales Bay in Marin County.

The first printed account of the shrimp fishery is contained in Vol.
n of "History and Methods of the Fisheries" by Goode, printed in 1885
by the T'nited States Bureau of Fisheries. A more extensive investiga-
tion of the fishery ivas made by the author for the California Pish and
Game Commission in 1897. A subsequent investigation was made by
the author in 1910. Tliere lias always been serious objection to the
Chinese method of catching shrimps, and much of the legislature's time
has been taken up by li.stening to disen.«sions between those wh" would

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. 3

conserve the fisheries resources of San Francisco Bay and rivers, on the
one hand, and the interested defenders of the Chinese, on the other.
Closed seasons were finally resorted to and the drying of shrimps was
prohibited, without greatly reducing the destruction of young fish. At
the 1910-1911 session of the legislature fhe use of Chinese shrimp nets
was prohibited entirely. The shrimps had been so reduced in numbers
that it was found unprofitable to catch them by the method formerly
employed by the Italians. It was also found to be unprofitable to
<™ploy the shrimp trawl which was in successful use on Puget Soinid.
In 1915 the legislature removed the restriction against the Chinese net
in South San Francisco Bay on the gi'ound that in that part of the bay
the destruction to young fish was much less than in the upper bay and
for the further reason that in that part of the bay the kinds of fish
destroyed did not include the young of herring, smelt, shad and striped
bass as was the case in the upper bay. At the 1916-1917 session of the

Fig. I. Chinese shrimp fishing junk on Sin FranciKo Bay. Pholograph by H. B. Nidcvtr.

legislature a very Strang effort was made to reestablish the fishery in
the upper bay by those who would be benefited in the way of rents,
selling of supplies, etc., and by those who would have the picturesque
industry for sentimental reasons. As this effoi't is sure to be resumed
at the 1918-1919 session it is believed an intimate description of the
industry as it existed up to the year 1910 will be of interest, especially
as the Chinese now operating in South San Francisco Bay are using
identically the same methods, with the single exception that they do not
catch so many young fish in that part of the bay and the young fish
caught are not of the more valuable species.

Camps: The fisliing has been carried on by what has been termed
"camps." Each of these camps is a separate unit, which has its own
boat, wharf, boiling vat and drying ground, separate living ijuarters
and storehouses. Although one f!liiupse company may have owned
or eontrolh'd several camps, even sidi' by side at the water's edge, they

4 CALIFOBNIA FlSIl AND GAME.

tiid not w-uperatB in aay way. The camps were very similar iu ebaiac-
tiit, consitjting of a group of amaU, nide shacks of rough, impaintcrl
boards, placed near tlie edge of the water, witli a rough wooden wharf
running out into the shallow water on hand-driven piling which
answered as a landing place for the camp's junk. Very few of the
camps could be approached at low tide, for which reason they usually
fished the flood tide in order that they might more easily bring their
eateh to the landing. The shacks which constituted the living quarters
and storehouses were, in the majority of cases, crowded on a narrow
beach between the water and the hills. The dry grounds of each camp
covered about an acre of the slope of the hills for the want of a better

Fig. 2. Seen** oi

■imp iunk o:
:. Nidevcr.

place, and were usually floored with boards. In two or three of the
camps the drying ground was partly on a platform built out over the
wafer. In 1897 there were 26 camps operating on San Francisco Bay
nnd in 1910 this number had been reduced to 19. The camps on
Tomales Bay were abandoned some years prior to 1897. Of the 19
camps found in 1910 three were in the cove just above South San
Francisco, five were at Hunter's Point, four in Contra Costa County
south of Point San Pablo in Marin County. The three camps near
South San Francisco were controlled by one company, the Pook On
liung Company of San Francisco. They furnished no fresh shrimps
for the market but dried their entire catch. Their fishing ground was
in Alameda County about three miles east of San Bmno Point. Each

CALIFORNU FISH AND OAHE. 5

ot tbeir three juaks used sixty Chinese shrimp nets such as are described
under "Methods of Operating Nets." Two of the five Hunter's Point
camps, located on the south side of the point, were owned by the Qaong
Ivee Cbong Company of San Francisco. Each of the two boata fished
forty nets and they dried their entire catch. Their fishing ground was
about a mile off shore, a little west of south from the point, which
brought them within San Francisco County. Of the three camps on the
north side of the point, the two eampa nearest the point were controlled
by the Pock On Lung Company, also known as the California Shrimp
Company. The third camp on the north side of the point belonged
to the Union Shrimp Company, a Chinese company of San Francisco.
The three last-named camps sent part of their catch to the fresh shrimp
market and dried the rest. They fished in Alameda County a mile south
of the Alameda mole. The four Red Rock camps were located in a
cove on the Contra Costa shore about two miles to the south of Point
San Pablo. These camps belonged to the Union Shrimp Company of
San Francisco and their four boats fished just to the north of Red Rock
in water from four to six fathoms deep. Tliis depth is greater than
that fished by any of the other boats and it was not passible for them,
on account of the depth and tide, to use more than thirty nets to each
boat. Part of their catch went to the fresh market but the main part
was dried. Of the seven camps near Point San Pedro, Marin County,
one was situated in the first cove to the south of the point near the rock
quarry. It was an independent company drying most of its catch but
selling a few to the Union Shrimp Company, for the fresh market.
Their boat fished about one-half mile southwest of the point. The next
camp to the north of the point belonged to the Union Shrimp Companj'.
Its boat fished about one-half mile off shore and sometimes across the
channel in Contra Costa County. This camp sent part of its catch to
the fresh market but dried most of it. One-half mile further to the
north was a Quong Lee Chong Company camp and next to it in the
same cove a Quong Sing Lung Company camp, while just to the north
in the next cove was a second camp of the Quong Sing Lung Company
and next to this two other Quong Lee Chong camp.s. These last five
outfits named, dried their entire catch and their five boats operated sixty
nets each. They fished far out on what is known as the "PetaUnna
Flats," the furthest boat fishing one-half mile due south of the outer
Petaluma Creek Beacon, the other near but to the southwest. All five
fished within the county of Marin.

The following description of the boats, nets and fishing methods
applies to the industry today just as it does to the industry as it
existed twenty years ago :

Boats. The boats used by these camps are of Chinese pattern and
make. They vary in size, but the majority are about fifty feet long
and twelve feet beam, with rounded bottoms without a keel, and with
square stern.s and rather blunt bows. They have one mast which
carries a Chinese eleated sail. About fourteen feet of the stem is
decked in and constitutes the living (|uarters of the erew. This com-
partment is entered through a small sliding halcli and there the fivi'
men of the crew cook their meals, cat and sleep. Just forward of this
in the open shrimp ioeker. al)out twelve feet square, for holding \hf
catch, and next foi-wwrd is a IcK-ker of similar size for hiihliiiK the nets.

6 CALIFORNIA FISH AND QiWB.

The remaining spaco forwanl is usi-d for lines and gear. On tlie ilet'k
between the crew's quarters and the shrimp loeker is a crude wooden
windlass placed horizontally and with four wooden spokes projecliug
by which it is tinned by the hands and feet of the operator. From the
drum of this windlass a line passes forward tlirongh a notch in the
elongated bow post of the boat. This windlass and line is used t« lift
the series of nets from their fishing position at the bottom of the bay.
The boats are of sufficient size to carry sixty wet nets and ten to twelve
tons of catch.

\cts. Each separate net is constructed in tlie .shape of a funnel.
They are usually thirty-two feet long, with the larger opening or mouth
about eighteen feet in diameter, from which the net tapers to the narrow
opening a foot and one-half in diameter at the end of the sack. This
narrow or cod end of the net is closed by a string which can be untied to
remove the catch when the nets are pulled up. The nets are made in
China from a very strong and durable twisted grass-like fibre. The
net has a mesh of three and one-half inches near the mouth but the size
I'apidly diminishes toward the small end until the sack has meshes of
one-half inch or less. This small-mf«hed end of the net, which has to
sustain the weight of the catch when the net is pulled from the water,
is usually reinforced by a net of coarse twine placed around the outside.
In making the webbing of these nets s(|uare knots are useil instead of
the usual knot used by fishermen the world over. The nets are dried
and tanned about once a month and with care they will last a year,
'ITieir cost is about $25 Mexican in China. After paying freight and
other charges and adding the hanging line around the larger opening
they cost here about the same amount in gold.

Method of Operating Ncls. Each junk operates a set of nets, thirty
to sixty in number, which are set side by side at the bottom of the bay
with their larger openings or mouths open to the current. The neta
are held in place by a series of brails or speaders— 2x3 inch sticks of
pine five feet long^eaeh of which is held to a short stake driven in the
bottom of the bay by a line from either end, of sufficient length to permit
of the brails with the nets attached being lifted to the surfaee during the
.slack water between tides, without detaching them from the stake. Tho
stakes to which the brails are attached arc driven twenty-four feet
apart aeroas the cuirent in the muddy bottom of the bay in a very
ingenious manner. For driving these stakes a very long tapering pole
is used with a four-inch iron pipe fitted on the larger end so that a
hollow end of the pipe pro.iects a couple of feet beyond the end of the
pole. Selecting a stake with lines and brail attached, its head is inserted
in the hollow end of the pipe where it fits loosely but is kept from falling
out by holding on to the brail lines while the pole is held in the vertical
position over the spot where it is to be driven. The pole with the stake
in place is then lowere<l from the boat until the stake is pressed into
the mud. The stake is then driven home by repeatedly lifting the pole
a short distance and then lowering it forcibly. The stakes are driven
twent,v-four feet apart across the current so that each brail when it is
in position with nets attached will stand vertically on the bottom in
I'acli space between the mouths of the nets. Attached in this way, the
net mouths instead of being circular are now rectangular in shape, the
opening being twenty-four feet across and about four and one-half feet

CaIjIPORNIa kish and qame. 7

deep. To remove aiiy uneven strain on the iiute anil lo prevent their
bein^ carried away by the swift tide, a heavy nnehor or stake is placed
about fifty feet out from each end of tlie row of wtakes and in line with
them, from which runs a heavy line which is tie<i with a clove hiteh to '
the center of each of the brails. By anchoring this heavy line in line
with the stakes and sufficiently far out, the arrangement does not inter-
fere with lifting the brails and nets to the surface of the water when
the catch is to be removed just before the slack water at the end of the
tide. Besides the heavy anchor line running from brail to brail,
there is another and lighter one, the buoy line, which facilitates in
lifting the nets. This line, when the nets are set in fishing position,
extends from a floating buoy at one end of the string of nets to the
first or end brail, to which it is tied by a bight about a foot from its
top. From thence it runs to each brail in succession until the last
brail at the end of the string of nets is reached, from whence it extends
-up to another buoy on the surface of the water. This buoy line is in
place only when the nets are set. The nets are fastened to the brails

Fig. 3. Sorting and drying young fish obiainfd from shrimp nels. Point San Pedro, 1897.

Sbrimp fishing rndangeri ihc fisheries by dcBlroying young lish. Phatographi by

N. B. Scofield.

and the buoy line is attached just after the turn of the tide before the
current has become swift. The force of the current swings the series
of nets down onto the bottom where they are held by the brail lines
to the row of stakes, reinforced by the heavy anchor line. Here they
are left during the entire tide, the time varying from four to eight
hours, with their mouths open against the tide while the current carries
the shrimps and young fish into them. With this manner of fastening
the nets they can be used on either a flood or ebb tide.

When the nets are to be lifted at the end of the tide after the forei^ of
the current has slaekene<l suflfieiently, an end of the buoy line is taken
at one of the buoys, passed through the notch in the bow post of the
boat and thence carried back to the windlass, where it is reeled in by
one man, thus bringing the first brail to the surface and lifting the net
with it. The other niembei-s of the crew detach the net and tlie buoy
line from the brail while the man at the windlass reels up the next
brail. Thus the nets are detached in succession, the catch being emptied
into the shrimp loeker and the nets placed in the net locker. The

Coot^lc

8 i;aij>X)knia pish and uame.

Chinese are very expert in haudliiig the nets and work rapidly, each
man with a particular duty to perform. The time in which the nets
have to he lifted is limited usually to about half au hour. They can
not begin aooner for the nets can not be lifted when the current is
strong. If they are not gotten out before the tide turns the nets begin
to swing the other way and tliey be«ome tangled and the catch is lost.
When tides are so strong that there is danger of carrying the nets away
they reduce the cun'ent pressure by tying the upper edge of the nets
farther down on the brails. If the tides are extremely swift they reduce
the number of nets.

Shrimp Drying. After the nets are all lifted the junk sails baek to
the dock at its camp, where the catch is carried in baskets, Chinese

. Shrimp bailing vat, ibowini Ekinuncr

and nlut haog-

on crude chimrKy. Point San Pedro. 19

0. Phologriph by

B. Scofield.

style, lo the boiling vat. This vat is about four by eight feet and
eighteen inches deep, witli wooden sides, the bottom being of sheetiron
bent lip around the sides. It is built in with bricks and mud and to
heat the water both wood and coal is used. Fresh water to which rock
salt has been added is used in the vats. Tlie shrimps, together with the
fish caught with them, are poured in. ten or twelve baskets at a time,
and boiled from ten to fifteen minutes. They are then dipped out with
a strainer and put into baskets to In; carried to the drying ground.
Here the shrimps and fisli, the hitter usually small and delicate with
the flesh boiled from the lH>ne«. aiv spread out together to dry in the nun.
When llie weather is good Ihe shrimps will dry in about four days.
when tli.v HI- gti1hen-d tdRefhi-r and roll.-d with cK'Hted, woodcy rollers

L'AMl'tiKNiA Vmi AND QAMK. !)

to lireak tlie sliells I'ram tlic mi'iitK, TIks wlnAv iim«s is then carrifd !»i
>r shod where it is niii through a Biiialt I'aiiuiiitr mill t^) separate the loose
shellK, fish bones ajiil i»ulveiizwl Jish flwth from the heavier Hhnmp
meats. By screening and hand picking the shrimp meats are divided
into two grades, the unhroken meats in one aad the broken meats in the
other. They are then sacked, 280 pounds to the sack. The shells, fish-
bones and fish flesh, and all fine particles and dust are saved and put
in sacks. 310 pounds to the aaek, and sold for use as a fertilizf'r. The
loss in drying is about 65 per cent, and for each pound of shrin)p mfals
there are two pounds of fertilizer or "shells.'"

Dryinff Fkh. The amount of youne fish taken in the < Chinese nets is
always large, varying from 10 to 75 per cent of the entire catch. Koriti-
urly large quantities of these fisli were drieti. The larger fish were
picked out and hung on strings to dry while the very small fish, princi-
pally the young smelt (Ogmenis thaleickikys) were dried on trays
which had been covered with discarded net webbing. The small fish
were separated from the shrimps by dumping a basket of the eatch in
a small vat of cold water where the live shrimps sank to the bottom, thus
allowing the small dead fish to be easily skimmed from the top. After
being prosecuted for catching young fteh they ceased to dry the small
fish and boiled them with the shrimp-s to get rid of the evidence us
quickly as possible. They were nearly as valua})le as a fertilizer as
they were as a food product. There has always been this incentive to
catch the young fish and experience has shown that it is impossible to
operate the Chinese net without catching great ((uantities of inuuaturc
fish, thus causing great damage to the fisheries of the bay and rivers.

Fresh Shrimps. In the camps that sent fresh shrimps to the markets
they had a special shed at the wharf where part of the eatch was taken
and the larger shrimps screened out by hand and all fish, seaweed and
<iirt carefully picked out. The shrimps for the market were Ixiileil
liefore the rest of the catch, in the same way as were those to be dried
except that less salt was used and they were not boiled quite so long.
After boiling, the shrimps were spread on matting on the sorting room
floor where they could cool and the surplus moisture evaporate. They
were then placed in baskets and eonveye<I by power launch to San
Francisco.

Three Species of Shrimps. Three species of shrimps are taken in San
i'rancisco Bay. Fully 90 per cent of them are of one species, Crago
franciscorum. The remaining 10 per cent is made up of the two species,
('rago nigricauda and Crago iiigrimaciilata.

The shrimps drift back and forth along the bottom o£ the Imy with the
tides hut have the power in some measure to select their environment,
for in the winter time when the fresh water is entering the bay in
larger quantities they move farther down the bay. In the summer when
the blue sea water encroaches on the flats they mov<- farther up toward
the river mouths. They appear to go on the shallower Hats when they
are carrying their eggs. The smaller individuals are found mostly in
shallow water an<l in the deeper and swifter water more large ones are
found. They have a wide range, however, for they are found in Ihi-
deepest water as well as the shallowest and can be found in water per-
fectly fresh as well as in pure sea water. Very little is known about
their life history. Females nisiy ]»■ found carrying eggs attached tu

]0 CALIFORNIA PISH AND QAiiE.

her swimmeitits jit »\l seagons of the year. Fi-om evideiici? that hafi
been gathered it is certHiii that the eggs are carried at least two months
on the outside of thv \xniy before they hatch and the life of the shrimp
from the egg through one spawning time is not less than two years.
They feed on minute animal and plant life at the bottom. Tliey may
at times feed near the surface for they can swim rather rapidly through
the water, moving with the head first,

Charactpr and Quantity of the Catch. The catch of one jnnk for one
tide varied from ten hundi^ pounds to ten tons. An average day's
catch for the boats using forty nets was six thousand pounds and for
the boats using sixty nets, eight thousand pounds. The net« always
contain young fish, the quantity varj'ing from 30 per cent to 75 per cent
of the entire catch. The boats using sixty nets each on the shallow
flats on the west side of San Pablo Bay caught the greatest proportion
of young fish. The reason for this is that most of the fish which enter
San Francisco Bay enter for the purpose of spawning. Among tliese
fish the valuable ones are the herring, smelt, striped bass, shad and
salmon. Besides these the young of other valuable commercial species,
such as the crab and the sole, enter the bay for tlie purpose of feeding
and for protection. A bay with rivers entering it is always a nursery
for young fish. Where there is an intermingling of fresh and salt wat«r
as in the upper San Francisco Bay there is a prodigal growth of small
animal life, including shrimps and other species of small crustaceans.
(Jpon this small life the young fishes feed. The young fish are there
because the shrimps are there. A method of shrimp fishing such as
that employed by the Chinese, which catches the young fish as readily
as the shrimps and holds them until they are suffocated, is a serious
menace to the whole fishing industry of the bay and its tributary rivers.
Rven if they caught only shrimps, there is a limit to the number which
should be caught for they are the food of our more valuable fishes, but
when the method of lishing takes tiie young fish themselves in vast
quantities, as did the Chinese nets in upper San Francisco Bay, it
should not be tolerated if we value the other fisheries, or if we value the
shrimp itself, for there is every evidence that even the shrimps were
being overfished. To appreciate the seriousness of the situation as it
existed in 1910, just imagine the nineteen Chinese junks with their
combined nets numbering oue thousandj eacli one having a mouth open-
ing of 24x4^ feet, straining the small fish and shrimps from the rushing
water, tide after tide. The total annual catch by the Chinese junks at
the time they were stopped from fishing in 1911 was considerably in
excess of ten million pounds of fresh shrimps and fish combined. Of
this amount no more than eight hundred thousand pounds of the
shrimps were used fresh. The rest was all dried and marketed as
dried shrimp meat and fertilizer.

After the Chinese method of fishing was .stopped it was found that the
Italian method as employed in the early days was not profitable, for
the shrimps were too scarce and there were no more fiounders or tomcod.
Neither was the shrimp beam trawl profitable for the shrimps were not
plentiful enough for that method and the nets were torn on the Chinese
shrimp stakes driven all over the bay. As no other method of catching
shrimps was employed and as the market was hare of shrimps, the

i:,at,zed By Google

CALIFORNIA FlSn AND GAME. 11

preseiiic of whwli had tweii for yojirs a feature of (.'alifoniia, liir linn
was lifted from the Chinesfl nets in southern San KraneiHeo Iliiy in
lfH.5. The nets do less danmfi^ in that part of the hay as there an'
fewer young tinli there of vahinhht varieties for the resison tliaf thttre
is Jittle fresh water flowing in that portion of the bay. The young of
the herring are not found there, as they spaivii in the npper bay, nor
are the young of the smelt, shad, striped bass or salmon found there, for
they are hatched only in the larger rivers and as they descend to the hay
they distribute themselves in the brackish water nursery of the upper
or San Pablo Bay. Shrimps were not very plentiful in south San
Francisco Bay on account of the former heavy fishing and on account of
the gradually increasing salinity of the water. Drying of shrimps had
also been prohibited and it was found not very profitable to fish for the
fresh market only. During the first year after they resumed fishing
the markets took less than 350,(XXI pounds of shrimps. They could
have had more but there wns not the former demand. The amount of

fresh shrimps marketed has increased each year until now the amount
is equal to that of any former year when shrimp fishing was at its
height. The shrimps have increased in numbers in all portions of the
bays, as also have the number of small fish, especially the young of the
striped bass. It has now become profitable to use the shrimp lieam
trawl which, towed with the tide, catches the shrimp with a very small
per cent of young fish. As illustrative of the damage done by the
Chinese nets in former vears the following is quoted from mv note
book of 1897:

"The average catch per day for each boat at the San Rafael
(Point San Pedro) fishery, during the last two weeks of July, was
seventy baskets, each basket weighing about ninety pounds, making
in all six thousand three hundred pounds. The average number
of boats out each day was seven, making in all a daily catch of
forty-four thousand one hundred pounds. For thirteen days (the
time they were under continual ol>ser\'at,ion ) this number is swelled

_nOO<^IC

12 CALIFORNIA riSll AND QAUE.

. to six liuiidi'ed aixty-oiic thousand, five himdred pouiidij. Oue-half
of this catch consisted of small fisb, the principal species being
smelt, California anchovy and sculpin.

The small smelt, two and one-half to three and one-half inches
long, were very abundant, making up over one-fourth of the entire
catch. The estimated amount of these young smelt taken in the last
fifteen days of July is 165,375 pounds, or about 16,537,500 small
fish. When the nets are brought to the surface of the water, these
small smelt are dead, so that to throw them back would do no good. ' '

Later, in the year 1910, we made the following notes :

"Oct. 35, 1910: Visited two San Pedro Point Itoatj^ iis they
lifted their nets. One had 30 per cent of young fish, mostly smelt
and sole. They also had a good many undersized female edible
crabs, which were alive, but they had not attempted to throw them
back. The other boat had 20 per cent of young fiah.

Oct. 28, 1910; Six boats out of San Pedro Point. Ming's boat
had eighty baskets on this tide, of which 30 per cent was fish,
mostly young smelt, young sole, and tomcod. One boat had forty
baskets, two boats fifty baskets each, and the remaining two had
seventy-five each. The amount of young fish was about 20 per
cent. Ming says he uses forty nets and has averaged seventy bas-
kets a day for September and October. The five camps above him
use sixty nets each and their catch is much larger.

Oct. 29, 1910: Again visited San Pedro Point boats. Five
boats out. The catch the same as yesterday. Three boat crews
have been arrested in the last few days for catching young fish,
but when visited yesterday and today they made no attempt what-
ever to throw back even the few fish that were alive. Wing had
used a screen to get out the fish, but his catch was still 30 per cent
fish. Their nets were all set wide open, as the tides are not
so strong now. ' '

The above notes are selected to give a conservative idea of what
the average catch consists in upper San Francisco Bay. The greatest
damage is done on the shallow San Pablo Bay fiats. During the
winter months large numbers of smalt striped baas are killed in the
nets. The boats which fished below San Pablo Bay in the deeper
water near Red Rock and the Stone Quarry caught smaller quantities
of young fish than those above, but they caught more of the young
striped bass than any others. The late increase in the number of
striped bass is undoubtedly in large part due to the abolition of the
Chinese nets in the upper bay, and if we value that fine food and game
fish the destructive sbrimp nets should be kept out.

The Chinese operating in South San Francisco Bay catch fewer
young fish and the varieties caught are not of the valuable species.
The lower bay can easily supply the fresh markets without serious
injury to any of the other fisheries. But even there, the nets should
be prohibited as soon as a less destructive method of shrimp fishing
can be developed.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAfilFOKNlA f'lSIl AND GAME.

THE FISHES OF THE OBOAKER FAHILT (SCIAENIDAE) OF
CAUFORNIA.

By EDWIN CHAPIN 6TARK6, Stantord University.

The fislies of this family havi' a peculiar silvery skin timt is unlike
the bright, hurDiuhed silver of some fishes. th« herrings for instance.
hut suggests rather frosted silver. The head is closely covered with
scales, more or less irregular in size and ahfipe, and the pore-bearing
scales of the laternl line extend onto the caudal fin. The bones of the
skull are variously excavated with tunnels and open channels (cav-
ei-noufi), and the ehin is usually provided with large pores or barbels.
Two dorsal fins are present; the first composed of spines and more or
less triangular in shape. The anal fin has one or two spines, sometimes
very small and slender or sometimes the second one is very much
enlarged.

The eroakers are carnivorous fishes rather distantly related to the
baseeN. Many of them make a peculiar noise from which the common
names of croaker, grunter, and drum have been derived. The noise is
supposed to he made by forcing the air (or more properly, gas) from
one part of the swim bladder to another. The species are numerous on
sandy shores, and are most ahnndant in warm and tropic seas. At
Panama, for instance, there are between 40 and 45 representatives of
this family. Of the eight that occur on our coast only two are found
in abundance as far north as San Francisco. Most of the others occa-
sionally stray that far, but are common only on the southern coast.
All of them are very good food fishes, and some are classed as game
fishes.

The tommou or popular names of these fishes are even more mixed up
and poorly applied than usual. Cynosdon nobilis, the ".sea bass," is
not a bass, and Seripkus, sometimes called the herring, does not even
remotely resemble the herring. The young "sea bass' is known as "sea
trout.'' Xo possible stretch of the imagination could make it suggest
a trout, and having wrongly called its parent a haas, to call it a trout
is H very good commenUiry on how loosely common names aiv used.
(Icnijiniimiix, the fish thai is usually known as the kuigfi.sli, is some-
times called "tomcod" cm the southern ('alifornia coast, it resenibhs
a tomcod as little as Sn-iitlnm, the (jueenHsh, rei^emblus a herring.
AVhen Gcnyonemus, the kingfish, is called "tomeod" the name kingfisli
is transferred to Saii'pkits, the queenfish, or white croaker. Cynoscioii
partnpinnis, a close relative of the "sea Iiass," is sometimes called
"hluefish," though it has nothing whatever in common with the famous
bluefish of the Atlantic. The names eroaker, roncador, and eorvina
are not at all consistently applied, but are shufHed back and fortii
between various of these fishes.

Hence in the use of vernacular names among these or any other fishes
the reader is again cautioned that there is no constancy nor rule for
their application, and he can only be sure of definitely indicating a
given feh by using its scientific name. Though such names will
probably never he used hy people at in?^e, and certainly not by unlet-
tered fishermen, the seieiilifie name is nevertheless the one true name
for a specie.s, and a name that will be recognized hy scientific men in
nil countries the world oyer. , , ; ^,v/v.-,,^

KEV TO THE FISHES OF THE CROAKER FAMILY IN CALIFORNIA.
I. I.i>H('r juw iirojei'tiiig bejoud ti[) of snout, whk-Ii is sharp.

2. Ua-M. of BtKund dorsal fin about «H|unl in length to base of anol fin.

yiiC(.n/!W. or W h,U f loaUr S< ii/jftris /.(,(.lu» I Hire 11.
'2-2 BusL of HPcoDd ilurbHl tin lery muLb longer tban that of anal tin.

t Teilli at mitldlp of upper jhw little if any enlarged Pectoral fin
morL than hiilf the length of head Its tip reaehiiifr about as far
back as tips of itiilrata n htle Sat Bans Cgno»cioii nabiiis.

J 3 One or t«o Ioiik (e tli pointiug batkward at the middle of upper
jav Perioral tin less than half the length of head Its tip not
rpaibing us far baik as tipR of venlrak (altfornia Bluefi«h.
(. iriioscion parnptnmt FngL 1G

1-1. Tip of snout blunt and projetling bejond tip of lower jan

4. \ single short bailHl or npiieudage at lip of loHer ja«

'i \ large tliitk spun at front of anal tin Tlie first spine of the
first dorsal not longtr than iLp spines just behind it The tip of
llie hrnt dorsal rounded \tUotrfin Croalcr T mbriiia ronca-
dor Page 1"

^^- 1 \o (nlarged gpine at frout of niial fin The bret dorsal spine
loneer than the otben> making the tip of the first dorsal very sharp.
< aliforiiia H kittaa Meattctirkut nudatatut Page 17

4-4, No siosle barlnl ot tip of loner jaw

b \ large thitk spine at front of anal bn
\ loiTie blaek sjiot on front of pi
long as head and reaching past t
i.onca\e lnhind "^poijin Cinaker icn aitnr nt arniti.
Page 18

7 7 No spot at front of iiettorul but a dark spot usually preseDt
on hind edge of gill eoier Peetoral fin muih shorter than
head and not reaehing to tips of centrals Caudal fin not
coneatf bcbind Iltact or Chinef CToakLr Sciaena »al-
111 aa Page 1''
fj l>. No enlarged s|ini^ nt fiont of anal fin. Ktngfiih. Iiini/onctniii
lii«<ihi». Pugn 20.

GLOSSARY.

xlniil fill: The liiiiglu fin on tlit; lowfi- side of tin; body towards the
tail.

Barbel: A small fleshy projection or appt-ndix. In these fishes it is
on the lower jaw.

Caudal fin : The tail fiu.

Dorsal fin : The fin on the hack. In llu'Sf fishes it is divided into
two fins: the first eimiposed of spines, and liciico called s])inous dorsal;
the second composed of soft rays.

Maxillary -. The flatf cned Iwne Imrderiiig the mouth aljovc.

Pectoral fin -. The pair of fins, one on each side, sitnated close behind
the (fill opening.

PrioiifiTiiliiin : A Ixine of the firill cover that borders the eheek
behind. It is cdii.-iideralily in front of the hind edgi' of the gill cover,
and has a free idge.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALLFOKNIA PISII AND OAUE.

15

Snout : The part of the head that lies iu fi-otit of the eyes except the
lower jaw.

Ventral fins : The paired fins oq the lower part of the breast ; close
\>nder the pectorals in these fishes.

The Queenfiah, or Whits Croak«r (8«riphua politus).
The length of the base of the second dorsal fin is about e{iual in length
to the base of the anal fin. The tip of the snout is rather sharp and the
tip of the lower jaw projects beyond it when the mouth is closed. The
mouth is long and narrow, and the maxillary does not quite reach to
vertically below the hind border of the eye. The dorsal fins are well
separated, and the spines of the first dorsal are slender. The color is
bluish above with the sides and belly bright silvery, the fins yellow, and
the base of the pectoral dusky.

fish (Scriphu,

On the southern California coast this fish is ridiculously called her-
ring, a name that should decidedly be discouraged, for it has nothing
in common with the herring, is not related to it, and does not even look
like it. It also in the same region shares with Genyonemns Uneatus, the
name of kingfish. The latter is almost universally so known and hence
has the best right to the name.

This fish reaches a li'ugth of altout a foot, and is au excellent pan-fish.
It is salted and smoked to some extent in southern California and
marketed as herring. It is common on sandy shores of the southern
and Lower California coasts, and has been taken as far northward as
San Francisco.

ThB Whits "Ssa Ban" (Cynoioion nobilis).
The snout is sharp and the tip of the lower jaw projects beyond it
when the mouth is closed, while the length of the base of the second
dorsal is three or more times the length of the anal base. The length
of the pectoral fin is more than half the length of the head, and the tip
of the pectoral reachi-s about to opposite the tips of the ventrals.
There are no greatly enlarged teeth pointing luiekwards at tins front
of the upper jaw. The mouth is large and the maxillary nearly or quite
reaches to vertically below the hind Imrder of Ilie eye. The eiiudal fin

,Coo<^lc

is i-oin-avc k'liiud. Very tine dark nuiiita are fverywliere dusted «v*!i-
tlie silvery color, making it more or less dusky bluiHli. The inner sur-
facwi of the peetoral and ventral fins are dusky.

Though this fish is only diKtuntly related to the bass, it Is in California
almost universally' known as the sea bass or while sea baae. On the
Atlantic coast fishes of this group are known as weakfiahes. This
species is one of our most valuable food fishes, reaching a weight
of !KI or more pounds, and having finu white flesh. It is found in eon-
siderable abundance along the California coast and southward to
Lower California, It has been reported as far north as Puget Sound.
The young has dusky bauds extemling down from the back onto the
sides. Fishermen call the small ones sea Irout.

The California "Bluefiih" (Cynoicion parvipinnii).

As in the white sea bass the snout is sharp; the tip of the lower jaw

projecte beyond it when the mouth is closed ; and tiie base of the second

doi-sal fin is much longer than that of the anal fin. It may be known

from the white sea bass by the |>ectoral fin being less than half the length

t>f the head, and its tip not nearly reaehtng as far baek as the tips of
the ventrals. It is also distinguished by having one or two long sharp
teetii pointing backwards from the middle of the upper jaw. The dor-
sal fins are close together. The color is steel blue above and silvery on
the lower part.s and sides.

Thi.s fi.sli elosi'ly resembles Ihe white sea liass — in fact it is not recog-
nized iis <lifri'rent bv manv fisiiormin. Tl does not reach as large .a size,

C.VTJFOHNIA KlSir .\NI> CiAME. 17

probably uot exceeding a. i:oii]ili! of i'<:et in k-ugtii, and it is said to Ixt
much inferior to it. Its flesh is soft Hiid it does not bear transportation
well. It is found from southern Oftlifornia southward along the coast
of Lower California,

The name bluefish ns applied to this species probably is on account of
its color, and not because it is thought to be the same as the famous
bluelish of the Atlantic. Tho Inttcr is a vory different fish, not at nil
related to this species.

Th« Yellowfrn Croaker (Umbrina roncador).
This fish may be known from its relatives by a short fleshy barbel,
or appendage, that projects from the chin, and, in addition, by a large
thick spine at the front of the anal fin. The enlarged spine is the
Rccond anal spine, there being a very short one in front of it. It^ snout
is blunt and projects over and above the tip of the lower jaw. The
mouth is nearly horizontal, and llie masillary reaches to under the
middle of the oye. The edge of the lK>ne Hint bounds the elieek !>ehind

(preopercnium) is set with Gnc spines. The spinous dorsal is triangu-
lar in shape but rounded at ils upper angle at the points of the first
spines. The pectorals are rather short and do not reach as far back as
the veutrals do. The caudal is concave behind; and the upper lobe is
longer than the lower. Brassy and golden reflections overlie the silvery
color. The back is bluish, and over the back and sides are many wavy
dark lines that extend upward and backward following the rows of
scales. The fins are mostly yellow.

This fish reaches a length of 15 or 16 inches, and it is rather common
on the southern California coast. Its range extends southward into the
Gulf of California while an occasional one strays northward as far as
San Francisco. It is a very good food fish, and is caught in considerable
abundance by the anglers on the piers and beaches of southern Califor-
nia. It is a very handsome fish when it is first drawn from the water,
Imt its iridescent colors soon fade.

The California Whiting or Corvina (Menticirrliu* undutatui).

This is a well marked fish that may be known by a fleshy barbel, or

appendage, that projects from the chin, the first dorsal spine longer than

s^C

18

CALIFORNIA PISH ,

the othi-rs, making the fin Khiir|>ly pointfd above, and the caudal flu with
its lower angle rounded and its upper sharp. The barbel at the chin is
longer than in the yellowfin croaker. It may be known from that
species at once by its lacking an enlarged apine at the front of the anal.
The upper jaw projects considerably over the lower, the mouth ia hori-
itontal, and the maxillary barely, or scarcely, reaches to below the front
edge of the pupil. The edge of the preopereulum is divided into 6ne
points which are membranous and not bony spines aa in the yellowfin
croaker. The pectoral is rather long and readies to about the tips of

Ihe ventrals. The color is grayiah with bright reflection.s. On the back
and aide are many dark wavy lines that run upwards and backwards.
The back sometimes has faint dark bars crosswise to the body.

This fish is rather common on sandy shores of southern California,
and is known southward into the Gulf of California, while individuals
are sometimes taken as far northward as San FrancLseo, It is a very
good food fish and reaches a length of 18 or 20 inches.

Tha Spot, or Spolfin Croak«r (Ronctdor atoarnBi).
This fish may be known at once by the large black spot at the base
of the pectoral fin. It is not only on both sides of the pectoral, but is
also somewhat on the body behind the pectoral base. As in most of the

-^

„Gooi^lc

CALIFORNIA FISri AND GAME. 19

croiiki.'1'N. a liliint snout exli'tii]>; nvcr ;t linriKuntiil niuiitli. Tlio. inoiiDi
is modontlo in sizi'. «nil thr ninxilhuy rpjuOiPs to liolow flic inidrtlf of
the eye. The pi'f<n>i'i-eii]uiu is set with tine sliiirp spines. The tiitjl
dorsal has stout spines and Uut second spiiio of the Hiial is enlarged, the
first spine being, as usual, smiiU. The pectoral ia as long as the head,
and reaches eonaiderabiy past the tips of the ventrals. The color is
grayish silvery, lighter below. Wavj' dark lines follow the rows of
scales extending upwards and backwards. These are less eon.spieuous
than in the yellowfin roneador. Two dusky streaks usually run back
from the throat to the ventrals and thence to each side of the anal.

This fish is abundant on the southern California coast, and, like most
of the others, has occasionally been taken as far north as San Fran-
cisco. It is of some iriport.anee as a food fish, and reaches a weight
of 5 or 6 pounds.

The Black Croaker, or Chinas* Croaker (Sciaena Miturna}.

The following combination of characters will identify this fish from

its relatives : The snout blunt and projecting over the tip of the lower

jaw; no barbel at the chin; the .second anal spine large and thick; no

black spot at base of pectoral ; the pectoral shorter than the head and
not reaching to the tips of the ventrals. The mouth is small, the lower
jaw closes within the upper, and the maxillary reaches to below the
middle of the eye. The scales on the head are small, rough and uneven.
The preopereulum has a membranous edge that is divided into very fine
points which are scarcely noticeable without the aid of a magnifier.
The dorsal spines are rather stout, but not nearly so stoiit as the second
anal spine. The caudal is slightly convex, or with its middle rays the
longest. The color is dusky with reddish coppery reflections. A pale
band usually extends downward from between the dorsals to opposite
the tips of the ventrals. This often fades with age. The lower parts
are silvery but dusted over and obscured by dark specks. The side of
the head is more brilliantly coppery color than elsewhere. The ventral
fins are dusky or hiack. A blnek spot is present at the edge of the gill
cover just al>ove its angle.

Joo<^lc

20 CAl-IJ-OHNiA FISH ANB OAME.

Tliw fish liiis uot l>irii rfi»)Hf(l iioitli of Sunta Barli-ini, Its raugi-
extends southward aloiigi- tlic coast of Ijowci- Califoniia. It reaches a
length of about 15 ineli«(, and is a fairly giMid food fish.

Th* Kingfiah (Q«nyonemui lineatus).
The eharactcra of the first sent<'ii(;e separate this fish from it« rela-
tives. The hhint snout projecting over the tip of the lower ja\v: no
barb*"! at the ehin; no enlarged spine at the front of the anal. The
mouth is rather oblique. The lower jaw closes within the upper, and
the maxillary reaches to under the middle of the eye or a trifle farther.
The edge of the preopereulum is membranous and without fine bouy
points. On each side of the lower jaw just behind the ehin are several
very small barbels, so smalt that they scarcely show without the aid of
a magnifier. The spines of the dorsal are slender. The pectoral ends
opposite to the very slender points of the ventrals, or reaches a little
The caudal fin is slightly concave behind. Brassy reflections

overlie the bright silvery color. Very faint wavy lines follow the rows
of scales upwards and baekwards. The fins arc usually yellowish, and
there is a small dark spot just behind the base of the upper pectoral
rays. ( i •

This fish and the white st'a bass are the only ones of this family that
arc found in any abundance as far north as San Francisco. It runs
southward along the Lower Califoniia coast. It is commoner in sum-
mer than in winter, and more abundant on the southern coast than the
northern. It scarcely exceeds a foot in length, but its abundance makes
it a food fish of considerable importance. When fresh it is a very good
food fish, but its flesh is rather soft and it does not keep very well. It
is sometimes called tonieod in southern f'alifornia. This name should
not be used, for it in no way, shape, nor iiisnner n'semhles the toracod.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAUPORMA PISH AND GAME. 21

NOTE ON THE SAND DAB.

By eoWIN C. 6TARKS.

Through an oversight in the paper on fiat-fishes that appeared in the
last number of California Fish and Game the old name of soft flounder
was used as a common name of the fish that has in recent years been
known as the aand dab (Citkarichtkys sordidus). This name, sand dab,
has almost entirely supplanted the older name on our coast and for that
reason should be used. It is. however, one of those unfortunate names
borrowed from another fish from another part of the world. The sand
dab of the Atlantic coast (Hippoglosaoides platessoides) baa the best
j'ight to the name, for it was first ao called. It bears little resemblance
to our sand dab. So in your <opy of Oalipobnia Pish .a.nd G.\me please
write sand dab in place of soft flounder.

THE STICKLEBACK: A ?ISH EMINENTLY FITTED BT
NAT0BE AS A MOSQUITO DESTBOYEB.

By CARL L. HUBBS.

Since it has been proved that malaria, yellow fever, and other dread
diseases are carried by mosquitoes, there has developed a wide interest
in these little insects, which hitherto had been regarded more as a
nuisance than as a menace. Many studies have been undertaken in
order to determine the best methods by which mosquitoes may he
exterminated or at least greatly reduced in numbers.

The use of window screens, the draining of swamps, and the oiling
of waters, as well as the spread of natural enemies, are methods of
control that have received attention with very notable success. For
instance, the building of the Panama Canal has been made possible
by the destruction of mosquitoes and the consequent control of yellow
fever.

A word as to the main methods of mosquito control. The use of
-screens does not eliminate the evil. The draining of swamps has been
very auecessfully practiced in New Jersey, and is applicable to other
regions where large, swampy tracts occur. The use of oil, which
spreads as a film over the water, forms a sufficient control, but requires
continued attention and expense, and can scarcely be applied to most
ornamental ponds or reservoirs or to pools from which animals drink.

There is thus need for other methods, and of these the spread of the
natural enemies of the mosquitoes is by far the most important. These
natural enemies are numerous, and the mast valuable of them all for
the purpose are fishes, which destroy the young stages of the mosquitoes
as well as the adults when they alight on the surface of the water.

Among the fishes extensively used in mosquito control, the little
killifishes or topminnows may be mentioned, but there are others which
can be strongly recommended. This short report is written to call
further attention to the value of the stickleback (Gasteroslcus) as a
mosquito destroyer in California, particularly in the coastal regions.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

22 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

FACTORS RENDERING THE STICKLEBACK AN EFFICIENT MOSQUITO
DESTROYER.

1. The stickleback uses mosquitoes as food. This point is to be
proved first of all. The evidence is eonviociiig. The stickleback has
been seen snapping up adult mosquitoes thrown into the wator. Mos-
quitoes are unable to breed in waters inhabited by sticklebacks. This
conclusion, previou.sly arrived at in regard to the stieklebuck and the
salt-marsh mosquito of San Francisco Bay, has been rigidly tasted out
in many of the streams from San Francisco south to the Mexican
border. Only a few examples from the observations can be made here.

In San Prancistjuito Creek, near Palo Alto, pools were repeatedly
found near one another and apparently similar except in this respect:
in the one pool sticklebacks were plentiful, but no mas(iuito wrigglers
could be detected, while in the other pool sticklebacks were absent,
while mosquitoes were breeding in abxmdancc.

The swamps, pools and streams of the coast region of San Luis
Obispo and Santa Barbara counties appear as ideal brooding waters
for mosquitoes, yet the people there enjoy miusual freedom from these
pests and danger.^. A study of the region makes it almost certain that
these people have the stickleback to thank for tlu( service thas rendered.
But, even in these regions mosquitoes breed in nbundance in the moun-
tain canyons into which the sticklebacks can not penetraU^ because of
the steep descent of the bouldery stream beds. The iiicvstinitoes arc
forced back, however, into the mountains where there are fewer people
for them to torment.

In Mission Valley in San Diego sticklebacks arc. for some unknown
ri'iison, entirely absent, but mosquitoes and gnats are vi'ry troublesome
during the summer months. From the valley the mosquitoes are blown
up the canyons to the city on the mesa above. During the summer
(he surface waters of the San Diego River, which flows through Mis-
sion Valley, arc reduced to a series of pools. In these pools three
introduced fishes, the golden bream (Notemigomus crysoleucas) , the
bullhead (Ameiunis nehulosus), and the green sunfish (Lepomis cya-
}iellus) arc generally abundant. It seems that the stickleback is more
efficient in the control of mosquitoes tlian are these throe other fishes
together.

During an entire summer's study of this problem, T never noted a
considerable numl>er of either mosquito wri^lcrs or sticklebacks in
the same pool together. Wherever the stickleback can penetrate, and
they go as far as they can, the mosquitoes are effectively destroyed.

2. Abund^incc of other food wiU vot drier the stickhhack from feed-
ing on the mosquito wrigglers. This conclusion is evident from field
olwcrvations, and is confirmed by the size and strueture of the fish : its
mouth, small even for such tiny fishes, will not permit it to feed on
large insect larva? .such as those of dragon flics, which, by the way,
upon emerging as the adult insect, feed upon the mosquitoes in the air.

3. The stickleback feeds at all Icreh of the water, from bottom to
surface. Bccau.se of this fact, mosquito wrigglers of difForont habits are
all picked up. Statements published by Seal, and by Lntz and Cham-
lieiN for the stickleback of the East Cojist, make it appear a bottom
feeler. At least, such a conclusion does not apply to the stickleback of

CALIPORNU FISH AND OAHB. 23

California. I have tbron-n mosquitoes into a pool of the Los Angeles
River, and scarcely would one of them drop below the surface before
one of these little fishes would dart from some hidden comer and
devour it.

4. The habits of the stickleback render it destructive to mosquitoes.
This little fish hangs at any level of the water, tail bent to one side or
the other, passively waiting for a stimulus to move. The wriggler is
spied, and the stickleback snaps it up with pike-like speed and voracity.

5. The. stir.kleh/w.'k itxelf is largelv immune in the attnelm nf larger
fishes. This is a fact of much importance, giving the little spiny and
armored stickleback a distinct advantage in many waters over other
mosquito-eating fishes, as the topminnows. Sticklebacks live abundantly
with rainbow trout, as in the Ventura River; and with black bass, as in
the San Luis Creek. In ponds and reservoirs the waters could thus be
stocked with both game fishes and sticklebacks, whereas the topminnows
would, under such circumstances, soon be devoured.

6. The stickleback is a widely distributed fish. This little fish {Gas-
terosteus aculeattis), of several varieties, is found along the shores of
all northern regions in the brackish waters of the bays and estuaries,
and in the coastal streams. The stickleback in the streams of Califor-
nia extend their ranges from the estuaries as far up into the mountain
canyons as they can penetrate. At high water they spread out and
are trapped in many little pools from which mosquitoes arc thus
eliminated.

7. The stickleback lives and breeds in STnall pools. These pools iuclude
not only those along stream sides, but also the little shallow ponds and
reservoirs about houses, which if not stocked with fishes, become breed-
ing grounds for mosquitoes. For this purpose the stickleback is emi-
nently fitted by its size, structure and habits. After planting once it
requires no further care. Observations in California have led to these
conclusions.

8. The rise in temperature during the summer months seems not to
kill the sticklebacks. Where other fishes might be killed off in summer
in shallow ponds and reservoirs, the sticklebacks seem to live on. These
little fishes have even been found in the hot springs of Tia Juana, near
the Mexican boundary.

9. the abundance of sticklebacks in the streams of California pro-
vides an ample supply of these fishes for the stocking of artificial and
natural pools, ponds and reservoirs. A fine meshed minnow seine, or
one made of from four to six yards of cheap cloth, can be used to
obtain these fishes in the waters in which they live.

10. The stickleback is a hardy little fish and will stand transportation
from its native streams to artificial ponds, in open buckets or in cans,
such as those used to transport fish fry for planting in streams distant
from the hatcheries.

PRACTICAL USE OF THE STICKLEBACK IN THE CONTROL OF

MOSQUITOES.

No artificial cistern, pool, pond or reservoir slinuld be left unstoeked

with fishes, and for this purpose the stickleback is probably the most

practical fish in California, for the reasons whi;-h have already been

outlined. By its use the breeding of mcsqullii^ about houses would

24 CALIFOKNIA PISH AND GAUB.

he prevented, and a troublesome nuisaDce and a real source of dauger
would be largely eliminated, for the mosquitoes which attack us have
mostly been bred close by-
There would remain, however, many isolated pools in the salt marshes,
alouf? tiic sides of the lower courses of the streams, and in their upper
I'liiiyons. These pools are usually without fishes, and in some of them
<Iangerous mosquitoes breed in abundance. The stocking of these
pools with sticklebacks would doubtless, in many cases at least, prove
both possible and advisable. This might be done independently by
thosp people interested in their own welfare, or perhaps better by some
public official. It is quite probable that in the swampy lands and in
(he ricp fields along the Sacramento River, the little topminnows would
prove more efficient cneniieR of the malaria mos(|uitoes than the stickle-
l>HckM. The California Fish and Game Commission is working with
that idea in view.

The control of mosquitoes is quite possible, in part by the use of the
stickleback, as advocated in this article, and in part by other methods,
such as the draining of swamps, etc. It is to be hoped that the proper
authorities in California will increase their energy in this field, for
the effective control of mosquitoes within its borders would make
California an even safer and more pleasant place in which to live than
i1 is now.

EABLT STAGES OF THE SPINY LOBSTER TAKEN BY THE
BOAT "ALBACOBE.'-t^

By WALDO L. SCHMITT, United Statei National Muteum.

The invcsttgjftidii'^ of the Fish and Gainc ConimiNsioii l)oat, the
"Albacore." have n-cently yielded some valuable returns, during her
scientific investigations of the commercial fishes and fisheries of southern
("alifornia. in the shape {)f hilherfo unknown larval stages of the Cali-
forniH s])iny lobster {Paiuilinm iiiifrrifpttm).

Cndcr the auspices of the Unitwl States Bureau of Fisheries and
through the courtesy of the Scripps Institution the writer recently
spent some months in Catifoniia x>riniarily for the |»urposc of making
a study of the Scripps Institution's extensive series of plankton samples
in the hopes of shedding .some light on the life history of the spiny
lobster. Though in considerable number, only the earlier larval stages
were represented in their collections. t

•Mr. Waldu L. Schmltt of the United SUtts Ntkllonal Miisfimn, Iihs made a
siH-.'l.il Btuijy of marine rruataeeii. and (iie opportunity to provide liim with material
^•r tiie study of the early stBgea of the aplny l.ibster was a very weli:ome one to the
PlHh utid Game CommlBHlon. His visit lo this coast rame at a time when the
H'lenltflo work of the "Albacore" waa but fnirly nnder way, and the fact that It
Wttt. ahlp to provide him with material which seema to be of very oonalderable value
should be of happy portent for the future. The superintendence of the haula and of
tlif linndliPB of the nets was very competently done by Mr. Elmer HIeglna, attached
lo the Alliacore" as a aclentlflo assistant during her work on larval nah.

11 will be well lo call attention to the slgnlfltance of the wide distribution of the
larval lobsters. Those Bat, transparent organisms are founrl floallnK freely In the
water, and ate dlstrlbulea by the currents. Although we do not know, ol course,
what proport!-)n of the larvie are carried along the coast by the currents, nor what
nuinbers of them Anally HUci'ecd In obtaining a suitable footing on the completion
of their development, yet it should he fairly clear that there Is an interdependence
iM-twcen wlcii-ly si-pnrated rcftions Inhabited by the spiny lobster.^ Will F. Thompton.

tStibsequent to the t.iklng of the largo phyllosomes referred to below, one of like
size WHJ" founil In the Scrlppa Institution collections. It is interesting to note In this
comiertlon that In one of ihi Ir }t,tge aiiviarium tanka they succeeded in hatcblns-
put the tirst phylluBOmc M.^r Hits jiaBt auinnitr from the i-ggs carried by a single
l>crricil female.

f,\LIf"OKNIA FISH AND OAMB. 2l>

But on August 29, li)lS, wliile the writer was aboard the "Albacoie,"
four phyllosoiiies of large size, the largest ever taken off California, were
secured with the vessel's small otter-trawl. These specimens average
about an inch in length, of body proper, and were obtained about 16
miles west of the Cororiados Islands in 75 fathoms of water. One of
these specimens is shown in the accompanying figure (fig. 14).

Including the above-mentioned specimens, the "Albacore" had taken,
up to the time of the writer'H return from California, some fourteen
lots of large and intermediate sized phyllosomes, and another rare stage

known as tJie puenilus. Some of these lots contained nuruei-ous indi-
viduals. The puerulus is the stage intermediate between the pyhllo-
somc, the form in which the "lobster" is hatched from the egg, and the
definitive form of the adult. These collections were well distributed
through the southeni California waters ranging as far as 150 miles off
shore and to a ma\itiiuiii depth of 75 fathoms. This is a rather sur-
prising range for sueh a well known littoral form.

So far as a preliminary examination of the material taken by the
"Albacore" together with that obtained from the Scripps Institution
goes, it appears that the early life history of the California spiny lobster
is in a fair way of solution. A full report of the results of the summer's
work is in prepiiratton.

Joot^lc

26 CALIFORNIA FISH AND QAME.

THE COYOTE AS A DEER KILUR.

By E. V. JOTTEH.

Although we have loug kuown tho cuyote as h predatory animal it has
only bet-ii recently that we have obtained evidence of its destructive ness
to big game. Heretofore known as a destroyer of ((iiail, grouse and
doiiiestie stock sneh as piga. sheep and poultry, the coyote must now be
olaHsifled along with the mountain lion as a deer slayer.

In that many persons have been slow to believe that the coyote is a
factor in our deer supply wc have attempted to gather some evidence
lending to prove that this animal is responsible for a considerable loss
each year in Trinity County. This evidence is presented herewith.

Fig. IS. Miilf covotc lakcii ill trap Januaiv 31. 1118, 14 miles wntli of Douglas.
Trmity CouiHy, CaLifornia. by C. O. Fisher. The sloniach conlaiiifcl deer hair
ntul iTifat. Pliolograph by C. O. Fisber,

IJert HigRins. who runs a trap line within the Trinity Game Refuge,
reports finding along this one line during one month, the remains of
fifteen deer killed by coyotes. Ranger Bucklew in April, 1916, saw a
full grown doe, apparently in good condition, pulled down by one
coyote.

Mr. \Vm. Friend writes as follows concerning his experience with
coyotes in the Game Refuge :

"In regard to the dper I found killi/d by coyotes in the Game Refuge, will say
1 commenced trappiug betwecD Little Creek and Bear Creek on February 1, 1016,
and between Ibat date and Marcb 2, 1916, I found the remains of seveDteeu deer
killed by coyotes.

They were all sizes from lanic bucks to fawns, but mostly small deer. The bdow
wns About two feet deep and the deer bad collected near the river and in gnlcbm.
After the snow settled the coyotes could run on top, but the deer broke IbrouBh, sii
it was an easy maUT for the coyote to catch them. In one uri'lch I came down I
found eight deer lliat had been hilled at different times — one nf thrri liiid been killed

CALIFORNIA PISH AND OAUE. 27

reoently and uone of them were over ten days. Id many other slielletvii pluci* I
found remains. In one instance about Feb. 1, T. H. Campbell and I were riding
along the road near Pbiltp Habor'a place and saw where coyotes bad Ju«t killed a
spike buck and were enioying a feast when we frlgbteoed them away. 1 also have
a large pair of antlers I brought home from one of their Tictims. It is not only
when the snow is on, but in the spring when the deer are weak, and poor, that they
destroy a great many. I was cjoming home from my traps after the snow hiiil gone
und not half a mile from the Van Matre place I saw two coyotes that had a large
buck run down and wonid have killed him if I had not happened along at (bat time.
The deer was not able to get up the bank then."'

Ranger Gray's rt-port on the eojote is given in full:
"I would like to emphasize the necessity for a stale-wide camjiaiKu against the
coyote and other predatory animals, in which all the people oC the state are to a
certain extent interested and would help to bear the eipenses of such work. It goes
without question that a great public benefit would be derived in ridding the country
of coyotes, cither by increased bounties or by other means that would encourage more
trapping. It seems that an increased bounty would he the most effective means of
encouraging trapping, and in obtaining the desired result. I have conversed with
a great many stockmen and. local people during the season with a view to getting
actual cases where the coyote has been observed killing game or slock. The result
is, few people have been found that have actually seen the coyote killing either wild
game or domestic stock ; however, they know beyond any question of a doubt that lie
is responsible for certain large losses in both cases. There is one good reason among
others why he is not more often deteeted in the actual work of killlug, for bis wan-
dering and sear<'h for food is generally done in the hours of the night. In his wild
nature he very carefully shuns roan, usually selecting the most secluded places in
which to carry out his desli-uctive work. Karl Moore, T. Floumoy aud other men
will) have liiTii liuudtiiig sheep for nmny years in these momitains itdvisc me Ibut
ilii'.v uever saw a coyote ucluully kill a Hheep. However, they stiitc (hat Ihey have
seen them driving and worryiug the ahceji aud u|iou following the trail Ihey invari-
ably found dead sheep scattered along Ihe route, llie greatest Iokm's among this
I'lavs of stock from the source mentioned is to small bunches separated on the range
from the main bands, and left on the range during the night unprotecled. W. II.
Atkeson of Hoaglin advises me that he saw a coyote kill two small pit;s near his
ranch honse. Many others disappeared In only a few days in the same locality.

l<'rfd Becker, who resides on Pilot Creek, states that he saw four or five coyotes
chasing a small deer. lie did not know whether the deer was killed. Ben, B. Ilifl
of tills place lolls me that during the past winter a blood trail was noted crossing
the mad nenr his ranch house. The tracks of a deer were impressed in the snow
together with small tracks that resembled those of small dogs. The (rail was
followed and Mr. Iliff asserts that in n short distance he found the carcass of a large
deet and upon his approach Ino coyotes scampered away. C. W. ^'niiu of this place
cites an iustance where he saw a coyote catch and kill a quail. Mr. Vann states
that while hunting he approached a clump of low brush (poisoo oak) and flushed a
bunch of quail. The quail in leaving the brush were quite close (o the ground and
he very clearly saw a coyote jump and take one o( the birds as it passed very near
him. I have found only a few other cases similar to these already mentioned."

Mr. W. T. Shock of Hayfork writes this letter :

"In reading over the weekly Trinity Journal I noticed the letter from W. O.
Friend in regard to coyotes and as the Forest requests any good evidence against
royoles I submit the following : As 1 have trapped and hunted the coyote all my
life. I will write a little of my experience. I find that the coyote is very destnirlive
to many kinds of game of this county, not only deer, but all kinds of bird)'. kucIi
as grouse and quail, the nests of which it robs. A coyote can catch plenty of deer
when there is no snow, but it destroys more when the snow is deep. Many doer that
nre found along Ihe rivers are killed in this way. When Ihe heavy snow comes, the
deer gather along the rivers and low ground, as the snow is Icbr there. When
coyotes get hungry they take after a deer, and if they catch it before it gels to the
river they kill it. but if the deer makes into the water. Itic coyote goes after another
one. The coyote will not go into the waller, but the deer Ihat run into tli

■^'Ic

28 CAI.IFOUNIA FISH AND GAME.

SO hot nnd weuk that th«y fre«ze to death before vFnIuring out again. 1 have se^D
coyotes aft^r deer, and running Iho royotex awaj, I have tried to make tbe deer get
out of tbe water ami could not uDtil I lielped tbem out almost dead, and some bave
(tied n-liile I nag taking tbem out of tlio natcr. 1 trajiped on tbe Ba;forb Creek
above llic (ianio Rpfuge and near Mr. Dockery's place on Carr Greek last winter
and n numlHT of d<>cr were Ralliered at Mr. IJockery's iowpr barn eating hay with his
pnttie. Between the first day of January and Ibe twenty-seventh of February I
found the remains of twenty deer, either killed by coyotes or run into t)te creek and
killed, and I caught eleven coyolt^.''

Mr. Edward Shock, wlio livts within the Hayfork towoship
and within a few miles of the town of Hayfork, upon his
(iwii rancli property, called at our offiee and made t'omc state-
tneutJi concerning tho daiiia)^' done by the coyote, for which
he jjerKonally vouches. He states that last summer, he dot's
not remember the exact date, wliile he was working in his garden
lie heard a noise on the side hill adjoining the garden plot, and
upon glancing up, s&v a fawn coming down the hill and it ran into bis
wire fence three or four times before it managed to get through.
('loBely pursuing the I'awn were two coyotes. .Shortly after they got in
sight they saw Mr, Shock, stopped, then turned and went back into the
hushes. The fawn came into the field and ()uite close to Mr. Shock,
then saw hiiu, became frightened, turnetl and went back through the
fence and up the hill in alwut the .same direction the coyotes had taken.
The coyotes no doubt later caught the fawn, since they would merely
hide away in the bushes for a little while when interrupted in a pursuit
of this kind, then take the track and follow on.

Another instance of Mr. Shock's olwervation was dnring thin fall
while setting a coyote trap. He set his rifle down a few feet from him
nnd in finding a place to drive the stakes to hold the trap he had moved
a few feet away from the rifle. Wiiile busily engaged he heard a noise
Hnd looking around saw a young deer without horns, presumably a doc.
come running along closely followed hy two coyotes, one of which caught
the deer while yet in sight of him. Mr. Shock quickly went for his rifle,
Imt when he got it the coyotes had taken alarm and had left the deer.
Its tongue was hanging out and it seemed to be .iust about run down,
but it of course went on out of sight. Mr. Shock is firm in his belief,
based on his experience, that in such instances the coyotes were merely
internipted and would take the trail again and no doubt catch the
deer.

He trapped nine coyotcn within two weeks around his place and stales
that in opening up some of them to see what the contents of the stomachs
were lie found that they were largely composed of venison, there being
(videnee in meat, bones and hair. He also states that the coyotes he has
caught were all very fat. Mr. Shock says that the reason for his trap-
ping activity was on account of the coyotes catching the chickens. He
has found it impossible to raise pigs unless they are well penned. Mr.
Shock is a far better trapper than the average settler and has some
methods of trapping that seem to get better results than the ordinary
trapper. He says, however, that tiie coyote is a very difficult animal to
trap and that he has found that he gets him more through his curiosity
than any actual desire for food. Mr. Shock's experiences concerning
the coyote are not at all unusual and could be duplicated hy a great
many of the settlers throughout the Trinity Forest.

Tlieae are apeeific, Jiutlieuticated t'a(-ts, which eould bo repeated by
every man who has liis eyes open. It really is not surpriaiiig that the
attitude of mind expresaed by the following exists. "Why shouldn't I
have a deer," the settler says, "which will be eaten anyway by the
coyotes; especially when 1 have killed one or more coyotes myself."
Or, as the trapper would say, "Why can't I get a deer, or three or four,
during a year? Even if I kill only ono panther or trap onij' six coyotes.
I have done more to protect and to increase the deer than any other
person or oi^anization has done. ' '

Two important factors in the reduction of a game species are preda-
tory animals and the hunter. We attempt to compensate for loss by
the second factor by closing the season for a period of years to allow
recuperation. Why could not similar results be obtained by reducing
the toll taken by predatory animals* Although it is true that a cer-
tain balance is established between a species of game and its enemies
when left to nature alone, it has been frequently demonstrated that man
can alter sucli a balance very much to the advantage of the species that
has been preyed upon.

Residents of Trinity County are ngroed that by far the mast pressing
need in efficient game protection lies in the control of predatory animals.
The lilwra] Iwunty on the monntain lion has eliminated this animnl as
a serious menace, but the coyote still remains abundant enough to be
an important factor in conservation. An increase in deer, quail and
grouse can best be eflEeeted by a vigoi-ous campaign against the coyote
and other predatory animals preying upon them.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A publication devoUd to tb*

tlon of wild Ula Md puMUbad

b7 ths Calltornln State Fliti uid Oamt
CommlBlon,

8«nt fre« to dtlnna of the Stat* of Cali-
fornia. Ottered In exehani* for omltbo-
loKlcal, mammalosicikl and elmllaT p«Tlod-

iKD Q^UB are not eopyrlsbted and may be
reproduced In otber perlodlcala, provided
due credit la glTon tbs CaUfomla TIah and

Qame Commlailon. Bdltora of newapapera
and periodical! are Invited to make uie "
pertinent material.

All material for publication ahould be
aant to H. C. Bryant, Muaeum of VortO'
brate Zoology, Barkeley, Cal.

February 3, 1B1B.

THE ISie-1918 BIENNIAL.

AlthougL due lo wiir economy tlic 1910-
18 biennial reiKirt of Hip Board of Pish
and Game Commissioners is not sa large
or so attractively colored as the last re-
port, it, aevertheless, contains some inter-
esting facts regardini; the activities,
receipts, and disbursements of the com-
mission during the past biennial period.

Outstanding features of the work of
the past two years have been the erec-
tion of a splendid new fish hatchery in
Inyo Counly. tbe building of a new patrol
boat to be used In enforcing the laws in
80iitbern ITalifornia water* and in tbe
carrying on of fishery im-estigations, the
enlargement of tbe activities of the com-
mercial fishery department, including the
ndminjHtral inn of the kelp industry, an
extensive educational and publicity cam-
paign and the splendid results obtained
in enforcing fish and game laws.

New laws enacted by the 1917 legisla-
ture have proved valuable. Hie Supreme
Court decisions sustaining tbe state law
prohibiting parcel post shipments of
game has effectively stopped a much-used
method of evading fish and game laws.
The spiked-buck law continues lo contrib'
iitc much toward the conservation of deer,
and at the same time bos reduced the
number of bunting accidenta. Seventeen
new game refuges created in 1917, com-
l>rising a total of S39,1S0 acres, have

■ill AND 0.\ME.

Ik-vu ucll ri'i'civi'il hy th>' ],ublir and are
serving iiK Kafc breeding places for gnnn-.

Tile iiulput or Ihe lixii bnk-hi-ries has
been very gnitifyiue. I'eaching a total of
■J5.(»7,42a in 1917 and »i;,4^,89S in 1916.
A 10 per cent increase in the number of
trout fry reared has been attained.

Scientific invcsii^'alions of tbe flsheriea
have been undertaken and already thIu-
ahle light on the habits and life history
of the albacore have been obtained. The
educational and publicity work of the
coramiaaion is being well received by tbe

The priucipal recommendation for new
I<-gislation has reference to discretionary
powers, i^uch legislation enabling the
com mi Kb ion to close seasons, reduce bag
limits, prohibit certain kinds of fishing
apparatus, and in general take such im-
mediate steps as will in their opinion
afford prompt and efTeetive relief and
save from dcHtniction by human band
tlist pari of the wild life uhicb has snr-
vivwl Ihe adversity of nalurc, is pointed
out as llie greatest need.

Only a small edition of tbe biennial
has been printed and it will be available
only to those sufficiently intereated to
write In the commission for it.

The most imimrtant piece of fish and
game legislation which the legislature will
bo called upon to enact this spring will
I>ertain lo tbe granting of plenary powers
to the Fish and Game Commisaion. The
need for Ibis legislation has already been
pointed out in these iwges. The commis-
sion is not seeking more |M>«er, but simply
n chance (o make regulations which will
allow belter administration of the state's
wild life resources. It should be clearly
understood that regulations con not be
euforeed at will by the commission, but
only after a bearing has been held and
the regulations signed by tbe governor.
The proper admin islratiou of the Migra-
tory Bird Treaty Act is dependent upon
reeiilations issued by the Department of
.Agriculture iiiiiler authority granted it
by Congress. To make tbe administra-
tion of state laws efficient, similar powers
ahould l>e granled the commiasioD man-
aging the fish and game resources.

jOOi^Ic

CALIFOKMA P'lSn .

CALIFORNIA LAWS WILL BE MODI-
FIED TO AGREE WITH FEDERAL
GAME LAWS.

CaliCuruiu v.nx uiie of the lint atalos
to make tbe kodip lan-s conform with tboae
enacted by the federal govern men t and
Ihp sitnle lias iierBlfitPnlly upheli^ the Fed-
eral Mifiratorf Bird Law. It ia to be
eipei'liHl. therefore, that at the ncit logis-
lature the few lawn whieh do not couform
n-ith the new Mixratory Bird I'reaty Act
wili be modified. The state law still
allows hunting one hour l>efore aunrise
and one hour after auDBet, To agree
with ttie federal taw this section of the

is ruuison ko tlinl this iile.i an n rule I''
of little arail.

The same »ort of defuuac lias Iweii
oflfered by a violator recently arrested in
Tiilnrc f'oiiiit.v for having in possewinn
the sliin of a moitnlain sheep. This de-
fendant at firxt maintained that the sheeii
was not a true wild aheep aud later
claimed that he kille<l the animal in self-
defense. It will be an easy matter to
prove at the trial that the Kkin held iti
IwsacsBion was that of a wild monulaiti
shoei) and the violalor will midonhtcdly
l>e henvily rine<l.

ciidi- will have lo he modiiieil so as to
lirohlbit Jill bunting exei-i/t l>et«ecn Bun-
riKc and Hiinset of each calcudar day.
The limit law un geese will have to be
I'liaiiged and the dove seoKon made to be-
gin on Seiileni1>er 1. In the few cases
where the Cnlifoniia laws are more
Ktringem tliiin Ihnse nf the federal govern-
ment no iliunge will l>e made.

VIOLATORS MAKE QUEER DEFENSE,

.Vfter some ehronle violator of the game
InwR huH been oiiii re bended and a quantity
of dried venison coutiscaled the usual plea
is that the crmfisealeil ment is bear meal
or goat niwU. Th" lioncs enii bo identi-

riveil ill cictllrnl cMii.liiioii.

MONTEREY STREAMS STOCKED.
Through tbe eflForls of Seiiadir F. S.
Rigdon. Salmon Creek in southern Mim-
terey (^iimty han been snciresstully
stocked with trout. Althongh this stream
JH by nature o splendid trout stream, a
Int^e waterfall one mite from the moutli
[it Ihe creek has made the upper reaches
of Lhe stream barren of fish life. It wa.s
itU dimcult}' that 18,000 rainbow and
steelhead trout recently planted in Ihe
am were trnnsiwrted from tbe rail-
road. A tifly-mile haul with auto trucks
from San T.nis Obispo lo Sanco Pojo
■k and then n ten-mile transport by
ebnek ivns necessary. The trip was

., Cockle

iic-i'iiiii|)lisliiil. Iiuivfvvr, witLout uiiy
tiruc-iablo Iosh iu thu KkIi. (Jiii; variety of
trout n'ua plac-ed in uDu brancli <il tlic
creek aod another in tiie other braucb,
nboiit ten miles In all being stocked.
From nil i-ci^rts lb« fish nro doing well.

DUCK DISEASE AGAIN APPEARS.
Uiiriue October, duck disease appeared
iu the Alarysville Butte section of the
Sacramento Valley. Ilitberto, the disewe
has been ri'stricted to the vicinity ot
ulknline lakes in the southern part of the
S!an Joaquin Valley. Many hunters
hunting near Colusa and Maxwell on the
oiieninjc day of the season threw away
their ducks after they had discovered
mnny sick and dying birds about some
of liie iionils. The fivt that an fpiilemic
of Diillimx ha<1 been prevalent in the
nniiu' vicinity \n\ many i>ersona to believe
Hint the ducks bad coutracled the same
dl>«-tiHt>. This, however, seciiis very un-
likely In tliat all binis under artilicial
■ conditions are largely immune to the dis-
ease. and it is uot to be expected that
hirdx of any kind would contract the dis-
ease uuder natural conditions. Sick birds
secured showed every symptom of "duck
sickness," a disease which is bow well
known through the investigations of the
tjniled States Biological Survey. Mr.
Alexander Wetmore, assistant biologist,
dpscribes the symptoms as follows (The
l>iick Sickness in Utah. U. S. Oept.
Agric. Hull.. 672) : 1. Paralysis of nerve
centers controlling the muscular system
t birds alTccteil are able to support them'
selves in the air for abort distuuccs only
or have the wings entirulj helpless) ; 2,
respiration is difficult and siiasmodic; 3.
pulse aboormnl wlii^n bird is excited and
in severe cases is weak and irregular;
4, nictitating membrane of eye reacts
niowly (a test of the activity of this
membrane is an important symplom) ; 5.
eyes usually swollen and a discharge Is
noticeable; fl, alimentary tract practically
empty, inlestincM shrimkeu, firm and
much reddened ; 7. excreta loose and
watery, more or less greenish and voided
at frequent Intervals : 8. birds appear
drowsy and lethargic though alert at the
approach of danger.

By November 1 the ejiiileuiic bad sub-
sided and no more sick ducks were to lie

Nceu. The number of birds wUicli fell
victims to the disuRsc i» .'xliiiuite^l Qt

r..(MW.

FEDERAL PERMITS.
The Migratory Bird Treaty Act pro-
vides for the isaiiancc of scicntllic collec-
tors' permits to all those interestixt in
collecting either speciiuens or cggH. and
also to breeders who desire to breed
niigratory or insectivorous birds. Permits
to collect specimens are issued to properly
accredited persons only and are required
in addition to those issued under Btat«
laws. Applications for federal permits
can be obtained when applying for a new
Male perniil.

FISH COOKERY DEMONSTRATIONS.
For the pur[<oac of stimiilaling tbc
iLliiiitalion of lish produclH. the I'nitol
Stuli-s Bureau of Fisheries has been con-
ducliug a series of d<-uioiiHt rat inns in tisb
i-iiokery. l)cmoiislrulioDH have been lield
in Snu Francisco. Oakland, Berkeley, and
Alameda, about 40 In all, with an average
attendance of more than 100 women at
each class. Mrs. Evelene Spencer and
Mr. H. L. Kelly have been In charge.
These demonstrations are made of prac-
Ii<'a1 value by securing the little-OBed and
low-|irice<l fishen, preparing aud cooking
them In front of the claaa, explaining
every detail, and then serving eacb one
present with a portion to taste. Even
minute details of the proper way to skin
a fisli, remove tiie backbone, and slice it
arc shown. With the class watching, it
is prepiinM] for the oveu, cooked and

Mrs. Spencer recommends the discard-
ing of the frying pan, in favor of the
hot oven method of cooking. Advantages
are found in the eliminatiou of unpleasant
odors, the use of less than half the amount
of fat usually required, and greater ease
for Imth the cook an<l the one who has
the serving of the fiBb. Tliia is the
method slic uses Iu doing the work her-
self, aud alt who eat the cooked Gsb agree
that it far excels iu flavor the same kind
of fish fried in llie old'fashioned way.

The making of salads, both from

freshly steamed fish, or from left-over fish

\|ilained as is also the making of

les, creamed dishes and Imitation

Gi)o^„

CAI.IFOKMA VKH AMI t

UIK.

:f:(

choiR>. Soiijw, tthicli for Qavor are
etinal of nny which enn tie made from
meats or oy8t«re. itre made from the heada
and trimminKB unlinarily considered
being only fit for tbe eai'buB'' can.

Thirty-four vBripties of fish, not
<:litdlDS salmon nnd tialiliul. have been
iised in the dcmonHtrntinns. Thus, it has
been xhawu that ii hoiiaenifi' cnii cook
fish an; dny in the luunth. if she nii
nnd not have the name kind twiec. Of
these, the most popular were small sole,
skate. BHblefish. moekerel, kinetisti. yellow-
tail, Hhark, abad, rock cod and ealmon mil I a.
The |>rjr« of these fish ranges from 5 to II
renin per pound, and many liundredK of
women were surt'rispd to find a number of
them they preferred lo even salmon
halibut, which cost from 2.5 to 40 ce
l>er pound.

Needlexs to sny, itiese demonstrations
have proved very iioptilar with house'
wires, and have added materially in in-
irenHiiiK the demand for Hounder, shark,
skate, squid, sablefiHli and other low-priced
iii-hery products of the California markets.

INCREASED CONSUMPTION OF FISH
NECESSARY.
Increasing the consumption of fish is
far more urgent today than during war
times. There is now do submarine men-
nee; tliere are more ships and there are
200,00(>,DOO people who must be fed if
they are to bo saved from starvation.
Kvery ton of noniierishnble guilds possible
nuiKi Ih^ sent to Kiir»pc. 'n.e nsc of
frpHli lisb w.'icasi's casil.v-sliipiK'd meat
prudiicis for ex|>orlHtii>ii.

There is nlisolulely no limit lo Ibc
nniDunt of fish which is now wailiug in
the ocean, nnd more ore growing to sup-
ply onr needs. The people of California
have responded to every call made on them
thus far, and we urge that (hey con-
rinuc to show their patriotism and tiu-
mantlarianism, by a still greater use of
fresh fish.

NOTES ON THE NEW GAME REFUGES.

The following notes relative to the
recently-formed game refuges have been
called from forest officers' reports for
IfllT. Apparently, tlie new refuges are
niling tlie place for wliicli tliev were set

.\\] refuges in Culitorniu are created
under the districliiig net nnd so must be
designated as a "fisb and game district."
Each refuge is lettered with the number
of the main game districts of the state
in which the refuge is situated prefixed

I''ish and Uauie District l-.V, located in
the Klamatb National Forest, is admira'
hly situated for the purpose for which
it was withdrawn, being a natural breed-
ing ground. It covers an area of nliout
one tonnsbip and varies in elevation /rora
about 1,700 feet at the Klamath Kiver
to about 7,000 feet at the highest point,
thus giving bolli winter and summer feed-
ing ground. The general exposure of the
entire area is southwestern, which makes
it the very best from a climatic stand-
point. There is also one of the largest
salt licks known near the center of this
refuge.

\Vlieii rlie ri'fuBc ivss first created there
was miicTi opposition to it, but lately the
sentiment has been more favorable.

Fish and tiame Districts 1-B and 1-C
in Modoc County are ideal breeding places
for game and there is al>BOlutcly no doubt
ns to the wisdom of the move in having
these areas set aside. The iieopic, as a
whutc. arc strongly in fuvor of them.

Fish nnd Game Districts l-I and 1-,1,
in I he Tahoe and El Dorado Nationiil
ForeslK. have not been in existence Ion,;
enough to note any change in game i-ou-
ditious. While the people most affected
accept the establishment of the districts
as a. matter of law. some criticism is
voiced relative to the location. AVhy was
it not located "somewtiere else" is the
usual comment. This attitude will grad-
ually disappear after a time if the dis-
tricts receive proper administration.

The iieople all seem to think that the
C'himney Meadow Kefuge (B^sh and
tiame Dixlrict l-T.) will bii of great value
(o llie deer IIS It Is thi> wintering grounds
fur all the deer in the Cannell Meadow
I>istricl. tlios. Smith and jobn Johmtun
clnim that lhc>y counted Tfi ilecr in one
band last spriug in I»iig Valley, whicli
is a part of this new r>-fiige. There are
a great number of hunters from IiOn
Angeles and the Mojnve Desert that hunt
in this proposed refuge, and it will require
a regular paid game warden in that vicin-
ity to property administer the refuge.

Fish and Uame District 2-A covers n
fine piece of deer coimtry. having both
summer and winter range. The estab-
lishment of the refuge was very well
received by the public, and it is belicvetl
that very little hunting has l>een done
within its boundaries. Considerable com-
plaint was made by hunters and others,
because the boundaries of the refuge were
not posted. This shoul<l surely be done
before the 0|H>nine «f Ilic next hunting

fnvoi

r Fish a

I -tj-H, einjn)fi;i^oiy |(^

l|iir).OIM) ui-n-M witLiu the AligeW Nfltiuual
Fiiri-Ht. I>t!cr are bM'omliiK more aud
mure pleutjtul. If nayooH is bvnelite^I by

□ of a

8 tlie r

. , and j'i?t with the poBsiblc fxcei>-
tion o( onp uwner. a mao who has been
ill rourt Bovcral tlmra for allpf!«l gamp
violations, I liave yet to finii n rmort
owner whc) is not in favor of the continu-
nncc ot the xanip rpEnKCK.

When Fish snd Gami> District 4-C wan
SfHt formed the sentiment nKaiost it was
very strong. This has chanKed and one
liiidH very few hunters who do not favor it.
The^eer are increnxiDi; and one sees lliein
In reEioDB wbere there have been no deer
for aeveral yearo. With ttic increase
of the deer a nolieeabie inercsse in
a sinns are bIro »>en. Kev'

iss of B.

of iilans to rid the rantx of this pest.
Our erentcst tronble. liowever, is not the
ticm. but the unHrniiiulous liimter nlio
HiieakH ovi>r tlic boundary of (be refuse,

A NEW CAME FARMING PROJECT.

A beautifully illustrated prospectus cu-
lilk'd Wiiteonain ZoolOKlcai Park, for the
l*ri>|HiKUtion, Improvement, nnd Utiliia-
lioii of Wild Life has recently been issued
by a newly-formed corporation with head-
nuarters in Chicago. The intent of the
ortianization Is set forth hb follows;

Food, it is Raid, will win this war,
.Vnd it thcrefure becomes the duty of
nveryone to ftive careful consideration to
all plana to increaHc our food suppl.v.

lliB American farmers. resimndinB to
I.Vir conniry's call, are plantine every
available foot of their land, which meanK
rhnt we have about reacliPil our maiimum
in fo'id |/ro'(uclion nnlesN we can dei'l'i-
Kouiu way of nlilir.inK the undeveloped re-
Kioiis. Naturally, our thouKhtR turn to the
uearby cut-over timlicr lands as a |n>a3lb]e
Miluliou of thiN problem. Wi' nil uuiter-
Ktand the diSicultiPK lliat liiive presenteii
an nliiiOKi iDKuriuonnlnble Imrrier (o the
developioent of tliesi' sections anil the
nei-esKity. on account ot the scarcity of
lalmr. of lindiuR some use for this land
without havinjt to clear away stumps,
rocks nnil limlier.

The Wis.'..nsin ZooloEJcai I'ark was
crcalert ehielly for (he purpose of dealine
with tbis problem. It proimses that these
lauds be used just as tbey are. in the
breeding and raisiuK of wild life objects
as sfiurte of suppl.v.

This is n cimiparalively new idea, ami
to lie understiioil bimI ar'tireciated muitt bi-
carefully Rludi<'d, 'Hie purpose of this
liiHiklet is l» explain srinie of the most
iiHjiortant features of this enterprise.

Tlli^l comiiany pn)p"ses to demonstrate
in u prnciicHl iiinntier tiow cut-over hnul
i-iin Is- ipiickly iiiul protiinbly utilizeil in
luvonlane'' with iIk' iileiis niK.ve sr-( fnnb.

responsible for it Iiave not been actuated
by sellisb motives. They appreciate that

talie cliances of loss, but are confident of
ttieir ability 1o eventually work out a
plan whii'li can Ire followed with profit

To the uniuitialed tlic plan is a very
plausible one, and it will doubtless apiwal
to niany. In view, however, ot the success
thus far attained in Ramc farming, the
outcome of the project as a commercial
enterprise seems doubtful. If it will lead
to the setting aside ot large areas aa
hreedlue grounds for native animals, it
will lie very much worth while,

LOUISIANA ORIGINATES NEW DUCK.
The l>epnrtment of Conservation of
the stale of Ijouisiana is attempting to
seiiire n new duck for their marshes by
breetling. The ext)erimeuts are be Id;
cnrrieil out on tlie assumption that if a
i-rriss l>ettveeii the summer mallard or
black ducl< and (he winter visitant Kreen-
hend mallard eouid be established a race
of nonmiKratory ducks could be produced
for the Iiouisiana marshes. The new
type of mallard is in the third geueratim
and a type has lieen Kelected which ap-
penrs to have characteriittics of both the
mallard and the black duck. Whether the
new diii-k will become a |j;'rmanently resi-
di'ut hinl capable of lii'iiiR introduced

ALASKA FISHERY PRODUCTS.

The Fisheries Service Uulletiu states
that although final figures showing the
value of tbe fishery products of Alaska
in miT are not yet obtainable, the statis-
tics are jiractically complete so that »

tion can now bi' made. Compitations
indieale Hint the total value ot such pro-
du<'ts was $.'i].4a,'>.L>f)0 in 1!>]7. Of this
nniouut !i:i i>er cent, or $47,778,081, rep-
resents the value of llie siilmon products
which i-ousisi of .'.!H7.::s»! cnsea of
canned salmon, valtinl iil i4'i.^*i,090, and
li!Jt-li.:tlt7 iHiuuils of milil-cun.l1, pickled.
ilry.s;iliecl. fresh aurl fnizen salmon,

CALIFORNIA FISH AND OAME.

<>ri<-s rank sn^iid with au output oE pro-
(Incts valueil at $1,120,226. In the order
of ;>roduction, tbc kierriog fisheries come
nfKt, with a yield of products valued at
?707.72y, 'ITie value ot the cod products
«-8H *T44,97C. Whaling operationa re-
in rued products worth $653,8r>2. I'he
1 1 reduction ot raiscellaneous fishery pro-
ducts including clams and other shcllfiBh
oKgregBted f340,396 Id value.

This unprecedented yield oE fishery pro-
ducts in Alaska at a time when the world
is in need of food is called an achievement
for which the country may justly feel
gratified.

Tlie fur products of Alaska are also
of considerable importance and value, as
evidenced by the fact that in the year
from Novcmher 16, 1916, to November
-15. 1&17, shipments from that territory
reached an Hggregatc value of $1,031,638,
exclusive of fur-seal skins and fox skins
shipped by the government from the
I'ribilof Islands. In the calendar year
1917 the government shipped front the
I'ribilof Islands fur-seal skins valued at
;f;274,2»l and foi skins valued at $35,680.
— Hfience, June 7. 1918.

NOVA 8COTIA U8C8 WAR METHODS
TO CAPTURE VIOLATORS,
llic tact that most of the illegal fishing
in Nova Scotia has been carried on by
unuKs of men in the darkest hours of the
ui^ht wheu it Is impossible to discover the
offfnclcrs without some means of artiflcial
illiuuinnlinn has prompted authorities to
furnish wui'dens with "Trench Ijight"
IiikIuIs. These lights which have been
very effective by the allied armieB and
uuvies are contained in metallic cartridges
and are fired from a breach loading four-
bore pistol which throws the magnesium
stnrB to n distance of 400 or 500 feet. The
lights burn for five or ten seconds and
light up the whole neighborhood so that
everything can be distinctly seen even on
tlie darkest night. In addition to its
i>fficacy in illuminating, it acts as a
weapon of selC-defense which poachers will
learn to fear as much as the revolver.

The "Ircucli light" has been decided upon
only aflcr exi>erime>itK with acclyliue
searchlights, eleftric searchlighiK, and
magnesium Itouian candlt's.

CALIFORNIA TRAPPERS AND THEIR
CATCH.

For thr ojiun season 1917-lS, nearly 4000
trapiierH' licenses were issued. As the
trappers' license law provides for the kill-
ing of fur-bearers destroying poultry and
domPKitc animals, no record can he ob-
tained of those BO killed and the reports
ot trapi^rs of the take for the year do
not give the total number of animala
taken. However, (ho reports du give a
basis for a compulation as to the value
of the annual take of furs. According to
the rc|iorlH of those holding lrapi>ers'
licenses the take for last year was as
follows ;

S«.L«

i 'V.'^,:' ■

Im™^

10 4S0

'In; ni«rt?u

901 '

2SG
590

H««oo" - -

a,s«»

I 87

Riv.T ott-r ._

■OVOf! _

1,W1 i

S«l

OpoMura

Molf .__ -. 3 —

The wolverine is apparently a very rare
furbearcr and not a siQgle skin of this
animal was reported. It is also interest-
iuB to note that such well-known fur-
bearers as the marten and fisher are so
reduced in numbers in this state that
only a small number were taken in 1917-
IH. The average price indicated was ob-
tained by averaging the amount received
for at least 100 different pelts ot a species.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

3C rAi.lKURMA PrjiH AM) GAWK.

FACTS OF CUBBENT INTEREST.

A recent report from the United States Supreme Court does not
concern the present regulations regarding migratory birds, but relatM
to tbe regulations in effect previous to ^e signing of the trea^ with
Canada. The present regulations are based on a treaty and will be
in efTect for fifteen years, unless abrogated by consent of both con-
tracting parties. Because the present regulations are based on a
treaty they can not be reviewed by any court.
jt jt jt
On information furnished by deputies of the Fish and Game dun-
mission three violators of the Federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act have
been arrested and each is bein^ held under a $260.00 bond.
jt jt jt
Steelhead trout fishing in tiie Bussian Biver will be excellent this
year. The bar is open and there is plenl^ of water.
jt ji jt
February 1 will mark the close of one of tbe best quail seasons in
many years.

ji j( j>
The elimination of market hunting by federal enactment has
reduced to a minimum violations of the laws protecting waterfowl.
jt jt jt
The game refuges created by the last legislature have now been
posted and hunters will have no excuse for hunting within tfaem.
jt jt jt
Flans are being made to secure some moving pictures of the commer-
cial fisheries of southern California to be usmI in educational work,
ji j> j«
The State Came Farm at Hayward was discontinued on November
16, 1918.

jt ji ji
Deputies of the Fish and Oame Commission in the areas where there
is waterfowl shooting have been appointed federal wardens. Twenty-
one deputies now hold federal commissions.
j» Jt Jt
Federal permits allowing a rice grower to herd ducks from his fields
put a stop to agitation relative to depredations by ducks. No appre-
ciable damage to rice when in the shock was reported.
ji J) ji
Tbe epidemic of duck disease in the vicinify of the Harysville Buttes
was of short duration and less serious than similar epidemics which
have occurred at Tulare Lake in past years.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

UALIt'UK-MA

HATCHERY NOTES.

W. H. SHEBLBr, Editor.
FiSH DISTRIBUTION, 1918,

While the Gsb distribotioD operatioDS
for all of the hatcheries were completed
Iiy the forepart of October, complete re-
imrls have not, as yet, been filed, How-
fvur. it is possible to give an approxima-
I ion uf the total dlatribtition from the
ilirTereiit slatioDS for the seosoD ot 1918.

ITNEY HATCHERY.

aaoD has been most fftvof'

The past
able for operations at the Mount
Whitney Hatchery, and the trout distrib-
uted were some of the finest fish ever
reared at any of our hatcheries. Some
ot the enatern brook and Loch Lcven tront
distributed this year were from four to

MT. SHASTA HATCHERY.

The approximate total number ot fish
distributed for the season was as follows :
13,500,000 quiQuat salmon.
2,600,000 rainbow trout
1.100.000 eastern brook trout.
1,600,000 Loch I,even trout.
2,000,000 Bteelhead trout.
230,000 black-spotted trout.

Two lish distribution cars were operated
during most of the distributing season.
The fish were alt strong and healthy, and
nearly all applicants reported that con-
sifinmenta were received and planted in
the streams in good condition. Meant
Shasta Hatchery is now being put in
readiness for the coming season's trout
operations and for the salmon work.

five inches in length, wbich ia a very re-
markable growth for one summer. Fol-
lowing is an approximation of the number
of fish distributed:

1,000,000 rainbow trout.

83,000 eostem brook trout.

70,000 I-oeh Leveu trout.
240,000 ateelhead trout.
240,000 black-spotted trout.
400.000 golden trout.

The golden trout eggs were obtained
from the Cottonwood Lakes Station,
which was established for the purpose.
Owing to the remoteness of this station
from rsilrosd lines and the rough, almost
Inaccessible country through which the
eggs had to be carried by pack animal to
the Mount Whitney Hatchery, the extent

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

^H

rAI.II'X)RNIA FISH .

Ill our Dpi-ratiuu!' was UMt-tBarily limited.
Iiiit we feei tliat Ibe rpsiills ubtaioeil hovp
justified hII tlii: hnrd work aod elp«luie.
Altiiuii];li Ni'vcriil ulforts liave been made
in imst years to collect the eggs of tbe
eoIdeD trout, tbie is the fimt attempt that
lias bePD successful. The success o[ the
operations tbis season is due to tbe skill
and reso II n-e fulness of Mr. George Mc-
Cloud. Jr., who was in personal charge
of the gulden trout egg collecting opera-
lions at Coltcinnood Lakes and of the
>[ount Wliitney Hatchery, at which sta-
tion llic eggs wore hatched and Ihe fry
reared. The golden tront are very diffi-
cult to rear, but the results obtained in
this delicate work far eiceeded our eipec-

PlaniB of golden trout were made in the
Santa Ana River, San Bernardino County,
and in Mammoth Creek and Convict l^lm.
Mono County. A shipment of golden
tTont was planted in Lake Taboe, and a
consignment sent to Monnt Shasta Hatch-
ery to be liberated in the McCloud River
at a later date. Practically all of the
waters of southern California and tbe
lower San .roaquin Valley counties were
stocked with fish from the Mount Whit-
ney Hatchery this season.

Fish Distribution Car No. 01 was de-
tached from distribution operations at
Mount Shasta Hatchery the forepart of
September and sent to southern California.
to undertake the shipping of fish from the
.\fount Whitney Hatchery. The work
was completed in a little over a mcmth.
After the completion of the season's fish-
cultural operations the crew was assigned
to make the improvements on the Mount
Whitney Hatchery grounds, and this wort
is now progrpRsiug nicely.

MT. TALLAC HATCMCnV.
The Mount Tallae Hatchery was oper-
ated (in in past seasons, black-spot ted
trout le^H being taken from the fish
iiscrnding Taylor Creek to spawn. In
addition to the 1,200,000 eggs of this
Hpei'ies hatched at the station for distribu-
tion in the tributary streams of Lake
Taboe in the vicinity of Mount Tallac,
shipments of eggs were made to Tahoe
Hatchery. Mount Shasta Hatchery and
thn Feather River Kxperimental Station ;
ir^.f>00 riiinhnw and :i.Sft,000 ste^lheftd

mf of Lake Tnboe from

.Moi

I TalUc llnl

I ■■•I ben

shiol

>- Ibis »

vll >

'111.-

u the

wnterK i>f I^ke Tiihoi', aud th-i addition
of this valuable species of trout to the

other varieties in the lake will be greatly
appreciated by the anglers of tbe slate
who enjoy the Bshing in this region.

TAHOE HATCHEBY.
I'rom Tahoe Hatchery were distributed

l."i,(,1HI niinhow and 430,000 binck-spotteil
Initit try in Ih^ streams and lakes in the
Tahoe Ilanin and in the vicinity of
Tnickis'.

FORT 8EWAHD HATCHEBV.

'Jlie streams of Humboldt and Trinity
counties were stocked with rainbow and
steel head trout fry to the number of
200,000 and 1,000,000 respectively from
Fort Seward Hatchery this season. Had
River, tributaries of Humboldt Bay, and
Eel Kiver and tributaries, received most
of the teh.

Quiunat salmon eggs received from
egg collecting operations on Eel River
neur Bryan's Rest last fall were hatched
at F'ort Seward Hatchery, together with
shipments of eggs of tbe same species
from Mount Sbasta Hatchery, and tbe
resulting fry to the number of 1,000,000
were planted in Mad River, tributaries
of Humboldt Bay and Eel River. As egg
collecting operations near Brytu's Beat
were not satisfactory, a new experimental
station was established this fall on Bull
Creek, a tributary of VM River, near
Djerville. Owing to tbe fact that there
was not enough rainfall to raise the river
sufficiently to enable the spawning fiab
to ascend the stream, no Quinnat salmon
eggH were taken early in tbe season, but
later rains during the month of November
improved condition*:.

DOMINGO SPRINGS STATION.

Tlie Bcason's o|n' rut ions at Domingo
Stirings Hatcher)' were very successful.
In addition to the raintraw trout ^gs
sent to other haU'berivs, ^17,000 were
batclied and tbe fry planted in lake* and
Kirenpis in I.assen and Placer conuties.
A shipment of 100,000 steelhead eggs was
si'ut lo Domingo Springs, and the result-
ing fry planted In lakes in that vicinity.

Lu)o-v-

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,

UKIAH HATCHERY.
The streams of Mendocino and Sonomn
i-iiunti<?K rewivH their usuel portions of
iit<^ellieaii trout trj- froiu Ukinli Hutcli-
ery tbls wason, 420,000 tish being plaoted
in the two couDtie«.

ALMANOR HATCHERY.

Egg collecting operations at Almanor

IJatchery resulted in a take ot less than

200,000 rainbow eggs. The resulting fry

were ilislributed in I.ake Almanor ami

FEATHER RIVER HATCHERY.
OperntionB at the experimental sta
eslabliabed near Blairsden on the Western
Faci&c Railroad were not successtul, ae
the water supply from Qrey Eagle Creek
did not prove to be satisfactory for fisb-
ctiltural operations. Rainbow and black-
spotted eggs were shipped to the station
to be hatched and reared, but tbey died
in great numbers both before and after
hatching. The station has been disman-
tled, and the equipment will be used at
t>uc of the other HtetioDS.

BEAR LAKE HATCHER

Fish distribution operations '
ishcd (»i September 5, and the station
closed after completlog the most
ful Gcasoii since the hatchery was estab-
jished. At the egg collecting station
North Creek, 3,500,000 rainbow eggs w
taken. After being "eyed," they were
shipped to Mount Shasts. Mount Whit-
ney, Tahoc, and Bear Lake Hatchery
Green Spot Springs; 300,000 were a
batclied at the North Cieek Station, and
planted in Big Bear Lake. A total of
1,075,000 rainbow trout try were dlstrib-
nted in streams of San Bernardino
County, and in Big Bear I^ke, from Bear
Lake and North Creek stations. At the

making regmirs and improvements at Ihe
two stations. Negotiations are now under

la.v for the purchase of a flne power boat
or Uhu in ^g collecting operations, trans-
erriug materials and supplies, etc., which
vill gr<>iitly ftirilitute the work next

BROOKOALE HATCHERY.
Steelhead trout fry to the number of
rOO.OOO were distributed in (he streams
of Santa Criui and Santa Clara counties
from Brookdale llatcliery this season, in
lo shipments of stcelhead egg!:
mnile to Mount Shasta and Mount Whit-
ney hatcheries for distribution in oilier
of the Stat.'.
WAWONA HATCHERY.
completion ot the new hatchery
at Wawona enabled us to handle the fish
ich better advootagc this year.
Streams in the vicinity of Wawona re-
ceived 75.000 rainbow and 195,000 steel-
hen d trout fry.

CLEAR CREEK HATCHERY.

A small hatchery has just been com-
pleted on Clear Creek, Lassen County,
near Wcstwood. Eggs will be shipped to
this station from Almanor and Domingo
Springs hatcheries next season, and the
fry hatched for distribution in the streams
in the vicinity ot Weslwood.

KLAMATH RIVER STATION.
The new Klsmath River Hatchery,

which is being constructed by the Cali-
fornia-Oregon Power Company, and which
will be turned over to the California Fish
anil tiame Commission when completed,
iu lieu of the construction of a fish ladder
over the Ciipco Uam, is well under way.
As it was not possible lo complete this
lialchery in time to trap this year's run
of Quiunat salmon, u temporary station
was established at Klamathon. Owing to
(be failure of the main run of salmon (o
reach the t>otnt at which the racks are
located, on account of the long dry fall,
Ibr' take is therefore mui-h bcliiw normal.

OOMSIERGIAL FISHERY NOTES.

N. If. Scon
TIDE CONDtTIONS INJURE
FISHERIES.
The unusual conditions of water tem-
perature and currents along the Cali-
fornia coaiti during the pant summer
were largely rmimnsibte for a greatly

1.11, KilJtor.

reduced cak-h of albacoro 'in southern
C«lifornia and evidently coiisod the
nppejirance of new and strange finiiea ns
elNi'where nolnl Jn this magazine. They
nisii affected the catch of sardines and
salmon and seriously handicapped tMQ

40 CAi.iHmNlA P]

growth of kelp. Fur ntarly live nioDtlie
Hflrdiucs were not found in auffitieiit num-
bers in southern Calitornin to keep the
cannerieB busy.

Kelp. ITie kelp on tlie surface of the
water ceased to gi** ind the Eerious
HhortnFic of this seaweeit which occurred
msdu it vory difficult for the kel|i potash
•'on>|>ani<>s to secure enough to supply
tlieir planlB. It ia feared that even the
new shontH, which come up and take the
place of llie long stipes on the surface
of thr water after they have liceu cut,
have been killed. The beat growing time
of the ki'lp has usually been in the winter
months. Just how the stunted Bummer
growth will affect the growth during thi
winter is as yet unknown.

It is now quite certain that the cloe
of tile war will have the effect of putting
many of the California kelp potash <
panies out oE businesn. Before the
the price of potash was about ?Ki per
ton, hut for the past year it has been
lietwei'ii *2riO and $:150 per ton. If the
price of iMtash decreases one-half, the
majority of the companiea will hav
cease oiierations. Already the demand for
potash lo be used in the manufacture of
munitions of war has ceased to exist. The
immense plant of the Hercules Powder
Company near San Diego has discontinued
harvesting kelp and has issued noti(
tis one thousand employees that shortly
their services will not be required. Tbif
uompany has done a great deal of investi
KHtion work in developing important by
products through the manufacture ol
which they eipecteii to be able to con
tiuue operations even after the close 01
the war, but it has finally been decided
that in view of the market prices that
will have to l>e met shortly and the entirt
lack at present of a market for certain
of the by-products, it will be best tc
reduce the operation*) of the plant to t
very tiniall scale anil only two or Ihret
hy-proilucta will he produced there witl

Sahiiiin. The salmon catch at Mon-
terey during the summer was only about
liiilf Ihe usual amount, The Hsh almost
entirely disappeared before the end of
.May. The "catch for June, which
u^<ually large, was a failure. Hut the fish
which escaped the hooks of Ihe Rsherraen
in Monterey Bay later madi: their appear-
ance in San Francisco Bay and the Snc-

> CAMK.

ivcr on Ihclr way lo cast their
panu in the river's headwaters. Tbeir
ippearance in the river wbb much later
than usual and at the time when the fish-
and aalmon pai:ker» were impor-
tuning the Fish and Game Commission
and the Federal Food Administration to
'Xlend the season the salmon put in their
appearance in great numbers. For a
period of two weeks the salmon kept
imiug in such numbers that sufficient
help coul<l not be obtained tu take care
of the catch. The final result haa been
■hat (he combined catch of Monterey
Bay and the Sacramento River was the
largest for several years. The amount
if salmon taken up to the end of Septem-
•er in Monterey Bay. outside of the
iolden Gate, San Francisco Bay and thc
Sacrainent« Hiver was 11,040.075 poundi<.
The catch of aalmon by trolling at Fori
Bragg was good ; the total amount of
the catch reachioR a million and a quar-
ter pounds. The run at Kel Iliver
-n-as considered a failure, the amount
taken being less than half the UBoal
catch, inie run on the Klamath Ri^-er
Iso shows a falling off-

TME SAt.MON INDUSTRY MENACED.

'I'o dam the waters of the Sacramento
at the narrow Iron Canyon above
Itnl Bluff and thus make an immense
iniiHiiiniliDg reservoir for flood control and
irrigation purposes, has for years been
a ilreata of those who would develop the
[-^sources of the upper Sacramento Valley
and of those who have been interested in
controlling the floods on the lower river.
There have been frequent efforts to make
this dream come true, but it is only re-
<-ently that there have been hopes of its
realiiation.

It is now proposed by assessing the
land in the area to be benefited and by
(he aid of the state and the United States
government to raise $20,000,000 for Uie
construction of the dam and irrigation
canals. The site of the dam is aeven
miles above Red Bluff. The proposed dam
wilt be so high that salmon ascendinE
the river to cast their spawn will not
be able to pass even by means of the
best "fish ladders" which have been de-
vised. .\a impassable dam at the Iron
I 'itnyon will cut the salmon off from all
1I11' upper tributaries in which they natu-
I'iill.v spawn, with the exception of Mill

CALIFORNIA KISU AND UAME.

41

Creek. H remedial measures can not be de-
vised tiiree-fourtbs of Uie present salmon
run will l>e lost-
Remedies which BugESHt themselves
to attempt ttr establish runs in ol
streams, egpeclalty in tributaries of the
San Joaquin and to establisb a hatcherf
at the dam. Many difficulties present
themgelres in any plan to catch sa
at the dam, chief ol which is nosultable
water temperatare. Salmon of the spring
run will not be mature enongh to wai
holding at the dam for epawninf purposes
aod if eggs are collected at the dam from
the summer and fall run, the water avail-
able for the hatching will be too warm.
Eren i( the eggs could be held in a batch-
er; at the dam until they are "eyed"
at which stage they could be shipped to
other hatcheries more favorably located on
the river above, there would still be the
problem of getting the resulting fry down
over tbe dam in their seaward migration.
If sucb a dam is built, aad It appears
now it will be built, the salmon industry
is sure to suffer an irreparable loss.

SPERM WHALE TAKEN OFF
MONTEREY.
On November 21. Monterey fishermen
found a dead spenn whale off Point Pinos
near Monterey. They towed tbe carca
Monterey where it was sold to one of the
local fish concerns for 9300. The lengtb
of tbe whale was 65 feet and it produced
ten barrels of case oil. This species of
wbale is very scarce on this coast, and
according to old residents of Monterey this
is the first sperm whale that has been
taken in that region for at least forty

Xhe serious shortage of sardiues in
southern California daring the past sum-
mer has suggested tbe idea of locating
the schools of sardines by means of
aeroplanes. The great difficulty in i-.iteh-
ing iBrdines is in locating the schools
of fish. On account of light on the
surface of the water it is <lifficnlt to
locate a school of sanlincs nulesg the
boat runs into Ihem, Fishiuj; is iisiially
carried on at night, at which time Ihe
tJiosphorescent glow caused by the sn'Im-
ming fish is more easily sten. I.nt evun at
□igfat This phosphoreijceul lif;hl ciiu lii'
seen only a short distance, 1( is a well-;
known tact that schools of fish can bel

more easily seen ti-om an elevation wheii^
the observer is away from the glare of the
reBected light at the surface o( the water.
Prom an aeroplane schools of &sh are
easily seen which are inviaible to a per-
son from tbe deck of a boat. At such
times as fishermen are unable to locate
schools of sardines, or of albacore for
that matter, It would be practicable to
employ an aeroplane for the purpose.
which adds one more argument for those
who would commercialize the aeroplane.

NEW WHALINQ STATION ON MON-
TEREY BAY.

The California Sea I'roducts Company
has almost completed a large, modem,
fully equipped whaling station at Moss
Landing on Monterey Bay, which will
employ forty men when in operation. Id
addition to tbe whaling plant this com-
pany expects in time to operate a sardine
cannery and during off seasons to use
their boats to supply fish to the fresh
fish trade-
There has been some objection to the
establishment of a whaling station on
Monterey Bay for fear that it would in-
jure the sardine industry, uuder tbe be-
lief that it is the whales that drive the
sardines into the bay. This is an old
belief which comes to ns from the Euro-
believed whales drove the herring into the
sheltered waters of the bays and fjords.
Herring do not enter sheltered waters
along the const to escape whales, but for
purpose uf spawninj! in tbe ahallow
trs where their eggs are attached to
rocks and si'nweed,' There is no evidence
that whales drive sardines into bayx.

A new Bsh i
tching sardines and other small tish
known as the purse-lorn para net. This
t is in use at Monterey and is in alt
ipeets a lorn para net except that a
purse line has been added to the hunt of
net which enables the operators to
pull the lead line in more quickly after
le net is partly in, thus impounding the
■h in the hunt of tbe net. With this
't It is easier to catch sardines in the
ly time without their Kouodlug and
tling under tbe net when it is operateil
deep water. By using this semipurs.-.
Tangenient a shallower net than otliei^-|c
ise can be used, which makes its opem-
lu [jiiicker and n

I FISH ANn GAME.

OONSEftVATION IN OTHER STATES.

CONSERVATION LESSONS FROM
MASSACHUSETTS.

Tlie MasaacbuiiettH Fish aad Game
Commissioners are calliog attentioa to
the iiced of the eonBecratioD of liah by
means of "little lessons." One of them
follows :

"The advance of civiLiiation always
decreases the natural fish and game sup-
ply. Preaeh and practice conservation.

"Don't take fish that are full of spawn;
leave them to deposit th^ir eggs and tbe
small to grow into mature fish,

"Don't take more than yoa need.

"Don't try for tbe Isrgest number; try
for the largest fish.

"Don't try to get tbe last one ; leave
some for others.

"Report violations to tlie Fish and
Oamc Commissioners.

"Bemcinbcr, tbis is your sport. No one
is as interested in it as tbe hunters and
fishermen, and it is np to you to make
or ruin iV— American FieU. May 2.
191S.

CATS BECOME GAME IN NEW YORK.
In New York a bill has been passed,
permitting any person over twenty-one
years of age who holds a bunting or
trapping license to destroy humanely a
cat at large found bunting or killing any
protected bird, or with sucb a bird in its
l>oBBession. Tbe bill makes it the duty
of the game protectors to kill all offend-

MINNESOTA QAME flEFUQES-

In the State of Minnesota, state parks
and state forest reserve lands have auto-
matically become refuges for game. Tbe
legislature of 1915 provided for a prac-
tical way of establiablng game refuges

on privately owned land. Already seveo-
teen refuges have been established in
this way, embracing 531,925 acres. The
combined area of all of the Minnesota
game refuges is 1,877313 acres. This
metbod of protecting and restoring game
has met with instant and hearty approval
by tbe people of the state and In every
instance in which a refuge has been estab-
lished, there has been a unanimi^ of
sentiment among tbe people interested
in it. — Bien. Rpt., Minn. Fish and Gnnje
Comm., 1916.

MINNESOTA DISTRIBUTES FISH.

Under the authority of tbe Public
Safety Commission, tbe stale of Minne-
sota faas been catching and distributing
fish. From October Ifi, 1917, to Janu-
ary 1, 101 ». the production of state*
caught fisb amounted to 77,851 pounds.
Great care is being exercised not to take
fish that are desirable for angling from
localities where people can and will use
lakes tor that purpose. In such localities
fishing is confined to rough fish only. As
a contribution to the food supply the state
fisliing has demonstrated its importance
and has proved to be popular and suc-
cessful. Distribution has been made
through game wardens, representatives
i>f tbe Bafety nomraission, meal dealers
and other individuals.

NEW JERSEY RESTOCKED WITH
RABBITS.

The game farm of the New Jersey
State Fisb and Game Commission has
Iwo thousand rabbits which will be dis-
tributed throughout the state. Rabbits
will be placed in districts where they have
l)een bunted out.

LIFE HISTORY MOTES.

TREE-DUCKS SUCCESSFULLY BRED
IN SANTA CLARA COUNTY.

.V pair of fulvous tree-ducks (Dviidro-
ciigiia bicolor) were secured from Ibe
State Game Farm in the fall of 1910 and
placed on my pond at Cupertino. In
June, 1917. I had a suspicion that Ihey
were inylnir. ns I found several ■■gga

which I could not classify in different
parts of llie enclosure. I have leamsd
from experience that one can not disturb
ducks during the laying and breeding
season, and in the past I know that I
have broken up several "settings" because
of my curiotiity. In June of this year
1 noted froin casual nhsu'rvance that only

CALIFORNIA KISH AND GAM^.

43

«m: ot luy fulvous ilu'^ks was on the
IkiikI. iiikI ri'ariug thnl (he utber had been
luat Of ball illiil. [ Htarled an luvestfsfttjou
and after itonic days fouiid tlm u«Kt vory
cloec to the water's edge on a It-dge of
rock in a rustic rockei'y coDStnicIed in the
pond for ornamental purpoBec. This ledge
was concealed by overtianging vines and
it nas very difficult for me to see it. Not
' wishing to disturb the birds, I did not
make a close inTestigation, but as near
aa I could tell, there were five or more
eggs in the nest. <ThiB Inst Is somewhat
of a gness on my part.) As the birds
seemed to be sitting. I left the nest
severelj alone, nod some time around the
20th of Jane (I can not give Che exact
date) I was rewarded in aeeing the
mother dock bring out four young ones
into thf pond. These little birds did not
m>peBr to me to t>e much lai^er than
young quail and I iiitcd my very beat
ffforts in an attempt to segregate them,
)>ut without avail. My present iKind in
not constructed properly for breeding pur-
poses, having been erected in the first
instance purely for ornamental purposes,
and the birds have not access to and from
the water at all points, with the result
that these little ducks became chilled and
drowned, or were molested by the other
ducks, all dying within four or five days.
—J. V. DeLavkaga.

RARE PISH PROM MONTEREY SAY.

The true halibut {Ifippoglo$>tii Uppo-
fflottu*) vita occasionally taken this last
summer (1918) in Monterey Bay. It has
not been reported before south of San
Francisco.

A specimen of a fish sometimes called
the "blacksmith" {CHromU ptinclipinnU)
was brot^ht to Hopkins' Marine Station
at Paci6c Grove by Japanese fishermen
this summer. This fish has hitherto been
unknown north of the Santa Barbara
Chnnnel. — E. C. Stabks.

MARLIN-BPIKE FrSH USED AS FOOD.
The marlin-Bpike fish (Teimptemg nuf-
■HJturii) now being caught by anglers
near Santa Catalina Island is finding a
good market in Los Angeles at a retail
price of 36 cents per pound. It is said
to he undistlugnishable in taste from the
nwordfinh. The writer recently enjoyed

eiiiiug some of it, and found it one of tbe
mn^t ilelicioun fishes he had ever tasted.
Fn'fh tuua was served ii( the Kame time
(or ooiuparisou. It was much eoarsei-
fleshed and much less delicately Savored
than the marlin-spike fish. — E. f. Stabks.

Early in the month of November, 1917,
a fulvous tree-duck (Dendrocygna bi-
color) was brought to me for identifica-
tion by Miss Ethel Emerson. It had been
caught when but a downy bird in the
salt marsh near Mountain View, Santa
Clara County, and was now nearly grown.
Several others taken at the same time
had died, one by one In captivity, but
the survivor, when placed in a large cage
with a pair of bantams, soon became very
active and contented, fjater its plaintive
whistle might be frequently heard during
the night, and at times it seemed to show
irritation at close confinemenl. It re-
mained wild and was easily fri|;htened at
the approach of people or other animals,
as dogs and cats. When opportunity of-
fered It made its escape after having
spent somewhat over a year in captivity.

The most interesting point in all this
is that it appears to furnish the first
account of the breeding of the species
in the marshes of San Francisco Bay.
and I believe that the bird has not been
recorded before in Santa Clara County.
—J. O. SriTPBB,

BANDED PINTAIL TAKEN IN
ALAMEDA COUNTY.

On November 13, 1918, I shot at Alva-
rado. CftHfomin, a pintail duck {Dafila
acuta) bearing a metal band stamped
"U. S. Biological Survey, No. 4000."
Upon returning this band to Washington
the following information was obtained :

The duck was captured while sick with
alkali poisoning at Utah Lake, cured and
banded October 10, 1916, after which it
was exhibited with others at the Utah
State Fair, and released. Its capture is
good evidence of the permanence of the
cure, and is of interest because ot the fact
that over two years intervened between
capture and the date of bnnding. — EAtii.c

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CALlt-ORNIA PISK AND G.

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CAl.IPOBNIA PlSil AND QAHE.

/lOLATIONS OF FISH AND GAME LAW!.
S«pternfaer 1, 1B1B. to D««ambcr 1, 1S1B.

Hunting nlthout license

Deer— close scaBon— killing or posHi'HRion

Female deer, spike buckB. fawns— klllinK or poBHCHBino

RuDning deer with dogs, elose seaBon -

failure to retain portion of derr head bearing hornB

Illegal deer lildea- possession

Hear- close season— killing _

Quall—close Beaaon— killing or poesessiou

Dovea— close season—killing or possession

Duek— close season- killing or possession, excess bag limit..

Shooting duekB Irom power boat In motion -

Cottontail and brush rabbits— close season— kilting or pos-
session — -

Rail— close season— killing or possession _..;

Wild pigeon— close season— killing or possession

Kongome blrds^kllllng or poBscssion

Shore birds— close season— killing or possession

Sight shooting _

Total game violations

Futft.

Angling without license

Fishing (or profit without license - _

Fluhlng with nets in restricted district

Stripi'd bass— underweight _ -

" ' -Saturday and Sunduy llBhlng close season- taking

Clams— underside— excess limit — - — S 7"i (H

AbHlonen-underBlKe— shipping out of state....- 5 75 Ui

Spiny lobsters— close season— talcing or possession 1

Total flBh violations _ _ - 42 I1.7IB 91

Grand total flsh and game vIolatlonB 188 (4.367 On

SEIZURES— FISH, GAME AND ILLEGALLY USED FISHING APPARATUS.
S<ptemb«r 1, 1911, to Dacember 1, 1918.

Deer meat _ 194 pound!!

Hides ..- - 6

Ducks - -- - 425

Quail - 49

Doves - — 1

Shore birds - 4

Nougame birds - 10

Rabbits - - S

Miscellaneous game ._ 10

Striped bass 841 pounds

Salmon - 1,^.665 pounds

Trout - - - — 64 pound;

Crabs - 157

Plsmo clams - 403

Abalones -— -- 121

Illesnl nets - - 3

SeorcAei. .,

Illegal fish Bnd game...- -.- ^-_i<-X>*^ I (i

CALIFORNIA PISH AND QAME.

1 1 m

MM

3 SSSSJS

SIS !£:;ss

l|SS|"

?SS

cnqSE^S^if _?^S«S«^ 2 = S9t'25t''^

'"''"^""Jc

rAI,lFORNU PISH AND GAME,

. 8
I

8S2S

SS8?i

iSSS

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PATROL SERVICE.

•AN FRANCIftCO DIVISION.

S. Xj. Boaqul, ConmUalaner In ChaisB' Cftii WMt«rf«hl. BtzecutlT* Offlow.

J. 8. Huntsr. AMiaUnt Ezecutlre OfBcar. B. C. Boueb«r. SpecUl AsMt

H«ad Offle«. N«w Call Bulldiiijt, Sao FMLOClaco.

Fbona Sutter IKK).

£-rt^p-*?-™2«

- -£u«

f. t H*^' -""" ."""

felKrr— -----

Meraed

Albert Mark..

J. Moore

., B. Nesbitt

J. R, Newaoni*

K. W. SmoUe]'..

Vott B»Ci

„ ... Sutter Creek

a. W. Bolt (EMIatad U. a NaTy)-Orti}ley

& J. C*lTi|aDt«r Maxwell

Qto. W. Courtrlcht Canby

■nail OraiT ^PlacemUe

SACRAMENTO DIVISION.

I*. IL Nawbert, CommlialoneT la Charca.

Gm. NMie. Aaalataat

ForuiD Bulldlnr, 8aci*iD«Dta.

Phone Uain 4100.

k. C. O'Connor Onai VftI

K. D. Rlcketta Lira C_

D. E. Rob^-ta_ HurphTa

• i.-TIi.. ^'-

W. J. Qt««i —

J. Sanders ..

C. A. Seragga..
R. I. Slnkey^

Iioomla

i-n. q7Kar„.

LOS ANQELES DIVISION.

IL J. CodacH, Cammlsaloner In CbarKe.

B. A. MoKaa. Astlatoot. Sdwln U Heddariy, AHttant

Union Leacua Bulldlnc. Loa Angalea.

Fbonea: Broadva]' llSfi; noma. ?iT06.

Santa Harlal EL H. Ober

Ventura H. L Prttchard

..San Lula OMapo A. J. Stout

San BemaTdtnal

I Webb Toma ^

DiB.1izedOyGoO<^lc

ABSTRACT CALIFORNIA FISH AND CAME LAWS

dnlvktnkl IS^mn

DiB.1izedOyGoO<^lc

] [SH-

'cONSEBVAriON OF WILD UFE THROOOH EDUCATION*

.Cooi^lc

BOARD OF nSH AND GAME COMMISSIONERS.

V. M. NHWBBBT, PiwWent Sacnmento

— 8«B Pruiclaao

OABL WB8TBBFBLD. BxccndT* OOmr—
J. B. HUNTEB, AaaiBtuit Gzacntln OOlcer—

B. D. DUKB, Attoraej — 8ui Franelaoo

A. D. FERGUSON, Field Agent (on Fnrloucb) Freno

DEPARTMENT OF PI8HCULTURE.

W. H. 8HBBLBT, In Chaise Ftehcaltnn Ban Fraodbco

B. W. HUNT, Field SnperinMndeDt Saa Fraociaoo

a. B. LAUBSON, Saperintendent Moont Shasta HatdMrj Slaaoii

W. O. FASSETT, SuperiotendeDt Fort Seward Hatchery, Ukiali, and Snow

Mountain Station Alderpoint

G. HoCLOUD. Jb., Foreman in Charge Mount WhUnef Batdwry and Rae

Lakes StktIiHi Independcsoe

G. B. WEST, FoKman in Charge Tahoe and Tallac Batcheries ^Tallac

B. V. CASSBIX, Foreman in ^taise Almanor and Domingo Spring!

Hatcheries Keddi«

L. PHILLIPS, Foreman in Cbaree North Creeic Station San Bernardino

L. J. BTINNETT, AsBlstant in Charge Klamath Station! Hombiook

G. L. MORRISON, Foreman in Charge Bear Lake Station San Bernardino

GEHD. McCLOUD, General Assistant In Charge Cottonwood Creek Station Hombtook

GUT TABLER, AnIsUnt in Cbarge Fall Creek Hatchery Copco

JUSTIN SHEBLEX, Foreman in Charge Brookdale Hatcher; Bcookdal«

J. B. SOLLNEB, Aa^tant In (3)aig« Wawoaa Hatcberr Wawona

A, K. DONEY, Fish Ladder Inspector San Francieco

A- E. CULVER, Screen Inspector San Francisco

A. M. FAIRFIELD, Inspector Water Polintion San Francisco

DEPARTMENT OF COMMKRCIAL FISHERIB».

N. B. SCOFIELD, In Charge San Prandsco

H. B. NIDEVBR, AssiiUnt L«Mie Beach

W. F. THOMPSON, Aaatstant : I>ons Bcacb

EARLE IK)WNING, Assistant San Frandaeo

. S. BAUDEE, Asrist; - . .

P. H. OTBE, Assistant

G. B. BLBHER, AsaisUnt..

BUREAU OF EDUCATION, PUBLICITY AND RESEARCH.

DR. H. a BBTANT, In Charfe

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

California Fish and Game

PUBLISHED QUABTEBLV BV TUE CAUFOBNIA FISH A„ND OAME COMMISSION.

Volume 5 SACRAMENTO, APRIL, 1919 Number 2

THE CONSERVATION OF OUR FISHERIES W. F. Thvmpton 49

TIIEBASSKS AND BASS-I.IKE FISHES— _ E. C. Slarti ua

BEAR HUNTING WITH BOWS AND ARROWS Sa*(on I'opc fiS

NOTES ON THE ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION OF THE SPINY

LOBSTER . P. 8. Bornhart 70

IS THE HERRING GL'LL INSECTIVOROUS? A. C. Burrill 71

IN MEMORIAM '.. 75

EDITORIALS 70

FACTS OF CURRENT INTEREST _ _ 91

HATCUEUV NOTES 1)2

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES.. 03

Notv's from the Long Beach Laboratory 94

CONSERVATION IN OTHER STATES 97

LIFE HISTORY NOTES 98

WILD LIFE IN RELATION TO AGRICULTIRE.-- 99

REi'ORTS—

Flshpry I'rodiiclB, October to December. 191S __ 100

Financial Report 102

Violfllions of Fish and Game Laws 103

Seiznree 103

Number or Deer Killed in Season IDIT 104

THE CONSERVATION OF OUB FISHERIES.

By WILL F. THOMPSON.

Fisheries are subject to depletion because of too intense exploitation,
as has been proved in Europe and in our own country. It is the duty
of the government, as the one element in the situation which is concerned
with the perpetuation o£ the fisheries, to be able to recognize depletion,
to know how to prevent it, and how best to promote the fisheries. It
implies knowledge, perhaps not of what we are fond of terming pure
science, but rather of applied, although the things to be applied are
frankly still in large part to be discovered. Men eiignRed in educational
work are almost invariably engrossed in the more abstract branches of
science, and the eomnierdal firms are thus far not interested in carrying
on research save for the purpose of furthering the methods of utiliza-
tion of the products. It is therefore left very largely to governmental
authorities, on whom the responsibility of regulation rests, to pursue
the subject."

i„vGoo<^lc

50

CALIFORNIA FISH AND CAME.

But what are the pn)blem3 involvi'd, and what muat hp done to recog-
nize depletion? A fishery is. one may say, the reaping of a harvest
whii'h has been sowed by Nature, and is subject to great natural Hiietii-
ations and has unknown power of resistanee in the faee of eontinual
reaping. The primitive man who went into the riei? swamps and gath-
ered his rice, without thought of how it was sowed, cr how long it took
to grow, was no worse than we are in our primitive attitude n-garding
our fisheries. The failure of his yrop threatened his livelihood, ,vet he
knew nothing regarding the causes of the failure, nor the ftuctuations
which might occur. What were tfuse changes, were they due to his
ecntinual reaping, were they preventable, or miglit they be foretold?
Just yo we are asking today, what are these great tluctnationt in our
fisheries which may mean the pnisperlty or ruin of our industry, and
how may they be prevented or foretold* If we can nut cultivate, how
may we preserve? They are elemental (juestions, indeed, to be asking
en the threshold of an era of exploitation.

Men in general do not know what they are dealing with when they
pursue a fishery for a certain species. Thus the couception that a
species is as inexhaustible as the ocean is large is an erroneous one.
The fish in the sea are distributed as unevenly throughoul its parts as
wild animals are on the land, with this (jualification. that only the bor-
ders are inhabited by them to any extent. Thus a halibut fishery exists
only iin particular small areas called banks, or parts nf banks, along
the edge of the continental self in from thirty to a hundred and fift.v
fathoni-s where the conditions are suitable. In fact, just as mountain
sheep are limited in their ranirc, so are the halibut.

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME. 51

Then what strain will a species stand 1 Some think that tho capacity
of a apivifs is limitless, because of the great number of eprss each indi-
vidual prcduws. The halibut lays over a million and a quarter eggs
• every year of its breeding life, perhaps ten million in all. and the male
produces the fertilizing sperm for the same; but this abundance <if eggs
merely foreshadows many danprers to the younjr, for from these ten
million need come but two mature animals to maintain the species.
If there were constantly more than necessary to maintain the numbers
cf the species, then the resultant increase must, however slight.
eventually overt-rowd the waters of the sea; and if there were ever so
small a lack every year, then the species must vanish ultimately. Man's
inlluenee, however ('light, like weighted dice in a game, might well, iu
the end make loss inevitable if it were not for the probability that
many fon-ew ccme into play to favor threatened species. Are those
forces potent enough to counterbalance man's influence? Do we know
that they aie sufficient to avert final loss?

But has there ever been such a loss! Have not men fished for many
centuries in the waters of Europe without over-fishing! Why should
depletion ociur now rather than long agnT Hut we know that this very-
thing has happened, and that there is good reason why it should have
happened in our day. The great plaice fisheries in the North Sea have
been proved over-fished, and in our own waters the halibut fisheries
and those for the salmon of the Frazer are good examples of the same.
And the reasons are not far to seek. They may be found in the rela-
tively recent invention of the canning process, iu the uae of steam and
gasoline for transportation, and in the use of ice and cold storage
methods of preserving food. Salmon from the Frazer is known in
Africa and Jlexico nearly as well as we know it in America. Halibut
taken by i-rteaniers anil gasoline-driven boats in the I'acilie is carried by
express trains across the continent and across the Atlantic to England
in a fre-sh condition. The cold-storage and the canning of fish have
ttholishcd boundaries and "oil-seasons" in so far as many species are con-
cerned. The net result of all this has been the recent vast enlargement
of the market, and with that has come the equally vast enlargement of
the fishing industry. This marvelous growth of our fisheries has not
been apjireciated, I am sure. Our sardine fishery, totaling iu 1917
over 1(1C.('1I(I,C00 pounds, has arisen within the last four years. The
great halibut fishery, which reached a maximum of 7O,0l)O|(H(0 pound*
a year, began iu 1890. and is now on the decline. What will the
future .show to us in this regard? Well may we think seriously, and
t()nsider our words when we feel tempted to say that the resources of
the sea are inexhaustible. The population to he fed may double its
numbers in the next fifty years, and transportation may heenmc twice
as efficient. What will happen thenT

And if the total catch continues to increase, as it has iu the past, how
may we rt-cognize the commencement of depletion? Fir.st of all we
must discount in our statistics the uiarvehuis growtli in appHratus and
e(|iiipment. and discover whether a greater effort is required ca^'h year
to gather the saiue amount of fish; in other words, ascerlain whether
decreased abundance necessitates greater effort. This means the aban-
donment cf the old statistical ideal <if portraying the magititiide of the
industry, and substituting for it a more rational one of the observation
of the real abuudance of the fish. . ,

52 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

But when a deeroase is (iiaeovered, we must know whether it is a nat-
ural one or due to over-fiHliing, and we must know in time to take
remedial measures, not when commercial extinetion has solved our
doubts. For there are great fluctuations in abundance (of verj- differ-*
ent extent in the various species) which are not the result of man's
efforts hut of natural causes, and a decrease in numbers of fish because
of such is. of course, not permanent, any more than the causes are. To
know the character of such a decrease implies a study of the biology of
the species, which provides a distinctive mark for the results of over-
fishing in many cases, if not in all. It also implies advancement of the
science of the subject, a greater knowledge of the laws which govern
the matter, for what is known at present is undoubtedly ill-defined.

The laws seem to Iw much the same as those which govern the human
population, and the results of over-fishing what might be expected if
"over-fishing" of human beings could he carried on in the same way.
If the adults are removed b.v "over-fish ins" the relative numbers cf the
adults decrease; and if the fishery continues to remove an equal number,
the catch becomes a constantly greater proportion of the total left, thus
heightening the rate of decrease. But if the young are not pmduced
because of defective spawning conditions — which can not be blamed on
the fishery — then the young are less numerous as compared to the
undiminished numbers of adults until the latter have lived out their
terra of life. Decreased abundance of ti.sh because of "over-fishing"
of the older classes is therefore marked hy decreased numbers of the
older fish as compared to the young, while the reverse is true in the case
of a natural decrease because of the failure of the young to appear.
The inference is obvious, a record of the relative numbers of adult and
young must be kept in eonncction with a record of the total abundance,
and from it can be ascertained just where the loss in abundance occurred,
the degree to which the fi.shery k responsible being to a great extent
obvious therefrom.

If the failure of a spawning season cnuld be ascertained early enough,
it would provide a knowledge of the impending chang.^>. The value of
such knowledge may well be illustrated by the history of the herring in
Europe. It is well known that from the dawn of history great natural
fluctuations in its abundance have occurred, according to which a great
industry has been built up or destroyed, carrying with it the fate of
whole towns. Recent studies by scientists in the Norwegian fisheries
service .seem to show that it is possible to forecast the magnitude of

centaga of Each Ao« In

SucccMlve Ages

CAUPORNIA FISH AND OAME. 53

the yield according to the sizes of fish taken. A great drop in the
abundance of the herring was apparently preceded by the failure of
the youngest classes to appear in adequate numbers, — in other words
a predominance of mature existed at the same time as a decrease in
catch. The success of the commercial fishery for herring during a
number of years, in fact, seems to have depended on the success of
a single year's spawning, the product of which became larger and older
every year but which was not supplemented by young produced by
subsequent spawnings. The result was the lack of small fish until
another successful spawning could occur. The consequence of the grad-
ual natural disappearance of the old fish in such a case, without another
class of small to take their place, may be easily imagined. If fiuctua-
tions of such magnitude as occurred in the herring fishery cuuld be
foretold, the doing so would be n truly great accomplishment for the
good of humanity.

Yet such a service would not be comparable to that of .<;howing that
a species as a whole is in danger, that man's operations are incurring
a preventable catastrophe. Depletion from over-fishing is. obviously,
very likely to be confused with natural decreases due to things other
than over-fishing, or man's demand for food. The ability, then, to
distinguish natural fiuctuations due to the spawning seasons for instance,
should enable us to recognize the results of over-fishing with greater
clearness. This is without doubt the most important service to be ren-
dered by a study of the fiuctuations.

So we most obser\'e the ela^fses of various aged fish as early as possible,
distinguishing them with the greatest possible exactness, in order that
the nature of a change in abundance may be known, whether caused
by natural fluctuations or by over-fishing. How far this is from realiza-
tion in all of our species is a strikinpr testimonial to the indifference
of man.

To do these things we iiiu.'st know the ages of the fish taken. We
must be able to contrast two-year-old fish with those six years old, to
recognize the youngest fisli, and to be able to tell in what year any
individual or class of individuals was lioni. If we do not know the
year of birth we can not trace back the failure of the spau'niug season
to the occurrence of any particular phenomenon or group of phenomena.
This means the discovery of the age of the fish, not merely of a particular
class, but of the individual, a subject difiicult in itself.

"We may illustrate the most obvious method of finding the age by
comparing the fish on a given bank to an orchard planted at different
times. There will be some variation, but trees planted in a given year
will approach the same height, and the heights for the successive years
will be very different. So if all the trees planted in each year were
grouped, we might have well-defined size groups, and anyone looking
at them would say, here is the one-year group, here the second, and
so forth. And so it is with the fi.sh : they arrange themselves in natural
groups, according to the age. But when they become very old, the
growth both of the trees and of the fish slackens, so that the difference
l>etween those born in different years becomes less than the difference
between individuals, and Hie age can not be told.

Hut this is a i-umbrous method. It could be ■■nri'icd out once in each
case, to corroborate other methodN, and then alij.ii loned, as has usually

2— < 4620 , - I

LnOO<^IC

54

C.UJPOBNIA FISH AND GAME,

H'tlidd Is til iiHt' the mnrkR h-ft on the IianI
is piisMilili' to iiw tlic riiips li'ft in the hhhwI

lipeu done. A prcfcriibU'
parts of tln' fish, just «h i
of the tree.

The reaiiou fur theKc iiiarkti iij tlioiit;ht to <-xi;st in tlio nature of the
growth of the fish. Its 8iirn)unding8 trovern its growth, just as its
temperature depends entirely on tlie temperature of the water. The
seasons modify profoundly all the I'onditions of its surroundings, and
n-ith them the growth of the fish. During the winter mouths, growth
and activity bet'onic much dei-reasi'd, somewhat as those of a lizard or
snake do. The tree grows by adding' to its tnmk a thin layer of woody
tiiwue, and the part laid down during Die eoliler months of the growing

^e-

^^^

J.

^

2. '

m

Iv

S. ■

^,

^

-^^

^^L

■f.

fe

3

S. '

^

^^^

''^ — i^y

^=^S=q

5=^^1

[. 19. Groii|>; of fish

an.1 Ihc dificultr of

rngth ot each g.oup shown

season differs radii-ally in structure from that laid down during the
warmer. And so it is. presnnuihly, with the fish and its hard part^,
such as the s<'ales. the otoliths or ear hones, and the bones of the body
and head, although to he sure we cnn not attribute all the changes to
the one condition, teiriperatnre. directly. The {jrowth is by addition,
leaving behind the old strni-ture to tell the tale of the seasons that are
past. Forest trees may fell of fires that have pa.ssed their way, of cold
years, of warm years, of erowdinji by other trees, and of alt the tragedies
of the forest. So in a measure do the scales of the fish tell of birth, of
years of plenty and of scarcity, sometimes of .^pawning, of injury, and

CALIPOHNIA FliSlI AND GAME.

55

of migration, but tlirongh it all tlicce is the tale of the seasons, tlie
fundamental rhythm of existenee among the lower animals.

We find that a scale is made up of many small rings, or eirculi, but
that at certain regions these are closer together, or that there is a mark
or break in the continuity of the pattern on the scale. These parts
which are thus marked are those in which the gi-owth was affected, or
even stopped. So there is a mark on the scale of the fish when it reached
its first winter; and what was added during its second and its third
summers, is clearly separated by other winter marks. We find that
wJicD we read the ages by these scales, the individuals in each of the
size groups mentioned above and compared with trees in an orchard,
are of tbe same age. and that the first size group has one annual ring,
the second two and so forth, showing that the reading from the scales

corresponds with the size groups and hence must be accurate. Such
a comparison has not been carried out in all species, hut in a sufficient
number to place the facts on a firm basis.

The same is true of the otolith. Tt is a calcareous formation in tlie
ear of the fish, which grows by successive concn'tions. The ear of the
fish is not visible from the imtsidc. but is nevertheless well developed,
with semicircular canals much like those of men. and in one of the
sac-like parts is deposited the otolith. The portions formed during
the winters have much less organic matter in tlii-ni than the layers
formed during the summers, and hence are easily distinguishable.

56 CAI,1P()RNIA FISH AND GAME.

Thus we may know the nge of the fish, and know when it spawn.*.
how old it becomes before it dies, and we may know these things regard-
ing each individual. This renders it i>oasible to know in what year
fish belonging to an abundant year class were spawned, and under what
conditions they were born; therefore, why they were abundant. "With-
out a knowledge o£ this kind, which would indicate when the results
of particular phenomena might be expected to become evident, it is
obvious that the careful study of such phenomena is meaningless from
the standpoint of the fisheries. The ago reading also renders it possible
to accurately compare the numbers of fish of various ages, something we
could not otherwise do, because if we r<'lied on size groups we would
confuse the ten-year-old fish with those nine and eleven years, or even
eight and twelve years old. But aside from these more important
things, there are. niitiirally. many things upon which a knowledge of the
age throw.s liglit. Tims it is possible to prove that fish grow faster in
one locality tbiin in aniiliier. Tlicn' is. indeed, nmch to be worked oat,

and much to be proved in the case of tiie individual species, and even
in regard to the general principles governing the different species.

In every species the light thrown by a knowledge of age, even when
most brightly, is dependent for its imjiortanee on a knowledge of whether
it is shown for the whole of a species or for merely a small part which
may happen to be involved by the fi.'ihery. "W'e must know whether the
locality is rcprcsentntivc, or whether it is isolated from the others.
Perhaps we could cittch all the fish in erne locality and the numbers of
fish in other localities would not diiiiinlsli. there being therefore no
danger to the species as a whole. Similarly, the value of protection to
a limited area is subject to the same considerations. But, it may well
be asked, how is it possible to diseovcr this isolation, when we can not

C<\LIFORNIA FISH AND OAHE. 57

see below the surface of the waters to ivateh the coming and going of
the fish T It is difficult, but possible, as m'c sliall see.

We know that when a village of men is isolated, and the inhabitants
interbreed for a sufficiently long time, a dialect grows up. and ultimately
certain physical characteristics seem to mark the inhabitants. The
formation of the dialect is a rough measure of the degree of isolation
of the group. So it is with a school of fish, or those inhabiting a certain
region, their separation from others leads in time to the formation of
SBnall peculiarities of habits and structure. If the separation is simply
lifelong, perhaps only those characters will be changed which have to
do with the amount of food obtained, such as the length of the head
and the rate of growth. But if isolation is complete, and has leisted for
many thousands of years, there are deeper, more fundamental differ-
ences, of habit and stroeture. These are indications of the degree of
isolation.

TABLE 2.
Tabl« Showing Difference In

UriUat: OolumWa-

Polnt Gtty

Pender Eerbor ...
Pender Baibor ...

Osllfomls-
SiD PranclKo „ -- SI 60.7

*yroin TliampHon, "A Oonlrlbutlna to the Lite HJhIoft ot th? Pai^nc Herrlne." Rfport
Briltih Columbln Commissioner ol fisbe'ri^, IMS.

Therefore, it has become a well-recoguized method of research, to
take samples of fish from different regions and to compare them care-
fully by minute measurements, such as the length of the head, the shape
of the skull, and the number of fin rays. The results are sometimes
astonishing, for well- recognizable groups may be made oiit in many
species of fish. The implication is always that there is no migration
between the groups, that each group has its home waters, to which it is
confined, or that it has well-defined habits which keep the stocks
separate.

Another method used is to place on the fish silver tags, piercing the
fins or the body for the purpose, and then to release the marked indi-
vidual alive, with the hope of retaking it, or of having a fisherman
return it. By keeping a record of where and when the fish was
released, it is possible to discover how far it has traveled and at what
rate. The trouble, nntiirally enough, is that the fish, because of the
irritation, may travel farther and faster than it ever would naturally,
and may perhaps leave "home" when it would not under usual con-
ditions.

Sometimes advantage is taken of the fact that fish from a certain
locality may be characterized by marks left on the scales by some local
condition. Then the dispersal of the marked group may be traced from

.Goo'^lc

58 CALIPUEMA PISII AND GAME.

year to year. An attompt lias bccti mndc to use this mctlKHl in the case
of the herring, and also in the i'ii.se of the .soi-keye salmon, where the
scales are marked hy the eliaracter of the ^rowtli during the first year
or two. In the latter this has h'tl to the klentifltation of the birthplaces.

There are also other methods nseil of di.spovering the rate of movement,
but none as valid. Tims when fish are abundant in one locality dnring
one sea.son, and alxindant in another <lurint: the season following, migra-
tion is naturally supi^wcd. by many peo|>h', to have occurred. In an
extreme <'ase of the use of this metlwiil. mai-kcrcl being abundant in
Europe while they were not in Amerietm waters, nuiny men drew the
eonclusion that the maekerel had migrated acrosji the Atlantic. But
there was no evidence to show that the di sap pea ranees and appearances
were not simply the result of great Huctnations in the success of the
spawning seasons. The dangers of such eonelusions should be obvious,
particularly when the imperfection of any known measure of the real
abundance of the fish, such as the returns from particular niethmls of
fishing commercially, is known. There were also at one time theories
that the herring of European waters lived around the North Pole, and
that they eame down from the Arctic seas in great armies, the German
JJetre. These armies, or schools, were supposed to move around
England and return to the far north. Now it has been proved that the
herring of the Baltic, of the English Channel, of Iceland, and other
localities, are of separate stocks which intermingle hut slightly, if at
ail, and that Ibey do not migrate in any such fnshion. The method used
to discover the truth was that which lias just Im-cii mentioned of meas-
uring the physical characteristics.

On the whole the tendency is to discredit migrations of great extent,
but there arc si'veral marvelous migrations well known. Certainly the
eel, which lives in fresh water, goes into mid-ocean to spawn. And just
as certainly the salmon of the Pacific cfmies in out of the sea and passes
np rivers thoiisantla of miles long to spawn at the headwaters. But
the quick assumption of long marine migrations, as that of the alhacore
into Jlexiean waters, is certainly to he deprecated. It is so easy to
ptratulate complex migrations to explain varying appearances of fish in
different localities in different seasons that to cver.v species is ascribed
such movements hy the fishermen, with all the certainty in the world.
But it is better, without doubt, to suspend judgment until actual facts
from other .sources are at hand to corroborate such theories.

It should be evid<'nt from wliat has been said that there is much to
learn before over-fishing may be ascertained, or its extent judged. The
problems to be met arc large ones, yet not insuperable. The appli-
cation of the acfpiired knowledge in order to prevent depletion is a
considerable problem in itself. Over-fishinir may always be stopped by
restricting the fishery in an.v way. however crude and harmful the
restriction may be. but flic application of measures which will so dis-
tribute the restriction as tc) do the least harm to the fisliery and the
most good to the sjiccii's is a difTcrcnt matter. Primarily, it Ls possible
to restrain the fishery wherever it imposes its greatest drain on the
.su|»pl.v, with II good chance of efrcctlveness; but that might not be the
lu'st available method. The most general principles underlying the
subject are. as a maltiT of fact, unknown or undiscu.s.sed, despite the
many legal measures passed liy the legislatures.

i„vGoo<^lc

CALIFORNIA FTSH AND GAME. 59

"We may ask, for instauee. why the spawning season should be so
liersistentiy an object of proVet-tion. The eggs are slowly developed
throughout the year, indeed throughout the life of the individual, and
the death of a female in January (-ertainly destroys as many eggs as its
death in June, if the spawning season comes in June. The matter would
seem to be one of securing the survival of an adequate number of indi-
viduals throughout their normal lifetimes, so that there would be enough
of them to produce eggs, liut that implies care that too many young
are not taken, just as it implies care that too many adults are not taken.
In short, the value of the individual at the various times of its life must
be known, so that it may be used when it is of the least value to the
species and of the most value to the tlsherraan. We are still far from
sucb a knowledge of biology as that implies.

The impressiim that it is sought to convey throughout this paper ia
that in order to conserve our fisheries, there are many problems t<i be
solved, all of them important. Among them that of the adnntion of
statistical methods liaving for their oliject the ascertainment of the
abundance, rather than the amount taken, easily comes first. But siich
a substitution can not he made without a knowledge of biology to supple-
ment and guide it. And the biological phases of fishery science are in
themselves many and important, dealing a-t they do with the rate of
growth and the movements of the fi.sh. Then finally, there is almost no
adetiuate knowledge concerning the methods of conservation, or the
prevention of depletion. AVe are at the threshold of a period of exploita-
tion of our fisheries and wc must he sure that we begin an era of
scientific investigation of our fisheries in time to adequately guide and
control the exploitation.

The dependeoue of the statistical method and biological study upon
each other necessitates their prosecution by an agency capable of giving
the investigation its needed scope. Adequate statistics can be gathered
by a government only, and the same is true of the biological data
required. The responsibility therefore rests upon the state, in whose
hands lies the legislative control of the fisheries.

THE BASSES AND BASS-UEE FISHES OF CAUFOBHIA.

Families Serranidae, Haemulidae, and Eyphosidae.

By EDWIN C. STARKS, Stanrard Unlvenity, California.

The basses are the most fish-like fishes, so to speak, for they represent
more than others the typical spiny rayed fishes. They have been usually
selected as types of fishes for books of anatomy and textbooks since the
time the great Preueh zoologist, Cnvier, so used the yellow perch early
in the last century,

AH of the families of ba&s-likc fishes group about the central family,
Serranidie. They and the mackercl-likc fishes apparently were
descended from a common ancestor. Also related to the basses arc the
croakers, though less closely than any of the fishes here included.

It is not at all desirable to here disi-usS the technical characters that
define these fi.shew. It is sufficient to say that the first dorsal fin is made
up of spines, the vcntrals arc placed hut little behind the pectorals and
joined to the shoulder girdle internally, the antil fin is usuall.v with three
Kpines, the ventrala with one spine and five soft rays, and the scales

jOOt^lc

60 CALIFORNIA FIKIl AND GAME.

rough with littk' spimilcH on tlicir margiDs. This last may be appiv-
ciated by passiQK the fiiij,'<'r over the wali-s in tiii' direction of the head.
Keprpwutativi'.s of this Rnrnp oniir pverywhcre in fresh and siilt
water, pxi^ept in t)ie Arcti(! ri'tiioiiB. They an- very nnnierouB in the
tropies and often very brilliantly colored. Among them are some of
the largest of bony fislies wt well as Koine of the smallest, ranging down-
ward from the giant sea basses to the pigmy bud tishes and darters, some
of which are fully grown at a length of between one and two inches.

KEY TO THE BASSES AND BASS-LIKE FISHES OF CALIFORNIA.
1. Tbe vomer with leelli. A xiiialt jiortioD of Ihp upper edge onlf of the maxillary
hidden by the boues just above it (preorbilnl boues) when the mouth is cIobiiI.
2. Side of body with welT-inarked leiisthwisc slripps. Striped baei. Itor-

eut litteatui. Pnge 62.
2-2. Side of body without wpll-innrkeil Htripe«.

3. Spines of firnt doi'siil shorter thnn ray!) of second. The two dorsals
not much uiiiteil. Siie very large. Black tea bait or Jewfith.
Slereolcpii gigai. Page C2.
3r-^. longest spines of first dorHal as long or longer than Ihc rays of
second. The dorsals broadly united. Size not eieessively large.
4. No small round siiots on head or body. The third dorsal
spine not over twice as lung as tbe second and a little shorter
than the fourth. Tbe preorbital bone at its narrowest part
scarcely over half as wide as the diameter of the eye. flock
Bait or Sand Bai». Faralabrax clathToiui. Page 66.
4-4 Nuraeroiis small rouml upots scattered over the head, or head
and body. Tbe third dornal spine at least three tiroes as long
as the second, and longer than the fourth. Narrowest part of
prenrbitnl aliout as wide as eye.

f>. The small muad simls confined to the side of the head,
and usually some are on side of tail just is front of the
caudal fin. Johiing Vci'Jc or lirlp Haea, I'aralitbrar
nebuli/er. Page 08.
5-ri. The sniiill riHind wpois siatlcred over the head and
almost the entire iMidy and tins. Spoiled Kelp Hast or
Cahrilla. i'aralabraj: maeiilaliifetiriatut. Page G7.
1-1. The vomer without tei'lh. A cmisidi'mUle jmrl of maxillary slijij^ng under
iMinfs just atiove it. when mouth is cIokciI.
(!. Pectoral (in iioiuliil and vcacliinK pntit lips of ventruls.

7. A dark l>nnd extcncling <lownwar[l from middle of spinous dontal.
Base of iH'Ctnral lilnck. Third anal spine shorter than sccoud.
Sargo, AiiiiotrfmHi dai-idioiii. Page 03.

7-7. N« dark hand downwanl a<-r<iHs lKi<1y. hut several dark 8tri|)es run-
ning lengthwise on body. Iliird anal spine longer than si>con<l.
Big-Eyed Baas, Xenittiut calif ornicnitit, I'age 64.
ti-fi. Pc4'loral tin rouiidrd and not reaeliiiig iinst liin of veiitrals.

8. No scales nn gill cover l)eliinil ]ir.>o|H>n-uluui. ICach tooth divided
into three jMinty. IK)rsal aud anal roiindnl in outliue. fVri'cn-
fi»k or Opal Eye, Oirella nigrica»». Page C5.

»-S. Gill cover fully si'nlei!. Teelh single ]>oinlpd. Porsat and anal
rising to an angle in front, straight edged or slightly coocave along
tii>s of rays when fin is siiread. and sharp pointed behind as tip of
last ray. Ualf-Vmm Fish, iledinhinn cnHfomienaig. Page (il!.

GLOSSARY.

Anal, fin: The unpaired fin aionf.- the lower .side of the body.

Caudal fin -. The tail fin.

Dorsal fin : The fin along tbe back. Sometimes separated into a first
and seeond dorsal, the first part, whether separated op not. composed of
spines in these fishes.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA FISn AKD GAME.

61

Fin rays: Tlie softer dpiiients that stiffen tlie fins. Differing from
spines in not bciuff sharp. They are usually branched liki; those that
make up the second dorsal in these fishes.

Fin spines: Stiffer than rays, sharp at the tip and unliraneliod.

Head: The head is measured from the tip of the snout along its side
to the edge of the gill eover.

Lateral Une : A line of pore bearing scales along the side of the body.
In these fishes it is more or less arched upward and follows the outline
of the back.

Maxillary: The flattened bone just above the mouth and just above
and behind the premaxillary.

Opercte : The gill cover just behind the preopercle.

Pectoral fins or pectorals : The fins just behind the gill openings, one
on each side of the body.

Premaxillary: The bone bordering the upper jaw that bears the
teeth.

Preopercle : The bone just behind the cheek that forms a ridge down-
ward across the gill cover and turns at an angle forward.

Preorhital: The bone just in front and below the eye. It reaches
downward to the maxillary and its surface is covered with thin mem-
brane.

Snout : That part of the head in front of the eyes.

Ventral fins or ventrals: The pair of fins on the lower side of the
body under the pectorals.

Vomer: A single unpaired bone that lies in the roof of the mouth
directly behind the middle of the upper jaw. Do not mistake the
palatines for it. They lie one at each side of the vomer parallel with
the side of the jaw, and may or may not bear teeth.

FAMILY SERRANIDve

The Striped Bass (Roccus lineatua).

This well-marked fish may be at once known by the dark horizontal

stripes on the body, teeth on the vomer, a spine at the angle of the gill

cover, and the pectoral fins not longer than the ventrals and not reacliing

:. 21. Striped bai

SO far back. There is another fish on our coast that has such stripes,
but ]they are not so well marked and it lacks the above combination of
characters. The eye is three or four times wider than the narrowest

3-^4620

i„vGoot^lc

G2 Calipurnia fish and game.

iwrt of tlu! prcorbital just Iwlinv it. Tlio inaxitlHry n-achcfi to helow
till- middie of the i-yi', Tlic numtli is aniu'd with nithor fine sharp teeth.
St-alea extend on top of the head to in front of the eyps. The edge of
the preoperele is divide<l into many small sharp spines. The dorsal
fina are separate from each other and about etiual in height. The second
dorsal and anal have a sharp angle at the tips of the first rays. The
middle caudal rays are shorter, making the outline of the fin concave.

The color is silvery with brassy and coppery reflections, and marked
with seven or eight blackish stripes, one of which is along the lateral line.

The striped baas, though not a native member of our coast, is one of
our important food lishes. It was introdiiecil from the Atlantic coast
and has become abundant. It is caught to the limit of safety to the
species, and being a much advertised fish it commands a high price.
Though it is without question a very fine food fish, it is rather overrated.
This fish reaches a weight of 80 or 90 pounds, and one was once
reported on the Atlantic coast that weighed 112 pounds.

Tha Black 8»> Baa* or Jewfith (Steraolepit gigat).
This gigantic fish may usually be known by its size. The body is
broad and robust, and covered with rather small scales. The top of the
head between the eyes is wide and not very convex. The eyes are small,
several times shorter than the length of the snont or the space between
them. In small ones the edge of the preoperele is divided into spines.
but the edge becomes nearly entire in large ones. Pine teeth are in
broad bauds on the jaws. The dorsal fins are separate, and the first one
is composed of short, stout spines that are shorter than the rays of the
second dorsal. The pectorals arc rather round in outline, and reach
past the tips of the ventrals. It is very dark brown or nearly black
in color.

This huge fish is rather abundant in southern California, and it is
taken as far north as the Farallonc Islands. It reaches a length of six
feet, or sometimes even more, and a weight of 500 or 600 imunds.
A considerable amount of its flesh, cut in large cjiunks and salted, finds
a ready market. Its flesh, however, is not of the best, being rather
coarse grained. Those of small or moderate size are said to be better
than the large ones. It is a famous fish among the anglers of big game
fishes, and monsters of nearly 500 ponnds have been taken on tackle
unbelievably light. Related to it is a huge jewfish of the south Pacific
that is said to reach a length of 12 feet.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND QAHE. 63

The accoiiip allying drawiDg is a ('ompiisite i-ei^onstmctcd from several
|)!iotograph8, ail of wliieli show the (islira ining l>y tlio lower jaw and
the head imu-li distorted, Tlic piiotographs show eonsideral)te variation
in the depth of the body as compared with the length, and a marked
variation in the relationship of the anal fin below the soft dorsal. In
some the two fins end evenly behind. In others the ana] projects much
farther backwards.

Rock Batt or Sand Bat* (ParaJabrax clathratui).
As in the other members of this family the vomer is rough with small
teeth, and the hind part of the upper edge of the maxillary is but little
hidden under the preorbital bone just above it. The third dorsal spine
is about twice as long as the second and scarcely as long as the fourth.
The eye is twice as wide as the bony part of the preorbital space just
below it. Small, fine spines are on the edge of the preoperele bone,
and a flattened spine is just in front of the soft flap at the edge of the
gill cover. It isateel-gray below with the upper part of the side mottled
and barred with broad blotches of dark color with silvery gray between.
The fins are all tinged with yellow. There are no small, round, dark
spots on the head or body. Fig. 24.

This bass is an excellent food fish. It reiiehes a length of 19 or 20
inches and. a weight of 5 pounds. It is found from San iraneisco
southward along the Lower California coast, and is most al in lant below
the Santa Barbara ('hannel. This and the oth r two spec es of
Paralabrax are all known as rock bass, kelp bass, and cabnlla without
distinguishing between them. I have more or less arbitrarily restricted
the use of these names in the hope that the species may be more con-
sistently distinguished from each other by common names.

Kalp Bats or Johnny Verde (Paralabrax nebulifar).

This ba.^ may be known by tiic small, round, dark spots on the side

of the head, particularly below and in front of the eye, and, usually,

on the side of the tail just in front of the caudal fin. The teeth on the

, , ■: ,GtX>^lc

64 CAUFORNIA FlSn AND QAUE.

vomer and tlic relative inverinj^ of Iho niHxillary liy tlic jireorbital i.s as
in the rock bass. The third dorsal spine is eonsiderably more than twice
as long as the second and is longer than the fourth. The eye is as wide
as tlie Irony part of the j»reorbital sjmee just below it. The spines on
the edge of the preoperele and the flat spine on the gill cover do not
differ much from those of the roek bass. The small seales on top of
the head extend forward to opposite the f i-oot of the eyes. The ground
color is solid greenish to under the middle of the second dorsal, behind
which the color of the back and side is irregularly broken with short
wavy lines. The under parts of the body are pure white. On the front
of the body are some traces of irregular dusky bands extending down
and back. The first dorsal bas a large dusky spot in front, and the
anal fin is a bright slate-blue. The cheek and region below the eye arc
covered with small round golden or yellowish-brown spots. Pig, 25,

Fig, 25. Johnny Vcidr or kctp bass (roraiabrox nfltuliftr).

This bass is a very good food fish, differing little in this respect from
the roek bass and spotted kelp bass. It is rather abundant on the coast
of southern California, and has been occasionally taken as far north as
Hlonterey Bay, while southward it extends its range along Lower Cali-
fornia. It reachts a len}^th of about 18 inches.

Spotted Kelp Bai> or Cabrilla (ParaJabrax maculatofaecFatui.)

The spotted bass may he at once known by the small spots that every-
where cover the head and body and extend over the second dorsal and
caudal fins. In common with the other members of the family
Serranidfe the vomer is rough with fine teeth and the maxillary is only
slightly hidden by the bones above it. It resembles the kelp bass
(P. nebuHfer) and differs from the rock bass (P. chthratus) in having
the third dorsal spine longer than the fourth, and the eye as wide as
the prcorbital space below it. It differs from the kelp bass in color, and
in having the fine scales on top of the head not extending forward
beyond the middle of the eye.s. The color is greenish-brown covered
over with small, round, dark brown spots very close together. These
extend onto the soft dorsal, caudal and anal fins. On the side of the
head the spots are smaller and tinged with golden color. Six or seven
dusky bars extend down from the back across the body. On these the

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 65

spots are darker and more or less run together, A dusky-bluisli strea);
extends from the eye down and back across the cheek. Fig. 26.

This is one of the very few shore fishes found on our coast that extends
its range southward as far as Mazatlan, Mexico. It has not been
reported north of the Santa Barbara Channel. It reaches a length of
18 inches and as a food fish ranks with the other two basses of the
genus Paralabrax.

Fig. 26. Spoiled kelp bass or cabrilla (Paralabrat marulalofascialas).

FAMILY H/EMULID/C.
Sargo (AnitotrBmu* davidtoni).
The sargo is a deep bodied fish that may be at once known by the
dark band that extends down across the body, and the dark spot on and
above the pectoral base. The mouth is sniatlj slightly sloping from
the horizontal, armed with fine teeth set in bands, and with thick, fleshy
lips. When the mouth is closed the lower jaw scarcely projects beyond
the upper. The maxillary, which is considerably covered by the hones
above it, scarcely reaches back to under the front of the eye. The edge
of the preopercle Ls armed with small spines. The ba.sc of the spinous
doraal is longer than the second dorsal. The dorsals are connected,
and the longest spines are longer than the longest rays. The base of
the anal is short, or scarcely equal to more than half the distance from
the anal to the base of the ventral spine. The caudal is somewhat
forked, or deeply concave behind. The pectoral is long and pointed,
about as long as the head and reaching well past the tips of the veatrals.
Color grayjah-silvcry, dark above with many dark points. A black
cross-band extends down from the middle of the spinous dorsal across the
sido to a point on a level with the pectoral base. The base of the pectoral
is black, with the black extending some distance upwards and touching
the edge of the gill cover.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

C.U.1PURNIA FtSlI AND QAUE.

This huh ranges from San Pedro Bonthward along the Lower Cali-
fornia coast. In the Bummer time it is reported to be not uDcommon
al>out San Diego and the Santa Barbara Islands. It reaches a length
of somewhat over a foot.

Thi

Big-eysd Baa* (Xaniitiui calif orniansii).
is not a true bass, but belongs to the related family Rtemulids.

It has no teeth on the vomer, and a eonsiderable portion of the maxillary
is covered by the bones just above it. It somewhat resembles the striped
bass in the shape of the fins and in having stripu's lengthwise of the
body, l>Ht the stripes are not nearly so conspicuous. The eye is very
large; its diameter greater than the space between the eyes on top of
the head, and about equal to the distanee from its front margin to the
tip of the lower jaw when the mouth is closed. The mouth is moderate
in size, very oblique, and with the lower jaw projecting beyond it in
front. There is no flat spine pointing backwards at the hind angle of
the gill cover. The maxillary reaches to opposite the front of the large

idovGoOt^lc

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 67

papil. Fine spines are around the edge of the preoperele. The pec-
toral is pointed and extends farther back than the ventral fins.
The first dorsal is rather triangular in shape, almost separated from the
second dorsal, and is composed of rather stiff spines. The second dorsal
resembles the anal fin. The scales feel very rough when the finger is
passed over them in the direction of the head. The color is bright
silvery, bluish above. Six or seven dark orange-brown stripes run
lengthwise of the body.

The big-eyed bass reaches a length of about a foot, and is found from
southern California southward along the Lower California coast. It is
reported to be sometimes common about San Diego.

FAMILY KVPHOSID/E.
Gr«enfiih or Opal Ey* (Girella ni|
The greenfish has a bluntly rounded head and

I moderately deep

body. Small teeth are in bands on the jaws, attached to the membrane
only and freely movable. Examination with a magnifier will show that
each tooth is divided into three points. The maxillary is entirely hidden
under the bones above it, leaving only the preraaxillary in sight when
the month is closed. The maxillary scarcely reaches to below the front

of the eye. The edge of the preoperele is not divided into fine spines,
and behind it the gill cover is devoid of scales. The spinous dorsal is
much longer than the soft dorsal and broadly attached to it. The
spines do not decrease much in length towards the last ones, and the
longest ones are about as long as the longi'st rays. The rays of the
anal fin are about as long as the base of that fin. The pectoral is short
and rounded, nearly as long as the head, and scarcely reaching as far
hack as the tips of the venlr«Is. The caudal fin is slightly concave.
The color is olive-green, paler on lower parts, the fins dusky greenish.
Small ones hnvi' a yellowish spot uu. the hack, and the fins have liright
blue borders. The blue color qiiickly fades when the fish dies. The
eye is a beautiful opal blue and green, hence the name, opal eye, that
is sometimes applied to it. It is also called bluefish and blue-eyed perch.

68

CALIFOBNtA Fltil!

The former oame should be discouraged as it is oot related to the
famouR bluefish, and the latter is doubly unfortiiuate, for it is neither
a perch nor related to the fishes on our coast that we wrongly call
perches. The name was doubtless given it from a fancied resemblance
to the false perches, but aside from the shape of the body, it has
nothing in common with them.

Though the greenfish is herbivorous, feeding very largely on sea
weed, it will bite a hook baited with a bit of clam or abalone. It scarcely
esefeds a foot in leogth, and when fresh is a food fish of very good
quality, but its flesh is rather soft and does not keep well. It is found
in abundance from Ran Francisco southward to the coast of Lower
California. Small ones arc very abundant in tide pools.

Half Moon (Medialuna californioniii).
The half moon is a compressed deep bodied fish that may be known
from its relatives on our coast by the complete covering of fine scales
that extends over the anal and second dorsal fins, and to a leas extent
over the caudal. The mouth is small, slightly oblique, and armed with
fine c\en teeth set in broad bands. The maxillary scarcely reaches
back to lielow the front of the eye. The lower jaw scarcely projects

iH'yond the upper when the mouth is closed. The edge of the preopercle
is thin, membranous, and not divided into fine sharp points. The first
dorsal is connected with the second and is very much lower, the longest
spines being little longer than the diameter of the eye. The anal is
shorter than the soft dorsal but resembles it in shape, being highest in
front, where it rises to an angle and sharp pointed behind at the tip
of the last ray. The caudal is evenly concave behind. The pectoral is
rounded, mnch shorter than the head, and not reaching nearly so far
hack as the tips of the vcntral.s. The color is dark steely gray, lighter
below, and more or less moltlcd, all of the fins are dark, and the dorsal
and anal nearly black.

Thi« fish is verj- hcauliful in its lines and color. It is taken in con-
siderable abundance almut nicky places on the southern California
loast. and is reiinrtecl In he a very •rood pan lish. It reaches a length
of about a foot.

CALIFORMtA FISH AKD GAME. 69

BEAR HUNTING WITH BOWS AND ARROWS.

By SAXTON POPE. .-——■—

For some years back a number of lis id San Franeiaco have been
hunting with the bow and arrow, purely for sport. A powerful bow
is an effective weapon, but it takes months of practice to be able to
shoot it well. Such a bow pulls 75 pounds.

Having killed rabbits, quail, squirrels, bobcats, skunks, foxes, and
deer, we naturally wanted to try our hand on a bear. We knew that a
bear is a hard animal to kill even with a gun, but we also knew that
the Indians killed him with a bow. So we wanted to find out just how
much there was to the game. Our friends of course were very skeptical.
They said that an arrow would hardly go through his hide.

Fig. }I. Black

wilh bowB and anoKS by Arthur Young and Saxlon Pop
in Panlhffn Canyon, Humboldl County, California.

We got in communication with Thomas Murphy of BloeksburR, Hum-
boldt County, who hunts bear as a business. He has been at thia sort
of thing for thirty years and never fails to get about a dozen bear
every winter. So we packed up our strongest bows and several dozen
broadhead arrows, and Arthur Young and I went up to Blocksburg.

Murphy was willinR to let us shoot at a bear, but he insisted upon
carrying a gun in case of aecidonts. He said he didn't want to lose a
valuable dog over the affair.

After four unsuccessful hunts, we at last treed a good-sized bear up
a tall fir. After securing the dogs, Mr. Young and I took our stand
about thirty yards from the base of the tree, on the sidehill, and let
drive two arrows at one time. Both shafts struck the bear in the
chest, going completely through, feathers and all.

Quick as a flash the bear wheeled about and began descending the
tree. We ran up close and shot him again as lie neared the ground, and
bounded down the hill. Murphy turned the dogs loose, and tbey all
went crashing through the brush together.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

70 CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAUE.

Pretty a(Min wv licanl tlu-iii Iwy him asrain. iiiid wii riislipd a quarter
of a inilo down tin; eanymi to tiinl liiiii uittiiifr on thii limb of aiiotlier
fir, holdiiiir on like a iiiiin. W<' sln)t again and lie dropped to thu
ground, where the dogN hei-h'd him and went flying iiast haDt^'HR o°
to a hind leg. The h^nv immediately mounted a nearhy oak, not over
eight inches in diameter, and swung out on a limb. At close range,
we shot arrow after arrow through his chest while he slipped further
out on the bending limb, and at last fell to the {jround, rolling over
and over down the canyon. The doj^ were on him in a second, and
by the time we reached the ireek bed, the b<'ar was dead.

Murphy performed the autopsy, giving the hounds the liver and
lights. Eleven arrows had gone through the beast, seven of these
through the chest. The lungs were collapsed and pulmonary hemor-
rhage finished him. The first two shots would have been enough if we
had waited.

It was a three year old female black bear, weighing about 150
pounds. That it was no larj^er was no fault of ours. The arrows cut
ribs in two at several points and undoubtedly could have penetrated
any beast with a hide less resistant than a hippo or an elephant.

NOTES ON THE ABTIFICIAL PROPAGATION OF THE SPINY
LOBSTER.

By P. S. BARNHART, Scrlppi ln*tAutlon for Biological Reiearch.

Because of its possible bearing on the future artificial propagation
of the spiny lobster, i'aiiuHnis iiitcrruiiliis, I think it might be worth
while to make a record of the conditions under which eggs were hatched
and the young carried through the phyllosome stage of development.

It has alway.s been ea.sy to Bceiire berried lobsters and obtain from
them the first stage of the young. These have always died before
passing through further stages of development, even though kept in
fresh running sea water, suppasedly under ideal conditions.

B. M. Allen working under the auspices of the California Pish and
Game Commission in Ifll, constructed elaborate batching boxes at the
inlet to False Bay, where a plentiful supply of fresh water was con-
stantly available and the water in the boxes kept in constant agitation
by means of a rotating wheel. In his published notes (1916) he says;

"There is no ditfieulty in securing the young. It is only necessary
to impound spawn-bearing females. The young hatch very readily
even after the spawn-bearing parent has been kept in captivity for
weeks. Attempts to rear them, however, proved futile. Their extreme
delicacy apd pelagic habit make tbeir culture an especially difficult
problem. ' '

On May 14, 1918, a berried lobster was placed in a large concrete
tank, 6 by 9 feet, in the research aquarium of the Scripps Institution.
This tank contained ai»proximatcly 800 gallons of water. A small jet
furnished about 5 gallons of water an hour. The 20th of June two
green turtles weighing about :10 pounds each were placed in the same
tank. Every few days after this quantifies of a green alga was thrown
in for the turtles to feed upon. Much nf this rotted and accumulated in

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 71

one c-onier of tlie tiiuk iiikUt and antnni] a lot of Ijirjic -stoncK wli(*r« the
lolwtcr kept ilself hiddoii.

The in- and outflow from (he tank w«« not cniinKh to ki-i'ii Mio watur
I)erfe(;ti'ly fresh and it bc^ati to take on the inilkly hue indicHtivc of bad
water. This finally hticamc so bad that Ideeided to clean thn tank out.
On the 10th of July I started to do this, l)iit where the sun struck the
water I noticed that there was a slight movement on the surface as of
many small animals movinp; about. I immediately made a haul with a
fine net and was mueh surprised to find quantities of phyllosomes.
Many of these were put into fre.sh running water where they remained
alive for several days, but gradually died off. Those remaining in the
large tank kept alive about eight days when they also died. As far as
I was able to observe these were in the small, first phyllosome stage.

This experiment might indicate that, while bearing and hatching the
eggs, the adult seeks comparatively quiet water where there is much
decaying vegetation. It surely proves that fresh dean water is not
necessary for their hatching and development to the phyllosome stage.
Allen found that spawn-bearing females usually "seek sheltered spots
in the lea of islands or points of land and take refuge in sheltered
crevices of rocks alongshore."

I hope to repeat tbis experiment this year on a much larger scale.

IS THE HERRING GULL INSEOTIVORODS?

By A. C. BURRILL, Idaho Station EntDmeloglat'i Office.

Some individuals doubt that gulls naturally eat insects. They con-
sider that the blowflies reported eaten by gulls (Dr. Dutcher, President
of National Association of Audubon Societies), were merely gulped
down when some gull seized a beached fish on which the flies might
have been ovipositing. This seems probable and also that some other
insects eaten, as the white grub's adults, the May beetle, may have
been washed up on shore alongside fish and so included with the bigger
mouthful, even if the young gulls were being fed by their mothers at
the time. (By the Wayside, Feb., 1912, p. 42.)

In The Auk (v. 19, p. 46), Doctor Dutcher saw at the No-Man 's- Land
Gull Reservation, Maine, young gulls which, as soon as able to leave
the rookery, went in flocks to neighboring grass and potato fields and
ate immense numbers of grasshoppers and potato beetles. This doesn't
look like mere beach scavenging, does it? Yet I agrco that many
insects can be easily swallowed unintentionally by scavenging gulls.
In the summer of 1910, 1 related in a recent note how the gulls cleaned
up the fish driven ashore on Lake Michigan. Whitefish Bay, "Wisconsin.
At that time there were thousands of beetles, largely ladybirds (Coc-
eJnellids) of many kinds, along the beach, besides various other unfor-
tunates, 80 that a gull would have great difficulty in cleaning a tish
body of all of the smaller fry before swallowing.

Owing to the lack of material, former Chief Henshaw says, our Fedc-
eral Biol<^cal Survey has made very few stomach analyses of this species.
But just lately Dr. A. S. Alexander called to my attentiiin a S;-ottish
work (Transactions of the Highiiuid and Agricultural Soeict.y oi
Scotland) in which in 1912 is given the analysis of 616 KcottLsh bird

;dnyGoO(^lc

72 caupobvia pish and game.

sl'itii;irljM, incliiilitii! 44 lii-rritiif triilLs i On- same hs ours, fjttrmc fi,-)'ii-
liihis <iii...|.p. TliiH x.'.'iiis to ai-<-<)r.l s.. w.-li with thf little' known h-t-
ilmt 1 vi'iiliin; lu ([initf in the words nf thf iiitlior. Mi» I.^tirii Klorvn ■.
<'iirii<'K'<' Scholar in tho IriiviTsity of AlMrdfeii. piibliahetl at Kiliw-
liijr([h: "Summafy: 15 corilBiiii'd fish; 3, carrion; 13, shells; 4, refuse;
1, lirittlr Hiar; 4, crnritncpa ; 3, insects of injurious groap ; 2. insects
of iniiifTcrout (troiip; :(. earthHorma ; 3. p<)tatoes; 9, graia; 14. grass;
!l, w'ciIh," At;aii], kIic HhIa the food for a single male shot at Doninouth
in Alx-nl.-cii, Oct, 31, llllOr "Stomach about quarter full: fra^nicnls
iind husks of grain; fragments of chitin; forceps of an ea.rvFig (Forfi-
chiliadir) ; grass." The chitin mentioned may have been other parts
iif the siiiiie earwig or some other insect. This work was supervise-i bv
Ihii well-known /.iM>logistH, Professors J. Arthur Thompson and J. W, H.
Tntil.

litt .'•' II i; i!"!'. ...I l.....l.,it i!r..„r,.l.. No Mnris Land. Votth Carolina.

(■l,..|..i,-,,-,|.li t,y IkTlnit A. J..b.

_ 'I'hirly per cent of llicsc trulls, tlierefore, ate fish, but the amount of
fisli iiiiitcria) must liavc been mnch lesa than that. Compare Mr-
Ilciisliaw's Rtalemeiit recarding American gulls: "The herring guU
can lio oirisidered a (ish cuter only to a very limited extent. Oceasion-
idly, wo have found the remains of fish in the stomach contents, but
there has always been collateral evidence that the fi.sh were eaten in
the shape of olFal. When about harbors and inland waters, its prin-
cipal food consists of garbage. Wc have a nnmbcr of stomachs col-
lected in Maine by Dutcher. and these contain the remains of June
bugs and other insects with about 10 per cent of fish garbage, showins
that the herring gull is in some loealitics and to some extent, at lenst,
insectivorous."

In Leslie's Weekly, for Sept. o. 1!)!2, there is a view of the American
battleship "Utah," near (Jalveston, Texas, surrounded by sea gulls

CAIJFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 73

picking up refuse. In an earlier issue, February, 1909, is another of
gulls pieking up fish from a school of herring on the high sea. This is
more often true of the kittiwake gull or of the stormy petrel, dias
"Mother Carey's Chicken," well shown in Collier's Weekly for Sept. 6,
1913 (p. 15), though Mabel Osgood Wright says the name hurrjiig
gull was given this bird "because as they were originally fishermen by
trade, their presence flying above the water told where schoob of
herring were to be found. Today the schools of herring are less
plentiful along our shores, and the value of this gull, though greater
than ever, is due to a difiEerent source." Now gulls act as scavengers,
becoming "the health officers of the coast" (November, 1907, The
Herring or Harbor Gull, Edue. Leaflet No. 29. The Nat. Ass. Ami.
Soc., N. Y. City).

Mr. Brann (By the Wayside, January, 1912), claims gulls still dive
for fish occasionally in Green Bay, Wisconsin, but Mr. Henshaw
rather disputes this for the United States as a whole, and so writes
friend W. T. Davis, a careful observer and naturalist of Staten Island,
New York Harbor (letter, Dee. 31, 1912). One of the best refutations
of much fish being eaten by gulls came out in the Pall Mali Gazette
(Feb. 6, 'i912), Mr. F. G. Aflalo sayin<r:

Fig. 33. Sea gulls flying over headlands, La Valle, CaHtornia. Pholograph by L. Hugo.

"The public mind is constantly being misled on this subject of the
destructiveness of gulls by journalists with a passion for statistics.
Only the other day a morning paper published what purported to be the
pictorial menu of a sea gull during the year. It was shown in terms
of a great line of barrels of herrings, 146 barrels, each containing 500
herrings, to a total not far short of 200 pounds sterling. There were
two very obvious fallacies in this reckoning. In the first place it
assumed that the whole of the 73,000 herrings thus consumed as fry,
would have grown to maturity if the gull had left them alone. To put
it mildly, this is by no means proved ; to put it frankly, it is rubbish.

74 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

Moreover, this imposing cartoon gave no hint of the tons of oflfal and
garbage which, to the great benefit of many a harbor, these feathered
scavoQgers consume every year. The picture told, in fact, what was
not true, and suppressed what was."

Mr. C. W. Creel, in charge of the ecreal and forage insect inveti-
gationfl laboratory of the United States Bureau of Entomology, at
Forest (irove, Oregon, informs that often, when the farmers are plow-
ing in the Salt Lake Valley, Utah, gulls come in large floeks to work
over the land, whether after insects or field rodents would be a very
interesting line of inve.stigation. Likewise we have a photograph ol
many gulls visiting plowed land in California, and suppose that this
is the California gull. However, it will be interesting to hear from
other olwervers, if the herring gull, which is less common there than
in other parts of America and Europe, still shows sufficient interest in
plowed fields in California to associate with the California gulls in
their field patrols.

One species of gull flies up the C'olumbia River and has been reported
in spring as far up the Snake River Canyon as Lewiston, Idaho, per
Adjutant (icneral Charles Moody, showing that even inland Idaho,
though lacking large lakes, may be within the flying zone of this
valuable species. In the Big Bend country of eastern Washington,
sonic of the farmers who were worried by the large armies of coulee
crickets in the spring of 1918, were discussing if there would be any
advantage in shipping a few pairs of gulls to the desert country to
, eat up these crickets and thus attract more gulls to fly in from the
coast, and thus repeat the well-known tale of the Mormons and the
ftromioii crickets of Utah, and the deliverance effected by the gulls.
Further data is invited.

Messrs. B. G. Thompson and M. M. Reeher, special field agents of
Mr, Creel's office, have furnished the following details, Mr, Thompson
was sent into the grasshopper afflicted district near Bums, Harney
County, Oregon. May, 1918, where he met a Mr. McQee who said that for
several years gulls had been working on grasshoppers. Messrs. Thomp-
son and McGee went out to look for a new band of hoppers in May and
after a long hunt saw at a distance about a thousand gulls feeding on the
land. Mr. Mc-Gee felt sure that they would find the hoppers near there,
and on going over to sec, found the gulls so gorged that they would
hardly get out of tlie way. The gulls were busily picking up the young
hoppers. Mr. Reeher was sent into Langells' Valley, near Klamath
Falls, Oregon, early in June, 1918. His guide told him that a few
gulls visited the tioppers the year before, .and showed him this June,
1918, about five hundred gulls feeding on hoppers. We have no data
as to what species of gull this wa.^, save that it was white with bluish
slate-colored wings, which answers to at least tliree species. As the
California and ring-billed gulls breed in colonies on Klamath Lake, it
seems reasonable to believe that birds of these two species were
implicated.

These facts are given to show that gulls may be quite as well worth
study in the West as in the East, and their i)rotection quite as necessary.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

FRANK A. SHEBLEY.

The death of Prank
A. Shehley, one of the
oldest employees of the
Kinli and Game Com-
mission, which oc-
curred in a hospital in
Yreka, December 21,
1918, eame as a pro-
found shock to scores
of friends. Although
he had been uncon-
scious for seven hours
after the accident to
the aiito bus in which
he was riding hetween
Port Jones and Yreka,
several days before, on
Saturday morning
there was every indica-
tion that he wouid get
well, but a sudden
change which occurred
late in the afternoon
ended in death.

Prank Shebley was
born in Nevada county
nearly forty-seven
years ago. He was the

son of California's first famous fish culturist, and had succeeded
before his death, in company with hi.s brother, William H. Shebley,
in making a reputation as great if not greater in the same line of
endeavor than that of the father, wlio had gone before. As a boy, he
followed farming on his father's place, but for the past twenty-five
years has been identified exclusively with fish culture in connection
with the California Fish and Game Commisaion, and there are few men
on the Pacific slope who knew as much about fish and fishing in the
waters of the rivers and bays as Frank Shehley knew. During his
experience with the Commission he was the superintendent of the Price
Creek hatchery in Humboldt county, and the Brookdale hatchery in
Santa Cruz county, and recently the new Mount Whitney hatchery in
Inyo county. Under his management the Brookdale hatchery became
very popular and was sought out l>y sportsmen from all over California
as a place of great interest. Also interested in angling as a sport, he
was a master of the fly rod and a skilled angler. In recent years he had
given some attention to Jand invesfmeuts, as well as mining ventures,
and with W. P. Netherton of Santa Cruz was the owner of e<msiderable
property in Texas.

Few employees of the Fish and Game Connnissioii have been so uni-
versally loved as has Frank Shebley. His genial (lersouality and per-
petual good humor won for him hosts of frienli, Ilis loss will, there-
fore, be a personiil one to many. Mr. Shebley s ' sli i-ullural attainments
furnish assurance that the vacancy left by his d, ;■! Ii will be hard to fill. ^

76

CAIJPORNIA FISH AND QAMB.

CALIFORNU FISH AND GAME

A publlatlim aBvot«d to Uw con»v»«-
»" at wEld Ufa and publlstied quarUrl]'
■-- "-'■' — •- ""iti FUh »Dd OUD*

br th« CkllfoniU

Commlnlon. _ ..

Ssnt (rM to eltlMna o[ Uia 8UI* ol C*ai-

fomU. OITerod la exchaiiKa tor omltho-

lOKleal. mvnmiaoKlCkl and Blnillar psrlod-

Tho article* publlAad In C»i.lFO«Mii F»H
ANb Oahi are not copyrlahtod and may b*
reproduced In otber perTixllcaU. provldod
duo credit li glvan the CalKomla Fiih and
Qune ComnilealDn. Bdltora o( neirapapara

and periodical* are Invited " '" '

pertinent matorlaL _ ^

All material for publication cbauld be
■ent to H. C. Bryant, Muaeum or Verte-
brate Zoology, Berkeley, Cal.

April 21, 1B19.

"Conaarvatlon daala witl

those tnlngi

momenta of

OUR MAILING LIST.

Tlie mniliOK list for CALiyoBNiA Fisii
AND (iAUE has bi^n entirely revised.
Those who (lid not take Ihe trouble tu
Hign the card enclosed in Ihe October
niimlMT liBve bi-en removed from the list
ro<|u<-st alone nil!

'plucr'

There have liccn so many additions in
onr mailinB list of iHte (lint Ihp edition
imblished lins had to lie increased. This,
ID connection with a marked increase in
coet o( printing, leads us to it])eciilate as
lo Ihe iKiKSihility ot eoDtiniiiiiK tree dis-
tribulion. It may well be that some
small charge will have lo be made for the
tnnsazinc in the future. If this change
Itecomea ni-ci'ssary, we will but lie follow-
Ide the lend of several other states. A
reKnlar snliseriplion list would allow a
Brest RHvinf; in jioslace in Ihat the macn'
lelnc eould Ihcu be mailed as second-claas

PENDING LEGISLATION.

1.1'HS iulportnnt bsh nud game leKislu-
(ion has come bofiire the present legisla-
ture than for many years past. The bills
that have been introduced nre less radical
in nature and notably less in number.
Tlic few retatinK to name wiiich stand out
as desirable are : A bill grantinn discre-
tionary powers to the Fish nud Game
Commission which would allow better ad-
min is (rat ion of fish and gai

bills makins tbe stale law* conform wilt
the new federal TesDl'tioDS ; and OM t^
modeling tbe diatricting act to indodr
two new game refugm, an area in tht
vicinity ot Mt. Bre<*enridge. K«»
Connt;. and an area on Mt. Bamiltea.
Santa Clara Coonty.

Deeirable cbangee in the law reqainai
fishways are provided for in two tnlli.
and it is hoped that another bill p[«hibit-
ing fishing within two bDndred and fiftr
feet of any fiahway or screen will b*
passed. An important bill provides for
the inspection of all imported fish ege>
or fish so tbat undesirables mar be qnar-
antioed.

Among undesirable bills rplating tv
game are those which provide bonntin
on predatory birds and on predatory mam-
mals, one opening the bear season in dis-
trlcls 2, 2A and 10, one openiDS the
season on rabblU in the above districts
one providing for the repeal of Ihe bnol-
ing license law, and one providing for tbe
sale of ducte killed when destroying rkx.
A bill to permit the nse of a spear in
taking trout in certain local districts tiH
a p<;rniciouB shrimp bill are among those
relating lo fish which would tear down
present protective laws.

It si'ems reoBonsble to believe that onr
li'gislHtoni will look with disapproval on
Ihose bills which are adverse to the best
interests of onr fiab and game, and will
stand b; Ihose tending to uphold protec-
tion and couEerration for onr wild life

1

FIBH AND QAME COMMISSION INAUG-
URATES EDUCATIONAL WORK AT
SUMMER RESORTS,
nclieving that a better knowledge of
wild life will bring about better conser-
vatiriu of it. and tbat wbeu people are
on their summer vacations they are moat
rcs|>onsive to cdncalion on wild life re-
sounes. the California Fiab and Game
Commission. Imcked by the Nature Study
r..eague. will institute this coming sam-
mcr a smcs of lecIur«B and nature study
field (rips designed to stimulate interest
in the proper conservation of natural re-
sources. The Tahoe region bas been
selected for the work this year. The
work will be offered at six dilferent re-
sorts. Tbe month of July ia the thne
set. All lectures and cUsees will be open

CALIFORNIA FISH AND QAME.

77

to the public and no fees will be charged.
IlluBtrated lectures on the game birds.
Bong birds, mammals and fish will furnish
(^venios entertatQinent, and early morning
tripB afield will give TacationistB an intro-
duotion to mountain wild life.

EIveryoDe wants to recogoiie the plants
and wild things eneountered on the Hum-
mer racatioD. There is no better way of
deTeloping this ability than to accompany
one who knows the trees, birds and r
mala. Special attention nill be given the
identification of birds by call, song, color
and habits. Tbe motto oE these classKs
will be : "Learn to read a roadside ae
reads a boot." Knowledge of wild life
insares better conservation of it. Special
excaraioDB tor children wilt be conducted.
These nature study lectures and Seld
trips which compose the vacation camp
work of the Bnreaa of Education, Pub-
licity, and Research of the California
Fiah and Game Conunission are designed
to bring abont a healthy interest in the
out-of-doors and in wild things that
throngh knowledge proper public aenti-
ment and proper conaervation of our natu-
ral resources may be brought about. In
other words, "conservation through edu-
cation" is the end being sought.

PRESERVE GAME RESOURCES.

California's natural resources in fish
nnd game, with its incomparable climate,
it3 26,212 miles of fishing streams, its
862.000 acres of lakes and every stage
of climatic conditions to be found out of
doors, are a gigantic magnet drawing
people from remote comers of the earth.
California should be the mecca for the
bnman race. Tbe remarkable develop-
ment o( road building of the past few
years, with the development of tbe auto-
mobile, have brought tbe people in touch
with this wonderful fish and game asset.

To bunt and fish is as natural to the
California boy and girl as to breathe.
The fanner and land owner is i>ractlcally
(he breeder and miser of our game and he
is ever zealous in its protection. His
children hunt and fish whenever the sen-
wn and opportunity offer. Not a family
exists in our rural districts that does not
own. as a family heirloom, a shotgun or
a rifle, and both sexes of the children
Bretanght their use. They can teach

many an expert tite fine art of angling
in the stream that Sows by his home.

There in the rural districts you will
find tbe nucleus of the strong, virile gen-
eration that Northern Europe knowa so
well and that will come after ub, for they
live much in tbe open, where Cbey learn
self-reliance. Jjet us not remove from
them tbe natural opportunity to improve
their physical being, but rather assist
tliem by conserving our natural resources
in fish and game.

Continued changing and revising the
fish and game laws wilt do more toward
decimating our fish and game than all
the hunters and fishermen can possibly
do. The State E^sh and Game Commissioa.
is a state body directing and superviriDg
the entire work of fish and game protec-
tion, propagation, distribution and con-
servation. Thus the state is administered
as a unit and a maximum degree of pro-
tection can be given. This could not be-
come nn actual possibility were each ot
tbe fifty-eight counties given full and com-
plete control within their respective bor-
ders. With fifty-eight separate and dis-
tinct districts, ranging from a mere hand-
ful of population to half a million, each
endeavoring to handle the affairs of each
for themselves and not one for the other,
one can easily imagine the chaotic state
of affairs that would result. Thus one
can realize why experimental legislation
would be and is more detrimental to the
unsurpassed fish and game interests of
California than all her hunters and fish-
n, alien and domestic. — Editorial,
Sacramento f7nton, Feh. 16, 1918.

!w, if any, natural resources of a
' are admiuistered with so slight a
to taxpayers as is fish and game.
Wild birds, mammals and fish yield a
splendid annual return in food and sport,
y nothing of their help in controlling
I, and this wild life does not need
food or shelter, but simply reosonable
protection. Not one dollar is appropriated
by the state for its maintenance. The
small burden falls entirely upon those
■ho make most use ot the resource. The
hunters and anglers of this state by pay-
1 small license fee of $1,00 furnish

DiB.1izedOyGoO<^lc

78

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAUE.

the [unilx unod to enforce fish and game

]t[iin,v persons are iftnorant of these faclE
nnd these are the ones that coDtiniiall;
■'oni plain of Ih« high cost of fish and
eame admiDiRt ration.

"NOW BEGINS THE SEASON."
"Xi>w hrgiils Ihe season of tlip year
ivhi'ii the weary I'ity man turns hiu face
from the familiar crunda and noises of
tiie eity to the country plnceH : whore be
may fisli in the trout streams; plod over
the hills with a gun on his shoulder in
tiic hope of shooting sompthing ; dabble in
■ the ocean wares at the beaehes ; or sleep
all nijfht on the bard ground, ivilh queer
noises going on in the wooda around him,
curious little insects walking over his
trady and tickling him. curious tittle ani-
mals tiptoeing around among the leaves,
and uniinown dangers, remembered from
his primitive days, waiting to catch him
and gobble him up."'— San Francisco flul-
Icitn. June 30, 1914.

It is good for a man to wander back
nt intervals into the domain of old Dame
Xature. Wliat good does it do? It means
quickened pulse, hearty Bi>petite. an inex-
pressible tingle of exhilaration in every
nerve, better poise, greater resiliency of
step, augmented power of body and mind
for the battles of the workaday world.

W'hat element is more important in
making insistent the call to marsh, field,
and mountain tban that furnished by the
wild life? Exterminnle tbe game and you
make tiie world drearier, more monoto-
nous, less interesting. Exterminate Cali-
fornia's game and you turn one of the
most attractive of the sisterhood of states
into a desolate ■Kaete.— Western Wild Li!<
Vail, No. 4.

txis Banoa and other San Joaqui
points have heretofore supplied most of
the ducks for the market. Changed condi-
tions have moved the activilies of market
hunters to ColuHa, Sutler and Yuba coun-
ties. Tbe cily of Colusa, being in the
center of operations, became tbe rendez-
vous of most of the market hunters. Tbe
fact that the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
prohibits the sale of alt waterfowl made

3 difference to these n

who shoot for

The difficulty of detecting sale tranaac-
Cions is evidenced by the following facts:
One of the most notorious hunters maio-
taincd a joint in t^tlusa where ducks were
dispensed after the pnssword bad be«n
given. So notorious had the place become
for the distribution of ducks that travel-
ing men had no difficulty in purchasing
them at any time. It was the cuatnni of
these men to keep a supply of dcdis on
hand in order that they might gnaranlee
the limit to sn-called city "sportsmen"
whom these hunters took out at 3J much
per day. The surplus ducks were shipped
to Kan Francisco and Sacramento under
fictitioi]H names to t)e distributed' by

Ttie proprietor of this joint, with three
other well-known market hunters, waa de-
lected on October 15, 1918. the day pre-
vious Co the opening of the season, with
226 ducks and ooe snipe in his possession.
Information waa filed against these four
defendants, Charles Giiemsey, J. T.
Slaley, Frank ChamlwrB, and Joe P.
Meyers. They were indicted by the Fed-
eral Grand Jury and were tried by jury
on February 4. 1M9. at Sacramento,
.Judge Van Fleet presiding. The jury re-
turned a verdict of guilty in eleven min-
utes, and the defendants were sentenced
to pay $100 each or In defanlt serve 60
days in jail.

Much credit is due state and federal
wardens Carpenter and Ludlum, Deputy
United States Game Warden E. S. Cat-
tron and Assistant United States Attor-
ney Johnson for the manner in which tbe
case was handled. As this was the Grat
ease in California under the Migratory
Bird Treaty Act, .Judge Van Fleet did
not impose a maximum fine, but warned
all future offenders to beware.

Geo. Neale.

mendocino rancher makes good

KILL,
Mr. Frank Williams, a aheep rancher
of Calpella, Mendocino County, recently
succeedeil in kiiling a black bear which
had been killing sheep in the vicinity for
several years. It weighed 300 pounds.
A mountain lion was killed the aame day.
(See Fig. 32.) I>urinB the winter of
1!>13 seven lions were killed in this
vicinity.

i.„Gooi^le

CALIPORKIA PISH AND OAHE.

I for

rwiit

r of

GAME LA'

Persons who violate the slate rsdic law
on uational forests now become liable lo
proHPCution in the federal courts. A reg-
ulation recently issued by the Secretary
of Agriculture is as follows :

"The eoing or beioK upon any land of
the United Slutes, or in or on the waters
thenH)f. within a National Forest, with
intent to hunt, catcb. trap, wilfully dis-
tnrb or bill any kind of game animal,
^me or non-game bird, or liab, or to
take tbe eggs of any such bird, in viola-
tion of the laws of the state in which such
land or waters are situated, is hereby
prohibited."

BEAVER HIDES CONFISCATED.

Deputies Newsome and Sellmer, while
on patrol work alons (he Taolamne River.
dist'ovcted J4 green beaver hides in the
eamp of a trapper. The trapper, fcarinc
the hand of the law. had fled. If the at-
tempts being made to locate Ibc trapper
are successful, prosecution will follow.

iph by Una BoyLc.
DEPUTY ACQUITTED AT TRIAL.
Deputy Carpenter of Maxwell, Colusa
Count}', was recently made defendant in a
suit to compel payment for seventy-three
ducks which ho seized from three Colusa
market hunters. Tbe commission's attor-
ney, K. D. Duke, handled Che case in a
masterly way when it came to trial by
jury at Colusa on February 11. Attorney
Duke contended that the justice bad no
jurisdictioD in the case and that it should
be tried by a federal court, but he w«b
overruled by Justice of the Pcoce, Moore.
XeverthelesH. the outcome was a verdict
in Deputy Carpenter's favor. This viU'
dicalion of the game laws by a jury in
Colusa augurs well lor the future.

' furnishing of proper food lo the
Ds of fisb reared in our hatcheries
I small problem. Until tbe cost
it prohibitive, beef liver waa largely

CAUFORNIA FISH AKD GAHE.

used in the preparatioa ot fi«h food. With
the increase of cost wholesale in San
Francisco from 5 centa lo 12 cents per
pound, it became necessary to seek a sub-
stitute, lliis nsB found in refuse fish
costing but 4 cents per pound. A product
of a Gsh reduction plant known as crack-
lings has been found usable, but hardly as
satisfactory as beef liver.

It is reported that in 1918 the principal
nhalinjc company on the Pacific Coast,
with stations in Washington, British Col-
umhia and Alaska, took 909 whales, of
which about 200 were of the set species
{BalarnopteKi borcalit), whose meat is
light colored and particularly good for
canning. One right whale was captured ;
it yielded 1.600 pounds of excellent baleen.
Four samples of this baleen, 8 to 9 feet
in lonsth, have been sent to the bureau
for exhibition purposes. The short baleen
of the common shore whales, which in
recent years has been thrown away, now
has a fair market value, anil large quan-
tities of the discnnlcd materinl are being
profilalily siilvaRed. — Fiihcrirs Service
Biillrtin, No. 45.

FOOD ADMINISTRATION REGULA-
TIONS ON FISHINQ NO LONGER
EFFECTIVE.

All of the rulinga of the Federal Food
Administrator record ing the commercial
fisheries of the state, with the exception
of that relating to the packing of sardines,
were revoked on December 31, 1918. The
laws of this slate are now in full force
and effect as they were previou."! to the
rulings of tlie Food Administrator.

MORE BIRD TREATIES NEEDED.

Conservation isis having successfully
provided fur the protection ot migratory
wild fowl which breed to the north of the
TJuiteil States are now demanding a sim-
ilar protection for the waterfowl and
insectivorous birds which summer in the
L'oitcd States, but spend the winter sea-
son in Latin America, where Ibey are
wantonly slaughtered. As a sample of the
typo of destruction which goes on in
Mciico. we quote from a letter written
by H. S. Battie ot Hollywood, California :

_.. , . ducks: except the egret, no other
feathered game is shot for the market

"As you may not have beard of tbe
methods of shooting ducks for taarketr I

will explain it.

"In the table lands of Central Mexico
nearlv all the large haciendas have ponds
or lakes to catch water during the rainy
season which is later uaed for irrigation.
During the winter the ducks congregate
in imniense numbers on such places.

"At a convenient place on the bank a
frame of heavy timbers is laid, and to
these are fastened batteries of guns — any-
thing that will shoot, in gome cases iron
pipe being used. They sometimes have three
tiers, fnn-shaped. one above the other, and
perhaps a hundred or more guns, the first
aimed at the water, the second slightly
above, and the third slightly higher still.
These are fired by trains of powder.

"On the day selected the peona p) in
boats, and also wading, gradually driving
all the ducks on the lake into a compact
mass in front of the battery. At a sig-
nal the tioata back away and the peons
duck under. The first tier is fired as the
birds are silting and the other two a
fraction of a second later as the birds are
taking wing. The slaughter is dreadful.
I would not care to say just the number,
but an American friend who happened to
be at an hacienda at the time, told me
the; got two thousand that day. I had
no reason to think he eiaggerated."

While interest is still strong regarding
the ]>rotectiou for migratory and insec-
tivorous birds elTort should be made to
give the summer visitant class of birds
equal protection with the winter visitanls.
Not only will the carrying one of such
B proKram of protection be a benefit lo
the citiiens of today, but will be a benc-
fadinn to the coining generations.

CONSERVATION OF FISH.

Fonner visitors to Santa Catalina
Island, who remember seeing tons of alba*
core, tuna, and black sea bass spoil on
the pier and then towed out to sea, will
be interested in reading the report ot the
Avalon Fish Exchange. All fish caught
by anglers and not utilised by them be-
comes the property of the Fish Exchange.
This supply is augmented by market fish-
ermen. Last season 165,000 pounds of
iidible fish were shipped to the mainland.
This was in addition to the large amount
sold on the island. Included in tbe ship-
ments to the mainland were 92 giant
bass, fish which formerlj went to waste,
but which now are in great demand.
Anglers trolling in Catalina waters used

i„vGoo<^lc

CALIFORNIA FISB AND aAMB.

I'lOOO ByiBE fish as bait. Valuable data
ii!i to the time of year when the different
varieties o£ lisb are in abundance ie beine
aecuDnilatcd by the exchange.

Honorable George D. Pratt, Conserva-
tion Conimisaioner of the state of New
York, has recently called attention to the
need foe precise aad depeodable informa-
tion aboDt wild life resources. He points
out that the nnderlying cause for the
multipt icily of lawB relating to game
offered at each session of the different
state legislatures is inadegnate informa-
tioD regarding game conditions. In at-
tempting to fill this need, Mr. Pratt insti-
tuted in 1915 a game ceosua designed to
furnish a running check upon the condi-
tion o£ the Etate'a wild life. By leaving
out of considcralion unprovable asser-
tions or estimates bnsed upon guesswork
or the unreliable method of averaging.
the census gives definite knowledge re-
garding general abundance of different
species in different sectionn and the Huc-

)t nations in their condition from season
to season. Each of the 140 field men have
been required to report upon cards every
week all of the game that they have seen
and the conditions under which that game
was eiisting during that week.

On the deer card, spaces are provided
for r<?cording the number of bucks, does,
and fawns, damage to crops, distribution,
physical condition and food supply.
Other cards provide for data regarding
game birda and waterfowl, fiirbearing
animals, and predatory animals and birds,
with appropriate remarks. Aa a result of
a study of the deer cards, it has been pos-
sible to draw definite conclusions regard-
ing relative proportion of the sexes and
the extent to which they are breeding.

As a means of gathering additional
statistics, every holder of a hunting
license when applying tor a new lit
will hereafter he required to give in
dition to his name, residence, personal
appearance, etc., the amount of game
he killed under his old license. This will
give an approximate measure of the
amount of game actually killed and will
[ give a basis for demonstrable facts. With

' these facts at hand, wise laws ca.

maintained on the statute books, and

lianges will be brought about only at
iipidly as acluHi changes in the conditioa
•f wild life justify modificiitian of the

When Vermont inaugurated the same
system Jt was pointed out that the value
of such a censna would be threefold :

1. The warden force will be educated
local conditions and brought into

closer harmony with the sportsmen.

2. A basis for wise legiBiation wilt be
secured (or the protection and conserva-
tion of a resource of real value iu terms
of dollars and cents.

'. The educational value to our people
as increasing their interest in, and co-
operation with, the work of the Depart-
ment of Fisheries and Game.

STATE QAME DISTRICT 1K.

In connection wKh the Sequoia Park
extension bill introduced in the present
session of T'ongress. which proposes to ex-
tend the present boundaries of the
Sequoia National Park to include the
South and Middle Fork canyons of the
Kings, it is worth while, perhaps, to con-
sider the effect that the passing of this
bill would have on the game situation in
the Sierra and Sequoia National forests,
and particularly on the State Game
Refuge IK t>etween the north and middle
forks of the Kings.

Nearly one-third of the area of Game
District IK is within the boundaries of
the proposed park extension, and as other
areas suitable for the propagation of game
are also included, and the park regulations
do not permit hunting within the national
parks, it is only reasonable to suppose
that some action may be taken to try to
have the present game district abolished,
on (be grounds that the park will amply
provide far all the game protection needed
in this part of the mountains.

The fact will still remain, however, that
no other area is so favorably situated witb
regard to ideal conditions for winter
breeding grounds as the low brushy south-
ern exposures in township 12 south,
range 28 east afford. Because of the
rough nature of the country and its inac-
cessibility, there is little probability of at-
tempted poaching, and while a park would
provide protection and ample range during
the summer season, I believe it would
t>e a serious mistake if the above-men-

s^C

82

CAMFORNIA FlSIt AND QAHE.

liotiwl lownsliip nt icawt is not rclninpJ

vcntpd al ntl seasons.

Itmifcht lie nrgunl tliiit I lie i-luscil Nt'
ilurins Ihe wiutcr months offem nil the pro-
tection that is necessary ; but it woulil
found. I believe, if tbc game preserve w<
abolisbed, tbat a large number of hunters
would Bar^ to this area in the open sea-
son, oD tbe assumption tbat by this time
the deer would be working down from
the higher elevations where tliey had been
protected in the paili and pns^iibly lamed
lo some eitent.

One other consideralion is tbe open
bear season of November and December
tbat offers a legitimate excuse for bnoting
parties in the brush at that time of year,
Tbat is the one time when poaching
might be carried on, for only a few hunt'
ers could resist the temptation to kill
some of the numerous bucks tlipj would
undoubtedly see, especially since
chances of detection are so small wilbout
the continuous presence of a game wardi
in the vicinity. It would seem much safer
to cut out every excuse for legitimate
hunting in these breeding grounds.

ItoT Boots E.

IS THE f>ORCUPINE WORTH SAVINOT
Evidence that we have not yet stand-
ardized our game laws is apparant in the
different viewpoints taken by the statoa of
New Yorfc and Minnesola rpKacdiiig the
porcupine. The New York Conseiration
Commission classifies the porcupine as
"vprmin" and enumerates twenty as hav-
ing been killed during January, 1010.
The state of Minnesota, on Ihe other
hand, protects the porcupine on tbe
theory that the animal furnishes an
' easily obtainable source of food to anyone
lost in the wilds.

Dr. \Vm. n. Doll, of the United Sintca
National Museum, recently pointed out
a method that will save our cats and
thoroughly protect the birds against their
attacks. It Is a well-known fact that
these animals only seize their prey
through the itse of the claws on Ihe fore^
feet. These claws are, as we know, so
organized anatomically that when at rest
they are retracted, bnt when brought Into

piny they are thrown forward, so that
their sharp points may be instsutly em-
ployed in the act of seizure. No cat ever
ntti'Dipls to catch a wild bird in the open
by employing its hind feet, or the claws
upon them. No lion, tiger, leopard, or
any of the rest of the big felines in nature
ever do. This also holds in the case of
pet cats who kilt the canary in its cage,
or capture tbe fish in the globe or agnar^

When one comes to tbink this over, it
f'Kin becomes clear that, were eats de-
prived of their claws on their forefeet
Ihcy could not catch a bird of any kind.
h(<«ever hard they tried. The claws have
no more feeling in them than have our
linger- nails, to which tbey really corre-
spond. Cat claws can be trimmed just as
ue trim our naih, and the best tool to
do it with is the small cutting pliers used
by jewelers. Anyone can use such a tool,
and with a little practice anyone own-
ing a pet cat can readily trim all the
claws on its forefeet. All there is to be
done is to gently press the foot from
above, downwards, between your thnmb
and forefinger, when the claws will be
thrown forward. Tbey shoold be snipped
off a trifle bark of their middles applying
the cutting edges of the nippers to their
sides. A little dressing with delicate file
afterwards will also prove advantageous.
A cat BO operated upon can not possibly
catch and kill a wild bird or a pet bird
in e cage ; nor can it destroy fish in any
receptacle in which we may keep tbem-
Moreover a cat with its claws so trimmed
can not climb a tree: it is np in trees
that they catch many birds, as they like-
wise do by running up poles topped with
bird boxes and bird houses of every
description. After the claws are trimmed
the foot looks precisely as it did before
the (rimming was performed — that is to
say, nothing unsightly results.

Some will say that it prevents the cat
from catching mice. Well, what of it?
There is not one cat in a hundred that
catches mice for any purpose ; moreover.
a few mousetraps of modern models will
very quickly rid bouse, bam, and out-
houses of all description of mice. Any of
the "cyclone" pattern of traps will do it
in a few weeks. Cats with trimmed
claws can enjoy their milk and other
food just ns well as with untrimmed
ones, so there is no cruelty done along

CALIPfffiNIA PISH AND GAME.

Finnlly, wtro we to trim the cInwB in
iTie manlier inilicBleil of nil claimwl cnis,
nnd destroy all cats not elaimofl Uy any-
one, we woiilil save thousands of insectiv-
orous birds annually ; and sitrely the
country han by this time hej-iin to realise
what the insectivoroiiB birds mean to tlie
farm and agricultiiriat generally. A fed-
eral law should be enacted to enforce
what is indicated in tbis matter, and be
BO framed that, when passed, it would be
ia the bigbest degree effective. — ■//(. Audu-
bon Soc. Bull., 1918.

After a very careful investigation of
tba problems presented by the herds of
ellc on (he National Forests adjacent to
the Yellowstone National Park. Henry S.
Cravra, chief forester, and E. W. Nel-
son, chief of tbe Bureau of Biological
Survey, have suggested a plan, based on
sound biological principles, for conserving
this valuable game animal. They pro-
pose the maintenance of the present herds,
estimated to niunber from 40.000 to
45,000, and tbe use of the annual increase
for legitimate hunting and distribution to
build up other herds. Tbe maintenance
of these herds is to be acromplished by
the acquisition hy purchase or eichange
of private land to provide needed addi-
tional winter forage, and the setting aside
of adjoining areas as game refuges, the
progressive extinguishment of sheep graz-
ing privileges to prevent any possible con-
flict between wild life and domestic stock,
the enlargement of the present govern-
ment ranch in Jackson Valley to provide
forage during severe seasons, a vigorous
campaign against predatory animals that
destroy elk, and state legielntion requir-
ing hunters to report the number and
kind of animals killed and to preserve
and make ccoDomic use of the meat. In
addition, it is pointed out that a special
study of the migratory drift and winter
and summer habits of the elk to supply
certain facts now in doubt should be
instltDted.

FUR FARMING IN ALASKA.
The United States Bureau ot Fisheries
in a recent bolletiu (Document 847)
^ves interesting information regardiug
fur farming in Ahiska. Reports are
given on the success attained by no less

Uiaii U-l dKTerput breeders. Fur fanning
in .\laHliu in concerned almost wholly
ivilli Ihe lireediug and ivaring of forces,
but some a I ten lion has been given to
miuks and marlens, and there are rec-
ords of mart ens having been born and
reared in captivity in the territory. Al-
Ihounh nkuuks and raccoons have been
introduced into Soiitheastem Alaska,
nothing is known as to tbe success at-

Tlie history of fur farming in south-
eastern Alaska is with but few exceptionsi
a history of failures rather than suc-
cesses. Three good reasons for the fail-
ures can be advanced ; one, neglect due
to irresponsible men left in charge; two,
discouragement following failure of tbe
industry to prove a "get-rich -quick" propo-
sition : three, lack of experience and
knowledge in handling fur animals.
NeverthcteSB, the opportunilies for the fur
farmer in Alaska are almost unlimited.

HOW DO E

i FrNO THEIR WAY?

A lecturer at the California Academy
of Sciences on January 15 discoursed on
"How Migrating Birds Find Their Way."
Tbis lecturer upset all my previous no-
tions that instinct had anything to do in
guiding birds on long journeys, and gave
numerous instances to prove that birds
followed previously observed currents of
nir and water in their flight, or rose and
depended upon sighting distant landmarks
through their well-known powerful vision.

As a lover of birds and a former
breeder of homing pigeons (usually called
carrier pigeons) my observation leads me
to believe that tlie orienting instinct of
birds is innate, on the same principle that,
biologically, plant and animal life is gov-
erned by the influences of light and heat.
I cite a case in our late war of bird travel
under difficulties. A T.ake County man
began to raise homers (carriers) for the
fJnited States Army in France. Anxious
to try out his stock he sent a male fledg-
ling to my borne at 112c> Bush street, San
Francisco, in a little collar box with a
few holes perforated in the cardboard.
Wheat lay on tbe bottom ot ttie box, but
the bird was cramped and did not eat it
on the rough stage trip from the moun-
tains. When it arrived, it had oothiag
in its crop and it should have been nur-
tured, but next day it was taken from
the dark box, a quill fastened to its leg

CALIFORNIA FISH AND OAHB.

Hill.

nte. Iiour, ruA iniu

jte, and released

It l>in>Jy made the fire

wall of the Gve-

Hiory

apartmpnt boute n

it dimr, and gat

■irPlchinK utie Ipr and

wins, then the

nthpr

prwQMl iu featho

^. lifted ita bead

toon

■ide, then the otb

r, roae, circled a

row

mes and darted north. BeioK of

K.K-.1

homlnff iloek, I thought we Bhonld

hear fTom it next da;, but three weeka
paxHcd. then came word that the bird
had (tot home, worn, bedragfiied, wl'
,22 bullet wound through ita breast
.Winn, over which the blood and feathen
had matted or bad been Btnffed in
wounds bj the bill of the bird,
wniindu were weeka old.

Sow, how did the bird exist, and bow
did it find ita waj — a younc bird, its
IliMlit after a aoventj'-five mile trip
dark hot, from whirh it never gleaned
liiilil of a Inndinark to Kiiido it home
llie 8wlli!crlHnd nt Americn it not

)p of iuleri'sl to those cuucompd
inHiTvation of wild life iu Cali-
i)te that the Mate of New York

Ranic and fur-lienrini; animals
lilionni inf<>rmnli<^n bn to the

Kiime' and fur-bearini; animals
lat iKnte. The .1 mcricon FUld
lier ly*. 181S, pase ^EW, si

y.irk Wlale will he required to make .
Nhilenient of Ihe game and fur-bearing
iiNiiiifilH which they took under their 11-
<'eiiHe for the previous year if they had

Thin information will be tabulated ou
the Ntubs of the licenses, which are re-
laine<l by the town and villnRp clerks and
will give to the Conservation ComtniBsion
arcurnte information of the sreatest value
resardinfc the food and game resourrea
of the state.

Ktateroents of their 1918 catch, which
RDOrtsinen make when securing their 11110
ItceaseH. will neceaaarily be from memory.
but to aaaist them In keeping track of
what they take during 1919 a neat little
tally card will be aupplied when the li-
ceuses are taken out, apoo which the
sportsmen can keep a record during the

Holb license and tally card will h<>

envelope, in which he may carry tha
in the 6cl<l '"^ ^^P tbem cleao Ihtooft
out the year."

It is believed that tliis sngKestioo v£
appeal atronglj to Califomians. As tb
tendency toward redaction in tbe noiabeii
□t game and fur-bearing niammala be-
comes more noticeable, it is fortoiiate tiiti
public opinioo is instating more and mem
upon scientific admin istration of tbe M
and game resources of the state- It it
evident that a commoD eense progran of
thia sort is dependent upon adeqDalt
information, and it seems that tbe metbod
suggested is one which gives promise at
valuable results. Tbe writer has bea
advised by Dr. T. S. Palmer that the
method has been given a partial trUI.br
one or two of the pcovinces of CaoaiSa and
a similar nungber of atatee. Tbe chid
ditliculty in regard to it is in CMinectioe
with enforcement. Changes in residence
and failure to appreciate the necessity
for definiteness in the record are among
ilic complicating factors. It is believed,
however, that the adoption of a measure
of this sort would be a long step in the
right direction. In California this would
be particularly true with reference to the
fur-bearing mammals, concerning the nunt-
bvrs of which taken during any one seasoa
adequate information is not available. —
Waltee p. Tatlor, Biological Survey,
WflHhington, D. C

THE GAME BIRDS OF CALIFORNIA.
Tlie Game Birds of California {Oon-

iributioQ from tbe University of Califor-
nia Museum of Vertebrate Zoolt^y) by
.loNeph Orinnell, Harold Child Bryant,
and Tracy Irwin Storer: Uuiveraity of
California Press, Berkeley, 1&18. Large
Svo.. pp. i-«42. 16 colored pis., M figs.
in test. Clolh, S6.00 net.

The volume of the above title is the
comprehensive book on tbe game birds
of Culifomia that aportamen. nature lov-
and serious students of bird-life have
: needed. The book aims to supply
natiiraliitt with complete information
[late regarding the life histories of
California birds, to give the hunter use-
facts concerning the birds he wishes
to shoot, to furniKli the legislator witli
helpful BUBgestions relevant to the prepa-
ration of game laws, and to give the
■rvntionist information which will aid

1

,GlK>,,.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND DAME.

85

litm in bis efforts to perpetuate bird life.
Xhe authors took into aecount all four
of these cIbbbcs of readers and selected and
arranged their material accordingly.

Everj one of the 108 native game birds
of the state is described in detail, tbese
iucluding tbe dacks, geese, swans, ibises.
omDes, rails, aoiiie, sandpiperB, citrlew,
plover, quail, grouse, pigeons and doves.
The localities in wbich each is found, and
the times of the year whco it is found,
ore designated and its life history and
habits are accurately described.

1%e extensive collections and field notes
in the California Museum of Vertebrate
S^oology, Bupplemcnted by previously pub-
lished knott-ledge from the experience of
ornithologists tbrougbout tbe West, have
formed the basis for the volume. To this
groundwork has been added material ob-
taiaed from interviews with numerous
reliable sportsmen and directly from the
fresh field experiences of the authors
themselves. Tbe whole is worked into
what coDBtitutes a practically complete
snmmary of our knowledge of each of tbe
species down to date. The authors do not
claim that tbe book contains everything
that ought to be known about each of
tbe game birds of Galifomia ; far from
it, for more extended observations are cer-
tain to provide multitudes of new facte.
Tbis book should act as a stimulus for
future observers, leading them to add to
what is now made common knowledge
regarding our game birds.

The joint authorship of the book is the
working out of the pHnciple that tbe
highest plane of scientiGc output is likely
to be reached only through co-operative
effort. When one author works alone,
mistakes are made unawares : but when
two, or better three, are at work, one
b able to check another's work to advan-
tage, and an increased measure of accu-
racy is the result.

An underlying incentive for the publica-
tion of the present work was found in the
decrease of many valuable species of game
birds and the apparent apathy of the
public with reference to Instituting proper
measures to conserve them. The book
adequately treats of the means to l)e taken
Lo conserve game and makes practical
I rntimmenilationH suited lo each species.

Introductory ehnplers are devoted lo
general subji'Cls, iis follows: Decrease of

Game and its Causes; Natural Enemies
of Game Birds; Tbe Gun Club in Cali-
fornia; History of Attempts to Introduce
NoD-QStive Game Birds ; The Propaga-
tion of Game Birds ; Iiegislation Relat-
ing to Game Birds in California. The
sportsinao and nature lover will End
much of immediate utility in these gen-
eral chapters.

The technical matter useful to the
special student of birds is found con-
densed in small type at the head of each
discussion. This makes reference to tbe-
finer characters of each species easy,
and at the same time segregates this for-
mal matter from the more readable test
following.

The plan of treatment of each bird
follows a regular sequence : Technical
portion (in small type) ; Accepted com-
mon and scientific names ; other names ;
description : adult male, adult female,
juvenile, downy young; marks for field
identification ; voice ; nest ; eggs; general
distribution; diatribution in California.
Text (in large type) : General and local
distribution ; migration ; field marks ; life
history : nest, eggs, young ; habits and
behavior; food; economic value; present
and probable future status.

"The Game Birds of California" Is well
illustrated with line drawings and col-
ored plates. Thirteen of the sixteen
colored plates were made by tbe well-
known artist, Louis Agassiz Fuertes, and
the other three by Major Allan Brooks,
now of the Canadian army. In all,
twenty-one different game birds are fig-
ured in color. The 94 line drawings serve
largely to illustrate characters of plum-
age, bill, or feci, such as are especially
helpful in identifying the different kinds
of game birds.

As a sample of what may be expected
in the treatment of each species, atten-
tion may be called to the chapter on the
Valley Quail, fwenty-three pages are
utilized in describing the bird, its neat,
eggs, distribution, field marks, habits and
behavior. Here will be found interesting
evidence to show that the male birds act
ns sentinels. A compilation of data on
time of nesting and size of clutch occu-
pies over four pages. It is demonstrated
Ihiit llip valley qnail lays more eggs (ban
liny other K'inie bird, and nnder normal
<i>inMtioiis suffers cor res ponding mortality.

Coo<^lc

t>6

c.vrjpoBNiA nsu and oaub.

Upbub of finHToWtaK tii'm moHality are
miBl'vtPj. A dJKUMioQ of the agricul'
liiral IwariDK. carir huoliDg foe the mar-
kpt, and pnwiit and probable Btatui ol
ili)> ui>land game bint conclude* tbe

All Ihmiiitb the book espmial atteii'
linn ig itvpD to tbo«e distiactive cbarac-
liTi of a bird tbat help lo make it recog-
Dliahle from other uppcieg when alive,
at ■ dlHlanre. A uwfiil Geld manual is
Iherobr proridpd. A dopendable key tu
the variuim «[iiTii>fl makes possible the
Jili-ilIiHi'BtioQ of any upeeimcn iu haod.
'J'hi- Inilei mnlHina all the commoQ as
well HH the M'ientifii^ nameH, tbiis makioK
il oii»y lo loonte any bird, provided BOmi
Miiiiii- in known, even IbonKh this nami
In- a very Ioi'bI, [lopiilar one.

Kvery wlioiil and library in the west
iTii ■inli-H Bhrinld conlflin a copy of thii
work fur ri-f.T,.iii* uae. for more am
niiin- in the natural bistory of bird lift
aHiiimiiiK lni|)i>rtanee as a subject of gen
eriil impnlar nilture. Individuals inter
I the fniti'inacinK field treated ii

llIB

■oj.ii'

lid T

1 cHplivily in tl
nli'ns. marked il
mer ijiijcoa. J

II prill' iifrered for Ibe dis™
■■■1IK.T i.iui'on'x inhaliitcd i

miH. liowev.T, wvi.rnl persons
"■eiiiK pflHsenKer piK-'ons. Bay-
oystHrmen of (Jreat South Itay
I a few piui'oiiH sliil rniptrate
Houlbern sbore of Long l«iand.

M.'K

llastni

r ptilili

Will

Handfra, of Am«leriiam. New York, en
countered n flock of imsHenccr piKenns m
thrlober 1, li!lS, while on a binl-alud.
Iriii ill llie vichiity of West (iiilwuy am
»:iiiirlli>n, Nr-w Vork. One of llie bird
liKhliil williin a few feci of Ibc [larly. uiii
Mr. ttnstiiuKsi'n, who liaH hfi'ii .stmlyiii;

ISibh' lloil

1 of II

ilifK'a

The latent rpport is from Jobs U
Cramptoo. 61 jraES of ag«. ttfid Saprm
lendmt of the CooDectioat Slate Boards
Figheriea and Game, lie describes haix:
Been three pa.<»enjcer pijcmns ia tbe mUlr
of May, 191^ while fisbing at GruJB
Pond, Southineton, ConnecticoL H'
taaiotains that be bad do difBcnltj is
identifying them, for be has been >^
quainled with Ihe appearance and bibo)
of Ihe passenger piteon since e^rlj ts;-
hood, having be^n 13 years old when ^
first shot passenger pigeons, and faavia;
had a trained passenger pigpon for a p^>
for a long time. On Jnne 2, 191& >
Mr. Wooster. who was told of tbe fiod.
saw three birds, and on Jun« 9, a Mr-
Parker saw two birds id th« stat
vicinity.

ENGLISH GAME BIRDS VINDICATED.

Uecent invratigations of the food of Ibf
Knglish iiheasant. tbe red groose and tbe
imrt ridge of Kn gland show that tb««
siilendid game birds do not appreeiablj
damage growing eropB.* Tbe stomacb ex-
amination of ]83 slomacbs of pbeassnts
«how that tbeir food consists largely of
injnrioua insects and weeds. Tbis con-
clusion is of particular interest when <t i>
known that the Board of Agriculture and
Fisheries on Febniary S, 1017, autlioriied
tbe War .Agricultural Executive Comiaii-
tec of each county to reduce the stock of
pheasants on any land "where tbere is b
risk of substantial injury therefrom to
crops." The only possible barm occa-
sioned by tbe pheasant for which there
seems lo be any reliable evidence is that
of tramping down com, and this is not of
frequent occurrence, but happens only
where birds are unusually abundant.

The food of the young red grouse it
ranilc up largely of insects, while tbat of
ibe adult is largely browse secured from
benlher and twenty or thirty other plants.
So far as agriculture is concerned, tbe
pnrtriilgc is a harmless bird. The percent-
Is consumed is small and re-
very short season of the year,
rril Inrsely in stubble fields.

that Idftpie

I

I l« fixe

CALIPCTINU FISH AND QAHE.

87

tlie right apecies and that the wood pi^on.
rook, certaiD species of gull and the star-
ling have been proved guilty. If birds of
tlie above character are destroyed whole-
Kale the fanner is being robbed of a spe-
cies that are beneficial . and the real
onlpritB aa well IB the ioiurloae insects
eaten by the game birds, are left to con-
tinue their work of destruction of the
country's food supply.

Anyone interested in the life history or
the control of the ground squirrel should
obtain a copy of the November-December
number of the Monthly Bulletin ol the
State Horticultural Commission which is
available free of charge. This bulletin
contains thoroughly up-to-date and un-
questionably authoritative information on
tJiG ground squirrels of California and
their control, compiled by leading state
and federal investigators. In the leading
article each of the 18 different varieties
of ground squirrels known to inhabit the
state are treated, and nine of these are
figured in color. It is pointed out that
only four of these varieties are of special
; importance.

THE FOOD OF MALLARD DUCKS.
A recent bulletin (N'o. 720) of the
United States Department of Agriculture
treats of the food habits of the mallard
ducks of the United States. Mr. W. L.
McAtee, the author, devotes eight pages
to an ennmerstioD of the different kinds
of food taken by the mallard, the informa>
tioD being based on the examinalion of
172.') giszards. The enormous quantities
of seeds taken by the mallard duck is
evidenced by two stomachs. One con-
teiued about 28.100 seeds of a bulrush,
8700 of a sedge, 35,840 of primrose wil-
low, and 2560 duck weeds, a total of more
than 75,200. Another atomacb contained
DO fewer than 102,400 seeds of primrose
willow besides a number of other items
in smaller numbers. "The seeds in this
sloniecli if sowed one in a place and a foot
apart eneh way would suffice for two anil
nif-liHlf Ron's of gronnd."
.Vhout one-tenlli .of llie foixl of the
I nialhird is deriviil from the animal king-
* duni niid nine-tenths from the vegolnhli'.
A liirce proportion of Ihi? vi>gc(ab]G food

is made up of the seeds of sedges with
those of grasses ranking next In import-
ance. About 2.34 per cent of the food of
the birds examined was made up of acorns.
The animal food consists of mollusks, in-
sects, fishes and crustaceans in order of
importance.

Such a detailed report of the food uf
one of our best game birds is not ouly
valuable in proving the economic status of
the bird itself, but should he of help in
])rovtdinf' attractive food for wild birds
and suitable food for mallards on ihe
game farm.

WILD SIR[>S AND LEQrSLATION.

Apparently other countries than the
United States have suHered from the re-
sult of hasty and ill-considered legislation
relative to wild birds. In a recent paper
by Doctor Collinge, the foremost economic
ornithologist of Great Britain, he points
out some of the more important statutes
pasaed by Parliament and their ultimate
effects upon wild bird life.* The dominant
idea throughout carl; acts of Parliament
i^eems to have been that birds in'itt he re-
Neri'ed and preserved for the king and hit>
I'Ctinue, or such favored individuals to
whom he pleased to grant licenses.

Practically all of the acts are character-
ized by selfishness and an utter disregard
of the interests of agriculture or horti-
culture. Among the curious acts are one
making it a felony, punishable by death,
for a person to wrongfully take the eggs
of any "falcon, goshawk, or laser, or the
birds of any falcon, goshawk, or laner or
laneret." and one providing that "any
person who shall take or attempt to take
any wild bird by means of a hook or other
similar instrument shall be guilty of an
offense."

In the summary Dr. Collinge states that
a dispassionate and unprejudiced consid-
eration of the facts leads to the following

1. That in the past the question of wild
bird protection and destruction has never
received really serious consideration. The
olijpclK soncht in most of the acts of
I'arliamcnt uimn the subject have been
largely of a scllish niiliire and not for the
giHHl of llip iiiuillry.

Goo(^ Ic

88

CALIFORNIA FISH AND QAlfE.

2. Tlist Ihv majority of thtse acts bave
been ill-conaidered and often hastily prp-
pured : many of the» have been rpjwftleil
and others frequently amended or
EnodiAed.

3. That no attempt ha« been made by
those who advoeate the protection of wild
birds, to understand the problem pre*
sented by wild bird life. Blindly, and
often strongly prejudiced, they advocate
protection for all turds, and protection

4. Tbat such an attitnide is callEus forth
a deep resentment from tbose who hare
to lire by the products of the soil, many
of whom having waited in vain for repres-
sive measures, have now taken to drilrojt'
iiig ickoletale all bird life.

!). That the itroponiibic advocacn of
uniform protection it indirectly contriliut-
iog more than aaf/thing cUe to the leanlon
dcilmction of many of our mott uieful
birds. "Some of the rery greatest friends
that our nation has are being destroyed
without mercy • • • a defensive force
upon which most of our prosperity dc'

C. That the immediate need of the prcs-
eDt is for a wide and comprehensive act
that will give protection to all non-injur-
ous or ben end a I birds, and provide
adequate repressire measures for those
species which have become too numerous
and destructive.

The same conditiou seems to exist al-
most everywhere. Itealization of the
chaotic condition of the game laws due to
hasty, ill-considered and conslanlly chang-
ing legislation is not lacking, but the
initiative to clean things up and to base
game legislation on scientific fact rather
Ihnn on selfish motive rarely exists.

H. C. Bbtam.

A recent publication of the University
of California points out that the nestlings
of many of our common soug-birds arc
iDfpKted witli the larvffi of a Hy which
suckE the blood.* The fly wliich is resjion-
siblc ix very much like the common house-
fly, but is of n nielallic blue color. This
Hy hiys ils ese» in n newly-drcupied u.Kt,
nnd fHHHi Hie hirvae which hnlHi frmii the

•llalh, <). K..

eggs attach themselves to the young birds.
Deserted Deets usually contain the pupae.
Among the common birds whose nests and
nestlings were found infested were : the
Nuttall sparrow. California purple finch,
California linnet, green-backtd goldfinch,
willow goldGnch, and the California brows
lowhee. The author of the paper coo-
eludes that from Q to 10 per cent of the
parasitized nestlings die from loss of

This discovery doubtless helps to ex-
plain the mortality among nestling birds
so often noted in the bay region.

The joint regulations governing the im-
1>ortation of quail from Mexico, issued hy
the Treasury Department and the Depart-
ment of ARrieulture under date of Novem-
ber 13, 191G, were in full force and effect
the past season, the entry of qaait being
permitted from February 15 to April 10,
inclusive, and on March 8, 1918, Laredo,
Texas, was designated as a port of entry
in addition to Eagte Pass, Texas, and
New York City. Co-operation was con-
tinued with the Bureau of Animal In-
dustry in having a thorough inspection of
the birds made during the ten days'
qua ran tine.

The first permit was issued February
20. 1918, and the last, April 4. The num-
t)er of quail for which permits were issued
was 10.500. and the number released from
quarantine only 5,205. as compared with
liermits issued for 42,973, and the release
of 32,814 in IftlT.

The notably large decrease in the num-
tier of quail actually imported during the
past year is accounted for by the scarcity
of birds in northern Mexico due to
drought, and the refusal of large ranch
owners to permit the trapping of quail on
property owned and controlled by them.
Also it is evident tbat state game offidals
were reluctant the past year to purchase
Mexican quail for propagation because of
the Hevere losses of birds imported during
the season of 1017.

Of the [j.20fi bir<ls actually released
from quarantiui' only IG were found dcld
during the ten days quaranllne period, and
mi cuse of quiil disease was discovered.
So far ns reimrls rceeiveil hy the depart-
Hii'ut iudicalp, (here were few losses of
birds in sliipping. The change of dates

CALIFORNIA FISH AND OAUE.

(or tLe imiiorfation of Mi'xicau nuail —
bc^JDDing at a lat^r porioil, February 15,
iustead of ill the fall, as in llll(>— has
proTcd beneficial by preveatiDg the binls
froin reaching the iiortheru states tluriilg
severe winter neather.— Itcport of Chief
of Bnreau of Biological Survey, lOlS.
p. 17.
FEDERAL MrQRATORY BIRO LAW.

Oning to tbe prevention of spring
ahooCiug during the last few years, noder
the federal migratoi? bird law, a great
io crease in migratory wild fowl has beeu
reported practically throughout tbe entire
United Slates. The reports
more birds were killed during the fait of
1917 than in any similar BeH«>n for many
years. With the need of tncreasing food
resources, this increase iu game 1:
a reault of a federal conseri-ati
was a practical and opportune
CantiDDed protection of our wild fowl
during the spring will unquestionably

the r

sport from this source each yea

For administrative purposes UDder the
migratory bird law the United States is

(divided into IS districts, under the super-
vision of 12 inspectors, who, with the as-
sistance of IS2 federal wardens, enforce
the regnlati<
During the year the commissions of 47
federal wardens were terminated and
4& new wardens were appointed.

The inspectors and federal wardens
ported 313 violations of the regulations,
which with those of previous years make
a total of 1,132 cases on file. All but 2» of
these cases, which have been disposed of
in court, have been withheld pending tbe
decision of the United States Supreme
Court in the case of the United State)
Hhaaver, involving the constitutionality of
the law. Defects in tbe law, particularly
in that it did not make the possession of
birds during tbe closed season unlawful,
and did not confer on inspectors and
wardens the power of arrest and search,
made it possible for man; violators to
cape. A further difficulty in enforcement
was encountered in the limited number of
inspectors, each with an unduly targe dis-
trict. Reports, however, show that
violations were more sporadic and fewer
birds were killed unlawfully than in pre-
1 vIouB years.

Voluminous information has been

others sliowiiiB Ibnt lliere is nn ever-
niimlier of waterfowl and
sliureliirds iu most of the states; furlher-
', (bat wild fowl have become uu-
lly lame in spriiij because tliej are
not molested at that season : and tbet
many thousands are breeding in localities
where they had not nested for many years,
jusensus of opinion attributes
these greatly improved conditions to the
general observance of tbe federal prohibi-
tion against spring shooting which has
been brought about through the good will
of sportsmen and by the increased activi-
:s of this bureau, with closer co-operation
' state game autboriUes,
The friendly attitude of the state game
commissions toward the federal migratory
bird law bas been shown in many ways,
particularly in their initiative whereby
and federal regulntions have l>een
brought into harmony. Twenty-three
states now have laws making the open
seasons on migratory wild fowl similar to
those under the federal regulations.
Amendments of the regulations were pro-
mulgated October 15, 1917, which assisted
in unifying federal and state game laws,
thus simplifying their administration.

A bill to give effect to the treaty
between the United Stales and Great
Britain for the protection of birds which
migrate between this country and Canada
passed the Senate July 30, 1917. The
Senate bill, with nmendments, passed (he
House June ti, 1918, and was then re-
ferred to a conference committee. The
conference report was adopted by tbe
House June 28, and by the Senate June
20, and the bill was signed by the Presi-
dent and became effective July 3, 1918.
Nation-wide interest was manifested in
the passage of this legislation, which was
secured through the united efforts of
state game commissions, sportsmen, farm-
ers, and others interested in tbe conserva-
tion of wild life. The new law contains
many excellent provisions necessary for
its effective enforcement, and it will be
possible to obtain much more satisfactory
results under it than have been possibla
under the nrigiual migratory bird law.
Canada has already passed an enabling
act and promulgated regulations for en-
forcing the terms of the treaty. — Report
of Chief of Bureau of Biological Survey,
1018, pp. 17-19.

jOOt^lc

90

CALIFORNIA FISn AND QAHK.

LONG RUN OF A TAGGED SALMON.
Tlic United Sliilps Riirpau ot Fi»heri?K
liaa rcrcivm] fram Jiilin I'. Bnbcot-k, of
the FisherieR Departnicnt of British Col-
umbiA, iword of the capture in the QDper
Fraser River of a sockcye Balmon bearing
OD its tail a bntton that had been ioserted
ID marking experituentB carried od by the
bureau oo Puget Sound.

Tlie fish, dip-netted by an Indian at
Soda Creek Canyon. British Columbia, on
August IG, 1&18, bad been taken at Vil-
lage PoioC, Lumni Island, Washington,
on July 19, 18IS. Soda Creek ia approx-
imately 400 milea from the moutb of the
Fraser River, and Village Point is about
TO milea from the same place. Therefore.
asBuming that the fish moved by tbe most
direct route, the average rate of travel
was Dearly 17 miles a day.

NIGHT HERONS GAME IN LOUISIANA.
California was for some time noted a>
the only stale in the Union which per-
mitted the hunting of ibis. Ix>uiBiana
now holds llic distincCiuu of being Um
only Hiate nhere the night heron is con-
sidered a game bird. According to the
19t(i-18 Biennial Report of the Depart-
ment of Conservation of Louisiana, tbt
night heron ia often utilized aa food
nnd the law provides for an open seasoa
from November 1 to February 13 with s
bag limit of 15 birds. Both tbe black-
orowned night heron and the yellow-
crowned are found in the state, and both
are popularly known aa "Groa-becs." The
young while in immature plumage are
particularly sought after by buotera and
that is why when served lautei a I'oiffnon
it is considered a dish "fit for the gods."

*♦»**#»»»*#*♦»

+****»»*##**#»♦***»♦#*

J CAUFORNIA TROUT. I

I - \

f What kind of a trout did I catch last sum- ^
; mer? J

^ An answer to this and like questions will be J
t found in the July number of CALIFORNIA •
! FISH AND GAME which will be a TROUT !

► ;

£ NUMBER. The colored plates will make 4
; identification of trout easy. Watch for the <
' TROUT NUMBER. !

*♦^t^<*«*******«^'********♦******♦*******

DiB.lizedOyGoO<^lc

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

FACTS OF CURRENT INTEREST.

The first case made under the Federal Migratory Bird Treat? Act
resulted in tiie conviction of four violators and a smteuce of $100.00
fine or 60 days imprisonment.

J* jt Jt
The work of the deputies in the duck country has been greatly sim-
plified the past year. Fear of the federal law has resulted in few
vioIatioDB.

ji Jt Jt
Whistling swans were ahimdant in western Stanislaus and Merced
comities during tba lattn- part of the open season, but left about the
first of February. Several parties who could not forego the excite-
ment of taking a shot at these beautiful birds were apprehended by
deputies, and severely fined.

Jt Jt Jt

The Sacramento Orphanage and Farm, the Sacramento Counfy Hos-
pital, and the Registrar of Charities, have recently been the recipients
of 631 ducks confiscated by deputies during the open season on water-
fowl.

Jt ji ji
Tfae attempt of market hunters to make shipments of ducks to
parties in Ss^ Francisco whom the shippers did not know was frus-
trated by deputies of the commission. The old stont of shipping
under fictitious names is not so easily worked as it once was.
Jt Jt Jt
Ring-necked pheasants have beccHne so numerous in Inyo Connly
that residents are demanding an open season.
Jt Jt ji
Large catches of herring have been made this spring and this fish
has been selling as low as foor cents a pound, retail. Even at this
price tiie demand is not sufficient to prevent t<nis of herring going to
the fertilizer works.

Jt Jt ji
The new hatchery on Ft^ Creek, a tributary of the Klamath River,
has been turned over to the Fish and Oame Commission by the Cali-
fomia-Or^on Power Company and it is now in full operation.
Jt ji ji
J. C. Bruce of Wawona, who was recently appointed state mountain
licm hunter, killed three of the animals on Ms first day's hunt in
Tuolumne County. Mr. Bruce made his record near South Fork
Camp and was assisted by his trained varmint dogs. He will remain
m Tuolunme County a month and then go to Shasta County to con-
tinue the w(Hrk.
. ji Jt Jt

' The salmon catch in 1918 was unusually large, exceeding 12,800,000
poimds.

,, ,-■: ..Goo'^lc

CAUFOBNIA PISn AND GAME.

HATCHERY MOTES.

W. H. SHEBLEY, Editor.

Mount Shaita Hatchary.

Approximately ten million qumnat aal-
moD eggfi have been sbipprd ti> tbe Mount
Sliasta Hatchery from the United States
Bureau ot Fisheries station on the Sacra-
meoto River IributarieB and from the
Klamath River Station, which was oper-
ated this year by the CaliFomia F^sh and
Game Commission. The egga have all
been hatched out and the fry will be dia-
trihuted in tbe upper reaches of the Sac-
rameoto and Elamath rivers as aoon as
they are of anitable sixe, A coueiderable
number will be held Id the three large
salmon -rearing ponds at tlie hatchery over
tbe summer months, and released after
ibe fiist fall rains.

fxich Ijeven and eastern brook trout egg
collecting operations at the Moanl Shasta
Hatchery were very aucceasfnl this sea-
son. There are 1.300.000 eastern brook
and 3.000,000 TxMrh I«ven eggs and fry
on hand at tbe station at this date.

The rainbow egg-collecting season is a
little late this year, there being only
69.000 eggs of this species on band at tbe
hatchery on March 1.

Mount Whitney Hatchery.
A supply of eastern brook and Loch
I«ven trout eggs have been shipped from
the Uount Shasta Hatcber; to the Monnt
Whitney Hatchery and the fry resulting
will be reared and distributed, together
with the other species of trout fry handled
at this hatchery this season, in the waters
of southern California, Tulare and Kern

Work on tbe improvement of the
grounds at the Mount Whitney Hatchery
is progressing nicely, much of the pre-
liminary grading and £lliDg-in work hav-
ing been completed.

Mount Tallac Hatchery.

Arrangements are being made to open
the Mount Tatlac Hatchery about tbe
middle of March, and an effort will be
made to take the usual number of blaek-
S|io(tcd trout eega tbis season.

Fort Seward Hatchery,

Quinnat salmon eggs to the number of
1,000,000 hare been shipped to the Fort
Seward Hatchery, and the fry are being

ired for distribution in the Eel Riier
and tributaries. Mad River, and tribn-
« of Humboldt Ray. The nraal
number of steelhead trout eggs will be
shipped to Fort Seward Hatchery this
seatuin for distribution in streams of tbe

Alma nor Hatchery.

Egg collecting operations at the Almaaoi
Hatchery were commenced the middle of
February. Tbe run of rainboiv trout ia
that section is late tbis seaaon, and to
date DO eggs have been taken.

Domingo Spring* Hatchery.

This hatchery will be opened up tbe
middle of March and it is expected that
tbe usual take of rainbow trout eses will
be obtained from tbis station.

On February 1 a crew waa sent to
open up tbe Snow Mountain Bgg-coUect-
ing Station and Ukiah Batcbery, Prac-
tically all the eggs taken this season at
Snow Mountain will be transported by
auto truck to Ukiah and "eyed" at that
station, as there are better facilities for
handling the work at the latter [dace.
Bear Laka Hatchery.

Arrangements are being made to open
up the Bear T^ke Hatchery duiiog tbe
fore part of March, and the crew is all
ready to proceed as soon as it is possible
to get into Big Bear Valley.

Braokdale Hatchary.

Egg-collocting operations were com'
meuced at the Scott Creek Station during
the fore part of February, and while the
run is a little late, as in other sections
of the state, nearly a half million ateel-
head trout eggs have been taken to date.
They are being immediately transported
to the Brookdale Hatchery, where they
are being "eyed." Tbe nsaal number of
trout fry will be hatched at Brookdale
Hatchery for distribution in the atreami
of Santa Cm:: and fsnta Clara counties.
An additional supply of trout fry will be
retained at the Brookdale Hatchery and
held in the rearing ponds for distribution
during the late summer months in tbe
streams of San Mateo and Msrin conntiei.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAUE.

Fall Crc«k >

Fall <'nH>k Ilntebery, which wf
FitriK-teil liy llii- raliforuia-Orceon
Company, niiil liicueil over to thi
fiiniia PJNli and (iaiuc ComniiRBion
nf tbe cnnstruclLOD of a fish ladder o
Copco Dam, is in active operation
present time.

Egg- collecting o|>eralious at the
ary stations located on Bogus Cre
C'urap Creek were commenced diiri
middle of February, and to dale :
of GOO.OOO ece* liave been taken.

A little over a millioD quinnat
cges were shipped to tlie Fall
Hatchery from the Mount Sliasta
ery, and the fry resultinK from th
uipnt will Ite reaivd and planted

Yoiemite Exp«rimental Hatchery.
TrouKhs and fishcultiiral parojihiT-
lalia iiave been constructed for tlie Yo-
' Semite Eiptrri mental Halcliery and plans
made to operate early this spring to de-
termine tbe suitability of the water for
latchcry purposes on a large scale in the
Tosemite Valley.

Fish Distribution,
In preparation for tbe season's hsh dis-
ibution work. Fish Distribution Car No.
Treek 01 has beea placed in the car shops at
Hatch- Sacramento tor eitenaive repaire. Ar-
ab ip- rangements are being made for a very
jrly distribntion of trout fry this season.

COMHEBCIAL FISHERY NOTES.

N. B. SCdFIELD, Editor.

Biological Stations Wart Protection.

Much of our dependable information
regarding marine life comes an the re-
sult of carefully planned ex|iprimeiils at
the various biological stntions along the
coast. Oftentimes marine plants or ani-
■iinls arc taken from their native habitat
nnd planted near the station u'lierc they
.;nn be watched .and studied. Valiinble

eiiwriraents which have been atartcd have
sometimes beeq made wortblesa because
of the removal of specimens by thougbt-
iess |>eople. To avoid recurrences ot this
kind the various stations are asking for
a law probibllinj? the catching or remov-
ing of marine plants or animals within
one mile of any marine biological station.
In view of the facts hb stated above such
a law seems reasonable.

Gooi^le

CAUP(»BNIA flSH AND GAME.

AtlfiDiits arp iieain beine didiIp Io mu
ify tliF prpSfDt Hbriiii|> Ian' to alliiK xlirin
IbihiDtC 'D tbp northcni imrl of San F'ra
ciKro Ray. Slirimp HshinK Er now limil
to the iMiitb hnj' in onlir to iiri-vpnt t
cImlru<-tion of Talnnblc fiHKl lisli.
onlpr Hint tlip FtKb an<l (iamr Comiuissi.
■nicbl \ie in iiosu'ssiim i>( Tarls to opfi
tbp ■bnnei' ntipml haiilx of a Kliriiiip n
bave been mail« ocnr McXi'ar'H I'uii
Man)' joune >i<ri|>p<I liass and o(bi-r juli.
fiRbrn were Inkcn in tlip hauls ami thf
wilJ W prpRpn'pd in the furtn of ctiildK

t'anncrips at Kan nip|:u, nltbiJiiKh well
Huiiplied witb large aardinrs. have liepn
Kliort u( a mall -a iz^ on as, nbii'b
grpat dotnand. Tbe Fiab aaJ (ian
mission launch "Atbat-ore" rei-eully spent
Home (imp attemptlnK to Iwatp stbools of
small sanliiies. The tuiinrb had Jiltlp
liptlpr siipcess than tbe .recular fisbiue
l>onlii. Wbore tlif small (isli are loeateil

New Canntry Eitabllshcd at Enunida.
Tbp Meiiran Induslrial DevplopmpDt
t'umpany 'a ImililiDE a new rannrry at
Knsenada. M<-iico. This i-oiii|>aDy plans
to ran albanirc. rrawGHb. turtle, aiul
tuna. Tbey will hIeo ship freah fisb to
San Diefcn.

Japanaic Trawler In Nsta of Law.
Onp of Ihp dm arrpsts for drando;
irawl nelii within Ihp tlirpe-milp limit that
hns lipen maclp slnre (be food ndmioistra-
tion's rulinRs lai/sed at Ihe Brat of the
ypar wan repently mndp in nouthem Cali-
fornia by Deputjr n. n. Nidever. Al-
tboueh thp Japanpse crew alward the fisb-
' ins boat "California'' of Snn Pedro nit
1 away their hpI on findins ibat tbey were
pursued, they were, nevertheless, rounded
up. After a three and a half hour seareb
llip s|ie<>ially-dp»i):npd aalvaKinf- near of
' thp launch rpcovered the abandoned trawl
net. Kvideniv of Ihe destructive feature
of the trawl npt was apparent In rbe lanre
iiumlier of fisb of many differeDt varieties
found in the nel. It is becnnsp of tbe
Inr^e baiils ikiskIMp wilb surh a net that
lis use is proliilitii'd in sbnilow walera.

NOTES FROM THE LONG BEACH LABORATORY.

By V

ILL F. ■

HOMPSON a

I ELMER ^

HNS.

Anioiit; the rare finh which bavi' coniej
into Ihe lahornlory and have not beeu ;

dMlK." in a Hiiccimen of what we may
iPtm "wiiiarp-Iair' for lack of n common j
name. It is sclent i5ca My known hs T'tra- \
O'lBHrut ciirii-ri Itlssii. The individual isl
inountcil. fourtpen and a half iniHiPK lonz.
and somewhat badly preserved lie<-auRp of
frequent handling. The exact Iwality
can not be disciiterpd. the Hsbermnn who
owns llip finh bavins foc^otten it. but it
wna near Catalina. This is the find
record of the sjipcies in the North I'iicific.
It was taken two years ago or more.

It is characterized hy two Mban> rid^'s
on i-acli Hide of the lull. wliicU is di-cply .
forked. These ridgrs iiie formed by Ihr ;
Imrd, roueh scales, and ap|>ear cniBible of

to tear them off in Btri|)S. Tbe mouth is
small, and tbe lins feeble in appearance.
while Ihe teeth show plainly that tb<?
siipcies is not caiwhle of atlncktuE lartn-
prpy. for they are small and comb-like
alibouRh numerous.

Allbouzh Ihere ar.- very early n-contu
<if its preseniv in Ihe Sledllerrauean. yet
it is even (here a very rare fish. Il was
prul>al))y known as early as irkVI. for
|{on<lelel. a writer of one of the verj-
parliest nalural bistorips. published a
crude figure, calling it Mugil tii;7cr. which
this species. Aldro-

. later

i^lletl i

ioIp

; injur

iiml.

'tifnfiViiH. Willouchby. in ll'hSlt. also de-
scribeil it. Itiit Ihe first author giving a
di'scripliou of wlial Is wilboul doubt this
lish was Itisso. in l.'<10. Kimv the time
of Ri«Hi. Ihe fish has lipcn taken seveml
limes in (be Medilerrnnenn and npnr ihe
Miideirn Islands. Olber sppcimpus Iiove

1)1 ken

Who

Max

'tis, and one has been tafaeu in Aus-

CAUPOBNIA PISH AND QAHE.

95

tralia. The B|)eeimeD here meotiooed ia
the firat from oiir const line, indeed the
first from Ihe North racific. We bavp
also a Doraber of xpeoimeoB n-hi<?h arp
very small, up to an inch and a half in
leagth. which we have taken in the small
meiihed nets used by the boal "Albacote,"
and which are rcrj- prohably this species.
If BO, the speeipg must he very abundant
inatend of very rare, and its rnrity must
bt asrrilied to the tact that the fishennen
do not lake it with any of (heir gear.

It is aaid. by the European writers who
have chrooicleil its appearance, that it
is at llmea very poisonous. It is Ihonebt
to Feed on jellyGsh and such nuimals. and
to approach the coasi in the fall in order
(0 Bpawn. When it is taken it is oBually
very inactive and feeble in its movements,
probably hecsu^ it la fnr from ils own
native linbitat. which is thought to be the
very deep sea. — W. F.T.

DiiriiiK Ihe work ot the "Albacore"
there have been taken scvenit very odd
(unus of fi»li. Notable among them is a
fisb with alalked eyes. It seems lo be tho
same species as one which has boon taken
I in the Indian Ocenn. nud which lias been
called i^tylniihihalmus paradu-ia*. The
eye stalks arc very lone, being one and a
c|iiarter times Ihe lr>ngth of the head. The
eyes are set on the end of these long
^lender slalks. and idve n very jwculiar
appearance to the fish. One must lie at a
loss to know the use to which such eyes
could he put. The fish itself is but two
and a hnlf inches Iodr and as transparent
as a jellytisb. wtlh black dots along the
nhole of il» iiry slender and delicate
liody.— W. F. T.

The fish known as Ihe "King of the
Snimou" in textbooks dealing with fish,
n member of the genus Trachypteriu. is
supposedly verj' rare. But iu the explora-
tions of the "Albacore" numerous young
have been taken. It would seem that it
is another of those fish which are not
taken l)y Ihe fishermen, and nn
in whieh it is obvious that the
iielier thai n Ssh is rare becniixe II

It is undouhledty true that i
IHissiblf to oblain accurate aampli
life in the ocean, either by

scientific fishing, when the adult fishes
are concerned. There are assuredly
Bppciea which are never takeu by any
form of gear save when they are disabled
or when they accidentally leave their hab-
itats. It must l>e just as tnie thai 8|>ecies
which are abundant at times are capable
of hiding themselves or avoiding the avail-
able apparaliis used for fishing so com-
pletely as to give the impression Ihat the
s|iecie« has left the region. The acci-
dental discovery ot such cases ahould
reniler us very cautious In our conclusions
regarding Ihe relative nbundnuce ot a
species in a region, or the migrations
which they undertake.— W, F. T.

.\ species of snuddah hilberto supi>osed
lo be confined to Mexican waters has been
taken by the ".Mbacore" in considerable
numbers a few miles south of Oceanside
and also by fishermen in Ihe region ot ^an
niego. This species, Citharii-hlhut raii.
thottigma, rather closely resembles the
sand dab of Ihe San Francisco markets,
but is a wider, plumper fish, equal if not
su|)erior in quality lo ils northern rela-
tive. It ninv prove very Important com-
mercial ly.—E. H.

Another interesting si)ccimen laken hy
the "Albacore" in one ot her scientific col-
lecting trips is that of a flying fish, new
to these waters. The specimen, of the
species Kxonauten rondrtilii. was taken
some l.'D miles off San Diego ; and
although tlie npecies is ot wide range iu
tropical seas, it baa heretofore been
recorded on this coast only from Acapiihii,
Mexico, 1700 miles to the south.

Southern California ia supposed to yield
but one species of flyiog fish — the one so
well known lo the sportsmen-anglers of
Catalina Island ; and whether the new
fish ia a permanent resident hitherto uu-
dislinguisbed from Ihe common species,
which it closely resembles, or another
visitant from the south is still a doubtful
cpiestiou.^E. H.

Ihiring February the "Allmn.rp" hiudeil
Mr. Horace I.inton on San N'ichola.«, a
bleak and desolate island off the soulheni
(']ilifornia coiiKt. fur the purjiosi' of mnfa-
iu^ mime investigations on the nbalone.

■| Mr.

ixty yei

sold.

i,vCoo<^lc

96

Caupornia fish and qamb.

but he intendB to live on the island alone
for tbree moutba and carry on his olwer-
vRtiouB. lie expels to look (or abaloDeB
whicb he marked and "iilsnicd" tborc six
years ago and also to murk iDHny more,
lie believofl that Ihe supply ciiu be in-
creased by inCelliKfnt thioniiig out and
transplanting, but whether or not be auc-
ceeda in raismg the supply to an extent
which will be of commercial value, bis
observations may throw some light on tbe
habits of thia moat desirable moUusk.
E. 11.

The noting of unuaual apecies in south-
ern California seema lo hare impressed
many people with the opinion that the
year 1918 has been a very unusual year.
It ia very probable that it Is such a year,
but it is here desired to call attention to
the fact that this ia the first year during
which the I.*ng Beach laboratory of Ihe
Fish and Game Commission has been
actively watchioB for unuaual ajwciea, and
that aside from the obKervatioos which
have been contributed to "C.*i.1fob:via
Fish and Gaub" from it. there have
lieen very tew rare siiecies noted, from
that vicinity. The popular saying in
_Bouthern California that "every year is an
nes to

lUKt of

^hidinj;
unusual lliiiii

\v. r. T.

During tlip imst four months the "Allia-
core'' has had Ihe opiiortunity to take
several trips for scientific purposes. On
November 20 and 1!7 one was made lo
Catalina Island and return to haul for
young fish and eggs ; November 30 to
December 7, a trip waa made lo I'oint
(.'oncepcioD and return lo obtain flatfish
by bottom trawling ; December 8 to 10.
the trip lo Catalina Island was reiieatcd;
December 11 to 14. Ihe coast from Snti
Pedro to San Diego waa prospected for
H:iifiHhi February 3, 4 and -'i. n trip was

unusual year 1

a California

mind in this eon

nection, and

n.-.-efsity be ver

- cnutioiiB in

that last year wu

s any more u

Ihe priH'PtlinB ye

rs have Wen

made to San Nicholas Istaud niUi Mr.
Linton, to haul also for young Hsh and
eggs over deep water; and February C
and T were consumed in a trip to Newpart
to do bottom trawling in Ihe bay. Tbi-
next trip for scientific punioses xhonld
begin about the lirst of March. Tbrae
trips have been very lorirely for the pur
poee of exploration, and beginning with
the March trip, it is hoped to take regular
tripe over a defioile route, in order Id
follow Ihe development -and drift of tin
pelagic young and the ^gs. and to observe
carefully three chosen flatfish grounds.

The work in the laboratory has been
aloug lines followed for some time pasL
The correlation between the tempera-
ture, or weather, and tbe catch of
albacore has been carefully analysed for
the year 1015. and a very high degrM
found. It will be remembered that some
work has alao been published for Ihe year
lOlC — for inKtance in tbe rxcinc
FisitEHMAN fur June. 1018, and in a
previous number of "Calk-obma Fisu
AND Gaue." Tlie data for 1917 is ,
now undergoiuB a similar analysis.
Tlic work on the natural historj- of
the albacore is also steadily progcessins
along other lines, but until the ob-
servations to be made this summer ari'
i-omplele, it is not likely tlint a final report
will lie made. A pn-liminary report on
several subjects will proliably be made
soon. Jn regard to (ho sardine it may h.'
meutioHcd that exHmlaalious have beea
toade of tbe state of maturity at various
times, and the progress observed to be tbe
same as n-as carefully followed last year.

Our thanks are due the Zoology Depart-
ment of Stanford University tor the privi-
lege of using the library and colleclion of
fishes belonging to Chat institution, and
more particularly to Dr. C. H. Gilbert for
his persona] advice and assistance to Mr.
lliggitis during his recent visit there.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA FISH A

oonsebVatiom in other states.

The New York Conservation Commig-
BioD has beeD del Ailing game protectors
upon Eecret Bervice work io the Adiron-
dncka. They operate under concealed
idenlity, in the manner of detectives, in
everj' branch ot police activity. Ttie work
(hat thej did and the results accomplished
are believed lo be more extensive than in
any similar task ever before undertaken
in the cause ot game protection. The re-
ports turned in by these men gave the
Conservation Commission the necessary
knowledee and power, for the first time in
the history of ganie protection in New-
York State, fo deal adequately with the
condition o( tanlessnes^ in the deer

ILLINOIS SPORTSMEN DISSATISFIED.

The lllinoii Rporliman. t!ie official or-
EBU of the Illinois Sporlmen'a Leagiie,
continues to rap the migratory biril law
nnd accuse the Biological Siin-ey of iiii-
fair treatment to the sportsmen of the
Middle West. According to a recent num-
ber of the paper the lack o[ ducks during
the past open season is due to the worii-
ing of the present federal law uhich does
not allow early dprin; shooting, but does
allow, nccording to this pa|>er, the slaugh-
ter of a large number of birrls in Texas
and in other states. The paper also tries
to point out that the dismissal of the ap-
ical Id thp I'nitod States Supreme Court
for a decision on the constitutionality of
the former migrator)- bini law leavcf
Shauver cose the supreme law of the Ian4,
and questions the immonify of the treaty
over review in the courts. It will be re-
membered that in the case of the t'nilcil
^"[o(e» vs. Shaiivor. Judge Trieber held
that migratory game when in the confines
of a state belongs to the state and □<
the public of the United States.

If the sportsmen of the Middle West
are actually receiving nnfair trcntraen
is high time that their case is inv<
gated : but if. on the other hand, they
working selfiKlily for their own profit and
overlooking the general welfare, agitation
of this Bort should be frowneti upon by
i-yery one interested in wild life. We are
glad that California has so loyally de-

fended the new law which apparently is
doing wonders for the preBervation ot our
waterfowl.

The Washington Fish and Game Com-
mission maintains a permanent exhibit in
the city of Seattle. Aquaria containing
many varieties ot Qsti, models of fish lad-
ders, fish screens, preserved specimens of
many varieties of fish and shellfish, and an
liibit of fish products form the larger
part of the exhibit. Some mounted elk
and game birds display the gome re-
of the state. The offices ot the
in the same building, and
he hundreds of visitors find it easy to
lave their questions answered.

WASHINGTON WILL OPEN THE SEA-
SON ON ELK,
Of the seven or eight thousand elk on
the Olympic Peninsula in the state of
Washington, nearly SO per cent are bullH.
In order to reduce this number an open
season during the month of November has
been recommended to the legislature.
Nonresident hiinten! will be required lo
hire licensed guides at ¥•1.00 a day, and the
license fee will be $25,00 or f.'XI.OO. In
order that only a limited kill may be
made only one auimal will be allowed each
individnal and nil the meat must be
uliliKod.

.Vi-i-ording to their Inst biennial report
tbe Department of Fisheries aad Game
iif Vermont advocates the publication of
a semiannual or quarterly bulletin fur
circulation amoug the members of sports-
men's leagues, and others interested
throughout the state. This bulletin should
give items of interest from tbe work of
the department, and from the wider field
of inlerslHte and international activities,
in this way moulding and directing pub-
t aloUR tlie most progressive

A'ernionl in slarliug such a bulletin will
■ following the lead ot California and
her states which several years ago bc-
inie conviuced of the desirability of such

means of publicity and education.

Coot^lc

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

UTE HISTORY MOTES.

ELK IN SHASTA COUNTY.
Juha M. Pniuietl. a civil euniar*! ui
Han Francisco, who b«s recsnUy retorned
from tbe Pit River, Shania ( 'ounly.
where he has beea in camp niih a snn-py
l>Brt}-, reports that in tbo latter part of
Xovembrr, 191M. a small taerd ot elk wprp
■uvn nn the monotaiD stile on the north
hank of tbe I'it Hiver. Thejr were olv
su'rved by all the meniWrs of the iiarly
ronxinline of fiie tOPn. OwioB to the
apeetl at whit-h tbe herd wax IraTeJing. thr
distanoe between it and the observers and
the sleep, wooded, brushy charscter o[ the
roontry it was impoesible to be alMolulel.v
eertain of the number of animals, but
I lie ooDceosuB of opinion was that the
herd coDsigled of one bull and either four

Some cattle men who were driviue
stork out of that part of the ooiinlry
Htated that durine the pa^t year or so
they had repeatedly seen what was pre-
HiiDiably the tianie herd. There in roo<I
evidence that the herd ranges on
poulherly slopes of (he Broek Moiinl
between the summit and the Pit Itivr
M. Haij, Mc,\ij.isteb.

We have no tnowleiltie ot any deer hav-
ing been killed in Mono t'ouDly durinit
the DIIT season. The sesHou, as rhanned
by (be rediatrietinf; of Califoruia, Rives
the resideiits of this county very little
ihan<'e to kill a ileer duriiiE oiieu sensou.
The deer rance very hieh in almust inor-
I'essible localities durius the uknnth of
Septenilier. not working dotvn Until (he
season closes.— W. M. Maiie,

DEER INCREA8INQ IN TRINITY GAME
REFUQE.

In (he (en yeiire that I have l^en trav-
eling at different times over the suiitbem
and western part of tbe game refuge
(l-D) I have never seen so many ileer.
The numerous deer tracks rather «Hve
the impression of a bnnil of shei'p winter-
ing there. Hunters compfainefi Inst hunt-
ing season that, as soon as the slioc)iinB
eommeuced, all the deer ktiew the ri'fuge
and ran over the line niid sinyed (here.
I believe then- is some truth in this, from
my own observations, hut not so much an
tbey would have the general public be-
lieve.— (;. O. Laws.

Sierra grouse are found from tbe o,(XK>-
foot contour to the 11.000 in tbe Seqaoii
National Forest. They nest prineipally
at the lower elevations between May 15
and June l."). laying from 8 (o 14 cqt.
The average brood hatched is about ]0.
I'ntil the young are fully feathered ihej
feei) on and in the vicinity of small
meadows, eating principally Krass. seeds,
grubs and herriffl. When the young are
able (o By they usually migrate to tbe
higher elevations and live principally in
thiekets and lir timber. When there tbey
feed priucifnlty on berries and fir and
pine needles. .\ peculiar thing abont
(hem is that (hey pt to high elevations to
winter aud evidently lire entirely on pine
and lir neeilles,— Fra NK P. (iJ.SMXc-

RIVER OTTER PLAYS ON MOONLIGHT
NIGHTS.
Ijike I>>onanl. situated in tbe moun-
tains of Mendocino County at an eleva-
tion of almut two thousand feet, is a
small natural lake with no visible outlet.
The pas( summer on moonlight nieb(E an
animal whs frei|iienlly heard splashing in
this lake. Ilbwrvation between the
bouts of 2 aud fi a.m. on December 22
disclosed an animal swiihrning about and
playing in (he wa(er like a sea lion, sud-
denly iHibbiug nil. giving bnge splashes,
playing nlniut a bit. then dissppeanog
entirely for a time. When most boisterous
i( iitlered a nhnrp liltle scream or mAde
a noise that soundeil like % long-eared
dog shaking itself on rotning oul of tbe
>l-nter. It apiieiired larger than a large
iliiK, anil ci)ulcl swim very rapidly. No
slides have been noticed along the abore.
but the animal's actions left no doubt that
it was a Pacific river otter (/-u(ro cana

ihillU fUliifii-a). — I'.NA BOVLE.

VALLEY QUAIL WITH EQQ IN
DECEMBER.
When cleaiiius some valley quail se-
cureil near .Tolon. Monterey County. De-
cember 21, llll.S. I was surprised (o find
n female conlnluing n well developed egg.
Vnforiuuately. (he ej^ was broken in
I'lenning, liLit its pnwence ia nevertheless
a fact, n« c.in be substantiated by others
lo whom it was shown. The eggshell was
of a yellowish color, and was situated in
the oviduct just ready to be depoaite<i.—
Edward L. ^Bo^qiti,

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,

WILD UFE IN RELATION TO AQRIGULTUKE.

BLACKBIRDS AND RICE.

BlachbirdB are a Henoim nieoacelo rice
culture, particularly as au ogpncy in Ihe
disCributiOD Of water grass seeds. While
blackbirds in large flocks frequeulty de-
Btroy lai^e arpaa of rice iluriuR the ma-
turing period, tliey also eonEri'sale along
Ibc sloughs where the indigenous millels
are found, Ihe seeds of which malure some
weeks in advance of rice, und of which
the blackbirds consume lar!;e quantities.
Wbeu hluckbirdg arise rapidly from a
slough it has been obsen-eil that they
carry with them beads and seeds which
arc dropped into the fields over which
they pass. — W. O. Jacobbon.

DUCKS DESTROY GARDEN PESTS.

Theodore Kylka. the famous handwrit-
ing expert of Sun I'ranciscii, has for many
years successfully reared wild mallard
ducka in his back yard. Finding them of
value as destroyers of pests he has re-
TOntly given a number of the birds to
friends in order that they may clean the
gardens of snails, slues, and other garden

PHEASANTS DAMAGE CROPS IN INYO
COUNTY.
After much ohBervalion and many dis-
cussions with ranchers in the Owens Val-
ley I am of the opinion, and would earn-
estly advocate, that either an open season
be allowed for tlie introduced pheasant,
or that it be left unprolecled entirely. It

is becoming a [>est liere. and the farmers
who raise srain or small fruits welcome
this bin! about the same as they do the
English sparrow and California lionec
(two great nuisances). I quote one of
the ranger's reports: "The pheasants are
increasine rapidly in the valley and live
on the farmers' crops in the summer time,
doin? tliem mnaiderHlile dumaiie." One
of the fvuit growers hero showed me a few
hoses of grapes which he intended to ship,
but the bunches had been ihinned con-
siderably owing lo damage by birds. He
stated that the robin and a small gray
bird (probably the linnet) did a lot of
damage, and that the pheasant was a very
wicked bird, hiding under the bushes and
eating his grapes whole. One of the
ranchers near town tells nie that he has
seen small patches ot corn entirely de-
al royeil by pheasants, the birds eating out
the grain just after the plant has
?;prouted. — E. L. IIbrzinobb.

MOLE EATS ANGLEWORMS.

The stomach of a mole ISeapanui lali-
nuinai iatimaniia) killed on September 23.
11)16, at nayward, California, was filled
with angleworms cut into short pieces,
(mc-quarler lo otie-hulf inch in length.
This evidence, combined with tlie fact that
moles kept in captivity devour large quan-
tities of earthworms, indicates that this
nuimal feeds largely upon worms and in-
.sects found beneath the surface of the
ground. -W. N. Dibks.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA FIBH AND OAIIE.

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CAMPORNLV Fl>ll AND r.AME.

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE*— V«»r 1»lt

»ia.75S 1- *H'-

I.1J.I7 I.SF; 5

..!;..;;■ vv/.^.--.\^i" "mi;

•■

- ----- M»

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721 SO

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CALIPURNIA FISH AXD C

Oamc.

lliintlDK without a liprnse

MtiklDK false statement od aiipliratioD

Dvrr— <-l<>se season-killing or possession

Female clifr. siilkc bucbx. fawns— killing or popspssloj

(jiiail — close season— killing or pos^viipion

Excess bag llmtt.- - _-

Ttuckn — c^losc season — killing or possession

Kxcess bag limit--.- _..

siiootiag ducks Irom power boat In motion

Cottontail and brush rabbits— close season- klllins o

OrouBP — close season— killing or possession

Uuil — close season — killing or possession

Swan — killing or possession -

Nonganie birds— killing or possession

Miorc birds— close season- killing or possession _

Xlght shooting

TTCpapaing on posted griiunds

Traiiplng without license. _

Total game violations.-

FUk.

Angling without license

Ushlng for profit without license

(lams — undersize

A l> a 1 ones —close season— undersize. excess lin
Spiny lobsters— close season— taking or possi

Undersize, overslKc _

Trout — cliisp season— taking or possession, e:
Trout— taking other than by hook and line.

I'ynatntting dsh — _ -

failure to produce license on demand

Grand total dsh and game vii.lalions lai *:i,:icl 00

T)ucks "V.

i^hore birds ...
Wild pheasant:
Miscellaneous .
Beaver skins -
Mink skins -—

striped bass —

<^rabs !!"!!"I!""---1-"--!!!!'-!^'-- !"-!^ .'.'..." J

Hismo clams }'

Haiiiiui ..!lIJr-?--II-"I'---!!--!'--!'-" ------ --. '2,tK

lllfgal nets --

i„vGoo<^lc

CALIFOBNLV FI>li AXD G

BER OF DEER K
, District No.

ILLEO IN VARIOUS COUNTIES DURING TMC 0«>0l j
SEASON »17. 1

1. Distrtct No. Z.

12 <-»in« m

--, i;ipnn m

:::::::::: » i^EE^:^:EE^ S

,:;,:, - - - «, sir. "

I'll —

-- ''■ Toul 13SX

- -■- Diatrtet No. S.

1^' .Vlameda —

— Contra Cosla —

- .Montprey 1»

;«i , San l.nis Obisr- •«

... _ _. ir^i,Sai>Ma^.j.o 15»

- .^^^; Sanla Orni - 6D

■" / ;■ ;{;j,"|: Dlatrlct No- 4.

1 Imporial --

"*"

■ - ■ -- — -.Kiiersidp __ 52

:,-:. smi nicgti — 30

- r^ i*"n itoruardino *

'.'.\ ~-.\ Tnlal 1^8

hii

.■l,<H2.'lV>inl f..r ynat 1017 6.J5*

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PATROL SERVICE.

SAN FRANCISCO DIVISION.

B. 1a. Bosqul, Coramlnloner in Clutrss. C&rl Weaterfetd, I)z«DutlT« Offlcar.

J. 8. Hunter. Aulatant IOxmuUtc Offlcar. B. C. Boucbar. Special Acent.

HMd Offlce, New Call Bufldlng. San F

Phone Sutter eiOO.

W. H. Armatrons

Vallejo

{ kJ»""-^

baklkfid

pa HoMt

Ben Rafael

8an Jt».

Albert Mack .

San FrancKoo

E. V, Moody

Santa Cnw

SaUnaa City

._ •■Qulnnat," Vallajo

Chaa. BoutocLauncb "Qulnnat," Tallajo

SACRAMENTO DIVISION,

P. M. Newbert, Commlsaloner In Cbarga.

Gea Neale, Asalatant.

Forum Building, Sacnmanto.

Phona Main tSOO.

r. W. Birmingham Sutter Creek

H. W. Bolt <B)illlel«d U. a Navy).arl<)tey

8, J. Carpenter Maxvell

deo. W. CourtrlKbt ; Canby

Eiuell Gray

W. J. Oraan

Roy Iiudium iioa Hollnoa

R. C. OConnor

""fSJ-SS

D. E. Roberta

-W2

c a^sctobs:: —

Tjjto.

R. U Sinkay

LOS ANQELE8 DIVISION.

U. J. Connell. Commlaaloner In Charse.

"B. A. McKae, Aailatant. E^dwln Ll. Heddarly, AjBlstant.

Dnion Leasue Building, Loa Angelea,

Fbones: Broadway 1166: Home, F 6J0B.

H. J. Abela Banta Maria ( B, H, Ober Big Plna

J. J. Bamatt Ventura H, L Pritchard Loa Anielai

H. D, Bocker San Lula Oblipo A. J. atout Loa Annlea

J- H. Otkw Elalnore Webb Toma Saiinago

W. C. Ualone San Bernardino I

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

ABSTRACT CALIFORNIA FISH AND CAME LAWS

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FTSH*™

y

OONSERMiCriaN OF WILD UFE THROWH EDUCATION

fi

. 1, "

li?^*^*^.

yQ^ X V ■

Wi

TR.OUT NUMBER.

nyGooi^le

BOARD OF FISH AND GAME COMMISSIONERS.

•nt of ttia S*naU.
ur« of Qovamor. No compoiwatlon.

■". H. NBWBBBT, PrMideat St enmwi te

U. J. GONNBIX, ComiutesioDer !«• An^elM

BL L. B08QDI, Commtodoner . . Bu B^wicfatt)

OABL WESTBRTBU), BtncntlTO Officer San FnndKO

3. S. HUNTER, Aaabtant BzecDtin Officer San FrauclBco

R. D. DUEB, Attotnej , . San FrancUco

A. D. FERGD80N, Field Asent (on Fnrloogli) ffremo

DEPARTMENT OF FI8HCULTURE.

W. H. SHBBLEX, in Cha^e FiahenitDre San FrandKO

B. W. HDNT, Field Snperiotendent : San Fraadsco

G. H. LAMBSON. Superiutendeat Meant Sbaata HatdKry Siaaon

Q. B. WEST, Foreman in Charge Tahoe and Tallac Hatcheries Tallac

B. V. CASSELL. Foreman in Chaige Aimanor and Domingo Springs

Hatcheriea Eeddie

L. PHILLIPS, Foreman in Charge North Creek Station San BemardioD

L, J. 8TINNKTT, Aagistant in Charge Klamath Stations Hombrook

G. L. MORRISON, Foreman in Charge Bear Late Station San Bernardino

GEO. McCLOUD, General Assistant In Charge Cottonwood Creek Station_Hombrook

GUT TABLER, Assistant in Charge Fall Creek Hatchery Copco

JUSTIN SHEBLET, Foreman in Charge Braokdale Hatchery Brookdale

J. B. SOLLNER, Assistant in Charge Wawoua Hatdiery Wawona

A. B. DONET, Fiah Ladder Inspector San Frandsco

A. B. CULVER, Screen Inspector San Francisco

A. M, FAIRFIELD, Inspector Water Pollution , Ban Francisco

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCIAL FIBHERIE8.

»— San Fnndaeo

Long Beacb

W. F. THOMPSON, Assistant Long Beadi

ELMER HIGGINS, Assistant Long Beacli

aiARLB DOWNING, Aaaiatant San Frandsco

a S. BADDBR, Aaaiatant Loa Angetn

P. H. OYER, Aaaiatant Padfic Grove

BUREAU OF EDUCATION, PUBLICITY AND REBEARCH.

DB. H. C. BRXANT. In Chaise BeAelay

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California Fish and Game

-CONSESVATION OF WILD LIFE THROUGH

SACRAMENTO. JULY. 1919

TIIR GOLDEN TROUT <ralorod plate) Fronlispipce

CALIFORNIA TROUT B. W. Eccrmanit and 11. C. Bryant 105

THE STEBLHEAD TKOUT (colored plate) Facing page 112

THE RAINBOW TROUT (colored plate) Facing page 114

THE EASTERN BROOK TROUT (colored plate) Facing page 130

SUMMER ON THE CALIFORNIA TROUT STRBAMS-BoBcrt Page Lincoln 13«
PARASITES WBICH AFFECT THE FOOD VALUE OF RABBITS..

E. Ralph De Ong 142

OUT FISHIN' (a poem) .Edtcard A. Ottett 144

EDITORIALS - 145

PACTS OF CURRENT INTEREST 150

HATCHERY NOTES 151

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES 154

Notes from the State Fisheries Lalwratory 156

CONSERVATION IN OTHER STATES 159

LIFE niSTORY NOTES 100

REPORTS—

Canned, Cured and Manufactured Elshery Products, 1918 1G2

FiBhery products, 1918 164

California Fishery Prod nets— January, February and March, 1019 168

CALIFORNIA TROUT.*

By BARTON WARREN EVERMANN and HAROLD C. BRYANT.

INTRODUCTION.
The trout of whatever kind all belong to the Salmonidte or salmon
family, Besides the true trout, this family containa also the salmons,
the chairs, the whitefish, the lake herrings, and that curious fish of
the far north, the inconnu. The Salmonidfe arc confined to the north-
em hemisphere and chiefly north of the fortieth parallel where they
are nearly everywhere abundant wherever suitable waters are found.
Some of the species, especially the larger ones, are marine and anad-
romous, living and growing in the sea, and entering fresh waters only
for spawning purposes; still others live in running brooks, entering
lakes or the sea as occasion serves, hut not habitually doing so; still

■Although containing- some new Information, this ijaper Is largely a compilation ,

ot material trom published aourcea. P

4SU3 "^

106 CALIFORNIA PISH AND OAHE.

others are lake fishes, approaching the shores or entering brooks in the
spawning season, at other times retiring to waters of considerable
depths. Some species are active, voracious, and gamey, while otbcn
are comparatively defenseless and rarely or never take the hook.

Of all the families of fishes there is none more interesting than the
Salmonidie, from whatever point of view they may be considered. To
the biologist the family is of surpassing interest because of the remark-
able life histories and habits of many of the species ; to the angler, what
fish has appealed more strongly than salmon and tront because of
their game qualities and their beauty t to the epicure, there is none
more delicious or more persistently sought; to the lover of the beaatiful
as exhibited in animate forms, what appeals more strongly than the
silvery sheen, roseate or golden hues, and the beautiful form of the
salmon, the brook trout or the golden trout; to the fish culturist, the
Salmonidie are of the greatest interest and importance, more species
of this family being propagated artificially than of all other speciea
combined ; and to the commercial fisherman, this family of fishes is the
moat important in all the world.

The true trout all belong to the genus Salmo and are found only in
the northern parts of Asia, Europe and North America; in Europe
they extend as far south as the Pyrenees, and in America to Lower
California and Durango and eastward as far as the Black Hills and
Colorado.

The name "trout," a word of French origin, is in Europe applied
only to species with black spots, while in America it is more loosely used
and is applied not only to tJie true trout (those with black spots), but
also to the charrs (or those with red or orange spots). In western
North America are many species of true trout, some of them differing
widely in size and color, while others resemble each other so closely as
to make positive identification difficult. The Salmonidre are of com-
paratively recent origin, none of the species occurring as fossils except
in recent deposits, and this doubtless accounts for the instability of
their specific characters.

How to Oittinguith Troot from Salmon.

1. Moat apeclea remain In fresh water,
never golns to aea; do not die after
once BpawnlnR.

2. Skeleton hard.

3. Anal fin with 12 or fewer raya.

4. Olllrakera, 20 or fewer.
6. Pyloric ciBca few, 40 to 65.

6. Branch lostegals, 10 to 12.

7. Caudal peduncle deep.

The commercial fishcnnan distinguishes between salmon and trout
by noting whether the fish is easily held up by the tail. Tlie constricted
portion in front of the tail (caudal peduncle) makes it easy to hold a
salmon by the tail, but that of a trout is so nearly the size of the tail
fin that it is held up with difficulty.

The native trout of western North America may be regarded as falling
naturally into three more or less well-defined series, which are popularly

i-d-^vGoOt^lc

1. Live habitually In the sea, entering
fresh water only at spawning time;
spawn once then die.

2. Skeleton porouB and soft.

3. Anal fin with IS to 20 rays.

4. Gilirakers, 30 to 40.

5. Pyloric c»ca numerous, 76 to 180.

6. BranchioategalB, 13 to 19

T, Caudal peduncle constricted.

CAUFOBNU PISH AMD OAUB. 107

known as the Cutthroat Series, the Steelhe&d Series, and the Rainbow
Series.

The species of the Cutthroat Series are characterized by sniall scales,
150 to 200 in a croes-series, a lat^ deep-red or scarlet dash oa each
side of the throat, a large mouth, the maxillary more than half length
of head, and small hyoid teeth. The most useful diagnostic character
is the red dash or mark on each side of the throat between the deutary
bones of the lower jaw. This mark is nearly always present and is
usually quite distinct.

There are many specie of the Cutthroat Series. They inhahit the
streams and lakes from Humboldt County, California, northward to
southeast Alaska and eastward through all of the northwestern states
to the headwaters of the Missouri, the Platte, the Arkansas and the
Rio Qrande. At least one species is found in the headwaters of the
Colorado. They are particularly abundant in the coastal streams and
lakes of Oregon and Washington. In California, they appear to be
confined chiefly to the northwest counties and are nowhere abundant.

In the Steelhead Series the scales are somewhat lai^er, the number
in a cross-series being usually about 150, but varying from 130 to 180.
There is no red dash on the lower jaw; the body is rather stout, mouth
moderate, the maxillary about half length of head, hyoid teeth wanting.
Color silvery. Size large. Sea-run species.

In California, the steelhead is limited to coastwise streams and is
anadromous. To the northward, it extends further inland, ascending
the Columbia and its tributaries to Shoshone Falls in Snake River and
to the headwaters of Salmon River in Idaho. To the northward it is
found as far as Eodiak Island. In certain lakes of "Washington and
British Columbia are found several local forms which have been
described as distinct species.

In the Rainbow Series the scales are typically still larger (except
in the golden trouts), the number in a cross-series being normally 130,
but varying from 115 to 180; usually no red on the throat; a red or
rosy lateral band ; body stout ; mouth small, the maxillary short, 2 to
2.5 in head ; no hyoid teeth. Size small.

The rainbow forms are chiefly confined to the streams of California
and Oregon. The typical rainbow {Salmo irideus) was originally
described by Dr. William P. Gibbons of San Francisco in the Proceed-
ings of the California Academy of Sciences for 1855, from specimens
obtained in San Leaudro Creek, Alameda County, The rainbow
occurs less abundantly in Oregon and Washington and as far north as
Naha Stream and Elawak River, Alaska,

Besides these three series of true trouts, we have the charrs of the
genera Salvelinus and Cristivomer. The "Dolly Varden" is the only
native charr in California. The introduced Eastern brook trout is a
near relative, and is, like it, a charr. The charrs are separated from the
true trout by the presence of red or orange-colored spots on the sides.
The word "charr" means "red" or "blood," and since members of the
genus Salveliniu are usually marked with red spots or are red beneath,
the group is well named.

In addition to the native trout, there are several species which have
been introduced into California streams from Europe. Chief among
these are the brown trout from central Europe and the Loch Leven
trout from Scotland. ^

108 CALIPORNU FISH AND GAME.

Cutthroat Seriet,
The native lake trout iu the larpor lakes of the Sierras and one of
the stream trouta of northern and northwestern California are cut-
throats. The species now recognized arc:

Cutthroat Trout {Salmo clarkii), in Pit River, Eel River and other
streams in Humboldt and Del Norte counties,

Tahoe Trout {Salmo kenskawi), in Lake Tahoe, Donner, Webber,
and Independence lakes and tributary streams. Included under this
name are several trout which have been described as distinct species,

Koyal Silver Trout {Salmo regalis), in Lake Tahoe.

Fig.' 36. Cutthr

The Dolly Varden {SalvcUntis parkci) is the only charr native to
California streams. Its distribution in this state is limited to the
McC'loud River. The introduced Eastern brook trout {Sali-clhins
foiitinalvi) and the Mackinaw Trout {Crislivomcr natnaycush) are the
only other charrs found here.

Moat of the native trout found in California belong to this series.
The following eight species are here recognized as belonging to the
Rainbow Series.

Shasta Ilainbow (Salmo shasta), in the upper Sacramento and

Mc Cloud rivers.

Noflhee or Stone Trout (Salmo Hhnci), in the MeCloud River.

Oilbert Rainbow (Salmo gilbert i), in the Kings and Kern rivers.

South Pork of Kern Golden Trout (Salmo agua-bomia), native only
to the South Fork of the Kern, and from Cottonwood Creek and the
Cottonwood Lakes into which it has been introduced.

Qolden Trout or Roosevelt Trout (Salmo roosci-tlti), native only to
Volcano Creek.

Soda Creek or Little Kern Trout {Salmo whilci); native to the
Little Kern and other western tributaries of Kern River.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAHB. 109

Son Qorgo»io Troat (Salmo evermanni), known only from the
streams about San Gorgonio Peak, southern California.

Nelson Trout {Salmo nelsoni), known only from the San Pedro
Martir Mountains of Lower California.

There is a trout, apparently of the Rainbow Series, in the Klsinath
River which fish culturists believe to be different from any of the
above, which haa not yet been described. There is still another in
Bumey Creek, Shasta' County, which also remains to be described.

Introduced Trout.
As a result of hatchery operations the following non-native trouts
are to be found in California streams :

Brown Trout (Salmo fario), a native of central Europe,

Loch Leven Trout (Salmo trutla Icvcncnsis) , a native of Scotland.

Eastern Brodc Trout (Salvclimts fontinalis), a native of the Atlantic
Coast streams.

Maddnaw Trout (Cristovomcr namaycusk), a native of the larger
lakes of the northeastern United States and Canada.

Size seems to depend upon food supply and extent of water. Resi-
dents of small mountain streams and pools seldom attain the size of
individuals inhabiting lakes or rivers where there is an abundant food
supply.

Water appears to have some influence on the coloration of trout.
Brackish or salt water usually gives thera a silvery color with few or
no spots. Possibly the substrata constitute the factor most involved
in coloration. Profusely spotted trout are generally found in clear
rapid rivers or alpine pools; in large lakes with a peaty bottom, flsh
often assume an almost uniform blackish coloration.

Sexual differences are not always apparent in trout except in the
breeding season, at which time the female is usually a deeper, heavier
fish and the male a more slender one. However, the male is sometimes
the brighter in color.

Young trout are all similarly barred with the parr-marks and are
difficult to identify.

Troul Angling.

The usual style of fly fishing consists in wading the stream and
making casts downstream in likely places — at the foot of riffles, at the
edges of stumps, logs and brush, and beneath overhanging bushes and
hanks. On the contrary, the more refined, dry-fly angler casts up-
stream, presenting his fly in such a manner that it will float over a
rising fish. In order to have the flies float, they must bo dry. They
are oiled before using, and false easts are made between real casts
to remove the surplus moisture.

Some fishermen drag the flies over the water at the end of each
east, believing that the motion resembles that of an insect endeavoring

110 CAUFCHINU PISH AND QAHE.

to escape from the water. Sometimes flies are tied with head toward
the hook-barb bo that, on being drawn over the water, the resistance
of their legs and wings will cause them to flutter as it alive.

The dry-fly angler declares that the more attractive method is to
allow the flies to float quietly, and to enable them to remain on the
surface. Usually local dealers can supply the best information on the
proper flies to use.

When streams are high, better results are obtained by the use of
baits such as prepared salmon eggs or grasshoppeTs, earthworms and
helgramites. In clearer water spinners may fdso be nsed with good
effect.

fig. 37. Tahoe Itout (Satmo knukaiDl).

Trolling is the method usually employed by flshermeu and anglers in
catching trout in the larger lakes. Similar equipment is used by
anglers in taking the so-called steelhead at river mouths. But these
methods are not practiced by the accomplished angler.

"Along the lower courses of the rivers and on the lakes, especially
off rocky points where the rapidly shelving bottom brings the deep
water near shore, a crude method of bait casting is successfully
employed in taking large trout. The large trout seldom rise to the
artificial fly except at times in the high Sierras. The same species
when living in the rivers and in their rapid and cool tributaries furnish
excellent sport for the angler. Ail recommend small flies, 12 to 16, and
not in great variety. Many of the smaller streams are so closely lined
with dense brush as to make fly Ashing quite out of the question.
Here the angler should provide himself with a short bait rod, use
worms and grasshoppers." — Snyder.

As has been pointed out in many an article, the prime rules of fly
Ashing are:

1. Fish in streams where trout are found. Those streams not easily
accessible are always best, for they are not depleted.

2. Kfove cautiously and noiselessly in order not to frighten the fish.

3. Drop the fly on the water "as if it hated to get wet" or, in other
words, simulate the natural dropping of an insect on the water.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA PISH AKD QAHB,

KEY TO CALIFORNIA SPECIES OF TROUT,
a. Species anadromouB, entering coastal streams (or spawning; purposes; color allverjr;
aa. 8pe(^«a not anadromous: site smaller.

slie large Staelhead <8aLno salrdnerl). Page UZ

b. Scales typically large (except In the Golden trouts), about 130 In « cross-senes
(varying trom ISO to ISO); IKtle or no red on throat: usually a rosy or yellow-
ish lateral band; mouth small, mailllary Z to 2.G Id head; no hyold teeth; sisa

n sides below lateral line.

or allvery. specially on side; spots small

Rainbow Trout (Salmo lrld«us). Page lit

dd. Body rather deep. .

«, A reddish lateral band.

t. Black spots largely restricted to the back, tew below median line.

g. Vomerine teeth in a aingte zig-zag sarles

McCloud River Trout (Salmo shasta). Page 116

gg. Vomerine teeth In two Irregular series

Noshev Trout (Salmo atonel). Page Il«

(f. Elntlre trady and all flna profusely black-spotted

Karn River Trout (Salmo gllbertl). Page 118

tU. Heavily and uniformly spotted; fawn brown on aides

..9an Oorgonio Trout (Salmo avemianni). Page 117

cc. Elxtenslve lemon yellow or orange on sides and belly.

h. Back and upper two-thirds of sides covered rather closely with
small black spots; lower third of side, except on caudal

peduncle, without spots Qolden Trout o( the

LIttiB Kern, or Soda Creek Trout (Salmo whitel). Page ISl

hh. Back and upper one- third of side sparsely black spotted: lower

two-thirds of aide, except on caudal peduncle, entirely without

spots Golden

Trout South Fork Of Kern (Salmo agua-bonlta). Page 123

sntlre side, except on caudal peduncle, entirely

■ -s on the caudal peduncle

It Trout (Salmo rooseveltl). Page IM

_., .__ jerlea; red marka under dentary

a always present; mouth large, the maxillary 1.8 to 2.25 In head; hyold
teeth present; Irregularly and profuaely scattered.

I, Black spots encroaching somewhat on belly

Cutthroat Trout (Salmo clarkll). Page 127

It. Black spots sparsely scattered

Tahoe Trout (Salmo henshawl). Page IZT

111. 1

bbb. Scales so small as

]. aides with red spots.

k. Back unspotted, strongly marbled with dark ollva or

black

Eastern Brook Trout (Salvellnus tontlnalls). Page 130
kk. Back not marbled with olive or black; but spotted with
Jolly Vardi

d sides wit.. „.- -

-.Mackinaw Trout (Crlstlvomer namaycush). Page 133
bbbb. Scales very large, 113-130 In lateral series; Introduced species.

L Adipose fln large, lis width much more than half Its

length Brown Trout (Salrao farlo). Page 131

11. Adipose Qn small. Its width one-halt Its length -

Loch Leven Trout (Sulmo trutta levenensls). Page 132

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

112 OAUFOBNU FISH AND GAHE.

NATIVE SPECIES.

Steelhead Series.

8TEELHEAO.
Salmo gairdneri Richardaon.

Othar namea: Steelhead Trout; Steelhead Salmon; Salmon Trout; Hardhead.

OsBcription: Head In length to base of tall fln 4.S to 5; depth 4,5; eye 1.5 in
head; dorsal 11; anal 11 or 12; branchtoBtegals 11 or IS; Bcalee usually about
ao-16l)-2S, the crosa-serlea varying from ISO to 180; pyloric ceca 42; Kill-
rakers, 8 + 12; vertehrie 38-f-20. Body rather stout, the caudal peduncle thick;
head rather short and slender, only about twice length of maxillary; eye small;
teeth small, those an vomer In two lonR, alternatlnt; series which are about as
long as the palatine series: no hyold teeth. Tall wide, atjuareiy truncate in the
adult, emarginale in the young. Color olive-green above, silvery on sides and
belly; head, back, and dorsal and caudal fins more or less closely covered with
small biacit spots. During the breeding season, side with a broad rosy or
flesh-colored lateral band, deep rosy on the cheek, this often remaining throueh
the year; Una not red; no red on lower Jaw,

Marks for fisid idsntlfication: t^rge size; small head; large scales; bright
silvery color; absence of red on lower jaw.

Distribution in California: The steelhead enters coastwise streams from
Ventura River northward, ascending to their headwaters for spawning purposes
and then returning to the sea.

The steelhead is more or less anadromous in its habits, it being
migratory like the salmon, spending much of its time in salt water,
and ascending freshwater streams at spawning time. It enters prac-
tically all the coastal streams of California from Ventura County on
the south to the Oregon line; also from there to Skagway and Sitlta.
Many of the streams on the California coast are famous for their
steelhead; special mention may be made of Ventura River, the Santa
Ynez, Santa Alaria, those entering Monterey Bay, and all the streams
north of San Francisco, particularly the Russian, the Klamath, and
the Eel.

As a game fish the steelhead is a favorite with the anglers. Its game
qualities, together with its large size, make this one of the fishes most
sought after by the followers of good old Isaak Walton. When in fresh
water it will not onlv take the troUiug spoon, but it will rise readily
to the fly.

The steelhead is an excellent food fish, and its large size and
abundance make it a fish of considerable commercial value. It is an
important fish in the fish cultural operations of California and of
other Pacific Coast states and the federal government. It has been
introduced into Lake Superior and is now an abundant and much
prized game fish in that lake and its tributary streams.

The fact that most ichthjologists and many anglers regard steelheads
simply as sea-run individuals of rainbow trout has not escaped our
minds, and wc ourselves are inclined to accept that view. Nevertheless
we know that in some places, they are entirely distinct and easily
distinguishable. At any rate, we deem it best for our present purposes
to treat the steelhead as a distinct species.

RAINBOW TROUT.

Salmo iridaus Gibbons.

Othsr name*: Mountain Trout; Speckled Trout; Brook Trout: California

Trout. Sea-run form; Steelhead; Steelhead Salmon; Salmon Trout! Satmo

rioularU, in part; Salmo gairdneri. In part. , . , I .

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAUFORMIA FISH ANB QAHB. 113

Dwmcription: Head 3.8; depth about 4; eye 4. S3 In head, 1,4 In enout: snout S.S;
D. 10; A. 11; scales 24-180-20, about 70 series In front oC dorsaJ, counting along
median line, or 60 If rows along upper side are counted; b ranch ioategala 11;
gUIrakers 8 -{-13, rather long and slender. Head pointed, mouth, rather large,
maxillary extending' to posterior margin of eye, 1.8 in bead, with about 20 teeth;
preorbltal very narrow, the maxillary almost touching the orbit; several large
teeth along side of tongue; no hyoid teeth; teeth on vomer in zig-sag series;
origin at dorsal at middle of length; origin of anal midway between that of
dorsal and base of caudal; caudal broad, nearly truncate. Color, on the back a
deep dark-blue ultramarine of a peculiar transparency, dotted with small round
block spots about the size o( a pin head; side abruptly brighter, with many
scales silvery ; lower parts white: sides, top of head, dorsal, and caudal flns
covered with very small spots; pectorals and ventrals nearly colorless, without
spots; adipose fln with two spots; no red on lower Jaw.

Marks for fiald idantification: Rainbow trout usually have a great manjr
spots, which are more or less obscured by a silvery sheen in the sea-run
examples. Average specimens are from 4 to 12 Inches in length and weigh as
much as 6 or T pounds, but average 3 or 4. Sea-run examples sometimes
weigh 25 pounds. From the cutthroat trout the rainbow may be known by its
larger scales, brighter coloration, and by tha absence of red on the throat.
The comparatively large scales (120-150) distinguish the true rainbow from
the species found in the McCloud and Kern rivers.

Distribution: Native In all coastal streams and most streams of the interior,.
especially those of. the western slope of the Sierras. Introduced in many lakes
and streams o( the state Tormerly barren of fish life.

The rainbow runs upstream in early spring to spawn, leaping over
waterfalls and entering the small streams forming tlie headwaters.
Here the e^s are deposited in the sand and the young are hatched ont.

Fig. 38. Young ateelhead trout All young trout have block bars on the sides, '

By far the laii^st output of the state hatcheries is composed of
rainbow trout, and there is good reason, for this is considered the
hest game fish of all and it is most highly prized by anglers. The
rainbow often leaves the water in its eagerness to take a fly. In fact,
so readily does it take a fly that there is seldom need to resort to bait
or other lures.

This trout has thriven almost everywhere, having been introduced
into New Zealand, Japan, Europe, and the eastern United States.

The rainbow varies in coloring according to age, sex, and location..
Those individuals which are able to reach the sea spend part of each
year there, returning to the freshwater stream a larger and more
Bilvery-eolored fish commonly called steelhead. Spawning fish travel
far up the coastal streams and spawn high up in the small tributaries.
Their habits in this regard are more like those of the salmon than those

114 CAUFCPUOA FISH AND GAME.

of a trout. Unlike the salmon, however, tfae sleelhead does not as a
rule die after once spawning.

Specimens returning from tbe sea are usually silvery in color, but
spotting soon appears in the freshwater stream. Because of its large
size and excellent flavor the sea-run form is a splendid food fish. It is
marketed in large quantities during the open season; as a game fish
prized b; anglers who troll in the bays and river mouths along the
northern coast.

"In beauty of color, gracefulness of form and movement, sprigfatliness
when in the water, reckless dash with which it springs from the water
to meet the descending fly ere it strikes the surface, and the niad and
repeated leaps from the water when hooked, the rainbow trout must
ever bold a very high rank. The gamest fish we have e^'er seen was a
16-inch rainbow taken on a fly in a small spring branch tributary of
Williamson Ri%'er in southern Oregon. It was in a broad and deep
pool of exceedingly clear water. As the angler from behind a clump
of willows made the cast the trout bounded from the water and met
the fly in the air a foot or more above the surface : missing it he dropped
upon the water only to turn about and strike viciously a second time at
the fly just as it touched the surface: though he again missed the fly
the hook caught him in the lower jaw from the outside, and then begau
a flght which would delight the heart of any angler. His first effort
was to reach the bottom of the pool, then, doubling upon the line, he
made three jumps from the water in quick succession, clearing the
surface in each instance from 1 to 4 feet, and every time doing his
utmost to free himself from the hook by shaking his head as vigorously
as a dog shakes a rat. Then he would rush wildly about in the large
pool, now attempting to go down over the riRIe below the pool, now
trj'ing the opposite direction, and often striving to hide under one or

Fl». 39. Rainbow trout taken In Manianlta Lake, near Red Bluff, Tehama

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAUFOBNIA FISH AND OAHB. 115

the Other of the banks. It was easy to handle the fish when the dash
was made up or down stream or for the opposite aide, but when he
turned about and made a rush for the protection of the overhanging
bank upon which the angler stood, it was not easy to keep the line
taut. Movements such as these were frequently repeated and two
more leaps were made. But finally he was worn out after as honest a
fight as trout ever made.

"The rainbow takes the fly so readily that there is ao reason for
resorting to grasshoppers, salmon eggs, or rther bait. It is a fish whose
gameness will satisfy the most exacting of expert anglers and whoso
readiness to take any proper lure will please the most impatient of
amateurs." (Evermann.)

Spawning takes place in winter and early spring, varying with tem-
perature and locality. The bulk of the eg^a are usually taken in
February, March, and April, although spawning continues through
May in the mountain districts. The average yield from each female
is about 900 eggs. A few of the females spawn when three years old,
but about one-half of them begin at four years. The egg is from one-
fifth to two-ninths of an inch in diameter; it has a pink color when
first taken, becoming darker before hatching. The rainbow feeds on
worms, insect larvie, and salmon eggs. In streams in which the salmon
and rainbow exist together, the rainbow is more destructive to the
salmon eggs than any other species except the Dolly Vardpii.

McCLOUD RIVER TROUT.
Salmo ahatta Jordan.
Other namaa: Shasta Trout; Shasta Rainbow. Salmo gairdncri ghaala; Salmo
■rideti* nhaitta.

Datcription: Head 4: depth 3.8; eye 6; D. II; A. 11; scales SO to 24-14E-20,
about 65 before the dorsal. Body eomporatlvely abort and deep, compressed,
varying considerably, and much more elongate In males than In females; head
ahort, conveic, obtusely ridged above; mouib smaller than In most species o(
trout, the rather broad maxillary scarcely reaching beyond the eye, except tn
old males: eye large, about one-fl(th length of head; vomerine teeth in two
Irregular series; dorsal fin moderate; caudal fin distinctly though not strongly
lorlied, more deeply Incised than In the typical cutthroat. Color, bluish above,
the Bides silvery; everywhere above profusely but Irregularly spotted, the
spots extending on the sides at least to the lateral line, and covering the vertical
fins; top of head well spotted; fins usually not red: much red or rosy on cheeks
and opercles; belly partly red in males; side with a broad but more or leas
interrupted red lateral band, brightest In males. (Jordan and Rvermann.)

Marks for field identifieation: Differs from other ralnbotv trout, with the
exception of that In the Klamath River, In Its larger size, smaller mouth and
larger eyes. Scales are Intermediate In alze between cutthroat and sea-run
rainbow (ateelhead), about 145 In transverse series. Caudal fln more deeply
Incised than In typical cutthroat.

Distribution: McCloud Blver and streams of the .Sierras from Mount Shasta
southward at least to Calaveras County.

This rainbow lives in water with a comparatively high temperature
it it is plentiful and running with a strong current; but in sluggish
Water, even when the temperature is considerably lower, no species will
do Well. This species appears to inhabit the rapids more largely than
the slow-moving water. The spawning season in California extends
from early February to May. Males are good breeders at two years
old, but the females rarely produce eggs until the third season. It may
lack a little in the wild gaminess of the typical rainbow, but that is i

116 CAUFORNIA FISH AND QAUB.

made good by its larger size. It is largely an insect feeder and, there-
fore, a favorite of the fly fisherman.

This is the rainbow which has been most widely nsed in fish cnltural
operations and has been more widely distributed than any other variety.

N08HEE TROUT.
Salmo aton*! Jordan.
Othar namac Nlasuee Trout; Stone's Trout; NIbbuI Trout; Salmo irideut

Description: Depth i; A. 11; eye 4.5; maxillary about 2; pectoral 1.3; Bcalea
140 to ISS, about 82 before the dorsal, where tbey are small and embedded;
teeth fewer and smaller than In the Shasta trout, those on the vomer In a
single zig-zag series. Color, upper parts plain greenish; spots few and confined
chiefly to the posterior part of body; spots small and Bparse on dorsal, adipose
and caudal flns; a. red lateral band usually distinct; cheeks and operclea with
red; no red on throat. (Jordan and Evermann)

Marks for fiald idantification: Much larger than typical rainbow, reachlns a
weight of 10 to IS pounds; teeth are fewer and smaller than those of typical
rainbow.

Distribution: Upper Sacramento Basin, especially In the McCloud River above
Balrd.

Voracious. Little is known about this trout.

Fig. to. Trout spawning. The temale can be seen at [he left dlgglns up the
sand priTiira'ory to depositing eggs. The male Is shown at the right. Photograph
by J. M. Gyger, taken on Orchard Creek, Sun Bernardino Mountains, April 25, 1916.

EAGLE LAKE TROUT.
Salmo aquilarum Snyder.
Other namas: Salmo clarkii, in part.

Description: Head 4,S in length to base of caudal; depth 4.2; depth of caudal
peduncle 9.S; eye 1.5 in head; Interorbital space 3; snout 3.5; maxillary 1.9;
height of dorsal 6.5 In length; adipose On 12,5; length of caudal 4.8; pectoral 6.G;

CAUFOBNU FISH AND GAME. 117

ventral 7.5; height of anal €.9; scales in lateral series 136. Body deep; caudal
peduncle robust; head rather pointed; maxillary broad and lonff, extending far
beyond posterior border of eye; ed^ of opercle 3.S In head. Branch loateKals 11.
Glllrakers IS, rather thick at base, pointed at tips, and decidedly sickle -shaped.
Vomerine teeth In tbree series In front, the middle ones extending backward:
teeth oC palatines, maxtllarles, and mandibles In a single series; gloBSohyal with
teeth; basl -branchial a without teeth. Scales large and deeply embedded; pores
In lateral line 120; series of scalea above lateral line, counting upward and for-
ward to a point Just before dorsal, 29. Scales of nape minute and closely
crowded as are those of throat and abdomen. Axillary scales of ventral small,
equal In lenslh to vertical diameter of eye, sharply pointed. Dorsal rays 11,
edge of flne concave; adipose dorsal very large, broad and thick; caudal broad
and strong', the posterior edge slightly concave, the lower lobe a little longer
than the upper; anal ray. 11, edge of fln somewhat concave; pectorals strong
and rather pointed; ventrals obtusely pointed.

Marks for flsid idsntjficatlon: Distinguished from other trouts of the Sierras
by the robust body with a deep caudal peduncle and large and strong Una.
conspicuous adipose fin, large scales, and the red color of cheeks and coppery
red of under parts. The flesh Is deep red, very firm and fatty, tar superior to
that of the Taboe Trout.

Distribution: Eagle Lake and Its tributary. Pine Creek.

The annual spawning migration occurs in May, whcD appar<!Dlly
the entire trout population of the lake attempts to move up Pine
Creek. It is said that anglers do not succeed in catching trout in Ea^le
Lake, their failure being attributed to either a scarcity of fisli or an
abundance of food. (Snyder.)

SAN GORGONIO TROUT.
Salmo svarmanni Jordan & Grinnall.

Othsr namas: Bvermann Trout; San Bernardino Rainbow Trout.

Description: Length of type, an adult male (as measured when first caught),
11.63 Inches; head measured along side 2.75 Inches. Head 3.63 in length to base
of caudal, the jaws being somewhat produced; depth of body 4.7; eye 6.6 In
head; maxillary I.T5 in head; dorsal with 10 rays, anal with 10; 34 ecales
between base of dorsal and lateral line. IflT oblique rows crossing lateral line,
and 33 scales between lateral line and vent. Snout (from eye) 3,3 in head;
anal 2 In head; ventral 2.2 In head; pectoral 1.37 In head; dorsal 1.57 tn head.
Caudal distinctly emarglnate. or lunate. Vomerine teeth In two straight rows;
hyold teeth present, though buried In mucus; Maxillary extending well beyond
eye. so that the mouth la relatively large. In the female, the head Is shorter
and the maxillary l.S in head. Coloration, very dark fawn-hrown, the spots
unusually large and covering the whole length of the body, none of the brilliant
hues of tialmo agiia-bonita, rooatrelti or whiici, nor even the crimson of irideai.
Ground fawn-color along aides; varying toward seal brown dorsally; a large
patch of same color on cheek; lower parts lighter (fresh tints unknown, but
no red In throat region shown tn the specimens); black spotting conspicuous,
the spots evenly distributed, very large, on sides posteriorly the size of pupil

118 CALIFOBNU FISH AND OAHE.

or larger, smaller on top of head; !6 on dorsal fln, mostly in four rows; caudal
tin nearly iis dlBllnctly spotted as sides, with spots more closely seL Youngn
imllviduala are aomewhat lighter, but yet considerably darker than iridem* at
the Bame size, and the other characteristics seem to be constant.

Marks for field idantification: DlfFers from the rainbow In small slse and
bIIkIiUj* different coloration. As comiiared with Satmo iridcut. Salmo ereraissai
Is Biontlerer, eBpecially do rso-ven trolly; the head Is longer, the snout sharper,
and mouth larger; the scales are very much smaller and more numerous, tiot
overlapping: the colors are dull and very dark, and the spotting is heavy.

OiBtribution: tapper Santa Ana River in the San Bernardino Mountains of
southern California.

Ilabib) similar to other rainbows. It is probable that the San
BemardiDo trout is the older species in the re^on where found, and
owes its preservation an a distinct species, and perhaps the accentuation
of its charRi'ters, to isotation afforded by the barrier which prevents
the invasion of the rainbow trout from the lower stream. In the
remote histor.v of the stream, the falls have doubtless shifted and
bciiime more effective, so that the ancestral stock of San Gforgonio
trout was originally able to ascend to its present remote and limited
habitat. (Jordan and Orinnell.)

Dascriptio

: Hon.

4 i

length

snout 4.3; mr

xillary

1.6;

miindlbl

lateral lino;

dorsal

fin ^

ith 14

pressed, deei

est sliKhtly

in fron

mouth lnr«e.

maxlll.1

ry lt>

nK and

ml (ffilmo aqailarumt. Found only in E^agle Lake and
tributary streams,

KERN RIVER TROUT.
Salmo gilbert! Jordan.
. Trout; Kern Klver Rainbow Trout; Salmo trideta

to baae of caudal; depth 3.6; eye 5 In head;
e T.3; preorbital £0; scales small, about IfiS In
rays; anal 12. Body stout, moderately com-
t of dorsal: head long, conic, snout pointed:
narrow, i-eachlniir more than an eye's diameter
beyond the eye; mandible slightly curved: teeth on lower jaw rather strong,
wide-set, In a single series, those on maxillary strongest; caudal peduncle stout.
Its least depth equal lo snout and eye. Pins all well developed; origin of dorsal
midway between tip of Knout and base or tail, the longest ray nearly two in head,
baae of fln slightly creater than height; caudal broad, truncate, the lobes equal,
exceedlniE height of dorsal: base of anal equaling height of dorsal; origin of
ventrals somewhat posterior to that of dorsal and much nearer base of caudal
than tip of snout, longest ventral ray equal to longest dorsal ray; longest
pectoral ray exceeding by one-fourth the height of dorMl.

Color in life, head. body, and ftns everywhere profusely and rather uniformly
coverM with small black sjiots, those on body stellate, those on Hns oblong,
those on head roundish and mure sparse; Inner half of ventrals with the anterior
rays white nl tip; iidlpiiHe dorsal olivaceous with three or four black spots; side
broadly rich rosy red. broadest and brightest near middle, least distinct on
caudal peduncle: lower half of side slightly pink and pale bluish; belly with

CALIFORNIA FISH AND OAUB. 119

Blight Irregular waah of old gold on dirty-white KTound color; back and upper
part o( side olivaceous with fine yellow, orange, or lemon iipecks; cheeks and
opercles rich rosy; little or no red on throat, no dash on membrane between
rami of lower Jaw; few spots on aide of head; top of head olive green, well
covered with round black spots.

This description Is from an example (male) 18,35 inches long, weighing 3.5
pounds, taken by the senior author July 19,, 1904, In Kern River about one-half
mile above Kern Lake.

Marks for field identifiMtion! Profusely and closely spotted over the entire
body, head, and on all the (Ins, the belly not so richly colored. It is similar to
the McCloud River trout, but has smaller scales, about leg in a transverse
series. There is usually a distinct whitish tipping to the dorsal, ventral and
anal fins.

Distribution: Kem, and probably Kings, Merced and other rivers of the
southern Sierras. This species Is abundant In Kern Lake and In the river for
some miles below the lake, but of this we have no personal knowledge, as no
collectlns has been done below the lake. As a rule, the Dah taken from the
river are more deeply and brightly colored and decidedly more gamey than
those from the lake. During the spawning season early In the spring the fish
are found chiefly In the river, but after the spawning has been completed they
tend to run down into the lake, where they become leas active and less highly
colored. Large examples from the lake are. as a rule, more slender than those
from the river, probably on account of the fact that those from the lake are all
spent flsb.

The Kern River trout is a beautiful fish, well built and symmetrical,
and very rich in coloration when in prime condition. As a game iish
it will stand easily among the best, but, aa already stated, in the river it
Kreatly excels those of its kind in the lake. It usually takes the fly quite
freely, and will, of course, take all sorts of live or cut bait. We have
taken these trout "with the artificial fly, with grasshoppers (which
they greatly preferred), and with pieces of fish or other meat. The
large example from which the colored plate was made was first tried
with a gray hackle, to which he rose once and theu paid no more
attention to it. A larger, plain hook and a good-sized grasshopper
were substituted, with better results. Scarcely had the lure touched
the water when he rose and struck most viciously, only to miss it, then
turn and strike more viciously than before. This time the hook caught
inside the mouth just under the middle of maxillary, and then began
a fight that would delight a better angler than I. lie first circled about
in a wide curve, then jumped twice, clearing the water beautifully each
time; circled again, went to the bottom in water ten feet deep, came to
the surface and jumped again, after which no more leaps were made,
but he continued dashing about until finally brought to net." (Ever-
mann.)

THE GOLDEN TROUT OF CALIFORNIA.
The golden trout of California are, so far as known, found only in
the headwaters of the Kern River, all in the vicinity of Jlount Whitney.
To be sure, through the activities of the California Fish and Game
Commission and other agencies, their original distribution has been
somewhat extended by transplanting.

Four species of trout are now recognized as native to the upper Kern
River basin, namely: the Kern River trout or Gilbert trout (Salmo
gilberti), the Soda Creek or White's golden trout (Salmo tvhitei), the
South Fork of Kem golden trout (•^almo agiia-honita) , and the Roose-
velt trout or golden trout of Volcano Creek (Salmo roosei'clti). All
except the Gilbert trout are of the golden trout type. , ,.

120 CAUFOBNIA FISH AND OAKS.

All four of thc8e species belong to the Rainbow Series, the species of
which as a whole may be distinguished, with greater or less didicalty,
from those of the Steelhead Series or sea-run rainbows on the one
hand by the usually brighter colors, and on the other hand, from the
Cutthroat Series by the absence of a red or scarlet dash on the throat
and the entire absence of hyoid teeth.

The three Species of golden trout differ as a group from the other
recognized species of the Rainl>ow Scries in having decidedly smaller
scales and a very brilliant coloration.

When the first trout came to the beautiful streams of the southern
High Sierra no one certainly Imows ; but it must have been long, long
ago, as men count time, when melting ice filled the Valley of Death and
the terrible deserts of Panamint and Amargosa with sweet waters.
Long before that time trout had found their way into the Rio Colorado
and when the ice came it was not hard for them to push westward to
certain headwaters of the San Joaquin. Among the first to come were
some that took up their home in the Great Kem, a wild, strange river,
whose sources are among the highest of California's great mountains
and whoso course for many miles is almost meridional by the compass
through a great canyon hundreds of feet deep and marvelous in its
stupendous grandeur and beauty. In thU river the trout were free to
roam about as they liked. Sometimes they would go far down the
stream and even out into that wonderful Tulare Lake, then much larger
and much colder than it has ever been since. Then in early spring
they would go the other way, even entering the tributary streams and
penetrating to the little rivulets that trickle from the flanks of the
great mountains and the banks of snow that never melt.

The waters in all these streams were clear and cold, and food was
abundant. Some of the streams that came in from the east and others
from the west already had formed considerable falls in their course
alwve which the trout were not able to go. In some of the tributaries,
such barriers were met with in the beginning and those streams are
barren of fish to this day. In others, the invasion from the main
stream began and was consummated before the falls became impassable,
and trout are now found in them, although falls which fishes can not
surmount have since been formed in many of them. Among tributary
streams of this character which may be mentioned are Soda Creek,
Coyote Creek, and the Little Kern on the west and Volcano Creek and
South Fork of Kem River on the east. In the first three, the wearing
down of the siream-bed and the formation of impassable falls prevented
any subsequent invasions from the main river, isolated those colonies
of trout which had pushed toward tlie headwaters, and prevented any
further mixing of creek fish with river fish. But in Volcano Creek
the conditions were exceptional and complicated. This stream derived
its fish originally from Kem River, as did the other streams mentioned;
impasBahle falls subsequently formed and the fish of the creek became
shut off from those of the river. Then an unique factor was introduced,
A period of volcanic activity ensued, during which the west half of the
Toowa Valley was more or less filled with lava, volcanic tufa, and other
igneous material, the lower half of Volcano Creek was for a time wiped
out of existence, and every living thing in its waters below the tunne!
killed. The only fishes of Volcano Creek that escaped this catastrophe
were those individuals which had migrated well toward the headwaters

6AUF0KNTA FI8H AKD QAHE. 121

of the stream above the infiuenee of the lava flow. But this creek was
permanently shut off from any further invasions of trout from the
river; and when its waters again began to flow to the Kern, the falls
then formed were even greater barriers than before, and the trout o£
Volcano Creek became more thoroughly isolated.

The environment of Volcano Creek is very different from that of
Kern River; it is that of a smalt stream, with clean gravelly granite
bed in its upper and yellowish or blackish lava and yellowish tufa in its
lower course, and with water clear, pure, cold, and turbulent. Con-
trasted with this is Kern River, a large stream, many yards wide and
many feet deep, with current often slu^sh and bed of fine sand or
mild in many places.

These different environment'! were sure in time to modify and
differentiate the fishes of the two streams. The law of cause and
effect applies here as elsewhere in nature, and with equal force ; differen;
causes acting upon even the same thing will produce different results.
But geographical isolation (riiumliche Sonderung) is the great
primary factor in the production of new species. It is the potent
agent which holds apart the two groups of individuals, preventiag inter-
mingling and confining each to the influences of its own peculiar
environment.

In the production of new species in nature, it is not essential that the
environments be greatly unlike, or unlike at all, if the groups of indi-
viduals being acted upon can be kept from interbreeding.

And thus the trout in Kern River and those in Volcano Creek went
on developing, each group in its own way, the two becoming more and
more unlike and acquiring structural and other characters by means
of which the two forma may be readily distinguished. The trout of
Volcano Creek has taken on characters not possessed by the trout of any
other stream— very different indeed from those of the Kern River
trout. These characters have become fixed, as is evidenced by the
fact that they are essentially uniform among all the individuals of this
creek. The Volcano Creek trout is therefore a different species from
that found in Kern River.

As a result of the formation of impassable falls in the South Pork of
the Kern, in the Little Kern, in Coyote Creek, and perhaps still other
tributaries of the Kern, other colonies of trout that had invaded the
headwaters of these streams became isolated, and in time they also
became specifically distinguishable from those of the main Kern and
all other streams, so that we now have, as already stated, four distinct
species in the Kern River basin. They are the three species of Golden
Trout, and the Kern River Trout which is the parent species from
which the various species of golden trout have been independently
derived.

.LITTLE KERN GOLDEN TROUT.
Salmo whtlei Evarmann.
Other namaa: Coyote Creek Golden Trout; Soda Creek Golden Trout; White's
Golden Trout.

OMcription: Head 3.22 in length; depth 3.68; eye 4.54 in head; snout 3.33;
maxillary 1.72; mandible 1.S6; Interorbital 3.57; longest dorsal ray 2.08; longest
anal ray Z.17: pectoral 1.86; ventral 2.17; caudal lobes 1,61. Body rather stout,
moderately compressed; head conic: mouth large, oblique, Jaws aubequal;
maxillary long and slender, reaching much beyond the eye; teeth on Jaws,^

122 CAUFORNU FISH AND OAHE.

tongue and palatines well developed; caudal peduncle deep. Its least depth about
equal to dlHtance from tip of snout to middle of eye. Fins well developed; origin
of dorsal somewhat nearer tip of snout than base of caudal fln; insertion of
ventra] about under middle of dorsal fln. Scales small, but noticeably larger
than In the Volcano Creek trout.

Color In life, back and upper part of side light olive; side and back profusely
covered with small roundish black spots, these extending on top of head, vertical
flns, and on side below lateral line; side with 10 largo roundish parr-marks and
a broadlsh median band of light-brick or terra-cotta red; lower part of aide
light lemon-yellow with a number of blulah-black blotches, chiefly anteriorly,
somewhat larger than similar ones on back: belly from tip of lower Jaw at anal
fln rich orange-red or cadmium, richest between pectoral and ventral fine, this
band the full width of the belly; no red dash on throat; suborbital pale rosy or
purplish; cheek brassy, with a large dark blotch; opercle rosy orange, olivaceous
above; dorsal fln with about five rows of small round black spots and a black
border except anteriorly, where the rays are tipped with a ilght-rosy border;
pectoral light yellowish; ventral and anal reddish, with broad white edge;
caudal profusely spotted with black like the dorsal fln. In spirits all the bright
colors fade, but the black spots remain distinct These spots are largest on the
caudal peduncle, over which they are evenly distributed. They are also pretty,
evenly distributed over the entire side and top of bead: the space along the
lateral line, however, has fewer spots. Those below the lateral line extend more
than halfway to the belly and are somewhat smaller than those above. About
14 spots show on side of head.

There Is not much variation In color, as shown by examination of many
examples. In all, the black spots completely cover the caudal peduncle and the
entire length of side from median line of back to some distance below the lateral
line; the top and sides of the head are always spotted. The middle line of the
Bide and the belly are always richly colored, the parr-marhs always present, and
the dorsal, anal, and ventral flns bright-edged. No conspicuous red dash was
observed on the lower ]aw In any of the specimens from South Fork of Kaweah,
Soda Creek, or Wet Meadow Creek, but among those from Coyote Creek were
some showing considerable color.

Marks for li«ld identification: The presence of small black spots on top of
head and all but the lower one-third of the side distinguishes this golden trout
from the two other species of golden trout.

Oiatribution: Soda Creek; Coyote Creek; Wet Meadow Creek: Little Kern
River, The headwaters of the South Fork of the Kaweah were originally with-
out trout but were stocked with flsh from Soda Creek at Qulnn's Horse Camp,
and this species may, therefore, very properly be called the Soda Creek Trout.

This fish is known to rpa<^h a length of about ten inches. It
takes the fly readily, and is a good fighter. Though leas brilliant in
color than the golden trout of Volcano Creek, it is in every respect a
beautiful and attractive fish.

The following interesting account of the trout of the small streams
of the High Sierras, by H, W. Henshaw, and written many years ago,
applies chiefly to this species :

"This is the common brook trout of the small mountain streams of
the Pacific slope, and up to an altitude of 9,000 feet it is the rare
exception to find a suitable stream that ia not well stocked with it.
Upon many of them these trout are found in very great abundance, each
pool and rapid numbering its finny denizens by the score. They may
be taken in any sort of weather, at any hour of the day, by almost any
kind of bait. During the heat of the day they frequent almost entirely
the deeper pools, lying under overshadowing rocks or in the shade of
some convenient log. In early morning or late afternoon they come
out and run more int^) the shallows and rapids, under which circum-
stances they bite best and afford the finest sport. Like the average
brook trout the species rarely attains any considerable size, ranging
from four to eight or more inches in lengtl^ The character of the

CALIPOBNTA FISH AND QAUE. 123

bottom and water iteelf has much to do with color and I remember to
have fished in a small rivulet on one of the subalpine meadows not far
from Mount Whitney, whose sluggish waters flowed over a bottom of
dark mad, in which the color of the trout simulated very closely its
hue; they had lost nearly all the flashing irridescent tints characterizing
the same species caught but a few hours before in another stream, and
had become dull and somber-hued. Accompanying this change of
color was a correspondingly noticeable difference in the habits and
motions, and the several dozen trout caught that evening for supper
were taken out by the hook with the display of very little more
gaminess than would be noticed in so many horned pout. On the
contrary, in the clear rapid current of the mountain stream, a flash of
sunlight is scarcely quicker than the gleam of gold and silver, seen for a
single instant, as the whirling waters are cut by one of the trout as he
makes a rush from his lurking place for some chance morsel which is
being borne past him. The "Western trout are rarely as shy as their
relatives of Eastern waters, and because of their numbers and c«nse-
quent scarcity of food arc apt to be less fastidious ; yet even when most
abundant due caution must be used if one wouhl be successful, and not
every one Can catch trout even in the West. With the proper care in
concealing one's self a pool may be almost decimated ere the alarm
will be taken, and I have seen fifteen fair sized trout taken from a
single small pool in quick succession."

This beautiful trout was named in honor of Stewart Edward White
who SQ^ested to President Roosevelt the investigation which resulted
in its discovery.

SOUTH FORK OF KERN GOLDEN TROUT.
Salmo agua-bonita Jordan.

Othar name*: Mount Whitney Golden Trout; Golden Trout; Agua-bonlta
Golden Trout; Sttlmo irideui ag^m-bdnita.

Oascription: Head 3.88 In length: deptli 3.85; eye 4.4 In head; anout 4.4;
maxillary 2.09; mandible 2,00: Interorbltal 3.66; longest dorsal ray 2,09; base of
dorsal l.S; longest anal ray 1,69: pectoral 1,63; ventral 2.00; caudal lobes 1.46;
base of anal 2,1. Body stout, moderately elongate; head short, anout blunt;
mouth moderate, mamillary eittendlng somewhat beyond orbit, relatively broader
than In the Kern River trout; teeth on Jawa, maxlllarj-, palatines, and vomer
weU developed: flns moderate; caudal peduncle compressed. Its least depth
equal to distance from tip o( snout to posterior edge of pupil; scales relatively

Color In life, back and upper part of side tight olivaceous; entire body above
lateral line, including head, sparsely covered with rather large roundish black
st>ota, those extending below lateral line on caudal peduncle; spots on side
anterior to dorsal fln usually J!ew: usually a few spots on median line of back
between origin of dorsal and head; anout and top of head usually with a few
spots; 3 or 3 spots sometlmea on aide of head; middle of side with a somewhat
distinct rosy band, plainest at middle; parr-marks oiways present; side below
lateral line light golden yellow: belly scarlet, brightest from ventral halfway to
Isthmus; under side of head, except Jaw, reddish orange; check light golden
yellow anteriorly, rosy or coppery posteriorly; dorsal and anal tins profusely
spotted, the other fins with no spots, the anal dusky: adipose fln with edge
black, and B small block spots; anterior dorsal ray tipped with reddish orange;
ventrals and anal red, tipped with orange white; pectoral bronze. The above
description chiefly from a specimen 7.T5 Inches Ions'.

An examination of numerous examples shows some alight variations In the
colors. The parr-marks are sometimes less regular, and the exact shade of the
bright lateral band and the color of the belly vary somewhat. These, however,
are simply differences tn intensity rather than in pattern, ,(^

124 CAUKfflNIA FISH AND OAHB.

Mark* for fiald idantification: In this apeciea the extent ot the BpotUnK on the
body IB the beat dlntrnoBtlc character. The South Fork of Kern trout are almost
Invariably well spotted, not only on the caudal peduncle but also along the side
above the lateral line, at least bb far forward as the front of the dorga] fin.
There are alio usually a few npota on the anterior part of side and along median
line ot back between dorsal and head; snout and top of head spotted, and usually
a few spots on side of head; but (here are no spots below the lateral line except
on the caudal peduncle.

Dialribution; South Fork of Kern Rtver from which It has been introduced
into the Cottonwood Lakes and Cottonwood Creek, and doubtless other streamB.

This species was originally described by Dr. David Starr Jordan in
]89;f. His deseriptioD was based on three small specimens conveyed to
him tiy Sir. W, II. Siiw-kley of SaD Francisco to whom they had been
sent by Mr. Georne T. ilills, state fish eoiumissioner of Nevada, who
ill turn liad received them from ilr. A. C. Harvey of Lione Pine, Inyo
County, ('alifornia. A meinoraDdum accompanyiDg the specimens
stated that they had been "taken by Mr. Harvey of Lone Pine, Cali-
fornia, in a stream called by him 'Whitney Creek' (more correctly
Volcafto Creek), on the west side of the Sierras near Mount Whitney."
It ha.s since developed that these specimens did not come from Whitney
(\'i)lcano) Creek, bnt from Cottonwood Creek, a stream on the east
side of tiie mountains and tributary to Owens Lake. Cottonwood Creek
was stocked in 1876 by Messrs. A. C. Stevens, S. V. Stevens, and
Thomas Ccoi^e with trout obtained by them in Mulky Creek, a small
tiilmtary of the South Fork of tlie Kern in Mulky Meadows, about 3^
to 4 miles from ('ottonwood Creek, It is therefore evident that the
spccinii'iis upon wbich Dr. -Jordan based his description of Salnto agua-
bonila were descendants of the trout from Mulky Creek transplanted
into Cottonwood Creek in 1M76 and are therefore the same species as
that of the South Fork of the Kern. A comparison of specimens taken
in the latter stream in 1304 witli the type and eotype of Salmo agua-
boiiila sliows thein to be specifically identical.

ROOSEVELT TROUT.
Salmo rooBavaIti Evarmann.

Other nannea: Volcano Creek Oolden Trout; Oolden Trout of Oolden Trout
CiPi'k; Guillen Trout; UoUien Trout of Volcano Creek.

Daacription: Head 3,5 In length to buae of caudal An: depth 4; eye 5.6 In
head: snout 3.4; niajtllliiry l.»; long<-8t nnal ray 1.9; pectoral 1.8; ventral 2.1;
caudal lolies I.K; Imse of doi-sul 1.9; buse of anal 2.6; lea-it depth of caudal
peduncle 2.6. Hody stout, moderately compressed; head conic, rather long;
snout Ions; jaws subequal, mouth lurKe. somewhat oblique; maxillary long- and
narrow but sLishlly curved, extendlntc much beyond orbit; teeth well developed
mandible, maxllliu-y, pnliitines. tnmt of \-omer, and on front of tongue, the latter
In two rows; caudal peduncle very stout. Fins all strong and well developed;
orlKln of dorsal midway between tip of snout and base ot caudal peduncle; base
of ventrala under middle of dorsui; cnudul broad, strong, little notched when
fully spread; anal with Its free edse somewhat falcate. Scales exceedingly
Broall, smaller than In any other known species of trout, n on Imbricated, and
scarcely Bhowinft unleas dry; there are about BO in an oblique aeries from front
of dorsal downward and backward to the baae of the ventrala; there are about
200 scales in the lateral line. 140 to 150 of them having pores.

Color In life, back, top of head, and upper part of side very light yellowish
olive; middle of the side from glll-openlng to adipose fln with a broad bright
rosy band, the greatest width of which Is about equal to greatest diameter of
orbit; Bide below lateral line bright golden yellow, fading below into yellowish
white; betly with a broad cadmium or deep orange-red band from throat to anal
fln, the color deepeat between pectoral and ventral; some red on IreUy between

CAUFORNIA FISH AND GAME. It^

origin of anal and base of caudal; about 10 roundish or vertically oblong parr-
marks on middle of side, upon which apparently the rosy lateral band Is super-
Imposed; 3 of these parr-marka are on the caudal peduncle posterior to the
adipose tin. 2 between the adipose and dorsal tins, 2 under the dorsal, and 3
anterior to It; between the Drat and second Inr^e parr-markx and somewhat
below them is a small round spot of the same color, and there Is a similar one
between the Otth and sUth spots: cheeks and operclen bright rosy, eilBed pos-
teriorly and below with yellowish, an olivaceous blotch on upper part of cheek
and a small black spot on upper part of opercle; region about eye olivaceous
yellow, especially below; lower jaw rosy, with some yellowish, membrane
between rami of lower Jaw whitish, without rosy wash, tip of lower Jaw
olivaceous; mouth on sides and below tongue orange, whitish elsewhere; side of
caudal peduncle with about 80 small roundish black spots, these most numerous
on posterior half, there being only S anterior to the adipose dorsal tin; rest of
body entirely without spots: dorsul fin with about 6 Irregular series of small
roundish black spots, those toward the distal portion largest and blackest:
general color of dorsal fin light olivaceous yellow, the tips of the anterior rays
with a broad margin of whitish orange; adipose dorsal olivaceous, narrowly
bordered with black, and with £ small round black spots: caudal fin profusely
spotted with black, the spots arranged irregularly in about 8 or 10 vertical rows:
those at the base blackest and roundest, those on the distal edge somewhat
linear, those on the outer edges of the lobes extending forward onto the dorsal
and ventral lines of the caudal peduncle; general color of caudal fln yellowish
and olivaceous, the lower lobe somewhat rosy: pectoral red. somewhat lighter
than lateral band: ventral reddish, the anterior rays edged with white; anal
reddish with a little orange, the anterior half or two-thirds broadly edged wllh
white.

There is not much variation In color, except such as Is probably due to
dltTerence In age: the rosy lateral band, the parr-marks, and the broad rich
cadmium band on the belly are characteristic. The variation In the black spots
ifl Inconsiderable. In the 39 specimens which the senior author has examined
critically IG do not show any spots whatever anterior to the adipose tin. and
only 2 of the remaining 14 show any spots anterior to the dorsal fln. and the^e
are obscure and few !n number. In one lart^e specimen there ai-e but IS to H
spots on the caudal peduncle; In another somewhat smaller example there are
but 6 spots. Tbe dorsal, anal, and ventral fins are Invariably edged with color.
The head In the males Is longer and more pointed; the maxillary is also longer
than in the females.

When well spread the caudal fln is usually slightly lunaie or slightly notched,
but In some examples It is almost truncate or sciuare. In alcohol all of the
bright colors soon fade, the parr-marks, black spots, and pale edges to the dorsal,
anal, and ventral fins persisting. The general color of the body then becomes
a dirty yellowish white or in some specimens brownish. In some cases the
parr-marks almost wholly disappear.

Marks fop field identification: The rich rosy lateral band showing Ihroiich
the large distinct bluish-black parr-marks, the rich lemon-yellow of the lower
half of the side, the Intensely rich cadmium of the belly, and the entire absence
of black spots on the body except on the caudal peduncle, readily distinguish
the Roosevelt trout from all other species.

Distribution: The groiden trout Is native to Volcano Treek alone, and occurs
throughout the entire length of that stream. It Is found at oil places from above
the tunnel to below the lowermost of the series of falls near the mouth, and in
all suitable places from the tunnel to the headwaters above Volcano Meadows,
where the elevation Is more than 10,000 feet.

Trout are abundant in Volpano Creek; every pool at the foot of a fall
or below a cascade or rapid is sure to coutaiii a number of them, and
they may be seen on the riffles and under the jiroteeting banks.
Although the fish runs down Voleano Creek e^en to below the lowest
falls, it apparently does not venture out into Kern Kiver; no e.iainplcs
were seen there. It is a creek tish and appears to keep within the
pecnliar environment of the small stream. They are most numerous
above the tunnel, probably heeause fewer tourists visit that portion of

126 CALIFORNIA FISH AND OAUB.

the stream. The fish there, however, are usually small. The largest,
iinest examples are found hetween the natural bridge and the lower
falls.

As a game fish the golden trout is one of the hest. It will rise to
any kind of lure, including the artificial fly, and at any time of day. A
No. 10 fly is large enough, perhaps too large; No. 12 or even smaller
ia much better. In the raoming and again in the evening, iL will take
the fly with a rush and make a good fight, jumping when permitted
to do so ; during the middle of the day it rises more deliberately and
may sometimes be tempted only with grasshoppers. It is a fish that
does not give up soon but continues the fight. Its unusual breadth of
fins and strength of caudal peduncle, together with the turbulent water
in which it dwells, enable it to make a fight equalling that offered by
many a larger trout.

Although now abundant the golden trout can not long remain so
unless aflforded some protection. The attractiveness of the Kern River
region because of its scenic beauty is sure to appeal more and more to
tourists every year. Practically the entire length of Volcano Creek
is easily accessible from the trail from the east side of the divide. As
a matter of fact, one can iu one day travel the entire length of the
creek and have time to stop frequently to drop a fly into the pools
which he passes. The trout are readily found and easily captured, as
they are so voracious and rise to the lure so readily.

The great beauty of the Roosevelt trout lies in the richness of its
colors and in its trioiness of form; the brilliancy and richnes of its
coloration is not equaled in any other known species of trout. The
delicate golden olive of the head, back, and upper part of the side, the
clear golden yellow along and below ttie lateral line, overlaid by a
delicate rosy lateral band, and the marvelously rich cadmium of the
under parts, fully entitle this to be known above all others as the
golden trout. Except on the caudal peduncle, the body is entirely
without the black spots characteristic of the rainbow trout series. One
can appreciate to some extent the great beauty of this fish by examining
the splendid painting by Hudson.

In form it is no less beautiful; its lines are perfect, the fins large
and well proportioned, and the caudal peduncle strong; all fitting it
admirably for life in the turbulent waters in which it dwells. It is a
small fish, however. It is probable that it never attains a greater
length than 14 inches or a weight of more than a pound in Volcano
Creek. In the Cottonwood Lakes it is said to reach a weight of five
pounds.

The scales are smaller than in any other known species of trout.
They are so small, indeed, as to have caused so good an observer as
Stewart Edward White to declare that this trout has no scales at all.
This is an error in ol)servation that is not uncommon; even James
Russell Lowell, excellent naturalist that he was, wrote:
"One trout Bcale In the scales I Iny
(If trout hud scales), and It will outweigh
TliL' wrong aide ot the balances."

But all trout have scales, albeit often very small and not easily seen
except by him who knows fishes, and the golden trout scales are the

smallest of them all.

GAUPOBNIA FISH AND GAME. 127

This, the most beautiful trout in all the world, was named in honor
of Theodore Roosevelt, the naturalist, who, as President of the United
States, ordered the investigation which resulted in its discovery as a
new species.

Cutthroat Series.
CUTTHROAT TROUT.
Salmo clarkii Riohardton.

Other nam**: Black- spotted Trout; Columbia River Trout; Cla.rk Trout;
Red -throated Trout

Dawription: Head 4; depth 1; D. 10; A. 10; cteca 43: scales small, In lEO to 170
crosB-serlea. Body elonsate, compressed; head rather ihort; mouth moderate,
the maxillary not reachlnK far beyond the eye; vomerine teeth as usual set in an
irregular ziK-zag series, teetb on the hyold bone normaUy present, but often
obsolete in old exarapleB; dorsal fln rather low; caudal fln allKhtly forked (more
so In younfc). Color, silvery olivaceous, often dark steel color; back, upper
part of side and caudal peduncle profusely covered with rounded black spots of
varying sizes and shapes, these spots often on the head, and somelimes
extending on the belly; dorsal, adipose, and caudal fins covered with similar
spots about as large as the nostril; inner edge of the mandible tcilh a deep-red
blotck, which Is a diagnostic mark; middle of side usually with a dUTuse pale
rosy wash, sometimes quite bright, and extending on side of head; under parts
silvery white. The red blotches or washing on the membrane Joining the dentary
bones of the lower Jaw are usually constant, probably always present In the
adult, and constitute a moat important character. (Jordan and Gvermann)

Mark* for field identification: Red marks on threat; very small scales, there
being about 150 in a row from head to tall; back profusely spotted; teeth present
on hyold bone at base of tongue.

Distribution in California: Pit River and tributaries, Eel River, coastal
streams of northwestern California, Goose Lake.

Spawns in spring. Decidedly a deepwater fish, except during
spawning season when it seeks shallower waters. Cutthroats do not
rise as readily to a dy as other trout, but more often take a sunken dy ;
nor do they seek swift water as the rainbow. As a ride, this species
does not rank with others in its gameness. Apparently, the cutthroat
in this state is not as prolific as the rainbow; at least this species is
not nearly so abundant as the rainbow. The cutthroat spawns in the
sprii^ and early summer, ascending to the headwaters of streams or
depositing eggs in shallow water or on sand bars in the lakes. Lake
cutthroats invariably reach a larger size than stream fish. Specimens
in the Klamath Lakes have reached a weight of seventeen pounds.

TAHOE TROUT.
Salmo hanihawi Gill A Jordan.

Other nam*a: Black-spotted Trout; Silver Trout; Red fish ; Tommy; Black
Trout; Salmc tahoentU; Salfo purparatua kemhaai; Salmo mykiag (in part);
BaltHO mgkist hcnihatci; Salmo clarkii henihatoi.

DMOription: Head 3.T5; depth 4; D. 11; A. 12; scales 27 to ST-160 to lSl-27
to 37, usually about 170 In a longitudinal series; body robust, elongate, greatest
depth about one-fourth of total length without tali; caudal peduncle about two-
flftha length of head; head long, conical, slender, not extending far behind eye;
two long series oC vomerine teeth; caudal short and distinctly forked; dark
olive-green above, covered almost entirely with large black spots; males a dark
yellowish -olive color, with metallic reflections, the dark color being the same

128 CAUFOHNU PISH AND QAHB.

from the back to the ventral surface; a broad, pinkish. Indefinite stripe about ID
scales wide on the side, each stride Included In thla stripe and also In a broad
area above and beiow sllKhtly ed^ed with light yellow; opercle, preopercle, sub-
operole, and a triangular spot above the axil of pectoral, scarlet or yellowish
scarlet: under surface of lower Jaw with two parallel stripes of red; red also
visible on the tonicue and on the shoulder -girdle: brownish -black spots distrib-
uted over the entire body: females usually more lightly colored, and the colors
seeming to have more metallic luster.

Marks for field identification: The dark olive body with many bold black spots
widely scattered almost uniformly over Its entire surface, and the red marks on
the throat distinguish the Tahoe trout. Sometimes It has a silvery luster.
Although plainly belonging to the cutthroat series, having the same red dashes
under the throat, long head, small scales and teeth on the tongue, it is never-
theless, browner or yellower In color, and has larger scattered spots which cover
the whole fish.

Diatribution; I^ke Tahoe and Its tributary streams and lakes, upper portions
of the Truckee River, Donner. Weblwr. and Independence lakes; Introduced In
lakes of Siskiyou County, and Bear Lake, San Bernardino County, and in the
Stanislaus and the Mokelumne rivers on the western slope of the Sierras.

Aoelors tisually poiDt out the following different kiuds of trout in
Lake Talioe and the Truckee River;

Taboe Trout, dark in color with large spots.

Silver Troat, silvery in color, with small, elongate spots, body
deep and heavy.

Redflsh, brilliant in color, with red cheeks.

Tommy, Binall, rolatively large spotted fish, spawning later
than the red fish.

Royal Silver Trout, deep blue above and silvery on sides with
few or no spots. {xSalmo rcgalis.)

Even though known to fishermen, these forms with the exception of
the royal silver trout are here all classed as Tahoe trout, until further
information is available.

Tliere has been a great deal of speculation over the identity of the
redfish, a larffe brightly-colored fish with a red cheek spot, which nins
lip the Truckee Kiver early in spring, the migration ceasing in March.
By many this In rcgardetl as entirely distinct from the Tahoe trout.
With the conclusion of this run of fish there appears a run of smaller
fish known to the anglers us tommies. This second migration usually
occurs in April and is about over by Jlay 1. The tommy is a smaller
and relatively larfre spotted fish. Whether these two forms which
have separate spawning seasons are one and the same fish is yet to be
determined, but at present they are given the saine name. (Snyder.)

Frequently, a verj- light-colored silvery example of Tahoe trout is
taken, its aides having a bright metallic luster and smaller and more
elongate spots. This is usually known as the silver trout, and is said
to frequent the greater depths. It attains a very large size, one
having been caught which weighed 2it pounds. This form was described
by Jordan and Evermann as Hahiui lahontsis and may be, as they
thought, a distinct species.

Dtiring a portion of the year the Tahoe trout lives in deep water,
and can be caught, if at all, only on long lines. Early in the spring

OALIFORmA FISH AND OAMB. 129

and in the summer they are to be found in relatively shallow water.
It may be that food snpply accounts for thia migration from deep to
shallow water, as spawning minnows seem to be the attractive food
when the trout is in shallow water. The greater number of thia species
arc taken by trolling with a spoon. (Snyder.)

The Tahoe trout appears to feed largely on minnows but black ants
and other insects are taken in quantity.

ROYAL SILVER TROUT.
Salmo rvgatia Snyder.

Other name*: Greenback; Grayback.

Deacription: A fresh specimen Is characterized by a deep steel blue OR the
dorsal surface which color extends downward on the sides to about the sixth
row of scales above the lateral line, where it abruptly blends Into a silvery hue.
The silver dulls ventrally. while the chin, throat, and abdomen are white. The
cheek Is marked by a faint red or yellow spot grlowlng faintly througrh the silver,
but this is the only red or yellow color on the fish. The dorsal and caudal tins
are the only portions of the body marked by dark spots, but even these are
inconepicuouB. It has about Hi to IGO lateral series of scales, 39 to 31 above
the lateral line, 11 to 13 branch lostegals, and 19 to 21 ^llirakers. No external
Bex differences can be observed. (Snyder)

Marki for field idontification: The Royal Silver trout, easily confused with
silvery srieclmens of the common Tahoe trout (Salmo AeiwAoict). dlfCers from
the latter in Its decidedly silvery sides, blue back, shorter head, shorter and
more rounded snout, smaller maxillary, large scales, narrow and more pointed
llns, perfectly smooth basl- branchial a which are without teeth, and fewer
Klllrokers. The absence ot spota is also characteriatic.

Distribution: Known only from the Lake Tahoe basin.

Little is known about its habits, but apparently it does not spawn in
streams tributary to Lake Tahoe, as does the Tahoe trout. Feeds
largely on insects, but doubtless also takes minnows, as it has been
caught on a spinner.

DOLLY VAROEN TROUT.
Salvelinu* parkai (Sueklay).

Other names: Malma; Salmon Trout (Alaska and Montana) ; Bull Trout
■ (Idaho); Western (Jharr; Oregon Charr; Salvelinut raaiflio (in part).

Detcription: Head 3.5 to 3.T&; depth 4.8 to 6; eye 6.6 to 7; snout 3 to 4;
maiillary 1.7 to 3; D. 11; A. 9; scales 39-240-36; pyloric Cttca large, 15 to 50;
glllrakers about 8 to 12. Body rather slender, the bock somewhat elevated, lens
compressed than In Salvdinvg fontinalii; head large, snout broad, flattened
above; mouth large, the maxillary reaching past the eye; fins short, the caudal
slightly forked or almost truncate. General color, olivaceous, the sides with
round red or orange spots nearly as large as the eye, the back with similar but
smaller spots, and without reticulations, a feature of coloration which at once
distinguishes this from all other American trout; lower fins colored much as in
8. fontinaliii, dusky with a pale stripe In front, followed by a darker one.
(Jordan and £ verm an n.)

Mark* for fiald identification: Distinguinhed from true trout and from other
charrs by the lack of reticulations or mottling in its color pattern. Large orange
or red spots on the back as well as sides, and the lack of blackish marblinga
on the upper fins, distinguish it from the Eastern Brook trout. It may weigh,
'When mature, anywhere from six ounces to twelve pounds. The little ones are
brightest in color.

Dialributian; The only stream in California in which the Dolly Varden trout
is known to be a native is the McCloud River. ,C

130 CAUFOBNU FISH AND OAUB.

The Dolly Vardeo is more voracious than tlie true trout,
streams it devours milliODS of salmon eggs, as well as young salmoa
and this fish is the greatest enemy the salmon breeder finds. Gamy and
vigorous, it makes a fair game fish, taking a baited hook freely. They
also rise readily to the artificial fly. Their food is principally minnows.
In California, the Dolly Varden is largely nonmigratory. It lies on
the bottom and waits for food to come to it, then grabs it like a mad
bulldog. When caught it will often actually attempt to defend itself
by biting. Moreover, it will live longer out of water than other trouts.

When this fish was taken by scientists in the McCloud Kiver, the
resemblance to a dress goods with spots called Dolly Varden and which
was then the rage, led to its being given this name by the lady members
of the party, and "Dolly Varden" it has been ever since.

Inlxodnced Species.

EASTERN BROOK TROUT.
Smimo fontmalis (Mitohill).

Othsr namai: Brook Trout; Speckled Trout; Fontinalls.

Deicription: Head 4.5; D. 10: A. 9; scales 37-230-30; KUlrakers about 6-1-11;
body oblonK, moderately compreaaed, not much elevated ; head large, but not
very long, tbe snout bluntish, the Inlerorbltal space rather broad; mouth large,
the maxillary reaching beyond orbit: eye large, somewhat above ails of body;
caudal tin slightly lunate In the adult, forked In the young; adipose fin small;
pectoral and ventral flns not especially elongate. Color, back more or less
mottled, marbled, or barred with dark olive or black, without spots; red spots
on side rather smaller than the pupil; dorsal and caudal line mottled with
darker; lower flns dusky, with a pale, usually orange, band anteriorly, followed
by a darker one; belly In the male often more or less red. (Jordan and

Marks for ftald identification: Small imbedded scales making the flsb appear
Ecaleless; mottled or marbled color pattern of back with no spots, and red lower
flns fringed with white, are the beat distinguishing features.

Distribution: Tahoe region, Sierran lakes and streams; planted in most
streams from Siskiyou to San Diego County, with the exception of the coastal
streams. This flsh now has tbe widest distribution, fn California, of any-
introduced species.

Eastern brook trout abound chiefly in cold, slow-running meadow
brooks; but they thrive in all pure cold waters which contain sufficient

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAUPtmHU FISH AND OAME. 131

air, including lakes and ponds. Never, in Califomia, are they found
in fast-rushing mountain streams. This fish is wary, and great skill
is required in catching it. The outstanding peculiarity of its habits
is evidenced by the fact that a person acquainted with its haunts can
go out and catch a string of Eastern hrook in a eomparatively short
time, while others, with better tackle and equal skill, will fish a whole
day for them in vain. The largest brook trout are found in the deep,
wide pools in the warmer waters; the smallest ones are found in the cold,
narrow mountain rivulets near their source. Eastern brook trout do
not keep well nor ship well, probably on aci^ount of the fat. They spawn
high up in the tributary streams and so early (October to Januarj-)
that eggs for hatchery purposes are altnoKt impos.'iible to obtain. This
trout is a nest-builder. "Cavities are made in gravel, the nest is
shaped with the tail. • • • After tlie eggs are deposited they are
covered with gravel. The egg is about one-fifth of an iueh in diameter,
and varies in color from pale lemon to orange red. The average yield
of the female is from 400 to 600. The period of hatching will depend
on the temperature, ranging from 165 days in water of 37 degrees to
32 days in water of 54 degrees. The yolk sack ia absorbed in from
30 to 80 days, and after its absorption the youiig fish begins to feed.
The rate of growth will, of course, depend on the amount of food
consumed. In artificial culture yearlings, according to Mr. Ains-
worth's estimate, will average 2 ounces; fish of two years, 4 ounces; of
three years, 8 ounces, and of four years, 1 pound." (Bean.)

History. The California Pish Commission purchased 6,000 Eastern
brook trout in 1872, and distributed them equally in the North Fork
of the American River, in the headwaters of Alameda Creek, and in
the San Andreas reservoir, near San Francisco. In 1875, a large ship-
ment of e^B, 60,000, was received from New Hampshire and succeed-
ing shipments in 1877, 1878, and 1879. Beginning in 1S90, large
numbers have been hatched and distributed each year. More recently,
eggs for the hatcheries have been secured from the Marlette-Carson
hatchery in Nevada.

BROWN TROUT.
Salmo fario l.lnn«eut.

Othnr name*: von Behr Trout; European Brown Trout.

DMoription: D. 13-14; A. 10-11; P. 13; V. 9. Scales 25-20-30; pyloric cteca
S8-&1; vertebrte 57-58. Body short and stout. Its greato.'it dejith belnx contained
about lour times In the length without the caudal. The caudal peduncle is short
and deep, Its depth equal to two-fl(ths o( the length of the heud. Length of
head Is one-fourth of total length without caudal. Dorsal fin is nearer to tip
of snout than to root of tail; longest ray of this fin equnls the distance from
the eye to the end of the opercle. Ventral is under the posterior part of the
dorsal; its length is about one-half that of the head. The adipose dorsal is
over the end of the anal base. Pectoral nearly one-sixth iit length without the
caudal. In the male the Jaws are produced and very old ones have a hook.
The maxilla eitends to the hind marsfn of the eye. On head, body and dorsal
tin are numerous red and black spots, the latter circular or X-shaped and some
of them with a pale border; yellowish margin usually present on the front of
the dorsal and anal and the outer part of the ventral. The dark spots are few
in number below the lateral line. The ground color of the body Is browniah or
brownish black, varying with food and locality. (Bean.)

Mark* for field identification: The back and aides of this trout are decidedly .
brown; the back ia covered with black spots and the sides with red spots. The
belly is silvery white or brownish. This trout Is not easily confused with others. ,

132 OAUTORNU FISH AND OAUB.

Dittribution; A pure Btraln la to be found Id the Tosemite Volley region;
streams of northern Humboldt and Lake County. HybiidB, tbe remit of a eroea
with the Loch Leven, are found In many other streams in the state.

The brown trout lives in clear, cold, rapid streams and at the mouths
of stresms tributary to lakes. It ^owb to be of lat^ size; maturing
at about 8 inches in length. In its movements it is swift, and it leaps
over obstructions like the salmon. It feeds usually in tbe morning and
evening, is more active during evening and night, and often lies quietly
in deep pools or in the shadow of overhanging bu^es and trees for hours
at a time. Insects and their larvte, worms, moUusks, and small fishes

a California about 1S95.

form its food, and, like its relative, the rainbow trout, it is fond of the
eggs of fishes. Spawning begins in October and continues to January.
Eggs are deposited in crevices between stones, under projecting roots
of trees, and sometimes in nests excavated by the spawning fishes. The
parents cover the eggs to some extent with gravel, (Bean.)

History. Several plants of brown trout were made by the United
States Bureau of Fisheries previous to 1895, but in that year 135,000
were reared at the Sisson hatchery. "With the exception of those held
in the breeding ponds these fish were planted in the lakes and streams of
the high Sierras.

LOCH LEVEN TROUT.
Salmo Irutta levenenti* Walker.

Other names: Salmo Uvcncmis; Scotch Trout,

Description: D. 13; A, 12; P. 14; V, S. Scales 24 to 28—118 to ISO— 2B-J0:
pyloric cffica 47-90; vertebrae 56'B9. Body Blender and elongate, Ita Kreatest
depth contained four and one-fourth to four and one-half times In total length
without caudal. Caudiil peduncle slender. Its least depth three-eighths of the
greatest depth of the body, and equal to length of snout and eye combined.
Head rather short and conical, its length two-ninths to one-fltth of the total
length without caudal. The snout Is one-fourth or slightly more than one-fourth
as long as the head. The interorbital space is somewhat conveic. Its width
equal to three-fifths of the length of postorbital part of head The eye Is of
moderate size, its loni; diameter contained five and one-half to six times in
the length of the head, and equalling about twice the greatest width of the
maxilla. Maxilla reaches to or slightly beyond the hind margin of the eye.
Teeth rather strong, those in the intermaxillary and mandible the largest, tri-
angular head of vomer with two or three in a transverse series at its base.

OALIFORNIA FISH AND OAHB. 133

teeth on the ehaft of the vomer usually In a Blngle, partially zlK-xas, perBlstent
series. Mandible without a hook and little produced even in breeding males.
Dorsal origin distant from tip of anout about as far as end of dorsal base from
ttase of caudal; the dorsal flu higher than long, Its longeet ray equal to longest
ray of anal fln. The anal fln la much higher than long, its distance from the
base of the ventral equaling length of the head. The ventral origin Is nearly
under the middle of the dorsal, the fin being as long as the postorbital part of
the head. Pectoral equals lenKth of head without the snout. Adipose fln very
small, its width one-half Its length, which Is about equal to eye. Caudal fin
emarglnate unless fully extended, when It becomes truncate, the outer rays
about one-seventh of total length. Including caudal. (Been)

Marks for field identificalion; The true Loch Leven trout is a slimmer flsh
than the brown trout, and the adipose fin is smaller. Furthermore, It Is fully
spotted and lacks the brown color of the brown trout. The sides are silvery
with a varying number of X-ahaped black spots or rounded brown or black

Distribution: Webber Lake In Sierra County has pure original stock. Com-
mon to California streams: Feather River. Tahoe region, and Siskiyou County
lakes and streams, but usually crossed with brown trout.

The spawning season may begin in October and continues till
January. According to W. H. Sliebley, the egg is slightly smaller
(260 to a fluid ounce) than the egg of a rainbow (220 to a fluid ounce)
but larger than that of an Eastern brook (345 and 400 to fluid ounce).

Fig. 45. Loch Leven trout (Salmo
Into Calllornla In 1894. and no'
with the brown trout.

This trout is largely nonmigratory in its native habitat. It takes
the artificial fly readily. The food of this species includes freah-water
mollusks, crustaceans, worms, and small fish.

History. Twenty thousand Loch Leven trout eggs were received at
the Sisson hatchery in 1894. Since that time plants have been made
annually from the fry reared at this hatchery. Most of the fish in the
breeding ponds at present are hybrids secured by crossing with the
brown trout. Hybridization between these two species is very common.

MACKINAW TROUT.
Cristivomer namaycush (Walbaum).
Oth«r namet: Great I..ake8 Trout: Cristivomer; amotiK the Canadian Indians
called the "namaycush."

Dsseription: Head 4.2S: depth 4: eye 4,5; Br. II or 12; D. 11; A. II; scales 185
to 206; maxillary 2; interorbltal 4. Body long: head very long, its upper surface '
flattened; mouth very large, the maxillary extending much beyond the eye, the

134 CALIFORNIA FIBn AND OAME.

head and jaws proportionately lengtheoed and pointed; caudal fln well forked;
adipose fln small; teeth very atrong. General coloration, dark gray, sometimes
pale, sometlmea almoat black, everywhere with rounded pale spots which are
often reddish tinged; head usually vermlculate above; dorsal and caudal
reticulate with darker.

Marks for field identification: Largest of all trouts and known by its cream-
colored or grayish apota Instead of red spots as in the true charra. The dorsal
and caudal flna arc marked.

Oittribution: Introduced In Lake Tahoe, Fallen Leaf and Donner lakes, where
It Is occasionally caught.

Omnivorous in its feeding habits; it has a ravenous appetite, greedily
devouring all kinds of fishes possessing soft fins. It is even said that
jaekknives, corncobs and other equally indigestible articles have been
found in its stomach. It spawns on reefs and lives in deep water at
other times. The spawning season begins late in September, and
spawning continues until December.

The Mackinaw trout reaches a much larger .>iize than a charr, speci-
mens of from 15 to 20 pounds weight being not uncommon, while it

occasionally attains a weight of 50 to 80 pounds in the Great Lakes.
As a food fish it rank^ high, although it may be regarded as somewhat
inferior to the brook trout or the whitefish. Compared with other
salmonoids, the Great Lakes trout is a sluggish, heavy, and ravenous
fish. "According to Ilurhert, a coarse, heavy, stiff rod, and a powerful
oiled hempen flaxen line on a winch, with a heavy sinker; a eodhook
baited with any kind of fle-sh, fish, or fowl — is the most successful, if
not the most orthodox or scientific mode of capturing him. His great
size and immense .strength alone give him the value as a fish of game;
but when hooked he pulls strongly and fights hard, though he is a
boring, deep fighter, and seldom if ever leaps out of the water, like the
true salmon or brook trout." (Jordan.)

History. First brought to California in 1894, the Alackinaw trout
was propagated at the Sisson hatchery, and the following year 65,000
were planted in Ijake Tahoc. In sueceeding years additional plants
were made in the Truekee basin. This fish has not thrived as well as
other introduced species.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNU PISH AND QAME. 135

SIBLIOQRAPHY.

Evermann, Barton Warren.

1908. The golden trout of the southern Hlsh Sierras. U. H. Bur. of iilaherles
Bull. 25. pp. S-Sl, 16 pla., 1 map.
El^nmann, Carl H.

1890. The food fl«lieB of the California fresh watera. Biennial Rpt. Cal.
State Bd. of Fiah Comm. for 1888-90, pp. B3-B7.
Jordan, David Starr.

189Z. Salmon and trout of the PaclQc Coast. Rep. Cal. State Fish Comm,.

1893. 14-58.
1893. Reprinted in ibid.

1904. PaclQc species of salmon and trout. ElKhteenth Blenn, Rpt. Cal. Fish
and Game Comm.. for year 19D3-04, pp. 75-97.

1905. A gxilde to the study or Hshes. (Henry Holt & Co., New York.) Vol. !.
599 pp.. 500 fl^. In text.

1906. The trout and salmon of the Pacific coast. Nineteenth Blenn. Rpt..
Cal. Fish and Game Coram, for yeare 1905-1906, pp. 77-112, many tlga.
in text

191S. Fishes of the Pacific coast. In Nature and Science on the PaclHc
Coast (Paul Eider & Co., S. F.) pp. 115-123, pi. 15, 302 pp., 29 pla., 19
RgB. In text, 14 maps.
Jordan. David Starr and Evermann, Barton Warren.

1896-1900. Fishes of North and Middle America, In four voiumea. U. S. Nat.

Mus. Bull., 47. pp. ct. 3313. pis. CCcXCl.
1905. American food and game fishes. (Doubleday, Page & Co., N. Y.) xl,
5T2, many plates and figs.
McCarthy. EuRene.

1913. Familiar fish, their habits and capture. A patched book on fresh-
water game flah. (D. Appleton A Co.. N. Y.) xil, 216, figs. In text.
Snyder, J. O.

1917. The fishes of the Lehontan system of Nevada and northeastern Cali-
fornia. Bull. U. S. Bur. of Fisheries, 35 pp. 1-86, 9 Ogs, In text, 1 map.
Stone. Livingston.

1877. Domesticated trout. How to breed and grow them. {3d ed. Univ.
Press; Welch, Blgelow &, Co.. Cambridge. Mass.) xiv, 367 tigurea In

Shebiey, W. H.

1917. History of the introduction of food and game fishes Into the waters of
California. Cal. Fish and Oame, S, pp. 1-12, 2 figs. In text.

Flanllng fish In the High Sierras.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

136 CALIPOEKU FKH AND GAME.

8TTMBIER OH THE CALIFORNIA TROUT STREAMS.

By ROBERT PAQE LINCOLN, AiMcfate Editor Of "Rod and Qun In Canada."

Trout fishing California has in plenty, with the added attraction of
pictiiresqueness afforded by cool valleys, and overlooked by towering
mountains. There is a wide variety to choose from ; and that the sport
is of the very best is annually attested by the experiences of thousands
of the sons of Walton who hie them away for a try at the big fellows.
They generally come back with what they went for, and some memories,
too, that are enlivened with bright lights that are prone to linger long
in the consciousness ; on the other hand, it is doubtful if such memories
ever pass out of one's hoard of recollections.

It is the pride of California to know that it has a native trout that
has gone down to fame, and has taken up its home in practically every
quarter of the world. Just how many of the people of the Sunny State
are aware of this I do not know, but that brilliant clan, the California
league of fly-rod men, are in understanding of it. The fish I have
reference to is the rainbow trout {Salmo iridcus), the most noble finny
fighter that ever seized an artificial fly and made a leaping, dazzling
flight through the waters. In the Eastern section of the country men
speak volumes almut the speckled brook tront, though each and every
one of them end up, at some time or another, by telling of the fight
that tlie rainbow trout puts up when captured. As an introduction
into other waters, the native Califomian, rainbow trout, has proven
himself well able to take care of himself and to perpetuate his kind for
the benefit of anglers. The rainbow trout is now found in the waters
of the British Isles, in France, Germany and Russia. Exceptionally
good rainbow trout fishing is to be had in the many rivers of South
Africa. Anglers have written enthusiastically of fishing for Salmo
iridcvs in the streams of New Zealand. In our own country the rain-
bow trout has had a wide distribution. Knee deep in the waters of
Michigan and Wisconsin streams I have played this fighter — the pride
of California ; reared at the foot of the snow-capped mountains, in the
heart of the Sierras. In the rage that swept the Eastern States over
speckled brook trout fishing, a condition has arisen where practically
every stream has been sapped of its spotted beauties. Where to turn
for a replenishert The rainbow trout is always the happy solution.
There is not a properly-fitted trout stream that will not do for the
rainbow trout. It grows fast. It fights well. *

But it seems that only in the shadow of their beloved mountain home
(as in the Sierras) do the rainbow trout give a befitting example of
their sprightly da&h and pugnacioiisness. One who has tested the
fighting leap and flight of a rainbow trout, in its own particular
native waters, in the mountains, and has tested a fish of the same
species in Eastern waters at once knows the difference. Still flowing,
often quite warm, and often discolored streams (which the rainbow
trout has been introduced into in the East) produce a ■ slow-moving
fish with little fight in him. Such fish speedily degenerate into gluttons,
and keep themselves in the pools. Jlany of thase hulking fellows
finally get to hugging the bottom and rarely come to the surface to
take a fly.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAUPOBNU PISH AND GAME. 137

How different the mouDtain rainbow ! Tlnused to warm water, like

the brook trout, be demands the sweet, cold water. By reason of the
swiftness of the mountain stream he has a vigorous "kick" to his tail.
His fins are superlatively strong for breasting those crystal currents.
"When he takes your artificial fly he does not lazily rise t« the surface
to suck it in, but snaps it. A moment later he will turn a double or
triple somersault and the fight is on. TVare of that light tackle ! He
is a match for you. Back and forth he will race from one edge of the
stream to the other. He is cunning, too, and knows every log and
obstruction in the stream. He will (if you do not wat<;h out) snag
your leader on a convenient boulder nnd there will be nothing left but
the fragrant memory of what mi;:ht have been. The mountain rainbow
is a high flyer, with the guarantee of gameness linked with his name.
It recalls the brilliant words of Charles Frederick Holder: "How
that rainbow came at me ; how it went repeatedly into the air ; bow I
nearly fell overboard, are matters of personal history, and need not be
dwelt upon ; but for the first few seconds that living rainbow, which
went pirouetting over the little river on its tail, throwing impossible
aerial swings and leaps, filled a space in my imagination. Again and
again the rainbow leaped, a silvery radiance flashing in the sunlight,
dropping back to dash about the boat, to come in with a rush, faster
than I could reel. • • •

"You have, perhaps, never seen a big rainbow fresh from the icy
pools of its choice. Know, then, that this fish, thi^ seven-pounder which
I held upon tlie scales, was a tiling of beauty, a joy forever beyond
dispute. Its back was well sprinkled with ocelot-like black spots; the
color a deep green, the lower surface silver, while over all seemed
drawn a filmy gauze of old-rase fabric, of inexpressible delicacy and
beauty, which was intensified along the median line in a band of pink
and rose and other tints that produced all the colors of tlie rainbow,
for truth, and gave this radiant creature rank among the birds of
brilliant plumage."

Holder wrote of the lai^e rainbow trout to be taken in tlic lake's and
streams of northern California and southern Oregon. How skillful
was this great California angling writer in telling the beauty of fislies,
and the fascination in taking them? No one has equalled his efforts
at word painting with black upon white.

When one speaks of rainbow trout in California one insHnctivoly
thinks of the Kern River, which finds its birth in the high Sierras. The
waters from Mount Whitney pour into that beautiful stream, "a great,
clear, green, swift stream, among the granite rocks, its waters slipping
along like oil; a river with rippling shallows and deep, cold eddies,
the perfect home of the trout." The Kern River is famed amoiiK
anglers the world over. When anglers meet it is always; "Have you
ever fished the Kem, of California?" If you have fished the Kern
you are the center of a curious throng of interested listeners, iispeci-
ally does the Kem River interest anglers in that some of the tributaries
from Monnt Whitney contain a trout that is one of the gentle wonders
of this planet. I refer to the so-called golden trout. Professor Gilbert
brought out the first specimens of this fish for identification. David
StatT Jordan designated the fish Salmo gilberti. That was some
trrenty years ago. The fish was brought from Soda Springs on the

138 CAUFtSNU nSH AND GAME.

Bonth fork of the Kprn River. Later the isolated golden troat of
Voleano Creek were designated as a species apart From the others, the
Hcicatific term being piven them I'^alma agua-bonita).* This name was
dorive<l from the waterfall that separates the Volcano Creek from the
rest of the world — that is, as far as coming and going concerns this
trout. There are scientifically, three species of the so-called golden
trout in the Afount Whitney waters; overcast in gold, the fins tinted
in the pnreat orange with a nicely bmshed-in orange colored stripe
along the median line. The golden trout are an off-shoot of the rain-
bow trout; merely that changed environments have wroi^ht a subtle
transformation in their coloration, for the pigment cells of a trout are
very sensitive to taking on a new eoloration. If a stream bottom be of
sand and gravel, and very bright, the fish attains to a silvery coloration.
The golden trout owe their coloration to the color of the bottom of the
stream they live in. "The rocks over which these streams flow," says
Jordan, "are of bright granite and qnartzitc, gray and red. It is
supposed that the color is protective, for the fish are colored like the
bottom. To a bird looking into the stream, the deception is perfect.
It is supposed (though no one knows) that the colors have been attained
through natural selection. The redder the fish, the better its chance
to escape the fishhawk and eagle. If this is not the cause of the color,
no one can guess any other, and to escape its enemies through resem-
hlance to natural objects is not a trait of the fish alone, but of hundreds
of other creatures in these and other mountains. But whatever the
cause, nothing in nature is more beautiful or more graceful than a
golden trout, alive in these clear, icy, sun-lit waters."

The golden trout are trout of the high altitudes. Such trout rarely
grow to length and breadth and weight. One rarely catches a true
golden trout mueh over three-quarters of a pound in weight. They
rarely go over twelve Inches in length ; a ten-inchcr may be taken as a
large one. They attain to maturity at a length of about eight inches.
Sadly, they arc unwise, being so far removed from man, and they take
the fly with a dash and at the first cast that leads many a fish hog to
catch ten times more than he should. Quieter stretches of water (as
where it flows through the meadows) provide good fishing. The trout
angler will find joy in taking a verj- few of these exceptional fishes and
enjoy the thought that he is in a region that, for beauty, it is hard to
equal.

Cnknown to many, tlie size of the stream, the river or the lake that
a rainbow trout is f(»und in has its effect upon the size of the fish.
The reason of this is two-fold : first, the size of the stream ; second, the
smaller amount of food that it produces. It is for this reason that the
rainbow trout ofti-n mature when they are six inches in length, in the
Ntreams of the high altitudes. They will ravenoiisly seize the artificial
fly believing it food, for there is a scarcity of it. and therefore its
attractiveness is instantaneous. In the slightly larger streams the
rainbow trout attain to weights qf alH)ut two or three pounds. In still
deeper streatns and large pools four-poundcrs are not uncommon. The
Kern the Kings and the jrerced rivers arc representative rainbow

■Tl'wiis liiUT l<>iim''il t1"'' t'l'' sppclmena to wlili^h Dr. Jordan Riive Ihp name Salmo
nniin-hnnila rcnllv came from t'ottonKOod Creek, Into which they had been lntrodii'^?d
rfnm Srnith F-ork of Kern River, and that the trout of Volcano Creek Is a very different
!>i)"7l.-B wlilch Dr. Bvermann named Snlmo rooaereUi. See pages 1:14-125.

CAUFOBNIA FISH AND OAME. 139

streams. In the lakes (as in Kern Lake) the rainbow trout reaches to
a weight of eight pounds. In the Klamath Lakes rainbow trout have
been taken as high as twenty-five pounds in weight. The ocean-running
rainbows are large; they are aalmon-like fellows. They feed heavily in
the ocean and thus attain often gigantic weights. In the ocean their
beautiful fresh-water coloration fades and they become silvery in
coloration. They generally come up to the coast rivers in the month
of March to spawn.

Summer on the California trout streams is one of joy unending and
snccoBS in due measure. Nevertheless, it is strange what a falling off
occurs in the number of anglers who visit the streams in the latter part
of July and August. Opening days are always attended by outward
moving delegations of anglers; and the streams are thickly peopled.
Later on, however, they dwindle down to twos and threes — and the
streams are left to themselves. A certain number of these sons of
Walton know that the best fishing occurs when the heats of summer
lower on the earth, for it is then the mountain waters yield up their
fairest specimens. Those secluded pools are then veritable treasure-
places and bear a careful looking into; it takes skill and the correct
lure, but the wise angler is never wanting in fitting perfectly into the
situation. Live bait, spinners and artificial flies are used. The live-
bait man knows that the grasshopper is a telling lure what time the
July sun is gilding the heavens and is never to be found near to the
waters then without a box of them. How to use them on the hook
without impaling themT Simply procure some of the smallest druggist
rubber snaps. Take a sufficient number of turns of the rubber around
the hook, bend and then insert the hopper in the loop. Helgramite are
attached to the hook in the same manner and they will still be as alive
as ever. The druggist rubber snap is a l>ait-saver, and no mistake.
One may catch fifty trout (if it so be) on a hclcramite, attached to the
hook with a snap, and at the end of the day's fishing it will be as active
aa ever. The larva-s of the Dobson fly (which is the helgramitej are
only too well known to the live-bait fisher. They arc those wicked-
looking creatures one finds in the streams upon turning up stones.
They have a series of pincers on each side, though they are more savage
in appearance than in actual combat. It has been said that when all
else in the line of bait fail-s, the helgramite, the grawbopper and the
angleworm will win.

And there is method in the skillful use of the angleworm, too. In
fact there is an art, in itself, to "working for trout." as it is called.
Tour chuek-and-chance-it, live-bait fisherman will hook on a great gob
of worms; will start it at the head of a pool and will lot it tumble,
haphazard down with the current, rolling over the bottom of the
stream. Some rainbows may see it, and take it. no doubt, but not the
fish you are looking for. The true sportsmanlike method of worming
for trout consists in connecting a bare hook to a spinner — a No. 1 or 2
spinner will do nicely. To Ibis bare hook the worm is attached so that
it will trail in the wafer. Instead of driving the hook throughout the
worm, it is hooked just under its skin. It retiiiires some little art to
east this — in fact, it is not a ea.st at all, but is allowed to play out in
the water. The spinner will whirl, throwing off a silvery ray, and the
long, trailing worm will have a snaky, wavering motion in the water

140 cjkUFonmA fish amd oaue.

that proves instantly attractive. Move this into some suspieious-
looking mountain pool and if there is & large rainbow tront there he
will be interegteii in sampling your offering, be it feeding time or no.
It is hard, in the finny world, to refuse an angleworm that trails so
subtly and enticingly in the water.

However, the safest and most certain method in using the angle-
worm for a lure goes as follows, and has never been known to fail at
getting the fish that strikes: A No. 10 is slipped on to a leader and is
tied to the leader one and one-half inches from the end of it. The
hook should not stand out from the leader; rather the hook shank should
lie along the leader. This done, a second hook is tied on to the leader
at the end, to be the lead hook, the front hook, so to speak. Now the
worm is connected to this affair, the head of tiie worm being attached
to the back hook, while the front hook is worked into the body. To all
appearances wh*n this is moved in the water the worm is free; this is
especially true if you are using an invisible leader, of which there is
at least one on the market. When a fish strikes this worm he will hook
up either to the first or the second hook on the leader, or both. There
is hardly a chance here of nipping off the end of the worm for the
simple reason that there is a hook in it.

It seems strange, but nevertheless a fact : Trout will strike freely
and well, it seems, at all times, on the fore-fin of a trout. Simply upon
capturing a trout sever one of the fore-fins and attach it to the hook.
Some of the largest rainbow trout in the mountains will take the fin
viciously when even the succulent grasshopper fails. This fact may
be known to some anglers, but it is as one in ten. The same is true of
a little white strip cut from the belly of one of your trout, about two
inches lung and one-half inch wide at the butt end. Attach this to the
hook at its tip and play it to the current. If the current is strong,
one will need to place several split-shots on the leader to sink it. Then
let out line. Let it flow downstream. Seventy-five, one hundred, one
hundred and fifty fet't, perhaps. Down it goes, moving in and out of
the pools. Suddenly a large fellow beside a boulder will seize it and
the fun begins. These methods win when the fish are weak on surface
feeding, and arc closer to the bottom; and this often happens. Do not
foi^et the fore-fin or the belly-fin of the trout as a lure. Many are
not aware of it, but the artificial fiy known as the Parmachence Belle,
was made in imitation of the belly-fin of a trout. Think of it; instead
of imitating an insect (as many suppose it should) it is an imitation
of the belly-fin of a trout. (!ould anything be more incongruous t Yet
it was such a valuable hint that the inventor (a great angler) made a
fly to represent it. The July and August angler in the mountain
poolji should give this his careful attention.

It has been said that there are times in July and August when the
angler is not able to "rise" a fish; that the fish do not even seera to do
any surface-feeding. Naturally, the best fishing goes on when the fish
are rising to the top for insects, as when a hatch of insects is on and
they are rising from the IwDttom of the stream. The higher one goes
up in the mountains the fewer, it appears, become the true stream
inse<'-ts. The angler must needs use art in collaboration with some true
study to make some appreciable catches. Mountain trout may be uncer-
tain fellows. Having had poor luck (if any) with a small fly, he may

CAUFORNU FISH AND GAME. 141

shift to a rather large fly (even a bass fly) and immediately rise a
lar^e fellow and make the best catch of the season. The trouble with
the ill-luck of many anglers is that they give no time to experimenta-
tion. They place their luck with one variety or color of fly, or one
size of fly, and remain at that, without trying anything else. There is
another extreme to this in that mauy fly-fishermen are eoastantly
changing flies and using one but five minutes before another shift is
made. The result is that no fly is given a true tryout. Again there is
a hint learned from experience: One east well-judged and well-plaeed
is worth ten indifferent casts that have been poorly placed. The differ-
ence is that the well-placed cast is the one that brings success ; the poor
casts, ill-judged, are so much waste of time. Study every nook and
cranny of the stream you are to cast over. Don't make a cast till you
have mentally made note of where a large fellow would in all likelihood
happen to be. For instance, beside that large boulder there is a patch
of still water. If you can make a cast so that your fly, or flies, will
fall on the boulder you will craftily pull them off the boulder — and in
the most natural manner they will fall to the still patch of water.
Deceived, believing the artificial flies true insects, that large and
dazzling rainbow will rise and take the offering. Or here is a scmidark
place under a sedgy bank. There is a still place there. A trout
should be lurking in that nook. Or here is a log in the water. Try
your bait or fly alongside of that, seeing to, always, that your liy falls
. firat, not the line and leader first. Poor casting, I firmly believe, has
only one result, that being : 111 luck !

During the fore part of the season a great number of anglers go out,
but they are live-bait users almost entirely. The salmon-egg contingent,
the dyed-in-the-wool fly-fisherman calls thera — and the true fly-fiahenuan
can be counted on to eschew the streams till the inimitable July and
Angust days arrive. Then he goes happily forth into the mountain
stillnesses.

There is a reason, too. The early fisherman had to contend with
high and swift water which was mostly discolored. It was the using
of live bait entirely, for the stream insects were not hatching, so that
the trout could be deceived by artificial counterparts. Now, however,
the winged life is abroad; the fly-fisherman is in his element. As the
warmer days come on, the water in the lower reaches of the rivers
disappears or becomes heated out, the fish gradually but surely make
for the upper pools, and thence follow the fly-lLshermen. It is riotous
travel at times ; the road is rough. Sometimes there are no roads and
one makes his own paths at will. But there is a reward among the
cools of the upper valleys and natural parks where Nature in all h<'r
untnmmed and majestic glory contrives to make California the true
Arcadia of the disciple of Walton,

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

142 CAUFOBKU FISH AND OAHE.

PAKASITES WHIOH AFFECT THE FOOD VALUE OF KABBITB.

By E. RALPH OE ONO, Unlvanity ot CatJtornU.

A fring)' of small, loacl-polored bodies, the size of coarse shot, is fre-
quently Bi'i'ii on the pars of the lirnsh or cottontail rabbits. These are
yoiinji ticks, the immatnrc form of one of our common species, prob-
ably the wood tiik {Dcrmacmlor oc-:i<hn(al\x). After hatching from
the CKS the young tiiks wait in the grass for a passing rabbit or other
Rnimal. attach themselves and feed for three or four days, drop to the
gi-oiiiid and molt (shed their old skins), then await another chance to
feed.

The prcscTiee of these ticks lias no oflfeet on the rabbit except a slight
loss of blood and a temporary annoyance, and as this tick has not been

reported in Californiji ns a carrier of anj' disease it need not be con-
sidered as of any signiticancc.

The species of fleas eonnnonly found on rabbits in this state have not
been reported as disease carriers so that the presence of these insects
can also be disretrarded.

One species of botfly (Ciiterchra sp.) attacks rabbits very commonly.
The larvae of this fly is almost blaek in the mature stage, about three-
fourths of an ineh long and covered with tiny spines. Brush rabbits
taken in Sonoma County up to the last of July were commonly infested
with this insect. After the first of August no Inrvre were found, they
apparenily coming to maturity at this time. They then leave the host
and bury themselves in the ground, emerging the following year as flies.
The larviB are found just beneath the skin along the back or breast.

CALIFOBNU PKH AND OlME. 1*3

The only outward indication of their presence is a slight enlargement
at the aflfected point. No injury to the muscles was noted in any
infested specimen, the body being apparently in a normal condition.
Wounds of this kind may, however, become infected by bacteria or
become infested with some of the flesh feeding flies and in this way
produce large tumorous swellings. These latter attacks, when severe,
may produce an emaciated condition of the animal which manifestly
impairs the value of the carcass for food. But if the larvae are
present on the body of the rabbit, without any outward or internal aign
of disease there would seem qo reason for discarding the same.

Rabbits are occasionally taken in this state which show the larval
.form of a common tapeworm (Ccenurus serialis) which, when
eaten by the dog produces the adult tapeworm Tania serialis.' The
infestation in the rabbit appears as a transparent, bladder-like swelling
which may be as large as a hen's egg or larger and is of frequent
oceurrance in jackrabbits, often spoken of by hunters as "boils,"
Scattered about on the inner surface of this bladder will bo seen white
dots about half the size of a pinhead. These are the undeveloped heads
of tapeworms, each one of which is capable of developing into a mature
tapeworm if taken into the body of a carnivorous animal in a living
condition. Hence an animal eating an uncooked rabbit infested with
one of these bladder worms will develop a typical case of tapeworm.
Thorough cooking will kill the larval form so that the meat can be fed
to animals without danger. But the uncooked carcass or viscera should
not be fed to animals.

One specimen of brush rabbit had two infestations : one originating in
the thigh had grown so large as to displace the muscles, the second
formed a large swelling on the surface of the breast. Any infestation
of this kind should be regarded with suspicion and the carcass burned
or buried deeply so as to be out of reach of all carnivorous animals.

Domestic rabbits and probably the wild form are subject to a disease
called cocddiosis resulting from the attack of a sporozoa (Cocddium
oviforme). The symptoms are snuffles, running at the nose and diar-
rhoea. The inner walls of the intestines show reddened patches with
more or less ulceration. The liver is enlarged and the interior has
many small round abscesses filled with pus ; as the disea'^e progresses the
carcass becomes emaciated. Animals affected with this disease should
be considered as unfit for food.

An ear mite (Otodectes cygnatis) is mentioned by Professor Herms as
sometimes being abundant enough to cause serious disease or death to
domestic rabbits.

'Determination by ProfesBor W. B. Herms.

DiB.1izedOyGoO<^lc

CAUTORNIA FKH AND QAHS.

OUT FISHIN'.
By GlDWABD A. Guest.

A feller isnt tbinldn' mean — out flshin';

His tbong^ts are moBt^ good and clean — out flsb

He doesn't knock his fellow men,

Or harbor any grudges then;
A feller's at his finest when — out flshin*.

The rich are comrades to the poor — out flshin' ;

All brothers of a conmicai lore — out flshin';
The nrchin with the pin and string
Can cbtun with millionaire an' king;

Vain pride is a forgotten thing — ont flshin'.

A feller gets a chance to dream — ont flshin' ;

He learns the beauties of a stream — oat flshin';
An' he can wash bis aonl in air
That ain't fool with selflsh care,

And relish plain an' simple fare — oat flshin'.

A feller has no time for hate — ont flshin' ;

He ain't eager to be great — out flshin';
He ain't thinkin' thoughts of self,
Or goods stacked high upon a shelf,

But he's always just himself — out flshin'.

A feller's glad to be a friend — out flshin';

A helping hand he'll always lend — ont flshin';
The brotherhood of rod an' line.
An' sky an' stream is always flne;

Men come real close to Ood's design — ont flshin'

A feller isn't plottin' schemes — out flshin';
He's only busy with his dreams — out flshin';

His livery's a coat of tan;

His creed's to do the best he can ;
A feller's always mostly man — out flshin'.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAUFOBNIA FISH AMD GAME.

145

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

by the Calirornla State Flali
CommlBHlon.

Sent free to cltlzenB of the State of Cali-
fornia. Offered In exchange for omllho.
lOKjcal. mammoloslcal and similar perlod-

The artlclea published In CALiroRNtA Fien
»ND Gaub arc not copyrighted and may be
reproduced In other perlodlials, provided
due credit is given the California Fleh and
uame Commission. Editors of newspaper!
and periodicals are Invited to make UH<
of pertinent material.

All material for publication should b<
sent to H. C. Bryant, Muwum of V<rta'
brate Zcralogy. Berkalay, Cal.

July IB, iai».

flahing

VINDICATION.
Periodically, the ata'e Fish Bad Game
ComiDiBsion is attacVed by members of the
legislature. Any state comrDiasion which
haa to do with tlie enforcemeDt of law is
subject to such attacks. In 1911 an in-
3 veatigatEoD was ordered by the asserably.

The iDTeatigaCiot; committee, however,
giTe a very favorable report as to the
acUvitJes cf Ihe Commisaion. The 1919
Msembly began an Inquiry which also
resulted in complete vindication for the
CommisBion. We hope to publish in the
Mit number "he full report of the Com-
mittee on Qovcmmental BSdency and
Econom'y to wh'ch a resolution by Aasem-
blyntan Eden was referred. While it
would seem that the reaolution was
aetuated by spile, the result has been very
favorable to the Fish aod Game Commis-
Bion, for it has shown the people exactly
whete the Commission stands and has
widely advertised the accomplishments of
tlie past few years.

NATURE STUOV (.IBRARIES TO BE
FURNISHED SUMMER RESORTS.

Compact nature study libraries will be
placed at those Taboe resorts which are
selected for the educat'onal work of the
Fish and •Game Commission the coming
nimmer. The libraries w>ll include books
on birds, mammals, wild flowers, trees aud
^ kindred sabjects. Donated to the state by

llie California Nature Study T.«ague. tliey
will be deposited with the Fish and Game I
Comniigaion to be (bug utilized in the

educational work. These
libraries. will be annually loaned to Hum-
mer resorts in the future and probably
represent only the beginn'nf; of a worii
whidi will eventually coverall the summer
resorts of Califoruia. They are intended
for use at that time when people, being
on a vacation, are most receptive lo study-
ing intimately (he miracles of nature. In
ways such as this the Commissioo is
applying the motio : "Conservation through
education."

THE 1SI8 CATCH OF FISH.

Among the reports of this issue
of Califobma Fish and Gaub is a
complete statement of the fresh fish taken
in California during the year 1018. In
this statement there is included a record of
fish taken in Mexican waters and brought
into California through Son Uiego and
San Pedro, but this is not included in the
total for California.

The total catch of all varieties of tish
in Caiitoroia for 1918 was 250218,041
pounds. Compared with the 201,575,9^
taken in 1917, this shows an Increase of
48,rrI2,(»8 pounds, or a trifle over 21 per
For a ready comparison of catches
of the more important fish for 1917 and
1918. the following table is g'ven:

AJbacore

191T

19IS

. 30.5E$.243 T.2<>:t.)i9E
. 2,966,368 3,S«S,69I
aS9.ti»6 2.:!64.I64

Herring _

e,2RS,SS0 6.2S1,<2.1

B.72S,<29 7,02T,Tfi7

11.007.442 13.026,076

aand dabs 2.631. S6Z 1.761.609

Striped baas 1.09G,K56 1.407.)t41

Skipjack ..
yellow'tair.

. S,023.R4T

6,240.971

2.8X7,413 ll,eGS,259

The figure for the albncoro catch of
1917 includes the bluefin and yellowfin
taken. In 1^18 the slhncore ralch
very short and as bluefin and yellow-
una were more plentiful, a much
larger number were taken nnd were for
the first time separated from the albacorc
under the name "luna." The tuna and
albacorc catch combiued in 1918 was less
than half the albacorc cnlch of the prc-

The sardine catch shows a phenomenal
Increase although southern California had
a light run of sard'nes during the latli

;ic

CAUFOSNIA FISH AXD 0A1SS.

; upper riglit. Kawoal
rresno i.-oiin[y, iiil. ; lowt-r l.-ft, V[<->\r Ct
Cnl. ; lower right, llomltigo SprinKH HatHie

part of 191S. Sbad, halibut, sole and
sand dab all show a decreased :^atch during
1918, while bonlto. barracuda, mackerel,
Kalraon, striped baBB, skipjack and yellow-
tail all abow an iocreased catch. Al-
though the catch ol salmon on Monterey
Bay was less, much heavier catches were
made at Drakes Bay Fort Bragg aud on
the lower Sacramento River, which
brought the total catch for 191S to over
two mil'ion pounds more than that of the
year 1917. There was no great fluctua-
tion in the catch of other species.

There was a decrease of 41,177 doien in
the catch of crabs and of 41,943 pounds in
the catch of crawfish, while the catch of
shrimps slious no increase of 117,174
pounds ovc the jcar 1017. The mollusks
do not show any great changes over
previous years.

The Di'iiarlnient of Ciminorcial t'Uli-
eries is making every cffoit to secure and
complete accurate statistics oE the catches
of all fish and it can readily be seen that
a comparison of yearly catches for a num-
ber oE years will aid in determining

coming it

Upper left. Ft. Seward Hatchery, Ft.

Kxperlmenlal Hatchery, Kawoah Blver.
•ek [{utchery, Weetwood. Lessen County.
ry, Domingo Springs, Pluroos County, CaL

fished and depleted.

any certain species ia being over-
nd depleted, or whether it is he-

re BbundanL— N. B. S.

MAINTAIN A SUPPLYI
I not be eipected that wild life
1, if left to themaelves, will coo-
yield food and sport indefinitely.
The reason, of course, is to be found in
the encroachment of civilized man, which
not only means increased destruction, but
a diminution of food supply and nesting
sites. Under the artific'sl conditions now
fostered a constant supply can be main-
tained only through carefully planned pro-
tection and propagation. By looking over
the attainments of Ihe Commission whose
function is to perpetnate fish and game,
we are assured that the financial outlay
has bei'n more than justified.

RAINBOW TROUT ACCLIMATIZED IN
ARGENTINA.
In 1003 at the request of the govern-
ment of Argent'na the United States Bu-
reau of Fisheries donated the eggs of

CAUFOBNU FISH AND OAHE.

147

Beveral varieties of fish to the southeni
ropnblic A 'etter recently received by
the Barean states that tbousaads ot East-
ern brook trout are now being caught
annually, that some mev- e 19 inches,
and have a wei^t of 10 pounds. In the
moODtai i range of Aconqn'ia in 27° soatb
latitude and in the Patagonian reg'on as
far south ae 52° latitude, the rainbow
tront is doing well.

A COLLEOE OF FISHERIES ESTAB-
LISHED.
Ad event of great imiKirtance to those
interested in the GHberies of the United
States, and especially so to those of the
Pacific coast, has been the recent estab-
lishment of a College of Fisheries in con-
oecttoD with tbe University of Washing-
bH) at Seeltle. The need for snch a col-

the fishery producls of this coast alone Is
increased to over (100.000.000 ; the invest-
ment in plants, vessels, boats, fishing gear.
etc., on this coast amounts to about
$95,000,000. while ove>- 75,000 persons are
employed in fishing and preparing tbe
above products for market.

The production of raw fishery products
elsewhere in the United States amounts
annually to approximately 2.250,000,000
pounds, valued, to tbe fishermen, at
approximately $60,000,000. When prepared
for market these products would probably
be worth approximately $120,000,000.

The College of Fisheries just estab-
lished by tbe university enjoys tbe dis-
tinction of being the on'y one of any
consequence in tbe world outside ot
Japan. In the latter country the Im-
perial Fisheries Institute at Tokio is a

TROUT TBY DISTRIBUTED IN STREAMS AND LAKES
OF CAUFORNIA DURINO PAST THREE YEARS.

ISlS ISIT ISIS TotBt

Rainbow 3,399,920 5,223.500 5,680,500 14,!

" ' 2,068,500 1,617,500 2,294,500 "

Eastern brook .

Loch Leven 1,620,000 1,468,000 1,633,000

Black spotted — 3,835,270 3,836,000 1,059,500

5,980,500

■21,000

8,730,770

German brown. .
Golden trout_--

5,213,170 6,699,420 4,483,000 16,395,590
77,300

384,000

384,000

Totak 16,214,160 18,844,420 15,534,500 50,593,0i

lege has been felt for some time, and Dr.
SniKalto. the able and progressive head of
the aniversity, is to be congratulated upon
his action in this matter.

The commercial fisheries of the Padflc
coast are of great importance to its wel-
fare, how much so being plainly indicated
when it is stated that Washington, Alaska,
Oregon, California and Hawaii produced
laat year approximately 1.600,000,000
pounds of raw fishery products valued to
the fishermen at about $2^,000.000.
SeveD-eigbths of the wo Id's pack of
canned salmon is made on the const, w
tnoa, sardines, clams, crabs, shrimp,
mackerel, abnlone, elc, an; (-iinnpcl in
large quanlities and shipped to all quar-
ters of the globe. Immense quantities of
frozen, fresh, pickled, sailed and smoked
fisherj products are also prepared and
shipped. When »o prepared the value of

government institution and has been in

existence since 1897. S'uce then sub-
sidiary schools have been established in
various provinces of Japan.

Seattle Is an Ideal location for such a
college, as within its corporate limits, or
in territory immediately adjacent, are to
be found 'n acfve operation practically
every style of plant used in turning the
raw fishery products into all forms of
manufactured articles both for food and

tor I

3n, halibut, cod, and berring
fliH'la opcrnling in Alaska waters have
lli(>ir hpfldquarlHrs mainly in th'3 city,
oiitfillins here and hrinsnB back the
[)rotlucls for shipment to the four comers
of (he world.

Tbe collcBC offers four yea- courses In
fisheries technology and Qsh culture. The
fisheries technology courses will train men

148

CALTFOBMU PISH AND OAHE.

for various lines of work in Indattri*!
planlH. OwiriE lo the immensity of the
buHini'm, rs noted above, there ib always
a demand for trained men in the salmMl
and olhi-r oannerips cold sloraKe ptants,
Bmokehouses, and fe'tilizer and oil plant*.
Kvery effort will be made to make tlie
courses aa practical as pomible, and stu-
dents will make visits to the plants when-
ever possible so llipy may obtain Grst-
hand information as to the methods in
voKUC. They will also reoeivc training in
bacteriology and chemistry, and thus will
be fitted for work in marinn bioloicical
laboratories, and in chemical and bac-
teriological laborator'es, specializlns in
fishery products.

The practice of fish culture 's beeoming
a very important one, and the demand for
trained men is bound to increase. Students
at the college will not only have the
benefit o( 'ts Instniclion and equipment,
but can also obta'n an abundance of prac-
tical experience along aJl lines of fish
cu'ture at the mary federal and state
batcher'es scattered Ihraiigbout the state
of Wftsliiogton.

Pond culture, or the farming of our
inland waters, will some day be an im-
portant iudualry, as there are many
IhousandK of small lakes, ponds, streams,
and marshy spots which wo'jid be utilized
in this work, and acre fo-- acre produce
(treater rclurns than a similar area of
land devoted to agriculture.

The Hliflllish industry of the Pacific
coast has nOt thrived for some years, due
largely to Canlly methods, and it is hoped
that with more modem methods taught
there may be a revival of this 'ndustry,
which ought today to be one of the most
important on the coast.

It is hoiml 'a the near fu'ure to offer
short courses i pract'cal fishery subjects
during the winter months when fishing
operations are quite generally suspended,
these courses to be o|>en (o those now
engaged in the fisheries and others who
desiiT knowletlge along special lines and
do not iiave the lime nor des're to take the
full courses.

As the un'rersity is a state institution,
an eKt>ecially importent part of the work
of the College of Fisheries will be in
rendering assistance and advice whenever
culled upon by Ihe state Piithoritics, and

also to aid the commercial GsbermMi not
only of the state tmt of the nation in
solving the many problems wbicfa beset
them, and to aid in the conserration and
perpetuation of our wonderful fishery
resource*. Research work .'ong the line*
of utiliiatioo of hitherto neglected species,
and of waste products, will be earned on
and it is lioped will remit in materially
increasing the wealth of Ihe state and

It had originally been planned to open
the college at the beginning of tlie fall
term in October, but so many of our
returning aold'ers expressed a desire to
take up the work at once tbat burned
preparatiooB were made and the college
opened for the spring qaarter beginaing
March 31, last. — Johh N. Oobb.

MANY LIONS KILLED.
Bounty reports for (he first th-ee
months in 1919 show that an unusually
large number of mountain lions have tteen
killed in the state. Hie exact reason for
this kill is not apparent, but doubtlese the
hiring of a man to give all of his time to
the deslruct'on of predatory mammals has
had some effect in stimulat'ng the destruc-
tion of the famous deer killer. The totals
for the three months are as follows:
Janvarv.

21 malei at $30.00 f420 00

24 fema'ea at $30.00 720 00

$11*} 00
Febraarv.

10 males at $20.00 $200 00

10 females at $30.00 480 00

$6S0 00

22 maW at $20.00 $440 00

18 females at $30.00 540 00

$080 00

AIRPLANES TO LOCATE FISH.

Slill another use for the airplane is to
l)e found in the recent experiments carried
on along tlje Attant'c coast where a duly
qualified observer has been making flights
to locate schools of fish. Information so
obtained is telegraphed to the fishing

i„vGoo<^lc

CALIPOBNU FISH AND GAME.

1*9

PIftHERV (PRODUCTS t-ABORATORV
ESTABLISHED.
The inoiessed importance of the Cali-
fornia fisheries has led the United Statea
Bureau of FUberies to eetabliih an experi-
mental laboratory at Sao Pedro. The
laboratorj-- is now completed and the
equipment installed. A corps of th-ee
scientiatB will eiperment n melhods of
preserving fish and otherw'ae render setr-
ice to those engaged in cann'ng, drying or
Raiting fiah.

THE OWNERSHIP OF WILD LIFE.
Willi life is the prope^y of all the
people. No one attempts to den; this,
and le.ist of all [he game v'olator. From
his point of view it 's not only Ae prop-
erty of alt the people, but it is more
particularly the property of him who can
tret it. The more remote the locality
where the law is violated, the more deeply
rooted is the idea that the game la there
to be taken, regardteas of law, and without
ranch feeling of more: obliqnity. The vio-
lator has a strange feeling that some sort
of juBtififral'on is on his s'de, thongh the
law may be on the other. The point of
view is that of early colonial limes, before
the state had reason to assert its owner-
ship — when, indeed, game was the prop-
erty of anyone who could ahoot straight
enough. It is the point of view of on
eitrerae individualist

Game is still the properly of everyone.
Bat, whereas originally the people p'aced
no restrlct'one upon the nse of that prop-
erly, they have now thrown about it safe-
guards that are vital for its continued
exintence. Every c'lizen baa a vested
'ntece'st in every individual bird animal
and heh, and is defrauded if the game is
taken In any way contrary to the estab-
lished rules. The poipt of view of the

man who resjiecls the law, and insisls
upon respect for it in others, is that of
collective ownersbip. Ilia individual riKht
lo take game is dependen' upon conaent lo
do so from othera.

The feeling of eollect-ve ownership It
still only partly developed. The tendency
to wink at violationa still decreases as the
sense of common ownership of wild life is
strengthened, — The Vontercatioititl, Nov.
1918, p. 173.

OUR FUR RESOURCES.

More and more we are diKcovcrinB that
the annual take of furs in California is
considerable and that the money received
by the trappers amounts to b large anm.
Most of the furs are shipped to Eastern
markets, but rewnlly it has come lo our
notice tbat many furs are utilized by the
trappers themselves. The books of the
Eberhard Tanning Companv of Santa
Clara snowed tbat during lfll8 the follow-
ing skins were lanned by them : II bear,
7 liMi, 4SS deer. I2fi coyote, SG raccoon.
12 badger, ITfl tui, iri opossum, i>5 skunk,
121 wildcat, 420 raWiit, .13 tree squlrrpl,
14 mole.

A canvasB of the different tanneries
n-ould doubtlesa furnish some valuable
evidence as to what proportion of furs
are unert for home consumption. — I. Ii.

KOPPEL.

BLACK BAS3 IS NOT A TRUE BASS.

Some of our readers have perhaps won-
dered why tliey did not find some mention
of the black baBs in the article enlilled
"Itass and Bnns-like F'slics" which
apt>earei1 in the AprI numbe- The pri-
mary reaiioQ is that llic b!ack buss in an
introduced fish in our slate and further-
more, (his fish is more closply relateil to
the sunfisbes than to llie true Iihhhcs.

DiB.1izedOyGoO<^lc '

150 CALIFOBNIA FISH AND QAWS.

FACTS OF OUBRENT INTEBEST.

J. C. Bruce, the state lion hunter, has been at work in and around
the HcClond Biver Oame Befuge, District IE. In this locality he
secured three liona. Ttiis makes a total of 16 since January 1, together
with 6 wildcats. Hr. Bruce started operations in Monterey Conn^
during Hay.

•Xr JL. JL^

The past year brought splendid returns to the for trapper. In
several instaiices trappers received as hi^ as $20 for coyotes, $8 tor
wildcats, and $2.60 for muskrats.

■JL- JLr JL-

The Fish and Qame Commission will iostall a permanent exhibit
in the new building at the State Fair Qrounds in Sacramento. The
whole north alcove will be used to display the fish and game of the
state and the activities initiated to conserve it.
■X- a. ^

Motion pictures showing the commercial fisheries of the state are
being secured for use in educational and publicity work.

■JL^ -X- JL^

Far more definite research work on fish and game is now twing
carried on by the Commission than hae been andertaken heretofore.
Professor J. 0. Snyder of Leland Stanford Junior Universi^ has
been secured to undertake a scientific investigation of the quinnat
salmon.

jLr ^ ^

A study of the furbearers and the furbearing resources ot the
irtate is being andertaken by the Commisnon.
JLr -Jl^ -Jl-

One haul of a brawl net made recently off the coast of sontiiem
California netted a ton of fish of seven different varieties.
^ ■A' O-

Sportsmen convinced that the deer season has opened too eaiiy in
southern California succeeded in having the law changed by the
Legislature to provide for a September 15 opening, 16 days later tiian
formerly.

^ ^ ^

Applications have been received requesting the setting aside of
three different areas as state game reservations. An area of 26,000
acres, one of 30,000 and one of 20,000, are situated in Santa Barbara
and Ventura counties.

^ .Xr ^

Progress is being made on the attempt to negotiate treaties wiUi the
Spanish-American republics for the protection of migratory birds.
The matter has been referred to the Department of Agriculture tiiat
appropriate conventions may be drafted. The state department has
promised to act as soon as these drafts are received,
a- ^ -^

Paladini, the wholesale fisherman of San Francisco, was recently
arrested for trawling within the three mile limit. He deposited $260
cash bail for his appearance before Judge De La Montanya at San
Bafael. As Hr. ^iladini did not appear, his bail was declared for-
feited and a bench warrant was issued and given to Constable Orans
to serve.

CALIPORNU FIBH AND QAUE.

HATCHBBY NOTES.

W. H. Shiblbt, E^[(or.

BROOKDALE HATCHERY.

The take ot eges at the Scott Creek
station w'll amoant to approiimately
1.700,000, of which 1,000,000 will be
hatched at the Bnrakdale Eatcbery for
distribatiOD in the Htfeame ia that section
of the state. Shipments of eegs have
been made to Wawona, ML Shasta and
Mt Whitney hatcbe 'es, from which sta-
tions tbey witl be giveD geDeral distribu-
tion in snitahle Btreams.

SNOW MOUNTAIN STATION,
The take of eges at Snow Mountain
Station, on the Eel Biver, was macb
greater than that at Brookdale, and will
amonnt to probably 4,500,000. Of the
eggs hatched at Snow Mounlain 200,000
are to be planted in the upper reaches of
the Eel lUrer near the atation, and the
balance oi the eggs have been shipped to
Ukiah. Yosemite, Fort Seward, Mt. Whit-
ney, Domingo Springs, Mt. Shasta. Ka-
weah and San Maleo hatcheries. From
these stations the resulting steelhead trout
fry will be given an extensive d'stribation
nnder the arrangements made for carrying
on this season's operations.

MT. TALt-AC HATCHERY.

The Mt. Tallac Hatchery was opened
tor operations during the latter part ot
March, and the work is progressing very
nicely. To date there have been nearly
2,000,000 black-spotted trout eggs taken
and we expect to reach the 3,000,000 mark
before the end of the season.

FALL CREEK HATCHERY.

The rainbow egs-coUecting stations on
the Klamath River were opened for opera-
tions during the month of February.
Radu and traps were installed in Cotton-
wood Creek, near Horn brook, and in
Camp, Bogus and Fall creeks: and
1,750,000 rainbow trout eggs were taken
at the four stations, A portion of the
eggs were immediately shipped to Mt.
Shasta Hatchery to be eyed, and the
balance were placed in troughs at the new
Fall Creek Hatchery, where they will be
eyed for shipment to 8tation» in other
parts of (be slate. We have also arranged
to hatch near'y a half m-lliou rainbow
eggs at the Fall Creek Hatchery for dis-
tribution in the Klamath River this
season. A million quinnat salmon eggs

Fig. 50. Fall Creek Hatchery.
Oreson Power Company in lieu of a
L J. Stinnett.

id oy Google

152

CALIFOBNIA FISH AMD OAIffi.

have also been hatched at the Fall Creek
Ilaltlier]' and the resultia- fry will be
distributed in the Klamath Biver. Sh'p-
nientB of rainbow eggs will be made from
Kail Creek Ilatphery to Ft. Seward, Mt
fhasia and Yonemite batoheries, from
Which slalioDs they will be given the
uaaal dtstributioD.

BEAR LAKE HATCHERY.
tMsli ealtural opera ton b were com-
menced at the North Creek egg collecting
Hiatiou during the latter part of March
nncl racks were put in both North Creek
and Metcalt i'reek. The season baa been
a very favorable one, and while the run
ia scill on, we believe that the take of
rainbow trout egga at Ihia station will
amount to approiimalely 4,500,000.
Arrangements are being made to hatcb
and distribute 750,0.;0 rainbow fry from
the North Creek Hatcliery, and a like
number will be sent to the Bear Lake
Jlatchery, located at Green Spot Springs,
fp>m which etat'on they w'll be dia-
Iributed in Big Bear Lake and Btreama ot
San Bernardino County later in the
season. Arrangements are being made to
Bliip ei-ed eggs from the North Creek
station to Mt. Whitney, Mt. Shaata, To-
Semite, Kaweah and Wawona hatcheries.

ALMANOR HATCHERY.

Alma nor Batchery was opened for
operalioDB during the early part ot March,
and during the tore part ot the seaarai
there was a good run of rainbow trout.
However, it became necessary for the
Great Weslem Power Company to run a
big head ot water through the Almanor
spillway on awount of the rapidly melting
snow, and this prevented the biggest part
ot the run of rainbow trout from reaching
our racks. However, we will probably
receive between 300,000 and 400.000 egp-
as the reault ot the season's work.

DOMINGO SPRINGS HATCHERY.

r>cminK0 Springs Hatchery wax oi>ened
the latter part of March and at the pres-
ent time the run ot raiubow trout in Rice
Creek ia on. Very few eggi have been
taken to date, but the season promises to
be a very favorable one.

CLEAR CREEK HATCHERY.

Clear Creek Hatchery will be opened
up during the latter part of May and

rainbow trout egga will be shipped to this
»taIJon from Almanor and Domingo
Springs hatcheries. The resulting fry will
be distributed in streams in the vicinity of
^^"e8twood and other portions of LasBen
and Plumas c

MT. SHASTA HATCHERY.

The take ot Loch Leven and German
brown trout eggs waa very succesefni.
More Loch J>even trout 'ry will be dis-
tributed from Ml Sbaeta Halcheir daring
the comiDg season than ever before. TTie
Uerman brown trout eggs taken are from
stock held 'n the ponds at Siason Hatchery
resulting from eggs tieceived from the
[tlinnesota Fish and Oame Comm<sBion
three years ago. These will be the first
Cerman brown trout fry distributed in
California tor a number of years. The
take of Eastern brook eggs was less than
usual, and we will have only approxi-
mately 1,000,000 try of thU species for
distribution during tbe coming season.
Rainbow trout eggs from the Klamath
River stations, Domingo Springs and
North Creek, and steel head eggs tram
Brookdale and Snow Mountain stationa
have been shipped to the Mt. Shasta
Hatchery and tbe same will be hatched
and reared tor distribution in streama,

MT. WHITNEY HATCHERY.
Rainbow, Tjoch Leven, Eastern brook,
btack-spotled and steelhead eggs liave been
shipped to Mt. Whitney Hatchery from
different stations in the state, and the
rf.iulliug fry will be given wide distribu-
tion in tbe streams of southern Ca.Htomia
during the coming season. During the
coming month we expect to open up
Cottonwood Lake station, and if results
are as satisfactory as during the past
season we should obtain a half million or
more golden trout eggs. These would b«
immediately transported to Mt Whitney
Hatchery and hatched tor distribution in
streams and lakes of the state.

HATCHERY.

Wawona Hatchery was opened shortly
after the first of May and rainbow and
steelhead eggs arc being forwarded from
other stations. The resulting fry will be
given tbe usual distributiiHi in that

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAUE.

Fig. 51. Bear I«ke Hatchery, San Bernardino Courty. Ciilltomla. The output
ol ttils hiLtchery etocka most of the streams of southern California. Photcisraph by

EXPERIMENTAL HATCHERIES.
A. hatchn? has been established in the
Ytwemite Valley at a site selected for the
erection of a permanent hatchery, if the
results of this season's operations are
satisfactory. Before erecting a permanent
batchery in this section we deemed it
adTisable to determine by practical experi-
ments if conditions were fayorable for fish
caltural operations. Rainbow, steelhead
and black-spotted trout egga will be
shipped to the station and if the eiperi-
mentB are successful the resulting fry mill
be distributed in streams and lalces of the
yoaemite Valley.

' An en>eidmmtal hatchery to determine
tbe snitability of the waters of the
Eaweah River for hatchery purposes has
been established mi the Kaweah River,
Dear the town of Hammond, Tulare
.Goooty. Rainbow, steelhead and black-
spotted eggs have been shipped to this
Btatiou, and if the result' ng fry sur
they will be distributed in the waters
tributary to lie Kaweah Eiver, Tulare'
County.

NEW EXPERIMENT ON HATCHING
6ALMON ARTIFICIALLY.
The California Fish and Game Com-
mission is trjiog out a series of eiperi-
ments with trout eggs, to determine
whether or not salmon can economically
and scientifically be hatrli 'd and reared
in cages placed in the be;!s of streams.
These eiperiments will be conducted with
eggs artificially fertilised and placed in
the beds at different stage.'' of develop-
ment. Later In the season when salmon
eggs are available the experiment will be
continued by substituting the salmon for
trout eggs. The idea is not a new one, as
it was suggested by Professor Cloudsley
Rutter in 1899. An experiment was made
by Professor Rutter at that time, but on
account of an accident the result was nut
conclusive. The Comrnission will now
carry on experiments to determine
whether any improvement in the propa^
gallon of salmon can be made along these
tines. The experimcnta will be under the
supervision of the fish experts of the
Department of Fish Culture.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIPOBNU FISH AND (UMB.

COHHEROIAL FISHERY NOTES.

N. B. SccpiELD, EkIItor.

FRESH FISH USED BY HEOUCTION
PLANTS AT SAN PEDRO.

During the last tonr monUiB millions of
pounds ot trash fisb have been used in the
manufacture of Gsh meal and lertjliier.
The run of fish iucreased to such an
extent in the first part of May that the
reduction pknls could not handle alt the
fish brousbt in. The fishenneu, however,
continued to bring in large catches of
sardines regardless of any idea that they
could be disposed of or handled bj tbo
reductioo plants.

On April 30, the Minnie F brought in
58,095 pounds of ba-'racuda, all of which

be used by the reduction

Tbe total amount ot Beb nsed to manu-
facture Gsh meal and fertiliser during the
mMiths of January, February, March and
April, 191&, was as follows;

Sardines 15,630.067

Barracuda 58,985

Kock cod 15,2M

Kingfish 9,290

Halibut 4,400

Shark 2,712

Total- 15,718,006

went to n reduclion plant. On May 6
many sardine boats arrii-pd loadHl to full
piipacity with sardines which laler went
to reduction plants to be made into fish
menl. One ot these boats had 26 tons of
sardines on board.

All the reduction planCs comliined have
a capacity of about 1200 tons daily. Tbo
surplus was so great the city health
department ordered 185 tons ot sardines
dumped out al sea in one day. The sar-
dines were in such a bad condition tbey

Up (o June 1, over 32,000,000 pounds

of sardines had been utilized by the reduc-
tion works, — Eabl M. Nielsen.

BETTER RECORDS OF CATCH
NECESSARY.

In this LsHue ot Caufobnia Fish and
<iAUE will he found a statement of the
canned, cured and maoufrctured fishery
products of California for the year 191S.
Although moat of the packers have gladly
furnished the Commission with tbe intor-

CAUFOBNU FISH AND aAHE.

155

■nation requested, coDs'dcable difflcnit;
bae been experienced in BecuriDE the
record of padta made by a few Brmi
tlironghout the state. Becaose of the lack
of co-opemlioQ on the part of the«e few
GrmB there are, no doubt, a niunber of
discrepancies in the flgnrea, not bo mudi
in the quantity as in tbe size and kind of
container. Much of tbe sa't fish ia ahown
in barrels, althouirh mncb of it may have
been packed ia smaller containers. T^e
tnna pack reported by some firms includes

individual firm and any statement or
report made up and publ'ahed, or fur-
nished for publication, wilt be foi tbe sole
purpose of furthering and boosting a great
California industry.

FIRST TUNA RECEIVED MAY 14.

The first yeltow-finned tuna to reach
any of the San Pedro and Long Beach
canneries was received by tbe Van Camp
Sea Food Company on May 14. The
tender Undine brought approximately 13)

Fig. 53. Food

their nlbacore pack, therefore the tuna
pack shown is really more than tbe actual
pack, while the albacore pack is short.

It will be the aim of the Commission to
have the necessary blanks for the 1919
pack in the hands of p'l packers before
thp end of the year and it is hoped that
all packers will co-ope-ate with tbe De-
partment of Commercial Fisheries of tbe
Fiiih and Game Comm'ssion by filing a
complete and accurate report of their
operations for 1919 at the close of the
year. This will enab'e the CommisBion to
issue intelligent informat'on on the Cali-
fornia industry which should l>e of great
value to all coacemed. No information
is given out regarding tbe pack of any

[ght 58.000 IbB.

tons of yellow-finned tuna ( Thunau)
macropierai) from Lower California,
where the above company 's operating a
colli storage barge and floating cannery in
conjunction with its San Pedro plant.

NORTHERN BOATS JOIN FISHING
Ft-EET.

Eleven purse scjne boats have arrived
at San Pedro harbor from Puget Sound
points. These boots average from 60 to
65 feet in length and are equipped with
heavy duty engines of from 45 to 85 horse-
power. 'ITloy were formerly engaged in
salmon fishing, but plan to fisb for tuna
in sout ern California waters.

Goo(^ Ic

156

OALIFORNU PtSH AKD OAIOL

FISHERMEN RECEIVE » CENTS FOR
FIRST TUNA.

The Brat hiiM {Tkunmu tk^tmui) to
reach the local wbo'eaale inailets were
brought in b; Che Peter Pao, a par e
seine boat, on Ma; 22. The total catch
OMuisted of 3717 ponndB and the fish
sverased about 20 pouDdB each. Tbe
fishermen fouD.d an active market lor
their catcb and received 20 cents per
pound in the round.

North, whidi before its CMiversioD was
a sailing vesse', p'y'ng between Honolola
and San Fraodsco and other Padfic ooaat
ports, was bnmed to the water's edge the
morning of Ma; 14 oS Cape San Laca«
on the coast of Lower California, accord-
in£ to word brought here b; tbe Gsbing
launch Bei. l^e John G. North was
beached, all the rew rMchiog the shore
safely. The loss was »0,000. Tbe
JobD G. North was operated b; tbe Vsn
Camp Sea ProdDCta Gompan;, which has
plant at San Pedro.

NOTES FROM THE STATE FISHEBIES LABORATORY.*

By Will F. Thoupbon and Blues Hiooikb.
QOAT FISH TAKEN IN CALIFORNIA
Several specimens of a "are and beau'

liful listi hitherto unlitiown in aoutbem
California watera were taken by the
Albacore in March, 1010. The; belong
to the species Vpcncut denfalu*, of the
family of surmulleia. The Gah are small,
covered with large acaica, and brilliaatl;
marked wilb crimaoD and yellow bands.
A pair of long flesh; barbels extending
backward from the point of the chin
makes the oeme of goat Gsb" seem
appropriate.

The species is recorded as "rare" on
the coast of Mexico, and has been taken
only at Cape San Lucas. La Pai and Tres
Marias Islanda at the far end o* Lower
California. The specimens taken b; the
Albacore are from BnciQitas in 21
fathoms and from Long Bcacb in 6
fathoms.

This is another instance of a supposedly
rare fish taken by new methods of fishing.
The error in assuming that such rare fish
are migranlB from Mexican waters, where
they are abundant, ia apparent. — E. H.

SPINV LOBSTER LARV:C

An interesting addition to our knowl-
edge of tbe life of the spiny lobster pro-
vided by the collections of the Albacore,
is another series of tarvfe in the pbyllo-
Bome stage. These specimens are similar
to the ones described and figured for the
first time in the January number of
CALirasNiA Fish awd Game and although
the; were taken in February, six months

later than the first series, the; show
about the same degree of development.
About two dozen were taken in surface
nets ia the vicinity of Oshom bank, outer
Santa Barbara passage. — E. 11.

ATTEMPT TO REAR GRUNION.
Following the discovery of the ransrlc-
able spawn 'ng habits of tbe grunion or
little smelt {Luttretthet lenvu), the story
of which by Will F. Hiompeon has just
been published as Fish Bulletin No. 3, an
attempt was made in a. small way to rear
the youDg gniuioo through the larval
stages to the adult condition. The young
were hatched from eggs taken from tbe
beach and were placed in jub of se«.
water. Ranning water was not used, but
tbe water was changed daily and food
was added daily from low-net collections
taken from the end of the Long Beach

The larvn lived thus at about room
temperature with a maximnm range of
10° F. for eleven days, when the last one
died. Tbe Bsh, of course, bad not kwt
their larval character in this time, but
interesting and valuable observations were
made on their early deTclopment, nnd on
their food and feeding babits. The experi-
ment also yielded experience which will be
valuable in the rearing of the young of
other food fishes — an undertaking which
may be carried out with adequate equip-
ment in the new laboratory.^ — E. H.

i„vGoo<^lc

OAUn)BNU FISH AND QAHB.

157

LIFE HISTORY OF FLAT-FISH.
The inTesIigKtion of the I'fe historiea of
various flet-fiahes of sontbem CtJifomia
has been progreaeing BatUfartorily. Four-
teen species of flat-fish, Pleurooee tides and
SoleUUe, bave been taken to date bj the
bottom nets ol tb« Albacoce and notes on
their distribntioD and moveitents recorded.
HaterUI for the study of the develo^nent
of several sptdes baa also be«D taken and
is awaiting carefa) stadj. Among this
material is a complete ser'es in the
deveiopment of the sand dab from the
youngest larva scarcely 6 nun. long to the
spanning adult. Very young atagea or
partial aeries bave also been taken of the
big-moutbed flounder [Bippoglottina »to-
mata), the sharp-r'dgcd flounder or tnrbot
{PUmTi>nichthyt verticalit), tlie loDon
sole {Parophrvt vetulat), the long-flnned
Bounder iXi/ttreuTfit lUAepit), two species
of sand dab (GitharicKthyt itigmaeia and
V. imntAof itfwui ) , the diamond flounder
{Hysppaetta guttulataf , the tongne sole
or San Diego sole {Sym^hanu atri-
ODuitus) , and the California halibnt
{Faralickthyt calif omu)ui) .
' The study of the Cil'fomia halibut has
proceeded further than the rest and in'
eludes observations on the age and rate
of growth, comparative sbtee ard nnmbers
of the sexes, seasonal movements and
migrations between banks, spawning
period and egg-prodoriion, and early
developmenL — ^B. H.

PORPOISE CAPTURED.

A. unique experience in shooting t>ig
game was enjoyed by the natnralist aboard
the Albncore when he killed a lai^
poqioiflie, probably of the species Lag«n-
orhf/nchut oblig«iden», on April 19, 1019.

A school of about a dozen individuals
was sighted about 35 miles west of Point
Viceuti cruising on a course diagonal to
that of the launch but at sucb speed that
the launch was soon overtaken. The
porpoises poused, circled about the boat
several times, leaping and playing, and
then resumed their original course. A
luckj shot from a high powered rifle,
however, caught one of (he big fellows
fairly iu the body aa he was leaping, and
the rest vanished instantly. Death, which
came after only a hundred yards or so of
mad leaps and plunges, left the animal

floating, bead up, when he was easily
gaJfed and hauled on board with block
and tackle.

The sppc'inen was an adutt mate seven
and one-half feet long and weighed atwnt
four hundred pouuda. The skin was black
on tbe back, head, and fins white on the
sides and belly and of satin amoothness
without signs of bristles or hair as might
have been expected, tbe porpoise being a
mammal and not a fish. The skin was
uniformly underlaid w'th a layer of
dense bard blubber fully one inch in
thickness, as was discovered when the
animal was butchered.

Although the mouth Is amail and prac-
ticaly toothless, the porpoise is evidently
a carnivorous animal, as the cardiac
stomach contained six recently swallowed
sardines of unusually large size — about
one foot in length. In addition, the
stomach contained about a pint of par-
tially digested material and a quantity of
fish scales.

The flesh of the porpoise ia very tender,
resembling beef in texture but is very
dark iu color. The Savor is delicate but
quite different from any other meat. The
body is so thick that the tenderloin sup-
plied a great numtier H>f steaks and pot
roasts of excellent qaal'ty except for the
lack of streaks of fat so desirable in beef.
The liver was large, cloaely resembling
that of pork liver in flavor, and. the heart
baked en catterole was indistinguishable
from diat of beef. On the whole, the
porpoise would be a valuable food animal
if the public palate could be educated to
the unusual. — E. H.

HALIBUT EATS LARGE ROCK.

The gray cods are famous a'l the world
over for taking into their stomachs what
the fishermen term "ballast," in tbe shape
of stones of various sizes. These are con-
sidered neccBBary to enable tbe cod to
maintain an even keel duriug tbe storms
which rage on the surface of tbe sea
above them. But it ia not as generally
known that the halibut {Hippogloitui)
does tbe same thing. Due to the kindness
of Dr. F. Kermode, director of the Pro-
vincial Muaeum at Victoria, B. C, 1 am
able to reproduce the follow .ng letter from
a prominent Ssherman of Vancouver,
B. C:

D,ati;edOyGoO(^lc

158

CALIFORNIA nSB AKD QAUB.

"Mr, Walter Wh'te, for maoy yean
employed as a balibat Gsbermaa od tbe
vessels of tbiB company, and latterly as a
mate ou our 8. S. Klngsway, brought to
the offlce tbls morning a rock weighiog
about two and a half poaods. White
slates that be penonarly took this rock
from tbe etomacb of a halibut weighing
■boat 60 pouDda, during August, 1918.
Tbe S. S. Kingsway was B^ing off
Bonilla leland at tbe time, in tbirty-Sve
fathoms of water."

The eiplanation of this lies in tbe fact
that tbe halibut are famoas eatere of
small Ibings as well as large things, and
they pick from the ground and from the
rocks and kelp all sorts of animala,
Indadlug sea anemones, clam siphons,
worms, etc., and in tbe process of doing
80 they frequently take in things which
were not intended to 6nd a lodging in the
stomach of a fish. It Is dae to reckless
eating, not to foresigbt in taking in
■■lialiaBt."— W. F, T,

YOUNO OF THE LADVFI8H
DISCOVERED.

In the April, 1910, issue of Cautobhu
Kiaii AND Gaue note was made of the
abundance of tbe young oF a supposedly
rare species, the so-called "king of the
salmon." We have another similar case
to record here, the young o£ the ladyfish,
Albvla vutpei. heving been taken in num-
bers Id several hauls of a bottom net by
our boat, the Albaoore. The adutt &sb
is classed as a rarity in tbe ma-kets,
though specimens are usually carefury
saved, but the finding of many young indi-
cates that the appearance of scarcity is
rather a result of tbe failure of present
modes of fishing to take tbe adults except
OB an accident.

The young here mentioned were taken
three hundred yards off American avenue,
in Long Beach, in from four to five and
a half fathomx. They are approiimAtely
7 centimeters (2} inches) in length, very
transparent and dc'lieate. — W. F. T.

CLAM INVESTIGATION.
The Fish and Game Commission has
been fortunate enough to secure the serv-
ices of Professor Frank W. Weymouth of
Stanford University tor a short period,
beginning April 20 and ending in June.
He will be remembered as having done

much work on .the edible crab (Caacer
magiiter) of the Pac'Gc coast Professor
Weymouth will initiate work on the clams
of tbe coast which will prove of general
interest, it is bdieved. The laboratery at
Long Beach will be his beadqaarters. —
W. F. T.

SHAD CAUGHT AT SEAL BEACH.

On the twenty-Becood of Aiml of this
year there was what might be termed a
"run" of Bbad, Alo*a tapidtttima, several
bandred pounds being brought in on that
and succeeding days. They were taken in
sardine nets, one of the hauls being taken
off Seal Beach. All the fisb were of large

The occurrence of the shad in the
waters of sonthem California is rather
unusual, although several times recorded
as far sooth as San Diego. We are uuder
obligations to Mr. Neilsen ct the San
Pedro office of the Commisn<»i for infor-
mation concerning the run. — W. F. T.

ALASKA BLACK COD TAKEN NEAR
SAN PEDRO.

A specimen of the Alaska black cod
lAnoplopoma fimbria), S) inches long,
was Uken April 20, 1919, near San Pedro
by a sardine fisherman. It has been pre-
viously recorded from off Point Loms,
near San Diego, by Starks and Morris. It
was not recognized by any fisherman in
San Pedro, and is apparently a very rare
specipB. Mr. Neilsen of tbe San Pedro
office obtained tbe specimen for us. —
W. F. T.

CANNERY RECEIVES MEXICAN FISH.
There have been several species of
Mexican fish brought recently to San
Pedro by the Van Camp Sea Food Com-
pany. They were ol>tained near Cape San
Lucas by fishermen worlcing for the float-
ing cannery (lately destroyed by fire)
beloDgiug to that company, and are note-
worthy as perhaps the first fish brought
in a fresb coaditiou from so far south.
They included the tollow'ng species :

1. Caraui hippoi, the "toro," a very
dark-meated fisb allied to the pompanoa
and yellow ta 1b

2. % omo n » Kp the "red snapper," a
species closely allied to the snapper of the
Gulf <lta 3 and h nee probably of con-
siderable omm al alue.

Goo<^lc

CAUFORNU nSH AND QAME.

3. Zetunu pmtctalui, the "cocbinito,"
Dot eenerally regarded as of nae com-
merciaJly.

4. NenulUtiut peetoratU, the "pez de
KhUo," or "rooster-Gab," a large 6ah with
long dorsal Bpines, perhaps oeareet to tiie
yellowtail (8ertol<t) but dark meated.

5. Ttacbinotut rAodopu*, the "pomiw-
nito," a pompano of good eating quali-
ties.— W. *'. T.

THE BREEDING SEASON OF THE
SARDINE.

Id view of the geuerel interest in the
habits of the sardine, the following geo-
eral summary of work on its breeding
seaaoD is presented ;

During the years 1017 and 1918, care-
ful exeminatiMis of tbe sardine were made
at intervals to observe the state of the
roe. As the summer approached, the
examinations were made at owre frequent
intervals. The net result was to prove
that throughout January, February,
March, and April tbe ova increased stead-
ily in average sise, but that during May
the fish whirb could be termed mature
disappeared in large part.

Later, toward the end of May, there
appeared what seemed mature fish with
spent and regenerating roe sacks. These
were, however, in smalt numbers and had
to be carefully culled from the great
numbers of small fish brought in. The
fair preBuropt^oD was that the mature
sardines bad become inaccessible to the'
fishermen, either through a seaward

migration or a change in habit. No
spawuing sardines were taken at any

The discovery of what appeared to be
spent fish in small numbers did not, how-
ever, prove that the spawning season had
passed, or even that it was well under
way. That s certain proportion of most
species spawn early, and that there is a
period when (he spawning is at its height,
nilli fi following decline, seems probable.
If the sard'ne is such a species, tbe find-
ing of spent fish merely means tbe initia-
tion of the spawning period. That this Is
probably true would appear from the fact
that tbe roe in no case examined was so
close to a spawning condition as to justify
a belief that 't was distant less than a
mouth.

These tacts have been entirely corrobo-
rated during the spring season of 1919.
A series of samples have been collecled
and examined dally since the early part of
May until the date of wrlt'ng (May 26),
and tbe same succession of changes have
been observed.

Tbe young of the sardine under 30
millimeters in length have been tsken in
the fine meshed nets of tbe Albacore dur-
ing the winter months. Pending a careful
examinadon of these younger forms, it is
not attempted to decide the time of the
spawning season. The only justiSed con-
clusion is that spawning Gsh are not
taken in any numbers by the fishermen.—
W. F. T.

OONSEEVATION IN OTHER STATES.

REFORMS IN NOVA SCOTIA FISHERY
SERVICE.
Four years ago there was hardly a
river in Cape Breton Nova Seolia, where
trout and salmon were not illegally takeu
with spear or net every year, and in many
streams the fishing had been almost com-
pletely destroyed. All of the guardians
were political appointees ; all were poorly
paid, and at least three-fourths were neg-
lectful or inefficient. In July, 1914, the
Victoria Fisheries Protective Association
wss organized, and in the fall of that year
its officers made an exhaustive report of
12,000 words to the Minister of Marine
and dsheries of the state of the rivers
in Cape Breton Island, and tbe urgent

need of reorgnnizalion and reform in tbe
fishery service. In this report, which wns
aeoompanjed by abundant proof in the
shape of six or eight voluminous cxbibils,
tbe association pointed out the evils of
political control; asked for twelve special
guardians with increased salaries ; sug-
Kestcd that the number of fishery officers
in Cape Breton be reduced from 2.1.T to
TiO by the dropping of political workers
from tbe rolls, and recommended that in
future all guardians be liberally paid and
he appointed for merit only, regardless
of political influences.

Nearly all of tbe recommendations have
been adopted. The number of fishery
guardians has been reduced from 219 to

OALIFOSNU FISH IKD GAME.

44 ; salaries have been mora tbao doubled ;
the fiaheiy service baa been taken out of
politics, and the appointment of all gnard-
lana baa been eatniBted to tbe Civil Serv-
ice CommiBBion in Ottawa. Ouardians
hereafter will Ije selected for merit only ;
tber will do DO political work, iDd tbej
will devote all of their time to an effectiie
patrol of the streams. Thus, (or tbe first
time in more tbau a generation, the fish-
ery service of Cape Breton Island haa
been put on a bDEineas basis. We now
have sixteen bead guardians with a salary
of $74 a month each, and twenty-eight
subordinate guardians with a monthly
satary of f2A each. Tbe cost of tbe
guardian service is about the aame a
was under the old system, namely |10,40l>
a year; but tbe government is now p
ing that Bum to forty-eight guardii
instead of distributing it among 219.

STURGEON To BE PROTECTED IN
OTHER STATES.

Several jrears ago it was found oecea-
sary to give tbe sturgeon tola] protection
in California. Other states now realise
[hat this splendid food fish is almost ex-
terminated and are planning to enact pro-
tective legislation. So depleted !a th«
supply in Lake Erie and neighboring
waters that Ohio, Pennsylvania, New
York, and Canada all propose to protect
lake sturgeon for a three-year period be-
ginning in 1019. Although once so com-
mon tbat they formed cheap food for tlie
common people, lake sturgeon ere now ao
scarce tbat only the wealthy can ndliae
them. Recently sturgeon bave been sell-
ing up to 45 cents per poand in the New
York market.

UFE mSTOBT NOTES.

NESTING OF THE BAND-TAILED
PIQEON.

From an old data book of mine I am

able to give the following details of the
nesting of the band- tailed pigeon
(CoJumbd faiciata). The record shows
that 1 discovered a neat ft the head of
the TjOpez Canyou, about ten miles cast of
San Luis Obispo, in San Luis Obispo
County, California, on March 30, 1895.
Tbe nest, a fl'msy affair made of coarse
sticks resembliug that of a domestic
pigeon, but larger in size, contained but
one egg in an advanced state of incnba-
tion. It was placed on a live oak lin^,
near the end of the I'mb but not among
thick twigs. As to identification there
WHS no doubt as I was close enough lo
Ihe bird lo observe the cervical white half
collar.

From personal recollection I can supply
other deta'la. Tbe nest was built in a
small oak tree on a sleep hillside not over
eight or ten feet from the ground and
easily reached by stepping up into the
tree. I had tieen in tbe habit of hunting
pigeons in tbe fall and winter in the
vicinity of Atascadero and Santa Marga-
rita and though I used to visit Lopex

Canyon every spring for a number of
years never observed the birds to remain
there in tbe spring except this one aeason-
On this particular day I saw perhaps half
a dozen pairs of tbe birds around diSerent
parts of the canyon which, in those days
at least, was protiably not visited more
tlian once or twioe a year by anybody. I
saw one other nest located within a hun-
dred yatds or so of tbe one above de-
scribed, but placed so f'r out on slender
limbs above the head of the canyon that
it was lotally inaccessible. — Nathan

MOBAN.

WILDCAT EATS BIROS.

On March 10, 1019, I killed a female

Calitomia wildcat {Lyna eremicvt eali-
fornicui) near Coulterville, California,
which had been feeding entirely on book
birds. Tbe stomach contained the remains
of six western robins.^DoNAm D. Mo-

A DEATH STRUQOLE BETWEEN
BUCKS.

While bunting mountain lions on
April 26, 1919, east of Squaw Creek in
Shasta County, California, I came upon

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIirOBNIA FISH AND OAME.

161

Momo locked antlers (showD id the acconi'
panying photogrepb, Fig. 54, The evi-
dence was clear. There bad been a fight
between two bu:ks (owners of tbese
antlers), occurring, probably, some time
last November. In the heat of the battle
their horna had become interloclted so
tightly that they fell without disentangling
them. The arena for this buck Btrugglc
covered an area of about twenty-five square
feet in the comer of a meadow bordering
on a Bmall monntain lake. The bucks in

their fury had trampled down the graw
and vegetation and had even in places
plowed up the ground ,with their hoofs.
After a desperate struggle either the ani-
mals were overcom: by exhaustion or
famished from hanger and thirst. Winter
came on, and coyotes and other predatory
animals prowling around in search of
sametbicg to devour made a delicious meal
on their carcasses, leaving, however, the
locked antlers in the condition in wbicb I
later found them.— Jat C. Bbucb.

Fig. 61. Locked antlers o:
Jay C. Bruce. The death of n
antlers when flghtlng.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

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Canned, Curad and Manutaeturad Flthary Product! of CiirfornJa for th« Year ISIS,

Compllod by Dapartment of Commarclal Flaherlei — Continued.

UISCELLAMEODS PACK AND GENERAL MPORBiATION.

"Ctip,^ i

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taiSSS- -j — —

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VUm ot plants ' |1,31«,000 ] 14,778,

,080 : tt,Me,380 tS.0S8,9SD

.Goo'^lc

C.UJPORKU PlSn AND GAME.

California FIthery Product! for Year of Wi,

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PATROL SERVICE.

8AN FRANCISCO DIVISION.

. X^ SoMjnl, Ooitimlwtonw In CtiArK& Cui Wwtartcid, Szeontlv* Offloer.

r. B. Hmitar, AMtBtont Bzecutlva OtScer. BL C. Bonch«r, Bpadal As«nt

BMd Ofllc«, New Call BulldloK. Beta TnnoUco.

Phone Sutter tlOO.

!SS». 'mT Ben»oii.__

. Fortun*

f ^^r"^

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WHtiionvllli.

I. I^ Kopp<

Frank Shook

BalinaB City

SACRAMENTO DIVISION.
F. M. Nevrtiert, CommiMloner tn Charge.

Fbone Ualn 4300.

r. W. BlnnlnKbam Butter Creek

BL W. Bolt (Snllsted U. 8. Navy) ,GHd)ey

r C. A. ScroKES

a. O. I-A-vrs-.

_WeaverTllle 1

Ro7 Ljudlom lioB litotlDOB .

J. J. Baroett—

LOS ANQELES DIVISION.

It. J. Connell, CommfiilDiier ID Cb*rs«.

BL A. ikcKee, AulHtGuiL Bidwla U EeddMlTi Awlatant

Union League Building. Ijoa Anselea.

Phonea: Broadway 11E&; Home, FSTOE.

—Santa Harla i B. ]

Ventura H. .

1 Lula Oblaira A. .

^W^ecD

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

Dio.t,dB,GoOJ^I -;^ff^

[SH-

'CONSERMVION OF WILD UFE THROOOH EDUCATION*

Nitiiib«4

rmsM^

)

'W^MS^:

^0{

i.„Gooi^le

BOARD OF FISH AND GAME COMMISSIONERS.

r If. NBWBEBT, Praddent_

H. J. OONNEIA CommlM;
B. L. B08QDI, Con

OABL WESTERFBLD, EnCDdn OOcet 8u) Pnodaea

J. 8. HDNTBR, AisUtant Bieentln Offleer Bui FnneiBM

B. IK DDKEl, Attorney SftB rmndHO

DEPARTMENT OP FISHCULTURE.

W. H, 8HEBLBT, in Charje Fiahcnltare Sacmnento

B. W. HUNT, Field Superintendent Sacmaento

Q. H. LAMB80N. Snperinlendent Monnt Sbuta Batcher; SiMtn

W. O. FABSCTT, SuiMrintendent Fort Seward Hatchery, TTkiah, and Soow

Moumaio Station Alderpotnt

G. UcCLODD, Jb., Foreman Ld Cbaige Uonnt WUtney Batdier; and Bae

Lakes Station Independeoc*

G. E. WEST. ForemoD Id Cliarte Talioe and Tallac Batcbetlea Tallae

B, V. CASSBLL, Foreman in Charfe Almanor and Domingo SpringB

Hatcberiea Eeddia

L. PHILLIPS. Foreman [n Charge North Greek Station Sao Beraardlaa

L. J. STINNETT. Asaistant in Charge Klamath Stations HonibTDok

0. L. MORRISON, Foreman in Charge Bear Lake StatioD Ban BeraardlDO

GEO. McCLOL'D, General AaaiiitaDt in Charge Cottonwood Creek Station Bombrook

GU7 TABLER, AaaJBtant in Charge ZoBemite Hatcherr Tosemita

P. W. EDDT, Assistant in Charge Fall Creek Batcher; Copco

JUSTIN SHEBLEX, Foreman In Charge Brookdale Hatchery Brookdala

J. B. 80LLNER. AMiBtant Id Charge Wawoua Hatehec; —.Wairona

A E. DONEY, Flib Ladder Inspector Sacramento

A. E. CULVER, Screen Inspector 1 Sacramento

M. E. SPALDING, AsBistaDt in Charge of Construction SacrameQlo

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIEe.
8C0FIE

B. B. 1

W. F. THOMPSON, Aiaiataot Long Bea<A

ELMER HIGGI.VS. Assistant Long Beach

BARLE DOWNING, Assistant San Franciaco

B. H. DADO, Assistant San Francisco

C. S. BAODER, Assistant San Pedro

P. H. OYER. Assistant Monterey

1. H. HELWIG, Assistant San Diego

BUREAU OF EDUCATION, PUBLICITY AND RESEARCH.

DE. B. 0. BRYANT. In Chaise Berkeley

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

California Fish and Game

■CONSEHVATION OF WILD UFE THROUGH EDI,■CATIO^■
Volume 5 SACRAMENTO, OCTOBER, 1919 Number 4

CONTENTS.

Paok

SOME NOTES ON DRY-FLV FISHING R. L. M., Ca«/ornio 168

NOTE ON THE HABITS AND TSB Ofc' THE SMALL SAND CRAB

(EMElilTA AXALOOA) Frank »'. Weymouth 171

GAME CONDITIONS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA TniRTY-FIVE

YEARS AGO 3/, Ualt MeAlliitcr 172

A CASE OF DESTRUCTION OF PISMO CLAMS BY OIL

-Frank W. Wemouth 174

ACCUSATIONS AND THE DEFENSE—

The Eden Resolution and a Keply 17G

EDITOUIAT^ 187

FACTS OF CURRENT INTEREST 195

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES 19C

NOTES FROM THE STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY 200

CONSERVATION IN OTHER STATES 2W

LIFE HISTORY NOTES.. 20C

UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE CO-OPEUATION 206

REPORTS—

SEizvatK -_ .- __ 207

FlSDERY PRODrCTS, APBIL, MAY, JUKE, liHO 208

VlOLATIONB OF FlSB AND GAME LAWS 210

EXPSSDITIBES 211

INDEX 213

SOME NOTES ON DBY.PLT FISHINO.

By R. L. M., CallfornlB.

There is really no mystery in comieetion with dry-fly fishing;
everybody who has fished with the wet fly must have noticed that the
first time that a new or drj--fly is cast on the water, that it remains
on the surface; in other words, it floats. As soon as the fly becomes
wet it ceases to float and thus becomes a wet fly. Now, dry-fly fishing
merely consists in keeping the fly dry, and if it should become wet,
of drying it with as little loss of time as possible.

Owing to more or less recent discoveries, several aids have been
foand which greatly assist the fisherman in keeping his fly from
becoming waterlogged. The most important of these is the "oil tip."
The honor of this discovery belongs to the late Thomas Andrews, of
Surrey, England, who obtained it from Colonel Hawker, a descendant
of Colonel Peter Hawker (Diary 1S02-53; "Hints to Young
Sportsmen"). "Odorless parafline" is the fluid generally mentioned.
This is not always easy to obtain. However, there is another oil that
from my own personal experience is equally efficacious. I refer to
the well known and useful "3 in 1." The best method of applying
"3 in 1" to a fly is to dip the fly in the oil, then lay it on a piece of

170 CALIFORNIA FISH AND QAU.

blotting paper to draiD while breakfast is being eaten. A fly treated
in this manner will continue to float bone dry until it is worn oat or
the day's fishing is over.

Another very useful thing to have at the waterside is a piece of
amadou. This siibslance. which looks like leather, is a fungus that
has the property of rapidly absorbing moisture. If the fly id very vet
it can he preaswi between a folded pieee of amadou and nearly all
the moisture is removed.

But all said and done, most of the drying out of a fly is done by
switching or easting the fly back and forth in the air. Anybody who
is able to throw a fly can in a very short time learn how to do this
without gnapping off his fly.

The first thing to remember is that the fly should not be thrown at
the water. Lcam how to cast the fly so that all the impetus imparted
to the line is used up by the time the fly is still above the tmrCace of
the water, and allow the fly to fall of its own weight on the water.

Now, when this feat can be accomplished with ease, instead of
letting the fly fall on the water, make a backward stroke similar to
that which is made when picking the line and fly off the water; this
will extend the line behind. A series of three or four of these back-
ward and forward strokes {which are called false casts) are made
between each true cast, and this action called "drying the fly" is the
principal thing that differentiates between wet and dry-fly fishing.
Of course, there are other things to be taken into aeeount, about which
I hope to say more at sonic later date, but the whole secret consists
of being able to throw the fly backwards and forwards in the air
without permitting it to touch the water in front or the ground
behind. When that enn be done the major part of the art is conquered.

In actual practice the false casts will be made at an elevation
corresponding roughly to the top of the rod, whether the overhead
or horizonfal cast is being used.

I strongly advise the beginner to commence his dry-fly fishing with
hackle flies, for the following reason; A haekle fly, having no wings,
is always "cocked up*'; whereas, a winged fly should float with its
wings standing up in the air, and placing sueh a fly on the water
properly "cocked up" does not come to one overnight. But as soon
as Uie beginner becomes proficient in putting a hackle fly lightly on
the water he can switch to the winged variety and note results. If
the fly persists in floating on its side, i.e., with one or other wing
in the water, it shows that there was too much force used in making
the east; beeause the fly, instead of falling of its own weight onto the
surface, was propelled thereon, with sufficient force to topple it over
on its side. As time goes on, however, the fly will more often fall
correctly and float lightly on the surface with an extraordinary
resemblance to the natural insect.

Do not become discouraged if you do not become an expert dry-fly
fisherman in a few days. Have patience and be persevering and in a
surprisingly short time, all things considered, you will find yourself
accomplishing things you once considered almost impossible. The
great test of the art is to be able to tell when a fly is dry or otherwise,
by the feel of the line when making the false or drying casta. When
you can do this your novitiate is in the past.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAUE. 171

NOTE OH THE HABITS AND USE OF THE SMALL SAND CRAB

(Emerita aoaloga).'*

By FRANK W. WEYMOUTH, Stanford Unlveralty.

Of the many baits used for surf and pier fishing in southern
California, few are more popular than the "soft-shelled" sand crab,
of which numbers may be seen for sale in the fish markets on the piers
at Santa Monica, Yeniee, Long Beach, Coronado and other coast
towns. Some recent observations on its habits suggested that those
who use it as bait might be interested in its mode of life and where
it may be caught.

The small sand crab, as it may be called to distinguish it from a
larger form also found in the sand, or more technically Emerita
analoga, is found on sandy beaches exposed to the open ocean along
the entire coast of California, but never in bays or other sheltered
locations. The reason for this will be clear when we have considered
its feeding habits. At the level washed by the waves it burrows in
the sand, and is found grouped in beds which can be recognized even
at a distance by peculiar diamond-shaped ripple marks in the water
running off the sand after the breaking of the wave. These ripples
are caused by the feathered "feelers," or antenna;, of the sand crab,
which it thrusts up into the receding wave. With these it combs from
the water the microscopic animals and plants upon which it feeds.

If one has patience to wade into such a bed and wait quietly until
the crabs have recovered from their first alarm, the interesting process
of feeding may easily be watched. As the water clears of sand after
the inrush of the wave, dozens of pairs of the plume-like antennae will
be seen to pop out of the sand into the seaward-running water, where
they remain until the wave drains oif, occasionally disappearing for a
fraction of a second to be freed of their catch of tiny organisms.
Corresponding to this habit of feeding on material too fine to be
chewed, the jaws, which have hard-cutting edges in other crabs, are
here small, soft, degenerate vestiges.

If a shovel is thrust into the sand of one of these "beds" it will
turn out scores of these crabs which "dig in" again so rapidly that
few can be caught. If numbers are wanted the best way to catch
them is to shovel the sand, crabs and all, into a box having wire screen
in the sides, and let the sand be washed out by the waves as they
sweep in and out. Another but less efficient method sometimes prac-
ticed is to hold a screen across one of the sand gullies found in this
part of the beach and so catch the crabs which happen to be swimming
about in the receding wave.

Observations recently made show that the crabs move up and down
the beach with the tides so that the beds may always be found in the
area washed by the waves, and here they may easily be recognized by
the ripple marks already mentioned.

Crabs caught by any of these methods will be noticed to differ
much in size. In this species, unlike most of the erustacca, the males
are much smaller than the females, and it will be found during the
breeding season, which falls in the summer months, that only the

•Caliromla State Fisheries Laboratory, Contribution No. 8.

172 CALIPOENIA PISH AND QAME.

larger spetiiinens arc carrying egg masses. The "soft-shelled" crabs
are, of course, not a separate form, but only those that have recently
molted or east their shells, a proeesB oecurnng yearly in most
crustaceans, and that have not yet hardened their new sheila. Accord-
ing to observations just made, the molting of the large females
apparently occurs just before spawning and in advance of the molting
of the males, and it is these "soft" females which are collected as
bait for sorf fishing. Fish are apparently used to feeding on these
erabs, which in their soft state have more difficulty in burrowing into
the sand than at ordinary times and are therefore more likely to be
found swimming about at the bottom. The fisherman, in using the
"soft -shelled" sand crab, is therefore offering to the fish one of its
customary dainties, and it is readilj' accepted.

OAHE CONDITIONS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA THIRT7-FIVE
YEARS AQO.

By M. HALL MCALLISTER.

In 1885, I spent the summer and fall in and near Colton, Riverside
and San Bernardino, in southern California, and most of the months
of September, October and November in riding and hunting all over
that part of California. My companion was a rancher, V. C. Reehe,
who was one of the best shots, deer trackers and general all-round
hunters to be found anywhere.

We had one week's hunt on the Santa Margarita, also known as the
Juan Foster-Dick O'Xeill-Flood property, near Oceanside. Our party
of four bagged fourteen deer and could have killed double the
number, but stopped shooting beeau.se they were nearly as tame as
sheep.

There were then some antelope just south of Riverside, and I have
now the horns of a buck killetl not far from San Jacinto Mountain,
near where the town of Ilemct now stands. Mountain sheep could
then be found in either the San Bernardino or San Jacinto ranges,
and my hunting friend Reche had killed several. I also remember
a miner who reported a very large grizzly as coming daily to the
mountain side near a mine to feed on the berries. This mine was on
the desert side of the Cajon Pass where the Santa Fe Railway comes
down from Harstow. Moiintain lions were also plentiful all through
these ranges. I remember a friend reporting that while riding
through a canyon not far from his ranch he suddenly came on a
bunch of five lions feeding on a dead calf, and as ho had no weapon
with him he thought best to make a quiet sneak.

On the San Jacinto plains south of Riverside were a few springs,
and to these the quail came in countless thousands to water, and at
nearly each one of them we found a brush hut and a V-shaped trough
placed there by the (juail market hunters. Heche and I went around
and burned up each and every one of these "slaughter pens" and got
ourselves somewhat disliked when the news leaked out as to who had
done it.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA FISH AND QAHE. 173

When the quail season opened in September we had many splendid
hunts, but no potting was allowed, wing ehooting only ; and with birds
BO plentiful, we had wonderful sport. I remember one hunt where
we slept out at one of these San Jacinto plains springs and in the
morning saw the enormous bands of quail coming up for water. It
made one's blood tingle with excitement. The ground for hundreds
of yards all around was a moving mass of thousands of running birds.
We hid in the brush and let tbem come in to water, then suddenly
jumped up with a shout and succeeded in scattering the flock so that
in an hour's shooting we had bagged 97 quail, all wing shots. We
did not move more than one hundred yards from the spring, as every
rock on the hillside had from one to a dozen quail under it.

Mr. Reche stated that when the Sunset Route of the Southern
Pacific started in 1880, many young men in southern California started
himting quail for the San Francisco market, but that nearly all the
quail rotted in the sacks before reaching San Franeisco, so that the
business proved unprofitable. Before refrigeration could be arranged,
the big bands of quail were all killed off. He stated that with his
brother he started to shoot for the market, but his returns did not pay
the express charges and the cost of powder and shot. He stated that
by actual count he picked up 363 quail as a result of eleven pot shots
of his old muzzle loader at the spring where we found the V-shaped
trough. This was an average of 33 birds to each shot, and he said he
would wait until the trough was actually covered with quail before
he wonld shoot.

Coming back to recollections in and around my home in San
Francisco, I remember that in the summer of 1875 1 visited a camp of
young men in the mountains back of Pescadero, in San Mateo County.
This was in July and there was a game law against shooting quail,
but these men, "just for the fun of it," were potting quail by the
hundreds and had a large sack full ; in fact, so many that their camp
could not eat them and we were invited to "help yourself if you will
keep your mouth shut."

In the California Market, San Francisco, in the seasonal months
from September to February, the oyster cafes served "quail on toast,
25e," and when I lunched there my daily order was this most palatable
dish.

Remembering the adage, "You can not eat 30 quail in 30 days,"
I tried and accomplished the feat. It was supposed the adage came
from the idea that a person could not obtain quail on each day of
thirty consecutive days or that you would so tire of them that you
could not carry out your bargain. However, as stated above, I did
obtain and did eat a quail each day for thirty consecutive days. I
might state that the restaurant had a fine cook who understood hov?
to prepare them with plenty of butter, and they were delicious.

As I was working and had to keep regular office hours in San
Francisco, most of my hunting was on Saturdays and Sundays and
occasional holidays and vacations. I have a journal and record book
of all ray hunts from 1877 down to the present year, 1919, just
forty-two years. Most of the shooting has been at ducks and geese
on the Suisun marsh, where I was a member of the Cordelia and Ibis
shooting clubs.

»-«i8so ^^^.

74 CALIFORNIA FISH AND QAICB.

A CASE OF DESTRUCTION OF PISMO CLAHS BY OH. *

By PROFESSOR FRANK WALTER WEYMOUTH, of Stinford Unlvsnlty,

That crude oil is harmful to luariDe and fresh water animals has
been so generally recognized that most states, including California,
have passed laws designed to protect their waters from oil by pro-
viding penalties for those who allow it to escape. Definite instances
proving its destructive effect though present, for instance in the case
of water birds, are not numerous, and for this and other reasons
convictions are not always easy to obtain. It is claimed by the clam
diggers at Pismo and Oceano that oil is chiefly responsible for the
decrease in the supply of Pismo clams. It is hoped that at another

time it will be possible to present an analysis of this claim and of
other factors influencing the abundance of this important food
mollusk, the data for which are not now available, but an instance o£
the effect of oil which recently came under the writer's notice may
here be put on record.

Sometimes oil reaches the beach from tanks on the shore near Avila,
but the most important source is from the water ballast discharged by
vessels coming to load oil at Port San Luis. This can not reach the
beach at Morro around the projecting "Pecho" coast against the
prevailing winds, but is blown on the beaches at Pismo and Oceano
at times in considerable quantities as bathers at these resorts are

•California Slate Ftaheries Laboratory, •

, , : vCOO<^IC

CAUPORNIA FISH AND QAHE. 175

well aware. One such instance was observed by the writer on June 1
of the present year, when along more than a mile of the beach just
south of Pismo large masses of fresh oil were found scattered over
the wet sand exposed at low tide. The appearance at two points is
shown by the accompanying photographs, from which the size and
abundance of the oil cakes may be judged. In fact, at this time it
was impossible for a bather to cross the beach without getting so
much oil on his feet as to make a gasoline footbath necessary. Many
old cakes well mixed with sand and free of the thinner oils may be
seen at any time high up on the beach, showing that the occurrence
is by no means rare. On the date mentioned the lighter parts of the
oil, churned up by the surf into an emulsion, were found sweeping
back and forth across the sand at the tip of the advancing waves,
and in this were large numbers of small animals either dead or so
feeble as no longer to be able to burrow. About a quart of small
clams, chieSy razor shells {Siiiqua), but including some thirty small
Pismo clams (Tivela), together with a few sand crabs (Emerita) and
some worms were picked up in a few minutes. All were smeared with
oil; Sonne of the clams were dead and gaping, others were alive, but
too feetle to keep up the constant burrowing necessary to maintain
their place in the sand from which the waves had washed them.
"Whether the oil killed them directly or, what is more probable, by
filming over the sand cut off the supply of air, could not be deter-
mined. But that they were killed by the oil can not be doubted, as
examination of the beaches for two or three weeks before and after
this date seldom showed even a single dead clam except in the
presence of oil.

With this clear proof of the destructive effect of the oil on such an
important food animal as the Pismo elam, there can be no excuse for
tolerating the escape of oil, especially as it has been proved possible
by devices in use on many tankers not only to prevent its escape, but
to save the oil thus usually lost.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

6 OALIFOBNIA FISH AKD OAHE.

If you are inclined to criticise the Fish and Ctame
Commission, read the following criticisms and the
defense.

If you believe in the work of the Commission,
inform yourself more fully as to the accomplish-
ments of the past few years.

ACCUSATIONS AND THE DEFENSE.

Rnolutlon by Mr. Eden, Introduced In the State 1
referred to Committee on Governmental Effl

WberEas, The Fish aod Game Commissioa of this state, and its several members,
officers and assistaiitH, are, by virtue of the very large power and aiithorit; given to
them by law, ia a position to exert great influeDce for or asaiast legielation peodiog
before this Assembly ; and

WUEBEAH, It is said that certain of said officers and fflembers have in fact sought
to Indueace pending leKislation ; and

WtiEBEAS, Said Fish and Game Commission and certain of its members, aGsialants
and employees have been derelict in the performance of the duties imposed upon them
by law ; now. therefore, be it

Itcgotved, That the Committee on Efficiency and Economy of this Assembly be and
it 18 hereby, directed to make an immediate and thorough investigation of the foUowins
specific matters :

1. To ascertain what, if any. fishing clubs, gun dubs and private game preserres,
any of the said commiEglonerB, or the officers, assistants or employees of said Fish and
Game Commission, are affiliated with ; and whether or not any of said officers, assist-
ants or employees bave been, by reason of such affiliation, perniciously active in
supporting or opposing any legislation now pending t>efare this Assembly ; and whether
or not they have shown any favoritism, in any manner, towards any gun or fishing
club members; and whether ot not they have, by reason of their said merabeiship,
sought to set up and periietuate in this slate, against the interests and wishes of the
common people, the European system of a monopoly in the control and use of wild
fish and ^ame, vibich is peculiarly tbe property of all the people.

2. Why it ia that within the past nine yeara said commission has, without any
satisfactory explanation, dismissed three certain executive officers of said commission,
each of whom was reputed to be a faithful and efficient public servant.

3. How much ot the time of the present attorney of said commission is devoted
to the duties of his state oHice. and how much of it is devoted to his own private law
practice : the latter of which is said to be very large and lucrative.

4. Why said commission colleeied from tbe people of the State, during the tour
years ending June 30, 1018. tbe enormoua sum of $837,409.25, of which the sum ot
5708,310.75 was expended ; whether or not said sum «o spent was not unwiaely and
extravagantly used. Also recommend some legislation that will reduce the amoant
of money collected by said commission at least $;jO,000 per annum. Also to ascertain
if it is not advisable that tbe expenditure of such a large fund should be made by the
Koveming body of the State, upon appropriatioos, instead of by said comcaissioD, as
is now done, without any control of the Legislature whatever.

5. Why it is that for tbe two years ending June 30. 1018. the police work of the
commission fell off about 15 per cent over the preceding two yeara (see last report to
Governor, page 88) ; notwithstanding said commission is charged with the enforcement
of laws for the preservation of fish and game, and notwithstanding more people hunted
and fished during said period ending June 30, 1918, than before ; and notwithstanding
reports of [re<|uent and flagrant violations of the fish and game laws were reported
in the press and otherwise throughout the state.

G. Why said commission expended the enormous sum of $68,272.21 to establish and
n large sum since for additions to a trout hatchery in Inyo County, for the purpose,
as avowed by the said commission, of stocking the streams of southern California and
the western slope of the southern Sierra Nevadas, when it was obvious to any person
that said location could not be a success for the following reasons :

a. That there were no waters nearby needing to be stocked.

b. That it was impossible to obtain a sufficient supply of trout egga in that vicinity
for hatching purposes.

o. The great distance the hatchery product must be transported at heavy expense.
d. The hatchery product must be transported through the beat of the Mojave
desert before they reach the waters intended to be stocked.

CAliOOKNlA FISH AND QAUB. 177

7. To Bsoertain the cost of maiDtenance and operation of said hatcberr in Inyo
County, and whether the said cost is not extravagantly eipensive and out of ali
nroporlion to the beneQt derived bj the people of the state, and lilfely to be a jrowinK
baiden and expense ; also the person from whom the ground was purchased and Ihe
then owners of adjacent property and the price paid therefor.

8. To ascertain wli«lher or not the commission is making any intelligent and
BuHicient effort to obtain accurate first-luind information relative to the present status
and coDdition of the game and fish of the slate ; and whether or not by reason of
failure to procure such information many species of game and fish have reached the
point of actual extinction, with others in ttte same dangerous stage of diminution,
oeEore proper conservation measures can be proposed to this Assembly.

9. Why said commission has permitted the Truckee Uiver, one of the most beautiful
ftrcams in tbe world, and a famous fishing ground, to remain polluted tor years by
tiie waste products from a paper milt located at Floristou, California, notwithstanding

Eipular complaint and objection by the citizens, not only of our stale, but also
y the people of our sister state, [\evnda. whose principal city obtaios its domestic
water supply from said river: and notwithstanding said commission is required by
Isw, and clothed nilh alt lawful authority, to prevent the pollution of streams. Why
it is Ibat in tbe face of the law said commission has deliberately and wilfully failed
and refused to do its plain duty, thereby constituting a clear and flagrant malfeaaance
in office, and one that should be severely dealt with by the proper authorities.

10. Why it is that tbe ocean waters of San Luis Obispo County and the waters of
San Pablo and San Francisco bfljs. and other navigable fishing waters in the state,
have been for years, and are now, being polluted with crude petroleum, oil refinery
refuse and other substances deleterious to flsh life. In violation of law : notwithstanding
it is tbe duty of tbe Fisb and Game Commission strictly and impartially to enforce tlie
law against such pollution.

11. To ascertain whether or not, throughout the state, in irrigated districts, many
canals and irrigating ditches are diverting water from streams that contain fish,
wiihout using screens to prevent tbe loss of fish ; and thereby millions of trout, bass
and other valuable food and game fishes are annually killed and wasted.

IZ To ascertain to what extent dams and other artilicial obstructions are being
Buffered by the said commission to be maintained in the streams of the stale without
proper fisb ladders, and whether or not by such neglect and dereliction of duty on
Ihe part of said commission, millions of truut, and other migratory fish, are prevented
from reaching proper "spawning beds," with a reaultnnC loss of a great quantity of
lish spawn and fish.

13. To ascertain if it is not true that the Fish and Game Commission has failed
and neglected to take advantage of that provision in the law authorizing tlie creation
of game refuges on private land holdings, resulting in game, in many sections where
hunting is intensive, failing to receive proper and adc<iualc protection.

14. Why said commission has discontinued a branch oflice established at the request
of the people of the San Joaquin Valley; thus making less effective the supervision of
police and other conservation activities in Ihat important and developing region ; and
thereby, and through other activities, having lost to the state the services of one of
the most efficient and conscientious fish and game conservationists in the country.

13. To ascertain if it is not true that said commiasion has wasted large suras of
the people's money in unscientific and impractical experiments at its game farm at
IlajwarO, California, and has finally abandonetl said farm.

10. To ascertain if it is not true that the distribution of fisb, as carried on by said
commission, is unscientific, unduly expensive and results in the destruction each year
of a large proportion of the fish so distributed.

17. To ascertain if it is not true that because snid commission has failed to investi-
gate and prevent enormous losses occurring among the millions of young salmon

propagated and distributed each year after they lea- "■" '->"'— i- "- —>

flsheriefl of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers at

■U(i thriving condition. ... ...

18. To ascertain to what extent, if any, said commission has, within the p.isC eight
years, been governed by political, personal and other iusufficieut and improper motives,
la Its acts in the following particulars :

a. The dismissal of trained and efficient employees.

6. The employment, promotion and othenviac rewarding of awnslanls and
employees not deserving of such consideration.

t. The failure to promote certain assistants deserving promotion.

And whether it is not true that by reason of said acta the entire department la
demoralised and functioning very ineilicietitly and at an expense out or all proportion
to the results obtained.

10. To ascertain it it is not true thai the force of wardens in the field, where the
fish and game are to be found and where constructive work can only be done, is
iuadequatc; while the "overhead" has been constantly increased by adding to it
expensive and nnproductive clerical workers; be it further

Rtmlvti, That said committee report to this Assembly within a short lime, the
result of its investigation, with such recommendations as it may deem advisable;
DC It further

Jioo'^lc

178 CALIFORNIA FISH AND QAUE.

RcMolvcd, That said committee b«, aad it ia, hereby authorized and empowered to
compel the ntteudaree of witDegsfs at its several aesBioas, by subpcenas, to be serrfd
by the clerk of Mid committer r and that the cbairman and vice chairman of said
committee be and the; are each of them authorized to administer oaths to wituessea;
and aoy witneB» refusing to aaawer questions is hereby declared to be in contempt,
ai;d may be punished as for contempt.

Said committee is empowered to employ all needed clerical and expert assislance (o
carry on said investigatiou, and all costs and expcnsea of such investigation shall be
paid out of Ibe Contingent Expense Fund of this Assembly, not exceeding one thousaud
tire hundred dollars.

Reply to the Eden Relolutlon by the Executive Offlcer o( the FUh and Qama

Commlimlon.

Id the preamble of Mr. Eilen'a resolution introduced in the Assembly, April 1,
19IU. it IB Btnied that some of the members, officers and assistants of the Fiab and
Game Commissian appear before the legislature. While this is true, tbey do bo
merely in an advisory capacity and have not nt this or any other session of the
Legislature, attempted to induence any legislation for persona! motives. They have
favored the legislation which they tboueht ivaa best for the conservation of the fish
and KOme of this state and have oppracd legislation which, in their opinion, was
harmful or vicious.

A general Btatement is made that certain members, assistants and employees of
(he commission have Iteen derelict in the performance of the duties imposed upon
(hem by law. but no specific instances have been enumerated. The statement is
untrue. Assistants or employees found derelict in the performance of their duties
have been promptly discharced from the service of the commission.

The following is a brief reply to each of the nineteen [mints act up in the
icsolution:

1. The fact that two of the three commissioners are members of gun clubs has in
no way influenced them in showing any favoritism towards gun clu& nor have ihey
been perniciously active in supporting or opposing legislation pending before the
A.ssembly. nor have Ihey sought to establish the European system of monopoly in
the control and use of fish and game, against the interests and wishes of the common
people. On the contrary, Ihey have always sought to perpetuate fish and game in
this state for the benefit and use of nil Ih; people. Commissioner Boequi is not
a member of nor in any way affiliated with any hunting or fishing club nor with any
gnnic or fishing preserve.

2. It is not true that within the past nine years the Fish and Game Commission
has dismissnd Ihr^e executive officers of the commission. Charles A. Vogelsang
severed his connection with the commission long before GommiKsioners Newbcrt and
Boaqni were apiwiinled and several years prior to the time the present executive
officer became connected with the commission.

John P. Itabcock. after several conferences with Governor Iliram W. Johnson,
rcfiiened on November 24, 11)11.

Ernest SclineSlc voluntarily resigned on September 15, ISIG. Both resignations
are now on file in the office of the commission.

3. Mr. Robert D. Duke, attorney for the commission, devotes all of his time to
the duties of his state office.

4. During the four years ending June 30, 191S. the Fish and Game Commission
cnllected the sum of ?y3T.-UI9.2."), because under the laws of the state, it was its
duty to collect said sum. This money was paid into the Pish and Game Preservation
Fund by hunters, anglers and commercial lishermen who desired that it be used for
the purpose of cnuscrving fish and game and not that it be diverted into the general
fund to be used for other pui^ioses. It is their wish that these funds be spent on
patrol, enforcement of fish and game laws, erection and maintenance of hatcheries,
distributioti of fish, installation of screens in ditches, fishways in dams and research.

The fish canacrs and commercial fishermen, oE their own accord, asked that a
privilege lax be imposed on the taking of fish and that the money from this source
be turned over to the Fish and Game Commission for the purpose of conducting
investigations of the life history of fishes in order that the commercial fisheries might
be further developed, new methods of fishing experimented with and proper legislation
passed in order to cousen'e the fishes of this slate.

Accounts of its receipts and expenditures are published more frequently by this
cotnmisMon than by any other state board or commission. "California Fish and
Game," poblisheil by the commission quarterly, conf-^ *" ' ' -' ""

expended by this commission each month, besides
other activities.

That the funds of the commission have not beei

is proven by the results obtained. The salmon i — , __ .__ _._

pt^tically exterminated by mining operations, was restored by the work of the

ncri^d-^vGoOt^lc

CUJTO&NIA FISH AND OAHE. 179

commission's hatchery department, so that in 1918 over twelve million pounds of
salmoD were caught, which retailed at an average price of 25 cents per pound, making
the total value of the calcb $3,000,000.

Striped b&ss, catGsh. blacli baaa. shad, blue eiHi calico baas and other food Gsbes
were introduced inio the watom of tbis state by the Fish and Game Conunission.
Aa a result of tbis work. 1,400.000 pounds of striped bass were cnugbt in California
in (he year 191S. The; were retailed at about 25 cents oer pound, or ISliTi.OUO.
Daring the last three years over twelve million pounds of shad were taken in Cali-
fornia, from thirty to siity-Gve carloads of roe-shad being shipped to the Eastern
markets each year, retailing at not leas than 20 cents per pound, making an average
of SSOO.OOO per year.

Catfish are also caugbt in large numbets. In lOlS. 200,000 pounds, worth 27/ cents
per pound, or $50,000, were sent to our markets. The annual catch of these four
sF«cies of fish introduced or re-established by the Fisb and Game Commission ia
Talned at $4,175,000. In fact, a total of 250.000,000 poands of fish were caught in
California during the year 1I)1S. The Gsh packed by canners and curers. alone, were
worth approximately $20,000,000, to say nothing of the fresh fish sent to the markets.

Surely an industry ot such magnitude is worth protecting, and any money spent
in investigating the life history of our food fishes can not truthfully be said to be
extravagantly spent without achieving results, particularly when the Gsh introduced,
propagated and protected by the commiasioo bring into the State of California,
$4,175,000 per year — over ten tirapg the amount eijicnded hy the state in the protec-
tion, propagation and conservation of all Gsh and gsme.

Aa a result of the invest iga I ions by the experts of the commission, a new season
and limit was adopted and the catch of crabs increased 40,000 dozen per year, valued
at $100,000.

Besides the important work of the Fiih and Game Comraission in propagating and
conserving commercial Gahes. it has also propagated and distributed millions of trout
and has stocked many waters whirb had been entirely barren of fish life. Bear Lake,
an artificial take in San Bernardino County, about eight miles long, was stocked by
the Fish and Gnme CommiSBJon. Hatcheries and egft-taking stations were built and
maintaiued there and the supply of fish kept up so that now the fifty or sixty thou-
sand people who visit the lake annually obtain excellent fishing. In addition to Itear
Ldke, the commission has also planted trout and black bass in Huntington l-ake.
Bass I«k«, Shaver Lake, Clear Lake. Juniper I..ake, Medicine Lake, Ilea Lakes,
Sixty IiBke Basin and man; other lakes throughout the Sierra Nevada and the Casst
Kange mountains, too numerous to mention. Ia all of these lakes excellent fishing
is lo be had and they are annually visited by tens of thousands of anglers.

Innumerable barren streams in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and elsewhere in
this state have been stocked with trout. All of the streams in the Vosemlte
National Park above the floor of the valley were barren of fish life before they^ were
slocked by the Fish and Game Commission. Golden trout have been diHtributed
from Volcano Creek throughout the Sierra Nevada Mountains, as far north aa the
Yosemite Valiey.

The fishing in some of our best streams is kept up solely through the work of
the Fish snd Game Commission. When the run of black-spotted trout, the only
trout indigenous to the Trnckee Kiver, was stopped by the dams in the river in ibe
State of Nevada, the Fish and Game Commission planted Rainbow. Eastern Urook
aud Loch Leven trout in tbis most excellent fishing stream, so that, now. while
black-spotted trout are seldom, if every caught, excellent catches are made of the
tarielies introduced by the Commission.

The banks of the Sacramento Kiver on Sundays and holidays, in fact, nearly
every day. are lined with anglers fishing for catfish, crappie. blue gill, calico bass and
other exotic fish introduced into the waters of this state by the Fish and Game
Commission.

The work of the Fish and Game Commission in the protection ot (he game
resources of the state has also been productive of excellent results. Deer are
admittedly much more numerous now thsu they were ten or fifteen years bro.
Cottontail rabbits are becoming so numerous that the residents ot Fish and Game
District No. 2 snd Fish and Game District No. 4 have asked tliiR I/'Rislature ihnt
the protection given cottontail and brush rabbits be removed and that they be placed
upon the list ot predatory animals which may he taken at any time.

As a result ot the protection given pheasants, those planted by the commission
have become so numerous in favoroblc localities, that open seasons for the taking
of these birds are demanded in Injo and other counties and will probably be granted
by this session of the Legislature.

Quail and doves are holding their own in most localities. Wild ducks and wild
geese, under Ibe protection given them holh by the state and federal govemraent, are
go numerous that in many localities, tbey ere considered a pest, particularly in the
rice fields ot the Sacramento Valley and the grain fields in the lower San Joaiiuin
Valley. In fact, there is now pending iu the Legislature a bill providing that the
protection given duclta and geese be, to some extent, removed, in order that the
farmers of the state may obtain relief fnim their depredations.

i.„Gooi^le

180 CAUrOBMlA FISH AND GAME.

r>. The diminatioD in the nnmber of cases msde in the bienaial period lOlft^lSlS,
\a due to the vigorouB campaign of education being carried on by thii conuniBEioii.
'■" -.--!--, f^jg ,|,gj j( ^.g^ obtain much better resuitg by educating the peopl«

to a proper observance of the laws for the coDtervation of our fish and Eame. tuaD
it can by aireslB alone. Appsreiitlj the commission Is justified in this. Despite the
tact that the patrol has been more efficient than at any other time, the number of
arrests have decreased from 2,087 in 1914-10 to 1.797 in 191G-1S. Among the
ac-livilics of the Depnrtmeut of Eilucattoo and Publicity which empbasite the motto,
"Con nerval ion Ihroujrh education," are:

a. "Caufor.ma Fish a^jd Gaue," a quarterly magazine devoted to the conaerva-
tion of lish and game in California, publiched, contains —

(1> Numerous artlclcfl on game species, means of identifying tbero, their past and
present status and the means whereby they may be conserved.
(!') Slalislics hearing on the abundance of ^me species.
i3i lleporls of work accompliahed by commission ; activities initiated.
(i\ Financial reporte,

b. Publinty items in newspapers dealing nith fish and game and the activities
of the commission.

c. ^lagazine articles, cfl. "A New Goose for California," "Pernicious Bounty Laws."

d. Iiectures on fish and game and its conservatitHi illustrated with stereopticon
and with motion pictures, given to schools, churches, teachers' institutes, boy scouts,
summer camps, etc.

(1) Siieciai series of lectures to university students.

<*. Exhibits showing work and activities Installed at State Fair and sportBrneo

/. Instruction relative to fish and game and the need and value of wild life
conservation given in schools by means of lectures and trips afield.

<l) Teacher's bulletins issued furnishing teachers with usable information.

('.il Similar instructions given boy scout organizations at tlieir summer camps.

H. Record of activitiwi and accomplishments fumislied the Governor and the
peni>ie of the state through the me<lium of a biennial report.

ft. Information on wild life furnished in reply to letter* of inquiry.

The decrease in the number of cases can also be accounted for by the fact thai
at the li)17 I.egiRlature, the sate of trout was prohibited, thus eliminating the many
arrests that had theretofore been made of fishermen who caught trout for the market
and who continually violated the law regarding both seasons and limits.

Furlliermore. on account of the vigorous prosecution of csecs by the commission,
many violators have ceased to disobey the laws. For example, after Judee Murssky
decided the case of American flame Tranifer vs. Fiih and Game CommUtton in favor
of the commission, the merchants who had Iheretotore sold wild ducks illegally.
practically quit doing so. and market hunters from whom they procured wild dut^
discontinued their unlawful shipments.

G, At the urgent request of the anglers of southern Oalitoroia, (he commission
decided to build a hatchery to stock the streams and lakes of southern California
and the western and eastern slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains, which
were fished annually by thousands of people from Los Angeles and otber portions
of southern California. It emphatically and repeatedly demanded in writing of
the DeiMirtment of Kngineerioe and Board of Control that the building should not
cost more than JSO.OOO. Plana and estimates were submitted by the State Architect,
calling for a building to cost $29,500.

At a meeting licid in the office of the Fish and Game Commission in the Milis
Ruilding. San Francisco, attended by .lohn Francis Neylan, then President of the
Board of Control; Mr. Lean of the State Architect's office; Frank M, Newbert,
M. J. Connell, Carl Wesierfeld, Fish and Game Commissioners; Ernest Scliaeffle,
Secretary of the Fish anil Game Commission, and Mr. VV. H. Shebley, Superintendent
of Ilatcheries. the commissioners attempted to question the re pre senta tires of the
Slate Architect on the estimates submilled and were told emphatically by Mr. Neylan
that neither he nor the representatives of the State Architect or the Department of
Kneiiieering or its officials, came to the commission to have their ability to estimate
the cost of a building questioned by laymen; that tlie law provided that the araount
set aside for the hnllding must be turned over to the Department of Engineering
and that if the plans were satisfactory, the commission would have nothing further
lo ssy about its construction. Furthermore, it the commission did not turn over
$:W).000 to the Department of Engineering, as provided by law, the Board of Control
would not approve of the expenditure of one cent and the commission could not
build the hatchery. Thereupon, the commissioners turned over $30,000 to the
Department of Engineering, which assumed full charge of the construction of the
building.

Bofore asking for plans and specifications for the hatchery to be built in Inyo
County the Fish and Game Commission made an extended survey of all the streams
in southern California, in order to obtain (he best site possible for a hatchery. The
temperature of the waters o£ numerous creeks was taken ; the minimum aod maiimnm

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAUFORNIA FISH AND (UUE. 181

Haw determiaed ; the transportation facilities vere examiDed ; the needs of tlie sur-
round ing country were investigated. Afier a moat eitiauelive examination, the
preeent die on Oak Creeic was cnoaen, and the results huve fully justified Cbe choice
made. In view of the fact that nearly ail the water in Goutbem Caiifornja was
appropriated for irriEation, power or domestic use, the state was ifitreinely foriunate
to obtain such valuable water rights free of cost. These alone are of much greater
value than the cost of the hatchery.

The fish produced at the ML Whitney Hatchery show mui-h greater and better
developmeBt than Iboee propagated at any other in tikis stste or anywhere in the
world. The facilities for stocking the waters of the aouthern Sierras and socthem
California are better than those that could be obtained anywhere else in that section
of the state and the people wuu are informed, are all of the opinion that no Detter
site conld have been chosen.

«. It Is not true, as stated in the resolution, that there were no waters nearby
needing to be stocked. On the contrair, there are numerous sireama and lakes
both on the western and eastern side of the southern Sierras, sojne of which are
barren of fiah life, in which trout ought to be planted. The headwaters of many of
the streams Qowing into the southern San Joaquin Valley rise in the western slopes
of the Sierra Nevada, within easy range of the ML Whitney Hatchery.

b. It is not true that it is impoaaible to obtain a sufficient supply of trout eggs
in the vicinity of the hatchery. On the contrary, an ample supply of trout eggs
can be obtained from Rae Lake and Bear Lake, besides a bountiful si:pply of gotden
trout eggs from Ckittonwood Lake, the only place in the world where these eggs can
be obtained. In any event, it is much cheaper and easier to transport eggs to Mt.
Whitney Hatchery to be hatched and distributed than it is to transport trout fry
from Ut. SisaoD Hatchery to the streams and lakes stocked from the Mt. Whitney
Hatchery.

c. it is not true that the batchery product must he transported a great distance
or at a heavy expense. The lakes and streams of the southern Sierras and southern
California can be easily reached and cheaply stocked from the Mt. Whitney Hatchery.

d. The hatchery product is loaded on the hsh distribution cars at Oweoyo. leaves
there about five o'clock in the evening, and parsing through the Mojave Desert at
night, reaches Los Angeles and the southern portion of the San Joaquin Valley
early the following morning.

T. The cost of maintenance and operation of the Mt. Whitney Hatchery is not
extravagantly ezpenaive nor out of all proportion to the beneSt derived by the
people of the state. From year to year the expense, instead of growing, will
diminish on account of better facilities and the protMible decrease in the price of food
for Gsb.

The ground on which the hatchery is located was not purchased by the state,
bat was given to the state by the citizens of Inyo County. The commissioners
are not aware who are the owners of the property adjacent to the hatchery site.
At the time the hatchery was built, the land adjoining it immediately on the west
was a part of the National Fores), owned by the United States.

The Fish and Game Commission of California has made a greater effort than any
other state in the union to obtain accurate first-hand information relative to Ibe
present status and condition of the game and fish of the state. It has caused
extended scientific research to be made, both as to the life histories of our game
and our fishes.

Under the direction of Dr. H. C. Bryant and J. S. Hunter, the following investi-
gations have been instituted ;

a. Researches are being carried on by H. C. Bryant, Ph.D., game expert of the
commission, and J. S, Hunter, in close coHDperation with the University of California,
Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, facilities and advice of the trained scientists o( the
university t>Ging available and used

b. Dr. Bryant, joint author of 'The Game Birds of Catifomia," a 600-page book,
pnbllsbed in 1918, detailing the life history, habits and past and present status of
each species of game bird found in the State, sums up present knowledge of each

c. Investigations of the food habits of birds :

(1) Roadrutuier proved an efficient destroyer of insect pests rather than an enemy
of quail. Actnal food consumed shown by stomach analysis.

(2) Study of food of ducks in progress. Will furnish information as to tbeir
relation to agriculture and will give evidence aa to best food plants to attract wild
fowl to the State. Natural foods suitable for use by the game breeder will also be
apparent.

d. Compilation of dependable facts regarding game and its status. File kept ;
Information furnished by forest ofiicers cnjified ; newspaper articles authenticated.

(1) Special report on far bearing mammals; past and present statua

(2) Present status of beaver with nap showing known distribution.

(3> Present status of prong-homed antelope with map showing present distribu-
tion and census of existing herds.

e. StatiBtloa of annual kill of game.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

182 CALIFORNIA FISH AND QAHB.

(1) Deer. KsUmate made from actual report of kill made by deputies »nd forest
office ri.

(2) Uucks. Esiiniale made from records ahowing Hhipmenta to market

f. Id vest iKat ions of dispase aiinckiog game.

(1) F. O. Clarke — diseaee attacking- deer in Trinity Cotinty ; proved to be »
bladder worm.

<2) Dr. Bryant— disease attacking ducks in Sutter Coonty, 1918.

g. iDveatigatiODs of birds in relation to agriculture.

(1) Ducks versus rice. Joint iDveatigatiou by Biological Surrey and FUb and
Game Commiuion.

(2) BtackbirdB versus com and other crops.

<3) English sparrow versus garden crops and beneGclal native birds.

(4) Kelntion of meadow lark to agticnllure.

h. Field investigations of game refuges.

<1) Trinity County Gnmf Itef uge ; present condition; predatory mammals.

^^IPinnacles Monument (inme Refuge; present condition; predatory mammals.

J. Study of accliniBtizaiiim of exotic species. Success and failure In the intro-
duction of foreign game birds and mammals.

j. Study of methods of conserving wild life.

k. Scientific investigations of deer and their status in California by F. C. Clarke.

The following scientific invealieations of the commercial fisberies of the state
have been carried on, and many of them are still in progress under the direction of
Mr. N. B. ScoSeld, in charge uf the Department of Commercial Fisheries.

a. Inveslii^tion of Albncore, Sardine and Herring. Mr. Will F. TbMnpMO,
formerljr with the Department of Fisheries of British Columbia, at i)resent fishery
expert in our laboratory at \joag Beacb, is making a scientific investigation of the
life history of the albacore, logelher with a statistical analysis of the catch. He is
also making a scientific study of the sardine and herring, as well as observations on a
great many other fish. The Rri'ater part ot the lime, however, is spent with the
albacore and sardine, in order that we may tie prepared to cope with the many
problems arisina with the rapid devvlopmeot of these fisheries.

Mr. Elmer lliggins, who is a graduate of the Department ot Zoology, Dolvenit/
ot Southern Culifornia, is assisting Mr. Thompson in ibe laboratory, collecting speci-
mens and conducting exin'rimenlal lishing trips on the patrol lannch "Albacore."

b. Edwin Chapen Slarks. assistant professor of zoolt^ of the Leland Stanford
Junior University (formerly curator of the museum, and instructor at the University
of Washington), is writing a serieK of comprehensive orticlee on the results ot his
studies of the various fishes of this ( onst, which appear in our magazine, "Cautobru
Fish and Game," i^..

The Flat FUhes ot California.

Tlie Mackerel and Mackerel-like Fishes of California.

The Herring and Herting-like Fishes of Calitomia.

The Sharks of California.

The Skates and Raja of California.

c. Salmon. Arrange men Is have been made to complete the investigations of the
life history uf the salmon from Montirey Bay to the northern boundary of tbe state.
Mr. Willis Rich, a wi'll-known student in zoology, and J. O. Snyder, associate
pmfessor of zoology, Iceland Stanford .hmiot University, formerly Assistant United
States Fish Commissioner, naturalist U. 8. S. "Albatross" and expert ichthyolo-
gist, will carry on the work. Mr. Rich has already completeil a great deal of work
on the salmon and Dr. C. IT. Gilbert of Iceland Stanford Junior University has
carried on extensive t'xpcriments for the commission in marking and planting
salmon fry.

rf. Crab. A study of the Pacifio Const edible crab (Cancer raagiiteT) was made
by Frank Walter Weymouth (assisiaut professor of physiology, Leland Stanford
Junior University, A. B. Stanford HKW, A. M. Stanford 1011. In 1&12 and IfllS,
assistant in physiology at the Johns Hoiikins University), in the year 1611. As a
direct result of his findings the size limit at crabs was increased by law and the
catch of crahs in 1917 was increased .'0 per cent over that of 1916.

e. Mollusks. In 1911 a, complete survey was made ot the California coast under
the direction of Prof. Harold Heath, piofcssur ot zoology, Leland Stanford Junior
University <A. B. Ofaio Wesieyan. Ph.D. Pennsylvania), covering the motlusks of
this region. W, W. Curtner. Will F. Tborapaon and Mr. Hubbs assisted in this work.

f. Crawfish. A crawfish investigntlon was made in 1911 by Bennett M. Allen of
the University ot Wisconsin. IJitcr Wnldo S. Svhmidt of the United Slates National
Museum came to this coast, and in 1!MS. with the assistance of our men and boats,
was able to secure some specimens of young crawfish which will greatly assist him in
his report of their life history.

g. Abalones. Mr. W. W. (.'urtner Lns
tbe State. Mr. Curtner is a graduate i
University.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAUFORNIA FISH AND OAHE.

k. Striped Bass, Stargeou, Perch, Shrimps, etc.

ducted a great many investigatioas of our EsheE, such a .

snirgeoD, etc. He bas also made a stud; ot the sbrimu fishery and bat been abia U
prevent tbe use of the destrucCiTe Chmese method of ebrimp fishiag.

i. Kelp. During the Great War, when a BUfficient amount of poiaih vaa Dot
obtainable even at the increased price of $300 and $400 a ton, formerly JtiS per ton,
a study was made of the extensive kelp beds alone the coast of southern CalitomlB
witb the assistance of Mr. W. G. Craudall of the Scripps Inatitution anii Dr. P. W.
TurreQtine of the United States Department of Agriculture, and reguIatioDS were
made as a result of tbia study wblcb enabled the harvesters to cut the kelp to the
limit without unduly destroying the beds.

9, There is less than eight miles of the Truckee Hiver in California belon
Floriston. Shartlji before tbe present Board of Fish and Game Commissioners was
appointed, the State of Nevada appropriated $10,000 to abate tbe nnisance caused
by the pollntion of the Truckee River at Floriston. Nevada's chief complaint was
not that the alleged pollution was deleterious to fish life but that it rendered the
water snpply of tbe city of Reno unpalatabie.

An action was commenced by the State of Nevada in tbe United States courts in
San Francisco and much teatimony was taken. It was not proven Uiat the refi:«e
was deleterious to fish. In fact, the testimony showed that the fish in the river
below the point at which tbe refuse was discharged, were in good condition and fit
for human consumption. The action commenced by the State of Nevada was thrown
out of court. Thereafter, certain slate officials of Nevada consulted with the Fish
and Game Commission of California, with a view to abating tbe nuisance. F. A.
Shebley and N. B. Scofield were sent by the commission to the I'ruckee River to
make farther experiments with tbe water affected. Numerous conferences were held
and a committee consisting of W. H. Shebley, Superintendent of Hatcheries in Cali-
fornia, Professor Dinsmore, Bureau of Chemistry, University of Nevada, and Mr.
Block, representing the paper company, was appointed to go cast at tbe expense
ot the paper company to investigate certain appliances to handle the refuse. The
owners of^tbe paper company agreed to install these appliances providing the manu-
facturers thereof would guarantee their efficacy. Wben the manufacturers would
not do this, the matter was again taken up by Governor Boyle of Nevada and Mr.
Thatcher, Attorn^ General of Nevada, with Governor Uiram W. Johnson of Cali-
fornia, and Mr, Weaterfeld.

As a result of this conference, a committee consisting of Hon. Arthur Arlett and
W. H. Shebley, again investigated tbe condition of the river below Floriston and
made ita report to Governor Johnson. Mr. Westerfeld thereafter wrote Governor
Johnson, asking that tbe Attorney General ot the Stale of California be Instructed
to commence proceedings under the authority of People vs. Truckee LutnbeT Company,
lie Cal. 397, against the paper company lo abate the nuisance. At the next session
of the Nevada Leeialature, another appropriation was granled by that state to again
commence proceedings against the paper company. An action was thereupon insti-
tuted and is now pending in the Supreme Court of tbe United States.

10. Water Pollution. Practically nothing was done by previous boards of Fish
and Game Commissioners to prevent pollution of the waters of the atate. The
present board has, however, made great strides in this work and it is safe to say
that California now leads any other state in the Union in preventing the pollution
of its waters.

In the last ten years many complaints have been filed in the coirrts against large
corporations and individuals to stop tbe discharge of refuse matters into the waters
of thi state and vast sums of money have been expended by them in order to remedy
the evil. For example, as a result of complaints filed in the courts by the Fish
and Game Commission, the following named companies have expended tbe amounts
aet opposite their respective names to prevent pollution :

Pacific Gaa and Electric Company $200,000 00

Union Oil Company 18,000 00

Shell Company of California 40,000 00

Doheny-Pacific Petroleum Company and Associated Oil Company,

joinUy — 20,000 00

Mason Malt Whiskey and Distilling Company 7,000 00

Southern Pacific Company 23.000 00

Monarch Refining Company 5.000 00

American Oriental Refining Company 2.000 00

Capitol RefinioB Company 1.000 00

Paraffine Paint Company 1.000 00

California Petroleum Company 1,200 00

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

IM CALIFORNIA FISH AND OAHE.

ISaaj fiaes bav* aUo been collected at a result ot proaecutioaB comtnenced b; the

Other iBT^e cocnpaQiei nhicb have complied with our requests, or demaodi, with-
out prosecutioQ, are sa roUowa :

Standard Oil CompaQy. _ $900.000 00

Southern Pacific Company 26.000 00

NorthwCBtcru Pacific Railroad Compnny _ 5,000 00

Coast Counliei Gas and Electric Company _ 5,000 00

CoaM Valleys Gaa and Electric Company 3,000 00

Pacific States Refining Company 2,000 00

AtchiBon. Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad Company 2,000 00

Western States Gas and Electric Company 5.000 00

1548.000 00
Brought forward 318,000 00

Grand total *86fl,000 00

And in addition a large number of smaller compauiea and individuals hare been
compelled to cease pollution where such existed. In all cases where persons, firms
or corporations hare failed to comply with our demands tbey hare been token into

court. t ;

Three cases are now pending in the courts of San Luis Obispo County, two
against the Union Oil Company for pollution of San Lcia Bay, and one asainat
the Tiber Pacific Company.

11. Screens. Prior to 1912 no systematic effort waa made to caose the installa-
tion of screens and ladders. At that time the present commission created a depart-
ment of screens and ladders and detailed two men to attend to this work nndec the
supervision of the Superintendent of Hatcheries, Since that time, despite the fact
that the law has been found defective in some respects, 862 surveys have been made
and notices served on the owners of ditches to install suitable screens. At this date
518 screens have been reported as being installed and in effective working condition.
Before May 15 of this year between fifty and sixty screens have been Installed at
tbe expense of several thousand dollars. For instance, the screens installed by the
Sacramento- West Side Canal Company, tbe Anderson- Cot ton wood Irrigation Com-
pany and the Soutbera California Edison Company, cost many thousands ot dollars

The work ot installing screens in ditches la being pushed as rapidly and as vigorooaly
as conditions will permit.

Under the law as amended in 1917, at the suggestion of the commission, the
California Oregon Power Company has. at an expense of (20.000. bnilt a hatchery
at tbe Copco dam on tbe Klamath River, and last month conveyed it to the state,
together with dwellings, traps and other equipment necessary to operate the station.

12. Ladders. Tbe present Fish and Game Commission in 1912 began a systemstio
survey in order to determine where fish ladders should be Installed. As stated under
the head of ''Sereens" (point 11), two men were detailed under the supervision of the
Hatchery Suiierintendent to make these surveys and to draft plans to be given
tbe owners or occupiers of tbe dam. Numerous ladders and screens were installed :
under tbe law 47 bearings as to the neces.<:ity of the installation of screens and
ladders were held by the commission and findings made and orders Issaed by the board
compelling the Installation of (ishways and screens. To date a total of 209 surveys
of dams have been made and the owners have been legally notified to install fish ladders
In accordance wilb tbe pleus submitted. Of this nnmber 131 tisbways have been
constructed and have been accepted as being effective. The other cases are being
pushed vigorously and in some instances actions have been commenced to compel
obedience to the orders of the board.

13. At the IDIT session of the Legislature, tbe commission was instrumental In
having siitcen large areas within national forests set aside as game refuges, aggre-
gating 839.1S0 acres. Resides this, the commission has now established seven game
refuges on privately owned land in sections where huntinj' Is Intensive and game needed
such protection. Within the last six months, over 60.000 acres of private holdings
have been set aside for this purpose.

The commission ia now asking the Legislature that two new game refuges be
created, one around Lick Observatory, the other in Kern County.

14. The branch office established at Fresno was abolished because the woA done by
that office could be more elTiciently and economically handled by the San B^ancisco
office. The officer who had been in charge of the Fresno oRice was retained in the
service of the commission until he voluntarily asked to be given a furlough In order
that be could operate a mine which he owned and also attend to his agricultural
interests which demanded his attention.

15. Tbe game farm at Hayward, California, was e^ilablished In 1008. prior to the
appointment of the present board, The grounds were leased for a period ot ten years.
This commission was willing to cancel tbe lease at any time, bad it been able to make
suitable terms with the owner. When the owner ot the land sued the commlstion to

CAUFOBNIA FISH AND OAHE. 185

•at maide the lesse, the commission pnt id practically no defense, but Judge Morpby,
who tried the case, neTertheless ordered the commiiaiOD to maintain a game farm OD
the land until tbe expiration of the lease.

16. It ia not true that the distribution of flsh aa carried on by the coniminioa in
onicientific, unduly expensive or that It reaults in the deatructfoD in eacli year at
a large portion of the nsb to distributed.

Tbroueb the efforts of the commission, two Sab cars, diatributing Gab all over th«
State ol Califomitt, ace hauled free of chance by the railroad. The greatest of care
ia taken to see that the fiah are properly distributed and property planted in the streams
and lakes.

IT. It is not tme that the Fiah and Game Commiaaloa failed to investlKate the
joaug salmon propagated and diatribntGd in the Sacramento Kirer. The Fiah aod
Game Commission has heretofore caused such lUTegtigation to be carried on by Dr.
C. H. Gilbert of the Stanford Uniyeraity and Mr. N. B. Scofield, fishery expert for
the eonunission, and ia now carrying on sueh investigation in conjunction with the
Bnreau oE Fiaheriea under tbe direction of Mr. Willis Rich and Mr. J. O. Snyder of
the Stanford University, Mr. N. B. Scofield and Mr. W. H. Sbebley. Salmon fry
are held longer at Mt. Shasta Hatchery and are larger whea released than thoae
reared by any other state or county.

18. The commission baa not at any time been governed foe political or personal or
other ineflicieat or improper motives.

a. It has not dismiased trained or efficient empioyeee without cause.

6. It boa not employed or promoted or otherwise rewarded aasistanta or employees
not deaervlag of such consMeratioo.

c. The department ia not demoraliied or functioning inefficiently or at an expense
ont of all proportion to the results obtained. On the contrary, the work of
the department is now being performed more efficiently, intelligently and
economically tban at any other time during its existence,

19. Tbe force of wardens in (be field is as great as the funds of the commission will
permit. If the overhead has increased, it is caused by the increase of tbe clericnl work
connected with the commission's activitlea, and also by the rules and regulations laid
down by the Board of Control.

Respectfully aubmitted.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAUFORKIA F1$H ANE GAME.

rosemlte Tnlley deer photocTBphed In a Baowstono, Bnow wiB lallliii
the rat! ol two IncbeB bd hour wben tbtee deer were photoiraphed br A
FHirfleld, Hircb 8, 1819. ExposuiB 1/15 sec., 8toi», F a.II.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAIJFORNIA F18H AJ«> GAUB.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME «»«^" '>' '^' united

A publication dSTOtad to the conwrva-
Uon of wild Ufa mod publlabed quarterly
by tbe CatUomla State rieh uid Qani*
CommlsalOD.

Stmt free to cltiMna of the State of Cali-
fornia- OCFered In exdumxe for omllho-
loKlcal, mammalOBlcal and almllar perLod-
ICaU

Tbe articles publlabad In CmroaNiA Fisii
AXD Oahb are DOt copyrlfhtBd and may be
raproduced In other porfodlcala, provld
due credft Is slven the Callfomta Flah a

pu^lnent DiatarlaL

All inalerlal for publication abould be
••nt to H. C. Bry*"!, Museum of Verte-
brate Zoology, Berkeley, Cal.

October 21, 1919.

PERSUASION VERSUS COMPULSION
IN FISH AND GAME CONSERVA-
TION,

Lefislati n U Ihe time-honored metliod
by which [he body iKitiiic attempts (o
attain an object. When new roada are
desired, the legialatuie ie asked to enact
the proper laws. When the public henllh
is lo be safeguarded, an Bet of the lecis-
latore is demanded. But beyond Ihe mcri'
placing of a law on the statute bookw is
tbe necessity of making the law effective
by means of law enforcement. Where thp
need for the laws is well realized there is
little need of law enforcement; where
they are poorly understood, time, enertry
and money must be spent to attain the
object Bought.

When, in fisb and game conservatiou.
u'c tuim to Ibis same time-honored
method, tbe difficulties are just begun, for
laws passed by tbe legislature must be
enforced. Because of the failure of peace
officers to do their duty, a lafge number
of specially appointed game wardeos mnsi
force people to obey tbe law.

Is there not a better way of attaJniuR
the same odject? More and more we liiul
campaigns of education being instituted
to prepare tbe way 'or proper legislation.
A city does not think of bolding a bond
eleclion until after Che people have been
educated to the need for w)iicb the bond)'
are to be issued. Successful liberty loans
Unve been effected by proper publicity
almost to a greater extent than by the
nctual systematic canvass. The b
example of accomplishment by means
an educational method rather than
leiislative method ia to be found in I

lood Ad-

How much tH'lter In hinv iiiiained the
goal by means of inTsuusinn rather than
pulsion !

t it is evident in nitaluiiig an object
thai Ihe educational is of more worth
than Ihe legis'nlivc mcthiid because more
fundamental, il ko 'in« reasonable that

tre lime oud ein'rcy sliould be devoted

this method in attempting the conserva-

>n of natural resource!).

If old controversy between Ihe
angler for sport only and the net fisher-
for profit only, over the waten ad-
it to Santa Catalina Island, has been
ed recently.

was thought that this matter bad
been definitely settled by action of the
r legislature in making two districts
ind Ihe island, one in which net fisher-
could operate and one For tbe benefit
of tbe sportHmen only.

le promise of the cannery interests
net (iaheriiio:fl tbot they would not
oijoriilp in a district dedicfted to the
sportsmen, providi'<l a certoin part of the
waters surrounding the island be made a
district in which net flshiiii; should be
permitted, would certainly seem to have
settled Ihe malter. However, it appears
that this gentleman's agreement was not
considered binding by some of the eon-
tracting parties.

About th? middle of August, tweuly-
two canneries operating aroimd San
Peilro and some 340-odd alien fishermen
who, not tieliif! able to maintain an action
in the state court, cloaked themselves
under tbe proteriing wing of tbe can-
neries, obtained from (be presiding judge
of tbe Superior Court of Los Angeles
County an order restraining certain in-
dividuals from interfering with their nets
and boats, and further restraining them
from making searches and arOsurea. Thia
ni'der was petitioned for under the plea
that irreparable damage would be caused
liy tbe act-on of those certoin named de-
feiiduuls. oporiiling without due process
of law.

The order was grantud wilhout pre-
vious notice lo any of the defendants
named in tbe petition. No mention was
made in the petition that all of these

CAUFORNIA PISH Ajn> QAME.

defendants were officers of the law, av
to enforce the law. and that the actloDa
complained of were performed in the pur-
suance of tbeir dutiei.

The restraining order wai serred on
H. B. Nidevcr, W. B. Setlmer and B. L.
Hedderly, but no order was served at
that time on the Fish and Game Com-
misaioQ. The order was also serred on
Eroest Windle, justice of Ihe peace of
Aralon towuHhip, Bates and Sutermeir.
resppctively deputy count; warden and
constable of Avalon township.

The hearing ot the petition to make
permanent the temporary injunction
held before Judge Valentine on August
19. 1919. The attorneys representing the
plaintiffs in the action attacked the
stitutionalitj of section C36 ot the Penal
Code, relating to nets, and also Ihe de-
scription of District 20, as given in
act dividing the slate into fish and game
districts. They maintained that ainc<
acts were Toid, the court bad the rigl
restrain the public officers from enforcing
the provisions of section l!36. They
maintained Ihat the state had no j
diction over the waters surrounding Santa
Catolina Island, because the state
stJLution made no mention of a tbree-mite
limit around the island. This latter
tentJon was shown to be so absurd that
it has since been abandoned.

Hie court took the stand tbat aiace a
temporary order had been granted. It was
up to the defendant! to tbow cause wh;
U should not be continned and made per-
manent. The defendants were given five
days in which to present their opeuiDg
briefs; the plaintiffs were given five ad-
ditional days for reply, and the defend-
ants were allowed five daya further for
their closing briefs. By thia, it can be
seen that the cannery Interests gained
G'teen additional days In which to make
raids on the fiebioE grounds in Dis-
trict 20.

Immediately after the bearing, so order
was served on the Fish and Game Com-
mission restra'uing it from enforring the
law relating to net fiahing in the waters
around Catalina Island.

It is of mtereat to note, however, from
the report of our deputies, that the Gsher-
men have gained very Ititle by their tac-
tics, as their fiabing operations have pro-
duced very poor results.

Judge Valentine having set aside the
temporary res training order September
10, 1919, the Fish and Game Commission
has given instructions to its deputies to
enforce the law in District ?0. For the
time being, it would seem that thia de-
cision in favor of the commission's con-
tentions will effectually aettle the contio-
versy.— E. C B.

;dnyG00(^lc

OAUrORNIA FISH AND GAME.

Tbe attempt to stimulate interest in
irild lif« by carryiog the Fisli and Game
CommiHsion's educational campai^ iato
the sammer resorts proved very BQCCesB-
[q1. During the month oC July Doctor
Birant riait«d five ot tbe Isiijest resorts
on Lake Taboe : Brockwaj, l^hoe Tav-
ern, Emerald Bh; Camp. Al Tahoe Inn
and Falleo Leaf Lodge. Lectures iilas-
trated with stereo pticon and motion
pictures were given in the eveolDg aud
paftles taken afieid in the da; lime. Of

It will be of iDtereat to our readers to
know that the Department of the loterior

bas decided to employ in each national
park a resident naturalist whose duty it

terest fx

ople 1

a the

ont-of-doo

rs.

Thus

will the

goven

iment

augment

tbe

work

already

tarted

by the

commiss

on.

The summer resort work at Taboe
proved so popular that an expansiou of
the work another summer will be de-
manded. There is no surer way of
stimulating interest in wild life conserva-
tion than to develop interest in the out-

ng. se. "LfsiDlng ti

r tbe FiUi aad Oame O
uonau out ot the summer vscstloiili

particular interest were the groups o'
children who roamed tbe woods an
stream sides searching for wild things.
It would be diScult to estimate tbe vsiui
of these excursions when tbe public ai
leisure came In contact with nature and
learned the fundamentals of conservation
first hand.

The final report shows that thousands
of people were reached through the
medium o( lectures and Chat hundreds
received instruction from a nature guide.
Tbe nature study reference books fur-
nished bj tbe California Nature Study
League were in great demand and greatly
helped in awakening interest In wild

TAHOE PUBLIC CAMP.

The legistalure at its last sossion set
asidt^ tbe old hatcbery grounds at Tahoe
City, which arc to hv abandoned for a
better site, as a public camp for vaca-
tionists. LFnder the direction ot the Fish
and Game Commission the Slate Engi-
neering Department installed a water
supply, sewer system and other sanitary
convenitnei'S. The camp was opened to
the public on July 4 with Mr. .\rnold D.
Patterson as superintendent. On the first
day over a hundred campers were cared

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

190

CAUrOBNIA PISH AND OAHB.

for. The camp remained open until Sep-
tember 5. Durine the season 1,23& per-
ions registered, bat tbia number does not
represent the total number accommodated.
Farther improTemeiita are to be made in
preparation for the crowds expected next

nud providiDg for a bag limit of one deer.
Governor Smith, in nXgnrng the bill.
Elated tbat the law was in the nature of
nil experiment and that if it proved nn-
sBlisfactory it would be repealed.

Laws of this character, contrary to
recoamendationa of those moat Id te rested

. Tfthoe Public Damp on tbe old hatcberj grouads at Tahoe Olty. Hundreds ot cempen
STBJled themBclTei ol the comforta ot this tree camp grouad condui^tcd br tbe Tisli
and Garne CommiFsloD. Photograph b; George Npale.

DEER CONSERVATION IN NEW
YORK.

The state of New Yorli is gaining some
valuable facts by obtaining a census of
the deer. The reports lead to a conclu-
sion that there are in round numbers
about DO.OOO deer in that stiHe. In 1917,
approximately 37,000 men hunted deer
and the total deer killed is estimated at
10.000. Records show that 5,888 Adiron.
dack deer hides were received for tanning
b; different tanning companies.

Approximately 19,000 of the total num-
ber of deer are bucks. With a hill of
10,000 about 50 per cent of the bucts are
killed each year. This is a toll alrenrly
too great if the deer supply is to be
maintained.

As a result of inyeEli gat ions a Bhn''ter
season and a bag limit of one buck in-
stead of two was recommended, but thn
legislature, influenced by selfish hunlcrs.
passed a bill allowing the killing of "any
wild deer of either sex, other than fawns,"

in game conservation and contrary to the
best experience ot other stales, are lihely
lo prove costly experiments.

MIGRATORY BIRO TREATY ACT
CONSTITUTIONAL.

The duck shooters of the country who
have fought federal protection for migra-
tory birds in an effort to defeat the law
so thnt they might continue the deatnic-
tive practice of spring shooting of water-
fowl, have been decisively beaten on two
occasions lately in the United States IHs-
trict Courts. This fact is made more
interesting because on both occasiona
those opposing the law felt certain they
would win. Their array ol counsel was
the best they could obtain. Tbey cbose
their CBses with due regard to dedaions
made in the past and with all respect to
the local sentiment in the district where
(he trial was held. In fact, they left no
stone unturned that would aid them in
their light to defeat the law, and still tbey

i„vGoo<^lc

OAUFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

191

lost. The Bportamen of the country should
feel highlj pleased over their rictory, for
Barely the law is valid or the organized
fi^t ataiDst it would have met with at
least aome slicbt auccese.

On June 4, 1919 United Stat«a Dia-
trict Jadge Jacob Trieber, of the Eaatern
DiArict of Arkanaaa, who held that the
oripnel miErator; bird law of 1913 was
oncoostitutionai. handed down a verj'
sweeping decision upholding the new law.
This was the first jolt receired by th^
■priDK ahooters. bnt the inockout blow
cane later at Kansas City. Missouri,
when Judge Arba S. Van Valkenbnrgh,
on July 2, 191B, npbeld the taw in a de-
c'sion so sweeping that a SttiuE com-
parison la Dempsey's decision over Wil'
lard a few daya later. — Bull. American
Oame Protective Auooiation.

WATERFOWL DIE FROM EATINO
SHOT.

Wild dncka and other waterfowl some-
timee die from lead poisoning reaultios
from swallowing etray shot which they
pick oat of the mud about ahooting
gronnda. Many ducks that become sick
from lead poisoning finally recover, but
it is probable that the effect is perma-
nently injurious not only to the individual
bat to Cbe spedea. It has been ascer-
tained by experiment that lead greatly
impairs the virility of male domestic
fowls, Femalea mated with them lay
many iuferttie egs, while in many of the
eggs that are fertilised the embryo dies
in the shell or the chick emerges weak
and unable to withstand the hardships of
early life. What effect lead poisoning
haa on female wild fowl has not been
definitely ascertained, but, as the fact is
well known that lead produces abortion
in female mammalB, there ia a possibility
that it eierts a bad effect on female
waterfowl daring the breeding season.
Thas, the supply of waterfowl is likely
to be decreased by lead poisoning not
aalr by the number of birds that die
dtrectly from it but indirectly by impair-
ment of reprodnction.

These facia are set forth by the United
States Department of A^nculture Id Bul-
letin 783, "Lead Poisoning In Water-
fowl," about to be published as a con-
tribution from the Bureau of Biological
Survey. Reports of waterfowl apparently
■ick from lead poiaonicg have been coming

in for several years. The Biological Sar-
rey undertook an investigation at variona
shooting grounds to determine bow com-
mon the taking of shot by waterfowl Is,
and a series of experiments to ascertain
the effect of shot swallowed. It was
found that at places where much shooting
is regularly done from blinds, shot at the
bottom of the shatlow water are so
numerous that one or more was f6und in
practically every sieveCul of mud or silt,
and that tbey are swallowed by waterfowl
whenever found as a result of this habit
of swallowing small, bard objects to
supply grit for the giizard.

The experiments have shown that shot
swallowed are gradually ground away In
the gizzani nod pass into the iutestlues,
producing a poiaoning that results in pro-
greaaive paralysis and. usually, death,
Experiments with wild waterfowl cap-
tured when young and reared In cap-
tivity — to obviate the possibility of their
having taken lead before the beginning
of the eiperimenta — have shown that six
pellets of No. 6 shot constitute an amount
of lead that is always fatal. Two or
three shot were sufficient to cause death
in several instanccrs. la one experiment,
two mallards were given one No. 6 shot
each. One of them died in nine days and
the other was able to throw off the poison.

The list of species known to have been
poisoned by eating shot consists of mal-
lard, pintail end canvas-back ducks, the
whistling swan, and the marbled godwit,
but many other species, particularly of
ducks and geese, are undoubtedly affected
by it, according to the bulletin.

Unfortunately, nothing can be done at
this time to protect waterfowl from lead
poisoning eirept to call attention to the
malady and to make known its cause and
symptoms. The department, however, de-
sires statistics on the numbers and species
of birds affected and asas that sportsmen
and others report to the Burcan of Bio-
logical Survey all cases that come to their
attention.

GOVERNMENT NEEDS DEPUTY
CHIEF OAME WARDEN.

The United States Department of Agri-
culture is In need of a well-qualified man,
not less than twenty-five nor more thai
forty-five years of age, to fill a vacancy
in the position of deputy chief United
States game warden, and the United

.Coot^lc

192

CAUFOBNIA nSH AND QAHX.

Btalei Civil Serrice Comiiiiulan will five
• miMt practical open competitive teet to
Mcuro the r'Ebt mail. The entrance
ular; will be between $2,500 and $3,000
a jear. Headquarter! nill be in Waah-
ington, D. C.

The duties of the poeition are to asiiat
ia admin ialering tbe law which gives
effect to the treat? between the United
States and Great Britain for the protec-
tion of migrator; birds and the Bectiona
of tbe United States Penal Code known
as the Lace; act : in tbe anperTision o(
United Stales game wardens end deputies
in the gathering of evidence and the
preparation of cases for prosecatioD of
allied violations of tbe federal game
tnA'K, anil in office administratioD : and
lo par.icipale in conferences in and out
of Waiibington with individtisls and
ori^nizn'^ions interested in wild life con-

fn accordance with lis practice in con-
nection with positions of this class, the
en by tbe Civil Service
1 not require the appli-
cants to appear in an examination room
for a mental test. Those who appi; will
receive a rating on their education and
prnclicai eiperieuce. weighted at 80
cent, and on a thesis on a selected g:
conservation subject, weighted at 20 per
cent. Those who attain a passing grade
will later be given an oral teat to deter-
mine their personal quatiGcations for the
position. Failure in this oral teat will
render the applicant ineligible for appoint-

Applications will be received b; the
Civil Service Commission up Co ani
eluding Octolier 28. Full information
and application blanks ma; be obtained
from I ho aecretar; of the local board of
civil service examiners at the post office
or customhouse in an; of 3.000 citie:
b; writing to the United States Civil
Scn'ice Commission, Washington, D. C.

ANGLERS, ATTENTION.
At last we have landed the articles
angling ;ou have been looking for. All
□f the Gne points of angling wil' be dis-
cussed. Read the Itrst of the series wbich
treats of dr;-S; flabing on page 1C& of
this issue and watch for the other articles
in the series furolsbed b; "R. L. M.
California," than whom there Is no better
writer on tbe subject

ADDITIONAL MIORATORV BIRD
TREATIES NEEDED.

In order to complete our program for
the protection of migrator; birda, it is aa
necessary for tbem to be protected in tbe
countries in ir-hich the; sojourn dnriox
winter months as in the territory (rberc
they breed and spend their time in spring.

It is therefore imperative that treaties
be entered into with the repnblica of
Mexico, Central and South America for
the protection of birds that, in the coarse
of their annual migration, pass frtun or
through the United States and tempo-
raril; sojourn in such countries. It is a
startling fact that wild duck are elangh-
tered by the millions in Mexico b; pot-
hunters, man; of whom use masked bat-
teries, and that they are sold in tbe
markets for tbe pitiful snm of tbre« centa

It is regrettable that tbe republics lying
lo the south of the United States hare
laws, but in tbe event those
enter into treaties with the
United States government for tbe pro-
lection of migrator; birds, in order to
csir; out the terma of such treaties, nch
countries will be required to enact and
to enforce laws making such treaties
effective.

A campaign of education should be at
once inaugurated in tbe Latin-Ainericaa
republics for the purpose of bringing to
tbe attention of tbe people the economic
value of birds and game, and the relation
of these resonrcea to the comfort, hanii-
ness and recreation «f man.

The question is, can the migrator; wild
life withstand tbe onslaugbts made upon
it for mercenary purposes b; inesp4Mi-
sible individuals in tbe Latin American
republics, without being snbiected to cer-
tain depletion and ultimate extinction?

Should the sportsmen of the coanti;
concur in the views brieS; set out in this
abort paper, let tbem bestir themselves b;
addressing communications to their mem-
bers of congress, and urging their active
influence and assistance in making tbe
treaties between the United States and
the La tin -American republics, for tlie pro-
teclion of migrator; birds, an accomi^ished
fact — John H. Waixacs:, CommisaioDH,
Dept. Game and Flab, Montgomer;, AJ*-

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CALIFORNIA FISH AND OAlffi.

198

tTATC FAIR EXHIBIT.

Tbc Fi(h u)d Game Comnuuion'i ax-
hibit at the State Fair at SacraroeDto,
ADKiiEt 30 to S«ptember 6, 1&19. waa tbe
moat pretentious yet attempted and
proved to be the biggest attraction at tbe
fair. A capable engineer was retained to
draw the plans and -Mr. Wm. F. Dabel-
stein. an artist of Satt FranciBco, executed
tbem. The nhole north end of the new
Agrti^ultnre Building was given over to
tbe exhibit. The main featnre of tbe ex-
hibit WHS a Cfdorama oi tlie Sierras with
Mounts Shasta, Lasseo and Whitney
looming up in the backgrouad and in the
loregroand the south end of Lake Tahoe

wonder, lor their bright colon would at-
tract aoycaie. The hardloeM of tbb
varletT of treat waa evideoeed by thalt
vigorous good health nhile in the
aquarium. Not a Ssh was lost in transit.
nor did one die during the ten days dura-
tion of the fair. The publications of the
commission were on display and wild life
nims were shown in the moiioo picture
Iheater twice daily.

QAME CENSUSES.
Uany states are inaugurflting a game
census to dclermine tue distribution aud
comparative abundance of dllfercnt va-
rieties. New York requires the wardens

at one end and a miniature of the Mount
Whitney Hatchery at the other. Several
miniature waterfalls tumbled down the
rocks into an artificial lake filled with
trout. The whole scene was made still
more attractive by a system of lighting
which successively showed the gray light
of dawn, the rosy tints of sunrise and the
light of full day.

Arranged in front of the panorama were
four large aquaria. Two of them showed
common introduced fish such as black and
striped bass, blne-gllled sunfish. crappie
and catfish, a third showed different
varieties of tront and a fourth was Slled
with the famous golden trout of the
Mount Wbitnej region. Great interest
was shown in the golden tront, and do

to report regularly on all eame seen and
uW requires a report of the game taken,
from each license holder. Minnesota has
just inau^irated a simitar census to be
made by wardens. Although such cen-
suses will doubtless give a basis for esti.
mating tbe abutidance of game, yet such
reports are necessarily so inaecurale that
California bas not instituted similar
work. It may be that at some future
date California will follow the lead of
these other states.

In the meantime J. S. Hunter, assist-
ant eieculive ofilcer, is contemplating ■
different sort of a census — one which
would perhaps bring in more dependable
data with lets work. Tbe number of
cartridges sold in the state, if It were

_nOO<^IC

CALIFORNIA FISH J

FbotogTApb by E

known, would allow an estimate ol the
game killed. Different sorts of earlridees
arc used tor the different kinds of game
birds and mammals and with due allow-
ance for game niEsed the total kill could
l>c approximated. The scouring of data
nloiic these lines would not be as difficult
as the requiring of reports from wardeoa
and hunters.

HCRY DEPARTMENT MOVES.

The Fislidiltural Department, lieaded by
Mr. W. H. Sbcbley, has moved to Sacra-
mento, where temporary offices have been
eslabtished in the Famm Building pend-
ing the more commodious quarters tielng

prepared in the new Capilol Bnildins-
Ail correspondence connected with tlw
Hatchery Department should hereafter be
addressed to Fisb and Game Connaissiop,

Department of Fishcuiture, Forum Build-
ing, Sacramento.

COLORED PRINTS OP OOLDEN

TROUT AVAILABLE.
A few copies of the beantilal litho-
graph of tbe golden trout which appeand
as tbe frontispiece of the Trout Number
of Caufoksia. Fish akd Ga.mb art
available for diBtributioD. Libraries and
schools are urged to procure copies for
framing. Send a two-cent stamp.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAUFOBNIA FISH AND OAMB. 195

FACTS OF OUBREMT DTTEEEST.

A nmnber of aliens who baye purchased citizens' banting licenses
have found that it does not pay. In each instance thejr have bad
tfaeir license confiscated and been made to pay a $D0 fine.

Splendid fish have been reared at the Yosemite and Eaweab
experimental batcberies, thus demonstrating the feasibility of con-
Btmcting permanent batcberies tJt these stations.
T' T' T-

State lion banter J. Brace recently succeeded in bagging four lions
in Tnolnmne Coimty.

T- T- T-

Plans are under way for a State Fisheries Laboratory to be located
near San Pedro. This will furnish working quarters for the scientific
staff of the Department of Commercial Fisheries and will give room
for an educational exhibit showing the work of the department.

-r T' T'

Nearly three-quarters of a million golden treat were sacceasfuUy
reared at the batcberies this year. Most of them will be planted in
the Southern Uigh Sierras, but some will be placed in the Tahoe
region.

T T' T'

So great was the demand for the Trout Number of CALIFORNIA
FISH AND GAME with its colored plates that the supply is prac-
ticalfy exhausted.

T" T" T

Hundreds of campers availed themselves of the public camp on the
hatchery grouuds near Tahoe City this past summer. It will be
remembered that several acres of land were set aside for campers by
the last legislature.

-r T" T-

Several additional wardens have been employed this past summer
to help patrol the state game refuges. Added protection has also
been accorded by the eight aeroplane patrols established by the
United States Forest Service.

Ducks are again dying from alkali poisoning in the Marysville
Butte region of the Sacramento Valley.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAUFOBNU FISH AND QAIII.

COMMERCIAL nSHERY NOTES.

N. B. SCOFIELD, Editor.

THE SALMON OF THE SACRAMENTO
NEED MORE PROTECTION.
It is believed that tlie SacrameDto
salmon are not being adeqaately pro-
tected and that Bcrious depletion may now
be tabing place. Witbln the last tew
years the salmon fisheries at Monterej
and Point Reyes, which draw upon tbe
Sacramento aupplj, have grown enor-
moualy. and as they have grown the catcb
on the Sacramento haa been correapond-
ingly less, in spite ol the fact that tbr
number o( nela on the river has increased
and that on accoant of the higher price
the fishermen fish more persistent!]'.

The present fall season on tlie Sacra-
mento remains open at least two weeks
too long. Several yean ago the season
closed on September m. It
tended by fiaherraeti and dealers that the
■almon were niniiiDg later each year and
thej succeeded in obtaining an open sea-
son until September 20. Later the season
was contiuued until September 25. Th<
object of the closed seassu la to protect
at least one-third of the run in order
that Ibey may pasa up the river unhin.
dered by nets and cast ttieir spawn in tbf
headwaters and by ao doing insure a con-
tinuous future suppb of salmon. With
the present season, oDe-thltd of the run
is not protected, for by the closing date.
September 25. the last of the run or so
much of it B3 is left has passed the nets
in San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay.
CarqiiJnez Straits and SuisuD Bay, a dis-
tance, favorable for the use of nets, of
nearly fifty miles. The aalmon worlc np
the bays and river slowly and after the
run has passed the lower Cnva tbe fisher-
men more up and continue (o catch them
in the lower river until the season finally
closes. The wonder is that any escape
The salmon which have escaped maki
their way to the spawning grounds which
are located mainly in the tributaries. Mil'
Creek, Battle Creek and McCloud River
In each of these tril>utarjes a spawn-
tahing station is operated to collect
salmon eges for the hatcheries. The
number of salmon reaching these statlonn
is becommg less each year ao that the
nnmber of eggs that nay be taken is now

only about one-Sftb what it was only a
few years ago. This decrease In the nnm-
twr of fish reaching the spawning grounds
is a ante sign of overfishing and it is self
evident the salmon should be protected
from this overfishing.

The Sacramento also has a sprine mo
of salmon or rather what is left of a
once large spring run. The salmoo of
this run enter San Francisco Bay dnriog
the winter and early spring and after
"seaping the trollera outside they have to
run the gauntlet of gill nets through the
bays and the river as far np as Colusa.
Above Colusa, as far as Vina, every place
the river sweeps round a bend with a
sandbar on the inside of the turn there is
a seining outfit which periodically sweeps
the deep hole where the salmon congre-
gate preparatory to ascending the next
^hallow stretch of the river. There are
some fifteen of these outfits operating on
the "seining bars" on tb« npper river.
And the salmon can not escape these
seines which sweep the holes where they
collect except during periods of very high
water. On the river below Colnsa and In
(he bays, there is no closed season to pro-
tect this spring run. On the river above
Colusa the season closes May IS, but this
'iate is BO late the run is all but over.

There is no salmon stream in North
America where nets are allowed for so
7reBt a distance up the stream aa on the
Sacramento. The nnmber of salmon
taken in these seines is not great, hot
they are the remnant of the spring run
ind they are a thousand times more
nluable for propagating the species than
or food. The hatchery of the United
states Bnreau of Fisheries at Baird on
the McCloud River is the only hatchery
which has collected spawn from the spring
Salmon ran, but at thia hatchery they
lave not attempted to take eggs from this
'un for the past six years for the reason
the number of salmon reaching that point
had become so small It was deemed in-
lufficient to warrant the expense of
operating.

Two things are quite obvious to anyone
who knows the facts. Seining and gill
netting In the upper river should be pro-

idovGoot^lc

OAIilFOBNU FISH AND QAHH.

hibited and tbe foil Maion nhoiild doM
earlier ao as to gire som* measare of
protection to tbe larger and more im-
IMirtaDt fall run. TroIliDg in the open
sea poagibly should be restricted. In-
veatigations which were began tbia year
bj the Fish and Game Oommisalon nnder
the direction of Dr. J. O. Snyder are
eipected to throw light on this point.

STRIPED BASS TAKEN IN MISSION
BAY, SAN DIEQO COUNTY, CALI-
FORNIA.

Mr. A. G. Pearson of San Diego re-
ports that on or about Jane 20, 1911), he
took several amell striped bass ranging
from five to eiefat ini^hes in lenetb. in
San Diego River near lis ontlet into
Mission Bay.

On October 26, 1&16. eighteen hundred
small striped bass were planted near the
month of San Diego River by the Fish
and Game CommisBion. and since that
time Bmall striped bass have on several
occasions been observed near the place of
planting. As far as is known, only the
one plant has been made in soutbem Cali-
fornia and striped bass have never before
been reported soath ot Monterey Bay.
The fry at the time of planting were
between two and three Inches lone, being
fish of the year, spawned in April or May,
1916. If these fry had grown at the rate
they do in San Francisco Bay tbe; would
have reached the size of Ave to eight
Inches In 1917, during their second year.
If the fry reported by Mr. Pearson are
some of the fry liberated in 1916 they are
in their fourth year and their rate of
growth has been remarkably slow. It is
suggested that these five- to eight-inch liah
are the progeny of tbe Ilsh planted in
1916, bnt tbat can hardly be as a suffi-
cient length of time has not elapsed, for
it is pretty certa'n that striped bass do
not spawn earlier than their fourth year
and tbe fish planted in 1916 would not
complete their fourth year until the
spring of 1920. It would seem more
probable tlut striped bass plants bave
been made of wblcb we have no record or
else striped bass which are plentiful in
Monterey Bay have strayed to the south
and occasionally spawn as far sonth as
San Diego.

The striped baas is not native to the

Pacific coast, but was introduced from
tbe Atlantic coast in tbe early seventies
and since that time has trecome quite
plentiful.

KELP HARVESTING MAY BE
RESUMED.
During tbe period of the war nearly
four thousand tons of kelp were harvested
each year in California waters. Upon tbe
signing of the armistice practically all
harvesting ceased as potash could not be
extracted from the kelp economically
enough to compete with tbe foreign potash
which it was expected wonld be imported
again in large quantities. In eitracting
potash from kelp many by-products were
obtained which had never before been
obtained in commercial quantities. As
yet most of these by-products have not
found a market. Much progress was
made in developing more economical
methods of obtaining tbe potash from kelp
and it was hoped that if a market could
be found for the by-products the kelp
plants could continue to operatp, but the
armistice came sooner than eipected and
the plants closed down. Sioce then
efforts have been made to place a duty on
foreign potash, but as yet congress has
taken no definite action. Efforts have
also beeo made to Bud markets (or the
by-products and now one or more new
companies which believe Ibey have found
the solution expect to resume the harvest-
ing of kelp. The future of the industry
will depend less on the value of the potash
extracted than on tbe other chemicals
which should be valuable when com-
mercial uses for Ihem can be found.

SARDINE RUN AT MONTEREY.

The sardioe season at Monterey has
been earlier than that usually conaidered
normal. Canneries were ruacing full
capacity during July and August Dur-
ing August the run was exceptionally
large and the fish unusually firm and of
good quality. This year tliere were more
crews fishing sardines than ever before,
forty-five crews operating, or an increase
of seven crews over last year. The short-
age of cans during cne fruit season
greatly curtailed the size of the sardine
pack, which otherwise bid fa^r to break
all records for this locality.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

196

CAUFOBNIA riBH AND OAHB.

STEELHEAO.

It ii olteD said bj apartunen tbat itael-
bead trout do cot take tbe book in open
salt water. Am contrary evidence a 3}-

VoanA (cleaned weight) steelbead was
caught Julf 23, 1919, □□ the hook in tbe
open Monterey Baj and the local fisber-
men cla-m that Buch a catch is no great
rarity. Several sleelbead were also taken
this year on the Mendocino Conntv coast
by the same method while fialiing for
salmon. During tbe BUtnmpr of 1930
mBDj steel head were taken, duriue a
period of sii weeks, by trolling off Sequel
in Monterey Bay. Mane of the trout
nere cangbt a mile olf shore.

SEAWEED AS FOOD.

The Chinese consider Bonic of our sea-
weeds a very desirable basis (or aoups
and several Monterey Chinamen make a
business of catering to this demand. The
weed is sun-dried and sacked, but beld in
the sack for further drying before ship-
ment. During the last five montba about
1,450 pounds, dry weight, have been
shipped to such eastern points as Chicago,
Cleveland, San Antonio and Newark.

SALMON AT MONTEREY.
The king salmon aeason Just closed at
Monterey resulted in one-half the normal
E-ason catch. The early i-un was not
caught heavily because of a fishermen's
strike and the late season tun was light
and ended early. The run of silver-Bide
salmon was also light, hut elteniled over
a longer period than is usually credited
to this fish. Tbe silver salmon is said to
suddenly appear in Monterey Bay, run
heavily for a few days and suddenly dis-
appear, but notes kept on the liH9 season
^how them as caught in small numbers
between May 10 and July 'IC,. with a
heavy catch on four or five days during
tbe period.

DRY SALTING FISH AT MONTEREY.

There are at present twelve firms en-
gaged in tbe business of hard or dry
salting fish at Monterey, representing an
approximate investment oC $50,000. One
firm has invested $7,000 in equipment
since last year. In addition, there are
eight freab-fisb dealers who do consider-
able dry salting during otherwise slack

periods. Several firms that operated
last year have not yet opened np for
business, September and October being
tbe big months in the hard saJtiDg in-
dustry. Tbe diief product is sardines in
the form of salacbini pressed into round
100, G5 and 50 ponnd tabs. Anchovies
are usually put up in 5, 8 and 10 pound
cans although some anchovy and sardine
paste is made. Mackerel is salted in 200-
pound barrels.

As jet the trade will not take any
great quantity of these relatively new
products on tb's coast, but the hard aalt
bnsiness promises to develop into a well
established and increasingly large indua*
try in the future.

SQUID AT MONTEREY.

This year for the first time in several
years squid have been caught in quantity
at Monterey. Three Chinese Arms bave
dried this season about 1,772,000 pounds
(fresh weight) of squid. Three tons of
wet squid furnish one ton dried. Due to
high labor cost this year the squid were
not cleaned, merely dried on the ground,
raked up and sacked. Fishermen wei«
paid $10 per tan for the catch and the
dried product sacked ready for shipment
is valued at 6 to 7 cents per ponnd.
Practically alt (his sacked product is
shipped to China.

In addition, small quantities of sciuid
have been canned in half pound rounds.
The appreciation of fresh squid as a table
delicacy is slowly growing, but people
who doli';bt in oysters and eels nsuallj
balk at squid tentacles till they bave tried

DO FISHERMEN GO FAR ENOUGH TO
SEA TO GET THE FISHT

It is the belief of seuii' of tbe cannera
of southern California tliai such pelagic
fisb as tbe tunas and albacorca may be
found in large numbers farther olT shore
than the fisliermen usually fish. As tli;
tuna canning industry has grown tlic
fishermen have been getting larger boats
and arc fishing, during the latter part of
the season, twenty to thirty milea off
shore. Incoming ships have observed
what they bave taken to be schools of
long finned tuna ("albacore") some two
hundred miles olf shore. To determine if

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFOBNU FISH AND QAHE.

199

these fish are abundant at tbia distance
off shore the Fiab and Game Com m is-
aioD'B launch "Albacote" was detailed to
make an investigatian and succeeded in
finding albacore in abundance near San
Nicholas or about eighty miles off the
mainland. If these fiah can be found in
numbers at a greater distance off shore,
larger fishing boats will be built and
preparations made to Gab farther at sea
wjien tuna are not to be found closer to

UAROE SALMON CATCH AT FORT
ORAQQ.

While the salmon catcu this summer at
Monterey was only balf the usual amount
the catch of soimon by trolling has been
exceptional! J large in the vidnity of
Point lleyes in Alarin County and near
Fort Bragg and Shelter Cove on the
northern California coast. The data has
not yet been compiled, but it is believed
the catch at Point Reyes as well as the
catch near Fort Bragg has been double
tbat of last year.

THE SACRAMENTO RUN OF SALMON.

After the opening of the season on the
Sacramento River August 1, salmon ran
in small numbers until August 28, wb^n
the fisbermen began to get large catches
in their gill nets and everything indicated
tbat what is termed the "fall run" was
on. Th; fiiih appeared to be larger than
average aod several very large individuals
have been recorded. One was landed at
the plant of the Western Fiah Company
nt Pittsburg which exceeded seven Ij
pounds in weight. No scales were taken
from this salmon iu order that its age
might be determined, hut Judging from
otber large individuals whose age was
determined from an exammation of their
scales it was not tesa than acven rears old.

Tbe appearance of the salmon being
delivered at Pittsburg early in September
would indicate that they would spawn
early this year. They had more the ap-
pearance of fish which run three weeks
later aud it was argued by the fish dealers
that tbe salmon run would end much
sooner than usual.

CAUFORNIA FISH AND OAHB.

Fig. 83. SceD! on Noyo RlTcr il

AND Gaue for

4. Number 4,

rcnrrence ot Ihe

I tka:ard, wns

NOTES FBOM THE STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY.*

By Will F. Titoupso:« and Elueb ITiggiks.

Be VCD teen til of August, and the laat od tbe
twcuty-secoud. Other catches at earlier
aud later dates were undoubted!; made,
but the data hare not yet beeu obtained
frnra tbe statistical records. Tbe average
weight ot thpse fiah was 1.3 pounds before
cteAuiug, and the loss of weight in clean-
ing nnd preparing for canning was very
high. Therefore those canneries whicli
accepted the species at the start of tbe
run later refused to take any except for
fertilizer.

It may be noted in connection with
this specios that mention of very young
tuna or albacore may refer to the taking
ur observation of schools of the frigate
mackerel. Fishermen unfamiliar with
them, as was uGualty tbe case, were in-
clined to promptly refer them to tbe
young of other species of the tuna eronp,
rrequenlly the blae-fln.— W. F. T.

In Califob7«ia Fisn
October, 1918 (Volome
page 1S3), the Bret oc
frigate mackerel. Aurt.
noted. This was one of the remarkable
features of the unusual summer season of
lOlS. At that time small catches were
made in company with cniclies of skipjack
{Euthi/nnut), yellow-lin tuua and some
mackerel {Scomber). Tb's year slightly
. larger individual boat catches were made
of tbe frigate mackerel, but as tbe ma-
jority of the canneries refused them, thpy
were not brought in as often. One catch
of five tons was recorded by a single
boat on the nineteenth of August The
first noted by the writer came in on the

•Callfor

tributlon No. 12.

a Fisheries Laboratory,

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

OALIFOBNU FISH AND OAICB.

201

THE SPAWNING OF THE ORUNION.

In Fish Balletin No. 3, relatinf to the
spawn id; of Levretthei fcniiif, tbe
KTunioD, there Is f'rea on page 14 ■ chart
■bowing the relat'oD of the tide* to the
tpawDing timefl. As the paper waa pab-
liabed on Jnlf 15, before tbe ipawniiiR
trason nas over, no apawntiiK periods
were sliowii in Jul; and Atiguat. How-
ever, since then, runs were observed on
July 15, July 16 and August 14.

Tbe runa on July 15 and 19 were small,
but larger than that on August 14. Tbe
full moon occurred July 13 and Atucnst 11
(Greenwich mean civil time). Mr. Henry
Shands, a field auiataot for the labora-
tory, observed the run during July in the
absence of the writer, and states that it
was noticed by a considerable number ol
people, who remained on the beach to
collect tbe fish. The run during AagnBt
was observed by the writer, but so few
fisb were noticed that It aeemed an acd-
dent to have taken them at all. Hence,
altbough tbe fiah were obtained on but
one night, this fact does not mean that
R run ion did not run tbe usual three
nighta. No people were observed on tbe
beach capturing the Bah. this fact cor-
roborating the observed small size of the

It will be noted, from the above-
ment'oned chart, that August 14 was the
last date on which the gmnion miibt be
expected to run during the year 1919.-
W. F. T.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN
BIOLOQY.

Among additions to the library is
series of pablicatioas from the Canadii
Biological Stations,* being studies made
ander the direction of the Biological
Board of Canada, Professor E. E. Prince.
Commissioner of Fisheries, Chairman.
Included with them is a volume devoted
to the Canadian Fisheries Expedition
(Department of the Naval Service 1919)
during which material waa gathered for
studies of tbe Canadian herring, the eggs
and larm of tbe eastern coast of Canada,
the hydrography of the region, etc., by
Dr. Johan Hj'ort, and various associates.
The publications are noteworthy, aside

■Contributions to Canadian Biology.
Slupplements to the Annual Reports of
the Department ot Marina and Flaheries,
Fisheries Branch, Ottawa. Canada.

from the undoubted merit of tbe con-
tributions, in that throughout many re-
t numbers there is an attempt to apply
American species the techuiqne de-
veloped during the study of European
fisheries by the International Coundl for
the Study of tbe Sea.

Tbe volume published under the direc-
tion of Dr. Johaii HJort includes in its
ra two papers which are in good part
general in character, dealing with the
principles of the Norwegian work on the
life history of the herring and of hydro-
graphic work, the former by Einar Lea
and the latter by J. W. Sandstrom.
These papers will well repay the perusal
both of tbe beginner and ot the investiga-
tor, especially in the absence of general
works dealing with the subjects. —
W. F. T.

BLUE-FIN AND YELLOW-FIN TUNA.

The catch of blue-Sn tuna during 1&19
was largely the work of purse seine boats.
operating during tbe last part of the
season in the northern waters around
Ssnta Cruz Island. However, during tbe
height of the run off Catalina Island, the
schools Invaded the prohibited wat«rs of
District 20. Tbe statistics of the catch
obtained during the subsequent weeks do
not, therefore, give an accurate idea of
the abundance of the fish because of the
attempts of the spiners to evade the law,
and the issuance of an injunction (August
13) against deputies seeking to enforce It.
They are accurate, of coorse, in regard to
tbe quantity taken.

A potential source of more serious
error in statistics arose during the last
part of August in the confusion by tbe
weighers. of yellow-fin with blue-fin tuna.
The albacore boats began, about the
twenty-fifth of August, to bring in num-
bers of large yellow-fin tuna (Germo
macroptfrut) , landing them at the can-
neries, in company with many smaller
tuna. A close examination of these fish
throughout tbe period of their run, which
was not over on September 2. proved
these fish to be usually of the one spedes,
the "yellow-fin'" tuna. It will be, in fact,
a safe procedure to call nearly all tuna
caugbt by albacore boats (other than
combination net boats, which were not
operating) during this period this species.
In contradistinction to the blie-fiu timi

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

OAUFORNU FISH AN1> QUtB.

landed by the parse Bcine boats. But that
even th's leaves a certain errc
deniable, Dombers ol blue-Sn taoa being
brought in.

This is, incidentally, the flnt y
whidi these large yellon-fin tuna have
been taken iu this quantity in these
waters. Last year the yellow-fin tuna
taken were small, always under 80 pounds,
while this year 75-pound fish (cleaned)
were not rare, and one of them weighed
176 pODUds cleaned, and was 66 'nches in
length. In fact, the blue-Gn, or leaping,
tuna did not exceed the size of these Bah.
It was not to be wondered at that these
large, magnificent fish were at once called
leaping tuua, traditionally the largest of

However, the writer has satisfied hi
self by careful eiaminatiou of a consider-
able aeries of fish that confusion need
arise but very rarely between the speci
Careful measuremeDts have been taken of
tho body and fiu proportions and
pared according to standard methods used
by ichthyologists Id dlstiuguiahing species,
but the more obvious characteristics may
be reviewed here for the use of those who
wish them, in view of the need for
accuracy in statistics.

Color. The high fius above and below
the fish (dorsal and anal fins) are usually
tinged with yellow in tbe yellow-fio tuna,
while they are as a rule dark in the blue-
fin. The small finleta behind these are
Qsually a brighter yellow in the yellow-
fin.

The lower side of the body in both
species bears characteristic markings,
especially in the young. In the yellow-fin
the marks tend to arrange themselves in
alternate narrow traoH verse lines and
rows of spots, and are smaller than those
of the bine-fin, in which the spots are
generally in trangveiae rows without in-
tervening lines. Id both species these
spots become lengthened toward the tail.
When freshly caught the yellow-fin, the
young especially, baa a strong lemon
yellow tinge over most of the body, which
is lacking in the blue-fin.

Pectoral fin. The length of the long
side fin is the most obvious and reliable
character by which the species can be di»-
tingnisbed, but very rarely a yellow-fin
ia found with a short fin. In the yellow-
Qn tbia side fin is almost always slightly

shorter than the head, measured from tlie
tip of the anont, and is not less than five-
siilhs of its length. In the blue-fin, this
side fin is always less than two-thirds irf
the head length, and usually but three-
fifths.

Bead. The yellow-fin tuna has, as a
rule, bat not invariably, a shorter head
than the blue-fin has.

Trunk of the body. The yellow-fin has
a very noticeably shorter trunk than the
blae-fin, if the "trunk" is considered the
length before the two fins situated above
and below the body. This holds only
wben fish of a size are compared and very
large fish are likely to be bard to distin-
guish. The posterior part of the body
where the finlets are ia nevertheless more
drawn out in the yellow-fin in compariaon
with the rest of the fish. Up to a certain
length the fish seems to grow faster pos-
teriorly, the young yellow-fin of 25 inches
in length being similar in this charac-
teristic to blue-fin of 45 inches.

Height of fini. The height of the two
fins, one above and one below the body
(dorsal and anal), differ markedly In the
two species, but only when specimenB of
a size are compared. Yellow-fin tuna
have higher fins (or longer, according to
the way they areconsidereo) but a yellow-
fin of 30 inches in length has fins about
aa long in proportion as a blue-fin of 45
or 50 inches, although those of a 45-inch
yeltow-fiu exceed the length of those of
the blue-fin by a fourth of their length.

Tlie eve. Tbe eyes in the blue-fin tnna
are actually nearly equal to those in
yellow-fins of tbe same size, but because
of the larger head in the bIne-Sn, they
ppear much smaller. The diameter of
the eye in the bine-fin averages 3.2 per
■ of the length of the body, and is
about one-ninth of the head length,
whereas that of the yellow-fin is 3.2 per
cent of the body length, but alKint one
eighth of the head lengtb.— W, P. T.

THE OCCURRENCE OF THE LOUVAR.

On August 6, a large Gsb was brought
into the canneries at Fish Harbor, San
from the west end of Catalina
Island, and excited much comment as a
probable hybrid between a pompano and
a yellowtail. This proved far from the
truth, however, the specimen in reality
being a member of the "wide-ranging"

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAUTORHU nsH AND QAME.

■peciea Duvams imjieriaii* RafiDetqa?.
oace preclooBlr recorded from Catalioa
Island by Jordan &. Starks Id 1906 (t
taken by Dr. C. P. Holder). It wai ■
exceedingly sctiTe fish uid very difficult
to handle, although the small mootfa end
fine bristle-like teeth do not indicate
predaceons habits.— W. F. T.

THE ABSENCE OF THE DOLPHIN
FISH.

!□ 191S (he dolphin fish, Cotvpluma.
was frequently taken in local waters, and
[hia fact was then often cited as evidence
of a bad year for the Qshingf of albacore.
However, this year the dolphin has not
;et been in evidence (September 15), as
far as we are able to determine, although
the albacore season is far from nonnal.
Indeed, the similarity between 1918 and
1919 is marked, the skipjacks lEuthyit-
niM) having been running in quantity as
they did last year, the frigat« mackerel
having appeared again, and the year being
remarkable as before for the predominance
of the Innas.— W. F. T.

TWO RARE FISHES.

To the lists of fish, new or rap
southern California waters, previooaly
pabliahed may be added two species which
came to the lahoralory in Jnne.

Four specimenB of the pomfret, Brama
rail (Bloch), were taken from a gill net
Dear San Pedro by Mr. B. M. Nielson.
The pomfret is an excellent food Gab
found in open seas, widely distributed,
but taken only occasionally ui our eastern
or western coasts or in Europe.

Several specimens of Ct>l«labi» taira
(Brevoort) were sent to ds from San
Diego by Mr. P. B. Clark, where they
were taken along with a school of
dines in a round-haul net The species is
recorded from several localities on our
California coast but is said to be very
tare. This same species is occasionally
found in large schooU :n Japan. — R. H.

THE "DAY" AND "NIQHT" SURF-
FISHES OF NORTHERN CALI-
FORNIA.

Captain A. C. Tibbetts of Eureka,
California, writes to the undersigned as
follows :

" • • • state that the 'grunion' is
tbe fiab known here as the 'night aurf-

fisb.' There is another known as the
'day surf-Gsb.' bolb rarietips being caught
ia dip nets. \a the same locality, vis,
betn«!n Trinidad and Mad River. Tbe
catch and dry these in large
__.B. The 'day-fish' is larger than
ight-Sah,* has a yellowisb tinge, the
flesh is softer, aud lo my taste ia inferior
to the 'night-fiGh.' On the ninth instant
(of August) I saw both kinds cm sale at
one of the Eureka markets. Small
coasters runnioR to the Klamatb River
bring oci^sionally to this place what is
termed 'candle-fish.' Theite, even when
salted and smnlted. bum freelr it a lighted
malcb is applied to the tail. .The Klamath
River, as far as I know, is the only
stream near here thai fumishea this fish.
All [bree of the alwve fishes have tbe
appearance of smelt."

One of these species is Tlutteichthyt
pacificug, the eulacbon or candle fish ;
another ia protiably tfypomeiu* pretioiu*.
the surf-smelt, but we are not at all sure
Chat the third is the grunion, Leuretthri
Icnuit. Both ilallotut iillogvt, the cape-
tin, and f.carctthri tenuit are surf
spawners and might pOHsibly occur, and
aa the latter has not as yet been re-
corded north of Long Beach, considerable
caution sfaonld be uaed in reaching a de-
ciaion.— W. F. T.

THE OCCURRENCE OF THE ALBA-
CORE NORTH OF SAN FRANCISCO.
Captain A. C. Tibbetts has also in-
formed us that on September 22, ISM, he
captured three albacore off the northern
coast of California. His tetter reads in
part SB follows :

"While in command of the schooner
'Volant,' 1 was coming from the west-
ward, bound for Humboldt Bay, and in-
stead of gettiog northerly winds aa ex-
peclfil at this time of year, the wind
can II' in fresh from the southward, in-
rreasing to a strong soulheaslor as we
approached the coast, resulting in our
closing with the land to northward aa
well as to leeward of our port. The wind
after some houra nioderaleil, and changed
to light northwest. While ronnine for
ITumboldt Bar, at foor to five knots
speed, somewhere between Redding Rock
ana Trinidad Head. I no'iced fish working
the same as they sometimes do on the
coast of southern California, and out of
curiosity threw a cod line with a white
rag on the hook over the stem, and when
the line straightened out got an albacore.
Caught three, as fast as they could be
unhooked and the line put out again.
The fish appeared to be abundant, but
those taken were dirtying things up
around the after part of the deck, so
fishing was stopped.

idovGoOt^lc

201

OALIFOBNU nSH AND OAlfX.

CapUin Tibbette U lam'Uar witb alba-
core, having taken them south of San
FrSDcisco. He belieTes the long louth-
erly blow had reversed the usual coastal
current and brought wanner water with
it. Eitracta from his log-book are given
in his letter.

He also {October 17, 1883) record*
the occurrence o( akipjacka {premmablT
Eulhynimi) in considerable nnmberB 120
miles west of Trinidad, over what be
thought to be a small ondiarted area ot
sboal water, but in an area not now
traveled to any extent — W. P. T.

OONSEBVATION IN OTHZB STATES.

tIEW YORK OPENS NEW HATCHERY.

The CouHervBtion Commission of New
York announces that the new fish hatch-
ery at Dunkirk has l>eeD opened. This la
the largest and moat completely equipped
of the twelve hatcheries maintaiued by
New York and will be used largely for
the propagation of the lake or greenback
herring.

QAME REFUGES IN MINNESOTA.

Game refuges may be established with-
out hearing in the state of Minnesota
when all landowners concerned join in a
petition. A public hearing is required
otherwise. All state parks and state
forest reserve lauds ate game refugea.

WASHINQTON FORMS STATE
SPORTSMAN'S ASSOCIATION.

Washington sportsmen have formed an
organization to further the interesta ot
ell the sportsmen of that state. The ob-

ject is to assist in the propagation and
protection of game ajiimala, birds and
fish, to influence legislation toward this
end, and to promote sach aodal conditions
as are incident to the sport of hunting
and angling. Its rapid pro«Te«a voices
itself in the slogan, "One thousand mem-
ber* in 1919."

QUEBEC ESTABLISHES BIRD
REFUOES.
Great bird colonies situated on Islands
In the Gulf of St lawrence have been
set aside as game refugee by the parlia-
ment of the province of Quebec There
are three definite areas in the county of
Gaspe which are included. The first,
known as Perce Rock, a breeding place
for herring gulls and crested connorants,
Bonaventure Island with the largest sur-
viving colony of the gaimet, and the cele-
brated Bird Rode, the aortheramost of the
Magdalen Islands. Rigorous provislona of

T,Goo<^lc

CAUFORNIA FISH AND OAMB.

205

the law prohibit the moleatatioo of the
birds' DeatB or eggs, the carrying of a gun
or other bnoting gear within a mile of
the refngea. An; boat ased in violation
of the law ia liable to confiieation and
heary penaltieB of fine or imprisonment
are pravided.

PENNSYLVANIA PUNISHES
VIOLATORS.

Severe sentences are becoming the mle.
In the FUhitig Qaeelte vre resd that

Clyde Wilsoocroft and Itoy Reynold* of
Dmry'a Ran, F«DiiBy!Tatiia, were arrested
by the state police for illegal Bihing.
Each had sixty -fl«e treat in his p
alon. The men were giv^n a bearint
before Squire Griffey, of Rerono,
Sned $600 eacb, or |10 tor each
caught. Not being able to pa; tbe fine,
both men must serve &50 daj> In Che
count; jail.

LIFE HISTORY NOTES.

WEIGHTS OF MULE DEER.
Extravagant Htatcmenta regarding the
weights of mole deer are current. Most
weights given are mere estimates. It \b
worth while, therefore, to record the
weights of two bucks taken in the Granite
Monataina, Washoe Connty, Nevada.
about September 1, lOOS. Careful
weights tahen on steelyards showed 217
ponndfl and 220 ponods after the entrails
and feet had been removed. A dressed
forked horn weighed 180 pounds. — F. P.
Cadt.

DEER CAPTURED IN LAKE TAHOE.
On Jaoaary 26, 1910, Henry Ssll, the
caretaker of tbe Hellman resort on I^ake
Tahoe, discovered a doer swimming in
Lake Tshoe about three-quarters of a
mile out from land, and he immediate!;
took after it in a boat It was in an
exhausted condition, and showed marks
of having been attacked by a coyote or
other anlmala. Mr. Sail took the deer
home and took speraat csre of it, and
Mr. HellnaQ procured a permit from the
Fish and Game Commission to keep it.
After keeping the deer in captivity for a
week carefnlty chained, it wss given ilB
freedom, sod aioce then it has never
strayed away from the property even
though it has absolute freedom to roam
over 43 acres of ground. It has adopted
the house cat, seven setter dogs and one
Airedale dog. The deer appeared to be
about ei^t months otd wben captured.
Its mate was found later by J. E. Pomiu
of Idlewild, near the Hellman propert;,
partly devoured by coyotes.— Jobbph H.

SASDBBi.

OREGON OCBARIAN FAWN A MOST
HEALTHY LITTLE ONE.
At Neskonin, Tillamook Count;, Ore-
gon, during Ihe summer of 1017 deer
bounds weve heard bach in tbe mountainR,

Soon they appeared on the beach, having
dr'ven out a doe. The weary doe made
for the breakers and started for the rocks,
then well covered with water. Later
when the tide receded a search was made
for the deer. She was found on the rock,
but in an effort to reach safety her front

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

206

CAUFOaNIA PISH AND GAME.

leg was broken. But, sadder yet, abe was
witb fawn. Her life waa taken and a
Ceaarian was quickly undertaken by tbe
rancher. Tba wee twin buck bad been
injured and was dead, but "Fawnie" was
soon read; to eat. It was miles to any
hygienic nipple and tMttle, so one was
improvised with a cork and atraw. A
bed and warmneBS was soon prartded, bnt
in a few days tlie little beggar preferred

tbe bard floor — perhaps it was more like
the sunny mountain aide. Soon she was
weaned and drank from the cup. Dayi
and weeks passed, and what a pet! She
was ever free to return to tbe mountains
at any time, but she liked ber foster
mother too well. Later ehe was sent to
tbe State Hospital Vann nesjr Salem,
wiiere ahe is now well cared for. — Jane
Fet Walbh.

UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE 00-OPEBATION.

Probably in no aeason since the Forest
Service began Its active campaigns oC &re
protection, road building, apd the survey-
ing of summer home sites and other
projects which lend toward making the
summer vacations of the mountain-loving
people of California more attractive and

PliotOErapli by H. W. Brannna.

beneficial, has it beeo so handicapped by
the lack of eipcriciired men as it was
during the summer of 1918. It whh the
war, of cntirsp. Itul in spite of tlia fact
tbat it wua not able to put on so many
men as formerly during the summer, and
in many cases one man was doing the
work of two in ordinary years, no lack of
interest was displayed in ita co-operation

with the Fish and Game C
sincere interest in tbe protection and per-
petuation of tbe game resources of tbe
state is evident in ail the reports from
the Forest Supervisors, and in many in-
stances it is (he forest rangers who
come forward with cons true tive sugges-
tions for the improvement of game con-
ditions. This is due partly to the fact
tbat all Forest Service ofliciais know thaX
wild life is as much a natural resource
as timber, and that it should be uaed
wisely nnd under the proper regulations,
and partly because they wish to asaisi the
State Commission through its local rep-
resentatives who are in many localities a
part almost of the Forest Service orgsoi-
zation, good fellowshli) nud mutual help
being tbe rule between rangers and game

DEER (N THE NATIONAt. FORESTS.
In looking over the reports we find
that 2,»13 deer were kilted in tbe
National Forests last season. Tbis is an
accurate record and is only what is
actually known of tbe kill. In many
cases the Forest Supervisors say that this
does not represent the actual kill, whidi
might readily be estimated at 10 or 15
per cent higher. In most localities tbey
are holding their own and in some a de-
crease has been noticed. The chief factors
wliich affect and have a direct bearing on
the number are the ertension of the road
system under the spur of the antoist, and
the increasing number of people wlw
spend part of their vocation in the moun-
tains. The most senous factor is tbe
apparent increase in the coyotes and
mountain lions. Tbe campaign conducted'
by counties, the Biological Survey and the
state has not yet (from the reports) been

C&LirOBNIA PISH AND GAHE.

207

tDteuiive enough to rid tbe moaat&iiiB of
thMfi pests to any appreciable degree.
UotesB it is carried on more forcefally we
are liable to see a Hteadr, il not rapid,
decrease in tbe deer. Wbere sheep ace
graced in tbe mountains during the sum-
mer months tbe coyott^s seem to prefer
them as a more easy prey than tbe deer,
attaclcing the latter only in the winter.
But where few sheep are grazed tbe re-
ports are emphatic in (he assertion tbat
coyotes do more damage than the banters.
In parts of the Klamath Forest it is Im-
poaaible lo raise sheep or goals unless
kept within a fence, and in other sheep
nUsiDg countries tbe coyotes talcs a
eerioos toll every year.

placable foe of the deer than the coyote,
and if it should become as widespread in
its range and habilat it would mean the
Bure and early doom of the deer. For-
tunately, at present, tbe Klamsth, Trinity.
Shasta, California, and Santa Barbara
Forests are the only ones that report
seriouB trouble, although the El Dorado,
Steoislaus and Sierra report an increase
in the QumbefB of lion in tbe last year.

Here the trouble is traced to tbe Yosemitf
National Park, which has been a breeding
groutid for tfaem, as no hnuting or
trapping is allowed except by Park
Bangers or govemment hunters. Higher
bounties and more vigorous prosecutioD
of the work of eiterminatioD of both the
lion and the more prevalent and destruc-
tive coyote are vigorously recommended.

A (isiiiog day for the Owens River
Valley, when almost the entire population
closes stores and homes and goes out to
catch the Urst trout of the season, has,
according to Supervisor Jordan, become
an eslablisbed i

STRANGE DEER KILLED.
Ranger Harley of the Klamath Forest
reports the killing of a pure white deer
and a pure black one, and adds that he
has seen a third and greater wonder in
tbe deer line, one with white head, neck,
legs and belly, and cream colored sides
and back.

REPORTS.

SEIZURES— FISH, QAME AND ILLEGALLY USED FISHING APPARATUS.
March 1, 1919, to June 30, 19ia.

Deer meat __ 345 pounds

Ducks _ _ S2

Quail .1"II"I"I"I~I;11II11""II1"11"11""?^I""^I1III11"11"1'I 12

Deer heads 2

Aigrettes 59

FUk.

Smelt _ - _ 8 pounds

Halibut 3,650 pounds

Trout - 78 pounds

Barracuda , 1.591 pounds

Striped baas - , 1,971 pounds

Black bass .— ._■ 9 pounds

Catfish _ 178 pounds

Salmon .„ 476 pounds

Yellow fin croaker 23,600 pounds

Grabs _ 1.031

PIsmo clams 1,933

Abaloaea — 383 pounds

Abalones (dried) -_ _ 1,157 pounds

Lobsters - 8

Dried shrimps 1,200 pounds

Set lines 3

Illegal nets 3

Searchet.
Illegal fish and game ^-^ 28 i

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OAUPOBNIA FISH AND QAUE.

VIOLATIONS OF FISH AND QAME LA'
March 1, 1»1S, to Jure 30, 1*19.

Hunting without a license 7 $155 00

Doer— close season— illllng or possession 22 460 00

Female deer, spike buehB, fawns— killing or possession 2 50 00

Running deer with dogs — close season ' 1 25 00

Illegal deer hides I 25 00

BeluHing to show license on demand 3 35 00

Selling an eagle 1 5 00

Nongame birds— killing or possession 5 55 00

Cottontail BDd brush rabbits — close season— killing or pos-
session 3 75 00

Wild pheasant-close season-killing or possession 1 ICO 00

Tree squirrel— close season— killing or possession 1 —

Goose and mudhens— close season—kllliDg or possession 1 25 00

Ducks— close season— killing or possession 1 50 00

Golden eagle In possession 1 25 00

IKives— close season- killing or possession 3 50 00

Quall-eloae season- killing or possession 3 75 00

Black sen brant— close season— killing or possession.. 1 -

Total game violations _ 57 $1,210 00

Angling without license 16 »430 00

Fishing (or profit without a license 19 100 00

ReFusIng to show license on demand I 25 00

Olams — undersize— close season—taking or possession 9 2S0 00

Crabs- undersize — close season— taking or possession ' 10 80 00

Using a set line 2

Offering trout for shipment by parcel post 2 SO 00

Trout— close season— excess limit— taking or possession 17 410 00

Trout— taking other than by hook and line , 2 i 50 00

Cattish— undersize— offering (or sale 3 00 00

Salt water eels— undersize— taking or possession 2 120 00

Using & fish trap 1 100 OO

Dried shrimps- possession 2

Abaloncs— close season— undcrslze-taklng or possession 26 i 550 00

Spring lobsters— close seoson-underslze— taking or posses-
sion _ .„„_,. ■■ 4 I 80 00

Sturgeon— close season— undersize— taking or possession 3 4D 00

Black bass— close season-underslze— taking or possession— 1 20 00

Black bass- taking other than by hook and line 1 j 50 00

Striped bass— undersize— excess limit— taking or possession '.

Perch- buying or selling— close season 2 1 30 00

Selling young flsli lor bait 1 , 20 00

Taking salmon with snag hook 1 ' 100 00

Buying and selling salmon taken In District No. 1— close

1 limit - - :^ 300 00

Total flsh violations -_ 132 (2,965 00

Grand total llsh and game violations 188 14,195 00

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

OAUPOBNU FISH AND OAUE.

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CAUPOHKIA yiSH AND GAME.

INDEX TO VOLUME 5.

Abalone. 45. CS, 93, 96, 101. 162, 184, 167.

Accident. 30.

AccoBation, and defpnse, 176-195.

AKricailure, wild life in relxtlon to, 99.

Airplane, to locale GbIi, 148.

Albarore. 24, 30. 3!). 41, 44. 58, 80, M. 95
96. 100. 145. 14T. Iu3. 162. 103. 164
im, 182, 198. 200, 203, 208 ; opcur-
rpDce north of San Francisco. 203.

'Albacorf ," launch, 93. 182. 199 ; attempts
to aid Sshermen. 94.

Albula i-ufpci, 158.

Alra, 70.

Allen. B. M., 70, 182.

Aloaa tapitlisiima, 158.

Amadou, 170.

Am/itiru^ «ebuto»u», 22.

A.\fKRlCAN FIELD. 84.

Anndroinouft. 105, 112.

'^nchog-. 44, 100, 162, 163. 164. 166, 108.

•^"S'JJ- iT;.^- ^^ "'■ "^T- ^- '">■ "2,
113. 114. 115, 117. 128, 130, 178. 170,
IS'J: versus net fishermen, 187-186:
attention :, 1B2,

Dry-fly. 109. 110. 137, 140.
Abb eworm. IS). 140 : eaten by mole, 99.
AjiBline. 42. 77. 192. 204.
Animal. 34. ffiV. 97. 98,. 157, 158.

rnrnivoTOUB, 143.

Fur-bearinc. 81, 83, 84.

Game. 79, 2M.

Preditory, 81. 83, 161. 179.
Antsotrfmut dacidtoni. (10, 65, 6G.
Aaoplopoma fimbria, 158.
Antelope. Prong-homed. 181,
Antler. 101.
Aquarium, 70. 82. 97.
AuxU thazard, 200.

Rabcock, J. P., 90, 178.
Radger. 149.
Rag limit, 31, 190.
Bait. 110. 119. 122. 139. 141. 171.
Rataenofttera borealit, 80.
Baleen, 80.
Rarbel. 1. 20, 156.

Bamhart, P. S.. notes on the artificial
propigation of the spiny lobster,

Barracuda, 44. 100. 145. 146, 154. 1S5

102. 1(3, 164, 166. 208.
Bass. 44. CO. 63. 64. 177: and hass-lilte
fishes of California. R9-6S.
Black. 179. 193: is not true bass, 149
BiK-eyed. CO, 66.
f'niico. 179.
Kelp, 00, 03, 64. 6,^.
Spotted, 60, 64, fSo.

Rock. 44. 00. 63, 61. 100. 164. 166, 208.
Sand. 60, 63.
Sea. 13. 163.
Black, 44. 60. 62. 80, 100, 163, 164,

IGG. 208.
Giant, 00. 80.

White, 14, 15, 16, 20, 44, 100, 164,
160, 206. ■ . .

Striped. 3, 10. 11. 12. 44. 01, 62, 94,
101. 145. 164, 166. 170, 183. 193, 209;
taken in Mission Bay, 197.
Bear, 140; hunting with bows and arrows,
60-70.
Bhct. «9. 70, 78. 79.
Grizsly, 172.
Beaver, 181 ; hides confiscated, 79.
Biennial. 1916-1918,30.
Biology, contribulioos to Canadian. 201.
Biological Station, want protection. 93-lM
Bird, 32, 77. 70. 82, 83. 84, 8S. 89, 99.
192: how do they find their wayV,
83-84; wild, and legislation, 87-.SN:
fly larvre suck blood ot nestling birds.
88 ; study. 86.
Game. 70, 81, 85, 87. SO. 90. 97, 1S2
204; o( California. Sl-Sti. 181; Eng-
lish, vindicated, 86-87.
Insectivorous, 80. 83.
Migratory, 36. 80, 8.^ 192; tne Migra-
tory Bird Treaty Act.

Nongame, 79.

Predatory, 81,
Blackbird. 182: and rice. 90
Rlaehsmith, 43.
Blind, 101.
Blunfish. 17, 44. 100. 104. 100, 20.8.

Cnlifomia. 14. 10.
Boat, .T; northi^m join fishing ficet, l.'j.'i

Purse-seine. 155. 156.
Bobool. 09.

Bocaccio. 44. 100, 104. 166. SO.**.
Bonil^-H. 100. 145, 146, 102, 1C3, 164,

Boothe, Ro.v, state game district tK. 81 -,82
Bosqui, E. L„ 178: valley nunil with egg

In December. 08.
Botfly, 142.
Boucher, K. C. the angler versus the net

fisherman, 187-3.SS.
Bounty, 27. 29, 70, 148. 1,S0, 207.
How and arrow in hunting, (KI-70.
Boyle, t'na, 79 : river olter plays on moon-
light nights, OS.

la rati. aO.

m, olden, 22.
Brooks. Major Allan, 85.
Bruce. J. (;.. 91. ir^, 195 ; n death struggle

between bueks, 100-161,
Bryant, 11. C. 84, 181. ISO.: wild birds

and legislation, 87; California trout

105-135.
Buck. 20. 81, 82. 161. 190. 200; death

ilruggle between, 160-161,

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFOBNtA FISH AND QAME.

Bureau of HMucation

Bfarcb, 77,
BurriJI. A. C in the

ivorous?, 71-74.

Publicity SDd Re-

Caliritla, fiO. C4, G5.

Cady, F. I'., weights o( male deer, 205,

CalifoTnia Academy of Sciences, Kt.

CA1.I*((IIXIA fISH AND GAME. 94.
m. Uri, 154, IW. 158, 178, ISO, 182,
im. 195.

Calirornia Museum of Vertebrdte ZoDloEf,
.S5, 142.

California Nature Ftudy League. 145. IWI.

Calif omia-Oregoo Tower Company, 91, 03,
IS*.

California Slate Fisheries Ldhoralory. SC.

Camp. 3 : I,ake Tahoe I'ublic, Ifin, lao.

Canary. 82.

fiinrir magitirr, 158, 182.

Caudletish, 203.

Cann.T.v. 40, 14S. 197. 200. 202; estab-
lished at Kn«enada. t>4 : receives Slex-
icaa &<h. l.'iS ; floating, burns, 15G.

Cnurastuick. 1!)1.

Capulin. 203.

Cataut hippot, 158.

Carp. 41, mo. HH, 10(5. 208.

Cari)put..r. S. J., 78, 70.

Carrier. !I3.

Cast. 100. 114, 141, 170.

Car. 4.S. 83; bw-om.-s game in New Yoi*.
42; manicure the bird-c.i telling cat,
S2-S3.

Cbnuibers, Frnuk. 78.
Clinrr. lO.".. UNi. 107. 120, 1.10. 1.14.
Cliilipepper, 44. 100. 104. ItHi. 20S.
Vhromh piimlipcHnlt, 43.
Vilbarirhih»» »lifimiivi, IST.

xa„th-i»ti<im<i. 05.
Cliira, ;rt, (W, 147, 1-58; InvcstigBtion, ISS.

Coeltle, 45. 101, 104. 107, 20'.».

I'isui... 45, 101. 101, 167. 200; destroyed
li.v oil. 174-17.-..

Itazur. 175.

S..fi-sl>ellHl. 4.''>. 101, 101, 1G7, 200.
Clark. V. C, 1.82.
{•nnifisli. 44, 10(>, V». 100. 208.
Coiiii. .1. N.. collece of fislicries eslablished,

147-148.
C...1. r.. 147, 157, 203,

Ulnck. tnk.'n nrar San P'-dro, 158.

Cullus. 44. 100. 104, 100, ai8.

Itnok, 1.54. 1153.
Coc-idiowls. 143.
Cocridium oriforme, 143.
Cochinilo, 150.
f'.,ri,urn* i<-rinli». 143.
Cnllinge, W. K„ SO. 87.
CoMahU >aira. 203.
i'nlutnha fafrinfa, 100.
Cjimmercial Fiahery, gM under Fishery.
Connell, M. J„ ISO.

Conservation, 30, 76. 77. 178, 179, 180,
180, 102 ; lessons from Massacbneetts,
42: of oar fisberies, 40-59; of fish.
W>-81 ; in other states, 42, 97, 150.
204 ; persuasion versus compulsion in
tish and game, 1S7 ; deer in New
York, 190.

IS, 00.

York. 82, »7. 204.
Conservaliouist, 80. 177; a suggestion for

Caiifomitt, 84.
Corvina, 13. 17.

t niMu

r, 94.

Caryphanti

Cottontail, ire Rabbit.

Coyote. 140. I.-.O. 1«1, 200, 207 ; as a deer

killer, 20-20.
Crab, 10, 4.5. 101. 14G. 147, IGl, 167, 171,
179, 1R2, 200.

Sand. 175 ; babils and uaes of tbi^,
171-172.
Crago franeiacorum, 0.

BigrUvuic, 9.
Cr.impton. J. M., 86.
Crandall. W. C, 183.
Crane, W.
Crappic, 179, 103.
Crnwfish, 04, 146, 182.
Vrislovomcr, 107, 1.13.

nantagcuih. 100, 111. 134.
Croaker. 44, 50, lOO. Itil ; fish of, family.
13-20.

Black, 14, 10.

Chinese, 14, 10.

SpoifiD, 14, 18.

White, 14, 15.

Vellowfin, 14, 17.
CruBlacean. 10, 45, 87. 101, 133, 164, 167,

171. 209.
CunniD^ham. F. P., grouse in the Sequoia

National Forest, 98.
Curlew. 85.
Curtner, W. W., 182.
<-uUt(bra, 142.

Cuttlefish, 45, 101, 164. 107, 209.
Cj/rtoiwion nobUU, 13. 14, 15, 16.

pariipinnat, 13, 14. JO.

Dalii-lslein, W. P., 103,

Defita oiu(o, 43.

Hall. W. H., 82.

Uarler. 60.

Pter. 30. 34, 60, 97, 148, 140, 172, 182,

ISd. 205, 207 ; killed by coyote, 26-20 ;

increasing in Trinity Coonty, 98 ;

hunting poor In Mono County. 08;

conservntion in New York. ISO : in

the national forests, 206-207 : atranee

ili'or killed. 207; captured in Lake

Tahoe, 2(V..
Mule, weights of. 205.
l)e Jvn-enEn. J. V.. tree-ducks successfully

bred in Santa Clara County, 42-43.
Dindrocvo'ia birolor, 42. 43.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFOBtnA Ptsa AKD OAUB.

215

De Oag, E. R., parasites whicfa alTect Ihe '

food value of rabbits, 142-143.
Depredation. 179. I

Deput}-. 91 : acquitted at trial, 79. i

Dip-Det. 90.

Dirka. \V. N., mole eats anxleworms, 09.
Discrei ionaiy powers, Fisb and Game

CommiasioD needs, 39.
DisoasF, 1M2: again appears, 32.
I>uck. 36.
QuaiL Sa
Diion. J., 142.
Doe. 2S, 81, 206.
Dog, 89.

Varmint. 91.
Dotfish. 44, 100, 164, lOfi. 208.
Dolly Varden. »«e Trout..
Dolphin. 44. 100, 104 ; absence of. 203.
Dove. 85, 179.
Downine, Earte. banded pintail taken in

Alameda Count;, 43.
Dndi. 32. 43, 76. 78. HO. Xi. 97. 99, 173.
170. ISO. 182, 191. 192, 195: Louis-
iana oriKinalea. 34 : verana rice, 36.
1S2; deBtroy garden pesta, 99; food
of, 87.
BUch. 34.
CanTasback, 191.
Mallard. 34. 191.

Pintail. 101 : banded taken in Alameda
County, 43.
Duke. R. D.. 79, 178.

Eagle, 13a

Eanbwurm, 09.

RrrevL-we, 4r>, 101. 104, J67, 209.

Eden, Mr., resolution by, 176-179.

EDITORIALS.

The 1916-18 biennial, 30; Fisb and
Gttme Commisfion needs plenary pow-
ers, 30; California laws will be modi-
fied to agree with federal game lawB,
31 ; violators make queer defense, 31 :
^[onterey streams stockod. 31 ; dnck
disease si^in appears. 32; federal
permits, 32 ; fish coc*ery demonstra-
tions. 32; increased consumption o(
fish neceesary. 33 : notfs on the game
refuxee. 33 : a new game fanning
project. 34 : T^uisiana origiDates new
du<^. 34 ; Alaska fishery products, 34 ;
Nova Scotia uses war methods to
capture violators, 35: California
trappers and their cntcb. 35 ; our
mailine list, TO; pending legislation.
70 : Fieb and Game Commission
inaugurates educaliooal work in sum-
mer rcBorta. 70; preserve game re-
sources, 77 ; large profits with slight
omiay. 77: "now beeins the season."
78 : conviction made under federal
migratory bird treaty act, 78: Mendo-
cino rancher makes good kill. 78;
game laws to be enforced in national
forests, 70 ; beaver hides confiscated.
70; deputy acquitted at trial. 70;
wartime saving in cost of fish food,
79; the Pacific coast whale industry.
SO; food administration regutalions
on fishingr no longer effective, 80;

more bird treaties needed. 80; ooo-
■ervition of fisb. 80; dependable in-
fomation is needed. 81 ; state game
district IK. 81 : is the porcupine
worth saving?. 82 : m.inicore the bird-
catching cat. 82 : a plan to cooserre
Wyoming elk. 83; fur farming in
Alaska. K3; how do birds find their
way'-. 83 ; a suggpslion tor Cali-
fornia consen-ationists. M ; the game
birds of CBlifomia. 81; passenger
pigeons reported in ea«tem states.
W: English game birds vindiciied.
86 ; the ground squirrels of Cali'
fomia. 87; the food of mallard ducks.
87: wild birds and legislalion. 87;
fly larvK suck blood of nesiling birds.
88: importation of quail from Mex-
ico. 88; federal migratory bird law,
K); long run of a tanged salmon, 90;
night herons Esme in I^uisiana. !»:
vindication. l-l.T : n:iture etudy libra-
ries to be furnished summer resorts.
14^; Ibe 191S catch of fish. I4.~i ;
maintain a supply, 146; rainl.nw
troni acclimatiznl in Argentina. 14<I:
a college of fisheries estaliliohM. 147:
trout fry disiribuied in lakes and
streams of Cnlifomia during Ti»>:t
three years, 147: many lions kill-'d,
148; airpLines lo locate fi.h. 14S;
fishery products lal>orati,ry estnli-
lisbed. 149: the ownerslii|. of wild
lite. 149; our tur nsonrc.-i. 14!l;
black bass is not a tru" ba^^. 140;
persuasion versus comimlsinn in fish
and game conservation, 187 ; the
angler versus the n''t finherrann. 1S7-
188; educational work in summ>T
resorts. 189 ; Tahoe public camp, ISO-
inO: deer consenarion in New York.
190: mierdiory bird treaty art con-
stitutional. 1!I0-191 : waterfowl difi
from eating slint. 101 ; government
needs deputy chief gnme wanlen. 191-
192; anglers, nlteulii.n!. 192; addi-
tional migratory bird treaties neoled.
102: Slate Fair eihibif. l!rt: game
censuses, 193-194: hal-^her)- dejiart-
ment moves. 194: colored prims of
golden trout avail.ible. 194.

Edocitional work imm:ural''d at summer
resort-. 76-77. ISO.

Eel, 1!»S. 20S.

Egg. nird. 79, 85, 98. 204.
Falcon. S7.
Fish. 76. iX\. 132.
Fulvous tree duck, 42.

Otshawk. 87.
Crunion. l.W.

Pigeon, bnnd-lailed. IfiO.
Salmon. 41, 92, 110. 115, 141. 151.
Shrimp. 9.
Spinv lobster. 24.

Trout. .17. 3S. 39. 92. 1 !.'>. 127, 131, 133,
151. 152, 153. 1T!1, 181.
Egret, 80.

Eigcnmano. 0. H., 135.
Elk, 97 : pisn to conserve Wyoming, 83 ;
Washington will open season on, 07;
in Shasta County, 08.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

216

CALIFORNIA FISH AND QAHB.

Emcrita, 175.

anahga. 171.
EmcrsoD. Ethel, 43.
Epidemic, 36.
KulacboD, 203.
Kulhvnnvi, 200, 203, 204
Evermano, B. W., 115. 119. 135. 138;

CalitomJa trout. 1<^-135.
Bxonautet rondeietii, f6. '

Facta of current intereBt, 36. 01. 150, 1^.
Falcon. 87.
Farm, Game, 87.
Fat berring, 52.

I, 100; aesarian heattliy, 205.

FeliDt

S2.

_■. 10, 91, 148. 154, 163, 200.

Finch. California Purple, 88.

Fiah, 2, 31, 41, OO, 53. 56, 57, 59. 62. 68,

72, 76. 77. 78, 79, SO. 82. 87, 00, 91.
94. 95. 97, lOG. 115. 133, 135. 14C,
147. 149, 150. 150, 172. 178. 177. 178,
170, 180. 185. 193, 197. 201, 201 ; of
croaker family, 13-20; cookery dem-
onslratians. 32 ; distributed in Minne-
sota. 42: rare from Monterey Bay.
43; coDsprvation of. SO; proposed
change of nhrlrap law would menace
life of Bah, 04 ; 1018 catch of, 145 ;
airplanes to locate. 148; better rec-
ords necessary. l.'U-l.V); fresb. used
hy reduction plants. l-'>4 ; flat of CbII-
fomia, 182; do Gahermen go far
enoueil to KCt. 198-199; dry salting
at Kfonterey. 108 ; goat fish taken in
Ciilifomia, 150 : two rare, 203.

Culture. 147. 148, 152.

CullurlBt. 106.

I>ealer. 100.

Food. 13, Ifi. 20. 02. 63, 64, SO, 112.
135, im. 161, 170.

Game, 02. 112, 135, 177.

I>adder, sec Fish way.

Screen, »re Screen.
Fisli and (>ame Commission, California, 2.
24. 30, m. 39. 40. 70, 75. 76. 84, 91.
93. 94. 96. 119. 131. 1.5.1, 176. 178,
17ft, 180, 181. 182. 183, ISTt. 188. 180.
197. 100. 205; inaugurates educa-
tional work at summer resorts, 7C-77.

Connecticut. 80.

Massachusetts. 42.

MinnoKotn. 42. 152.

New Jersey. 42,

Vermont, 81 ; plans quarterly bullet'n,
07,

Wn shine (on. maintains permanent ei-
hibir, 07.
Fish and Game Diatriet lA. 33; IB. at;
10, 33; 11. 33; IJ, 33; IL. ."W; 2A.
33: 4A, 33; 4B, 33; IK, 81-.S2; 2,
170; 4. 179: 20.188.
risher. O. O.. 20.
Fisherman. 13. 10. 40. 41, 42. 4.'i. 58. 50,

73. 70. 05. 100. 100. no. 128. 147.
154. 157. 150, 172. ISO. 106. 198. 200 ;
do Gsbermeo go far enough to sea?.
lOS-199: launch "Albacorc" attempts
to aid. 94 ; receive 20 cents for first
tuna, 156.

Commercial, 148, 178.

Dry-fly, 170.

Fly, 116, 141.
FUbery, 30, 34, 182; Alaska producU,
34-35; commercial notes. 93-04:
conservation of, 49-50; department
of. 146. 155. 182. 105; prodncts
laboratory established, 149; reforms
in Nova Scotia service, 159-100.

Commercial, 80, 147.

Halibut, 34, 50.

Herring, 35.

Laboratory, California State, 171, 174,
195.

Sardine, 51.

Shrimp, 34, 50. 18.3.
Fishing. 147, 148, 171. 192. 204 ; Owens
^'alley residents go, 207.

Some notes on dry-fly, 169-170.
Fishway. 30. 40, 76. 93, 97. 177, 178, 184.
Flatfish, 00 ; life history of, 157.
Flounder, 2. 10. 33. 44. 100. 164. 166. 208.

Big-moutheil. 157.

Diamond. 157.

E^Dg-Gnned, 157.

Shnrp-ridged, 157,

Soft, 21.
Fly. 100, 110. 112. 113, 126, 127. 130. 133.
137. 130, 140. 141 ; tarvc sudc blood
of nestling birds, 88.

Dohson, 139,

Dragon. 22,

Dry, 169.

Fisherman. 141,

Flyin

)ntin

, 81.

Food, .86, 112, 136: of fiah, 80; of grouse,
OS; of mallard ducks, 87; of porpoise.
157 ; of trout. 133 : wartime saving in
cost of fish food. 79-80 ; of birds. 181 ;
of ducks, ISl.
Friend, Wm., 26.
Frog. 209.
Fry, 197-

'I'rout. 30, 92, 93. 152.
Rainbow. 152.
Fuertps, K A.. 85.

Fur. 35; fanning in Alaska, 83; our re-
sources. 140.
Bearer. 31, 81. 83, 84, 150. 181.

Game. 27, 31, 02. 76. 77, 78. 81. 84, 97.
112. 114, 119. 120. 130. 135. 146. 149,
150. 170, 177. 178. 180, 181. 192. 191:

parcel post shipments of. 30 ; birds of
California. S4-Sfl: conditions in
southern California thirty-five years

Census. SlTlftS. 194,

Fiirm. 34. 36, 42. 87. 177, IS4; new

project. 34,
T>nw. »cc Law,

I' reserve, srn Preserve.

npfuge. Arc Refuge.
Gannet, 204.
Oailcrosteut, 21,

aciileatui. 23.
Gear. 6, 05,

,Goo<^lc

CALIFORNIA FISH AND QAMB.

217

tieorge, TtioiDas, 124.

Uermo macropleiit, 201.

Gilbert. Dr. O. H., 96, 13T, 182, 18o.

liiictla nigricana, GO, 67,

Uoat fish, taken in California, loO.

Godwit, Marbled, 191.

trQldfiQch, Ureen-bacJied, 88.

Willow, 88.
Oooee, ai, 37, 85, 173, 179, 180.
(iosliawk, 87.
Urassbopper, 74.
(Jrovea, H. S., 83.
<! ray back, 129.
Greenback. 12».
(iraenfisb. eo, 67, 88, 206.
Urinaell, Joseph, 84.
Uriezly. 172.
Uros-bec, 90,

Grouse, 26, 2», 85; in Sequoia National
Foreat, 98.

Red. 86.

Sierra, 98.
Graniou, attempt to rear, 156; the spawn-
ing of, 201.
Guenisey, Ch03., 78.
Guest. B. A„ out fiahin', 144.
Gull. 87.

California, 74.

Herriu;. 204 ; is

tea. 72.
Gun Club, 85, I7(

t InsectiToroDB?, 71-74.

H

Hremulids. 50. 65,
Ilakp, 44, 100, 104, 16C. 208.
Malf-moon, 60, 68.
Halibut. 33. 43. 44. DO. 56, 100, 145. 147,
■ 154, 158, 104. 160. 208; eats large
rook. 157-158.

California, 157.
Hardhead, 100, 112. 164, 166, 208.
Han-cr, A. C., 124.

Hatchery. 23, 30. 37, 41, 79, 91. 109, 113,
146, 176, 178, 180, 196 t department
notes, 92. 151 ; department moves,
IW ; New York opens new, 204.

Almanor, 38. 92, 152.

Bear I-ake, 39. 92. 152. 153.

Br«okdale, 30. 75. 02, 151, 152.

Clear Creek. 39, 146, 152.

Cottonwood Lakes, 37. 152.

Domingo Springs. 38, 92, 146. 151, 152.

Fall Creek. ^, 151. 152.

Feather River, 38. 39.

Fort Seward, 38. 02. 146. ir>l. 152.

Kaweah, 14S, 1.11, 152, 153, 195.

Klamath, 30, 152.

Marlette-Carson, 131, 134, 151.

Mount Sh:ista. 37, 38, 92, 93, 151, 152.
181. ISSi.

MoutJt Talinc, 38, 92.

Mount Whitney, 37. 38, 75, 92, 151, 152,
181. 193.

Pine Creek, 74.

Price Creek, 75.

San Mateo. 151.

Scott Creek. 92, 151.

Snow Mountain, 92, 151, 152.

Tahoe. 38.

Uklah, 38, 92, 151.

Wawona, 39, 151, 152-

ToBemite, 93, 151, 152, 153, 195. I

Ileatb, Harold, 182.
Hedderly, E. L., 188.
Helgramite, 139.
Henahaw. H. W.. 122.
Herms, Prof.. 143,

Herring. 3. 10. 11, 13, 15, 41. 44, 53, 57,
58. 73, 91, 100, 145, 147. 162, 164,
160, 182, 201, 208; and herring-like
fiahee of California, 182.
Greenback, 204.
Lake, 105, 204.
Heron, Night, game in Louisiana, 90,
Black-crowned Night, 90.
Tel low-crowned Night, 90.
Hensinger, E, T^. pheasants damage crops

in Inyo County, 99.
Higgins, Bert, 26.

Higgins, Elmer, 95, 96, im, 182; goat 6sh
taken in California, 156; spiny lobster
larw, 156; attempt to rear gruniOD,
156; life history of flalCsli, 157; por-
poise captured, 157; two rare fishes,
203,
HippogloMua, 157.
hippogioitui, 43.
Hippoglotsiiia slomala, 157.
Hippoghuoides platc«»oidei, 21.
Iljort, John. 201,
Holder. C. F., 137, 203.
Hook, 105. 139, 198.
Hubl)8, C, L., 182; the stickleback: a fish

fitted as mosquito destroyer, 21-24.
Hudson, C. B., 113, 126.
Hunter, J. S., 193.

Hunter, 20, 32, 34, 38. 42. 77. 78, 82, 84,
iW, 97. 98, 172. 178, 181, 190, 194.
Market, 30, 78, 79, 91, 180.
Hunting, 31, 33, 36, 42, 31, 86, 172, 184,
204.
Accident, 30.
License, 81.
License law, 76.
Market. 30.
Hybrid, 132.

Hupomesu) pretioaut, 203.
Mytoputia giitlulata, 157.

r

Ibis, 85.

Ichthyologiat, 112,

Illinois sportsmen dissatisfied, 97.

Importation, of quail from Mexico. 88-89.

Inconnii. 105.

Information, is needed, 81.

Interbreed, 57, 121.

Jack rabbit, 143.

Blacktalled, 142.
Jacobson, W. O., blackbirds and rice, 90.
.Ttllylish. 95.
Jewfish. 60, B2.
Johnny Venle, 00, 03, 6t.
Johnson. Hiram W.. 178. 183.
Jordan, D. S., 124, 137. 139, 203.
Jotter. E. v., the coyote as a deer killer,

26-29.
Junk, Chinese, 3, 4, 5, 10.

i„vGoo<^lc

CAUPOBNU FISH AND QAXB.

Kelly, n. L., 32.

Kelp, 30, 40, 183; tarvesUns maj be

resumed, 197,
Key to California 8i>ecieB ot front, 111.
KilliGBh, 21.
KiDgGab, 13, 14. 15, 20, 33, 44, 100, 154,

im, 103, ItiG, 208.
Kine-of-salmoQ, t>5, 1^-
Koppel. I. I... our fu
Kyphosid*. 59. 6T,
Kytka, Theodore, 99.

LsdyGsh, jouqk discovered, 158.

Lagenorhynchui obtujuidcni, 157.

Larui argcntalui, 72.

Laner, 87.

I^neret, 87.

I^w. 7ft 180, 187, 188, 192, 301, 204;

propoeed change of shrimp would

menace Gsh life, 94.
Fiah aud came. 30. 78, 170, 178.
Game, 30, 31, 79, 81, 8'J, S8, 89, 192;

to tie eoforced in uatioual foreats, 79:

will be modifled to ngreo with federal,

192.
Lawa, G. O., deer increaei:^ in Trinity

Came Refuse, 98.
LegislatioD, 2. 88, 85; pending, 7G.
Ijeopard, 82,
Lcpamis cyancllui, 22.
UuTCstho fcnuM, inn, 201, 203.
I.ite history, of flatflah, 157.
Life history notea, 42-13, 9S-9!>, 100-101,

204-205.
LincolD. It. P., summer on the California

trout streams, 13G-141.
Line, 6.
Linnet. 88, 99,
Lion. Mountain. 2G, 29. 34. 78, 79, 82. 01.

149, 1(X>, 172. 19,"). 20G; many killed,

148.
Sea. 98.
LfAster, Spicy, 45, 101. 164, 107. 209;

early alageB of, 24-25: larvs. 106.
Louvar, the occurrence of, 202-203.
Ludlum. R., 78,
Lure, 140.

Tiiiira canadcn»ii pari/lca, 08.
Linariog imperials. 203.
Li/nir crcmicH* californiciii. 160.

M., E. L., California, 102 ; some notes on

dry-fly fishing, 100-170.
Mackerel, 33. 44. 100. 145. 146, 147, 162,
163, 164, 106, 200, 208; and mackerel-
like fish, 59, 182.
Friaate. 203; recurrence of, 200.
Maintain a supply, 146.
Maley, J. T., 78.
Mallard, the food of. 87.
Mallotus filtoaaa, 203.
Malms. 120.
^rammal, 181, 182.
Game, 182.

Manicure the bird-catching cat, 82-83.

MarliQ-spike Fish, 208; used as food, 43.

Maule. W. M., deer hunting poor in Mono
County. 08.

.McAllister, M. H.. elk in Shasta County,
08 ; ^ame conditions in southern Cali-
fornia Ihirty-five years ago, 172-173.

McAfee. W. L.. 87.

McCarthy, Eugene. 135.

McTiean, D. D., wildcat eata birds, 160.

McCioud. George Jr., 38.

Meadowlark. 182.

Mrdialuna calilornicnaii, 60, 68.

Mcnticirrhui undulatut, 14, 17, 18.

Meyera, J. P., 78.

Migration. 41. rA 58. 85. 95, 98, 117. 128.
l.-iT. 1.19, 192; how do birds find their
way?. 83-84.

Migratory bird treaQr act, 30. 31, 32, 36;
conviction made under, 78; conatitu-
tionai, 100-191.

Mills. O. T., 124.

Milt, 33.

Mink, 83,

', 129.

Mil.

143.

.Mole, 140 : pals angleworms. 99.
Molliisk, 45. ,S7. 90. 101. 1^ 133, 146,

104. 107, 182, 209.
Moran. Nathan, nesting of the band-tailed

pigeon, 160.
Mosciuilo, tlie stickleback a destroyer of,

21-24.
Mountain Lion, ice Lion.
Mountain Sheep, 31, 172.
Mouse, 82.

Mullet, 44. 100, 104, 166, 208.
Muskrat. l.W.

Mussel, 45. 101. 164, 167, 209.
Namaycush. 133.

National Association of Audubon Socie-
ties, 71.
National forest, 83. 184; game taws to tie
enforced in, 79; deer in. 206.

Angeles, 34.

California, 207.

Kl Dorado. 33, 207.

Klamath, 33, 207.

Santa Barbara, 207.

Sequoia. 81 ; grouse in, 98.

Shasta, 207.

Sierra, 81, 207.

Stanislaus, 207.

Tahoe. 33.

Trinity, 207.

N

Naturalist, 189.

Nature guide, 189.

Nature Study League. 76, 145.

Field excursion, 1S8.
Neale, George, 78, 100.
Nelson, E. W.. 83.

pecloralii, 159.

■, 158.

Nest. 85, 160, 204.
Net, 2, 5, «. 7. 10, 41, 71, 159, 196, 201 ;
new fish. 41.

i„vGoo<^lc

CALIFOBNIA FISH AND OAHE.

Pnrac-lompara, 41.
Ronnd Haul, 203.
SerdtDe. 158.
Shrimp. 1, 2, 3, 7. 94.
Tow, 150.
Trawl. 04.
Newbcrt. V. M., 178, 180.
NewBome. J. E., 79.
Nidever, H. B.. 3. 4. 94, 188.
NielseD. E. M.. 158, 1103 : frssh fish used

at redu(?tioD plants, 154.
Note. OD artificial propagation of spiny
lobster, 70-71 ; on dry-By fisbloR.
1C9-170: on habits and use of small
crab, 171-172.
Commercial fishery, 3&-41, 93-94, li>4-

IVA: 190-200.
Hatchery, 37-39. 92-93, 1.'>1-153.
I,ifp history. 42-43. OS. I(i0-lt(l, 'KH-

State fisheries laboratory, 94-96, 156-
ITtit. 200-204.
Xolemigomai crgioleucag, 22.

Opal Eye. GO. 67.
Opoesnm, 140.
0*mcriM tlialciehthi/l, 9.
Otolilb. 55. 5fi.
Otodccira ciignatu, 143.
Otter. P.:cific River, 98.
Oat fishin'. 144.
Oyster, 43. 101, 161. 107, 1

Pintail, banded taken in Alameda Coantj,

4a

Plaice, 51.

Plath. O. E., 88.

Plenary poners. 76: Fish aud Game Com-

minion nei-dn. 30.
PlevroBfctida. 157.
I'teuronechthf tcrticalu, 157.
PloTer, 85.
Plumage, 90.
Poison, 43. 95. 191. 105.
Pollution, 177, 1S3.
Pomfref, 203.
Pope, Sailon, tear hunting wUh bows

and arrows, 00-70.
Porcupine, is it worth saving?, S2.

Preserve, fi!2.

Gnme. 176, no.
PropsMtion. R.1. 204.
Prolpoiicn. 87, 97.
Punnett. J. M., 98.
Purse-.'einc boat, lil.

Quail. 26. 2T. 29. 30. («). S."i. 8.f. 172. 179;
jmiwrtHtion from Mexico. SS-.S9.
Valley, willi ecjt in December, 08.
Qceenfish, i;>. 14. l."!.

TACIFIC FISHEBIIAN, 96.

Packer. -10, 154, im.

Paladini. A.. 1, 150.

Palmer, T. S., 84.

PsmpsDO, 44. 100. 159, 104, 106, 202. 208.

Pampanito, 159.

Panulirut intermptul. 24, 70.

I'aralabruT rkiikratitg. GO, 63.

maculalofiitciaiu: 60, 64, V5.

nebulifer, 60, 63, 04.
Paratichlhyi californieus, 157.
Parasite, which affect food value of rab-
bits, 142-143.
Parcel post, shipments of game, 30.
Parophryt tetulut, 157.
Parr-mark. 109, 113. 122, 123, 125.
Partridge, 86.
Patterson, A. D., 180.
Pearson, A. G., 197.
Pelt, 35.
Perch, 44. 68, 100, 1G4, 166, 183, 208.

Racramento, 2.

Yellow. 59.
Permit, federal, 32.
Pez de Gallo, ISO.

Pheasant, 179; damage crops in Inyo
County, 99.
English, 86. 87.

Iting-necked. 91.
PhylloBome. 24, 25. 70, 71. 156.
Pig, 26. 28.
Pigeon, 85.

Rand-tailed, nesting of, 60.

Homing, 83.

Passenger, reported in eastern slates, S
I'ike, ■44, 100, 104, 166, 208.

lUbliit. 42. fill. 76, 1-12; pnrnsifa which
affect the food value of, 142-143.

Brush, I4'J. 143, 170.

Cottonrail, 142. 17!'.

.lack, black-tailed, 142.
Bail. 85.

Kainbow. sen Trout.
Ranger, co-operate willi gamo wardens,

lOO.
Bay, 182.
[{ecreatioii. 192.
Rednsii, 127, 12S.
Red Snapper. 158.

Befi

30. 36. 42, 70. R3, 177, l.<i2,
iS4,' 1!M,l!)ri; nolcs on tlie new, 33;
in Minneaota, 204; Quebec estab-
lishes, 204.

Id. 98.

le. 150.

■, 81.

sing ii

Report, Cnlifomia fishery produrls, 44-
4.->. KMMOl. 162-16". 2(V'i_200.

E-tpenditures. 47-48. 102. 211-212.

Number of dper killed, 104.

Violations, 40, 103, 210.

Seizurrs. 46. VKl. 207.
Repfile. 101, 104. 1C7.

. 11)0.

Rice. 76: federal i>ennit protects from

ducks, 30: and blackbirds, 90.
Rich. Willis. 1R2. IS.i.
Rigdon. E, S.. 31.

i„vGoo<^lc

CAI.IFOKNIA FISH AND GAME.

Itock Bass, Hfc Bess.

llwk <_kKl, «fc Cod.

Ilwkfinh. 44, 100, 145, IW, ItiO. 208.

Hod. fly. 75, 130.

Hnl.-, lie.
Itodeuc. T4.
Hoe, 100.
Itoncador, 13.
Iloiicadot ttearmi, 14, 18.
Itooseveli. Fr^iiidcat, 12!t.
Itooaler Fiah, 159.
Huller, Cloudslpy, J.^tS.

;. 10;:, 163.
Salachini. 1G3, 108.
Siilmo, 100.

aSiia-bonita, 108, 111, 119, 1'^. 124,

IM.

ooHifurum. 11. 118.
cfaTkii, 108, 111, 116.
fi-ermanai, 100, 111, IIT, 118.

furio, loii. Ill, 131. laa.

gairdncri, 111. 112. oup. 112.
niHcrli, ioS. Ill, llS-119.
*<'B*ftoiei. 108, 111, laO.
iridcii$, lOT, 111, opp. 112. opp. 114,

118, 13a
nehonl. 100.
Iccenentit, 132.
TnvJ;:iM. 12T.

purj)uraf»4 hcaihawi. 127.
rcffo/M. ICW.^111, r.i8.

roo"c,d*'i, opp. 105, 108, 111, 119, 124-

1^, 130.
sJiasIa, 108, 111, 1I5-11G.
tto»fi. 103, 111, lie.
lahoeHKii. Ill, 127-128.
trutta Jcif neiMiB, 100, 111, 1.12-133.
Kkitci. 108. in. 119, 121-122.
Salmon, 10, 11, 33. 34, 40. 44, 51, 91,

100, IWi, lOfi. 112, 113, 114. 115, 134,
145, 14«. 147. 148. 153, 102, 1*13, 104,
lOU, 177, 179, 182, 198, 208; long
run of. 90; n«ed more protoction.
190-197. (It Monterey. W»; Sacra-
mento run of. 199; catcli large at
Fort Bragg, 190.

Kiiu!. 198.

Qulnnat, S7, 38, 39, 93, 150.

Silver, 198.

Sockeye. M, 58. 90.

Trout. 112.
Salmonidtc. 1<K>. 106.
Hah-clinat, 107.

fo«ti«viU, 100, 111, 129, 130-131, opp.
l.W.

parkei. 129-130.
Snud BasB, »ce Bass.
Sand dab, 44, 95, 100, 145, HG, 157, 164,

liM!, 208.
Sandcn!. J. II.. deer captured in Lake

Tahoe, Wa.
Sandpiper. 85.
Sanlini-. 30. 40. 41. 45, SO, 93. 04, 90.

101, H5. 147. I.'i4, 155. 158. 159, 102,
16.1, 104. 167. 182. 198, 203, 20S;
note on Ihe, 21 ; locating by aero-
plBDG, 41; breeding season of, 159;
nm at Monterey, 107.

»i'liaeffle, Kraoat, 178, 180.

Schmilf, W. L., 182; early stages of the
Hpiny lobst«r, 24-^.

Seiaena Mvrna, 14, 19.

Scientific collector, permit, 32,

ScofielU, N. B., 7, 8, 11, 140, 154, 182,
183, 185 ; sbrimp fisheries of Cali-
fornia. 1-12 ; Ibe 1918 catch of fisb,
145-14fi.

Nrombcf, 200.

Screen, 7(i. 97, 178, ISt.

Sjcripps InstituCion for Biological Re-
searcb, 24, 70. 183.

>in, 12. 45,

llass, »ef B
... Lion. 08.

Seal, Fur, 35.

Seaaon, 100, 100, 173, 100: now begins,
78.
Closed. 3, 30, 82, 89.
Open, 01, HV.

Seaweed, aa food, 108.

Seine, 2, 2:J. 155, 150, 196.
Purse, 201-

Sellmer, W. B., 79, 18.S.

.SVriofo, l.'ilj.

politut, 14, 15.

ScrranidB, 59, 61, 64.

Sbad. 3. 10. 11, Xi. 45, 101, 145, 140, 179,
18:1 208.

ShHrk, 33, 1&4 ; of Catifomia, 182.

Sbebley, F. A., 75, 183.

Shebley, W. H- .r>, 02, 133, 135, 151,
ISO. 183. IS-I, 194.

Sbeep, 20 ; ace Mountain Sheep.

Sheepshead, 101. 164, 200.

Shock, W. T.. 27, 28.

Shockley, W. W., 124.

Shooting, spring, 80, 97, 190.

Phorgun, 77.

Shrimp, 4.'>, 101. 147, 164. 167, 183, 209 ;
fisberiea of Catifomia, 1-12 ; pro-
posed change of law menaces fisb
life, 04.

Sliands, Henry, 201.

Skate, ai, 4.->. 101, 164, 167, 209; and

ra.^-a ot C«lifomia. 182.
Skipjack, 4,\ 101. 145. 146. 162, 163, 164,

167, 200, 203, 204, 200.
SluE. 99.
Smelt. 3. 9. 10, 11, 12, 44, 100, 104, 166,

203, 200.
Little, 156.
Smokcliousp. 148.
Snail, 9i). 200.

S^, 101, 104, 166.
Snipe, 85.
Snvder. J. O.. 110. 116. 117, 128. 129.

13.">, l.")0, 182. 185, 197; breeding of

fulvoDB tree-duck in Santa Clara

County, 43.
Sole, 2, 10. 33, 44, 100. 145. 146. 209.

I>pm.

. 157.

San Iticgo. 1.'>7.

Toncuc, 157.

Soleidip, 157.
Sparrow, F.nglisli, 90.

Xuttall, 83.
Spawn. i'Z. 106. 115. 127, 131, 134, 139,

177. 196, 197, 199.
Spear. 76.
Spinne.-. 139.
Spiny lobster, tee Lobster.

_nOO<^IC

CALIFORNU FISH AND GAME.

221

^pliruil. l&i, 167, 20e.

Spoon, 112. 120.

Sporoww, 143,

Sporf, flO. 75. 77. 146.

Sportsman, 78. 84. 85, 88. 05. 07. 150,
ItM. 1»1. 102 ; diaaatiBfi^. &7 : Waab-
iozlon forms state associaliOD, 204.

Spot. IS.

Sqaarptail, 04.

Squid. 45. 101, Jft4, 167, 209 ; at Monte-
rey. 108.

Squirrel. CO: ground of Californie, 87.
Tree, 148.

StariCB. E. C 158. 182. 208; fishes of the
croaks fojuilr. 1.V20 ; note on (he
sand dab, 21 ; rare fish from Monte-
rey Bay. 43; marlin-spike Ssh uHed
as food, 43 ; basses aod bass-Uke
fishes. 59-68.

State Fair, eihibit. 103.

Sleelhead. ace Tronf.

Ktereolepia gipat. 60.

Stevens. A. C., 124.

Stevens. 8. V.. 124.

Sticklebacrlf, as a moaquilo destroyer,
21-24.

S^IiOKaree. 104, 167, 209.

Stinnett, Jj, J., 37. 151.

Stomach examination. S0.

Stone, Livingstone, inri,

Slurireon. 2. 45. 101. KA. 183; to be pro-
tecled in other statps, 160.

22,

Surf-listi, 4i>. 101. 104, 166. 200; day and

niKht of Palifomia, 203.
Suri-smek. 203.
Si-rmullet. 156.
Swan, 8-5.

Whisilins:. 91. 191.
Swordfisli. 43. 45. 101, J«4. 208.
'SiiinpAuni* atriravdal, 157.

Tapeworm, 143.

Taylor, W, P., a suggestion for California
conservationists. 84.

Terrapin. 101, 164, 167. 209,

Tetranonurug cttvieri, 04.

TFirapifnia nutankarU, 43,

Thaleichthya pacificut. 20,3,

'iliompson. Will F., 9.% 96. 156, l.->8. 15.0,
1S2 : conservation of our fisberiPS,
49 59; halibnt eats large rock, 157-
Jiifi; young of the ladyfish diRcovered.
irk8; clam investigation, 158: nhnd
ranght at Scat Flench, 158: Alaska
black cod taken near San Pedro, 158;
cannery receives Mexican fish, 15S-
159; the breeding season of tbe sar-
dine, 1,T9; recurrence of the friRHte
maekerel, 200 : spawning of the
cmnion, 201; contributions to Cana-
dian biology, 201 : bliie-finned and
yellow-finned tuna. 201-202 : the
occurrence of the louvnr. 2i.>2-203;
absence of the dolphin fish. 20.S : day
and night surE-G.sbes of California,
203: occurrence of the nlbacorc north
of San Francisco, 203-204,

ThunHui macroplcrui, 155,

fft*nn«, 156.
Tibbits. A. C 203,
Tick. wood. 142,
Tige.-, 82.
Tillow, J. O,, 83 ; how do birds find their

way. 83-84.
Tiveta, 175,
T<rnia »erialiii. 143.
Tomcod, 2, 10, 13, 20, 45. 101, 164. 167,

20?,
Tommy. 127. 128.
Topminnow, 21, 24.
Towhee, brown, 88.
TrocAino(ii« curcri, 9*.
Trat-hyptenu, 95.
Trap. 181,
Trapper, 79; California and their catcb.

Pur, 150.
TraWmK, 27, 42. 88, 207.
Llcenso law, 35.
License, 84.
Trawl, beam. 11.
Net, 94, 150.
Otter, 25,
Trawler, 196 ; Japanese, in nets of law,

94,
Trawling, 90, 198.
Treaty, more bird, c

needed, 192,
Tree-diick. bred in Santa Clara County.
42-13 ; breeding in Santa Clara
County, 43,
Fulvous 42.
Troll. 114,
Trollini;, 80,

Spoon. 112. 120.
Trout. 116. 133, 164. 167. 177, 179, ISO,
103, 198, 201. 207: California, 105-
135 : summer on the (^lifomla trout
streams. 130-141.
Black, 127.
^lBck-spotte^

15.T, 170.
Brook, 112, 130. 134, 137.
Hrown, S8, 109, 111, 131, 1.12, 147, iri2,
Hull. T -

: additional

. 112.

Clark. 127.

Columbia Itiver, 127.

Cutthroat. lOS. Ill, 113, 11.'), 127.

Dolly Varden. 107. 108. 111. ll.l, 130.

Eagle I-ake. 111. 116. 118. 12!)

Eastern brook. 37. 92. 107. 108. 100,

m, J29, 130, opp. l.tO, 133, 147, 152,

17?,
Kvermann, 117.
Oilbert, 119.
GoWen. 37. 38. 105. 108. 111. 110. 121,

12.3, m, 124i, 135, 137. 152. 170.

193, 195: prints of, available, 194,

Agua bonita. 111. 119, 123, l.m

Coyote Creek, 121.

Of Little Kern, 108, 121,

Golden Tront Greek. 124,

Mount Whitnev, IZS,

Soda Creek, lOS. 119, 121.

South Fork of Kern. 108. IID, 123,
121,

Volcano Creek, 119, 121, 122, 124.

Roosevelt, KiR. Ill, 119. 124, 125.

White, 119, 121.
Great Lakes, 133, 134.
Kern Rirer. lift, 121,

i„vGoo<^lc

OALIFOBNIA PISH AND QAME.

Hake, 108.

Loch Leven, 37. 92. 107, 109, 111, 182,

133. 147, 152, 179.
Mackinaw, 108, 109, 111, 133, 134.
Mountain, 112, 140.
Nelson, 109.
Niasue, 116.
Niewii, 116.
tioebee, 108, 111. 116.
HaiQbow, 31, 37, 38, 38, 92, 107. 111.
112, 113, 114, opp. 114, 116, 110.
118, 120, 127, 136, 137. 138, 139,
140. 141, 147. 152, 179; acclima-
tiied in Argentina, 146.

Gilbert, 108, 118.

Kern Kiver, 111, 118.

McCloud River, 111, 115.

Sbasta. 108.
Red-throated, 127.
Salmon, 112, 129.
San Bemanlino, 117.
San Gorgonio, 109, 111. 117. 118.
Scotch, 132.

Sea, 13. 1(1, 45, 101. 164, 167. 208.
Shasta. 108.
Silver, 127, 128.
Itoyal, 108. 111. 128. 129.
Steelhead. 31. 36. 38. 39, 4.1. 92. 101,

IOC, 111, 112, opp. 112, 113, 114. 115,

147. 151, 153, 164. 107, 108, 209.
f*one, 108, llfl.

Tahoe. 108. 111. 117, 127, 128, 129.
Von Behr, 131.
Trout, fry. 30, 38. 30, 93.

Black-spotted. 92.
Tuaa, 43, 45, 80. 94. 101. 145, 147, 155.

102. 103. 164. 167. 108, 200, 203, 209;

Sshcrmen receive 20 cents for first.

Blnefin. 145. 200. 209; and yellowfin.
201.

Lenpine. 202.

liong-finned, 198.

Yellowfin. 145. l.W, 103, 200. 200.
Tnrbot. 45, 101. 157. 104, 167, 209.
Turtle. W. 162, 104, 107, 209.

I, 70.

U

Umbrina roncador, 14, 17.

United States Biological Riirvev, 32, 43,

83. Si. 97, 182, 191. 207.
United States Ruiesi-' of Fisheries. 2, 24,

32, 83, 90. 92, 132. 140, 140. 190.
United Slates Department of Agriculture.
87. 88. 150. 183. 191.
Bureau of Aninaal Industry, 88.
United States Food Admin iat rat ion. 40.

187.
United Stiites Forest Service. 195, 206.

Co-operation. 206. 207.
United States National Museum. 82.
United Slates Supreme Court, 36, 89, 97.
Vpcnev* dcntatut, 150.

Van Dyke, Henry, 145.

Violator, makes queer defense. 31 ; Nova.
Scotia uses nen methods to cantare,
35; Pennsflcania pnnishes, 2(6.

Vogelsang, C. A., 78.

W

Wallace. J. H., 192.

Walsh. J. F.. 205.

Walton. Isaak. 112. 136. 141.

Warden, 30, 80, 177, 185. 194, 196; do

detective wort in New York, 97;

ni'eds deputy chief game warden, 191-

192.
Game. 42, 187 ; rangers co-operate witb,

WatertoVl, 26, 78. 80, 81. 89. 91, 97; die

from eating shot, 191.
Weakfisb, 10.
Westcrfeld. Carl. 180. 183. 185 ; reply to

Eden resolution, 178, 185.
Wetmore. Alei, 32.
Weymouth. F. W., 158, 182; notM on the

hahits and uses of the small sand

crab. 171—172; destruction of pismo

clams by oil, 174-175.
Whale, 41 ; industry of Pacific coast, 80 ;

sperm taken off Monterey. ...
RiKht, 80,
Whaling, station on Monterey Bay. 41.
Whistling swan. 91.
White. S. B.. 123. 126.
Whitebait. 45. 101. 104. 167. 200.
While Fish, 45, IOC. 134.
Whiting, California, 14, 17.
Wildcat. 149, 150; eats birds, 160.
Wildfowl, 80. 181.

Migratory. 80.
Wild life. 30, 34. 70, 77, 78, 81, 83. 84.

180. 182, 192 ; in relation to agricnl-

ture, 9!>; ownership of, 140.
Williams. Frank, 78, 79.
Windle. Ernest. 188.
Wolverine. 3.5.
Wood tick. 142.

Xenittiui catifomieiuis. 60, 06.
Xetamt punclDliit, 158.
Xytrcruryi Hoicph, 167,

Vellowlall. .T3. 45. 101. 145, 146. 1G2, ]

164, 107. 202. 209.
Young, Arthur, CO.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

PATROL SERVICE.

•AN FRANCISCO DIVISION.

BL Xk SoaQoS, Commlatlonn' Id Cbarg*. CU'I WMtarfdd, BzecntH'* Offlcw.

J. B. HuDtar, AntaUni Bzecuttre Officer. B. C Bauehar, 8p«cl*I AcMt.

Head Office, Poatal Telasraph BuJIdloc, Ban Franclico.

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H. HIU

, ^ aom

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Ban Francleco

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SACRAMENTO DIVISION.

P. M. Newbert. Comralasloner In Charge.

Geo. Neale, AulstanL

Foniin Bulldlns. Sacramento.

Phone Main 4300.

Rojr I^udituD-.

..Bacramenlo
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---°"B.y^3

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LOS ANGELES DtVISION.

H. J. Connell. Commlsaloner In Charge.

Bdwin L. Hedderty. Assistant.

Union League Building, Loa AngeleB.

Phonea: Broadway ll&S; Home. F 5T0G.

Santa Maria l E. H. Ober

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DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc .^

1919 ABSTlua CAUfORNU nSH AND GAME lAWS 1920

WHITE SQUARES INDICATE OPEN SEASON
NUMBERS IN SQUARES ARE OPEN DATES

HUNTINQ LICENSEB
UHm Vht tnm lil]i I to Jn* M
tiMtdMta, 91.00. Non-ras[danta, $10.00. Certain
Allani, tlOjOO. Othflr Allena, moe.

ANOLINQ LICENBEB

Umu* Vw Im Jhm> I ti OwMiAv (I

RMldanta, 11.00. Non-RsstdMit«, t3.0lk AIIoim,

TRAPPING LICENSES

Oltlmna, <1.00, Allana. tiM.

,vGoo<^lc

if^-

j|^

i

'7'f^'

^

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

BOARD OF FISH AND GAME COMMISSIONERS.

E. L. B08QDI, CommiBsloner San rraDciwrn

CARL WBSTBRFBLD, Eiecntivo OfBcer Saa Pranctoco

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B. D. DUKE, Attoraeir Bah rraudsco

DEPARTMGNT OP PI8HCULTURE.

W. H. SHEBLET, In Charge Fuhci^tnre Bactamento

E. W. eONT, Field Soperintendent Sacramento

G. H. LAMBSON, Baperintendeiit Motmt Shasta Hatchery _ Sisaon

W. O. FASSETT, Soperintendent Fort Sewaid Batcher;, Uklah, and Snow

Mountain Statiou lld«rpoint

G. McCLOUD, Jn., Superintendent Mount Whitney Hatcher; and Rae Lakea

« Station Independence

G. E. WEST, Foreman in Charge Taboe and XaSlac Hatcheriea Tallac

E. V. GASSELL, Foreman in Charge AIman<« and Dominso Siwiogs Batcheriei

Eeddie

L. 3. STINNEITT, Agaiitant In Charge Klamath Stations Hornbrocdc

G. L. MORRISON, Foreman in Charge Bear Lake and North Creek Hatcheries

San Beroardiao

GUT TABLKR. Anaistftnt in Ciiarge yo«mite Hatchery Yosemlfe

B. HAMMOND, Aasietant in Charge Fall Creek Hatcher; Hornbcook

JUSTIN SHEBLEY, Foreman in Charge Brookdale Hatchery Brookdale

J. B. SOLLNER, Araistant in Charge Wawona Hatchery Wawona.

A E, DONEY, Fiah Ladder Inspector Sacramento

A. B. CULVEB, Screen Inspector Sacramento

M. K. SPALDING, AsBistant in Charge of Constniction SacranteDto

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES.

N. B. SCOFIBLD, In Charge Ban Frandsco

H. B. NIDEVBR, Assistant San Pedro

W. F. THOMPSON, Aasiatant Long Beach

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BARLE DOWNING, Assistant San Francisco

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C. S; BAUDER, Assistant Sanjedro

BUREAU OF EDUCATION, PUBLICITY AND RESEARCH.
DR. H. C. BRYANT, In Charge

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

t, California Fish and Game

-CONSERVATION OP WILD UFE

SACRAMENTO, JANUARY, 1920

CONTENTS.

NOTKS ON DKY FLY FISIIINO— No. 2. R. L. J/., CatifornUi I

THE TOUNCf of the BI^CK REA-BASS Elmer Higgi'i-

TUB PACIFIC EailBLE CKAB AND ITS NHVR RELATIVES

I'UOPOSED INVESTIGATION OF THE SARDINE

^Wili F. Tkompton

THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE S.\GE HEN Jl. H. Obfr

NOTRS ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE BLACK-TAILED DEER

/. D. Coffman

nOITORIALS —

CALIFORNIA'S GAME SANOTTJARIES

FACTS OF CURRENT INTEREST J -

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES

NOTES PROM THE STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY

CONSERVATION IN OTHER STATP^

LIFE HISTORY NOTBS

IcEPORTS—

Sbizubeh

P^siiEBY rnooucTS, Jiri.Y. Auoust, Septemheb, 181» --

VioLATios.s OF Fian amd Game Laws

EXPEI^ DITCHES

NOTES ON DBY-FLT FISHING. No. 2.

By R. L. M.. California.

In the first of this series of notes on dry-fly fishing I believe I was,
lo s certain extent, sueeessful in dispelling the cloud of fog or mystery
that surrounds the art in the mind of the average niau; but before
going any further into the technique of tlie dry-fly school, I propose
to trace the history of this modern method of catching fish, which is
described by Emerson Hough as being "the most beautiful form of the
most beautiful sport." {Extract from a lettor to the author.)

I have already remarked that, if a new fly is dropped on the surface
of the water, it will float as long as it keeps dry. It is quite probable
that those Macedonian fishermen mentioned by Aelian in "De Anima-
lium Natura" (A. D. 230) were aware of this fact. Since this writer,
the first who desiiribes fly-fishing and a method of dressing flies, was
not a very accurate recorder, we may take it that practically all bia
observations on nature were made .second hand, consequently, we must
not put too much reliance on his description of the flies used. Further-
more, the lengths of rods and lines that he states were used, were
entirely too short for any practical purpose.

Scotcher {"Ply-Pisher's Legacy," 1807) makes, I believe, the first
mention in print of the fact that a aew fly will float This fact, which

2 CALIPORNU FISH AND GAME.

can hardly be called a discovery, is known to every one who has ever
fished to any extent with a wet fly. In a little book ("Anglers' Desid-
eratum," 1839) the author, Capt. Clarke, B. N., describes a method of
<'atching fish on hot sunshiny days, which has all the earmarks of dry-
ily tishing with the single exception of floating the fly.

The late Emlyn M. Gill in his book "Practical Dry-Fly Fishing"
(New York, 1915), writes o£ Mr. G. P, R. Pulman having "explained
(Iry.fly methods in 1851." This explanation, which appears on page
J;)2 of Pulman's "Vade Mecum" (1851, 3d ed. — the two earlier
editions made no mention of the dry-fly) is not of very great length.
so 1 will include it in this brief history r

T«t a dry By b« siibKti luted for Ihe wet one. the line awitcbed n few tiniMi
throitKh Ihe air to thron- ntf its snperabuadaDt moisture, a judicious cast made
just above the rising fiah, and the fl; allowed to float towards and over them, and
the chnoces are I^d to one that it will be eeiz^d aa readil; as a living insect.

Although the foregoing leaves very little undone to be a full des>ii;>-
tion of dry-fly fishing, I do not think that in the light of latter-day
■■vidcnce we can call Mr. Pulman a dry-fly man as the term is under-
stood today. What he really did do was to emphasize the importance
of the flrst east with a new (dry) fly. His son in a recent letter told
me: "I rccollcut that he (my father) often told me to dry the fly liy
flicking it about before taking a cast over a rising fish. He invarialily
liKlied down stream with two wet flies."

If we leave Sir. Pulman's description on one side as being doubtful,
or of the nature of the Scotch verdict "not proven," the first real
'iiention in print of dry-fly fishing is found in "A Book on Angling"
(Francis Francis, 1867). Although there are over four hundred and
fifty pages in this angling classic, only on three or four of them is
Ihcre any slight reference to this new art of fly fi.shing. At the time
.Mr. Francis wrote this Irook he evidently did not attach any great
importance to dry-fly fishing, David Foster ("The Scientific Angler."
188:1) maktfs ("■cnsioual references to dry-fly fishing and in some of the
iiiter editions there is a colored plate of dry flies. In the "Badminton
Lilirjiry" (I8sr>) Mr. II. S. Hall gives a short but complete treatise
of till' art, together witii the dressings for eighteen dry flies. Both
llalford and Fo-itcr srive Mr. Hall Ihe credit for the invention or adap-
(ion of tiip cved liook lo flii's of small size such as are used for drv-flv
■.*'ork.

The litiTiitiirv ri'Ijiliiiir to the art may be said to have still been iu
im pinl)r>-olif, if not a i-haotio. state, when in 1886 Frederick M. Halford
publislied his first work, viz., "Floating Flies and How to Dress Them."
iicsidfs fairly extensive contributions to periodicals devoted to sport,
he found time in tbe following years to produce: "Dry-Ply Fishing in
Thcdry and J'ractii-c"; "Dry-Kly Kntomology"; "Making a Fishery":
■ An Angler's Autobiographv"; "Jlodem Development of the Dry-
Fly"; and finally in i;il3 "The Dry-Fly Man's Handbook." This
liust work has soiiu'what of an nuiilogy to Rudyard Kipling's "Day's
Work." Between its covers is epitomized the knowledge and experience
of a lifetime devoted to fishing.

Of late years it has become the fashion among a certain class to
'(ucstion and even to ridicule some of his theories, but it should not
he forgotten that Mr. Halford never put a line on paper until he had
satisfactorily demonstrated its correctness by painstaking attention to
detail and laborious study. If I may be allowed to use a distinctively

CAUFOKNU FISH ANtt GAME. 3

American colloquialism: "Halford put the dry-fly od the map"; that
same the matter ap in a single sentence.

Among the other books devoted to the art I might mention "Fly
Fishing," 1899, by Viscoont Grey of Fallodon, or as he was known
then, Sir Edward Grey.

On this Bide of the Atlantic besides Mr, Emlyn M. Gill 's book already
mentioned, the following have appeared: "The Dry-F!y and Fast
Water," by George M. L. La Branche (N. Y., 1914) ; "Fishing with
Floating Flies," by S. G. Camp (N. T., 1916) ; and possibly one or two
others.

The use of the dry-fly in America is of quite recent occurrence. The
uet of the matter is that, nntil lately, onr rivers and streams wen;
swftRning with fish that seemed only too anxious to rise to any artitioial
fiy that was presented to them ; but increasing population and better
methods of transportation have brought many more men to the water-
side in quest of sport than was formerly the ca«c. The trout have
become more wary and greater finesse has to be employed in their
capture; consequently the dry-fly has been utilized as a means of over-
coming their increased shyness. It is only to be expected that in
England, with its denser population, these same conditions arose earlier
than they did over here.

There are two rivers in the south of that country wliiili arc pn-
pminently dry-fly streams. I refer to the Test and the Itehen. yoine-
time during the forties or fifties of the last century the dry-fly wa«
first used on these waters. (See "Chalk Strenm and Moorland."
itossell, Tjondon, 1911).

To no single individual ee.n be given the credit for the dis(!Overy.
invention or development of the art of dry-fly fishing. I l)elieve that
what actually did happen is that different men hit on much the same
Ihing about the same time. Their knowledge, which in the beginning
was purely local and personal, became in the course of time more
general, so that by the time the late sixties arrived, the art can be
considered to have been fairly well established on these two rivers and
on other streams of a similar character that are found in the south of
St^laad.

But although dry-fly fishing was quite common, so much so as to
be considered the sole means of catching trout by some; in fa.-l,
Mr. Halford states that the dry-fly was used exclusivply on the "Wandlc
tor the last half century, i.e., since 1863. (See "The l)r.v-Fly man's
Hand Book," p. 66), it was not the universal method that it is today
on these typical dry-fly waters,

"The Chronicles of the Houghton Fishing Club" were printed in
1908. This club has been in existence since 1822 and during most of
that time leased or owned riparian rights on the Test. From the
historical point of view there is not a great deal of information to be
derived from a perusal of the Chronicles, which deal chiefly with fisli
canght and other matters; but we can glean some information both
luefal and interesting.

In the early days when the May fly (Green Drake) was up, the cluh
members used to catch fish by "blowing." This consisted of using
■ the natural fly as a bait together with a long light bamboo rod and a
rtoBs silk line. The wind was allowed to carry out (blow) the bait
over the water, and by proper manipulation of the rod the fly was

s^C

4 CALIFORNIA FII^H AND OAME.

dropped on the surface just above a feeding trout. (Information con-
taiuMl in a letter from A. \, Gilbey, honorar}- secretary of the club, to
the author; also see chapter XXIII, "Pishing," Vol. I, "C-ountrv- Life
Library of Sport" (London 1905].) "Blowing" was still practiced
as late as the early nineties. The first mention in the Club Chronicles
of the capture of a trout on the artificial May fly is on June 6, 1888;
but a much earlier renord of sueh a feat on the same part of this river is
made by Col. Peter Hawker, of Longparish House, in his Diary, viz,
June 11, 1817.

The sixties ma.v be regarded as the transition period. During, these
years the dry-fly was becoming more eommou and the wet-fly was fast
<iisappearing. Mr. J. Krnest Pain, who has lived at Chilbolton on the
Test since the early seventies, told me that an old fly book belonging
to an uncle, which was used in 1860, contained nothing but wet flies.

In the seventies the dry-fly was almost universal. Writing about
the flshing on the Itchen from 1877 to 3880, Lord Grey remarks:
"These Winchester trout taught us the necessity of using flne gut and
small flies, and of floating the fly accurately over a rising fish." Even
so the wet fly had not quite entirely vanished from these rivers. As
late as 1890 a relative of mine who had owned fishings on the Test
since 1850, told me that he never used the dry-fly and that he considered
it a modern innovation that was quite unnecessary. As he had a num-
oer of fine speeimen fish mounted in glass eases, his contention would
sccin to have been fairly proved; but such is not the case at ail. My
relative did all his fishing on his own private water where the trout
were not harried by any one except himself and an occasional friend.
There were weeks, nay months, when these fish never had a line cast
over them and therefore we can readily believe that they could be taken
on a wet-fly. The dining loom of his fishing cottage projected over
llie river. There was a short distance on both sides of the house where
lisbing was never permitted, but his daughter told me that when her
father and the keepers were away she used to catch these trout, with
bread for bait, from the window. On the other hand at Winchester
where Lord Grey fished, there were always a number of other men
Tishing and the trout became highly sophisticated. Earlier in his
book Lor<l Grey speaks of the absolute lack of sport he experienced
witii the wet-fly on these waters, and it was not until he used a dry-fly
that he had any success at all. ("Fly-Fishing," p. 108.) I consider
that tliese facts amply prove the contention of most dry-fly men, viz:
That fish can he and are caught with a properly presented dry-flj,
which would not look at, niuch less take, a wet-fly.

Before the end of the last century certain rivers in England had
become dry-fly waters, i.e., the use of anything but the dry-fly was
prohibited, and it was regarded as a lieinous offense to do otherwise.

The history of the art on this side of the Atlantic is brief; in fact
I might almost say that it is in the making today. Dr>--fly fishing
has been practiced for some few years on the Catskill and other streams
in the eastern states and is occasionally met with on our western rivers ;
but the necessity for it has not arisen except in a few localities where
fishermen are almost as numerous as the fish, I learned the art in the
eighties, but for years I fished almost entirely with a wet-fly, only '
occasionally using a dry-fly for an exceptionally cautious fish. How-
ever, of late years 1 have found the fish much wiser and not so easy to

CAUFOKNIA FISH AND OAMB. 'i

<-atcli. The automobile is mainly responsible for this coiiditioD.
Fifteen years ago I used to ver>- rarely meet others beni on fiahiriR. but
nowadays I have frequently eountfd as many as ten nun in si^lit at onee
lined out along the stream. Consequently I have been, for ttouie years
past, using nothing but the dry-fly; and 1 think it is i)nl,v a i|:ii'stion of
time when the dry-fly will be mui*h more generally used on Ameriean
trout streflms than it is at present.

THE TOUNQ OF THE BLACK SEA-BASS *

One of the most picturesque fishes of Southern ('alifornia, well
known and appreciated by sportsmen and commercial fishermen alike,
is the giant black sea-bass or California jewfish, •:ilcreoleins giyas
-\yre3. It is a common sight to see one of these huge fishes hung up
oy the jaw before fish markets and on pleasure piers, surrounded by
wondering tourists. But although over a million pounds are lande<l
yearly in the markets, the fish caught all range in size from about
three to six feet in length. The commercial fisiiermen never admit
having seen a jewfish less than one and a half or two feet in length,
and all declare them to be dull black in color and without markings,
as are the larger ones.

Imagine our surprise then, when we discovered that certain pretty
little bass-like fishes from the hauls of the boat "Albacore" were the
young of the jewfish! These resembled the huge, ugly adults neither
m form, color, nor markings, as may be seen from figure 1.

Several specimens of tlie young of the jewfish have been taken in
the otter trawls of the "Albacore" in shallow water on the Southern

1 state Fl slier [es La born tor

i„vGoo<^lc

b CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

California i.'oast at different dates : December, 1918, specimen 1 J inches
long ; April, 1919, specimens 4 to 4J inches iDiig ; a^d September, 1919,
specimens 7J to 9 inches long. The depths were from 4 to 15 fathoms.
The most striking change in the development of the jewfiah is that
oi color and jnarkings. The younger specimens are a rich brick-red
iu color and marked with conspicuous dark brown or black spots
irregularly scattered over the back and aides. There are also white
or pale yellow splashes here and there on the body, especially on the
throat and ventral side of the tail. The vertical fins are black with
conspicuous transparent edges, the ventrals black, and the pectorals
pale or transparent. As the fish grows older the body color darkens
and the spots btxiome indistinct until the whole color is a uniform
dark brown or dull black, except for the light patches on the throat
und ventral surface of the tail which often persist even in the larger
adults. At! the fins become black except the ventrals, which, though
iilack in the young, are lighter than the pectorals in the adult, showing
white membrane between the black fin rays.
The c
velopraei
equally
which ai
one size,
i-hangc
si>»- of ti
men to i
the doff
merged I
and inde
spines at
the Sesh
in the p
and ven
In the
about .2
the vent
adult th
and the '
That t
black sea
brightly
when wi
related i
liantly r

hasij. the striped baffi, or the
srroupera of Florida and the West
lndiej<, and it is indeed strange that
liny have not been recognized be-
fore. But the bright color and the
different form of the body combined
with the apparent inaccessibility,
since they never appear in the mar-
kets, have protected the identity of
this giant's young from the fisher-
man and public until the present
time.

CAUF(WNIA FISH AND OAHB. 7

THB P AOIFIO EDIBLE OBAB AND ITS MEAB BEIATIVBB.*

B7 Frark Waltek Wktuouth, Stanford TTniTenit;, CalUonla.

The edible crab of the Pacific Coast markets is familiar to moat
people but there are a nnmber of other species less well known and
somewhat likely to be confused with it. It is the purpose of this note
to prevent tbis confusion. Since there are between fifty and a htindred
distinct species, many of small size, on the coast, it is a mistake to
imagine that any small crab is the young of the edible form. Many
are so widely different that even a hasty examination will show the
most uncritical that they are not market crabs, but there are four
closely related species which are particularly liable to confusion and
which will be considered in more detail.

The edible crab, Cancer magister, belongs to a genus which includes
in the Atlantic two of the edible crabs of the eastern United States and
Canada and the edible crab of Europe. On the Pacific coast there are

FlQ. 3. Kdlble crab. Cancer magieler. Egg-bearlne rpmale, one-half natural slie.
San Francisco, CnlJfornl.i.

nine species of Cancer, but most of these are so small or so rare that
they need not be considered. Three or four species are large enough
to be used for food but only Cancer magisler is both large enough and
abundant enough to be of commercial importance and is the only
■California Stats Fisheries Laboratory, Contribution No. 14.

i:(i,rod.iyGoO<^lc

8 CAUFOKNIA FISH AND QAHB.

species recognized b; the protective laws. The following descriptioiia
and figures should serve to distinguisli these larger and more i^ose!^
related forms.

CANCER MAQISTER. EDIBLE CRAB.

Size large, sometimes reaching nine inches ii i

back from point to point. The general color of
not reddish and there is no red on the lower nde ;
and side of the shell are low and saw-like, those i

not all of the same Bize, and the two nearest th<
more widely separated from the middle three;
large pincer has conspicuous rows of ^ines; U
black- ti pped ; and the last joints or "claws" of
slightly curved, broad, thin and fringed with hai
paddles. Seldom found between tides bat usu
twelve fathoms on saudv bottoms.

CANCER QRACILrS.

Size small, seldom exceeding three inches. General color of the
living animal and teeth on margin of shell much as in C magister;
the "hand" is rather less spiny and the "fingers" are also not black-
tipped; the last joints of the walking legs are long, curved, slender and
hairless, thus differing from all tlie other species here described. In
California not found between tides but in deeper water, usually on
sandy bottom.

CANCER ANTENNARIU8. ROCK CRAB.

Size moderate, seldom exceeding five inches. General color of living
animal reddish, lower side with small red spots not found in other
species ; teeth on front and sides of shell heavy, projecting and curved
forward, those between the eyes much as in C. magister; the "hand"
is large and entirely smooth, the "fingers" are conspicuously black-

CAUPOBNIA PISB AND OAllB.

P». 5. Rock crab. Cancer antennariua. Male, iv
Ba]', California.

tipped ; the last joints of the walking legs are stout, nearly straight and
hairy. Commonly found among rocks between tides, though also in
deeper water.

California.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

10 CAUFOBNIA FISH AND GAME.

CANCER PROOUCTUe. ROCK CRAB.

Size moderate to large, reaching seven inches. General color in life
as in C. anteiinarius though there are no small red spots on the lower
side ; teeth on front and sides of shell similar to those of C antennarius,
those between the eyes of about equal siae and projecting forward in
front of the eyes thus differing from all the other species here described ;
the "hand" is roughened but without distinct spines; the "fingers"
are black- tipped ; and the last joints of the walking legs are straight
and hairy but not flattened. Found usually between tides among the
rocks though sometimes in deeper water.

THE PROPOSED mVESTXaATIOK OF THE SABDINE.*

By Wnj, F. TnouPBON.

The marvelous development of the sardine fishery in California
warrants close attention to it and its prospects of permaneLcy. The
sardine has indeed become the most important speeles among the many
utilized in our great fislieries. In 1914 few were canned, but each
year has seen steady increase in number of canneries and in the total
packed. It is well nigh impossible that this giant industry which has
grown up over night should continue to grow at the rate it has in the
past, but an increase is surely still to be expected. It is a growth
unparalleled within tlie countries bordering the Pacific, and its effects
are consequently well worthy of attention. This attention is especially
due from the state, which has legal jurisdiction over the fisheries and is
responsible for their continuity. But such observation, it should be
carefully noted, is as much for the prevention of hasty and harmful
legislation as for conservation.

Moreover, many of the unsolved questions of fishery science and
many of the practical questions concerning the course of the annual
"runs" of fish may expect at least partial answers from an energetic
investigation of the life hiatorj', as has been previously pointed out by
the writer in Fish Bulletin No. 2 and in California Pish and Game,
Vol. 5, No. 2. The trend of the program of investigation, practical as
it is, is therefore aimed at a solution of "purely scientific" questions as
well as more "practical" and immediate ones.

In order that this program may be formally on record and that it
may be open to discussion by anyone, it is hereby published in the form
of the principal questions which it seeks to answer. Su^^e^ons and
criticism are cjimestly desired from every possible source.

The law requiring this work is as follows :

It shall be the duty of the fish and game com mission to gather data of the com-
mercial tiflberieB aud lo prepare Ihe data ho an to show the real abandance of tlie
most important commercial fishes ; to make such iavestigatioos of the biology of
[he various species of fish as will guide io the collectioD and preparation of the
statislical iotormatiop necessary to determine evidence of overfishing: to nuke such
invcBtiRations aa tvill bring lo light as soon as possible Ihose evidences of overfishing
as are shown by changes in the age groups of any variety of fish ; to determine what
measures may be advisable to consene any fishery, or to enlarge and UBist any
fishery where that may he done without danger to the sopply.

•CBlitomla Bt*t« Pliherie* I*boratory. Contrtbotlon Ho. IS. ^-> .

CAUFOBNI\ FISH AND QAHE. 11

1. WiU depletion occur?

To answer this we must have :

A. The catches by each boat, their character and the artificial
limits affecting them, in order that comparLsona may be made of
the catches of the various years, and of the seasons.

B. The type of each boat and the apparatus used.

C. The method of the fishery, and the effects of such factors as the
moonlight.

D. A knowledge of any decided ch^ges in method or location of
the fishery.

E. An answer to the following question. No. 2.

2. Are there great natnraJ flactaatioas in abundance, or qnality, other

than those of depletion?
An answer requires :

A. The same data as are required to answer No. 1.

B. The composition of the catches each year according to size or
age, in order that we may discover whether a good catch is due
to an exceptional spawning season. This implies a knowledge
of the effect of selective fishing on the catch.

C. The variation in the composition of the catches during various
parts of the year, so that we may be sure we are comparing the
yeare oorreoUy.

D. The spawning season, and its relation to natural changes in
quality or local abundanco.

3. Is it possible to foretell fluctuations?
This can not be done unless wc know :

A. What changes are invariable each j'car, such as the spawning
migration.

B. What the success of each spawning st'ason is, as evidenced by
the abundance of the youngest fish. It may be necessary to
judge of this by comparing the abundance of the youngest in
separate clarace, such as medium or large fish.

C. What the age and rate of growth is, so that we may know how
long it takes for the fish of a given spawning season to Income
fit for use.

4. Do sardines migrate from one region to another?

This question is of importance because of the possible difference in
food value of sardines which live in the various regions; becji-use of the
possible depletion of one region independently of another; or becaiise
of the possible dependence of the supply in one region upon the sar-
dines in another.
The data required are :

A. Extensive measurements to discover any physical differences
between schooLs from different regions. For example, a differ-
ence in size of the head would indicate that the schools did not
mingle but were independent.

12 CALIFORNIA FISH AND QAHB.

B. The early life history, especially that of the eggs and their
drift witi the currenta.

C. The location of the various age classes of fish at the different
periods of the year, so that seasonal migrations may be dis-
cerned, and the simultaneaus character of fluctuations in
different regions may be discovered, if existent.

D. The accessibility of the schools under various physical ccmdi-
tions, to explain any absence which might erroneously be
assigned to migration.

5. If depletion should occur, what meuures for protection should be
adopted?

For the proper solution of this problem, an intimate knowledge of
the life-history is necessary, but the following will constitute the most
practicable basiB for action :

A. Are the sardines in different regions independentT May one
region be depleted and another nott

B. When are the sardines worth least as foodt When are they
most valuable to the species as spawnerst

C. Upon what classes of fish does the strain of the fishery fall most
heavily I

In answering these questions it is obvious that extensive data must
be gathered. We are undertaking the collection of careful statistics
regarding the boats and their catches, and are observing the sardines
closely throughout their season. This implies the obtaining daily of
material from the canneries and fishermen. We trust that this privi-
lege will be cheerfully granted, and the agents of the Commission
have been instructed to use the utmost care that no unnecessary
inconvenience is put upon any person or firm in the pursuit of duties
required of them by law.

THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE SAQE HEN.

The sage hen is the largest upland game bird found in California.
Consequently it is not easily confused with any other bird. As a
prominent zoologist has said, "It is not particularly necessary to
describe the sage hen any more than the elephant, as its size and its
extremely long and pointed tail proclaim its identity anywhere."

The high open plateaus from six thousand to twelve thousand feet
in elevation constitute its home, the birds seldom frequenting country
where timber grows to any extent. As a rule, sage hens do not
migrate from their accustomed locality, no matter what the weather
conditions may be. When snow covers the ground they resort to high
brush which protrudes through the snow, where it is possible for the
birds in severe blizzards to dig or scratch down to the ground at the
base of a hush. At such times when the snow is deep and frozen, sage
hens fall easy prey to the marauding coyote, lynx, skunk, and various
other varmints that follow their scent each winter.

OAUFOKNIA nSH AND 0A3IB. 13

Ihuring clear spells throaghout the winter sage hens keep on the go
searching for food that has been blown over the snow. Strange as it
may seem, at such times birds are the very wildest of any time during
the year.

Early spring nsnally finds the birds poor in flesh and shabby in
plumage. The females select the sunny slopes and billgidea, near
sprii^s or small running streams, for nesting grounds. A feeble
attempt at building a nest is made by scratching out a shallow hole in
the ground at the foot of a sage buah, or other shrub. Here the eggs
are laid, the usual number being about ten. In color, they are greenish
and speckled with brown; in size they are about that of a small
domestic hen's egg. Old male birds never frequent the locality in
which their mates nest and only return when the young birds have
reached maturity. The percentage of their brood brought forth each
year by the nesting hens is exceptionally good considering the immense
disadvantage the birds are subjected to during their nesting period.
By this I mean varmints of all sorts, early spring floods, trampling by
sheep, cattle, and horses, and last but not least, the man with the gun,
who formerly was always to be f oond following the snow back as it
receded from the lower hills. Many young biids fall early prey to
varmints, as the parent bird has feeble means of protecting herself or
her young.

While the sage hen is nesting, and for a short while after the female
comes off with her brood, the food consists mainly of the tender buds
and leaves of blue brash, and wild cherry brush. After the young
birds have learned to fly, they descend along the larger streams, also
frequenting meadowlands, where small, tender weeds and young
grasses are added to their diet. At such places the young birds will
gather in lai^e flocks and when approached by man, will stand and
crane their necks and make a very faint attempt at cackling. When
closely approached they usually run rather than fly.

By the last of August or early September the young birds are
usually joined by the old male birds, which come off the higher slopes
and ridges. These old male birds stay very high up all summer long,
quenching their thirst from the snow banks.

The cock sage hen's performances in early spriDg are most interesting.
He struts very much like a turkey, his long pointed pheasant-shaped
tail spread out like a fan. The wings trail beside him, the breast
nearly rubbing the ground. In some instances the breast does rub
the ground, and the feathers are worn off. During the courting antics
the male inflates bis saffron-colored air-sacs on both sides of the neck
and makes a guttural sound, stepping much as does our turkey gobbler.
Al l of this performance is apparently directed to attract the attention
of the females, which gather together old and young, big and little.

The sage hen is by nature terrestrial ; flying at best is a laborious per-
formance and only resorted to as a last expedient. With much effort
a bird lifts itself, but when once in the air it flies rapidly, and I have
seen them sail for two miles or more before alighting. Sage hens
are not suspicions birds. They generally walk or run away from an
intruder, sometimes hiding among the sage bushes, where, owing to
their protective coloration, it is quite diEQcult to detect them without a
bird dog.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

14 CALIPOBNU FISH AND QkUB.

In October, sage hens congr^ate in iai^e flix^, and feed almost
entirely on sage and soon lose Uteir gamey Bavor brought with them
from their higher homes.

The principal diet of the sage ben throughout the year consists
mainly and almost exclusively of sage and a great portion of bitter
brash, along, however, with a certain amount of flower buds and bulbs.
It is about the only bird known that can eat with relish, and benefit,
the leaves of our common sage bmsh, and subsist upon that food
indefinitely. In fact, there are variouB kinds of herbage that sage hens
are known to pick up during certain seasons of the year aside from sage,
. but Bach only in very small quantities.

The sage hen is one of our grandest game birds, a bird that should
be carefully guarded to prevent extinction. The young birds are often
alert and riae from the ground at some little distance at the approach
of man on foot or horseback. If the hunter marks them carefully
when tbey alight he has no trouble in walking within easy shooting
distance. "When dusbed, the sage hen almost always flies behind the
hunter making a turn in the air just after leaving the ground, thus
making it a large and easy target. Like most of our ground birds it
does not fiy from cover at the crack of a gun.

The writer recalls abont twenty years ago when thousands of sage
hens made their homea in Long Valley, which is in the south end of
Mono County and just northwest of Liyo County's north boundary
line. At that time it was considered mere play for the cowboys to
dash with their saddle horses into a large flock of sage hens, one thou-
sand or more, and strike down two or three with their quirts or eow
whips before the birds could possibly get out of the way. Conditions
now, however, have changed. Of the thousands which a few years
ago inhabited our plateaus, now only a few scattered hundreds remain.
Indeed, the situation regarding the futnre welfare of the sage hen
throughout California was most alarming until the stringent laws of
recent years became efEective,

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFOBNU F18H AND GAHI.

K0TB8 ON THE LIFE BISTORT OF THE BLAOK-TAILXO DEER.

B; J. D. CorrMAn.

Though the blacktaiied deer, OdocoUeus coluttUjianitg, is well known
and widely hunted, yet ita habits and life hiatory are but imperfectly
known. We therefore offer the following notes, which have been com-
piled in connection with a report sent ttte California. Fish and Game
ComnuBsi<»i by the Trinity National Forest, as a contribution to the
life history of this notable game mammal.

With the heavy snows on the higher ranges, the deer descend to the
lower elevations and during the winter feed on such bunch grass and
browse as is available, utilizing moss, mistletoe and branches broken
off l^ anow where the more palatable forms of forage are unavailable.
During this period of the year the deer travel in bands. As the snows
mrit away they follow the snow line back to the higher ranges and
during May and June scatter out through the mountains. During the
spring they feed on open glades, but after the middle of June most of
the deer ascend to the higher slopes, feeding on tender shoots and
grasses during the early summer, and almost exclusively on browse,
such as hazel, oak and various species of Ceauotbus (blue brush, buck
brush, wedge-leaf (chaparral), and white-thorn), from early August
ontil the acorns are ripe in the fall. Then mast forms a large proportion
of their food within the oak country. In the fall, after the rains have
come, deer will also dig for roots and ground shoots, and feed exten-
sively on the edible fruiting bodies of certain species of fungi that
develop abundantly in the timber at that season. During the summer
season deer use natural mineral springs and salt licks extensively.

It is noted after extremely cold and snowy wintere that a few deer
appear to die from the effects of the storms, deer so dying being found
late in the winter or in the early spring after they have commenced
feeding on the open grass lands. For this region (the Trinity National
Forest) the rutting seastm begins early in November and ends about
the middle of December, depending a great real upon the altitude where
the deer happen to be feeding, the mating beginning several weeks
earlier in the lower elevations than at the higher altitudes. On the
lower lands within the watershed of the north fork of tlie Eel River,
in the southwestern portion of the Forest, the rutting season begins
about (me month earlier than the general season stated above.

It is a common belief among the old residents that the first heavy
storm during November has considerable influence upon the rutting
season. This may, however, simply l)e due to the fact that these storms
appear usually about the time the deer start to run, and the impression
may also be due to swne extent to the fact that the tracks are so much
plainer in the Miow that it creates the impression the deer have been
running more, and it is probably true that the deer would move around
more after the advent of snow even aside from the rutting season.

During the running season the bucks frequently fight each other,
and many of the old ones have torn ears from their homed encounters
with their rivals. The bucks at tliis time become thin, as a rule, and

Jioo'^lc

16' CHAFOKSU. FISH AND GAMS.

the meat ia usually unfit for food even though the buck may appear to
be in good condition.

The young are bom during the months of May, June and July. The
does first breed, therefore, when they are approximately eighteen montba
old. In their first breeding season they bear but one fawn as a rule, and
very often but one during the secoud season, but thereafter bear two
fawns, and in rare instances three. Until such time as the fawns are
able to follow the does, they are hidden away in a brush patch or
sheltered nook, while the mother feeds near by, returning to them at
intervals during the day. After the fawns are able to travel, their
beds or hiding places are changed frequently until such time as the
fawns are able to follow throughout the day. During the first six
weeks the fawns are said to have no scent, the scent glands probably
not having developed as yet. This undoubtedly protects them mate-
rially from their predatory enemies. Even with this protection,
probably not as many as fifty per cent of the fawns reach maturity.
Most of the fawns have loat their spots by September and are weaned
during the fall. The fawns usually remain with their mother until they
are yearlings or until the next fawns are bom, and frequently stay wilik
her even for several mouths longer.

The bucks shed their antlers during January and February. During
March they bave only a skin covering over ^e old scar, and the new
antlers begin to grow in April. During the months of June, July and
August the antlers are in the velvet and are tender, so that the bucks
remain in the open timber or around rocky places, and do not frequent
brush areas. During the latter part of August and the first half of
September they rub the velvet from their horns. About November 1
the bucks' necks iK-giu to swell, and they do considerable traveling
around just previous to the mtting season.

The summer coat of all the deer is of a reddish color, and the winter
coat is of a bliii.sh-grey color and is heavier than the summer coat, the
hair being Innj^r. The winter coat is shed during May, and the
summer red is worn until September, when the winter coat begins to
come in again. Occasionally a white or albino deer is seen or killed,
and also black deer, buth being rare varieties of the common local
species.

During the latter part of August and the month of September most
of the deer ranse at high elevations and lie in heavy brush thickets as
a protection affaiait flics, and perhaps to escape hunters and their
other enemies as well.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAlilFORNU FISH AND QAUE.

17

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A pabUcatlon davoted to ttw _

UoD ol wild Ufa and publlabed aiiKrterlT
br tb* Calitomla State Fidi and Oanw
Conunlaalon.

Bmt free to dUieos of the State at Cali-
fornia. Ottered tn eKcbaota fOr oniltlu>-
loslea], manunaloBlcal and ttmllar perlod-

TiM artidaa pubii Aad In Cautokku Fism
AKD Oamb are not coprrlchted and mar "^^
reproduced In other perlodlcala, proTid

due credit la dven the California Ftih a

Oame Conunlsaloii. Bdltora of newapapen
and DertodlcaJa are Inrtted to make uee of
pertinent material.

All material for publication abould be
Mot to H. C Bryant, MuMum et Verte-
brate Zoology , Berkelay, CaL

Jam

/ is, isao.

"Game lawa are not enacted for thi
purpose of deprlvlna any cltlien of hli
Hghta, but rather to prevent euch depriva-
tion by aaauring a supply."

FIVE YEARS OLD.

California Fish and Oaue is noii
Gve yesiB old. If fon are not aware thai
it has grown in size, compare the first
issD^ with the recent trout Damber,
phrBical growth is not everytbios-
trust that there has been a growth ii
so-called "general tone" of the magazine
as wen. It is to be hoped that each i
acts more and more as an evangel of
servstion and that the material presented
increasingly convinces the reader that
California's wild life resources are worth
somelhing aod conBequentl; need ti
conaerved.

Califobnia Fibh and Game
started as a meaoB of moulding public
opinioa, for it was believed that : "The
etfectivenesB of game protectloo is gov-
erned by the interest of the people and the
spirit of those who hunt and fish." To
judge of its effectiveneBB in this regard is
perhaps difficult, but it is certain that
there ba« been a growth of pabltc opinion
favoring the protection of wild life
resources, and we believe the magazine hos
helped in this development.

Ton will find in the volumes completed
notewMthy facts concerning the status of
fish and game in California and the means
being taken to conserve it. The magazine
has acted primarily in an educational and
publicity capacity, bat It also conatitntes
a record of activities and accomplishments
which are of historical valne.

In looking toward future Dombera what
more can we do for the canae? Our maga-
sine has not entered the Geld of the
sporting magasiue. Articles seldom ap-
pear In story fimn and the usual hunter's
experiences recounted in characteristic
fashion are omitted, and for that reason it
may not be so readable, Tbe adherence
to scientific fact, however, should carry
added importance to the reading matter,
even if popular and light reading is lack-
ing. It ahguld be remembered that the
function of our magaiine is quite differeut
from that of a typical sporting magaiine.

If Cautobnia Fise and Game is not
living up to Its motto "Conservation
through Education," let us immediately
receive a set of protests from our readers.

we MUST CAPITALIZE OUR
RESOURCES.

More aud more we are awaliening to
the fact that li^ih nod game propagation
and protcclioo is a liusioesa proposition.
One of the most convincing argumenla
(or the conservation of wild life ri'sourcea
ix to be found in the allraclivcneBa of lish
and game to sportsmen outside of the
state, who benefit thp state by siwnding
large sums of money in obtaining their
sport. It is up to us to capitalize all of
our resources — climate, mountain scenery,
forests, fish and game. \Vhi>n capituliz-^d
it does pay divideuda. These dividends,
however, continue only Hheo fish and
game are properly conserved. Had a
sufficient breeding stock of that moxt
valuable of all the fur-bearers, ihe sea
otter, been maintained the stale would
aow be obtaining a return from a spleu-
di<t industry. The practical cxtinclion of
this valuable fur-hearing aiiimal pre-
chidps any return. With a little foresight
California can so conserve its supply of
A-ild life that it will form a permanent
mil paying attraction to tlie pleasure
ieeker. With a little iodilTiTence Cali-
fornia cnn become bankrupt so far es
invested capital in natural resources is
concerned, with no hope of solvency.

ace the beginning of the educational
campaign in this state to establish a public
sentiment favorable to fiab and game con-
servation, we have continually pointed oat

Jioo'^lc

18

CALIFOBNU PISH AND OAUB.

tbe advaotaxes ot the educational metliod
over that of force. The necessity of a.
patTol force ie largely due lo the lack
ot proper public BentimeDt. Tbe most
tundaioaiital wa; of cutting down the
number of violations is to let people know
Bomething about the wild life of the state
and its needs.

State after state is cominK to a realisa-
tion of jUBt these facta. New York is
doing some splendid educational work,
Michigan has been devoting a great deal
of energy to an educaticoial program, and
now we note that Winconsin has began an
extensive program of education and has
been employing spea iters to deliver lec-
tures tbrougbout (he stale. The results
have been so much worth white that an
enlargement of the program is planned.
According to the Wisconsin Commission
"it is tbe one thing that will save the wild
life of the state and the work must be
liushcd vigorously. Until -such time as
the people become educated to the import-
ance of a united public sentiment for con-
servation we must pursue tlie course ot
warrants, courls and fines and follow the
old method of educating with the sledge
iommer, teach through force instead tf
reason and tbe more rigid tbe lawB and
the more severe the fines, the more potent
the efTcct."

FUR RESOURCES ENDANGERED.

That it is high time each state turned
its attention to giving jiidicJuos protection
lo fur-bearing mammals is evidenced by
tbi> following statements given in a recent
Farmer^' Bulletin (No. 1079) of the
United Slates Department of Agricutti

"Itecentty the supply of peltries
been decreasing at an alarming i
Jtaw-fur buyers repretentlog all parts of
tbe country place the decrease at from 2S
to no per cent during the last ten years.
There are no longer any virgin trapping
grounds. Kven in Alaska tbe two most
important fur-bearing animals, the heaver
aDd the marten, have became bo nearly
exterminated that tbey are now being
protected by a close period,

"r.awa protecting fur-bearing animals
a.re designed to beep a steady Sow of
lie I tries coming to market year after
year, thereby bringing trappers a reliable
income and giving regular employment to
thousands of people engaged in dressing
skins, manufacturing garments, and dis-
tribc'ting them through the various aye-
nuea of trade.

"A general protest comes from raw-fur
buyers against traffic in unprtme aT '

Tbe losses caused by killing fur anlnula
when tbeir pelts are not prime are
enormous. An educational campaisn is
greatly needed to prevent this waste
' to perpetuate oot fur-pndDdns

NEW QAME FISH IMPORTED.

On November 24, 1919, the California
Fish and Game Commission received a.
shipment of ayu eggs on the steamer
Shinyo Maru from Japan wbicb were
sent throngh the courtesy of Professor
C. Ishikawa, College of Agricultnre at
Komaha, near Tokyo (Tokyo Imperial
Univeisity), Japan.

The eggs were deposited on cocoon ut
fiber and placed in four jars boldine
about a gallon to a gallon end a half of .

r each. There were also three tub«
about thirty inches in diameter which con-
tained approximately three to four pieces
of fiber each, Tbe ayu eggs are very
small, not much larger than the eggs of
the shad. As soon as the consignntent
arrived in San Francisco the eggs were
hurried to the Brotdtdale Hatchery and
were placed in the hatching troughs at
that place, where they are at the present
time. Upon arrival the egga were appar-
ently all dead but since this CommiSBion
is very anxious to give this experiment a
thorough test every precaution was taken
in the handling and placing of the egge in
the batehery troughs in case any life
should develop.

The OmmissJon feels greatly indebted
to Dr. David Starr Jordan of Stanford
UniverBity, who originally corresponded
with the Imperial University at Komaha
near Tokyo, and it was through bis
efforts that the shipment was received.
Tlie ayu is a sporting fish belonging to the
trout family and it will make an exoel-
leut fish for the anglers. It reaches a
length of Si inches ; none are to be found
in this country. — B. D.

CALIFORNIA FURNISHES STRIPED
BASS TO HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
On Saturday, November 15, 1919, the
Cnlifomia Fish and (iame Commissioa
shipped about 2500 striped bass from 2}
to 5 inches in length to the Fish and
Game Commisaion of the Territory of
Hawaii to be planted in streams in the
vicinity ot Honolulu. Captain H. E.
Foster of the patrol launch "Quinnat"
had chaige of the seining crew which col-

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAUB.

19

l«cted the fish oa the B«nicla Bats by
mauts ot a beach seiae 270 feet long. 12
feet deep, the bag of which was i incb
meab and the wiaga 1) inch mpsh. It
took about three days to make the catch.

!%« fish were held in lire cars udUI
snfficjent were collected to make the ship-
ment and then were put aboajd the
Mataon NaTigation Company's steamer
"Maui." Here the fish were distributed
in six large salmoQ tierMS that had been
arranged on the main upper deck in front
of the office of the'chief engineer, Alex-
ander R;an, who took personal charge of
the fish on the trip. Each tierce had sail
water circnlation by means of a smaJI pipe
which had been connect^] np with a pump
in the engine room.

In 1874 California received the first
shipment of 190 small striped base from
New Jersey. These fish were distributed
in the Sacramento and San Joaquin
rireiB. In 1882 a second shipment of 400
striped bass were sent to this state by
tbe United States Bureau of Fisheries.
California has an annual catch of about
1,500.000 pounds ol striped boss, with a
commercial value of about 1130,000.
Since bo &no a result was obtained with
a small number of fish in California the
large plant ot 2500 fish in the viciaity of
Honolulu should assure tbe rapid estab-
liabment of this splendid fieb In
Hawaiian Islands.— E. U.

tribotion is made. During September and
October of this year large plants of golden
trout have been made In the headwaters
of the Kings River, thus extending the
distribution of this fiafa over fifty miles
to the northward. Former plants had
already extended the distribution more
than one hundred miles to the northward.
Every effort is be'ug made to extend the
range of this notable trout, care being
taken, however, to keep a pure strain by
planting in barren waters. As results of
former plantings have been very success-
ful, it is expected that golden trout will
be available to everyone within a few
years, and tbat the lakes and streams of
tbe southern Sierras will be the Mecca ot
anglers tbe world over.

IN MEMORIAM.

OSOAS H. SEICHUHO.

d Game Commission,
[•n Sunday, Novem-

wlth the frequent flagra
of the iawi proloctJng wild life, par-
ticularly by the forelan elementi
Relchling saw that unless the lawi
were enforced that it would t»e only a

Oame or fish. As a citizen, he did
what he could to atop the vlolatlonsi

Tbe angler who visits the Southern
terras dtiriog the neit few years will be
elated to discover the streams tcei
with Golden Trout. Heretofore the "
beantifnl trout in the whole world"
limited to a few high mountain slrean
the vicinity of Mount Whitney, sad the
angler was forced to take a long hard
pack trip in order to secure this trout.
Now, owing to the operations of the Cali-
f<wiiia Fish and Game Comiuissloo tbe
golden trout is to be found in mountain
streams from the southern boundary of
the TosemltA National Fark to the trib^
ntaries of the Kem River.

In the beginning Golden Trout wen
cauglit with hoA and lioe and then trans-
ported by mule pack train to otber streams
which were to be Mocked. Now the Gsh
are spawned and the eggs hatched ai
Moant Whitney hatchery and then dis-

mploy more regula

As Mr. Reich

training at a booKkeepi
that he could bett "-
apaelty

_. lied In
detailed to

then In charge of the license and book-
keeping department. Upon the death
of Judge Heacock. In 1909, he wai
again promoted. Later he wai given
the very responsible potltion of
cashier, the place he held at the time

Mr. Relchling Is survived by his
wife and mother and also by three
brother* and sisters. He was a mem-
ber of Excelsior Parlor, N. S. G. W.,
and It mourned by a host of friends.

CALIFOBNU FISH AND QAMB.

CalifoniiB todar Is one of the ftreatest
out-of-doors itatea in tbe uoion. Its
mountalDB, lakes, foresta, riven and
wealth of bird life attract people from
ever; state In the countr;. Evei7 meii,
woman and cbild in thia atate owes
Theodore Roosevelt something for his far-
sightedness and for bis eCForti in aaving
the wild birda of the state. They not
only owe something in the wa; of a cash
coutribiitioD to a memorial for bis far-

Klamatb Lake reservation. Here was s
wide, open, shallow alkaline lake ten or
twelve miles long. For miles and miles
around the border was a vaat tule marsh,
white with the nesting multitudea. lie
beanty of Lower Klamath Lake was in
its life, the flying birds that bovered over
the wide, treeless area, the calling flodu
that from time Immemorial have held this
as their own. Aronnd the wide border of
the lake a wild swamp grass grew, nur-
tured bj sub-irrigation, and a great itnm-
ber ot cattle were raised bere.

Junt

Flo. T, Lower Klamath Lake, a federal b

lake. An abundant tule growth on (he ei „

I breei31nE Kround tor waterfowl and the Islands in tha lake a . . .

inda by cormorants, pelicans and great blue herons. Photograph by H. C. 1

; 9. 1914. (Neg. 1269, Callt. Mus. Vert. Zool.)

sightedness, but they owe some effort
toward saving these greatest living and
useful monuments which he preferred to
any other kind.

Although Lower Klamath Lake .
federal wild bird reservation by special
proclamation and wild birds are carefully
protected by both state and federal Ie
yet the vital defect in the whole situati
is the present unfortunate condition whicb
is bringing about the destruction of bird
life on a vast scale and the annihilation
of this great reservalion by the drying up
of the lake. The myriads of ducks, geese,
wading birds and other wild fowl arc at
home in the woudcrful marsh land, but
they can not exist on the alkali flats of
the desert

Picture to yourself the condition a few
yean ago when Roosevelt created the

Then came the land operators and
wildcat schemers and advocated the dry-
ing up of the lake by cutting off its water
supply frcnu Klamath River. Tbe; said
instead of a mardiy waste we could have
a great farming area. A djke was bnilt
and a change has gradnall; taken place.
Instead of tbe waters, we now have deaert
flats crusted with alkali. The meadowa of
wild grass owned by stockmen about the
lake have reverted to the desert because of
tbe lack of water. The great tnle maiah,
as dry as tinder, and the peat two or
three feet below tbe surface, was set on
fire last spring and is now a gigantic
waste, flaming In some places and slow
burning under tbe surface in others. Tbe
migratory flocks that have (ed and nested
here are flying about without homes and
resting places.

i„vGoo<^lc

OALIFOBNU FISH AND OAHS.

21

A. P. DaTJs, director of the reclama-
dou serriM, hu written Senator Cbam-
berlaJD tfaat a recent iUTestigration of tbe
mar^ lands aronnd Lower Klamath Lake
hu failed to disclose positive evidence of
their value for agricultaral purposes.
According to his own words "very little
ctmelmive evidence can be fonud ai
the aericQltural valae of tbe lands sronnd
Lower Klamath Lake."

Here is the moat useless piece of de-
struction of one of onr greatest out-of-

rest oo mlgnttioDS? It is of the utmoat
Importance that public waters be pre-
served, if we ere to maintain duck ahoot-

So says the American Game Protective
Association with reference to the drainage
of Big Rice Lake in Uinuesota aoder the
pretext of land for the fanner.

So say we all of m with reference to ttke
Klamath Lake Bird Reservation and
other wildcat schemes which threaten the
extermiDatloQ of our wild lite resourcea.

door resonrces, and nothing gained. The
whole tbiog can be remedied if the recla-
madon service will open the dykes and
let the water back into Lower Klamath
Lake. Every citizen of the etate should
take this matter up with the reclamation
service, our senalors and representatives
in WaBhington, or with the Secretary of
Agricnlturc. If immediate action is se-
cnred Klamath Lake Reservation could be
restored and would remain as a great
living moDument to Theodore Roosevelt.—
W. L, FiRLET, State Biologist, Portland,

THB HUNTER'S LAMENT.

"Of what earthly use is it to protect
waterfowl from overshooting and then
take away their nesting grounds, tbeir
feeding waters and the places where tbey

. FISHERIES

In order to inform the people of the
state aa to the wonderful Bsheriea which
have been developed in Souihfrrn Califor-
nia tbe past few years, the Fish and Game
Commission has recently had a film made
depicting the outstaudicc features of tbe
tuna fiEhery. After spending manr days
aboard the Ifluufh "Albacore." of the Fish
and Oamc Commission, the camera man
secured a very fine seriea of pici
ing the methods of capturinj
Visits to the canneries helped t
the film for here the whole canning pro-
cess was photographed. In the film,
therefore, one ma; view the entire process
from the capture of the fish at sen to the
finished canned product. Outstanding
features of the film are a scene at Smug-

id OyGoOgIc

CAUFOBNIA FISH AND GAHB.

gler*fl Cove showing the fiahlnK fleet at
anchor, Recnred after a nnieli and dan-
gerooa landing, and scenei showing a
barge being loaded with tuna.

HiE new Sim forma a part of the free
film service [umighed b; the Fish and
Game ComniiialoD. Man; splendid films
showing wild birdi and mammals in Iheit
own homes are available throagh tbe Fish
and Game Commisiion'a educational and
pnbticity department

SEVEN QRPZZLIES FORMERLY

EXISTED IN CALIFORNIA.

Now that the grizzly bear is extinct in
California careful stndies are beii^ made
of tbe material at hand to find out how
manr Tarietiea of grizzly bear actnall;
existed in this state.

Dr. C. Hart Heniam bas published a
review of grizKlies and big brown bears of
North America (U. 8. Dept. Agric, North
American Fauna, No. 41, Feb. 9, 1018)
in which It is pointed out that seven vari-
eties of grizzly bear were formerly found
In this state. The California coast grizzly
formerly ranged in buQlid coast regions
from San Francisco Bay south to San
Luis Obispo. The Tejon rrizily was
found in tbe dry chaparral hills of inter-
ior coast ranges, between the San Joaquin
Valley and Los Angeles. Tbe Sacramento
Valley grizzly was limited to the Sacra-
mento (and perhaps San Joaquin) Valley
and adjacent foothills. In extreme north-
em California, along the Klamath River,
ranged the Klamath grizzly, while further

■ontb in Mendocino County was to be
found the Mendodno gritily. The largest
one formerly occurred in the Santa Ana,
Cuyamaca and Santa Rosa mountains ot
southern California. Still another variety
roamed over the southern Sierra Nevada,
tbis one being called the Ilen^aw griazty.
Tbe Southern California grizzly was (he
largest of all the grizzllea, even larger
than the great buffalo-killing grizzly found
on tbe Kenal Peninsula in Alaska. It
was of aucb a huge size that the weight of
a mate is estimated at 1400 pounds. Tbe
height at the shoulder from flat at foot of
one specimen measured 4 feet. The jole of
the largest foot, without daws, mesMirccI
12 inches in leoKth and 8 in breadth. The
length of an old female taken in Trabuco
Canyon near Santa Ana measured 6 Icet

Material collected by tbe United States
uresu of Biological Survey made pos-
sible this paper, which describes eighty-si^
Ifferent varieties of grissly and brown
•are, a. large nnmber of which are newly
described varieties. Shins and skulls in
the California Museum of Vertebrmte
Zoology at Berkeley were used in Qi^-
sludles made by Dr. Herri am.

HEN ARE OREENHEAOS MOST
ABUNDANTt

recent article by Aido T^eopold in

the October number td Tkc Condor,

titled "Differential Sex Migration of

Mallards iu New Mexico," brings up tbe

mooted question as to whether female

CAUFOBNIA FIRH AND QAHB.

CALIFORNIA'S OAMX BAN0TUAKIE8.

Califomia is annriiiE a perpetual supply of smme bj ntttini aside
areas where no hmitinK is allowed and where xame is allowed to breed
unmolested. The state is responsible for the creation of most of them,
tfie federal government for others. Certain areas known as game
refuges have been set aside by legislative enactment. Others known
a* state game preserves have been created by die Fish and Game
ConuTiission after tbe owner of tiie property has ceded all hoating

Sirivileges to the state for a period of not less than ten years. The
ederal government has set aside five bird reservations and protects
all of the wild life within the national parks snd national monuments.
As a consequence game is now absolutely protected on neariy 3,000,000
acres within die State of California, an area roughly eqidvalent to
diree per cent of the total area of the state.

GAME REFUQES,

lA

SUklyou _

8.980
57.000
47.500
M.0OO

ea.aoo

47.580
34,400
31.000
64.000
57,600
33.400
37.600
37.000
3.400
13,7fi0
.■W.680
125.440
j 600,740
76.160
60.120
51,840
2S.000

1917
1017

lO

ID

IE

Trinity „

191.1

LflBsen —

1917

11 :./j::'j..::..:'

El Dorado „

1017

Santa Barbara _

Ventura _

4B I"::..::..::...

Lob Angeles _

Orance

Riverside

^:::~-~::r

1913
1917

Hount TamalpalB

Marin

1917

STATE GAME PRESERVES.

FEDERAL BIRD RESERVATIONS.

•22,400
•1,600

Pacific Oecan.

ncur San Francisco

r 141

■Approximate,

NATIONAL PARKS AND MONUMENTS.

Parks—

719,822

79.881
2060

Sequoia

TUIBTO

18B0

Mulr Woods —

ShuRta. I.asgcn. Plumes and Tchauis
Marin _ _

1916
1906

In State Gume Keruge No. SB.

..LnOO'^IC

24

CAUFOBNU FISH AND GAHB.

dneka migrate aontlivranl nrlier than the
mala. AccoHtng to the article female
malJardi arc most abutidaiit in tlie Rio
GrsDile Valley neat Alhuqu'rque during
October. By November the preponderance
ot females is diminlsbed and fay December
first there Is a preponderance of males.
The proportion ot malea and females is
about equal among the mallarda wintering
in the region. The article furthermore
points out that a number of ducks banded
at Great Salt I-«ke in Utali have been
taken in New Mexico.

It may be that iportamen in this state
can gather evidence which will support
or refute the statements made.

CALIFORNIA'S FIRST GAME REFUQE.

Splendid publicity baa recently been
f;iven the first game refuge establiriied
Catifornla througii the pubticaliou of
article entitled "Wild Ducks aa Winl
Guests in a City Park." in the National
G««raphic MaRasine for October, 1919.
The article is by Joseph Dixon, of the
rnivprsity of California MoBenm of Verte-
hrate Zoology, who made a cnreful study
of the bird life on I^ke Slnrritt, almost
in the heart of the city of Oakland, and
took many splendid photographs of the
birds. t.ake Merri

Btoto game refuge in ]8(K>, and therefore
hns the distinctinn of being the oldest
rffiiKP in the state. That the refuge is
fiiirilling its mi!isioD is evidenced by the
groat flocks of waterfowl which freqwi
its waters and the surrounding lawcs each
winter. Furthermore, the nunilwr of birds
appparing is on the increase, ehowing that
it is being utiliued as a safety z(
more and more birds each year,
may in a mciisure be due to the systematic
feeding carried on by the city of Oakland.
No visit to Oakland in tbi

plete without
bird snnctunry
the worthwhile
where huuliug

tigntion of this
which BO well tcstihea to
less of setting aside i
s prohibited.

PROTECT THE WOOD DUCK.
Fortunately the duck moat nearly e:
minated in this stale is one which ca
readily recognized by a peculiar rolling
Qight quite unlike the Sight ot any other
duck, and by a long, square tail that gives
IC B diBerent outline and appearance.

iridescent colors and the male
has conspicuous markings. Furthermore,
It practically never flocks with other ducks.
There la no excnae, therefore, for killing
this duck, which is protected by both atate
and federal laws looking towards its ulti-
retention aa a member of oni fauna.

FISHES IN RELATION TO MOSQUITO
CONTROU

The United States Bureau ot Fiaheriea
in a recent publication (U. S. Bureau of
Fisheries, Document No. 874) tells o*
investigations to determine the effectire-
nen ot fishea in eradicating mosqoiUiea.
Experiments were made with various
species ot Bumll fiah, and while it WM
found that nome varieties, such as ann
fish and gold fish, destroyed the moaqnito
when confined in small aquaria, they were
ot little value in larje bodiea of water
where other food was obtainable.

However, by a series of eiperimenta it
has been found thst tbn Gambutia aginU
(Bsird and Girard), or top minnow, can
be made ot practical value in the control
ot the moequito pest. Inveatigatlono
showed that this fish ia especially auitable
for antimosguito worii because it aedta its
food at the surface, where the mosquito
and its larvft are found ; it is very prolific,
giving birth to well-developed young and
therefore requiring no special environment
for egg culture; and it thrive* in area*
especially suitable for the snpport o( mo*-
larvK. But eiperiment also ahcrwed
the top minnow must be protected
from larger fish, bass especially, its <Aiet
protection being the presence erf aballow
water ; and that there are some instances
where the top minnow can not be naed -
against the mosquito because the mos-
quito sometimes breeds in water ao badly
polluted that the top minnow can not live
therein, as in a particular instance ot
water polluted by chemicals.

The results ot the experiments Indicate
that the top minnow, when planted under
proper conditions, completely eliminate*
mosquitoes, provided ttie waters are kept
free from protective vegetation, audi as
slightly submerged leaves and stems, ot
growths which form a floating mass; and
that even though protective vegetation
cxista, the lop minnow greatly rednces the
number of mosquitoes, the number of fish

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

OAUFOSNIA nSH AND OAHB.

Rqaiied for eradicadoii dependiDK Urg«1y,
ol coane, opon the condition of the water
with respect to protective vegetation.

BIRO PROTECTION IN ENGLAND.

A committee of the Rcyal Society for
the Protection of Birds has recently inres-
ttgBted the present English lews and bas
Buggealed many diangn looking toward
the iccoDBtmctioc of the Wild Bird Pro-
tection Acts. It is pointed ont that there
are nnmeroDB defects and obocorities in
phtaseology which have added largely to
the complications which hsve arisen in
the working of the six interdependent acta.
The law ban not been enforced in any
general or habitual manner and baa failed
to protect the rare birds of the country.

Tbe report giTes fiiat of all a historical
review at bird protection laws in Great
Britain, a digest of the present lawa with
tbe offenses and penalties, results of tbe
present law, the proposed new law, and
intematimal law. Among the recomnten-
dations are the setting up of two schedules
in the place of one, the general cloaed
season to be from March 1 to Beptember I.
Owners and occupiers are to hove power
to kill or take birds on their land daring
the closed season, with the exception of
the birde listed in the schedules. Listed
among the game birds on schr^ule A with
an open season each year are such birds
as the skua, black-throated diver, night
jar, peregrine falcon, wood lark, wood-
pecker and wryneck. On the other hand,
among tbe birds on schedule B which are
given total protection are SDch birds as
the avocet, Kentish plover, golden eagle.
osprer, spoonbill and most of the owls.

The committee further recommends In-
creased educational work, stating : "la
order to protect birds both worker and
child must know a little about them.
Information regarding their character-
istics and habits must be circulated. Bird
and arbor schemes or their equivalent
must bring light and air into the whole
elementary school system. We should be
glad to see B Bird Day, devoted to lectures,
become a regular feature of tbe program
of every school in this country."

THE FISHING INDUSTRY IN
CALIFORNIA.

California in 1915 ranked second among
the Pacific Coast states in the nnmber of

pentos engaged. In the value of Its Invaat-
meat, and in the amount and value of Its
fishery products. Tbere were 4,282 per-
sons engaged In tbe shore fisheries, &51 In
tbe vessel fisheries, SB in vcsaels trana-
porting, and 3,584 persons engaged on
shore in canneries, etc., making a total o(
8,452 persons conaecled with the fisheries,
as compared with 5,530 in IflOi. The In-
crease can be traced mainly to the shore
industries.

The total investment in tbp fisheries at
the state amounted to $5,824,203, showing
an increase of nearly 60 per cent since
1904. The items making up this total
are 73 fishing vessels valued, with their
outfit, at S3543T5 ; 20 transporting vessels
with a value, including their outfit, of
172,000: 1,420 gasoline bosts valued at
H.351,110; 1,169 other boats valued at
$104,816; apparatus, in lUc xhore and
vessel firfieries. valued at *C06,944 ; shore
and accessory property with a value of
$2,731,390 and workiug cash capital
amounting to $448JW9.

The products of the fisheries of Call-
foinia in 1015 aggregated 93.338.703
pounds, with a value to tlie fixherrnen of
$2,506,702. This is an inprensc of abont
44 per cent io quaotilj', but a decrease of
about three-fifths of 1 per cent in value
as compared with 1004. Amoug the items
In tbe products of special importance
may be mentioned 7.303,933 pounds of
Chinook Bnlmon, valued at $340,049; 21.-
024.100 pounds of albacore. or tuna,
valued at $310.103 ; 0.023,.'M13 pounds of
Bouaders, valued at $209,706; 373,774
pounds or 5^,682 biJBhels. of eastern
oysters, valued at $l(S.!5T:i; 4.932.092
pounds of salted cod. valued at $161,095;
1,TS4.4S8 pounds of striped bass, valued
at $140,928; 4.344,254 pounds of rock-
fishes, valued at $146,216 : 892,392 pounds
of spiny lobsters, valueii at $130,119;
1.414.155 ponnds of crabs, valued at $124,-
STO. and 5.761,929 pounds of sole, valued
nt $108.252 —BMrcou of FUherict, Doou-
menl No. 875.

A CALIFORNIA FOX FARM.

Messrs. Lewis and Kierman, of Nevada,
have started a fox farm near Pomin's, on
the shores of Lake Tahoe. Six of the best
silver black foxes obtainable have been
purchased from Prince Edward Isle, at a
cost of over $9,000. Four large tox pens

i„vGoo<^lc

26'

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAHE.

of lein forced heavy poultry wire I
been built, eai'h equipped with a atroog
hmtae for shelter aod will) rimwafi to
the grouud. Tlie niKiompnnying pictuie
(Fig. 10) showB Ihp favorite male foi, s
little oier two yenrs of nge, which pro-
dii<^ foiit^een pups on his si'eoud breed-
ing. This fox cost $2,100 and his fur is

antmill Imporli'il from Prlnre K 1w;iril
Island for use iit a ni'wly fHHiWlsliecl fur
farm at Luke Talio.-. Pliotograph by J.

except iuua I ly fiiip. MesHis. Ijeuis aud
KiermBQ pxiii'et l<i raise furs for the mar-
ket, and it in niuiored tliat other parties
from Nevn'lii intend starting a fox farm
in the Bprinjr. also to he located in the
'rnhof rejrion.- — J. 11. Sandkks.

erty of him who can get it. The more
remote the localit; where the law is vio-
lated, the more deeply rooted is the idea
that the fame is there to be taken, regard-
less of law. and without mnch feeling of
moral obliquity. Thi> violator has a
strange feetiae that some sort of justiGca-
tion iH on his side, though the law may
be 00 the other. The point of view is
that ot early colonial timea, before the
state had reason to assert its ownershi|)—
when, indeed, game was the property ot
any ooe who cmild shoot straight enouKb.
It is the itoiat ot view of an extreme
individualist-
Game is still Ibe property of everyone.
But, whereas originally the people placed
no restrictions upon the use of that prop-
ertj-. iLey have now thrown about it safe-
guards that are vital for its continued
exiRteaee. Kvery citiien has a vested
interest in every individual bird, animal
and Rxh. and is defrauded, if the game is
la'cn in any way cMitrary to the estab-
IiKl:pd niles. The point of view of the
man who respects the law, and insists
upon ri Hpect for it io others, is that of
collective ownership. His individual right
to take game is dependent upon consent
to do so trcan others.

The feeling of collective owner^ip is
still only partly developed. The tendency
to wink at violations still decrcaseB as the
sense of common ownership of wild life
is strengthened. — The iSportamen'i Re-
ricir, Nov. Ifi, 1919.

I'ri

> had a

t five

lated that

lillini

the I'niled Slates,
know claim that this ypor the total will
be incrensed at least one million and
positibly more. Many of the boys who
before their experiencp in the army had
never fired a gun, will not he satisfied
now without their share of llie sport.^ —
lllhwii lii,„-U,„.i». Sov. Vi, l!Hn, p. 3.

OWNERSHIP OF WILD t-IFE,
"Wild lifi> is the property of nil the
people," snys the ('iinxiriali>)}}i»t. No
one attempts to deny this, and Ii'ast of all
ihe game violator. From his point of view
it is not only the proiierly of all the
people, but is more parliciilurly the prop-

THE WARDEN OF GAME.
"The game protectors are the people's
appointed representatives in protecting
what is tiie people's own property. Their
task is a hard one, but they are doing it
well. From year to year, the force is
constantly developing in efficiency and
en'e<-liveness, and its membent are respon-
sible for the conservation of natural re-
sources of untold value. They iwrform
work of Ihe highest public importance
and their efforts are deserving of the
people's unqitaiificd support and commen-
dation."— 7'fte CoatcTBationut, May, XWd.

HED

The price of furs has continued to rise
until the lowly muskrat, which our fatheis
siold for 10 cents a pelt, now brings about

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

$1^. It IB not BurprisiDg, tlicrcfore, that
an enterprising man in Fort Clinton, Olilo,
baa purchased 160 acres of marsh land
along the river which he expects to turn
into a muskrat fur farm. The fact that
the bodies of the animals will bring about
25 cents increases the possibility that the
project will be a success.

One of our two species of swans, a
corlew and a crane, are in the gravest
danger of extermination now nod other
species will follow unless everyone helps
to keep our promise to protect these migra-
tory birds. Man baa eiterminnfed species
of birds; but not in alt time can he
replace a species. A species evolved
through millfoos of years, with its mar-
velous sdaptalJons to meet its Deeds, its
wonderful beauty or power of flight, can
be exteniiiuated b; man and disappear
from this earth utterly and forever or it
run be protected and live on, I'eproduce
its kind, and be a delight and a source of
knowledge to man, who may in some dis-
tant, wooderEul lime unravel some of the
mystery of its origin whicli points liack to
the dawn of life, and to the Creator of all.
— Depl. of lAe Interior, Ottatea, Canada.

NEED FOR DOE PROTECTION
OBVIOUS.

A pitifal eight that ought to carry an
eloquent message to every sportsman who
has killed or who may be tempted to kill
& doe, was met with by two hunters on
October 4. 1919, in Bear River Canyon.
about eight miles above Colfai, Placer
County. The sportsmen came upon a doe
which had the appearance of having been
dead two, or perhaps three days, judging
from the condition of the carcass and by
the hoof tracks of the auimal that had
been made previous to a light rain that
had fallen the day before. The deer bad
evidently traveled some distance, after
having received a bullet in the lower
bowels, before she fell.

Tbc lingering death, due to poor marks-
manship, in itself appeals to one's sym-
pathy, aside from the fact that the law

had been violated ; but that is the smaller
part of the real tragedy of that lone
mountain wood. The doe was & mother,
and surrounding her remains were tbe
tiny tracks of ber fawn. The doe's bog

still contained milk, and the udders were
pink, as though the fawn had nursed, or
attempted to do so, up to or after the
mother had died.

What became of the little fawn? Like
many others that have been orphaned
under similar -eonditious, it perhaps re-
mained beside its unrospousivc mother
until it fell nn ensy prey lo coyotes; tor,
not far away from tbe dead doe, on the
dry sand bar at tbc edge of the rirer.
were the unmistakable stuliby-locd dog-
like tracks of a large coyote.

It is to be buped that such instances
as this will serve to carry a story hor

that

I of .■

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

28 OAUFOKNU FISH AMD QAUB.

r ACTS or cnRKEirF zntebest.

8«rer^ San Pedro cannflries ore paying $166 caah par ton for
albaeore. Five yean ago this varied of fish sold at $40 a ton. In
1918 it waB $60 to $00 a ton. Now the fisherman receives $166 per ton.
PreviooB to 1910 albaeore conld not be given awE^ and tons upon tons
were carried to sea to feed the sharkB.

Owing to the federal law prohibiting the sale of watwfowl and
owing to the aggressive enforcement of the federal migratory bird
law, veiy few illegal shipments of ducks have entered San Francisco
daring the present open season.

Striped bass fishermen report splendid fishing in tba San Avncisco
Bay region, but the take by commercial fishermen has been bdow
Donnal.

The Bed Biver Lumber Company recently pleaded guilty to a
violation of the water pollution laws and paid a fine of $200. The
company has taken proper means to prevent farther sawdust poUnttca.

The Fish and Game Commission has ordered a new patrol boat for
use in patroUng Son Francisco Bay and vicinity. The boat will be
tbirty-one-foot over all with seven-foot beam equipped with a twelve-
horsepower engine, and will be seaworthy in every respect.

Signs that the sardine industry is growing are evident in the reoent
canning operations of F. E. Bo<^ and Company, at Pittsburg. Sar-
dines caught outside the heads at Son fStmoisco are heang canned at
the Pittsburg cannery. Although subject to some delay in reaching
the cannery, they are said to arrive in splendid condition.

The establishment of a fur farm at Lake Tahoe and the proposed
establishment of another in the same vicinity forecasts the beginning
of the fur farming industry in California.

During the months of October and November, 1919, Deputy Ji^in
Burke and Special Deputy Herbert Leahy made 67 arrests in San
Hateo County, the fines totaling in all $1,210; 38 of these arrests, with
fines amounting to $810, were made by Deputy 3oba Burke, and 19
arrests with fines amotmtang to $400 by Special Deputy Herbert Leahy.

i-,Goo<^lc

CAU70RNU FISH AND GAME.

OOWSE&OIAL FISHEKT NOTES.

N. B. SconELD, ]

MANV FISHINQ BOATB DESTROYED.
Foe tbe second dme in remnt yettri
great damage has been done to the fisbing
fleet at Monterey because of tbe tack of
proiWT dieller for tbe Gshjiig fleet On
^niankagiTing Daj, 1919, ninety-two power
boats were washed aihore at Monterey.
Not does this include lighters, nets and
otber gear, and damage dMie to docks and
irliarTes. The estimated loss to the Gsh-
ermen alone will run doM to $150,000.
A further severe loos will be snffered by
the canners, as sardines are plentiful at
this time and there will be but a few
boats to Gsh for Hiem.

Id Bnglsnd and other European cono-
iries the government improres small bar-
bora purposely for the use of flaldng
smacks. It is apparent that our own
government in making surveys and plana
m for tbe improvement of harbors should
take into consideration the nei^d for refuges
for fishing fleets. A breakwater which

would give proper shelter for the flsbing
fleet at Monterey la needed, and then kre
many small bays along our coast which
should be Improved and made Into herlKtrs
for fisbermen's boats.

FISHERMEN'S UNION AT
FORT BRAOQ.
During the spring of 1919 the Fisher-
men's Union at Fort Bragg established
and operated their own plant for mild
curing the eatmon catch. Steep hillside
property on the Noyo River was purchased
and a 60 by 80-foot ihed erected. It was
necessary to grade about 800 feet of
roadway on tbe ateep hillside to connect
the shed with the highway. The con-
Btniction and grading work was done by
the fishermen, most of the lahor being
dons ted. By agreement, Smflll ft Urie
canned the small salmon for the Union,
the Union packing over half the total
catch of nearly 3,000,000 pounds, so that

Pro. 12. Monterey flahlng fleet piled on t!ie shore after a severe storm on Ihe flay
before Thanksgiving. 1919. Photograph by Heldrlck.

30

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAUB.

rhe Beuoa at Fort Bragg hu been
UBUBII7 Buc(?eBsful compflred with other

Bdcou raged by this Beaaon'a sue
the Union has completed plana foT next
year at Fort Bragg whi<rli include an
addition to the Noyo Rirer ahed to accom-
modate a two-line cannery, ice plant and
cold Blorage plant and the building of a
mild curing house at Shelter Cove. The
proposed cannery will not only handle
the small anlmon biit also pncli sardines,
which are [ilenllful in the Fort Bragg
and Shelter Cove region.

NEWPORT BAY FISHERIES BEING
DEVELOPED.

With work progreaaing od tbe break-
water at Newport Bay, Newport bida fair
to become one o( the important fish abip-
ping points iu Southern California. Tbe
rtwidents of Xewport and Balboa are
uiiili-d in ac effort to develop tfaeir fish-
eries asset lo (he utmost. Already a fish
packing plant is under construction and
a substantial bulkhead has been built for
till! accommodation of boats and markets.

NVrt-port if one of tbe principal amelt
Hliipping points in California, a normal
ilay'a shipinent consisting of from four
to twelve Ions of these flsh. With the
imptoveuicnt work now under way the
soo[ie of the fisheries at Newport will be
enlarged greatly. Already a number of
fishing boats are planning on making
Xewport Bay their home port. — C. S. B.

FISHING VILLAGE COMPELLED
TO MOVE.

The Tacitic Electric Itnilway Company
has serv(?d notices on the fiKliermen and
other residpiilH of Port I.03 Angeles order-

c (lin

; thci

before January 1, 1920, and already the
removal of tbia pictareaqae fishing viltasc
is under way. The abore company faa>
also Bled a petition with the SUte Rail-
road Commission asking pennlKion to
abandon service to Port Los AngeleSL It
is claimed the wharf is in a rickety con-
dition and that traRic does not justify cod-
tinued aerviee to this point. It is planned
lo remove the wharf at once if pennissitMi
is granted.

Tbe village at Port Los Angeles was
established in 1905 by H. Sano and Dick
Tododie, two Sdiermen, and at one time
contained approximately two hosdred men,
women and children dependent npon the
fishing buaineis. As high as ten tbousand
pounds of fish baa been unloaded at tlie
wharf in one day by fishing boats oper-
ating off Port I»3 Angeles; but with the
development of tbe fishing iodnstiy at
Sua Pedro most of the fishing boats left
for the latter port. As a result the
amount of fish received over the wharf
hoa decreased until today a normal day's
shipment from Port Los Angeles consists
only of approximately fifteen hundred
pounds. There are still about sixty Jap-
anese and Russian fishermen engaged in
fishing at Port Los Angeles and all of
them are planning on noviug to other
points in the near future.

The wharf at Port Los Angeles waa
coDstmcted twenty-eight years ago by cer-
tain intereata who planned on making thia
point the port of entry to Los Angeles.
When built it was over five thousand feet
long, but damage by storms foar years
ago caused the removal of about two
thousand feet of tbe pier. It has always
been one of the popular piers for anglera
who still refer to it as "I»ng Wharf."
During the runs of mackerel, corbina and

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAUFOBNIA nSB AND QAUB.

31

poiDiMUio, >p|in>xinuit«1; four hnadred cod
■nd reel qmrtsmen could be counted 6A-
mt from the wharf. — C. S. B.

SEAPLANES TO LOCATE FISH.
It has generally been known tor many
rears that many eea birds tre dependent
on t^ieir e;esight to locate their food while
fljiiig orer the water. So trhat ia :
□atnTBt than for seaplanes to locate school*
of Eah in the saioe manner? Needless
sar the fish canners of San Diego, who
faare been aomewhat alarmed at the mhi-
tinaed absence of sardines which ban
been appearing in large numbers elsewhere
on the Pacific Coast, rejoiced at the sng-
eestion of this idea.

Definite arraagementB have now been
oMide with Ueuteiiant TJncoln, the naval
commandant in charge of operation
the Naval Air Station at San Diego,
whereby regular seaplane Higbts will be
nodertahen by the navy aviators to look
fi>r schorls of G^. The first Bigbt will
take place on December 15 and tbey will
continne Co patrol each day any certain
portion of the sea that is desired by the
canners.

When a seaplane sights a scbool of fish
it will wire back to Rockwell Field from
where the information will be telephoned
to the Fiah and Game Commission office
at Saa Diego for distribnlitHi to Ibe
etal cane pries. A submarine chaser
always hovers in the vicinity of a B
plane so as to be near In case ol
accident. So it ma; be that the news
be sent to the nearby fishermen tbe quicker
by means of tbe wireless on these iKiats.
While these Bights may not be of so
mach value in winter becaase of the rough-
ness of the weather, they will later on
prove of much material benefit to all par-
ties conceraed when the larger fish are
mnniitg. They will also settle the fact
of whether certain schools of fish are
running in Ihoee portions of the oceea
farther out than the present small fishing
boats go, as the seaplanes have a four
hundred mile radius of operation. It may
thus tte the beginning of continued pros-
peritj to all canners and fishermen in
this section as well as of aid in the inves-
tigation work of the Fish and Game Com-
mission by showing routes, locations, and
mifratioos of different fishes.— L. H. II.

AQAft-AQAR TO BE MANUrACTURED
IN BOUTHBRN CALIFORNIA.

After two years of dilignit research,
Mr. C. Matsuoka of Los Angeles has
effected an improved process for convert-
ing several species of the common marine
atg» found on the Southern California
coast into agar-agar, and plans are under
way for the construction of a thirty-
thousand dollar plant at Trt^ico, Califor-
nia, where this product will be maonfac-
tured on a commercial scale. When com-
pleted Ibis plant will have a capacity of
approximately one ton of dried seaweed
per day, and its operation will mark the
beginning of a new indnstry in the United
States. Experiments which have been
carried on by Mr. Matsuoka demonstrate
that agar-agar of a much superior quality
to the imported article eea be produced
from our native seaweeds.

There are approximately fifteen species
ol marine algn found on the California
coast which may be uspd in tbe manu-
facture of agar-agar. Among the varie-
ties found in sufficient quantities for com-
mercial usee are: QeUdium rorncum,
Oflcdium '■artilagineum, GraccUaria con-
fervoidtt. Euchema irpinotium, and various
species of Tenor and Oigarlincir.

Praclinilly all of the world's supply of
agar-agar is producetl in China, Japan,
Ceylon, and Malaysia. Ihiring the year
1010 there were two hundred and forty
tons of asar-agar shipped to the Unitoil
States from Japan where tlw miioiifncturc
of this product has reached tbe propor-
tions of an important and well eslablishcd
industry, lo the latter country only tea
species of seaweeds are found which are
uaod in ils manufacture.

It is prepared for the market in two
»a.v«. One method consistB in drying
and bleaching the thalliia of the algte in
the sun. TUe other method consists in
making a jelly of the seaweeds, allowing
the water to freeze out and cutting the
residue into thin strips and drying thor-
oughly. The American Agar Company
intends to use the latter method.

Agar-agar is one of tbe roost useful
products obtained from seaweeds. It Is
used in the manufacture of vegetable isin-
glass, cai^ulcs, candy, paints, and culture
media for bacteriological reseacdi. During

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAUTOBNIA FISH AND OAMB.

tlie European war It was aacecMfDlIr em-
ployed in th« treatment of war woandB.
It ia lupplied to the drag trade commer-
Oally Id dry, traDiparent CTTitals tbat
are reduced to a ca«rse powder for medic-
ioal uee. It baa ttie Dstaral property of
abaorbiog water and retaJDing it; and In

medicine, tbe additional property of r«-
sistirtg the action of inteetiDal bacteria
and of tlie digeative eniymea. It ia pre-
pared by boiling and may be eaten witb
milk or creanii or mixed witb any of tbe
ordinary cereal foods with tbe addition of
salt or sugar. — G. 8. BAinirR.

NOTES FROM THE STATE FISHE&IES LABOBATOBT.*

By Will P. Thokpsok and Elmer Hiooiite.

THE INAUGURATION OF SCIENTIFIC
WORK ON THE SAADINE.

The past quarter baa aeen the Inaaga-
ration of a de6nite program of investiga-
tion of ibe sardine. This apecies liaa t»e-
come tbe most important
cial fisheries, and it ia neceaaar; that
learn eomelhiog concerning its habits and
that n~e have as detailed a fanowledge as
possible of tbe course of the fishery. A
resume of the program will be found in
another part of this mnKaiine (p. 10).

In ord«r that desired results may be
obtained, Mr. O. K, Sette. formerly sta-
tioned in Txmg Beach as ctdlector, has
bi'en transferred lo Monterey, whet« t>e
will obwrvc the sardine run throughout
lis season, under the direction of Mr,
Thompson.

To date (November 2^), tbe sardine
run in Southern California has not really
bcfiun, only very atimll fish being in evi-
dence, Tbe sliorlu^'e in cans has, how-
ever, been the Only hami^eriog factor at

SOME RECENT FISHERY PUBLICA-
TIONS.
A publlcnlioQ of the United Slates Na-
tiotiol Miisi'tini has reoenlly appeared,
di'ScribiUK Ihe guano birds of Teni. As'
Dr. 11. K. Coker, tbe aiilbor. states,
"I'onn'ian pimuo is indirectly but obvi-
ously a proiiuct of tisb. The birda in this
case fulHII a timctlon conipnrabli' to thai
of the Amrricnn fartorii

lisb i

fen ill

He I

onantity of more than lO.OOO.iMH) ii
high grade guano is reportrd to have been
extracted from ihe ('hincha Islands be- |
tween ISr.l and 1S72." The pictur
accompanying the report are remarkable,

•California State Fisheries Laboratory,
Contribution No. '"

showing tbe great numbera of birda on
the nesting places. The paper shonld b«
of great intereat both to those interested
in birda and tboee intereated in fish.**

Dr. R. E. Coker bas aim another re-
cent publication to which attention maj
be called, namely that mi tbe "Freali-
water Mussels and Mussel Industries of
the United States." These mnssela are
used for button-making in an extenatn
industry. Tbe bulletin deals with phaae*
of the industry and describes the specie*,
although It does not review the excellent
work wbii4i has been done in recent yean
on the strange life history of these mus-
sels, tor the mo«t part by employees of
tbe Burean of Fisheries.t — W. F. T.

A SNIPE-FISH FROM CATALINA.
-The president of ttte Tuna Club of
Cstalina Island, Mr. J. A. Cnxe, gave tbe
uudeisigned a very small fish, with a long
snout, which be said bsd been picked np
on (he beach at Avalon. This fish proved
to be identical with the Mai^rorhamphotMM
htticaiienti* described by Dr. C H. Gilbert
from near Loysan Island, as taken by the
United States Bnreau of Flshcriea steamer
"Albatross." A figure of thia apecies may
be seen in Volume 23, Part 2, of the
Bulletin of the United States Bureau of
Fisheries. According to a recent review
of tbe apecies of the family, tbe form
found in the Hawaiian Islands ia the
same as n species taken in East Africa,
Ihe Indian Ocean, China, and the Medit-

'•Habl

! United States, by R B.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAIilFOBNIA FISH AND OAUB.

emDcaD, Dunely UacrorltampiuMiu ceK-
tari* Pallas, t

If this ia tnie, the spe^en is very widft-
q)r«ad indwMl. Tbe writer bas not had
the opponnnilT ot comparing Ei>edmeiu
from these Tarious localities, faence it la
not p<»8ibl« to elate poaitivelr tbat tbla
■pMJeB is in reality the aomewhet co
potitan <»e mentioited above. That from
CMtalina was compared directly witik tbe
tTpe of Macrorhamphom* haieaUenti*.
This is a new and most iDterestiDg record
for OUT Pacific Ckmat, thte form not being
an active swimmer as most recently found
"Tiaitorrf' are.— W. F. T.

THE "RUNNER" FISH IN LOWER

CALIFORNIA.
Mr. Gilbert Van Camp of the Van
Camp Sea Food Cotnpsny has in his
posseSEion a mounted specimen of the
"HnnDer" ot tropical see*. Blagatit bipin-
nulofiu (Qnoy and Gaimard). It war
taken at Cape San Lucas, Lower Cali
fornia, daring the spring months ot 1919,
while its owner was engaged in operatiog
a cannery in Lower California.

This is, in so far as the writer is
aware, the sole record of this apecies from
the western coast of North America,
although known from the East Indies, the
Weat India, Hawaii, India, and oc"-
sionaily north as far as Long Island
the eaBtem coast of the United States.

The Bpecies may obviously be expected
some time to put in an appearance on the
coast ot Southern California. It is
those species commonly supposed
widely distribnted, although specimens
from different regions have not been
cloeeiy compared to make the tnct

It is to be recognieed by the long
dorsal and anal fins and by the presence
behind each ot a detached finlet contolninG
two rajs. It belongs to the same tamilj
of fishes as does our common jeliow-tail
iSeriolo), namely the Carangids. —
W. V. T.

THE OCCURRENCE OF THE
JAPANESE HERRINQ.

IM Cautobkia FiflH ANit Game for
April, 1918, page 4, Professor Starks of
Stanford University, in reviewing tbe
herrings and herring-like fishes of Cali-
fornia, briefly describes and gives an illus-

tration of tbe Japanese herring, Btnt-
m«u* mtcrops. He aays In part: "TThe
Japanese herring is a common species In
the Hawaiian Islands and In Japan.
Specimens have been taken at San Diego,
and • few years ago two speolraens w*»
aent to Stanford University from that
locality with the statement that it was
not rare In certain seasons. It should be
looked for and Its appearance and abund-
reported to the State Fish and Game
Commission."

A specimen of this species was taken
with the sardines canght November 3,
1919, by the boat "Maru," near San
Pedro, according to Mr. B. M. Nielsen of
tbe San Pedro office of the Commission.
The specimen was forwarded to the lab-
oratory and proved to he the Japanese
herring. It resembles the sardine closely
enough to be difficult to dlalinguisb, and
its appearance may be frequent despite its
apparent rarity.— W. F. T.

DEEP SEA "MONSTER" CAPTURED,
Among the strange fishes taken In the
fine-meshed nets used on tbe boat "Alba-
' for th% collection of young fisli,
there is none more bizarre in appearance
than the great- mouthed ferocious lookiug

little

Idia

nihuii

statural Hfttory, ■

( 13, p. IT.

Gilbert. This fish is about three incbea
long, jet black in color, and ot slender
worm-like form. A row of Inrainoua spots
are placed on each side, supposedly sup-
plying light, tor at the depth Dormally
inhabited by this fish, there is little licht.
The head is large, the eyes amall, and the
mouth enormous, bristling with fang-like
teeth of assorted sizes.

This species has only been recorded by
Dr. Gilbert in ISOO as taken off Catalina
Island at a depth of 003 fathoms. Our
specimens were taken May 6, 1916, at
night in but 20 fathoms, one neat Cata-
about 90 miles oE shore,
near Cortez Bank. Other closely related
species have been taken, one in the mid-
Atlantic from a depth of 2750 fathoms,
and one from off the Chilean coast from
6T7 fathoms.— B. H.

MEXICAN FISHES IN CALIFORNIA
PORTS.

One of the finest food fishes to coma
Into Southern California ports during the
last season was the Spanish mackerel,

XnOOi^lc

34

CALIFORNIA FISH AKD OAHE.

Spo>nberomcrii$ tierra, which was broaght
to San Diego fiom Mexico during October
in coDsidereble quantitj. These fiah are
rarolf taken as far north as San Diego,
but are said by fiBbenuen to be plentiful
DO the Mexican coast, a considerable dia-
Innce nortb of CerroB Is) a Del.

Two beautiful BpecimeDS seut ub by Mr.
Ilelwig of (he S&n Diego office ot the
Oomiaissioo, are of interest because of
tbc arroageuient and mimbei' of orange
spots on tbc BJiles of the lish, wbicb arc
more numerous tban in any description of
the species, and are arrange<l in about
IS or 20 diaeonal rows.

Mr. Neitsen, statiHticnl assistant at San
Pedro, iaforns us tbat a cargo ot these
Gsh was also brought to tbat port during
-K. 11.

FIRST APPEARANCE OF THE

"CRESTED BAND-FISH.
On July 25. 1019, a rare and beautiful
fish was brought to the laboratory, ot
strange a form (hat it proved quite
curiosity to fiBhermeo and others. T

purplish tinta on the bead. The eye >■
lairge and placed low ; the mouth is email
and armed with many amall bristle-like
teeth ; the fins are bright red, the don&I
extending (rom the bead to the taiL Tbe
first ns of tbe dorsal Gn is produced,
forming a hi^h crest about eighteen inchea
long. Unfortunately it was broken in
making the capture, but was said to bear
seTeral membranous streamers which were
red like the fins.

This is the first speamen which has
fallen into the hands of naturalista ia
America. Indeed, probably not more than
a dosen specimens have ever been takeo,
and ita rarity makes its occurrence in
California well worthy of note. Tbe
species was first described by Professor
Gioma, of the Academy of Turin, in 1803.
Like many other pelagic Babes, it is eri-
dently very widely distributed. It haa
been taken at various oilier places in the
Mediterrenean, at the Cape of Good Hope,
and in New Zealand. Single specimens
of the same or very closely related species

Ciilltl

, 1919.

sjiecimen was found to bo a species of
Lophoirs, probably Ij. ccp''dianvi, Gioma,
the "crested band-fish." The fiEsb was
found awiniuiing feebly in llie breakers at
I^ng Iteai'h and was caught by a couple
ot passerB'bj- who waded into tbe surl
and seized it in tlieJr bands. It was taken
to a photogrnpher by Sir. V. E. Pearl,
where the accompanying photc^raph (Fig.
14) was made, and the fish was then

The fish is long and mueh compressed,
being about four feet long, eight inches
deep, and only one and three-eighths inches
wide. The skin is smooth, without scales,
eicept for a single row against the dorsal
fin. and ot a bright silvery color

have also been taken near the Madeira
Islands and in Japan. None of the speci-
mens have been taken in the fish's nat-
ural habitat which is said to be moderate
depths in the open sea, bat all have been
cast ashore in a greatly enfeebled or
damaged condition.

Several Epeciea of Lophote* have been
described but the material for study haa
been so slight — a single specimen in moat
case* — that it is entirely doubtful whether
more tban one or two species exist. Our
specimen differs in some respects from the
current descriptions of any of the sap-
posed specicB, but it seems likely that it
tielongs to the first named, L. cepcdianua
of Giorna. Nor is the relationship at the

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CjUJPORnu fish and gaue.

35

(amily well DnderBtood. Dr. Joidan, in
hk "Guide to the Study of Fisbea," rc-
mirkB, "It iE tbought that the Lophotida
ma; be related to the ribbon Gahea, Taea-
inomi, bat od the whole they leem Dearer
the bigbly modified 8eombroidei, the Fter-

acUda, for example." Thus our fish is
placed Id the group of uackprel-lilie fiehes
which coDlnioa luch peculiar forma aa the
pomfret, tbc dolphin fiah, tlic luvar, and
the aquare-tnil — all previously recorded in
Caufobnia Fish and Game.— E. H.

CONSEBVATION IN OTHER STATES.

In a recent New York case a violator of
the game law* was held in $1,000 bail and
later paid a {500 fine. The fact that
■willing but tbe highest commendation,
kecauae of the amouot of tbeae sums, has
been expreased b; tlie newapapers, is an
mdication of the growing determination
of the public to support tbe conservation
laws. There was a lime when case after
case ot this character was thrown out of
coort, or sentence susjiended, largely, it
vouM seem, from lack of a full comprc-
henuon of the basic principles nnderlying
the conservation law ; but tbe striking
cMttrsst of recent cases dispoaed of shows
that all over the land there is an awaken-
ing interest in game couaervatioo and a
determination to sea that tbe game laws
are enforced. — The Contervalioaitt, Vol.
2, p. M.

PROTECTION OF 80CKEYI SALMON.

There was aigned at Wasbington on
September 2, J&19, a treaty between the
United States and Greet Britain, having
for its object the protection and rehabilita-
tion ot the sockeye salmon in the con-
tiguous waters o( tbe State of Washing-
ton and the Province of British Columbia,
The iH^tection accorded the anlmon under
thU treaty is auch as was determined to
be necessary by the International Fish-
eries Conference which held hearings in
Washington and British Columbia in
1918.

MtNNESOTA AUCTIONS

CONFISCATED GEAR.

The official bulletin of the Minnesota
Game and Fish Department ebowa
pbologT&ph of a part of the accumulated
paraphernalia couGscated during the past
Ihiee years. The picture ahons
traps of all kinds and a row of i
a hundred and fifty guns and rifles. The

property was disposed of at public auction
on August i and 2, lOlO, the net pro-
ceeds accruing from the aale amounling
■ J2,502.70.

Instead of Betting aside well stocked

eas as game refugea, the Slale of Vir-

Dia ia planning some game preservea.

Owners of tracts from 200 to 400 acres

each of the 400 oild magiaterial dis-

;tB are being sought who will bequeath

to tbe commonwealth exclusive shooting

privileges on such tracts: The alate will

then past the areas and plant thereon

ited paira of quail, which the state will

:ure from Texas. The quail are to be

fed for tbe first few weeks, bitt no attempt

will be made to keep them within the

preserve, on the theory that if they are

bunted outside tbe preserve they will

speedily learn tbe places where they are

not disturbed.

MINNESOTA BREAKS RECORD.
During the year IfllS the Minnpsota
Fiah and fianie (.:oiu mission reared 333,-
792,127 fry and fingcrlings. This breaks
all records for the stale, the output having
been about triplecl since 1911.

CANADA ISSUES EDUCATIONAL
FILMS

The Ontario goierumi-iit bas recently
onjaniEed tbe Ontario Motion Picture
Bureau (or the ivprc"!. pun>o9e of i^uing
propntanda bj means of films The
Bureau nott bas 200 films eoiering 82
diftertnt subjicf, nhich are appeanng
before large audiences ibrougbout Ontario
Of imriiLular interest are two films en
titled t fli aa Food ' and Ontario
FisheneB More and more are fish and
game rcsourcea being adiertised bj means
ot films

i,vCoo<^lc

CAUPOBNU FISH AND GAUK

LITE EOSTOBT NOTES.

FORCBT FIRES DESTROY GAME.

The (oT«Ht firea Id the Angelcf National
Forest during tbe fall ot 1919 were ver;
deatmctire to game of all kinds. The
burned area coven over two bund red
thousand acres of the forested cony mis
and ridgee and brash covered hiHiidea
(i*e Fig. 15).

The carcasses of deer have been found
by fire fighters in many places. Qrar
squirrels and monntain quail have suffered
severely.

I have just made a survey of cooditioDi
in Pacoima Canyon, and tbe Little Tu-
junga and Big Tujunga canyons. In the

and AfuBs. where Ihey sought shelter in
vain, because the fire swept widely, over
the entire brush covered bills of the aonth
slopes of the Sierra Madre Mountains.

It was pitiful to see dozens ot moun-
tain quail, gathered around a Utile pool
ot water in a canyon, their feathers
burned and topknola gone. In dozens of
places I came across similnr groups.

The greatest menace to game cones
from the deatmclion of food. At tfais
time the seeds had all riponed. and the
walnuts, pine nuta, acorns and mansaa-
ita* were ready to eat. Tbese have been
bnroed over a wide expanse, and tbe

first two, which ere outside ot, but adjoin-
ing the Game Eefuge, I saw numbers of
dead rabbits, squirrels and mountain
quail. Big Tujunga escaped total destruc-
tion, as tbe Barnes did not cross to tbe
east side.

No doubt most ot the game escaped
death by Same and smoke, but the destruc-
tion of food will lead to wideapread
famine later. Fanned by a high wind
that blew from the desert side toward the
sea, the flames in places swept away every
bit of vegetation. The game bad no
choice but to flee before the flames, toward
the foothills, near the towns of San Fer-
nando, Sunland, Monte Vista, Pasadena

1 ot 1

nter will make it hard

commg
for game t

The recent rains in Southern California
fell at a very opportune time, and so
gently as not to cause any erosion. Three
weeks After the rain the burnt over bill-
sides were becomiug green.

A feature of the destruction of covers
tor game must not be forgotten. Rabbita
aud quail, I found, are massing on patches
of unbumed territory. Overcrowding will
result, and huntera wilt find it easy to
kill most of the game in sacb places. A
rancher at the mouth of the Little Tu-
junga told me that hunters had killed
silly-eight rabbits in a forty-acre field

CAUFOBNU FISH AND GAHB.

37

in a couple of hours on the Sunday after
the fire, and seTenty-eight the [ollowiog
Sunday.

There is a bright lide to the pictui
a great deal ot food was apared in creek
beda. A large crop ot goail bad been
raised and enongh will be spared for
breediDK neit leaaon, and the earl; rains
have already sprouted the grass and
weeds. Tbe game vMl be restored in time,
but nature lovers and sportsmen should
woA toeettter to prevent a repetition of
these fires by enlisting government, state
and coonty aid, bailding roods and fire
breaks and check dams in the mountains,
and reforesting the burnt areas. —
CsABLES G. SnvESS, U.D., Los Angeles,
California.

DOE WITH THREE FAWNS.

During the latter part of August, the
writer ran across a doe with three fai
in tbe lava bed section of tbe Modoc
National Forest. I was able to come i_
dose to the animals, which showed little
signs of fear. I am quite poaEtive
there were no other deer in that ii
diate vicinity at that time, as I had been
fighting fire chwe by and had been all
around the place where I saw the doe
and fawns. I thought it nnusoal to sei
a doe with three fawns, especially as thi
little fellows ranged themselves alongsidi
the doe as if they were perfectly at home
and belonged there. I stood looking at
tbe three of them and they at me :
distance of not more than thirty leet tor
about a minute, the old doe stamping
her foot at me; then they trotted ofC
leisnrely into the hToab. — Wm, S. Bbown,
Altnras, Califomie.

WILD CAT EATS CHICKENS.

I recently opened up two wild cats
{Lvn» eremicut oalifomiout) to see what
they had been eating. In the stomach of
one I found the remains of two small
Plymouth Rock chickens which must have
been caught at least five miles from where
the cat was killed, and Id the other the
remains of three mountain quail. — D. W.
Maxkt, Oorman, Oalifomia.

FOOD OF THE BOBCAT.

The wild cat (tjina eremicw coH/orai-

cm) Is still found in numbers here, aa

Indicated by the number being trapped in

the Monterey district of the Santa Bar-
bara National Forest Wild cats feed on
the smaller game animals and birds. I
watched one of these animals in his
attempts to secure a breakfast lest sum-
mer. He stole up on a covey ot mountain
quail, and aa he Bushed tbem, got two.
I have found featbera of both mountain
and valley quail, which investigation
proved were left from a feast by wild
cats.— H. H. Hunt.

SOUP-FIN SHARK EATS ABALONE.

In July of last year I was fishing for
sharks oS the bridge at Ocean Beach
when the Inst shark I caught used my
last bait (a small perch). I operated on
the shark in an effort to retrieve my bait
and was surprised to find an abelone out
of the shell and apparently still slive, as
it seemed to still have muscular action.
Anyway I am positive it was taken out
of the shell alive and I wondered how the
shark accomplished it The shark In
guestioD whs a little over six feet long,
weighed I judged about 120 pounds, and
hat we call sand shark or soup-fin
shark {Qalporhiiivt zyopterat). — A. R.
MiLLEfi, East ,San Diego, California.

The Barrow goldfU-eye {Claagala
itlandica) is a rare duck in California,
there being less than a dozen records for
(he state. Furthermore, Ihese records

■ it to be a winter visitant which
ra almost entirely in tbe central part
of the state. However, this duck being a
common breeder in the Rocky Mountain
listrict. and having been found breeding
.n Oregon and Waabington, it would
leem possible that it might also breed
around the higher Sierran lakes. Evi-
dence that this is doubtless true was ob-
ioed this past summer. While on a
pack trip from Tahoe to Yoscmite, Smcd-
bcrg IjBkf., in the northern part of ,the
mite National Park, was visited on
August 25. 1»19. On tbe lake were a
pair of golden-eyes and six young. The
adult birds were closely approached, mak-
ing identification easy. Id that no Ibougbt
[vas given to the possibility of these
Eolden-eypB being of the rarer species, no
attempt was made to ascertain the shape
of the white spot between the eye and

.ioo'^lc

38

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

tbe bill. Hnw«ver, as it is Tery uolikely
that the American Bolden-eye would be
found in such a si I nation daring the
summer season, it aeeniB reasonable to
record the occurrence of the Barrov
colden-eye at the above time and place,
thus establishing the first ivcord ot aum-
mer occurrencp. — H. C. Bryant, Becke-
le;, California.

MEAO0WLARK8 CONTROI. CRICKET

pe«T.

The State of WashiDglon. with the aid

of agents of the United States Department

of Agncultuie, has been Attempting to

control tbe coulee cridiet, wbtcb devaa-
tatea large areaa in tbe vicinity of AdrUn,
Washington. According to Ur. Uaz
Reeher, scientific asaistant in the TTnited
States Bnrean of Elntomologr, western
meadowlads appeared in great numben
in the Dry Coulee last (all and began
eating tbe newly hatdied crickets. So
efficient were these birda in oontrolling
tbe situation that arrangements for a
IdlO control campaign were abandoned.
The meadow larks were almost entirely
responsible for the complete cleanup of
Che area. — A. C. Bubbiix, Forest Uro^c
Oregon.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAUFORNIA FISH AKD OAME.

SEIZURES— FISH, OAME AND «.t.EQALt.Y USED FISHING APPARATUS.
July 1 to SaptamlMr 30, 1919.

51

FiaK

Salmon

Barracnda

Lobsters

127

Clams .

Nets (Ulegal)

2

Jlleical flah and game..

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA FISH AND OAUE.

I

m\

SSi.l

'I

is| i

TiS8
i : = *

j(5

is?

DiB.lizedOyGoO<^lc

fflnliililll

jijiPp
liNin
IJlllijl

iiili

liilill

lliiii

ii

Him

m\m\

wm\
f\\m\
wm \

ml
111

i I
11

ii

III

ii ii
iiPW

IHiS

lilt

i ^iiiPi

?^,^lc

CAUPOBMIA FISH AND OAHB.

ii..i».

1

1

i

ji

SI

1-

.-,nW«o

IS

!

n

1

" ^ i

s

|| N
J "i

1

1

i
1

3

i

a.

>

K
U

I'rKili.i IVIK'

ii

I

s

!
i I

[i

1

j

1 ^

IL

<
<

M.mhK-Liio.

i

!
1

1

1 '

83

1
J

- '1

l-l

1

I
1

M !i
! i!«5

i„vGoo<^lc

CAUFXJRNU FiSH AND QAHE.

VIOLATIONS OF FISH AND OAME LAWS.
July 1 to September 30, 1919.

Huntinc without license

RelnelDS to show license on demHod

Making false statement on application

Deer — excess limit— close Beason— killing- or pOBHesalon

Female deer— spike bucks— lawns— klllinn or poBBCBeion

literal deer hides

Failure to retain head and horns ot deer

Himtlng on posted grounds

Por-bearlflK mammals— close season- killing or possession

Nongame birds— killing or possession.. — .

Shore birds— close season— killing or possesslc

Cottontail and brush rabbits— close "

Wild pigeons— close season— killing oi , .
Doves — close season — killing or possessU

Quail- close season- killing or possession

Ducks — close season- killing or possession

Tree squirrels— close season- killing or poBseseion

Oroaee— close season— killing or posscstiion.

Total game violations. ._

Fiah.

Angliug without license

Fishing (or profit without license

Tront- excess limit— elose season— taking or possession

Trout— taking other than by hook and line .- .

Striped bass— close season— sale— underweight— excess limit
Black bass— close season— sale— underweight— excess limit..

Salmon— excess limit— Sunday fishing -

Orabs— undersized— close season— taking or possession

Clams— undersized— close season— excess limit— taking or

possession - - —

Abalonea-underslzed— close season- taking or possession..
Lobsters— under or oversized- close season- taking or pos-

10 00

840 (»

3B

IS

aoo 00

42.1 OO

175 lO

8S00

25 (O

1211 OU

225 00

26

SM'-i m

155 UO

a

SO 00

2,18

*i.8io on

13

$2.4)10

18

27.-. 00

A

150 0(1

Dried shrimps— possession -

Illegal nets

Pollution of waters

Total flah violations .,.

Grand total flsb and game vlolatloi

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

C.vr.lFORNlA FISH AND GAME.

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES— YEAR 1

>»...<»»

■*""

luix

A^t

Goniral HdmiQiatratlon

12,242 94
334 97
SOS 81

«2.n4 57
403 29

•^S5S

1557 71
^00
1,440 00

t,S96 30

Mountain llim l.ountlcs

i«66

2noo

LltliiiKraiihinf! anglloK ilcpnses _

lliiiitlne lirciiKi' cominlsplona _

1.S7S90

2.066 10

700

756 70

MHrk.'i flHhinK comiiiissions _„

M5D

San Krundseo district _

SuerHdicnto district -

16.693 72

16,680 73

200 00

19,141 37
$7,196 73

1,069 91

t&]a3 76

111

122 58

124 M

124 04

ilutrhcry administration

.Motini Shoata Hotcliery _

tiai75 67

$1,215 11

2.462 24

500

390 95

1,444 29

$16,474 18

$1,197 91

5^683 06

600

826 96

1.760 91

26M

97 16

^%

221 72
696 01

$18,969 IB

^00
100 00
372 75
250 00
384 10

Tuhoe Hatchery

'luliBC Ilatphery _ _.

Cliiro Ex|ierimentnl Station

Fort Seward Hatehery

aooo

630 76

! klah Hatchery

31101

496 02
157 00
492 30
31 00

IX is

Brookilalo Hatchery _

388 0.5
30 00

442 08

Vontiicr Rivrr Hatchery__ _

332 70

473 56
162 57
209 03
208 2S
93 76

176 S3
112 51

300
635 84

1S2S0
1.33149
145 64
443 52
31 34

JUS

'IS

686 IB

l)oin)nf!0 SprlnBs llatchery

992 47

North CreeV Station _

■ioPPinito Hulehcry __

Kiiwcuh Hatchery __

2S164
180 54

Spcpinl licld lnvi-BtiErition..__

$10,060 «
a914 92

$15,632 82
4.283 53

117,132 24
S,0S5 3i

$38,844 96

$45,53190

$40,259 73

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

>

PATROL SERVICE,

«AN FRANCISCO DIVISION.

■■ I.. BoaQDl, CommlMlaDar In Chars*. Cnr) WMtarfaU, BtwntlTt OIBo*r.

J. B. HontM, AMlatant ICiaontlTa 01Ilc«r. B, C. Boncbar, BpMlal ibvant

Head Offlce, Postal Telesraph BulldlnK, B*n Fnuiclaco.

PtioiM Batter UOO.

[

f

W. H. ArmrtTMUr

VaUeJo

r A. Bnllarfl

Dunlap

M. a Claik.

San Prandaco

A. M. FalrfleW

J. H. Beiterd

- — San PranolBco

D. H.Hoen..

San Rafael

SACRAMENTO DIVISION.
V. M, Newbert, ConnnliBlODer In Charsa.

Geo. Neale

Forum Bullain,

Phone Ma

E. Sacramento,
n *»(».

H. C. O'Connor..

E. D. Bickatta

D. BS. Roberta —

T RdllrttiTI

Oraaa VnBey

Ll»a Oak

kiupfaya

Tnickse

B. W. Bolt

a J. Carpenter

— -Qrldley

Maxwell

— — Canbr

KueU Gr»r^

R. U einkejr

I* J. Warren

J. B. White —

Woodland

TayiorwflUe

, OaMalla

IM* Uollnoi

LOS ANOELES DIVISION.

M, J. Council, CommlaBloner In CbarKa.

BO win L. Hedderly, Aaal stent

Union League Building, Los Ancelea.

Phonea: Broadvar 11S6; Home, PGT06.

H. J. Abeta

J. J, Bamett

B. X). Becker

J. B. OTser

SanU Mart*

Ventura

Ban Lula Oblapo

B. H. Ober

H. L Pritchard

A. J. Stout

WebD Toms

Bis PIna

Loa Anselat

Loa Angela*

San DliBC

)

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

.JiyNTINO LICEN&E8

Alton*. «10A>. Olhtr All«n«, tSB.oa.

ANOLINQ LICENSES

UaMtYHTfma Ju(*iibDHM*vai

n«ridwit>, t1.0O. Non-BealdMta. tSJMk Allans

TRAPPING LICENSES

i„vGoo<^lc

10

FISH-"

teNSEnyATioN of wild un. through education"

aoyGooi^le

BOARD OF FISH AND GAME COMMISSIONERS.

F. H. NBWBEBX, PnMa

L J. CONItELL, Cod

S. L. BOSQDI. Cwnmiwiofr Bu FEueiaeo

OAKL WliSTHBFEILD, Bxecndn Officer San rrmndBco

J. 8. HUNTBK, Aaiiatut Bnenth* OOmt .Bu FnndM»

R. D. DUES, Attonej Stu Fimndaco

DEPARTMENT OP PiaHCULTURB.

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E. W. HUNT, Field SnperiDtendent Bicnunento'

J. H. HOERL, Chief Clerk SwMmento

A a. DONBY, rUi Ladder Itmpeetot SKcnanta

A. B. CULVER, Screen Inspector 8acrament»

U. K. SPALDING, Anlitant in Charge of Conatraction Sacrameiito

G. H. LAMB SON , Saperintendent Moant EUiaaU Hatcberj Siwon

W. O. FASBETT, Saperinteadent Fort Seward Batd^rr, UUkb, and Snow

Monntain 8tatu» Ukiah

Q. McCLOUD, Jx., SuperinteDdent Mount Whitney Hatcherj and Cotton-
wood Lakes Station Independence

O, B. WEST, FoMDMu in Cbarge Tahoe and lallac Hatcbeilta- Tallac

B. V, CA8SBLL, Foreman in Charge Fall Creek Hatclierr Copco

L. J. STINNETT, Assirtant in Charge Bogus Creek Station Gop-co

L. PHILLIPS, Foreman in Charge Bear Lake and North Creek Hatclieriea

San Bernardino

GUY TABLER, Awiitant Id Charg* Wawona Hati^er? Wawtma

C. F. PIERSON, Assistant in Charge Brookdale Hatchery BrookdaJe

J. W. RICHER, Foreman In Chatga Almanor, Domingo SpringB and Clear

Creek Hatcheriefl Greenville

G. MoCLOUD, Sb^ Foreman in Charge Cottonwood Creek Station Horafarook

DKPAHTMBMT op OOMMRIICIAt. FMHSRIEft.

N. B, SCOFIBLD, U Cfcarge San FrmciMO

H. B. NIDBVBR, Aariatant-.

W. F. THOUFSON, Avlatant-.

B, H. DADO, Aaaiatant _ San

a 8. BAUDEB, Aaaiatant

P. H. OYER, AaaiMant ._

L. H. HELWIG, Aailat&at

BUREAU OF EDUCATION, PUBLICITV AND REtKARCH.

DR. H. 0. BEYAHT, In Charga

DiB.1izedOyGoO<^lc

California Fish and Game

"COKSEHVATION OF WILD UFE TtUtOUGH EDUCATION'
Volome 6 SACRAMENTO, APRIL. 1920 Nomber 2

CONTENTS.

Paoe

THE ABALONES OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA WUI F. Thomptoit 45

SOME NOTES ON DRY FLY Fli-UING— No. 3 R. /-. M., California 50

THE MULLET FISHERIES OF SALTON SKA

Will F. Thompiion and Harold C. Bryant GO

EDITORIALS , M

FACTS OF CURRENT INTEREST 73

ILITCHERY NOTES _ — 74

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES 8ii

NOTES FROM THE STATE FISHBRJES LABORATORY — S3

LIFE HISTORY NOTES _. 88

UNITED STATES FOREST SERVHTC fOOrEHATIOS S8

KEPORTS—

FianEBT Pboducts, October, Xovembeh, 1>ecembeb. 1010 00

FisHEBY Products fob tke yeab 101!) 03

Canned, cured, and MANtTArrrBED Fisiiebv PnwircTH fob tiik tear

1910 06

Violations of Fish and Game Laws 08

SEIKl-BES 08

Expenditures 00

THE ABALONES OF NORTHEEN CALIFORNIA*

By Wii.1. F. Thomi'PON.

Ib northern California there an found three species of abalone:
namely, HaUotis rufescens, Swainson, tiic red ; H. cracherodii, Leach, the
black ; and H. wallalensts, Stearns, the northern green abalone. Earneat
search has failed to reveal the abalone of Rritish Columbia and Alaska,
H. gigantea, Chemnitz. Rut one of these, the first named, is found in
numbers rendering it of importance as food. It is exceedingly difficult
to gauge the absolute abundance of this red abalone in any place without
the aid of diver's apparatus. For that reason it has been judged best
to give merely a wcord of the localities in which specimens were obtained,
and a general statement as to the abundance along the various parts of
the coast. H. cracherodii reaches Jts greatest abundance to the south-
ward of San Francisco, and it is present in northern Galifomia only
occasionally.

•CaUfomla State Pliherlea Laboratory, Contribution No, IT. ('~" ,-,.-, .^ I ,-,

i:cii?od[iyV^iH)Ult

CALIFOSNIA FISH AND GAME.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAUFOBNIA FISH AND QAHB. 47

Abalones dwell solely along the outer coasts, but there they dwell
wherever they are afforded a foothold on or beneath rocks on a coast
free from loose sand and mud. The red abalone is found below extreme
low tide line and occasionally a little above, the black is at a higher level
and rarely below low tide line, while the northern green abaloQe is found
only at about low tide level as far as known. All species agree, however,
in requiring a rocky, surf -beaten coast, and the localities given below are
all of this nature.

HaUotia rufescens was found in some numbers in the followidg
localities by others than the writer, if enclosed ini parentheses :

(Point Saint George, rarely.) (NVwhavPn I^anding.)

Patrick's Point, rarely. (Manchester.)

Cape Mendocino, rarely. roint Arptin. abundnnt.

McNntt'a Gnlch, near Cape Mendocino. Arena Cove.

Mattole River, 1 to 1} miles nortb of Buster Beach, 123 desrees 43 minutes

Cape Mendocino. west, 38 degrees 57 miautes north,

(Pnnta Gorda.) abnndant.

Spanish Flats. 124 decrees 15 minutee (Hayward's Beat^,)

west. 40 degrees 20 minDtea north. Sauuders' Landing. 123 degrees 40 min-

(Fraset'H Creeh, near Cape Mendocino.) otea west, 38 decrees 51 minutes north.

Shelter Cove. abondaoL Bowen'a I,andtng.

(Whale Gulcii to Needle Rock.) Gualala. 123 degrees 31 minutes west, 38

Bear Landing, in moderate abundance. tlfcrees 40 minuti^s north.

Usal, 123 degrees 50 minutes west, 40 (Del Mar to Stewarfs Point.)

degrees north. Stewart's Point.

(Rockport.) (Sail Point.)

Mardie's Creek. (Fort Robs.)

(Union Landing.) Itusfia^ River.

Abalone Point. 123 degrees 48 tniuntes (Bodega Head.)

west. 39 degrees 50 minutes north. (Tomales Point.)

Brahels Point (!kIcRay's Point). Point Reyea, moderate abundance.

(Kibeeillah Bock.) Diixbury Reef.

iHare Creek and Beaver Point.) (Bolinas Point.)

(Caspar, 30 degrees 11 minutes north, (Double Point.)

123 degrees 49 minutes west.)

From Point Saint George, the northernmost record, it was possible
to obtain no live specimens, but Mr. Pranz of Cre-scent City contributed
a shell which he had kept for some time as an unusual specimen. At
Patrick's Point live specimens were taken, and they were abundant
enough so that eight or nine might be obtained by searching diligently
throughout a low tide. Not until Cape Mendocino was reached were
there sufficient numbers to render the species of importance, while at
Shelter Cove, about forty miles southward, there was an abundance.
From that locality to Point Reyes it might be considered that there wais
a slight increase in abundance when equally favorable situations werei,
compared, and the effect of the relative amount of local use was con-
sidered. At F'oint Reyes, the abalone has been obtained by divers, with
apparatus enabling them to go to considerable depths, and it is probable
that such metliods could be used as far north as Shelter Cove with
success.

Ealiotis cracherodii, the black abalone, reaches as far north as Point
Arena, where an oeca-sional specimen is found by local men. But one
was obtained from that loe^ity. They are also found at Dusbury
Beef, and are reputed to be found now and then in the regions between
Poiut Arena and San Francisco, hut no actual evidence was obtained.
In no locality in northern California do they reach any abundance,

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA FISH AND QAME.

, from Point Arena,

.Gooi^lc

CAUFOBNU nSH AND GAHB.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

so CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAHB.

however, whit-li wuuld justify calling them auything but rarities until
Duxburj' Reef is reached, aud it is safe to say that they will never
be of commercial importance.

Haliotis walUUensts, Steams, is a small species distributed along the
coast between Westport and the Russian River, a distance of about
a hundred miles. Although it is often found in numbers sufficient
to be of importance to local users, it is small and little valued save
for the very beautiful shells. Despite the extensive use made of
abalones, the species has, to our knowledge, only occasionally been
found south of the Russian River, namely at Monterey, where it is
regarded as a curiosity.

It is here regarded as a species distinct from the green abalone of
southern California, which it resembles in appearance. The type
locality of the species is Qualala, where it was found by the writer in
abundance, as aJso at Abalone Point near Westport. A single speci-
men was obtained at the Bossian River, and one was obtained at
Monterey from Mr. Ernest Dalder. Local inhabitants often fail to
distinguish it from the young of the red abalone. It reaches, however,
a length not greater than five and one-half inches, has five or six open
holes (instead of the three or four of the red abalone), and the edges
of these holes are not elevated.

In conclusion, it is evident that there is but the one species of
importance found in northern California, namely, the red abalone.
and all the commercially valuable beds of tliat are found south of
Shelter Cove, over slightly more than half the length of the coast
between San Francisco and the Oregon line.

SOME NOTES ON DBT-FLY FISHINa. No. S.

By E. L. M., California.

I do not believe that any one will disagree with the statement that
it requires a little more skill to cast and deliver a dry fly properly
than is needed to throw a wet flj-. Such being the case, what are the
principal factors that tend to promote or assist the skill thus demanded ?
There are several, among which the rod is one of the most important.

It is true that Mr. G. A. B. Dewar ("The Book of the Dry Fly."
London, 1897) is rather inclined to underrate the efficacy of first-class
equipment. He writes: "It is not the rod so much as the hand
which wields it that kilb the trout." There is no doubt about the
correctness of this statement, and if we were all as skillful as the
talented author of this book, no more would need be said on the subject
of rods.

But unfortunately very few of us are able to devote more than a
much too brief period to the delights of angling, and such being the
case it behooves us to take everj' advantage that we can and to obtain

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

OAUPOEtNIA FISH AND OAHB.

51

everything that will enable us to meet the trout on a more even foot-
iug. Therefore we should equip ourselves with the best that modem
ingenuity and skill can produce.

Casting or throwing the line out over the water is performed by
the action of the rod which gets its initial impetus from the hand of
the fisherman.

Fia. 19. Dissrama iliowlng the mci^hanlcs at fly castlnK- Allhoueh the tip of the
rod may be moving at the same spider] In a, b, and c. yet in the Aral Instance only
would the line be properly casL

In figure 19 "a" is a diagram meant to represent the rod at two
instantaneous moments, viz, at the beginning and the end of the stroke
that is made when casting. The tip of the rod, to which the line is
connected, moves from A to B. Now if we could move the tip of the
rod from A to B with the same speed as in "a," but at the same time
while doing this, move the lower point of the rod an equal distance,
we should not be able to cast (see "b," figure 19) nearly as long a line
as in the first ca.se. And if it were possible to make a motion with the
rod similar to that illustrated in "e" of figure 19, we should find that
to ail intents and purposes we could not cast the line out at all. Yet
in all these three case.s the tip of the rod (to which the line is
attached) would be moving through the air at the same speed. From
the foregoing we can deduce that something more than plain motion
of the tip of the rod is required in casting, and by regarding "a"
again we shall decide that circular, or as it is called in mechanics, an
angular motion of the rod is necessary to propel the line. But why
does this angular motion produce results when the others fail? The
answer is found in "a" of figure 20. The weight of the line and
other causes prevent the tip of the rod from moving in synchronism
with the lower parts and by the time the end of the stroke has been
reached the rod is bent to the fullest extent that is possible for the

_nOO<^lc

52

CAUPOENIA PISH AND OAUB.

particular weight or lengrth of line being used for that individual case.
The position of the rod at the end of the stroke is similar to that of a
bent spring, ready to fly back to its unstrained or natural position
{i. e., strught). . .^ 'I

_.. ._. ; poBltlons of the fly rod when In action, showing the "aiiap."

It [B the recovery o( the tip similar to the action of a bent spring that furnishes the
necessary impelus to the line. In b the action Is too slow to be very effective, due
to the bending qualities of the pole.

It is the recovery of this bent spring that furnishes the necessary
impetus to the line. An absolutely stiff rod with no bend to it at
all would cast a line, but not any length of line to speak of, and it
would be a very tiring rod to use. On the other hand a rod with
unlimited bending qualities would be too slow in action to be very
effective (figure 20 "b").

While we have figure 20 fresh in our memories, and before going
on to the other matters, I may remark that this illustration helps to
demonstrate the correct manner of making a stroke with a fly rod.
The casting stroke (whether backward or forward) should be ^rted
slowly, the speed should be continually increased to the end, where a
more or less abrupt stop is made. This can only be done if the rod
is held tightly or firmly by the hand.

When fishing with a wet fly all that we have to do is to lift the line
off the water and cast it back again (figure 21 "a." But when using
a dry fly, nine times out of ten we have to dry the fiy before returning
it to the water. This means that instead of finishing off the forward

PIO. 81. Dlai
fly In dry-fly an

behind the angli

stroke as at "8," figure 21 "a," we must be able to check the line
before it reaches the water and return it behind us again. This is
what is known as a "false cast" and it may be necessary to make four
or five or even more false casts before the fly is dry enough to float
once again. Figure 21 "c" illustrates the manner in which the
forward stroke is checked when making a false cast.

Jioo'^lc

CAUFOBNIA msa AND OiUB. 63

it ia in the making of these false casts that the virtues of a dry-fly
rod become apparent. Quite a number of people think that the only
difference between a dry-fly rod and a wet-fly rod is that the former
costs more than the latter. Such, however, is not the case by any
meaos. If we want a rod capable of extending a line of any length
backwards and forwards in the air, we must have a rod that is able to
impart the necessary impetus to the line with the lea^t amount of
angular motion possible.

In flgure 22 I have shown the diiference between the actions of a
wet and a dry-fly rod ; both are supposed to have an equal length and
weight of line attached to them. Now it will be noticed that owing to
the greater bending of the wet-fly rod, somewbat more vertical motion
is imparted to the line than is the case with the dry-fly rod. In practice
(i. e., when fishing) this extra vertical motion would mean that when
nsing a wet-fly rod for dry-fly fishing there would be a probability that
the fly, when being dried, would either strike the water in front, or

F(0. S2. DIagramB Bhowlng the dlflerence In action between the wet nnd dry-fly
rod. Owlns to the greater bending of the wet-fly rod a. more vertical motloit Is
Imparted to the line than Is the case with the diySy rod.

catch Up in the grass behind the angler; whereas, the same length of
line could be easily extended in both directions without any danger of
such mishaps if a good dry-fly rod was substituted for the wet-fly rod.
A dry-fly rod is able to accomplish this because it has more resUienee
or more snap to its spring than a wet-fly rod has. We may therefore
conclude that there is something more than a mere matter of price
between a wet and a dry-fly rod. This difference is a structural
difference and it consists of making the lower portion of a dry-fly rod
much stiffer, i. e., less susceptible to bending than is the case with a
wet-fly rod. Then again the middle section should be stronger or
stiffer, because in the dry-fly rod the effective bending portion of the
rod has to be concentrated within a shorter length than in a wet-fly
rod. In both these lower sections the extra or added strength can only
be obtained by putting more material, whether cane or wood, into the
rod ; but when we come to the uppermost portion or the tip, this must
be delicate enough to enable us to use the very finest of leaders. It is
a fact that a skillful dry-fly man uses finer leaders to land fish of two

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

54 CAUFOENIA FISH AND OAHB.

pounds and over than the wet-fly man wonld eare to U8e for the
capture of trout of a quarter of a pound or leas.

Now when we carefully consider the necessary qaalifications
demanded of a dry-fly rod together with the fact that the weight must
be kept down to very small proportions, is it any wonder that all this
refinement means a somewhat higher price for a dry-fly rod than is
asked for the other type of rod? I do not want any one to run away
with the idea that I am criticising wet-fly Ashing. We are all familiar,
at least I presume all my readers are familiar, with wet-fly fishing, and
I am using wet-fly methods solely as a basis for comparison. For
instance, I might say "John is a very tall man." But that does not
give any very exact information; but if I said "John is six inches
taller than Henry" it would not necessarily mean that Henry was short
(he might be a six-footer) ; but it would give one a very clear idea
as to just exactly how tall John really was, provided of course that he
was familiar with Henry,

Each method, i. e., wet or dry, has its own particular field of action,
and when fish can be caught with the wet fly it is a needless refinement
to attack them with a dry fly; but when once a man has used the dry
fly successfully, the tendency is, owing to its wonderful fascination, to
continue the use of the dry fly whenever and wherever it is possible.

After having thus, sueeessfully I hope, cleared my skirts of imputa-
tion of criticism or aloofness to the wet-fly school, I will continue the
original theme.

The best length of rod for all-around dry-fly work will be found to be
nine feet and six inches. If, however, most o£ one's fishing will be
done on small streams where long casts are the exception, this length
can be reduced by six inches. Do not expect to get a rod of the length
first mentioned of featherweight lightness. Somewhere between five
and six ounces will be as light a rod as it is possible to get and still
maintain the necessary strength required. A nine-foot rod will be
possibly one ounce lighter. Our grandsires u.sed much longer and
heavier rods. Francis Francis ("A Book on Angling," 1867) mentions
four rods ranging in weight from 13 ounces, 4 drams to 14 ounces, 6
drams and in length from 11 feet, 7 inches to 12 feet, 8 inches. He,
however, preferred a double-handed rod for his own use and he men-
tions two favorites, viz. 14 feet, 6 inches and 15 feet, 2 inches long.
Lord Grey remarks on the wonderful accuracy with which Mr, Francis
cast a small fly with such a large rod (p. 113, "Fly Fishing," London,
1899).

The reason why we are today using such shorter rods than formerly
is chieflv owing to the introduction of the six-piece split cane rod.

David Foster ("The Scientific Angler," London, 1882) draws a com-
parison between the length of rods used in Walton's time and that of
those which we use now, Charles Cotton, who wrote the second part of
"The Complete Angler," and which was incorporated in the fifth
edition (1676), gives five or six yards as being the best length for a
fly rod which should be "made of fir wood for the two or three lengths
nearest the hand and of other wood nearer the top." What that "other
wood" was history does not relate.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

OALIPORNIA FISH AND QAHB. S5

Richard Brookes ("The Art of Angling." 1740) says practically
nothing about rods, but Thomas Best, who wrote another "Art of
AngtinET'" 1787, specifies in bia quaint way.

Ash 7 feet

Hazel - 7 feet

Tew 2 feet

Whalebone 6 inches

16 feet 6 inches

In my copy, which is the fifth edition {1802), the same lengths and
materials are given but not in this peculiar form, which reminds one of
bookkeeping.

The action of these old-time rods was what we Rhould call "very
slow." By that I mean that when bent they were very slow in recover-
ing to a straight position. Such being the case, it was necessary to have
a long rod if the fiy was to be cast any distance at all to speak of.
Pnrthermore the rods could not begin to carry lines of the weight we
use today. Id Walton's time hair lines were used; during the early
part of the nineteenth century a line of mixed hair and silk was the
best that could be got, but when solid braided and dressed silk lines
came in all the others were relegated to the scrap pile.

In connection with these ancient rods it is extremely interesting to
read about the importance these old-time authors placed on the direction
r.f the wind. It was a sine qiia non with them lo have it at their back.
Some of them assert that it is impossible to cast against the wind, but
even when they do admit that it can be done, they say it is a very
diflS«ult feat to accomplish successfully and warn the beginner against
trying to do it. Everybody, however, did not use these double-handed
rods. Colonel Hawker, in the fewest possible words, votes for a single-
handed rod 12 feet 3 inches long; Pulman ("Vade Mecum," 1841)
selects a "small rod about 11 feet long" and Francis Popham, who was
a member of The Houghton Fishing Club from 1822 to 1858, was noted
as having always fished with a single-handed rod.

Up to the time of the introduction of the elose-grained tropical or
subtropical woods there was no very great progress made in reducing
the length of fly rods; but when the.se woods made their appearance,
rod makers were not long in discovering their adaptability for light
flv-casting rods. Oreenhart, which is the best of all wood for this
purpose (Wells "Fly Bods and Fly Tackle," N. Y., 1885), was first
mentioned by Stewart in his "Practical Angler" (1857), but he
classes it with logwood as being too "brittle and heavy," from which
we must conclude that the greenhart he had in mind was not a par-
ticularly good specimen.

Mr. W. A. Hunter, manager for C. Farlow & Company, St. James
Square, London, W., writes as follows in connection with this wood :

Greenhart is not meDtioned in the oDiciBl rerords of Che Ictematioiial Bihibilion
in 1851, and thotiih our firm exhibited roda tbeo, the kind of wood used ia not
raentlooed, and ne nave no clear records left of that lime.

It would seem from the above (taken in conjunction with Stewart's
remarks) "that greenhart was first used in the manufacture of fishing
rods somewhere about 1850-1857." ,-

5S CALIFOBKU rtSH AND GAME.

I have quoted Mr. Hunter, because of the fact that Parlow & Com-
pany have for years had a very great reputation for their greenhart
rods.

A really good greenhart rod is a delightful weapon with which to
cast ordinary fishing distances, and some of the men who have used
them for a long time can not be induced or made to believe that thrre
is something better than greenhart. The disadvantage of greenhart
and all wooden rods is that in our dry climate they may in time become
brittle, and when least expected and nearly always at an inopportune
time, they have a habit of breaking off ^ort at the junction of the
wood and a ferrule. A well-made split cane rod will never break if
treated as it should be. Whenever a man is seen at the waterside with
a broken split cane rod, there are only two possible reasons for the
fracture r one is that the rod was a worthless piece of goods to begin
with, and the other is that the owner used it for something for ivhich
it was never intended.

With the modern six-strip cane rod, owing to its strength and
resiliency, it is possible to east a heavy line, to cast it to distimces
undreamt of by the earlier generations of anglers, and furthermore to
cast across or right into the teeth of any wind short of a hurricane.

The only advantage that a long rod can have over a short one is that
more command may be had over a booked fish ; but the rod is not the
weak link in the chain ; the weakest link is the extremity of the fine gut
leader ; that is really the factor that decides how much force we can use,
and not the strength or length of the rod.

For comfort in fishing the handle or hand grasp should be made
large enough so that no part of the hand is in contact with any metal.
Furthermore the diameter of the handle should be such that the muscles
of the hand do not become cramped by holding the rod. A rod handle
that may seem comfortable enough for wet-fly fishing becomes a veritable
torture if used for dry-fly casting owing to the fact that we have to
cast so much more frequently. I refer to the false casts necessary to
dry the fly. A properly shaped handle does not exactly add to the
artistic lines of the lower extremity of the rod, but it is an infinitely
pleasanter thing to fish with. It is a very great mistake to imagine
that a rod can be made effectively lighter by paring down the handle.
The balance of the rod is obtained by the weight of the reel and fre-
quently, in fact nearly always, the reel and the line on it are not
quite heavy enough to give a correct balance. If we take a rod into
our hands and, without attaching the reel, we make a few strokes in the
air with it, we at once notice that it feels top-heavy, or in other words
there is a distinct sensation of weight felt. Now attach a reel or any
other form of weight to the reel seat. The heavy feeling that the rod
had has now vanished, or else it is not so noticeable. To arrive at a
correct balance it is best to attach a moderate weight first and gradually
increase it until the top-heavy sensation has completely disappeared.
But note this : SufBcicnt weight must not be added so as to induce a too
lively feel to the rod. If this is done the rod will be " over-balaneed "

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFOBKIA FISH AND GAME. 57

and althoagh the effort required in castiDg will be reduced to a miui-
mnm, the accuracy and control of the line will be to a great extent loat.

The fully equipped rod should balance at a point about three to five
inches above the upper end of the handle (or hand grasp). There is no
rule or formula by which this point can be found. The only satisfactory
way is by the trial of various weights as already explained. When the
correct weight has been found, deduct the weight of the reel and line
from this, and make up the remainder by an equal weight of soft lead
wire, which can be wound on to the empty spool o£ the reel before the
line is wound on. The best type of reel to use is a contracted single
action click (adjustable) one. With such a reel the line can be wound
in as fast as with a multiplier; the spool is short or narrow but the
diameter is lai^. The best that have been procurable up to the present
have been the best grade of English made reels (See "Saturday Evening
Post," August 9, 1919; "Very Efficient" Camp in "Fishing with
Floating PUea," 1916; Geo. P. Holden "Stream Craft," 1919, says
they "are exquisite"), but one of the leading American reel companies
will shortly place a first class fly reel on the market.

Charles Zibeon Southand, in "Trout Ply-Fishing in America," 1914,
gives a table of lengths and weights of rods and the proper weight of
reel to balance them. He bases his table on the supposition that the
reel should weigh half again as much as the rod. Using this table as a
starting point a four-ounce rod would call for a six-ounce reel. A
Scinch reel will weigh about five ounces, which gives us one ounce
of margin for the line. If this is not enough a eJiglitly smaller reel
weighing less could be used. However, it will frequently be found that
the very light rods need a lot of counterweight to properly balance
them.

A 9i-foot, 6-ounee rod that I use a great deal for dry-fly fishing is
perfectly balanced by a total of 9 ounces made up of reel, line and lead
wire,

A tapered oil-dressed silk line is the only one to consider in connection
with this kind of fly-fishing. These lines are prepared by soaking them
in pure boiled, or cold pressed, linseed oil. Mr. Martin E, Hosely, one
authority, advocates the former; and a description of his method will
be found in Halford's "Dry-Fly Man's Handbook." A copy of this
(i. e., the line dressing) appeared in "The American Angler," Decem-
ber, 1918, under the heading "Dr&sa Tour Own Line." Another great
authority on this subject, viz, Mr. W. D. Ooggeshall (an American and
past president of The Ply-Fishers Club, London), writes in a recent
issue of ' ' The Pishing Gazette ' ' :

Never use air pntDp; almiys put line in hot oil; heat oil bo hot that it will burn
your finger, put line in oil, keepini; heat up until air bubbles seem to rise; take oB
the fire and allow line to cool in oil and hans liue up to dry. Belter to ttrcich line
first, tbougb. To g«t a perfect surface applj cold oil when line is stretched and
dried. Be sore tbat everf coat is tkorougkty drr before second coats are applied.
ICub down amooth and polish with soft rag and talc powder.

Mr. Ferry D. Prazier, of Ridgewood, N. J., who is the author of one or
two books on angling matters, manufactures oil dressed lines that com-
pare very favorably with the best imported article.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

58 CALIPOBNIA FISH AND OAUB.

Different methods are used for gauging these tapered lines. Some
manufacturers call them "\o. 1, 2, 3," etc. ; others use the alphabet and
specify "D, E, F," etc. ; consequently unless we know the treujht of the
line it is not much use saying that such and such a rod should have an
"P" or "E" line, as the case may be. The line should fit the rod.
By this I mean that the line should be sufficiently heavy to fully
develop the easting power of the rod. If the line is not of sufficient
weight when the casting stroke is made the rod will not be bent far
enougli to fully develop its spring (see figure 20) and it will take
considerably more effort to east the line than would be neeessarj- if
the proper size or weight of line was used. On the other hand, a line
that is too heavy for the rod will in a very short time completely niin it.

For ordinary occasions, i. e., when the wind is not too strong, a 9-foot
tapered leader is advisable. It should be tapered from fairly heavj-
gut at the upper end down to the "finest undrawn" at the lower
extremity. Finest undrawn gut is approximately the same sixe as X
drawn gut; but the undrawn gut is about 15 per cent stronger than
drawn gut of equal diameter. These undrawn gut leaders are very
scarce and extremely hard to get hold of ; consequently most of us will
have to be content with leadi'rs whose fine points are made of drawn
gut. Drawn gut is listed hb X. XX, XXX, etc., but anything less thau
XXX is rather too fine for the sort of fish we hope to catch. I might
mention, however, that trout of over five pounds have been caught on
XXX leaders.

When a strong wind is blowing the length of the leader should be
reduced to 7i ot- even 6 feet, but do not make this reduction by cutting
off from one or other end of the leader. Get these short leaders made
up just the same as the longer ones, i. e., fully tapered from end to end.
I do not believe there is any economy in buying gut in hanks and mak-
ing up one's own leaders. To make up a good tapered leader several
hanks of gut would be required.

There are 100 strands in each hank and if they were all made up
into leaders we should probably iiave about 70 or 80 leaders on hand.
Gut does not improve with age; consequently long before we got to the
end of our leaders we should find that they were beginning to deteriorate
and in all probability the last few dozen would have to be thrown
away, thus wiping out at once any paper profit that might have been
theoretically possible. Some people will tell you that they always make
up their own leaders and that bought leaders are no good. There is
hut one answer to this and it is: Where did they buy these poor leadersT
If leaders are obtained from reputable houses and a good price is paid
for them they will be all that any one can desire and much better than
99 per cent of us could make for ourselves. I always aim to use up
my leaders every season and not to carrv- any over to the next; then I
know that the leaders I am using are the best that can be got and are
not weakened in the least by age. There are several substitutes for gut.
They generally have queer sounding names and are not as strong as gut
of equal diameter. They are more opaque than gut, and when they get
wet they become so soft and limp that they do not lay the fly out over

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALBWItNIA PrSH AND OAMB. 59

the water properly ; therefore, they are not to be thought of in connec-
tion with dry-fly fishing.

There are several other appliances peculiar to dry-fiy fishing and I
will mention them briefly. The first is the "line greaser" which is a
little folded leather pad which has several sheets or folds of cloth inside.
These are liberally doped with some grease, such as red deer fat,
Dmeilio, vaseline, or mutton fat. Before commencing to fish the line
(not the leader) is rubbed down with the greaser in order that when it
is east it will float on top of the water. Then there is the oiling device.
This may be a small atomizer, or a little bottle with a small brush, or a
small metal box with some felt pads well soaked with the oil used to
assist the fly in floating. Oil is not necessary to make the fly float.
Before it was used flies were made to float and some men still refuse to
use it 1 but all said aud done, oil is a wonderful help. When it is used
a fly will never become quite as wet as it will if it has not been annointed,
and furthermore a wet fly that has been oiled can be dried much quicker
than an unoiled fly. The dry-flies are kept in a box and not in a book,
because they should not be crushed. There are numerous kinds of fly
boxes on the market and I hope to give illustrations of several of them
in one of the future series of these notes.

A landing net is one thing that can not be dispensed with. It should
be large and have a handle of fair length. There are a number of
folding nets on the market. Some are too small for anything but very
little ^sh. A span of sixteen inches across the mouth of the net is not
too much, and the net itself should be at least twenty inches deep. It
is much better to have a landing net of the large size than to have one
that is too small. Imagine the feelings of a flsherman with a five-pound
trout ready to land, and a net so small that it would be difficult to lift
out the fish with it even if the fish were dead. The l>est thing to do in
this case is to throw the net away and pull out a handkercliief and,
taking this in your hand, lift out the fish; but be quite sure the fish is
all in before you try to do so.

And finally there is the creel or basket in which to put the fish we
expect to catch. Get a good-sized one, one that will take a two-pound
trout without bending the fish. Above all things get one that is not
easily opened, for two reasons: if it open.s easily it may act without
your knowledge and dump some of your fish on the scenery; and if it is
easily opened some inquisite stranger may casually open it when there
are no fish inside for the I. S. to admire and for the owner to feel
proud of.

Having briefly described the implements ust^'d in the art, I propose
to give a demonstration of their use in the next issue of 0.\lifobnia
Pish and Game, which will be before the public just about the begin-
ning of the vacation season.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

60 CAUFORNU FISH AND QAHE.

THE MULLET FISHERIES OF SALTON SEA.

By Will F. Thompson and Baboio C. Bbt&nt.

The Salton Sea is, in reality, a portioD of the Gulf of California, cut
off by the enlargement of the delta of the Colorado River. It has been,
consequently, evaporated to relatively high salinity during each of the
long periods when the Colorado River emptied its waters into the gulf.
Geologists believe, in fact, that the river has periodically emptied its
fiood in to the Salton Sea, raising its level, and estending its area, just
as it did during 1906. At present the Colorado is prevented from doing
this by the dikes along its banks, built in order that the Imperial Valley
may be safe, and that it may be irrigated, but the irrigating canals carry
a certain amount of waste water into the sea. There are, in addition,
fresh water springs, notably one called Fish Spring, which pour con-
siderable amounts of fresh water into the sea.

Little is known about the fisheries of the Salton Sea before the last
break in the jetties of the Colorado River. In 1905 the water of the
Colorado River poured down what are now known as the New and
Alamo rivers in a great flood wbieh carried 160,000,000 cubic feet of
water into the sea daily. The result was a great enlargement of the
sea and the extensive freshening of its waters. The extension of the
sea buried the Southern Pacific lines along its shores, covered tJie
adjacent territory which at that time was beginning to be placed under
cnltivation, and threatened great financial loss to the Southern Pacific
Company, which owned alternate sections of land throughout the ter-
ritory. In 1906 the break was closed by the Southern Pacific Company,
after a spectacular struggle. It was through this break that the fishes
now, or recently, present, entered the Salton Sea.

During the earlier portion of the period sinoe 1906, considerable
numbers of "carp," if the indenttfication of others than scientists be
trusted, were to be found in the sea, and some eight years ago a
promoter started a company with the idea of using these carp, and
other fresh water fish, for oil and fertilizer. Having built the proper
buildings, installed machinery and launched boats in the sea, the com-
pany was unable to operate because it was unable to find sufficient fish.
At this time, Captain Chas. Davis, who came originally from New Eng-
land and was familiar with fidieries of all sorts from an extensive
experience on all our coasts, went to Salton Sea to investigate the likeli-
hood of extensive fisheries being built up. His report was adverse.
The company for some time endeavored vainly to dispose of the equip-
ment, but was unable to until they accepted Davis' offer of $500. The
latter then scrapped all the machinery, turned the buildings into a
pleasure resort for the people of the valley, and took up land in the
vicinity when the sea had subsided sufBciently. The buildings are now
more than a mile from the sea.

However, five years ago, in 1915, mullet {Mugil cephalus) began to
appear in the sea, and Davis placed weirs of wire netting along the
shallow shores of the sea to impound them. He was able to obtain a

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

OAUFORNU nSH AND QAHB. 61

large amount of fish at times, but could not develop a market for
tliem at the time, even in Los Angelee and San Francisco. At-
tempts to sell the fish in the Im-
perial Valley were fruitless, the
fish being named "cow-carp" and
regarded as very poor. These at-
tempts, however, laid the founda-
tion for a later very good demand.
The approach to Captain Davis'
land being cut off by the overflow
from irrigation ditches, he was
prevented from pursuing the fish-
ery until the last year, but certain
Japanese and Greeks did catch
considerable quantities, using much
of the mullet for oil, and shipping
some to market. The Greeks still
operate. In the last year Captain
Davis has again begun shipping
mullet, catching them by means of
halibut trammel nets. The catches
during the winter months by two
men using eight trammel nets of
thirty fathoms length each, com-
prise but 250 or 300 pounds daily,
taken in the vicinity of the mouths
of the rivers, in shallow water.
These fish are landed and shipped
from Niland to Los Angeles or San
of^the saiton^sea, im- * ranciseo. Captain Davis receives
.... .. „^-.._f3p^ ^^ cents per pound for the fish at

the station.

The recession of the sea has made considerable trouble so far as
landing the catch is concerned. As the fall is only about four feet per
mile, there are great flats covered with water only sis or eight inches
deep, in which a boat can not easily be moved. Captain Davis has in

Fro, 23. Captain Chac

perial County, C
by IL C. Bryant

,,lc

62 CALtFOBNIA PISH AND OAUE.

a measure overcome the diflBciiIty by making a shallow canal, up which
his boat can be pulled part way by means of a picket line and the
remainder of the way can be pulled with a tow line.

According to Captain Davis mullet are found in different loeations
in the sea at different seasons. During part of the year they are found
in great numbers on the west shore of the sea in grass which grows
profusely there and upon which they feed, being vegetarians. On a
visit to Bird Islands, on the west shore of the sea, on December 18,
1919, there was no evidence of mullet, and yet at times large numbers
are said to be caught in this vicinity.

The fish are at present of very lai^e size indeed, being between two
and two and one-half feet in length. The flesh is oily in the extreme,
yielding fully a quart of clear oil to
the ten pounds of fish. This oil, of
ft delicate flavor, renders the canned
mullet a delicacy, and samples put
up by a Los Angeles firm were
found to be very palatable. The
fact that the fish is delicious should
have been expected because of the
very high esteem in which it has
been held from ancient times,
domesticated mullet being known
in Europe since the times of the
Romaus. The species is found all
along our coasts, from Monterey
scuthward, and occasional schools
are taken in every sheltered lagoon
or bay, as well as occasionally up
the rivers in what is really entirely
fresh water. Its occurrence in the
Colorado River is not highly re-
markable, and its transference to
the Salton Sea would have been ex-
pected by anyone familiar with its
habits.

There is also present in the Sal-
ton Sea a species of top-minnow
CyprinodoH macularius, which is
found in the streams and springs of the desert throughout Southern
California and parts of Mexico. They are said to be abundant in the
sea at times, and specimens were obtained for us from there and from
Pish Spring by Captain Davis.

It is, indeed, very questionable whether the mullet will exist for any
length of time. The carp, and other fresh-water fish in the sea, died
gome years ago, according to Captain Davis' recollection, after a heavy
blow which mixed the waters, drifting them ashore in great quantities.
During the past two years there have been statements made to the effect
that the mullet also have been found on certain shores of the lake in
great quantity, apparently dead from poisonous waters. It is certain,
moreover, that the sea has been steadily falling, at the rate of 4^ feet
yearly, and as the sea is everywhere shallow (perhaps 25 or 30 feet

CALIFORNIA FISH AND OAMB. 63

deep) it is plain that it can not last long at such a rate of fall. Analysis
of the water at a distance from river mouths shows it to be three or four
times the salinity of ocean water. The water, moreover, is nut merely
saline. If such were the ease, it is probable that the mullet, a salt water
fish, would survive indefinitely. But as a matter of fact the water is
fed from alkaline springs, and has in the past been alkaline in nature,
so that the water must beeoiiie poisonous rather than merely salty.
Regarding this, however, there is some question until chemists are able
to analyze fair samples taken annually, but the probability is very great
that the mullet will be unable to exist.

The area near the center of the mullet fisheries should prove of great
interest to the geologist. Mullet Island is a typical volcanic plug. At
the edge of the island a number of hot springs boil out, leaving chemical
deposits of several colors, similar to those of Yellowstone National Park.
Captain Davis, by impounding the waters of thase springs, has suc-
ceeded in obtaining' two different colored "paints," and in a third
reser\-oir a pure deposit of rock salt Near the island are some mud
volcanoes the cones of which are from five to eight feet in height. A
spring in this vicinity also is geyserlike in action, boiling out with con-
siderable velocity periodically. Ilecause of these natural phenomena
the island is visited by lai^ numbers of people from the Imperial Val-
ley every week.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAIJPORKIA PISH AND QAHE.

CAUFOimiA FISH AND GAME

A publlotlon ilaTOteil to ttut conaarrm-
UoD et wild lUa uid publlahed quuterly
by the Callfomta StBta Flail ftnd 0«ma
Conunlaalon.

8«Dt fnw to eltlMtia of ths BtaM ot Cali-
fornia. Offered tn exchange (or omlthO'
logical, mammaloglcal and •tmllar parlod-
tcal* _

Tha artlclea publUhed In Caufobnu FUh
AMD Qaus are not oopyrlsbted aad mar be
raprodoeed in otber peifodlcali^ provided
due credit la given the CalUoml* Flab and
Qanie ComralMlon. Bdltora of newapapora
«nd perlodicala an Invited to maka ub* ot
pertinent malerlaL

All nmterlal - for publication ahould be
aent to H. C> Bryant, Muaaum of VtrU-
brate Zoology, Berkeley, Cat.

__ _. . hlng left

to conMrve then we muit give up all of
our Ideal of iport."— Emenon Hougb.

ADDITIONAL GAME SANCTUARIES.
Through an oversight the lUt of Cali-
fomia'a game Eanctuariea a a given in the
January number of California Fiau
AND Came lacks tbe following:

41 Los Angflps ■

IM I Kfrn

3E ; Saotn Clare .

.' N.MO 191»

This adds a total of 107,620 >
which Bbould have been iocluded io
slalement, mabiug a total ia all ot
3,107,520 acres. Sanctuary 4F was set
aside especially lo protect the few ante-
[oyie which may still exist in the eastern
end of what is known as "Antelope Val-
ley," in northern Los Angeles County.

THE GAME WARDEN AT WORK.

The scene is laid in one of the small
national parks in the Southern Sierras.
A slate game warden, on the look out for
riolators, is camped within the park for
the night. A shot is heard at dusk.
The warden gets up early the next morn'
in); and goes to the spot from which tbf
shot was heard and there discovers blood
upon the ground. A little search also
discloses the entrails, head and skin of
doe. Tbe warden hides the head and hide
and mnkes his way to the camp of some

woodsmen jnat ontside of the park. A
found at the camp ia asked if he
has any deer meat. He replies "No."
The warden notes on the back ot the
woodsman's hunting coat a large patch of
blood, apparently made by carrying a deer
camp. When questioned the woodsman
es that he does not know what caused
the spot ot blood. The warden asks per-
lission to enter the cabin and make a
search and is given this permission. On
entering the cabin the warden discovers
>ur sack filled vrith fresh veniwin.
The woodsman then admita that his
brother has killed a deer. He is then
asked if tbe deer wu killed within tbe
national park and la told that It waa not.
rhe game warden then leads the woods-
man to the spot where he had hidden tbe
head and hide of the doe and the woods-
man is made to admit the fact that the
doe had t>een killed within the national
park. The oatcome, of course, Is a heavy
fine to the violator.

In Calif oroia game wardens can tell
you many such stories as the above. The
violator ia nearly always a man ready to
perjure himself and do anything to avoid
a court sentence. Talk to a game war-
den and you will soon discover that it is
not the detective atone who mast be clever
In sleuthing and in tbe gatbering of
reliable evidence, for the game warden
must not only act as police and proae-
calor, but he must also be a clever de-
tective, if he ia to bring violators to

Dry years are coming to be viewed with
grave apprehension by the angler, for he
knows that bis sport is always curtailed
by a lack ot water in the streams and
lakes. Planting activities have been ctan-
ing to naught as a result ot the lack of
water. In many streams and lakes where
large numbers of fish have been planted,
and where a noticeable increase bas
taken place, there has been a depletion In
the abundance of fish due to drought.
Two power reservoirs In the Southern
Sierras, Huntington Lake and Shaver
Lake, although heovity stocked in the
past few years, will furnish but poor
sngling the coming season because of the
fact that thousands ot fish have died

CALIFORNIA raSH AND QAHE.

owing to tbe present low water and cod-
Beqnent poor food suppl)'. Many streuna
whan the; again run bank full will con-
tain but a Bmall proportion of tbeir
former stock of fisb. Gver; angler should
look with favor od future storage reser-
voir projects, for Id an increase of such
reserTDirs lies a partial solution of tbe
problem whicb presents itseif witb each
dr; year and its cousequeDt low water.

GOVERNMENT AND FISH AND 6AMK
COMMISSION INAUGURATE FREE
NATURE GUIDE SERVICE.
So successful was the summer resort
work ioaugurated by the California Fish
and Game Commission at the Taboe re-
sorts last summer, that it dt«w the atten-
tion of the federal government, with the
result that a similar nature guide service
will be jnalalled in the Yosemite Valley
the coming summer. The Superintendent
of National Parks has secured the co-
operation of the Fish and Game Commii-
sion to the extent of the commission'c
furnishing Dr. H. C. Bryant, who insti-
tuted the work at the Tahoe resorts, for
tbe work in Yosemite. Dr. Bryant will
be assisted by Dr. Loye Holmes Miller,
of the Southern Branch of Ihe University
of California.

B^veniog lectures dealing with wild life
will be given at the various camps and
trips afield will be conducted, including
special trips for children. Office hours
are to l>e arranged so that qnestioDs re-
garding natural history can be answered.
This sunmier resort work offers a splendid
opportunity for the Fish and Game Com-
mission to employ tbe educational method
lists out of Bum-
other way could
In touch with so
large a number of people in so short a
period of time.

mer vacationists. In n

INHEMORZAM.

CHESTER A. SCROGQS.

Ws regret to announce the death af
Deputy Chester A. Scraggs, whose
death occurred January 29, 1S20, after
a short lilneei at hie home In Loomla,
Placer County.

Deputy Scroggs was appointed
•pedal deputy June IB, 1906, and regu-

lar deputy Sapiember 1, 1911. He wae
attached to the Sacramento Division,
and for three years up to the time ol
his death wae In charge of the launch
patrol of the district. By hi* activity
and thoroughness lie developed this
arm of tht service up to Ite present
stage of efflclency.

Chester Scroggs was utterly fearless
and resolute In the dlecharge of his
duty. He believed' the flsh and game
Uws wsre placed on the statute tracks
to be enforced. There was no ob-
stacle or hindronce too gre

it. Nothing could deviate him from
hie purpose. If he had a fault It wae
over-ieaiousness— If that can be
termed a fault. He had no censure
for any but the slacker of duty. Still
he was fair and conscientious In his
dealings with violator* with whom he
came in contact. They both feared
and reapected him.

At the time of hi* death he was
forty years of age. He Is survived by
a widow and two small children, a
hoy and a girl, also a sister. He wac
a member of the Masonic fraternity
and the Order of Elks.

He Is mourned by his many friend*
In private life and hi* brother workers
on the Fish and Game Commission.

FOREST NESBITT.

Deputy Fish and Game Commis-
sioner Forest Nesbitt died of pneu-
monia at his home in Sailnae, Friday,
March B, 1920, after only a few days
illness following a severe cold con-
tracted while on patrol duty.

Mr. Nesbitt was appointed Deputy
Fish and Game Commissioner, Decem-
Ler 1, 1917, after qualifying by civil
service examination. During his time
of service, he proved his fitness for
the trust that was Diaced In him.
Hit tra

for

many years

gave him

pre

vioue

exp

erlcnce that

was of the

prosecution

his

fair-

s was apparent. No one was taken

Int

court unless

their guilt

. Believing

n the stric

enf

hie

t of the law

wild

life.

cpJr

pllance witl.

he faXTn^every

*sec-

tlo

to which his

work took

him

To the fatht , _. _.

others that were near and dear to
him, the Commiisloner* and feliow-
empioyees extend their heartfelt sym-

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA FISH AND QAHE.

FOREST OFFICERS' REPORTS.

For sevpral yeara post the Forpst Serv-
ice has, through the medium of annual
reports from each supervisor, furnished
valuable information as to the distribulJOD
and past and present stains of Qsli and
game. Durinic the cominic year forest
officers are to furnish informatioD accord-
inj[ to the following outline recent^- sub-
mitti^d to them. As eau lie seen the out-
Hue emphasizes kuowledne as to distri-
bution and life history of the more notable
species.

A. Big Oame.

Moose, elk. antelope. mouDtaln sheep,
white-tailed deer, black-laiied deer, black
and brown bear, silver tip or gT\z3.iy bear.
Mating and breeding habits, number and
care of young, food and range at various
seasons of the year, coodltiou and abund-
ance, diseases and eflfect of climatic
ditions, nitting season, when young
horn, when are horns fhed, an^ other
aring upon Ihp jf— -"■■■■li"-

^ or its adaDtabitil

work.

B. Game Birds.

Ducts end gecEie and other waterfowl, i
any : grouse, eive exact species found
quail, partridge, pheasants, ptarmigan,
etc. Anything relative to their breeding
and nesting season and habit». When
eggs are laid and number of young,
abundance or scarcity.

C. Small Qamc.

Kabbits. tree squirrels. Their relation
to forestry and value as game animals.
abundnnce. or scarcity, need for protec-

D. Tur Bearing AnImaii.

Species found in locality, breeding
habits, season when fur is prime and
value. Any available information as to
thp extent of the local trapping industry.
Special attention to beavers.

E. lni«ctlvorou> and Song Bird*.

rJst various siwcies found together
with all interestinE information at hand
concerning life history nnd habits.

F. Predatory Animals.

Wolves. coyoteK, mountain lions, foxes
(various species found t, wild cats, lynxes,
etc. Kjiecifie eases of loss by predatory
animals.

Damage done by these species to game.
.\bundoncp or scarcity. IlanGc and fooii
Ht various seasons. Any useful informa-
tion in exterminnliDg them not hitherto
reiiorled.

(Xole— Several of the siK "
' ■* ' ' r F

Q. Predatory Birds.

Eagles, hawka. etd various apedes
found. Amount of damage they do to
eame animals and birds. Life histoir and

Othi

Trout — rainbow, eastern brook, native
nd others. Bass — small and large moQtb.
le fish — abundance or scarcity of
q>awning season, migrstion.
of water best adapted to each,
of fish ladders and screens. Infonna-
as to any successful device tor scrcen-
headgates or ditches is especially de-

Si"

Streams needing stocking; number of
tish needed for each, with specific shipping
instructions. Cost to Forest Service,
amount of cooperation, eta

PISTBIBVTION.
In submitting the above teport. infor-
mation which will extend the known
ranees of the following mamiDals and
birds is very much desired. Below you
will find a list giving you a brief sum-
mary of the range of each spedes. If
you locate definite records of the occur-
rence ot any of these birds or mammals
outside of the limits given, do not fail to
submit evidence. The best eviilence is a
specimen. Ship specimens direct to II. C.
Bryant, Museum o[ Vertebrate Zoology.
Berkeley, ('.alifomia, by express, carefully
marked "specimens for scientific pur-
poses." We are especially anxious to get
Biiecimens of deer taken in San Luis
tibispo and Santa Barbara, counties and
throughout the Sierras to outline more
accurately the range of various species.
Specimens should be taken during the opeit

Permits will tie issued on ap-

L for protected species.

White- tailed Deer.

Rnnflc— Said to have formerly occurred
1 extreme Eastern and Northeastern
alifomia, chiefly in the Modoc region.
"' ; by hunters, but no verified

Colun

1 Slack .tailed Deer.

Ifangr — Xorthwest coast region, chiefly

the Transition (yellow pine belt) and

areal (Lodgepole pine belt upward)

nes : east throughout the inner coant

ranges to the Sacramento Valley, and at

(he north to and including Mount Shasta

and near vicinity; south to the north side

of San Francisco Bay.

Soutliei

< Blac

ailed Deer.

lay also be di

ssed under Fur Bearing

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAUFORNIA PISH AND OAUE.

from Stio FraDcJaco Bay I h rough the
SantA C'nii district, at least inio Monterey
and San Benito

Rocky Mountain Mula Oaar.

Range — Eastem CaliFomia, including
main Sierra Nevada south into Kero
(rountf and north to vtdnity of Mount
I>as8eD. tbence northeast through the Mo-
doc region. Western limit at extreme
north. Mount Shasta (Kowiey, M. S.).
Not in the desert ranges east of Owens
Valley picept in winter. Occurs in sum-
mer on the high Sierras up to timberliue :
in winter most numerous in the footliil]s.
CallfornU Mule Dttr.

Range — Upper Sonoraa and Transition
zones of Southern CaliforDla west of the
desert proper, from the Meiican line
northwest throueh the San Diegan district
at least to ISan Luis Obispo Conoty, and
east through the Tejon region to the
Tehachapi Moim tains.
Oeacrt Mute D*«r.

Range — Imperial Valley.
NorthwMtern Timber Woll.

Rattgr — Xorlhem California, and south
along the Sierra Nevada. Now rare or
eitinct. The number of records (e. g.,
I'rice. Zoe. 4. 18IM. p. 331) and reports
from the region specified carries convic-
tion tbat a wolf of some form baa oc-
curred as above indicated. But lack of
specimens brings doubt as to tbe race
represented.
Sierra Nevada Wolv«rlne.

Kiinjj*-— Boreal zone on the Sierra Ne-
vada, frcon tbe vicinity of Mount l^hasln,
south through I.,ake Taboe region to
Monacbe Meadows, Tulare County.
VeMow.halrad Pore u pin*.

Konfff— -High Transition (yellow pine
belt) and Boreal (Lodgepole pine belt
i-pwardl zones along Ibe Sierra Nevada,
from Mount Shasta to the vicinity of
Mount Whitney.
Sierra Orousa.

Range — Common resident of coniferous
limber in tbe upper TrauHilion and Can-
adian zones of northern California from
Mount Shasta south along tbe inner coast
ranges at least to .Mount Sauhedrin. and
along the Sierra Nevada south through
the Moiinl Whitney region to llie I'iute
Mountains. Kem County. Also on the
Warner Mountains of Slodoc t'oiinty, on
tbe White Mountains. Mono County, and
on Mount I'iaos, \'entura County.

Orlizly Bur.

Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse.

Furmer range — Oeeurred formerly as
a fairly common resident on tlie Transi-
tion plains of the Modoc region ; Canoe
(■reek, W miles northeast of Fort Bead-
ing, and upper Pit River; Camp Bidwell.

Sandhllt Crane.

(Especially record of nesting.)
Range — Fairly common summer visitant
to tbe northward interiorly: nt least a
few winter in the San Joa<iuio Valley.
Itecorded as breeding in tbe northeastern
comer of the state : summer records also
from Alpine Meadows of the Northern
Sierras (several records), and from the
San Joa<|uin Valley south to the Tulare
Lake region.

With tbe view tbat certain areas within
the national forests may be set apart as
game sanctuaries, a iiill was introduced in
the I'nited Statfa Senate on June 21.
rjltf, by Senator Nelsou, looting toward
tbe dedication of more of tlie national
lands to conservation purposes. The
national parks and monuments have fur
some time bet'n set apart as game refuges,
and the bill in question would also set
apart sections of tbe nationui forests to
the preservation of our wild life. This
bill rovers practically Ibe same points as
a bill previously introduced by Senator
(.'bamlwrlain, hut which never came to a
vote by tbe Senate. Tlie Nelson bill
covers the following propositions :

Section 1. A federal law empowering
the secretary of agriculture to select areas
in national forests suitable fur - -

tbe»

. be (

tablished by presidential proclamation but
with the approval of the governor of each
state : and to be so locatei) that (hcf shall
not prevent the allowiug of grazins or
other useji thereof as are in conformity
with the laws ai)p]i('able to Qaiional
forests.

Sec. 2. rroliibiting the bunting or
other destruction of game within such
sanctuaries, except as ulberwise in the act
provltled, and providing penalties for the
violation of such provision.

Sec. 3. Administration of the pro-
visions of the B<'t to be vented in the
'ecrelary of agriculture, with power to

ment b.v the secretary of agriculture of
boundaries and for postings showing the
location thereof and warning tbe public
of the prohibition of hunting tbcrem.

Sec. ri. Setting forth the purposes of
the act ; That it is expedient to establish
a large numl>er of sanctuaries of medium

i„vGoo<^lc

CALIFOBNIA FISH AND GAME.

BJie ratber Iban a few large preserreg. the
ideal condition to be a cbaia oC aanct-
Darie«. witb the view ol providing breed-
ing places for game which will spread
over adjacent and intervening territory,
where it will be aubject to the regnlar
open geason provided by law.

There ia crying need for such a law
aa this, for millione of acres of some of
onr national forests are utterly destitute
of eanoe, and great opportunities to
create a vast annual supply of big game
are being wasted b; lade of intelligent
and resolute action. It ia to be sincerely
hoped that tbig measure will not, like the
Cbamberlain bill, be allowed to slumber
in tbe archivea of Congress, but that some
definite step will be taken.

SAN DIEOO TO MAKE CLEAN SWEEP
OF THE ENGLISH SPARROW.

The city of San Diego resolved that
sbe would rid herself of ihe English
sparrow. So in 1916 a city ordinance
was passed providing for ways and m
for the ei termination of this pest and
appropriating the sum of $125 for such
purpose. The task of destroying spar-
rows Inside the city timita was delegated
to one man, and ever since the ordinance
became effective he has been on the job.
From the first the campaign has been
successful and the sparrow peat Is
not only under control, but this apring
San Diego expects to free herself entirely
of tbe sparrow. Tbe city this year is al-
lowing ten cents each for every sparrow
killed, up to $50, and in addition
Chamber of Commerce is also oSeriug
ten cents each up to t3». The record for
this year sltows 2S0 dead birds, and it
estimated that there still remains about
100 sparrows in the city. It is expected
that as soon us tbe mating secxon ir
under way and the sparrows begin
ing that a clean sweep can be made of
all these remaining birds.

Other cities in the state might well fol-
low the example set by San Di^o. Even
in cities where sparrows are far i
numerous the appropriation of a small
sum of money and the appointment of
energetic and ingenious man to carry
the work of destruction will lead to
near solution of the sparrow problem.
city that can advertise itself witb the
slogan "No houae sparrows here'' adda
to Its reputation— Webb Toua.

FISH PACK, 1V1B.
In this issue is given a complete report
of tbe canned, cured and manafactnred
fisher; products of the state for the year
1919 (see p. 96). Through the coopera-
tion of the packers tbrooghout the state
it has been possible to get out the annual
pack more promptly as well as more ac-
curately and in greater detail than ever

The total case pack of canned goods in
1919 was a triSe over 42,000 cases less
than in 1918, while the eatimated value
of the 1919 pack is nearly *3.O00,O0O
greater than estimated valne of the 191S

During 1919 the tnna, albacore and
skipjack pack waa larger tban in the
previous year, and while the actnal case
pack of sardines for 1919- was less than
for 1918, tbe pack waa of a better qnalily.
During 1919 there were only 41,373
round cana of sardines packed as com-
pared to 120,905 casea of round cans for
the year previous.

The pack of mild cnred aalmon for 1919
was nearly double that of the previous
year. The production of meal and oil
also shows a large increaae. At the close
of 1919 we find an increase of twelve
plants, 203 employees and over $2,000,000
in valuation of plants, which shows tbe
healthy growth of the fish packing indus-
try of California. — &. H. D.

SPORTSMEN LAND MANY BIO FISH.

Tbe total number of blue-fin and
yellow-fin tuna taken at Catalina Island
during 1919 was 911, of which 36
weighed over 100 pounds each. The total
number of marlin awordflsh was 114.
No broadbill swordfisb were captured, but
a number of angleis reported unsuccess-
ful battles witb them. The prize for tbe
world's tuna taken on light tackle went
to Commodore James W. Jump, tbe fish
caught weighing 145) pounds. The usual
awards have been made by the Tuna Club,
prizes now being otfered for such other
game Gsh as swordfisfa, white sea tmaa,
tK>ntto and dolphin.

FOREST OFFICERS TO ACT AS OAME

WARDENS.

By an agreement recently signed by the

Executive Officer of the California Fish

and Game Commission and the United

CAUFORNtA P7SH AND OAUE.

^atea Fonat Scrrice, forest rangera will
act as Eah and game wardeDS and deputy
fish and pune comminioa«Ta as forest
firewardena. According to tbe terms of
tbe agteement forest officers will enforce
fisli and game laws, make arreBta. anbinit
reports and iasne banting and flsbing
licenses. Tbe force of game wardens
will tberefore be greatly aozmented and
better enforcement of the fish and game
laws Is a certaintj. He news that for-
est i^cets will bandle bunting and fishing
licenses will be received with pleasure by
sportsmen because of tbe added con-
renience. Tbe help of tbe Forest Service
in better posting state game rrfujies will
be another onteome of the cooperation
planned. In return (6c the services of the
forestry men, the game waideni of the
state will be depntized as forest fire-
wardens and will help In protecting tbe
forests and in devetopiDR the right public
attitude toward the laws and regulations
of tbe national forests. There is to be a
c<H)ti nuance of tbe anooal reports on
game conditions In the forests furnished
by the District Forester,

This cooperation, which bsa been care-
fnlly worked ont between tbe United
States Forest Service and the Fish and
Ganie Commission, will make violation of
the Gsh and game taws doubly difficult
and will do much to develop a sentiment
favoring game conservation. There fol-
lows tbe agreement in full :

AGBCEVGNT.

In order to secure closer cooperation
with tbe Fish and Game Conimi<<iiion. tho
following informal agreement has been
eremited ;

Wherentt. the wild life on the national
forests of California is a product of the
forest and a great resourc", which ndils
materially to enjovment of the national
forests by the public, as well aa of (real
economic value. Its protection snd per-
petnstion becomps a public necessity : and

Whereas, the Fish and Game Commis-
sion of California Is the dnly authorized
apent for the State of Cfllifomia for tbe
proteiTtion and perwtnatinn of this re-
source, snd the DiKtrlft Foretitpr of the
Forest Service, United Rtatps Denartment
of Aericnlture, for the Department: now,
therefore

In order (o coordinste the work of
these denartments In the protection of
rame. fisb. birds, and forests of Catifomia.
Paul O. Redin^ton. District Forester, for
and on behalf of the United States De-
partment of Agricultnre, snd Carl West'

on behalf of tbe State of California, do
agree aa follows :

1. That under tbe state laws no differ-
eutiatiOQ can be made between violators
of the law. Tbe law, therefore, should
be enforced equally as to all violators.

2. Tbe forest officers, because of their
familiarity with the areas on which a
large proportion of the wild life in the
state exists, can and should assist, by
their own personal actions and attitude,
in securing tbe proper respect and en-
forcement of the state gsme laws. All
forest officers who, in the judgment of
the District Forester, can. because of the
character of their work, be of Baaistance
in the eaforcemeut of the state fish and
game laws, wilt b« appointed by the Fiah
and Game Commission of California as
deputy state game wardens. All forest
officers so appoinled shall assume tbe fol-
lowing prescribed duties :

(a) Pay strict attention to tbe en-
forcement of the stale fish and game
laws, and by personal actions and atti-
tude assist In creating the right public
altitude and sentiment toward the pro-
tection of fisb and game within the
boundaries of national foreets ;

(£) Report all cases of violations of
the fish snd game laws to the officer's
inuuediste supervisor, who will in turn
report the violation to tbe Fish and
Game Commission of California, San
Francisco, California;

:(e) Make arrests for violadons of
the fisb and game laws committed wltb-
in the boundaries of tbe national

(d) Furnish all information avail-
able which will assist officers of the
state in apprehending or prosecuting
violators of the Gsh and game taws,
whether such violation was committed
within or outside the uationsl forests;

(e) Submit such reports as may be
called for by the District Forester;

(f) Report misconduct or derelic-
tion of duty on the part of any state
official employed in the enforcement of
tbe slate fish and game laws :

(g) Issue buntingr and fishing li-
censes, receiving therefor the commis-
sion allowed by law.

3. The District Forester will cause an
annual report to be submitted to tbe Fish
and Game CommisBiou which shall con-
tain complete information as to the pres-
ent conditinn of wild life in the national
forests, and plans for the protection and
development of fish and game therein. He
will recommend the establishment of sncb
game refuges aa spem neccssan', the
boundaries of which shall not be changed
without his approval,

4. The Fiah and Game Commission of
California will elect a representative of
its commisBion lo act on behalf of the
Gomnussion with the District Forester on
all matters pertaining to fl«h and game
work on tbe national forests of California.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

1 reporls and requests from lh« District
roreatet, fumiHfa apoD requisition the
numbpr of fish plants necf^sary- to stock
streams williiD th« naliooBl forests, pro-
vide proper facilities for transport to
ptaccH of deatiuatioD, and properly super-
vise sLlpment from hB'c''erv to np"rea'
railroad point ; aod shall issue proper
instructiona to forest olBcers desi^sted
to trauaport Gali from railroad point to
streams, eivinf! at lea at two weeks' ad-
vance notice of date of arrival.

li. Upon. recommendutionB from the
District Forester, deputy eame wardens
will he appointed state fire wardens, and
the ComiiussioD or its duly authorized
a^ent will instruct such wardens to co-
operate with the Forest tferviw in the
HUppression and prevention of forest
fires.

7. All deputy game wardens will pay
strict attention to the enforcpmenC of
stale lire laws, familiarize themselvpH
with the reeulntions icoveminf! the use of
the national forests, and by personal ac-
tions and attitude assist in creating the
rieht public attitude and se '
toward these laws and r^ulation:

8. Deputy stnte same wanlens will re-
port. throUKh the State Fish and Game
CommlBslon. any misconduct of forest of-
ficers on the dereliction of dnfies in tlie
enforcement of lish snd game laws.

1). The Fish and (lame Commission will
provide the necessary signs, labor, and
material, for the proiter postinit and
siiiierrision of existing state game refuses
or those which may hereafter be estab-
lished within or adjoining the national

10. Necessary expenses of forest officers
in the investigBlinn and prosecution
fish and ^me violations will he paid
the Fish and Game Commission u|.__
properly certified accounts on forms fur-
nished by the Commission.

11. Amendments to this agreement may
be proposed by either party upon Kiviag
thirty days' notice to the other. Amend'
roents sholl become operative immeilintelv
after they have been adopted by both
parties.

12. It is mutuallv understood and
agreed that this aitreenient shall terminate
at th" end of any fj-senl ,vear in the event
that Coneresa ^ihall fall to make an appro-
priation for the ensuing fiscal .vear.

BIRD PROTECTION SOCIETIES.

Due credit must be given associations
of bird lovers, such as the Audubon
societies, for initiating many of the cam-
paigns which have brought about better
protection for wild birds. The National
Asaociatioa of Audubon Societies was the
pioneer in the establishment of reaerva-
tlons where birds are protected the year
round. The laws protecting the sale of

bird plumage were also initiated by tbe
National Audubon Asaociation.

There are at present in the State of
California two active bird organizations
of this type, the California Audutwn
Society, with a large membership in
Southern California, and the Audubon
Association of the Pacific, with a mem-
betsbip in tbe San Francisco Bay region.
Tbe latter organization, which is but a
few years old, has been doing aome splen-
did work among juveniles by organizing
jiiuior Audubon societies and by atimu-
latityr Gird study among the Boy Scout
organizations. It is also actively carry-
ing OD an educational campaisci through
the medium of a small monthly periodical
known as "The Gull," which is now in its
second volume. Besides conveying infor-
mation regardioK the monthly meetings
and monthly field trips, "The Gull" has
contained a number of interesting artides
relating to bird protection and many
notes of the occurrence of rare s|iecies of
birds. This latest addition to organized
bird study, the Audubon Association of the
Padfie, under the active leadership of its
president. Mr. C B. TjSstreto, is carrying
out both lines of endesvor expressed ia
its aims — the study and protection of

BtAME ABUNDANT IN EARLV DAYS.
. article appearing in "The Auk,"
37, page 35, entitled "In Mem-
lam : I.ymau Beliiing," Pr, A. K. Fisher
says of this pioneer ornithologist, in con-
nection with the subject of the abundance
of game in California in early days:

lie went to Rtockton in Mareh. ISTiG.
and of mme seen here and in other parts
of California he savs : "Crame whs
abundant, including elk. antelope, deer,
hear, otter, quail, and waterfowl. Elk
have disanpeared from the interior val-
leys of the state exceoting a drove on
lite Miller and Lux Ranch of forty thou-
sand acres in the San Joaquin Vallev, and
these animals are being captured and
distributed to various mirks. The elk
of this stnte inhabited the tule marebes
mainly, thoui'h I have seen many elk
horns in the Mnrysville Battes, urobably
left there hv elk which came from the
marshes of Butte Creek, and I have aerai
bundreds. if not thousands, of elk horns
on the border of the tule swamna north
of Stockton. Antelone have entirelv ilis-
Hopeared from the Sacramento and San
Joaquin vallevs. I saw three in the lat-
ter valley a few miles west of Princeton
in the summer of 1S70 and a single one in

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

Lower California about twentj-flve miles
aoatb of Tia Juana In tlie spring of 1887.
Deer were mostly in the mountBins, with
a few along the rivers where there wert'
eitensiTe tbicketa on bottom lands. Thej
will continue to t>e common with proper
protettion."

SURE PUNISHMENT METED OUT TO
VIOLATORS OF MIGRATORY BIRD
TREATY ACT.

There was a time when violators of the
migratory bird treaty act dei>ODded upon
escaping puninhinent through n trial in
tbeir own county by a jury often com-
posed of friends and acquaintaoccE, under
which procedure dismissals rescfaed a
large peicMitam of the number of arrests.
However, this is sll dianged now ; foi
since Jul;, 1018, the power to enforce
this law has been vested in the Bureau
of BiokiEical Survey, of the I'niled
States Department of Agriculture, and
instead of a trial in the state court in
hia own county, the violator is brought
into the federal court, where, removed
from his sphere of local inliuence, he
meels certain punishment. Here in Call'
foniia, in the district known as tbe "duck
country" of the Sacramento Valley, com-
posed of the counties of Yolo, Sutter,
Glenn. Colusa and Butte, prior to 1&18
the number of dismissals reached shout
sixty per cent of the number of arrests.
But in that year the arrest and conviction
in the federal court of four of the most
persistent violators with a substantial
fine of flOO each, produced a very de-
pressing effect upon chronic violators, and
the seDtiment has changed to such an extent
that the violator usually begs to he
allowed to plead guilty id the state court
rather than he taken before the federal
authorities. This certainty of punish-
ment of violators, in the '-duiik country"
alone, remiKed during the ppriod from
October fi, 1918, to Jauunty 31, )9]!>
(almost' four mouths), iu 20 arrests, no
dismissals, .and fines aggregating fiO't :
and during the period from Oclober lo.
1919, to December «, 1919 (less than two
months), in 23 arrpsts, no dismissalH, and
fines aggregating $G25. At Qrst glance.
owing to the greater number of arrests
recorded for the latter period, it might
seem that violations were on the increase
durii^ 1910, but this is not necessarily
true. When it is remembered that since

71

191S all United States deputy wardens
also became state deputies, the increase
in the number of arrests can no doubt be
(raced to the fact that the patrol service
has become greatly augmented and more
violations detected.

And It is Dot only in California that
the migratory bird treaty act is tieing
more striugently enforced. Five hundred
dollars, the maximum fine, was recently
levied by a judge in MLchigan against a
bunler for selling thirly'Iwo ' ducks iD
violation of tbe act. Another violator of
the same law, in Connecticut, who had
been iniitty of repeated offenses, was
si-ntenced to three months in jail. This
offender was not given the alternative of
paying a fine. This growth in (he num-
ber of convictious and enlargement of
fines llirough the country shows the in-
creasing concern with which the courts
regard violations of this importaot statute,
designed to protect migratorj', insectivor-
ous and nonsame birds.

NAVAL AIR STATION FISH PATROL
OPENS IDLE CANNERIES.

It will be of interest to know that the
fish canneries of Southern California had
been idle for four months until the in-
auguration of the Naval Air Station Fish
Patrol. This service was instituted dur-
ing the latter pari of December, 1919, in
accordance with an agreement between
the Nnval Air Station at San Diego and
the Fish and Game Commission, whereby
sea pi an PS were to sight schools of Qsb,
wire back the direct location to the naval
station, which then would telephone the
information to the San Diego office of the
Fish and Game Commission, which office
in turn would immediately notify all
canners and fishermen.

As a result of the first day's radio
report locating schools of sardines, fish-
ing fleets were able to procure large
quantities uf sardines, and since that time
have been canning continuously, despite
tlie fact that canneries previously had
been idle for four months. Everyone in-
terested in tbe industry is aware that the
best and finest fish are found in deep
waters, and fishermen hesitate going to
uncertain fields on account of loss of time-
But now the seaplane locates the schools
and they are no longer a prospect, but a
certainly.

i„vGoo<^lc

72

CALIPORNU FISH AKD QAHE.

Genuine sardinea are found only
CaUforoia waters and those of Boatheni
Europe, and the industr; in CallforiuB
haa made great progrem In the paat three
feara and bids fair to hecome tbe lardine
canniDK center of tlie world, And now
with the tm measurable tbIub of tbe Naval
Fiah Patrol service a proven fact, it would
seem that Dolhin^ could stand in tbe way
of this development. And ftlthougb the
seaplanea have been so sncMttfol in locat-
ins schools of sardines, it Is anticipated
that tber will bt of still greater value in
locating acbools of large Gsb sucb aa tuna,
alba core, yellowtail. amberfiah, etc.,
which are found farther from abore and
run from earl; spring to late fall.

Reports of aome of tbe flighlB made
have revealed to canners the fact that
aeaplane service ia really of aa macb
necessity to the fish and canning indoatTy
as lisbing fleets or canning machinery, and
it is the concensus of opinion that this
fish patrol aerrice must be continued.
IIi>re arc a few of the reports ;

I. Installed in cockpit — Ufdroplane
H. S. 2 L., as otiserver, Lieutenant E. P.
McKellar, pilot. Third occupant, wirelesa
operator. Took flight promptly 2 p.m.
Followed Ipading hydroplane containing
Lieutenant Linkina as official observer,
.Atmosphere fairly clear — slight haze, no
clouds, sun rays direct, fairly stiff wind.
Judged altitude plane our flight five to
seven hundred feet. Altitude leading
hydroplane considerable lesa. Flew north'
northwest to area tour, aquare aeventT'
three, which is west by north, oft the
coast of La Jolla about Gve miles and
about twenty miles from 8an Diego
direct line. In thia area of approximately
ton miles stiuare, we covered the course
in serpentine fashion from south to north
and return, from east to west and return.
Neither on our flight to this area, nor in
this area, did either crew discover a school
of Rsh.

II. In this area, however, saw on four
iieparate and distinct occasions, at inler-
vbIs and in different locations, one single
fish on each occasion. From our altltv-'e,
their depth in the water could not b*
definitely determined, nor could tbe aiie
or species. Taking into consideration the

effect of light uprai and throagh water,
the magnifying effect of dear water, tbe
ailvery scintillating sheen of fiah scales
on a moving object in clear water on a
bright day, subtract our elevation ; con-
cluded these fiah to be medium aiied bajs
or yellowtail, although tbe perspective of
distance made ihem appear in the siie of
a targe sardine.

III. Tbe area thoroughly patrolled, we
followed the leadiikg hydroplane east by
south to the shore line above and off tbe
coast of I..a Jolla. In the cove off La
Jolla the leading hydroplane sighted three
small acboola of sardines. The informa-
tion was immediately radioed to North
Island, and all canneries bad the benefit
of Ibis discovery witbia ten to twenty
minutes thereafter.

IT. Still following tbe leading hydro-
plane, which was flying low, we pitweeded
east by south, following the abore line
about one-quarter to three-quartera of a
mile off abore : our altitnde abont 600
feet. Here we were again forcibly fm-
preaaed by the discovery of the Inteose
visibility passible from thta height, to tbe
depths under tbe surface of tbe water.
The topography of the bottom of the
ocean was plainly and distinctly clear to
vision, as well aa all plant life and forma-
tions, this being in many instances three-
quarters of a mile off shore. The depth
of tbe water we bad no way of estbnatlng,
but to hazard a guess woald say it was
anywhere from forty to ality feet tak

V. We crosaed the channel and
entrance to San Diego Bay, continning
flight over a great portion of Ooronado
Bay, where again were Impressed with
the intense visibility throagh tbia water,
which is not nearly aa clear at the pnre
ocean streams and currents. R^ardleas
of its muddy and mnrky appearance. It
was possible to ae« the bed of that bay
for great distances. The valoe of this
fact should immediately Impress itself on

le: for this bay is one of tbe largest and
Qst favored feeding gronnda of the aar-
ne when In season.

VI. We proceeded, relumed to onr
starting point at 4 p.m., elapsed time.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIPOBNTA PISH AND GAME. 73

r ACTS or CFUKBEMT INTEREST.

Two Italians of Tbomton, San JonoTiiii ConntT, were recentlT
aiPMCted for tuting a gill net on the Mc^eltmme Biver, where lach
fiAin^ ig illecrsl. These men pleaded milty in conrt on January 29
and were flned $260 eaeb by Judge Baiber.

During the season of 1919. 30.83(t000 fish, mostlv salmon and trout,
were reared and distributed from the twenty-two hatcheries and egg
collecting stations operated by the California Fiab and Oame
Commisnon.

State Lion Hunter Jav Bruce has been successful in reducinir the
number of lions in the large game refuge in Santa Barbara and Ven-
tnra eoimties.

Beavers have become so abundant on the Merced Biver near Snelling
that damage to agricultural interests have resulted and snecial per-
mission ban been granted to the parties injured to reduce their number.

Whistling Swans {Olor columhianux) have again been numerous
in this state the past winter l'1919-20). Although frequenting the
fresh waters of the interior vsllevs as a rule, this vear they have been
seen in considerable numbers in Bodega and Tonmles bays and at the
month of the Salinas Biver.

Of the 4600 commercial fishermen in California 29 per cent are
nfttives of Jaoan. 27 per cent are natives of the United States, and
26 per cent of Italy.

Despite the fact that the whale is a mammal and not a fish, the
Board of United States General Appraisers have decided in a test
case that canned whale meat is fish and is subject to duty.

Althoufl-h lartre numbers of henrin<r were captured in Richardson's
Bay last year (1919) and canned at Pittsburg, thus idx this year they
have failed to appear.

The American merganser has been reported in unusual numbers at

numerous places along the Califomian coast, Specimens have been

^ taken at San Diego, and large numbers seem to be wintering in cer-

'^ tain localities in San Francisco Bay, as for instance, near San RafaeL

)doyGoO(^lc

CAI.IPORNIA FISH AND OAUE.

HATOHERY NOTES.

W. H. SucBLBT. Editor.

FISH OISTRIGUTION, 191fl.

DurJQK the sfason at X9VJ the opera-
lione of the Depanment ot Fishculture
were more eilenaLve Iben during any
previous year of the Departnu'nt's activ-
ity. The actual noini>pr of fish distributed
was Dot as great, pprhapg, as <ltiriDE some
of the past years, but the fO' were given
a more eareful and a wider ilislrlbntion
Ibnn ever before.

The procedure of dietributton ot fish by
the fish dJHlributiDS cars previously has
been to deliver thp fish to the various
applicants ot thp desiciat^ railroad
station, Bod for the applicanlE to attend
lo all of the work of actually planting the
Bsh. Jo a great many in^tunces tbis

loeetrs of filth due to the inexi.eriencc of
those handling them. A plan was adopted
IhiM Benson whereby a I rained assistant
was detailed to leave the fish car at the
IHtint of delivery and assist the applicants
in planting Ihe liRh. Necessarily, it was
not iiossible for a special messenger to
aiTompany every lot of fish planted, but
an elTort was made to send someone with
every Inrge consignment, where the trans-
portation and planting of the fish was at

all dlffictilt and when the ai^licants were
inexperienced in fish planting.

Many of the applicants, who have been
receiving trout fry from the OominisaJoa
for planting in different sections ot the
state for several yearn past, are experi-
enced in the work and no assistance from
this Departmenl. in the actual plaatiof;
work, is oeceaaar;. In order to carry on
this work it was necessary to employ
several extra messengers for the dis-
tribution cars, bnt it is fell that the results
obtained fully Justify the extra expense.
Thp acvompanying table rtows the dis-
tribution of the different species of trout
fry and salmon from the various hatch-
It will be noted that Gsh were dis-
tributed from sixteen hatcheries. In
addition to these balcberies six egg col-
lecting stations, from which Do distribu-
tion of fry was made, were operated.
Thus it will be seen that altogether dar-
ini Ihe season of 1919 the Department of
Fishcullure operated twenty- two hatcb-
eriea and egg collecting stations a ad
distributed in the waters of California
30.t'3(i,000 fish.

Flih Distribution, S

Mooo ! aejaoo

m.m

«7«,00«

'mm

Mount Whitney

i,023.(inn .

Bsoon

ia8,«»

, 93,000

SSI/MO

"wioo*

i3*.»X

; iM,H» ■

W,700

Totals

j J,063.i00 '

__ _.l ■

.m.aeo

a,SBi.iw

i^mjm

1,718,100

mum

sn,M]o

-— -

CALIFORNIA PISH AND I

75

furthennore a givat dral o( <
lioD and improTemeDt work was UDd«r
Ukea at tbp various stations and undei
favorable climatic conditions, ilurinx the

and s

a frj-

tban bas pwr before bppn possible cnn be
luDdted. Tbis will make il possible to
■Bwt the ever growing dem^ud for more
aitd more fish for stocbiaK tlie streaniK
and lakes of tjraotically every seclioo of
tb« state.

MOUNT SHASTA HATCHERY.

A total of K.162.000 trout fry nere
distributed in Ht reams of uortbern and
eentral L'^liforaia from Ihe Muunt Shasta
Hatchery durin); the season by the two
fish distributing cars. The work nf dis-
tributing the fish was carri'il on from
June 23, vb?n the lirst carload left the
hatchery, nntil Octol)er 11, wiien tbi' lasl
of the frj- were planted.

In addition lo the propagation of trout
at the Mount Sbasta Hatchery, tbe salmon
cultural operations were given careful
attention this season. Tbe tiike of
qninnat salmon eggs at the T'nited Stales
Itnreau of fisheries stations it Mill Creek
and Battle (.'reek was not ns Inrge as had
bepD Pii>ected. and theroforo as great a
nuntber of eggs as usual was not received.
The take of e^fs at our own Klamathon
tfK rollecliu;: station, located on tbe
Klamath Itiver, was also small. Especial

atleniion was given Ihe fry reJiiliing from
the eggs rpcvived. The &sb vftp fed aod
held in Ihe batching boxes rm long as It
was possible to give them the projier atten-
tion and IUrf»3.UIX> were then planted in
the upper reaches of the trihuiaries of
ilty of

Siiwon. from February
condiliooh tor their
favorable.

'ITiree and one-half d
were then transferred i
ralmon rearing lakes
retained throughout ih
developed rapidly und
conditions obtaining

) May 18.

r Ihro

large

they were liberated, dui
of (>clol)er, IhiT were i

Ihei

summer. They
r tlic favorable

IK lliH latter part

long journey to the

lial.'liery A.
Ihe main building at tbe Mount Shasta
Hatchery, in IDin>-10. the hatchery
Irougfas have never lieen n-ncwed. Many
of Ihem were in very |>oor coudiliun, and
it was deemed absolutely I'ssealinl, that
tlie okl boxes be removinl antt new ones
]>ut in. .Vd'ordingly the niiiL-riiits were
onlered nnd on tbe ground by the time Ihe
Inst of Ihe tisb were taken out ntid tbe
consLnirlion nnd installation of the new
rrougbs was immediately
Tbi' crew bus been engagiil in this
prai'tically nil winter and by tlic I

tographed h»

76

CALIFOBNIA FISH AN1> OAUE.

Ding ot tbe 1920 fiab cultaral ■<
Dew trough! will be ready tor Uia recep-
lioD of tbe eggs. Various other reinli
buildiDgs sod groaods bave been made
dariog tbe fall and winter mouths, and
all is in readiaesB for tbe b^lnuiug of the
B?ason'B opera tiotiB.

KLAMATHON STATION.

DuriDg tbe late summer of 1918 the
Klamatbon egg collect! og btatlon
tafcen over br the California Fish and
Game Commission from the United Slatee
Bureau of Fisheries and arrangements
were made to operate tbe station that
fall. Over one million eggs were taken
and these were immediately shipped
the new Fall Creek Hatchery.

Daring the fall of 1919 this station
was prepared to operate at full capacitf.
Nearly five million eggs were taken despite
the extreme drought, whiefa materially
affected the mn of quinnat salmon
Klamath River. Had we received the
usual amonnt of rainfall in that section
during the months of October and Novem-
ber, ttie lake of egga would have been
treatly in excess of the number obtained.
The eggs were transferred Immediately
aft^r spawniDg to Mount Shasta and Fall
Creek hatcheries.

FALL CREEK HATCHERY.

Fall Crpek natchery was operated for
Ihe first time during tbe season of 1919.
The quinnat salmon eggs received from
the Klamatbon Station were batched and
rpflred to a suitable age, when 500,000
were distributed in Fall Creek, a tribu-
tary of tbe Klamath Bivpr, during the
month of May. The balance of 850,000
were held in tbe rearing ponds through-
out the summer and distributed during
the months of September and October.
These fish, like tbe ones retained in tbe
salmon lakes at the Mount Shasta Hatch-
ery, were in excellent condition when
planted.

BOGUS CHEEK STATION.

Air of the rainbow trout eggs taken at
ItoguB and Camp creeks were "eyed" at
the Fall Creek Hatchery. Seven hundred
thousand were hatched at this station
and reared for distribution in tributaries
□E the Klamath River, both above and
below the dam of the California Oregon

Power Company, at Copco. The balaoce
of the "eyed" eggs were shipped to tbe
Mount Shasta Hatchery.

COTTONWOOD CREEK C

During the spring of 1019 the Cotton-
wood Creek egg collectii^ station near
Hombrook was operated and an extensive
Burvey made of the creek with reference
to the run of rainbow trout ascending
tbe stream to spawn, with the idea of
installing more suitable and permaneat
equipment for egg collecting operations.
The investigations snd the result of the
season's opera tiona demonstrated the
value of the site, and accordingly a auit-
able lease was arranged and adequate
facilities for Handling the spawning trout
during the comii^ spring installed.

MOUNT WHITNEV HATCHERY.
The operations at Mount Whitney
Ilalchery for the season were brought to
a close during the latter part of October.
On September the first, fish distribution
No. 01, was detached fi«m fish dis-
tributing work at tbe Mount Shasta
Hatchery and commenced the dlstribation
from Mount Whitney Hatchery. The
waters of Southern California were prac-
ically all stocked from tbe Mount Whit-
ey Hatchery this season. Consignments
of fish were shipped to Fresno, Inyo,
Kern, Los Angeles, Madera, Mariposa,
Mono, Riverside, San Diego, San Lais
Obispo, Santa Bari>ara, Tulare and Van-
counties. This was tbe most ex-
tensive distribution ever made from the
Mount Whitney Hatchery.

Cottonwood Lakes station was operated

id a new record was established for

lat station. 066,000 golden trout eggs

'iog taken. All of the eggs were im-

eiliately transported by pack train over

e mountain passes to the Mount Whit-

'y Hatchery as soon as they were

spawned, where they were "eyed." A

sign men t of the "eyed" eggs was

shipped lo the Tahoe Hatchery and the

,'ere hatched and reared for dia-

tribution in the streams and lakes of the

High Sierras, which were bui table for

Two and one-half million trout fry were
distributed from Mount Whitney
Hatchery this season. All of the try
planted were fine, large fish and the

CAUFOBNIA FISB AND GAME.

77

ranlts of the seasoo'a plantiiiK to the
waters of southern GalifomU ^onld be
pradoctire of some excellent fi«hing for
tbe sportsmeB during the L-oining ;ear.

TAHOE HATCHERY.
Tbe hatchery at Tahoe City received
shipmeols of rainbonr, black- Epol ted anl
pildea trout eggs from the varioua
ooUecting atatioos and a total o(
6SO,O0l> fry, of these Uitee spedet, '
dialribnted in the water of the Tahoe
B«sin and other itreama of El Dorado,
Xerada and Sierra coanties. During the
moDth of October a coasigniuent of 25,000
golden tront fry were shipped to tbe
Yoseioite Valley from Tahoe Hatchery.

MOUNT TALLAC HATCHERY.

The egg coHecting opeiatioua at Monut
Tallac Hatchery laat apring were Dot ■■
mccemful as usual, owing to advene con-
ditions of weather at Lake Taboe during
the early spring monlhs. The crew
reached the spawning station during the
middle of March, but it was April 14th
I before the fitat ^gs were taken. Two

^ million black-spotted trout eggs were

y taken daring the season and Ibese were

r "fyed" and shipments of eggs were seat to

I Moaut Shasta, Mount Whitney, Tahoe,

Kaweah and Yoeemite hatcheries. Nearly
I 700,000 black-spotted c«gs were hatched

I at tbe Mount Tallac Hatcbery and were

I distributed logether with rainbow and

Bteelbead trout fry in tbe waters of Al-
pine, El Dorado and Placer counties.

FORT SEWARD HATCHERY.

A million quinnat salmon eggs were
hatched at Fort Seward Hatchery during
Ihe spring of 1016 and tbe resulting fry
were distributed in tbe Eel Itlver and
tributaries, Mad River and the tributaries
of Humboldt Bay. Rainbow, eastern
brook and steel bead trout eggs were
shipped to the Fort Sewo'd Hatchery
daring April and May and these were
hatched and reared during the spring and
early summer months. A total of 770,000
irout try were distributed in (be streams
of Humboldt and Trinity couatiea during
July and August.

Aa BOOD as tbe fry were distributed

extensive improvement work at the sta-

L, tion waa commeaced. Tbe site of the

hatchery ia very isolated and great diS-

cnlly has been experienced in keepl&c
assistants employed at tbe station. The
living quarters for the men have been
very poor and it was essential that some-
thing be done to improve conditions. If
tbe siatiOB waa to be kept in operation.
Accordingly arrangements were made to
improve the superintendent's dwelling and
two plain, but comfortable, little cottag«a
were put up for Ihe assistaats and
equipped with necessary furnitnre for
housekeeping.

UKIAH HATCHERY.

A larger number of steelbead trout fry
were reared at Ukiab Hatchery tor dis-
tribution in the streams of that section
than have been bandied duriag former
seasoufl. A total of 600,000 tront fry
were distributed in Mendocino and
Sonoma couatiea during the summer. In
the spring months practically alt of tbe
egga taken at ?aow Mountain Station
were "eyed" at Uklab and Ihe results
obtained were very satisfactory.

SNOW MOUNTAIN STATION.

During the spring of 1319. 5,400,000
Esleelhend trout eggs were collected at tbe
Snow Mountain Station. Had It not been
tor the failure of tbe water supply and
inadequate facilities for handling spawn-
ing trout in the holding pens in the late
spring, when the water became very
warm, a much greater number of eggs
could have been taken. A quarter of a
million steel heed eggs were hatched at
the Snow Mountain Station and dis-
tributed in Che tributaries of En! River.
During the past month a crew of men
at the Snow Mountain Station have been
euKBged in building new holding pens and
laking improvemeuts and repairs to the
;alion, that will improve the handling
of the fish duriog the coming season.

BROOKDALE HATCHERY.

Brookdale Hatchery was operated the
name as usual duriag the season of 1019,
tbe steelbead eggs received from Scott
Creek being "eyed" for shipment to otber
statioon, with the exception of 800.000
fry, which were hatched and planted dur-
tbe summer months in Monterey,
San Mateo, Santa Clara and Santa Cmi
counties.

DiB.1izedOyGoO<^lc,

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME.

78

SCOTT CREEK STATION.
The total take of ati^lhoad trout eggs
was only l.ToO.OOO at Scott Creek during
th» geaaon of l!ll!l, owing to tbe drougbt,
wtiicb seriouBly inlerfered with the extent
of our operations in that section.. As
»tal«d above tbe eggs were all teat to the
Brooiidale Halchery, where they were
"eyed" for dislrihutioD to lorious other
hatcberies.

ALMANOR HATCHERV.

Two huudrei tliousnnd rainbow trout
^g8 were taken at Hie Almnnor dam of
the Great Western I'ower Company Inst
season, but the water supply for the
hatchery failed early in the season and
it waa necessary to transfer ntl of the eggs
as soon as they were properly "eyed" to
the Clear Creek Hatchery near Westwood.

OOMINQO SPRINGS HATCHERY.

Nearly a miltioo rainbow trout e^s
were taken at Uomiugo Siirings Station
(luring tbe sea hod and eonsigDiDeDta of
"eyed" eggs were sliijipe*] to Mount
Shasta and Wawoua hatcheries. The
rainlww and ^leelhead trout frj- reared at
tbe Itomingo Sprinps Station were given
a very wide distribution in streams and
lakes of Lasseu. I'lumaa and Tebama
counties. An auto truck was used for a

great i>art of tbe distribution and the
United Slates Forest Servire at Mineral
cooiierated in the work of giving the fish
a wide distribution. After the Gsti were
all planted very extensive iiiiprovemeots
were made lo the station and an auxiliary
egg collecting station was '^sl.ibljtibed at
the mouth of Warner Cre^k If condi-
tions are favorable during the coming
season for egg collecting operaiionii in that
section, a much larger take of encs can
be looked for than baa ever before been
obtained.

C1~EAR CREEK HATCHERY;
The rainbow trout eggs received at
('lear Creek Ilatcliery from tbe Almanor
Hatchery were hatched and Jialn'buted in
the streams and lakes in tbe vicinity of
Westwood, Lassen County. It was the
lirst season this station was operated and
the results obtained were satisfactory in
every respect. After the fish bad all been
distributed many little rei>airs and im-
provements were made and racks and trap
were installed in the creek beside the
hatchery. A holding pen for the spawn-
in;: trout was also constructed and during
tbe coming season an effort will be made
to collect csKS from the rainliow troat
running up Clear Creek to spawn.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND OAUE.

79

BEAR LAKE HATCHERY.
Xe&rl; 5.000,000 raiabon troat
were taken at Nortli Creek Egg Collecting
Station during tb« season of 11)10, desi)iti
the iDBde4[uate facilltiea to handle the
work. It was demon bI rated tliat to take
advantage of the wonderful possibilities
for the collecting of rainbow trout
at Bear Lake it was essential that
extensive improvements be made
order to handle the apawning flsh prop-
erly, that suitable hatchery buildings,
properl; equipped, be provided at both
North Creek and Green Spot Springs, and
most important of all, that adequate living
accommodations be provided for the
foremen and assistants at both places. It
is not possible to obtain satisfactorj'
results from a station where the egg col-
lecting; paraphernalia Is Inadequate for
the re<|uirenients. and poorlf conslructed ;
where the hatching troughs are covered
only b; canvas and where the foremen and
assistants in charge of the work are
compelled to live at an altitude ot 7000
feet above sea level, in a land of deep
snow and freezing wealher, with only
small tents for living quarters. It ia
neither fair to the men nor to the work
to operate under such conditions. Ac-
cordinel;, as soon as (he fish were dis-
tributed, a crew of men was put to work
on the various creeks flowing into Bear
Lake. The beds of the streams were
cleaned up and passageways were cut to
enable the spawning tish to enter the
creeks through the sand bar?. Checks
were made, racks and traps conslrucled.
and cabins built for watchmen and trap

The hatcbery buildings at Xortb Creek
ami Green Spot Springs were put in GfsI
class shape and suitable living quancm
wore constructed for the foremen and
assistants. The slations arf> now in ex-
cellent condition for the coming seanon's
work, and if there Is sufficient suow aud
ninfall in that section this season, the
lake of eggn will undoubtedly break all
1 a at recorda.

I HATCHERY.
To keep up wilb the demands of the
ipplicants of Kem, Fresno and Tulare
t fry for tbo streams of
vas decided to establish

an experimental batcbery to ai
suitability of the water for hatchery pur-
poses. A site was selected near the town
of Hammond on lh« Kaweah River, on
one of the main highways. Itaintraw,
black-spotted and steelhead trout eggs
were sbipped to Ihe hatchery and the fry
batched were given Ihe very best atten-
tion throughout the spring and summer
montba, careful records being made of
water temperatures. The fry reared
were strong and healthy and attained a
very good aize. Three hundred and eighty
thousand trout were hatched, reared and
planted in the tributaries of the Kaweah
iliver and other streams in that section
during the summer. All arrangements
have been made and plans drawn for a
good -si zed hatchery building to be con-
structed this spring, providing that a
satisfactory lease can be obtained for a
hatcbery site.

W A WON A HATCHERY,
awona Hatchery was again operated
during the past season . Rainbow and
Ihead eggs were shipped in from other
ions aud a quarter of a million fry
e distributed in Ihe streams of Ma-
dera and Mariposa counties during the
' summer mouths.

?atc<l at

Happy Isles in Yosemite Valley was
operated during the summei:. Kaiobow,
blade-spotted and steelhead trout eggs
vere shipiW in from other slations, and
he fry resulting thi'refrom were success-
fully reareil to a good size and were
given an extensive distribution in the
streams aud lakes iu Ibc Yosemile Valley,
with the cooperation of the olGciala and
employees of the Yosemite National Park.
The site was demonstrated as being satis-
factory for hatchery pnrisj.si!, but as it la
aaHiust the policy of the slate to erect
[H'rmanent builditigs on leased land it was
decided at a tneetiug of the Board of Fish
and Game ('ommissioners, held during the
latter part of October, to abandon the
project. All eiiuipmcnt was therefore
removed from tlie site and transported bj
auto trucks lo Ihe Wawona Hatcbery,
where it has been used to eguip that
station for more extensive operations.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAUFOBNIA FISH AND QAME.

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES.

M. B. ScoFUXD, Editor

INVESTIGATION OF HALIBUT FISH-
ERIES PROPOSED.

Id tbe proposed treaty between the
United States and Caoada to regulate
and coDserve I lie ball but Hsbery it is
provided tbat inhabitants of either of the
two countries ma; not fisb Cor halibut iu
the North Pacific Ucean from November
K to February Ij, both dates icclusive,
tbia closed eeaaon to confiuue in effect
until February 15, 1D30. It also provides
that the two goTernmeuts sball caase to
be made a (borough Joint investigation
into the life liistorj' of tbe Pacific halibut.
The InternaUoDal Fisheries Commission,
appointed bj the two govemmeuts in lOlS)
for the protection and rehabilitation ot
tbe salmoD fisheries of the Fraaer Kiver
and Fuget Sound, ia charged with the
supervision of tbe halibut investigation.

It was conclusively shown some aii
years ago by Mr. W. F. Thompson, who
made an invesUeation of the halibut
fishery for the government of British
Columbia, that the known halibut banks
were being depleted at an alarming rate.
This was clearly shown by a decided de-
crease in tbe catch per unit of fishing
gear and by a. marked reduclion in the
catch of large fisb. Since that time tbe
total catch has declined mpidl; and it
does not need a life history investigation
10 show that the halibut fishery of the
North Pacific is well on ils way to com-
mercial extermination. An investigation
of life histories is well enough and a
necessary part of such an investigation,
hut it is more Important to institute a
system of gathering accurate statistics of
the catch. We have been sk-ii- in learn-
ing that the basis of fisheries conservation
work must be accurate and complete data
of the catch. It strikes us that the two
governments are about six years late in
starting and that the short winter closed
season, during the lime the catch is always
very light, is totally inadequate.

SLEEPER SHARK CAPTURED.

A sleeper shark, known to ichthyologists
as fiomnioaug microccphaloui was taken
in one of the A. Paladini Company's trawl
nets while fishing off Point Reyes on

February 2li. Tbe lengtb of the fiah was
only seven feet, which is considered small,
as sleeper sharks reach a length of
twenty-five feet. Tbe event was not re-
markable in the fact that a sharii was
taken in a trawl net, for the trawl nets
catch large numbers of sharks, but in
the fact that this ia tbe first sleeper shark
that has ever been recorded from Cali-
fornia. This adds one more species to
tbe list of nineteen sharks found in Cali-
fornia as given by Professor E. C. Starks
in October, lUlT, and January, 1918,
issues of this magazine.

The sleeper shark may he known from
the other sharks by the atisence ot an
anal fin and by the ahseacc of a spine
at tbe front of each of the two dorsal fins.
This sluggish and clumsy looking shark
is commonly found in the Arctic regions
and eiteuding down the Siberian coast to
Japan and down the west coast of North
America to Fuget Sound. It is found
commonly about Greenland and south to
Cape Cod and France. On our New Eng-
land coast it is known as the gutry
shark from its habit o( eating fish offal.
In Alaska it frequents the region of tbe
salmon canneries where it eats the fish
offal thrown away at the canneries. It
is reported as attacking whales in a
ferocious manner, biting chunks from
their hides.

MARKING SOCKEYE SALMON FRY.

The United States Bureau of Fisheries
is marking yearling sockeye salmon fry at
their Bonneville Hatchery in Oregon.
These fry, batched from eggs obtained at
the salmon hatchery at Afognak, Alaska,
will be liberated in the Columbia River
and a watch kept for their return to the
stream to spawn three years hence, A
few years ago tbe Bureau marked and
liberated, in the Columbia River, sock-
eye fry which were hatched from eggs
taken at Yes Bay, Alaska. These fry
returned at tbe age of four years to spawn
and it was found that they were not like
the sockeyes which run naturally in the
Columbia River but were like the Yes
Itay fisb in size and quality, thus proving
pretty conclusively that the fish from the

CALIFORNIA FISU AND OAMB.

81

two places are not different on acronut of
a difference in the feed in the two iilaces,
bnt for tlie reason that the sockeyes of the
two regions are distinct races and that
siic and quality are inherited characters.
The Bodteyes at Afognak are of still an-
other race whose members are smaller of
siie and of different quality when com-
pared with either the Yes Bay or
Columbia Ash of the same species. The
return of the fish now beins marked will
be eagerly awaited for the final and coq-
clasive proof that size and quality ace
inherited characters.

LOW RIVERS INFLUENCE SPAWNING
HABITS OF HEHRINQ.

Ordinarily herring which enter San
Francisco Harbor in January and Febru-
ary congregate in Itlcbardaon Bay aud
along tbe lower end of Augcl Island, at-
taching their spawn to the rockg and sea
weeds along the shores of Belvedere as
well as along the shore of Ihe main land
and Angel Island near the lower end of
Raccoon Straits. This year, on account
of the low water in the rivers, which per-
mitted the salt water to move farther
up stream than ever before recorded, the
herring have for the first time in the
memory of the oldest fishermen, deposited
their spawn in the upper portion of the
harbor known as San Pablo Bay. They
attached their sqawn in alt suitable places
from Point Sao Pablo to I'oint Pinole and
the schools of herring instead of collect-
ing in Richardson Bay near Sausalito
and Belvedere moved on up ilirouKh Rac-
coon Straits so that the best fishing was
found from Southhampton Shoal to Red
Rock.

Very (ow herring were caught this
season in San Frnncisco Bay for the rea-
son that there was no good demanil for
I hem in the markets and under tbe new
Inw the Bshermen were not permitted to
citch them for reduction purposes. The
San Francisco wholesale markets w

able t

e of o

r Ihre

per day. None were salted or smoked as
the local demand for salted and smoked
herring ended when the saloons closed on
July 1. The market for canned herring
was oS so none of them were canned.
Fishermen at the wharf frequently begged
for buyers at Iwenty-five cents per box.

and these delicious fish were offered at
the fish stalls at from five to seven cents
per pound without creating any appre-
ciable demand among those who com-
plain of tbe high cost of fish. Salmon
and striped bass were scai-cc at the time
and extremely high priced, but even that
(lid not help the sale of the cheaper

SALMON PACKERS FEAR SALMON
DEPLETION.
With the failure of the Bockeye runs
in Puget Sound and Eraser Uiver as an
object lesson Ihe salmon packers have be-
come alarmed over the future of the sal-
mon industry in Alaska. The interested
packers met together and decided some-
thing had to be done if the AI?.Hka salmon
fisheries are to continue yielding them a
profit. A committee was appointed to
draft a comprehensive bill for the con-
srrvation of the fisheries to be introduced
and passed upon by the Congress of tbe
United States. The committee was wisely
chosen and is made up of tbe following
members : D. W. Branch of Libby, Mc-
Neill & Libby: Carl A. Sutter of tbe
Fidaleo Island Packing Company ; Frank
M. Warren of Alaska-Portland Packers'
.■Vssociation ; Flcnry O'Malley, Pacific
Coast Agent United States Bureau of
Fisheries ; Dr. C. H. Gilbert of Stanford
trnivcrsity ; John N. Cobb, Director Col-
lege of Fisheries, University of Washing-
ton ; John R. Beegle, of Alaska Fish
Commission, and C. B Garfield Secre-
tary Alaska Fish Commission 1 be
comm ttce has worked for several months
and ban fanally perfected a bill which Is
hkcly to ha*e the backLug of the salmon
packers the Alaska I^ ish Commission
the Inited Stales Bureau of Fisheries
and all interested m salmon conserraton
rho main ol ject of tbe bill is (o provide
for a largT number of salmon to reach
the spawning bed" It also provides tor
Ibe organization of an Alaska Fish Com
mission corapiwed of Ave members to be
appointed bv the Secretary of Commerce
lud enci tbM commission ample power
to carrj on the conservation work of such
: IS estimated that the
'I in the bill regulating the fishing
and methods of fishing will reduce
non catch about twenty per cent

DiB.1i.edO/GoO(^lL

82

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

KAMABOKO BEING MANUFACTURKO
AT BAN PEDRO.

Among Ibe additioot to the &sb packing
industr; at San Pedro Harbor is a plant
recently establiahed by Mr. laona for
ma Qufac luring kamaboho. This is a
product prepared from whUe'mealed Qab
bj Japanese luetbods. Barracuda la
UBuatly employed in ita manufacture bul
halibut, sea baaa and Jewfisb are some-
times otUiied.

Kamaboko is |)rei)ared by Itrst remov-
ing all bones from the flsb and scraping
the flesh free from tbe skin. The meat is
then placed in a large, hollow granite bowl
where it is sronnd into a fine paste.
Cornstarch, salt, sugar, and the juice
made by soaking several fronds of Japa-
nese seaweed (.irlhrolliamnuii bifldut) in
warm water are added, and the miiture
is thi?n moulded into forms and placed on
thin wooden blocks about eiRht inches
long. After being steamed for forty-flve
minutes It is cooled and packed for ship-
ment. For fptea and a)>ecial occasions
the loaves, weighing about one pound, are
tinted, red, blue, or green, and resemble
very much pieces of pastry. Other forma
are moulded and baked or fried in oil
without coloring.

The manufacture of kamaboko has
developed into quite an industry in Japan.
where it is one of tbe staple articles of
food. It la palatable and nutritious and
may he eaten as a sandwich fliling, or cut
into small pieces and added to soups.
chowders, or chop suey. The finished
product will keep about one week, but
plans are now under way to can it for
eiport trade.

The plant at San Pedro has a capacity
of approximately five hundred pounds of
fish per day. C. S. Baudeb.

Most of those wbo complain of the
high cost of Ssb know only tbree
varieties — salmon, striped bass and
halibut.

Any official who attempts to satisfy
the public on the price of fish has set for
himself an impossible task.

The wholesale value of last year's fish
pack in California exceeded twenty-five
million dollars.

If California had depended only on the
fresh fish markets its flsheri-s would now
lie unimportant.

The only adequate way to get tbe pub-
lic to eat new varieties of fish is to get
the fish in cans and give them euphonious

One of the best food fishes we have ia
California is the shad, which was intro-
duced some fifty years ago from the At-
lantic coast. These excellent fish are
now running and are abundant and cheap.
We will use less than ten per cent oF th«
catch in this stale. The rest vrlll be
shipped to Chicago, Boston or New York
where they sell readily at three times
their price in San Francisco, while we
mntinue to complain of the high cost of

fish.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

NOTES FROM THE STATE FISHEBIES LABORATOBT.*

By Wll

F. TiiouPHON and Elmer IIiouins

A SCIENTIFIC ASSISTANT EMPLOYED.
Tfae CommiKsioa tian tiecureJ the serv-
iits of Miss HflcQ M. KJuunls as a
scientific assistant, coiumrncing Januan'
15. Miae Kdwanls hax liail cuasidcrablt.'
experience as a^aistaiit in woric of the
character now beioK done lij the Cora-
mission, baviog been employed while she
was still an UDilereniduati' at Slanford
University, by Doctoi- ('. II. Gilbert dur-
ing bis work on the Kaltnou. In addi-
tion, xhe bBB done soienlitit.- drawing,
and is a capable Btcnoeraphcr.

W. F. T.

PROQRESS OF THE SARDINE WORK.

Mr. Uiggins at San I'edro. and Mr.
Sette at Monterey, ore ensnited under the
HDpervtsion of Mr. Tlianipson, In laying
the foundation for the future work on the
sardine. ThiK {ireiiminary "nurvey." if
tntch it may be called. cuusiKiH of a carc'
fal and laborious tracing of tlie character
of thp sardine "runx'' at different timen
of the year and the SHCE-rlnining of the
size elassi'K which go to niiike uji the
catches. .The samples are obtained from
the boatH as they unload at the canneries,
and measurements of length and weight
are taken, togctber with other biolosical
obeen'ations on sex and state of malurit.v.
This is expected to give duin upon whit'li
age may be distinguished, to render ll
possible to correlate fluctuations in catch
with various conditions, to enable the
catches of sncceiisive ycar^ 1o be com-
pareJ more accurately from the stand-
point of age composition and to Indicate
the spawning season as nearly as iwssi-
ble. The necessity tor such a "survp.v"
and its value in future work liave already
been amply demonstrated in a number of
ways, upon which comment may be ex-
pec terl in the Cutuce.

The Commission has been Rranted the
courtesy of accommodations nt Hopkins
Marine Station, at I'acitic Grove, as
headquarters for the work beini: done on
the sardine at Monterey, and thanks are
due the director, Doctor W. K. Fisher,
for his many favors. The work on the

sardine is also being carried on at San
I'edro. and the Commission is under ob-
ligations to the Xeilsen and Kittle Can-
ning Comimny for i[uartera there. With-
out Ihelr courtesy the Commission would
be without adei|uate facilities for the in-
vest igation. as the present laboratory at
Long Beach is too distant from the fisher;
centers. W, F. T.

It often happens, cs]iecia]ly in deep sea
halibut Hshiug. that cod or halibut tmwla
are set over water which is too deep, and
in such case strange silvery Gsh are
sometimes tnkeu. These fish have snouts
projecting in sh^irji angles beyond the
lar«c mouth, Iheir eyes arf Inrge, their
neale.f are very rough and silvery, and the
body tapers hack into a long, thin, pointed
tail bordered above and beli)w with lins,
but larking a seiMirate tail Gn. These
fishes are allietl to the cods, and belong
lo the family Corypbaenoididae. One
such specimen whs brought into -Monterey
during January, and preserved by Mr,
Oyer, the deputj- there. It belongs to the
sjiecics known as Ximalonaiug acrolepit,
one taken in numbers by the United
States Bureau of fisheries' vessel "Al-
batross" during her work off California,
and found along our coasts in depths of
.'KM) and 1.100 fathoms as fur north as
I Bering Sea and in Japan'<Re waters. It
I was entirely unknown to the fishermen, as
, would l>c natural considerinc the depths
I nt which it is usually found. W. F. T.

INVESTIGATION OF THE 8ALTON
SEA

rturing tb latter part of December
Mr ( randall of the Scnpps Institution
and Doctor H t Bnoot nttd Mr « I
Thom])son of the I ish and Game Com
mission iisited *'allon lea to Iniestlgate
(he life and the hidrogrnph'tal conditions
of the sea Thej were the guests of Cap-
tain Dai IS who has long be(n known to
the (ommisHion ns engaged in shipping
mullet from 'Walton fees During the iisit,
large ••iiedment of mullet ntre taken by
( nplaio DsMs fivhermen but no other

s^C

M

CALIFORNIA FISH AND QAHK.

live flsh were obBer\-ed with Ibe exception
of two top mi DHOWS tafceu along the
shore. These were ot ■ form usually
taken in desert springs nud streams,
Cvprinodon macuUarivt. Later Captain
Dnvis sent to Mr. Thompson samples of
small Gsh taken rrom the Tieinity of Fisb
SpringE at the northwestern ood of Sallon
Sea. These proved to be of the same

The existence of the grey mullet in
Salton Sea is of considerable interest, as
the species must have enteri^d during the
inflow ot the Colorado River during 190G.
If so the mullet must hsve lived in the
Colorado at some distance from its mouth,
a fact not strange when the frequent ap-
pearance of the mullet in rivers and
lagoons bordering our coast is remembered.
However, it has taken somi.' time (or the
species to become abundant in Salton Sea,
it haviog been unrecorded preTloQS to
1B15, according to Captain Davis. Dur-
ing the interval It is said that carp
appeared In great numbers and then died
off. The carp and the mullet are both
bottom feeding fish, consuming vegetation,
etc.. and are not dependeut on other
smaller fish species. But the mullet is
also capable of existing in brackish and
salt water — that being ita natural habi-
tat in fact— and it is probable that this
enabled it to flourish where the carp could
not. The ancients used to grow mullet
in artificial enclosures, and tbe flesh
considered a great delicacy.

There are also said to ■« apecies oC
fresh water Beb found at times near tbe
outlets of the New aud tbe Alamo rivers,
bit nothing was seen of these. W. F. T.

THE RECUPERATIVE POWER OF THE
ABALONE.
During 1011 Mr. W. F. Thompson

carried on a survey of the shell fish of
the norChern part of the state, and during
its course came naluraily to handle man^
specimens of the red aba lone, HaUoti*
riifcarcnt. Among these was a spedmen
remnrkoble for the evident great recupera-
tive powers. The viscera ot the abalone
naturally surround the large central
muscle in a peculiar way, as a bent cone,
and in this case the cone had been cut off
by some one attempting to obtain the
abalone. The attempt failing, the aba-
tone had evidently succeeded in covering
the targe mass of dead cut-off parta with
pearly layers of shell. But that the
animal had been seriouaty injured con Id
not be doubted, the edge of the shell show-
ing a total cessation of growth for some
time previous to death. The shell only
was found, the abalone having finally died,
possibly as a result of the injury. A
photograph of it is presented.

Altered shell fonnation is not at all
infrequent, particularly amopg clams,
where growth ia often seemingly totally
stopped by some injury, and starts again
well in from the former edge. Bnt
DO instance has ever been seen by the

,Goo<^lc

CiLSPOSSU. PISH AND QAUZ.

^ nuiasigned where tbe injury vas of lucb

i-^ , tena Mtnre aa in the ease of thii

ibaioue, and in whicb shell fonnation

nitaeqnently proceeded for any length of

(iBie ^- '^^ '^'

OCCURRENCE OF THE OREEN
ABALONE IN MONTEBEV.

Due to the kindness ot Mt. Ernest
[latter, who conducU a sea food watau-
rant in Mtmterey, it U possible to record
tbe occurrence of the oortberu "green" aba-
kne, BmliutU leaUalentit, id tbe Bay of
MoDterey. Jt is undoubtedly a very rare
Inhabitant o£ our waters. Mr. Dalter
lus in his posaession a shell oE this sup-
posed variety of HaHotii fulfftnt 3}
iachea long. It is hardly to be doubted
that it ia a distinct species, not a variety
o[ the "green" abalone, the shell much
resembling that of tbe red abalone, never
eiceeding 5i inches in length, and usually
poBsessing 6 or 7 open holes. W. F. T.

<4 NEW VORK

STREAM POLLUTION
STATE.
In a recent publication by the Con-
serratioi) Commission of the Slate of New
Tort, 1»19, Doctor Henry B, Ward of the
UniverEity ot lUinoiB records the results
of his preliminary investigation of pol;
luted streams in New York in tbeir rela-
tion to fish life. In this paper he
emphaaizeEi the utility of biological work,
rather than chemical or bacteriological,
in determining the extent ot pollution.
Bacterial tests are made to determine the
effect of the water when used tor drinking, I
but these have little relation to fish life, |
Chemical testa are of limited use because
"we do not bj any means always know
tbe effect upon living organisms ot a given
chemical substance," especially in varying
dilutions and relation to other chemicals
preMnt. "In order to reach a more ao-
cnrate measure of the injutious char-
acter o( polluted watere, one would have
to take into account the effects of the
iirolonged influences of a waste on the
fiah." The resistance of various apeciea
varies widely, aa does that ot the same
gpedes at different aeasonn- Doctor
Ward is plainly ot the opinion that "if the
character of the water and the bottom
have been so modified by the introduction
ot foreign materiali that they no longer
afford opportunity tor the development ot

these imallet organisms (food tor flab).
then by the absence of such forma ot lite
,e would demonstrate clearly and posi-
tively the tact that water has been
rendered un6t for fish eilstenee"— this
method to be used, ot course. In addition
to the obaervaliona and testa made directly
upon Gah tbemselve*.

Callfomlaus should be interested chiefly
on account of the relation ot pollution to
salmon and other anadromoua fishes, to
whicb tbe following by Doctor Ward may
sometime apply here: "It is hardly «
profitable business (or the slate to raise at
such a considerable eipense quantities
of young fish in order to plant them out
in waters in which tbe chances ot exist-
ence are unfavorable." lioetor Ward
presents a preliminary survey of the water
polluted streams, and a series of recom-
mendetiona. to which tbe attenlion of any
one interesled may be caMsd. He lays
much emphasis on the n»o'B8ity of a
careful census, continued study, reclsma-
llon of waslea and the education of public
opinion to (he banishraenl of wastes from
our streams as they hnve been banished
trom our streets. There is enclosed with
the paper a map showing the great num-
ber of establiKhments in New Tork from
.•hich pollution may be expected.

W. F. T.

QULL8 IN MONTEREY BAY,

On account of the fish eating habits of
aca gulls, their abundance is a matter of
interest to those engaged in the study of
flsb. At Monterey, where the sardina
canneries are located, there are frequently
great flocks at rest on the rocks and ad-
jacent quiet waters, which seem lo be
thickly spotted with the birds as far as
the eye can reach. An exceptionally
favorable opportunity seemed to P™"^"^
itself on February 17 of this year, 1020.
because ot the unusual number of birds
present, and an attempt was made to
estimate the numbers of birdg within eye-
sight of a window in the Hopkins Marine
Station. Counting with a field glass It
was certain that 3000 were within sight ot
the naked eye, and it would not be amisa
to increase thia by another thousand to
cover those not seen or in flight. This
I number, 4000, surely repreaented a halt of
the total in the region comprirtng the
I waterfronta of Monterey md New Mon-

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA FISH ANt> QAUE.

terey. (Later In tlie afterooon Mr. Sette
counted 2UU0 from the mime pox it ion,
tbus virtually corrolrarntiug tbe previous

Aci'onliug 10 Doctor AV. K. Kisher thr
species dominantly rcpreseoteil were the
^laucUB- winged, the weKlPru. and the
berriog sulls. in the order naiueil.

Tliere can not be mucb doubt an to the
fnet Ihal tbe birds in Moutoroy Uay were
the majority of tbofie wilhio mauy milos,
and many more thau are usually present,
so that from the niugli fi(!urt-a given Home
estimalf of the maximum amount of fish
they might consume lain be derived. Tak-
i itound of sardinea a day as all a

gull

>u]d

sive, and considering
them all as Seb eaters, the four thousand
within Bight would he satisfied willi two
tons. This would be about six-tenths of
one per cent of what are lalien daily by
fishennen at this point. Furthermore it
is almoi^t certain that most of Ihe fish
eaten by the gulls are the sardines dis-
carded by the boats and canneries, or
other speeit^s locally abundant. Doctor
Fisher calls attention to tbe fact that
gulls are diurnal in habit, auil must have
trouble in catching live sardines during
llie light of tbe doy, the more so as they
are incapable of diving more than a feu-
inches under the water surface. Natur-
ally, regardless of the exact proportion
the gulls in sight were of the grand total,
the amount ealcn is not one which
threatens to deplete the sardine. .\nd as
a matter of fact, the presenc" of so many
gulls should l>e rather a sharp commentary
on Ihe wHsle durins the hnndllng of the
tish.

These remarkably laree flocks of gulls
which obtain their food froui the sardine
industry are supposed lo stiiy at night on
some rocky islets at sonie distance from
Ihe canneries, bill Mr. Sette who haa col-
lected sampliw of the sardine catch
throngltout lids season, stal's that he has
olsi-rved gulls to tbe number of thirty or
mori' feeding on tlie sontines lost over-
board from liRhlers unloading about 11 :,W
at night, hence during total darkness, on
January 20 of this year. Whether this
is a norjnnl or usual habit with them he
does not knoi-. W F. T.

OCCURRENCE OF A HARE CRAB.
Mr. T. Tanignchi, one of Ihe Japanese

fishery experts at one time engaged in the
albacore fishery for tbe Fish and Game
Commission, has forwarded three crabs
taken from a depth of twenty-live fathoms
on a rock cod bank about half way be-
tween San lliego and the Coronado Is-
lands. Thi-y prove to be vcy interesting
spi-cimens of the same species as one
taken by tbe l.'niled Stales vessel, tbe
".Vlbatross." during lier deep sea work on
this coast in 1SS9 at Station '294t>. latitude
;i;( degrees jH minutes north and longitude
119 degrees 'JO minutes 45 seconds west.
and described by James E. Benedict as
iiolallu-a califomifHtit. The correspon-
dence between our specimens and the one
described by him is very close, and no
doubt exists concerning the identificatioD.
The pn-sent specimens were taken by
tbe boat "Julia," engaged in rock cod
fisbiug, and were inside a silicions sponge,
one of the open Ilexactinellid type, idiout
three feel in diameter. They were taken
F,-bruary .1, H>20. The largest is 50
millimeters in length from Ihe telson to
the tip of the roslrum. W. F. T.

SCIENTIFIC WORK OF THE "AUBA-
CORE" IN DECEMBER.
Karly in December of last year, the
"Albacore" made its final trip of the

season for the collection of data on the
life history of tlie halibut. Ihiring tbe
greater part of last year, trips were made
at regular intervals for tbe purpose of
collecling data on the distribution of the
eggs and young of food fishes and tbe
lo<'alion of their spawning grounds, as
well as tile collecting of data on the life
history of the halibut, but owing to in-
snOcienC equipment a part of this work
was discontinued, and now all of it is
lemiKtrarily stopped, due. in part, to tbe
centering of the attention of the labora-
tory staff on other and more pressinfc
lirohlems. The results of the December
trip are of siiecial interest becan-fc tbi'y
illustrate bolh tbe practical or immediate.
and tbe more purely scientific values of
such work.

In hauling for Satfish, a special otter
Iriiwl modified from the commercial

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIPOBNIA FISH AND OAUE.

87

paraniella or drag net ia aaiA wltb
ordinarr man its rap« towing warpa.
This e«ar is simple and crude, but catches
are made aceragiag from oOO to 1500
ponnda of fish and invertebrate aninwla,
includins aa higb as twenty apecies of
Sab in one iiaul. AlUioush the work baa
been chiefl; confined to inahore opera-
tions, on December 9 and 10 two baula,
wbich yielded valuable results, were made
in water about 50 fathona deep on a good
trawling bottom off Huntington Beach,
Orange County.

Besides taking a commercially snccesa-
ful eatrb of market fish, red rock cod
tfiebatlodrt >p.) halibut, floanders, and
sole of various specie* — tbese hauls re-
vealed tbe presence of several species of
excellent food hahes not commonly taken
in these waters and rare or unknown in
tbe markela. One of tbeae was (be sand
dab. t'ilhaTiekthi/t aorJidvt, so common
in tbe San Francisco niariRts. These
fish are not caugbt in any quantity in the
south, and the southern markets therefore
receive their supply from the north.

Another species taken in considerable
quantities in the hauls was the yellow-
spotted sanddab. Citharicklhi/i lantkot-
liffma. recorded for the first time from the
r'alifomta coaxt in OALiroBRiA Fish aku
Game fur April, 1010. This sand dab is
a wider, plumper fish, with more meat
for the amount of bone than the common
dab from San Francisco and won Id lie
mt>re valuable if the location of profitable
banks were known and a stable supply in
tbe marketa insured.

Two species of "sole" were also taken
which migbt be found in commercial
quantities in tbe south it they were
sought in deep enouKh water. These were
the slippery or Chinese sole. J/>cro«lom««
pacifieua, and the long-finned or rex sole.
(Hyptocrphalat zaeXim. Both are com-
mon in the San Franciiico markets where
they are often stmng with sand dabs in
bunches and all sold together under one
name, but are unknown in local catches
in the south.

Another apedes taken in these hauls
was the sable fish, or Alaska black cod.
Anoplopoma ^mhria. This fish ia com-
mon north of Sen Francisco, but is said
by naturalials to be rare in southem
California and seldom seen in the mar-

kets. It is, however, by no means un-
common in tbe south but is so little
appreciated that it is grossly misnamed
"hake" by the rock cod fishermen, who
take eonsiderable numbers on their lines,
but reiect it from tbe calch as worthless
t>ecBuae the flesh is rather soft The
United SiAtes Bureau of Fisheries has
advocated tbe exploitation of this fish in
northern waters, and methods for its use
have been devised. It is said to he par-
ticularly adapted to salting and drying.
Thus we see that several useful food
Ush hare been added to the list of edible
fish taken by the "Albacore" by changing
the method of fishing and the locality
fiahed. and it would aeem from this that
great good could be accomplished by fur-
I ther proapecting and experimenting in

Of no leas importance than the results
rei-orded above are those of greater scien-
tific interest. Besides supplying data
from about 300 halibut eonceminj; their
age and rate of growth, their qtawning
period, and fecundity, several species were
taken which extend SMnewhat the known
range of tbe species, adding to our knowl-
edge of their gei^raphical distribution.

One of the BurpriBJnR finds was the rare
and little known smelt. .4ri7mtiRa tialit.
Gilbert. This little fish, about three
inches long, is our only soutbem Cali-
fornia representative of tbe family Argen-
tinidae, or true smelts, but is not related
1o the "smelts" common in the south,
which belong to a different family. About
.TOO Hpecimens were taken and they agree
in all essential points with the description
of the lype specimen, which is the only
specimen of this species known. This
tyiie s|>pcimen was recorded and described
by Doctor Gilbert in 1S»0 as from the
Culf of California. Albatross Station No.
:{01T. latitude 20 degrees o4 minutes 30
seconds norlh. and longitude 113 degrees
01 miuutes 00 seconds west, in r>S fath-
oms." Our siierimena were taken De-
cember l> and 10, 1019, in 45 fathoms
off Huntington Beach, and this seems to
be their second recorded occurrence.

Two specimens of tbe peculiar little
eel-pout. Lvrodoptii pacificug (Collet) ,
family. Zoarcidae. occurred in one of the

■ProceedinKB V. S. National Museum,

i„vGoo<^lc

CALIFORNIA PISH I

above bauls. Tbe»e were Imiiiature speci-
mens and differed somewhat In coloration
from curreat descriptiODS of the B[>ecieB,
This s|)e(?ieg is recorded ss Dccurriog
rather commonly in walcr of moderate
depth from Saa Francieco to Puget
Sound, so that this occurrence extends
the known range considerably southward.
Two other species were taken which

are known to occur aa far south as Point
Concepcion, and although not actually ex-
tending their known range appreiHablj,
may nevertheless be listed as rare here
at their extreme southern limit. They
are the starry skate, Raja ttetiulata,
Jordon and Gilbert, and a flounder,
PleuTOnichthi/t dccurrent, Jordon and
Gilbert. E. H.

WINTER OCCURRENCE OF THE FVl—
VOU8 TREE DUCK IN THE CEN-
TRAL SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY.
In that definite winter records are few
in number, It ia well to record the occur-
rence of the fulvous tree duck, Den-
drocygna bioolor. in the central San
Joaquin Valley during the wintet
I919-1920. As late as January 22 of
this winter Mr. J. L. Kiunear, of
Newman, saw a flock of Ave of these
dncha OD the Newman Club grounds ;
and still later, on January 31, Mr. C. C
Hnber, also of Newman, killed two of
Iheee ducks on the Newman Club grounds.
One of these specimens, mounted, Mr.
Huber presented to Mr. Otto Feudner,
of the Peters Cartridge Company. 5S3
Howard street, San Franci»co, where It
is now on display. The other mounted
specimen he still retains in his possession.
There were also a few fulvous tree ducks
seeu and some killed on tbe Gustine Club
grounds during Januarj-. — J. E. Ntw-
souE. Netcman, California.

THE POMFRET, NEAR FORT BRAQQ.

Two specimens of the pomfret, Bromo
mil, were caugbt about three miles off
the coast near Fort Brnfrg by W. G.
July 23, 1010. They were

LIFE HISTORY NOTES.

taken on a salmon troll with spoon hook.

35 fathoms of line being o
mated angle of 30 degrees The fishe*
measured IS} inches and were bright
silver in color. Authors have described
this Species as sooty gray, which appears
to be characteristic ot preserved speci-
mens only, where the brilliant silvery
pigment has been destroyed. An example
in the National Mnseum which was taken
off ibe coast of Washington, offers every
evidence of baring been like these speci-
mens, as bright as a new dollar. A
touch of the flnger will often efface the
metallic color. — J. O. Sntdeb, Palo AUo,
VaUforma.

WHERE OO DEER SLEEP.
I have many times observed that mule
deer in the Southern Sierras always bed
within thick cedars or other forest trees
OD moonlight nights, whereas the same
deer apparently sleep out in the open, as
for instance in sn apple orchard or among
brush, during tbe dark of tbe moon.
Whether this is a constant babit or one
but locally developed I can not say, hot
it si>ems reasonable to believe that these
\'arious locations are chosen as a means
of protection from enemies. — O. P.
Hbowklow. Porlerville, CaUfornia.

UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE COOPERATION.

FIRE AND OUR FORESTS.

We have lately bad a sudden, energetic

flare o( discussion all over California
upon the ancient notions of "Piulc fores-
try" whose deep fire-scars remain upon
BO many of our giant landmark pines
and sequoias. It can be made to sound
v«ry plausible : "bum off tbe mt>bM,
tbe dead limbs and 'stubs,' the thick
undergrowth and chaparral ; clear the

way for more forest, incldently get more
Rraas, besides, all the tree-beetles which
destroy so much standing timber." Ail
this by light surface fires — variously ap-
plied, kept as far as possible under con-
trol, and aimed at producing a smooth
forest floor.

The Forest Service is solidly opposed
to every sort o( "light burning" because
they have seen it In practice many tlmeB,

CALIFOBNIA FISH AND OAUR.

and under all iorta ot conditioiu; so are
the foRsten of «ll other civlliied oonn-
tries. This does not mean, of course,
that foresters do not desire to bum
"stnbB" and dead trees so dangeronsl;
apt to be struck bj lightning or bom
the "tops" after logging whererer tbat
can be done with safetr, in the cool

The anderlrtne principles of all scien-
tific forestr;, however, are these: Save
the joung growth as well as the mature
trees : protect the soil ; encourage re-
production ; fill up ell possible gaps in
the forest cover — do not make more by
surface fires— fight all fires to a finish.
Furthermore, as the fareater knows, the
G re-weakened, fire-scarred tree becomes
almost certsinlf the prey of forest insects.
The main points in all this ate reproduc-
tion and soil protection from loss of
hnmna and from waahee; these last are
so important as to deserve another little
talk later.

GAME IN THE CALIFORNIA NA-
TIONAL FOREST.
It is seneratl; conceded that the Cali-
fornia National Forest contains a larger
number of bl neb- tailed deer than any
other locality of equal size, and that the
conditions on the forest for propagation
and protection are uneqaalled in tbe west.
Embracing as it does large areas of heavy
brush which provide protection from nat-
ural enemies asd almost unlimited forage
during Ibe entire year ; large glade areas
which remain practically snowless during
tbe winter months, providing an abund-
ance of winter feed when not fed too
closely by domestic stock ; and large areas
of open timber, well stocked wilb snccu-
lent weeds and grasses, it can well be
said to be ideal as a locality adapted
to the perpetuation of this valuable game

The mating season for deer on this
forest ranges from late September in (be
footltiDs. to November at tbe higher
altitndee. The bucks shed their horns
from January 15 to March 15, and new
growth is noticed by June 1. The horns
become hard about August 1, although
at Ihe higher elevations they are stilt
found in the velvet dnring tbe latter part
of August, and even up to September 10.

Tbe fawns am)ear from June 1 to the
end of July, and in moat cases are in

There are a few black and brown bear
on the forest, but they can hardly be
tak«i seriously as a game animal. In
fact they are osed by unscrnpulons hunt-
ers as an excuse to go into the mountains
with packs of hounds during the winter
season, when there is no doubt that many
violations of the game laws are commit-
ted.- These beats are often very trouble-
some to sheep permittees and settlers
within tbe forest who raise Iiogs, aa tlie
older ones frequently develop predatory
tendencies. It is probable, also, that they
are lesponsible for many of tbe kills of
deer made by panthers, as they feed on
the deer killed by tbe panther and dis-
turb it in such a way tbat it is no longer
palatable to the panther, who makes a
new kill.

The most important game bird on the
forest is the mountain quail. It is found
in all parts of the forest above tbe bm^
line which surrounds the forest on three
sides, and during the peat two years
have shown a gratifying increase. Tbts
is attributed in part to tbe destruction of
groond squirrels and other small egg eat-
ing animals by the United States Biologi-

Valley quail are common at tbe lower
elevations, and they, also are on the

The principal fur-bearing animals on
ibis forest, and tbe numbers caught dur-
ing tbe present season so far as shown
by tbe incomplete records at band, are
as fallonf- ;

Skunk 4fi9

Foi (gray) 33T

Coyote 241

Wild cat .. 136

Iting-taited cat 119

Civtt tariIIIIIII~I!!II!III"IIII 26

Fisher 23

Badwr 20

Panther 6

Bear _ s

Kiver otter 4

During the past two or three seasons
there has been a large increase in tbe
number of trappers. It is estimated that
there are fifty trappers on tbe forest dur-
ing the past season.

i.„Gooi^le

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11

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CAUPOBh

nil*! \m w

lA FISH AND GAME.

INii'llMTI III

|||B=Nl||P

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lii!ii.iiiiliil ^ |ii i

CALIFOBNU FISH AND OAUE.

Uoko.

1

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till

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iiipiiiiiiiPli
mnnm

11

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CALIPOBNIA FKH AND OAHE.

CANNED, CURI

Compiled by the Oepartrnent of CemmercLal Flitierlea.
CANNED.

AEMbovy ...
Bamcudi .
BoDlta

im.m ].

S^li

SI .

S'.
J,17T -

I Mb. ovei _' Ofiu rajnt j m.'Tsi j

Mb. un —

I^K

7.518

' i-lb. oval —

si.m

U.661

9,M3 I

11.GI0

7.M7

w,Ma

1 Mb. rouDd .

39,8(»

S1.I16S

T.Tae

78.MS

Shart roe _

1 1-lb. OT«l ..

i,m

1,131

E8.OT^

sm

1.170

SS,BS<

S4.SM

i91,4JS

)M.ooe

lib.

2.reB ,

iiB.eso

IStTTO

19281

8,739

m.ue

BM^

8n.*«t

8S,7B8 1,071.9(1

CHBfedOyGoOt^lc

CALIFORNIA FI8H AND QAUB.

DRIED, SALTED, SMOKED AND MISCELLANEOUS.

Sptrts tt fiib. >lu or

AOJhoTT, MiC-d. lb.

AntiwTT. Mll'^il. 5-]b. cans. W

«,1M

iitfiW
B*S

IS7

no
Eia

M,**8 ^

S».174

■Di to tut.

Aarborr, aaltnl. U\t>. canj, e

216

"."■-1°.!!!!:

81 WIS
3,900

Bairafudt, drifd, lbs

OT.lOe

::::;::::

:::::::::■

«1.1«t

l'4»(

l,4uO

»^1

SO^OTO

v^;^

B1.0S7
S0.000

1,302 '

358 j

4.020
1,014

710

'S0|
-1

15,000

15.iX«

43,962

ani lo ™«e

4,000

7»

8«fdln». salttd. B-lb. »iu. M

— ;

fSTS

SirdiQBg. iBltnl. 2<-lb. cans, 4
8irdlae>. ■■1t«l, W-lb- lre«s...

450

-

""'Wf^'

iaoi

-™»

-- - !

:?,'^

1,B74
2S,JB1

14^4

ym.m

S.S31

3oo,sa3

2.218
|6,9I»,B«
1,M9,1S0

481 1
ll),340

(ior>

13.132.843 1

Wfl.S25

' '

'

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAUPOKXU FTSB AXD GAMS.

SEIZURES— ^ISH AND CAME AND ILLEGALLV USED FISHING APPARATUS.
October 1. I»1S. to Occeflibw SI. 1919.

p.,.™,, ; -■ *r-: ■• U.» _ t.tm

J ; ■; :;;.: „. - -; ^* ,; - — — *?

CAUPOBNIA riSH AND O/lVE.

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES YEAR 1»1».

ls,»o w
now

1.910 SI

Kawdo
£aa2(

11177

!,.«..„

■"arnJ irtmlalttrMIoa

11.101 «3

3TS3

800

300 Dll

315 00

Hmlfai IteB., conimtail™. _

J.«N)50
131 50

i<.imM>
t,mt6

155 ss

1.M1W

2.873 90

b!8-4 1»
8,079 82

100 on

7,0*5 73
B,3M«
S,OM «-|

2711 .Jl

I« AoRla DiMikt

J.9I14)

Asktail .ad iMlh clalmt. ^

i.n«EE

lima
tonss

K8 42
1.4W(1

Who

1.8T8«J

1,»78

2.9115 2*

I.S7T at

l.>i4 7S

1,139 97

TilxH Ritdnrr -

TilUt HitchtiT

(*(» Eipfrtm-Dtsl 8t«tlon_

l.tffil 10

"'"saiio"

soo

""■jMii"
mow

40 It

690

■■"»

Oltb H.lcher7

1B18J

aooo

92 00

1M«'
31)09

S«tt Cn«k 8t.Z-.

SI 00

321 20

zos Ji

1.119 3S
403%

,:ii

500

210 22
1.220 «i

'in2»7

l.«H31>
3,77B 18

Bat Lmk; H.tchiTj - -

loranil* H.tcherr

150 Vfl

i.ssr 87

819 79

»„W2 4»

160 35
S,SSO!ll

41 K

Ftoh [raueplititlPC aod distribution

319 9S

DT>«rtm;at of CoramsteFBl Flahstl;!.,- -

i,M6ta

3.2aS 78

ToUl. - —

t&1,<00 66

(Hl,(r!107

(44.848 78

138,898 08

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAUFOBNIA FISH AND GAUB.

OB.-.

1 KnmbR of

JSSS^

GaiTW.

!

•«»oo

UkMdk f«lM affld.vlt on shlprn;iit of (l-r hWff _

:;: I

2S 00

as 00

«

» 00

1.305 00
910 00

4noo

„.

:::! fJ

85 00
MOO

- i J

fs.eoi 00
tsooo

AngllDj wltbout Ikeose -

J

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T6U

50 00

I

no 00
moo
irooo
S80 00

Frmsle eruba— tsklne or poSBSSsIon

Lobal^ra-vinder and oieisiKit- pIoi-- i-ii«c™ -

attng or pof»'>.«for.-„..

IS

tl.«B0O

e,300 0l)

GrsDil total Osh gBd ismc vfolatloni

SJO

SEIZURES— FISH AND QAME AND ILLEGALLY USED FISHINQ APPARATUS.
October 1, 1919, to DacemMr 31, 1919.

Fiah.

Quail -

! Iliilllntt
j Catfl^h'.

Klld?er plove
Sandpipers .

I MlscellanMUa flih

19 (Plamo) ^ _.

CAUFOBNIA FISH AND GAME.

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES YEAR l»1B.

--

j-^-;

K.VI nn

«.1I0G$

nam no
iim

135

ftTriitb. pobllcmtkiQ lait fdurillon

' B»l 38

moB

son

aw mi

s,«S8so

i,BM en

teisM

V.754 01
5,854 IB

5.3S2K

3,0M ri

I.M1«

LtDMb p>trol

6.9M U

t>«»fleh inBp^ctJoD .._

- i '^ ™

100 Ifl

i,4»n
■39.-. t»

1,878 IB

Sli2 81
1,S»7S

let: si

23850

I,8MI!

""I il^S

I.IWOT

SSi ID

158 11

800

] 81 75

i.mis

HT3S

156 0!
SftOO

Srott Cntk StaUoB

81 00

; r w

'•is

1,239 (K
1,559 (5
SI! 87

l,mt 39

5S3H6

10! 09

TofsnlU Hstcbery

so ■a

woo

150 35

<4K

F&h iripsplantlDg sod dia

----- - ~

: l^l'L

[)7p«Ttin;at 0( Comnisrei*]

FUh;rl-»

j i.m:i

3,255 78

Tolsla

W.vaa

|M.M8m

1

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME.

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURB8.
July 1, 1B1», to December 31. 1919.

Awlil?nt ■nil deatti cl«lmB— - -

i,i»re

Wl.a7M

Commertisl Bib tulture sod cooMrTetlon;

Buperintaodajte - -

aajas Si

„.-_, IS-lOO S7
0,298 34

BO -MM

FilDtlat

l.t»78

&s»aj

Spsclel Held [avest[(atlO[U - ^

BIB 36

Gpn?r«l pstrol {pro rale »harf>—

S»a FrenclsK. District (40 per t-jit) -

n.JST GE

laseiTHi

Game FODserrBlloD:

Printing _

tt,B»(IT

V8.181 5*

a.5»n

■ppllcHtion to the eivciitlve oftlw of ths Pish lad Qamt Com

will be eledl; tnnilaticd opon
jDlBlon. e«n PraoclMO. OUllomie.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

PATROL SERVICE.

•AN niAMCWCO DlVlftlON.

H. It. Boaqul, ComniMtgBM' In Ctais^ Cari W«at*rreM, Bx«e»tlT* OOoar.

J. a Hntwr, AmImtMmt ^ekbOv* OfllMr. B. G BandMr, Bpadal Astnt

B«a4 Office, Postal Trtasrsph Bulldlns, B«ti Franctaco.

Phon* antter tlsfl.

a P- BrowntiM

. Uktah

•ACRAMEHTO EMVISrON.

F. K. K«wb«rt, Oommlirionar In Cbvrg*.
Om. NMla. AaslBUnt.

2^" w 2i!ir^'^*' —

Lm KMtMa

LOa ANQELES DIVISION,

M. I. GoTme>, CoDnDlaaloiMr In Chares.

Edwin L. Hedderly. AsHatant

Union Loasue BnlltUnK. Lo* AngclM.

r lUt: HonM, PGIOS.

_Sbb Lula OblipA

H t M^iidL

Big Fin*

Wfl^^ Toma

SuDtMC

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

1919 ABSTRAa CAUfORNIA HSH AND GAME lAWS 1920

WHITE SQUARES INDICATE OPEN SEASON
NUMBERS IN SQUARES ARE OPEN DATES

HUNTING LICENSES

A NQLINO LICEN SES ,
nwritfmt^ ILOO. Non'ReaMwrti, tSAH AHMik

TRAPPINQ LICENSES

U-mtYtmlnmimttHmmm
CnizeM, 11.00. Allans •2jOQ,

i„vGoo<^lc

^

[SH-»

'VtCMSERMVION OF WILD UFE THROUGH EDUCATION*

BOARD OF FISH AND GAME COMMISSIONERS.

0«mmlutMwra appolnUd hy tli« Oovamor, by and ¥rtth tli* conMnt of th« a«iMt«.
T«rm Bt plaatur* of Oovarner. No companootlon.

F. M. NEWBBRT, Presfdent Sacnnmita

M. J. CONNELL, CommtKloDer Loo Augolca

E. L. BOSQUl, CominiBsioner San rrtnctow

CHAS. A. VOGELSANG, ExeeutiTS Offleer.
J. S. HUNTER. AMJatatit EzMutlrc Officer..
It, D. DUKE, Attonief

—Baa FnDdaca

DEPARTMCNT OP FISHCUUTURB.

W. H. BHBBLBT, In CluiKe FlabCDltDre ^ Sacrameot*

H, W. HUNT, Field BaperintendeDt Bftcramento

J. H. HOEHL. Chief Clerk Sacramento

A B. DONET, riah LAdder Inapector Bacraineato

A. B, CULVBE, Screen Inipector Sacrameato

M. K. SPALDING, Asaiitant In Charge ot OMiatraetioii. Sacramento

G. H. LAMBSON, Sn peri n ten dent Uonnt Shasta Hatcbecj SiMM

W. 0. FASSBTT, SuperinteDdent Fort Senard Hatcherr, Ukiab, and Snow

Uonntain Station DUah

O. McCLOnD. JB., Snperinteudeiit Mount Wbitner Hatcher? and Cotton-
wood Lakes Btalion Independence

0. B. WEST, Foreman In C3iarse Tahoe and Tallac Hatcberies Tallac

B. T. CASSELL, Foreman in Charge Fall Creek Hatcberj Oopco

L. J. STINNETO, Assistant in Charge Bogns Creek Sutlon Copoo

1. PHILLIPS, Foreman In Charge Bear Lake and North Creek Hatdieriea

Sao Bernardino

GUT TABLER, Awistant in Charge Wawona Hatchetr Wawona

C. F. PIERSON, Assistant in Charge Brookdale Hatchery Brookdale

J. W. RICKBR, Foreman In Charge Aimanor, Domingo Spriags and Clear

Creek Hatcheries Gieenvitle

a. UcCLOUD, Sb., Foreman in Charge Cottoa*ood Greek Station Hombrook

DEPARTMENT OP COMMERCIAL PISHERIE0.

L. H. HELWIG, Assistant

,. , Ran I>lag«

DEPARTMENT OF WATER POLLUTION.

. FAIRFIELD, In Charge

,-San Franctaco

BUREAU OP EDUCATION, PUBLICITY AND RESEARCH.
DR. H. C. BRYANT, Id Charge Berkeley

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

California Fish and Game

"CONSERVATION OF WILD UFE THROUGH

SACRAMENTO, JULY, 1920

CONTENTS.

KING SALMON MARKING EXPERIMENT AT KLAMATH EIVEH, 1»I9.

If-'. L. Scofield 101

GAUE IN THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY IN 1853 Andrew J. Crayton 104

NOTES ON DRY-FLY FISHING— No. 4 R. L. M., Calilornia 107

EDITORIALS - 116

FACTS OF CURRENT INTEREST 127

HATCHERY NOTES 128

NOTES FROM THE STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY 13i)

CONSERVATION IN OTHER STATES—. 131

UFE HISTORY NOTES 13-1

UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE COOPERATION 134

REI-ORTS—

C.\L[FOBSlA Fbesii Fibiiekt Pboducts lOT

Violations op Fibh and Game Laws i.SO

Seizures HO

Statement of Expesditcres 140

KINO SALMON MARKING EXPERIMENT AT KLAMATH

RIVER, 1919.

By W. L. Scofield.
Sourco of Cgga.

The Chinook or king Halmon used in this experiment were from egifs
taken by Mr. Hurby of the United States Bureau of Fisheries at the
substation on Mill Creek. Tehama County. California, near the town of
Tehama about twelve miles south of Red Bluff. Mill Creek is a
tributary of the Sacramento River. The ejigs were taken about the
latter part of November, 1918,

Shipping.

The eyed eggs were shipped in one shipment of 1.153,000 eggs.
Though originally billed to the ilonnt Shasta Hatchery, they were not
unloaded but shipped immediately to the new Fall Creek Hafehery on
Fall Creek near Copco, Siskiyou County, abont sixteen miles from

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

10& CALIFOBNIA FISH AND GAMS.

Hombrook. The eggs were received at the Fall Creek Hatchery Feb-
ruary 13, 1919.
Hatching.

The eggs were hatched at Fall Creek Hatchery from the middle to the
end of February, 1919. About July 1, 1919, 25,000 of these small king
salmon were placed in the cement-sided pond at Fall Creek Hatchery
and the others were liberated in Fall Greet, which is a tributary of
the Klamath River, eoteriug just below the California-Oregon Power
Company dam at Copco. The hatchery is about a mile up Pall Creek
from its mouth.

The adipose and right ventral fins were removed by clipping off close
to the body with a pair of manicurists' cuticle nippers. The marking,
begun November 3 and completed November 15, 1919, was done by L.
Phillips of the Department of Fish Culture and W. L. Scofield of the
Department of Commercial Fisheries of the Fish and Game Commis-
sion of California.

Variation in Si».

Although from the same brood, hatchery practice and rearing pond,
there was great variation in the size of the yearlings at the time of
marking, the extremes in length being from 1^ to 5 inches, measured
from the tip of the snout to the tip of the central rays of the caudal fin.
The small fish, roughly those under two inches in length, were not
marked but sorted out as the marking proceeded. These small fish were
liberated every day or two.

Counting and 8«paralion.

As 250,000 fish had been counted into the rearing pond, no count
was made of unmarked fish while marking. The marked fish were care-
fully counted each day. Mr, Phillips kept tally of his work while
marking. Mr. Scofield counted hi,s work at the end of the half day.
In each ease at the end of the day the fish marked by each person were
placed in a separate trough.

Libaratlon*.

The first fish marked were held to the end of the fifth day in the
trough to determine the effect of rough handling. As no injury showed
in the fish, tlie first five days marking was liberated at the end of the
fifth day and from then on the marked fish were liberated each day or
two. All liberations were made in Fall Creek. November 14 the rear-
ing pond was emptied, thus liberating all the unmarked fish of the
250,000 except a few held in the hatchery troughs. The following day
all remaining unmarked fish were liberated.

Control.

In order to determine the possible percentage of fin regeneration, a
sample of each half day's marking was retained as a control to be held
in the hatchery trough. The control from each person's marking was

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CAUFORNU FISH AND QAHE. 103

held in a separate troagh. Control fish were obtained by dipping out
a few 6sh with a net and counting out Mty or so without conscious
selection. Great care was used in this respect so that the control would
be exactly representative of the size classes of marked fish in order that
the control might be need for possible future study. The control
remained two months in the hatchery troughs from the time of marking
oiitil the middle of January, 1920. The control fish were then bottled
in formalin and shipped to Professor J. 0. Snyder of Stanford Univer-
sity, being received by him January 19, 1920. Through an overaight
■when bottling the control at the hatchery, the fish marked by Phillips
and those marked by Seofield were not kept separate, but since the
percentage of regeneration has been found to be almost negligible this
attempt to determine the regeneration percentage for each person's
marking was scarcely necessary. Roughly, 100 of the control marked
by Seofield were shipped to Professor Snyder for his study very soon
after the marking and received by him December 1, 1919. Of the
25,850 fish marked 850, or roughly 3 per cent of the total were retained
as control, thus leaving an even 26,000 marked fish to be liberated.

Parcantagtt of Fin Raganaration.

To determine the percentage of fins which might be expected to
regenerate, the control was examined by W. L. Seofield in February,
1920, with the help of Professor Snyder and Mr. Willis Rich of the
TJnited States Bureau of Fisheries. Of the 573 specimens examined
hut 8 or 1.4 per cent showed signs of possible regeneration and in sev-
eral of these cases the resulting ventral fin would probably be so
deformed as to be recognizable as a mark when found with a missing
adipose fin. In no case had the adipose fin shown any sign of
regenerating.

Injury from Marking.

But one death was noted among the marked fish soon after marking
and none among the control from November 3 to 15, 1919. A report in
December from the hatchery stated that the control was apparently
perfectly normal and healthy with very few deaths. A few fish were
stunned by the rough handling while being marked but when returned
to the water would swim off after about one minute and show no
further signs of discomfort.

Of 1,153,000 king salmon eggs taken in November, 1918, from Mill
Creek of the Sacramento, and hatched at Fall Creek Hatchery on the
Klamath River in February, 1919, 903,000 were liberated in the Klamath
about July 1, 1919, and 250,000 were held in a rearing pond. In
November, 1919, the 250,000 from the rearing pond were liberated in
the Klamath River after 25,000 of them had been marked by removing
adipose and right ventral fins.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

2«

N(.v»nib;r 5

696

1.0M

MO

KoTtmber 11

Nov-mb^r IS

7 1:^

J3»
1.BW

u.ni

Totil tnarktd —

CALIFORNIA PISH AKD OAHE.

Control CMintMl Out from the Total.

lBl»-No*emb°r t ..
November 10 .
NovilDber IS .

NoT9iBb«r 15 ..

Novembtr S ..
Novemb-r 9 ..
Novembrr 10 ..

GABIZ IN THE SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY IN 1853.*

A Little Journal of Incidente Whilat on a Surveying Party with Ton
Schmidt, Deputy Surveyor under Colond Jack Hays, in the Fall
of 18S3, on the Tulare Plains.

B; COLOKBL Andbbw ]. Gbatbok.

Meeting my friend von Scbinidt, a German by birth bat raised in the
United States, and at that time deputy surveyor, one day as I was walk-
ing down one of the streets of San Francisco, and whom I hadn't seen
for a long time, I shook him cordially by the baud, when he told me he
was just making preparations for a long trip to the Tulare plains and
lakes to survey the Standard lines (government survey), and as I had
never been in this portion of California, and having heard oft of the
great quantities of game in this region of the country interesting to the

•Between the years ISie and ISSS ther« lived In California a naturalist and artlat
□( so great altaLnment that be became known as the "Audubon or the f^dOc."
This naturalist wa« Colonel A. J. Grayson. Bom In Louisiana, on the banks of th«
picturesque Ouachita River, hemmed In by pine forests end cane brahoa, Qrajraon
spent most of his boyhood days rambling in the woods or along the banks of tho

■.— ._j . ._!._. i_ .^g drawing and palntlUf

:imately acQualnted; but

or birds and the wild life scenes with which he T

manifested frredt

t vehemently discouraged by

flnlehing colleRe young Orayaon made
or the drudgery of tnercantUe pursnlt*.
iture, BO he gave it up and deterDiln«a

objects Of aCudy In nature's unazplored

recesses might b
And BO It was

overland Journey to'tlie Paclflc. But as they traveled westward* some branched o

CvLiFOBNiA Fish and game. lOS

adveoturer, from tlie fact of its never having been but little explored
save by the few wild Indians that live about the lakes, I at once pro-
posed acompanyiug him on this interesting trip. Yon Hehmidt was glad
to have me go, so I made up my mind to do so, for I hadn't bad a hunt
for a long time.

So on the evening of the sixteenth of September, 18r»3, we took the
good little steamer "Sophia" from San Francisco bound for Stockton, '
At Stockton we secured wagon, mules and camping equipment and on
September 18 our party started on their journey.

At noon of the second day out we reached the Stanislaus River — at
Heath and Emery 'a ferry — where we had our lunch, forded the river
and took the Mariposa road. The day was intensely warm and the road
heavy and dusty, as it wound through the low hills, sparsely covered
with oak and brush. After a few miles we saw a large track of a grizzly
which seemed to have just crossed the road. After tracking him through
the woods for a while I came to the conclusion that the old Growler had
made tracks to the river to quench his thirst and cool his hide, for the
day was melting hot and the bills around parched. I couldnt conceive
what brought him so far from water at that time of day — and such
a day!

We made an uneventful camp that night and by sunrise the next day
(September 20) were on our way. We crossed the Tuolumne River at
Dickinson's ferry and camped on a creek that night. On September 21
we reached the Merced River at "Snelings," where we camped and
caught our first fish and killed our first game— a few quail. The fish
were full of fine bones — the same kind I have seen in all the fresh water
streams in California — and a very poor fish to eat.

Leaving the river about six miles farther up, we proceeded toward
the foothills. As yet we had seen no game larger than quail, but as we
advanced towards the wilds the country became more interesting. On
September 26 we reached old Steams' cabin, where we camped. Here
I shot quail and doves and one of the hoys killed a hare. On the next
day we proceeded toward the ChowchiUa River, where von Schmidt
received instructions from the Surveyor General and commenced his
surveying work. Here I went out hunting in the low hills for antelope
and came across a herd of them, but fhey were so wild I could not get
near enough to shoot one. Ijater we camped on the Fivsno, then a dry
bed, but with a few water holes. Here we saw a lai^e band of wild
horses — probably fifty in number — and they went snorting and charging

In d1fT«renC courseB. nolably the Donner purly; others fell away; and Anally
Colonel Grayaon, with his wllu and child and onu horse, oomplfiled the Journey alone.

Almost needless to Bay, Colonel Grayson, like almuHt every one else In those
tarly daya of Caltfornla. went to the "dlEslnes" Knd was so far successful as to be
considered one of the wealthy mtn of San FranplsiTo at one time. His attempts at
mercantile pursuits, however, proved fajlures, as before. The wilds called to him and
he determined to renounce business Bgaln and adopt the life of a trapper, which
would afford him opportunllies for the study of ornltholoBy. One of his best known
works Is hl9 "Birds of the Pacific Sloii-." which is profusely illustrated with
colored drawings, the work of his own hand. Bt> line were some of these drawings
that the State F"alr at Sacramento awarded him a special premium "for superior
drawings of native birds of California, exhibllefl at the Fair. 18B6."

This noted artist and naturalist, in his various wanderlnca for the purpose of
studying wild life, accepted in 1653 an Invitation from a friend to accompany a
mrve>ing party to the plains of Tulare County. The accompanying eitracts, slightly
revised, are from a diary kept by Grayson which refer to the abundance of game
prevalent in that region at the time of the trip. The handwritten Journal Is deposited
in the Bancroft Library, of the University ot Cnlifo— '- "-■ " —
here made of the courtesy of the Library in "" — '-"

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

106 CAUPOENIA PISH AND QAHE.

in a circle around us, and then away over the plains. Here also I saw
numbers of antelope, but they were too wild to approach.

On September 30 we forded the San Joaquin at Beals' Indian Farm,
where we caught salmon and other fish, which appeared in great quan-
tities. Some five or sis miles up the river we saw some whooping cranes,
a few dueks, heard a mocking bird, and saw antelope. I shot a duek and
' a hare.

On October 3 and 4 we passed over rolling land, running due north
to the Fourth Standard and passing Kings River Slough. On these
days we saw great numbers of antelope and wild horses and also a silver
grey fox — the first one I had seen this side of the Rockies. At Kings
River Slough we killed some bitterns, also saw ducks, black curlews and
various other water birds. Fishing also was good. At this slough also
we met Indians, and one of them undertook to conduct us on a hunt for
elk. With our Indian guide we went westerly toward the Tularies,
between Kings River Slough and Kings River, These lands were
literally perforated by gophers, moles and other underground inhabi-
tants, and the air was infested with mosquitoes. On this trip we saw
great quantities of quail, also the tracks of a grizzly, but found nothing
but the signs of elk. Our Indian guide, who was on foot, while we rode
horseback, became tired out and we returned to camp on the slough.

Von Schmidt continued surveying operations along the Kings, during
which time we saw large herds of antelope. Then we proceeded to the
main branch of the Kaweah River, to WoodviUe, the county seat o£
Tulare County. All branches of the Kaweah abound with fish, and wood
ducks were plentiful. Bear signs were everywhere and we killed a cub
while in the Kaweah country.

Later, leaving the Kaweah country, we continued to Tula Swamp,
where we found signs of elk, but no elk were actually seen. At Tula
Slough Creek we found quantities of fish, and I saw for the first time
here a roadrunner. Here we killed a few hares, the only game seen.

On October 16 we began our journey over stretches of alkaline desert,
under a sweltering sun, and with mirages mocking us in every direction,
toward the great Tulare Lake. We reached this lake early in the evenii^,
in time to kill quantities of ducks, snipe, geese and black curlew before
dark. We also killed two antelope and a number of hare. We feasted
that night after our desert travels. We found all kinds of waterfowl,
antelope and hare in abundance around Tulare Lake. And it was here
that I killed our firet elk. We had gone on a little excursion from the
lake (exactly on the line of the Seventh Standard Parallel, about three
miles distant), when I saw a herd of four large buck elk. My first shot
brought one down, and the others did not seem frightened nor run, and
I am sure we could have shot more, but we did not need the meat.

The Indians on Tulare Lake were greatly perturbed over our visit.
They feared that we might contemplate squatting on their land. And
they were pleased when we told them (through a Spanish interpreter)
that we had no such intentions. In fact, the whole country we had trav-
eled over since we left the Four (.'reeks (Kaweah River) to Tulare Lake
is totally unfit for any purpose and ean never be settled by anybody but
hunters or Indians. And we assured the Indians they need not fear
squatters, as no white man would ever want their land.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALlfOBNIA FISH AND QAUE. 107

On October 31 oar surveying operations brought us to the main Kern
River. Here we found any quantity of elk and waterfowl, and such a
place for hunters I never saw ! The mallard duck abounded, but of everj'
description of waterfowl my pen could scarcely describe the numbers,
or the excitement they would create in the breast of a sportsman. Your
ears are confused with the many sounds — the quacking of the mallard,
the soft and delicate whistle of the baldpate and teal, the underground-
like notes of the rail or marsh hen, the flute-like notes of the wild goose
and brant, the wild ranting of the heron, not to forget the bugle-like
notes of the whooping crane and swan and a thousand other birds
mingling tbeir songs together — creates that indescribable sensation of
pleasure that can only be felt by one fond of nature in its wildf^t and
most beautiful form.

We crossed the Kern and went on to Lake Buena Vista. We found
the immediate vicinity of this beautiful lake on the side of our approach
(from the west) devoid of life, save for the little ground squirrel and
the httle desert sparrow. Iiater, however, we found great quantities of
white geese and other waterfowl of every description on the southeast
shores of Lake Buena Vista. In fact, so great was the number that out
of ten shots fired one hundred and eighty-five fowl were killed.

It was here at Lake Buena Vista that von Schmidt completed his
surveying operations and we made a quick and uneventful trip to our
homes in San Francisco.

NOTES ON DBT-FLT FISHING. No. 4.

By U. L. M., (^alitomin.
Scene: In the hills in California. Time: Preseof.

Dramatis personiE:
Clbbk op the Hotel.
Angler.
Tourist.

CUrk : Here comes the angler. He can tell you all about that dry-
fly stuff they were discussing last night. Angler, let me make you
acquainted with Tourist. He wants you to tell him all you know about
these dry-flies.

Angler: Well, I'll do my best. (To Tourist.) Are you going fishing
today t

Tourist: No, my party is going up to Pine Lake, and as I have had
enough riding in a machine to last me a long time, I'm taking a
day off and going to loaf round the hotel— unless something better
turns up.

Angler: How about coming out with me, thenV We shall have the
whole day and you can see just how the game is played.

Tourist: I shall be delighted to do so, and I am sure I shall know
something about dry-fly filing when the day is over.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

108 CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME.

Angler: Wheu can you be ready to startT

Tourist : I am ready now. We have only three rods in tlie party, and
all throe are to be iised up at the lake. All I need is to get a luneh
put up— that won 't take me long.

Angler: Well, let's pull out. We have about half an hour's walk
before we get to the best part of the river, but a machine will briug us
back in the afternoon.

Not tithing yourself, you will have a good chance to really find out
something useful about the art. Usually, when anyone comes out with
me, they insist on bringing their own rod. The result is, that after
about five minutes of instruction, they want to fish themselves; as a.
consequence they learn very little.

Tourist : I come from Idaho. There we have very good fishing, pro-
vided you get well away from the towns.

While we were sitting around the fire last night, this dry-fly talk
came up; it mystified me, for 1 had never heard of it before. Now,
just exactly, what is dry-fly fishing?

Angler : I dare say you have noticed that the various insects, such as
flies, beetles, or grasshoppers, always float on the surface of the water.
Now, the imitations of these insects, kno^vn as artificial flies, are made
of silk, feathers, fur and other substances. In order to catch the fish,
these materials are ballasted with a hook. Now, as long as we can
keep our artificial fly dry, it will float on the surface and thus be in
much the same position as the natural insect.

Dry-fly fishing simply consists of keeping the fly dry, and if it gets
wet, of drying it again as quickly as possible.

Tourist : It sounds simple, but how can it be done t I know that the
first time I cast a new fly into the water it floats, bat the second or
third cast sinks the fly.

Angler: First of all, we put some oil on the fly to keep the water off
it. Then, wo grease the line, so that the line itself will float. And
then, if the fly does get wet, which is not exactly an uncommon experi-
ence, instead of returning the fly to the water, on the next cast, we
check the fly before it gets there and make a series of false casts back-
wards and forwards in the air. These false casts drive off any moisture
that has collected on the fly and on the line ; so that when we do return
the fly to the water, it is practically as dry as it was at first.

Tourist: We got in yesterday and had hmeh at the hotel. A^fter-
wards, we drove down in this direction and went fishing. I noticed
swarm-s of gras.'^hoppers on the water. The trout were taking them,
but they would not look at our flies. We even caught some 'hoppers
and tried them, but it was no good; so we packed up and came back
to the hotel. Why was it we couldn't catch any fish?

Angler : Well, when you tried flies, you were trying to coax the fish
away from a very tempting morsel — viz, the grasshopper— with some-
thing that did not attract them at all. .iVnd when you used grass-
hoppers, I dare say, you noticed that your grasshoppers always sank
below the surface of the water, whereas an unhooked "hopper floated
on the surface. Then again, the leaders you were using may have been
loo heavy or thick. These trout are very wise. They are fished for
continuously all through the season ; it is only natural to suppose that

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA PISH AND (

they learn a little by bitter esperieoce. If you could have kept your
'hoppers on top of the water and made them float with the stream
in a natural manner you would, in all probability, have gotten some

fish.

Tourist: "We are getting near where
that grove of pine trees, but I don't (
air as I did yesterday.

Angler: It is a little early yet. In an hour's time y
as many flying as you did yesterday.

Well, here we are at the river.

were yesterday. I recognize
as many grasshoppers in the

C

Fio. 22. PruiH'r kuctt fur tyftiB livrKi^ fly hook lo Icailer.

There surely aren't many 'hoppers floating down yet. But we
needn't worry, there will be hundreds later on. In the meantime, I
will put my rod together and get ready for the fray.

Tourist: I notice that you have put your reel on with the handle
pointing to the left. Are you left handed?

Angler: No, but I hold the rod with my right hand and wind up the
Jine with the left. It is awkward at first, but one soon gets used to it.
and I need not point out the advantage of being able to wind up the
line without having to change the rod to the left hand, as you will see
so many people doing,

Tovrist: How long is that leader? Isn't it rather too light to handle
a good sized fisht

Angler: The leader is 9 feet long. Although it only has a breaking
strain of 2^ pounds, it is (|uitc .strong I'nongh for the average big fish

hereabouts. I do not expect to get anything much over 5 pounds.
Of course, if one got hohl of a really big fish, such as 10 or 11 pounds.

one would have to be extra careful, Imt with ordinary luck and man-
" 8 not impossible to land a large trout on a leader such as

a^ement, it i

,Coo<^lc

110 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

Let US sit down here and watcli up aod down stream for the first
sign of a feeding fish.

Tourist ; Why not begin fishing now I

Angler: Until you see the fish feeding on top, it is not much good
trying to get them with a fly. But in a very short time you will see
grasshoppers floating down stream and the fish will begin to feed.

6.

IK small (1y hooka ti

Tourist : What kind of a fly are you going to uset

Angler: This one here. I call it "the floating grasshopper fly," and
although it does not look very much like a real 'hopper when it is
floating on the surface, it has a strong resemblance to a grasshopper in
a similar position.

Tourist ; How do you tie the fly on to the leaderf

Avgler: There are several knots that can be used. This first knot is
the best for larger flies (fig. 29) ; then, there is this one (fig 30)
known as the "turle" knot, and finally the two jam knots (figs. 31
and 32). These last two are used for small flies.

Now, I will make a cast on that shallow water; you will notice how
the fly floats and you must admit that it does look like a grasshopper.

Tourist : Yes, the resemblance is very strong. I see your line is float-
ing as well.

Angler: If you remember, after I had put my rod together and
threaded the line through the guides, I pulled off about 40 feet and
rubbed the line down with this little pad which is anointed with deer

ilmpte iam knot suitable for taBtenlns a. smaU fly hook to leader.

fat. That is what makes the line float, and if the line did not float it
would be much more difficult to either keep the fly dry or to sail the
fly accurately down over a feeding fish. Now, I will drown the fly.
It is quite wet now, but just watch while I dry it. I make the forward
cast — but well up in the air — and before the fly has time to fall on
the water I make the back stroke again. I do this several times.
Finally, I cast the fly — you see it is dry now — and it floats. Watch it.
Tourist : That looks eaay enough !

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIPOBNIA FISn AND GAME. Ill

Angler: Wonld you care to tryt But before you do, juat watch me
again and note that I allow the line to become fairly well extended both
in front and behind before I make the nest stroke. Then, too, I must
caution you to make your strokes with deliberation and only to use the
wrist and forearm when casting. Now try.

Tourist: Well, what happened then? What made the line strike the
water t

Angler: You made your forward stroke too long. In other words,
you should have cheeked the rod before it had gone very far beyond the
vertical. Shorten the bne a bit and try again.

Tourist : That is better. I seem to be gRtting on to it now. What was
that splash over there, just below that willow?

Angler: That was a fish. We will let him have a few more real
"hoppers before we try him with an imitation one. Until the fish are
feeding steadily, they are rather particular as to what they take, but
as soon as they have taken a few 'hoppers without any accidents they
are willing to look at a fly.

Tourist : Did you see thatt He took another.

Angler: Let's crawl up and get a little closer to him — never cast an
inch further than you have to. Now we are in position. Watch closely
and see just where he takes down the 'hoppers. There, he got that
one all right ! Now, run your eye up along the surface for two or three
feet and locate the spot where the fly should fall so that it will float
over the spot where the fish took that last 'hopper. Well, that place
up stream is where our fly must fall so that it will come down over
Mr. Fish in a natural manner.

Tourist: There, he has taken another!

Angler: Well, here goes. We'll try for him, I make a preliminary

east in the air just above the surface to see if my line is long enough

or otherwise. Not quite enough, so I will pull off a little more; that

is about right. Now watch the fly. It is getting close. Yes ! He has it !

Tourist : That is a good fish. See him jump ?

Angler: Will you land the fish when I bring it in! Put the net well
down into the water, and with one motion lift the net and scoop out
the fish.

Tourist : All right, give me the net.
Angler: All ready? Here comes the fish.

Tourist: Say, that fish mu-st weigh two pounds. Why don't you
bring it inT

Angler: Never try to land a fish until it is all in, because if you do,
in its stru^les, it is very liable to catch the leader on the net and then
it will brealc loose.

Tourist: How can you tell when the fish is played out?
Angler: Whenever you see a fish turn on its side, it is a sign that the
fight is over. See that! He showed his side then. He is almost fin-
ished. Here he comes. Take your time and don't get excited. Well
donel You've got it all right.

Tourist ; Why do you knock the fish on the head T
Angler: To kill it. It not only puts an end to the fish's sufferings,
but the fish will keep better.

Tourist: How much docs it weigh?
Angler: One and a half pounds.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

112 CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME.

Tourist: Is that alM I should have thought it was fuHy two pounds.

Angler: You will notice now, there are many more 'hoppers on the
water, and look, you can see fish feeding on them all up and down the
river. See, there is a fish I want you to catch.

Tourist : Now, tell me just what to do. Where shall I drop the fly ?

Angler : The current is a little stronger here, so you had better drop
the fly about three feet above the fish. To be exact, just in line with
that little willow shoot. But, before you make your cast just east
well off to one side, where there will be no danger of frightening the
fish, so as to see how the line is for length.

Tourist: The fly has sunk. Why was that!

Angler: I expect you aimed at a spot on the surface, whereas, you
should have tried to east your fly in tlie air so as to strike a spot about
a foot above the surface. Then, the fly would have fallen on the water
gently.

Tourist : Will you dry the fly 1

Angler: All right, but watch me closely. I throw the fly straight out
in front, then back and keep it moving quickly. Now it is dry. Try
again.

Tourist : That is in the right spot. Here it comes over the fish ; no
good.

Angler : You made a mistake then. When your fly has passed over
a feeding fish without any notice being taken of it, let the fly float
well down below the fish before you lift the line off the water.

Tourist: Shall I try again?

Angler : No, I guess that fish is scared. We will move on and try for
that Ml that has just made such a .splash behind that weed. But don 't
try from above ; get below the fish and cast up stream'.

Tourist: How is this? I think I can reach him from here.

Angler : Take your time ; wait till the fish has taken another 'hopper ;
then you can locate him exactly.

Tourist : There, he got that one, so here goes the fly.

Angler: Ah, that ought to get him. He's got it! But what did
you dot

Tourist: The leader broke and the fly is gone.

Angler: I expect you struck too hard. Well, let us move down a
bit while I tie on another fly.

When you strike a fish do not strike as though you wanted to throw
the fish out; just make a slight upward motion with the rod and as
.soon as you feel any resistance cheek the motion; then, keep a tight
line on the fish, but do not try to see how much strain the tackle will
stand; just keep an even strain on the fish and keep the fish moving.

Striking is really the most difficult thing to become proficient in.
If we were using ordinary gut, which is two or three times stronger
than what we are rising, it would he much easier to successfully hook a
fish; but the stouter gut would he much more visible to the fish and
in all probability we should not have many opportunities to strike at
a rising flsh.

Another thing to rcnii'mlicr is this, bi^' trout should not be .struck
as quickly as you would striite smaller ibh. The movements of the
larger fish arc. to a certain extent, delilterate. As a rule, there are no
very near neighbors who might snatch the tempting morsel away.

CALIFORNIA FIRH AND OAHB. 113

"Whereas, a small fish has generally numerous relatives close by, ali of
whom are on the lookout for anything that looks good.

Now eorae carefully round this piece of linish and get down and
crawl up towards the bank.

Tourist : Well, look at that fish, you cau see the spots on him. Try
and catch him.

Angler: Wait a minute; let's watch him feed; maybe we can learn
something useful by watching him. If you notice, there is a patch of
weed that comes almost to the surface. This rwtricta the stream and
makes a little stretch of sharp current close under the bank. The fish
keeps hie position just at the lower end of this sharper stream and
faces up stream watching for 'hoppers. Here comes a 'hopper. See
the fish move a little to one side. Then see, just at the right moment
he'll come to the surface and take it down.

T<mnst: That certainly is a fine fish; look at him! Say, try and
catch him.

Angler: All right, here goes. Well, did you see thatT There was a
real grasshopper a little nearer the fiish than my fly was and he took
that and never even noticed the fly.

Well, I'll try again when there are no real 'hoppers in sight to dis-
tract his attention.

Now is the time : watch the fly.

Tourist: Good, he's taken it.

Angler: Keep down; don't show yourself to the fish tit] you have to.
You go down to that point of gravel and I'll bring the fish in. Bnt
don't stand up till you have the fish in the net.

Tourist: He is trying to got into those weeds.

Angler: Yes, he knows that once there, he has a good chance of
getting off.

He's beginning to get tired now, but as this is a good si^ed fish I
shall not bring him in until he is quite worn out.

See thatf He turned on his side ; but it's not quite time yet, he has
straightened up again. However, it won't be long now. There, put
the net down low in the water and I will bring the fish in.

Tourist: Say, that's some fish! See what he weighs.

Angler: Three and a quarter pounds, and only 18.1 inches long,

Xow, I want you to catch .something. Before we begin fishing
again, I'll break the fly off and tie it on again.

Tourist: Why do you do that?

Angler: Because the gnt has necessarily become weakened jit the
knot. Also you see how slimy and wet the fly is. It does not look
as though it would ever be dry again. I'll just slam the fly onto the
water and jerk it through a few times; that will wash the slime off.
Next I'll press the fly between this little pad. It is almost dry now,
but to complete the drying process, while we're walking down to
the next feeding fish I'll make some false easts in the air. I am going
to east the fly on that shallow water. What did I tell you? It's
absolutely 'bone dry' again.

Tourist: What is that little pad made of?

A-ngler: It is a piece of ameulou, which is a fungus with the
properties of absorbing moisture very rapidly.

i„vGoo<^lc

114 CALIFORNIA PISH AND QAME.

Tourist : Sometliiog like blotting paper?

Angler: Tes, oaly with greater powers of absorption than any
blotting paper that was ever made.

Now then, here is a fish you must get. There is just enongh stream
to ruffle the surface a bit, but it is a steady stream bo that you can
cast a straight line and not have any reason to expect a drag.

Tourist: What is a 'drag'?

Angler: A 'drag' is that which results from the line moving faster or
slower than the lly. If a line is east in such a way as to make the
fly draw or pull against the current and thus leave a wake behind it,
the fly is said to 'drag.' I dare say, you have observed that real
flies and other insects hardly ever do this. A wary trout might just
be on the point of taking a fly, but if the fly suddenly began to move
across the surface leaving a track behind it, the suspicions of the
fish would be aroused and in all probability he would have none of
your fly. However, this fish is easy of access and there is not much
danger of drag. Make your fly fall on the water about two feet above
the spot where he took down the last 'hopper! Above all, when he
takes the fly strike him gently, as though you loved him. Now go to it.

Tourist: That seems a good east but the fish is taking no notice of
the fly.

Angler: Wait a few moments before you east again; if you are not
in a great hurry wait until he has taken another real 'hopper.

Tourist: There, he took that one. I'll try him with the fly again.

Angler: Good east. Keep your eye on the fly. Oh, he has it! Well
done^ — you have hooked him.

Take your time. Don't get flurried, I will land him when you bring
him in.

Tourist : He seems tired out, so make ready. Now, I'm going to pull
him in toward you.

Angler : Well, well, that is certainly a nice fish — two and a quarter
pounds— and the first you ever caught on a dry-fly.

Tourist : I shall have something to tell the rest of the party when 1
meet them tonight.

Angler: It is only two o'clock, and the machine won't show up for
another half hour. We have caught as many flsh as the law permits, not
large in numbers, but a full ten pounds ; so while we are waiting for
the machine I will give you a few more pointers.

As I have explained, the grasshopper fly, which we were using, floats
on its side very much as the real insect does.

Water bred flies, on which trout feed, float on the surface with their
wings up in the air. I will now put on an olive dun; we need not
expect any fish to look at it, because they are far too much taken up
with the grasshoppers at present.

Now, will you go up stream about forty feet and kneel down and
watch the water closely?

Tourist: How will this do?

Angler: That is just about right. Now watch the surface; I will
drop the fly about three feet from the bank. When yon see the fly on
the water tell me if you notice anything at all about it.

Coo<^lc

OALIFOBNU FISH AND SAME. 115

Tourist: Why, the fly is floating with its wings up in the air just
like the real thing. How did you do thatT

Angler: Now watch me make a cast. Instead of making the backward
and forward strokes in a vertical plane, that is, the overhead cast which
we used with the grasshopper fly, I make the strokes in a horizontal
plane, which throws the line out sideways, and the Hy curves around
and for a moment the line, leader and fly are motionless over the water ;
then they fall gently, and the fly falling by its own weight naturally
assumes an upright position and floats with its wings 'cocked up.'

Tourist: Why won't the overhead cast do that as well as the hori-
zontal east!

Angler: Because, no matter how carefully we east, there is always the
chance that the line will still have some slight momentum left in it
from the cast; this motion, no matter how slight, may be enough to
topple the fly over on its side. On the other hand, the horizontal cast
throws the line out over the water, the line becomes extended and for
a fraction of a moment all niiovenient ceases, then gravity begins to
act and the fly falls very lightly on the surface, as you have seen.
Now come and try to do as I did.

ToMrist ; Let me see you do it again. Ail right, now let me have a
try. . ^ , .- . I •

Angler: Try and sec how close you can make yonr fly come to that
little hit of rush that shows above the surface. Y<iu overshot the mark
that time; the fly curled round too far.

T<yunst: What made it do thatt

Angler: You put just a trifle too much force into the ca.st. Try
agun.

Tourist: It was way this side of it. I guess I didn't east quite hard
enough that time. Ah! That is better. You try again.

Angler: This cast is much harder to do accurately than the overhead
cast, but when you once learn it well, it is astonishing how simple it

Tourist: Why, the fly fell within three inches of the rush; I wish I
could do that.

Angler: You will soon pick up the knack with practice, but watch
this cast. This is the baek-haudcd cast. It is the same as the horizontal
cast only is made on the left hand side. The stroke somewhat resembles
a back-handed stroke at lawn tennis, hence its name. It looks difficult,
but comes just as easy as the other with practice.

Tourist: Well, here comes the machine, and I must thank you for a
moat enjoyable and instructive day.

Angler: I am glad you got some benefit from my teachings, and I
hope you will become a highly proficieut dry-tiy man in the years to
come.

Tourist: It certainly is a great sport. It has added to the charm of
fly-fishing in a way that I thought hardly possible. I should like you
to meet the rest of my party.

Angler: I will come over to the hotel after supper, about eight
o'clock, but you had better take these fish, as there is just a chance that
your crowd have not caught anything up at Pine Lake; even if they
have, stream fish are always better eating than lake fish.

Tourist : Thanks very much. I have been hungry for trout for some
time. Well, so-long till this evening. itX>'7lc

CALIFORNIA PISH AND OAHE.

CALIFORNU FISH AND GAME

A iiubllrntlon ilevoteil to the conserva-
tion ot wl1<l life un<1 piililiBhoil quarterly
by the California Stote Fish ami Game
CommiaRlop.

Sent frep to pltliens of the State of Calt-
rornlH. Offered In pxrhnnse for omlthu-
toKlcal, inamma.lne[cBl anil si m liar nerUiil-
Icala.

The articles published In Cai.fe'ornia
Pish and Oaks are not ropyrlghted and
may be reproduoeil In othpr pt-rlodlculs.

All material for publication should be
sent to H. C, Bryant, Museum of Verto.
brate Zoology, Berkeley, Cat.

"The man who Illegally takea gam* or
tl(h decreaeea food reaourcee and de>
frauds his country." "

A NEW EXECUTIVE OFFICER

since our last publication Mr. Charle*
A. Vogelsang has succeeded Mr. Carl

ComnnlMlon. Thia change Is not regret-

anjoyed a deserved popularity for ability
and loal In the perfoi -' ■-'- -■ -^■--

declarlng his position vacant. A majority
of the Board had long been convinced
that a continuance ot Mr. Westsrfeld's

dlasatlstled with his salary and devoted
time due to the State to the maintenance
and upbulldlna of a private law practice
and used the Commission's rooms and
stenographer's servlcss to that end. HIa

laxity of hi* subordinates; In view of
which the majority of the Board came to
feel that » change In the office of Execu-

the end of that period

sign In

g, he preferred public

char

gea

net C

and

Co

the
emt

of

\s,

■fg M

mlnally responsible foi

arSed "that* they h«
appropriated any of
would have been too

prei

oat

no

■■""em

iJll

charge was that they
the State Treasury

by

fron'

the sa

licenses, ag the law

depc
whe

1

Id a

com
they

ilete— that they hai

actually became Stat.
s' licenses, kelp and
axes, sold directly by

the

Co

mmlssion,

receipt; but that hunting and angling
licenses, retailed for the greater con-
venience of sportsmen through a larga

were only to be considered as State funds
after final settlements with such agents.

licenses returned unsold, and their com-
missions could only be computed upon
tnelr actual sales. In this interpretation
of the law and of their duties, the Com-
missioners were wholly Justified and fully
exonerated by an opltwon of the Attorney
General ot the State delivered In response
to the Governor's request tor a conMruc-

Manltestly, but one course was open to
the Board after such a baseless attack by

. Westerteld t

I. J. CONNELL.

OPTIMISM VERSUS PESSIMISM.

Wo all admire tlie optimist, the man
wbo believes that all is going welt in
spite of adverse eonditiuiis, but aome-
timra an "all's well with ihe world"
attitude develops apalhy and a disregard
of the tii^d of readjuKtmeut or reform.
Thero are many aportamen wlio, in spite
of eircumalantial evldenoe, glibly point
out that game conditions ore of the very
beat, Ihat Enme is eoutinually on tlip
increase, and (hat there is no need for
worry as to the futusr. Too mucli of
this sfirt of optimism prevents au awah>
cnod public sentiment which would he
favorable to an improvement ot condi-

Although pessimism may sometimes
mean a reduction of income from the
sale of hunter's and angler's licenses,
yet pcs.iiniism 'n regard to future game
condilions often atira the public to action.
Certainly a study of the gnine situation
in our state would convince anyone that
action rather Ihon apathy is the present
day need, in ao far as fish and eame
I'onservation is concerned. We are in-
clined to believe that there is greater
danger toward fish and game

of ■
; point of i

thai

the

I THE VALIDITY OF THE MIGRATORY
' BIRD TREATY SUSTAINED.

On April nineteenth of this year the
jl'nited Stotcs Supreme Court sustained
the validity of the Migratory Bird Treaty,
I ii Irraty which was made between the
i Tiiited States and Great Britain for the
I iiniti'riton of migratory birds in the
I I'niied States and Canada. It also
i declared the Migrator; Bird Trealy Act

..Goo'^lc

CAUPOBNU FISH AND QAMB,

117

coDstituUocat wbicb was approved July
3, 1918, to carry out the provisions of
the treaty. Those who have apprecintpd
the need for tbis law rejoice that it
bas finally been declared constitutional.

As early as 1!K>4 Hod. George Shiras
3d iotroduced a bill nhicli was defeated.
But on March 4, J9l!J. the Weeks-
AIoL«au bill was brought before Con-
gtvsB through the efforts of the Inter-
state Sportsmen's Protective Association.
This association neceesBnl; took an im-
portant part in the light.

The Weeli8-Mcl«an bill provided that
the United States Department of Agri-
culture should have the right to make
regulations for the taking of migratory
birds of all kinds. The principal attack
made on this new bill was by some of
ihe Middle Weslern States, Illinois be-
ing one of the most prominent. Tbp
ai^ument made against the bill, h; Illi-
nois and other states affected, was that
it practically eliminated tlie sport of
dnet hnnting except for those living on
the big rivers and lakes, unless there was
ft great snfiiciency of water during the
fait season, an entirely uncertain factor.
The Weeks-Mcl^an bill was attacked iu
the Federal Courts and was held to be
QneoDstitulional by several of the judges
in the United States District Courts, with
the result that the government having
been appealed to, from the adverse deci-
sion in Arkansas, the case eventually
reached the Supreme Court. While the
act was under discussion the treaty waK
made between the United States and
Great Britain for the protection of minra-
tory birds in the United States and
Canada. This treaty was enacted by
Congress and after the law went into
effect the federal government dismissed
(he appeal in the Supreme Court, as
the old act was supplanted by the new

Before further discussing the Migratory
Bird Treaty, a brief summary of the
provisions of the treaty is inserted as
follows :

<1) The close season on all migratory
birds in both countries is between March
10 and September 1.

(2) No open season can escecd three

□d !

half 1

mths.

(3) The season is closed the year
round on all migratory insectivorous

(4) It is unlawful to sell wild docks
and other water-fowl in the markets in
either country.

(5) It is unlawful to rob the nests of
the ducks, etc., in Canada.

Returning to the Migratory BinI
Treaty Act and the final settlement in
the Supreme Court; on July 2, 1910,
application was made before Judge Arba
S. Van Valkenburgh of the United States
District Conrt, at Kansas City, Mis-
souri, tor a restraining order to pro-
hibit United States game wardens from
enforcing the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
in that state. Judge Van Valkenburgh
refused. Acting under the authorization
of a joint resolution adopted by both
branches of the legislature. Attorney
General McAllister brought this case of
the State of HUsauri, Appellant, vs.
liay ]'. Jloltand, U^ted States game
warden before the Supreme Court (No.
609, October Term, 1919). It was on
this case that the Supreme Court, sus-
taining the decision of the lower tribuual,
handed down the concluding sentiment
which determined the constitutionality of
the Migratory Bird 'i-realy Act. McAll-
isCcr, leading the Bght acainst the act,
maintained that it trod on the rights
of the Elate. The opinion of the court
BS delivered by Justice Holmes reads
as follows:

"The state, as we have intimated,
founds its claim of exclusive authority
upon sn assertion of title to migratory
birds, an asEwrtion that is embodied in
atntutc. No doubt it is true tlint as
between n state and its inhabitants the
state may rf«ulate the killing and sale of
such birds, btit it docs not follow that
its authority is exclusive of paramount
powers. To put the claim of the state
upon title is to lean upon a slender reed.
Wild birds are not in the possi'ssion of
anyone ; and possession is the beginning
of ownership. The whole foundation oE
the state's rights ia the presence within
their jurisdiction of birds that yesterday
had not arrived, tomorrow may be in
another state and in a week a thousand
miles away. IE we are to be accurate
we cannot put the case of the Rtate
upon higher ground than that the treaty
deals with creatures that for the mom-
ent are within the state borders, that it
must be carried out by oiBcers of the
United States within the same territor;!-.
and that but Eor the treaty the state
would be free to rogulatc this subject
Itself."

In further answer to .\ttorney General
I McAllister'a stand, and concluding the

Gooi^lc

CAUPOBNIA FISH AND OAHE.

"The treaty in question does aot con-
trnvene any prohibitory words to be
found ia the const itutioD. The only
question is whether it ia forijiddea by
aomo iDvisible radiation from the general
terras of the Tenth Amendment.

Here national interest of very nearly
the first magnitude is involved. It can
be protected only by national action in
eoarert with that of another power. The
subject matter ia only transitorily within
the state and haa no permanent hahitat
therein. But for the treaty or the
statute, the reason miRht be no birds
for any power to deal with. We see
nothing in the constitution thai compels
the Bovernment to sit hy while a food
supply is cut off and the protectora of
our forests and ocr crops are destroyed.
It is not sufficient to rely upon the states.
The reliance is vain, and were it other-
wise, the question is whether the Dnited
Stales is forbidden to act. We are of
the opinion that the treaty and statute
must be upheld."

The decree was affirmed, Associate Jus-
tices Van Devanter and Pitney dissenting.

SURVEY OF THE FUR-BEARrNQ
MAMMALS OF CALIFORNIA.

Many readers of Califobnia Fibs aud
Gamb who do more or less trapping
each year will be directly interested in
the announcement that on December 1.
1919, the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology
ot the University of California began an
investigation of the fur-bearing mammals
of the state. The purjioBe of (he investi'
gation thus undertaken is to secure reli-
able information as fully as feasible con-
cerning the food, breeding habits and all
other points worth knowing in the nat-
ural history of our fur-bearers. It is
lielieved that this information is espec-
ially desirable at this time so as to
determine the economic status of the
various Epeeies, Ih's being in many cases
in doubt to a.scertain the annual catch
which may he safely taken without
dangcring the present breeding stock, and
further to furnish an adeijuatc basis for
sound constructive legislation that will
protect and develop the fur resources ot
our state. The income to tbe trappers of
California from this source now amounts
to nearly ?400,000 annually.

All wild mammals of California whose
pells are commonly sold tor fur are to he
considered as fur-bearing mammals in
this investigation.

Arraogemeuta have been fnlly made,
and the work is already well under way.
Mr, Joseph Diion, Elconomic Mammalo-
gist ot the above named institution, has
spent a large part ot tbe past trapping
season visiting the trappers of the state
and in securing first hand informatioa
relative to fur-bearing mammals. Dia-
grams to scale, measurements and photo-
graphs ot breeding dens, notes on life
history, together with photographs of the
living animals in tbe wild have already
been secured of several ot our most im-
portant fur-bearers.

Blank records have been sent to the
most progressive trappers ot the stale
and these men have responded benrtil.v.
Many of them have examined the stomach
contents of all the animals that they
have trapped, so that we now have, in
addition to field notes and coUectiona
gathered during the past eleven years
by the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology,
as a foundation to go on, over 350 defi-
nite records, from theae reports of food
found in the stomachs ot practically all
the common fur-bearers in this stale.
The trappers have also sent ia all avail-
able records of females that they have
trapped which hare contained embryos
(unborn yonng). This affords an accu-
rate index to tbe time and rate of breed-
ing of these animals and has a direct
value In determiDing the date when the
trapping season should close in order to
"'protect the crop" for the succeeding
trapping season.

An important teatare of recent field
work has been the taking of paraffin
casts of tracks made by live wild animala
under natural conditions in the field.
Rucb a cast faithfully reproduces every
dimension and contour of the original
track and thus affords an eicellent idea
of one sort of "sign" which may he looked
1 for hy trappers

It is expected that at least three years'
work will be reauired before the results
of the investigation will be ready for
publication. It is planned that this ahall
l>e in book form. Arrangements have
l>oen made to have this volume illustrated
with color plates by America's foremost
animal artists. Chapters in the book will
be devoted to decrease of fur-hearing
mammals, causes and control ot this
decrease, the fur trapper in California,
methods of trapping and curing furs.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

119

lecisUttion relative lo fur-beariiiK mam-
mals, aericultural Bad game interests
venoB fur interesti, aod federal and state
forest reserves as penDanent producers of
fnr-beariDg mammalB:

A general accotiiit of each species is
being planned for, nnder which will ap-
pear topics Bucb aa common and scien-
lific names, marks for field identification,
de«crip4ion of pelage, monlt, coloration,
pads, claws, measurements, weights,
skulls, teeth, variation, general distribu-
tion, tjpe locality and specimens exam-
ined. Other topics, such aa mannerisms,
fcait, postnre of body, instances of bebav-
ior, timidity, voice, tracks and other sign,
eanitatioD, breedins dens, breeding sea-
sons and babiCa, number of youDS in
litter, time of birtb, precocity of yonng.
paternal care, enemies, nature of food
(exact data), feeding and forage bablta,
relative abundance, estimates of popula-
tion, (Hianges within history, relation to
agricnlture, grazing and forestry, and
economic status, wilt be treated in detail.
Snggesttons, information and observa-
tions of special interest will be welcomed
from the reader* of CAUFOsnlA Fisa akd
Game. In order to be of most value, the
locality, date, and name of tbe observer
must be given. Address communications
to

Musenm of Vertebrate Zoology,

University of California,
Berlieley, California.

ADEQUATE QAME PROTECTION.
What will make for better game pro-

if striven for, and earnestly adhered to,
woald assuredly do much to not only
solve the problem of more adequate wild
life conservation in each state, but would
perfect the appended syntem to the
national department on conservation.
They are as follows:

Fim — The slogan in every stale should
be, "Congervation through education."

Herimd — Plenary powers should be
granted the commisBiona or dpjwrtmentB
concerned with game regulation and wild
life resources, not with the idea of giving
more power, but of avoiding the necessary
delay entailed by state legislation. This
point is aptly exemplified by again quot-
ing from the Pine Cone: Tbe slate de-
partment of health is a commission lo
which the slate legislature has delegated
extensive authority in reeulating public
health — aueb as making rules for the aani-
lary handling of milk, closing public meel-
inRS in time oC epidemic, eli'. Suppose
during the inSuenza epidemic, we had had
to wait for a meeting of the legislature
before closing public meetiuga. Yel that
JB no more illogical than waiting for a
legislative enactment lo close the season
on a species immediatelj threatened with
exlerminatioD." And

7'ftirrf— Departmental duties and dis-
cretionary powei's should be i
tioiisly executed. Parlieularly ■

A'ilU

tective neasnres throughout the Di
States is a question which concema all
at the people of the United States who are
interested in the conservation of wild life.
The Pine Gone, the official bulletin at Ihe
New Mexico Game Protective Associa-
tion, in the issue of March, 1920. stales
that either the inadequate, conventional
methods of game protection, io vogue in
practically every stale In the Union, miisi
go, or the game must go. This is rather
too radical a statement, but it is generallj-
conceded that there is a vaiit need for
improvement in the individual state game
protective departments of tbe IJnited
States. There are three fundamental pre-
cepts which are applicable lo tbe atate
game departments in general, and which,

nrd t

(1) The grnuling of permits.

(2) The practice of quantitative dis-
tribution of licenses.

(3) The setting aside of game sanc-
tuaries proportionate to the requirements
of the stale.

In California it is worthy of note and
omphasis that 3,107,5:20 acrps— 27 game
refuges by legialalive enactment, 3 game
preserves by the Fish and Game Com-
mission, [i bird reservations, and the
national park areas by the federal govero-
menC — have been set aside where no
bunting is allowed, and where game is
allowed to breed unmolested. This is, as
has been stated before, roughly speaking,
about 3 per cent of the total area of the

It is by constructive methods, there-
fore, that the goal of adequate wild life
It be reached.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

120

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

A NATIONAL COMUISBION ON THE
CONSERVATION OF WILD
In the Review of April 17. 1020, there
is sn editorial BugseatiDg the value of
B oational commissioii on the
tioD of wiid life. The Rei-Ktc makeB the
followiDg BlatementB :

"Good legJBlatiOD in some oarrov
corner of tbe field results, now a.ad thea
but permanent advances along tbe entire
line is impoBsible, bo long as tbe matter
is handled in a. piecemeal way."

It is very true that greater cooperation
in the work of conservation is needed,
particularly in Ihe consideration of effec-
tive methods of dealing with llie problem
of migrator; apecies. Tbe starting point
for this work is conservation b;
education in tbe different states, and
from this will develop united public senti-
ment and greater national beneGls.

The United States Bureau of Biological
Survey under the United States Deiiart-
ment of Agriculture may be considered
t the present national organ izai

the

of \

ild life. It i

the

beginning of what must neceaaarily be an
aclively growing inslitntiou. However,
notwithstanding the unquestionable value
of tbe United States Biological Survey,
a commission would doubtless liat'e much
more free<tom (linn the present United
States Bureau has, and with a compe-
tent, fit body of men, might be able to
accomplish .more.

The vital point which still remains is
that any central commission or national
body, no matter bow edieieut in itself,
would be more or less ineffectual unless
it has the support of the individual
states. Therefore, the effort of eoch
state should be toward education which
would lead directly to a cooperative spirit
and the unification of endeavor. Without
educational methods there will be more
chsnee for mlsjiuided legislntion, lobby-
ing, agcressive criticism and the accom-
panyinc lack of coordinated national
strength.

The conclusion is that tbe idea of a
national commission is of paramount
iutercst. but any national organization
will be greatly hampered until it has
creditable state support,

aUNS USED BY DUCK PIRATES.

Although few of the big guns used by

tbe duck pirates, or night gunners, on

Chesapeake Bay and the rivers of Mary-
land, are in use at tbe present time, yot
occasionally a new capture is made. The
collection photographed is a collection

Maryland, These are similar
used by duck pirates In Calltomla
previous to protective laws wlitch
put them out of business.

which has been assembled from time to
time by tbe game wardens of Maryland.
The gnus measure 10 feet and weigh
about 11-1 pounds ; thoy are very crude
affairx, sotne of them having been made
by the "village blacksmith," Like guns
were used by market hunters in Cali-
fornia until legislation prohibited their
use, Wm. H. Fisher,

Bnftimore, Md.

SALMON FISHING AT MENDOTA
WEIR.

Prior to the Inst twa decadef, salmon
fishing in (he upper waters of the San
Joaquin River was confined to the use
of seines and spears. Following closely

CALIFORNIA PISH AND GAME.

121

nn tbese methods came the grabhook.
This latter method could not be employed
UDtil some ttarriei wae constructed wbi
iFOuld interfere with the jwsEage of the
leiltDOD toward their spa w did g grounil.
Wbea such a barrier was devised (he
Rsb congregated in large uambers and
thus became endangered by two metbods
of capture. Either, due to their attempts
lo leap the obalruction, they became
mark for the spearaman, or while magnKl
below a weir under water they became
the uDEeen target for the uosctupntoui'
so-called — spoTtsmon. or avaricions fi:
vendor, neither claas caring what method
ibey employed of catching the fish so long
as they got (hem.

In about the year 1910 or lUll, the
ieeialature of California attempted to
I'lieck the use of grabhooka, but in fram-
ing the law, the wording of the protective
section baa proved to be inadeiiuate. The
section which has been the source of
man; hitler controversies between the
ulBc«rs of the law and the fellow who
wanted the Gsh reads as follows:

"Section l>34. Every person who, ei-
cept n-ith spear or hook and line, said
hook and line to be used in the manner
commonly known as angling, takes,
catches or kills any salmon * * " is
cniilty of a misdemeanor."

In s

far a

I knc

interpretation on this section, so the
matter is still in dispute.

Psssing from the illegal methods of
taking salmon resorted to by the un-
scrupulous lishermaa, we have the spoon
hook and Hue method practiced by the
many clean, true sportsmen, nome of
whom come from distant places in the
state* to take salmon. And not in-
frequent i.v, the sportsman of this type
is rcwanlpd by a big fellow (akiug the
Rjioon in his mouth, which results in a
fiebt that win often last for n half an
hour or an hour. Thus the angler is
rewarded by a sporlsmanly encounter
which keeps him on keen edge until the
siluon is landed.

Why salmon strike at a spoon is not
really known, for they apparently take
no food after entering a freshwater
stream, the stomach liecomiog useless so
that food would probably not digest even

If introduced artificially into the stomach.
Then, we are prone to ask, "Why does
he strike?" His known fighting qualities
and unlKiunded determination to reach his
recognized spanning bed may tie an ex-
planation for his actions. One seldom
ever hears of a salmon taking a spoon
until after be passes the town of Fire-
baugb, which leads to the inference that
lie apparently does not strike a spoon,
after leaving the sea, until be meets with
interference on his journey to bis spawn-
ing bed. The town of Firebangh is some
six miles below Mendota weir, and very
few salmon are taken on hook and line
outside of a mile or two down the river,
from the latter town. But at the weir,
I have noted more than a hundred fish
taken in twenty-four bouts, fairly caught
in the mouth with spoon hooks.

Those salmon which pass the weir
travel up the river and pay little hei-d
to lures of any kind, until they reach
their final homes or spawning beds, in
and near the hills. After reaching the
cobble IwittoinB where they deposit their
spawn, they again strike the spoon hook;
at this time they furnish the greatest
sport for the rod- casting enthusiast.
Not only is the angler kept constantly on
the alert, but he can find plenty of sal-
mon pools wherein he can "let fly" one
hundred and lifty feet of line and then
some. The good fishing usually extends
from the period prior to the time that
they deposit tiieir eces until sometime in
September; but individual salmon con-
tinue striking even on through the winter
months.

T.'nlens further protection is extended
to the salmon very soon, the thrill of a
salmon strike in the San Joaquin will lie
history. We have hoen very properly
forced to give up the fiitt run of salmon
to the agriculturist, and now our spring
run is being de])lptcd very rapidly. Wc
lose vast numbers of try in the irrignting
ditches, as they travel down toward the
Therefore, unless we oitteud our
best efforts to protect these fish quickly,
salmon of the upper San Joaquin
r will pass into history as our elk
antelope bnve done.

S. T,. N. El-Lis,

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA FISH AND QAHB.

CHEAP SPORT FOR INFLUENTIAL

There \m maoj a msn who would
gladly pay fS for the privilege of Itilling
a Canada gooee, provided he wag sore
that this was the only penalty he miut
pay and that be would not be prosecuted
BDd branded as a man unw'lliog to play
fair with hia brother eportBmen. Yet there
are men in this coanti^ today who an
enjoyinf this pririlege, or rather Bteal-
iiig it, at the h>w rate of |2.50 per riola-
tion. It was ODly as recently as Beptem-
ber 23. 191&, that William F. Taubel, a
wealthy citizen of Riverside, New Jersey,
wu fined f 5 by a United States DlBtrict
Court in Trenton, New Jersey, for violat-
ing the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, in
that he decoyed to a blind sod killed
two Canada geeae. Since that lime the
same jndge who Imposed the fine in the
Taubel case has fined other violators of
the same law as low as $2.G0.

These fines contrast rather glaringly
with a fine of $1,000 imposed on Octo-
ber 22 of the same year, also in Trenton.
New Jersey, on Emilo Trowti, an alien
resident of West Amwell. New Jersey.
Trowti was found guilty of violating the
New Jersey game laws, and wds surely
deserving of bis punishment, as he was
caught with a bag containing forty-eigbt
song and inaeclivoroua birds. However,
fines similar to the first ones will surely
cheapen the federal law and make diffi-
cult the enforcement of the Migratory
Bird Treaty Act.

It is gratifying to know that other
district judges in the United States do
not share the views of the one who im-
posed these low fines. In Wisconsin
three hunters were recently fined $100
each for attempting to kill ducks after
sunset, while in Connecticut a violator
was sentenced to tbree months in jail tor
a Tiolation of the Migratory Bird Treaty
Act. It is only by stringent methods
that the true intent and
this act can he carried out

WATCH FOR BANDED DUCKS.

All waterfowl should be carefully ei-
ainined lo ascertain whether or not they
are banded. The Bureau of Biological
Survey, United States ncpartmcnt of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C, and sev-
eral individuals arc making a prairtire of
banding waterfowl,

migratory lines of flight, and it is qaite
necessary that full reports regardiog the
talcing ol any banded bird be made to the
proper authorities.

QUAIL IMMUNE TO STRVCHNINE
POIBONINQ.

Important evidence has been seeared
regarding the comparative immunity of
quail lo strychnine poisoning. E^eld
observations and feeding eiperimenta con-
ducted Id California showed that one
valley quail can eat grain contaiDing
enough strychnine to kill 12 ground squir-
rels without showing the slightest ill
effect from the poison. A number of
similar 'experiments on a monntain quail
and a bobwhite gave like results. The
informalion thus gained wit! tend to allay
fears in certain quarters that poisoning
campaigns against ground squirrels result
disastrously to these valuable game birds.
Investigations in Saskatchewan, Canada,
have proved that grouse are equally
immutte to strychnine poisoning. Ann.
Rpt. V. 8. Dept. Agrie.

BIOLOGICAL SURVEV TAKES OVER
WORK OF AMERICAN BIRD-BAND-
ING ASSOCIATION.

The Bureau of Biological Survey, U. S.
Department of Agriculture, Washington,
D. C, has taken over the work, good
will, effects, and records of the American
Bird Banding Association, formerly con-
ducted from headquarters at the Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History in New
York City. In the future, therefore,
the issue of l>andB and information rela-
tive to the work will be from this office,
to which all records of birds handed and
recovered, ebould be sent. There will,
of course, be no further dues or initia-

In taking over tbe work of this
association, tbe Biological Sarvcy is
particularly desirous of retaining your
hearty cooperation, upon which a large
part of our success will depend.

The work is to be advanced along two
principal lines: first, tbe trapping and
banding of waterfowl, especially ducki*
and eeese on both their breedang and
wintering grounds ; and seccoid, the sys-
tc^matic trapping of land birds as initiateil
by Mr. S. Prentiss Baldwin. By main-
taining volunteer trapping stations at

CAUFOBNIA FISH AND aAHE.

123

iatervals met tbe coDOti;, and
sist«titl7 openting them Uirocgbont Uie
;ear, a mass of valnable data lelative to
tbe nugratioD routei, speed of travel, and
affinity for the neet Bite of the previous
j'ear, as well as a qaautity of life history
iafonnatioD about the individnal will he
acqnired.

To do this nitb aof degree of success,
the observer should be advantageous];
located with regard to bird babitats, as it
is obvioos that traps can not be regular];
visited if located at any conaiderabie
distance from the operator's usual station
during the day, and it is imperative that
they be risited at least two or three
times daily to prevent the birds captured
from injuring themselves against the
wires. Tbe fascination of tbe work,
bowever, will amply repay aoyone for tbe
little time and Ironble, and for the ex-
pense for traps and baits.

Experiments are now under way to
determine the most suitable types of traps
and the best methoda of trapping; and
arrangements are being made for a supply
of bands.

In the meantitne, however, the Biologi-
cal Survey desires to invite con tinned
cooperation and will welcome any
inquiries or suggestions for the ad ran ce-
ment of the work. The Bureau particu-
larly desires to get in touch with those
advantflgeously located for tbe establish-
ment of trapping stations.

Recently the Industries Committee, of
the House of Bepresentatives of New
Zealand, traveled throughout the Domin-
ion to Sod out bow uew and budding
industries migbt be assisted snd encour-
aged. The fishing , industry Hmongst
others was investigated and the follow-
ing interesting recommendations were

That the best way to bring about the
development of tbe industry is by organ-
ization for catching, distributing and,
where necessary, preserving the fish. The
only way to provide adequate supplies and
prices within the reach of all is by
trawling.

It recommended that a separate fish-
eries department of the government be
established with a director and staff.

That tbe government own and operate
steam trawlers, and establish fish-cbilliDg
and ice-making plants near the fishing
grounds and engage generally in the
business.

That tbe government advances be made
to fishermen on tbe security of their boats
and fishing outfiL

That the fishennen's boats be insured
by the state office at a low rate.

That a systematic, scientiEc and prac-
tical survey of fisbing ground* be under-
taken without delay, and that the govern-
ment purchase a properly constructed
and equipped vessel tor this work.

That government assistance be given
to encourage the canning, curing and
commercial preparation of fish food,
special attention being given to the
canning of crayfish.

That encouragement be given for tbe
manufacture of fish manure and the pro-
duction of fish oil (other than whale

oil).

Several recommendations were made
for licensing and controlling the business
of whaling, among which were (1) Chat
the whaling company should give guar-
anty that every portion of a whale's
carcass will be used, and (2) that each
company be confined to sixty miles of
coast and each must take at least a
certain number each year.

KARAKUL 6HEEP INDUSTRY.
A few yea re ago considerable pub-
licity was given the fact that some
karakul sheep, noted for their fur, bad
been imported from Siberia. Added
interest now pertains to this importation
because of the fact that aome of the
original imported stock has been moved
to California from Texas. The Kerman
Karakul Sheep Company secured 200
animals from Texas in 1018, and the herd
is now considerably mrger. The out-
standing importance of this breed lies in
the splendid fur whicn ia produced. It
now appears also that this breed will
do well even on scanty alkali vegetation.
The karakul sheep will stand on its hind
legs and browse high up, and therefore
needs less territory as range. The lambs
grow rapidly, sometimes attaining a
weight of sixty pounds in two months.
Tbe mutton has a peculiar gamey flavor,
end the large amount of tat (about

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

ly pounils to each a

imal) is VBlv

AccordiPB to P.

A. Ingvason

agpf of the ranch

at Kerman. a

Pm. S4. Karakul
fur In prime condition.
Hi ICO p Industry li:ia ai

belter and hnnlicr sheep is obtained by
crossliiK the karaliul with a Mexican wool

A new fur industry is tileretore being
developed in California. Although the
nniraals utilized are domesticated, yet the
increase of furs of this sort should add
mucli to reduce the toll taken of native
tur-bearers, and consequently this new
project should be looked upon with favor.

SUaOESTEO BIRD RESERVATION
ON MONO LAKE.

A colony of gulls is located on a large
island in Mono Lake where it is cus-
tomary for them to breed each year.
Recently b. desert homestead has been
talcen up with an entry on the lake, and
a summer residence bas been built there.
I understand that the homesteader pro-
poses to stock the island with goats,
which may he a. fad that will be short
lived. However, it strikes me that some
attention should be given to the preser-
vation of this colony of gulls, which is
somewhat unique on account of the tact
that it ia situated so far inland, and also
because it adds greatly to the ititerest
taken in the Mono Lake region. This
territory is rapidly coming to the front
among the tourists as a recreation Eroua<3.
and T feel that all due precaution should
be taken to retain the interesting fea-
tures of the locality. I have had it in
mind for some time to advocate (he
iiettiuB; aside of a sufficiently large portion
of this island as a bird reservation, to
insure their continued residence, throngh
the Hid of due protection.

No doubt you will be interested in this
case, and if you care to take it up
further, I will be glad to da all i

I the 1

It

is quite ev'deut that unrestricted goal
raising on the island would have a
disastrous effect on the birds.

W. W. Maitle.

t Tahoe Fox Farm.

i.„Gooi^le

CAIJFORNU FISH tUS* QAUE.

and KUt

I'oi

LAk« Tahm, are doiog splpDdidly
SHOW and cold, moist atmosphere at Laki
Taboe puts tbe fur in prime coDdition.
Tbe accompany iDg pbotograph is
ture of 'Tahoe QoeeD," a black
fox at the foi farm of T>ewis and
man, which is ralued nt $3,000. The
results thus far have been so encouraging
tbat Ejewis and Kiennan are contem-
plating enlarging their foi farm of silvM
black foiea, Joseph n. Sanueks.

There is ootbiug so abborceot to tt
- true sportsman as tbe waninu glaiighli
of deer, and especially the ruthU^ss killiog
<it a doe. One morning in March, 1919,
the writer came upon a spectacle of Ibis
kind which so aroused him that he is
prompted to utter a protest against such
butchery. He was riding on hurscback
through the winter range for mule deer in
Siskiyou County, wbich extends from tbe
n'eed Big Springs road as far north as
the foot at Goose Nest Mountain and as
far east as Moinrison Station on the
Klamath Falls Hue. In this section there
are several hundred deer that come from
the higher mountains and even from the
lava beds to winter. There was about
one inch of snow on the ground. Sud-
denly there appeared in tbe snow a blood
trail with a man's track folloHiDg. The
writer determined to investigate. He did
not have far to go when he came u|>on a
sight that made his blood boil. There
under a little bunch of pines be found tbe
head of a mule doe and nearby two un-
born fawns that the violator had taken
from her. It was late in tbe evening and
the writer had no kodak. When he re-
liLmed neit morning to get a piclu'

ued.

the &rst
r has found.

found that tbe coyotes had
the uigbt and nothing
This, however, was

slaughtered doe that tbe
The previous year on th
had come upon a mother and two year-
ling fawns, both does, wantonly killed and
left for the coyotes. Furthermore, almost
every day of tbe week shots may be heard
in this section and evidence foiiud of deet
killed out ot season. Game hogs have

I tlie r

In view of the conditiiius existing on
ibis range it would nimusi sei'iu advisable
that H sjH'cial patrol be eslabltsbed here
from the first of IVcemher until the first
of May, by which time the deer will have
:;one back to their summer ranges and
i-aa protect themselves. — Eitwis H. Bt;s-
couG, Bdgewood, California.

BIRD CENSUSES.
In order to better regulate naliooni
affairs it is nccussarj- to know the popu-
lation from year to year so that fluctua-
tions may be notetl. Hence the ten year
census. Likewise if we would control
bird and animal life to l)etter meet our
needs it is necessary to obtain figures as
to the wild life population. \ number of
Males have recently inaugurated game
censuses and tbe United States Biological
Survey is advocating bird counts to gain
knowledge of the total bird population
and its fluctuations from ,vcar to year,
iteliable observers the country over are
heine sought to undertake bird counts dur-
ing the Dosting season aud to forward
K'ports. In the liopc that some of our
readers msy be interested in the work,
and to show the thorough manner in
which the work is undertaken, we are
Adding tbe following direcliins issued in
n'ashington ;

The height of the breeding snnson
should be chosen for this work. In the
latitude of Washington, D. C. (latitude
:!» divreesi. May 'M is about the right
date for the first count; in the latitude
of Boston the work should not begin until
a week later, while south of Washington
an earlier date should be selected. In any
Icicalit.v the count should he made soon
after tbe end of the migration and during
the early part of tbe noslhig season.

What is wanted is a count of the itnirs
of birds actually ni'sting within the si>-
lected area. Birds that visit the area
for feeding purposes only must not be
counted, uo matter bow close tlieit nests
may be to the boundary lines.

In making this count, it is a good plan
to begin at dnylighc some mornitig at the
height of the nesting season and zigzag
'iiLck and forth across the area, counting
he male birds. Karly in (he morning
'very male bird is usually in full song,
ind at that seoison may safely be cou-
iidered to represeitt a breeding pair. The
■p suits of one day's count should be
checked and revised by several days of
further work to make sure that every bird

DiBtizedOyGoOf^lc

126

OAUFOBNU FISH AND QAHE.

counted fa actually nestioe withia the area
and that no species bas been overlooked.

The tract selected should represent the
average farm cuDilkions, and should not
have an undue amouot of woodlsud. It
should contain not less than 40 acres— a
quarter ol a mile square — nor more than
SO acres, and should include the (arm
baildinga. with the usual shade trees,
orchard, etc., as well as fields of plowed
land and of pasture or meadow.

The Goal resutls of the coont should be
sent to this Bureau as soon afterward as
coaTeuieut, and should be accompanied bf
a statement of the exact boundaries of
the selected area, go explicitly defined that
it will be possible 1^ years hence to have
the count repeated. The name of the
present owner should be given, together
with a, careful deacription of the char-
acter of the land, including a statement
at whether it is drr upland or moist bot-
tom laud ; the number o( acres in each of
the principal crops, or in permanent
meadow, pasture, orchard, swamps, roads,
etc. : the kinds of (encing uspd ; and the
amount of brush along feoces. streams,
roads, or in permanent pasture.

If there is an Isolated piece of wood-
land comprising 10 to 20 acres con-
veniently near, a separate count of the
birds nesting therein also will be useful.
In tbis case the report, in addition to
specifying the siie and exact boundaries
of the area, should state the principal
kinds of trees and whether there ie much
or little underbrush.

A third count desired is of some definite
timbered area— 40 acres, for instance—
which is part of a much latter tract of
limber, either deciduous or evergreen.

Still a fourth count, supplementary to
these, is oeedeil. The average farm In
the Northeastern States contains about
100 acres, and the average count hitherto
has been of the birds nesting on the 50
acres of the farm nearest to and includ-

ing the farm buildings. It is now neces-
sary to obtain counts of the remainder of
the farm, the wilder part containing no
buildings, especially on the same farms
where counts about the buildings have
already been made.

Furthermore, counts on any other kinds
of land are mndi desired for comparison.

Persona who have made couols in
previous years are requested to repeat tbe
work on the same areas. New areas
selected should be such as are not likely
to have their physical cooditiMU much
changed for a number of years. If suc-
ceeding annual counts show changes io
bird populstion, it will thus he known
that they are not due to changed en-
vironment.

The several kinds of counts are needed
for a study of the relative abundance of
birds under changing or stationary con-
ditions. It is hoped that many peraons
interested in bird life will make one or .
more counts this season. As the depart-
ment has no funds to pay for this work,
it must depend wholly on voluntary
observers. A supply of report blanhii
will be furnished on request. Requests
for these should be addressed to Chief,
Bureau of Biological Survey, U. 8. De-
partment of Agriculture, Washington,
D. G

BEAR PROTECTION FAVORED.
It is reported that interest in black bear
protection is always increased at the time
of a blackly epidemic in tb.it tbe bears
can be depended upon to eat up cattle
which have died from blackleg, thus help-
ing to prevent the spread of disease.
Kesidents o( Tuolumne County in past
years have been wide awake Io this benefit
conferred by the black bear.

DiB.1izedOyGoO<^lc

CALIFORNIA. FISH KKD GAME. 127

FACTS OF CURRENT INTEBEST.
Work on the new $30,000 Tahoe Hatchery was reanmed Hay 1
and it will be ready for occnpani^ Aagnst 16.

Bay Morris of Taft, California, was tried on March 10, 1920, on
the charge of having deer in his possession during the closed season.
He was sentenced to thirty days in jail and fined $2B0.

Floyd E. Baker of Los Angeles was caught by Oepnty Ober in
Nine Mile Canyon, IJiyo Ootrnty, whale attempting to leave the
nonntaiiiB with twenty-four deer hides and nine sets of antlers which
he had secured in Tulare Conn^. He was tried April 27, and
sentenced to 150 days in jaU and a fine of $360.

Low water conditions have precluded a large take of rainbow
tront ^gs this season. At some of the best egg collecting stations
bnt small takes of eggs have been secured.

The Fish and Game Commission has carried its educational cam-
paign into the summer resorts of the state. In cooperation with the
National Park Service, lectures and field trips are being furnished
visitors to Yosemite National Park.

According to records kept by deputy game cmnmissioners and forest
employees, 1243 deer wotc killed in Trinity County during last year.
It is estimated the total number was at least 2000, as many banters
come into the county during the hunting season and kUl deer, records
of which are never kept.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA FISH AND QAHE.

HATCHERY NOTES.

W. II. SuEBLKV, Editor.
3fl, the application lists for] less than half the usual uumbcr of steel-

On Ap
flsh for the season of lUliO
Prior Co this date appMcation blanks bad
liei^u forwarded to all sections of tbe
slate, in order that interested parties
mij(bt have ample opportunity of filing
applications for fish for the purpose of
sluebiug all streams open to the general
public for fishing purposes. The appli-
cants were cautioned that it was verj'
necessary to have Ibeir formal applica-
tions on file in the office of the Depart-
ment of Fisb Culture prior to the date of
closing, in order that they might be
ossurud of receiving a supply of trout
fry tills season.

Nearly five hundred applications were
received, and they came from evei'y sec-
tion of the state where cood'tions are
favorable for the planting of trout fry.
The majority of the applications were
received from private iudlviduals, altbougb
there were also a considerable number
rweived from boards of supervisors,
cbanibers of commerce, public associations
uf anglers and Gsbing clubs.

The season just closing baa been a
very unfavorable one for collecting trout
eggs. Every egg colioeting station was
in O|)eration this season and every effort
was made to obtain a larger number of
trout eggs than ever before, as it was
realized that the demand for try would
be gii^ater thao ever before in the history
of the Commission. The completion of
the hundreds of miles of new highways
and the over increasing number of
anglers is in largo measure responsible
tor the inrreasing dciuaad.

The drought of the past winter and
eurly Hprlng made it very difficult to
oblain even a fair take of eggs at some
of the best stations. The streams were
so low ill some sections that the spawn-
ing Iront could not possibly asceod the
streams to the points at which the egg
culleelltig stations are located. This
ieeflblo at the t^uow

hi'ad trout e^s were obtained.

In tlie Bear Lake section, in San
Hernardino County, where new racks,
( raps, holding tanks, etc., have been
installed on the streams tributary to tbe
lake, the take of rainbow trout eggs was
practically a failure. Where there was
i'\ery reason to expect a take of from
t'lur to six million egga, only one and
oue-half million were obtained. In this
siclion the long drought was followed
iu the early spring mouths by heavy
snows and stormy weather. As the
season advanced water in the lake wag
I'ompsratlvety warm, while the streams
flowing into the lake ran bank full of
cold, roily water from the melting snows
in the surrounding mountains. Under
these conditions the spawning fish, which
bad gathered close lo the mouths of the
creeks, would not enter the streams to
spawn except in limited numbers. Over
retention of the eggs resulted and cou-
Kequently when the fish were taken in
our traps, the majority of the eggs were
i in possible of fortitizaCion.

At the Klamath River stations in
^'iskiyou County there was a fair run
of rainbow (rout and a fair take of eggs
was obtained.

Conditions at the Almanor Hatcher?
in I'lumaa County were unfavorable for
egg collecting operations and we were
unable to take any eggs at tbe station.
.\ fair lake, however, was obtained at
Clear Creek Hatchery and the Domingo
Springs Hatchery promises to turn out
u million or so of rainbow trout eggs.

The water levels in I>Bke Taboe were
far below normal this spring, and while
the season has not closed at this writing,
it is extremely doubtful if more than n
ihird of the normal take of btack-spntted
I rout eggs will be obtained.

Our extensive system of breeding ponds
at the Mount Shasta Hatchery has, bow-
produced a fine large take of Tjoch

Mountain Kgg Collecting Station on tbeitieven and brown trout eggs and also s
Kel Itiver, where in normal seasons from I nice lot of eastern brook eggs. These
four to seven million sleelhead eggs are I "ggs have oil lieen hatched, and the
obtained. This season lews than one I resulling fry are thriving well and will
million eggs wrre taken at this station. ' soon lie ready for distribution.

The run of fish in Scott Creek where I Under these conditions it will be
the Scott Creek Ilgg Collecting Station I readily seen that the number of trout
[a located, was also far below normal and i fry available during this coming t

.Goo^^le

CAI,1P0RNIA PISH AND GAl

129

will be less tban diirintc sev<'r<ll prevl
jears, and consequpntly the allotmenta
to the various applicants tfill be materi-
ally less tbsD usual.

Two distribution cars will start out
with fish about the middle of June, and
applicants are urged to take every pre-
caution lo insure the safe delivcrj
all the fisb nllolted to them.

Applicants are instmrted to □
proper arrangements for meetiug the fish
cars promptly on arrival of tlie train as
si-beduled, provided tvitli aile<|uate trans-
portation to handle the Hsli from tlie
station to the streams to be stocked.
Also that they have ou hand the amount

stream and then inclining the lop oi the
can up stream thus allowing the water to
flow eently into the can. or by pouring
out a |)ortii)n of the water from tlie can
and filling it with water from the stream
to pquslize the temperature. Fish should
always tic planted iu shallow, running
water, avojdine pools, and should be well

In the past, in many instances, con-
siderable numbers of Hah have been
planted by some of the applicants at one
or t»o :ioints on a stream. Far better
results can be obtained by distributing
(he fish a can at each point bIddk b
considerable distance of the stream.

Kia. 38, The

u! ice required as per instructions mailed l
10 tbem in advance of the date of ship-
ment. The applicants ore further urged
to follow instructions carefully in the '
matter of avoiding deln.vs in order that |
the work of aeration of the water mny
be lessened and to insure the fish arriv-
ing at the streams at the eariiesl possi-
ble moment nnil in the I'-st condition.
Attention is called to (he fact that It is
necessary to kpe[) the ilsli ]iroti>i-leil from
bright sunlight, when removing the covers
of the cans for the purpose of aemtlng
the water or insiiecting the tisli.

On reaching the waters to be stocked
the temperature of the water should be
eqnalized by placing a can of fish in the

In pluutiug fish where it is necessary
lo carry tlie cans any dislauce from the
wagon or auto tnick, it is imperative that
somronc remain with the wagon and
aerote the water in the remaining cans
of fisb during each planting. Also when
stoiw are moile for nicals or other delays
be left with Ibe fish to

■ tho (

r th.-

cssary

lioiHil that niiprn.iiDiately
1.".(I00,(K»0 trout tr>- will lie available
for distribution, dcHpite the unfavorable
conditions for egg collecting oiierations
till* year, and if this number are properly
planted, the streams will bo provided with,
an adequate number of fry to insore| Q
foirly good fishing next season.

CAUFOBNIA FISH AND GAME,

NOTES FROM THE STATE FISHEBIES LABORATORY *

Will F. Tuomfsor, Editor.

THE "DAY" AND "NIQHT" 8URF>

FISHES OF NORTHERN CALL

FORNIA.

It is very obvious that we know com-
paratively little about the fisbes whicb
inhabit the aurf, or come there to spawn
at the proper Masons. Notes regarding
them are all of some value and asualiy
will form valuable additions to our
knowledge. The following are made from
apedmena received from Captain Tib-
betta, ot Eureka, to whom we are there-
fore considerably indebted.

In GAUFOBiaiA Fian and Gauk for
October. 1M9 (Volume 5. No, 4), on
page 303, Captain Tibbetta is quoted
regarding two B|)ecies ot fish whieh are
caught in the surf. One of these, known
as the "Digfat surf-fiah," he believed to
be the grunion, but upon our eipreasing
some doubt regarding this, he sent us
three apecimens, taken a little south of
Trinidad Harbor, on the ocean beach.
They prove to be a species of the genus
Ottnerua, and its occurrence under the
conditions noted is a fact well worthy of
attention. What its habits are, and
whether it spawns in I he surf, is not

Captain Tibbetts was also kind enough
to send us four apecimens ot the "day
surf-fish." These, aa we surmised in the
article quoted ahovp, belonged to the
genua Hppometut, which is caught in the
surf along the CaMfoniia Coast north of
Monterey.

THE ORUNION AT MONTEREY.

The spawning of the grunion is not
known north of IjODg Beach, pjthcr to
Bcicntilic men or to others. lint, as
Mr. Carl L. Hubbs has pointed out to us
is a recent letter, the type specimen of
the species was recorded as from San
Francisco. Jordan acid Hubbs in their
review of tlie family Ath^rinida: state
that the original specimen came from
Sau Prancisco Bay, in which they sup-
posed the species to live. However, this
is improbable, when the life history of
the species and its habits of spawning

In the sand are considered. It *s more
likely that the fish was found 'n the
markets, and came from some other
locality on the open ocean close to San
FraDcisco. A specimen of the grunion
was found, oit February 28 of this year,
in the Monterey markets among fish
taken locally in a eeine.

In view ot this proof of the presence
of the species in these waters, high hopea
were entertained that this remarkable
apecies wonld be found spawning on the
beach in northern waters, and attempts
were made, in so far as circumstances
permitted, to find them or tbeir eggs.

On the night of March 6 Mr, Wey-
mouth and Mr. Sette kept watch on
the beach at Oceano, and found no
sign of spawning nsh, although the
tide was the same approximately as
that of the first rnn of the preceding
year at Long Beach. Since the beach at
Oceano is a splendid one, it was hoped
that proof of their presence would t>e
obtained there it an; run occurred.

On April 6 a thorough search tor eggs
was made by Mr. Thompson, Mr. Sette
and Miss Eld wards along the beach
between Del Monte and Seaside In
Monterey Bay, but no signs of them were
found, allhoagh if spanning had occurred
to any eiteat durug the preceding full
moon tides, which were at their crest on
the third of April, they wonld have been
found. Again, on May 5, two nights
after the full of the moon of May 3,
Mr. Thompson and Mr. Weymouth
patrolled the beach during the proper
stages of the tide, hut saw no signs of
the fish themselves. In conjunction with
the total lack of popular knowledge of
a run, these attempts throw a certain
amount of doubt on the occurrence of
any extensive spswping run in these
waters. It is of course still possible
that a small run occurs somewhere near
by, perhajis even on Del Monte Beach, or
it may be that the specimens to be
found here are simply strays. Further
search wit! be made whenever opportunity
offers.

•Calltomln State Fisheries laboratory, Conlrllmtlon No. :

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA FISH AND QAUE.

131

ENEMIES OF THE GRUNION AT
LONQ BEACH.

The Donnal run of etudIoii occurred at
Long Beach on Maj 4, 5 and tl, and on
the fourteenth Mr. Thompson aDd
Hr. Hig^na obtained large n umbers of
pods of cgga for the purxrase of photo-
graphing the ha'tcbing when the eggs were
in the proper stage. Greatly to tlieir
surprise, every third pod at least was
badly infected with maggots, presnmably
tbo»e of the same fly whose maggots
were foond the pTeceding year but of
which the species name was not deter-
miDed. Elveii the pods set aside as clean
were snbseqneDtly found to be infected,
and it proved impossible to raise the eggs
to the batching stage without great
injury. Not one in twenty-five of the
eggs would hatch when the proper time
came, although they were for the most
part alive. As the normal percentage
is near 100, this was a considerable
disappointment to the photographer. The
failure to hatch was uodonbtedly due to
the maggots, in conjunction with a very
extensive infection by a small nematode
worm which accompanied the maggots.
Tbe sand in which the eggs were was
foul and ill smelling,

ALBACORE OFF SAN FRANCISCO IN
DECEMBER.

Nfr. H, B. Nidever,
San Pedro office, furnishes the foMowinE
note regarding the albacore

F. G. Grotto, of San Pedro, wlio haa
fished for nlbacore here for acvi>ral
seasons, tclln mc that while hp was
making a trip on the "Dainy Jilnthicws,"
a lumber schoonpr from Snn Franciscd
to Honolulu, he caught two aibarnrc
trolling from llie steamer about HSO

miles out from San Frandsco. He said
that he saw two schools of fish and
that those be caught weighed 18 to 20
pounds and that they had squid in their
stomachs. Tbe gonads of the fiah were
about one foot long and he could see
devpiopiDK eggs about the size of a pin
head. Thpy were caught on the eigot-
ppalh of December, 1919.

Tbe reader who ia interested might
refer to a record of the tailing of alba-
core off Northern California, on page
203 of the October number of C&ufobkia
FiBB AND Game for 1910. Such records
are interesting as showing extremes of
distribution.

OIL ON PISMO BEACH.
Professor Weymouth, engaged in study-
ing Pismo clams for the Commission,
reports that on the twenty- first and
twenty-second of May, on the beach at
Oceano and Pismo, a great many dead
sea birds were observed covered with oil,
and that many more still alive were
lying on the beach with their feathers
gummed with heavy oil. Dogs running
on the beach chased and Itilled many of
these. Ducks of various species and loons
were observed among them. Professor
Weymouth stated that he did not observe
any clams dead from oil, probably be-
cause he was not on the beach at the

Tlie destruction caused among birds and
mollusks by floating crude oil has been
pointed out several times in these col-
umns, and it is evident that the damage
is Htiil proeeeiUng. An article by Pro-
fessor Weymouth in regard to the
destniclion of mollusts appeared in Cali-
fornia Fisii ANn Game, volume 5, No. 4,
page 174,

CONBEBVATION IN OTHER STATES.

NEW VORK DISPLAYS COLORED
MOTION PICTUBES.

Motion . pictures in natural colors,
showing tbe Adiroodacks in summer and
also at the height of their autnmnal
brilliancy, will form one of the special
features of the New York Conservati
Commission in carrying on its educational
compaign. These natural colored motion
pictures, taken during the past season,
are the first of their kmd ever taken in

HEAVY PENALTIES FOR HUNTERS
IN MICHIGAN.

Five hundred dollars, the maximum
fine, reeenily wna levied by a judge In
Michigan against a hunter for selling 32
ducks in violation of the Migratory Bird
Treaty Act. Another violator of the
■lame law, in Connecticut, who has been

jooi^lc

CALIFORNIA PISn AND GAME.

guilty of rrpeafpd offenses, '

cently

offender

thre

)uths i

jai

jDteored
Thif

given tlie altern»ti
pnying a fine. Tlie Migratory Bird
Treaty Act bas been in force aiuce July,
■1B18. and several Luudred convictions
liave been secured. These eases are cited
by the Biological Survey, United Slates
Department of Agriculture, which admiD'
istere the law, lo show the increasing
concern with which the courta regard
violations of this important statute,
desigoed to protect: migratory birds,
inaeclivorous birds and nougame birds.

COOPERATIVE INTEREST
BETWEEN STATES.

The NewYork Zoological Society offered
a rewanl of *200 for the arrest &nd
conviction of any one killing antelope.
On December 11, 1310, the following
reEolution was passed :

Ilc*olred, that the chairman be directed
lo notify Mr. Wililan L. Finley, State
Kiologlst of Oregon, that the New York
Zoological Societ.v hereby authorizes and
will pay a reward of $200 for information
leading ■■ ■ ■ -

Oregon Fish and Game Commission „. _
publicity and post notices to the above
effect, anil the treasurer of the society
is hereby authorized lo pay from the
funds of the society the stated reward
upon satisfactory evidence of such con-

The payment ot this reward has been
authorized and a clicck for $100 has
bi-eu went to Mr. GcorBe Tonkin, tr. S.
<inme Warden, box ir.;{l, Boise, Idaho,
anil a check for $100 has also been
sent to Sheriff E. E. Woodcock, I.nke-
vii'w, Oregon.

The Boone and Crockett Club are
alwut to pass a similar resolution, which
will apply to future

WATER POLLUTION IN OHIO.

For ten years the water pollution
problem was ineffectually dealt with in
Ohio. Between IStOO-IOlO the responsi-
biiily of the yearly increasiug urgency for
action was iinssi'd from one department
to the other— 1 leaith, Fish and Qame
and the State ChemislH. The chemists
aecuniulati'd much analytical information
but they Becnieil to have found no remedy.
In ]f>10 Mr, A, C. Basler. Chief of Ihe

Ohio department, Mr. J. W. Stuber and
Mr. J. T. Travers, Supervisor Stream
Pollution, Ohio Department of Agricul-
ture, took hold of Che question and now,
after having conducted experiments for
over a year, Mr. Travers and Mr. E. J.
I.,cwis. a water expert .^nd chemist of
Bellaire, Ohio, are ready to demonstrate
the aatiafactory results of their experi-
mentation.

The process is the treatment of the
pollution in vats as it leaves the factory
or mine with a chemical having a lime
base. This chemical precipitates or con-
trols any organic pollution held in bub-
pension in the vats, and also releases
any poisonous eases.

The cost of the treatment is from 2
to 3 cents per thousand gallons, depend-
ing on the nature of the pollution, and
the cost of installation is about $1,000.
It Is claimed that the by'products will
often more than pay for the cost of
installation and operation. The charac-
ter and amount of polluted matter which
is emptied into the Ohio streams daily

titei'l Uill» — Sulphuric acid, three per
cent solution. Six thousand gallons per
day as an average from each factory
polluting streams.

atraio Board Worki — Organic matter
which generates poison gases that dis-
ilace the oxygen in the water and causes
.1 sickening stench. Average of 800,000
gallons every 24 hours emptied Into
adjacent streams at each plant.

Sugar-beet Facioriea — Deadly organic
itter which drives the oxygen from the
iter and kills every living tbing in it.
1 average of 3,000,000 gallons every
24 hours from each sugar-beet taclorj' in

the s

: that II

\g factories. Cheese Factorict
.. id Casein Factories — Deadly organic
liollution. Two thousand gallons per day
from each factory that empties pollution
waterway or stream.

_ sulphate, deadly to aquatic life

of all kinds and strong enough to eat
up a steel rail in ten days. From
10.000 to ra,000 gallons per day, each

The problem of stream pollution to
11 Stale Fish and Game Commissions
i one of vital importance because of the
xlerminntiiig effect of pollution on all
forma of aquatic life.

The manufacturers throughout the
Stale ot Ohio are planning, to insUll the

.Goo^^le

CAUPOBNIA PISH AND OAHE.

sjfltem as soon as possible and the
opportunity will be open to tbc other
states of tbe UnioD to proiit by llita most
valuable diBoovery.

GAME LAWS IN MASSACHUSETTS.
The same Ian of Messacbosetts makes
an open aeason od deer in that state from
snarise on tbe first Monday of December
to sunset tbe following Saturday, tbe
bag limit being one deer in a season, and
it to be killed with a shotgun. There
is no opeD seasou in Massachusetts on
mlled grouse, but quail anil pheasants
may be hnuted legally each year from
October 20 to November 20. The bag
limit on quail is four in one day

Iwenty during the a

» Field.

GAME LAWS IN COLORADO.

In Colorado there is no open seaaon
on elk, mountain sheep, autelupe or
beaver, but one is permitted to kill one
deer having two or more poiata on each
bom, from October 1 to Oi;tol>er 4, both
dates inclusive. Aliens are not permitted

[jossess firearms. Shipment of game ont
of or into the state is permissible, pro-
viding the shipper has a transportation
jierrait issued by tbe Stale Game Commis-
sioner, but not olherwise.

American Field.

LIF£ HISTORY NOTES.

A CALIFORNIA CONDOR SEEN NEAR
HEAD OF DEER CREEK.

On May 11, 1020, while inspecting a
timber sale area at the head of Deer
Creek, east of Hot Springs, California.
in the Sequoia Natiounl Forest, with
Supervisors Ounningiam and Benedict
and Deputy Supervisor Derby, we noted
an immense bird circling over the clump
of redwoods {Begaoia giffantva) on Deer
Creek. The bird settled in tbe top of
one of these trees 400 (o 500 yards away
from us. In flight it was like a buzzard.
except that it was entirely too large.
It had a brownish beak, a ruff around its
neck, a light brownish color on the under
feathers of its wings, and it had a vcrj-
large wing spread. It appeared to be an
adult specimen, the wbite tipped wing
coverts and lanceolate feathers al>out the
neck being particularly noticeable. We
judged at tbe time that it must be a
specimen of tbe California candor

(Gvmnagype calijornieut) , and in look-
ing up tbe subject on our return to Hot
Kprings the description fur that bird
fitled very well the bird we had seen.
Paul G. Redinoton.

ducks in the imperial valley.

During Deceoiher ducks were fairly
oumerous in the Satton Sea at the mouth
if the Alamo Kiver, in Imperial County,
tmt they were very difficult to approach
iind very few sportsmen were able to se-
cure more than five or six birds at a
lime. A preiionderance of shovellers was
in evidence. Even with an abuudance of
rlucka good shooting is limited in the
Imperial Valley, owing to a lack of suit-
able shooting ponds. Apparently the best
l>ii;.'s are obtained at certaiu seasons of
tbe year when a high wind is blowing. At
such times canvasbacks and "bluebills"'
ai-e secured along their lines of flii:ht.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA PISH AND OAHE.

UNITED STATES FOREST

STEELHEAD TROUT IN THE CALI-
FORNIA NATIONAL FOREST.
There are a Dumber ol streams id the
California NationaJ Forest well stocked
vith fish. Those on the east aide.
Bowing into the Sacramento UiTer, are
slacked with rainbow trout ; and on
the west aide, the streams tributary
lo Bel BJv«r, with steelhead trout. A
few other varieties, such as Loch t^ven.
eastern brook and black -spotted trout,
have been introduced into the east
side streams. It iBCUmmonly tielieved that
Bteethead trout, after attaining a length
of 7 or 8 inches, migrate to the ocean,
returning after maturity, being usually
from 24 to 40 Inches in length and
weighing from 6 to 15 pounds. These
large steel heads have been coming up the
various branches of E«l River only, prob-
ably for all time : but nntil recently
they were practically eiterminatcd every
year by Indian fishermen. There Is one
Btteam on the forest, the north fork of
the Middle Fork of Bel River, which has
many large, deep holes In which these
Hah stay all summer if uDmole»ted, and
as they readily take a hook they furnish
splendid sport. Until the past few years
the Indians have ayatematically netted
and blasted these holes until tbey got
every fisb. - We have been making a de-
termined effort to stop this practice, with
some results. During the past seaaon two
Indiana wer« caught in the act of using
illegal nets, one of whom plead guilty to
the charge aikd a fine of $100 was im-
posed on him.

DEER SEASON TOO EARLV ON THE
EL DORADO FOREST.

The open season on deer in Fish and
(iame District l-I is believed by local
forest officers to be entirely too early. It
had far better be reduced to one month,
from September lt> to October 15, than
as it is at present AuRUst 15 to Septem-
ber ir> is a very hot period, and many
of the deer killed, or large parts thereof,
spoil and are unfit for use.

In quite a few of the streams on the
north side the fish (trout being the only
game species) are pretty well depleted
since up to last year little or no replen-
ishing was done. Many of the lakes never
have had any In them. At the proper

SERVICE OOOPERATIOM.

time considerable cooperation can be got-
ten from interested parties, and the For-
est Service ahonld plan to be in position,
Snandally, to help out.

MULE DEER ON THE LASSEN
FOREST.

Big game, as it goes in California, ia
to be found on the Laasen in abondance.
The mule deer iOdocoiteui hemiotmg) is
plentiful in the northeastern part and
appear to be on the increase. They win-
ter in the lava beds of Lassen and Modoc
counties, and follow the snow to the higher
areas in the spring. The bucks do not
run with the does during the summer.
Both, however, stay at comparatively tow
elevations until the middle of the summer
when the bucks go to the high ridges.
They will stay on the summer range
until there is considerable bdow before
moving to the lower elevatiooa. All move
out together over well defined trails. The
rutting season is November and Decem-
ber and the fawns axe horn In May and
June. The; usually are in pairs, one
buck and one doe. The game refuge l-F
haa been posted and we do not believe
that there was any huntiug within this
area this season. It is well situated and
should be a material factor for the in-
crease of the spedes in its locality. There
is considerable controversy as to whether
or not tbe mule deer and Columbia black-
tail deer cross. On certain ridges and
mountaina mule deer but no blocktail
deer will be found, white on others black-
tail only are found. However, severml
deer have been killed on the Lassen with-
in the past two or tbree years that are
apparently crosses, having the tail of tbe
Columbia blacktail with no patch of white
aionnd tbe base of the tail, but having
all other appearances of the mule deer.
One of these is reported to have weighed
one hundred and eighty pounds.

The only other species of deer known
to be indigenous is the Columbia blacb-
tail. This species is found In every part
of the forest but less often in the country
where the mule deer siraund;. This deer
winters in the foothills of the valley and
moves to the higher areas as tbe snow goes
off. During the spring and summer the
bucks are to be found on tbe bi^ rough
ridgea and the doet and fawna on tlw

CAUFOBNIA PISH AND OAHE.

135

mcadowB and flsta. Bucks are often seen
at the timber line on Brobeoff Moantain
■nd Lasaen Peaic at an altitude of
an)roxiinHtel7 9900 feet. At tbe time of
th« first snows both bucks and doea
begin to move to tbe foothills. Ordi-
narily thej all follow one or two
routes. One of tbe beat known of these
is down tbe ridge between Deer and Mill
creeks, Just nonb of game lefuge l-O.
Tbe last few days ol tbe season dozens
of hunters congr^ate In that area and
slaughter tbe deer as they move out. We
are not prepared to make a definite
recommendation at this time but it seems
tiiat it would be advisable to eitend the
lefuge to Include this srea. Another well
defined deer trail is the ridge between
Mill Cre^ and Battle Crwk at Mineral.
There are a number of hunters here late
in the season too but apparently not
eoough to warrant the creation of a game
refuge. The winter range is the foothills
below pine timber. The summer feed is
larEely browse with a little grass and
witfa acorns. Rutting season is from No-
vember 1 to December 15 and Ibe young
sre bom from May 1 to July 1. As a
rule, the fawns are in pairs, one doe and
one buck. Tbe bucks shed their horns
from February 15 to April 1. Deer were
fairly plentiful last year, but apparently
have decreased 5 per cent in tbe past
twenty years. The area in game refuge
I-O is well adapted for the purpoee in-
Unded but we are advised that game
violations are frequent. Owing to the
remoteness of tbe area from the center
of the forest and the press of other work
forest officers are unable to give the ref-
uge tbe protecticn that it should have.
If wardens could be appointed for the
area much better results would be secured.
During the winter, when the state game
wardens are known to be in the rice Seldv.
same trespassers are said to be numerous
in the foothills. Very probably an occb<
sEoual trip by the state game wardens
would lessen this form of gome violation
60 per cent.

The Lessen offers some of the best
uont fishing in California. Tbe rainbow
are in^genons to practically all of the
streams. In past years rainbow, eastern
broofc, Lock Leven and black-spotted fry
have been planted. Of these tbe eastern
brook and rainbow have done tbe best.
No record has been kept of the relative

numt»er of each species planted but It is
found that in the streams planted tbe
rainbow have done the best in the deeply
shaded canyons while the eastern brook,
black-spotted and Lock Leven have done
better In tbe open stream as it Sows
through meadows. Id Battle Or«ek at
Mineral a catch wilt average 60 per cent
eastern brook, 5 per cent Lock Leven,
10 per cent black-spotted and 26 per cent
rainbow in tbe meadow and will ruo 00
per cent rainbow in the canyon less than
a mile away. The part of the stream
through tbe meadow has been more heav-
ily planted than has the part of the
stream in the canyMi. Several of the
small lakes witbin the forest have been
planted. Steelbead were planted in Juni-
per and Grassy lakes in the summer of
1914. Two and three pound fish were
taken from this lake in 1&18 and some
reported to weigh ten pounds in 1019.
There has been considerable discussion as
to whether these Ssh will spawn in the
lake as it has no streams ruoning into
or from it. Some have contended that
ss the fish are unable to spawn in their
usual habits tbey will die and that within
a few years the lake shore wilt be covered
with dead fish. This hsa not occurred
as yet The trout planted in most of the
streams have remained quite small. The
California Fish and Game Commission
have established a hatc^ry and egg tak-
ing station within the forest at Domingo
Kprings on tbe Feather River and are
planning another oue on Warner Creek,
Both of these streams have a big run at
rainlxiw at spawning time and afford ex-
cellent fishing. Steelbead and satmon run
up both Deer and Battle creeks from the
Sacramento River at spawning time. In
both streams there is a high falls that
keeps them from reaching the headwaters.
However, it might be advantageous to
blast out these falls. During tbe early
eruptions of Mount Lassen and the aub-
soc]uent flood all of the trout in Hat
Creek were either washed away or killed.
For the past several years there have
been practically no fish in the credi. The
stream is now becoming clearer, however,
and the fish are beginning to appear
again. The watera of this stream are
largely used for Irrigation and tbe resi-
dents prefer not to have the stream
stocked so that tbey will not t>e compelled
to put in fish screeus.

Jioo'^lc

CALIPOENIA I

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UFOKNIA FISH AND QAHE.

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CALIFORNIA. FISH AND OAUE.

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CAUPORNIA KSH AND GAME.

VIOLATIONS OF FISH AND GAME LAWS.
Januarv 1 to March 31. 1920.

Hunting wllbout lieense — .,

TiapploK wltbout IkaoK

TrapplDK on game reluge

Deer— cloie KieoD— klUlDt or poiMatlon....
Penide deer— epike buek>— Ibwq*— klUluc <

Rumilrie deer with duK*-«lois leuon

UlecBl deer hidee— po<«e»s1oii

Beaver— besier hidn-ktlllng or poEietaioa

OuBil— cloied lenBOii— UlllDK or poueiilou

(Juafl Id FBptlvIIf withcut permli

Duek£ — excess dilJ; Umil — doie eeaeoii— killlni or pOMeisloa

Sbootlng ducki from power boat in motion

Nljht ebooUDB

Dove* — cJoBe teaioD— klltlDg or puasesBlon

!-w mu— klUlui or posECsioa -

PbeaaaDt— klJliDK or possei

DSiOD

Striped baiB— aDdenrel(ht^-e1oa<

iindenreltM — olMiDi lor eale

unrtenrelubt— offering (or lale

Troot— eicesB limit — oDertng for salt — closed t
Lobatere, dried— under or overBJied— cloaed ae

Tsq>

usw

IS 00
45 00
JSSOO

S

■Seining within one mile of Loa Asgelea cit; aewar

800 OO

QP

'Paid Into Loa Angslei Oonntj tnunry.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA FISH AND QAUE.

SEIZURES— FISH AND QAME AND ILLEGALLY USED FISHING APPARATUS.
January 1, 1»20, to March 31, ItSO.

Gam*.

Fl.h.

«

Lobslm (dried) „

Z'. «a

Searchei.
IlleSil Beh and same

s

Fish and Oame CommisBioii

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES.
For the Period July 1, 191B, to April 30, 19S0.

Inspection aad patiol

ReEearcli

Statiitka

Uarket HebloB Ilceoie e
PropieatloD and d

SportJnB flab cult lire «i

Printing

bributlon ol BBlmon..

n Francisco TMftrlct «

HuntlDK license C'

I m ping tround-..
' cTprndlturES ..

; (and bounties)

u.in sr
iT,m »

M,«M 4B

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

PATROL SERVICE.

•AN FRANCISCO DIVISION.

B Lk BoBqul. Coramiaaioiiw In Cburg*. Cftri WMUrttId, Bi«onUT* Ofllow.

J. B. BuDter. Aulataat BzMnitl*a Offlcar. B. C. BoDclMr, BpAotal As«at.

Head OtRcn. PoitaJ Telesrapb BulldlnKi San Prudico.

Plioii* Sntt«i aioo.

S. K BnnrtfH* ..

Ooklud

B. W. Smaller

Hanfort

& 3. CaiiMiiUr—..^

Cl«ci. W. Conrtritfbt—

•ACRAMENTO DIVISION.

P. IL Newbert, Commlwloner In Ctuuvo.
a«a Naal*, Asatatant.
Forum Bnildlnc, Sacramento.
Phona Main UCO.

Hod Blufl 1

Grldlay I

— llazKBll D. S3. Robwta—

—PUcerriUe

Roy tittdlDm.,

—Los Molfnoa

B. D. Bceker San Lula Oblapo

J. H. Grfer— saalnora

W. C. Ualona San Bernardino

LOS ANQELES DIVISION.
H. 3. Connelt, CommlBaloner In CIiAcsa.

Edwin L. Beddarly, Ajutitant
Union Laasna Bulldliuc, liOi Ancslea.
Phon«a: Broadway lUE; Boms, FCIOC.
. B. Ober..

L Fritchard

A. J. Stout

Webb Toma

Bis Fins

Loa Anxalaf

Loa AntalM

San Diego

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

1919 ABSTRAa CAUfORNIA nSH AND GAME LAWS 1924

WHITE BQUAIieS INDICATE OPEN SEASON
NUMBERS IN SQUARES ARE OPEN DATES

HUNTINQ LICENSES

RwldMU, tl.OO. Non-RuldenUitSJMb Allans
TRAPPING LICENSES

i„vGoo<^lc

1 [SH-

CONSERVWION OF WILD UFE THROOOH EDUCATION*

Number 4

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BOARD OF FISH AND GAMS OOMMXS»C»<ERS.

V. H. NBWBBBtt Pm
K. J. OOtnOLh, OiM

a. u Kwtni. owmii

(MAM. A. TOOBUAMO, fcuKtw Oflcef-

B. D. DUKK AttMBQ — , .—■ ,— „.......... ,. ■■■■■ nw^w

OKPAHTMBNT OP PMHCIULTUIII.
W. H. SBBBEAT, In Cbun l^fcedtHW ■„ fcttMMrto

a. W. BDHT, Wtm Urmlmlmimt
1. H. HOBRL, Oh]«r Cleft-.

A ■. DONBT. rUb Laddw iHpMtar —BMnnatM

A. M. CDLVBB, SeNw linintir llinMwiiti

M. K. SPALDINO, AMlaUat In Oiute tt Orartmetlw , SmtuwhIs

a. H. IAMB80N, BnpulntMidMit Koant Bhuta HUitetr—

O. MoCLOUD, J&, SuperUtaiidaQt Hoont WUbMV Hat^eg mud 0»tMn-

w aod LtktB tbrtlon _.—_....»—„.-_—— —_ — „Iiidepend«iict

O. B. WHST, Vnmmd In OhusB Abo* tnd Ttlke HU^uIm ^lUlM

H. V. CA88BLI4 roTMuan In Ohugs BUI &Mk Bntdwry , OopM

Ii. J. BTINNErrr, A*d*tant In Ohuse B«pui On«k SUtlan.,. Ovn

L. PHILLIPS, S\ai«ffl>n In Omigt B«ar Lnk* lod Nortt Onak HaldiBriM

aUT TABUGR, Aadatant In Cbaxgt Wawi

a r. PIEBSON, AMbtuU in Cbui» B)»akd*Ift Hntcterj-.

2. W. BICKBB, rtmnuit In Cbui> Alnuuior, Dominio ^rrtiv tati Oaftr

CnA BstcbodM -,—. QmxrftSIt

a. HoOLODD, S«, FomnM iP Ohwfa OottoowcMid CiMk StRtkn Honbnok

OBPARTMniT 0* COMMBUMAL PMHWUn.
N. B. BOOFIBLD^ In "■■It i ■ ■■! . I .1. I. ... *"* Tnndua

B. B. NIDBTBR, talrtinr .. , ■„ , ««*" Feta

W. r. THOMPSON, A.^.*.-* Loot BttA

HIOGINB, AmWi

BA.BLB DOWNING, AaMuit_
g. H. DADO, Aalatut

a 8. BAUDBB, AMbb
P. H. OTBB, Aarirtint-.

L. H. BBLWIO, AiriM

OCPARTMRNT OF WATER POLLUTION.
A. H. rAJBTIBLD, In ObnifB „_ .Ban rnndwsv

■UNKAU OP EDUOATION, PUBLICITY AND RUIARCH.
DB. H. 0. BBXAWT, In (Aug*

California Fish and Game

'CONSERVATION OF WILD UFE THROUGH EDUCATION-
Volume 6 SACRAMENTO, OCTOBER, 1920 Nnmber 4

DISTRIBUTION OF THE GOIJJEN TROUT IN CAUPORNIA

..S. L. li. Ellit and U. C. Bryant 141

THE GBOWrn OF THE SWELL SHARK WITHIN THE EGG CASE..

Helen M. Edioords 153

NOTES ON DBV-HjY FISHING— No. 5 R. L. M., California 157

EDITORIALS 165

FACTS OP CURRENT INTEREST 170

HATCHERY NOTES 171

COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES 172

NOTES FROM THE STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY 177

LIFE HISTORY NOTES 182

REPORTS—

EXPENDITXRES 183

FisHisRY Products, April, May, Juse, 1020 IM

Violations op Fish and Qaug Laws 18G

Seizures 186

DISTRIBUTION OF THE GOLDEN TROUT IN CALIFORNIA.

By S. L. N. Ellis aod H. C. Brtant.

Fishernien and nature lovers who freciuent tlie wild, nigged climes
of the southern Sierra are now, most of them, familiar with the golden
trout, Salmo rooscirlti. This fish is known to exeel any other species
of tront in beauty, not only because of its well-proportioned form,
but more particularly because of its exceptionally brilliant and rich
coloration.

There are three recognized species of golden trout : the Little Kern
golden trout, Salmo whitei; South Pork of the Kern goldeo trout,
Salmo agua-honita, and Roosevelt trout, of Volcano Creek, Salmo
roosevelti. The Kern trout, Salmo gUberti, is the parent species from
whiuh the three, afore named, were probably derived ; and, so far aa is

142 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

known, all four spociea are native to the head waters of the Kern
River;

The distinctive eharaeteristics of these diversified types is more
readily appreeiated if the geographical isolation of their habitat is
understood. It has been stated that the Kern trout, Salmo gUberii^
is the parent spt'cies of the golden trout, and as may be inferred from
the. name, is native to the Kern River. This river is of considerable

Fin. S7. Agun-honlta Falls on Vol
is )ht original home or lUe golden t
KellOBe-

width and flows through a most inspiring, deep, rugged, high Sierran
canyon, and in ages past, when the glacial period wrought its stupen-
dous clian»03, the Kem River trout, native then to not only the Kern
River but to its tributory streams — Volcano Creek,- South Pork of tlie
Kem and the Little Kem and Soda Creek — became isolated in these
different streams by the formation of unsurmountable barriers, and
each group being acted upon by the influences of its own peeuliaT
environment, with no opportunity for interbreeding of groups, resulted.

CAUrORNIA FISH AND QAUE. 143

quite naturally, in each one developing in its own distinctive, character-
istic way.* And the golden trout, Salmo roosevelti, of Volcano Creek,
the most radiantly beautiful of them all, became the most individual.

But the changes which Volcano Creek underwent were far more
enduring and much more complicated than the changes which occurred
in the other streams, for aside from the impassable falls, formed by
the wearing down of the stream beds. Volcano Creek, formerly called
Whitney Creek, anderwent volcanic changes of a more or less unique
character, which accentuated the deepening characteristics of the
stream, and in all probability temporarily cut it off entirely from the
Kem River.

Volcano Creek rises south of Cirque Peak. Several small, clear,
mountain streams, having their sources at an elevation of from
10,000 to 13,000 feet, thread their way through picturesque, grassy
meadows to the point of confluence. For a distance of about eight
miles the creek flows in somewhat of a southerly direction until it
enters Toowa Valley, then it turns west in a widening course and
joins the Kern River about opposite Soda Spring, The South Fork
of the Kem River has its source near that of Volcano Creek and it
enters Toowa Vailey at about the same place, and in the days when
this section of the southern high Sierra was first traversed by white
men, the idea was conceived of joining Volcano Creek and the South
Pork of the Kern by a tunnel. This was quite possible, for a small
ridge less than a hundred yards wide, in parts, and scarcely fifty feet
high divided the streams. No doubt at one time the South Pork of
the Kem was a natural tributary of Volcano Creek. The tunnel
which was made caved in, but in the course of experimentation some
of the golden trout escaped into the South Pork. The cut flUed up and
the two streams again became entirely distinct. Above this tunnel,
which is at an elevation of 8600 feet. Volcano Creek flows through
meadowy country, the creek bottom being granite sand and gravel;
but below the tunnel for a distance of eight miles or so, to the point
where the creek enters the Kem River, and at a drop in elevation
of 2300 feet, the stream bed is of volcanic character and the stream
itself very turbulent. It is not, however, due to the rapids, but to
the three falls — Agua-Bonita, with a small fail known as Surby
Fall between it and Stewart Pall (second), and the third, Shields —
that the trout are barred from traveling from one body of water to
the other; and in fact, such natural barriers as these are the cause
of fish isolation in the several streams, and of even entire lack of
fish in some, where volcanic action and other forces were at play — the
streams and lakes are barren, many of them despite a good supply of
food.

The value of distributing the golden trout can hardly be overesti-
mated. First, it has saved these beautiful fish from the complete
extermination with which they were threatened. Secondly, the trout
are being planted in heretofore barren streams and lakes, and therefore
they will furnish added fishing grounds for the angler. Too, the fish,
witiiout the possibility for interbreeding, will remain the pure type.
And third, they are a prolific fish, and^ to the delight of all sportsmen,
are extremely gamey.

n Warren Everinann, 1B08. D. B.

Jioo'^lc

144 CALIFOBMIA FIBH AND CAHE.

The earliest record we have, of the transplasting of the goldeD trout
to streams other than those of their natural hibitat, was iu the year
1876. The two Stevens brothers, who had built a small sawmill on
Cottonwood Creek, were anxious that the stream be well stocked with
fish for their own use. They went over to Mulky Creek, in Mulky
Meadows, and procured what in all probability were the Salmo agua-
boniia, or South Fork golden trout, and planted them in Cottonwood
Creek.

In the summer of 1876. Mr. S. L. N. Ellis says: "I was at Mineral
King and Mr. Arthur Crowley, former assessor of Tulare County,
showed me a single large trout in the creek at Mineral King. He
told me that 'uncle' Wiley "Watson had brought some trout from the
Little Kem via Farewell Gap and had planted them in this stream."
The first plant made by Watson reproduced rapidly and furnished
the supply for the fishermen at Ifineral King until 1894, when the
later plants were made. Mr. Ellis caught fish at Mineral King in
1887, while he was out on a hunting and fishing trip in that region.
This work was very important for it was the move whidi undoubtedly
interested others in fish planting, and which caused others, later on,
to try and accomplish similar plants.

After a lapse of some nine years, G. W. Cahoon contributed his
share to the transplanting of the golden trout. Mr. Cahoon was a
cattle rancher who during the summer carried butter by pack from
the head of the South Pork of the Kaweah over the pass to Inyo
County. On his way hack he caught the golden trout, Salmo whitei,
in Soda Creek at Quinn's Horse Camp and planted them in the South
Fork of the Kaweah, at Evelyn Lake, where there were no fish.

In 1887, two years after Cahoon had made bis plant of Salmo whitei,
James Mclntyre, a sheepman, procured aome of the same species of
trout at Rifle Creek and planted them in Coyote Creek, a tributary of
the Kem.

Again there was a period of trout planting inactivity, but in 1892
Cottonwood Lakes were planted by E. H. Edwards and two friends.
Edwards, who was a storekeeper at Lone Pine, desired to improve the
fishing conditions in his vicinity, so with James Moffitt and B, H.
Dutcher he obtained a catch of Saimo agua-bonita, the same variety
which bad been planted by the Stevens brothers in Cottonwood Creek
in 1876, and plant^-'d them in Cottonwood Lakes. This plant was
apparently very sueuessful, for in 1906 Cottonwood Lakes were reported
by the storekeeper of Lone Pine as being unusually well stocked with
golden trout.

The year 1892 is especially memorable in the history of the planting
of the golden trout in that it waa during this season that the first
hatchery propagation of the species was undertaken. Too, it was
during this year that they were first exhibited to the public. Members
of the Visalia Sportsmen's Club bad long been desirous that the
propagation of this sjih'ndid game fish be undertaken, and it was
through tlie interests and efforts of the club that S. L. N. Ellis,
equipped with four cosil oil cans fitted with baking powder can lids,
made a trip to Volcano Creek and procured about a hundred of the fish.
These he carried to Lower Funston Meadows. At Funston Meadows
he met Lieutenant Dcane with a detachment of soldiers patrolling the

CALIFORNIA PISE AND OAHE. 145

Sequoia National Park, Lieutenant Deane detailed two of his men,
Se^reant Moffitt and Private Seholberg, to take the fish to Mineral
King. There the party was met by J. Sub Johnson and M. L. Weaver,
who were members of the club and resident* of Visalia. These two
men took the fish in a spring wagon to Visalia, and from there they
were shipped by train to San Frtiacisco and were delivered to the
Fish and Game Commission. The plan was to send the fish to the
hatchery at Sisson. However, before the trout were sent on the last
lap of their journey, they were exhibited not only at the Midwinter
Fair but at Golcher Brothers store in San Francisco. Thirty-six fine
specimens were finally shipped to the Sisson hatchery, twenty-one
reaching their destination in good condition, but the experiment was
not considered satisfactory.

In 1896, the first plant of the true golden trout, Salmo roosevelti,
was made. All previous plantings had been either of the Salmo agua-
bonita or Salmo whitei variety. During the summer of this year
Mr. S. L. N. Ellis, accompanied by his son, L. L. Ellis, and a friend,
F. J. Hill, planted the Nortli Pork of the Kaweah — known as Dorat
Creek — with fish taken from Volcano Creek, the original home of
Salmo roosevelti. In the same season, Mr. Ellis in attempting to
carry some of the fish from Volcano Creek to the North Pork of
Kaweah, found that the trout were not standing the trip well and so
decided to plant some of them in the Kaweah near Mineral King, and
about twenty-five others, which were sick, in Silliman Creek and
Willow Meadow. Nothing was ever heard of the latter plants. When
in Mineral King, Mr. Ellis met the artist, Petrie, and showed him the
golden trout, which were the first that the painter had seen. He was
so charmed by their rare beauty that he soon afterwards used the
fish as the subject for a painting.

The following year an unsuceessful plant of the golden trout was
made by Mr. J. M. Nelson, in Nelson Creek, a tributory of the Tule
River, Also some cattle men carried fish from Whitney Meadows and
planted them, in Rock Creek. Another plant of trout was made in
Bock Creek in August, 1900, by Mr. M. W. Buffington, county surveyor
of Kern County. He wrote Major George W. Stewart of Visalia that
he and a party of other men earried the trout in small lard cans — about
seven in each can — to Rock Creek and turned some of them loose ; the
rest they carried to the trail cros.sing and placed them there.

Prom 1897 to 1908 no authentic information regarding the planting
of golden trout seems to be available, and that regarding the seaaons
of 1897 and 1900 seems to be rather incomplete. However, it was at
this time that the government became actively interested in the protec-
tion of the golden trout. In 1903, according to Dr. Barton W. Ever-
manu, Stewart Edward White, impressed with the possibility of the
extermination of these trout, wrote to Geoi^c M. Bowers of the Com-
mission of Fisheries and to the President of the UnitPd States calling
their attention to the matter, and on July 13, 1904, Barton Warren
Evermann, Assistant in charge of the Division of Scientific Inquiry,
Bureau of Fisheries, with a party outfitted at Redstone Park, Tulare
County, left for the Whitney country to investigate the trout of the
Kern River region. As a result of the investigation, the true golden
trout of Volcano Creek was recognized as a new species, and was

Jioo'^lc

146 CALIFORNIA riSH AND GAHB.

named after the naturalist, Theodore Roosevelt, who at that time was
president of the United States.

The United States Bureau of Fisheries made an extended study of
the trout, and in 1905 an attempt was made to establish a temporary
hatchery station on Volcano Creek in order that the eggs of the golden -
trout might be obtained. But the spawning season was over before
operations could be started. Two hundred and sixty-four trout were
taken during the season to the Lewis and Clark Exposition at Portland,
hut as the result of an accident the entire lot was lost. Aside from the
year-round, closed seasons for the golden trout adopted at a later date,
the general program suggested was as follows: (1) The catch of
golden trout ^ould be limited to less than the number allowed for
other trout. (2) Fish culture should be promoted, and (3) the
limits of the Whitney Military Reservation should be extended to
include the wliole of Volcano Creek.

That the fish is a hardy fish seems to have been rather well demon-
strated in 1906. In March of that year the Fish and Game Commis-
sion undertook to collect some specimens of the fish for exhibition
purposes at the "Forest, Fish and Game Exhibit," held in San Fran-
cisco. About fifty specimens of the trout, Salmo agua-ionita were
taken from Cottonwood Creek, a stream the temperature of which is
about 38°, and were transferred to water which was about 60° in
temperature. They lived in their new environment for some two weeks
or more. But at the end of the exhibition period, when the fish were
sent to the Sisson Hatchery, about threc^Eourths of them died, evidently
due to the added travel and the more or less depleted condition of
the fish. Another instance of their adaptability and hardiness was
reported by A. D. Ferguson. In 1913, he investigated a plant made
by Deputy Bullard, in 1911. Bullard had stocked a small creek at
Traweeks, in Fresno County, with golden trout. The stream is at
an elevation of 3500 feet and the temperature during the summer
months reaches about 75°. Mr. Ferguson says, "I found golden trout
of various sizes in considerable numbers in this ereek. A specimen
some twelve inches in length, I judged to be one of the original plant."
In 190S tlie Sierra Club did some splendid work. The club in
making their plants used two tcu-^allon Buhl cans with airholes in the
covers. On July 7, they rautrht 110 trout with hook and line, the
trout ranging in loufith from four to six inches. They were secured
at the head of Jjoug Meadow on Volcano Creek and were packed for
about three hours to a l«kc in Rocky Basin. Only one fish was found
to be dead and that was due to the way in which it had been hooked.
On July 15, the IrwI Sierra Club packer, Mr. J. Robinson, and his
family caught 54 trout in Rock Crei>k averaging from 10 to 12 inches
in length. They had undoubtedly been planted in the ereek several
years befori'. These were taken to a lake at the bead of one of the
branehes of Rock Creek. The third plant, made uuder the supervision
of Mr. Wm. R. t'olby. Deputy Fish Commissioner, was of 50 trout from
the aliove named creek. They were planted in Whitney Creek.

According to Mr. A. H. Tlogue, forest supervisor of the Inyo National
Forest. 600 golden trout from Little Whitney or Long Meadows were
taken to Gardner Creek during the same season.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA FISH AND QAME. 147

It was in the year 1909 that the Fish and Game CommissioQ first .
took ehai^e of the planting of the golden trout. Previous to thia
time the work had been done by sportsmen or clubs at their own
expense. After the Commission took hold of the work, improved pack
cans were provided and the loss of the fish in transportation was much
reduced. The work of distributing the golden trout on the east slope
of the Divide was carried on by Deputy E. H. Ober, who in the face of
many difficulties successfully transferred 1500 trout, ranging in size
from two to seven inches, to Independence, over the Hoekett trail.
There the outfit was divided, half went over to Kearsarge Pass via Lake
Charlotte to Gardner Creek and Gardner Lakes, and the other half went
to Grouse Meadows on the head watei^ of the Aliddle Fork of the Kings
River, via llishop and South Lake on Bishop Creek. The fish for this
plant were obtained by diverting the creek at Long Meadows from its
course.

District Deputy A. D, Ferguson of Fresno, assisted by Deputy
S. L. N. Ellis in the field, directed the work in the Kern River, Kin^
and Ksweah basins, on the western slope. Mr. Ellis says in regard
to his experience :

"On ray refum trip from WhitDey Meadows, I brought back three
mule loads of golden trout for planting in Roaring River and nearby
streams with scarcely any loss. This was partly due to improved pack
cans, but more especially to the fact that I had learned that the fish can
not stand too long a trip. Prior to this time I had made eleven or
twelve hours a day and had lost as many as 75 per cent of my fish. On
this trip I learned from observation that by making short trips — say
of five or six hours a day — a much greater percentage of the fi^ could
be saved. Up to seven hours the fish can keep away from the sides of
the cans, even though the trail may be very rough, but after this time
they become exhausted and are bruised by striking against the sides
of the containers. During the stops made, the cans were set in a
creek and fresh water allowed to flow over them. Prior to this time
my idea had been to hurry the fish to their destination as quickly as
possible."

The following year Mr. Elli.s' party took 1S3 atlult Salmo roosccelH
caught with a seine at Whitney Meadows and planted them in the
watershed drained by the tribut*vries flowing in to Roaring River.
They lost only six of the trout although they travelled for six days
over 100 miles of extremely rough coutitrj', Mr. Obcr and his assist*
ants, Sam McMnrray and George Hall, in the same year covered about
115 miles and stocked Center Basin and Bench Lake as well as the
head waters of the South Fork of the Kings. This made the total plant
for July and August, 1910, more than 1800 large golden trout dis-
tributed among twenty-thn-e lakes and streams in which no fish had
previou-sly existed, but which were rich in fish food. In a recent letter
Mr, Ober says, "I felt that the waters I had selected would be ideal
for fish, and my judgment seems to have been good, for in 1918 I
took two golden ti-out out of Bench Lake that weighed three pounds
each."

The following summer Mr. Ellis and Mr. Ferguson, with a group of
friends and assistants, secured over 1300 Salmo roosei-elli, by changing
the course of the stream at Little Whitney Meadows and by hook and

148 CALIFORNIA FISH AND QAMB.

line. Ferguson at this time procured' twelve or thirteen Salmo agua-
bonita golden trout from Cottonwood Lakes and Creek. All of the
tpout were delivered to the Fish and Game Commission's fish ear at
Lone Pine and were dipped to the Sisson Hatchery. A few of the
Salmo agua-bonita were exhibited in Sacramento, Deputy Bultard,
who had helped with the pack, took, in the course of the return trip,
a hundred trout from Volcano Creek, which he planted in the North
Pork of the Kaweah, Indian Ba^n and Traweek Creek.

Those who visited this great wonderland of the southern Sierra
Nevada began to find not only the ordinarily beautiful trout, but in
previously uninhabited streams they saw darting forms of gold and
silver, and the fisliermen rejoiced. However, in order that the pleasure
of golden trout fishing might be better assured to the ever-increasing
numbers of fishermen, the law which is incorporated in the penal code
is as follows:

"633. Every person who, at any time between the first day of
October and the thirtieth day of June of the succeeding year, takes,
catches, kills, destroys, or has in his possession, any variety of golden
trout; or who, at any time, takes, catches, kills, or destroys, any variety
of golden trout other than with hook or line; or who, at any time,
takes, catches, kills, destroys, or has in his possession, during one calen-
dar day, more than twenty golden trout, or has in his possession any
variety of golden trout of less than five inches in length, is guilty of a
misdemeanor. Every person found guilty of any violation of any of
the provisions of this section must be fined in a sum not less than twenty
dollars or be imprisoned in the county jail, in the county in which
the conviction shall be had, not less than ten days, or be punished by
both such fine and imprisonment, and all fines collected for any viola-
tion of any of the provisions of this section must be paid into the
state treasury to the credit of the fish commission fund. Nothing in
this section shall prohibit the Pish Commission of this state from taking
at all times such golden trout as they deem necessary for the purpose
of propagation or for scientific purposes."

In 1912 the packhorse distribution work was confined to Madera and
Tuolumne counties, so that it was not until 1913 that Deputies Ellis
and Smalley, with a splendidly equipped pack train, proceeded with
the program for the transplanting of the golden trout. On Septem-
ber 1, Ellis and Smalley left WhitJiey Meadows with 821 Salmo
roosevelti to' plant Roaring River and tributaries. It had been an
unusually rainy season in the mountains, and all during their previous
golden trout plants they had been handicapped by finding trails
obstructed and streams swollen. The fish, too, were difficult to catch.
But undaunted they left Whitney Meadows with the 821 trout,
descended the Kern River Canyon, crossed the Kem-Kaweah Divide
to Mineral King, ascended Timber Gap, descended again to the Kaweah
Canyon, and on over the Kings-Kaweah Divide via Elizabeth Pass to
Roaring River. Rome of the trout had been in the cans fourteen
days, yet despite the hard travel and circuitous route only five trout
were lost. At the close of the season 87 plants had been raade of
the species and with no exception the species used by the Commission in
the golden trout plants had been the Salmo roosevelti.

i„vGoo<^lc

CALIFORNIA PISH AND OAME. 149

About 5000 adult golden trout, Salmo roosevelti, were taken with
book and line in 1914, and were transplanted to barren waters. Thus
the range of the trout was extended for more than 150 miles along the
summit of the Sierra from Volcano Creek.

One thousand nine hundred seventeen marked a new step in the

distribution of the golden trout. In that year it was decided to

undertake the propagation of the

golden trout. Cottonwood Lalte,

though situated in an inaccessible

part of Inyo County, was decided

upon for the spawning station, and

despite the difficulties which had

to he surmounted 500,000 e^s were

tHken and were suecessfully trans-

[lorted by paek animal to the new

Mount Whitney Hatchery. At the

hatchery they were "eyed" and

afterwards were distributed in the

waters of that section. It is from

the Mount Whitney Hatchery that

tile more recent plants have been

made, and Mr. Ober reports that

during September and October of

191!), he made plants of the trout in

two beautiful lakes at the head of

Woods Creek, Little Pine Creek and

Fio. 38. Spawning golden irout at Routh Pork Lake On Big Pinc Creek.

S""ii"'^^*iS"!'"'^" ^'"""^^''P''*''' ''»■ Several plants have also been made

in Yoseniite National Park.

Thus it is that throu^'h long endeavor and splendid cooperation this

marveloifflly beautiful golden trout, a fish that appeals to every

sportsman, has been protected, and distributed in one of the most

inspiring sections of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

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CAUFOBNIA FISH AND GAMK. 153

THE GROWTH 0? THE SWELL SHAEK WITHIN
THE EOO CASE.*
By Helen M. Edwabds.

On March 17, 1920, a young shark in the e^ caae was received from
Mr. Kiati Nasu, secretary of the Southern California Fishermen 'b
Association, through the kindness of Mr. E. M. Nielsen, of the Pish
and Game Commission at San Pedro, and of Mr. Lingle, of the
Bureau of Fisheries, who
brought it to Hopkms Marine
Station Pacific Grove. The
development of the fish has
been watched with much in-
terest because the bpeeies was
unknown and the procem of
development had not been
seen in any of our western,
sharks

Upon receipt of the shark it
was placed in a small salt
water aquarium with running
water, where it was kept
during its development. At
various times the aquarium
was out of order, which made
it necessary at such times to
change the water on the fish
two or three times a day or to
move it into another aqua-
rium. It is a question whether
or Dot the process of develop-
ment was retarded or hin-
dered in any way by these
disturbances. We are under
obligation to Stanford Uni-
versity and to Dr. W. K,
Fiaher, the director of Hop-
kins Marine Station, for the
use of the aquarium.

The case, as shown in the
aiinompanying drawing, was
116 mm. long and 49 mm.
wide. One end, comprising
tiboiit one third 'of the length
of the ease, was considerably
smaller, and of a difEerent
shape from the larger end.
The acute angles of the latter
met and continued in long
slender tendril.s, for the pur-
pose of attaching tA seaweed,
while similar tendrils were
also given off from the angles
•CitlltoniU State Fineries Laboratory, Contribution No. 20.

Shark Catulua '

ir»4 CALIFORNIA PISII AND GAME.

at till' siiiallcr cud. Th*" |)ositioii uiid sine of tlic fish and yolk,
as sei'ii throiigli the fipaqiic, dark bniwii, leathery case, are indicateil
in the (Irawiiijr liy lirokeii liiii's. The fish was prohably very yoiuijr,
for its lenffth at the time of rei-eiving whs 4.1 mm., which exceedcU
the yolk hy only 3 mm. The egt; ease hml jrrowing on it at each
etui colonies of hryozoaiis, u hich [lied and had soaked ofl' hy the end ol'
four months.

At fii'st there were no apertiin's in tJie i-ase which cotild be detevtetl,
altlioiigli eju-h end eontainod two slight gnMive-i, shown in Hie figure.
sitiiateil on opposite sides of the ease. To one facing the cjij; case,
with the smaller end np, one groove was vi.sible at caeh end <in tho
left hand side. The other two ni'oove.s eonid not be seen withont
turning the ea«' over, whieh would bring them un tlie left hand side.
Those at tlie lai^er end' wore ahont '20 nun. long, and those at thi*
smaller hIkhU 11 mm. On April -i a small air bnbbk* was visihle inside
the ease, whieh proved the presenee of an aperture. I'pon examin-
ing the ease and siineczing it gently it was found thjit water sipnrtetl
out through a small slit at the larger end, whieh was one of the
grooves beginning to open. My April ir> the other gn)ove at the
larger eiul and on the opposite side had opeiu-d. A little eannine
was placed with a pipette near the apertures, but no marked current
was visible. Uy May 20 both of the grooves at the smaller end had
opened. These apertures, when completely opened, were about 1 mm.
wide.

Attempts were imuli' to nu'asure the fish, but the results are only
approximate on account of the opacity of the egg ease, and of it.-*
i-onstant activity, especially at first. The mea-suremenfs were not
taken at regular intervals, but the following table will give .some idea
of the rate of growth:

M ea.su rei

iients were also Ink-cn of

shown b

y the following table;

l'[i until .Ajiril l-'i. llie yulk, though shortening, had kept the same
jcn.'ial <>v;il sli;ip.-, Al lliis fiinc il became narrower and somewhat

NIA FISH AND GAME.

155

Cab* of

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Uuob April
10. Rate ot sroi

yolk or iiwell Sliark.
ub*^ ut Ivngth.

irrepular in outline, but rtsuiiit'd the more oval appearand about

May 25. Hy -Inly 17 the yolk seemed tn be entirely absorbed, leaving

ouly a snuill round sai- at the end of the nmbilieal (.-ord, whieh was

only about one-half of its nriKinal

lenjrth. and !>y July 2H was redueed t"

le!« thau an eijililb of ao ineh and irave

the appearanee of a tinv linob on Ihe

ventral side of the Hsh." After hatcli-

injr the only evidenee of tlie cord was

a little spot about the si/e of a pin head.

The rate of trrowtb of the fish and
the diminution of the yoik are ^ihown
i;i the at-eompanvinfr cliart. It will be
noted that after the extei-nal volk had
been absorbed, about Jtdy 17," tlie lish
ccntinned steadily to grow, due prob- ]
ably to an internal .supply of yolk.
{See diagram.) Xole al.so that from
April 15 to 2(i there was no ehan^re in
ihe yolk shown in the eiirve. probablv
due to the faet Ibat at this time the y.ilk
was ehaiigin<r in sha]>e somewhat atiii
bemmiitg narnnver. while the lenjilh
remained eonstant.

By May 2fl the gill lilanieiits. whieh
were long and kept in eonstant motion
by the movements of the fish, had en-
tirely disappeared. They had been
present in each gill xlit and in the spir-
aeles. Subsequent t.i this the breathing
motiim of the mouth was {ibsorved.

The eolor of the fish in the early
stages was a nnif()rni whitish. On .May auiiHitn.Vit >Vf''ww'"ii,"i''uni"Mu!iTiurM^
13.") a few dark spots were ol)s.TV<'d on "- ^^''H'l '"""v "ii"' "I'li .li'ik. fcil,-.

the fins and hy June

■<-r tei

-eks i

156 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

before hatching, nearly the whole body was covered with about-eight or
nine pairs of black bands. At the time of hatching Ibis .distinct band
eflfeet was somewhat destroyed by the ronnd black spots scattered oa
the bands.

The fish showed extreme activity at first, wriggling constantly and
rhythmically, ao that the taking of measurements was quite difficult.
The most persistent motion v/as the back and forth movement of the
tail, but occasionally the fish would curl itself into a tight knot and
sometimes exhibit such violent activity, wrig^lin^, squirming and flop-
ping about, that it seemed likely to wrench itself loose from the yolk.
Such violent activity usually lasted only a few seconds. Most .of the
time the movements of the tail back and forth were quite regular^ while
at other times they were very irregular and jerky. These were ftounted
ut various times and under various conditions. They seemed to be
fewer and more regular in. the slwde than in sunlight. The experi-
ments were as follows-, when the fish was put in a'Sfaallswpau and
placed in the shade, the tail moved very regularly back and forth from
60 to 70 times per minute; then when placed in the sun the motion
became irregular and the count increased to as many as 120 per minute;
the fish being placed in the shade again they were irregular and many
at first, then dropped down to 78 per minute and became very regular ;
the pan being again placed in the sun, the movements were only 63
and very regular at first, but soon increased to 115 and were irregular;
put back in the shade they decreased to 94. The probable purpose of
the movements of the tail was to aerate the water by keeping it
in circulation. By May 25 the fish did not show such constant activity.
There would be long intervals of very little movement, if any, but at
this time when the tail was in motion there were 110 movements
counted per minute.

The night of May 25 the fish was left in the shallow pan on the
table over night, on account of the failure of the water supply, and
the next morning the sun had been shining upon it for some time until
the water was almost hot. The fish was stretched out on its back with
its mouth wide open, and showed no signs of life whatever. The water
was cooled gradually, and within an hour the fish was as active as
ever.

As the shark grew larger the activity decreased decidedly. By
June 7 it was verj' inactive. Immediately after it was transferred from
the aquarium into a glass jar, there were counted 125 movements per
minute of the tail, and then all motion ceased until the fish was
placed in the sun, when the activity was resumed. The light of the
sun seemed always to increase tlie activity. When the egg case was
handled or poked the fish would curl its tail around the yolk, then
remain quiet. By June 17 the tip of the tail when curled around the
yolk would reach the tip of the snout. During the last two months
of its existence in the e^ case, the fish was most inactive and the mouth
movements were not always perceptible. At such times it was doubted
if the fish were still alive. It was usually, however, with the exception
of the last two weeks, sensitive to a jar of any kind. There was
evidently more activity than was ol»erved, for the head of the fi^
was not always in the same end of the case.

DiB.1izedBvG01."^lc

CAUFORNTA FISH AND GAME. 157

The eveDing of August 19, five months after having been received,
the egg case was hanging perpendicularly in the water with the
smaller end up, and the head of the fish towajd this end. During the
night the shark struggled up through this small end, splitting it entirely
across the top, freed itself from the case, and was found the next

Fm. 13. Swfll Shark. Catulua uter, the day after hatching. Natural size.

morning reposing on the bottom of the aquarium. The egg caee was
then examined and it was found that beyondJ this opening through
which the fish had slipped the case was unbroken. One of the slit«
at this end had aided in making the exit a little larger. The shark
was very inactive and remained in one place for a long while, only
occasionally moving the fins or tail slightly. During the day it moved
about somewhat on the bottom of the aquarium. The next day it was
taken out and identified as Catuhis uter, Jordan & Gilbert.

Figures showing the egg case and tlie fis.h immediately after hatclting
ae<'ompany this article.

NOTES ON DRYFL7 FISHING. No. 5.

Hy It. I^ M., California.
Scene: Camp fire in front of the hotel.

Time r Kvening of the day described in the July issue of California-
P^ish and Game.

Dramatis persiyna:

Anqleb. Second Touriht.

Tourist. Tnmo Tourist.

Mrs. Tourist-

Tourist : Here comes Angler. He promised to com* around after
supper. Angler, let me introduce you to my wife and the rest of
our party.

Mrs. Tourist : Those trout wc had for supper were delicious. They
were so very much better than those that we caught at Pine Lake. I
wonder why?

Angler: The fish we caught were stream fish and were in the pink
of condition, for they had been feeding on insects, which is the best
kind of food for a trout. Furthermore, they were in their natural

D,ati;edOyGoO(^lc

lf)8 CAI.ttXIHNIA PISH AND OAME.

enviroiinictit. On the otlicr hand, tlir fish in Pine Ijiikc wen- Sti'fl-
head tnmt that, diif to the fonnation of the coiintr.v, can not nm to
the sea. Tlic n'Siilt is that Ihfir niitnnit piTiod of spawninn is dela.vwl,
and I oxp('<-t you saw tlie fiili that yon eaiiRht were not so plump as
the stream fish were.

Srntud Tourist -. They dill noit seem to ]Hit up nint-h of a fight when
hooked. They just ^ave one jnnvp wnd then were liroufrht in without
any further stnitrgle.

Third Tourist: Don't the Hah in Pine Ijake ever tt''t into good
condition *

Aiiglrr: In ahout six wwks time there will he a great change in
them. It takes time for them to reeo^Tr from spawning, partii'ularly
so as they have to iret haek into eondition in a fresh water lake, rather

thnn in their real environment, t)ie sea. Early in the sea.s»m they are
Rood, hut they begin to fall off ahoiit the middle of June, and it is
not until the latter part of Antrn-st that they beeome fit a$rain.

Mrx. Tniirist : My hnshand has been telling us of the wonderful sport
you had today. I wish we had been along instead of going over that
rough road to the lake.

Sfi-ond Triiirist : "Why didn'l you begin to fish as soon a-s you reached
the river? Tourist tells nie thai you waited for nearly half an hour
before yon began fishing,

AitgUr: Wheu trout are not feediiig (m the surface it is veri' diflfi-
eult to induce thent to rise to a ilry fiy. One or t\™ authorities on the
art have stated that when the exact position of a fish is known, it
can sometimes be coaxed to take a dry fiy, if the fly is floated over it

C.VT.IHHINIA FISH AND HAHE. 159

ii iiiiMiliiT of timi's. In order to be sm-i-cNKfiil. it is nuc-essary to cast
as many a-s twi-lvf' or more timt^ over the fish. Each cast has to be
Iflter pcrfirt and tlip Hy should not be lifted off the water until therp
is absolutely no chance of frightening the fish. One mistake spoils
evcrylhintr. If the suNpieions of the fish are once aroused, he loses
all interest in the priKcedings,

The theor\- is that by iiuikin<; a number of casts over the fish, you
create in his miiul the belief that there is a hatch of some Hy eominR
on. and so Iour aK no mistakes are made, tlie effort may eventually he
successful. The fish in this river, however, seem to fe«l mainly on
trrasshoppers. and during the time that the frrJisshoppers are present
ill large numlH'rs they |my very little attention to anything els<'.

TliirtI Toiirixl: Don't the fish feed in the evenings, when there are
generally lots of flics on the water?

Atif/l/r; Xot during the time of the ban-cut of 'hoppers. You will
iKrtiw u lot of small lisb and some elnilw feeding on these flies; but
the larger fish are resting while their heav.v meal of 'hopjicrs is dif,"'St-
ing. Whenever yon hHppen to l>e fishing in a stream where you know
there jire giHwl-siircd trout and ynu catch nothing hut small ones, you
can miU<e up ymir mind that the bij; fellows are not fcetling. "When
tlicy ilo feed the little tn>ut keep out of the way.

Sfciinrl Tourist : 'ITicn as I nndi'i^tand it. when the fi»h are not
feeding on the surface, a dri' fly is not much goocL

Antflir: Tluit is comvt with one exception — there is of course the
possibility of getting an odd fish by creating an artificial rise of fly.
When the dry fiy docs not produce n'sults, then we change over and
fish with a wet or sunk fly and quite possibly get some fish.

Tliini ToiirUt: Why didn't you fish with a wet fly while you were
waiting this morning?

Amjlir: First of all. I knew it was only a i|Ui'sti(m of a comi)arativel.v
short lime before the 'hoppers would he<;in to fly. Then, again, tliese
fish arc sljy. Tbcy are very wary and n(tt easy to catch, as the n-sult
of the coiitinual fishing that goes on day after day throughout the
entire open season. I considered it bi-st not to add still furtIu^^ to
their education hy raking the wafer with a wet Hy when I was sn sure
that they wtjuld soon he feeding on the top.

TiiiirisI : Vou remember speaking about "drag"? Should a dry fiy
always (loaf with the stream and never move at all on the surface?

Angler: In general, yes. Itnt there are times and occasions when a
deliberate drag, (hat is, a drag pniduce<l by tht^ fisherman himself, may
got a fish to rise, when possibly if no drag had been made, he would
pay no attention to the fly.

Seeotirl 't'omist : This sound's intcrcstin.tr. Can you give an example
from your own exiM-rience where a forceci drag was sucees.sfnl!

Aiu/lrr: Yes. A few weeks ago I was fishing farther north. Durnig
the latter part of the afternoon a lot of small sedge flies hatched out
and got onto the water. These flies belong to a different family than
that to which the ma.jority of the Hit's that we see belong. The sedge
Hies light on the surface: i\y up a short distance and light again.
When they are on the surface, they fre(|uently move, sometimes even

Goo<^lc

160 CALIFOBNTA PISH AND QAUE.

running along the top of the water for a short distance. In olden
times the antics they performed earned them the name of "caperer."
Oa several oecaeions on this trip I placed my fly over a rising fish
without any result. The fish was not "put down," because it went on
rising. Finally, I decided to see what effect it would have if I made
my fly copy tlie motions of the flies on which the fish were feeding.
I had already cast three times for the paxtieular fish that I was
going to experiment on. However, I cast and as soon as the fly got
neiar the plaee where tJie fish was feeding, I deliberately made the fiy
move slightly on the surface of the water. Well, the fish fell for it
and I got him all right.

The same scheme worked again successfully once or twice, but untU
it has been furUier tested, it can not be regarded as a standard tactic
to adop't. There will alwaj^ be the doubt, "would not the fish have
taken the fly without the artificially-produced dragT"

The fish in that section were harder to catch than the fish here in
the river.

Second Tourist: Well, all I can say is — they took "some" catching
if they were harder to catch than these boys here. Yesterday I fished
for fully two hours, and never got a single bite. At home, I can
always get a mess of trout without any trouble at all.

Third Tourist : Back where we come from, we never see as many
people fishing as we have seen heo-e. I expect that has sometliing to
do with it.

Second 7'ourist: You spoke of "dirag" just now. I don't quite get
you. What does it meanT

Anffler: "Drag" is a term used to define the unnatural movement
of the artificial fly on the surface of the water. The duns and spin-
ners, Ephmmdfe, do not move on the surface, they merely float quies-
cent. Now, if an artiflcial fly that is intended to represent one of
this family should suddenly start across the water leaving a wake
behind it, the suspicions of the trout would be aroused at once and it
would undoubtedly let "that queer acting fly" pass on. If they are
very wary, they stop feeding for awhile, or as the expression goes they
are "put down," which moans that they gently wnk to the bottom of
the stream and do not come up again for some time.

The water, where I experimented with a forced drag, was very slow
moving, so much so that to all intents and purposes, there was no
current at all. The surface was like polished glass. Unless there is
a breeze to ruflfle the water the fish are always difficult to approach
under such conditions. The forced drag was successful when there
was no air stirring. As I remarked before, the fish were feeding on
a sma.ll sedge fly. I had only one fly of this type with me, namely,
"the Welshman's button," The fly was so totally unlike the natni^
one thatt I did not expect to do any good with it. However, I had
lately been reading a book by "Red Quill" (James Englefield), who
is an authority. He stated that he fished an entire season with only
one pattern of fly, namely, the "red quill." He used it rain or shine,
when the fish were rising to duns or spinners, and also when they were
feeding on sedge flies. Thinking of his success I put on a small red

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFOENIA FISH AND GAME. 161

quJU and bad some very satisfactory results from it. I also tried a
'Wickbam's fancy, and was not exactly disappointed with what took
place.

Third Toinist: But tell us, what causes "drag" and how can you
prevent it I

Angler: There is not much danger of a "drag" where the surface
cuirente are steady. But if the stream is faster or slower at tlie spot
where the feeding fish lies than it is between that spot and the place
where you are standiDg, there ia bound to be a drag if your line falls
straight across the water.

Third Tourist: But whyt

Angler : Becaiise as soon as the line begins to float down, the swifter
portion of the surface makes the line belly out. This causes the fly at
the end to move toward the belly of the line, in other words, to "drag"
on the surface. This can be corrected, to a certain extent, by causing
the line to fall in a curve, either up or down stream, as the current
requires.

Second Tourist : But how can you make the line fall as it should f

Angler: By making the east in a horizontal plane — side stroke —
instead of a vertical place, or overhead stroke.

Third Tourist: Tourist tells me that you hold your reel with the
handle pointing to the left. Don't you find it rather awkward to wind
up the line with the left handf

Angler : Not so that you would notice it. I have brought some of
my junk along and by using it to demonstrate with, I may be able to
explain why I do this. lucidentally, I might remark that professional
opinion tells me that my method' is the right way, or as an authority
recently told me, it is " aeademieally the right way to fish."

Mrs. Tourist: What do you call "professional opinion t"

Angler : The expressed views of some of the leading manufacturers
of fishing tackle.

Now, here is my rod with the reel on it. (See Fig. 43.) Tou will
observe that I hold the line with my second finger. It has the longest
reach and consequently I cau, without moving the rest of my hand,
get hold of the loose line and secure it with less trouble than any of
the other fingers. To release the line, when I have hooked a good,
gamey fish, I merely straighten out my finger for a moment. If I
use the reel in this manner I am never bothered with slack line, for
as soon as the fly is delivered, I wind up any line that may be hanging
in a loop. The second finger reaches out and hooks onto tJie line and
brings it down to the hand grasp as you see now. If the handle of
the reel stuck out to the right I could not do this, unless I had a third
or supplementary arm and hand on the right side. I will admit
that with one exception all the angling writers advocate the handle
of the reel to the right, but anyone who has tried the other way and
learned how to wind with the left hand, which is extremely easy to do,
never goes back to the other position.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

162 CAI.IPOKN1A FISH AND GAME.

Third Toiiriat -. There Is something in that. But don't you find
that you lose more fish yonr way?

Angler: My experieme has shown iiie that adopting my metliod
pnxliioe^ just the opposite result. For instanw, I was fishing in a
|ila<*e wlierf the fish, altlwiugh they were lar<je, were few and far
hetween. One day I kept eareful eonnt of the rises I had. They
totalled exaetiy three; not tJiirty-three, hnt three. How many of those
risi'K do yon suppose I hookwi 1

Tourist: One out of three would he n fair average. Two out of
three would be remarkable. How niiniy did you hoi>k*

Angler: All three. Two of the fish were landed: the fhird t;ot off liy
eoming a few feet towards me and djirting off under a snnken log.
I eonidnt keep him out because tbe only jHwaible method would have
Ih^en to push him away with the line, whieh was imiKXi-sible,

l:<eei»iii Tonrixt : Won't yon show n.s the rest of your paraphernallH !

Aiu/hr: Here are ji enuple of inorlem fly reels. (See Fig. 44.) Th,.y
are short length siwols of larjre diameter. ('onsoi|iienlly, you cjin
wind up line very fast with them.

Tliiril Tourist: Did yon ever tise aji antomafie reel?

Aiii/ler: So. I do not think that tliey are siitisfaetory. The reel.
liesid'eH being used as a dovii-e to eare for tlie spare Hue, ax.'ts jls a
eonnter weijrht and l.alanees n.d. The weigiit of an automnlie reel
is so great thnt it ovi^rhalanees any normal fiy rod.

Heri' is iin oid-time fly liox. This is known as the "Houghton" fly
iiox and has la'en nuuh' for a number of veal's. I have had tliis
p<i(tieular one ever sinee IHIlll. but it is still in fair eondilion.

Toiirixt: Why Ihe "Houghton"?

Anifler: It is niiTne<l after a fiunous old fishing einb of that name.
Ever siiU'e 1S22. tbe eluh has lejisi'd or owni-d riparian rights on the

CAr.lFORNIA FIHII AND GAME. 163

Test, a river in the Konth of 1-nglanl I 1 s n t 1 for its trout
Hsiiint; and more iHtrtit-iilarly for tl in H bra 1 f tliat art.

Mrs. Tourist: You have cj te a n p -oil t o of fl es in that box.
I notice that they s^-ein to le (,raJe<I tro | te lark flies to some
that are nearly white in the r ge er I n ake p I* t ne<;e8.sary to
have many different kinds of fiiea?

Aiiylrr: Not absolutely. There are twelve different patterns there.
As a freneral rule, there is suffieient variety in sui'h a t'olle(!tiou to
find the right fly for the fell. The grajwhopper tiy is not there, litit

that fly is more or le>« a purely local pattern. Uy that I mean, it
wonkl he worsi- than useless, uidess, the feh were feeding on 'hoppers.

Mrs. Touri.^t : What are the names of yimr Hies?

Aiiglrr: Well, here 1 have Die red ipiill. These are Wieklmm's
fancies. For a ven,- liirht-eolored fly, I u.se this, whieli is enilwl
Kin^sley's em-ktail spinner. The opposite, or the prince of darkness,
is this one, which is known as (ireenwell's jrlory. This is the medium
olive dim, and this one is the witchui-eh dim. Ttien lierx' is that old
standby the hiire's ear. This fly won distinction, for it was with- it
that the largest trout ever caught with the drj' fly was hooked.

Third Tourist : How Injr was it;

Angler: It weighed twelve and three-(|nart*'rs pounds and took one
hour and a quarter to land. Its fortunate captor was the Keverend
S. E. V, Fillenl of Wareham.

Third T<niri>it: Some fish, I'll say so!

Anglpr: This fly is the whirling blue dun, and here we have the
pink lady, the invention <if Mr. (ieorge M, La IJram-he of New York,
This animal with no wings is Tup's indispen.s.able, which is suppose<l

, , ..>...;^|C

164 CALIFORNIA FISH AND QAHE.

to represent the fly just at the moment it reaches the surface, before
it has gotten rid of its outer skin and put iia wings out. Finally,
here we have tlie "whole dam dun family" and the "blood relation"
or "first cousin" to the "dam dun family."

Second Tmirist: Why such a name for a poor inoffensive fly I

Angler: This fly is intended to be a composite portrait of all the
duns. Its cousin is a slight variation with woodcock wings and is
very useful when tlie marvh brown fly is on the water. These two are
my own design^

Second Tourist: Are they any good I

Angler: Well, the first time I used "the family" I got hold of a
big trout that escaped by promptly getting down between some rocks
and sawing off my leader. The next day at almost my first east with
the same fiy I got a three-and-a-half-pound tah and long before it
got dark or even the cows came home, I had caught the limit.

Mrs. Tourist : Which is your favorite flyT

Angler: The grasshopper, when the fish are feeding on it. But
when they are feeding on small flies I have no first choice. The fact
of the matter is that one fly is as good as another provided the size
is right. The most important thing is to have confidence that the
fly you are using is the one and only fly to use. If you ean attain
to tliis degree of perfection then you will catch fish. However, we
are human and we liave our doubts and in order to be on the safe aide
it is just as well to have a variety of flies along, even if you do
confine yourself to only one or two patterns.

Mrs. Tourist: Well, we have had a most delightful visit, and if
ever you come our way you must certainly eome out to the ranch and
have some fishing where there will not be ao many people fishing all
around you.

Angler: Here are a few grasshopper flies that may be useful in
the future.

Tourist : Many tlianks. And good luck to you.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFOBNU FISH AND OAUB.

165

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME

A publication devoted to the ._

" — ~I wild life and publlahed quarterly
> Calltomla State Flah and Game

Sent tree to citrzeni ot the State of Call-
Tomla. Offered In exchange for ornitho-
logical, mainmaloslcal and similar period-

may be reprcxiuced In oltier periodicals,
provided due credit la given the California
Finh and Game Commlislon. Editors of
newspapere and perlodlcaJa are Invited
to make uae ot pertinent material.

All material for publication should be
sent to H. C. Bryant, Museum ol Varte-
brats Zoology, Berkeley, Cal.

OCTOBER 2S, 1930.

eft to themselves, will con-
tinue to yield food and sport Indcflnltely.
A constant supply can only be maintained
through carefully planned protection and
propagation, and the necessary expense In-
volved In such an undertaking Is Justmed
by any results which are as outstanding
as thoae of flsh and game.

COMMISSION'S DUTY TO PROTECT
FISH AND GAME.
We of lea bear unjust criticfsm of
the Fish and Game GomntJHsioD, because
of the wrong altitude taken by many
aportsmea. There are many persons who
sepm to think that the huDter or fisheir-
mao is better qiiatified to dictate as to
what the law should be than the Fish
and Game Commission. They fait to
realize that they view (juestions from
rather a selfish poinrt ot view. The
members of the Com mission are in a
better position to know conditions and to
judge as to Deeds than any individual or
group of Individuuls. for it is their busi-
Dess and not simply their hobby. Hie
Pish and Game Commission must stand
as ft barrier to protect fish and Rsme.
It takes into account the safety ot the
different species more largely than the
desire of the man who hunts and fishes.

SUMMER RESORT EDUCATIONAL
WORK.

The cducatiuaal work in Uic Yosemite
National Park carried on under the joint
aospices of the Knttoual Park Servti?e
and the California Fish and Ganie Com-
mission this psat summer proved to be

very popular end very much worth while.
The work was designed to bring usetnl
infonnaiUoD regarding wild life and the
methods of conserrlng It to the Bummer
vacationist The term "Nature Guide
Service," applied to it. but partially ex-
plains the different fields ot endeavor.
In addition to the scheduled field tripe
for both adults and children, formal
lectuireB and campfire talks were given at
the various resorts. Such game birds as
tiie band-tailed pigeon, mountain quail,
Sierra grouse and spotted sandpiper en-
countered on the different field eicursiona
gave splendid opportunity for the dis-
cussion of the present status and the
methods for the conservation of these
different game species. Wild life films
and stereopticon slides were used to il-
lustrate the lectures. An office hour held
at the Nationsl Park Service office gave
Yosemite visitors a chance (o have ques-
tions answered. A total or nearly 1400
persons, a large number of whom were
children, were given first hsnd informa-
tion regarding birds, mammals and fish
through the medium of field trips, and
over 25,000 persons through tbe medium
oE lectures. Thus doee the plan grow
for making "conservatioqisls ont of sum-
mer vacationists."

THE GRIZZLY.

In the Conservationist for August,

1020, Mr. Enos Mills has contributed a

short appeal on behalf of the vanishing

grizzly. The need for the protection of
this splendid snimat in California was not
appreciated soon enough. California,
where the grizzly was but a short time
a^ fonnd in considerable numbers, Is
now without a single representative, and
it is to he trusted that the people who
live in the sections of our country where
he is still to be found will not be so
short'sightcd.

Mr. Mills says: "The grizcly is dis-
tinguished by keenly developed senses,
alertness, simtstned curiosity, aud superior
mentality,

"Although the grizzly in not feroctus,
and although he docs not eat human
liesh, most people unfortnnately believe
the contrary. One in ns likely to be
assaulted t>y a jack rabbit bs by a
grizzly, and for more likely to be chnsed
by a tame row or a civilized dog.

_nOO<^IC

im

CAUPOKNIA FIHH AND GAME.

"'I'Ih' KriKilj- ifi'slrHj-s luaiiy ix'sls-
rntH. mice. mlibitH and KTaes]io[t]tei
MoHt of hix food haliitR aro M'aDomicai:
lH'n<'liHal to mankinil. Kxccpiion
!;rizztii's liavr tiimcd CHltle ktllero : but
mttlp or liig ^cunii! kiltiiu; in (vnfitieil lo
(Ut I 'Option a] imlikidualR and not to
('i-jillonal (loini!)! of all ;;rizz][es.

"Thp srizzty liiis couroRP. lojnitj- and
iiidiviilualil.v. • • • Oiir mcp lo:-
111.- Grizzly eof"- Hf i« Ihi- iiinstpr toiirli
to aniii.sp tile imaEination. to iipriM'tiint
Ibe K^ranjci^ primovHl memoripK. lo g[\
tlie wildpmeKs its auprfmp ^>i'M."

Wp hu|>e that the (ODwriatinniHtb uli
nrp itit<rphlp(l in tbr iirutpction of thi
inoUHnli of the Milds will lie Kiicii-siful in
ipn adinc the rciim 1 of tliPir loum nation
iiml that eHrl\ nttPDtion aiII l>e gitei
tln> blatk bear tUnt it iDa\ not follow tlii

BEAVERS INCREASE IN THE ADIRON
DACKS.

A i-arcful Hludj- of tin- Ix-avrr in th(
AiliruudnckD linn sIiowd tliat lliiM fur-
iKMivr Ik now ko abtiudnnt that
8i>aNon Ih not only safe Inii. i
til pn'vcnt too iniii'h datnufc belns done
tu limber and ciiltivati-d vroiw. In the
da.v uf tbe traiii>er tlic nnnual ex|>orta-
liim »f lienier jieltK from NVw York SlaH-
alone iitnoiinleil to NOUIl. This waa iu
the da.vK uf the braver hat. iu the year
1IW18. By isu<) lieai'ern were so n-duced
in nnmlierH ihat Ibey prolmbly niiniliered
a lit! It' more Iban 1.IHN) in the Adirou-
il H-ks. In IMTi i( hat bi'en esliiimted
Hint there «ere iiot more Iban live or leu
animalx lef, iu IhiK same n'siuu. Alwut
IhiM time i-ffcjrls were made by H|ior1smen
tu not only lirotect tlie tieaver. but to
n'Ktuck some of the HtreHms. In liHxi
Kome aetunl restock ini; luuk ptoi-e, At
beavi'm in all were releaseil tlurinx Ibi-
ri'Ktoi'kinR iiprloil. and a. tiie pmieiit
time. }i yearn iater, tbe bi>avi'r in the
AdirundnrkK are easily estimated at from
.'MMU 10 IIUMMK Beavers an- now so
aliundant that mnsideralilo damage is
caused liy ttoodiiw timlii>r orens and ob-
K I meting naviKutiou.

ity for Ihv eoudiliotIN
in to ank tlie Xetv

> o|M-n llie Bi'asou on

ill be done.

'I"be aimple

York liiftislotnre (
beavers, and this n

, where restO(4iinf;

This is niiolher
of the deer in Vem
proved eminently suwessfiil.
mals ha\e wonderful jiowers of reeiiiM-r-
alion and if Riven a ehance will quickly
reslock the area. Better, however, than
n-Ktoi-kinc ik ibe tonservation of a suHi-

STATC FAIR EXHIBIT.

The exhibit at the Slate I'uir whidi
drew so much favorable attention last
year was remodeled and improveil for
(lie V.KM fair. The observation iilatform
was moveil farther away, additional foot-
hills were added and a miniature eleclrit
train, with bridReB and tunnels, was in-
stalled and better lightiuR effects Bupplied.
It will be remembered that Ihe exhibit is
a (■y<' I era ma. showing the Sierra from
Muont Shasta on the north to Mount
VVbitney on (be .south, wElh uilnialure
balehery buldiiisn in tlie fon'Rroiind, and
still nearer in tlie fureground a lance lake
(ontainiiiK live trout. Of iMrticiilar in-
terest tills year were the added eloud
elfn-ts. While elianKiuR eotora whii-li
liiclit Ihe mounlnins ohow the chanRe fi'oui
■lay to niglii. elouds sweep across tlie "by
an<l later the stars apiienr. Tliis is fol-
lowed by the rosy liiils of morning.

Visitors to tile fair unhesitallnRly
stated lb II Ibis exhibit was not only llic
tiui'Kt eiiliibit on the fair Rronnds but the

ceediiiR any of those shown nt the I'aii-
ama-]'neitle Ksjiosition.

LAW LEGALIZES CARRYING OF GUN
CLOSED SEASON.

St session of tlie l(-)tislaliire
j.H'k rabliils were placeii on tbe predatory

thus

altowin

kil-

times but allowioR tlie killing
itUout a hunlinf! lieeuse. (Irant-
lie jnc'k rabbit is a pest and
irolection at the prexeut lime.

around, thus making law enforee-
imriiciilarly diflieult. More and
it becomes evident that tbe carry-
iug of a Kun during certain scasoas of

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

I PISII ANI> (j

VMB.

nrn-Kt. OtJK-ni'W. on tixf gilt'a of It
inn jnck rabbilM, tli<- violator ba^ a clu
to lie ill tlip ti>>l(l cliirine tlip clOKnl neOJtoa
fur ((iiaii Htul otli>>r gmiip. All Hports-
iwii kIioiiIiI lie Hlivr to tlip dniiBcr if this
hiw conlinKi's to BtHtui on tlip siaiul'-
hooks.

MORE TRAINED CONSERVATIONISTS.

Ltlilions of :

(iffiTinB Kplpnitl<l c'oursHs <in (tami- proiia-
«ntion ami niori' rpcfntly thfre lins lipcn
Formnl al MHin-eor. Iowa, the Ameriean
S<'lici»] of \Vil<l Lifp l>n)ie<-lioti au<l
rroiweation. Thr aim is to eitlaliliHh
Hti inKtitiitiun that will not only till tlie
intemtt iinil ih-mIk of thi> individual Btu-
<leni. Imt oup which will at the HHme limt'
fnrilier lb(> dim-uHsion and ehicidatiun of
Inrite iiafsttuns. xiioh as watiT supjily.
ih-s|iul)ij:)on of fores til and tlie inilis-
[Tiiiiinale draining of lakcH. It will lie
reiiiembenil thai tlMTi- hax lieeu cutt-
■iderable neitation fur n natiiinni luirk in
Ihe near vidnity of MHir.'Ror. ooiwe-
'jiiviitly the lix-ation of this h'IiooI is
■ faniUy

Mud-h

< Stew.

Mlid-heus. Haifa bii

t itounil Halt ]>urk. Kalt.
1 niediiim aiiwd l'e|)|KT.

Poll

(iieih.

i doxpii el

Skin tbr

« (nb

!...wder

2 tatileK(>oonH flour.

I Ik — rfo nut [lick iliem—
d Boak thein a few hours, or all niKht,
water to wbic-h ha-s been additti a little
II. Tiien remove the binls from liie
It water and inlt (hem in a kettle
nlHiniiiff 8iilfl(-ient water to oover thetn.
't Ihe water come to a boil, then tK""'
e water off: add half a jiound of Halt
rk. eiTl in dices ; eover with hot water,
d h't iHiit alxnit one hour. Then add
If a dozen wh<ile cloves : one medinin
iimI onion cut u|> fine: half a hay leaf;
It and |H>ii|>er to laste; and ]ieele<l
latoeH a* dexire<l.

Mix one leaniHinn of eurry |>ou-der and
o laMeNiMionH

LUKil '

make .

'J the

lid ].

<-o'>k

110 til I

A-Llh

State I'niversiiy. MoniinKside I
<'omell rolleee and Iowa Stale *
U'itli a new lisberies colleKe i'sIh
al the rniverxity of WaaUiDeKin a
two ioHlilutioas ineiiliiaied aliuve.
shonld lie no laek of Iraincil men

.liege.

it half an limu- bwipor before si-n

•rve with lioile.l riiT as n side dish,
vd.

MAKING CONSERVATIONISTS.

lid

e lm|

.ffrr work ■■! n siiiiihir iialiiiv,
I STEW "HUNTER STYLE."

only Kuninxsi'd in finvor hy tla- lielter niea
din-ks. Mr. \V. \V. Kiehanls offers tile | (\iii
followius n-.-iiH'. whMi has l«Tn iLs.ii evi.l
for many .vears al ■■Cr.'cii I,..dKv". his ! mali

ihe KinirtNJiien and Ihe |)eoiile
ed Stales cenerall.v than in

n the I'lii.ed SiKles is now
wo biindred y.'ars old. il has
ii tlie KaineV" As eurly an

ivilil iiirke.vs, bealh hens and
in Ihe slate of New York,

)K-iialty for violations of ihe
day the most iiu|Hirlaiit Kaiiie
ew York Slate is the rahhil.
rkey and heath hens are ex-
he deer and [lartridKeH are

only under' ibe iiro^.eel ive

p£ the State ('«n.servatiou

However, siK'h deinoratizinK

ci( iiiesljmable valne if it
eo|.le of each ami every slnle

own wibi life and Ihe best

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFOBNIA FISH AND QAHB.

ways and meaos of affording it protec-
tion. New York has arjaen to its re-
Bponsibiltties and ceo well be a splendid
example to most atatea. Mr. Pratt of
the ConBervaUon Conunission of New
York believes that the cmi ot the whole
problem la to be found in having laws,
based on exact knowledge and biological
investigation, carried oat b; an effici»it
game proteclive force.

There is no doubt that the value of
banng an intelligent, efficient, noopo-
liticat bod; of men as game wacdens
hardly be overestimated. But of what
lastiOE value was the Pmsaiau military
system nithont the united support of the
entire populace? Of what value ia any
system without cooperation? Ot major
importance is the development of moral
force, and this is acctHnplished through
the education of the people. If the state
game wardens can staiid as educators of
tlie people then, indeed, they can be <
more Justly proud of their worth. Uske
it the people's affair, the people's inter-
est, the people's pride io protect the wild
life in the state, and the people, not a
small struggling minority, will protect
the wild life of the country.

New York is visualizing the cause by
an emblem desigoed for permanent use,
a small celluloid card iDterpreting the
emblem being given with each one.
The cause is becoming popularized, and
the creed is one which we should all
stand for:

"I believe that 'God has leut us the
earth for our life. It is a great entail.
It belongs as much to those who are to
come after us as to us, and we have no
right, by anything we do or neglect, to
involve them in any unnecessary pen-
allies, or to deprive them of the benefit
which was io our power to bequeath,' —
RuBkiD. I

"That, iu a great democracy of free
people, the protection of wild life and
the preservation of all Other natural re-
sources, which underlie) national pros-
perity and happiness, must depend, finally,
as does the stability of the government
itself, upon the supiiorC and willing serv-
ice of every citiien.

"I therefore declare my adherence to
these principles, and have enrolled myself
as an active Conservationist of the Em-
pire State."

When the people carry this creed in
their hearts rather than on a celluloid
card in their vest pockets, the conserva-
tionist will have won his hard earned
struggle. M. K.

PRESERVATION OF INLAND
MARSHES.

Mr. E. W. Nelson, Chief of the United
States Biological Survey, has recently
pointed out the importance of furnishing
migratory waterfowl with places where
tbey can stop to rest and rear their
yonng. Certainly one of the most im-
portant factora in the decrease of water-
fowl is the reclamatioD of swamp land,
which has furnished a food supply and
sate breeding place tor these birds. In
the propagation of dranestic birds we all
know that the most neceasar; things are
food supply, shelter and safe breeding
sites, and it Is not hard to see that wild
birds are dependent for their existence
on these same three things. The desire
of tlie American people to commercialiie
absolutely everything Is leading to the
reclamation of marshes which in reality
are more valuable as breeders of water-
fowl than as agricultural producing areas.
As Mr. Nelson has pointed out, the
marsh lands under Intelligent management
will yield abundant returns to the nom-
munity, as Indicated in the following
summary of their productiveness:

1. I'roduction of food and game fi

musk rats, skunks, and raccoons whidi
frequent tticir borders.

4. A natural ice suMily.

5. A definil« and invaluable help in
maintaining the underground water level
in various parts of the state, and in help-
ing to hold bedi the runoff of rainfall to
prevent excessive erosion.

0. Opportunities for healthful and in-
teresting recreation for the citizens ot the

Where such water areas are in-
cluded in state parks or reservations, they
lend themselves admirably to edncatioDiU
uses, and help interest the people of the
state in out-of-door life and in the natural
renourcPB of the state iu the form of plant
and animal life.

That some states are becoming alert
the dnnger, arising from tlie demand
drain many bodies of water, is shown
by the fact that the Conservation Corn-
ion of Iowa is working out plans

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALtPOBNIA PISH AND OAHE.

wUcb will permit tbe Baving of desir-
able water areas from ill-conaidered
dralDaee, and Hiruiesota receatl;, under
the decision ol tbe atate courts, baa saved
water areas from drainage, on (be ground
of their value to tbe public Id their
oataral state.

It is blgb time tbat California should
be aroused to tbe danger wbicb threatens
tbe wild life o[ tlie state by the continu-
ous drainage of water and marsh areaH.
Discnsston along tbis line is timely and
inunediate effort must be made, if suit-
able areas for waterfowl are to be main-
tained.

ANOTHER SPORTSMEN'S CREED.

1. I deem it a point of honor never
to sboot a Bitting bird (except cripples).
I will not pot-shot, and I will not stand
for it in my party.

2. I will measure the success of my
day afield not only by tbe siie of my
bag, but by the number of cripples I
leave behind me. I would rather get a
mess of gunewith no tost cripples, than
to kill tbe limit ajid leave tbe woods fnti
of lost game. Aiccordingly, I will shoot
to kill, and / tciU not ihcot out of range.

3. I am against "piecing out" the
other fellow's limit. I am against the
"dummy license." The legal limit aniliee
to the man, not to the part7. If I <
kill my own game I don't want anyone
else to kill it for me, and I expect mj
bunting partners to look at it the same
way. If they don't, they don't need my
company.

4. I will not clean out a covey. "Leav-
ing some for seed" is one of tbe first
principles of sportsmanship. — "The Pine
Cone," July, 1&20.

THE AIRPLANE VIOLATOR.
No^ long after the invention of tbe
airplane, it was found that a ma^-madc
madiine could easily overtake flying
waterfowl and that buntiug was thus
made easy. Hunting from an airplane
baa grown in popularity and uu>re than

one slate has found that some restric-
tion must be placed in the game laws
to prevent too great a toll being taken.
Game law vidatore who ride in ain^anes

are difficult to apprehend, as are also the
automobile violators. It will be remem-
bered that at the last session of the
legislature California prohibited the
shooting of game from airplanes, auto-
moMIes. and sailboats, as well as from
power boats wbile in motion. Ofnolesaim-
portance than buntingfrom an airplane, is
the stopping of the shooting of hawks and
other birds from an automobile. Not
rally are many hawks and other valuable
birds killed b; the man desiring SMne-
thing to ehoot, but persons traveling
along the same road are endangered.

FRANCE DEMANDS GAME REPARA-
TION.
France is awake to the fact that part
of the reparalion owed her by Germany
ia to be found in the game destroyed in
tbe regions where heavy fighting took place
and in that which Germany to<& to
augment her diminishing food supply. An
association of French sportnnen have de-
manded tbat Germany repay tbe gunners
of France by restocking the game reserves
so entirely depleted by German invasion,
rather than by making reparatdon with
money. The sportsmen were bo Insistent
in their demands tbat tbey convinced tbe
reparation council of the importance of
(heir stand, and France is now to de-
mand from Germany and Austria live
game to the value of 3.'>,000,000 francs.
Germany and Austria must eacb furnish,
in four half-yearly installments, 200
stags, 1000 binds, 30O male and 400
female roe deer, 200,000 male hares and
400,000 female and 3,000,000 brace of
partridges. In addition, Austria must
furnish 1,000,000 pheasants. The greater
proportion of tbe game will be liberated
immediately upon arrival, under tbe
supervision of experts. The balance will
be held on game farms as breeding stock,
these farms to be controlled and operated
by the French government.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

170 C.\l>IF<)ltNlA PIKH AND OAMB.

FACTS OF CURRENT INTEREST.
Salmon have been cau^t cm hook and line as far up the Sacra-
mento River as Sacramento this season, It seems probable that the
exceedingly low water, combined with an invB»ioti of salt water far
up the river, has had something to do with the unusual catch.

Angling interests have been threatened owing to the drying up of
many trout streams and lakes during the past summer. It has been
impossible to stock many streams which have heretofore been stocked
annually, because of the lack of water.

Hunting is growing more and more popular as is evidenced by the
report of the sals of hunting licenses.

The Fish and Qame Commission's State Fair exhibit proved to be
the most attractive one of the 1920 fair. The one complaint was that
people were unable to see the exhibit owing to the crowds.

Live golden trout were displayed again this year at the State Fair.

A new state fisheries laboratory is now assured, as the city of Los
Angeles has furnished the Fiih and Otime Conunission a long-time
lease on a site at Fish Harbor, San Pedro.

The normal kill of deer has been made during the past open season,
and reports show that deer are on the increase in many sections.

Twenty-five to fifty persons registered daily at the Tahoe camp
ground this past season.

The new Tahoe Hatchery constructed at Walker Springs at the
north end of the lake has been completed and is ready for occupancy.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

;ai.ifoknia kish .\nt> uamb.

HATCHERY NOTES.

\V. 11. SiitBl.BY, Kditor.

TROUT DIE [N SEAR LAKE.

As is UiP (■»!«■ in most dry ypnrs, llisi'f
liiiH Iwfn II Kn-af losn of liwii iliie to tlie
cir.viiie lip of Inh^K mid slivnniH. Stock-

V stri'

lu III- KUStH>a<lwl tliJH year hMMiiHi' Ibe
slrpatnit ivppp Bbsolutply dry. AtiKlpni
in Houttiprn ('alifomm Iistp bwn justly
iliMliirhpd ovpr the dpntli of thiiiiKamlB of
Hup iHDtP front, mntiy from tbrpp to tpn
jKHinilH In wpight. in Bij: BPBf I^ke in
thp Snn Itpniardiiio Mountains. What
lh>' fntiiri' of HxliinK In tliin Inkp. whifb
liHK lipn'toforp lippn the mpfin of most
of ttip sn?[prs of fdw AnRpI™ mid nPftrUy

Ml

will

lo I

till- thporipM ailvnciccd ns to thp
(iiusc undprlyInK tiip ilpslniction of fish,
Xu mnili-r wlial liip iiiimp<]iatp (-iiiihp.

uiipthiT liat-tpriH or (-lifniiciil imisoning.
III.- undi-riyine (iuinp is doubtlpss to be
found ill the ili-iirth of water.

SMALL TAKE OF EGQS.
l*w water in tlip streamB wliprp hihiwu-

iiiK o[)t-rarions are carrii'd on lias ])rc-
yi-nti'd a larcp take of i-ffRS for tin-

n-pr[' so low that fisli were unable to
liroi-epd up strpam far enough to rpai-li
tlip Rpawnlne Rtation. At Hie Snow
Mountain pric ('o1lp<-tiuK stalion, when-
a lancp lake of stpelhMiil enre In usually
made (fn>m 4.(NNI.INI0 tu (i.lJO'l.OO) Ii-hs
than ono-fourlli of the nsual take was
Mcctirpd— 7riO,0«U.

GOLDEN TROUT LACKS HARDINESS
OF OTHER TROUT.

.\1tboueh Roldpn trmit npa are beina
sui'CPKsfully liatched and the fry reared
in our hatt'lip-ripR, j'pl. tlie adult Eoltlcn
trout apiH-ars tu be a difficult one tu hei-p
in br^edine ihmiiIs. S^'veral attemptu have
lippn made to kpej) the jrol''*'" trout at
Hip Mount SInista llaKhery but willi-
uut NuitrsB. (ioiden trout exhiliitptl at
thp State Fair at Saeramento last K<<]i-
lemlx-r were moved to Sistoii. but all
di<>d. Just wliy tbia wpecies should Hur-
cumb while olliers thrive is a uiyster.v.
as shipments from Inyu Coimly coiue
thruujth in kooiI condition and no troulde
nc them in miliaria

t thp Sl.it

V«\\

Goo(^ Ic

172

CAUFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

THE TAHOE HATCHERY.

The new Tahoe Hatcher; ia now com-
pleted nod read; for occupanc;. It has
become more and more evident for Beveral
years past -that the supply of water at
the old batiAery site was entirely in-
adeqnete, and several years ago property
about one mile east was secured, together
with tbe water rights to WaJker Springs.
In fact the site secured is the only one
available at the present time. The springs
furnish a purer and colder water Buppi;
than any stream Bowing iato tbe lake.
Furtbermore, n supply of water from
springs is more dependable than that
from a stream, io that there is lees danger
of lack of water during a dry season.
The new hatchery contains siity-Ionr
troughs and will have a capacity of about
two and a halt million trout. Provision
has also been made for breeding ponds
and nursery ponds. A superintendent's
cottage is being built.

This new batdiery is made the more
nccessaTy because of tlie tack of water
nt the Tallac Ha.tcbery during the past
few years. The new Tahoe Hatchery ia
of sufficient size to baodle practically all
of the black-spotted trout operations.

The old hatchery buildiDg will be

THE OLD AND THE NEW.

In IS88 -the Monnt Shasta. Hatchery
consisted of one bnildjng, forty by aiity
feet, containing forty-four troughs. Its
capacity was a few hundred thousand
trout and salmon. At the present time
tbe Mount Shasta Hatchery comprises
seventeen acres with five large hatching
houses containing 490 troughs, tcvether
with superintendent's cottages, spawniitg
house, kitchen, bam, sbeda aai garage.
Fifty Isrge rearing ponds for trout and
three larger poods for salmon complete
the equipment. Tbe hatchery output
averages more than 10,000,000 trout and
salmon per year.

FOOD FOR TROUT INTRODUCED.
The Department of Fishculture is en-
deavoring to conserve the fish supply by
introducing new trout food in the lakes
of tbe southern Sierra and Tahoe tiasin.
Insects, such as salmon flies; crustaceans,
such as gammarus; and aquatic plants
are being introduced.

OOMHEBOIAL FISHERY NOTES.

N. B. SconcLD, EMitor.

THE STATUS OF THE TUNA.
The Fisb and Oame Commission

recently receii-ed a letter from
leading sporting magaz'ues chilling attri-
tion to tbe fac-t that a seaplane bad been
'used at San Pedro in locating schools of
tuna. They also sent this Commission a
■letter which they had received from a
Califomian protesting against tbis "COD-
tompiible praoiice'' as Ihoy called it. and
stating that the "fish canning companies
of the state by Ibis method are destroy-
ing this wonderful Psciitc Coast fish, tbe

As tbis is the kind of o|i|iUKition which
any new method of fiBliing recpives
whether it is aotunlly deHlruetive or not,
the reply made is appended :

Tlie tuna has been recognized as a
commercial fish for many years in Europe.
The only reason it bas not been recog-

ial fish on the Atlantic

Pacific cosKts of the United States
is because we have not appreciated its
value as a fond fisb. So far the (una,
which wc call here the blue-fin or leaping
luns {'I'hunnui thynnui), has be«i taken
in commen'i:il quantities only a couple of
years, Hud we are quite sure that the
species is in no immediate danger of
beinic exterminated or of being seriously
depleted.

which the United States

Pure

which is the whilemeat tuna found i
the marhels. h is been taken commercially
in large quantities for the last seven or
eight years. The albacore is taken with
hook and line only but the quantity taken
' ■ ■ thirty

lillio

mils, c

i the 1

tight

...jiim has been employing

„ itigators for the past three

years to make a thorough invest igatitHi
of the albacore to determine if it was
being overfished and likely to become *eri-

GlHH^Ic

CAUFORNIA FISH AND QAHE.

173

ousl; depleted in namben. At the be-

einaitij; of tliis inveatigation three years
ago, there was available aecucate data
of the catch for three years preceding,
so that now we have bad aii years accu-
rate data of the catch upon which to pasH
an opinion as to whether it is being
overlishcd. The evidence is quite conclu-
sive that the albacore is not in danger of
being depleted and we consider that it
needs no protection as yet. The tuna
which is mentioned in your tetter is a
closely related fish belonging to the same
genus and it is not at all likely that it
will be taken in Jarge enough qnantJtiea
to seriously deplete the supply for at
least seferal years to come.

This state is collecting accurate data
of the CJtch of each cQouDercial species
of flsli and this data shows not only the
total catches of each variety but the
catch per unit of fishing gear. Ity means
of this data we are keeping a belter watch
on the fisheries than ih nuy other state
and we will be able to detect depletion
of any species before such depletion has
advanced beyond the danger point. We
are not taking it for granted that the
resources of the sea are ineihauatible ; we
are going on the assumption that an^y
species may be exhausted if we catch it
in large enough quantities. We are watch-
ing the tuna fisheries as well as our
immense sardine fishery very carefully
and we wish to assure you that there is
no cause for alarm in the fact Chat an
(Kraisional seaplane is used to locate
schools of tuna.

As yet there is no demand in the
markets for the canned blue-fin tuna, in
fact, there is not the demand there should
be and it is not iikely that the fishing
for blue- fin ton a will need restricting
until the public do come to appreciate it
as a valuable food product.

We do not consider the nse of seaplanes
in locating schools of fisb as a "con-
temptible practice." This method of lo-
cating fiflh has \>eea used but little on
this coast. On tbn Atlantic coast, as yon
may know, the United States Government,
with the sanction of the United States
Bnreau of Fisheries, is aiding the fishing
industries to locate fish by this means.
Seaplanes were used last fall at Stin
Diego in locating schools of sardines.
These seaplanes were furnished by the
United States Navy and had the sanc-
tion and assistance of the State Fish and
Game Commission.

BUREAU CHIEF INSPECTS CALI-
FORNIA FISHERIES.
Dr. H. F. Moore, Deputy CMnmissioner
of fisheries, made a tonr of inspection
of California fisheries and the United
States Bureau of Fisheries' Preservation
Laboratory at Sen Pedro during Sep-
tember on his return from the Pan-
Padfic Science Congress at Honoltilu.

This is Dr. Moore's first visit to this
coast for several years. A full week was
spent on a survey of the fisheries, this
being occasioned by the recent rapid
growth of our fisheries and more especi-
ally by the fisheries conservation work
now being done by the State Fish and
Game Commissitm. Dr. Moore has ei-
preseed himself as being very favorably
impressed with the conservation worii
under way in this state.

TUNA FISHERIES tNVESTIQATED.

A recent visitor to this coast b Dr.

Kamakichi Kishinouye, of the College of

Fisheries, Tokyo Imperial University,
Japan, who is making a spedal study
of the comparative anatomy of the
Scomtiroid fidtes. or in other words, the
fishes of the mackerel family. He finds
that the yellow-fin and the blue-fin tunas
have a remarkable set of blood vessels
which surround the liver and extend into
the strip of dark meat along the side of
the fish, which strip is so noticeable in
the fishes of- the mackerel family. The
albicore, or long'finned tuna, docs not
show (his nntffiual development, at least
in such a marked degree.

The remarkable part of this is that
this particular arrangement has never
been descrihed by anatomists or flsh in-
vestigators. It is believed to have some
direct beariug on the fish's ability to with-
stand wrfd water.

Dr. Kishinouye is spending some time
in southern Oalifomia in order to make
a study of this structure in the three
species of tuna found in those waters, i.e.,
bluc-fio. yellow-fin and long-fin tuna. He
also wishes to determine if these three
fish are of the same species as those
found in Japan. He suspects, from woil
he has already done on the anatomy of
these fishes, that the Japanese blue-fin
tuna is a different species from the one
found in the Mediterranean Sea. Here-
tofore these two, as well as the blue-fin
tuna found io California, have been con-
siderrd the same species.

In Japan the blue-fin and yellow-fin
tnna are caught by immense trap nets
placeil rather close inshore. The . long-
finned tuna, or albacore, cannot tie canght
in this manner as they do not approach
the shore, living only in quite deep water.
The albacore is taken to some extent in

jOOi^lc

174

CAI.IPORNTA FISH AND GAME.

tcill ucU Iml till' t»'l»<'il'>il mclhoil i>f
(-Hli'hins Ih by tlii> one of ImiK linm. itim-
ilur lu the lines uitml liy tlic Califumin
KikIi and Oame Cummiwiion in its «x-
IMTi mental fbihiiif! fur albnoori- in Kuulh-
PHl Culiforniu walirii a yi>nr or ao ago.
They havi> found tliiti Ihc muxt HuctfMRful
wny ot cati-hintc all>n<.'ore and tlii? most
ecunuitih'Bl. The |iriu(i|)aE bait usod In
freHh iH|uid. Tlie oiMhuil of usins liond
liiii-ii and tineH od Mhort |ioIi>h. ns em-
l>loyed in ralifornia, in iiwd only to a
limited extent itr Jmiwd. It i» liiM Idea
timt tile use of the slioi't |>olea, which is
ktiuwn to our (ishi-nueu lieri- as tlie "Jap
jHile mctliod." in only rtui-ceHMful ut tintps

wlieu llie allM^re ulV very lili-ntiful. The
lone linen, he atules, aiv RUMt aucciwsful
in ca.i'hinfT allHiivre in lliv s|>rlDK and
(all of Ihi* year. Mn<l these are ihe lini:>i'
nlieii tile alliaeori' <-nl(-h U tlie lareeHt.

Il may l><- of iiiUT.si lo niUc here that
Mir eiiierinienlHl linliiiiR doDi< liy Ihis Tuni-
iiiission Konii- linii' »).'<> di>iiH>n8lr<iied tlie
fiii'l lliat l>y Itit' use of lona llni-s the allm-
c-iij'c> may Ih- taken at liim-s when they
tin- Dul fit'ilins nt the Hurfaie ami eon-

la' |)l<>aKi><) and
th>> M'ellfare
iui; industry.

[| dev

u this extent there was the
desire lo aiil a feiieml liurcau which aiandn
for llie develo|>inenl and consi'n'ation ot
the liBherieK as dues no otlier buriNlii^a
bureau whii'h for many years has cnrrieil

work

IhiB

Kiate and nhii'h it is hujieil will i-unliuue
to carry ou in llie future.

Tlw laboratory, a year ago. undertook
lisli canninB I'liieriments ivliieh for gooil
and autficient reasuliH Were si'hetluled lo
eoMinue over a iieriud of two yeant before
their comiileiion. It wbh iiet-essary lo
■ ontiiiue iIiIk work for •he bureau in order
lo tide il over a lemimrary linamial de-
liression and thus preserve lo the stale

d lah<j

lid

iliif valualili- line of resi-nn-li work. I
we had not done »i tlie jeiirs' work H-oiili
have hei'U lost n.i well ax l]ii> .f^'JD.IHH

ui'nily

taken l<

I'lliodK sueli HK the use of Hhor

e tish-

Tlie TllilH Slllle
IS estaliiisheil n hi

Itiil

1 l>i<

hooks ijuile fi-L'ely.

UNITED STATES BUREAU OF FISH-
ERtES. SAN PEDRO LABOHATOBV.
Tile wDfk of the fnileil Stall's Itureaii
of Kisherles I'reHfrvaliDu l:4ilioTatory at
San I'lHlro Ik l>eiDK leiuiHirarily emtinni'd
by Ihe Fish and (ianie Coniinirmion nnlil
funds i-an he oMalniil by Ihe Iliireau.

I'ork nllhoiiRli the

1 onler to It

ltd

will publish Hie |>rellniinar>' rermris of Ihe
work. The Conmilxslon entered Into this
arratii^mi'Ut U'lieviuK ihul by so doiay

Itslieries anil would prevent the almost
lolal lusH of llie lalionilury's preeeilinR
year's work. ]l was believed that liy Ko
doiiiu tb.' fish nitiuer-^ of Hie sfato would

liieh is lieiUK
done ill llie |iiT*'rvalJon talMiratory of
llie l"iiit:'d Sliil's lliimiu of fisheries at
Sun r.iiro. ThiTe is plenty of work for
both hitx.ra.ovies anil eui-h should rei-i'ive

liy ihe iwn bureaus mid io briiiu nlxiul a
i-orrehiiion of their aetivities. Jlr. Almy,
who will su)iei-vi»i> the work of the lab-
oiaiory of the Itun-au of ChemiHtry. anil
l>r. Alsbiiru. head of the hiin-au. have
assiinti the t 'oiiiinisHion that ibey ih«ire
lo cooiierale to n suflieieiit exieni lo avoid
unneeessiiry doplii-ntion of work.

OCTOPUS FISHING IN JAPAN.

Iteeeully several oelopi wi're lirunghl
into Ihe San Franeiseo inarke^H whieh
had Ix'tii eauRliI by the loeal rockood
risherinen on roek'od sear. In a reix-nt
visit from I>r. Kamakichi Kishinunye of
tile 'J'okyo Ini|s'rinl I'niverslty, Ja|iBD.
some very interest I njc iufonnatioa eon-
i.-ernin)[ the methiNls iineil In tiiibinK for
(K-tnpiis in Jaiian was sained.

One inelbod useil is an follows; Ixinf!
lliiPK are lei down to which are altai-bed

eHrlheiiwiire |h.Is or vases of the riahl
sine to iKTiimuiodnle the iK^topiis for which

CALIFORNIA FISH .'

GAME.

175

they are fishiDjr— wp sboulil judge these
yotH would HvcraKe li to 21 feet deeji
antl from H la 14 iaobes id diameter.
Some of IhetiH |M>ta are sua|>eiided with the
mouth down, others KUN]>eiided with the
mouth up from the Iodk horizontal liae.
K:iiL-ii |)Ot bait a small hole id the bottom
lo let the water eaxil.v eH('ai>e when the
|M>tH are rained. The pols are not baited,
anrl since it is the haliit of the uctopuH
to Had a hiding iilai'e !□ the ro<Ho, tbey
crnwl Iniu the month of the pot and re-
main ther.' uniil ihey are pulled out. The
lintH are set one day and iiulled the next ;
one iKHit will bnndle about 'HM pots.
Drdinflrily buoy lloaiti are not used to
lofate the lines liut tiiey are i.icked up
with a erapiiiinK hook, for it U believed
ihat the flnatins buoy dUturhs Ibe pots
and prevents the nctoiius from enterioR.
They aiv alxo tiinitlit by nieauH of hook
and line, lu thin nietliwt the liHlieminu
ImilH the hookK. sevenil of iheiu on a long
line, and when rliey havi- lowered ihem
"mil they rrmie in I'ontnet with riH-ks.
Ihey conJinunlly jerk tlie lines. The

1 fee

SILVER SALMON AT MONTEREY
IN 1920.

Sini-e the last two HeasoDH in (■alifomia
have hIiowu relatively poor eati-bptt of king
or Chinook salmon there is an increased
interpMt among luihermen and pacliers iu
ihe oilier iHiKsible K|>ei'ieii of xalmuu thai
inishl Nerve to Hit in the Irreach. eH]ie<-lally
iliirinfc bad yearn. The most abundant
of the lesser Hpeciee is the silver saltnou.
II fi.ib of lower oil content Iban tlie king
and Iherefoiv less deniralilo fur canning,
all hough it selbi reailily on the fresh
markets. Along our nortbern coast it
forms a large jier i-ent of the salmon
I'Hfph. The Konlliern boundary of com-
mercial salmon tishine (Monrevey) seems
to be almciit out of the ranjin- of the silver
Halmon. The salmon investigation now
beinf! conducted by Ihe ('ommisfioo has
EHlbered Home informatiou as to the rel-
ative abundance of the two prlmipal
s)«.cie» and from time to time funber

1 their

iirker

as. ahunil-
wili be

Olid Home (Oi-t. ]SH9| it was noted that
the Hiker salmon in lf)lll did not appear
at MoDterey, just for a few days, but that
(hey were caught in small nurolwrs over a
iwriod of eleven weeks with a heavy catch
on four or five days during tbe iieriod.
Detailed notes were kept in tbe 1!VJ«)
season's run in Monterey Ba.v and it was
found thai tbe appearance of lulver salmon
in Hmnll numbers eitcmjed over a longer
perioil this year and that tbey wen* not
caught in great numl>er8 dnriuK any four
or five consecutive days as was true in
lilllt. At no time Ibis year did tty-y oul-
numlier tlie king salmon. In 1111!) the
first silver salmon was noted on Slay 11).
while in lirjll the lirHt wax caught on
-April lit. l>uring the remainder of April,
1!>2tl. a few were caught each day averag-
ing Iwlween four and five |>oundK apiece.
for insiance, on April -Zt. Ibe silver.^
made u|i 4.4 t>cr cent of Ibe calcli in
nnnilier of fish and l.ll ]it>r cent in weighi.
Hie rest of tbe nitdi being kings. Ituring
Mny Ibcve were very few silvers caiigbt
at -Mdiilerey. but ou June 1. Ihey form.il
about one-fifth of Ihe calch. (In June li.
the silvers were IV |ier cent In unmls'r
am] .S,2 lier cent in weighi of Ihe ciU'h
unci averagnl a little less than 7 jMninds
iipiec... .June 3. and 4. ■the silver catch
was somewhat less and from the fifth to
ibini-enih of June there were only a few

silve
piclie<l up 1

ingbt.

. the

weight in Ih
were 24.2 pe
cent 1 1

of

Icli and averagnl '
IHitinds i^Hi. From Jnuc IS to 21. the
silvers averaged about ~S> ponints but tbe
iH'r cent in the catch dropper] ofF. On June
22, the silvei-s in the catch were 1!> jier
ceiii in number of lish and S.K iier cent
in weight with an average weight of 74
lH>uuds anil the averngc weight dropived
lo 7 ]>ounds fur the following week. Ity
this time ilie king salmou season was
about over so llmt the silver salmon
caught, although few in number, formed
a relatively higher proportion of tlie cal<-li.
For example, on June 24. tbe silvers in
the cHtcii were 10 iier it'iit in number and
22. M [ler cent by weighi. June 25. the |icr
cent of silvers dropped to IS and from
then on for the remainder uf the seasou

W. L. S.

Coo<^lc

176

CALIFORNIA PISH AND OAMB.

OCEAN AND STREAM SALMON
CATCHES.

KrequeuUy (he ijupstion ie raised as to
the rela<i¥e importance of trolling and
stream netting for salinon in Califarnia
so that a summur; of the figures of total
salmon catcb ma; l>e of geoeral interest.
The 1920 figures are not ;et complete.
The following Ggnres, in round nnmbers,
represent yearly total BBlmoo catch of the
state in pounds of fish in the round.

RIter euight Ottio uughL Scasoi total

leiS ^»87,O0O T. 158,000 13,115.000

1018 ,7.173,000 5.920,000 13,003,000

. 5,403,000 5.5I>3.000

B — 5,342,000 5,501,000

11.0tS,0<_
10.B13,0O0

There are three chief trolling regions :
(1) 'Shelter Cove, (2) vicinity of San
Francisco, (3) Monterey Bay. The two
chief netting regions are the Sacramento
river and the northern coast streams sncb
as the Eel, Klamath, and Smith rivers.
The 1!>19 salmon catcbea for these regitois
expressed in percentage of the total catch
of tlie state are as follows ;

Shelter Cove .

o Rtver 36

100 lOO
The salmon caught at Monterey, out-
side San Francisco, and in tbe Sac-
ramento River are generally classed
ti^ether as a unit since it is assumed
that they result from spawning in the Sac-
ramento. At present a possible restriction
of the trolling and netting of salmon is
being discussed. A contrast in the catch
by these two methods is shown by the
following table of cHtch in round numbers
of pounds:

{Titai ■lUi

MmL Rnv Oiitilrb S If Tmll Huh
191B_

l»ia_ 2,893,000 1,929,000 1,822,000 5.938,000

1917. 3,8«0,000 1,380,000 5,180,000 3,971,01

1016- fi,23i.ooo aes.ooo 5,491,000 3,45i,0(

any one locality. For example, the catch at
Monterey has dropped off while the Noyo-
Sheller Cove catch has been steadily in-
creasing due to the recent development
of the industry at those northern trolling
points. In 1917 tbe total from the Noyo-
Shetter Cove r^ion was lees than a hill
million pounds, in 1918 over one million
and in 1010 only a little less than three
million pounds. A minor Hem of interest
is that each year a few salmon are canght
by troUins and netting along the coast
of the Boutbem counties far to the south
of Monterey. Last year 10 pounds were
reported, in 1918 one thousand and in
1917, 2000 pounds. W. L. S.

THE SALMON SEASON AT MONTEREY.

The Monterey salmon season of 1920
was even poorer than last year. Tbe
catch is Tongbly estimated at one-tourth
of (he normal or about one-half of last
year's catch. In round n ambers tbe
Monterey catch (eiclnsive of Sanla Cruc)
was 1,200,000 pounfc, this year as op-
posed to 2,31G,000 pounds in 1919. Tbe
early season's catch this year was better
than a year ago, but there was not the
customary large run during the latter
half of May aud the first two or three
we^E of June. The season practically
ended in June, but there was a small
catch on two or three days near the end
of July. The local trolling fieet was
about quadrupled by the addition of boats
from northern points, but the poor catch
was so discouraging that many fishermen
returned to San Francisco during the
middle of the season.

In spile of the fact that each year has
seen a steadily increasing number of boats
trolling for salmon in Monterey Bay, tbe
yearly catdi has been dron>ing oIT, as
shown by the following figures, in round
numbers, of pounds of salmon can^t in

1919.

1918.

1910.

,816,000 2,833,000 3,879,000 6,ill.OI)0

As stated above, the 1920 catdi is litUe
lore than half that of 1910.

W. L. 8.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAHB.

NOTES FKOH THE STATE FISHERIES LABOKATORY.*

Will F. Tuosipaow, Ediior.

THE FISHERIES LABORATORY AND
ITS WORK.

At the time those notes go to the
editor, considcrabte progress has been
made toward the esCablishmenl of a per-
manent iabomtory building for our wolk.
The most eneouragiog advance in that
direction has been the graoting by the
citj of Los Angeles to the Fish and Game
CommlseloD o( a loog-tenn lease to a
site at Fish Ilarbor, Skd Pedro. It Is
sitDated at the Intersectioo of Seaside
avenue ftnd Tuna street, and wil] be most
accessible to all canuers and fishennen
wbo may be interested.

A description of the site and the dis-
cussion of the plans for the baildiog. of
. which rough fetches are at hand, maj
await tlie time when the plans are in
finished condition, but it will be well to
state now as clearly as possible tbose
ideals to which the Commission is plan-
ning to dedicate a unique InstitutiOD.
Such a statement maj save misonder-
standine end opposition, and should give
to those interested an appreciation of the
underlying purposes such as will enable
them to Comprehend the reasons for the
choice of site and for <tbe plans adopted.
The site was chosen because of its
proximity to the canneries and the fisb
wbanes, making it possible to follow easily
the progress of ihe fishery. The plans
adopted are intended to give good working
room for a statistical and biological study
of the fisheries for the purpose of con-
servation and adequate utilization and at
the same time, to allow an exhibit to
those interested of the purposes of the
work and its relation to the fisheries.

That the primary porposes of the in-
restigalions of the California Fish and
Game Commission are conservation and
adequate utilization has been stated many
times. But such purposes have been re-
[)eatedly avowed by investigators, whose
programs when adopted have betrayed a
primary Interest in general natural his-
tory, and have shown little relationship
to the problems to be solved. The scien-
tific program of the Commission has,

i Laboratory,

however, been planned very specifically to
meet the problems which are involved in
governmental control of the fisheries, and
are adapted to meet the responsibilities
of the slate as legal guardian of those
natural resources. The machinery for the
execution of this program is, in fact, al-
ready operating in part, and its purposes
are stated very clearly in the laws of the
state as duties of the Commission. Sec-
tion 1 of the particular law referred to
is as follows:

"It shall be tbe duty of the Fish and
Game Commission to gatlier data of the
commercial fisheries and to prepare the
data BO as to show the real sbuudance
of the most important commercial fishes;
to make such investigations of the biology
of Ihe various species of fish as will guide
in the collection and preparation of Ihe
statistical inforcoation necessary to de-
termine evidence of overfishing: to make
such invest igationa as will brinz to light
as soon as possible those evidences of
overfishing as are shown hy changes in
the age groups of any variety of fish ;
to determine what measures may be ad-
visable to conserve any fishery, or to
enlarge and assist any fishery where that
may l>e done without danger to the
supply."

The law then goes on to make pro-
visions for the statistical system now in
use as one of the bases for the scien-
tific work. This system is to tlie beet of
our knowledge one without parallel in any
conntry. and it has already proved itself
superior to any statistical ayslem we are
acquainted with. It registers the catch
of every boat, leaving its record for sub-
sequent study by scientists in conjunction
wctb other records by which changes in
apparatus aud economic conditions may
be discounted, in order that there may be
obtained a measure of the fluctuations in
abundance of fish from year to year. It
will be Inevitable, in the future, that any
scientific program, carried, on by the pos-
sessors of such complete records as by
this law wc shall eventually have, will be
a program desigucd to discover the mean-
ioB of such records in terms of abundance
and sc,ircity of fish. That tliere are
faults in tbe system must be granted,
but the faults are infiniteahnal compared
to those of statistical systems depending

sic

178

CAI.IFdKNIA KISII AND UAMIC.

iilxHi .■slimiit..s hikI licirsay. Tbfi lali-
(irHtuL-.v will iirifvido for tho filing and thp
stud.v of llii'we retards.

Bur Ibis KlnMstifol work is only a part
of tiip iiroKram. and iu toniiiilatlnB both
IliiN mill tlip biolotcicnl. wliicli is in a way
till' moci' imiKtrtaDt, the ('omniisxion lias
liiiil iM-furc it (he several |)roKraiuH ndoptnl
(luring th<> last tn-o clecadeK in other
I'oiinlrim, notalilf in those bordering the
.North Sea and our North I'acilie, ajid
from llieM> iirogmmM and their resultii ic
liHH been |>0KHllite to decide withiu some-
u-h:it narrow limits what knuwlpdge ifl
iicniwar)- to lomiietently h^islate for our
Hslieriiiii. The failurm and aucceKHPs of
cillwrs during th*' ret'ent great advances
ill tiiiher.v si'ience have pn>fiti'd iis. And
in llliH fart is spcn the renson why the
lirugrum fur lhi> |iro]ioHod lalioratorj' will
bi- a n-ally vital one. diiiling irilh fltn'afiujw
irhlrh artiiallff fiifr thr l-gUilol<,r aad
II,,' m,n i,,lr,r-l,-d rommrniallii. It will
1u<-k the vngUfiiesH of random na-turol
liiKtory iuvesiisatiwiK, and it will avoid
the limitation in value of ti-chnological
n'wan'h. In tlie future wk may juslitiubly
lio|ie that the inveMtigationx carried on
in the new laboratory will further detine
anil clarify the many iirulilema to l>e met
with.

.\nd in thus reviewing the woi* in
oilier fieliU iMTliajis the mont obvious fact
has l>een tlic abKOhlte necessity of hcccbs
111 the vast atiwe of specimenn and data to
lie fiiniished by the commercial fisheriea.
No agency could alTon) to duplicate thin
store. deK|>ite its vital importance to any
inv'-stigntiunH. And this lius. in fact,
lii'ii'rmiiied the locattmi of the lalsjratory
and domiunled in the i-onHtruction of its
plau". .Vnotlii>r olivioils eonchision to be
drawn from flic work of olhera has been
(he necessity of obtaining |)opular suii-
[lort by ethibiting to tJiose interested the
pniijosi's of the work, and it» achieve-
nii-nls, HH H-ell as by showing graphically
(lie necessity for it. Bi-cause of this there
has lieen planned an exhibit room.

The gn>at Ri-ientific value of this work
may not lie immediately obvious to the
scientist who iit interested in some of the
more liasic laws of biology. It may a|)-
jiiiir loo practical. Yc( this dcfinidon of
aim, and practical trend actually heightenB
thi> value of the work from the otand-
poinl of general science. The pmlilcms

faced liy the li-gislalor are. in sIrikiiiK
degrw, the same as those in which the
student of geocrapbical distribution, and
of evolution in or should be inlerestol,
and the nialevial offert-d by thp commercial
fisheries far exceeds in extent that which
can lie obtaineil through other sourc™.
The dcKTcp of isolation of different races

on the morjihology or habi:H of the s|)ecieH
is of Rreat imiHirtance to one pondering the
value of protection to a sjiecies over-
fished in a |>arlicular locfilil.v. just as It
is to the man interested in the formation
of rai'cs and siieeies. 'JTie rapidity of
growlh, the distribution of pelagic ova or
larva- by currents, the resiionHe of the
s]>ccieR to changes In surrounding i-nndi-
tions, nil affect both the conclusions of
the naturalist and those to whom the
apjHirem abundance of fish is vitally Im-
portant. Above all, however, our pro-
gram will lie most vital to the progreiw
of hydrograjihical scieni'e In its relation
to the foivl supply of man. through what
is in reality the most essential purpose of
our work— the measurement of the actual
abundance of fish in the ocean. 'ITie effect
of hydrograiihical conditions on fisli can
not l>e measureil williout n knowledge of
the real abundance of lish. of the rate of
growth, and the habits. So. in ndditiou
fo being dedicated to the service of com-
petent legislation for conservation and
Ktilixation. the laboratory will be in a
very iTal way an essential piir( in the

edge. W. v. T.

PROGRESS OF THE ALBACORE WORK.

nuring the |mis( suaiuier .Mr. Thomiison
has liei n jiiirMiing ui so far as |>ossiblt
thi wudi of (he albicore with iwiiticular
iTference (o its age and rate of growth
.Mr Riih and Mr Helte ha^e been sta
tioniil sinie June at Snn Diego and San
I'edro for the purpose of collecliug for
Mr 1 hompson certain measurementi and
Htatihtus Waring on (he larious prcJilems

'Ihe sludj of the age has piogrewed to
a [sunt t\hcre the results are being pre
pareil for publiiation Ihe age marks on
the scali>s lieiug illtgible sa^c in part a
Sim la I InhnKguc was nece>uaii in ordei
to iletipher them Thta was the more
necesHan in that serious questions have
arinn in some <iuartcrs regarding the ac-

L.oli.aJB, Google

(■.\I.1PI>RNIA FISH ANII (1

II this

ifi — niiif inili'i"]. w<'l]-kn»tvn bioliqiiKlM
r)|«>nl.v HiHlli'niwd Hip fin-t that fwalPK
ntiiliihs mtually dii slum- hcc. Thp
on till" iicp of \\u- niliacuri" fans dpm-
ntpcl clpiirly nnil uiiiiiistiiknl)l.v Ihp
<-(• of the m-liinl drp

' Ml

nrks n

tlip M

nidliiHl pniin-l.v fni- from llic in-
L-p of tlip H-itrkpp'i* iHTKoDal juilicinfiit.
'Inking nnil timp-coiisiiminjc an Ihi'

lins Ih-ph. it bax prnvnl Miiiri'ly
:> whili', nni\ ix tlir lir»l ilinrt knowl-
«■<■ linvf of Ihi" nc of niiy iiE tlic
IV of tl><> niiu-krrpl family on tliis

'».■ rraiilts sliow tin-
STiJH-inK siH-cipK. w

rt'CanliiiS lllf pITwI

IPS ii|H>n it. Ttioir I
tlip Hiiiil iinlilimtii.

Hoy lio .-nllHl l« till'

dlini

t Hint Willi

tli<-i

of ttir

nllmi'orr'. It is t>olipvivl Hint llit> KppcifH
hIiiihs II sniiliiiil mil-ration to tliP norlli-
ivnnl throiijth n iwriixl of yi'urs. liur thiit

^.'I'uprnl limi'ip'l. Tho ^iphsoiiiiI misnilioiitt
nri- till- iiKmt pniniini-nt anit olrikiuK.

Thp BiimtiiiT'ii work hUN also continiioii
li> mill to our iniitprial bPnrlHR on tiie
miKmtioiis anil tlii- liiicliinlions in tlio
nm of tlsh nnrl on llii' vplnlionsliip of
<nlpb (o fiiiiiprntiiro or si.inp allipil fncior,
llipii.jiy i)lii<-iii); cprlain furls l.pyomi liis-
inili-. Tlii-yp mil not !»■ tri'iiipil vit.v fully
h"rp. anil It is liojH'ii tliat ns soon hs tlip

lion may iip lurniit lo tlipsi> lintn. wiiitii

Til*' 1

ml 1

liinnly

■onis foi

lierhnim more so (hnu tlip data
■liolp iniiiistry from

i*Kiii

Thp

MuilK art> iiln-nily u-pM ilptiopil. Imt rpmaiu
lo lit- plai'ml in slintio for iinhlicatiou.

It will bp rifDllMl that n-p havp ana-
lyzed thp rplutivp abnndnni'p of lish dur-
ing paHl ypnrs Ispp I'ai-iliir Fishprmitn
Vrar Rook. 1!>1in und found a nlpady
fall iu tbp mti'h i>f thp samp nuit of gpar
from ypnr to ypar. Wp vpnlinvd lo May.
hovipvpr, Ihnt IhiM (all wnM not, judnini:
from various tbinj.'s. diip to dP|.lplioo. and
tho evpnis of (his suiiimpr havp reassured

voiiiieor claHsi'H of lisb. Iioth eni'ouraKiiiK
siKiM. Till- iHissihility thai ovPi-liHhiDK
may cii-iir in not. howpi'er. ptiininati-it.
\V. F.T,

PROGRESS OF THE CLAM WORK.

Winci- A[irit. liUlt. F. W. Weymoudi Ims
bi-i>a ilPvotiiiK a |>orlion of liis tiup lo
llip I'omiili'lion of a siirypy of thp shpll-
liHh of thp t'nlifomin cinist commpiK-pil
spvernl ypnrs previously by Will F.
Thompson. A ri'iiort in now rPiiily f">r
Ihp iin'sK pmbodyini! all Mip mllpi^pd datn.
Tlip primnry piirpoKp of Ihp siinTy has
i>pi'ti to tm' on rpiHinl thp numlipr aud
nliiinilnni'p of the k|h'cIpk of commprtial
im|iorlnnii' anil tlip localion and pondi-
lion of the lieils at iirPspnt liPJIiK llllllBed.
Tbo si'oiip of tliP rciiort has lieen extpuded
liy tile inclusion of dpsrriplionH mid
liauriK. tOBPthpr Willi a key tor ready
ideiilifiealion of some fortj- siipi-its of
Iirpsptit or iiDNHihiA coiunipn-ini vain p.
llprptofore no sueh key has hppn avail-
able, and il iH hoiiod llmt by tliix publica-
tion. eamjH-rH and amalpur eiani digeerx
can lip mndp ai'quainlfd wiih thp edil>lp
bivntrex of tiie i-oaKt. Residps Hip de-
Kpriiilion aud rantre of each speripH an
nepount of its habits hnn been ineluded.
Tlioimh maii.r colieetions of attnictivp and
inlorpstine "Khetla" hnve l>ppn made, thpre
are fpw olinprviitiooN on the varied habitR
of Ihpsp anlmaln and it in hi>iied that
tlioHp ret'ordpti in thin reiiort may lend lo
morp Ntiid.v of llip rpinarkable wayK in
tvbii-h the bivalves are adapted to the
diverse ('ondilions of lifi- under wbii-h they

iliiriorlanl iioints hiivp devpiopi'd. One is
Hie need for a more detailed study of the
life history of at least some of the more
rep rpsenta live and imporlant sppeips. At
present. Iboufth neveral of Hie PHs'ern
speeies have lieen carefully invpstigated.
no faetM i-onepniins; the age or rate of
sro«lh of a Bingie native Pai-ifie sppeies

In an allprnpt In rpmedy this biek.
liatH have been colieetpil ibrougboiit the
.vear ou iIip I'lsmu elntn. one of tlie niost
iniiiortunt Califoniia Kjiecles. and iheHp
nn- I101V lieing ■•arefuily sliidied. TIip
prpliniinary work indicales Hip tuaiD
ftainres of the agp niid as sooti as it, tan

Coo<^lc

180

CALIFORNIA FISH AND OAHB.

be compleled it will be pot in form for
publication. It appears that the growth
is less rapid than has been supposed and
that a considerable a^e is reached by the
larger specimens met with.

A careful survey of the coast has forced
the conclusion that fciv of the native
species can be materially increased by
artificial ueaus, but that in certain £i''t-
ablc bays ihc "fiiruiing" of the introduced
soft shell or long clam might be made very
profitable. Its culture has passed the
eiperimental state on the eastern coast
and profiting by this experience many
acres of otherwise barren tide flats might
be made to yield as sure and valuable a
crop as a wheat field. It is hoped that in
the future the question of the control of
suitable tide lands may be put on as secure
a basis as is the management of eiistiug
oyster lands, thus making such clam
fanning a practical poBsibilhy.

F. W. W.

PROGRESS OF THE SARDINE WORK.

The inveatigatioa of the sardine fishery
is being continued along lines laid down
in previous publications in this maga£in«
(Volume e, No. 1. pp. 10-12), and In
Fish Bulletin No. 2. Mr. Elmer HiggloB
has, duriiv the naat season, been mad/
responsible for the carrying out of the
program at San Pedro, while Mr. O. E.
Sette has been, until Ibis last June, re-
sponsible for the same at Monterey, both
under the direction of Mr. W. F. Thomp-
son for the present. Mr. Sette, who is
leaving this Call for a resumption of his
college work, will continue his sardine
wort while at college. The principal at-
tention of both of these workers has beai
concentrated on the diacovery of the rate
of growth tlirougli a study of the fre-
quency of occurence of various sixes of
fish, and the following of fluctuations In
average size, sex, maturity, quality, etc.,
during the fishing season. In view of the
importance of the sardine industry, some-
what more attention is given to an ex-
position of this work than is the case
with the other fisheries with which we
are dealing.

The program under which the work has
been done contemplates <1) the discovery
of depletion if it should occur; (2) the
diKcovery of any grtTit natural fluctua-
tioDS in abundance or quality other than
those due to overfishing; (3) the fore-

telling of these fluctuations, which in other
fisheries have at times caused great dam-
age; (4) the deciphering of those habits
of the species which are of importance to
the caaner and fisherman, snch as migra-
tion, and (5) a Imowtedge of such facts
as will aid the l^slator. The absolute
completion of this program is without
doubt well removed, but contributions to
it of great value will be made in the very
near future, enabling us to make at least
provisional answers, a thing impossible
now. Among these we may list the age
and rate of growth, tbe breeding season,
and the degree of Independence of the
sardines in different regions. That tbe
foretelling of fluctuations is not visionary
may be seen from the work of the Nor-
wegian fishery authorities on the herring.
The other elements of tbe outline given
are dependent entirely upon the records
we obtain— and we are acquiring the very
best possible.

A certain amount of preliminary work
had been done by Mr. W. F. Thompson,
assisted by A. W. Wamock and othera
before tbe inangu ration of tbe present in-
vextigations a year ago. In this prelimin-
ary work the breeding season bad been
observed at San Pedro (as mentioned by
Mr. Htgglns below), a series of scales
collected for tbe study of the age, and a
set of careful observations made on tbe
differences between the sardines from San
Diego, San Pedro and Monterey. The
latter observations, as bearing on the pos-
sibility of tbe interdependence of the
sardines in different regions, have been
completed by Mr. Iliggins in addition to
his own work and reports on the con-
clusions may be eipected in the near

PRESENT STATUS OF THE SARDINE
INVESTIGATION IN THE
SAN PEDRO DISTRICT.

In the Study of the sardine fishery, as
distinct from that of the fish itaelt, the
course of the run at £ttn Pedro — the
Bl>undance or availability of the fisb from
day to day througbont the season — baa
bepn studied by analysis of the daily aver-
age boat catch. This was determined by
Cnbulaliog and averaging the individual
cntcliea of each boat day by day, the data
being obtained from the filed carbon copies
of the original fi^ receipts issued by the
canners to tbe fishermen at the time ot

CAI.IFORNIA PISH AND QAME.

181

deliver;. This tabulation and analjBlB
of the average boat catch, iDcludin; the
records of some 110 boats, is in coune
of completion. Careful consideration,
liowevcr, has been given auch artificial
factors as market or labor conditions in
arriving at a conclusion as to the dail;
abundance of tlie species end an effort
bas been made to take them into account.

The character of the season's run has
been studied b; taking a twentf-pouud
sample of the fish from the iudivlduid
boat loads day by d^ at the time of
unloading at the canneries, together with
data on the locality and time of the catch.
To dale, 1B2 such samples have been taken
from boats unloading at seven canneries
in S«n Pedro and Wilmington, and from
them the average weight, average length
of tbe Qsh in eadi boat load, the size or
age groups represented, sex and degree
of seiual matarity, were determined.
Prom these samples about SOOO individnal
fish have been specially measured and
seied. And from these data, the spawning
habits, the class of fish taken, and the
variation in tbe catch have been studied.
The degree of mixing of age or size groups,
OT the degree of nnifonnity of size In
different schools is also being investigated.

Tbe measurements of the large series
of fish aboTe mentioned, in addition to
indicating the character of the run, have
been tabulated to show tbe frequency with
which fish of each length occur. This
tabulation of length -frequency is the oldest
reliable method of determining tbe age of
fishes (see Calilomia Fi»h and Came,
Vol. n. No. 2, p. 53), and the curves or
graphs prejiared from our figureti give
undoubted indications of the ages of the
various sixes of commercial importance.

Tbeatudy of tbe maturity and spawning
habits of tbe sardine at San Pedro waa
begun l»o years ago when Mr. Thompson
and assistants made series of examinations
of the condition of the roc during the
spring of lOlS and 101!>. The resulU of
these observations were published in
magazine in July 1010.* The si^me
servations were repeated during the past
spring season by the writer and in > ~~
tion 1o the records of spent and relatively
mature fish, tbe roe of about 140 fish
was • preserved at weekly intervals and
deposited in tbe laboratory coUectiou

future microBo^ical study. The records
of the maturity obtained while meaauriag
the large series of fiah mentioned above
have also been tabulated and curves drawn
how both the relative numbers of
immature, relatively mature, and spent
fish present in each size group, attd also

le per cent of mature fish at each length.

The same seriea of measurements has
been studied to determine the relative
numbers and sisea of the two seies, in
regard to pcasible selective migrations,
relative mortality, and differences in rale
of growth. B. H.

THE SARDINE PROBLEM IN THE
MONTEREY BAY DISTRICT.

That the Monterey sardine fishery has
increased in volume to eight times that
of three years ago is evidence enough
that the possibility of depletion can Dot
be much longer ignored. The value of the
present annual pac^, about five and half
million dollars, warrants the concentra-
tion of attention on tbis problem. Con-
sequently, in the summer of 1919 the work
was commenced.

The inveatlgation was b^un November
12, 1!>19, and waa carried on energetically
to the end of the season in March, 1^0.
The work was necessarily of tbe nature
of a preliminary survey and involved
the taking of extensive daily records of the
various aspects of the daily commercial
catch. Samples from about six boat loads
were taken daily as the fish were un-
loaded at the canneries. An average
weight of sardines in the respective catches
was ascertained by the weight and count
of the fish in these representative samples,
the locality of the catch was obtained in
most casts by a personal interview with
ench fisherman, and a number of fisb were
reserved from each sample for further

Thi

fork 1

t Hopkins . Marine Station, where
and Gat

the FisI

courteously granted the use of quarters
and facilities. This made iiosaible the
taking of accurate meaBurcmeuta of the
sardines and a dissection for the purposes
of determining sex and tbe development ol
spawn in' the fish. During the season 345
samples were taken, 7534 fish were
measured and sexed, and about 200 ovaries
were preserved for study of the ^g de-
velopment.
A partial analysis of this data show!

CAMt'OBNIA FISH AND GAME,

LVf <l.'fi

ol till- vital qui'siioiis. and
for a nuirf pxlt'ndi'rf sluilj- to corrolioriitp
nnd KtilmtHiitinto fHi'lH whicli n-p have ran-
i-t>]li>n)c IliP ae<'. Tute al eron'th. itiiera-
liun and Kjinwiiine- A romiilclP n-imrl
of liniliiiuti n-ill lie |iiil>liKli[Hl liy the t)Kb-
(•li™ nwarch talmratory al an early ilate.
(tf coiiixi' Inrci' tiiirsIiuiiH uf yearly

ntiiiiiK in iiliuii<laii<

LARGE TUN.

tiroiHJi

of t

.-fin t

r.iiiKlit ihirhiK the ninnlh of Ausuhi iliis
year tvan of unuMually larse sixe. A six-
ton liiail of excessively lalw ones vain
liriHielit iti to San I'eilrii Ijy the Ihihi
■■I,itili> I'lTinn" on An=iist l(i. The fish

thfii

tiiliiii

en -leii

n;t I

ii>t lie eiimiirehi
one wnwm's ilaln. bur the (lata taken I unci a h.ilf t,:
this inst H.'nKon are invalunlile an llie first ! minMiriti^ ov
of a Keriex of cnusli'tentty (Muniiamhte I leiicth. The
s<-ieiilifie oliservRtions of eacli Heason's ! (he ah:' niOKt
eateli. without u'hieh nuLhitiR ronwrninfi ; aronnd :tl> or
<|p|>li-tioii <'an he delected before tlie harui (iini|>lMiii of
is nlrendy done. It now roniainH for con- liy rhe larp-
tinuance uf this Ntiidy to solve all of llie I strung enouf-J
1>rol>lenis concenied, and insure lln' [ iif Ih^se mm

nds

largest tnnii

fonr an<l a li.ilf fei-t
rca^^e «-ei{[lit of Innn. a

) |>ounilK. 'l*he tisherm

LIFE HISTORY NOTES.

BAND-TAILED PIGEON NESTS IN SE- j lish of this s|
QUOIA NATIONAL FOREST. i in hikes of I

On He|.ti-ml>er 1, V.rJt}. (;iinr.l Arnold '""«'■ ">■ ''■■"'"t Lakes trout as it Is
anil mys.-ir. while workinj- on the head j 'i""" enlled. has never thrived

i"! K., It. ;il K.. M. I>. M.. ai an elpvntioii j !«"■! of Hie "imntry.
of atiliroximately ItilMI f.s-l. diseovereil I
the nesi of a banil-laJh-<t inueon. <'uIu,„Ihi '

/««

, f'»

The uesl eo[|siste<i i>f a few small dry
tir limlis and twi(,i< alsjiil Id feet f ruiti |
tile Rroiind in n doswuml tree. T1m> uiiit .
was so riidimentary Uial it did not si^eni i
liossihie that It eonUI lie a nest at all.

fourth the size of the p:.
iiiike.l exeejit for n fev
lii'civvTi hairs on the hea.

It hir<1. It was j

iiier Lake. This larg

fish «ns eaLnht

h a irollinc taekle.

The mii.kinnw

It >v»s first i.lanted i

a Ijikc Tahoe iu

k'l ant] a year later

ill I)i.um-r and

'r nenrliy hike's afl<

r Ihe sii.vi^fnl

CAI,IPl>RNI.\ FISH AND GAME.

SPARROWS DESTROY GARDENS.

TliP (laronKP to fniil by Ih*' hoiiso fioch

nnd the dnmaef to full ami winter eardoDS

■>f the city and mibiirbs and some country

lUiitricts by tliK intprmMliale sparrow are

■vsiHinsilitf for most of ttic bad f^vliog

which sump jieople hprt>aboutt( have for

"liinlH." Owin? to the tloohinR and cov-

cr-lovinK liabitx of this sparrow tbc dani-

ngf t<i ininUns is confined to those near

1 ' I th I irdH linil i-eaily povor. For

1 le a f, rch'ii iu tile o[icn or even a

1 nirii feet fron) n heffjie or brusliy

o IS irerfpitly wfe. Plots that mifful'

r 1 ttle home sorileDs in the Ihiuly

ie led i«rtH of tity and couutry.

1 h e'.el tl PK eali'ii are letlui-e, peaS,
. innc In HIS, lnrni|>s, rndisin's. Iieeis. the
tliincs ijlniilffli here from ()c'iol)er to A[)ril ,

183

when this sjiarrow is one of onr moKt
abundant birds. Unionn are untouciied.
and 1 believe carrots also, and potutoeit
very seldom if otlier stuff is prexent; lie-
sides the potato (crows too faxt to be
greatly damaKetl. Hut where the birds
have <'ongre([ate(i they will practi<-ally
cle:in up small aniens of BrowJDS teniler
leKetables. . TraiipinK is of uo avail, owlns
tu tlieir numliers. Screeus of wire or
cloth Hre eifei-live but i>eople dislike the
trouble and esiiense. Often they eivi-
up in despair until April. KHjcliteninic
birds away with clwls only drives them
to a friendlier ]ilace. The only solution
of tlip problem 1 linow is to plant after
October 1 what the birds will not ent
and cover up olliiT tender things until

Ajiril. ('ARHi)ij, DkWii.ton Stivrr.

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES.
For th* Period from July 1, 1919. to Juna 30. IK

»,S£l)lt

IToXKiKitfoii »nil I lis I rtl II It lull

|:ortias B$li Fiiltiire and ronst'tvai

Miilioriutflnrlpni*

PilntiDK --

ProwviitJoiiJi wwi ulKiwanc^:^...
.IndlnK ll»nw eoinmiiwion!. ..
.iDN-lil flelil invrstlKitlon

itrol <1

;iiiip eonprrvBtton:

■Tinting

PruM'eiiliiinK and
Hun I Irk i<rcii«e

.;<IC

CALIPOKNIA PISH i

liiniriiimmi

iipiiliiyii^iri^iiilpiliPiPI

All

11} i!

if

ni

=is

nit

ill

it

JUliJ

S3. S

i|

I,

m

n

' liPi

PIP

iiini:

liili

»i«i
1

iTNii

Is

mil

aspi

L

iiffliiiiiii

ill

11^

yiiiii

II

^i iiiir

CALIFORNIA FISH AND OAUG.

ill l!l PIS'

If
li i i i 1

5

iiif "-'

iP=rp| 11 pi

liiipi •«

1 1 1 M II

iT! T i"rri"~i — i" " " 1 "

' "i "~" " " "•' '

sij 1

1 1P| i 1

l«j 1 1

III ^H 1 i'

II .11^

p '-'

P« HI ' 1

§ i s (

89 n

i!

1 M i 1^1

a ; 1 i

p 11

1 ^r ill

IB i i

i-i !

! ^1 ' \\\

Hi i

. 11 IJ = ,

5| 1 1

1 1

""""^1

1 §

u ".

1

3| i

1 .

1 1

1

IPI i

8 e 1

Mi"

f

l-^l- 1

=='r-|-v|-ir

1

i

1 i 1 '1

1 M 1

1

rll '■

|l 1 i| "^B

S II III 1

i

M 1

L 11 s3 l!
illiiil|.ls

flljLif iii 3^

lllliill ^ ps^i^-=5

iiiiilii Ifii

!

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,

VIOLATIONS OF FISH AND GAME LAWS
April 1 to June 30, 1920.

11^

HuDirDK wrihont llpnife-.
Trapping vlthout IIivdm.
Pmt— clore sfa sod —killing
Fnjiale ilwr— sotlie biioks-
HISRfll dwT hfilw -pmpmjIod.

Oiial1~ln nptlvit; without ]
noTM— «1oer<t MS HOD —killing
I>upl[B— dosed feaion— VllllDt
NonRiniF blc<1f>-klllliie or po

1

-.l<««l««on-kllllnBo

|ltSI»
35 00
SOS 00

poarfse

1
1

Posfeselon condor ^iagf -.

10 oo

13

18
4S

limoo

fWOOO

AriKlinK ttllhout llMnse

Fiah.

y\>Mat lor profit without Ifcenw.
Slrliied biPs-unrlnwflght— sucess

"limlV"

;::

or p08B

100 w

taking

other than by hook and lina..

TOCO
1,100 OD

AhBlonM-iiDdrr or overetzod-elos

ed aean

FIfhfng la rwlrfptod watfTB

woo

firsDil total a^h and is»<'k vlolatlom.

ao

•9,206 00

April 1 to Juns 30, 1920.

■"Gofx^- »

INDEX VOLUME 6.

Abalone. 3ft, 41, 92, 95, flO. 98, 137, 140.
18,1. 180: soiip-fln sliart pats, 37;
of northern Oalitomia, 45-50; re-
cuperative power of, 84-85 ; occur-
rence in MoDterey, 85.
Black, 45.
(.Jreen. 45
lied, 45.
Aporn, 36.
Agar-ngar. to be manufactured in aoutb-

em Cfllifomia, 31-32.
AibBTOre, 'Si. 28. 40, C8. 72, 00, 96, 97,
13«. 172, 173, 174, 184; off San
Francisco, 131 ; progress of work on,
178-170.
"Alhacore," launch, 5, 33 ; scientific work

of the, 8fi-88.
Aleae. 31.
.Amadou, 113.
Amt>erfish, 72,

American Bird Banding Assodation, 122.
AMRniCAN FIELD. 133.
American Museum of Natural History,

122.
Ancbovy, 40. 90, 93. 90, 97, 136, 184,
Angler, 128, 143. 171.
f Angling, 170; prospects injured by dry

' years, C4-65.

Animal, 125.

Fur ftearing, 6fi. 118, 106, ICS.
Invertebrate. 87.
Predatory, 60, 67. 106.
Anophpoma fimbria, 87,
Antelope, ««. 70, 105, lOG, 121. 132, 133.
Aquarium, 1.13, ].'i7, 166, 171.
Arffcniina aialU. 87.
Arnold, joianl. 1K2.
Arresls, 2S, 71. 73, 127. 132, 180.
Artlirothamua hifidiin. S2.
Audiition Society, 70,

Xat

lal Ass

[i of. 70,
of llie 1-acir.c, 70.

Itn.-teria. 32, 171.

Baclgor, 89.

Bait, 37.

Baker, Floyd E., 127.

Baldpnte, 107.

Baldwin. K. Prentis.s, 122.

BaniMiBh, Crested, 34.

Banding, ot waterfowl. 122.

Barra-uda. 39. 40. 82, 90. !>3, 9C, 97,

as. 13G. 140, 184, 180.
Bass. (!0. 72, R2.

Black, 39, 41, SI. 94. ft7. 137, ISi, ISC;
the young of the, 5-6.

Kelp, 6.

Roek, 41, 00, 93, 96, 13T.

Sea, 82.

Striped, C, 25, 28, 39, 41, 81. 91, 94.
98, 137, 140. 185, 180: Hawaiian
Islands furnished witb California,
lS-19,
White, 41, US, 91, 64. 13C, 184,
Bauder, 0. S., fishing village compelled
to mot'c, 30-31 ; agar-agar to t>e
manufactured in southern California,
31-32 ; kamaboko being manufactured
at San Pedro. S2.
Baxter, A, (J.. 132.
Bear, 70, S9; protection fa\'ored, 120.
Black, 89, 126.
Brown, 00, 89.

GriMly, 22, 66, 67, 105, 106, 165.
Beaver, «0, 73, 133; ' ' "

Adirondack^, 100.

Bird, 22, 39, 98, UK, IIT, 118, 130,
140,165, 169.
Censuses, 125,
Distribution. 66.
Domestic, 168.
Game, WJ, 122.

Insectivorous, 06, 71. 117. 122, 132.
Land, 122.
Migratory, 132 ; tee Migratory Bird .

Tre_. „
Nest, 182.

: Act.

, 132.

I'rcdatory,

Sea, 131.

Song, 00, 122.
Bill, Nelson. 67; OlLamberlain, CS;

Weeks-McLoan, 117.
Bittern, 100.
Bluebill, 133.
Blue-fin, 68.

Bliielish. 40. 00, 03, 130.
Bobcat, food of, 37.
Kobwhitc. 122.

Bocaccio, 40, 90, 03, i:t6. 1S(.
Kiiiiito. 40. 68, !I0, »;l. !Mi, 97. 13*;, 184.
BowerR, Geo, M.. 140.
Boy Scouts, 70.
«™ino Taii. 88.
Rrant. 107.

Brtiwn, W'm. S,, doe willi three fawns. :17.
Brownlow, O. I'., IDl ; where do doer

Brucr ''

Brya.

llic Barrow golden-eye breed in the
Sierras? 38; the mullet fisheries of
Sallon Sea, 6003; distribution of the
golden trout in California, 141-152.

Bryozonn, 154,

Buck. !.->. 10. 80. 134. 13-1.

Buffington. M. W.. 14.-, l.W.

Bullnrd, F. A.. 140, 14R, 1.1], 152.

Burke, Jolm, 28.

Burrill. A. C, meadowlarks control

cricket peat. 38.
Buscomb, Kdwiu II., deer protection in

Siskij-ou County, 125. .- ■

LnOOt^lC

CAUTORNiA PISH AND QAME.

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME, 17,
33, 35, 42. 59, 64. 87, 118, 119, 130,
131; 157, 175, 181.
Callfomia Museum of Vertebrate Zoology,

23, 24. 118, 110.
Califoroia-Qregan I'ower Ooropanr, 70,

102.
CiilJEornia State Fisheries LaborBtory,
(toiMribution, No. 13, 5^; No. lo,
10-12 ; No. IC. 32-35 ; No. 17, 45-50 ;
No. IS, 83-88; No. 10, 130-131;
No. 20, 15S-157; No. 21, 177-182.
Caboon, G. W., 144, 150.
l.'aHcer magUter, 7, 8.
gracilit, 8.

auUnnariat, 8, 0, 10.
productut, 9, 10.
Cannerj-, 28. 80, 82, 83, 85; naval air
Ktation fish patrol opens idle, 71-72.
Canvasback, 13a
CaraDgidae. 33.
Carp, 40, W, (i2, 84, 90, 93, 13G, 184;

cow-carp, 61.
C^t. Bob. food ol the, 37.
(Tivet, 80.
RiDg-tailed, 89.

Willi, CG, 89 ; eats chickens. 37.
CrHtfish, 39, 40. 90, 98. 130, IW, 184.
I'atulut uler, 153, l-"i7.
CaviHr. 90.
(Vaniiihus. 13. 15.
< VriHiia. BinJ, 125.

<ia(no. 125.
(■hnnilNTlain, Senator, 21; hill, aS.
('hlcken, 37.

riiitipepper, 40, 90, 93, 136, 184.
Citharichthyt xaiilhoBtigma, 87,

tordUlui, 87.
Clams, 39; proRress of work on, ] 79-180.
Cockle, 41, 92, 95, 08. 137, 140, 185,

186.
rjttle Neck, 140.
-Mixed, 41, 92, 95, 137, 185.
Pismo, 41, 92. &5, 98, 131, 137, 140.

179, 185, 186.
Soft shell, 41, 92, 95, 137, 180. 185.
('langula isiandioa, 37.
Club, 122.

Boone and Crockett, 132.
(iiKtine, 88.
Newman, 88.

Visalia Sportsmen's, 144.

Sierra, 146. 150.
foalfish, 40. 90. 93.
C-od. (.ViltUB. 25, 40. 90, 93, 13G, 184.

Alaska blade, 87.

Rock. 86, 184 ; red, 87.
CofFman, J. D., notes on the life histori

of the black-tHtted deer, 15-16.
Ooker, R. B., 32.
Colby. Wm. E.. 146.
Commercial Fishery, 102.
Commercial fishery notes, 29-32, 80-82,

172-176.
Candor, seen near head of Deer Creek

Conservation, 17. 67, 80, 119, 103, 100,
174, ITT ; national commission on
wild life, 120; in other states, 35,
131-133.
Commission of New York State, 85,
131. JOT, 168 ; of Iowa. 168.
Conservationist, more trained, lOT ; mak-

inir. 167-168.
CONSERVATIONIST, THE, 26, 35, 105.
t>jn, 89.

Cooperation, United Stales Forest Serv-
ice, 88-89, 134-135.
Corbina, 30.
1k>rd, umbilical. 155.
Coryphaenoididae, 83.
Coie. J. A., 32.
Coyote. l!6. 89. 125.

Crab. 2.-., 39, 41, 91, 08, 137, 140, 185,
186; the Faciflc edible crab and it-*
near relatives, 7-10; occurrence of a
rare, Stt.
Rock, 8.
Crandali. W. C, 83.
Crane, 2T, 10<;, 107.

Handbill, 67.
Crawtish, 180.
Creel, 59.
Cridtet, 38.
■owley. Arthur, 144. 150.
ruHtaceao, 15. 41. 91. 137, 172, 1S.1.
liver. A. K.. 171.
irlew, 27.
Black, ion.

itlleliali, 42. 02. 95, 97. 137. ^Xi.
luritKidiin marulnriuH. 02, M.
.himha /««.io(« tanciata, 182.

Ilavi:

.. 50. 85.

Davis, CapUia Charles, 60. 61, 02, 83.

Deane, Lieutenant, 144, 145.

Deer, 36, 39, 04. 70, 98, 110, 127, 133,
140, 166, 167, 169, ITO, 186 : need for
doe protection obvious, 27 ; doe witli
Ihree fawns, 37 ; where do deer sleep,
SH ; protection in Siskiyou County,
125 ; season too early on the lessen
Forest, 134.
Black-tailed, 66, 89; notes on life his-
tory o(, 15-10.
Columbia, 66. 134.
Southern. 66.
Mule. 125; on I.fflSsen Forest, Lll-ITO.
Calitomia, 67.
Deacrt, 67.
Rocky Mountain, 67.

DcndTocygna_bicolqT, 88.

182,

in Sequoia National

Distribution, 06.

Diver, black throated, 25.

Dixon, .loeepb, 24, 118.

Doe, 16. 04. 125; need tor protection

obvious. 27; with three fawns, 37.
Dogfish, 40, 90, 93.
Dolphin. S.'i. 40. 68, 90, 93.

Dove,

;, 105, J

i„vGoo<^lc

CALIFORNIA FISQ AND QAHB.

Dry-flj, notes on. No. 2. 1-5. No. 3, 50-59.
No. 4. 107-115, No. 5. 157-lM.

Duck. 30. 66, 67, 7J. 98. 106. 117, 131.
140 : watcb for baaded. iS2, ; as win-
ter gupBtfl in a city park, 24 ; when
are greenbeads moNt abundaat, 22,
24 ; does the Harrow Rolden-eye
breed m the SiemB? 37-38; gaoa
uti^ by duck pirates, 120; in the
Imperial Valley. 133.

Fulvo

tre

Wood, 24.
Oiike. R. D., 151.
Dutcher, B. H., 144, 150.

EaRle, Golden, 25 66.

pvisHe. 41. 91, 65.
EDITORIALS:

Oaufobnia Fish and Gam
yearn old, IT ; we muxt capital!
resources, 17 ; education versi
pnforCTMnpiW, 17-18; fur
endangered. IS; new gam
ported. IS; California furnishea
RtripHi bass to Hawaiian Islands,
1^10: streams now stocked with
imlden trout. 19: Oscar II. Reich-
line, ]!>: save Klamath Lake bird
rcservntinn, 20-21 ; the hunter's la-
ment, 21 ; Bonthem Califomia fish-
eries filmed. 21-22; seven erizsliee
formerly existed in Califomia, 22:
when are sreenheads most abundantt
22 and 24 ; Cnlifomia's game sanc-
luariea, 23; California's lirat game
n'tuBe, 24 : protect the wood duck,
24 : lishen in relation to mosquitc
control. 24-2R: bird protection in
Knclnnd. 2.T; the fishinir iudiistrv in
Oalifomin. 25; a Caliromia fox farm,
^'r-'H'i: how many shooters in the
United Stateti today? 26: ownership
of wild life. 26; the warden of (came,
2ti ; muskrat farm eHtabliahed in
Ohio. 26-27 : Canada uries protection
of zame, 27 : need for doc protection
obvious, 2T : additional game si
luaries. 64 : the game warden
n-ork. 64 ; dry vears injure nnKling
prospertB. 64-65 : eovcrnment and
Fish and name Commisaion inan-
inirale free nature guide service, 65;
CheKter A. SeroggH. Wi: Forest Nes-
bilt. (tS: forest officers' reports. 66,
67; a bill to CRtablish game sanctu-
nries in national forests. 67-6S: San
IHecn 10 make clean sweep of the
Kngli»h sparrow. 68: sportamen land
many Wk fisb, 68; forest officers to
art as game wardens. 68-70; bird
pirotectioQ societies. 70: itame ahun-
dnnt in early days. 70-71 : sure pan-
ishment meted out to violators of tbe
niiffratory bird treaty act 71 : naval
air station fish patrol opens idle can
tieries. 71-72; a new executive officer
116: optimism versns pessimism, 110
the validity of the migratory bird
treaty suBlained, 116-118 ; survey of

the fur-bearing mammala of Califor-
nia, 118-119 ; adequate game protec-
lioD, 119; a national commission oa
conservation of wild life, 120; guns
used by duck pirates, 120; salmon
fishinit at Mendota weir, 120-121:
commission's duty to protect flsh and
game, 165 : summer resort educational
work, 165; the grizzly. 16i>-160;
beavers increase in the Adirondacks,
166; stale fair exhibit. 166; legal-
i7.ea carrying of gun in closed season,
160-167; more trained conservation-
ists, 167 : mud-hen Blew, "hunter
style," 167 ; making conservationists,
167-168: preservalion of inland
marahea, lWI-1fi9 : another sports-
men's creed. 169 ; the airplane viola-
tor. 108 ; France demands game re-
paration, 163.

Kdiicational work, summer resort. \(S>.

t^d neat ion versus law enforcement, 17-1^

Edwards, B. H., 144. 150.

Kdwards. Helen, R."!, 1.10: the growth of
the swell shark within the egg case,
153-157.

Kel, 40, i»0, 93.
-pout. S7.

Egg. 182, 1S,S; case, l.'VI ; yolk, ir.4 ;
small take of, ITl.
Ayu. IS.
CormoraDt. 21.

130, 131.

Pelici

, 21.

Sage hen. 13,

Salmon, 80, 101.

Steelhead, 171.

Trout. 74. 75. 76, 77, 78, 7».
Golden. 19, 171.
Elagatif hiDinnulalun. 3.1.
Elk. 66. 70. 106. 121. 133.
Kllis. L. I^. 145. 1.50.
l-:iiis. S. I,. N.. 121 : the diKli-Jhiilion

the golilen trout, 141-152.
Bnayme. 32.
Ephmoridae. 160.
Kiifhema ipinoiiam. 31,
Kvermsno. Barton V.'.. 14.1.
Kxpenditnres, 44, 9ft. 100. 140. 1IS3.

Pacts of current intereMt. 2S. 73. 127. 170.

Falcon, Perejtrine, 25.

F'arm. a California fox, 25 : muakrat
fiirm established in Ohio, 26: fur,
28 ; a successful fox, 12,t : game. 16ft,

Ferguson, A. 1).. 146, 147, 148. 151.

Feiidncr, Otto, 88,

Film. ^a. 131.

Fines. 2«, 71. 122. 127. 1.11. 1-12. 1.14.

Finley. W. L.. 1.12; save Klamath I.flkc
bird reservation, 20. 21.

Fish. 2.5. 33. 37. 66. 73. 82. 8.1. 87. fll.
94, 97. 105. 106. 111. 116. 121, 12.1.
128, 12fl, 131, 137, 143. 105. IfiS;
new game fvili impi>rted. 18: in rela-
tion to mosquito control. 24-25; sea-
planes to locate, 31 : a snipe-fish from
ralftlina. 32-33: the "runner" fish in
T>ower California, 33: Mexican fishes
in Cnlifomia norts, 33-.14 : guide to
the study of, 35 ; first appearance at

Jioo'^lc

CALIFOBNIA FISH AND OAME.

the "crested baod-lish." 34-35; pack,
liHO, 08 ; sportMn^n land many big,
liS ; Daval nlr station lish patral open
jdle omiK-ries. Tl-72; occurrence at
Montprpf of a de«p sea. S3 ; northern
('Hlifomin "day" and "nigbt" surf-
130.

Anadromous. 85.

Canning, 28, 174.

lHslribution.'74-75, 80, 123.

Flat. 8«.

Vaal. 80, J67.

Fresh- water, 62.

I^w. 10; viiilalion of. All !)K, l.m 1KG.

I4idd<>r, m. 171.

MpbI, 97.

Hack, 78.

Ki<ell. 1T9.

S<'onibroid, 173.

Screen. Oti, IS-I.
Fish and Oame OunmiKalon, California,
IS. ID. 21, 22, 23, 28, 31, Si. 05. 6S.
*K(. TO, 71. 73, 74. 7% 79, 83. 86, 102,
1«(. lis. 137. 128, 131. 132, 135, 146,
147. 148, IM, 165. 170, 172, 173,
174. 177, 180; and Kovernment in-
augurate tree nature iraide gervlce
ti^i ; duty to protect fish and same,

lar..
Hawaii, 18.
Minnesota, auctions confiscated gear,

.15 : breaks record, 35.
Ohio, 132.
Oregon, 132.
Wisconsin, 18.
Fi»h and Game District, l-I, 134.
FiMhcnlture, Department of. 74, 102, 128,

172.
Fisher. 89.
Fisher, A. K., 70.
Fisiier. \V. H., guns used by duck pirates,

120.
Fisher, W. K.. 83, Sc. 153.
Fishermen. 1. 28. Tl. 73, 81. 83. 86, 87,
121, 12:f. 134, 165, 174. nr^. 177,
Iftl. 182; Union at Fort Bragg,
20-30.
.XssoclRtioii. 153.
Fisliery. .>■« ; svnlhern nalifornia, filmed,
'21-22 ; Newport Bay. being devel-
oped. 30; recent publications. 82:
mullet, of Snilon Sea. W-R'l ; investi-
gation of pruposed halibut, 80: of
"■•'■• — 'i inspected by bureau chief.

. .ilifor
173.

Commercial, Department of, 102, 123.

Irfihoratory, 170.

1'r^nIuMn, 4fr42, 00-95, 136-138. 82;

California commerdal, 96-97.
Salmon, 17^.
.•^sniiDe. 173. 180. ISl.
Fishing. 3. 4. 57. 65. 66. 86. 135; notra

on dryflv, No. 2, 1-5; No. 3. 50-59;

No. 4. 107115; No. 5. 157-164;

many lioats destroyed, 20 ; village

comiielled to move. 30-31; Mendota

weir salmon. 120-121.
Iiidusin-. in California, 25. 68;

oiumxed in New Zealand, 123.

. 138,
Hi3.
Salmon. 172.
Hedge, l.'*. lt!0.
Wet. 50, .52. 54. 56. 150.
Flounder, 25. 40. 87. 88, 00, 03, 136, 184.
Food. 6«. 118.

of black-tailed deer, 15; of bobcat, 37.
Forest, Gre and our, 88; bill to establish
game sanctuaries in 07-OS; mule deer
on the r.Ateen, 134-1.^5.
Califurnia, 80, 134.
Kt ]>orado, 134.
Fo«ter. II. K., 18.
F«x, tlli: a Cjilifornia fi.x farm, 25; farm

(iivy, 8!»; 106?''
Silver black, 125.
Frog, 42, 02, 95.
Fungi. 15. 113.

Fur, 123, 125, 168; resources endangered,
IS: bearing mammals of California,
11&-110.
Farm, 28.

Giilathca

daknrhiiiui lyoptcm*, 37.

QamhMtia afftnu, 24.

Came, 17, 21, 22. 66, ITO, 116, 1(K, 1«T,
IWI, 180; forest fires destroy. 36-37;
abundant in early days, 70-71; in
the California forest. 8!t: in the San
Joaiiuin Valley in 1853, 1O1-I07; sale

prohibited
183.

District of Columbia,

Bird, 00.

Law in Colorado, 133 ; in Mansacliu-
setts, 133; violations, 43. 08, 122,
130. ISO.

Presi'r\e, 35, 110; state, 23.

I'rotection, 167; adequate, 119; Can-
ada urges. 27.

Refuge, 23. 36. 67, 09, 70, 73, 110;
Colifornias first. 24: IP, 134; 1-G.
135; Virginia favors new type of.

Reparation, demanded by France, 160.
Sanctiian,'. 119: California. 23; addi-
tional, '4M: 4-P'. 64; a bill to Mtab-
liHh game xnnctuarles In national
forcsla, 07-08.
Gaiw warden. 20. 37. 135, 108; at work,
«4: forest officers to act as, 68-70.
United Stales. 117, 132.
fiammarus, 172.
liear, ■■i.\ 173. 174. 170.
(JeeHe, 66, 67. lOG. 107.
Cnnada, 122.
Gray, 140.
Uelitlium roraevm. 31.

enrlilagincum, 31.
Qigartemaf. 31.
Gilbert. C. ir.. 32. 87,
Gill. ftlamentR. 155: slit, 1."..
(Jhll'torrriliahi* :<irhiruii, 87.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA FISH AND QAME.

(iolden-pye, Barrotr, does it breed id the

Sierras V, 37-iS8.
UoldeD trout, ace Trout.
Uold Osh, 24.
Gopher, lOti.

Gracetlaria confcrvoidrt, 31.
tlruBslioppcr, lOS. IW, 110, 111, 112, 113,

114, 115, l.'iy, l(i3, ItW, ItW,
UrayQsh, 133, ISl.
(Jrayson, Andrew J., game in the San

JosQuiD Valley in 1S53, IIM-IOT.
(ireenheatt, when are they moat abuu

dant?, 22, 24.
Oreenhsh, HI, DO. »3, 130.
Uriraly, (Ml, U7, 10&. lOtJ, 1(B ; seven foi

merly existed in Culifoi-nia, 22.
(Jrolto. v. G.. 131.

Columbian sharp-tailed, 07.

Sierra. 6T.
(iruuioD, at MoutuKy, 130; enemies o(

at hoag Beach, 131.
Guano, 32.
liiiil, 124; in Monterey Bay, 80-86.

(ilaucua-wiitged, Sti.

HerciDg, 86.

Sea, 85.

WoBtem, 86.
GULL. THE, 70.

Gun, 35, llXi ; used by duck pirates, 120
Uvmnngyim cu)i/ornica«, 133.

ITal;e, 40. ST. 90, 03, 130, 1S4.
llalil)ut, 3i>. 40, 82. &!, 80, 87. 90, 03
!»!S, Iffl's 140, 1S4, 181! ; invcstigntion
of halibut fishery proposed, fSO.

Net, 01. 83. ■- 1- h™ ,

naliotit ru/c.ccn«, 45, 40. 47, 84.

crtKherodii, 45, 47, 48.

fulgent, 85.

ffiganteo, 45.

ieallttlvnm. 45. 49, 50, 85.
Hall. George. 147.
Ilanlhenrl. 4(1. 00. 03, 130, 184.
Hare. 105. 100.
Hatcherj-, 73. 166.

Almanor, 78, 12S.

Itear Ijike, 70. IL'K.

BoRtiB Crock. 76.

Itoniioville, 80.

Hraokdale. 77.

<'lcai- Creek. 7S. 128.

CottoDwond Oreek. 70.

Ikimingo KprinKs, 78. 12S, 13r>.

FhII Creek, 76.

Fort Seward, 77.

Kaweah, 79.

Klaniathon, 70, V2S.

Monni Shnnla. 7.".-76, 7S. 12S. 171, 172

Mount Tallac, 77.

Mount Whiluev. 19. 76-77, 140, l"i2

Si-olt Creek. 78. 12a

Sisson. 146, 148.

Snow Mountain. 77. 128. 171.

Tab-K., 7li. 77. 127. 170. ITJ.

'i'allac. 172.

T-kiah, 77.

Wawoua. 7R. 79.

Yosemite, 79.
Hatcliery nolw. 74-70, 128-120, 171-172
Hawk, 60, 100.

Ilcacock, E. G., 19.

Heath hen. 167.

IlelwiB, L. U., 34.

Her

, 107,

:. 40. 73. 00. 93, 96. 97, 136. 184 ;

occurrence of the Japanese, 33 ; low

rivers iuHaence the siiawuiue habits

of, 81.
Heiaciinellid, 80.
HiKsens, Elmer, 131, 180; the young of

the black 3ea-l>Bss, ."i-O; notes fruiu

iht' State Kishpries J.aliora<ury, 32-

33, S1-S8.
Hil], K J., 145, loO.
Hind, «CL- Deer.
Ilogue, A. II., 140.
HoOund. Hay i'., 117.
Hf«k. 140. 147, 14S, 110, 170, 172. IT-I.
Grab, 12!.
Spoon, 88, 121.
Hopkins Marine Tjiboialory, 153, 181.
Ilougb, Emerson. 1. U4.
Hubbs, Carl L., 130.
Huber, C. C. 88.

Hunt, a. H., food of the bobcat. 37.
Hunter. 165, 106. 167 ; lament, 21 ; how

many in U. S., 26.
Kunter, J. S.. in memoriam, 19
HuntinfT. 67. 170.
Ilurby, Mr, 101.
liypomriua, 130.

I

Idiacaaihut aatrottumui, 33.
ILLINOIS KPOKTSMAN. 2li.
[ng\-ason. P. A., 124.
Intemntional Haherles CAimmi}ision, 80.
Interstate Simrtsnieu's l'rul(i-(ive Asho-

datioD, 117.
Ishikawa, C, 18.

Jacksnipc, 67.
.lewHsh. California, 5-0. S2.
Johnniu. J. Kub. 145, 150.
Jordan. David Starr, 18, 35.
Jump, James W., 08.

Karakul sheep, see Sheep.
Kitdeer, tre I'lorer.
KiuRliBh. 40. 90, 93, 130, 184.
Kimiear. J. L., 88,
Kishinouye, KamakichI, 173.

.aw. m, 71. 177; i^ucallon versuB law
eiitorcement. 17-18: New York en-
forces c-uiiHervalioti, .'15 : lenali^es car-
rying of gun in closed season, 106-1'IT-

Flab, 10.

Game. 122: in Colorado, 133; in Mns-

BacUn-splls, 133.
Hunting license. 19.
MIcralory bird, mc Migratory Bin!

Treaty Act
Water pollution, 28.

i„vGoo<^lc

CALIFORNIA FISH AND OAHE.

Leader, 58. 59. 164.

I>>ahy. Herbert. 28.

I^eKis'Ature, of Celifornia, 121.

Tjeopold, Aldo, 22.

IjewiB and Kierman, 25, 12r>.

IJwnse, 116. 119, 123, 109.

Fishing, ^.

Iliintine, 69, 1G6, 170.
Life historr, 66; notes, 3G-38, SS, 133,

182-183.
Limpet. 42. 85, 137, 185.
Line, 58, 146. 148, 14!>, 181, 102, 170,

172. 174, 175.
Lion, 73.

Mountain, 66.
I^hBter. 39, 98, 140.

Spiny, 25, 41, 01, 95, 180.
Ix>cfe Leven. »ee Trout.
Luphotet. 34, 35.

Croatian M, 34.
Luvar, 35.

l/ycodopfi* pacificua, 87.
Lynx, 63.

M
M., R. I.., dry-fly fisUinc, No. 2, 1-5.
dry-Hy Jlsbine. No. 3, 50-59; dry-fly
liRhlnic, No. 4, 107-115; dry-fly fishing,
No. 5, 157-164. .
Aluckprp], 30. 40, 00, 93, 00, 97, 184;
family, 173.
Siwnish, 33, 136.
Macrorhampttoiut kaictfiicti«is, 32, 33.

(Cfitari*. 33.
AFaKgot. 131.
Msllard, »ee Duclt.

MHramal, 18. 22. 60. 73, 119, 105; bui^
vcv of the tur-bearing, ot California,

11'8-im

Marlin. 40, 90, 93.

Mast, 15.

Matsuoka, C 31.

Manle, Vf. W.. Biiraeated bird reservation

on Mono \jakv. 124.
Maxey, Gorman, wildcat eats cbick'
HcMurray, Sam, 147.
Meadowlark. control cricket pest,
Siprftanser, American, 73.
.Merriani, C. Hart, 22.
Microitomue jtacificus, 87.
Migration, 120. 125: differential

22.

1 of ^

in New Mexico,

f^sh. 66.
Alisratory Bird Treaty Act, I2B, 131,

132: sure punishment meted out f

violalors of. 71 ; the \-alidity of en:

tained, 116-118.
Miller A. R., soup-fin ahark eats abi

lone. 37.
Miller. r>oye Holmes, 65.
Mills. Elnoe. 165.
Mistletoe. 15.
MockinEbird, 106.
Moffit, TFames. 144. 150.

Sargeant, 145.
Sfolea. 106. „. .,_

Moliusk. 4L 92. 95. 131. 137, m>.
Monster, of the deep sea captured, 33.
Moore, H. F., 1T3.

Moose, 66.
Morris, Ray. 127.
Mosquito, 24, 106.

Sheep, *ce SI
Mouse, 160.
Mud -ben, stew,
Huael cepkalui,
Mullet. 40, "-^

'lluuler S
60,61.

' 167.

.-., _-. __, M, 90. 93. 136, 184;
fisheries of Saltou Sea. 00-03.

Muakrat. lOS; farm establisbed in Ohio,
26-27.

c, Edward M., need for doe protec-
tion obvious, 27.

Mussel, 32, 42, 92, 95, 137, 185.

N

Nasu. Kiati, 153.

National commission on tUo conservation

of wild life, 120.
National forests,

California, game in the, 89; steelhcad
trout in, 134.

Gl Dorado, 134.

Inyo, 146.

r^aseen, 134-135.

Sequoia, 1S2.
NATIONAL GEOGKAriltU MAGA-
ZINE, 24. _
National Park, 05; and mouumeuls, £i.
67.

Sequoia, 145.

Yosemite, 149. 105.
National Park Sen,-ice, 27, 105.
Nature guide, 65. , _. ~,

Naval air station flsh patrol, 71-72.
Nelson bill. 07.
Nelson, B. M., 153.
Nelson. R. W., 168.
Nelson. J. M., l*i, 150.
NVmatode, 131.
Ncmatonurui acrolepU, S3.
Nesbitt, Forest, 05.
Net 39. 98. 140. 182, 1S6.

Cod trawl. 83.

fiill. 73. 174.

HalihuC trammel. 61, 83.

Tending, 59.

Otter trawl, 8G.

Paraniella, 8i.

Trawl, 80, 123.
Newbert, F. M.. a new executive oBicer,

New York Zoological Society, 132.
Nidever, H. B., 131.
Nielsen, E. M^. 33, 34.

Note, life'bistory of tbe black-lailed deer.

State fisberies laboratory, 32-35, 83-8
- 130-131, 177-182.
Hatchery, 74-79. 128-129. 171-172.
Life history. 3638, 88. 133.

;dnyG00(^lc

CAIJFORNIA FISU AND OAME.

Ober, E. II.. 127. 147. 149. l.W. 151, 152;
tlie life biatory of tbe aag" hen,
12-14.
Octopus, fishing in Japan, 174-175.
Odncoileai columbianut, lH.
Oil. 62. (». 108. 175; on Pismo beach, 131.

Finli, 97, 123.
Olor coin mfriaruM, 73.
OmitholoKiHt. 70.
Oimeru*. 130.
Osprey. 25,
Otolith, 179.
Otter, 70.

River, 80.
Owl. 2.'!.
Oj-er, P. II., 83.
Oyster, 25.

Eastern. 43, 92. W., 13S, IS-J.

-N'Htive, 42, 92, 95, 138, 185.

Panther, 80.

Partriiipe, 06. 167. 169.

I'fsri. V. B., 34.

I'eaaltips, beai? for hunters in Michigan,

:. 182.

in Sequoia National

Pike. 40. 90. 93. 136, 184.
PI.NB CONE, 119, 1C9.
Pine nut. 30.

Plruronifhlhtm drfurrcn; 88.

I'Iflver. Kentish, 25.
Kildecr. 98.

I'oiBon, 122, 132. 171.

Pollution, i.'(l ; stream, in New York
State. 85 L water, in Ohio, 132-133.

Pnmtret, 35, 88.

forapano. 31. 40. 00. 93, 136. 184.

I'orcupine, Tellow-hair«l, 07.

Predatory. «(■<; Bird and Auimal.

I'reaen'ation. of inlaod matshps, IW-ltiO.

Propatnition. 17 : American nchooi of wild
life protwtion and. 167.

Prolpction. 17. 124. 13.->. lO.'); bird, in
Enxland. 25 ; of the Bockeye aalmon,
3.".: societies, 70; of the aalmon fiah-
eried, 80: adequate Bome, 110; to
deer in Sfskiyou County, 125 ; of
bear favored. ]26.-

I'lirdy. J. C. 183.

PlnrmiRan, flS.

Pteradidfe. 35.

Quail. 3.'i. 39, 66. 70, 98, 105. 106, 133.
140. 107; imiunne to strychnine poi-
soning. 122.
^fountnin. 3»!. 37, 89, 122.
Valley. 88, 122.
"Quinnat," patrol launch, 18.

Bahbit, 36, 39, (», IW, 105, 106, 140, 167.

Jack. 165. 166, 10..
Rack, ice Kiah.

, 108.

Hail, 107.
Rainbow, »™ Trout.
Haja tMUIata. m.
Kat, 166.

lie«l, r.7, 101, 162.

He^lineton, Paul G.. 69. 151 ; a Califomla
condor aeeu near the head of Deer
Creek. 133.
Reeher. Mai, 38.
Retuee, 1-F. 134; 1-G. 135.

fianje, 2:(. 24, 6T, 69. 70, 73, 119.
Beichlin*. Oscar H.. 10.
Reiwrts. 39-44. 09, 90-100, 136-140. 183-
186.
California commercial fishery products.

96-97.
Paiitomla fresh fishen' products, 40-42,

90-95, 136-138, ISl-lfe.
Forest officers', 66-67.
Seizures — fish, jtame and iTlecally used

fishiuK apparatus. 39, 98, 140, 186.
Statement of expenditures, 44, 99-100,
_ 140. 183.

Violations of fish and eame laws, 43.
98. 139, 186.
Reservation, save Klamath Lake bird, 20-
21; fetleral bird. 23; sugKested on
Mono r^ake, 124.
Bird, TO.
Game, 169.
Resources, we must capitalize our, 17 ;

fur. endangered. 18.
Rich. Willis. 103, 178.
Biihards, W. W., 167.
Rifle. 35.

Ring-tailed cat. »ec Cat.
Roadranner, 106.
Robinson, J., 146.
Rocktish. 40, 90, 93, 136. 184.
Rod. 55
Dry-fly, m. 158, 102.

!-n1is

; 55.

fly, 53.

Roe. 41, 91. 94, 90, 137, 181.
Rollmops, 97.

Roosevelt. Theodore, 20. 21. 145, 146.
Itunner. ;J3.

Sal.lefish. 87, 97. 130, 184.
Sage hen. life history of. 12-14.
Salachini. 97.

"" agua-bouitn, 141, 144. 14.1, 146, 148,
l.W. J 52.

gilberti. 142.

roosevelti. 141, 143. 1415, 147, 148.
149. l.TO. 151. l.-)2.

whitei, 141, 144. 14.">. 150, 151.
Salmon, 12, 13. 15, 20. 39, 40, 68, 78,
74, 75. 77. 81. 90. 93. 9C. 97. 98,
lOti, 121. l:l5. 136. 170, 172. 184. 186;
protection of sockeye. 35 ; packeiB
fear depletion, 81; Bsfaiog at Men-

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

194

CAMPORNIA FISH AND QAUB.

dot* wcit, 120-121 ; marking sock-
eye, 8IK>1; catches in ocean and
streams, IT5-1T6 ; seasoD at Hon-
terey, 176.
Chiitook, 25 : marking exijcriment at

Klamath Hiver, lUlfl, lOl-lW.
Quinnat, 75, 7(J, 77.
Silver, at Monterey in IQ-JO, 175.
Salt lick, .15.

Salton Sea, investigation, 83-34.
Snnddab, 41, 87, 5)1, !M, 13«, 138, 184.

'25-26; fox farm a i

125.

Kano, IL, 30.

Sardine, 28, 30, 31, 33, 41, 68, 71, 72.
80, 01, U, 96, 97, 137, 138, 184;
Ihe proposed investigatioD of the, lO-
12 ; the inaugura.tion of scientific
work on the. 32 ; progress of the
work, S3; progress of the sardine
work, IM) : present status of th^
investigation in the San Pedro dis-
trict, 180-181; problem in the Mon-
terey Bay district, 181-182.

Scale, 178, 179.

Scalloiv 1387185.

.>*<'liolberg, I'rivate, 145, 130.

Scientific asaistniit employed, S3.

S<:ufiKl<l. N. B., commercial fishery notes,
2!K32, 80-82, 172-176.

Hecififld, N. M., 149.

ScoHeid, W. L., king salmon marking
experiment at Klamath Kivcr, 191'J,
101-104.

fScomberomervt tierra, 34.

Scombroidei, 35.

Scutt, Carroll De Wilton, sparrows de-
stroy gardens, 182-1S3.

Screen, »ee Fish.

Scripps Institute, 83.

Scrojrgs, Chester A., 65.

Sculpin, 41, 01. »4, 184.

Sea bass, lee Bass.

Sea monster, tee Monster.

Seaplane, 72, 172. 173 ; to locate fish, 31.

Sea trout, see tront.

Seaweed, 31.

Searches, 30, 9S, 140.

Sebaatodn *p., 87.

Seine, 19, 130. 147.

ficguoia aigantea, 133.

Hinola, 33.

Seite, O. K., 32, 83. 86, 130. 178. 180.

Shad, 41, 82, 91, 94, 1)6, 137, 184.
Buck, 41. 01. 94. 137. 384.
Boe. 41, 91, 94, 96, 137, 134.

Shark, Gurry, SO.
Sltcper, captured, ""

Shebley, W. 11., hatchery notes, 74-79.

128-129, 171-172.
Sheep. Karakul industry. 123-124.

Mexican wool, 124.

Mountain, 66.
Sheepshead. 41, 91, 94. 137, 184.
Shiras III, George, 117.
Shrimp, 3ft, 41. 91. 95. 185. ISC.
Skate, 41, 91, 94, 137, 134.

Starry, 83.

Skipjack. 41, 68, 91, 14, 96. 97, 137, 185.

Skua. 25.

Skunk, SO, 16S.

Smallev, E. W., 148, 151.

Smelt, 30, 41, 87, 1)1, 93, 137, 185.

Snail, !I2, iK), 13S.

Sea, 42.
Sni|ic, 10<i.

Sni[ic-fitih. from Catalina Island, 32.
Snyder. J. U., 103; the pomfret near

Fort Bragg, 88.
Sole. 25, 41. 87. 91, 93, 137, 185.

Chinese, 87.

Long-hDDed, 87.

Il*i, 87.
Homniotvi microcephatovi, 80.
S(>nrrowB, destroy gardens, 183.

Desert, 107.

English. San Diego to make clean sweep
of, 68.
Spanlding, M. K., 75, 78.
Spawn, 18, 19, 76, 77, 80, 81, 101, 102,

121. 130, 135, 149, 181, 182.
Split-tail. 41. 91, 9*. 137, 135.
Spinner, 100. 163.
Spiracle, 155.
Sponge, 86.
Spoonbill, 25.
Sporlaman, 166, 107; another creed for,

ItK).
SPOKTSMAN'S REVIEW, 20.
Siiuai-e-tail, 35.
Squid. 42. 02, i>5. 96, »T. 131, i:W, 174,

185.
Squirrel, 36.

Ground, 80, 107, 122.

Tree, 66.
Slag, ita Deer.
Stanford University, 153.

Slarks, E
State Fai

exhibit, 166, 170, 171.

Slarksi B. C.

. ..__, dlinrieT'O.rSTl
Sturgeon, 93, 186.
Sucker, 41, 01, M, 137, 185.
Sun Ksh, 24.
Surf-fish. 41. 01, 94. 185.
Swan. 08, 107.

Whistling, 73.
Swordfish, 41, 68, 91, 94, 137, 185.

Taenioeomi, 35.

Tahoe Camp Ground, 170, 172.

'Faniguchi, T., 86.

Teal, 107.

Tmiaj-, 31.

Terrapin, 42, 92. 95, 185.

Tliomrpson, Will F., 80; the proposed in-
vestigation of the sardine, 10-12;
the abalones of northern California,
45-50; the mullet fisheries of SaJton
Sea, 00-tt3; notes from the State
Fisheries Laboratory. 32-3S, 83-88,
i:iO-131, 177-182.

Thunnu$ (fiynnuf, 172.

Tibbetts, Captain, 130.

Tododie, Mck, 30.

Tokyo Imperial University. 173.

Tomcod, 41, 91, 94, 137, 185.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.

Toms, Webb, San Diego to make cIcbd

sweep of the Eugliab sparrow, G8.
Tonkin, GeorRe, 132.
Top-minnow, 24, 62, 84,
Trapping 118, i:;2 ; industrj, Ot;,
Trawl, Otter. 8C
Trolling, 176, 183.

Trout, 18. 39, 58. 73, 74, 75, 98, 114,

m, 140, 1S6: farm, 91. 04: fry.

74. 75, 76, 128. 129, 135. 100; die

in Bear T^e. 171 ; food, 172.

Biaclt-apotted, 74. 77. 79, 128, 134, 135.

172.
Brown, 74. 128.

Eastern brrok. (Xl. 74. 77, I2S, 134. i:!5.

Golden. 74. 76. 77, lOli. 170: streams

now stocked with, 19: dietributioa

of the golden trout in California,

141-152; tackB hardiness of other

trout, 171.

I,ocb Leicn. 74. 128. 134, 135.

Mackinaw, eaufiht in Donner Ijake. 182.

Rainbow. «8, 74, 76, 77. 78, 79, 127

128. 134. 135.
Sea. 41. »1. 94, 137. 184.
Steelhead. 41, 74, 77. 78. 79. 91. 94
128. 13r>, 185: in the California
Xational Forest, 134.
Troush, 172.

Tuna, 25, 41. +2. 08. 72. 91. 94. 96. 97,
137: thf status of. 172-173: fish-
eries investigated. 173; large. 182.
Blue fin. 41, 91, 94, 172, 173, 174,

182, 185.
Yellow fin, 41. 01. 94. 173, 18.5.
IxiOK-fiuned. 172. 17!!.
Turljot. 41. 42, 91. 04. 137, 183.
Turkey, wild. KIT.
■l-urtie. 92, 95, 96, 138, 185.
Sea, 42.

I'nited Slntes Bureau of Biological Sur-
vev. 22. 71, 89. 120, 122, 125-126,
i;(2. T1.S; takps over work ot Ameri-
can Bini-banding Association, 122-
123.

I'nited Stntps Knrcau of Cliemislr.v. 174.

United States Bureau of Entomology. 38.

I'nited Rtaten Bureau of Fislieries, 19,
24. 2R. 32. 75. 76. 80. 83, 87, 101,
103, 145, 146, 153, 173.

United States Bureau of Fislierips. I'res-
eri'Btion Lal>oratory, 173. 1T4.

United States District Court, 117.

United States Forest Service. 60, 70, 78.

(\»i>erotion, 88-80, 134-135.
United States National Museum, 32, 87.
United States Supreme Court, 116. 117,
University, of Itlmois, 85.

Cornell. 167.

lowu state, 167.

of Washinglon, 167.

Van Camp. Gilbert. 33.

\'an <'ami) Sea Food Company. 33.

Violations, 135. 1117: of hsh and game
laws, 43, 69. 08, l.i"). 181! : ot Migra-
tory- Bird Treaty Act. 131.

Violfttor, 71, 12.-.. U12. 166. 167: cheap
Hliort for inBuential, 122; the air-
plane. 109.

\'ngi'lsang. Cliaries A., 110.

W

Wanl. Henry B., 8.5.

Warden. »fc Game warden.

Wamoek, A. W., ISO,

Wsterfowl, 70, 117, 122, IGS, 109.

Watson, Wile.v. 144. l.'iO.

Weaver. M. L. 14,'5, 150,

Weeks-Mcl*an bill, 117,

Westerfekl. Carl. t!9. 116. 151.

Wet fly. 50, r^ 54, .'Hi. 159.

WeymoLth, F. W.. VM, 131, 17!»; (he
I'aclRc edible crab and its iienr rela-
tives. 7-10.

Whale, 80. 123.

White. Stewart Kdwnid. 14.".

Whitebait. 41. 91, 14. 137, 185.

WliiteSfh. m. 01. 94, 137, 18.1.

Wild Cat. Wl. SO; eats chickens;, 37;
food of, 37.

Wild lite, ownershin of. 26; lilms, 3.1.

Woli-erine, Sierra Xevada, 07.

Wolf. 66.

Northern Timber. 67.

AVood I^ark, »en l^rk.

AVoodiwcker, 2-'i.

Worm, nematode, 131.

Wryneck, 25.

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

PATROL SBRVICE.

I. U Bndeefe—

■twri'woio*!

■. B. initr

ButKCm

m. a. roatw— Lwneb**

•AOKAIIBNTO DIVISION.
V. U. NMtart. C

ftonot BnOdtac Cm

Dl K BalMcta—

I.O* AIMBLU DIVIMON.

J. &.amr

... RMnnnt

thdOB Lmcm milWlTH, Lm AnsHta.
lus: HotiMh Fnw.

0. H. ObOT—

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

1919 ABSnua CAUFORNIA fISH AND GAME] UWS 1920

WHITK MUARU INDICATK OPIN •EAWN
NUMHEM IN nUARU AU QPMN DATB*

HUNTINO LICEN8KS_
Unm VHrfna Jib I OJmnM
teHdwila, •IJM. Nan-rMld*nt>, •HMKL Cartain
Ml, tiojbo. other Allan*, tmM.

ANQLINQ LICENSES

Uwiw VtIm Jmww I ta DiiiBlirW

RMldonti, tl.00. Non-RwIdanU, VUm AllMMh

TRAPPING LICENSES

Cltlnni, 11.00. Allifll, |Z.oa

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc

3 2044 093 363 075

c

.Gooi^lc

DiB.1izedOyGoO(^lc