BV 2765 .P55 1906
Phillips, A. L. 1859-1915
The call of the home land
The Call of the
Home Land
A STUDY IN HOME MISSIONS
By A* L, PHILLIPS, D. a
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The Call of the
HOHE LAND
S^ 2^ 2^ S^ S^ 2^ 2^ S^ S^ S^ S^ 9^ 2^
A STUDY IN HOME MISSIONS
By A. L, PHILLIPS, D, D*
CoPYKIGST hT
A. L. PHILLIPS.
1906.
Ifbtratwn
To the young: men and women of America, in collegre and
out, v7ho "wo\ild yield up their lives to God at the call of the
home land.
CONTENTS
Chapter. Page.
I. The Entrance and Spread of Christianity in
North America ^ . . . 15
II. The Advance Guard of Civilization: The
Frontiersman 31
III. The Stranger Within Our Gates: The Immi-
grant 51
IV. A Race Problem : The Negro in the South . . 71
V. Redeeming a City: City Missions 93
VI. A Problem of Isolation: The Mountaineers
of the South 115
VII. A Problem of Reconstruction: The Country
Church 133
VIII. The Making of a Boy : Boys' Club 149
Conclusion ,,..,.. •.,..,,.. 155
INTRODUCTION.
Most of the Christians in America will serve i. The
God and die at home. Our restlessness causes us Problems
to travel freely and often in our own country.
Wherever we go in it we iind the Church of Christ
at work. Just how it came to our shores and
reached its present development and what part
each of the great denominations has played in the
conquest of the land are matters of the deepest in-
terest to all intelligent persons. On every side
problems press for solution. The frontier line is
to be extended further into the wilderness, and civ-
ilization must be established on the happy hunting
grounds of savages. Into oux favored land there
is pouring an ever increasing stream of foreigners
of different languages and customs, all seeking to
improve their condition. Scattered throughout the
vast region which we call the South are millions
of Negroes whose condition and prospects consti-
tute a grave question. In our cities, great and
small, dense masses of people are crowded in pov-
erty, ignorance, and sin. In the Appalachian
Mountains there are thousands of our brothers
living in isolation without the opportunities to
which they are entitled as free citizens. In many
regions the country churches have been weakened
by the removal of their members until their very
existence is threatened. The multitudes of boys
9
10 The Call of the Home Land
in our towns and cities, driven to labor and drawn
to vice, call aloud for the investment of thought-
ful effort. Here and there our institutions are
attacked by the teachings of false religion, as in
the case of the Mormons. Throughout the whole
land, but especially in our great industrial cen-
ters like Pittsburg or Birmingham, the problems
of the laboring man call for Christian statesman-
ship. The drink curse is ever present with us,
enslaving its miserable victims and then slaying
them. Good citizenship does not shut its eyes
or its ears to these matters. Every man is inter-
ested in their solution. To the college man they
appeal with special force, because he has been
trained to investigate cause and cure. This little
volume aims to present some of these problems,
with hints at solution in the light of the cross of
Christ for our young people. Before dealing
with these problems directly, it may be wise to
spend a little time in a thoughtful consideration
of the best method for studying and teaching them.
a. Collection -pj-^g jjgg^ method of mission study today requires
of material . . . .
certain material for reference and illustration.
Each leader, and as far as possible every class,
should have easy access to most of the books named
in this volume. By exercising forethought and
using the talents of the class, a number of charts
may be made, giving a graphic representation of
certain phases of the problem under consideration.
Each leader should make for himself a collection
Introduction 11
of clippings bearing on each subject, and he should
encourage the members of his class to do the same.
Strong envelopes properly labeled will serve quite
well for this purpose. The introduction of curios
will prove now and then of great interest. A well
digested and carefully classified collection of
leaflets will prove of the highest value. They can
be gotten from the denominational Home Mission
Societies or Boards at a trifling cost. An enter-
prising leader will keep his eye on the magazines
for fresh matter g,nd good pictures. A class is de-
pendent on maps for giving history and biography
a lodging place. This is emphatically a day of
cheap and excellent pictures, which may be had
from the picture companies, magazines, railroad
guide books, and by use of the camera.
After the lesson has been studied carefully and 3' Prepara-
the materials for illustration are all at hand, the
leader sits with his class eager to pass on the truth
which he has learned. He first sees to the physi'
cal comfort of his class. If he be wise, he will
have a few minutes of earnest prayer for guid-
ance, several persons leading briefly. Entering
the thought-world of his pupils, the teacher will
bring forward some idea that is familiar to all
and hold it before the class until each one is atten-
tive. He gradually leads up to his subject and by
skilful questions and suggestions he awakens in-
terest. Holding firmly to what is known, he
brings into vigw the pew thought close akin to it
12 The Call of the Home Land
Presenta- rj^^Q q^j {^q.^ welcomes its new-found kinsman
and bids it be at ease in the mind. The new idea
is now established and its qualities are described
at leisure and in detail. In order that it may be-
come living, it should be thoroughly illustrated in
various ways. :
5. Aquisi- The class now takes the new matter up for seri-
^°^ ous consideration. It is divided into paragraphs,
into sentences ; its objects and actions are separated
and named. One statement is compared with
another, or with other knowledge, and things that
are alike are classed together. Then from this
analysis, comparison, and classification comes a
general statement of the truth to be taught. This
statement should alw^ays be framed by the class
with the aid of the leader.
6. Repro- In Order that the possession of an idea may be
duction |^g^g(j^ reproduction is necessary. Pupils should
be encouraged to tell what they have learned in
their own language, and for the sake of complete-
ness and accuracy of statement it should be written
now and then,
r. Appiica- All missionary truth is acquired in order to
stimulate action ; it is intended to move somebody
to do something somewhere. It is necessary,
therefore, that the truth acquired and reproduced
should be applied. An act of teaching involves the
enlightenment of the mind, the excitement of the
emotions, the awakening of the conscience, and the
action of the will. To stop short of the last step
Introduction 1^
is to miss a point indeed. Mission study should
lead directly to prayer ; it should greatly increase
giving and should surely multiply decisions for
personal surrender to mission service as a life-
interest and a life-service.
Get a clear viev^ of the object of this course of 8. Tie it up
study : Make a complete collection of material for
illustration — books, charts, clippings, curios,
leaflets, magazines, maps, and pictures. At the
appointed time, in a comfortable and quiet place,
with attention seized and interest held, under the
guidance of God's Spirit, present the lesson and
illustrate it. After analysis, comparison, and
classification, let your class form general state-
ments and carefully reproduce them. Show how
the truth applies to life. Thus you will really
teach the truth, and have part in the noblest work
given to the sons of men.
I
The Enteaj^ce and Spread of Christianity
IN North Ajviekica.
At the beginning of the Sixteenth Century the i- condi-
religious life of Europe was marked by ignorance Europe
and corruption — ignorance as to the fundamental
teachings of the Bible and corruption in public
and private morals. Here and there one might see
signs of awakening. Columbus' bold venture upon
the untried ocean had been rewarded by the dis-
covery of a new world, and soon Cortez in Mexico
and Pizarro in Peru laid the foimdations of the
Spanish Empire this side of the Atlantic. To the
ITorth, John and Sebastian Cabot for the English
and Cortereal for the Spanish had explored the
coast from Labrador to Florida. Before the first
quarter of the century had passed Magellan had
rounded Cape Horn. The mind of Europe was
filled with visions of new lands to conquer, and
its horizon grew rapidly wider. ISTew people with
strange languages, customs, and religions came into
view on every hand. Here and there men dared
to think, and the rapid progress in the art of print-
ing gave them a new vehicle for their thoughts.
Copernicus gave the world his new theory of the
universe in 1543. Sculpture and painting through
Michael-angelo and Raphael reached a rare de-
15
16 The Call of the Home Land
gree of excellence, while great cathedrals and
monasteries showed marvellous skill in architec-
ture. Martin Luther (1483-1546) broke the
chains Avhich had held the church in ignorance and
corruption, and laid the foundation of German
literature, freedom, and evangelical faith by trans-
lating the Bible into the lauiguage of the people.
John Calvin (1509-1564) reduced the theology of
the reformers to a system, and organized the forces
tending to freedom. Henry VIII (1491-154Y)
broke away from the tyranny of Rome and opened
the way for the establishment of the reformed
faith in England. In the Netherlands the fierce
struggle for reformed faith and free government
resulted in the expulsion of the cruel Spaniard.
In France the reformed faith had reached such
formidable power that to suppress it Catharine do
Medici devised the Massacre of St. Bartholomew
(1572). In Spain the power of the papacy was
absolute, and the Reformed were persecuted to
death.
2. Begrinning At the time of the Jamestown, Va., settlement
(1607) learning had revived in Europe, literature
flourished, science had made great progress, the
power of the papacy had been broken in England
and Holland, while in France the Reformed faith
numbered its adherents by tens of thousands.
Spain was still in the power of the papacy. Men
had here and there tasted the joy of civil liberty.
So when men's faces turned toward America they
of 17th
Centiiry
Entrance and Spread, &c. 17
carried witli them an advanced civilization, a
knowledge of good government, and a thirst for
liberty. Those coming from England and Hol-
land, as well as multitudes from France, brought
the Eeformed faith and an open Bible. Many
from France and all from Spain brought the Ro-
man Catholic faith unchanged. Wars, religious
interest, and political oppression, combined with
the love of adventure and the hope of gain to drive
and to draw them forth to a new continent.
On the Island of Hayti at Isabella, in the year 3. Entrance
14:94, the Eoman Catholic Church consecrated its °/ ^^;^^"^"
. 1 /^ 1 • ^*^ Through
first chapel in the New World. On his second the South
voyage, Columbus, who was himself a deeply relig-
ious man, brought twelve priests and a vicar apos-
tolic. Luther was then a lad of ten years, ajid
Calvin was not born. Many of the early Spanish,
Portuguese, and French explorers carried with
them zealous missionaries. They took possession
of new countries in the name of "the Church — the
Queen and Sovereign of the World," to quote a
favorite phrase. The Spanish first entered the
continent of North America by way of Mexico,
which was conquered by Cortez in 1518. Here
the papal church established itself firmly; and
from this as a center, missionaries were sent north,
and a line of missions was established from
Florida to California before the beginning of
the I7th century. The oldest church building in
the United States is San Miguel in Sante Fe, New
18 The Call of the Home Land
Mexico. These missionary movements present
many scenes of unexcelled devotion, invincible pur-
pose, patient toil, and sublime martyrdom. Un-
appalled by the JSTew World barbarians, the emis-
saries of the papacy hastened to bring them to her
embrace. Her religious orders, with organiza-
tions well adapted to missionary work, were
already extended through many countries, and in
the same epoch with the American discoveries the
new order of the Jesuits, expressly intended for
missionary labors, arose and hastened to achieve
its earliest triumphs on the new continent.
"Habituated to self-denial, a solitary man, with no
earthly tie to make life dearer than the call 0/
duty ; a man who had renounced not only the luxi-
ries, but most of the comforts of life, the Catholiv
missionary, crucifix in hand, bearing a few arti-
cles of church service, hastened to rear the cross*
amid the scenes of idolatrous worship."
4. French Early in the 16th century France eagerly ei?
ca^h^^s *®^®^ t^® contest for the exploration and posse^.-
in the North sion of this country. In 1608 Champlain founded
and es Qyg]3g(>^ and pushed his way to Lake Huron. Th',
Roman Catholics, under French encouragemer
and protection, established a line of missioik
rather thin at certain points, from the mouth ol
the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Mississippi.
They undoubtedly hoped to control the whole east-
ern half of the continent. Bancroft says in
Shea's Catholic Missions in the U. S. : "It was
ant Begln-
ningrsin
Entrance and Spread, &c. 19
neither commercial enterprise nor royal ambition
which carried the power of France into the heart
of our continent; the motive was religion. Re-
ligious enthusiasm colonized New England, and
religious enthusiasm founded Montreal, made a
conquest of the wilderness on the upper lakes, and
explored the Mississippi." "J^ot a cape was
turned nor a river entered but a Jesuit led the
way."
The Protestant faith did not get a permanent 5. Protest
hold in America until the English colony settled
at Jamestown, Va., in 1607. Says Dorchester: i607
"This Virginia colony was a Christian colony in
intention and in fact. The charter required the
maintenance of religious worship; boroughs were
erected into parishes, with glebes and other provis-
ions for the clergy. The Assembly and the Gov-
ernor were urged to civilize the natives and bring
them under the influence of the Gospel, and Indian
children were educated." In Virginia the Church
of England was established by law. Here the
Cavalier founded a miniature English court with
its elegant manners, its royal prerogatives, its
gayety, and religion of ease.
Driven from their homes in England by religr- Q- The
ious persecution, the Puritans and Pilgrims sought Arrive in
peace and liberty in the new world. Landing at ^^^^
Plymouth Eock in 1620, they gradually took pos-
session of all New England. A close and reverent
student of the Bible, a lover of religious and civil
20 The Call of the Home Land
freedom, a patron of learning, with moral stan-
dards the most rigid, the Puritan made an indeli-
ble stamp upon his section and upon the new conti-
nent.
7. The Jn I;l2e Carolinas and Georgia there came for set-
and Georgia tlement ihen of many creeds. Scotch and Scotch-
Irish Presbyterians from Scotland and Ireland,
Huguenots from France, Moravians from Ger-
many, brought their creed, their institutions, and
culture.
8. The In 1609 the Dutch entered New York, and then
States passed into New Jersey and Pennsylvania. They
did not come because of persecution at home, but
simply for wealth. They brought with them their
Calvinistic creed and their established (Dutch)
Reformed Church. Bold, enterprising, free, eco-
nomical, they gave America an excellent type of
federal union. Pennsylvania's population was
originally Quaker, afterwards reinforced by the
Scotch-Irish and Dutch. In Delaware there was
an early settlement of Lutherans from Sweden.
9. The Driven by papal persecution from France, the
Huguenots Huguenots came to America in great numbers.
They scattered over the territory of the original
colonies. French in temperament and Calvinistic
in creed, they made a most valuable addition to
the religious life of the New World.
10. Roman- In the heart of the Protestant colonies of the
Maryland Atlantic Coast the English Romanists in 1633
made a settlement in Maryland. "Landing on
Entrance and Spread, &c. 21
Blackstone Island, they offered the sacrifice of the
mass, raised the cross as a trophy to Christ, and
chanted on bended knees the litany of the Cross."
To the enlightened policy of Lord Baltimore was
due the fact that large religious liberty was here
guaranteed to the settlers.
Whether the European Christian entered the ^^^ He'^then
ISTew World by north or by south or between the
two, he came at once face to face with the heathen
Indian. At his door lay the problem of home
and foreign missions united. The work of evan-
gelizing these savages began at once. Romanist
and Protestant alike preached to them, meeting
with varying success.
A narrow, bigoted, medieval Romanism in the 12. origi-
extreme ISTorth and South and West, somewhat Forces
relieved by the more liberal sort in Maryland,
stood side by side with the Puritan and Cavalier
types of Protestantism, pledged to the conquest of
the new continent. Both had the double task of win-
ning the savages in the forest and caring for the
ever increasing numbers coming from Europe.
They are still engaged in the same work, while
new problems incident to the progress of civiliza-
tion have added greatly to the burden of evangeli-
zation. We shall henceforth consider the spread
of Protestantism alone, and because of the limita-
tions of space shall confine the inquiry to the
seven largest denominations. Baptist, Christian or
Disciples, Congregational, Episcopal, Lutheran,
22 The Call of the Home Land
Methodist, and Presbyterian, overlooking the di-
visions of each of these. The principal factors
in this first religious struggle were the Baptists, the
Congregationalists, the Episcopalians and the Pres-
byterians, the Christians, Lutherans and Metho-
dists coming into prominence later.
13. The YoT fully a hundred years after the settlement
First Prob- ^ -, n -, • •
lem at J amestown these lOur denominations were main-
ly concerned with the problem of self-support.
Churches were built in the seaports of the Atlantic
at the very first, and, as the population extended
westward into the wilderness, the Church went
with it. The state of religion was low, although it
was now and then quickened by a revival. As one
of the results of the revival led by Jonathan Ed-
wards in l^ew England in 1734-1740, the mission-
ary spirit grew strong, and David Brainerd was
sent in 1742 to the Indians. Perhaps the most re-
liable estimate that can be found^ shows that in
1775 eleven denominations — including Romanists
— in the United States had 1,461 ministers and 1,-
970 churches. At this time, the total population was
2,640,000'.
Deistominational Expansion".
^B "t^t ^^ ^ denomination, the Baptists became promi-
Church nent first in Rhode Island in 1629, under the lead-
ership of Roger Williams. In spite of fines, im-
prisomnent, and other bitter persecutions, they con-
tinued to spread. In 1775 they had 350 ministers
iSee Porcl^ester's Christianity InJthe U. S.- p. 256.
\
Entrance and Spread, &c. 23
and 380 churches. They have been characterized
bj zeal for New Testament doctrine, for religious
liberty and for missionary zeal. They take their
place among the most aggressive of all Christian
bodies.
Early in the 19th century, by a sort of impulse i5. The
from three different sections of the country, a num- ^jgcfples °^
her of Christians came gradually together because church
of a common belief in certain doctrines, and united
into a denomination called "Christian," saying in
their platform, "The name of Christian is the only
name of distinction which we take, and by which
we as a denomination desire to be known, and the
Bible is our only rule of faith and practice." They
have grown with astonishing rapidity.
Began their life in America with the landing of 16. The
the PilgTims in 1620, being an extension of the tional^^^'
English Independents. In government, like the Chiirches
the Baptists, they are purely democratic, each
church being independent of all others, though as-
sociated for purposes of discussion, inspiration,
and extension. For nearly a hundred years they
were confined mainly to 'New England. Later they
spread rapidly throughout the Middle and Western
States, being honored of God as one of the chief
agencies for the evangelization of the West.
This is an extension to America of the Estab- i7. The
lished Church of England and entered America Episcopal
through Virginia in 1607. In Virginia it was the Church
only Church that had a legal existence and was
24 The Call of the Home Land
supported by taxation until 1716, although a ma-
jority of the people were then "dissenters." The
basis of its theology is the Thirty-nine Articles.
It is governed by canon law, administrated chiefly
through diocesan bishops. With the Romanists,
Methodists and Lutherans, they represent the mon-
archical forms of church government. Its princi-
pal strength has been in the cities and large towns.
It has become very active in missionary work at
home and abroad.
18. The This historic Church, founded by Martin Luther,
Church ^^^'^s represented in the Dutch colony of 1621, and
its first building was erected in 1671. The first
organization of ministers and churches was made
in 1748. It is composed largely of immigrants
from Germany, Norway, and Sweden, with their
immediate descendants. Its creed was mainly
formed from the teachings of the great reformer,
while its government is episcopal.
10. The Under the leadership of John Wesley this
MethodiBt r^-, •• , t . -.t-nr^ i f' t
Church Ohuren was formed m 1/39 as a result of a split
in the Church of England. Its thcologv is Armi-
nian. It is governed under a code of laws called
"The Discipline," whose administration is lodged
mainly in the hands of bishops unconfined to a
definite territory. Their first services were held in
iNTew York City in 1766, and their first church
buildiiig was erected in 1768. Their rapid spread
over the whole land has been one of the most re-
markable events in all church history.
\
Entrance and Spread, &c. 25
The Presbyterian and Eeformed Chiirclies 20. The
trace their origin chiefly to Scotland and Holland, terianand
Their doctrine and government are much the same. Reformed
Together they represent the purest Calvinism,
and stand for republicanism in government. The
Eeformed (Dutch) Church was first planted in
JSTew York in 1628. The first Presbyterian Church
was organized on the Eastern Shore of Maryland
about 1685. They represent the most conserva-
tive type in American Church life.
It is thus seen that among the Protestant 21. Reiig-
churches in America there are represented the great ^°^^ Types
historic types of church-life. The Arminian doc-
trine, represented chiefly by the Methodists, goes
arm in arm with the Calvinistic represented chief-
ly by the Baptists and Presbyterians, to the con-
quest of our land. The three great forms of church
government, the monarchical represented chiefly
by the Episcopal, Lutheran, and Methodist
churches, the republican, represented chiefly by the
Presbyterians, and the democratic, represented
chiefly by the Baptists and Congregationalists, are
striving to bring the whole land into subjection to
the Lord Jesus. Each has made a distinct contri'
bution to our American Christianity.
In our country, in the unfolding of God's plans 22. The
these various religious ideas, incorporated in living po^^^*^'^*
organizations, have been brought to play upon its
evangelization and up-building. The ideas, lib-
erty of conscience, freedona in worship, a free
26 The Call of the Home Land
Church in a free State, organized spiritual democ-
racy, the most unlimited freedom in the formation
of opinion and its expression, came to us in various
degrees of perfection from Europe. They have
been modified and brought toward perfection by
discussion and have been made unconscious ele-
ments of our present day and every day religion.
We have added almost nothing to the essential the-
ology, government, and worship of the Church.
With wonderful unanimity as to the essential
teachings of the Bible, with forms of denomina-
tional government varied enough to suit all temper-
aments and shades of opinion and well adjusted to
our ideas of freedom, with forms of worship at
once free and reverent, American Christianity has
made them all sweet with abundant toleration.
Forced by the necessity of adapting an old and set-
tled faith to ever-changing conditions of life, we
have brought our Church organization to a rare
degree of economy and efficiency. To-day the
trend of thought is toward greater unity in essen-
tials in order to economy and strength. The five
ideas — ^freedom, toleration, organization , unity,
and expansion — ^make American Christianity to-
day. This type by virtue of its beauty and strength
must be perfected by discussion and through the
struggle incident to its life. Its power to produce
an ample manhood entitles it to perpetuation. Loy-
alty to Jesus Christ absolutely requires us to make
it universal, Every Tnan and woman is called to
i
Entrance and Spread, &c.
27
this fruitful work by the Lord Jesus himself, who
after planning the work will energize the worker
by the power of the Holy Spirit.
The following table of Eeligious Denomina-
tions in the United States, with 50,000 communi-
cants and over, is compiled from statistics pre-
pared by Dr. H. K. Carroll, for the "Christian
Advocate." Jan 25th 1906.
Denominations
Ministers
Churches
Communicants
Adventists
1,665
2,499
95.437
Baptists
87,061
52,919
4,974,047
Catholics
14,104
11,6.37
10,915,251
Christian Connection
1,348
1,340
101,597
Christian Scientists
1,222
611
71.114
Congregational lets
6,059
5,9R8
687,042-
Disciples of Christ
6,475
11,033
1,235,294
Dnnkards
S.166
1,138
116,311
Evangelical Bodies
1.451
2,648
166,978
Friends
1,412
1,075
120,415
German Evangelical Synod 956
1,221
222.003
Jews
301
570
143,000
Latter Day Saints, (Mormons) 1.560
1,338
344,247
Lutherans
7,685
13,373
1,841,346
Meanonites
1,211
766
61,048
Methodists
40.278
58,659
6,429,815
Presbyterians
12,650
15,702
1,723,871
Protestant Episcopal
5,209
7,224
827,127
Reformers
1,970
2,536
405.022
United Brethren
2.185
4,407
274,012
Unitarians
547
459
71,000
Universalists
727
965
53,641
Ministers
Churches
Communicants
Grand Total of 43
Denominations
154,390
201,608
31,148,445
Questions and Hints.
1. A map of Europe at the beginning of the iTth
century with separate colors to show the countries
28 The Call of the Home Land
where the Reformed and Roman Church predomi-
' nated. It would be best to have a member of the
class make this map.
A map showing the distribution of the Protest-
ant and Roman cluirches in the American colonies
at the beginning of the ITth century.
Get pictures of Columbus, De Soto, Pere Mar-
quette, Champlain, Martin Luther, John Calvin,
of the remains at Jamestown, Va., of the landing
of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, Mass., of the San
Miguel Church in Santa Pe, I^ew Mexico, and of
other persons and places connected with the intro-
duction of Christianity into America. Let some
one of the class tell the story of each picture.
Give a brief account of the state of learning in
Europe at the beginning of the 16th century; of
government ; of religion.
2. What changes can be noted at the beginning
of the I7th century? ^ATiat effects had the discov-
ery of new lands upon religious thought?
3. Where did Christianity enter the United
States ? When ? By what Church ? What con-
nection between discovery and religion ? Trace
briefly the spread of Romanism in the South.
4. Sketch briefly the introduction of Romanism
into Canada. What was its probable purpose in
extending West and Southwest ?
5. When did Protestantism enter America ?
Where ? Under what form ? How far did religion
enter into the plans of the Jamestown colony ?
Entrance and Spread, &c. ^
6. Give some account of the origin and settle-
ment of the Pilgrim colony in Massachusetts.
7. What religious types first entered the Caro-
linas and Georgia ?
8. Where did the Dutch first settle ? The Scotch-
Irish ? The Quakers ? The Lutherans ?
9. Where did the Huguenots come from ? What
brought them to America ? Where did they set-
tie?
10. How did the Romanists who settled Mary-
land differ from those who settled further South?
11. Discuss the religion of the American In-
dians.
12. WTiat religious types first appeared in
America ? What was their common task ?
13. WTiat was the first problem given Protestant-
ism ? What was the state of religion early in the
18th century ? Who was the leader of the revival ?
What missionary went to the Indians as a result ?
14:. Sketch the origin and growth of the Baptist
Church in America. Discuss its distinctive mes-
sage.
15. Do this for the Christian Church.
16. Do this for the Congregational Church.
17. Do this for the Protestant Episcopal Church,
18. Do this for the Lutheran Church.
19. Do this for the Methodist Church.
20. Do this for the Presbyterian Church.
21. What religious ideas first entered America?
How have these ideas been affected by American
30 The Call of the Home Land
discussion? What five ideas make American
Christianity to-day ? Discuss these ideas more
fully. What is our duty towards this religious
type? Is the task possible? Why? What part
are you taking in your church work in order to in-
crease its efficiency ? What can you do to help the
church life about you ? If all church workers were
like you what would be the condition of your
church to-day ? Are you prepared to take the place
you are entitled to by reason of your birth and
education? Are you helping or hindering the
growth of the church?
BiBLIOGEAPHT.
Outline of Universal History. Fisher.
History of the Christian Church. Fisher.
Any standard history of the United States, such
as Bancroft, McMaster, or Wilson.
Christianity in the United States. Dorchester.
History of Christianity in the United States.
Bacon.
The Story of the Churches, a series of volumes
published by The Baker Taylor Company, each
written by some recognized authority within his
denomination.
n
The ADVAiiTCE Guard op Civilization: The
Frontieesmajst.
As already stated in Chapter I, Christianity ^^g^ard
first entered the territory now included in the Movement
United States from the Island of Hayti through frontier
Spanish invasion by Eoman Catholic mission-
aries. Subsequently they came North from
Mexico, and spread westward until we find
them established on the Pacific Coast in Califor-
nia. They also extended northward on the Mis-
sissippi River. The French entered Canada and
followed the course of the St. Lawrence River and
the Great Lakes, going westward. Says Pudde-
fott: "The Church (Roman Catholic) of San
Miguel in Santa Fe, ISTew Mexico, was built sev-
enty years before the landing of the Pilgrims, and
the house next to the church fifty years. It is the
oldest settled, is the farthest behind, and is the
most ignorant and superstitious part of the land.
In one part Mormonism holds sway; in the other
Roman Catholicism of two centuries ago is still the
prevailing religion."
As soon as our Protestant ancestors landed at
Jamestown and Plymouth Rock and Manhattan
and Toronto they met the frontier line at the
i 31
32 The Call of the Home Land
water's edge. From those days to the present there
has been one prolonged and mighty effort to force
it westward.
2. The The Church's problem had two elements: To
plant a civilization and the religion which was its
root. In the United States it moved toward the
Alleghany Mountains, which were reached in a
century and a half. In three-quarters of a century
it had crossed the Mississippi River and the Rocky
Mountains and reached the Pacific coast in tri-
umph. This was first done by mere scouting. The
conquest in detail is still progressing, especially
along the Rocky Mountain chain in Canada and
the United States.
3. The Upon what types of religious faith and life this
Work gigantic undertaking fell has been sketched in the
previous chapter. So far as Protestantism is con-
cerned, these consisted at first of the Puritan Con-
gregationalists in 'New England, the Dutch Re-
formed in l^ew York, the Scotch-Irish in Pennsyl-
vania, Virginia, and the Carolinas, the Church of
England Cavaliers in Virginia, and the Baptists
scattered here and there. Later, the Methodists,
Lutherans, Christians, and others added greatly to
the available forces of expansion. Our fathers
met this responsibility with intelligence, courage
and enterprise, and with faith in this land and in
their God.
As these brave pioneers of the faith made their
way westward they met varied difficulties that
The Advance Guard of Civilization 33
taxed their powers to the utmost. The wild waste 4. Difflcuit-
of woods, while it beckoned them on, presented ered During'
obstacles of many kinds. Settlements were few colonial
and far between. The cities and towns were ab-
sorbed in matters of mere self -existence. The farm
houses at first were log cabins built in the forest
with a small clearing about them. The forests
were untouched by roads, the Indian trail often
being the only route between points. Communica-
tion was, therefore, very difficult indeed. Bears
and wolves, fierce and ravenous, often made travel
dangerous. Journeys were made either on foot or
on horseback, for there were few wagons or car-
riages, even if they had had good roads. Along
the frontier line there were almost no church build-
ings or school houses, and for a long period meet-
ings were held in residences or underneath the
great trees in the open air.
At first the Indians were not disposed to be
troublesome. As they were forced to retreat fur-
ther and further into the wilderness, suffering real
or fancied wrongs, they became actively hostile.
Most of the larger settlements built forts or stock-
ades into which the entire population retreated for
safety from attack.
The brave preachers of the early days endured
hardness indeed as good soldiers. All along the
frontier line from Canada to Georgia, no distance
seemed too great for them to travel, no forest too
black or dangerous, no people too poor and ignor-
34 The Call of the Home Land
ant. In the heat of summer, through the snow
storms of the winter, across swollen rivers in the
spring-time, on horseback, with a change of cloth-
ing and a Bible in saddle-bags, they went every-
where. Their salaries were very meager, and
nearly all of them depended upon farming or teach-
ing to supplement their incomes.
Everywhere wickedness prevailed. Drunken^
ness, gambling, licentiousness, fighting. Sabbath-
breaking were common. The pioneer preacher had
no bed of roses. When he turned his eyes back-
ward now and then toward the more thickly settled
regions to see if other missionaries were coming to
hold the ground which he had claimed for Jesus,
his heart was often troubled to find that the efforts
to send re-enforcements were weak or unattended
by adequate results.
5. PioJ^^f^ It will be of interest to take a swift glance at
several types of pioneer preachers in order to illus-
trate the difficulties encountered by them. Some
time about 1680 Rev. Francis Makemie came to
Virginia by way of the Barbadoes to preach in the
eastern part of the colony. He married and set-
tled on the eastern shore of Virginia. Becoming
possessed, by marriage perhaps, of a good landed
estate, he became a successful farmer and mer-
chant. In order to protect his own large interests
and to shield his neighbors from wrong, he studied
law and became an authority on legal matters in
all his region. He diligently preached the Gospel
Types
The Advance Guard of Civilization 35
wherever he went. He established at least three
churches on the eastern shore of Maryland and
Virginia which still exist. He opened the way for
the establishment of a church in the western shore
of the Chesapeake, and to his labors many
churches in and around Norfolk owe their exist-
ence. While on a journey, he stopped in l^ew York
City and preached without the permission of the
Governor. For this he was arrested and impris-
oned for more than six weeks. His was perhaps
the first case of the kind tried in the colonies. His
defence was so strong that the jury cleared him.
Here was a farmer, lawyer, merchant, preacher,
all in one. He was successful in each calling. He
cleared new lands and brought them to produc-
tivity. He traded in the products of the soil and
in merchandise brought across the Atlantic. He
administered justice between neighbors, and won
for those of his faith the right to preach the Gospel
when and where they would. Wherever he went
he made known the plan of salvation to sinners
and built several churches which stand to-day as
monuments of his enterprise, fidelity, and zeal.
Another type of worker of colonial times is seen
in Rev. William Tennent, Sr., who having received
a university training in his native Ireland, came to
this country about 1716. After staying for some
time in IsTew York, he settled as pastor of a Pres-
byterian church on !N^eshominy Creek, in Bucks
County, Pennsylvania, in 1/726. Here within a
36 The Call of the Home Land
few steps of his own dwelling he erected a log
house in which to teach school. It was about
twenty feet square and very plain. In contempt
it was called "The Log College." Here for long
years he taught young men among whom were
many ministers of the Gospel. It was a mighty
evangelizing agency. As the Church grew in num-
bers and wealth, there was need of a better
equipped college, and so from this Log College
sprang Princeton University, which in time sent
forth her sons to found other colleges.
Still another type of worker in these early days
was the travelling evangelist, best exemplified in
George Whitefield, who was born in England in
1714, educated at Oxford, and ordained in the
Church of England, who became powerfully im-
pressed by the revival of evangelistic faith in which
the Wesleys took so prominent a part. His elo-
quence was most irresistible, and throughout Great
Britain and during many long tours in America
he drew thousands to hear the Gospel. Wherever
he went mutitudes were converted. His labors
were but a part of that wonderful religious awak-
ening begim in JSTew England in 1734-35 by Jona-
than Edwards. The revival was of incalculable
benefit to Christ's cause throughout all the colonies
and mightily stimulated the churches to greater
effort to extend the influence of the Gospel.
Since the Wesleyan revival began to spread
widely through the colonies down to the present
The Advance Guard of Civilization 37
time, along the frontier and in the more primitive
communities men of limited education, but with
great zeal and often Avith a rude eloquence, have
gone about from settlement to settlement preaching
and exhorting the people. In many places they
were and still are the only religious teachers. They
have done noble service in keeping religion alive,
and deserve an honorable place among those who
helped to win the frontier.
Durine: the Revolutionary War the minds of the Q- on to
the Missis-
people were wholly absorbed in the struggle for gippi
liberty and independence. Then came a period of
recuperation and reconstruction under new laws.
The construction of roads, the invention and devel-
opment of the steam engine and its uses on land
and water aided immensely in the evangelization
of the East. Immigration steadily increased, fill-
ing up the cities and occupying the best lands. So
over the Alleghanies flowed the human tide, occu-
pying the vast plains of the fertile IMississippi with
its great tributaries from the East and West. Ever
among the foremost was the faithful home mission-
ary. While the frontier line was yet in this valley,
the American Sunday School Union began to send
its agents to the yet thinly settled regions to gather
the people into Sunday-schools, thus preparing the
way for the establishment of churches. As a type
of this class of workers. Rev. John H. McCullough
deserves study. Born in Glasgow, Scotland, in
1811, he was carefully brought up with three other
38 The Call of the Home Land
children by a widowed mother. Faithfully taught
by her the doctrines of her church, he gave his
heart and life to God. He entered the Sunday-
school established by Dr. Thomas Chalmers in
Glasgow and Edinburgh, He imbibed the spirit
of the great pastor who sought to reach the most
destitute of the cities with the Gospel. Entering
the University of Glasgow, he studied with eager-
ness and marked success until bad health caused
him to suspend his studies. His family died while
he was yet young, and to this bereavement was
added the loss of all of his property. He had or-
ganized Sunday-schools among colliers and fisher-
men in Scotland and Ireland, but he felt that
America was the most promising field. Landing
in l^ew York after thrilling dangers on sea, he
called to see Mr. Robert Carter, a prominent
Christian publisher. While in the city he heard of
the American Sunday School Union. This was his
course of reasoning: "American, that means na-
tional, not sectional; Sunday-school, that means
spiritual, not secular; Union, that means united
effort for Christ. That name expresses my senti-
ments. I can be a volunteer without asking any
pay. I enlist in that cause for life." Going into
the interior of New York State he taught and
worked among the poor for several years. Hearing
of the spiritual destitution of the Midde West, then
being rapidly settled, he resolved to go there for
work. Settling in Southern Illinois in a region
The Advance Guard of Civilization 39
infected by malaria and called ^Egypt' because of
its moral darkness, be established Sunday-schools
far and wide. Removing in 1840 to Henderson,
Ky., he found that there was only, one Sunday-
school in seventy-five miles in Kentucky. He
established a school in the town which proved to
be the fore-runner of ten churches and fourteen
Sunday-schools. From this place as a center, he
traveled great distances, overcoming tremendous
obstacles in order to establish schools. Of this
mode of life he said: "I have often gone three
months with one suit of clothes ; saddle-bags packed
with shirts, collars, etc., and a few books, my main
supply being sent ahead ; so that on getting soak-
ing wet, which was not an unusual occurrence, I
had to let my clothes dry on my back. I swam
rivers and creeks, at the risk of my life, to reach an
appointment." In one year he organized ninety
new schools, with a membership of six thousand
nine hundred and twenty-six persons. During his
labors he organized schools in seventy-five counties
in Kentucky and also many schools through South-
ern Indiana and Illinois. He subsequently became
superintendent of the Union's work in twelve
States, extending from the Ohio to the gulf and
from the Atlantic to the Mississippi. He died tri-
umphantly in 1888 after serving the Union fifty-
four years. In that time he organized 1,000
schools, containing 66,200 teachers and scholars.
Hundreds of such missionaries have followed him
40 The Call of the Home Land
tliroiighout the whole Western region.
7. Across Westward still flowed the mighty human tide,
* %iains spreading out over the vast plains and rolling
against the Rocky Mountains. Among the first set-
tlers there was always a missionary sent out from
the East, or sometimes raised up on the frontier.
'No physical toil broke their resolution ; no love of
ease melted their stout hearts as they went here
and there. They visited the emigrant train wind-
ing its painful way ever westward. They entered
the settlers' cabin and brought comfort and healing
to many a heart. They were equally at home in
lumbermen's and miner's camp. They founded
schools, opened Sunday-schools, formed churches,
and organized society. They were often the real
founders and builders of the State as well as of
the Church.
8. Over the j^ \^qq been pointed out in the last chapter that
Rockies to . ii-ii •• • /^ t
the Pacific the Romanists had established missions m Cali-
fornia in the 16th century among the Indians.
During the second quarter of the 19th century it
was still unsettled as to whether Great Britain or
the United States should possess that vast and
resourceful region included now in Oregon and
Washington. In 1836 Rev. Marcus Whitman with
a small party of fellow-workers arrived at Fort
Walla Walla, Oregon, to begin evangelizing the In-
dians. Finding that the British were preparing
to claim the region as their own by right of first
settlement, he took a famous ride to Washington
I
The Advance Guard of Civilization 41
and the East in order to secure government support
and a number of colonists that the region might
be a part of the American nation. His purpose
was accomplished through appalling dangers and
incredible hardships by virtue of an indomitable
will and a triumphant faith. In 181-7, four years
after his return, he with thirteen others was mas-
sacred by the Indians. And so our evangelical
faith won its way through two hundred and twenty-
nine years from Jamestown to permanent abode on
the Pacific slope.
As we view the vast area reaching from the 9- Fuung- in
Pacific to the Atlantic and from the Mexican Gulf
to the frozen Arctic regions, we find that frontier
conditions still exist over extensive regions. Along
the vast mountain region from the Laurentians of
Labrador to the foot hills of Alabama primitive
conditions flourish, somewhat unevenly distributed.
The same is true of the well-nigh measureless re-
gion of the Rocky Mountains from the Yukon to
the Rio Grande. The call is still for men who, full
of faith, courage, enterprise, initiative, drawn by
the Son of God and the sins of men, count their
lives not dear unto themselves, if only they may
make the great salvation known.
It is evident that the men and women needed lO- t^®
for this work must possess special qualifications. Needed
First of all they must have ample vision. The
vast possibilities of the frontier region must lie
clearly before them. Sin, opeu and defiant, mv.pt
42 The Call of the Home Land
cry out for cleansing. The Christ in his exhaust-
less grace will stand in the way calling and beckon-
ing. Varied resourcefulness must he theirs. There
is imperative need of minds well disciplined and
full-stored, and hands capable of skilled service in
many directions. Policies must be formed. Schools
and churches must be built and managed. Many
frontiersmen are men of culture and require
preaching of a high order. Dangers and difficul-
ties rise on every hand. In not a few places on
the frontier a man must stand by his duty with his
life in his hands and boldly proclaim the right in
the face of bitter opposition, of cunning slander,
and threatened violence. The problems that he
faces call often for the highest courage. His faith
must stand the severest shock. Back of their rough
exteriors, beyond their aggressive wickedness, he
must believe that these men can be saved. Up to
God his faith must climb, and to His infinite re-
sources it must cling. It must stand the shock
of sin and the pressure of love. Hopes for man, for
men, for the institutions which they form, must
keep him steadfast to his duty and glad in its per-
formance. Above all else he must love. ISTo other
motive is strong enough to keep him to his task, or
comprehensive enough to include every man. The
frontier is truly a place for enterprise. The worker
here who constantly quotes what he did in the East
or at home will be hopelessly left in the struggle.
Here precedents are of little value, unless they
The Advance Guard of Civilization 43
can show how new conditions can be most promptly
and thoroughly met If no way to progress is sug-
gested by experience, then a new one must be made
at once. Here^ too, a premium is put upon initia-
tive. To sit quietly by and wait for opportunity
to offer itself is a sure invitation to defeat. The
lumber men, buried in the deep forest and busy
with their own life, are not apt to spend much
time or thought in bringing a Christian worker
among them. The low cabin on the prairie cares
little, perhaps, for a visit from God's missionary.
He simply must seek the opportunity and often un-
invited seek entrance to cabin and camp. The peo-
ple are not likely to take the lead in the building
of a church or a school. iP^early all movements for
betterment must begin with the missionary. !N'o
man has ever succeeded in this work who has
thought more, or even as much, concerning his own
comfort as of the work to be done. He must prac-
tice always self-denial. Leaving home and friends,
turning from the old life, with all its attractions,
without thought of himself, he gladly faces the
hardship of the new life. The problems that press
for solution, the trials of the new life, its tempta-
tions, its exhausting demands on all the resources
of manhood, test his loyalty to Jesus Christ. "No
loose grip upon him can here suffice. Christ's
words, Christ's Spirit, Christ's example, must in-
deed be all and in all to him. The largest manhood
is here needed, hel4 ^7 ^ true vision, cultured,
•11. The
Agents Used
44 The Call of the Home Land
brave, faithful, hopeful, urged by love's constraint,
enterprising, self-denying, centered upon and
bounded by Christ. For such a man or woman
there is still eager demand. Such a life here makes ■
an adequate investment of itself, and rejoices in its ;
own absorption.
In this foundation work on the frontier God has
used different agents to produce the desired re-
sults. First came the home missionary. Perhaps
Christians have not given this heroic man his due.
The work that has fallen to his hands has just been
sketched. It has ever been difficult, varied, often
extremely rough and dangerous, as necessary to
society as the laying of a good foundation is to the
permanence of a building, and constructive in lift- ,
ing men and whole regions into the light and lib-
erty of God's children. The conditions of his task
have been lonely. Forsaking home and friends,
he has travelled long distances in physical discom-
fort, dreary and lonely. His salary, for some
strange reason, has always been small, often inade-
quate. Sometimes he has not been appreciated at
home, sometimes sadly misunderstood as to motive
and method. There should be an awakening as
to the real results which he has accomplished, and
his reward should be proportionate. Rough men
have been softened, lonely homes have been
cheered, lawless regions have been brought under
the dominion of right and love, churches have
sprung up, schools have grown, colleges have been
The Advance Guard of Civilization 45
founded and made to shine as lights in the dark-
ness. Let us arise and bless him to-daj as he
works and prays and waits. God sees and God
measures and God rewards.
On this front line of civilization the missionary
has always found faithful believers, who in pov-
erty and loneliness have borne steady witness to the
grace of Christ. Brought into activity and trusted
with gTeat duties they have established the work
done by the missionary. The Sunday-school has
been ever blessed by God in the pioneer work of
the Church. Its simple essentials of organization
and equipment have easily lent themselves to the
varying conditions of life. Its social life has
drawn thousands to it. Its special appeal for the
young has always been heard by some earnest souls.
Its marked efficiency in bringing children and
youth to a confession of Christ has ever com-
mended it to God's people. Out of Sunday-
schools established in thinly populated regions have
sprung thousands of churches, strong and fruit-
ful, themselves transformed into powerful agen-
cies of expansion. In the experience of some of the
leading denominations, for every ten Sunday-
schools established there has come one self-sup-
porting church. Hard by the church has sprung
up the school, the missionary often being both
preacher and teacher. Says a recent author,
"Whenever one of these early Presbyterian preach-
ers settled he first prayed, then preached, built a
46 The Call of the Home Land
church, a school house, and spent the rest of his
days praying, preaching, teaching, and on occasion
fighting."
As population grew and learning advanced, the
college was established, and bore its testimony to
the value of higher things, often through great
tribulation unto a blessed fruitfulness. Working
through these human agents in silent and resist-
less power has been the Spirit of God. From Him
has come the vision, the faith, the courage, the en-
terprise, the initiative, the self-denial, the good hope,
the compelling love. He has touched church and
school and college with power to enlighten, to
heal and to save. The wilderness and the solitary
place have been made glad, and the desert has
blossomed as the garden of the Lord. His has
been the problem, His the solution, to Him be
all the praise.
Questions and Hints.
jyfg^pg To the successful teaching of this chapter a large
map of the United States will be of the greatest
help. Sketch maps should be made by members
of the class showing the location of the Thirteen
Colonies. Another should show the United States
at the time of the Louisiana Purchase. Another,
at the time of the Annexation of Texas. Origi-
nals may be seen in the Century Atlas, Maps
XVIII, XIX, especially the upper map XIX.
The Advance Guard of Civilization 47
These maps do not always show the exact move-
ment of the frontier line, but they do show the
growth of the frontier problem.
The Phillipine and Porto Eican acquisitions
are not here represented, because of the lack of
space and time.
1. Kame the chief types of religion that first
settled America. Where did each begin work ?
2. What was the problem which the churches
faced? Discuss briefly the difference between
civilization and religion. Upon what does our
civilization mainly rest?
3. Name the chief agents engaged at first.
How did they meet their responsibility?
4. Describe the main difficulties in the way of
evangelizing the frontier at first encountered.
With what spirit were they met? What may be
the good effects of attacking obstacles ?
5. Give a sketch of Francis McKemie. What
type of w^orker did he represent? Give an illus-
tration of the evangelistic use of a college. Who
was the representative traveling evangelist of the
18th century? Can you give an estimate of the
value of his work ? Give an estimate of the value
of the itinerant preacher.
6. What motives carried population West of
tlie AUeghanies after the Revolutionary War?
How did the invention of the steam engine aid
evangelization in the West? Give some account
of Sunday-school missions in the early evangeli-
48 The^Call of the Home Land
zation of the West. Let representatives of each
denomination in the class, or others specially
appointed, present a brief report on Sunday-school
missions in each church.
7. Give a brief account of how religion spread
over the great Western plains. What permanent
work did the missionaries do here?
8. Give a brief narrative of Whitman's win-
ning the Oregon region. How long did it take
Protestant Christianity to spread from the Atlantic
to the Pacific?
9. What regions are yet to be won in detail?
Locate them definitely on the map.
10. Discuss the characteristics of frontier work-
ers. Can you give illustrations from recent litera-
ture showing these qualities in action? Let some
one here tell of the Sky Pilot, of Shock in the
Prospector, and of Dr. Luke of Labrador.
11. Carefully estimate the work of the home
missionary, its quality, its conditions, its results,
its rewards. How have believers aided in fron-
tier work ? Why has the Sunday-school been use-
ful ? Of what value are schools and colleges on the
frontier ? To whose blessing is the conquest of the
frontier due ?
What impression as to the nature of frontier
work does this chapter make upon you? As to
its importance? Would this be a good place for
you to invest your life ? Is the Lord Jesus
pleased with your decision as to your life-work?
The Advance Guard of Civilization 49
Is he calling you to tlie frontier ? Will you go ?
Books of Refekjence.
Any standard history of the United States and
Canada.
The Leavening of the ISTation. Clark.
Winning of the West. Roosevelt.
Minute Men of the Frontier. Puddefoot
Home Missionary Heroes, Presbyterian Board
of Home Missions.
Heroes of the Cross in America. Shelton.
At our Own Door. Morris.
The Story of the Churches. Each denomina-
tion in separate volume. Baker & Taylor Com-
pany.
The Sunday School Man of the South. Mc-
Cullough.
Life of Paxson. Paxson.
Leaflets from Denominational Home Mission
Societies or Boards.
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The Stranger Within Our Gates : The Immi-
grant.
Since 1402 in ever-increasing numbers almost i. Origins
every nation in the world has been contributing
sons and daughters to make America populous and
rich. The great races of earth are represented —
Caucasian, Mongolian, Malayan, Negro, Indian.
Representatives of non-Christian religions are
found in the Japanese, Chinese, East Indian, Mo-
hammedans, Corrupt Christianity is represented
by Armenians from Syria, the Greek Church from
Russia and Greece, by the Roman Catholic Church
from Italy, Portugal, Spain, Austria, Germany,
France, Belgium, Ireland, Cuba, and Mexico. Two
hundred years ago the Negroes were savages in
Africa. The Hebrews make a class to themselves.
Protestants have come to us from England, Scot-
land, North Ireland, Holland, Denmark, Norway,
Sweden, Switzerland, and Germany.
The following statistics are of interest as show- ^' Numbers
ing facts concerning our foreign born population.
They are taken from Strong's Social Progress for
1905:
51
52
The Call of the Home Land
Races are represented as follows:
Caucasian 66,809,196
Negro 8,883,994
Indian 237,198
Mongolian 114,189
Different religious creeds are represented below,
most of whom perhaps are foreign bom:
Protestants 67,223,000
Roman Catholics 11,887,000
Jews 1,044,000
Mohammedans 15,000
Others 421,000
The following exhibit shows the number of our
foreign born population in 1900 from the seven
chief sources of supply :
Germany 2,663,418
Ireland 1,615,459
Canada 1,179,807
England 840,513
Sweden 572,014
Italy 484,027
Russia 423,726
Of interest is the following analysis of immi-
gration arriving in the United States and Canada,
in year ending June 30, 1903.
-o
m
03
c>
<e
h
V
IV
0 o
■*
-d 4)
5 V
"v 't
a g
a S
"3
a ^
■S §
Q 2
o
« o
CS o
«5
0) ^
(r>
t>
O fl
o a
CU 0
857.046
3,841
185,667
511,302
The Immigrant 53
During January, February, and March, 1906,
there arrived in the United States 253,068 immi-
grants, an increase of 2,754 over the correspond-
ing months of 1905. "On a single day, April 16,
1906, seven liners brought in 11,745 steerage pas-
sengers, and about 15,000 were due to arrive the
next day on nine steamers more."^ The total num-
ber arriving in 1905 was 1,027,421.
(1) Several causes have combined to move these 3. What
immigrants from their birth-place to new and thes^peopie
strange conditions. In various ways they have bere?
learned to think that America is only another name
for opportunity. At home they have lived on small
farms with little or no hope for enlargement. As
cost of living increases, they have scant oppor-
tunity to enlarge their incomes, and so added pov-
erty comes. The need for laborers and the high
price paid for work make a strong call to them.
They have heard of the tens of thousands of acres
of good farming lands free to the actual settler, or
for sale at a trifling cost. They have been told
something of the great cities, calling for men in
every line of work; of the railroads' hungry de-
mand for laborers; of the vast fields laden with
rich harvests waiting for reapers ; of good houses
and unheard of comforts that are the rewards of
frugality and industry. To this land of what
seems to them universal prosperity, they turn their
hearts and faces. America is a great magnet to
them.
'See Collier's Weekly, April 28. 1906.
54 The Call of the Home Land
(2) Forces at work in their native places have
tended strongly to drive them forth. In nearly all
the European nations there is more or less political
disturbance and unrest. The old order and the
new era are in conflict, and no one knows what the
morrow may bring forth. The strife in Eussia
betw^een tlie aristocratic class and the peasants, the
irreconcilable enmity and strife between the Turk
and the Greek, the spread of socialism in Ger-
many, the unsettled questions between Church and
State in France, the universal cry of the poor and
the oppressed against the rich and ruling, are sam-
ples of the political questions which keep men un-
easy. Everywhere in Continental Europe there are
signs of war. Vast armies maneuver annually,
and the soldier is seen in every community. Each
family is linked by law to the army, while vast
sums are being spent in naval rivalry.
The total army establishment in times of peace
in six countries is seen in the following table :
Men. War Budget.
Germany 617,977 $143,945,000
France 549,372 134,450,710
Italy 277,976 55,801,670
Austria 383,869 76,254,140
Russia 4,551,000 191,652,735
Great Britain 221,800 172,500,000
The necessary expenses of government, the sup-
port of an idle aristocracy, and the maintenance of
huge armies and navies combine to increase the
burden of taxation nearly to the limit of endur-
ance.
The Immigrant 55
In Central Europe the population is so dense
that the struggle for existence is most intense. The
population per square mile in Great Britain is
346 ; in Belgium, 589 ; in France, 188 ; in Ger-
many, 269; in Austria, 226; in the United
States, 21.
In the countries whence our immigrants came
poverty is widespread and grinding. The follow-
ing statement from Strong's "Social Progress,"
p. 89, illustrates the difference between the Ameri-
can and European workingman in the matter of
food: "Dr. E. R. Gould finds that the American
workingman, the best paid workingman in the
world, is also the best fed; and although it costs
more to employ him in money, he produces so much
more work because of the high standard of living,
that he is also really the cheapest working-man of
the world. From Dr. Gould's data, taking 100 as
the quantity of each article consumed by the aver-
age workingman in the United States, the follow-
ing figures would represent the quantity con-
sumed by the average European workingman, ac-
cording to the average consumption of the British,
Belgian, German, and French workmen taken to-
gether: Meat, 33; lean or fat, 50; eggs, 85; but-
ter, 100; flour, 100 ; potatoes, 175 ; sugar, 25 ; cof-
fee, 85."
In several European countries, notably in Rus-
sia, religious persecution is practiced to such an
extent that a man cannot worship God according
56 The Call of the Home Land
to the demands of his conscience without permis-
sion from the civil authorities, and in some cases
not at all.
(7) It appears that there are forces at work now
to drive men from home to America. During the
last half of the 19th century there was a wonder-
ful development of facilities for travel by sea and
by land. Great railroads penetrate Europe in all
directions, making it comparatively easy, safe, and
cheap for a family to get to a seaport. At the
Tvharves in every European seaport immense steam-
ships wait to take the emigrant across sea. One
ship has been known to carry more than three
thousand emigrants at one time in comparative
comfort and perfect safety. Landing at one of
our seaports they find (statistics of 1904) some
690 operating companies with 209,002 miles of
railroad, whose agents vie with one another for
the privilege of carrying the immigrant to any part
of our land. Says a prominent periodical, "In this
country there are nearly thirty thousand more miles
of railway than in all the seventeen countries of
Europe."
4. Reception When an emigrant ship nears our shores, she
n the United ° ^ . . . ,
States must first stop at the quarantine station for a close
inspection to prevent the entrance of contagious
disease. He is then carefully examined in view
of the following law: "Act of Congress, March 3,
1903. Section 2. That the following classes of
aliens shall be excluded from admission into the
The Immigrant 57
United States. All idiots, insane persons, epilep-
tics, and persons who have been insane within five
years previous ; persons who have had two or more
attacks of insanity at any time previously; pau-
pers ; persons likely to become a public charge ;
professional beggars; persons afflicted with a
loathsome or with a dangerous contagious disease ;
persons who have been convicted of a felony or
other crime or misdemeanor involving moral turpi-
tude ; polygamists, anarchists, or persons who be-
lieve in or advocate the overthrow by force or vio-
lence of the Government of the United States or
of all government or of all forms of law, or the
assassination of public officials ; prostitutes, and
persons who procure or attempt to bring in prosti-
tutes or women for the purpose of prostitution;
those who have been, within one year from the date
of the application for admission to the United
States, deported as being under offers, solicita-
tions, promises or agreements to perform labor or
service of some kind therein ; and also any person
whose ticket or passage is paid for with the money
of another, or who is assisted by others to come,
unless it is affirmatively and satisfactorily shown
tliat such person does not belong to one of the fore-
going excluded classes; but this section shall not
be held to prevent persons living in the United
States from sending for a relative or friend who is
not of the foregoing excluded classes. Provided,
That nothing m this act shall exclude persons con-
58 The Call of the Home Land
victed of an offense purely political, not involving
moral turpitude. And 'provided fiurtlier. That
skilled labor may be imported, if labor of like kind
unemployed can not be found in this country. And
provided further, That the provisions of this law
applicable to contract labor shall not be held to ex-
clude professional actors, artists, lecturers, singers,
ministers of any religious denominatiou, profes-
sors for colleges or seminaries, persons belonging to
any recognized learned profession, or persons em-
ployed strictly as personal or domestic servants."
Landing at Castle Garden, I^ew York, for ex-
ample, with his wife and children and all his sim-
ple worldly possessions, he faces conditions very
different from what he ever knew. Being from
the continent of Europe he cannot speak our lan-
guage, and tlie words which he hears about him
convey to his sluggish mind no ideas. When he
comes upon the streets he is met by solicitors of
bar-rooms and other evil establishments, and a
thousand pitfalls are in his path. Perhaps he is
met by some kinsman or friend who shows him
where to get lodging and helps him to find work.
Now and then he is met by the same employment
agent, ready to send him inland to farm or factory.
His condition is pitiful indeed. He stands be-
tween the old life and the new. The wide ocean
separates him from friends and from the only life
he has known. After awhile the immigrant de-
cides that he will become a citizen of our Eepublic,
The Immigrant 59
He must tJien go before a United States court and
make oath that it is his "intention to become a
citizen of the United States, and renounce forever,
all allegiance and fidelity to every foreign prince,
potentate, state and sovereignty whatever, and par-
ticularly all allegiance and fidelity to the" country
from which he comes. At the end of five years
from his landing he may get his naturalization
papers on the following conditions : That he make
oath to a United States court that he came to this
country before he was eighteen years old, and has
lived here ever since ; that he is — years old and
for more than three years has intended to become a
citizen; that he prove by three witnesses that he
has lived in the United States five years at least,
and in a certain State for one year; that he has
been a man of "good moral character, attached to
the Constitution of the United States, and well dis-
posed to the good order and happiness thereof" ;
that he is not an anarchist ; that he has not violated
the law concerning the admission of aliens; that
he will support our Constitution; and that he re-
nounces all allegiance to every foreign sovereignty.
The influence of this embryonic citizen will be 5 Tne
determined chiefly by his history and character. J^°^^^*°*'^
With scant political education and training in the
privileges and duties of citizenship, he is likely to
become an easy prey of the political manager, who
finds an effective way of controlling his vote. Be-
fore he can add strength to the State, he must be'
60 The Call of the Home Land
come assimilated. Many old ideas anl prejudices
must be surrendered. By a process more or less
rapid and thorough, he becomes like the men
around him. The habits of thought and action
bred into him during generations in the Eastern
world must be broken and the habits of the West-
ern world must dominate him. He becomes Occiden-
talized. As he enters more into the new life, he is
captured by its freedom and its optimism. He
thinls;s as he pleases, he expresses his opinions with
perfect independence, and he goes where he likes
without challenge or passport. Asked as to his
condition and prospects, he promptly replies, "All
right!" He has been Americanized.
This man with others like him has a moral in-
fluence also that needs to be noted. Though he
may be able to read and write, he probably does
neither to a large extent — certainly not at first.
If he has come from a land where the Greek or
Roman Church is dominant, it is certain that his
moral education is defective. Distinctions between
right and Avrong are dull, for he has not read the
Bible carefully and has trusted the priest to make
moral decisions for him. Finding himself free
here he is apt to give rein to passions long re-
strained or to find new channels for their exces-
sive indulgence. Tempted by the promise and
glitter of new things, he easily falls into sin. Long
used to the light wines and beer of his native land,
he is easly tempted to drink heavily of our stronger
The Immigrant 61
liquors. He has brought with him the Continental
view of Sabbath-keeping and uses the Lord's Day
for physical recreation and amusement. Long ac-
customed to regard woman as his inferior, he with
difficulty learns the American idea of purity and
equality in his treatment of her. His own charac-
ter is not the sole sufferer from his moral weakness.
As a member of a community of men much like
himself, he helps to perpetuate and propagate his
moral defects until his immorality becomes a con-
tagion in his vicinity. It is well enough to assimi-
late him to our thought and life, to strip from him
his Continental and Oriental garments and customs
and clothe him in Occidental freshness, to teach
him the genius of American life, but there is a
higher step yet to which he must be led. We must
Christianize him. Perhaps the last element of the
old life to disappear will be the religious. Amer-
ica prescribes to him no creed. The church here
simply offers him the Christ and says, "Follow
Him."
We easily discover three processes through e. Methods
which we must take our brother. He must be °fWork
taught — information must be imparted. He must
be induced to lay his life out along new lines —
his reformation must be effected. His character
must be remodeled — ^his transformation must be
secured.
Some wise plan must be devised for distribut- (i.) Distri-
ing immigrants more widely over the country. '^'^*^°'^-
62 The Call of the Home Land
The present tendency is for them to settle near
N'ew York. The following table shows their con-
centration. During the year ending June 30,
1904, the following five States received:
a " ^
B £i
New York 263,150 32
Pennsylvania 146,478 18
Massachusetts 58,411 7
New Jersey 41,780 5
Connecticut 18,520 2.3
These five States received 528,339 64.2
Sixty-four out of every one hundred immigrants
in that year stopped within three hundred and fifty
miles of New York City. That means that the
mining and manufacturing section is receiving the
lion's share.
The following table is equally interesting. Dur-
ing this same year
m
a
es
.£? g
a s
South Carolina received 95 1/100
North Carolina received 112 1/100
Oklahoma received 290 4/100
Indian Territory received 422 5/100
Georgia received 499 6/100
These five States received 1,418 17/100
This means that the South, which has vast areas
of unimproved farming lands and immeasurable
The Immigrant 63
undeveloped resources, is receiving the fewest num-
ber of immigTants. There can be no doubt that
wider distribution woukl hasten the new citizen's
development and would be helpful to the whole
country.
Undoubtedly the first service to perform for (2) Work
our new brother is to help him to get hon-
orable, wholesome, instructive work. Hitherto
his labor has been drudgery and all work,
toil. With his initiation into the life of an jimer-
ican workman, he needs to be taught its freedom,
its self-respect, its masterfulness, and its gladness.
We need to make it difficult, if not impossible,
for him to be long idle.
The American free public school is the supreme (3) Schools
opportunity for the immigrant child to become
quickly and thoroughly Americanized. During
the year ending June 30, 1903, a total of
102,431 children of foreign birth under four-
teen years of age entered the United States and
Canada. In a very short time they enter our
schools by the thousand. Here they quickly learn
to read, write and speak our language, and by
contact with our native boni children they learn
our customs. They in time become the teachers
of their parents at home.
The Christian church has striven to do her duty (4) The
to these one-time strangers. At the principal ^^^^^^
ports of entry there is a gracious opportunity
for various persons and societies appointed by
64 The Call of the Home Land
the different denominations to receive and wel-
come them. When they remain permanently
in the cities, they naturally settle in the quar-
ter where their fellow-countrymen reside. Here
the churches endeavor to follow them. In many
cases visitors call at their homes to become
acquainted and to invite them to their churches.
They seek to be of real service, often bringing
sweet relief in cases of hunger, nakedness and
sickness, and often saving the unsuspecting from
the snares laid for them by the wicked. In many
cases where a particular colony is large enough, a
native pastor is employed to visit the homes and
to preach in the church and chapels especially
built for them. In this work the Sunday-school
is especially useful. Here the children are regu-
larly taught the Bible itself with its blessed heal-
ing and up-building truths, to sing the sweet songs
of Zion, to reverence the Lord's Day, to pray, and
to rejoice together in its brightness. From these
schools they take good literature in their native
tongues and in English back to their homes, where
its silent work goes on daily. The circulation of
especially written tracts and leaflets is carried
on extensively.
(5) In all forms of work certain considerations
must be kept steadily in view. It is always and
everywhere desirable to break up the solidarity
which results from the establishment of "quar-
ters," where old habits of thought and old preju-
The Immigrant 65
dices are ke^Dt alive. Many of these opinions and
customs are inconsistent with American citizen-
ship, to say nothing of Christianity.
(6) In order to do the most effective service,
it is best for the worker to understand, not only
the American point of view, but that of the for-
eigner also. Next to a competent knowledge of
the Word of God, skill in its use, and a pure
Christian character, the establishment of this point
of contact is of the highest value. What a straight
road to an Italian's heart is some bit of accurate
knowledge as to his condition and prospects at
home.
(Y) In all this work there is an enormous
demand for genuine sympathy. With what long-
ings do these strangers turn hearts back across
the sea to the home-land ! Loneliness seizes upon
them. Poverty hinders prog[ress. Temptations
come thick and sharp. Curiosity about their hab-
its is natural and to a certain degree is proper.
We cannot refuse to pity them. But Jesus Christ
loves them with infinite yearning. Into this love
we must enter and in their joys and sorrows we
must sympathize. We must shake ourselves free
from national prejudices, must strangle our pride
of birth or station, and humble ourselves that we
may lift them up.
Information truly he must have. The only 7 His
freedom denied to any man in our beloved country Need^'^^
is freedom to be ignorant and to do wrong. Intel-
66 The Call of the Home Land
ligence is not only the safeguard of liberty, it is
the very fountain from which it flows. Knowl-
edge must be so abundant and so insistent that
no man can remain ignorant, even if he wishes
to. Such must be the supremacy of law in our
land, that a man must at least maintain the sem-
blance of right conduct. The law can indeed re-
strain the wicked man and force him to reforma-
tion. But neither information nor reformation
can give him a new heart and cause him to think
right, to feel right, and to do right. Reformation
to American ideals and habits is indeed desire-
able; but his supreme need is to be transformed
by the renewing of his mind, that he may prove
what is the good and acceptable and perfect will
of God.
8. A Great Perhaps in the history of the world, there has
xpermen j^gy^j. j^g^j^ such an experiment made in state-
building as we in America have been making for
a hundred years. Stop and think. For all these
long years racial types have been coming to us
freely, bringing in their fundamental natures all
the racial differences implanted by God and in-
tensified by suffering and isolation. Here Cau-
casian, Indian, Malay, Mongolian, and Negro meet
and become brothers. To our welcoming shores
have come national types from every land on earth,
developed by the influence of peace and war and
fixed for ages. To these have been added types
of individuals, with all tlie differences resulting
The Immigrant 67
from temperament and education. And still they
come, joining types which are distinctly American.
What is to be the resultant ultimate type ? Here
they are — ^German, French, Russian, Italian,
Irish, Hollander, English, Turk, Chinese, Indian,
Japanese, JSTegi-o, Hindu and Esquimo, 'New Eng-
lander, Virginian, ISTew Yorker, frontiersman,
heathen, Romanist, Protestant. Some of the
best and wisest men in the land look upon
this experiment in assimilation with anxiety.
Will our institutions stand the shock? Surely
there is enough here to make us thoughtful and to
arouse us to utmost exertion.
Up to the present the results surely have clearly Reauits
justified the experiment. A swift glance over tlie
brief life of our nation, recalls type after type
of noble manhood and womanhood, quickened,
strengthened, and beautified by America's trans-
forming touch. No section, scarcely any consid-
erable community in the land, has failed to feel
the impetus to industry and the improvement in
educational science and art, given by some son
adopted from an alien house-hold. There is a
growing opinion that further legislation is needed
in order to protect our institutions against the
lowest types of immigrants, while we invite the en-
trance of the highest. No doubt this will be
done in due time. On the whole the outlook is
hopeful.
68 The Call of the Home Land
10. The In Jerusalem for the Day of Pentecost God
Future gathered "Jews, devout men from every nation un-
der heaven." This new Jew, this new pentecostal
type of manhood, began at once to perfect and
perpetuate itself through the proclamation of the
truth. Is it too much for us to believe that the
Lord Jesus may be gathering in our good land
"men from every nation under heaven," that
through the renewing and unifying power of his
Spirit a new type of manhood may go forth to
bring the nations to His feet?
Questions and Hints.
1. What races are represented in American pop-
ulation ? What religions ? What part of Europe
do the Roman Catholics chiefly come from ? The
Prostestants ?
2. What racial type is most numerous in Amer^
ica ? Compare in numbers Roman Catholics and
Protestants ? Why so many Jews ? So few
Chinese ? Wliat country supplies the largest num-
ber of immigrants ? Why is this ? What per cent
of the whole number of immigrants in 1904 were
under fourteen years of age? What impression
does the per cent of illiteracy make upon you ?
What was the per cent of increase in 1904 as com-
pared with 1903 ?
3. (1) What new opportunities draw immi-
grants here ? ( 2 ) What forces drive them from
home ? Can you add others ?
4. Discuss the causes for excluding aliens.
The Immigrant 69
Describe the immigrants' landing? Here clip-
pings and pictures from papers and magazines will
be especially helpful. Upon what conditions may
a foreigner become a citizen of the United States ?
5. When does he become assimliated ? What
is meant by "occidentalized" ? When is he Amer-
icanized ? VThj must he be Christianized also ?
6. (1) Discuss the problem of distribution.
(2) What is the American idea of work? Why
is it necessary to give an immigrant work? (3)
What effects has the public school, upon his chil-
dren, on him ? (4) What agencies does the
church employ in reaching after him ? ( 5 ) ^Vhy
is it helpful to break up the foreign "quarters" in
the large cities ? (6) Give an estimate of the im-
portance of understanding his point of view. (7)
"\Mierein lies his claim to sympathy ?
7. What is his supreme need ? Why ?
8. What three main types are represented
among the immigrants ? Is this mixture a proper
cause for serious thought ? Why ?
9. What has been the result of the mixture in
the main ? IN^ame several foreign born citizens,
dead or alive, who have done our country distin-
guished service ? Can you name any who have
done harm ?
10. Why is there need of further legislation to
regulate immig-ration ? What do you think of
the idea that God is making here a new type of
manhood to evangelize the nations ?
70 The Call of the Home Land
11. ISTame some duties wliieli this chapter makes
plain to jour church? To your college? To
your society ? What privileges ? To you ? Why
not establish a Chinese Sunday-school, or teach a
class? Italian? Greek? Cuban? Mexican?
Does Christ Jesus want you to invest your life
here ? Write out three good reasons why he does
not Write three good reasons why he does ?
Which are the stronger? What are you going to
do about it?
Books of Reference.
Reports of the United States Commissioner ol
Immigration.
Emigration and Immigration, by R. M. Smith.
Report of the United States Industrial Com-
mission. Vol. 15.
Social Progress 1905, by Josiah Strong.
Literature from your Denominational Board of
Home Missions.
Aliens or Americans ? Grose.
IV
A Race Problejsi : The Negro in the South.
The origin of the IS^egro race is uncertain. For i. Origrin
ages its home has been the continent of Africa,
with its 11,-103,000^ square miles, and its popu-
lation of 148,669,000, giving an average of
thirteen persons to the square mile. It would
not he accurate to say that all these people
belong to the Negro race, but certainly a great ma'
jority are of this family. Most of the colored
people in the United States are descended from
ancestors who lived on or near the west coast of
Africa.
Previous to their transportation to America, 2. Their
they were sunk in very low fonus of sav- condition
agery. They lived in tribes with little or-
ganization, and inhabited rude huts to shel-
ter them from the heat and rain. Their food
consisted mainly of wild fruit and such game as
their cunning and skill with rude weapons enabled
them to take. Their idea of a God was that He
Avas always angi'y and must be placated with sac-
rifice. They were enslaved by superstition and
lived in abject fear of evil spirits. Their moral
standards were low in the extreme. For ages
they had been one of the chief sources of supply
for the slave markets of the world.
'Statistics are taken from Strong's "Social Frogress," 1005,
71
72 The Call of the Home Land
3. Brought gQ £^j, ^g ij^g records show, they have never
Out by . . .
Force been an exploring, or emigrating, or colonizing
race. They have been content, on the whole,
to remain undisturbed by the movements of
the world outside. The slave trader has fol-
lowed his unholy calling until the present
time and has personally or through his paid or
impressed agents captured the natives in their for-
est homes and brought them, often with unspeak-
able cruelty, to the sea-coast, where other slave
traders waited to carry them by force in earlier
days amid the horrors of the slave-ships, to distant
lands for sale.
4. Appear- j^ ^]^q middle of the fifteenth century Ne-
ancein n i i • i n
America gro slaves were annually brought m thousands
to Europe. In 1553 they were freed in
England. The Spaniards brought them freely
to their American colonies, and in the year
1619 a Dutch ship landed nineteen Negroes
at Jamestown in Virginia. Throughout the
whole colonial period this trade was regularly
kept up, until in 1775 it is estimated that there
were 500,000 black slaves here, a number equal
to 19 per cent of the entire population. The ISTew
England colonies, as well as those in the South,
bought and sold and kept slaves. "Thousands of
negro slaves were sold into N^ew England,^ Boston
merchants engaged in the Guinea trade, but l^ew-
port, R. I., was the great center of this traflfic."
"The following advertisement taken from the Con-
iSee Dorcbeater's "Christianity in the United States," p. 22g.
f
A Race Problem 73
nedicut Gazette (ISTew Haven), October 1, 175 Y,
will tell the story of the African slave trade in
Connecticut at that time: To he sold: Several
likely ISTegTO boys and girls: an-ived from the
coast of Africa. Samnel Willis, at Middletown."
Many reasons combined to increase their numbers
in the South, of which two were the growth of cot-
ton raising and the suitableness of the climate.
In slave days the Negro as a rule had a com- ^- Condition
fortable house to live in and was well clothed, slavery
His food was plain but plentiful and whole-
some. "When he was sick, he was attended
by his owner's physician. He was taught the
use of tools and was forced to work when
he showed unwillingness. Marriage was recog-
nized, but at times the family tie was broken
and its members sold apart. He was taught the
difference between right and wrong, and wrong
doing was promptly punished. A Christian mas-
ter usually provided religious instruction for his
slaves, who often sat in his church and listened
to his pastor. Occasionally they were taught the
elements of learning, but generally they were illit-
erate. N^o apology is here offered for human
slavery. Our nation is absolutely united in re-
joicing that the institution is dead, without possi-
bility of resurrection.
The total results of slavery was the civilization, q rp^^a,!
in thousands of cases the Christianization, of the Results of
Kfigro, He did not rise to the civilized life by
74 The Call of the Home Land
ages of struggle and suffering. He was introduced
suddenly against his will into a Christian civiliza-
tion. He became civilized by two processes. First
he was forced to clothe himself, to obey the law,
to work, to adjust himself to a state of society of
which he had been utterly ignorant. This was
civilization by compulsion. Then he imitated the
institutions and customs, good and bad, of his
master. In this he has always been expert. Here
was civilization by imitation.
7. What American citizenship brings with it both the
Emancipa^ right and privilege of freedom. It generally brings
tion Meant the right to vote. Duties and privileges are both
involved in it. The right to vote implies intelli-
gence. The privileges of citizenship imply grave
responsibility and every citizen is obliged morally
to maintain it unhurt and to improve society of
which he is a member. When suddenly freed by
military decree the Negro entered at once into
privileges which he could not appreciate, and which
in numerous cases he abused. His chief addition
to the high civilization which he received by imi-
tation and compulsion was his power to do physi-
cal work, which was no small contribution. But
he had no power to improve society by any con-
tribution of thought or of moral energy. He was
made responsible for doing what he could not do,
and his very situation was filled with cruelty.
8. Recon- At the close of the Civil War in 1865 the
§ ruct^jpQ social life pf the South was shattered. For
A Race Problem 75
ten years Congress tried to reconstruct Southern
institutions without paying much attention to
Southern opinion or social conscience. So far as
the relation of the Negro citizen to his old master
was concerned, there sprang up antagonisms, sharp
and threatening, and covering every human inter-
est, political, social, industrial, educational, and
religious. Most of these antagonisms have soft-
ened with time and experience, especially those
having to do with education and religion and to a
considerable degree with politics.
The discussions and experiences of the past forty 9. some
years have strongly united Southern opinion and, ^^+!®^^
increasingly, public opinion at large as to the fol-
lowing points :
(1) The Negro will continue to live in the
South.
(2) The average Negro is inferior to the aver-
age white man in initiation, in construction, and
in administration.
(3) The price of peace is separation, with spe-
cial reference to all educational, social, and relig-
ious affairs.
(4) There is an increasing class of Negroes
who are intelligent, independent, resourceful, and
genuinely and ethically religious.
(5) There is a large criminal class of Negroes,
who are the chief source of th^ race troubles in the
country,
76 The Call of the Home Land
(6) The great mass of the ISTegro population,
still living in the rural districts, are quiet, con-
tent, and surely improving in all material mat-
ters.
(7) The religious life is more intelligent, but
it is still far too emotional and unethical.
10. Present As a rule, the pure-blooded ISTegTO is a fine speci-
men of physical strength. He is capable of great
(1) Physical ^^^ prolonged labor. Many think him lazy by
nature, having little conception of the real mean-
ing and dignity of labor. This anecdote illustrates
his love of ease. A Negro farm hand was found by
his landlord, asleep in the field under a shady tree
in the middle of the afternoon. Going up to him,
the man said: ''Wake up, Jim. What is the
matter with you f " 'Tain't nothing the matter
with me, boss." "Is your mule sick ?" "No, sir,
boss. Da she is out da eat'n' grass." "W^ell,
what are you doing here then ?" "Boss, I'se just
awaiting here for de sun to go down, so's I kin
quit work." Until subjected to great poverty and
bad conditions as to food, clothing, shelter and
personal purity, he is remarkably exempt from
disease.
Some investigators claim that there has been a
notable increase of consumption, insanity and ven-
ereal diseases. In the cities the condition is accu-
per cent of them die without medical aid. In the
lately described by President E. R. Wright:
"Any one who will give the least observation to
A Race Problem 77
this matter will see that the cities are the hot-beds
of crime, misery, and death among the colored peo-
ple. Here they are huddled together, often with
two or three families in one room. Without em-
ployment for more than half the time, they are
consequently insufficiently fed and poorly clothed.
When sick they are unable either to employ a phy-
sician or to buy medicine. At least twenty-five
per cent, of them die without medical aid. In the
City of Savannah, during the year 1894, 251 col-
ored persons died without medical attention. This
being thirty-three and one-third per cent of the
total number of deaths among these people for that
year. About sixty per cent of this number of
deaths were children under the age of ten. Twen-
ty-four thousand of the 52,000 of the population
of Savannah are Negroes. Hence it will be seen
that whatever affects these people affects at least
nearly half the population of our chief seaport.
What is true of Savannah, I judge to be approxi-
mately true of all of the cities of Georgia and of
most of the cities of the South." The neglect as
to medical help is perhaps overstated as to general
conditions. In spite of poverty and disease the
ISTegro population has steadily increased. In 1800
it was 1,001,463; in 1900, 8,833,994. The per
cent of increase was 13.5 between 1880^ and 1890,
and eighteen per cent between 1890 and 1900.
The negro population grew thirty-four per cent,
in twenty years.
'See an article on "The Possibilities of the Negro," In Booklover's
Magazine, July 1908,
78 The Call of the Home Land
{2) Mental Here conditions differ widely. That many
ISTegroes have high mentality there is no sort
of doubt. In the pulpit, at the bar, behind
the teacher's desk, with the artist's pencil, and with
the poet's pen, and in technical engineering there
are many instances of great ability. ^Doubt as
the accuracy of this increase is felt by some bo-
cause of alleged defects in the census of 1890.
It is believed by some observers that the
Negro child's mental growth is normal and
satisfactory, as a general thing, up to the
beginning of adolescence, and that subsequently
it is not normal. Scientific study of Negro
psychology is lacking. As a rule, he shows
good powers of memory, poor analysis, strong
emotions, and weak will. In most matters his
judgment is poor, and there is a lack of inventive-
ness. The colored man is a great lover of music,
w'hich expresses itself in song and in certain
rhythmic movements when at work. As a rule
they are light-hearted and happy. Their wit is
genuine, as may be seen in the matchless stories
told by Mr. Joel Chandler Harris. Their humor
is irresistible, and, after all, the more attractive
because of its unconsciousness. Here is an anec-
dote of an old colored woman whom a showman
wished to secure for his show. Said his agent:
"Aunty, do you remember George Washington?"
"Does I recomember George Washington ? W'y,
laws-a-massy, mistuh, I reckon I does. I orter,
^Seefoot note, p. 77.
A Race Problem 79
ortent I ? Fer I done nussed him. We played
together evy day when he was a li'F chile."
"Well, do you remember anything about the Revo-
lutionary War?" ''G'way, chile! Yes, indeed
I does, honey. I stood dar lots of times,
an' seen de bullets flyin' aroun' thicker'n
rain-drops." "Yes, well how about the fall of
the Roman Empire ? Do you recollect any-
thing about that?" The old woman took a long
breath. In fact, it mounted to a sigh. She re-
flected for a few moments and said: "De fact
is, honey, I was purty young den, an' I doesn't
have a very extinct recomembrance 'bout dat;
but I does 'member, noAv dat you speaks of hit,
dat I did hear the white folks tell about hearing
somep'n drap." The nation's progress in thought
has been little affected by the J^egro's contribu-
tion. The progress that he has made in education
is truly remarkable and full of hope for the future.
The per cent, of ISTegro illiteracy in 1880' was sev'
enty, in 1890, fifty-seven; in 1900, forty-four, a
decrease of twenty-six per cent, in twenty years.
It is true that in every Southern State through
public or private provision any capable and ambi-
tious colored man or woman can get a fair college
education, and some technical training beside.
To produce these remarkable results Southern and
ISTorthem statesmanship and benevolence have
combined. Tens of millions have been given by
80 The Call of the Home Land
individuals and churches of the North, and, ac-
cording to Dr. Booker Washington^ "Since 1880
$105,807,930, have been spent for the negro schools
in the former slave States. In the school year
1870-80, $2,120,485 were spent for colored schools
and in 1900-01, $6,035,550, an increase of $3,-
915,065, or almost eighty-five per cent."
(3) Moral Their moral condition is varied. There are
clearly discernable three classes. At the bot-
tom is the colored criminal. The most re-
cent available statistics" show that in the United
States there are about 83,329 convicted criminals,
of whom 24,277, or twenty-nine per cent, are col-
ored. It is from this class that crimes against
women most largely originate. There is need for
a more careful study of the ISTegro criminal and
his treatment.
As we rise in the scale, we see the great middle
class of people, laborers in town and country.
The moral advantage is with the countryman.
With this class the chief moral delinquencies are
pettit larceny, impurity, intemperance, and un^
truthfulness. It is not meant that these immoral-
ities are universal, but that they exist to a notice-
able degree. Its moral excellencies are especially
cheerfulness, industry, patience, and hopefulness.
There is still another class composed largely,
though not exclusively, of educated people, who
'Strong's Social Progress, 1906, p. 146.
2 Strong's Soeial Progress, 1905, p. 98.
A Race Problem 81
are truthful, honest, just, pure, and good. This
class is steadily increasing. It is true that the
low moral condition of the rising generation is
cause for serious thought.
Ever since his emancipation and enfranchise- (4) Political
ment, the Negro has voted almost solidly with
the Republican party. His ignorance and ven-
ality made him the prey of designing poli-
ticians. Entrusted with the ballot, he has too
often voted without intelligence or conscience.
In the States and counties where he has made
the majority of voters, he has misused the ballot
to such an extent that ruin stared the people in
their faces. In consequence some of the States
have disfranchised hundreds of thousands of Ne-
gro voters. The laws do not make it impossible
for any Negro ever to vote, but they put a pre-
mium on inelligence in the voter and so offer a new
incentive to education. These laws are of too
recent adoption to form a fair judgment as to
their effects.
Throughout the whole Soutn with absolute C5' Social
unanimity, the white people have a law writ-
ten and unwritten, that in all social matters
there must be no mixing of the rases. Severe
penalties are provided for intermarriage, and swift
ostracism, if nothing more serious, is visited upon
any person practicing it. Every Southern man be-
lieves that this separation is necessary for the pro^
tection and perpetuation of white blood and civi-
82 The Call of the Home Land
lization. Everywhere in the South the posses-
sion of education and property is separating the
colored people into classes, just as it does else-
where. Educated colored people can now find
satisfaction for their social desires among their
own people.
(6) Indus- From Virginia to Texas for generations the
colored people have made up the laboring class.
The ]S[egro is at liberty to enter any calling
he pleases upon fulfilling the ordinary require-
ments. "Prior to the Civil War," says Ex-
Governor Lowry of Mississippi, "there was a
large number of Negro mechanics in the Southern
States; many of them were expert blacksmiths,
wheelwrights, wagon-makers, brick masons, carpen-
ters, plasterers, painters, and shoe-makers. They
became masters of their respective trades by reason
of sufficiently long service under the control and
direction of expert white mechanics." But dur-
ing this period he was mainly engaged in agri-
culture and still is so employed. Up to quite re-
cent years he has not been identified with labor
unions, but now the tendency is toward the organi-
zation of colored imions. In every State in the
South remarkable progress in industrial educa-
tion has been made, and thousands of IN^egroes
have been carefully trained in them for skilled
service. Dr. Booker Washington has estimated
that fifty-two per cent, of l!^egro laborers are en-
gaged in agTiculture, and that "4n forty years
'Strong's Social Progress, 1906, p. 147.
A Race Prohlem 83
287,933 ^Negroes have acquired control of farm
land in the South Atlantic States, of whom, 202,
578 or 70.4 per cent, are tenants, and 85,355, or
29.6 per cent, are owners or managers; and that
the total value of the Negro farm property is con-
servatively estimated at $230,000,000."
The ISTegro shows naturally strong relig- cv^Reiierious
ious tendencies. Perhaps his chief enjoyment
is in the exercise of his religion. There is
a marked tendency among them to separate re-
ligion from morals. It is mixed with supersti-
tions. Always and everywhere it is emotional
rather than intellectual in type. Here is a pict-
ure of a religious service in a colored country
church in 1896 in an Alabama swamp. A white
minister with friends was camping on a lake near-
by for fishing and hunting. He sent word far
and wide that he would preach for the colored
people in their church. Long before the hour for
the service the roads and paths leading to the
church were here and there filled with people, men,
women and children, in wagons, in buggies, in
road carts, on horse-back, mule-back and afoot.
When the preacher arrived, the grove about the
church was a scene long to be remembered. The
people gathered in groups here and there. All
were clothed in their Sunday best. The women
were gay in bright colored calico. Entering the
church the minister went into the small pulpit
with the colored pastor. The service began with
84 The Call of the Home Land
singing, which soon attracted the people indoors
nntil they filled all of the rude benches. To
right and left and in front of the pulpit
sat the older men and women. As the wor-
ship proceeded the emotions rose and found
expression in low murmurs of satisfaction,
or loud, "Amens !" of approval. The congrega-
tion was strongly responsive Mdien the minister
arose and gave out his text. He was himself a
warm-hearted man and was keenly susceptible to
his surroundings. The situation called out the
best that was in his mind and heart and conscience.
As he got well into his subject, the older men and
women began to indicate their approval by swaying
their bodies and nodding their heads. As the
preacher warmed to his work the congregation
responded eagerly. Soon a low m.oan could be
heard, — a sort of obligato of satisfaction — broken
now and then by the rhythmic patting of the feet
and clapping of the hands. To the right one said
"Amen!" which was answered here and there by
exclamations like "Say dat agin" "Dats de truth !"
"Hear dat white man!" "Amen!" "Amen!" And
the low m-m-m-m-o-a-n went on. The preach-
er's head and heart were now afire. Suddenly
to his left a loud cry was heard above all the rest.
It came from a large woman, who rent the air
with shout after shout, throwing her arms about
her. She Avas promptly seized by three sisters
who held her until she fell exhausted and moan-
A Race Problem 85
ing. On went the preacher, while the men kept
up their fervent amens. Soon two other women
in different parts of the honse broke loose in wild
shouts and were quieted only by exhaustion. The
colored pastor in the pulpit behind the preacher
was in a high degree of joyful excitement, clapp-
ing his hands, patting his feet, and shouting
"Amen ! A-A-men" The climax of the sermon
was now reached. The people were simply in
ecstacies. The pastor could no longer contain
himself and shouted above the preacher's excited
tones, above the groans of the men and the shouts
of the women, "Amen ! Amen ! ! Go it, doctor ! Go
it." The doctor did his best and soon ceased from
exliaustion. He will never forget the eager hand-
shakes and cordial thanks from the people. Five
months afterward he met one of the leading men
of that church in the town making Christmas pur-
chases. "How are you. Uncle Reuben," said he.
"I'm well. Doctor. When is you comin' back to
see us ? That 'ere sermont you preached is a-gwine
up and down the swamp yet!"
In most of the cities throughout the South at
present, one can easily find colored church build-
ings well constructed, comfortably, sometimes hand-
somely furnished, well warmed, ventilated, and
lighted. Their congregations are well dressed and
intelligent. Their ministers are men of classical
education, who preach with dignity and quietness.
Their services are quiet and reverent. Their busi-
86 The Call of the Home Land
ness affairs are well managed and their work is
well organized. The great Negro denominations
conduct their affairs with intelligence and power.
Their benevolences are fairly well supported. Their
organic work is carried on through well established
and effective boards and societies.
11. Some As a result of the religious teaching of the Ne-
groes before the Civil War, "In 1859 there were
468,000 Negro church members reported in the
South, of whom 215,000 were Methodists, and
175,000 were Baptists.'"
Amongst the Negroes there are to-day,^
Denominations 27
Organizations 24,572
Church edifices 21,146
Seating capacity 6,810,965
Valuation $28,863,168
Members 3,589,780
Members and adherents 6,325,880
Statistics show most clearly that the overwhelming
majority of the colored people belong to denomina-
tions entirely independent of white control.
12 The Two words sum up our duty to our brother in
Need hlack. Christian training. Reformation is good as
far as it goes, but the Church of God cannot hope
for the best results until the mass is lifted up
through the regeneration of the individuals com-
posing it. A race is ordinarily regenerated by its
own agents. The chief agent in this work is un-
doubtedly the colored pastor. At emancipation the
i"The Negro Church," Atlanta University Press, p. 2fl,
2 Strong's "Social Progress," 1905, p. 149.
A Race Problem 87
^Negro's church was the center of his whole life.
Here he worshipped God; here his children went
to school. It was the meeting place of his political
club, and his social recreation was found here.
The very center of his church life was the preacher.
His influence is not so gi'eat as it was once, because
of the growth of general intelligence. This man
has generally natural powers of leadership which
have been cultivated by long practice. His rule
has been autocratic indeed. Possessed of a rude
eloquence he has swayed the people through pas-
sionate appeals to their prejudices and emotions.
He must be trained. Out of ninety answers re-
ceived by an investigator from colored men to the
question, "What is the greatest need of our
churches ?" fifty-four replied, "An educated, con-
secrated ministry." Progress has been made, but
there is need for more work. There are now some
thirteen theological schools for ISTegroes in our
country with 368 students, of whom sixty are col-
lege graduates. Some plan capable of wide appli-
cation is needed for reaching the colored pastors
in the villages and rural districts. The John 0.
Martin Education Fund has been founded for this
purpose and is doing incalculable good.
Close by the preacher stands the colored teacher,
sharing his opportunity and his influence. His ac-
cess to the children gives him an unequalled oppor-
tunity to shape life at its beginning. His concep-
tion of his calling must be much higher. Too
88 The Call of the Home Land
often he teaches because it gives him influence and
money. He must be shown the real nature of
his calling- and be induced to make every effort
to form character Avhile he imparts knowledge.
We must go beyond teacher and preacher.
Upon the people themselves direct and pow-
erful influences must be brought to bear.
There are many colored parents who seek
earnestly to do their duty to their children;
but nevertheless there are multitudes of col-
ored homes without any conception of order,
cleanliness or obedience. The children are turned
into the street to grow up without the fear of God.
There is urgent need for pure and wholesome
home instruction and training. Fathers need to
be taught their responsibility for the purity of
the home circle. Mothers must learn the simplest
lessons of order and cleanliness. Children require
sound instruction as to their relations to parents
and other members of the household.
The mass of colored people need to be given the
education of the head, including, besides the simp-
lest elements of learning, grammar, history, hygiene
and civil government. They need to be taught as
far as human skill can teach them to hate evil and
love good, to restrain evil passion and to give pure
love an open way for growth. Their consciences
must be awakened to the demands of righteousness
and be taught to condemn all unholiness. Their
wills must be taught to act according to the de-
A Race Problem 89
mands of an enlightened conscience. Their hands
must be trained to useful labor and made skillful
servants to an enlightened understanding, an
awakened conscience, and a renewed will. Attain-
ment without character is no fit ideal for this life
even. The subjection of their lives to the Bible is
at once their supreme need and our highest aim for
them.
IsTo new methods of work are here suggested. 14. Methods
The free public school, normal and trade schools,
the Church of God with its preaching and teach-
ings— these are the mighty agencies which under
the blessing of God are equal to redemption of the
American l^egro from ignorance and sin. With
these actively at work the future is hopeful. With-
out them or any one of them confusion will come
upon us and our children.
The people who make the opinion and control 15. ACom-
the life of our country must in some way occupy monview-
the same view-point. That view-point must be the
cross of Jesus Christ. Looking upon the vast en-
terprise with Christ's eyes, with Christ's love, and
with Christ's patience, we shall go forth with con-
fident hope for the redepmtion of the American
colored man.
Questions and Hints.
1. What is the home of the N'egro race? Its
population ? Whence did most of the colored peo-
ple now in America come ?
90 The Call of the Home Land 1
2. Describe their condition before they were
brought out of Afraca. What can yon say of their
religion ? Why do yon sni)pose Africa has always
furnished so many slaves ?
3. How did the colored people come to America ?
4. Who first brought them ? When did they ar-
rive in Virginia ? Who brought them there ? What
share had ISTew England in ISTegro slavery ? Why
did the South get most of them ?
5. Discuss carefully their condition during slav-
ery.
6. What were the total results of slavery ? How
was the l^egro civilized ?
Y. Discuss the ISTegro's fitness for citizenship at
emancipation.
8. How did the Civil War affect the social life
of the South ? How did Congress try to recon-
struct it? What antagonisms sprang up between
his old master and the freed N^egro?
0. What seven matters arc said to be settVd now?
Discuss these matters in detail.
10. (1) Describe the N'egro's physical condi-
tion. What two causes work against his health?
Describe the effect of city life on his mortality?
Why is he healthier in the country ? What is the
]3resent ISTegro population in the United States?
How rapidly has it grown?
(2) ]SJ"ame some of his chief mental traits?
Give a good typical illustration of your own of
ISTegro humor or wit, Describe his progress in
A Race Problem 91
intelligence. "What is his present per cent, of
illiteracy ?
(3) What three classes as to morals are there?
Describe each class.
(4) Describe his political state. Why have so
many been disfranchised ?
(5) Describe his social condition. Why do
Southern people practice social separation?
( 6 ) Who make the laborers of the South ? What
is his chief occupation? Has he progressed in-
dustrially ?
(7) Wliat are some of the chief characteristics
of the IsTegro's religion? Describe the service
held in the swamp. What other type may be
seen ? Hot\' is the church work of the colored de-
nominations conducted ?
11. Give some account of the I^egro's religious
life as shown by statistics. Explain why most
ISTegTO churches are independent of white con-
trol.
12. What is our duty to them? What is the
key to betterment ? Give an estimate of the preach-
er's power ? What influences are at work for hia
improvement? Why is the teacher's work so im-
portant ? What is his relation to the character of
the people ? Why must work be done among the
people directly?
13. WTiat can schools do? What can the church
do? Tell something of the work of your church
for the ISTegroes.
92 The Call of the Home Land
14. What is the common view-point ? Is puhlic
opinion uniting at it?
What can you do for the Negro's betterment?
Are you doing it ? Can you help to unify public
opinion ? Did you ever teach in a colored Sunday-
School ? Did you ever speak to a Negro about his
personal salvation ?
Books of Refeeence.
Up From Slavery. Booker T. Washington.
The Future of the American Negro. Thomas
Nelson Page.
The Problems of the Present South. Murphy.
Reports of U. S. Commissioner of Education.
Pamphlets on Various Phases of the Subject —
Published by the Atlanta University, Atlanta, Ga.
Souls of the Black Folk. Du Bois.
The Evangelization of the Colored Race in the
United States; A Concensus View. Presbyterian
Committee of Publication.
The Publications of Various Denominations.
Eedeeminq a City : City Missions.
There was a time in the history of the world i. no Cities
when there were no cities. Man first lived alone in *^^^
the country. Then several families lived close to-
gether because they were akin. After awhile other
individuals, for personal defense or various social
reasons, settled near them, and soon a village grew
up. From natural increase and from the increase
due to accessions from outside the village g^e^9■ lo
be a town. From the same causes the town grew
to be a small city, and the small city grew to be a
large city. As civilization advanced, commerce
and manufacture and the needs of government
drew men together at certain strategic centers over
the face of the earth. "A hundred years ago three
per cent, of the population of the United States
was urban ; now about thirty-three per cent. Then
we had only six cities of 8,000 inhabitants; in
1900, we had 515." (Strong's "Social Progress,"
1905.)
One of the most striking facts about the move- 2. increase
ment of the world's population in the last century ^° u™t>er
was the increase in the number of cities. In 1890
there were in the United States twenty-seven cities
of 100,000 inhabitants and over. In 1900 this
number had increased to thirty-eight. In the same
93
94 The Call of the Home Land
period the cities of 25,000 and over increased from
124 to 161.
3. Increase While the numher has been increasing rapidly
in Size , ^ • ■ i ■, i ii
the growth m size has been even more remarkable.
"This is not peculiar to our new civilizations.
London is probably 2,000 years old, and yet four-
fifths of its growth has been added during the cen-
tury just past. For sixty years Berlin has grown
far more rapidly tlian New York. Paris is more
than four times as large as it was in 1800. Eome
has doubled since 1870. St. Petersburg has in-
creased nearly threefold in seventy-five years.
Odessa is a thousand years old, but nineteen-twen-
tieths of its population has been added since 1800.
Calcutta has increased 460 per cent, in seventy
years. In Europe, Asia, and Africa we find this
movement of population from country to city. It
is a world-phenomenon and is due to a redistribu-
tion of population." (Strong's "Social Progress,"
1905.)
4. Bvisiness Since the dawn of civilization money has played
' a most important part in the affairs of individuals
and of states. It must remain so to the end. It
measures values and is a universal medium of ex-
change. Its possession marks the presence of prop-
erty and ordinarily proclaims the superior shrewd-
ness of its owner. One of the dangers of our times
is that we are disposed to measure a man's worth
by the size of his bank account. For weal or for
woe the world's money is being concentrated in the
Redeeming a City 95
large cities. Perhaps it is not too much to say that
the world's accounts are finally paid in Lombard
street, London, or Wall street, iSTew York. The
following table shows something of the enormous
wealth represented in ten cities, September, 1902.^
Total
Real
Personal
Income
Estate
Property
New York
1249,184,086
13,237,778,261
$550,192,612
Chicago
43.316,277
259,254,598
115,325,842
Boston
49,074,577
925.037,500
227.468,334
Philadelphia
48,387,084
919,706,697
1,649,799
St. Louis
17,043,757
842,325,544
52,470,160
Cleveland
13,809,910
143,323,490
53,130,155
San Francisco
10,898,872
289,682,092
123,417,901
Baltimore
10,227,940
258,304,425
176,039,397
New Orleans
9,544,183
108,079,794
37,694,075
Louisville
4,605,324
90,200,000
33,900,000
Grand Total $455,591,110 $6,573,692,401 $1,370,188,275
"Of the aggregate of loans made by the national
banks on September 15, 1902, amounting to
$i3,280,127,480, the amounts outstanding in the
banks of iTew York, Chicago, and St. Louis, the
three central reserve cities, was $877,934, 9-12," ^or
about 27 per cent. The possession of these vast
sums of money gives the cities the undisputed con-
trol of the business of the land.
Chiefly because the cities are the gathering 5, concen-
places where business is centered, thither go men Exec^ive
who have executive skill. The young man on the Power
farm, who has the intelligence to plan his work
thoroughly and the will-power to put his plans to
working, soon tires of the daily routine and hard
'Strong's "Social Progress," 1905.
96 The Call of the Home Land
manual labor of the farm. Going to his nearest
town he becomes superintendent or manager of
some company. As he gains skill from experience
he discovers that his powers will bring him more
influence and money in the city. Thus it
is seen that it is an inevitable tendency for
the city to absorb the executive power of the
country. All the great corporations whose busi-
ness supplies the needs of a nation or reaches to the
ends of the earth, calling for brains and adminis-
trative skill of the highest order, are located in or
near the great cities.
6. Manufac- Money and executive skill do not lie idle. When
Centers i^o^ey is invested under the direction of brains and
skill and controlled by character the sure result is
transformation of raw material into finished pro-
ducts. Because a market is close at hand and trans-
portation is easy these manufactories are built in
or very near the great cities. In 1900 thirty-six
per cent, of the manufacturing establishments in
the United States was located in one hundred
cities. They had fifty-one per cent, of all capital
invested and fifty-two per cent, of the value of
products. What a serious interference with trade
would occur if the factories of Boston, "New York,
Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Chicago, and St. Louis
were to shut down for a few months ? Millions of
people would be thrown out of employment and
the trade of the country would be paralyzed.
Redeeming a City 97
Where products are to be moved transportation 7. Distrib-
lines will be found. Cotton pours into 'New Or- centers
leans and from there by rail and ship is trans-
ported to the great manufacturing centers. It is
woven into cloth and distributed again throughout
the country. At certain seasons oranges are col-
lected in Jacksonville or Los Angeles, vegetables
at ISTorfolk, fruit at Baltimore, grain at Chicago,
only to be distributed to consumers every where.
And so the cities become the purveyors of the na-
tion.
It is to our cities that we turn to see the amplest 8. Educa-
provision for the education of all the children, and centers
the best results of public school work. Here great
crowds of children throng the fine buildings to be
taught by trained teachers, working with the best
equipment the times afford. Here millions of dol-
lars are annually spent in the war on ignorance.
The following sums were spent in our five largest
cities for schools at last returns :
New York $32,318,705
Chicago 9,735,930
Philadelphia 4,887,302
St. Louis 2,858,566
Boston 5,738,235
In recent years the tendency to build colleges and
universities in large cities has been marked. Here
magnificent buildings invite thousands of eager
youths to enter fields of higher learning under
conditions favorable to research. In and near the
great cities are to be found the best equipped tech-
Life
98 The Call of the Home Land
nical schools of all kinds. Here scientific theory
may be illustrated to students by observation in
laboratory and shop. Cities are becoming more
and more powerful centers of learning, affecting
the thought and life of the whole people.
9. Social In the cities one finds every phase of social life
intensified and enlarged. In the crowded streets
and houses of the "Eastside" and in the quiet free-
dom and elegance of ''West End," or "Up Town,"
may be studied the life of people who work with
their hands, or who spend their days in retirement
and ease. People of the same nationality settle
in the same section, and we have the "Italian Quar-
ter" of New York, or the "French Quarter," of
'New Orleans, or the "Chinese Quarter," of San
Francisco. The "Foreign Quarters" of the cities
of the East and ISTorth and West are matched by
the "J^egro Quarter" of the Southern city. The
foreign born population of our five largest cities
was as follows by the census of 1900 :
New York \ . . . 1,270,080
Chicago 587,112
PhiladelpMa 295,340
Boston 197,129
St. Louis 111,356
The ISTegro population of our five largest South-
ern cities is as follows :
Baltimore 79,258
Memphis 49,910
New Orleans 77,714
Atlanta 35,727
Louisville 39,139
Slums
Redeeming a City 99
In a modern city one may study the idle rich or
the toiling masses of workers ; here dwell side by
side the employer and employee. Here indeed
"the rich and poor meet together," and side by
side work out their destiny for good or evil. Here
we are brought face to face with the problems of
civil government in their acutest and most per^
plexing forms. Here santitation, taxation, the suf-
frage, public utilities and education require the
closest thought and the largest action.
Here is the modern "slum" Avith its ignorance, lo. The
poverty, sin, lawlessness, degTadation and wretch-
edness. Its population is composed partly of
native Americans, who for one reason or another
find it difficult to live. Into its life come thous-
ands of foreigners, drawn together by common
language and customs and held in the merciless
grip of poverty. The condition of the people is
most pitiful. They are crowded together in
houses and rooms, too small, badly ventilated,
exposed to violent extremes of weather, making
rather a place to sleep and eat in than a home.
Here food is scarce and often of a very poor
quality. The clothing worn scarcely covers naked-
ness in summer and in winter is poor protection
against the cold. The social life is peculiar to
itself. Families are frequently large and so crow-
ded that privacy is often unknown and personal
purity is constantly endangered. This poverty
eclipses hope, while intemperance and prodigality
100 The Call of the Home Land
tend to make poverty perpetual. In numberless
cases neglect, depression and wickedness have
strangled whatever religion existed, and have
driven the people into opposition to the Church.
The social group of men meets in the comer
saloon where the work of the day and politics are
discussed, emphasized by profanity and illustrated
by obscenity. The recreation of the grown people
is provided by the low theater, where men, and
women witness lude dancing and laugh at the
roughest of jokes. The children play in the streets
without responsible supervision, absorbing its vul-
garity, its obscenity and its profanity.
11. The Re- The religious life of a great modern city is so
ligionofthe y^ried that no general word will characterize it.
Each city must be studied by itself and in detail
in order to grasp the facts securely. There are
some qualities which they possess in common.
12. Division There is a marked division in classes. The
of Classes "down-town" church is composed of the working
people, while the wealthy and educated live and
worship to themselves in the "up town" or "west
end" district. Sometimes this division is along
racial or national lines. When the Gospel is unhin-
dered by prejudices it tends powerfully to make
men alike in their opinions and tastes and charac-
ter. When the church is composed exclusively or
chiefly of one class or race, there is a powerful
tendency to produce and perpetuate certain types,
not always the highest. The ideal church is com-
\
Redeeming a City 101
posed of all sorts of people, made one by love and
obedience to Jesus Christ.
In the city more than elsewhere religion con- is. Formal-
forms to certain recognized rules, and expresses
itself in fixed forms of Avorship. These forms,
while agreeable to those who are accustomed to
them, tend to make the uninitiated uncomfortable,
and often make it difficult for the Church to lay
hold firmly upon the poor and ignorant.
The religion of city people is in spite of for- 14. Genu-
mality often most genuine. It is constantly sub- ^^^
jected to the severest tests, which purify it. It is
ever exposed to the sharpest criticism, and is thus
purged from what is unessential or sinful. It is
exercised upon objects the most varied, and so be-
comes resourceful. IvTew demands are made upon
it by the changing conditions of the modern city
and so it becomes enterprising. ISTo more genuine
Christians are to be found in all the world than
can be met any day in the heart of any great mod-
ern city.
Because of the religious problems presented by preachers
the city and because of the unlimited field for the
most frnitful investment of all the powers of brain
and heart and conscience, the greatest preachers
of the world are found in the large cities. Here
the great masters of pulpit eloquence as well as of
executive skill sway vast multitudes and organize
them for effective service.
102 The Call of the Home Land
16. Head- Throughout America there is no hoard of any
Quarters for Jarffe denomination that is located outside of a
Church ° . .
Boards large city. Boston, IN'ew York and Chicago are
headquarters for the Congregationalists and Bap-
tists ; Boston and ISTew York for the Episcopali-
ans; N'ew York, Philadelphia and Pittsburg for
the Presbyterians; Baltimore for the Romanists;
'New York, Philadelphia and Chicago for the
Methodists. Thus city brains and experience and
love of progress control the workings of the great
churches.
17. org-an- With the conditions before named it is easy to
^® °^ understand that in the cities religious life is most
perfectly organized. Here Jesus through his dis-
ciples has entered prisons and cleansed them and
made them schools for teaching useful industry.
Here huge hospitals have risen under Christian
impulse and benevolence for the care of the un-
fortunate and the cure of the sick. Here Chris-
tian science is erecting better houses for working-
men and is opening public playgrounds for his
children. Here through organized charity mil-
lions of the poor are fed and clothed, nursed in
sickness and comforted in distress. Here through
united effort the powers of darkness and sin are re-
strained in thousands of ways. Here from house
to house in fraternal competition workers go in
search of neglected children to bring them to the
Sunday-school, an trained workers are ever seek-
ing lost men and women to save them^
Redeeming a City 103
Here side by side with organized virtue and is. The
goodness stand the banded hosts of evil. The city and Shame
seems to be satan's supreme opportunity, and he is
using it well. The city is the chief field of en-
deavor for thieves and thugs. The saloon with its
train of myriad evils is most unhindered and
brings forth its deadliest fruit. Here lewd songs
and dances tempt men and women to impurity,
and licentiousness Avalks under the guise of decency.
Here the gambler revels in risk and finally plunges
to his ruin. Here hypocrisy, lying and dishonesty
seek to hide themselves in the noise and crowd.
Sabbath breaking is open and impudent. Here
men are caught and held by the whirl of business
and the seductions of pleasure until they forget
God and duty. Here ignorant foreigiiers dwell in
vast multitudes without God and without hope in
the world. Recently there seems to have been a
veritable tidal wave of all kinds of public dis-
honesty in our large cities. Men are false to high
trusts and make use of public office to enrich them-
selves, while they pass for respectable citizens.
Truly in the city sin abounds in every degree and
opposes the progress of the truth and the rule of
simple goodness.
In America the city is growing in numbers and 19. The
size and now controls the business of the con- ^eai Prob-
lem
tinent. It is the center in which the executive
forces of the day are collected. In it are the men
who direct the affairs of the Church. Here all the
tiflc Investi-
eration
104 The Call of the Home Land
social problems of our times are acute. Here the
powers of sin are entrenched. Here the battle
rages most fiercely between organized religion and
organized sin. What the result shall be depends
upon the means used and the agents employed to
do battle for God and right.
20. scien- The demand for accurate information is not sat-
isfied until each city has been thoroughly and sci-
entifically investigated. The method for doing
this work varies. Sometimes a few interested and
trained investigators undertake it patiently. An-
other method is for a committee representing the
leading denominations to be appointed. The city
is carefully districted and enough intelligent work-
ers are secured to carry the plans through and to
gather results. Here are some of the questions tliat
should be asked. Total population? Population
by districts (or wards) ? by races ? by denomina-
tions ? by occupations ? School population ?
School enrollment ? School attendance ? Per cent
of illiteracy ? Cause of illiteracy ? Number of
churches ? of missions ? of denominations ? Loca-
tion of churches and missions on map ? Seating
capacity of churches ? Church attendance ? At-
tendance of men ? Sunday-school enrollment ?
Sunday-school attendance? Comparison of day
school and Sunday-school in enrollment and in
attendance ? Number of paupers ? Arrangement
for their care ? Number of saloons ? Their loca-
tion on map ? Number of houses of prostitution ?
Redeeming a City 105
Their location on map ? Efforts to reach this class ?
Religious work for prisoners ? Estimate and locate
the gi-eatest religious destitutions of the city? Is
an adequate effort being made to reach them ? Is
the land of effort proper? What is the duty of
your denomination in this case? of your church?
What is your duty?^
To say that preaching the Gospel is the sovereign 21. The
remedy for these evils is to speak tlie truth but in ®°^® ^
the most general terms. To name the Church of
Christ as the agent for this high duty is to deal
in generalities. The Gospel is to be preached by
the Church. Is there nothing more to be said ?
The Gospel is a system of truth and the Church
is an organism specially designed by God to relate
this truth to the life that now is as well .as that
which is to come.
First amongst the constructive religious forces 22. Preach-
in the city is the regular, faithful preaching of ^^^^j^
the truth by trained preachers filled with the Holy
Spirit. The open church with its strong sennon,
ennobling praise, its up-lifting prayer, its cor-
dial welcome for rich and poor alike is still blessed
by God as the mightiest agency for saving men.
Personal work, organized bands and boards and
various societies are efficient helpers, but nothing
should be allowed to diminish our respect for and
confidence in scriptural preaching.
'This method was aoplied to NsshviUp.Tenn.. and suburbs, with
a population of 102.000 under the direction if Mr. J E. McCullocl^t
See his book "The Open Church for the Unchurched.'
106 The Call of the Home Land
23. In Tents Experience is teaching ns that there are multi-
tudes that will not come into a church. It be-
comes necessary to go out after them. In some
of the cities, notably in Philadelphia, effective
campaigns have been planned by holding preaching
services in tents in vacant lots in the most crowded
districts. This movement has extended to other
cities, as 'Ne'w York, Baltimore. It has won its
right to be a permanent method of making the Gos-
pel kno^vn.
24. Special Within the last two or three years special evan-
gelistic services have been held in many cities with
blessed results. For months before the advent of
the evangelists the religious forces of the city art.
trained for work. The city is carefully districted,
and a central church is selected for special services
in each district. Strong preachers tell the story
of salvation, re-enforced by effective singing and
persistent personal work. To bring those who are
interested to a decision for Christ and to gain ac-
cess to them for further personal work, cards are
distributed by the workers, to be signed by
these interested, collected at the close of the
meeting and given out to the pastors. In con-
nection with these tent meetings and special evan-
gelistic efforts, the active co-operation of Christian
men and women is needed in advertising, in seek-
ing the unconverted, in instructing inquirers, in
singing, and in financing the work.
Redeeming a City 107
One of the most powerful agencies in the hands 25. The
of the Church for the salvation of a city is the school
Sunday-school. The old idea of this school has
proven inadequate to the task imposed upon it. It
must now be under some responsible control, thor-
ougly organized into departments, — Primary, in-
cluding the Cradle Roll and Beginners' Class;
Junior; Intermediate; Senior; Xormal; Home;
Missionary. Its instruction must be graded, pro-
viding for progressive teaching in memorizing the
Bible ; Bible History ; Bible Doctrine ; Bible Geo-
gi'aphy ; Bible Literature. Its worship, which in-
cludes its reading of the Bible, its prayer, its
praise, and its offerings, must be interesting, ele-
vating, and spiritual. Its methods must be digni-
fied, practical, tested and adapted. Its great domin-
ating two-fold object must be kept ever in view —
to bring souls to Christ and build them up in
Christ. The modern city school is equipped with
a specially desig-ned building, which is provided
with suitable furniture, with maps, charts, litera-
ture, and whatever else may help to promote its
purpose in existence.
In all the chief cities of America, and in scores 26. The
of the smaller ones, the evangelical churches unite ci^ristian
Associflition
in the support of the Young Men's Christian As-
sociation and Young Women's Christian Associa-
tion, This powerful and progressive work of but
little more than a half century's growth has ad-
mirably adapted itself to the physical, social, in-
108 The Call of the Home Land
tellectual and spiritual needs of the young men and
young women. It affords an unhindered oppor-
tunity for religious work of every kind. In its
secretaryship is to be found a life-work worthy
of the best of our young men and women.
2,7 j-,ay -^ powerful ally of the Church in the uplift of
School the city should be the public day-school. This
institution of the State draAvs to itself by the mil-
lion people of every class and nationality. In many
places in addition to intellectual training it offers
courses in manual training and in domestic eco-
nomy. Into its very heart the Bible should be put
as the foundation on which our civilization rests.
28. Visita- In many of our cities organization exists to
* promote friendly visiting. Thus persons volim-
tarily band themselves together to visit in a purely
friendly way the homes of the poor, of the unfor-
tunate, of the sick, and of strangers. This agency
can be used more extensively than in the past to
extend the influence of Christianity. In many
instances trained nurses are employed, who may
become powerful witnesses to the healing grace of
the Lord Jesus.
29. Settle- In most of our large cities there are companies
ments q£ pg^gons who for philanthropic or Christian rea-
sons live together in settlements to which the people
of the neighborhood may look for social enjoyment,
for helpful counsel and for comfort. They are
provided with reading rooms, games, baths, kitch-
ens, gymnasia and other appliances designed for
Redeeming a City 109
their purposes. They all no doubt do good, but
those are most to be commended that are openly
Christian and seek to make Christ known when-
ever possible.
To the shame of our civilization it becomes so. Rescue
necessary to establish homes for the rescue of
women, who through temptation have lost their
chastity. These institutions have been greatly
blessed by God, especially in reaching women who
have not been hardened in sin. Thousands have
been thus reclaimed and given back to society to
live usefully and happily.
One of the most powerful and successful agen- 31. The
cies now at work amongst the ignorant poor and ^^^y*^°'^
sinful classes of the city is the Salvation Army.
Originating in England not far from a quarter of
a century ago it has spread widely throughout the
cities of the world. It consists of a great army of
Christian workers, most of whom, perhaps, are
the fruits of its own labors, who under a certain
form of strict discipline give themselves with wond-
erful zeal and self-denial to testifying for God in
halls and on the streets. They conduct rescue mis-
sions, boarding houses, industrial establishments,
and farms for the protection of those who comp un-
der their influence.
As you have estimated the place and influence of 32, a city
the city in our modem life, have seen something and You
of the forces of good and evil contending for its
subjection, and have measured the efforts that are
110 The Call of the Home Land
being made for its redemption to God, have you
asked yourself the question, "What claims has
Jesus upon me for the investment of my life in
an effort to make his Gospel 'the power of God
unto salvation' in my city?"
Questions and B^lnts.
1. How did cities originate? Gives some ac-
count of the origin of the city near or in which
you live. Do you know of a city that has perished ?
Why?
2. Give some account of the increase in the
number of cities in the United States? In your
own State ?
3. Compare the growth of Charleston, S. C, and
Atlanta, Ga. Why the difference ?
4. What influence have cities on business ? What
is your trade centre ? Why ?
5. Why do men of executive power go to the
cities ? Do you know of such cases ? What re-
sults ?
6. Why are cities the centres of manufacturing ?
What is made in your city?
7. Why do cities become distributing centers ?
8. Estimate the influence of cities on education ?
Is this influence wholesome ? Why were or were
not you educated in a city? How did it affect
you?
9. Why do races, nationalities or classes settle
Redeeming a City 111
together in cities ? What effect has this on its life ?
Describe a visit which you have paid to a certain
"quarter" of a city.
10. Describe the general conditions existing in
a slum. Make your own definition of a slum.
11. Why is it difficult to describe the religious
life of a city ?
12. Is it good for the life of the churches in a
city to be divided into classes? Why?
13. What is apt to be the effect of a forma]
church life on those who are outside it? Would
formality be an improvement on some conditions
which you have seen or heard of ?
14. What tests help to make the city religious
life truly genuine? Name one or more distin-
guished Christian workers or thinkers, who were
trained in a city. Can you trace the influence of
the city on their lives ?
15. Why do the great preachers go to the cities ?
Is your answer worthy of you and them ? Is their
course justifiable ?
16. Why are the great denominational boards on
societies located in the cities ? Where are those of
your own church ? What would be the probable
effect of their removal to the country ?
17. Why are religious activities better organized
in the city than elsewhere ?
18. What forms of sin seem to thrive most in
cities ? Why ?
112 The Call of the Home Land
19. Carefully estimate the real religious pro-
blem of the city.
20. Give in outline an analysis of the religioui
condition of the city that you know best.
21. What is the general remedy?
22. Give an estimate of the influence of preach-
ing.
23. What are the general effects of tent work?
24. Lay out a plan for an evangelistic campaign
in your city.
25. Give somewhat in detail the advantages of
the Sunday School in city work. What is your
school doing? Are you trying to help or to hin-
der?
26. What is the peculiar sphere of the Young
Men's and Young Women's Christian Association ?
27. How may the public school become an ally
of religion? Is it such in your town?
28. What is friendly visiting?
29. If you have the opportunity, visit a settle-
ment. Describe the chief lines of work there
done. Is Jesus Christ directly made known
through it ?
30. Do you know anything of the Crittenden
Homes for fallen women?
31. Make a visit to the nearest Salvation Army
headquarters and thoroughly investigate the work.
Make a detailed report on what you see. Estimate
its value.
32. What definite thing can you do for the re-
I
Redeeming a City 113
demption of the men and women of your city?
Will jou do it ? Are you doing it now f
I
VI
A Problem of Isolation : The Mountaineees
OF THE South.
From northern 'New York to the foot hills of i- Their
]N^orth Georgia and Alabama, in the general di-
rection of northeast and southwest, with scarcely
a break in the mighty chain stretches the Appalach-
ian System of mountains. At its heart is the
primitive gTanite. Its sides are covered with
grass, bushes, and trees. Its valleys are fertile
and most beautiful to look upon. From these
heights the waters flow into the Great Lakes, the
Atlantic Ocean, or the Gulf of Mexico. In their
depths are hidden immeasureable treasures of iron,
coal, copper, zinc, lime-stone, marble, pyrites, slate,
salt, oil, with here and there a dash of gold.
Across them a dozen or more great railroads have
built their lines into the grain fields of the West,
while shorter lines are helping to bring all parts
of this favored region close to market and are
opening their vast resources in raw material to
the enterprise and science of man. On the tops
and sides of these great mountains there are beau-
tiful hotels and splendid sanatoriums for the pleas-
ure and healing of the people. The region is one
of the most beautiful in the world and will soon
115
116 The Call of the Home Land
be the playground and sanatorium of the whole
Atlantic seaboard. The system reaches its high-
est point at Mt. Mitchell, which is 6,710 ft. high.
2. Phygicai The section of this region north of Virginia
has been developed further than that from Vir-
ginia south. It is not proposed here to study this
northern section. We wish here to look into the
conditions existing in the mountain counties of
Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Arkan-
sas, and Missouri. The following table gives ap-
proximately the number of counties in each State,
their area, population, illiteracy and foreign born
citizens, according to the Census of 1900.
Virginia
87
17,700
638,039
90,400
2,413
■West Virginia
21
12.593
280,679
30,015
5,860
North Carolina
29
12,292
460,483
83,287
1,081
South CaroUna
4
2,679
162,059
81,680
458
Georgia
27
8,710
349,910
53,433
648
Alabama
27
19,790
744,381
133,732
8,510
Tennessee
40
15,853
678,397
100,028
4,050
Kentncky
42
15,251
583,427
93,848
2,790
Arkansas
29
21,265
506,885
50,918
6,064
Missouri
10
7,314
166,556
13,145
2,665
Total 266 133,506 4,570,816 680,431 85,134
3. Soil, One of the peculiarities of these mountains is
Rivers,
Climate
Rivers, ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ wooded to their tops. On some of
Mountaineers of the South 117
the highest peaks in Korth Carolina there are
"balds," considerable acres without trees but
covered with rich grass. The Indians of the re-
gion had a tradition that these balds marked the
foot-prints of the Evil Spirit as he stepped from
peak to peak. The sides of the mountains are
composed often of fertile soil. The valleys and
coves are famous for their productivity. The
whole region is watered by abundant springs,
brooks, creeks, and rivers, which sparkle in the
sunlight and sing as they descend. The climate
is most healthful. In the summer it is cool, and
in the winter, cold, sometimes severe, but always
bracing.
Here are vnst primeval forests of spruce, white 4^ products
pine, yellow pine, cedar, poplar, walnut, oak, hick-
ory, birch, maple, hemlock, drawing thither lum-
bermen, who are fast cutting away these riches.
Crops of wheat, rye, barley, buckwheat, oats, com,
and grass are easily raised. On the mountain
sides the fields are small and often so precipitous
that plowing becomes there a fine art indeed.
In the valleys however there are farms of several
hundred acres, level and most attractive. Huckle-
berries and blackberries grow wild in great per-
fection and abundance. Apples, peaches, plums,
and cherries are plentiful and fine. Herbs used
for medicine or for flavoring extracts are found
in large quantities. Apples from this region are
famous in the great markets of the world. The
118 The Call of the Home Land
delicious Albemarle pippin goes from the moun-
tains of Virginia to the royal tables of England.
In the Ozark Mountains of Missouri and Arkan-
sas thousands of acres have been planted in apple
trees with enormous profits to their owners. Gar-
den vegetables of almost every kind flourish to
great perfection.
5. Isolation This region, so charming and resourceful within
itself, is by a provision of nature isolated. The
huge mountains have proved strong barriers
against the approach of good turnpike roads and
railroads. The turnpike as a rule scarcely de-
serves the name, although there are notable recent
exceptions. The skill of the engineer is taxed to
build a railroad up their sides and through their
tops. Telegraph lines have not yet left the rail-
road line as a general thing. The telephone is
rapidly bringing the people in close touch with
the outside world and into internal fellowship.
These physical conditions are largely responsible
for the state of the people. A story is told in one
of these mountain sections of a man who many
years ago chose a location for a home, built a house,
cleared away the forest, and prospered. Real-
izing that he should have a wife, he sought in vain
for one in his own settlement. He decided to
go further, and some ten miles away in a neigh-
borhood separated from his by bad roads and a high
mountain he found a lady who suited him. He
promised if she would becoine his wife t-o take her
The Mountaineers of the South 119
to live in another State, a hundred miles away.
At the appointed time for the marriage he ap-
peared with his wagon, ready for the long journey.
After they w^ere made one, he took her hy a very
circuitous route to his own home. She lived there
for two years in blissful ignorance of the location.
Happening one day to climb the mountain near by,
she was attracted by the familiar sound of a cow-
bell. Following it she came upon the cow that she
used to milk and was thus led to her old home. The
world of education, of enterprise, and of progTess
has been shut out; the people have been shut in.
Isolation explains the facts to a very large degree.
As we have seen, within the resrion lives a popu- ^ The Peo-
. . ple-Their
lation of 4,570,816. Of this total population only origin
35,134 or .0074 per cent are foreign born. Here
then is a people of remarkable homogeneity and
of exceptionally pure American birth. Their
names and traditions indicate their English, Scotch,
Irish, French, and German origin. There are
more people of unmixed colonial ancestry in North
Carolina, perhaps, than in any other State of the
Union. In these mountains the names and cus-
toms of colonial times exist to such an extent that
the people may be called modern colonials. They
went to the mountains originally for various reas-
ons. Many went for pure love of adventure, led
by the pioneer spirit Others left the eastern
sections of the States because they did not own
negro slaves and would not compete with slave
120 The Call of the Home Land
labor. Slavery never existed in this region to any
great extent.
7. Classes Here as elsewhere differences of birth, educa-
tion, wealth and character divide people into
classes. Isolation explains the fact often notice-
able that one neighborhood differs materially from
one a few miles away. A family settled in a
certain valley years ago and its descendants have
owned it for several generations. In this way
family traits have been powerfully impressed upon
the region. Upon another neighborhood, not far
away, another family with different origin, train-
ing, and traits impresses itself. Because of these
local differences, it is very difficult to make ac-
curate general statements. To think of all the
people in this vast section as alike in all respects
would be a great mistake. Here may be found peo-
ple of education and wealth, who own large estates
and live in beautiful houses and enjoy the pleas-
ures and employments of the most refined society.
It is not to be forgotten that in this region are
included the rich and populous valleys of Virginia
and East Tennessee, besides a great number of
smaller ones, where the people are prosperous,
cultered, and devout in an unusual degree. Then
there is a large class of small farmers, who live
in humbler homes but with considerable comfort
and with the most perfect independence. A third
class may be seen in almost every community, con-
sisting of people who do not own th^iv homes, but
The Mountaineers of the South 121
who rent land, or work as day laborers. The
mountains do not possess a monopoly of this class
surely.
The family that is specially worthy of our lov- s- Their
ing- ministry lives near the road on the side of Material
the mountain or in a cove. Their house is built
of hewn logs, fitted together. Since the advent
of the steam saw-mill the houses are being made
of sawn lumber and are much more roomy and
comfortable. It is a mistaken idea, however, that
a log house is always uncomfortable. If it is wel]
built and plastered, it is both cool in the summer
and warm in winter. It has two or three rooms with
a '^loft," or garret. It has a plain door and two
or three windows, often without glass, which can
be closed by heavy shutters. The cracks between
the logs have been closed partially by mud or
plaster. There is a chimney made of rough Btones,
and a large fireplace which often serves the triple
purpose of cooking, heating, and lighting. One
room is used exclusively for sleeping and com*
pany. The other serves as dining room, kitchen,
and pantry, besides holding a bed or two. The
furniture is very simple indeed and scant. The
cooking is done over the open fire in pot, or pan,
or oven. In many cases cheap cook stoves are
lending their aid to the burdened housewife.
Their food consists of corn-bread, sometimes flour
biscuits, bacon, sometimes fowls or game, with
vegetables in season. The finest honey from home-
122 The Call of the Home Land
made hives and preserves put up by the wife are
at hand. Outside there are chickens and some-
times geese. At the spring not far away there is
a pot for boiling and a tub for w^ashing the clothes.
In the rude stable there is a horse, with a wagon
outside. Farm tools are few and simple. In
the yard are a few bright flowers, while apple
and peach and cherry trees are nearby. In this
simple home lives a man with his wife and from
three to ten children. He does not ask for pity
and will promptly resent the least show of conde-
scension. His iscolation has cut him off from op-
portunity, and his improvidence tends to seal his
destiny. His poverty discourages effort, and sim-
ple inertia helps to keep him where he is. The sec-
ond class referred to in section seven has also
been powerfully affected by isolation. They have
been shut off from good teaching and intelligent
worship imtil they fail to appreciate the value of
both. They can pay moderate sums for schools
and are coming to estimate aright their responsi-
bility and privilege. They respond at once to
friendly efforts to help them help themselves.
9. Educa- Some figures concerning illiteracy have already
tionai. Ijeen given. But they do not tell the whole story.
These counties are divided into school districts
whose location and size are not always determined
by intelligence and usefulness. Sometimes the
board of education is composed of unintelligent
though honest and earnest citi^ns; sometimes it
The Mountaineers of the South 12a
is controlled by small designing politicians. The
school houses are often rude and uncomfortable
log houses, with little or no furniture. The
teacher is likely to be poorly equipped and has sore
need to be taught himself. A well informed and
devoted friend of the mountaineers tells this anec-
dote : "A friend related an incident that gives an
insight into the situation in some of these com-
munities. While making his way on horse-back
from the railway station to a summer resort hotel,,
he was accosted with the following plea by a des-
perate looking individual sitting on the road side :.
'Mister, can't you help a fellow out of a mighty bad
fix ? Them chillun at the school has got more
sense than I've got; and I am afeard they'll find
out that I can't work this here sum, and I'll lose
my place.' Upon asking him to state the problem,
it proved to be the following: 'If one yard of
calico cost 7^ cents, what would 8 yards cost ?' "
The school term in most of these counties is pain-
fully short. In seven typical mountain counties
of North Carolina and Tennessee it averaged in
1901 seventy-six days a year. In almost all these
regions a public library is unheard of, and books
are scarce everywhere. The public men are sel-
dom well educated, though numbers of them are in-
telligent and thoughtful. Truly these conditions
call for serious thought and vigorous action. The
situation is not hopeless, since decided progress
has been made in the last few years.
124 The Call of the Home Land
10 Reiigrious A very great mistake is often made in suppos-
ing that the mountain people are morally much
■worse than others. Such is far from the case.
That the wide-spread lack of education places
them at a serious disadvantage is not denied. But
the people are very religiously inclined. There
are many church organizations among them and
preachers in plenty. The church buildings are
often rude log houses, and the preachers suffer
for lack of broad education. Services are held
not more than once a month in these churches.
By far the greater portion of the people are Bap-
tists and Methodists, the majority probably being
Baptist. The sermons that they most enjoy and
for the most part hear are in the main long dis-
'Cussions on abstract doctrines, very frequently of
a narrow, denominational character. An edu-
cated minister once preached in this region, his
sermon being about thirty minutes long. After
worship the following conversation occurred. A
native preacher asked him, "Are you educated ?"
*'Yes," said the minister, "I have been educated."
"How long did you go to school ?" "Well, I was
four years in college and three years in the theo-
logical seminary." "And after all that schooling
you can't preach but half an hour ! Why any of
our preachers can preach two hours without going
to school at all." Sunday-schools are not main-
tained in all the churches, and, where they do
The Mountaineers of the South 125
exist, they are in great need of equipment and bet-
ter teaching.
Of course it is diflacult to name characteristics t^rt^jcs**^
that will apply universally over so wide an area,
and among people differing so in condition. It is
believed that the following are general To a
marked degree the people are honest. Dwellings
and bams are left without fastening and without
fear of depredation. Almost without exception
the people are hospitable. Poor they may be and
unprepared to entertain guests, but a respectable
and worthy person is sure to be welcomed to all
that the people have. A widespread peculiarity
is failure to appreciate aright the sacredness of a
promise, especially as to matters which appear to
be of small importance. They are rather un-
demonstrative and at first non-committal, but
this arises from their purpose to shield them-
selves from imposition and to maintain their
independence. In some of the communities
their is a sort of tribal feeling running through
the large family connections, and violence, real
or fancied, done to this feeling meets with
prompt, vigoroug, and often fatal treatment.
Their independence is everywhere a most notable
trait of character, and it asserts itseK in all pos-
sible ways. The position of inferiority given
women among the second and third classes named
above is a most lamentable fault There is a story
to the effect that in reply to some questions of a
126 The Call of the Home Land
stranger a mountain woman once said, "Men and
dogs has an easy time in these parts, but its auful
hard on women and steers." The whole concep-
tion of the relation of woman to her husband, to
the children, and to the work of the family sadly
needs radical change. They are intensely relig-
ious in temperament. They believe in God and in
the Bible and in the Church. Skepticism is rare.
They love to go to church and delight in religious
controversy, being often quite skilfuU in debate.
12. Respon- 'pj^g mountaineers are not worse than other
slveness,
people. They have not had what might be called
a full American chance. They have been and are
isolated. They are truly virgin soil. Their
greatest need is opportunity. A new desire to
know, to do, to be, is spreading abroad, and op-
portunities for betterment are eagerly seized.
From these mountains have come a number of
leading men in all the States where they lived. In
the Revolutionary War it was a band of mountain-
eers of the better class from ^North Carolina and
Tennessee who marched horseback through dense
forrests and in the face of great hardship finder
their brilliant leader John Sevier, to fall upon the
Brtish at King's Mountain, and, to quote Thomas
Jefferson, "That glorious victory was the joyous
annunciation of that turn in the tide of success
which terminated the Revolutionary War with the
seal of independence." In every great crisis of
the nation they have furnished their full share of
The Mountaineers of the South 127
men who dared to die for their convictions. To-
day in the Southern schools, colleges, and univer-
eities the young men and women from those sim-
ple mountain homes are making brilliant records
in scholarship in the face of difficulties that would
overcome people of less sturdy and resourceful
stock.
It must be distinctly understood that any 13. Methods
method of work that may be adopted must be °* Work
carried out in the spirit of pure brotherliness.
The spirit of criticism, of condescension, of pity
will be at once detected and resisted with the ut-
most determination. To this grand work the
Church and the School must go hand in hand.
The fundamental conception of the church must i4. The
be broadened. There is need of better church ^^
buildings to cultivate the spirit of reverence. The
preaching must be altered from narrow sectarian
j discussions to such a treatment of the Bible as
' will show its relation to the life that now is. Care-
fully trained ministers of the Gospel must go to
them with large resources, with constructive power,
and with a vast love for the people. To such
leaders they will give a warm welcome and a large
place in their lives. Sunday-schools are needed
in every neighborhood where twenty or more per-
sons can be brought together, to be organized,
equipped, and conducted according to modern
ideas. The people need pastorial care of the most
instructive, encouraging and spiritual kind in every
128 The Call of the Home Land
direction. The best religious literature is needed in
the form of books, papers, and tracts. Evangelis-
tic meetings are required, in which the people are
moved to action by emotion fed upon careful in-
struction and by consciences enlived by the pure
Word of God.
16. The The whole educational equipment and process
School jjgg(j reform. The public school must be awakened
to a sense of its opportunity to instruct, to unite,
and to advance a whole generation. The people
will gladly come together to hear addresses by com-
petent men on the nature and value of education,
and no mas meetings are needed. Here the
church is lending its aid with the most encourag-
ing results. For scattered over most of this re-
gion nuder the controll of different denominations
are excellent schools, conducted with modem ideals
and methods. Besides secular learning these
schools teach the Bible systematically and care-
fully. In thousands of cases isolation, poverty
and lack of intelligence make it impossible for the
homes to provide the best condition for rearing
children. In such cases boarding schools intro-
duce the boys and girls into the best home condi-
tions available. There is urgent need for schools
that will teach domestic science, gardening, farm-
ing, wood and iron working, and the care of ani-
mals.
16. Sell It is true that while the redemption of a peo-
^^^^ pie from ignorance, poverty, and sin may be suc'
The Mountaineers of the South 129
cessfuUy begun by outside persons, its completion
can be accomplished only by the people them-
selves. Whatever redemptive forces may be em-
ployed by generous and devout friends, the dis-
tinct purpose should everywhere reign to teach the
people to raise themselves. Native mountaineers
must be educated to be teachers and preachers
among their own people.
It is difficult to name the good results already 17. Resvats
reached. The spirit of improvement is spreading
abroad in the great mountains. The material con-
ditions which have existed for generations are rap-
idly changing with the advent of the railroad and
the sawmill. Better trained ministers are even
now at work. The school is answering to the de-
mands made upon it with some traces of modern
efficiency. But the most blessed results have been
reached through the education and conversion of
hundreds of resourceful young men and women,
who have returned to their homes representing a
new era and humbly taking their places in the
home life to redeem it and to raise it to God.
What are these magnificent mountains saying I8. The
to me? They call me to rest, to recreation and g^^jj
to pleasure. They welcome me to climb their rugged
slopes and to stand on their high-lifted summits
and gaze into the blue distance where the ^'far-
flung line" of peaks disappears. At my feet there
are thousands of natives, honest, hospitable, eager,
responsive, and resourceful people, isolated, shut
130 The Call of the Home Land
in upon themselves and shut out from God's large
place. The restless, hungry city yonder calls me
to enter its struggle, and it represents power, in-
fluence, position. As I gaze, Jesus Christ comes
up the path, and, standing at my side, looks into
the great valley below with longing eyes. He goes
down the path, beckoning to me, and together we
go into the isolation, the hunger, the sin, into the
infinite promise of human life made rich and
beautiful by his touch.
Questions and Hints.
1. Get out a good map and study carefully the
location of the Southern mountains. Bring to the
class objects gotten in this region, or pictures of
its scenery and life.
2. In what States do these brothers live ? Study
the statistics until they speak to you.
3. Can you verify the description of the soil,
rivers and climate?
4:. Are the products of the region sufficient to
sustain its life ?
5. Estimate the influence of isolation. Its
causes. Compare it with Chinese isolation.
6. Give some account of their origin. Trace
some of their family names to their source, such
as Sevier, Benfield, Buchanan, Vance, Burleson,
Banner, McCoy.
T. Describe the classes of people. How did
they originate ?
The Mountaineers of the South 131
8. Give in jour own words a picture of a moun-
tain home ?
9. Report upon their educational condition.
10. How do their religious characteristics differ
from those of your community ?
11. What of their responsiveness ? Make a list
of leading inen in American history who came
from the mountains. What did each one in your
list do ?
13. What spirit must characterize remedial
work?
. 14. Estimate the work to be done by the church.
15. The value of the school.
16. Why should native workers be trained?
Discuss the question of self-help as related to evan-
gelization.
lY. What results from work done?
18. May not Jesus Christ be calling you to give
your life to these brothers in isolation?
Books of Reference.
Literature on this subject is chiefly in the form
of leaflets, pamphlets and reports.
Write to your denominational Horn.? Missionary
Board or Society for information..
Reports of Southern Board of Education, Uni-
versity of Tenn., Knoxville, Tenn.
Reports of U. S. Commissioner of Education,
Washington, D. C.
132 The Call of the Home Land
At Our Own Door, by S. L. Morris.
Heroes of the Cross in America, by Don O.
Shelton.
vn
A Problem of Reconstruction : The Country
Church.
In a group of twenty-nine students in the Col- i. Point of
lege Conference for the Southwest, there were sev- °"**
enteen men whose parents were from the country,
and twelve of the men came thence themselves. It
is undoubtedly true that most of the people who
live in the Central, Western and Southern Statejt
are close to the country, and have pleasant recol-
lections of their own, or of their grandparents'
rural home. Perhaps it was not far from tliis
home to the country church where the family
went to worship. The building was plain in its
white and green. It stood not far from the cross-
roads in a small grove of beautiful trees. Just
a little way from it was the burying ground where
our kin for generations have found a resting place
till the trumpet of God shall wake them. Just
down the hill was the spring where the thirsty
crowds went for sweet cool water. Here and
there in the grove were hitching posts where the
horses were tied. On preaching day it was filled
with horses, mules, wagons, buggies and carriages.
Inside the house the pews were plain, and the floor
uncarpeted. At most two stoves furnished the
heat for the winter. A small cabinet organ to one
side near the front showed where the choir sat.
133
134 The Call of the Home Land
The pulpit was unadorned, consisting of a plat-
form on which Avere a desk for the Bible and hymn
hook and two chairs for the minister and an occas-
ional visiting brother. "Sweetly simple," we say.
Yes ! But here it was that the people learned of
God and of one another, and the fires of faith
were kept aglow, and reverence was cultivated,
and love grew strong. Some who study these
pages will be going back there one of these days as
pastors, and many to live and work and die. We
need to study the conditions carefully.
^'r. ^^.*®"^^ This church was once large and flourishing, but
Conditions ^ ^ , . .
(1) Small now it is weak and small. This state of affairs is
and Weak ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ changes in the population. Many of the
old people have died and the younger generation
has moved away. Sometimes it happens that a
village has grown up some miles away around a
railroad station and the people have moved their
membership there. What is to be done with the
remnant ? The old must be comforted and the
young must be trained. In many cases the church
differs from the one just described in that it is
small because it is new. Its future depends upon
its being nurtured now.
(2) Large "
and Strong- There are still left many large and strong rural
churches, their membership numbering several
hundred. Its supporters are prosperous farmers
who take an honest pride in their church relations
and give time and money and thought to their
maintenance.
A Problem of Reconstruction 135
As above indicated the rural churcli buildings (3.) Plain
are severely plain in architecture, as a general rule^
In this respect they are protestant indeed. They
are uncomfortable in the winter and far too little
care is bestowed on them. Of course there are
notable exceptions, where the buildings are large
and handsome, giving evidence of the refined taste
and wealtli of the community.
It is difficult to estimate the average size of the (4> sman
country church. The majority of them belong to edtSmber-'
the Methodist and Baptist denominations. On the ship
whole, perhaps, their average membership num-
bers less than 150 communicants. By the very
nature of the case they must be scattered, in not a
few cases, families living seven and ten miles from
the church.
In some of the older and richer States of the (6) Bad
Eftst the rural districts are blessed with many miles
of graded and macademized roads, a journey over
which is a delight. But throughout the land at
large the roads are bad indeed. In the summer
time they are endurable, but in the winter and
early spring their condition makes them often im-
passable. ^STot long ago a progressive pastor
preached a sermon to his country church on "Good
Eoads as a Means of Grace."
The American climate is favorable to out-of- (6) inciem-
door life for the greater part of the year, but in "^
every section there are months of frost or rain. It
is hard on man and beast to drive for miles over
136 The Call of the Home Land
rough roads in a storm to find shelter in a cold
building or stand tied exposed to the cold and wet.
(7.) Unsuit- Xhe improvement in the quality of the vehicles
ableVehi- n , , i i i
cies used by country people has been great m recent
years, and will continue to be greater with the in-
crease of wealth and the betterment of the roads.
But in multitudes of cases, especially amongst the
poor, open buggies, Avagons or carts are the only
means of getting to church besides walking,
3. inteUec- In many rural districts the people are well edu-
(1.) improv- cated, their homes are supplied with good reading
iner and they are interested in matters far beyond their
immediate surroundings. ISTevertheless it is true
that for various reasons country people are not
generally as well educated as their friends who live
in town or city. And so the country church faces
the problem of ignorance as well as of sin.
(2.) stim- In thousands of country districts the church ia
Ediics^ion ^^® strongest stimulus to education in existence.
Its very presence brings light, and its supreme
struggle is with the darkness. In the early set-
tlement of this country the church and school house
stood by one another in more senses than one, and
the prophet on Sunday was the preceptor on week
days.
°Life "^^^ church is the center of the social life of
many a rural community, and should by all means
be made more and more the supreme influence
thereof. This is manifested in many ways.
A Problem of Reconstruction 137
The teaching and preaching services on Sunday ( i ' The
more frequently and regularly bring the people i^etin^
together than any other occasion. The routine of
the farm-life or the weather has kept the people
close at home during the week. On Sunday neigh-
bor meets neighbor on the friendliest terms at the
church. Here they exchange news about their af-
fairs and often lay wise and useful plans for the
common good. Here strangers are introduced and
cordially welcomed to the hospitalit}'' of the neigh-
borhood. In their worship they are drawn together
and made homogeneous. On these occasions the
preacher is, humanly speaking, the most powerful
constructive force in the life of the whole region.
The burial of the dead brings the people to- puneraf
gather under circumstances peculiarly favorable
to the cultivation of sympathy and kindly service.
All weep together.
In the marriage of the young the whole church <3) The
is interested, and for weeks this happy event is the
chief subject of conversation. All rejoice to make
the young folks happy, and the community is
united in rejoicing.
More and more these days the church is bring-
ing its people together to cultivate acquaintance,
and teach people to be interested in one another.
This custom is more observed in to^vn and city
than in the country at present. But it is surely
making its way to the most remote localities. At
tliese occasions an excellent opportunity is afforde4
138 The Call of the Home Land
for the cultivation of social graces and manners,
and the young are taught -wholesome forms of
recreation. One of the most serious defects in
American rural life is the lack of social organiza-
tion. The first duty of the church is to save men,
not to entertain them. But one of the surest ways
to keep them saved is to keep them interested in
one another and wholesomely entertained. The
country pastor may well study tlie science and art
of entertaining people in groups.
(5) Hospi- Qj^g Q-f -f-jjg most marked graces of the country
church is its hospitality. Everybody is cordially
welcomed by everybody, and one is often embar-
rassed by the very abundance and warmth of invi-
tations to the houses of the people. Upon this
grace the social life of the church rests, and it
should be carefully cultivated.
6. spiritiiai Such is the material, intellectual and social life
Lifs
of the average country church. This is the sub-
stantial environment in which its spiritual life
must grow. AVhat is that spiritual life ?
' Pure^and Faith lives easily in the country ; in the city it
Simple is kept alive with difficulty. Here men see God in
the works of his own hands, in the great silent for-
ests, in cloud and sunshine, in the varied pro-
cesses of nature, like the growing of grain and the
instincts of animals. Here they hear his voice in
the singing of the birds and in the roar of the
storm. Here in the cali^ and silence they can heal
him speak in the chambers of their souls. Thej
A Problem of Reconstruction 139
believe in the Bible, in the Church of Christ, in
tlie power of simple goodness here and in the real-
ity of the hereafter. In the conutry men believe.
Country people happily are the great conserva- f^) inertia
tives of our national life. IsTew ideas spread slowly
among them, and they unwillingly part with an old
idea simple because it is old and they are ac-
quainted with it. This habit of mind is specially
noticeable in spiritual matters, and tends to be-
come pure inertia. They are too often prone to
stay in their present state of mind and heart and
conscience and activity. Powerful influences from
without and from within must be brought to bear
wisely and persistently to move them to new activ-
ities and to sustain them.
The final reliance of the rural church, as of all <3' ^^p-
. ports
churches, for the origin and maintenance of its preachin{?
spiritual life is the Holy Spirit sent from God in
answer to believing prayer. But in its support
he is pleased to use certain human agencies. The
first of these in importance is the regular faithful
preaching of the Gospel. Emphasis should be put
upon the supreme value of the stated preaching of
a regular pastor. Inferior preaching is not de-
sired in the country more than elsewhere. The
very best is needed, the whole message of God
should be spoken, not merely the emotional and
hortatory element. There is pressing need of care-
fully planned courses of earnest teaching, furnish-
ing a broad and deep basis for the building of
140 The Call of the Home Land
strong characters, a mighty setting forth of funda-
mental truth in its relation to life. Experience
has shown that lasting good com.es to these churches
from carefully planned evangelistic services held
during the summer season or lato fall vt^hen farm
work slacks somewhat These occasions have
proved the spiritual birth-place of thousands of the
best workers in the land.
Sunday ^^^ ^^ ^^ most notable facts of our day is the
School truly wonderful growth of the Sunday School
movement in extent and power. On the ISTorth
American Continent there are no fewer than four-
teen millions directly engaged as teachers, oiBcers
or pupils in this gracious work. The old idea of
this institution as a place where pious persons with
more or less fitness gather the children of the
Church for more or less effective teaching and
worship is giving place to a better. God's blessing
has ever been on this work, however unskilled the
workers and however imperfect their methods. The
modem school comes with a sufficient course of in-
struction, with dignified ideals of worship, with
adequate material equipment and with an admira-
bly adapted organization to bring all the people
under its saving and uplifting power. In its sim-
plest form it does not require elaborate buildings
or expensive apparatus, but in an effective way
gathers the children and grown people of a com-
munity for the study of the Bible and for worship
of the most high God. In its piore elaborate forms
A Problem of Reconstruction 141
it is fully equal to any reasonable task laid upon
it One of its chief elements of usefulness in the
country is that it does not require the presence of
preachers or of professionally trained persons,
however desirable they may be. It meets every
Sunday and is alveays an invitation to study and an
effort at redemption. Time and again rural
churches have been kept from perishing by theii*
Sunday Schools. The wise worker in the rural
districts will give particular attention to the growth
of the Sunday School.
It needs no argument to prove that religious Books
books and papers are powerful allies in the sup-
port of the spiritual life. The Sunday School
library is the fountain from which many a thirsty
youth has drunk. It is a sad fact that from ignor-
ance, poverty or carelessness, or from all three
combined, the average country home is ill supplied
with good literature. Libraries of good religious
books can now be rented at a reasonable rate for
a limited time. A little co-operation in any con-
siderable neighborhood will result in raising funds
enough with which to start a church library.
A review of the facts above recited will impress
one with the thought that the forces, material, so-
cial and spiritual, now at work are not specially
favorable to the rural church. Its regeneration is
of the highest importance because the churches
themselves considered are eminently worthy of
it. It must be considered that the town and city
6. Its Re-
generation
142 The Call of the Home Land
churches are recruited largely from this source.
If these members are well taught and well trained
at home, then their entrance to the new and larger
life of the city will not draw them from the
church. To the country church we have learned
through long years of experience to look for a fresh
supply of ministers. How shall this regeneration
be effected ? First of all it should be repeated that
this work must proceed from the Holy Spirit. It
must come from within. Illumination, vision, de-
sire, conviction, adequate action, result from his
presence in the heart and life of the Church. ISToth-
ing should be allowed to obscure this momentous -■
fact. All progress is the result of the union of
divine and human energy. Some effective methods
are here suggested.
(1) Social f°
Betterment Communities are not regenerated in a moment i
as a whole. Each individual must be changed.
This fact does not in the least alter the necessity,
of dealing with the Church as a whole, each con-
gregation being regarded as a social unit. Plans
large enough to affect the whole must be devised,
and adequate action must be initiated. One great
dominating policy must be adopted, and all the ele-
ments of the whole must be brought to contribute
to its out-working. About fifteen years ago in
Toronto a young man just from the seminary took
charge of a new field. At the first service in spite '
of a good deal of advertising there was no one
present except the minister and some students who
A Problem of Reconstruction 143
bad come to aid bini. But the young man had a
vision, and towards it he worked patientl}', rely-
ing on God for guidance and results. By and by
this work began to gather persons around it and a
church was organized. From the first the young
man sought to have them see his vision of a church
committed as a whole to the firm belief that it ex-
isted to make Jesus known in all the world. They
caught the vision and to-day there are four hundred
and fifty members with a pastor at home and one
beyond the seas. The social unit was moved in the
direction of the vision.
T-.-iT . n 11 (2) Sunday
it IS indeed a serious matter for a church to schooiim-
neglect to use to its fullest capacity the modern provement
idea of Sunday School work. I^To other argument
is needed than that children and youth, hitherto
the largest field of its endeavors, are w^orth saving
for their own sakes. Our zeal should be quickened
when we remember that this is one of the church's
most effective agencies for salvation. Then, too,
upon the salvation and training of the young de-
pends the effectiveness of the Church of to-mor-
row. Through the home department and special
classes for adults the Sunday School is giving proof
of its ability to deal with the mature life of the
Church. The Church of to-morrow is present in
the young life of to-day. 'No pains therefore should
be spared to bring the Sunday School in the coun--
try to the highest degree of efficiency.
144 The Call of the Home Land
(3) Younff In addition to the Sunday School, whose chief
^^c^etfes work is to study the Word, nearly all denomina-
tions to-day encourage the organization of Young
People's Societies, whose principal care is to train
for work. Millions of young folks scattered over
the whole earth are now being trained to habits of
definite daily Bible study and prayer ; to conduct
a prayer-meeting acceptably; to study, pray for,
and give to, missions; to take active part in hun-
dreds of ways in the work of the local church. The
leadership of the churches is involved in this mat-
ter of training the young to take the places left
vacant by their parents, or to step out with high
purpose to undertake some new line of work. This
work undoubtedly has peculiar difficulties in the
country, but none are insurmountable.
8 The In- Beyond all doubt the minister of the Gospel is
strmnents ^Yiq chief human ae-ent in this reconstructive work.
( 1 ) Ministers ^ . . i i i j
In numberless cases ministers, young and old, need
a new vision of the condition and relations of the
country charges. They are too often viewed as a
practice ground on which to gain experience for
town or city work. The author wishes to record
here his conviction that, after a ministerial life of
twenty-three years spent in country, town and city,
as teacher, pastor and secretary, he has never done
a piece of work that was more appreciated, or more
immediately and permanently fruitful, than the
three years spent in ministering to four widely
scattered country churches. His heart turns to
A Problem of Reconstruction 115
them jet with deep longing. Men of the highest
ability, with the most genuine culture, aflame with
zeal for their work, and d^a^vn by a real love for
the people, are the supreme human need of the
struggling country churches.
ISText in efficiency to the skilful minister is the ' ^ ) Trained
trained worker, man or woman, each in his or her
appointed sphere. N^o man has ever yet seen what
that man is capable of who has given himself en-
tirely ito God's hands to be used as he sees fit. One
of the most pressing needs of our country churches
is for their leaders to go to institutes, conferences
and summer training schools to get their vision en-
larged and to learn the best ways of working. The
officers of these churches in particular need this
experience, and should be urged to use every op-
portunity in reach. The young people are pecu-
liarly susceptible to such influences, and their
leaders should be sent where they can see the best
methods under the most wholesome influences. The
college man in his country home and church has
a special duty to perform. His education is not
to be viewed as a special favor to be enjoyed
alone, but as an opportunity for trained service to
his fellowmen. He should step to the front and
with God's help lead.
For one reason or another our country churches ^3' Orarani
suffer heavily for lack of thoroughly effective or-
ganization. In this age of competition, the insti-
tution that is not organized throughout to do a
146 The Call of the Home Land ]
definite work is doomed to be left behind hope-
lessly. The country church is no exception. The
first principles of organization must be taught,
and effective metliods sought, found and adopted.
The officers of a church should adopt a definite
policy bearing on every phase of the church's life.
Then every member must be brought into a defi- '
nite relation to it. The women must be sought out
and committed to a definite responsibility. The
men must be enlisted, each having his own work
in harmony with the whole. The instruction of
the church on Sunday, in the prayer-meeting, in
the Sunday School, in the homes must be intelli-
gently planned. The training of the young, espe-
cially in Bible and mission study and in prayer
must be planned in the light of God's Word and
of modern experience. The worship of the church
in song and in gifts must be organized to be most
effective. What detail was given to Moses by God
for the organization of his Church ! How it em-
braced all the men and women and children, and !
extended to every conceivable situation! In apos-
tolic days the organization was changed, but it was
no whit less effective. In both cases the Church i
was taught again and again that it is "not by might,
nor by power, but by my Spirit, saith the Lord of I
hosts."
0. Why Multitudes of our young people go from the col-
stand Idle? Yq^^ campus back to the village or country church.
For a few weeks they attend its worship, and touchi
A Problem of Reconstruction 147
its life. Why not lay hold with prudence and joy-
fully to see what good may be done ? Some go
back from college to live in the country. One such
person may be called by God to undertake with his
help the reconstruction of the religious life of a
whole community. Is God calling you ? Will
you do what he wants you to do ? Answer quickly,
''Here am I, Lord, send me, send me !"
Questions and Hints.
1. Did you come from a country church ? De-
scribe its location and physical condition. Give
the description in the text.
2. Why are country churches generally small ?
What sort of buildings do they have? How does
a scattered membership affect their life ? Bad
roads ? the weather ? vehicles ?
3. Estimate the intellectual life of a rural
church ? How does it affect religion ?
4. Give an account of the social life. Estimate
the social influence of Sunday meetings ; of fune-
rals; of weddings; of parties.
5. [N^ame two leading characteristics of the spir-
itual life of the rural church. Other characteris-
tics ? ISTame the chief supports of the spiritual
life. Estimate their relative importance.
6. Why is the regeneration of the country
churches important ? hat three methods are sug-
gested ? Criticize these methods. Give others.
148 The Call of the Home Land
7. What instruments of regeneration are named ?
Whence comes the minister's authority ? Is he to
be obeyed ? What need of trained leaders ? Are
you training to be a leader, if God shall call you ?
Why is organization necessary ? Try to sketch an
effective organization for your country church.
Criticize your plan.
8. Make a complete list of the things you can do
for your home church in country or village. Will
s^ou do them all ?
vm
The Making of a Boy : Box's Club.
Boys are everywhere, and not one should be
lost. What can be done to save them for God and
for society ? It will be well to study them with
the utmost care. Let us analyze one if we can.
I. His Body.
The greatest fact about a boy's body is its well- i. itsCon-
nigh ceaseless activity. There is an intimate re-
lation between health and morals. So it is of
importance to keep his body well. Cleanliness
likewise influences character, perhaps to a far
greater extent than many of us think. Plenty of
soap, water, and towels is the first condition to-
ward his regeneration. A weak boy is apt to b«
cowardly and scheming ; a strong one, overbearing
and aggressive ; a deformed one, distrustful of
himself, suspicious of others.
The great end is to get a boy to take care of 2. its caxe
himself. To this end appeal should be made di-
rectly to reason. If that fail then resort to pride.
If that fail a friendly talk with parents may be
tried. It should always be private, and great tact-
fulness is required. Caution is needed to pre-
vent hurting a boy's feelings, or offending his
personality. When an honest effort is made to
149
150 The Call of the Home Land
improve, wise commendation is good medicine.
3. itsEne- Enemies, cruel and eager, lie in wait for him.
™^®^ Laziness is one of the chief of these, leading to
stagnation. Dirt comes easy, stays easy, and seems
natural, but it is an enemy. Then tobacco, es-
pecially the cigarette, strikes at nerves and heart.
Beer and whiskey beckon him under the guise of
good feeling and good fellowship. At the age of
puberty, lust or sexual desire, coming as a new ex-
perience, is apt to lead to unchastity. Friends,
too, abound for the boy. Play is his natural ele-
ment and is designed by God for his good. Well
adapted work develops his habits of concentra-
tion and persistence, laying a foundation for fu-
ture industry. Soap and water, liberally applied
in frequent baths, keep the body fresh and clean.
Well directed athletics secure orderly development
of bodily powers and tend directly to manliness
and skill. A boy needs to practice restraint upon
certain tendencies to eat too much. A firm hand
on a boy's shoulder has kept many a fellow
straight.
II. His Mind.
1. Its Type Mental powers differ greatly in boys, and so it
is wrong to pour them all into the same mould, or
to require the same work from them all. One boy
likes mathematics; another, geography; another.
j Making of a Boy 151
physicial science ; another, history. One hoy is a
natural musician, while his companion is in-
fatuated with mechanics. The mental gift should
he discovered early and ho made the key to his
education ultimately.
The chief business of the average American boy a.HisLes-
is going to school, and studying is his occupation sons
for nine months. Here is an easy avenue of ap-
proach to his inner life. Well directed questions
about his books and lessons draw him out soon and
open the way for intelligent sympathy. The wise
leader forms an acquaintance Avith teachers and
makes an alliance with the school. Wise entrance
to his school life gives an nnhindered opportunity
to inspire him to secure a liberal education, a thing
that is within reach of every American boy.
One faces at once the question of his reading, cation out^of
A list of the best five or ten books for boys is a school
valuable possession. Keep them before the boys
until they have mastered their contents. The
habit of reading the best books can be most easily
fixed in boyhood and will be a source of power and
happiness to him always. His taste should be
carefully watched. It is a good plan to teach boys
to begin early to form their own libraries and to
aid them in the selection and purchase of the
books. A friendly visit with some boys to the
public library will open a world of opportunity
to them.
152 The Call of the Home Land
4. Absorp- A bo J learns more perhaps out of school than
AssimUation i^ ^^- ^^ ^^ts on the world around him like a
sponge on water — absorbs it. He is one enormous
interrogation point to all nature and persons. In-
quisitiveness is his chief mental quality, and side
by side with it is its correlative, acquisitiveness.
Kearly every time he asks a question he gets a fact.
Memory comes promptly to his aid and the newly
gotten fact is laid away for future use. Visits
to museums, zoological gardens, menageries, pic-
ture galleries, long rambles in the woods — all may
be m.ade powerful allies in the education of a boy.
The important thing for the leader of boys in their
education is to become informed as to conditions
and enter with real sympathy into their struggle
with m€'n, books, and things.
III. His Sotji/.
1. Its Con- Observation and the Bible unite in teaching
dition •, . .
that a boy's soul is sinful. He does wrong natur-
ally ; it is a struggle to do right. The fact is shown
in many different ways in different boys, and some-
times in the same boy. Down at the root of his
thinking, of his feeling, and of his action some-
thing is wrong. It must be made right before the
only permanently satisfactory results can be got-
ten.
2. itsReeren- This soul must be touched by the Holy Spirit
and given spiritual life and poweij ISTo other's
building:
Making of a Boy 153
power is equal to the task, and no other's act secures
the result.
This quickened and awakened soul must turn to 3- its Oon-
, 1 . ^ 1 . T 1 • •. tj: version
goodness by its own tree choice and begin its lue
of captivity to the Lord Jesus Christ.
The struggle toward perfect manhood being 4. Ks up-
f airly begun must be continued forever. This
soul once sinful, now regenerated and turning its
face to God, needs spiritual nurture. Through
Bible study, prayer, and Christian work, it is fed
and grows towards the supreme ideal in Christ.
These four fundamental facts about the spiritual
life must never be lost sight of or obscured. By
careful attention to each a boy's spiritual life will
manifest itself in a genuine type of Christianity.
A boy being asked once by his pastor what it ^ a Boy's
was to be a Christian replied, "A Christian, Sir,
is somebody that loves Christ and does what he
commands." The boy had gone straight to the very
root of the mater — love and obedience. Now a boy
will not manifest his love, nor prove his obedience
in the same way that an adult will. Our supreme
task is to bring a truly healthful type or religion
to bear upon his mind, his heart, his conscience,
and his will, and let his growth be free. Certain
traits will surely need to be taught proper expres-
sion. He will be changeable from year to year,
or even much more frequently. His idealism will
be always in evidence, for the tries to be the men
be reads about or sees every day. Always and
154 The Call of the Home Land
everywhere he must be doing things. His religion
is nothing if it is not active. As he approaches
manhood he thinks less of gratifying himself than
of serving others ; his altruism becomes evident.
Few things can be more hurtful to a boy's religious
life than to force it into types perfectly proper for
adults.
6. Its In the support of his religious life a boy needs
to be trained to the proper use of the Bible.
(1) HiB The leader's problem is of a threefold nature.
How can he make the Bible interesting to boys?
How can it be made to appeal to him ? How can
it be made helpful ? The Boy's Department of
the International Committee of the Young Men's
Christian Association may be consulted with pro-
fit on all these points. There is not room here for
the discussion. Of one thing we should make sure,
if possible, and that is the formation of the habit
of daily Bible reading by the boys.
Prayers "^^ mother's knee is the best place in all the world
to learn the first lesson in prayer. But by and by
the boy ceases to pray at this altar. He needs in-
struction as to what makes an intelligent and spiri-
tual prayer in its elements of praise, confession,
petition, and intercession. By skilful dealing, a
boy may be induced to lead in prayer. Here, as
in Bible reading, we should earnestly try to have
the boy form habits of daily prayer, so that it will
become a. normal part of his life.
Making of a Boy 155
The boy's natural love of action can easily be (3) His
used as the basis for teaching him how to work for
the church. Two considerations must be kept in
mind here — that the work must be adapted to hia
capacity, and that it must be varied. It is best not
to allow him to originate or direct his activity at
first, but as he gains wisdom by experience, en-
courage him to think of things to do and of the best
way to do them.
IV. A Boy's SuRnouNBiisrGS.
It may not be improper to speak of his ancestry (i) Ancestry
in this connection. Too much is sometimes made
of the influence of heredity. But no one who hopes
for success in dealing with boys can afford to be
blind to the physical, mental, and spiritual ten-
dency which comes with the blood. Appeal to
family history is sometimes a powerful stimulus
to a boy.
By home is not meant simply the house he lives (2j his
in, for that is the shell of the home, but the place Home
plus the personal influences and interests located
there. "No one can deal with a boy successfully
who does not know his father, mother, brothers and
sisters. The home must be known, whether it is
rich or poor, or neither; whether it is in the
country, village, town or city. It is well to know
what sort of a place the boy's room is, for it is
apt to be an expression of the boy's tastes and
habits.
156 The Call of the Home Land
C3> His A boy's associates are an index to his character,
Groip because he chooses them freely, if left alone, and
he chooses them because they suit him. His en-
vironment is fixed for him, because he is not self-
controlling. It is of the highest importance to
know the size and constitution of the group of
which he is a part. Its origin, leaders, purposes,
history — in a word its life must be accurately
known. Its influence on the boy is certainly one
of the most powerful that aifects him,
( 40 His _^Q mentioned above, the school claims most of a
boy's waking hours for five days in the week and
nine months in the year. It fills a very large
place in his surroundings. Its size, its quality, its
life, its direct influence, and that of the school-
spirit must be reckoned with.
t5) HiB For three months every summer, the boy is free
from the restraints of the school. Its freedom is
at once his danger and his opportunity. Help him
to plan for it. He must be occupied in some way.
What shall be his work ? Where ? His hours ?
His associates ? What is to be the spirit of his
work ? Temptations will come in the shop or store
or office. Can we help him to bear them ? The
possession and free use of his money is another
temptation. Where is he to go for his outing ?
Is it to be in the country, by the sea shore, or in
the mountains, or on some welcoming farm ? Is
he to travel ? It may be made an opportunity for
his improvement in all matters. It is sure to bring
Making of a Boy 157
; its temptations. Teach him how to make it a
! blessing to himself and to everybody about him.
Possibly his outing is to be on the co-operative
plan in the establishment of a club camp under
1 wise leadership. The time and place must be
I selected with care. The equipment must be plain
! but sufficient — a tent, or tents, heavy blankets,
rough clothes, and old shoes, tin cups and plates,
iron knives and forks and pewter spoons, tin pans
and cans, frying pan and dutch oven, kettle and
i water bucket. Things to eat in great abundance,
i but good and wholesome. Then come balls and
bats, tennis balls and rackets, fishing hooks and
, lines, and axe and hammer and nails, some simple
medicines and needles and thread and buttons.
. Then Bibles and some good reading for leisure
I hours fill out the essential equipment. What pos-
I sibilities lie locked up here for social mingling
with the boys when they are most inclined to
communicate and are open to direct influences.
The great purposes of the outing must be kept
well in view — recreation; personal acquaintance
and the discovery of points of contact ; Bible study
and nature study; and direct personal work for
Christ.
V. Working With Boys.
Secure grip upon them can be secured only after (i) How to
much thought and prayer. Ill considered plans ^®*^°^^
158 The Call of the Home Land
will not answer here, the strain is too great. One
must seek the parents, so that after consultation
mutual understanding and co-operation may be
gained. Boys must be visited 'personally to get
them to talk and let you into their lives through
the exhibition of their treasures — "things." An
informal, and now and then a formal, invitation
to your home will help to get hold on them. The
discovery of a boy's "gift" will give you an im-
mediate entrance to his life ; he will feel that you
understand him. After all one must have certain
adaptability to boy-life, whether natural or ac-
quired, and then persistence and patience must
come to the rescue.
(2) How to Boys love action and variety. Satisfy their love
Hold on £qj. ]3q^^ ^\^q inventive faculty must be used to
the fullest extent to inform and interest and lift
them up. Boys gifts, as for mechanics, music, art,
declamation, &c., should be cultivated. The in-
exhaustible resources of tact, the irresistible force
of unchanging determination, and the introduction
of God's power through prayer will all be needed.
Think of the beauty of redeemed boyhood, and the
glory of the manhood that is to be.
(3) Meeting's Enough has been said above to indicate the pur-
for study p^gg ^^^ methods of this meeting. It should be
and Worship , , ., , . , . °,
added here that special attention should be given
to the singing of boys. Experience proves that
they love to sing when led skilfully and given the
best words. Get the boys who seem to be able to
Making of a Boy 159
sing best to form a club choir. It will be useful on
many occasions.
Meetings of purely social character should be c4\ social
regularly held with the purpose to satisfy social Meetings
cravings; to cultivate social graces, as politeness,
order, deference, ease of manner, to study boys'
life in action. Their time should be selected so as
not to interfere with school or church duties. The
meeting should be short so that the boys' rest may
not be taken from them. If possible, a stated place
should be provided. The cJmracter of this meeting
should be carefully studied. Sometimes it should
be purely recreational, when games, conundrums,
puzzles, engimas, "stunts," and simple dramatics
form the chief items of the program. Sometimes
they should be educational, consisting of lantern
exhibits, talks on science and art and processes of
manufacture. The best stories may be read and
the best jokes told, and all be made glad with
songs.
Every boy's club should make provision for an (6) com-
abundance of comrnittee work. Every merriber ™i**e®
'^ Work
should be on at least one committee. The commit-
tees should be given definite work to do in a stated
time and be held responsible for it. This work
should be divided out until every boy has it under-
stood just what he has to do. All committees and
every member of each committee must be held to
a strict account of the work assigned.
160 The Call of the Home Land
(6) A Mis- ]^^Q boy's club should consider its policy as com-
slonary ^ .•; •■,•,. .."^ ,.
Meeting- plote Without providing lor a missionary meeting.
Both Home and Foreign Missions should have con-
sideration, and plans for it should be made far in
advance. The purpose of this meeting should be to
inform boys accurately about missions, to win their
approval, to gain thir co-operation, and to secure
personal surrender to the idea. It should be in
charge of a missionary committee^ which should be
composed of some of the best loys in the club. It
should meet at a definite time and place, and its
work should be carefully divided out amongst the
members. The program should provide for every-
body's taking some part. It should have variety,
brevity and spirituality. It should have action and
move forivard to a definite purpose. In the club
there should be a mission study class, to be com-
posed of eight or ten earnest boys under a com-
petent leader. A definite text book should be taken
up and regular lessons recited at a certain place
and time. The meeting should instruct the boys
in the principles of and encourage them to practice
scriptural giving, which is individual, systematic
and proportionate. Here too they should learn to
sing some of the really great missionary hymns.
These meetings may be greatly improved if the
boys have access to curios, photographs, books,
leaflets, charts, scrapbooks, and now and then en-
joy a really good missionary address, especially
from a missionary.
Making of a Boy 161
VI. A Boy and Jestjs.
Boy's clubs have different objects in view. Some
are purely social; some are industrial; and some
have more than one purpose. From the christian
worker's standpoint there can be but one great,
dominating purpose, viz. : to bring boys to Christ
and bring them up in him. All the plans that
have been suggested herein are intended as helps
in this direction. If they do not lead to him they
fail of their highest aim, however much good they
may do otherwise. The boys around our colleges,
or near our homes present an unsurpassed oppor-
tunity for christian enterprise and work. Boys'
clubs exist in all the great cities and in many of
the smaller ones. The students at Harvard, Prin-
ceton, Ann Arbor, Toronto and elsewhere are doing
an immense good amongst the boys through their
clubs. The Boys' Department in the City Young
Men's Christian Association welcomes the co-opera-
tion of young men. There is need for young men
to enter the boy's secretaryship. Here are the
boys; here are the methods which experience has
tested and approved; and here is the blessed op-
portunity. Here they come — with shouting and
noise and laughter, the precious boys ! Who wiU
take hold and lead them to Jesus Christ as Saviour
and Lord ?
162 The Call of the Home Land
Questions and Hints.
I. Discuss the relation of a boy's body to his
morals. Compare his physical enemies and
friends.
II. How do boys differ mentally ? How can his
school be used as a point of contact? What can
be done to help a boy with his reading ? Can you
make out a list of good books for boys. What does
a boy learn outside of school.
III. Discuss the four fundamental facts as to a
boy's spiritual nature. Do you understand what
is meant by each ? Discuss the leading character-
istics of a boy's religion. What are its main sup-
ports ? Estimate the value of each ?
IV. What influence has heredity on a boy ? Give
illustrations of your answer. What, explicity, does
a home do for a boy? Estimate the influence of
his social group on a boy. Of his school. Describe
an ideal vacation of three months, giving only the
main points.
V. Suggest methods for getting a hold on boys.
How may it be maintained ? Make a program for
an interesting social meeting for boys, l^ame some
of the principles that govern good committee work.
What are the points in a good program ? What
should a missionary meeting provide for in detail ?
VI. What is the all-controlling purpose of a
christian boy's club ? Give some facts to prove that
boys are accessible to you. By corresponding find
Making of a Boy 16S
out what college boys are doing for boy's clubs,
and report on the subject to the class. Find out
what the need is for Boy's Secretaries. What is
your college doing for the boys around it? What
are you doing?
Books of Eeference,
The Boy Problem. Forbush.
Work for Boys. A quarterly journal edited by
Forbush.
The Association Boy. A bi-monthly journal.
From One to Twenty-One. Murray. A pamphlet.
Psychology of Religion. Starbuek.
Conclusion.
In bringing these studies to an end it will be Look Back
well to turn our minds back over the course. We
have seen how the church of Christ came to our
shores and spread over our goodly land; how
the religious destitutions of our advancing fron-
tiers have been supplied by heroic effort; how the
incoming multitudes of foreigTiers challenge us to
bring them into subjection to Jesus ; how the mil-
lions of colored people in the South call urgently
for spiritual uplift; how the intricate problems
of the modern city require vigorous, adequate ef-
fort to redeem it to God ; how the isolation of the
mountaineer must be broken with the offer of a
full American chance ; how the country church
calls for sympathetic reconstruction ; how the mul-
titudes of American boys offer a large field for the
investment of one's life. These are not mere ab-
stract problems, to be investigated and dropped.
They are problems of real life. Here are matters
affecting the quality and permanence of our civi-
lization. Far more, here are matters involving the
immortal destiny of millions upon millions of our
fellow-citizens. To turn from the careful con-
sideration of each of them is to play the coward.
From the backward glance let our eyes be turned Look within
within. The underlying facts in each case in
their relation to us cannot be denied. Our vision
is clear. In each of us who claim Jesus as Lord
165
166 The Call of the Home Land
there is a certain consciousness of power to do
given by the spirit of God. Few there are who
will confess that they have no desire to take part
in this fundamental work; we want to help. To
all of us there comes the clear voice of conscience
urging "You ought! You must! You ought!
You must!" There is no escape from the moral
imperative.
Dt. E. I. Bosworth, that irresistible teacher of
men, has given us a most satisfying definition of
human life. He says, "human life is the situation
created by the infinite ingenuity of the heavenly
Father in which to train his children to use power
after friendly fashion." Living we are, power we
have, God is our father. Opportunities many and
varied has he thrust upon us. Shall we not use
this power for the brothers about us to lift them to
God? Look up. God is near. He calls to-day.
Who will say him nay ?
What shall be the ultimate type of christian man-
hood to prevail in America? There is here now
such a combination of national, racial, and religi-
ous types as the world has never seen before under
one government. We are brothers — all brothers.
Shall we set our faces forward, animated by a
deep-set purpose and inspired by an unfailing hope
that we will here produce such a type of christian
manhood as the world has never seen? The day
nears high noon and is bright. The future is
unfilled, save with the good God, and he beckons
113 to fellowship and glory.
INDEX
Adventists, 27.
Africa, 51; Statistics, 71,
94.
Agents — at work, 32; used,
44, 45, 46.
Alabama, 41, 83, 115; Sta-
tistics, 116.
Albemarle Pippin, 118.
Alleghany Mountains, 32,
37.
America, 16-26, 38, 51, 53,
66.
American — Heathen, 21;
Church Life, 25; Chris-
tianity, 26; S. S. Union,
37, 38, 39; Workingman,
55; Colonies, 41, 72.
Anecdote— Negro, 76, 78-79.
Appalachian Mountains, 9,
115.
Arkansas, Statistics, 116.
Arminian, 24, 25.
Army Statistics, 54.
Articles, Thirty-nine, 24.
Asia, 94.
Atlantic— Coast, 20; Sea-
ports, 22, 35, 115.
Austria — Pop. per sq. mi.,
55.
Baltimore— Lord, 21; City,
97, 106.
Bancroft, 18.
Baptists, 21-23, 25, 27, 32,
167
86, 102, 135.
Barbadoes, 34.
Belgium — Pop. per sq. mi.,
55.
Berlin, 94,
Bible — Translation, 16.
Bibliography, 30.
Blackstone Island, 21.
Books of Reference, 49, 70,
92, 131, 132, 163.
Boston, 72.
Boy— His Body, 149, 150;
His mind, 150-152; His
Soul, 152-155; His Sur-
roundings, 155-157; Work-
ing with Boys, 157-160;
A Boy and Jesus, 161.
Brainerd, David, 22.
British, 40, 126.
Cabot, John and Sebastian,
15.
Calcutta, 94.
California, 31, 40.
Calvin, John, 16, 17; Creed,
20; Calvinism, 25.
Canada, 31, 63.
Carolinas, 20, 32; Statis-
tics, 116; North, 117, 119,
123, 126.
Carter, Robert, 38.
Catholic — Missions in the
U. S., 18; Statistics, 27,
Cavalier, 19, 21, 32.
168
INDEX
Chalmers, Dr. Thos., 38.
Champlain, 18.
Chesapeake, 35.
Chicago, 97.
Christian — Connection, 27 ;
Scientists, 27; Associa-
tion, 107, 108.
Christianity — Entrance
through the South, 17;
American, 25, 26; Cor-
rupt, 51; In U. S., 72.
Christians — at Home, 9,
32; or Disciples, 21, 22,
23.
Church— oldest (Church)
building in U. S., 17;
Statistics, 22, 23, 24;
Government, 25; Boards,
102.
City Missions— No Cities
Once, 93; Increase in
Number, 93, 94; Increase
in Size, 94; Business in
Cities, 94, 95; Concentra-
tion of Executive Power,
95, 96; Manufacturing
Centers, 96; Distributing
Centers, 97; Educational
Centers, 97, 98; Social
Life, 98, 99; The Slums,
99, 100; Redemption of
the City, 100; Division of
Classes, 100, 101; For-
mality, 101; Genuine-
ness, 101; Great Preach^
ers, 101; Headquarters
for Church Boards, 102;
Organized Work, 102;
City's Sin and Shame,
103; Real Problem, 103,
104; Scientific Investiga-
tion, 104, 105; Remedy,
105; Preaching in
Church, 105; In Tents,
106; Special Services,
106; Sunday School, 107;
Christian Association,
107, 108; Day School,
108; Visitation, 108; Set-
tlements, 108, 109; Res-
cue Work, 109; Salvation
Army, 109; City and
You, 109, 110.
Colonial Days— Difficulties
encountered, 33.
Columbus, 15, 17.
Conclusion — Look back,
165; Look within, 165,
166; Look up, 166; Look
forward, 166.
Congregationalists, 21-23,
25, 27, 32, 102.
Connecticut Gazette, 73.
Copernicus, 15.
Cortereal, 15.
Cortez, 15, 17.
Cotton, 97.
Country Church — Point of
Contact, 133, 134; Mate-
rial Conditions, 134 ;
INDEX
169
Plain Buildings, 135;
Membership, 135; Bad
Roads, 135; Inclement
Weather, 135, 136; Un-
suitable Vehicles, 136;
Intellectual Life, 136;
Social Life, 136; Sunday
Meeting, 137; Funeral,
137; Wedding, 137, 138;
Hospitality, 138; Spirit-
ual Life, 138; Faith, 138,
139; Inertia, 139; Sup-
ports Preaching, 139,
140; Sunday School, 140,
141; Good Books, 141;
Its Regeneration, 141,
142; Social Betterment,
142, 143; S. S. Improve-
ment, 143; Y. P.'s Socie-
ties, 144 ; Instruments,
144-146; Why Stand Idle,
146, 147.
Delaware, 20.
Denominations, Seven larg-
est, 21.
Disciples ( Denomination ) ,
21; "The Disciple," 24;
(of Christ, 27).
Dissenters, 24.
Distributing Centers, 97.
Dorchester, 19, 72.
Drink Curse, 10.
Dunkards, 27.
Dutch, 20, 24; Reformed
Church, 25, 32.
Edinburg, 38.
Education, 122, 123.
Educational Centers, 97,
98.
Edwards, Jonathan, 22, 36.
Eighteenth Century, 22, 24,
35, 36, 72, 73.
England, 16, 17; English
Colony, 19; Church of,
19, 23, 24, 32, 36; Inde-
pendents, 23; New, 19,
22, 23, 32, 36, 72; Slaves
freed, 72; 109.
Episcopalians, 21-25, 102.
Europe — Condition of, 15,
16; 21, 26, 54, 55, 56, 72,
94.
Evangelical Bodies, 27.
Evangelization, 21. 23, 25,
35-37.
Fifteenth Century, 16, 51,
72.
Foreign Born, Statistics,
98, 116, 119.
Fort Walla Walla, 40.
France, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
54, 55.
French (Roman Catholics
in North and West, 18),
31.
Frontier (Conditions, 41).
(Work, 41-46).
Georgia, 20, 33; North,
115; Statistics, 116.
170
INDEX
German Evangelical Synod,
27.
Germany, 20, 24, 54, 55.
Glasgow, 37, 38.
Gould, Dr. E. R., 55.
Government, Churcli, 25.
Great Britain, 55.
Great Plains, Across, 40.
Greek, 54.
Guinea Trade, 72.
Harris, Joel Chandler, 78.
Hayti— Island of, 17.
Hebrews, 51.
Henderson, Ky., 39.
Henry VIII, 16.
Holland, 16, 17, 25.
Huguenots, 20.
Illinois, 38, 39.
Illiteracy, Statistics, 116;
123.
Immigration, 37.
Immigrants — Origins, Bl;
Numbers, 51-53; What
brought them here, 53-
56; Reception in U. S.,
56-59; Need, 59-61; 65-66;
Methods of Work, 61; Dis-
tribution, 61-63; Work,
63; Schools, 63; Church,
63-65; Great Experiment,
66, 67; Past Results, 67;
P^iture, 68.
Independents, English, 23.
Indians, 19, 21, 22, 32, 40,
41,
Indiana, 39, 117.
Industrial Centers, 10.
Ireland, 35, 38.
Italian, 65.
Jacksonville, 97.
Jamestown, Va., 16, 19, 22,
31, 41, 72.
Jefferson, Thos., 126.
Jerusalem, 68.
Jesuits, 18, 19.
Jews, 27, 68.
Kentucky, 39 ; Statistics,
116.
King's Mt, 126.
Labrador, 41.
Lake Huron, 18.
Latter Day Saints (Mor-
mons), 27.
Liberty (Civil), 16, (Re-
ligious) 21.
Log College, 36.
London, 94, 95.
Los Angeles, 97.
Luther, Martm, 16, 17, 24.
Lutherans, 20, 21, 22, 24,
25, 27, 32.
McCullough, Rev. Jno. H.,
37.
Magellan, 15.
Makemie, Rev. Francis, 34,
35. J
Manhattan, 31.
Manufacturing Centers, 96.
Martin, Jno. C, Education
Fund, 87.
INDEX
171
Maryland, Romanists in,
20, 21; Eastern Shore,
25, 35.
Medici, Catharine de, 16.
Mennonites, 27.
Methodists, 22, 24, 25, 27,
32, 86, 135.
Mexico, 17, 31; New, 31.
Michael-angelo, 15.
Middle States, 20; West,
38.
Ministers, Statistics, 22, 24.
Mission Study, best meth-
ods, 10-13.
Missionary, Home, 44, 45.
Mississippi River, 18, 19,
31, 32, 37, 38, 39.
Missouri, Statistics, 116.
Montreal, 19.
Moravians, 20.
Mormons, 10, 27, 31.
Mountaineers of South —
Their Home, 115, 116;
Physical Conditions, 116;
Soil, Rivers, Climate,
116, 117; Products, 117,
118; Isolation, 118, 119;
The People — Their Ori-
gin, 119, 120; Classes,
120, 121; Their Condi-
tion, 121-125; Character-
istics, 125, 126; Respon-
siveness, 126, 127; Meth-
ods of Work, 127; The
Church, 127, 128; The
School, 128; Self Help,
128, 129; Results, 129;
The Mountains and I,
129, 130.
Mt. Mitchell, 116.
Negroes — Origin, 71; Their
Condition, 71; Brought
out by Force, 72; Ap-
pearance in America, 72,
73; Condition Under
Slavery, 73; Total Re-
sults of Slavery, 73, 74;
Emancipation, 74; Re-
construction, 74, 75;
Some Matters Settled,
75, 76; Present Condi-
tion, 76-86; Some Statis-
tics, 86; Supreme Need,
86-89; Methods, 89; Com-
mon View Point, 89.
Neshominy Creek, 35.
Netherlands, 16.
New Jersey, 20.
New Orleans, 97.
Newport, R. I., 72.
New York, 20, 24, 25, 32,
35, 38, 62, 95, 106.
Nineteenth Century, 23, 37-
41, 56, 74, 77-79, 83, 93,
94.
Norfolk, 35, 97.
Norway, 24.
Odessa, 94.
Oregon, 40.
Oxford, 36.
172
INDEX
Ozark Mountains, 118.
Pacific Coast, 31, 32; 40, 41.
Painting, 15.
Paris, 94,
Papacy, power of, 16; Per-
secution, 20.
Pennsylvania, 20, 32, 35.
Philadelphia, 106.
Pilgrims, 19, 23, 31.
Pioneer Types, 34.
Pizarro, 15.
Plymouth Rock, 19, 31.
Population, U. S., (1775),
22; Foreign born, 51, 52,
53, 55; Negro, 77; U. S.,
93, 94; City, 94, 95; 98,
116, 119.
Presbyterians, 22, 25, 27,
35, 45, 46, 102.
Princeton University, 36.
Printing, 15.
Problem, the first, 22;
Church's, 32; Real, 103,
104.
Protestant, Faith, 19; Be-
ginnings, 19; Colonies, 20,
21; Episcopal Church,
23, 24, 25, 27, 31, 51.
Protestantism, Puritan and
Cavalier Types, 21, 32.
Psychology, Negro, 78.
Puddefott, 31.
Puritans, 19-21, 32.
Quaker, 20.
Quarantine, 56-58.
Quebec, 18.
Questions and Hints, 27-30,
46-49, 68-70, 89-92, 110-
113, 130-131, 147-148, 162-
163.
Races, 51, 66, 67.
Raphael, 15.
Reformed, Faith, 16, 17;
Churches, 25; Dutch, 25,
32, 27.
Religious Life — Europe, 15;
New World, 20, 22; of
City, 100, 102; Original
Forces, 21; Types, 25;
Denominations in U. S.,
27; Persecutions, 55, 56;
124.
Revolutionary War, 37,
126.
Rhode Island, 22.
Rio Grande, 41.
Rocky Mountains, 32, 40,
41.
Roman Catholic — First
Chapel in the New
World, 17; French, 18,
31, 21; Missionaries, 31;
in Maryland, 20; Eng-
lish, 20. 21; 22, 24, 40,
102.
Rome, 94.
Russia, 54, 55, 56.
Saint Lawrence River, 18,
3L
Saint Petersburg, 94.
INDEX
173
Salvation Army, 109.
San Miguel. 17, 31.
Santa Fe, 17, 31.
Savannah, Ga., 77.
Scotch and Scotch-Irish,
20, 32.
Scotland, 25, 38.
Sculpture, 15.
Seventeenth Centui-y, 19,
20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 34, 72.
Sevier, John, 126.
Sixteenth Century, 15, 16,
17, 18, 40, 72.
Spain. 16, 17.
Statistics, denominations
in U. S., 22, 27; Baptist,
22.23; Foreign born pop.,
51, 52, 53, 98; Army, 54;
Pop., 55; Quantity con-
sumed by workingman,
55; Railroad, 56; Immi-
grant, 62. 63; Africa, 71;
Negro, 72. 77, 79. 80. 82.
83, 86, 87, 98; U. S., 93.
94; City, 94, 95; Bank,
95; Manufacturing Cen-
ters, 96; Educatiou. 97.
116.
Strong's Social Progress.
51, 52, 55, 71, 80, 82, 86,
93, 94, 95.
Sunday School, American
Union. 37, 38, 39. 45, 64,
107, 140, 143.
Sweden, 20, 24.
Tennent. Rev. William, Sr.,
35, 36.
Tennessee, Statistics, 116;
East. 120. 123, 126.
Toronto, 31.
Turk. 54.
Twentieth Century, 79. 93,
96, 116, 123.
Unitarians, 27.
United Brethren, 27.
Universalists, 27.
Virginia, Colony, 19, 23,
32, 34, 35, 116, 120.
Washington. State, 40;
Booker, 80, 82.
Wesley. John, 24, 36.
West Virginia, Statistics,
116.
Westward Movement of the
Frontier, 31.
Whitefield, George. 36.
Whitman, Rev. Marcus. 40.
Williams. Roger. 22.
Workingman. 55.
Yukon. 41.
DATE DUE
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