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CALIFORNIA|
FISH» GAME!
CONSERVATION OF WILD LIFE THROUGH EDUCATION” ff
Volume 5 Sacramento, Outohes. 1919 Niauber 4
AM
PUBLIC
LIB.
BOARD OF FISH AND GAME COMMISSIONERS.
Commissioners appointed by the Governor, by and with
BUREAU OF EDUCATION, PUBLICITY AN
the consent of the cone ,
Term at pleasure of Governor. No compensation.
RM. -NEWBERT;.President.222 32220 2S 2 eee Sacramento
MM: J." CONNELL, -Comminsionerc 3 oe ee ee Los Angeles
D.. GL: BOSQUI, -Commissioner-< 2 ee eee San Francisco
CARL WESTERFELD, Executive Officer____._._______.__-_--_--__ San Francisco
J. S. HUNTER, Assistant Executive Officer______________-------__ San Francisco
E.: D-.DUEKRN,: Attorney so ee ee eee Oe oe ae eee San Francisco
: DEPARTMENT OF FISHCULTURE.
W. BH: SHEBLEY; in*Charte*Wishculturess_¢ 34 2S ee tele eee Sacramento
HW. BUNT; Field Superintend ert ie ee aA Eee ee ae Sacramento
G. H. LAMBSON, Superintendent Mount Shasta Hatchery___-__---__________ Sisson
W.°O. FASSETT, Superintendent Fort Seward Hatchery, Ukiah, and Snow
Mountain Station: 0.5. ol gO fag eel aN es Alderpoint
G. McCLOUD, Jz., Foreman in Charge Mount Whitney Hatchery and Rae
Disthees S te thorn pic ae Nh RN Pe cn ene Independence
G. E. WEST, Foreman in Charge Tahoe and Tallac Hatcheries_____________ Tallae
BE. V. CASSELL, Foreman in Charge Almanor and Domingo Springs
Hatcheries (2 a ae Nee SC a ae eee gee Keddie
_L. PHILLIPS, Foreman in Charge North Creek Station--___-____--_ San Bernardino
L. J. STINNETT, Assistant in Charge Klamath Stations___.___-___-_-_- Hornbrook
G. L. MORRISON, Foreman in Charge Bear Lake Station_-__-_-___ San Bernardino
GEO. McCLOUD, General Assistant in Charge Cottonwood Creek Station-_Hornbrook
GUY TABLER, Assistant in Charge Yosemite Hatchery_-__---___-_--_~- Yosemite
F. W. EDDY, Assistant in Charge Fall Creek Hatchery-__-_____--_-----_-~ Copco
JUSTIN SHEBLEY, Foreman in Charge Brookdale Hatchery__-------~ Brookdale
J. B. SOLLNER, Assistant in Charge Wawona Hatchery___-------_-~-- Wawona
AOR DOONEY, Mish: adder anspector. 228 ee ee a ee Sacramento —
As Eo CULVER: Screen Bs pect r 2s fe ee ea a elie Fa eee Sacramento
M. K. SPALDING, Assistant in Charge of Construction___-___-___-_- Sacramento
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES. =
NBS SCOFTE ED: ain? Charee tcc rege ia oe ocr sees San Francisco.
HH -BONIDEV ER; WASSigtsir tee Na i aoe San Pedro
W. °F THOMPSON; Assistantst 22 20s oe ee Long Beach —
PULUMER:- HIGGINS, “Assists rt see ee ae eee Long Beach
HAR LD DOW WINGS A SS ist arta ee San Francisco
S) H. DADO, sAssIstan te 2255s as eR ee ea ata teem Sic vas Doha San Francisco
8; BAD DER Assists ribose 2g ene aN al I a eg ae San Pedro
P2 HOVER,” Assistant Ta in Nae Saha iar ne ey pele en Oa
se EDT WilG; Assist inns os a a ep eee ee San Diego
D RESEARCH.
DR. B. “Os BRYANT, Tn Chia ree re aaa ee Berkeley
=
—
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
“CONSERVATION OF WILD LIFE THROUGH EDUCATION”
Volume 5 SACRAMENTO, OCTOBER, 1919 Number 4
CONTENTS.
SOME NOTES ON DRY-FLY FISHING____---------- R. L. M., California 169
NOTH ON THE HABITS AND USE OF THE SMALL SAND CRAB
CATE RIETRAGAN ALO G:Av) ae =e. LO Ee eS Frank W. Weymouth 171
GAME CONDITIONS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA THIRTY-FIVE
AYSHU AGES TAG © Se eee oe Se Ee ee M, Hall McAllister 172
A CASE OF DESTRUCTION OF PISMO CLAMS BY OIL_----------=---
prea ie es See ae Bee ee a ee ee eS pe 2S St Frank W. Weymouth 174
ACCUSATIONS AND THE DEFENSE—
SEES HD HNP RE SOLU LIONGAIND : AM LuBPL Ys = St oe Ce = Se ee 176
FEST PT TS OE ATE T a(S etter Ech IS a Se SS US le 187
JE UANC Od RSET OO ELS Gr] GA Bed 85 OLS DE A Oa RSG De ee Ee Ee ee eee eee 195
SE ONENCBTEVCAILA Tse BEES EL BURY: SIN @UIUE) SS Stet 5 7 2 ee ee te ee 196
NOTES FROM THE STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY-_-____-------__- 200
CONSHERVATIO Ne DN OER SWAG BS 22. 22 fe 28 eee ee ee 204
ANGST E=TCL ES WI CR VSN Oye ee en ee ee ee eee 205
UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICH CO-OPHRATION_-___-___-_______ 206
REPORTS—
SS EEDA GING ae se an aes Sas” ot De Ra Bw ee ae Fee Avi pay A ede ds 207
SHR. Ee RODUCIS. eMPRU WAY. UINES, LOU O42. Us ee ee 208
VIOLATION SPOR OTS HAND E GcA MR eIAW YS === 5. ee ee ete 210
JOSS A OTT ep ais eens Uh io | Bias OP eee ee ee ee ee ee ieee eee 211
TOSS TU Da eg Rg a st lt Sa a a ed a eh a eae ee Pals}
SOME NOTES ON DRY-FLY FISHING.
By R. L. M., California.
There is really no mystery in connection with dry-fly fishing;
everybody who has fished with the wet fly must have noticed that the
first time that a new or dry-fly is cast on the water, that it remains
on the surface; in other words, it floats. As soon as the fly becomes
wet it ceases to float and thus becomes a wet fly. Now, dry-fly fishing
merely consists in keeping the fly dry, and if it should become wet,
of drying it with as little loss of time as possible.
Owing to more or less recent discoveries, several aids have been
found which greatly assist the fisherman in keeping his fly from
becoming waterlogged. The most important of these is the ‘‘oil tip.’’
The honor of this discovery belongs to the late Thomas Andrews, of
Surrey, England, who obtained it from Colonel Hawker, a descendant
of Colonel Peter Hawker (Diary 1802-53; ‘‘Hints to Young
Sportsmen’’). ‘‘Odorless paraffine’’ is the fluid generally mentioned.
This is not always easy to obtain. However, there is another oil that
from my own personal experience is equally efficacious. I refer to
the well known and useful ‘‘3 in 1.’’ The best method of applying
‘2 in 1” to a fly is to dip the fly in the oil, then lay it on a piece of
48650
170 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.
blotting paper to drain while breakfast is being eaten. <A fly treated
in this manner will continue to float bone dry until it is worn out or
the day’s fishing is over
Another very useful thing to have at the waterside is a piece of
amadou. This substance, which looks lke leather, is a fungus that
has the property of rapidly absorbing moisture. If the fly is very wet
it can be pressed between a folded piece of amadou and nearly all
the moisture is removed.
But all said and done, most of the drying out of a fly is done by
switching or casting the fly back and forth in the air. Anybody who
is able to throw a fly can in a very short time learn how to do this
without snapping off his fly.
The first thing to remember is that the fly should not be thrown at
the water. Learn how to cast the fly so that all the impetus imparted
to the line is used up by the time the fly is still above the surface of
the water, and allow the fly to fall of its own weight on the water.
Now, when this feat can be accomplished with ease, instead of
letting the fly fall on the water, make a backward stroke similar to
that which is made when picking the line and fly off the water; this
will extend the line behind. A series of three or four of these back-
ward and forward strokes (which are called false casts) are made
between each true cast, and this action called ‘‘drying the fly’’ is the
principal thing that differentiates between wet and dry-fly fishing.
Of course, there are other things to be taken into account, about which
I hope to say more at some later date, but the whole secret consists
of being able to throw the fly backwards and forwards in the air
without permitting it to touch the water in front or the ground
behind. When that can be done the major part of the art is conquered.
In actual practice the false casts will be made at an elevation
corresponding roughly to the top of the rod, whether the overhead
or horizontal cast is being used.
I strongly advise the beginner to commence his dry-fly fishing with
hackle flies, for the following reason: A hackle fly, having no wings,
is always ‘‘cocked up’’; whereas, a winged fly should float with its
Wings standing up in the air, and placing such a fly on the water
properly ‘‘cocked up’’ does not come to one overnight. But as soon
as the beginner becomes proficient in putting a hackle fly lightly on
the water he can switch to the winged variety and note results. If
the fly persists in floating on its side, 2.e., with one or other wing
in the water, it shows that there was too much force used in making
the cast; because the fly, instead of falling of its own weight onto the
surface, was propelled thereon, with sufficient force to topple it over
on its side. As time goes on, however, the fly will more often fall
correctly and float hghtly on the surface with an extraordinary
resemblance to the natural insect.
Do not become discouraged if you do not become an expert dry-fly
fisherman in a few days. Have patience and be persevering and in a
surprisingly short time, all things considered, you will find yourself
accomplishing things you once considered almost impossible. The
great test of the art is to be able to tell when a fly is dry or otherwise,
by the feel of the line when making the false or drying casts. When
you can do this your novitiate is in the past.
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 171
NOTE ON THE HABITS AND USE OF THE SMALL SAND CRAB
(Emerita analoga).*
By FRANK W. WEYMOUTH, Stanford University.
Of the many baits used for surf and pier fishing in southern
California, few are more popular than the ‘‘soft-shelled’’ sand crab,
of which numbers may be seen for sale in the fish markets on the piers
at Santa Monica, Venice, Long Beach, Coronado and other coast
towns. Some recent observations on its habits suggested that those
who use it as bait might be interested in its mode of life and where
it may be caught.
The small sand crab, as it may be called to distinguish it from a
larger form also found in the sand, or more technically Hmerita
analoga, is found on sandy beaches exposed to the open ocean along
the entire coast of California, but never in bays or other sheltered
locations. The reason for this will be clear when we have considered
its feeding habits. At the level washed by the waves it burrows in
the sand, and is found grouped in beds which can be recognized even
at a distance by peculiar diamond-shaped ripple marks in the water
running off the sand after the breaking of the wave. These ripples
are caused by the feathered ‘‘feelers,’’ or antenne, of the sand crab,
which it thrusts up into the receding wave. With these it combs from
the water the microscopic animals and plants upon which it feeds.
If one has patience to wade into such a bed and wait quietly until
the crabs have recovered from their first alarm, the interesting process
of feeding may easily be watched. As the water clears of sand after
the inrush of the wave, dozens of pairs of the plume-like antenne will
be seen to pop out of the sand into the seaward-running water, where
they remain until the wave drains off, occasionally disappearing for a
fraction of a second to be freed of their catch of tiny organisms.
Corresponding to this habit of feeding on material too fine to be
chewed, the jaws, which have hard-cutting edges in other crabs, are
here small, soft, degenerate vestiges.
If a shovel is thrust into the sand of one of these ‘‘beds”’ it will
turn out scores of these crabs which ‘‘dig in’’ again so rapidly that
few can be caught. If numbers are wanted the best way to catch
them is to shovel the sand, crabs and all, into a box having wire screen
in the sides, and let the sand be washed out by the waves as they
sweep in and out. Another but less efficient method sometimes prac-
ticed is to hold a screen across one of the sand gulhes found in this
part of the beach and so catch the crabs which happen to be swimming
about in the receding wave.
Observations recently made show that the crabs move up and down
the beach with the tides so that the beds may always be found in the
area washed by the waves, and here they may easily be recognized by
the ripple marks already mentioned.
Crabs caught by any of these methods will be noticed to differ
much in size. In this species, unlike most of the crustacea, the males
are much smaller than the females, and it will be found during the
breeding season, which falls in the summer months, that only the
*California State Fisheries Laboratory, Contribution No. 8.
172 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.
larger specimens are carrying egg masses. The ‘‘soft-shelled’’ crabs
are, of course, not a separate form, but only those that have recently
molted or east their shells, a process occurring yearly in most
crustaceans, and that have not yet hardened their new shells. Accord-
ing to observations just made, the molting of the large females
apparently occurs just before spawning and in advance of the molting
of the males, and it is these ‘‘soft’’ females which are collected as
bait for surf fishing. Fish are apparently used to feeding on these
crabs, which in their soft state have more difficulty in burrowing into
the sand than at ordinary times and are therefore more likely to be
found swimming about at the bottom. The fisherman, in using the
‘“soft-shelled’’ sand crab, is therefore offering to the fish one of its
customary dainties, and it is readily accepted.
GAME CONDITIONS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA THIRTY-FIVE
YEARS AGO.
By M. HALL McALLISTER.
In 1885, f spent the summer and fall in and near Colton, Riverside
and San Bernardino, in southern California, and most of the months
of September, October and November in riding and hunting all over
that part of California. My companion was a rancher, V. C. Reche,
who was one of the best shots, deer trackers and general all-round
hunters to be found anywhere.
We had one week’s hunt on the Santa Margarita, also known as the
Juan Foster-Dick O’Neill-Flood property, near Oceanside. Our party
of four bagged fourteen deer and could have killed double the
number, but stopped shooting because they were nearly as tame as
sheep.
There were then some antelope just south of Riverside, and I have
now the horns of a buck killed not far from San Jacinto Mountain,
near where the town of Hemet now stands. Mountain sheep could
then be found in either the San Bernardino or San Jacinto ranges,
and my hunting friend Reche had killed several. I also remember
a miner who reported a very large grizzly as coming daily to the
mountain side near a mine to feed on the berries. This mine was on
the desert side of the Cajon Pass where the Santa Fe Railway comes
down from Barstow. Mountain lions were also plentiful all through
these ranges. I remember a friend reporting that while riding
through a canyon not far from his ranch he suddenly came on a
bunch of five lions feeding on a dead calf, and as he had no weapon
with him he thought best to make a quiet sneak.
On the San Jacinto plains south of Riverside were a few springs,
and to these the quail came in countless thousands to water, and at
nearly each one of them we found a brush hut and a V-shaped trough
placed there by the quail market hunters. Reche and I went around
and burned up each and every one of these “‘slaughter pens’’ and got
ourselves somewhat disliked when the news leaked out as to who had
done it.
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 173
When the quail season opened in September we had many splendid
hunts, but no potting was allowed, wing shooting only; and with birds
so plentiful, we had wonderful sport. I remember one hunt where
we slept out at one of these San Jacinto plains springs and in the
morning saw the enormous bands of quail coming up for water. It
made one’s blood tingle with excitement. The ground for hundreds
of yards all around was a moving mass of thousands of running birds.
We hid in the brush and let them come in to water, then suddenly
jumped up with a shout and succeeded in scattering the flock so that
in an hour’s shooting we had bagged 97 quail, all wing shots. We
did not move more than one hundred yards from the spring, as every
rock on the hillside had from one to a dozen quail under it.
Mr. Reche stated that when the Sunset Route of the Southern
Pacific started in 1880, many young men in southern California started
hunting quail for the San Francisco market, but that nearly all the
quail rotted in the sacks before reaching San Francisco, so that the
business proved unprofitable. Before refrigeration could be arranged,
the big bands of quail were all killed off. He stated that with his
brother he started to shoot for the market, but his returns did not pay
the express charges and the cost of powder and shot. He stated that
by actual count he picked up 363 quail as a result of eleven pot shots
of his old muzzle loader at the spring where we found the V-shaped
trough. This was an average of 33 birds to each shot, and he said he
would wait until the trough was actually covered with quail before
he would shoot.
Coming back to recollections in and around my home in San
Francisco, I remember that in the summer of 1875 I visited a camp of
young men in the mountains back of Pescadero, in San Mateo County.
This was in July and there was a game law against shooting quail,
but these men, ‘‘just for the fun of it,’’ were potting quail by the
hundreds and had a large sack full; in fact, so many that their camp
could not eat them and we were invited to ‘‘help yourself if you will
keep your mouth shut.”’
In the California Market, San Francisco, in the seasonal months
from September to February, the oyster cafes served “‘ quail on toast,
25e,’’? and when I lunched there my daily order was this most palatable
dish.
Remembering the adage, ‘‘You can not eat 30 quail in 30 days,”’
I tried and accomplished the feat. It was supposed the adage came
from the idea that a person could not obtain quail on each day of
thirty consecutive days or that you would so tire of them that you
could not carry out your bargain. However, as stated above, I did
obtain and did eat a quail each day for thirty consecutive days. I
might state that the restaurant had a fine cook who understood how
to prepare them with plenty of butter, and they were delicious.
As I was working and had to keep regular office hours in San
Francisco, most of my hunting was on Saturdays and Sundays and
occasional holidays and vacations. I have a journal and record book
of all my hunts from 1877 down to the present year, 1919, just
forty-two years. Most of the shooting has been at ducks and geese
on the Suisun marsh, where I was a member of the Cordelia and Ibis
shooting clubs.
2—48650
174 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.
A CASE OF DESTRUCTION OF PISMO CLAMS BY OIL.*
By PROFESSOR FRANK WALTER WEYMOUTH, of Stanford University,
California.
That crude oil is harmful to marine and fresh water animals has
been so generally recognized that most states, including California,
have passed laws designed to protect their waters from oil by pro-
viding penalties for those who allow it to escape. Definite instances
proving its destructive effect though present, for instance in the case
of water birds, are not numerous, and for this and other reasons
convictions are not always easy to obtain. It is claimed by the clam
diggers at Pismo and Oceano that oil is chiefly responsible for the
decrease in the supply of Pismo clams. It is hoped that at another
Fig. 55. Oil cakes on the beach near Pismo. The size may be judged by comparison with the
cap. Photograph by W. E. Weymouth. é
time it will be possible to present an analysis of this claim and of
other factors influencing the abundance of this important food
mollusk, the data for which are not now available, but an instance of
the effect of oil which recently came under the writer’s notice may
here be put on record.
Sometimes oil reaches the beach from tanks on the shore near Avila,
but the most important source is from the water ballast discharged by
vessels coming to load oil at Port San Luis. This can not reach the
beach at Morro around the projecting ‘‘Pecho’’ coast against the
prevailing winds, but is blown on the beaches at Pismo and Oceano
at times in considerable quantities as bathers at these resorts are
*California State Fisheries Laboratory, Contribution No. 11.
:
3
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4
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. a5)
well aware. One such instance was observed by the writer on June 1
of the present year, when along more than a mile of the beach just
south of Pismo large masses of fresh oil were found scattered over
the wet sand exposed at low tide. The appearance at two points is
shown by the accompanying photographs, from which the size and
abundance of the oil cakes may be judged. In fact, at this time it
was impossible for a bather to cross the beach without getting so
much oil on his feet as to make a gasoline footbath necessary. Many
old cakes well mixed with sand and free of the thinner oils may be
seen at any time high up on the beach, showing that the occurrence
is by no means rare. On the date mentioned the lighter parts of the
oil, churned up by the surf into an emulsion, were found sweeping
back and forth across the sand at the tip of the advancing waves,
and in this were large numbers of small animals either dead or so
feeble as no longer to be able to burrow. About a quart of small
clams, chiefly razor shells (Siliqua), but including some thirty small
Pismo clams (Tivela), together with a few sand crabs (Hmerita) and
some worms were picked up in a few minutes. All were smeared with
oil; some of the clams were dead and gaping, others were alive, but
too feeble to keep up the constant burrowing necessary to maintain
their place in the sand from which the waves had washed them.
Whether the oil killed them directly or, what is more probable, by
filming over the sand cut off the supply of air, could not be deter-
mined. But that they were killed by the oil can not be doubted, as
examination of the beaches for two or three weeks before and after
this date seldom showed even a single dead clam except in the
presence of oil.
With this clear proof of the destructive effect of the oil on such an
important food animal as the Pismo clam, there can be no excuse for
tolerating the escape of oil, especially as it has been proved possible
by devices in use on many tankers not only to prevent its escape, but
to save the oil thus usually lost.
176 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,
If you are inclined to criticise the Fish and Game
Commission, read the following criticisms and the
defense.
If you believe in the work of the Commission,
inform yourself more fully as to the accomplish-
ments of the past few years.
ACCUSATIONS AND THE DEFENSE.
Resolution by Mr. Eden, introduced in the State Legislature April 1, 1919, and
referred to Committee on Governmental Efficiency and Economy.
WHEREAS, The Fish and Game Commission of this state, and its several members,
officers and assistants, are, by virtue of the very large power and authority given to
them by law, in a position to exert great influence for or against legislation pending
before this Assembly; and
WHEREAS, It is said that certain of said officers and members have in fact sought
to influence pending legislation ; and
WHEREAS, Said Fish and Game Commission and certain of its members, assistants
and employees have been derelict in the performance of the duties imposed upon them
by law; now, therefore, be it
Resolved, That the Committee on Efficiency and Economy of this Assembly be and
it is hereby, directed to make an immediate and thorough investigation of the following
specific matters:
1. To ascertain what, if any, fishing clubs, gun clubs and private game preserves,
any of the said commissioners, or the officers, assistants or employees of said Fish and
Game Commission, are affiliated with ; and whether or not any of said officers, assist-
ants or employees have been, by reason of such affiliation, perniciously active in
supporting or opposing any legislation now pending before this Assembly ; and whether
or not they have shown any favoritism, in any manner, towards any gun or fishing
club members; and whether or not they have, by reason of their said membership,
sought to set up and perpetuate in this state, against the interests and wishes of the
common people, the European system of a monopoly in the control and use of wild
fish and game, which is peculiarly the property of all the people.
Why it is that within the past nine years said commission has, without any
sic teet explanation, dismissed three certain executive officers of said commission,
each of whom was reputed to be a faithful and efficient public servant.
3. How much of the time of the present attorney of said commission is devoted
to the duties of his state office, and how much of it is devoted to his own private law
practice ; the latter of which is said to be very large and lucrative.
4. Why said commission collected from the people of the State, during the four
years ending June 30, 1918, the enormous sum of $837,409.25, of which the sum of
$708,310.75 was expended; whether or not said sum so spent was not unwisely and
extravagantly used. Also recommend some legislation that will reduce the amount
of money collected by said commission at least $30,000 per annum. Also to ascertain
if it is not advisable that the expenditure of such a large fund should be made by the
governing body of the State, upon appropriations, instead of by said commission, as
is now done, without any control of the Legislature whatever.
5. Why it is that for the two years ending June 30, 1918, the police work of the
commission fell off about 15 per cent over the preceding two years (see last report to
Governor, page 88) ; notwithstanding said commission is charged with the enforcement
of laws for the preservation of fish and game, and notwithstanding more people hunted
and fished during said period ending June 30, 1918, than before ; ‘and notwithstanding
reports of frequent and flagrant violations of the "fish and game laws were reported
in the press and otherwise throughout the state.
6. Why said commission expended the enormous sum of $68,272.21 to establish and
a large sum since for additions to a trout hatchery in Inyo County, for the purpose,
as avowed by the said commission, of stocking the streams of southern California and
the western slope of the southern Sierra Nevadas, when it was obvious to any person
that said location could not be a success for the following reasons :
a. That there were no waters nearby needing to be stocked.
b. That it was impossible to obtain a sufficient supply of trout eggs in that vicinity
for hee purposes.
The great distance the hatchery product must be transported at heavy expense.
Z. The “hatchery product must be transported through the heat of the Mojave
desert before they reach the waters intended to be stocked.
PUBLIC
LIB.
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 177
7. To ascertain the cost of maintenance and operation of said hatchery in Inyo
County, and whether the said cost is not extravagantly expensive and out of all
proportion to the benefit derived by the people of the state, and likely to be a growing
burden and expense; also the person from whom the ground was purchased and the
then owners of adjacent property and the price paid therefor.
8. To ascertain whether or not the commission is making any intelligent and
sufficient effort to obtain accurate first-hand information relative to the present status
and condition of the game and fish of the state; and whether or not by reason of
failure to procure such information many species of game and fish have reached the
point of actual extinction, with others in the same dangerous stage of diminution,
pefore proper conservation measures can be proposed to this Assembly.
9. Why said commission has permitted the Truckee River, one of the most beautiful
streams in the world, and a famous fishing ground, to remain polluted for years by
the waste products from a paper mill located at Floriston, California, notwithstanding
popular complaint and objection by the citizens, not only of our state, but also
by the people of our sister state, Nevada, whose principal city obtains its domestic
water supply from said river; and notwithstanding said commission is required by
law, and clothed with all lawful authority, to prevent the pollution of streams. Why
it is that in the face of the law said commission has deliberately and wilfully failed
and refused to do its plain duty, thereby constituting a clear and flagrant malfeasance
in office, and one that should be severely dealt with by the proper authorities.
10. Why it is that the ocean waters of San Luis Obispo County and the waters of
San Pablo and San Francisco bays, and other navigable fishing waters in the state,
have been for years, and are now, being polluted with crude petroleum, oil refinery
refuse and other substances deleterious to fish life, in violation of law ; notwithstanding
it is the duty of the Fish and Game Commission strictly and impartially to enforce the
law against such pollution.
11. To ascertain whether or not, throughout the state, in irrigated districts, many
canals and irrigating ditches are diverting water from streams that contain fish,
without using screens to prevent the loss of fish; and thereby millions of trout, bass
and other valuable food and game fishes are annually killed and wasted.
12. To ascertain to what extent dams and other artificial obstructions are being
suffered by the said commission to be maintained in the streams of the state without
proper fish ladders, and whether or not by such neglect and dereliction of duty on
the part of said commission, millions of trout, and other migratory fish, are prevented
from reaching proper “spawning beds,” with a resultant loss of a great quantity of
fish spawn and fish.
13. To ascertain if it is not true that the Fish and Game Commission has failed
and neglected to take advantage of that provision in the law authorizing the creation
of game refuges on private land holdings, resulting in game, in many sections where
hunting is intensive, failing to receive proper and adequate protection.
14. Why said commission has discontinued a branch office established at the request
of the people of the San Joaquin Valley; thus making less effective the supervision of
police and other conservation activities in that important and developing region; and
thereby, and through other activities, having lost to the state the services of one of
the most efficient and conscientious fish and game conservationists in the country.
15. To ascertain if it is not true that said commission has wasted large sums of
the people’s money in unscientific and impractical experiments at its game farm at
Hayward, California, and has finally abandoned said farm.
16. To ascertain if it is not true that the distribution of fish, as carried on by said
commission, is unscientific, unduly expensive and results in the destruction each year
of a large proportion of the fish so distributed.
17. To ascertain if it is not true that because said commission has failed to investi-
gate and prevent enormous losses occurring among the millions of young salmon
propagated and distributed each year after they leave the hatcheries, the salmon
fisheries of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers are not being kept in a healthful
ana thriving condition. i
18. To ascertain to what extent, if any, said commission has, within the past eight
years, been governed by political, personal and other insufficient and improper motives,
1m its acts in the following particulars :
a. The dismissal of trained and efficient employees.
b. The employment, promotion and otherwise rewarding of assistants and
employees not deserving of such consideration. f
c. The failure to promote certain assistants deserving promotion. :
And whether it is not true that by reason of said acts the entire department is
demoralized and functioning very inefficiently and at an expense out of all proportion
to the results obtained.
19. To ascertain if it is not true that the force of wardens in the field, where the
fish and game are to be found and where constructive work can only be done, is
inadequate; while the “overhead” has been constantly increased by adding to it
expensive and unproductive clerical workers; be it further
Resolved, That said committee report to this Assembly within a short time, the
result of its investigation, with such recommendations as it may deem advisable;
pe it further
178 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.
Resolved, That said committee be, and it is, hereby authorized and empowered to
compel the attendance of witnesses at its several sessions, by subpoenas, to be served
by the clerk of said committee; and that the chairman and vice chairman of said
committee be and they are each of them authorized to administer oaths to witnesses ;
and any witness refusing to answer questions is hereby declared to be in contempt,
and may be punished as for contempt.
Said committee is empowered to employ all needed clerical and expert assistance to
carry on said investigation, and all costs and expenses of such investigation shall be
paid out of the Contingent Expense Fund of this Assembly, not exceeding one thousand
five hundred dollars,
Reply to the Eden Resolution by the Executive Officer of the Fish and Game
Commission,
In the preamble of Mr. Eden’s resolution introduced in the Assembly, April 1,
1919, it is stated that some of the members, officers and assistants of the Fish and
Game Commission appear before the Legislature. While this is true, they do so
merely in an advisory capacity and have not at this or any other session of the
Legislature, attempted to influence any legislation for personal motives. They have
tavored the legislation which they thought was best for the conservation of the fish
and game of this state and have opposed legislation which, in their opinion, was
harmful or vicious.
A general statement is made that certain members, assistants and employees of
the commission have been derelict in the performance of the duties imposed upon
them by law, but no specific instances have been enumerated. ‘The statement is
untrue. Assistants or employees found derelict in the performance of their duties
have been promptly discharged from the service of the commission.
The following is a brief reply to each of the nineteen points set up in the
resolution :
1. The fact that two of the three commissioners are members of gun clubs has in
no way influenced them in showing any favoritism towards gun clubs nor have they
been perniciously active in supporting or opposing legislation pending before the
Assembly, nor have they sought to establish the Huropean system of monopoly in
the control and use of fish and game, against the interests and wishes of the common
people. On the contrary, they have always sought to perpetuate fish and game in
this state for the benefit and use of all the people. Commissioner Bosqui is not
a member of nor in any way affiliated with any hunting or fishing club nor with any
game or fishing preserve.
2. It is not true that within the past nine years the Fish and Game Commission
has dismissed three executive officers of the commission. Charles A. Vogelsang
severed his connection with the commission long before Commissioners Newbert and
Bosqui were appointed and several years prior to the time the present executive
officer became connected with the commission.
John P. Babcock, after several conferences with Governor Hiram W. Johnson,
resigned on November 24, 1911.
Ernest Schaeffle voluntarily resigned on September 15, 1916. Both resignations
are now on file in the office of the commission.
83. Mr. Robert D. Duke, attorney for the commission, devotes all of his time to
the duties of his state office.
4. During the four years ending June 30, 1918, the Fish and Game Commission
collected the sum of $837,409.25, because under the laws of the state, it was its
duty to collect said sum. This money was paid into the Fish and Game Preservation
Fund by hunters, anglers and commercial fishermen who desired that it be used for
the purpose of conserving fish and game and not that it be diverted into the general
fund to be used for other purposes. It is their wish that these funds be spent on
patrol, enforcement of fish and game laws, erection and maintenance of hatcheries,
distribution of fish, installation of screens in ditches, fishways in dams and research,
ete.
The fish canners and commercial fishermen, of their own accord, asked that a
privilege tax be imposed on the taking of fish and that the money from this source
be turned over to the Fish and Game Commission for the purpose of conducting
investigations of the life history of fishes in order that the commercial fisheries might
be further developed, new methods of fishing experimented with and proper legislation
passed in order to conserve the fishes of this state. .
Accounts of its receipts and expenditures are published more frequently by this
commission than by any other state board or commission. ‘California Fish and
Game,” published by the commission quarterly, contains a full statement of all money
expended by this commission each month, besides an account of the commission’s
other activities. :
_ That the funds of the commission have not been unwisely or extravagantly spent
is proven by the results obtained. The salmon run, which in the early ’80s was
practically exterminated by mining operations, was restored by the work of the
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 179
commission’s hatchery department, so that in 1918 over twelve million pounds of
salmon were caught, which retailed at an average price of 25 cents per pound, making
the total value of the catch $3,000,000.
Striped bass, catfish, black bass, shad, blue gill, calico bass and other food fishes
were introduced into the waters of this state by the Fish and Game Commission.
As a result of this work, 1,400,000 pounds of striped bass were caught in California
in the year 1918. They were retailed at about 25 cents per pound, or $325,000.
During the last three years over twelve million pounds of shad were taken in Cali-
fornia, from thirty to sixty-five carloads of roe-shad being shipped to the Hastern
markets each year, retailing at not less than 20 cents per pound, making an average
of $800,000 per year.
Catfish are also caught in large numbers. In 1918, 200,000 pounds, worth 25 cents
per pound, or $50,000, were sent to our markets. The annual catch of these four
species of fish introduced or re-established by the Fish and Game Commission is
valued at $4,175,000. In fact, a total of 250,000,000 pounds of fish were caught in
California during the year 1918. ‘The fish packed by canners and curers, alone, were
worth approximately $20,000,000, to say nothing of the fresh fish sent to the markets.
_ Surely an industry of such magnitude is worth protecting, and any money spent
in investigating the life history of our food fishes can not truthfully be said to be
extravagantly spent without achieving results, particularly when the fish introduced,
propagated and protected by the commission bring into the State of California,
$4,175,000 per year—over ten times the amount expended by the state in the protec-
tion, propagation and conservation of all fish and game.
As a result of the investigations by the experts of the commission, a new season
and limit was adopted and the catch of crabs increased 40,000 dozen per year, valued
at $100,000.
Besides the important work of the Fish and Game Commission in propagating and
conserving commercial fishes, it has also propagated and distributed millions of trout
and has stocked many waters which had been entirely barren of fish life. Bear Lake,
an artificial lake in San Bernardino County, about eight miles long, was stocked by
the Fish and Game Commission. Hatcheries and egg-taking stations were built and
maintained there and the supply of fish kept up so that now the fifty or sixty thou-
sand people who visit the lake annually obtain excellent fishing. In addition to Bear
Lake, the commission has also planted trout and black bass in Huntington Lake,
Bass Lake, Shaver Lake, Clear Lake, Juniper Lake, Medicine Lake, Rea Lakes,
Sixty Lake Basin and many other lakes throughout the Sierra Nevada and the Coast
Range mountains, too numerous to mention. In all of these lakes excellent fishing
is to be had and they are annually visited by tens of thousands of anglers.
Innumerable barren streams in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and elsewhere in
this state have been stocked with trout. All of the streams in the Yosemite
National Park above the floor of the valley were barren of fish life before they were
stocked by the Fish and Game Commission. Golden trout have been distributed
from Voleano Creek throughout the Sierra Nevada Mountains, as far north as the
Yosemite Valley.
The fishing in some of our best streams is kept up solely through the work of
the Fish and Game Commission. When the run of black-spotted trout, the only
trout indigenous to the Truckee River, was stopped by the dams in the river in the
State of Nevada, the Fish and Game Commission planted Rainbow, Eastern Brook
aad Loch Leven trout in this most excellent fishing stream, so that, now, while
black-spotted trout are seldom, if every caught, excellent catches are made of the
varieties introduced by the Commission.
The banks of the Sacramento River on Sundays and holidays, in fact, nearly
every day, are lined with anglers fishing for catfish, crappie, blue gill, calico bass and
other exotic fish introduced into the waters of this state by the Fish and Game
Commission.
The work of the Fish and Game Commission in the protection of the game
resources of the state has also been productive of excellent results. Deer are
admittedly much more numerous now than they were ten or fifteen years ago.
Cottontail rabbits are becoming so numerous that the residents of Fish and Game
District No. 2 and Fish and Game District No. 4 have asked this Legislature that
the protection given cottontail and brush rabbits be removed and that they be placed
upon the list of predatory animals which may be taken at any time.
As a result of the protection given pheasants, those planted by the commission
have become so numerous in favorable localities, that open seasons for the taking
of these birds are demanded in Inyo and other counties and will probably be granted
by this session of the Legislature.
Quail and doves are holding their own in most localities. Wild ducks and wild
geese, under the protection given them both by the state and federal government, are
so numerous that in many localities, they are considered a pest, particularly in the
rice fields of the Sacramento Valley and the grain fields in the lower San Joaquin
Valley. In fact, there is now pending in the Legislature a bill providing that the
protection given ducks and geese be, to some extent, removed, in order that the
farmers of the state may obtain relief from their depredations.
180 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.
5. The diminution in the number of cases made in the biennial period 1916-1918,
is due to the vigorous campaign of education being carried on by this commission.
The commission feels that it can obtain much better results by educating the people
to a proper observance of the laws for the conservation of our fish and game, than
it can by arrests alone. Apparently the commission is justified in this. Despite the
fact that the patrol has been more efficient than at any other time, the number of
arrests have decreased from: 2,087 in 1914-16 to 1,797 in 1916-18. Among the
activities of the Department of Education and Publicity which emphasize the motto,
“Conservation through education,” are:
a. “CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,” a quarterly magazine devoted to the conserya-
tion of fish and game in California, published, contains—
(1) Numerous articles on game species, means of identifying them, their past and
present status and the means whereby they may be conserved.
(2) Statistics bearing on the abundance of game species.
(3) Reports of work accomplished by commission ; activities initiated.
(4) Financial reports.
b. Publicity items in newspapers dealing with fish and game and the activities
of the commission.
c. Magazine articles, e.g. “A New Goose for California,” ‘‘Pernicious Bounty Laws.”
d. Lectures on fish and game and its conservation illustrated with stereopticon
and with motion pictures, given to schools, churches, teachers’ institutes, boy scouts,
summer camps, ete.
(1) Special series of lectures to university students.
ec. Exhibits showing work and activities installed at State Fair and sportsmen
shows.
f. Instruction relative to fish and game and the need and value of wild life
conservation given in schools by means of lectures and trips afield.
(1). Teacher’s bulletins issued furnishing teachers with usable information.
(2) Similar instructions given boy scout organizations at their summer camps.
g. Record of activities and accomplishments furnished the Governor and the
people of the state through the medium of a biennial report.
h. Information on wild life furnished in reply to letters of inquiry.
‘Nhe decrease in the number of cases can also be accounted for by the fact that
at the 1917 Legislature, the sale of trout was prohibited, thus eliminating the many
arrests that had theretofore been made of fishermen who caught trout for the market
and who continually violated the law regarding both seasons and limits.
Furthermore, on account of the vigorous prosecution of cases by the commission,
many violators have ceased to disobey the laws. For example, after Judge Murasky
decided the case of American Game T'ransfer vs. Fish and Game Commission in favor
of the commission, the merchants who had theretofore sold wild ducks illegally,
practically quit doing so, and market hunters from whom they procured wild ducks
discontinued their unlawful shipments.
6. At the urgent request of the anglers of southern California, the commission
decided to build a hatchery to stock the streams and lakes of southern California
and the western and eastern slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains, which
were fished annually by thousands of people from Los Angeles and other portions
of southern California. It emphatically and repeatedly demanded in writing of
the Department of Engineering and Board of Control that the building should not
cost more than $30,000. Plans and estimates were submitted by the State Architect,
calling for a building to cost $29,500.
At a meeting held in the office of the Fish and Game Commission in the Milis
Building, San Francisco, attended by John Francis Neylan, then President of the
Board of Control; Mr. Dean of the State Architect’s office; Frank M. Newbert,
M. J. Connell, Carl Westerfeld, Fish and Game Commissioners; Ernest Schaefile,
Secretary of the Fish and Game Commission, and Mr. W.. H. Shebley, Superintendent
of Hatcheries, the commissioners attempted to question the representatives of the
State Architect on the estimates submitted and were told emphatically by Mr. Neylan
that neither he nor the representatives of the State Architect or the Department of
Engineering or its officials, came to the commission to have their ability to estimate
the cost of a building questioned by laymen; that the law provided that the amount
set aside for the building must be turned over to the Department of Engineering
and that if the plans were satisfactory, the commission would have nothing further
to say about its construction. Furthermore, if the commission did not turn over
£30,000 to the Department of Engineering, as provided by law, the Board of Control
would not approve of the expenditure of one cent and the commission could not
build the hatchery. Thereupon, the commissioners turned over $30,000 to the
Department of Engineering, which assumed full charge of the construction of the
juLIdINE.
: 3efore asking for plans and specifications for the hatchery to be built in Inyo
County the Fish and Game Commission made an extended survey of all the streams
in southern California, in order to obtain the best site possible for a hatchery. The.
temperature of the waters of numerous creeks was taken; the minimum and maximum
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME, 181
flow determined; the transportation facilities were examined; the needs of the sur-
rounding country were investigated. After a most exhaustive examination, the
present site on Oak Creek was chosen, and the results have fully justified the choice
made. In view of the fact that nearly all the water in southern California was
appropriated for irrigation, power or domestic use, the state was extremely fortunate
to obtain such valuable water rights free of cost. These alone are of much greater
value than the cost of the hatchery.
The fish produced at the Mt. Whitney Hatchery show much greater and better
development than those propagated at any other in this state or anywhere in the
world. The facilities for stocking the waters of the southern Sierras and southern
California are better than those that could be obtained anywhere else in that section
of the state and the people wuv wre informed, are all of the opinion that no petter
site could have been chosen.
a. It is not true, as stated in the resolution, that there were no waters nearby
needing to be stocked. On the contrary, there are numerous streams and lakes
both on the western and eastern side of the southern Sierras, some of which are
barren of fish life, in which trout ought to be planted. The headwaters of many of
the streams flowing into the southern San Joaquin Valley rise in the western slopes
of the Sierra Nevada, within easy range of the Mt. Whitney Hatchery.
b. It is not true that it is impossible to obtain a sufficient supply of trout eggs
in the vicinity of the hatchery. On the contrary, an ample supply of trout eggs
can be obtained from Rae Lake and Bear Lake, besides a bountiful supply of golden
trout eggs from Cottonwood Lake, the only place in the world where these eggs can
be obtained. In any event, it is much cheaper and easier to transport eggs to Mt.
Whitney Hatchery to be hatched and distributed than it is to transport trout fry
from Mt. Sisson Hatchery to the streams and lakes stocked from the Mt. Whitney
Hatchery.
ce. It is not true that the hatchery product must be transported a great distance
or at a heavy expense. ‘The lakes and streams of the southern Sierras and southern
California can be easily reached and cheaply stocked from the Mt. Whitney Hatchery.
d. The hatchery product is loaded on the fish distribution cars at Owenyo, leaves
there about five o’clock in the evening, and passing through the Mojave Desert at
night, reaches Los Angeles and the southern portion of the San Joaquin Valley
early the following morning.
7. The cost of maintenance and operation of the Mt. Whitney Hatchery is not
extravagantly expensive nor out of all proportion to the benefit derived by the
people of the state. From year to year the expense, instead of growing, will
Guaunieh on account of better facilities and the probable decrease in the price of food
or fish.
The ground on which the hatchery is located was not purchased by the state,
but was given to the state by the citizens of Inyo County. The commissioners
are not aware who are the owners of the property adjacent to the hatchery site.
At the time the hatchery was built, the land adjoining it immediately on the west
was a part of the National Forest, owned by the United States.
The Fish and Game Commission of California has made a greater effort than any
other state in the union to obtain accurate first-hand information relative to the
present status and condition of the game and fish of the state. It has caused
extended scientific research to be made, both as to the life histories of our game
and our fishes.
Under the direction of Dr. H. C. Bryant and J. S. Hunter, the following investi-
gations have been instituted:
a. Researches are being carried on by H. C. Bryant, Ph.D., game expert of the
commission, and J. S. Hunter, in close co-operation with the University of California,
Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, facilities and advice of the trained scientists of the
university being available and used
. 6. Dr. Bryant, joint author of “The Game Birds of California,’ a 600-page book,
published in 1918, detailing the life history, habits and past and present status of
each species of game bird found in the State, sums up present knowledge of each
species.
c. Investigations of the food habits of birds:
(1) Roadrunner proved an efficient destroyer of insect pests rather than an enemy
‘of quail. Actual food consumed shown by stomach analysis.
(2) Study of food of ducks in progress. Will furnish information as to their
relation to agriculture and will give evidence as to best food plants to attract wild
fowl to the State. Natural foods suitable for use by the game breeder will also be
apparent.
d. Compilation of dependable facts regarding game and its status. File kept;
information furnished by forest officers codified ; newspaper articles authenticated.
(1) Special report on fur bearing mammals; past and present status.
(2) Present status of beaver with map showing known distribution.
(3) Present status of prong-horned antelope with map showing present distribu-
tion and census of existing herds.
e. Statistics of annual kill of game.
3—48650
182 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.
(1) Deer. Estimate made from actual report of kill made by deputies and forest
officers.
(2) Ducks. Estimate made from records showing shipments to market.
f. Investigations of disease attacking game.
(1) F. C. Clarke—disease attacking deer in Trinity County; proved to be a
bladder worm.
(2) Dr. Bryant—disease attacking ducks in Sutter County, 1918.
g. Investigations of birds in relation to agriculture.
(1) Ducks versus rice. Joint investigation by Biological Survey and Fish and
Game Commission.
(2) Blackbirds versus corn and other crops.
(3) English sparrow versus garden crops and beneficial native birds.
(4) Relation of meadow lark to agriculture.
h. Field investigations of game refuges.
(1) Trinity County Game Refuge; present condition; predatory mammals.
(2) Pinnacles Monument Game Refuge; present condition; predatory mammals.
i. Study of acclimatization of exotic species. Success and failure in the intro-
duction of foreign game birds and mammals.
j. Study of methods of conserving wild life.
k. Scientific investigations of deer and their status in California by F. C. Clarke.
The following scientific investigations of the commercial fisheries of the state
have been carried on, and many of them are still in progress under the direction of
Mr. N. B. Scofield, in charge of the Department of Commercial Fisheries.
a. Investigation of Albacore, Sardine and Herring. Mr. Will EF. Thompson,
formerly with the Department of Fisheries of British Columbia, at present fishery
expert in our laboratory at Long Beach, is making a scientific investigation of the
life history of the albacore, tegether with a statistical analysis of the catch. He is
also making a scientific study of the sardine and herring, as well as observations on a
great many other fish. The greater part of the time, however, is spent with the
albacore and sardine, in order that we may be prepared to cope with the many
problems arising with the rapid development of these fisheries.
Mr. Elmer Higgins, who is a graduate of the Department of Zoology, University
of Southern California, is assisting Mr. Thompson in the laboratory, collecting speci-
mens and conducting experimental fishing trips on the patrol launch “Albacore.”
b. Edwin Chapen Starks, assistant professor of zoology of the Leland Stanford
Junior University (formerly curator of the museum, and instructor at the University
of Washington), is writing a series of comprehensive articles on the results of his
studies of the various fishes of this coast, which appear in our magazine, ‘““CALIFORNIA
FISH AND GAME,” 4.€.,
The Flat Fishes of California.
The Mackerel and Mackerel-like Fishes of California.
The Herring and Herring-like Fishes of California.
The Sharks of California.
The Skates and Rays of California.
c. Salmon. Arrangements have been made to complete the investigations of the
life history of the salmon from Monterey Bay to the northern boundary of the state.
Mr. Willis Rich, a well-known student in zoology, and J. O. Snyder, associate
professor of zoology, Leland Stanford Junior University, formerly Assistant United
States Fish Commissioner, naturalist U. S. S. “Albatross” and expert ichthyolo-
gist, will carry on the work. Mr. Rich has already completed a great deal of work
on the salmon and Dr. C. H. Gilbert of Leland Stanford Junior University has
carried on extensive experiments for the commission in marking and planting
salmon fry.
d. Crab. A study of the Pacific Coast edible crab (Cancer magister) was made
by Frank Walter Weymouth (assistant professor of physiology, Leland Stanford
Junior University, A. B. Stanford 1909, A. M. Stanford 1911. In 1912 and 1913,
assistant in physiology at the Johns Hopkins University), in the year 1911. As a
direct result of his findings the size limit of crabs was increased by law and the
catch of crabs in 1917 was increased 50 per cent over that of 1916.
e. Mollusks. In 1911 a complete survey was made of the California coast under
the direction of Prof. Harold Heath, professor of zoology, Leland Stanford Junior
University (A. B. Ohio Wesleyan, Ph.D. Pennsylvania), covering the mollusks of
this region. W. W. Curtner, Will F. Thompson and Mr. Hubbs assisted in this work.
f. Crawfish. A crawfish investigation was made in 1911 by Bennett M. Allen of
the University of Wisconsin. Later Waldo 8. Schmidt of the United States National
Museum came to this coast, and in 1918, with the assistance of our men and boats,
was able to secure some specimens of young crawfish which will greatly assist him in
his report of their life history.
g. Abalones. Mr. W. W. Curtner has made a complete study of the abalones of
a State. Mr. Curtner is a graduate in zoology of the Leland Stanford Junior
niversity.
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 188
h. Striped Bass, Sturgeon, Perch, Shrimps, ete. Mr. Scofield has himself con-
ducted a great many investigations of our fishes, such as thesshad, striped bass, perch,
sturgeon, etc. He has also made a study of the shrimp fishery and has been able to
prevent the use of the destructive Chinese method of shrimp fishing.
7. Kelp. During the Great War, when a sufficient amount of potash was not
obtainable even at the increased price of $800 and $400 a ton, formerly $65 per ton,
a study was made of the extensive kelp beds along the coast of southern California
with the assistance of Mr. W. C. Crandall of the Scripps Institution and Dr. F. W.
Turrentine of the United States Department of Agriculture, and regulations were
made as a result of this study which enabled the harvesters to cut the kelp to the
limit without unduly destroying the beds.
9. There is less than eight miles of the Truckee River in California below
Floriston. Shortly before the present Board of Fish and Game Commissioners was
appointed, the State of Nevada appropriated $10,000 to abate the nuisance caused
by the pollution of the Truckee River at Floriston. Nevada’s chief complaint was
not that the alleged pollution was deleterious to fish life but that it rendered the
water supply of the city of Reno unpalatable.
An action was commenced by the State of Nevada in the United States courts in
San T‘rancisco and much testimony was taken. It was not proven that the refuse
was deleterious to fish. In fact, the testimony showed that the fish in the river
below the point at which the refuse was discharged, were in good condition and fit
for human consumption. The action commenced by the State of Nevada was thrown
out of court. Thereafter, certain state officials of Nevada consulted with the Fish
and Game Commission of California, with a view to abating the nuisance. F. A.
Shebley and N. B. Scofield were sent by the commission to the Truckee River to
make further experiments with the water affected. Numerous conferences were held
and a committee consisting of W. H. Shebley, Superintendent of Hatcheries in Cali-
fornia, Professor Dinsmore, Bureau of Chemistry, University of Nevada, and Mr.
Block, representing the paper company, was appointed to go east at the expense
of the paper company to investigate certain appliances to handle the refuse. ‘The
owners of the paper company agreed to install these appliances providing the manu-
facturers thereof would guarantee their efficacy. When the manufacturers would
not do this, the matter was again taken up by Governor Boyle of Nevada and Mr.
Thatcher, Attorney General of Nevada, with Governor Hiram W. Johnson of Cali-
fornia, and Mr. Westerfeld.
As a result of this conference, a committee consisting of Hon. Arthur Arlett and
W. H. Shebley, again investigated the condition of the river below Floriston and
made its report to Governor Johnson. Mr. Westerfeld thereafter wrote Governor
Johnson, asking that the Attorney General of the State of California be instructed
to commence proceedings under the authority of People vs. Truckee Lumber Company,
116 Cal. 397, against the paper company to abate the nuisance. At the next session
of the Nevada Legislature, another appropriation was granted by that state to again
commence proceedings against the paper company. An action was thereupon insti-
tuted and is now pending in the Supreme Court of the United States.
10. Water Pollution. Practically nothing was done by previous boards of Fish
and Game Commissioners to prevent pollution of the waters of the state. The
present board has, however, made great strides in this work and it is safe to say
that California now leads any other state in the Union in preventing the pollution
of its waters.
In the last ten years many complaints have been filed in the courts against large
corporations and individuals to stop the discharge of refuse matters into the waters
of the state and vast sums of money have been expended by them in order to remedy
the evil. For example, as a result of complaints filed in the courts by the Fish
and Game Commission, the following named companies have expended the amounts
set opposite their respective names to prevent pollution:
RacwmerGaseand Meche Company. = == a ea Se Pe $200,000 00
Wienara Oyile(Giatiny fh oly Se ee a ie ee i ee eee 18,000 00
SiteligCempanyecteCalimornia se = on ws ee ee ee ee
Dieten yf 2uihe Petroleum Company and Associated Oil Company,
POU Vage ee ee ee ee ee a ea
Mason Malt Whiskey and Distilling Company__--______--__---~-
Solmthernnla cic. Company ess. ee ee ee es
Bas iS
S23 =
28S &
Monarchelvetmins, COmpanyon = =e 2 =a oe ee eae TE 5,000 00
AMericanlOnentalmennine’COMpany.2=- 2 se oan. a ee 2,000 00
Canitolmnennines Compeniyer = =e ee ee ee eS 1,000 00
aT inew alin COM palyeesa= eee ee ee 1,000 00
Galrrormiameetrolenm Companya 222-2252" Son ee ets ee 1,200 00
184 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,
Many fines have also been collected as a result of prosecutions commenced by the
eommission.
Other large companies which have complied with our requests, or demands, with-
eut prosecution, are as follows:
Standard (Oil ‘Company=22_ =e ee se ie Oe ek SIO RS $500,000 00
Southern Pacific Company_--.-~-__ a a Se er ee ae oe. Se 26,000 00
Northwestern Pacific Railroad*Company]22 eee 5s 00
Coast Counties Gas and Electric Company_-—___--_-____________ 5,000 00
Coast Vailleys'"Gas and Mlectrie*Companye==—= 9 == ee 3,000 00
Pacific’ States (Refining "Company! 2 Se ee eee 2,000 00
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Ke Railroad Company______________ 2,000 00
Western States Gas and Electric Company____-__=_______-______ 5,000 00
$548,000 00
Brought forwardes2< 2225 soe sie i ee ee ee a ee eee 318,000 00
Grand. ‘totalltes s2* et SR SR ee ee $866,000 00
And in addition a large number of smaller companies and individuals have been
compelled to cease pollution where such existed. In all cases where persons, firms
or corporations have failed to comply with our demands they have been taken into
court. (ly
Three cases are now pending in the courts of San Luis Obispo County, two
against the Union Oil Company for pollution of San Leis Bay, and one against
the Tiber Pacific Company.
11. Sereens. Prior to 1912 no systematic effort was made to cause the installa-
tion of sereens and ladders. At that time the present commission created a depart-
ment of screens and ladders and detailed two men to attend to this work under the
supervision of the Superintendent of Hatcheries. Since that time, despite the fact
that the law has been found defective in some respects, 862 surveys have been made
and notices served on the owners of ditches to install suitable screens. At this date
518 screens have been reported as being installed and in effective working condition.
Before May 15 of this year between fifty and sixty screens have been installed at
the expense of several thousand dollars. For instance, the screens installed by the
Sacramento-West Side Canal Company, the Anderson-Cottonwood Irrigation Com-
pany and the Southern California Edison Company, cost many thousands of dollars
each.
The work of installing screens in ditches is being pushed as rapidly and as vigorously
as conditions will permit.
Under the law as amended in 1917, at the suggestion of the commission, the
California Oregon Power Company has, at an expense of $20,000, built a hatchery
at the Copco dam on the Klamath River, and last month conveyed it to the state,
together with dwellings, traps and other equipment necessary to operate the station.
12. Ladders. The present Fish and Game Commission in 1912 began a systematic
survey in order to determine where fish ladders should be installed. As stated under
the head of “‘Screens” (point 11), two men were detailed under the supervision of the
Hatchery Superintendent to make these surveys and to draft plans to be given
the owners or occupiers of the dam. Numerous ladders and screens were installed ;
under the law 47 hearings as to the necessity of the installation of screens and
ladders were held by the commission and findings made and orders issued by the board
compelling the installation of fishways and screens. To date a total of 209 surveys
of dams have been made and the owners have been legally notified to install fish ladders
in accordance with the plans submitted. Of this number 131 fishways have been
constructed and have been accepted as being effective. 'The other cases are being
pushed vigorously and in some instances actions have been commenced to compel
obedience to the orders of the board.
13. At the 1917 session of the Legislature, the commission was instrumental in
having sixteen large areas within national forests set aside as game refuges, aggre-
gating 859,180 acres. Besides this, the commission has now established seven game
refuges on privately owned land in sections where hunting is intensive and game needed
such protection. Within the last six months, over 60,000 acres of private holdings
have been set aside for this purpose.
The commission is now asking the Legislature that two new game refuges be
created, one around Lick Observatory, the other in Kern County.
14. The branch office established at Fresno was abolished because the work done by
that office could be more efficiently and economically handled by the San Francisco
office. The officer who had been in charge of the Fresno oflice was retained in the
service of the commission until he voluntarily asked to be given a furlough in order
that he could operate a mine which he owned and also attend to his agricultural
interests which demanded his attention.
15. The game farm at Hayward, California, was established in 1908, prior to the
appointment of the present board. The grounds were leased for a period of ten years.
This commission was willing to cancel the lease at any time, had it been able to make
suitable terms with the owner. When the owner of the land sued the commission to
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 185
set aside the lease, the commission put in practically no defense, but Judge Murphy,
who tried the case, nevertheless ordered the commission to maintain a game farm on
the land until the expiration of the lease.
16. It is not true that the distribution of fish as carried on by the commission is
unscientific, unduly expensive or that it results in the destruction in each year of
a large portion of the fish so distributed.
Through the efforts of the commission, two fish cars, distributing fish all over the
State of Galifornia, are hauled free of charge by the railroad. The greatest of care
is ee to see that the fish are properly distributed and properly planted in the streams
and lakes.
17. It is not true that the Fish and Game Commission failed to investigate the
young salmon propagated and distributed in the Sacramento River. The Fish and
Game Commission has heretofore caused such investigation to be carried on by Dr.
C. H. Gilbert of the Stanford University and Mr. N. B. Scofield, fishery expert for
the commission, and is now carrying on such investigation in conjunction with the
Bureau of Fisheries under the direction of Mr. Willis Rich and Mr. J. O. Snyder of
the Stanford University, Mr. N. B. Scofield and Mr. W. H. Shebley. Salmon fry
are held longer at Mt. Shasta Hatchery and are larger when released than those
reared by any other state or county.
18. The commission has not at any time been governed for political or personal or
other inefficient or improper motives.
a. It has not dismissed trained or efficient employees without cause.
b. It has not employed or promoted or otherwise rewarded assistants or employees
not deserving of such consideration.
c. The department is not demoralized or functioning inefficiently or at an expense
out of all proportion to the results obtained. On the contrary, the work of
the department is now being performed more efficiently, intelligently and
economically than at any other time during its existence.
19. The force of wardens in the field is as great as the funds of the commission will
permit. If the overhead has increased, it is caused by the increase of the clerical work
connected with the commission’s activities, and also by the rules and regulations laid
down by the Board of Control.
Respectfully submitted.
FISH AND GAMB COMMISSION.
CARL WESTERFELD, Hxecutive Officer.
186
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,
i
:
.
ae
i:
Fig 56. Yosemite Valley deer photographed in a snowstorm. Snow was falling at
the rate of two inches an hour when these deer were photographed by A. M.
Fairfield, March 6, 1919. Exposure 1/25 sec., stop, F 6.3.
7.
——r F,
Pe he ge *
“—"
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME
A publication devoted to the conserva-
tion of wild life and published quarterly
by the California State Fish and Game
Commission.
Sent free to citizens of the State of Cali-
fornia. Offered in exchange for ornitho-
ee seal, mammalogical and similar period-
icals.
The articles published in CALIFORNIA FIsH
AND GAME are not copyrighted and may be
reproduced in other periodicals, provided
due credit is given the California Fish and
Game Commission. Editors of newspapers
and periodicals are invited to make use of
pertinent material.
All material for publication should be
sent to H. C. Bryant, Museum of Verte-
brate Zoology, Berkeley, Cal.
October 21, 1919.
PERSUASION VERSUS COMPULSION
IN FISH AND GAME CONSERVA-
TION.
Legislati n is the time-honored method
by which the body politic attempts to
attain an object. When new roads are
desired, the legislature is asked to enact
the proper laws. When the public health
is to be safeguarded, an act of the legis-
lature is demanded. But beyond the mere
placing of a law on the statute books is
the necessity of making the law effective
by means of law enforcement. Where the
need for the laws is well realized there is
little need of law enforcement; where
they are poorly understood, time, energy
and money must be spent to attain the
object sought.
When, in fish and game conservation,
we turn to this same _ time-honored
method, the difficulties are just begun, for
laws passed by the legislature must be
enforced. Because of the failure of peace
officers to do their duty, a large number
of specially appointed game wardens must
force people to obey the law.
Is there not a better way of attaining
the same object? More and more we find
campaigns of education being instituted
to prepare the way “or proper legislation.
A city does not think of holding a bond
election until after the people have been
educated to the need for which the bonds
are to be issued. Successful liberty loans
have been effected by proper publicity
almost to a greater extent than by the
actual systematic canvass. The best
example of accomplishment by means of
an educational method rather than a
legislative method is to be found in the
187
success of the United States’ Food Ad-
ministration.
How much better to have attained the
goal by means of persuasion rather than
compulsion !
If it is evident in attaining an object
that the educational is of more worth
than the legislative method because more
fundamental, it seems reasonable that
more time and energy should be devoted
to this method in attempting the conserva-
tion of natural resources.
THE ANGLER VERSUS THE NET
FISHERMAN.
The old controversy between’ the
angler for sport only and the net fisher-
men for profit only, over the waters ad-
jacent to Santa Catalina Island, has been
revived recently.
It was thought that this matter had
been definitely settled by action of the
1917 legislature in making two districts
around the island, one in which net fisher-
men could operate and one for the benefit
of the sportsmen only.
The promise of the cannery interests
and net fishermea that they would not
operate in a district dediceted to the
sportsmen, provided a certain part of the
waters surrounding the island be made a
district in which net fishing should be
permitted, would certainly seem to have
settled the matter. However, it appears
that this gentleman’s agreement was not
considered binding by some of the con-
tracting parties.
About the middle of August, twenty-
two canneries operating around San
Pedro and some 340-odd alien fishermen
who, not being able to maintain an action
in the state court, cloaked themselves
under the protecting wing of the can-
neries, obtained from the presiding judge
of the Superior Court of Los Angeles
County an order restraining certain in-
dividuals from interfering with their nets
and boats, and further restraining them
from making searches and seizures. ‘This
order was petitioned for under the plea
that irreparable damage would be caused
by the action of these certain named de-
fendants, operating without due process
of law.
The order was granted without pre-
vious notice to any of the defendants
named in the petition. No mention was
made in the petition that all of these
188
defendants were officers of the law, sworn
to enforce the law, and that the actions
complained of were performed in the pur-
suance of their duties.
The restraining order was served on
H. B. Nidever, W. B. Sellmer and E. L.
Hedderly, but no order was served at
that time on the Fish and Game Com-
mission. The order was also served on
EXrnest Windle, justice of the peace of
Avalon township, Bates and Sutermeir,
respectively deputy county warden and
constable of Avalon township.
The hearing of the petition to make
permanent the temporary injunction was
held before Judge Valentine on August
19, 1919. The attorneys representing the
plaintiffs in the action attacked the con-
stitutionality of section 636 of the Penal
Code, relating to nets, and also the de-
scription of District 20, as given in the
act dividing the state into fish and game
districts. They maintained that since the
acts were void, the court had the right to
restrain the public officers from enforcing
the provisions of section 636. They also
maintained that the state had no juris-
diction over the waters surrounding Santa
Catalina Island, because the state con-
stitution made no mention of a three-mile
limit around the island. This latter con-
tention was shown to be so absurd that
it has since been abandoned.
Fig. 57.
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.
The court took the stand that since a
temporary order had been granted, it was
up to the defendants to show cause why
it should not be continued and made per-
manent. The defendants were given five
days in which to present their opening
briefs; the plaintiffs were given five ad-
ditional days for reply, and the defend-
ants were allowed five days further for
their closing briefs. By this, it can be
seen that the cannery interests gained
fitteen additional days in which to make
raids on the fishing grounds in Dis-
trict 20.
Immediately after the hearing, an order
was served on the Fish and Game Com-
mission restra‘ning it from enforcing the
law relating to net fishing in the waters
around Catalina Island.
It is of interest to note, however, from
the report of our deputies, that the fisher-
men have gained very little by their tac-
tics, as their fishing operations have pro-
duced very poor results.
Judge Valentine having set aside the
temporary restraining order September
10, 1919, the Fish and Game Commission
has given instructions to its deputies to
enforce the law in District ?0. For the
time being, it would seem that this de-
cision in favor of the commission’s con-
tentions will effectually settle the contro-
| versy.—H. C. B.
Children on a nature study field excursion, Al Tahoe, evidence of the success of the
educational work carried on by the Fish and Game Commission in summer resorts this
past summer.
¥ EDUCATIONAL WORK IN SUMMER
RESORTS.
The attempt to stimulate interest in
wild life by carrying the Fish and Game
Commission’s educational campaign into
the summer resorts proved very success-
ful. During the month of July Doctor
@ Bryant visited five of the largest resorts
\\on Lake Tahoe: Brockway, Tahoe Tav-
ern, Hmerald Bay Camp, Al Tahoe Inn
and Fallen Leaf Lodge. Lectures illus-
trated with stereopticon and motion
‘pictures were given in the evening and
“parties taken afield in the day time. Of
4
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.
Vy
LIB.
189
It will be of interest to our readers to
know that the Department of the Interior
has decided to employ in each national
park a resident naturalist whose duty it
will be to answer questions and to in-
terest people in the out-of-doors. Thus
will the government augment the work
already started by the commission.
The summer resort work at Tahoe
proved so popular that an expansion of
the work another summer will be de-
manded.. There is no surer way of
stimulating interest in wild life conserva-
; tion than to develop interest in the out-
Fig. 58.
particular interest were the groups 0°
children who roamed the woods an
stream sides searching for wild things.
It would be difficult to estimate the valu
of these excursions when the public ai
leisure came in contact with nature and
learned the fundamentals of conservation
first hand.
The final report shows that thousands
of people were reached through the
medium of lectures and that hundreds
received instruction from a nature guide.
The nature study reference books fur-
nished by the California Nature Study
League were in great demand and greatly
helped in awakening interest in wild
things.
4—48650
“Learning to read a roadside’ at Emerald Bay under the instruction of a nature guide
furnished by the Fish and Game Commission. An experiment in making conserva-
tionists out of the summer vacationists.
of-doors when people are most susceptible
to information about it.
TAHOE PUBLIC CAMP.
The legislature at its last session set
aside the old hatchery grounds at Tahoe
City, which are to be abandoned for a
better site, as a public camp for vaca-
tionists. Under the direction of the Fish
and Game Commission the State Engi-
neering Department installed a water
supply, sewer system and other sanitary
conveniences. The camp was opened to
the public on July 4 with Mr. Arnold D.
Patterson as superintendent. On the first
day over a hundred campers were cared
190 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.
for. The camp remained open until Sep-| and providing for a bag limit of one deer.
tember 5. During the season 1,239 per-| Governor Smith, in signing the bill,
sons registered, but this number does not] stated that the law was in the nature of
represent the total number accommodated. | an experiment and that if it proved un-
Further improvements are to be made in| satisfactory it would be repealed.
preparation for the crowds expected next Laws of this character, contrary to
summer. recommendations of those most interested
Fig. 59. Tahoe Public Camp on the old hatchery grounds at Tahoe City. Hundreds of campers
availed themselves of the comforts of this free camp ground conducted by the Fish
and Game Commission. Photograph by George Neale.
DEER CONSERVATION IN NEW in game conservation and contrary to the
YORK. best experience of other states, are likely
The state of New York is gaining some | to prove costly experiments.
valuable facts by obtaining a census of
the deer. The reports lead to a conclu- MIGRATORY BIRD TREATY ACT
sion that there are in round numbers CONSTITUTIONAL.
about 50,000 deer in that state. In 1917, The duck shooters of the country who
approximately 37,000 men hunted deer| have fought federal protection for migra-
and the total deer killed is estimated at| tory birds in an effort to defeat the law
10,000. Records show that 5,888 Adiron-|so that they might continue the destruc-
dack deer hides were received for tanning | tive practice of spring shooting of water-
by different tanning companies. fowl, have been decisively beaten on two
Approximately 19,000 of the total num- | occasions lately in the United States Dis-
ber of deer are bucks. With a kill of|trict Courts. This fact is made more
10,000 about 50 per cent of the bucks are | interesting because on both occasions
killed each year. This is a toll already | those opposing the law felt certain they
too great if the deer supply is to be] would win. Their array of counsel was
maintained. the best they could obtain. ‘They chose
As a result of investigations a shovter | their cases with due regard to decisions
season and a bag limit of one buck in- | made in the past and with all respect to
stead of two was recommended, but the | the local sentiment in the district where
legislature, influenced by selfish hunters, | the trial was held. In fact, they left no
passed a bill allowing the killing of “any | storie unturned that would aid them in
wild deer of either sex, other than fawns,” | their fight to defeat the law, and still they
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.
lost. The sportsmen of the country should
feel highly pleased over their victory, for
surely the law is valid or the organized
fight against it would have met with at
least some slight success.
On June 4, 1919 United States Dis-
trict Judge Jacob Trieber, of the Eastern
District of Arkansas, who held that the
original migratory bird law of 1913 was
unconstitutional, handed down a _ very
sweeping decision upholding the new law.
This was the first jolt received by the
spring shooters, but the knockout blow
came later at Kansas City, Missouri,
when Judge Arba S. Van Valkenburgh,
on July 2, 1919, upheld the law in a de-
c’sion so sweeping that a fitting com-
parison is Dempsey’s decision over Wil-
lard a few days later.—Bull. American
Game Protective Association.
WATERFOWL DIE FROM EATING
SHOT.
Wild ducks and other waterfowl some-
times die from lead poisoning resulting
from swallowing stray shot which they
pick out of the mud about shooting
grounds. Many ducks that become sick
from lead poisoning finally recover, but
it is probable that the effect is perma-
nently injurious not only to the individual
but to the species. It has been ascer-
tained by experiment that lead greatly
impairs the virility of male domestic
fowls. Females mated with them lay
many infertile egs, while in many of the
eggs that are fertilized the embryo dies
in the shell or the chick emerges weak
and unable to withstand the hardships of
early life. What effect lead poisoning
has on female wild fowl has not been
definitely ascertained, but, as the fact is
well known that lead produces abortion
in female mammals, there is a possibility
that it exerts a bad effect on female
waterfowl during the breeding season.
Thus, the supply of waterfowl is likely
to be decreased by lead poisoning not
only by the number of birds that die
directly from it but indirectly by impair-
ment of reproduction.
These facts are set forth by the United
States Department of Agriculture in Bul-
letin 793, ‘Lead Poisoning in Water-
fowl,” about to be published as a con-
tribution from the Bureau of Biological
Survey. Reports of waterfowl apparently
sick from lead poisoning have been coming
191
in for several years. The Biological Sur-
vey undertook an investigation at various
shooting grounds to determine how com-
mon the taking of shot by waterfowl is,
and a series of experiments to ascertain
the effect of shot swallowed. It was
found that at places where much shooting
is regularly done from blinds, shot at the
bottom of the shallow water are so
numerous that one or more was found in
practically every sieveful of mud or silt,
and that they are swallowed by waterfowl
whenever found as a result of this habit
of swallowing small, hard objects to
supply grit for the gizzard.
The experiments have shown that shot
swallowed are gradually ground away in
the gizzard and pass into the intestines,
producing a poisoning that results in pro-
gressive paralysis and, usually, death.
Experiments with wild waterfowl cap-
tured when young and reared in cap-
tivity—to obviate the possibility of their
having taken lead before the beginning
of the experiments—have shown that six
pellets of No. 6 shot constitute an amount
of lead that is always fatal. ‘Two or
three shot were sufficient to cause death
in several instances. In one experiment,
two mallards were given one No. 6 shot
each. One of them died in nine days and
the other was able to throw off the poison.
The list of species known to have been
poisoned by eating shot consists of mal-
lard, pintail and canvas-back ducks, the
whistling swan, and the marbled godwit,
but many other species, particularly of
ducks and geese, are undoubtedly affected
by it, according to the bulletin.
Unfortunately, nothing can be done at
this time to protect waterfowl from lead
poisoning except to call attention to the
malady and to make known its cause and
symptoms. The department, however, de-
sires statistics on the numbers and species
of birds affected and asks that sportsmen
and others report to the Bureau of Bio-
logical Survey all cases that come to their
attention.
GOVERNMENT NEEDS DEPUTY
CHIEF GAME WARDEN.
The United States Department of Agri-
culture is in need of a well-qualified man,
not less than twenty-five nor more than
forty-five years of age, to fill a vacancy
in the position of deputy chief United
States game warden, and the United
192
States Civil Service Commission will give
a most practical open competitive test to
secure the rght man. ‘The entrance
salary will be between $2,500 and $3,000
a year. Headquarters will be in Wash-
ington, D. C.
The duties of the position are to assist
in administering the law which gives
effect to the treaty between the United
States and Great Britain for the protec-
tion of migratory birds and the sections
of the United States Penal Code known
as the Lacey act; in the supervision of
United States game wardens ond deputies
in the gathering of evidence and the
preparation of cases for prosecution of
alleged violations of the federal game
laws, and in office administration; and
to parcicipate in conferences in and out
of Washington with individuals and
organizations interested in wild life con-
servation.
In accordance with its practice in con-
nection with positions of this class, the
examination given by the Civil Service
Commission will not require the appli-
cants to appear in an examination room
for a mental test. Those who apply will
receive a rating on their education and
practical experience, weighted at 80 per
cent, and on a thesis on a selected game-
conservation subject, weighted at 20 per
cent. Those who attain a passing grade
will later be given an oral test to deter-
mine their personal qualifications for the
position. Failure in this oral test will
render the applicant ineligible for appoint-
ment.
Applications will be received by the
Civil Service Commission up to and in-
cluding October 28. Full information
and application blanks may be obtained
from the secretary of the local board of
civil service examiners at the post office
or customhouse in any of 3,000 cities, or
by writing to the United States Civil
Service Commission, Washington, D. C.
ANGLERS, ATTENTION.
At last we have landed the articles on
angling you haye been looking for. All
of the fine points of angling wil’ be dis-
cussed. Read the first of the series which
treats of dry-fly fishing on page 169 of
this issue and watch for the other articles
in the series furnished by “R. L. M.,
California,” than whom there is no better
writer on the subject.
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.
ADDITIONAL MIGRATORY BIRD
TREATIES NEEDED.
In order to complete our program for
the protection of migratory birds, it is as
necessary for them to be protected in the
countries in which they sojourn during
winter months as in the territory where
they breed and spend their time in spring,
summer and autumn.
It is therefore imperative that treaties
be entered into with the republics of
Mexico, Central and South America for
the protection of birds that, in the course
of their annual migration, pass from or
through the United States and tempo-
rarily sojourn in such countries. It is a
startling fact that wild duck are slaugh-
tered by the millions in Mexico by pot-
hunters, many of whom use masked bat-
teries, and that they are sold in the
markets for the pitiful sum of three cents
each.
It is regrettable that the republics lying
to the south of the United States have
no game laws, but in the eyent those
countries enter into treaties with the
United States government for the pro-
tection of migratory birds, in order to
carry out the terms of such treaties, such
countries will be required to enact and
to enforce laws making such treaties
effective.
A campaign of education should be a
once inaugurated in the Latin-American
republics for the purpose of bringing to
the attention of the peonle the economic
value of birds and game, and the relation
of these resources to the comfort, happi-
ness and recreation of man.
The question is, can the migratory wild
life withstand the onslaughts made upon
it for mercenary purposes by irrespon-
sible individuals in the Latin American
republics, without being subjected to cer-
tain depletion and ultimate extinction?
Should the sportsmen of the country
concur in the views briefly set out in this
short paper, let them bestir themselves by
addressing communications to their mem-
bers of congress, and urging their active
influence and assistance in making the
treaties between the United States and
the Latin-American republics, for the pro-
tection of migratory birds, an accomplished
fact—JonNn H. WALLACE, Commissioner,
Dept. Game and Fish, Montgomery, Ala-
bama,
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,
£<TATE FAIR EXHIBIT.
The Fish and Game Commission’s ex-
hibit at the State Fair at Sacramento,
August 30 to September 9, 1919, was the
most pretentious yet attempted and
proved to be the biggest attraction at the
fair. A capable engineer was retained to
draw the plans and Mr. Wm. IF. Dabel-
stein, an artist of San Francisco, executed
them. The whole north end of the new
Agriculture Building was given over to
the exhibit. The main feature of the ex-
hibit was a cyclorama oz the Sierras with
Mounts Shasta, Lassen and Whitney
looming up in the background and in the
foreground the south end of Lake Tahoe
193
wonder, for their bright colors would at-
tract anyone. The hardiness of this
variety of trout was evidenced by their
vigorous good health while in the
aquarium. Not a fish was lost in transit,
nor did one die during the ten days dura-
tion of the fair. ‘The publications of the
commission were on display and wild life
films were shown in the motion picture
theater twice daily.
GAME CENSUSES.
Many states are inaugurating a game
census to determine tne distribution and
comparative abundance of different va-
rieties.
New York requires the wardens
Fig. 60. The Fish and Game Commission’s exhibit at the State Fair at Sacramento which took
the form of a panorama of the High Sierras with Mount Shasta and Lake Tahoe at
the left and Mount Whitney with a miniature of the Mount Whitney Hatchery at its
base at the right. The exhibit was pronounced the finest on the fair grounds.
at one end and a miniature of the Mount
Whitney Hatchery at the other. Several
miniature waterfalls tumbled down the
rocks into an artificial lake filled with
trout. The whole scene was made still
more attractive by a system of lighting
which successively showed the gray light
of dawn, the rosy tints of sunrise and the
light of full day.
Arranged in front of the panorama were
four large aquaria. Two of them showed
common introduced fish such as black and
striped bass, blue-gilled sunfish, crappie
and catfish, a third showed different
varieties of trout and a fourth was filled
with the famous golden trout of the
Mount Whitney region. Great interest
was shown in the golden trout, and no
to report regularly on all game seen and
also requires a report of the game taken,
from each license holder. Minnesota has
just inaugurated a similar census to be
made by wardens. Although such cen-
suses will doubtless give a basis for esti-
mating the abundance of game, yet such
reports are necessarily so inaccurate that
California has not instituted similar
work. It may be that at some future
date California will follow the lead of
these other states.
In the meantime J. S. Hunter, assist-
ant executive officer, is contemplating a
different sort of a census—one which
would perhaps bring in more dependable
data with less work. The number of
cartridges sold in the state, if it were
194
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,
Fig. 61.
Posting a game refuge.
Suitable signs now mark the boundaries of our refuges.
Photograph by H. OC. Bryant.
known, would allow an estimate of the
game killed. Different sorts of cartridges
are used for the different kinds of game
birds and mammals and with due allow-
ance for game missed the total kill could
be approximated. The securing of data
along these lines would not be as difficult
as the requiring of reports from wardens
and hunters.
HATCHERY DEPARTMENT MOVES.
The Fishcultural Department, headed by
Mr. W. H. Shebley, has moved to Sacra-
mento, where temporary offices have been
established in the Forum Building pend-
ing the more commodious quarters being
prepared in the new Capitol Building.
All correspondence connected with the
Hatchery Department should hereafter be
addressed to Fish and Game Commission,
Department of Fishculture, Forum Build-
ing, Sacramento.
COLORED PRINTS OF GOLDEN
TROUT AVAILABLE.
A few copies of the beautiful litho-
graph of the golden trout which appeared
as the frontispiece of the Trout Number
of CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME are
available for distribution. Libraries and
schools are urged to procure copies for
framing. Send a two-cent stamp.
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 195
FACTS OF CURRENT INTEREST.
A number of aliens who have purchased citizens’ hunting licenses
nave found that it does not pay. In each instance they have had
their license confiscated and been made to pay a $50 fine.
ae ers en ee a
Splendid fish have been reared at the Yosemite and Kaweah
experimental hatcheries, thus demonstrating the feasibility of con-
structing permanent hatcheries at these stations.
See en or
State lion hunter J. Bruce recently succeeded in bagging four lions
in Tuolumne County.
RF eal gh ey it
Plans are under way for a State Fisheries Laboratory to be located
near San Pedro. This will furnish working quarters for the scientific
staff of the Department of Commercial Fisheries and will give room
for an educational exhibit showing the work of the department.
oe ore ate
Nearly three-quarters of a million golden trout were successfully
reared at the hatcheries this year. Most of them will be planted in
the Southern High Sierras, but some will be placed in the Tahoe
region.
= pe pe
So great was the demand for the Trout Number of CALIFORNIA
FISH AND GAME with its colored plates that the supply is prac-
tically exhausted.
Pe ae
Hundreds of campers availed themselves of the public camp on the
hatchery grounds near Tahoe City this past summer. It will be
remembered that several acres of land were set aside for campers by
the last legislature.
We Bie i
Several additional wardens have been employed this past summer
to help patrol the state game refuges. Added protection has also
been accorded by the eight aeroplane patrols established by the
United States Forest Service.
imam hake
Ducks are again dying from alkali poisoning in the Marysville
Butte region of the Sacramento Valley.
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,
COMMERCIAL FISHERY NOTES.
N. B. Scorrerp, Wditor.
THE SALMON OF THE SACRAMENTO
NEED MORE PROTECTION.
It is believed that the Sacramento
salmon are not being adequately pro-
tected and that serious depletion may now
be taking place. Within the last few
-years the salmon fisheries at Monterey
and Point Reyes, which draw upon the
Sacramento supply, have grown enor-
mously, and as they have grown the catch
on the Sacramento has been correspond-
ingly less, in spite of the fact that the
number of nets on the river has increased
and that on account of the higher price
the fishermen fish more persistently.
The present fall season on the Sacra-
mento remains open at least two weeks
too long. Several years ago the season
closed on September 16. It was con-
tended by fishermen and dealers that the
salmon were running later each year and
they succeeded in obtaining an open sea-
son until September 20. Later the season
was continued until September 25. The
object of the closed seassu is to protect
at least one-third of the run in order
that they may pass up the river unhin-
dered by nets and cast their spawn in the
headwaters and by so doing insure a con-
tinuous future supply of salmon. With
the present season, one-third of the run
is not protected, for by the closing date.
September 25, the last of the run or so
much of it as is left has passed the nets
in San Francisco Bay, San Pablo Bay.
Carquinez Straits and Suisun Bay, a dis-
tance, favorable for the use of nets, of
nearly fifty miles. The salmon work up
the bays and river slowly and after the
run has passed the lower bays the fisher-
men move up and continue to catch them
in the lower river until the season finally
closes. The wonder is that any escape
The salmon which have escaped make
their way to the spawning grounds which
are located mainly in the tributaries, Mil!
Creek, Battle Creek and McCloud River.
In each of these tributaries a spawn-
taking station is operated to collect
salmon eggs for the hatcheries. The
number of salmon reaching these stations
is becoming less each year so that the
number of eggs that may be taken is now
only about one-fifth what it was only a
few years ago. This decrease in the num-
ber of fish reaching the spawning grounds
is a sure sign of overfishing and it is self
evident the salmon should be protected
from this overfishing.
The Sacramento also has a spring run
of salmon or rather what is left of a
once large spring run. The salmon of
this run enter San Francisco Bay during
the winter and early spring and after
escaping the trollers outside they have to
run the gauntlet of gill nets through the
bays and the river as far up as Colusa.
Above Colusa, as far as Vina, every place
the river sweeps round a bend with a
sandbar on the inside of the turn there is
a seining outfit which periodically sweeps
the deep hole where the salmon congre-
gate preparatory to ascending the next
shallow stretch of the river. There are
some fifteen of these outfits operating on
the “‘seining bars” on the upper river.
And the salmon can not escape these
seines which sweep the holes where they
collect except during periods of very high
water. On the river below Colusa and in
the bays, there is no closed season to pro-
tect this spring run. On the river above
Colusa the season closes May 15, but this
date is so late the run is all but over.
There is no salmon stream in North
America where nets are allowed for so
great a distance up the stream as on the
Sacramento. The number of salmon
taken in these seines is not great, but
they are the remnant of the spring run
and they are a thousand times more
valuable for propagating the species than
for food. The hatchery of the United
States Bureau of Fisheries at Baird on
the McCloud River is the only hatchery
which has collected spawn from the spring
salmon run, but at this hatchery they
have not attempted to take eggs from this
run for the past six years for the reason
the number of salmon reaching that point
had become so small it was deemed in-
sufficient to warrant the expense of
operating.
Two things are quite obvious to anyone
who knows the facts. Seining dnd gill
netting in the upper river should be pro-
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.
hibited and the fall season should close
earlier so as to give some measure of
protection to the larger and more im-
portant fall run. ‘Trolling in the open
sea possibly should be restricted. In-
vestigations which were begun this year
by the Fish and Game Commission under
the direction of Dr. J. O. Snyder are
expected to throw light on this point.
STRIPED BASS TAKEN IN MISSION
BAY, SAN DIEGO COUNTY, CALI-
FORNIA.
Mr. A. G. Pearson of San Diego re-
ports that on or about June 20, 1919, he
took several small strived bass ranging
from five to eight inches in length, in
San Diego River near its outlet into
Mission Bay.
On October 26, 1916, eighteen hundred
small striped bass were planted near the
moutb of San Diego River by the Fish
and Game Commission. and since that
time small striped bass have on several
occasions been observed near the place of
planting. As far as is known, only the
one plant has been made in southern Cali-
fornia and striped bass have never before
been reported south of Monterey Bay.
The fry at the time of planting were
between two and three inches long, being
fish of the year, spawned in April or May,
1916. If these fry had grown at the rate
they do in San Francisco Bay they would
have reached the size of five to eight
inches in 1917, during their second year.
If the fry reported by Mr. Pearson are
some of the fry liberated in 1916 they are
in their fourth year and their rate of
growth has been remarkably slow. It is
suggested that these five- to eight-inch fish
are the progeny of the fish planted in
1916, but that can hardly be as a suffi-
cient length of time has not elapsed, for
it is pretty certa‘n that striped bass do
not spawn earlier thas their fourth year
and the fish planted in 1916 would not
complete their fourth year until the
spring of 1920. It would seem more
probable that striped bass plants have
been made of which we have no record or
else striped bass which sre plentiful in
Monterey Bay have strayed to the south
and occasionally spawn as far south as
San Diego.
The striped bass is not native to the
EES
a
PUBLIC
LIB.
diet
Pacific coast, but was introduced from
the Atlantic coast in the early seventies
and since that time has become quite
plentiful.
KELP HARVESTING MAY BE
RESUMED.
During the period of the war nearly
four thousand tons of kelp were harvested
each year:in California waters. Upon the
signing of the armistice practically all
harvesting ceased as potash could not be
extracted from the kelp economically
enough to compete with the foreign potash
which it was expected would be imported
again in large quantities. In extracting
potash from kelp many by-products were
obtained which had never before been
obtained in commercial quantities. As
yet most of these by-products have not
found a market. Much progress was
made in developing more economical
methods of obtaining the potash from kelp
and it was hoped that if a market could
be found for the by-products the kelp
plants could continue to operate, but the
armistice came sooner than expected and
the plants closed down. Since then
efforts have been made to place a duty on
foreign potash, but as yet congress has
taken no definite action. Efforts have
also been made to find markets for the
by-products and now one or more new
companies which believe they have found
the solution expect to resume the harvest-
ing of kelp. The future of the industry
will depend less on the value of the potash
extracted than on the other chemicals
which should be valuable when com-
mercial uses for them can be found.
SARDINE RUN AT MONTEREY.
The sardine season at Monterey has
been earlier than that usually considered
normal. Canneries were running full
capacity during July and August. Dur-
ing August the run was exceptionally
large and the fish unusually firm and of
good quality. This year there were more
crews fishing sardines than ever before,
forty-five crews operating, or an increase
of seven crews over last year. The short-
age of cans during the fruit season
greatly curtailed the size of the sardine
pack, which otherwise bid far to break
all records for this locality.
198
STEELHEAD.
It is often said by sportsmen that steel-
head trout do not take the hook in open
salt water. As contrary evidence a 34-
pound (cleaned weight) steelhead was
caught July 23, 1919, on the hook in the
open Monterey Bay and the local fisher-
men cla‘m that such a catch is no great
rarity. Several steelhead were also taken
this year on the Mendocino County coast
by the same method while fishing for
salmon. During the summer of 1910
many steelhead were taken, during a
period of six weeks, by trolling off Soquel
in Monterey Bay. Many of the trout
were caught a mile off shore.
SEAWEED AS FOOD.
The Chinese consider some of our sea-
weeds a very desirable basis for soups
and several Monterey Chinamen make a
business of catering to this demand. The
weed is sun-dried and sacked, but held in
the sack for further drying before ship-
ment. During the last five months about
1,450 pounds, dry weight, have been
shipped to such eastern points as Chicago,
Cleveland, San Antonio and Newark.
SALMON AT MONTEREY.
The king salmon season just closed at
Monterey resulted in one-half the normal
season catch. The early run was not
caught heavily because of a fishermen’s
strike and the late season run was light
and ended early. The run of silver-side
salmon was also light, but extended over
a longer period than is usually credited
to this fish. The silver salmon is said to
suddenly appear in Monterey Bay, run
heavily for a few days and suddenly dis-
appear, but notes kept on the 1919 season
show them as caught in small numbers
between May 10 and July 26, with a
heavy catch on four or five days during
the period.
DRY SALTING FISH AT MONTEREY.
There are at present twelve firms en-
gaged in the business of hard or dry
salting fish at Monterey, representing an
approximate investment of $50,000. One
firm has invested $7,000 in equipment
since last year. In addition, there are
eight fresh-fish dealers who do consider-
able dry salting during otherwise slack
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.
periods. Several firms that operated
last year have not yet opened up for
business, September and October being
the big months in the hard salting in-
dustry. The chief product is sardines in
the form of salachini pressed into round
100, 65 and 50 pound tubs. Anchovies
are usually put up in 5, 8 and 10 pound
cans although some anchovy and sardine
paste is made. Mackerel is salted in 200-
pound barrels.
As yet the trade will not take any
great quantity of these relatively new
products on th’s coast, but the hard salt
business promises to develop into a well
established and increasingly large indus-
try in the future.
SQUID AT MONTEREY.
This year for the first time in several
years squid have been caught in quantity
at Monterey. Three Chinese firms have
dried this season about 1,772,000 pounds
(fresh weight) of squid. ‘Three tons of
wet squid furnish one ton dried. Due to
high labor cost this year the squid were
not cleaned, merely dried on the ground,
raked up and sacked. Tishermen were
paid $10 per ton for the catch and the
dried product sacked ready for shipment
is valued at 6 to 7 cents per pound.
Practically all this sacked product is
shipped to China.
In addition, small quantities of squid
have been canned in half pound rounds.
The appreciation of fresh squid as a table
delicacy is slowly growing, but people
who delight in oysters and eels usually
balk at squid tentacles till they have tried
them once.
DO FISHERMEN GO FAR ENOUGH TO"
SEA TO GET THE FISH?
It is the belief of seme of the canners
of southern California that such pelagic
fish as the tunas and albacores may be
found in large numbers farther of shore
than the fishermen usually fish. As the
tuna canning industry has grown the
fishermen have been getting larger boats
and are fishing, during the latter part of
the season, twenty to thirty miles off
shore. Incoming ships have observed
what they have taken to be schools of
long finned tuna (“albacore’”’) some two
hundred miles off shore. To determine if
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,
199
these fish are abundant at this distance} THE SACRAMENTO RUN OF SALMON.
off shore the Fish and Game Commis-
sion’s launch “Albacore” was detailed to
make an investigation and succeeded in
finding albacore in abundance near San
Nicholas or about eighty miles off the
mainland. If these fish can be found in
humbers at a greater distance off shore,
larger fishing boats will be built and
preparations made to fish farther at sea
when tuna are not to be found closer to
shore.
LARGE SALMON CATCH AT FORT
BRAGG.
While the salmon catch this summer at
Monterey was only half the usual amount
the catch of salmon by trolling has been
exceptionally large in the vicinity of
Point Reyes in Marin County and near
Fort Bragg and Shelter Cove on the
northern California coast. The data has
not yet been compiled, but it is believed
the catch at Point Reyes as well as the
eatch near Fort Bragg has been double
that of last year.
After the opening of the season on the
Sacramento River August 1, salmon ran
in small numbers until August 28, when
the fishermen began to get large catches
in their gill nets and everything indicated
that what is termed the ‘fall run’’ was
on. The fish appeared to be larger than
average and several very large individuals
have been recorded. One was landed at
the plant of the Western Fish Company
at Pittsburg which exceeded seventy
pounds in weight. No scales were taken
from this salmon in order that its age
might be determined, but judging from
other large individuals whose age was
determined from an examination of their
scales it was not less than seven years old.
The appearance of the salmon being
delivered at Pittsburg early in September
would indicate that they would spawn
early this year. They had more the ap-
pearance of fish which run three weeks
later and it was argued by the fish dealers
that the salmon run would end much
sooner than usual.
Fig. 62.
Looking down the Noyo River from the boat harbor at Noyo, California.
This is the
center of the salmon fishing industry of the north coast. Wonacotes photo.
200
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.
Fig. 63.
Scene on Noyo River showing salmon fishing boats.
Wonacotes photo.
NOTES FROM THE STATE FISHERIES LABORATORY.*
By WIL F.
THE RECURRENCE OF THE FRIGATE
MACKEREL.
In CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME for
October, 1918 (Volume 4, Number 4,
page 183), the first occurrence of the
frigate mackerel, Awzxts thazard, was
noted. This was one of the remarkable
features of the unusual summer season of
1918. At that time small catches were
made in company with catches of skipjack
(BLuthynnus), yellow-fin tuna and some
mackerel (Scomber). Ths year slightly
larger individual boat catches were made
of the frigate mackerel, but as the ma-
jority of the canneries refused them, they
were not brought in as often. One catch
of five tons was recorded by a single
boat on the nineteenth of August. The
first noted by the writer came in on the
*California State Fisheries Laboratory,
Contribution No. 12.
THOMPSON and ELMER HIGGINS.
seventeenth of August, and the last on the
twenty-second. Other catches at earlier
and later dates were undoubtedly made,
but the data have not yet been obtained
from the statistical records. The average
weight of these fish was 1.8 pounds before
cleaning, and the loss of weight in clean-
ing and preparing for canning was very
high. Therefore those canneries which
accepted the species at the start of the
run later refused to take any except for
fertilizer.
It may be noted in connection with
this species that mention of very young
tuna or albacore may refer to the taking
or observation of schools of the frigate
mackerel. Fishermen unfamiliar with
them, as was usually the case, were in-
clined to promptly refer them to the
young of other species of the tuna group,
frequently the blue-fin—W. F. T.
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.
THE SPAWNING OF THE GRUNION.
In Fish Bulletin No. 3, relating to the
spawning of Jeuresthes tenuis, the
grunion, there is g*ven on page 14 a chart
showing the relat‘on of the tides to the
spawning times. As the paper was pub-
lished on July 15, before the spawning
season was over, no spawning periods
were shown in July and August. How-
ever, Since then, runs were observed on
July 15, July 16 and August 14.
The runs on July 15 and 16 were small,
but larger than that on August 14. The
full moon oceurred July 13 and August 11
(Greenwich mean civil time). Mr. Henry
Shands, a field assistant for the labora-
tory, observed the run during July in the
absence of the writer, and states that it
was noticed by a considerable number of
people, who remained on the beach to
collect the fish. The run during August
was observed by the writer, but so few
fish were noticed that it seemed an acci-
dent to have taken them at all. Hence,
although the fish were obtained on but
one night, this fact does not mean that
grunion did not run the usual three
nights. No people were observed on the
beach capturing the fish, this fact cor-
roborating the observed small size of the
run.
It will be noted, from the above-
ment’oned chart, that August 14 was the
last date on which the grunion might be
expected to run during the year 1919.—
Wearltie a.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO CANADIAN
BIOLOGY.
Among additions to the library is a
series of publications from the Canadian
Biological Stations,* being studies made
under the direction of the Biological
Board of Canada, Professor HE. E. Prince,
Commissioner of Fisheries, Chairman.
Included with them is a volume devoted
to the Canadian Fisheries Expedition
(Department of the Naval Service 1919),
during which material was gathered for
studies of the Canadian herring, the eggs
and larve of the eastern coast of Canada,
the hydrography of the region, ete., by
Dr. Johan Hjort, and various associates.
The publications are noteworthy, aside
*Contributions to Canadian Biology,
Supplements to the Annual Reports of
the Department of Marine and Fisheries,
Fisheries Branch, Ottawa, Canada.
201
from the undoubted merit of the con-
tributions, in that throughout many re-
cent numbers there is an attempt to apply
to American species the technique de-
veloped during the study of European
fisheries by the International Council for
the Study of the Sea.
The volume published under the direc-
tion of Dr. Johan Hjort includes in its
covers two papers which are in good part
general in character, dealing with the
principles of the Norwegian work on the
life history of the herring and of hydro-
graphic work, the former by HWinar Lea
and the latter by J. W. Sandstrom.
These papers will well repay the perusal
both of the beginner and of the investiga-
tor, especially in the absence of general
works dealing with the subjects —
Wri oD.
BLUE-FIN AND YELLOW-FIN TUNA.
The catch of blue-fin tuna during 1919
was largely the work of purse seine boats,
operating during the last part of the
season in the northern waters around
Santa Cruz Island. However, during the
height of the run off Catalina Island, the
schools invaded the prohibited waters of
District 20. The statistics of the catch
obtained during the subsequent weeks do
not, therefore, give an accurate idea of
the abundance of the fish because of the
attempts of the seiners to evade the law,
and the issuance of an injunction (August
|13) against deputies seeking to enforce it.
They are accurate, of course, in regard to
the quantity taken.
A potential source of more serious
error in statistics arose during the last
part of August in the confusion by the
weighers of yellow-fin with blue-fin tuna.
The albacore boats began, about the
twenty-fifth of August, to bring in num-
bers of large yellow-fin tuna (Germo
macropterus), landing them at the can-
neries, in company with many smaller
tuna. <A close examination of these fish
throughout the period of their run, which
was not over on September 2, proved
these fish to be usually of the one species,
the “yellow-fin” tuna. It will be, in fact,
a safe procedure to call nearly all tuna
caught by albacore boats (other than
combination net boats, which were not
operating) during this period this species.
in contradistinction to the blie-fin tuni
202
landed by the purse seine boats. But that
even this leaves a certain error is un-
deniable, numbers of blue-fin tuna being
brought in.
This is, incidentally, the first year in
which these large yellow-fin tuna have
been taken in this quantity in these
waters. Last year the yellow-fin tuna
taken were small, always under 30 pounds,
while this year 75-pound fish (cleaned)
were not rare, and one of them weighed
175 pounds cleaned, and was 65 inches in
length. In fact, the blue-fin, or leaping,
tuna did not exceed the size of these fish.
It was not to be wondered at that these
large, magnificent fish were at once called
leaping tuna, traditionally the largest of
our species.
However, the writer has satisfied him-
self by careful examination of a consider-
able series of fish that confusion need
arise but very rarely between the species.
Careful measurements have been taken of
the body and fin proportions and com-
pared according to standard methods used
by ichthyologists in distinguishing species,
but the more obvious characteristics may
be reviewed here for the use of those who
wish them, in view of the need for
accuracy in statistics.
Color. The high fins above and below
the fish (dorsal and anal fins) are usually
tinged with yellow in the yellow-fin tuna,
while they are as a rule dark in the blue-
fin. The small finlets behind these are
usually a brighter yellow in the yellow-
fin.
The lower side of the body in both
species bears characteristic markings,
especially in the young. In the yellow-fin
the marks tend to arrange themselves in
alternate narrow transverse lines and
rows of spots, and are smaller than those
of the blue-fin, in which the spots are
generally in transverse rows without in-
tervening lines. In both species these
spots become lengthened toward the tail.
When freshly caught the yellow-fin, the
young especially, has a strong lemon
yellow tinge over most of the body, which
is lacking in the blue-fin.
Pectoral fin. The length of the long
side fin is the most obvious and reliable
character by which the species can be dis-
tinguished, but very rarely a yellow-fin
is found with a short fin. In the yellow-
- fin this side fin is almost always slightly
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.
shorter than the head, measured from the
tip of the snout, and is not less than five-
sixths of its length. In the blue-fin, this
side fin is always less than two-thirds of
the head length, and usually but three-
fifths.
Head. The yellow-fin tuna has, as a
rule, but not invariably, a shorter head
than the blue-fin has.
Trunk of the body. The yellow-fin has
a very noticeably shorter trunk than the
blue-fin, if the ‘trunk’ is considered the
length before the two fins situated above
and below the body. ‘This holds only
when fish of a size are compared and very
large fish are likely to be hard to distin-
guish. The posterior part of the body
where the finlets are is nevertheless more
drawn out in the yellow-fin in comparison
with the rest of the fish. Up to a certain
length the fish seems to grow faster pos-
teriorly, the young yellow-fin of 25 inches
in length being similar in this charac-
teristic to blue-fin of 45 inches.
Height of fins. The height of the two
fins, one above and one below the body
(dorsal and anal), differ markedly in the
two species, but only when specimens of
a size are compared. Yellow-fin tuna
have higher fins (or longer, according to
the way they are considerea) but a yellow-
fin of 30 inches in length has fins about
as long in proportion as a blue-fin of 45
or 50 inches, although those of a 45-inch
yellow-fin exceed the length of those of
the blue-fin by a fourth of their length.
The eye. 'The eyes in the blue-fin tuna
are actually nearly equal to those in
yellow-fins of the same size, but because
of the larger head in the blue-fin, they
appear much smaller. The diameter of
the eye in the blue-fin averages 3.2 per
cent of the length of the body, and is
about one-ninth of the head length,
whereas that of the yellow-fin is 3.2 per
eent of the body length, but about one
eighth of the head length.—W. F. T.
THE OCCURRENCE OF THE LOUVAR.
On August 6, a large fish was brought
into the canneries at Fish Harbor, San
Pedro, from the west end of Catalina
Island, and excited much comment as a
probable hybrid between a pompano and
a yellowtail. This proved far from the
truth, however, the specimen in reality
being a member of the ‘‘wide-ranging”
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,
species Luvarus imperialis Rafinesque,
once previously recorded from Catalina
Island by Jordan & Starks in 1906 (as
taken by Dr. C. F. Holder). It was an
exceedingly active fish and very difficult
to handle, although the small mouth and
fine bristle-like teeth do not indicate
predaceous habits.—W. F. T.
THE ABSENCE OF THE DOLPHIN
FISH.
In 1918 the dolphin fish, Coryphena,
was frequently taken in local waters, and
this fact was then often cited as evidence
of a bad year for the fishing of albacore.
However, this year the dolphin has not
yet been in evidence (September 15), as
far as we are able to determine, although
the albacore season is far from normal.
Indeed, the similarity between 1918 and
1919 is marked, the skipjacks (Huthyn-
nus) haying been running in quantity as
they did last year, the frigate mackerel
having appeared again, and the year being
remarkable as before for the predominance
of the tunas.—W. F. T.
TWO RARE FISHES.
To the lists of fish, new or rare in
southern California waters, previously
published may be added two species which
came to the laboratory in June.
Four specimens of the pomfret, Brama
raii (Bloch), were taken from a gill net
near San Pedro by Mr. BH. M. Nielson.
The pomfret is an excellent food fish
found in open seas, widely distributed,
but taken only occasionally on our eastern
or western coasts or in Europe.
Several specimens of Cololabis saira
(Brevoort) were sent to us from San
Diego by Mr. P. B. Clark, where they
were taken along with a school of sar-
dines in a round-haul net. The species is
recorded from several localities on our
California coast but is said to be very
rare. This same species is occasionally
found in large schools in Japan.—H. H.
THE “DAY” AND “NIGHT” SURF-
FISHES OF NORTHERN CALI-
FORNIA.
Captain A. C. Tibbetts of Hureka,
California, writes to the undersigned as
follows:
“« * * * state that the ‘grunion’ is
the fish known here as the ‘night surf-
203
fish.’ There is another known as the
‘day surf-fish,’ both varieties being caught
in dip nets, in the same locality, viz,
between Trinidad and Mad River. The
Indians eateh and dry these in large
quantities. The ‘day-fish’ is larger than
the ‘night-fish,’ has a yellowish tinge, the
flesh is softer, and to my taste is inferior
to the ‘night-fish.’ On the ninth instant
(of August) I saw both kinds on sale at
one of the Wureka markets. Small
coasters running to the Klamath River
bring occasionally to this place what is
termed ‘candle-fish.’ These, even when
salted and smoked. burn freely if a lighted
match is applied to the tail. The Klamath
River, as far as I know, is the only
stream near here that furnishes this fish.
All three of the above fishes have the
appearance of smelt.”
One of these species is Thaleichthys
pacificus, the eulachon or candle fish;
another is probably Hypomesus pretiosus,
the surf-smelt, but we are not at all sure
that the third is the grunion, Lewresthes
tenuis. Both Mallotus villosus, the cape-
lin, and Leuwresthes tenwis are _ surf
spawners and might possibly occur, and
as the latter has not as yet been re-
corded north of Long Beach, considerable
caution should be used in reaching a de-
cision.—W. F. T.
THE OCCURRENCE OF THE ALBA-
CORE NORTH OF SAN FRANCISCO.
Captain A. C. Tibbetts has also in-
formed us that on September 22, 1884, he
captured three albacore off the northern
coast of California. His letter reads_in
part as follows:
“While in command of the schooner
‘Volant, I was coming from the west-
ward, bound for Humboldt Bay, and in-
stead of getting northerly winds as ex-
pected at this time of year, the wind
came in fresh from the southward, in-
creasing to a strong southeaster as we
approached the coast, resulting in our
closing with the land to northward as
well as to leeward of our port. The wind
after some hours moderated, and changed
to light northwest. While running for
Humboldt Bar, at four to five knots
speed, somewhere between Redding Rock
and Trinidad Head, I no‘iced fish working
the same as they sometimes do on the
coast of southern California, and out of
curiosity threw a cod line with a white
rag on the hook over the stern, and when
the line straightened out got an albacore.
Caught three, as fast as they could be
unhooked and the line put out again.
The fish appeared to be abundant, but
those taken were dirtying things up
around the after part of the deck, so
fishing was stopped.”
204
Captain Tibbetts is fam‘liar with alba-
core, having taken them south of San
Francisco. He believes the long south-
erly blow had reversed the usual coastal
current and brought warmer water with
it. Extracts from his log-book are given
in his letter.
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.
He also (October 17, 1883) records
the occurrence of skipjacks (presumably
EHuthynnus) in considerable numbers 120
miles west of Trinidad, over what he
thought to be a small uncharted area of
shoal water, but in an area not now
traveled to any extent.—W. EF. T.
CONSERVATION IN OTHER STATES.
NIEW YORK OPENS NEW HATCHERY.
The Conservation Commission of New
York announces that the new fish hatch-
ery at Dunkirk has been opened. This is
the largest and most completely equipped
of the twelve hatcheries maintained by
New York and will be used largely for
the propagation of the lake or greenback
herring.
GAME REFUGES IN MINNESOTA.
yame refuges may be established with-
out hearing in the state of Minnesota
when all landowners concerned join in a
petition. A public hearing is required
otherwise. All state parks and _ state
forest reserve lands are game refuges.
WASHINGTON FORMS STATE
SPORTSMAN’S ASSOCIATION.
Washington sportsmen have formed an
organization to further the interests of
all the sportsmen of that state. The ob-
Fig. 64.
Deer captured while swimming in Lake Tahoe.
ject is to assist in the propagation and
protection of game animals, birds and
fish, to influence legislation toward this
end, and to promote such social conditions
as are incident to the sport of hunting
and angling. Its rapid progress yoices
itself in the slogan, “One thousand mem-
bers in 1919.”
QUEBEC ESTABLISHES BIRD
REFUGES.
Great bird colonies situated on islands
in the Gulf of St. Lawrence have been
set aside as game refuges by the parlia-
ment of the province of Quebec. There
are three definite areas in the county of
Gaspe which are included. The first,
known as Perce Rock, a breeding place
for herring gulls and crested cormorants,
Bonaventure Island with the largest sur-
viving colony of the gannet, and the cele-
brated Bird Rock, the northernmost of the
Magdalen Islands.
Rigorous provisions of
7M HPEDR
ie a at PM
£5
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\
Me
Photograph by J. Sanders.
ine
ait eee
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 205
the law prohibit the molestation of the
birds’ nests or eggs, the carrying of a gun
or other hunting gear within a mile of
the refuges. Any boat used in violation
of the law is liable to confiscation and
heavy penalties of fine or imprisonment
are provided.
PENNSYLVANIA PUNISHES
VIOLATORS.
Severe sentences are becoming the rule.
In the Fishing Gazette we read that
Clyde Wilsoncroft and Roy Reynolds of
Drury’s Run, Pennsylvania, were arrested
by the state police for illegal fishing.
Hach had sixty-five trout in his posses-
sion. The men were given a hearing
before Sauire Griffey, of Reyono, and
fined $650 each, or $10 for each trout
caught. Not being able to pay the fine,
both men must serve 650 days in the
county jail.
LIFE HISTORY NOTES.
WEIGHTS OF MULE DEER.
Hixtravagant statements regarding the
weights of mule deer are current. Most
weights given are mere estimates. It is
worth while, therefore, to record the
weights of two bucks taken in the Granite
Mountains, Washoe County, Nevada.
about September 1, 1908. Careful
weights taken on steelyards showed 217
‘pounds and 220 pounds after the entrails
and feet had been removed. A dressed
forked horn weighed 180 pounds.—F. P.
CaApy.
DEER CAPTURED IN LAKE TAHOE,
On January 26, 1919, Henry Sall, the
caretaker of the Hellman resort on Lake
Tahoe, discovered a deer swimming in
Lake Tahoe about three-quarters of a
mile out from land, and he immediately
took after it in a boat. It was in an
exhausted condition, and showed marks
of having been attacked by a coyote or
other animals. Mr. Sall took the deer
home and took special care of it, and
Mr. Hellman procured a permit from the
Fish and Game Commission to keep it.
After keeping the deer in captivity for a
week carefully chained, it was given its
freedom, and since then it has never
strayed away from the property even
though it has absolute freedom to roam
over 43 acres of ground. It has adopted
the house cat, seven setter dogs and one
Airedale dog. ‘The deer appeared to be
about eight months old when captured.
Its mate was found later by J. E. Pomin
of Idlewild, near the Hellman property,
partly devoured by coyotes.—JosEPH H.
SANDERS.
OREGON C4SARIAN FAWN A MOST
HEALTHY LITTLE ONE.
At Neskowin, Tillamook County, Ore-
gon, during the summer of 1917 deer
hounds were heard back in the mountains.
Fig. 65. Cesarean fawn successfully reared in
Oregon. Photograph by Raymond
Walsh.
Soon they appeared on the beach, having
dr‘ven out a doe. The weary doe made
for the breakers and started for the rocks,
then well covered with water. Later
when the tide receded a search was made
for the deer. She was found on the rock,
but in an effort to reach safety her front
206
leg was broken. But, sadder yet, she was
with fawn. Her life was taken and a
Cersarian was quickly undertaken by the
rancher. The wee twin buck had been
injured and was dead, but “Fawnie” was
soon ready to eat. It was miles to any
hygienic nipple and bottle, so one was
improvised with a cork and straw. A
bed and warmness was soon provided, but
in a few days the little beggar preferred
UNITED STATES FOREST
RANGERS CO-OPERATE WITH GAME
WARDENS.
Probably in no season since the Forest
Service began its active campaigns of fire
protection, road building, and the survey-
ing of summer home sites and other
projects which tend toward making the
summer vacations of the mountain-loving
people of California more attractive and
Fig. 66.- Young mountain lion captured nea.
Helena, Trinity County, California.
Photograph by H. W. Brannan.
beneficial, has it been so handicapped by
the lack of experienced men as it was
during the summer of 1918. It was the
war, of course. But in spite of the fact
that it was not able to put on so many
men as formerly during the summer, and
in many cases one man was doing the
work of two in ordinary years, no lack of
interest was displayed in its co-operation
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,
the hard floor—perhaps it was more like
the sunny mountain side. Soon she was
weaned and drank from the cup. Days
and weeks passed, and what a pet! She
was ever free to return to the mountains
at any time, but she liked her foster
mother too well. Later she was sent to
the State Hospital Farm near Salem,
where she is now well cared for.—JANE
Fry WALSH.
SERVICE CO-OPERATION.
with the Fish and Game Commission. A
sincere interest in the protection and per-
petuation of the game resources of the
state is evident in all the reports from
the Forest Supervisors, and in many in-
stances it is the forest rangers who
come forward with constructive sugges-
tions for the improvement of game con-
ditions. This is due partly to the fact
that all Forest Service officials know that
wild life is as much a natural resource
as timber, and that it should be used
wisely and under the proper regulations,
and partly because they wish to assist the
State Commission through its local rep-
resentatives who are in many localities a
part almost of the Forest Service organi-
zation, good fellowship and mutual help
being the rule between rangers and game
wardens.
DEER IN THE NATIONAL FORESTS.
In looking over the reports we find
that 2,943 deer were killed in the
National Forests last season. This is an
accurate record and is only what is
actually known of the kill. In many
cases the Forest Supervisors say that this
does not represent the actual kill, which
might readily be estimated at 10 or 15
per cent higher. In most localities they
are holding their own and in some a de-
crease has been noticed. The chief factors
which affect and have a direct bearing on
the number are the extension of the road
system under the spur of the autoist, and
the increasing number of people who
| spend part of their vacation in the moun-
tains. The most serious factor is the
apparent increase in the coyotes and
mountain lions. The campaign conducted
by counties, the Biological Survey and the
state has not yet (from the reports) been
eee oo?
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME. 207
intensive enough to rid the mountains of
these pests to any appreciable degree.
Unless it is carried on more forcefully we
are liable to see a steady, if not rapid,
decrease in the deer. Where sheep are
grazed in the mountains during the sum-
mer months the coyotes seem to prefer
them as a more easy prey than the deer,
attacking the latter only in the winter.
But where few sheep are grazed the re-
ports are emphatie in the assertion that
coyotes do more damage than the hunters.
In parts of the Klamath Forest it is im-
possible to raise sheep or goats unless
kept within a fence, and in other sheep
raising countries the coyotes take a
serious toll every year.
The mountain lion is even a more im-
placable foe of the deer than the coyote,
and if it should become as widespread in
its range and habitat it would mean the
sure and early doom of the deer. For-
tunately, at present, the Klamath, Trinity,
Shasta, California, and Santa Barbara
Forests are the only ones that report
serious trouble, although the El Dorado,
Stanislaus and Sierra report an increase
in the numbers of lion in the last year.
Here the trouble is traced to the Yosemite
National Park, which has been a breeding
ground for them, as no hunting or
trapping is allowed except by Park
Rangers or government hunters. Higher
bounties and more vigorous prosecution
of the work of extermination of both the
lion and the more prevalent and destruc-
tive coyote are vigorously recommended.
OWENS VALLEY RESIDENTS ALL GO
FISHING.
A fishing day for the Owens River
Valley, when almost the entire population
closes stores and homes and goes out to
catch the first trout of the season, has,
according to Supervisor Jordan, become
an established institution.
STRANGE DEER KILLED.
Ranger Harley of the Klamath Forest
reports the killing of a pure white deer
and a pure black one, and adds that he
has seen a third and greater wonder in
the deer line, one with white head, neck,
legs and belly, and cream colored sides
and back.
REPORTS.
SEIZURES—FISH, GAME AND ILLEGALLY USED FISHING APPARATUS.
March 1, 1919, to June 30, 1919.
Game
JOMOYE TMD R LL ek a eee ee a ete es ee 345 pounds
FONDA Ss oS ee ee I a pea en ek eae eg Sa Sm 32
IDOWes, Losse oi. Sk ee er ey ee ee 5!
QUITIBT oy ee Ss a ee 12
ID POR IMEC bse ee 8 ee ee ee ee ee ee 2
“NINE BETES ALS ne 8 oo ee ee oe ee ee 59
Fish
SST pe ge oes aE et Pl 8 pounds
Jetnilitl oy bie ie eee Pe Fe es | ee oe ee eek 3,650 pounds
IMAG NUE; MER ARR SRST De ee ee 8 ee ee ee 78 pounds
IB gee Nouba ee ee Se Oe Se 3 ee ee 1,591 pounds
Siienyavevole§ yeu p oe Se a ee ee ae ee ee eee eee 1,971 pounds
Black? Dass. 2 So ee eet es ee! eS nn ee te re: 9 pounds
Creat fi Se Oe ee ee era ne ae ee Sg oe ie le ALS 178 pounds
SiaillnnVah ol eee ce ae Sh SS ee ee Gs ae a a ee eee te ee 475 pounds
VAM Gn Matagerca oth ete tee Ne ee ee ee ee eee aes, 23,600 pounds
CONPEH OFS) mee een RS Be os a ee Be eee eee eee 1,031
IST OMC AI Ge eee enna rehab ee ae 1,933
FAN OTIC Sects eed Ie ee eS BB RIS sey Oe See 383 pounds
Mba Lome ss (Cine Gees =m ewer Sak eee See a oe Se ee 1,157 pounds
TGS] OS eta he ce aR pa ee ee ae eae are Pe ee ee tee 8
Drie desir iil S} to. se: ono es eee ee ae ee ee ok ee eee 1,200 pounds
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CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,
208
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210 CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.
VIOLATIONS OF FISH AND GAME LAWS.
March 1, 1919, to Jure 30, 1919.
often tenia gee
Game.
Hunting, waGhoubeay TiCensecio = sek Uh = Ser ee ee Ps ii $155 00
Deer—close season—killing or possession______--_-_---_____-_- 22 460 60
Female deer, spike bucks, fawns—killing or possession_______ 2 50. 00
Running deer with dogs—close season__________-.__--__-___--_- | 1 25 00
[Hegel deems lites 0a ee ee ee ER UE Oe a ate ae 1 25 00
Refusing to show license on demand-_-_____-_-~_--_----._--_-___- 3 35 00
Selling: sant eae leseas ss ts se 3 eee ae a be 1 5 00
Nongame’ birds—killing or’ possessions. 2-2) Pe ee 5 55 00
Cottontail and brush rabbits—close season—killing or pos-
SCSSIOM £225 22 FR = eee es eee ae a ee Be bee OSE 3 75 00
Wild pheasant—close season—killing or possession______-_-- 1 100 00
Tree squirrel—close season—killing or possession____________ 1) le eee
Goose and mudhens—close season—killing or possession___-. il 25 00
Ducks—close season—killing or possession___________________- al 50 00
Golden. eaele vin! MOSSESSIOME a ae oe ee ee ere 1 25 00
Doves—close season—killing or possession_____-___--___--___-__ 3 50 00
Quail—close season—killing or possession___________--______-__ 3 75 00
Black sea brant—close season—killing or possession________- 1: eee
Toba ame ou Ol abl OMS sees keto eek eee ee kee ee 57 $1,210 00
Fish |
Aneling “withombeliGense. os see Ee Ds AE ee 16 $430 00
HMishine Tor pLoOit without licensees 2 --.s esl ss eee ers 19 160 00
Rehisine to show License on demands 2228) ees 1 25 00
Clams—undersize—close season—taking or possession___-_-__ 9 250 00
Crabs—undersize—close season—taking or possession______- 10 80 00
Sina SOG ST Ge Rene eS ae Ae he eee see eas ee 2 ie
Offering trout for shipment by parcel post_______-_--_________ 2 50 00
Trout—close season—excess limit—taking or possession_____ NZ 410 00
Trout—taking other than by hook and line_______--_---_______ 2 50 00
Catfish—undersize—offering for sale___________________________- Shee 60 00
Salt water eels—undersize—taking or possession___-_________ Zoyiil 120 00
Usinieta: fish Gr aipt2se 2 ee eee ae eee ee Scere | 1h 100 00
Dried shrimips-=poOssessilonr <= 542. es aes ee Pee eee D -. \saer or
Abalones—close season—undersize—taking or possession____| 26 550 00
Spring lobsters—close season—undersize—taking or posses- |
Sins 2e. be bs do Be a ee ee ih Ee ee ee we 4 80 00
Sturgeon—close season—undersize—taking or possession____. 2 40 00
Black bass—close season—undersize—taking or possession--) if 20 00
Black bass—taking other than by hook and line______-----__- | 1 50 00
Striped bass—undersize—excess limit—taking or possession |__--_-----|_---------
Pereh—buying or selling—close season_____-____-__-_.----__---_-- | 2 30 00
Selling syouneeish tor bait. {2 ee eee ee 1 20 00
Raking isalmon*withtsnag hook = 25°22 sak ae ae 1 100 00
Buying and selling salmon taken in District No. i—close.
Season—excess i limit je aE oe en eee Die ek 8 300 00
Using a net less than 4-inch mesh for bass______--_--__________ ul 20 00
Pollutionior Waterstees 2 2 eb ee ee eile 28 = | Ly 2 see
Total-fish, “vio latl Ons. 2= see ee 132 $2,985 00
Grand: total fish and*game yiolations:---5. 22) 2s | 189 $4,195 00
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CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,
213
INDEX TO VOLUME 5.
A
Abalone, es 95, 96, 101, 162, 164, 167,
182
Accident, 30.
‘Accusation, and defense, 176-185.
Agriculture, wild life in relation to, 99.
Airplane, to locate fish, 148.
Albacore, 24, 30, 39, 41, 44, 58, 80, 94, 95,
96, 100, 145, 147, 155 5, 162, 163, 164,
166, 182, 198, 200, 203, 208; occur-
rence north of San Fr rancisco, 208.
“Albacore,” launch, 95, 182, 199 ; attempts
to aid fishermen, 94.
Albula vulpes, 158.
Alga, 70.
Allen, B. M., 70, 182.
Alosa sapidissima, 158.
Amadou, 170.
Ameiurus nebulosus, 22.
AMERICAN FIELD, 84.
Anadromous, 105, 112.
pachov > 44, 100, 162, 163, 164, 166, 198,
208.
Amelie, li. as, 43. (, TT,
iS Wa AN AT, 128, 139; 178, 179.
189; versus net fishermen, 187-188 ;
attention !, 192.
Dry-fly, 109, 110, 187, 140.
Angleworm, 139, 140; eaten by mole, 99.
158.
80, 110, 112,
Aneline, 42, 77, 192. 204.
Animal, 34, 95, 97. 985 dat,
Carnivorous, 148.
Fur-bearing, 81, 83, 84.
Game, 79, 204.
Predatory, 81, 83, 161, 179.
Anisotremus davidsoni, 60, 65, 66.
Anoplopoma fimbria, 158.
Antelope. Prong-horned, 181.
Antler, 161.
Aquarium, 70, 82, 97.
Auais thazard, 200.
B
Babcock, J. P., 90, 178
Badger, 149.
Bag limit, 31, 190.
Bait, 110, 119, 122, 189, 141, 171.
Balaenoptera borealis, 80.
Baleen, S80.
Barbel, 1, 20, 156.
Barnhart, P. S., notes on the
propigation of the spiny
70-71.
Barracuda, 44, 100, 145, 146, 154, 155,
162, 163, 164, 166, 208.
Bass, wh 60, 63. 64, 177: and bass-like
fishes of California, 59-68.
Black, 179, 193; is not true bass, 149.
Big-eyed, 60, 66.
Calico, 179.
Kelp, 60, 63, 64, 65.
Spotted, 60, 64, 65.
artificial
lobster,
Rock, 44, 60, 68, 64, 100, 164, 166, 208.
Sand, 60, 68.
Sea, 13, 1638.
Black, 44, 60, 62, 80, 100, 163, 164,
166, 208.
Giant, 60, SO.
White, 14, 15, 16, 20, 44, 100, 164,
166, 208.
Striped, 3, 10, 11, 12, 44, G1, 62, 94,
101, 145, 164, 166, 179, 183, 193, 209;
taken in Mission Bay, 197.
Bear, 149; hunting with bows and arrows,
69-70.
Black, 69, 70, 78, 79
Grizzly, 172.
Beaver, 181; hides confiscated,
Biennial, 1916-1918, 30.
Biology, contributions to Canadian, 201.
Biological Station, want protection, 93-94.
Bird, 32, 77, 79, 82, 83, 84, 88, 89, 99,
192; how do they find their way?,
88-84; wild, and legislation, 87-88:
fly larvee suck blood of nestling birds,
S88; study, 86.
Game, 79, 81, 85, 87, 89; 90, 97, 182,
204; of California, S4-86, 181; Hng-
lish, vindicated, 86—S7.
Insectivorous, 80, 88.
Migratory, 36, 80, 83, 192; see Migra-
tory Bird Treaty Act.
Nongame, 79.
Predatory, 81.
Blackbird, 182 ;
Blacksmith, 43.
Blind, 191.
Bluefish, 17, 44, 100, 164, 166, 208.
California, 14, 16.
Boat, 5; northern join fishing fleet, 155.
Purse-seine, 155, 156.
Bobeat, 69.
Bocaccio, 44, 100, 164, 166, 208.
gee 44, 100, 145, 146, 162,
19.
and rice, 99.
163, 164,
Boothe, Roy, state game district 1K, 81-82.
Bosqui, H. L., 178; valley quail with egg
in December, 98.
Botfly, 142.
Boucher, EH. C..,
fisherman, 187-188.
Bounty, 27, 29, 76, 148, 180, 207.
Bow and arrow in hunting, 69-70.
Boyle, Una, 79; river otter plays on moon-
light nights, 98.
Braina rati, 203.
Bream, Golden, 22.
3rooks, Major Allan, 85.
Bruce, J. C., 91, 150, 195; a death struggle
between bucks, 160-161.
Bryant, Hi. C., St 181, 189, : wild birds
and legislation, 87; California trout,
105-135.
Buck, 26, 81, 82, 161, 190, 206;
struggle between, 160-161,
the angler versus the net
death
214
Bureau of oe Publicity and Re-
search, 7
Burrill, A. ek
ivorous?,
is the herring gull insect-
71-74
Cc
Cabrilla, 60, 64, 65.
Cady, I’. P., weights of mule deer, 205.
California Academy of Sciences, 83.
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME, 94,
96, 145, 154, 156, 158, 178, 180, 182,
194, 195.
California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology,
85, 142.
California Nature Situdy League, 145, 189.
Calitasnieriieeon Power Company, 91, 93,
S4.
California State Fisheries Laboratory, 56.
Camp, 8: Lake Tahoe Public, 189, 190.
Canary, 82.
158, 182.
202 ;
Cancer magister,
Candlefish, 203.
Cannery, 40, 148, 197, 200, 2 estab-
lished at Ensenada, 94; receives Mex-
ican fish, 158; floating, burns, 156.
Canvasback, 191.
Capelin, 208.
Caraux hippos, 158.
Carp, 44, 100, 164, 166, 208.
Carpenter, S. J., 78, 79.
Carriel, 93.
Cast, 109, 114, 141, 170.
Cat, 48, 88; becomes game in New York,
ae Pramas the bird-catching cat,
Catfish, 44, 100, 164, 166, 179, 198, 208.
Catron, E. S., 78.
Census, see Game.
Chambers, Frank, 78.
Charr, 105, 106, 107, 129, 180, 134.
Chilipepper, 44, 100, 164, 166, 208.
Chromis punctipennis, 43.
Citharichthys stiqmeus, 157.
vanthostigma, 95.
Clam, 35, 68, 147, 158; investigation, 158.
Cockle, 45, 101, 164, 167, 209.
Pismo, 45, 101, 164, 167, 209; destroyed
by oil, 174-175.
Razor,. 17.
Soft-shelled, 45, 101, 164, 167, 209.
Clark, F. C., 182.
Coalfish, 44, 100, 164, 166, 208.
Cobb, J. N., college of fisheries established,
147-148.
Cod, 35, 147, 157, 203.
Black, taken near San Pedro, 158.
Cultus, 44, 100, 164, 166, 208.
Rock, 154, 163.
Coccidiosis, 148.
Coccidium oviforme, 1438.
Cochinito, 159
Coenurus serialis, 148.
Collinge, W. E., 86, 87.
Cololabis saira, 203.
Columba fasciata, 160.
Commercial Fishery, see under Fishery.
Connell, M. J., 180.
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,
Conservation, 30, 76, 77, 178, 179, 180,
89, 192; lessons from Massachusetts,
42; of our fisheries, 49-59; of fish,
80-81; in other states, 42, 97, 159,
204; persuasion versus compulsion in
fish and game, 187; deer in New
York, 190.
Commission, 84.
Louisiana, 90.
New York, 82, 97, 204.
Conservationist, SO, 177; a suggestion for
California,
Corvina, 18, 17.
Corvus niloticus, 94.
Coryphana, 203.
Cottontail, see Rabbit.
Coyote, 149, 150, 161, 205, 207; as a deer
killer, 26-29.
Crab, 10, 45, 101, 146, 147, 164, 167, 171,
179, 182, 209.
Sand, 175; habits
171-172.
Crago franciscorum, 9.
nigricauda, 9.
Crampton, J. M., 86.
Crandall, W. C., 183.
Crane, 85.
Crappie, 179, 193.
Crawfish, 94, 146, 182.
Cristovomer, 107, 133.
namaycush, 109, 111, 1384.
Croaker, 44, 59, 100, 164; fish of, family,
13-20.
Black, 14, 19.
Chinese, 14, 19.
Spotfin, 14, 18.
White, 14, 15.
Yellowfin, 14, 17.
Crustacean, 10, 45, 87, 101, 133, 164, 167,
171, 209
Cunningham, F. P., grouse in the Sequoia
National Forest, 98.
Curlew, 85.
Curtner, W. W., 182.
Cuterebra, 142.
Cuttlefish, 45, 101, 164, 167, 209.
Cynoscion nobilis, 18, 14, 15, 16.
parvipinnus, 18, 14, 16
and uses of the,
D
Dabelstein, W. F., 193.
Dafila acuta, 43.
Dall, W. aie 82.
Darter, 60.
Deer, 30, 34, 69, 97, 148, 149, 172, 182,
186, 205, 207 ; killed by coyote, 26-29
increasing in Trinity County, 98;
hunting poor in Mono County, 98;
conservation in New York, 189; in
the national forests, 206-207 ; strange
deer killed, 207; captured in Lake
Tahoe, 205.
Mule, weights of, 205.
De Laveaga, J. V., tree-ducks successfully
bred in Santa Clara County, 42-43
Dendrocygna bicolor, 42, 43.
Pe FOP, eT ee ee eee eee ee ee SS Se ee
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME, 215
De Ong, HE. R., parasites which affect the |
food value of rabbits, 142-143.
Depredation, 179.
Deputy, 91; acquitted at trial, 79.
Dip-net, 90.
Dirks, W. N., mole eats angleworms, 99.
Discretionary powers, Fish and Game
Commission needs, 30.
Disease, 182; again appears, 32.
Duck, 36.
Quail, 88.
Dixon, J., 142.
Doe, 28, 81, 206.
Dog, 69.
Varmint, 91.
Dogfish, 44, 100, 164, 166, 208.
Dolly Varden, see Trout..
Dolphin, 44, 100, 164; absence of, 203.
Dove, 85, 179.
Downing, Earle, banded pintail taken in
Alameda County, 48.
Dueck, 32, 43, 76, 78, 80, 85, 97, 99, 178,
179, 180, 182, 191, 192, 195; Louis-
jana originates, 34; versus rice, 36,
182; destroy garden pests, 99; food
of, 87.
Black, 34.
Canvasback, 191.
Mallard, 34, 191.
Pintail, 191: banded taken in Alameda
County, 48.
Duke, R. D., 79, 178.
E
Eagle, 138.
Harthworm, 99.
Herevisse, 45, 101, 164, 167, 209.
Eden, Mr., resolution by, 176-179.
EDITORIALS.
The 1916-18 biennial, 30; Fish and
Game Commission needs plenary pow-
ers, 30; California laws will be modi-
fied to agree with federal game laws,
31; violators make queer defense, 31;
Monterey streams stocked, 31; duck
disease again appears, 32; federal
permits, 382; fish cookery demonstra-
tions, 32; increased consumption of
fish necessary, 33; notes on the game
refuges, 33; a new game farming
project, 34; Louisiana originates new
duck, 34; Alaska fishery products, 34 ;
Nova Scotia uses war methods to
eapture violators, 85; California
trappers and their catch, 35; our
mailing list, 70; pending legislation,
70; Fish and Game Commission
inaugurates educational work in sum-
mer resorts, 70; preserve game re-
sources, 77; large profits with slight
outlay, 77; “now begins the season,”
78; conviction made under federal
migratory bird treaty act, 78; Mendo-
cino rancher makes good kill, 78;
game laws to be enforced in national
forests, 79; beaver hides confiscated,
79; deputy acquitted at trial, 79;
wartime saving in cost of fish food,
79; the Pacific coast whale industry,
80; food administration regulations
on fishing no longer effective, 80;
more bird treaties needed, 80; con-
servation of fish, SO; dependable in-
formation is needed, 81; state game
district 1K, 81; is the porcupine
worth saving ?, 82; manicure the bird-
catching cat, 82; a plan to conserve
Wyoming elk, 83; fur farming in
Alaska, 83; how do birds find their
way?, 83; a suggestion for Cali-
fornia conservationists, 84; the game
birds of California, 84; passenger
pigeons reported in eastern states,
86; English game birds vindicated,
86; the ground squirrels of Cali-
fornia, 87; the food of mallard ducks,
87; wild birds and legislation, 87;
fly larvee suck blood of nestling birds,
88; importation of quail from Mex-
ico, 88; federal migratory bird law,
89; long run of a tagged salmon, 90;
night herons game in Louisiana, 90;
vindication, 145; nature study libra-
ries to be furnished summer resorts,
145; the 1918 catch of fish, 145;
maintain a supply, 146; rainbow
trout acclimatized in Argentina, 146;
a college of fisheries established, 147;
trout fry. distributed in lakes and
streams of California during past
three years, 147; many lions killed,
148; airplanes to locate fish, 148;
fishery products laboratory estab-
lished, 149; the ownership of wild
life, 149; our fur resources, 149;
black bass is not a true bass, 149;
persuasion versus compulsion in fish
and game conservation, 187; the
angler versus the net fisherman, 187—
188; educational work in summer
resorts, 189; Tahoe public camp, 189—
190; deer conservation in New York,
190; migratory bird treaty act con-
stitutional, 190-191: waterfowl die
from eating shot, 191; government
needs deputy chief game warden, 191—
192: anglers, attention!, 192; addi-
tional migratory bird treaties needed,
192: State Fair exhibit, 198; game
censuses, 193-194; hatchery depart-
ment moves, 194; colored prints of
golden trout available, 194.
Edueational work inaugurated at summer
resorts, 76-77, 189.
Hel, 198, 208.
Egg, Bird, 79, 85, 98, 204.
Falcon, 87.
Tish, 76, 96, 182.
Fulvous tree duck, 42.
Goshawk, 87.
Grunion, 156.
Pigeon, band-tailed, 160.
Salmon, 41, 92, 110, 115, 141, 151.
Shrimp, 9.
Spiny lobster, 24.
Trout, 37, 38, 39, 92, 115, 127, 131, 138,
151, 152, 153,176, 181:
Heret, 80.
Higenmann, C. H., 135.
Elk, 97; plan to conserve Wyoming, 83;
Washington will open season on, 97;
in Shasta County, 98.
216
Emerita, 175.
analoga, 171.
Emerson,- Ethel,
Epidemic, 36.
Eulachon, 203.
BHuthynnus, 200, 203,
Evermann, B. W., 115, 119, 135, 188;
California trout, 105-135.
Hronautes rondeletti, 95.
204
F
Facts of current interest, 36, 91, 150, 195.
Falcon, 87.
Farm, Game, 87.
Fat herring, 52.
Fawn, 190; cesarian healthy, 205.
Feline, 82.
Fr ertilizer, 10, 91, 148, 154, 163, 200.
Fr inch, California Purple, 88.
Fish, 2, 31, 41, 50, 53, 56, 57, 59, 62, 68,
es 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 87, 90, 91,
94, 95, 97, 105, 115, Loree. 146,
ae 149, 150, 156, 172, 176, 177, 178,
179, 180, 185, 195, 197, 201, 204 ; of
croaker family, 13 20 ; cookery dem-
onstrations, 32: distributed in Minne-
sota, 42; rare from Monterey Bay,
48: conservation of, -80; proposed
change of shrimp law would menace
life of fish, 94; 1918 catch of, 145;
airplanes to locate, 148 ; better rec-
ords necessary, 154— 155; fresh, used
by reduction plants, 154; flat of Cali-
fornia, 182; do fishermen go far
enough to get, 198-199; dry ‘salting
at Monterey, 198; goat fish taken in
California, 156; two rare, 203.
Culture, 147, 148, 152,
Culturist, 106.
Dealer, 199.
Food, 18, 16, 20, 62, 63, 64, 80, 112,
135, 156, DEL, ai79:
Game, 62, 112, dls ay LT
Ladder, see Fishway.
Screen, see Sereen.
Fish and Game Commission, California, 2,
24, 30, 36, 39, 40, 70, 19, 76, 84, 91,
93, 94, 96, 119, 131, 1538, 176, 178,
179, 180, 181, 182, 188, 185, 188, 189,
197, 199, 205; inaugurates educa- |!
tional work at summer resorts, T6—77.
Connecticut, 86.
Massachusetts, 42.
Minnesota, 42, 152.
New Jersey, 42.
ve peat 81; plans quarterly bullet‘n,
97,
Washington,
hibit, 97.
Fish and Game District y s53m Ile B32
€ e al
maintains permanent ex-
UG Sag alates AJ : yoo 7 ZA,
oo: 4A 3a? 4B. HK, Si1=82). "2.
179; 4, 179; 20 186
Fisher, C. O., 26
Fisherman, ee OG. 40, 41, 42, 48, 58, 59,
73, 79, 95, 106, 109. 110, 128, 147,
154, 157, 159, 172, 180, 196, 198, 200;
do fishermen go far enough to sea?,
198-199 ; launch ‘‘Albacore” attempts
to aid, 94; receive 20 cents for first
tuna, 156. et
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.
Commercial, 148, 178.
Dry-fly, 170.
Fly, 116, 141.
Fishery, 80, 34, 182; Alaska products,
34+35; commercial notes, 93-94;
conservation of, 49-50; department
of, 146, 155, 182, 195; products
laboratory established, 149; reforms
in Nova eae serine, 159-160.
Commercial, 80,
Halibut, 34, 50.
Herring, 35.
Lee ee California State, 171, 174,
5
Sardine, 51.
Shrimp, 34, 50, 183.
Fishing, 147, 148, 171, 192, 204; Owens
Valley residents go, 207.
Some notes on dry-fly, 169-170.
Fishway, 39, 40, 76, 93, 97, 177, 178, 184.
Flattish, 96; life history of, 157.
Flounder, 2, 10, 33, 44, 100, 164, 166, 208.
Big-mouthed, 157.
Diamond, 157.
Long-finned, 157.
Scr ridged, 157.
Soft, 21.
Fly, 109, IO ah ea liey 126, 1:27) 130; WS;
137, 189, 140, 141; larve suck blood
of nestling birds, 8s.
Dobson, 139.
Dragon, 22.
Dry, 169.
Fisherman, 141.
Flying fish, 81.
Fontinalis, 130.
Food, 86, 112, 135; of fish, 80; of grouse,
98; of mallard ducks, 87; of porpoise,
157 ; of trout, 183; wartime saving in
cost of fish food, 79-80; of birds, 181;
of ducks, 181.
Friend, Wm., 26.
Fry, é
Trout, 30, 92, 93, 152.
Rainbow, 152.
Fuertes, i. A. 85:
Ebonics farming in Alaska, 83; our re-
sources, 149.
Bearer, 35, 81, 83, 84, 150, 181.
G
PipcsieiG2, 10, 81, 84, 97,
2s 1145 TAD. 126; 480, th e6, 146, 149,
150, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 192, 194;
parcel post shipments of, 30; birds of
California, 84-86; conditions in
southern California thirty-five years
ago, 172-178.
Census, 81, 198, 194.
Farm, 34, 36, 42,
project, 34.
Law, see Law.
Preserve, see Preserve.
Refuge, see Refuge.
Fannet, 204.
Gasterosteus, 21.
aculeatus, 23.
Genyonemus, 18.
lineatus, 14, 15, 20,
Game,
87, 177, 184; new
Gear, 6, 95.
‘
}
q
;
BURLINGAME
PUBLIC
LIB.
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME, 217
George, Thomas, 124.
Germo macropteris, 201.
Gilbert, Dr. C. H., 96, 187, 182, 185.
Girella nigricans, 60, 67.
Goat fish, taken in California, 156.
Godwit, Marbled, AOL:
Goldfinch, Green- ‘packed, 88.
W illow, 88.
Goose, 31, 37, 85, 173, 179, 180.
Goshawk, 87.
Grasshopper, 4
Graves, ES,
Jrayback, 129.
Greenback, 129.
Greenfish, 60, 67, 68, 208.
Grinnell, ‘Joseph, 84.
Grizzly, 172.
Gros- bee, 90.
Grouse, 26, 29, 85; in Sequoia National
Forest, 98.
Red, 86.
Sierra, 98.
Grunion, attempt to rear, 156; the spawn-
ing of, 201
Guernsey, Chas., 78.
Guest, HE. A., out fishin’, 144.
Gull, 87.
California, 74.
Herring, 204; is it insectivorous?, 71-74.
Sea, 72.
Gun Club, 85, 176, 178.
H
Hemulide, 59, 65, 66.
Hake, 44, 100, 164, 166, 208.
Half-moon, 60, 68.
Halibut, 33, 48, 44, 50, 56, 100, 145, 147,
154, 158, 164, 166, 208; eats large
rock, 157-158.
California, 157.
Hardhead, 100, 112, 164, 166, 208.
Harvey, A. C., 124.
Hatchery, 238, ’30, at, 41, 79, 91, 109, 113,
146, 176, 178, 180, 196; department
notes, 92, 151: department moves,
194 ; ‘New York opens new, 204.
Almanor, 39, 92,
Bear Lake, 39, $9," 152, ilaas
Brookdale, 39, 75, 92, 151, 152
Clear Creek, 39, 146, itsve
Cottonwood Lakes, 37, 152.
Domingo Springs, 38, ee 146, 151, 152.
Fall Creek, 93, 151, 152
Feather River, 38, 39. ~
Fort Seward, oe 92, 146, 151, 152.
KKaweah, 146, 1 D1, 12 oes
Klamath, 39, 152
Marlette- “Carson, ‘181, 134, 151.
Mount Shasta, 37, 38, 92, 93, 151), 152;
181, 185.
Mount Tallac, 38, 92.
Mount Whitney, 37, 38, 75, 92, 151, 152,
181, 193.
Pine Creek, 74.
Price Creek, 75.
San Mateo, 151.
Scott Creek, 92, 151.
Snow Mountain, 92, 151, 152.
Tahoe, 38.
Wkiah 38, 925 lod.
Wawona, 389, 151, 152.
Yosemite, 93, 151, 152, 153; 196.
Heath, Harold, 182.
Hedderly, E. L., 188
Helgramite, 139.
Henshaw, H. W., 122.
Herms, Prof., 148.
Herring, a 10, 11, 18, 15, 41, 44, 53, 57,
58, Tee Gale 100, 145, 147, 162, 164,
166, 182, 201, 208 ; ‘and herring-like
fishes of California, 182.
Gee 204,
Lake, 105, 204.
Heron, Night, game in Louisiana, 90.
Black- crowned Night,
Yellow-crowned Night, 90.
Herzinger, EH. L., pheasants damage crops
in “Inyo County, 99.
Higgins, Bert, 26.
Higgins, Elmer, 95, 96, 156, 182; goat fish
taken in California, 156; spiny lobster
larvee, 156; attempt to rear grunion,
156; life history of flatfish, 157; por-
Eee captured, 157; two rare fishes,
Hippoglossus, 157.
hippoglossus, 43.
Hippoglossina stomata, 157.
Hippoglossoides platessoides, 21.
Hjort, John, as
Holder, C. F., 187, 203.
Hook, 105, 139, 198,
Hubbs, C. L., 182; the stickleback: a fish
fitted as mosquito destroyer, 21—24.
Hudson, C. B., 1138, 126.
Hunter, J. S., 198.
Hunter, 29, ee , 06, 42, 17, 18)/82; 84,
90, 97, 98, LIZ ATS, Lele 190, 194.
Market, 36, 78, 79, 91, 180.
Hunting, 31, 33, 36, 42, 81, 86, 172, 184,
204.
Accident, 30.
License, 81.
License law, 76.
Market, 36.
Hybrid, 152.
Hypomesus pretiosus, 203.
Hysopsetta guttulata, 157.
Ibis, 85.
Ichthyologist, 112.
Illinois sportsmen dissatisfied, 97. __
Importation, of quail from Mexico, SS—S9.
Inconnu, 105.
Information, is needed, 81.
Interbreed, 57, 121.
Jackrabbit, 143.
Blacktailed, 142.
Jacobson, W. O., blackbirds and rice, 99.
Jellyfish, 95.
Jewfish, 60, 62.
Johnny Verde, 60, 638, G4.
Johnson, Hiram W., 178, 183.
Jordan, D. S., 124, 137, 139, 203.
Jotter, EK. Wee the coyote as a deer killer,
26-29.
Junk, Chinese, 3, 4, 5, 10.
218
K
Kelly, H. L., 32.
Kelp, 30, 40, 183; harvesting may be
resumed, 197.
Key to California species of trout, 111.
Killifish, 21.
Kingfish, a Rea pa 1 eb 15, 20, 33, 44, 100, 154,
“164, 163, 166, 2
King-of- salmon, 95, 158.
Koppel, I. L., our fur resources, 149.
Kyphosidee, 59, 67.
IKkytka, Theodore, 99.
LZ
Ladyfish, young discovered, 158.
Lagenorhynchus obliquidens, 157.
Larus argentatus, 72.
Laner, 87.
Laneret, 87.
Law, 76, 180, 187, 188, 192, 201, 204;
proposed change of shrimp would
menace fish life, 94.
Fish and game, 30, TS, Lie 17S.
Game, 30, 31, 79, 81, 82, 88, 89, 192;
to be enforced in national forests, 19;
vee be modified to agree with federal,
Spiked buck, 30.
Migratory bird,
made under,
192.
Laws, G. O., deer increasing in Trinity
Game Refuge, 98
Legislation, 2, 88, 85; pending, 76.
Leopard, 82.
Lepomis cyanellus, 22.
Leuresthes tenwis, 156, 201, 208.
Life history, of flatfish, 157.
Life history notes, 42-43, 98-99, 160-161,
204-205.
89° 191.
78;
conviction
additional needed,
Lincoln, R. P., summer on the California
trout streams, 136-141.
Line, 6.
Linnet, 88, 99.
Lion, Mountain, 26, 29, 34, 78, 79, 82, 91,
149, 160, 172, 195, 206; many killed,
148.
Sea, 98.
Lobster, Spiny, 45,
early stages of, 24-25; ps 156.
Louvar, the occurrence of, 202-2
Ludlum, Resto:
Lure, 140.
Lutra canadensis pacifica, 98.
Luearius imperialis, 203
Lynx eremicus californicus, 160.
M
M., R. L., California, 192; some notes on
dry- -fly fishing, 169-170.
Mackerel, 33, 44, 100, 145, 146, 147, 162,
163, 164, 166, 200, 208’; and mackerel-
like fish, 59, 182.
Frigate, 203 : recurrence of, 200.
Maintain a supply, 146
Maley, J. T.,
Mallard, the me of, 87.
Mallotus villosus, 208.
Malma, 129.
Mammal, 181, 182.
Game, 182.
101, 164, 167, 209;'
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.
Manicure the bird-catching cat, 82-88.
Marlin-spike Fish, 208; used as food, 438.
Maule, W. M., deer hunting poor in Mono
County, 98.
McAllister, M. H., elk in Shasta County,
98; game conditions in southern Cali-
fornia thirty-five years ago, 172-173.
McAtee, W. L., 87.
McCarthy, Eugene, 135.
McLean, D. D., wildcat eats birds, 160.
McCloud, George Jr., 38
Meadowlark, 182.
Medialuna californiensis, 60, 68.
Menticirrhus undulatus, 14, 17, 18.
Meyers, J. P., 78.
Migration, 41, 55, 58, 85, 95, 98, 117, 128,
Iie 1 59, 192; how do birds find their
way ?, 83-S4.
Migratory bird treaty act, 30, 31, 32, 36;
conviction made under, 78; constitu-
tional, 190-191.
Mills; G. T., 124.
Milt, 33.
Mink, 83.
Minnow, 129.
Mite, 1438.
Mole, 149; eats angleworms, 99.
Mollusk, 45, 87, 96, 101, 132, 133, 146,
164, 167, 182, 209
Moran, Nathan, nesting of the band-tailed
pigeon, 160.
ee the stickleback a destroyer of,
21-2
Mountain Lion, see Lion.
Mountain Sheep, male e4
Mouse, 82.
Mullet, 44, 100, 164, 166, 208.
Muskrat, 150.
Mussel, 45, 101, 164, 167, 209.
Namaycush, 133.
National Association of Audubon Socie-
ties, 71.
National forest, 85, 184; game laws to be
enforced in, 79; deer in, 206.
Angeles, 34.
California, 207.
El Dorado, 33, 207.
Klamath, 33, 207.
Santa Barbara, 207.
Sequoia, 81; grouse in, 98.
Shasta, 207.
Sierra, 81, 207.
Stanislaus, .207.
Tahoe, 38.
Trinity, 207.
N
Naturalist, 189.
Nature guide, 189.
Nature Study League, 76, 145.
Field excursion, 188.
Neale, George, 78, 190.
Nelson, E. W., 83.
Nemastistius pectoralis, 159.
Neomenis, 158.
Nest, 85, 160, 204.
Net, 255226) 7, 910.-4,
new fish, 41.
Dip, 90.
Gill, 196, 199.
Lompara, 41.
71, 159, 196, 201;
:
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME, 219
Purse-lompara, 41.
Round Haul, 208.
Sardine, Pes
Shrimp, 1 2, 3, 7, 94.
Tow, 156.
Trawl, 94.
Newbert, F. M., 178, 180.
Newsome, J. H., 79.
Nidever, H. B., iz. 4, 94, 188.
Nielsen, E. M., 158, 208 : fresh fish used
at reduction plants, 154.
Note, on artificial propagation of spiny
lobster, 70-71; on dry-fly fishing,
169-170; on jhabits and use of small
erab, 171-172
Commercial fishery, 39-41, 938-94, 154—
156 ; 196-200.
Hatchery, 87-39, 92-938, 151-153.
ee history, 42-43, 98, 160-161, 204—
State fisheries laboratory, 94-96, 156—
159, 200-204.
Notemigom us erysoleucas, 22.
O
Opal Eye, 60, 67.
Opossum, 149.
Osmerus ‘thaleichthys, 9.
Otolith, 55, 56.
Otodectes cugnatis, 143.
Otter, Pacific River, 98.
Out fishin’, 144.
Oyster, 45, 101, 164, 167,
Pp
PACIFIC FISHERMAN, 96.
Packer, 40, 154, 155.
Paladini, A., 1, 150.
Palmer, T. S., 84.
Pampano, 44, 100, 159, 164, 166, 202, 208.
Pampanito, 159.
Panulirus interruptus, 24, 70.
Paralabrax clathratus, 60, 63.
hes rade Marlaeg ge e 64, 65.
nebulifer, 60, 6
Paralichthys ie ele Lit.
Parasite, which affect food value of rab-
bits, 142-148.
Parcel post, shipments of game, 30.
Parophrys vetulus, 157.
Rarremarik. LOO 113, 122,123) 125,
Partridge, 86.
198, 209.
een A. D., 189.
Pearson, A. G., 197.
Pelt,
3b.
Perch, 44, 68, 100, 164, 166, 1838, 208.
Sacramento, 2,
Yellow, 59.
Permit, federal, 32.
Pez de Gallo, 159.
Pheasant, 179; damage crops in Inyo
County, 99.
English, 86, 87.
Ring-necked, 91.
Phyllosome, 24, 25, 70, 71, 156.
Pig, 26, 28.
Pigeon, 85.
Band-tailed, nesting of, 60.
Carrier,
Homing, 83.
Passenger, reported in eastern states, 86.
Pike, 44, 100, 164, 166, 208.
| Pintail, banded taken in Alameda County,
43
Plaice, 51.
Plath, O. E., 88.
Plenary powers, 76; Fish and Game Com-
mission needs,
Pleuronectide, 157.
Pleuronechthys verticalis, 157.
Plover, 85.
Plumage, 90.
Poison, 43, 95, 191, 195.
Pollution, 177, 183.
Pomfret, 208.
Pope, Saxton, bear hunting with bows
and arrows, 69-7
Porcupine, is it worth saving ?, 82.
Porpoise, captured, 157.
Prat Ge... Sis
Predatory animal, 26, 27, 29, 81, 83, 182.
See, also, Bird and Mammal.
Preserve, 82.
Game, 176, 178.
Propagation, 85, 204.
Protection, 87, 97.
Punnett, J. M., 98.
Purse-seine boat, 155
Q
Quail, 26, 27, 29, 36, 69, 85, 88, 172, 179 ;
importation from Mexico, 88-89.
Valley, with ves i December, 98.
Queenfish, 15, 14,
R
Rabbit, 42, 69, 76, 142; parasites which
affect the food value of, 142-145
Brush, 142, 143, 179.
Cottontail, 142, 179.
Jack. black-tailed, 142.
Rail, 85.
Rainbow, see Trout.
Ranger, co-operate with game wardens,
Ray, 182.
Recreation, 192.
Redfish, 127, 128.
Red Snapper, 158.
Refuge, game, 30, 36, 42, 76, 88, 177, 182,
184, 194, 195; notes on the new, 33;
in Minnesota, 204; Quebec estab-
lishes, 204.
1k, 81.
Pinnacles Monument, 182.
Trinity National Forest,
deer increasing in, 98.
Report, California fishery products, 44—-
45, 100-101, 162-167, 208-209.
Expenditures, 47-48, 102, 211—212.
Number of deer killed, 104.
Violations, 46, 103, 210.
Seizures, 46, 108. 207.
Reptile, 101, 164, 167.
Reservation, 150.
Rice, 76; federal permit protects from
ducks, 36; and blackbirds, 99.
Rich, Willis. 182, 185.
Rigdon, IDS ti oul
Roadrunner, 181.
Robin, 99
Western, 160.
Roccus lineatus, 61.
26, 28; 182;
220
Rock Bass, see Bass. |
Rock Cod, see Cod.
Rockfish, 44, 100, 145, 164, 166, 208.
Rod, fly, 1D: 2150:
Baic, 110.
Rodent, 74.
Roe, 152:
Roneador, 13.
Roncador stearnsi, 14, 18.
Roosevelt, President, 123.
Rooster Fish, 159.
Rutter, Cloudsley, 153.
S
Sablefish, 385, 162, 163.
Salachini, 163, 198.
Salmo, 106.
agua-bonita, 108, 111, 119, 123,
QI]
aquilarum, 11, 118.
clarkti, 108, 111; 116.
evermanni, 109, 111, 117, 118.
fario, 109, 111, 1, 132:
gairdneri, AL, 112, opp. 112.
gilberti, 108, tal 418-119.
henshawi, 108, Aid 129.
irideus, 107, 111, opp. 112, opp. 114, |
118, 136:
nelsoni, 109.
levenensis, 132.
mykiss, 127.
purpuratus henshawi,
regalis, 108, 111, 128.
rivularis, 112.
fers 105, 108, 111, 119, 124—
138
shasta, 108, 111, 115-116.
stonei, 108, alata a bites
tahoensis, 111, 127-128. ;
trutia levenensis, 109) 111, 432—
whitei, 108, 111, 119, 121-122.
Salmon, 10, 11, 33, 34, 40, 44, 51, 91,
106, 105, 106, 112, 113, 114, 115, 134,
145, 146, 147, 148, 153, 162, 163, 164,
166, 177, 179, 182, 198, 208; longs
run of, 90; need more protection,
196-197, at Monterey, 198; Sacra-
mento run of, 199; catch large at
Fort Bragg, 199.
King, 198. ‘
Quinnat, 37, 38, 39, 98, 150.
Silver, 198.
Sockeye, 55, 58, 90.
roms lie
Salmonide, 105, 106.
Salvelinus, 107.
fontinalis, 1OOe* Daal,
30.
parkei, 129-13(
Sand Bass, see ee
124,
PAT
135.
129, 1380-131, opp.
Sand ab, a 95, 100, 145, 146, 157, 164,
16, 208.
Sanders, J. H., deer captured in Lake
Tahoe, 205.
Sandpiper, Sd.
Sardine, 39, 40, 41, 45, 80, 93, 94, 96,
101, 145, 147, 154, 155, 158, 159, 162,
163, 164, 167, 182, 198, 208, 208;
note on the, 21; locating by aero-
plane, 41; breeding season of, 159;
run at Monterey, 197
Sargo, 60, 65, 66.
Scale, 5D.
Scapanus latimanus latimanus, 99.
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME,
Schaeflle, Ernest, 178, 180.
Schmitt, W. L., 182; early stages of the
spiny lobster, 24-25.
Sciacna saurna, 14, 19.
Scientific collector, ” permit, Sas
Scofield, N. B., 7, 8, 11, 146, 154, 182, °
188, 185; shrimp fisheries of Cali-
fornia, 1-12; the 1918 catch of fish,
145-146.
Scomber, 200,
Screen, 76, 97, 178, 184.
Scripps Institution for Biological Re-
search, 24, 70, 183.
Seulpin, 12, 45, 101, 164, 167, 208.
Sear Bass, sec Bass.
Sea Lion, 98.
Seal, Fur, 35.
Season, 150, 159, 1738, 190; now begins,
Closed, 3, 30, 82, 89.
Open, ‘91, ge.
Seaweed, as food, 198.
Seine, 2, 23, 155, 156, 196.
Purse, 201.
Sellmer, W. B., 79, 188.
| Neriola, Lo:
Neriphus, 13.
politus, 14, 15.
Serranide, 59, 61, GA.
Shad, 3, 16, ‘lst 33, 45, 101, 145, 146, 179,
iss. 208.
Shark, 33, 154; of California, 182.
Shebley, F. A. (five lkoay
Shebley, WH 6 t5,02,, ploo. alse
180, 183, 185, 194.
Sheep, 26; see Mountain Sheep.
Sheepshead, 101, 164, 208.
Shock, W.°1., 27, oe
Shockley, W. W..
Shooting, spring, ge o7 190.
Shotgun, 77.
Shrimp, 45, 101, 147, 164, 167, 183, 209;
fisheries of California, 1- a: pro-
posed change of law menaces fish
life,
201.
Shands, Henry,
Siliqua, 175
Skate, ony 45, LO 164-167,
rays of C alifornia. 182.
Skipjack, 45, 101, 145, 146,
167, 200, 203, 204, 209.
Slug, 98.
Smeliqgs: .On tO Mile 12
203, 208.
Little, 156.
Smokehouse, 148.
Snail, 99, 209.
Sea, 101, 164, 166.
Snipe, 85.
Snyder, J.10., JG) 116, 1%, 128%
135, 150, 182, 185, 197;
ari tree-duck in Santa Clara
Count , 43.
Sole, 10 oer 44, 100, 145, 146, 209.
re Lis
San Diego, 157.
Tongue, "157.
Soleida, 157.
Sparrow, pets, 99.
151,
209; and
162, 163, 164,
, 44, 100, 164, 166,
129,
breeding of
Nuttall,
Spay 42, 106, 11a, T27,; Asie Ae eos
iG: 197, 199.
Spear, 76.
Spinner, 189.
Spiny Lobster, see Lobster.
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.
Splittail, 164, 167, 209.
Spoon, 112, 129,
“Sporozoa, 143.
Sport, 69, 75. 77,
pene 78, Bd, 435, So 95, 97, 150;
191, 192 ; dissatisfied, 97; Wash-
ington forms state association, 204.
Spot, 18.
Squaretail, 94.
Squid, 45, 101, 164, 167, 209; at Monte-
rey, 198.
pe erel, 69; ground of California, 87.
Tree, 149.
Rares: johwee 158, 182, 203; fishes of the
croaker family, 13-20 ; note on the
sand dab, 21; rare fish from Monte-
rey Bay, 48; marlin-spike fish used
as food, 438; basses and _ bass-like
fishes, 59-68.
State Fair, exhibit, 193.
Steelhead, see Trout.
Stereolepis gigas, 60.
Stevens, A. C., 124.
Stevens. S. V., 124.
> alee as a mosquito destroyer,
21
Stingaree, 164, 167, 209.
Siimnett, 1. J., 3%, 152
Stomach examination, 86.
Stone, Livingstone, 13a
Sturgeon, 2, 45, 101, 164, 183; to be pro-
tected in other states, 160.
Stylopthalmus paradorus, 95.
Sucker, 45, 10@, 164, 166, 209.
Sunfish, 22, 60, 149.
Blue-gill, 179, 195.
reen, 22.
Surf-fish, 45, 101, 164, 166, 209; day and
night of California, 203.
Suri-smelt, 208.
Surmullet, 156.
Swan, 85.
Whistling, 91,
Swordfish, 43, 45, 701, 164, 209.
Symphurus atricaudus, 157.
+
Tackle, 137.
Tahoe Public Camp, 189-190.
Tapeworm, 143.
Taylor, W. P., a suggestion for California
conservationists, 84. -
Terrapin, 101, 164, 167, 209.
Tetragonurus cuvieri, 94.
Tetrapterus nutsukurii, 438.
Thaleichthys pacificus, 203.
Thompson, Will I. 95, 96, 156, 158, 159,
vie conservation of our fisheries,
49-59; halibut eats large rock, 157—
158; young of the ladyfish discovered,
158; clam investigation, 158; shad
caught at Seal Beach, 158: Alaska
black cod taken near San Pedro, 158;
cannery receives Mexican fish, 158—
159; the breeding season of the sar-
dine, 159; recurrence of the pues
mackerel, 200; spawning of
grunion, O01 ; contributions to ane
dian biology, 201; blue-finned and
yellow-finned tuna, 201-202: the
occurrence of the louvar, 202-203;
absence of the dolphin fish, 203; day
and night surf-fishes of California,
203; occurrence of the albacore north |
of San Francisco, 203-204,
Thunnus macropterus, 155.
thynnus, 156.
Tibbits, A. C., 203.
Tick, wood, 142.
Tiger, 82.
Titlow, J. O., 88; how do birds find their
way, 85—-S4.
Tivela, 175.
Tenia serialis, 143.
Tomeod, WAAR oaley
Tommy, 127, 128.
Topminnow, 21, 24.
Towhee, brown, 88.
Trachinotus cuveri, 94,
Trachypterus, 95.
Trap, 184.
Peas 79; California and their catch,
Hae. 150,
Trapping, Bie 42. 88, 207.
License law, 35.
License, 84.
Trawl, oe ail
Net, 94, 150.
20, 45, 101, 164, 167,
Trawler, 196; Japanese, in nets of law,
Trawling, 96, 198.
Treaty, more bird, needed, 80; additional
needed, 192.
Tree- duck, ‘pred in Santa Clara County,
248; breeding in Santa Clara
County, 43.
Fulvous, 42.
Troll, 114.
Trolling, 8@.
Spoon, 112, 129.
177, 179, 180,
Trout, ae are 164, 167,
198, 198, 204, 207; California, 105-—
135; summer on the California trout
streams, 136-141.
Black, 127.
Black-spotted, Sos oon oe 2, 14
153
Brook, 11S SISO) Hiss 137,
Brown, 88, 109, 111, 131, 132, 147, 152,
Bulk 129:
California, 112.
Clark, 127.
Columbia River, 127.
Cutthroat, 108, 111, 113, 115, 127.
Dolly Varden, 107, 108, 111, 115, 130.
Hagle Lake, 111, 116, 118, 129
Pastern brook, 37, 92, 107, 108, 109,
, 129, 130, opp. 130, 183, 147, 152,
ae ;
Evermann, 117.
Gilbert, 119.
Golden, 37, 38, 105, 108, 111, 119, 121,
123, 124, 126, 135, 1387, 152, 179,
193, 195; prints of, available, 194.
Agua bonita, iia V2s 138.
Coyote Creek, 121.
Of Little Kern, 108, 121.
Golden Trout Creek, 124.
Mount Whitney, 123.
Soda Creek, 108, 119, 121.
apseen Fork of Kern, 108, 119, 128,
Voleano Creek, 119, 121, 122, 124.
Roosevelt, 108, 111, 119, 124, 125.
White, 119, 121.
| Great Lakes, 133, 134.
{ Kern River, 118, 121.
222
Hake, 108.
Loch Leyen, 37, 92, 107, 109, 111, 132,
133, 147, 152; 179.
Mackinaw, 108, "109, 14 133, 134.
Mountain, 112, 140.
Nelson, 109.
Nissue, 116.
Nissui, 116.
Noshee, 108, 111, 116.
Rainbow, Si: Bl; od) Oo, Os, TOT, dae
112,’ 118, 114, opp. 114, 115, 116,
118, 120, 127, 136, 137. 138, 1389,
140, 141, 147, 152, 179; acclima-
tized in Argentina, 146.
Gilbert, 108, 118.
Kern River, 111, 118.
McCloud River, 111, 115.
Shasta, 108.
Red-throated, 127.
Salmon, 112, 129.
San Bernardino, 117.
San Gorgonio, 109, 111, 117, 118.
Scoteh, 182.
Sea, 13, 16, 45, 101, 164, 167, 208.
Shasta, 108.
Silver, 127, 128.
Royal, 108, 111, 128, 129.
Steelhead, 31, 36, 38, 39, 45, 92, 101,
106, 111, 112, opp. 112, 113; 114, 115,
147, 151, ee 164, 167, 198, 209.
Sitone, 108, 116
Tahoe, 108, 111, DAZ, A28, 29°
Von Behr, 131.
Trout, fry, 30, 38, 39, 98.
Black-spotted, 92.
Tuna, 43, 45, 80, 94, 101, 145, 147, 155,
162, 163, 164, 167, 198, 200, 203, 209;
fishermen receive 20 cents for first,
156.
ea 145, 200,
Leaping, 202.
Long-finned, 198.
Yellowfin, 145, 155, 163,
Turbot, 45, 101, 157, 164, 167,
Turtle, 94. 162, 164, 167, 209.
Green, 70.
209; and yellowfin,
200, 209.
209.
U
Umbrina roncador, 14, 17.
United States Biological Survey, 32, 43,
83, 84, 97, 182, 191, 207.
United States Bureav: of Fisheries, 2, 24,
32, 83, 90, 92, 1382, 146, 149, 196.
United States Department of Agriculture,
87, 88, 150, 183, 191.
Bureau of Animal Industry, 88.
erp ted Pes Food Administration, 40,
fe
United States Forest Service, 195, 206.
Co-operation, 206, 207.
United States National Museum, 82.
United States Supreme Court, 36, 89, 97.
Upeneus dentatus, 156.
48650 10-19 5200.
CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME.
Vv
Van Dyke, Henry, 145.
Venison, 31.
Vermin, porcupine classed as, 82.
ia ae of fish and game laws, 46, 103,
Violator, makes queer defense, 31; Nova
Scotia uses new methods to ecanture,
35; Pennsylvania punishes, 205.
Vogelsang, C. A., 78
Ww
Wallace, J. H., 192.
Walsh, J. F., 205.
Walton, Isaak, 112, 186, 141.
W arden, 36, 89, IT, 185, 194, 195; do
detective work in New York, OT: :
Sane deputy chief game warden, 191—
192
Game, 42, 187;
206.
Waterfowl, 26, 78, 80, 81, 89, 91, 97; die
from eating shot, 191.
Weakfish, 16.
Westerfeld, Carl, 180, 183, 185;
Eden resolution, 178, 185.
Wetmore, Alex, 32.
Weymouth, F. W., 158, 182; notes on the
habits and uses of the small sand
erab, 171-172; destruction of pismo
clams by oil, 174-175.
Whale, 41; industry of Pacific coast, 80;
sperm taken off Monterey, —_.
Right, 80.
Whaling, station on Monterey Bay, 41.
Whistling swan, 91.
White, S. E., 123, 126.
Whitebait, 45, 101, 164, 167, 209.
White Fish, 45, 105, 134.
Whiting, California, 14, 17.
Wildeat, 149, 150; eats birds, 160.
Wildfowl, 89, 181.
Migratory, sek
Wild oa cn , (6, 17, 18,81; S83. 84,
182, ios ; in relation to agricul-
ture, 99; ownership of, 149.
Williams, Frank, 78, 79.
Windle, Ernest, 188.
Wolverine, 85.
Wood tick, 142.
rangers co-operate with,
reply to
x
Xenistius californiensis, 60, 66.
Xesurus punctatus, 159.
Xysrerurys liolepis, 157.
2
Yellowtail, 33, 45, 101, 145, 146, 162, 165,
164, 167, 202, 209.
Young, Arthur, 69.
BURLINGAME
PUBLIC
LIB.
PATROL SERVICE.
SAN FRANCISCO DIVISION.
E. L. Bosqui, Commissioner in Charge. Carl Westerfeld, Executive Officer.
J. 8. Hunter, Assistant Executive Officer. E. C. Boucher, Special Agent.
Head Office, Postal Telegraph Building, San Francisco.
Phone Sutter 6100.
| Pel BaD Sof oc -) eee ents SB Ba cS ean San Jose
SSE ai eis eee ie enrysDencionli 2 ose Santa Rosa
PEAT ee PS eee 5 Albert Mack___---_____-_.___San Francisco
phe shes Ea are en se . Seaee Cen ees Se a
E. V. Moody---- -Santa Cruz
S Teh GP paged Po a af <i ae ane SE MNS Salonen A Napa
ib La SANS eae Se MOM ane, ky. N@SDIttH sees fe oe ee ee Salinas
Be Oe et | Francisco | J. E. Newsome_—---____--___-___--__Newman
Ofige: FH, Perkinse: See oe Fort Bragg
Misano 282. ooo Mirani “Sooke 4.022 st ne Salinas City
Wee ek Letina ose ein Gaytonville | i: W. smalley.o 22) os Hanford
H Watsonville} H. E. Foster__Launch ‘‘Quinnat,’’ Vallejo
San Rafael! Chas. Bouton-_Launch “Quinnat,” Vallejo
yen
SACRAMENTO DIVISION.
F. M. Newbert, Commissioner in Charge.
Geo. Neale, Assistant.
Forum Building, Sacramento.
Phone Main 4300. a
soe erage he Mae Red Bluff | R. C. O’Connor Grass Valley
Bolte eee a Gridley esi. FRIGKet ts. coke aoe Live Oak
Carpenter____ -Maxwell | D. E. Roberts___----------_-___-_--_Murphys
Mop LO SG tg | 1k ili ae ea ea CAND Yi was GOnS 3. 58 ie st Wa 2 Truckee
Gear es ee Placerville| C. A. Scroggs_-------------------_- Loomis
GOS Re en a oe Sacramentoy Rl: “Sinkey 22" "- ae e Woodland
ve oak OS OBZ sf Sa RTE ctr ee ea Weaverville io.) >. Warren... 282 ee Se Taylorsville
Meve rman soo ee We to te TGGSt MGM Gs aS. Wi EtG ae ES a Castella
LOS ANGELES DIVISION,
M. J. Connell, Commissioner in Charge.
Edwin L. Hedderly, Assistant.
Union League Building, Los Angeles.
Phones: Broadway 1155; Home, F 5705.
PA Pa 9 Ca Es SO BO aE Seaital Maria |e SEP Ob eyes ee seo a ra tok Big Pine
USB ERT ator prc | A Ma MAS ZED ares i b Ventura ;
=ob:.. Beeker. 52s] .__-.San Luis Obispo H. I. Pritehard_..-----------__ Los Angeles
a ables Gyper eeu me kt aa ue ay 8 BUSI MONG es i COM Ce ae eee ee Los Angeles
We Ge Eso tion one Mees S San Bernardinu| Webb Toms —_---___--__________ San Diego
leat sae
rPUDLIASe
LIB.
1919 ABSTRACT CALIFORNIA FISH AND. |
ICT CALIFORNIA FISH AND, be ca
NUMBERS IN SQUARES ARE OPEN DATES
al Sita
= uk ol sa: | === NO Does, Fawns or Spike
{|
|!
=| ah dee] aa ! ey No sale of venison.
a | es : o Bucks per season.
a
=a na
Bl See Notes 1-2°8-9-10-14
DEER
15 per day. 30 per week,
No limit in District 4
12 per season
Killing of Elk or
Mision of Elk meat a felony
nes | $1,000 fine for Sea Otter
See Notes 11-12
See Notes 4-14-15-17
RABBITS, Cottontail and Brush
TREE SQUIRRELS
ELK, ANTELOPE, MOUNTAIN SHEEP
SEA OTTER, BEAVER
BEAR, FUR ANIMALS
DUCKS, GEESE, JACK SNIPE, MUD HENS
RAIL, WOOD DUCK, WILD PIGEON,
SHORE BIRDS (Except Jack Snipe
QUAIL, Valley and Desert
MOUNTAIN QUAIL
ches.
No sale. ae and line
SACRAMENTO PERCH, SUNFISH
and CRAPPIE
STRIPED BASS, SHAD
only.
25 per day. Hook and
line only.
See Note 23
4-44
SAGE HEN aos . on 4 per day. 8 per week.
en. es eae A Ry “ per day. 30 per week.
GROUSE | aL fl ieee iH : j 14a 4 per day. 8 per week.
| a-120-12> [ al |
El i Bb) See Note 44 50 fish or tem
j eit | UE Sco Note 43 a rae
TROUT (Except Golden), WHITE FISH 3 a TT a a Seo Note 45 pgundsor ovr
4-43 haatt i . Z
— : & Rae 31-89
a | RE I See Note 26
eae ae Eee
GOLDEN TROUT eeaten | al aes 20 per ner ME sae under
ise ahs - 25 per day. None under
be
ce
ie
SALMON See Notes 27-46
ce eS
y eee Closed season only for
Cane Sree commercial fishing
CRABS fe, BA Seo Note 28
a | |
Pars i
LT ee
HUNTING LICENSES
License Year from July 1 to June 30
Residents, $1.00. Non-residents, $10.00. Certain
Allens, $10.00. Other Aliens, $25.00.
ANGLING LICENSES
License Year from January { to December 31
eeaiderts, $1.00. Non-Residents, $3.00. Aliens,
ABALONES, Red
Green, Pink, Black
5) PISMO CLAMS
See Note 33
See Note 32
TRAPPING LICENSES
License Year from July { to June 30
Citizens, $1.00. Aliens, $2.00,
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