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v.-"s~''*l-'/r^'I 


THE   CAMBRIDGE  A^X4ENT   HISTORY 

EDITORS 

Volumes  i-vi  Volumes  vii,  viii 

J.    B.   BURY,    M.A.,    F.B.A.  S.  A.  COOK,  LITT.D. 

S.   A.    COOK,    LITT.D.  F.    E.    AD  COCK,    M.A. 

F.   E.    AD  COCK,    M.A.  M.    P.    C  H  A  RLES  WO  RTH,    M.A. 


THIRD  VOLUME   OF   PLATES 


Cambridije  University  Press 
Fetter  Lane,  London 

Neiv  York 
Bomhcuj,  Calcutta,  Madras 

Toronto 

Macniillan 

Tohtjo 
Maruzcn  Company.  Ltd 


All  riy-lits  reserved 


T  H  E 

CAMBRIDGE 
ANCIENT  IIISTOIIY 

EDITED  BY 

S.  A.  COOK,  LiTT.  D. 

F.E.  ADC()CK,M.A. 

M.  P.  CHARLE8W0UTH,  M.A. 


VOLUME   OF   PLATES   III 
PREPARED  BY 

C.  T.  8ELTMAN,  M.A. 


CAMBRIDGE 

AT   THE   UNIVERSITY   PRESS 
1930 


<h^^ 


^o\ 


OCT  2  4m6 


PRINTED  IX  GREAT  BRITAIN 


PREFACE 

The  illustrations  collected  in  this  volume  contrast  in  many  respects 
with  those  of  its  predecessor.  The  latter  was  devoted  almost  entirely 
to  Greek  art;  here  will  be  found  objects  ranging  from  Britain  to 
India,  from  Spain  to  Central  Asia.  This  altered  aspect  is  due  to  the 
fact  that  the  volume  provides  illustrations  for  volumes  vii  and  viii 
of  the  Cambridge  Ancient  History,  which  are  concerned  with  that 
greatly  extended  horizon  of  which  men  became  aware  through  the 
conquests  of  Alexander  and  the  westward  expansion  of  Rome.  Yet 
the  Mediterranean  holds  the  centre  of  interest;  hence  the  products 
of  the  Hellenistic  Age,  sculpture,  painting,  architecture  and  the 
minor  arts,  occupy  the  chief  place.  But,  in  addition  to  the  plates 
illustrating  such  subjects,  there  will  be  found  illustrations  of  Celtic, 
Iberian,  Thracian,  Bosporan  and  Carthaginian  products,  and  of 
numerous  coins  which  have  been  mentioned  in  the  text  of  the 
History.  If  Italy  and  Rome  appear  to  have  received  scant  notice 
this  is  because  the  discussion  of  their  art  is  reserved  for  volume  ix 
and  for  the  plates  which  will  illustrate  it. 

For  the  selection  of  the  subjects  illustrated  and  for  the  com- 
mentaries on  them  the  volume  is  indebted  to  the  writers  of  the 
several  chapters  concerned.  Mr  de  Navarro  has  dealt  with  the 
Celtic  products,  Professor  Schulten  with  the  Iberian,  Professor 
Kazarow  with  the  art  of  the  Thracians.  Professor  Rostovtzeff  has 
described  the  plates  illustrating  his  chapters  on  the  Bosporan 
kingdom,  Pergamum,  Rhodes,  Delos  and  Hellenistic  commerce. 
The  commentary  on  Hellenistic  sculpture,  painting  and  architec- 
ture is  the  work  of  Professor  Ashmole ;  Mr  Charlesworth  has  selected 
the  illustrations  of  Carthaginian  handicraft.  For  the  descriptions 
of  the  coins  the  compiler  of  the  volume  is  responsible. 

The  main  purpose  of  this  book  will  be  achieved  if  it  proves  helpful 
to  readers  of  volumes  vii  and  viii.  Yet  it  may  have  an  interest  of 
its  own.  The  first  volume  of  plates,  it  was  suggested,  might  indicate 
many  of  the  influences  which  contributed  to  the  formation  of  Greek 
art;  the  second  showed  the  growth  of  that  art  to  full  maturity; 
the  third  depicts  the  civilized  world  and  its  barbarian  fringes  eagerly 
borrowing,  selecting,  modifying  the  artistic  ideas  of  the  Greeks. 


PREFACE 

Acknowledgments  are  gratelullN-  made  to  Professor  Ashmole, 
Dr  A.  B.  Cook,  Professor  Ebert,  Monsieur  Gourv,  Professor  Kazarow, 
Professor  Rostovtzeff  and  Professor  Schultcn  for  the  use  of  photo- 
graphs in  tlu-ir  possession,  and  to  the  Directors  of  the  British 
Museum  and  of  the  Austrian  Archaeological  Institute  for  permission 
to  reproduce  numerous  pictures.  The  Directors  of  the  Museums  in 
Berlin,  Cologne,  Copenhagen,  Munich,  Oxford,  Paris  and  Rhodes 
have  either  generously  supplied  photographs  or  sanctioned  the 
reproduction  of  antiquities  under  their  care.  To  Dr  G.  F.  Ilill, 
Keeper  of  Coins  and  ^Icdals  in  the  British  IMuseum,  to  Professor  K. 
Regling  and  Monsieur  J.  Babelon  of  the  Cabinets  of  Coins  in  Berlin 
and  Paris,  as  well  as  to  Monsieur  R.  Jameson  and  Mr  E.  T,  Newell, 
thanks  are  due  for  the  provision  of  plaster  casts  and  photographs 
of  coins. 

Professor  Ashmole  desires  to  thank  Mr  E.  S.  G.  Robinson  of  the 
British  Museum  for  selecting  the  coins  illustrating  portraiture  on 
p.  164;  Mr  de  Navarro  thanks  Professor  and  Mrs  Chadwick  for 
assistance  on  various  points.  The  volume  is,  in  particular,  indebted 
to  Professor  Rostovtzeff  for  the  use  of  eight  of  his  pictures  of 
Hellenistic  terracottas.  Messrs  F.  Bruckmann  of  Mimich  have 
generously  supplied  a  photograph  (p.  178  [b])  which  is  due  to  appear 
in  a  forthcoming  publication  (Hermann,  Denkindler  der  Malerei  des 
Altertums). 

Reproduction  from  the  books  specified  has  been  sanctioned  by 
the  following  publishers: 

C,  A.  Beck,  Munich  (Furtwangler,  Kleine  Schriften). 

E.  de  Boccard,  Paris  {Bulletin  de  Correspondance  Ilellcnique,  1884). 

F.  Bruckmann  A.G.,  Munich  (Brunn,  Denkmdler;  Pfuhl,  Malerei  luid 

Zeichnung  der  Griechen;  Schulten,  Numantia). 

The  Clarendon  Press,  Oxford  (Rostovtzeff,  Iranians  and  Greeks  in  South 
Russia;  ib.  History  of  the  Ancient  World). 

W.  de  Gruyter  and  Co.,  Berlin  (Ebcrt,  Ueallexikon  der  Vorgeschichte; 
Iliunann,  Magnesia  am  Maeander;  Knackfuss,  Das  Rathaus  von 
Milet;  Wiegaud  and  Sclirader,  Priene). 

Propylaen-Verlag,  Berlin  (Rodenwaldt,  Die  Kunst  der  Antike,  Hellas 
und  Rom). 

Sccmann  and  Co..  Leipzig  {Zeitschrift  fiir  Bildende  Kunst,  1003). 

Societc  fran9aise  d'Editions  d'Art,  Paris  (Pergame). 

vi 


PREFACE 

The  Staff  of  the  University  Press  again  deserve  grateful  acknow- 
ledgment for  their  accurate  care. 

Upon  the  outside  cover  is  a  design  representing  a  bronze  statuette 
in  Berlin.  It  is  of  the  third  century  B.C.  and  represents  a  Gallic 
slinger  with  a  horned  helmet  and  wearing  a  torque  and  a  belt. 

C.T.S. 

October  19.30 


VU 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

COINS  PAGE 

of  the  Achaean  League,  Sinope,  Byzaiitiuni.  AntigonusGoiiatas, 
Abdera,  Areus  of  Sparta,  Cleomenes  III  of  S})avta  2 

of  Bactria,  Pergamum,  Arsinoe  II,  Agathocles  of  Syracuse  4 

of  Rome  6 

of  Rome,  Beneventum,  Locri,  'Romano-Campanian'  issue  8 

of  Rome,  Flamininus,  Philip  V,  Xabis,  Orophernes,  Spain, 
Syracuse,  Emporium,  Gades  10 

of  Macedonian  Regiones,  Phihp  Andriscus,  Juventius  Thahia, 

the  ]:)aby  Antioclius,  Antiochns  IV  P^pijjhanes  12 

of  Timarchus,  Antiochns  VI  Dionysus.  Tryjjhon.  Simon  ]Mac- 
cabaeus.  John  Ilyrcanus,  Pergamum,  Ephesus.  Rliodes  14 

of  Phocaea.  Massiha.  Southern,  Eastern  and  Xorthern  Gaul, 
Britain  (Kent  and  South-western  region),  Paimonia,  Dacia, 
Moesia,  the  Boii,  Rhode,  Emporium  16 

of  Sparadocus,  Seuthes  I,  Amatocus  I,  Teres  11,  Eminacus, 
Saratocus,  Bergaeus,  Hebryzelmis,  Cotys  L  Cerso)3lej)tes, 
Cetriporis,  Scostoces,  Seuthes  III.  Lysimachus,  Cax'arus, 
Mostis,  Sadalas  18 

of  Samos,  Panticapaeum,  Apollonia,  the  Sindians,  Carthage  20 

THE  CELTS 

Contents  of  a  Rhenish  chieftain's  grave  22 

Marne  Chariot-])urial  24 

Objects  from  the  La  Tcne  A  Eastern  Area;  swords,  fibulae, 
armlets,  tores,  pottery  26 

Objects  from  North  of  the  Alps,  La  Tcnc  B;  swords,  libulae, 
armlets,  foot-rings,  tores,  figurines,  rings,  girdle-hooks,  rattle  28 

Objects  from  the  Bavarian  Danube  ^■alley.  La  Tene  C;  swords, 
chains,  spear-heads,  shield-boss,  shears,  tweezer,  fibulae,  armlets, 
tore,  girdles,  pottery  30 

Examples  of  La  Tcne  A  ornamentation  32 

Bronze  flagon  from  Lorraine  34 

Objects  from  Waldalgesheim;  llagon,  ])ucket,  tore,  rings  36 

Pottery;  chip-carved  and  Ilarpstedt  types  38 

Pottery  from  the  Lower  Rhine  and  the  Marne  40 

ix 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

COINS  PAGE 

of  the  Achaean  League,  Sinope,  Byzantium,  Antigonus  Gonatas, 
Abdera,  Areus  of  Sparta,  Cleomenes  III  of  Sparta  2 

of  Bactria,  Pergamum,  Arsinoe  II,  Agathocles  of  Syracuse  4 

of  Rome  6 

of  Rome,  Beneventum,  Locri,  '  Romano-Campanian '  issue  8 

of  Rome,  Flamininus,  Phihp  V,  Nabis,  Orophernes,  Spain, 
Syracuse,  Emporium,  Gades  10 

of  Macedonian  Regiones,  Phihp  Andriscus,  Juventius  Thahia, 

the  baby  Antiochus,  Antiochus  IV  Epiphanes  12 

of  Timarchus,  Antiochus  VI  Dionysus,  Tryphon,  Simon  Mac- 
cabaeus,  John  Hyrcanus,  Pergamum,  Ephesus,  Rhodes  14 

of  Phocaea,  Massiha,  Southern,  Eastern  and  Northern  Gaul, 
Britain  (Kent  and  South-western  region),  Pannonia,  Dacia, 
Moesia,  the  Boii,  Rhode,  Emporium  16 

of  Sparadocus,  Seuthes  I,  Amatocus  I,  Teres  II,  Eminacus, 
Saratocus,  Bergaeus,  Hebryzehiiis,  Cotys  I,  Cersobleptes, 
Cetriporis,  Scostoces,  Seuthes  III,  Lysimachus,  Cavarus, 
Mostis,  Sadalas  18 

of  Samos,  Panticapaeum,  Apollonia,  the  Sindians,  Carthage  20 

THE  CELTS 

Contents  of  a  Rhenish  chieftain's  grave  22 

Marne  Chariot-burial  24 

Olijects  from  the  La  Tene  A  Eastern  Area;  swords,  fibulae, 
armlets,  tores,  pottery  26 

Objects  from  North  of  the  Alps,  La  Tene  B;  swords,  fibulae, 
armlets,  foot-rings,  tores,  figurines,  rings,  girdle-hooks,  rattle  28 

Objects  from  the  Bavarian  Danube  valley.  La  Tene  C;  swords, 
chains,  spear-heads,  shieid-boss,  shears,  tweezer,  fibulae,  armlets, 
tore,  girdles,  pottery  30 

Examples  of  La  Tene  A  ornamentation  32 

Bronze  flagon  from  Lorraine  34 

Objects  from  Waldalgesheim ;  flagon,  bucket,  tore,  rings  36 

Pottery;  chip-carved  and  Harpstedt  types  38 

Pottery  from  the  Lower  Rhine  and  the  IMarne  40 

ix 


CONTENTS 


SI'  \  I  \ 

Ihciiaii  I'oltfiy 

Ibcriim  NVcapons;  Pilion.  Falcnla,  Gladius  II ispdiiiensis 

Iberian  Terracotta  heads 

The  Hoiuaii  C'irfimn  aHation  ol"  Xumantia 
Headquarters  of  Seipio  near  Numaiitia 

1  TALV 

House  of  the  Faun,  Pompeii 

TIIUAC  E 

Thracians  on  Attic  vases 

Reliefs  depicting  Thracian  costume 

Ilchiiets  and  a  sword 

Objects  in  siher;  chain  and  vases  from  Bukyo\  tsi 

Silver  Fibulae 

Funeral  urn  from  Pashakoi 

Objects  in  gold  and  silver;  rings,  armlet,  pendant,  amphora 

Objects  in  gold;  tore,  pair  of  fish 

Objects  in  silver,  jug,  phalera 
Ornaments  of  Scythian  type 

Silver  ornaments ;  phalerae  and  plate  from  Panagyurishte 

Objects  of  Greek  and  Scythian  tyj^e;  silver  bowl,  bronze  bucket 

La  Tcne  objects  from  Thrace;  spear-heads,  sheath,  sword,  bit, 
fibulae 

Objects  from  Kran;  earrings,  ornament,  jug 

Siher-gilt  ])halerae  from  Galice 

BOSPORUS 

Siher  mirror,  Greek  workmanslii]:) 

Gold  cii])  from  Kelernies 

Gold  lish  from  ^'ettersfelde 

Gold  jeweller}^;  earrings,  necklace 

Swords  and  a  sheath 

P^xamples  of  the  Central  Asiatic  Animal  Style 

l?ron/e  pole-tops  and  placjues 

Types  of  (iraeco-Persian  Art;  rhyton,  armlet,  plaques,  engraved 
gem 

Greek  Bronzes;  patera,  stag,  mirror 
Scythian  gold  plaques 


PAGE 

42 
44 
4G 

48 
50 

52 

54 
56 

58 

60 
62 
64 

66 
68 
70 

72 
74 
76 

78 

80 
82 
84 
86 
88 

90 

92 


X 


CONTENTS 

BOSPORUS  (roNt(l)  vm.k 

The  'Royal'  Barrow  near  Kertch  Ot 

Greek  vases  i'roin  Pliauagoreia;  A])hro(lite.  S])hiiix  !)G 

Aryballiis  of  Xcnophantus  !)8 

Greek  \'ase  from  Panticapaeuiu 

Scene  from  Greek  Amphora  1 00 

Frieze  of  a  silver  Ami)hora  depicting  Scytliians  and  liorscs  102 

Gold  Patera  and  siher  bowl  from  Solokha  loi- 

Gold  plaques  originally  sewn  on  garments  100 

Gold  ornaments  for  saddles 

Figures  of  winged  goddess  108 

Gold  ]ilaques,  Indo-IIcllcnic  workmanship  (?)  110 

Gold  |)laquc.  Graeco-Persian 

Gold 'stags  from  Hungary  112 

PERGAMUM 

Marble  Portrait-head  111 

RHODES 

Rhodian  marble  panoply 

Ship's  stern  at  Lindus  116 

HELLENISTIC   SCULPTURE 

Head  of  Ariadne 

Bust  of  IMcnandcr 

Themis 

Selene  1 1 S 

Dionysus 

Demosthenes 

Nile  120 

Female  heads  in  Taranto.  Rome.  Dresden  122 

Figures  of  Tyche  in  Florence,  Budapest,  Rome  12-4 

Victory  from  Samothrace  126 

Laocoon 

Dirce  128 

Draped  female  figures,  from  Hcrculaneum.  Pricnc,  Magnesia  130 

Male  figures,  Hermes,  boy  praying,  boy  taking  thorn  from  his 

foot       '  .  .      .         .  <  ^^^^ 

Head  of  Dying  Persian 

The  Ludo\'isi  Gaul  1  .'3 1 

]Marsyas  and  Scythian  Slave  l.'3G 

xi 


CONTENTS 

HELLENTSTir  S(  T'T.PTURE  {conUf)  page 

(i  a  Ills 
.Mc'iiolaus  carrying  the  body  of  Patroclus  138 

Satyrs 

Head  of  Hermaphrodite 

Head  of  ■  Xiijht '  from  the  Great  Altar  of  Pergamum  1  +0 

Satyrs  from  Pompeii  and  Rome 

Pt)lyhynuua  14-2 

A])hrodite  crouching 

Old  Woman 

Boy  and  Goose  144 

Sleeping  ligures,  Eros,  Hermaphrodite  146 

Part  of  the  Main  Frieze  of  the  Great  Altar  of  Pergamum  148 
Part  of  the  Internal  Frieze  of  the  Great  Altar  of  Pergamum 

Relief  from  Corinth  150 

Head  of  Chiron 

Pan  and  Olympus  152 

Female  heads  from  Pergamimi,  Melos,  Rome,  Athens  154 

Female  figure  from  Pergamum 

A]ihrodite  from  Cajiua 

Ai)lu()dite  from  Melos  156 

^Varrior 

Boxer  158 

Reliefs 

Boy.  by  Stephanus 

Group,  by  Menelaus  160 

Head  of  Epicurus 

Head  of  a  poet 

Head  of  Cn.  Pompeius  Magnus  162 

Portraits  of  Hellenistic  rulers  on  coins  164 

IlKLLEXISTIC  PAINTING 

Achilles  in  Seyros  166 

Paintings  from  Boscoreale  168 

Heracles  and  Omphale  170 

Heracles  finding  Telephus  172 

Painting  in  the  Villa  Item  174 

Copies  of  ))aintings  by  Timomaehus  176 
Mosaic  by  Dioscurides 

Still  Life'  178 

Landscapes  from  the  Odyssey  180 

xii 


CONTENTS 

HELLENISTIC  ARCHITECTURE  page 

Entablature  from  ^Magnesia 
'Hallof  the  Bulls,' Delos 
Miletus;  Bouleuterion  182 

Pergamum,  the  Acropolis  184 

Perganium,  the  Acropolis,  restored  plan  186 

Restoration  of  the  Great  Altar  of  Pergamum 

The  liorologion  of  Andronicus  Cyrrhestes  188 

HELLENISTIC  TERRACOTTAS 

A  Lamplighter,  a  Pedagogue,  a  Gentleman,  a  Slave-boy  190 

An  Actor,  a  Fisherman,  a  Nurse  and  Child,  a  School-girl  192 

CARTHAGE 

Teri*acotta  masks  194 

Representations  of  Tanit  196 

A  Priestess  of  Tanit  198 


xiu 


C  AH  S  III 


COINAGE    OF    HELLENISTIC    GREECE 

\a],  [b]  silver,  aiul  [c\  bronze  coins  of  thv  Acliacdn  Lcagnc,  280-146  B.C. 
\a]  Federal  mint;  head  of  Zeus.  Rev.  monogram  AX  in  wreath. 
\b]  Corinthian  mint;  types  as  last,  but  Pcfjasiis  over  the  monogram. 
[c]  Argive  mint,  Zeus  Amarios.  Rev.  AXAIHN  APrEIHN;  Dcmeter 
Panachaia  seated,  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.  Peloponnesus,  p.  2,  2,  Wt.  2-59  g. ; 
p.  3,  28,  Wt,  2-43  g.;  p,  13,  155,    (vii,  73G.) 

\d],  \e]  Regal  eoins  of  cities  on  the  Black  Sea  after  about  290  B.C. 
|V/]  Si  nope,  tetradraehm  with  Alexander  types  (of.  Vol.  of  Plates,  ii, 
8  [»]),  in  the  field  Zi  and  aplustre.  Newell  Coll.  [e]  Byzaniimn,  gold 
stater  witli  I,ysimachus  types  (cf.  Vol.  of  Plates,  ii,  8[/]);  below 
Athena  a  trident.   Naville  Catal.  xiii,  676.   (vii,  90.) 

[f]  Antigonus  Gonatas.  Tetradraehm  struck  to  commemorate  his 
naval  victory  over  the  Egyptian  fleet  off  Cos  in  258  B.C.  Head  of 
Corinthian  Poseidon.  Rev.  Apollo  seated  on  the  prow  of  the 
"Isthmia,"  the  king's  flagship,  which  was  dedicated  at  Delos;  on 
the  prow  BAZIAGnS  ANTITONOY.  Formerly  Pozzi  Coll.  Wt. 
16-75  g.    (vii,  714.) 

[g]  Antigonus  Gonatas.  Tetradraehm  issued  after  his  defeat  of  the 
Gauls  at  Lysimacheia  in  277  B.C.  Macedonian  shield  on  which  head 
of  Pan  and  pedum.  Rev.  inscription  as  last;  Athena  Alkis,  in  field 
Macedonian  helmet.  Formerly  Poszi  CoU.  Wt.  17  g.  (vii,  107,  201.) 

|/?]  Abdera,  l)ronze  coin.  Portrait  of  Ptolemy  III,  diademed  and 
with  aegis  at  neck.  Rev.  ABAHPITIIN;  griffin  of  Abdera.  Struck 
probably  after  239  b.c,  when  Ptolemy's  general  occupied  Abdera. 
Formerly  Imhoof-Blumer  CoU.   (vii,  719.) 

[i]  Areas  of  Sparta,  310-266  b.c.  Tetradraehm  with  Alexander 
types  (cf.  Vol.  of  Plates,  ii,  8  [«]).  Rev.  inscription  BA5IAE05  {sic) 
APE05.  The  earliest  known  Spartan  coinage.  Lambros,  Peloponnese, 
PI.  lA',  6.    (vii.  99.) 

[_/]  Cleomenes  III  of  Sparta,  aiiout  228  b.c.  Tetradraehm,  Portrait 
with  diadem.  Rev,  AA;  agalma  of  helmeted  Apollo  of  Amyclae, 
beside  him  a  goat,  in  field  wreath.  B.M.C.  Peloponnesus,  p.  121,  1. 
Wt.  16-56  g,  (vii,  719,) 


1^  '^ 


H 


[/>J 


v*."-^^  try     /  s;       »?.    j,.^- 


i^.„  i 


[/'] 


COINAGE  OF  BACTRIA,  PERGAMUM, 
EGYPT  AND  SYRACUSE 


[a],  [b]  Bactria  and  Sogdiana  under  Diodotus,  about  250  B.C.  Tetra- 
drachms.  A  portrait  of  the  same  ruler  appears  on  both  coins.  Rev. 
Zeus  luirhng  a  thunderbolt,  eagle  bel'ore  him.  [a]  BAHIAEfiZ 
ANTIOXOY.  [h]  BAZIAEIiZ  AIOAOTOY.  BMX.  Scleucid 
Kings,  p.  15,  18.  W't.  16-05  g.  B.M.C.  India,  Greek  and  Scythic 
Kings,  p.  S,S.   Wt.  16-66  g.   (vii,  719.) 

[c]  Philetaerus,  ruler  of  Pergamum  and  vassal  of  the  Seleucid  House, 
284-263  B.C.  Tetradrachm.  Portrait  of  Seleucus  I.  Rev.  <1>IAETAI- 
POY;  Athena  seated.  B.M.C.  Mijsia,  p.  114,  28.  Wt.  16-82  g. 
(vii,  709;  viii,  590,  601,  612.) 

[d]  Eumenes  I,  king  of  Pergamum,  263-241  B.C.  Tetradrachm. 
Portrait  of  his  uncle  Philetaerus.  Rev.  as  last  coin.  Ibid.  p.  115,  31. 
Wt.  16-99  g.    (vii,  709;  viii,  591.) 

[e]  Arsinoe  II.  Silver  tetradrachm.  Before  270  B.C.  Head  of  the 
queen  wearing  diadem,  stephane  and  veil.  Rev.  APZINOHS 
<l>IAAAEA<t)OY;  eagle  on  thunderbolt.  B.M.C.  Ptolemies,  p.  43,  7. 
Wt.  13-97  g.    (vii,  97,  703.) 

[/]  Syracuse  under  Agathocles  as  strategos  autokrator,  316-304  B.C. 
Tetradrachm  with  old  Syracusan  types.  Head  of  goddess  sur- 
rounded by  dolphins.  Rev.  §YPAKO§II2N:  four-horse  chariot, 
triskeles  above.   Bibl.  Nat.  Paris.    Wt.  17-2  g.    (vii,  621.) 

[g]  Syracuse  under  Agathocles  as  king,  304-289  b.c.  Tetradrachm. 
KOPAS,  head  of  Kore.  Rev.  AfAOOKAEIOI;  Nike  erecting 
trophy,  triskeles  in  field.   Bibl.  Nat.  Paris. _  Wt.  17  g.   (vii,  634.) , 


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ROMAN    COINAGE 


Borne,  cast  bronze  libral  af>,  about  end  of  fourth  century,  or  first 
half  of  third  century  b.c.  Head  of  bearded  Janus.  Rev.  prow  of 
ship,  above,  [  (sign  of  value).  Brit.  Miis.  The  average  weight  of  the 
Roman  hbral  as  is  327-45  g.    (vii,  -1.33.  007,  608,  662,  663.) 


6 


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ITALIAN    COINAGE 


[a],  \b]  Koine,  cast  bronze  libral  semis  and  uncia,  part  of  the  same 
series  as  the  as  (p.  6).  [a]  Head  of  Jupiter,  S  (=  semis)  below.  Rev, 
prow,  S  above,  [b]  Head  of  Bcllona.  Rev.  •  under  prow.  Brit.  Mus. 
(vii,  6C2.) 

\c]  Beneventum,  bronze  coin  struck  after  268  B.C.  BENEVENTOD, 
head  of  Apollo.  PROPOM,  h<jrse  and  pentagram.  B.M.C. 
Italy,  p.  68,  1.   (vii,  608.) 

[d]  Silver  didraehm,  *"  Bowaun-Campaiiian,''  having  the  same  types 
as  [c],  but  on  the  obv.  ROMANO,  and  on  rev.  star  instead  of  penta- 
gram.  Brit.  Mus.   Wt.  6-84  g.   (vii,  608.) 

\e]  ^ Bomano-Campania)!^  didraehm.  Head  of  Heracles.  Rev. 
ROMANO;  she-wolf  suckling  twins.  Brit.  Mus.  Wt.  7-06  g.  (vii, 
367,  608.) 

[/]  ^ Bomano-Campaniaii''  didraehm.  Bearded  head  in  crested 
Corinthian  helmet.  Rev.  ROMANO:  bust  of  horse,  behind  ear  of 
corn.  The  head  and  ear  of  corn  are  Metapontine  types;  the  horse's 
bust  Carthaginian  (cf.  below,  p.  20  [/]).  Brit.  Mus.  Wt.  7-45  g. 
(vii,  608,  649.) 

[g\,  [}i\,  [i]  Bornan  silver  usually  ascribed  to  268  B.C.  Denarius, 
quinarius  and  sestertius  with  marks  of  value  X,  V  and  HS  behind 
the  head  of  Roma.  Rev.  ROMA;  Castor  and  Pollux  on  horseback, 
stars  above  them.  Brit.  Mus.  Wts.  4-32;  2-24;  1-07  g.  (vii,  489,  608, 
663.) 

[j]  Locri  as  ally  of  Borne,  about  275  B.C.  Didraehm.  Head  of  Zeus 
resembling  that  on  coins  of  Pyrrhus.  Rev.  AOKPflN:  Locri  as 
niSTIZ  placing  a  wreath  upon  the  head  of  the  seated  PXIMA. 
B.M.C.  Italy,  p.  365,  15.    Wt.  7-08  g.   (vii,  654.) 

[/v]  Borne,  struck  bronze  as  reduced  to  uncial  standard  after  217  B.C. 
Types  like  those  of  the  libral  as  (p.  6),  but  over  the  proAv  S  AR,  the 
beginning  of  the  mint-official's  name.  Brit.  Mus.  (vii,  433;  viii, 
112.) 


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COIXACiE    OF    c;REECE,    ASIA   MINOR  AND   SPAIN 

[a]  Ronum  denarius,  issued  about  (35  B.C.  bya  descendant  of  M.  Aemi- 
lius  Lepidus,  to  commemorate  his  legendary  guardiansliip  over 
Ptolemy  V  in  201  h.c.  ALEXSAN  DREA:  head  of  Tyche  of  Alexandria 
wearing  turreted  crown.  Rev.  M  ■  LEPIDVS  TVTOR  REG  • 
rONTF  •  MAX  •  S  •  C:  M.  Aemilius  placing  a  wreath  on  the  head 
of  the  boy-king  \\li(>  holds  a  sceptre.  Brit.  Mus.  (viii,  16G.) 
[h]  (iold  stater,  minted  perhaps  in  Corinth,  with  the  portrait  of 
Flamimiuis.  Rev.  T  •  QVINCTI;  Nike  crowning  the  name.  She 
resembles  closely  the  hgure  on  the  gold  staters  of  Alexander  (ef. 
Vol.  of  Plates,  ii,  8  [m],  [o]).   Berlin  Mus.    Wt.  8-55  g.   (viii,  193.) 

[c]  Philip  T^)f  :Maeedon.  220  170  v,.c.  Tetradraehm.  His  head  dia- 
demed. Rev.  BASIAEHX  <l>IAinnOY;  Athena  Alkis  (cf.  coin  of 
Antigonus,  p.  2  [g]).   Brit.  Mus.  Wt.  lG-78  g.   (viii,  141.) 

[d]  Nabis,  king  of  Sparta,  207-192  b.c.  Tetradraehm.  His  portrait, 
with  beard  and  shaven  upper  lip,  wreathed  and  diademed.  Rev. 
BAIAEOZ  (sic)  NABIOZ:  Heracles  seated.  Brit.  Mus.  Wt. 
17-04  g.    (viii,  189.) 

[e]  Orophernes,  pretender  to  the  throne  of  Cappadocia,  158-157  b.c. 
Tetradraehm  minted  in  Pm/?€.  Diademed  head.  Rev.  BAZIAEHZ 
OPO0EPNOY  NlKH<l>OPOY;  Nike  crowning  the  name  (cf.  Vol. 
of  Plates,  ii,  8,  \o\):  in  lield,  owl  on  base  (mint-mark  of  Priene). 
B.M.C.  Galatia,  Cappadocia,  Syria,  p.  34,  1.  Wt.  10-4  g.  Found  at 
Priene.    (viii,  281.) 

[/]  Spanish  silver  coin  of  the  weight  of  a  denarius.  Iberian  legends. 
Male  head.  Rev.  horseman.  Brit.  Mus.  (viii,  309.)  The  types  are 
derived  from  [o\  below. 

[g]  Bronze  coin  of  Hiero  II  of  Syracuse,  274-215  b.c.  His  portrait 
diademed.  Rev.  I EPX2NOZ;  horseman.  Bibl.  Nat.  Paris,  (viii,  281.) 
[h]  Bronze  coin,  'sextans,'  of  Emporium.  Bust  of  Roma,  with  two 
dots  as  the  mark  of  value  on  her  helmet.  Rev.  EM  FORI;  Pegasus. 
Naville  Catal.  xii.   (viii,  281.) 

\i]  Silver  drachma  oi  Emporium.  Female  head  and  dolphins  copied 
from  Syracusan  coinage  (cf.  p.  4  [/]).  Rev.  EMPOPITON; 
Pegasus  copied  from  coins  of  Corinth  (cf.  Vol.  of  Plates,  ii,  8  [e]). 
Jameson  Coll.    Wt.  4-56  g.   (viii,  311.) 

\j]  Cades,  silver  coin.  Head  of  Heracles.  Rev.  Phoenician  legend; 
fish.   Matheif  CoU.    Wt.  2-93  g.   (viii,  311.) 

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COINAGE  OF  MACK  DON  AND  SVHIA 


\(i],  \b],  [c]  Macedon  after  division  into  four  licgioues,  coins  issued 
158-140  B.C.  [a],  [b]  Tetradrachms  of  the  first  and  of  the  second 
division.  Macedonian  shield  (cf.  p.  2  [^]).  on  Avliieh  liead  of 
Artemis.  Rev.  club  in  oak-wreath:  MAKEAONUN  nPIlTHZ.  <ir 
AEYTEPAS.  |r]  Bron/x' coin  of  tlie  fourth  division.  Head  of  Zeus. 
Rev.  as  hist,  but  TETAPTHZ.  No  coins  of  the  third  division  have 
been  found.  \a]  Du  Chaste!  Coll.  \b]  AUatini  Coll.  \r\  Berlin  Mus. 
Wts.  17  g.;  16-75  g.    (viii,  277.) 

[d]  'Philip''  Andriscus,  Macedonian  Pretender,  149-148  b.c.  Tetra- 
drachni.  Macedonian  shield  on  which  his  head  in  the  helmet  of  the 
hero  Perseus.  Rev.  types  as  last  coins;  BAZIAEflZ  4>IAinnOY. 
Formerly  Pozzi  Coll.    Wt.  17-17  g.   (viii,  270.) 

[e]  Juventius  Thcdna,  in  Macedon.  Tetradrachm,  149  b.c.  Types  as 
[a]  but  rev.  legend  MAKEAONIIN.  LEG(atus  pro  quaestore), 
above  hand  holding  branch,  OaXXo'i,  probably  the  signet  of  Thalna. 
Formerly  Imhoof-Blmner  Coll.    Wt.  16-94  g.    (viii,  276.) 

[/]-[/]  Tetradrachms isHuedhy Antiochus I V Epiphane.'i :  [f]  with  the 
portrait  of  his  nephew,  the  baby  Antiochus;  [g]  with  his  own  por- 
trait. Both  have  the  same  reverse  legend  and  type — 'of  king  An- 
ti(jchus,'  Apollo  seated  on  omphalos,  a  small  tripod  in  the  field,  about 
175-170B.C.  (viii,  498,  713^5-.):  \h].  f/]  about  167 b.c,  or  later,  have  on 
the  reverse  Zeus  Olympios  Nikephoros:  \h]  has  a  portrait  of  the  king; 
|/]  of  the  king  as  Zeus  laureate  and  disguised  with  a  beard.  The  last 
bears  the  long  inscription  BAZIAEHZ  ANTIOXOY  0EOY  EHI- 
1>ANOYZ  MKH<I)OPOY.  (viii,  508.)  The  heads  on  all  four  coins 
are  surrounded  by  fillet-borders.  B.M.C.  Seleiicid  Kings;  p.  24, 
.•3,  Wt.  17-03  g.;  p.  34,  4,  Wt.  17-02  g.;  p.  35,  15,  Wt.  16-82  g.;  p.  36, 
22,  Wt.  16-83g. 


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COINAGE    OF   BABYLON,    SYRIA,    JUDAEA 
AND    ASIA    MINOR 

\fi]  Timarchus,  satrap  of  Baljvlon,  as  Great  King  in  Babylonia  and 
Media.  Tctradrachin.  ca.  102  n.c.  Ilis  portrait  in  Macedonian  hel- 
met. Rev.  BAXIAEXIZ  MEfAAOY  TIMAPXOY;  the  Dioscuri  on 
horseback.  The  types  are  copied  from  those  of  Eucratides,  Great 
KingofBactria.  VormerW  E.  F.  Weber  Coll.  \Vt.l5-8g.    (viii,  518.) 

[b]  Antiochus  \'I  Dioni/sus.  Tetradrachm,  1  15  112  t..c.  Head  of  the 
boy-king  radiate  and  diademed.  Rev.  BAZIAEI22:  ANTIOXOY 
Eni4>ANOY2:  AIONYSOY;  Dioscm-i  on  horseback,  in  liekl  TPY 
(for  Tryphon). 

[c]  Tryphon  as  Basileus  Aufokrator.  Tetradrachm.  142  138  b.c. 
Diademed  head.  Rev.  BAZIAEX2Z  TPY<l>I^NOZ  AYTOKPA- 
TOPOZ;  Macedonian  helmet  and  ibex-horn.  B.M.C.  Seleucid 
Kings,  p.  63,  3,  Wt.  16-53  g.;  p.  68,  2,  Wt.  15-99  g.    (viii,  52T.) 

[d]  The  first  Jezvish  coinage  under  Simon  Maccabaeus.  Bronze  half- 
shekel  of  the  year  136/5  b.c.  Citron  (ethrog)  between  two  bundles  of 
twigs  (hdab),  around  'In  the  fourth  year — one-half.'  Rev.  palm- 
tree  between  two  baskets,  around  'The  redemption  of  Zion.'  B.M.C. 
Palestine,  p.  184,  2.    Wt.  15-07  g.   (viii,  529.) 

[e]  John  Hyrcanus.  Bronze,  135-104  B.C.  Crested  helmet.  Rev. 
double  cornucopiae,  around  'Jehohanan  the  High  Priest  and  the 
Commonwealth  of  the  Jews.'  B.M.C.  Palestine,  p.  188, 1.  (viii,  531.) 

[/],  [h]  Cistophoric  tetradrachms,  ca.  200  i?.c.  onwards.  Cista  My- 
stica,  with  half-open  lid,  from  which  a  serpent  issues,  ivy-wreath. 
Rev.  bow-case  betAveen  two  coiled  serpents.  [/]  Minted  in  Pergamum, 
has  monogram  FIEPF  and  small  torch.  \h\  From  Ephesus,  has 
E<t>E  and  a  bee  in  wreath  upon  the  reverse.  B.M.C.  Mysia,  p.  123, 
90.  Wt.  12-47  g.   B.M.C.  Ionia,  p.  64,  152.  Wt.  12-72  g.   (viii,  612.) 

\g\  Rhodes.  Tetradrachm,  ca.  300-166  b.c.  Radiate  head  of  Helios 
facing.  Rev.  rose  with  bud  between  PO;  above  TEIZYAOS 
(magistrate),  in  field  statue  of  a  goddess.  B.M.C.  Caria  and  Islands, 
p.  242,  128.    Wt.  13-22  g.    (viii,  633.) 


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GREEK   AND    CELTIC    COINS 

[a]  Silver  obol  ol'  Phocaea  in  Ionia,  sixth  century  B.C.  Found  at 
Saint-Rein II  de  Provence.  Head  of  a  seal,  a  little  seal  beneath  it  (of. 
Vol.  of  Plates,  i,  ;3()2  [b]).    Wt.  00  g. 

[b\,  [c],  [d\  A  di()l)ol  and  two  obols  from  the  Hoard  of  Auriol  near 
Marseilles':  the  tyj)e  a  rani's  liead.  The  hrst  like  \a\  may  be  of  Ionian 
mintage,  the  seeond  perluips  made  by  a  Massiliote  Greek,  the  third  is 
a  barbarous  imitation  struck  by  the  pre-Celtic  inhabitants  of 
southern  France.  Bibl.  Nat.  Paris.  Wts.  1-15  g.;  0-6  g.;  0-6  g. 
(vii,  40.)    See  de  Navarro,  Antiquity  ii,  1928,  p.  431. 

[g]-[  j]  The  gold  stater  of  Philip  of  Macedon  and  its  Celtic  derivatives. 
[e\  Minted  ))y  Philip  in  Macedon  (ef.  Vol.  of  Plates,  ii,  0  [o]).  [/]  An 
intelligent  Celtic  imitation.  [g\  Attributed  to  the  Raurici  (district 
around  Bale);  \li\  to  the  Aulerici  Diablintes  (Normandy),  [i]  A  type 
characteristic  of  Kent  (but  found  occasionally  on  the  opposite 
French  coast);  the  head  of  the  god  with  elaborately  stylized  hair. 
[j]  A  broken-down  version  of  the  last,  hair  and  lines  on  the  obverse; 
the  horse  on  the  reverse  reduced  to  lines  and  pellets.  Occurs  hi 
S.W.  England  (Oxfordshire,  Sussex,  Cornwall).  [e\  Seltman  Coll. 
Wt.  8-58  g.  \f]  Brit.  Mus.  Wt.  8-55  g.  [g]  Desseivffij  Coll.  Wt.  7-43  g. 
[k],  [i]  Brit.  Mus.  Wts.  0-07  g.;  7-08  g.  [/]  Dessezvffi/  Coll.  Wt.  0  g. 
(vii,  40,  47.) 

[It],  \l],  [m]  Coins  of  the  Eastern  Celts  imitated  from  silver  tetra- 
drachms  of  Philip  of  Macedon  (ef.  Vol.  of  Plates,  ii,  0  \p]).  [k]  From 
Pan)\onia.  Head  of  Zeus.  Rev.  horseman  and  indeterminate  letters. 
[/]  From  Dacia.  The  head  stylized  into  curves,  spirals  and  alphabetic 
signs;  the  rider  is  bird-like.  \m]  From  Moesia.  A  bearded  Janiform 
head  doubtless  influenced  by  the  Roman  as  (above,  p.  0)  and  there- 
fore to  be  dated  in  the  seeond  centurv  B.C.  Rev.  horseman.  All  in 
the  Dessezvffu  Coll.   Wts.  13-45  g.;  11-10  g.;  13-52  g.   (vii,  46.) 

\)i]  (»old  Regenbogenschusselchen  of  the  type  attributed  to  the  Boii. 
Bird's  head,  torque  and  pellets.  Rev.  concave,  a  'rainbow^'  and  six 
pellets.   Formerly  Pozzi  Coll.    Wt.  7-48  g.   (vii,  47.) 

\o^Massilia.  Drachma,  fourth  century  B.C.  Head  of  Artemis.  Rev. 
MA§§A  lion.    Brit.  Mus.   Wt.  3-7  g. 

[p]  Celtic  imitation  of  the  last  coin.  Dessezvffu  Coll.  Wt.  2-19  g.  (vii, 
46.) 

\q]  Rhode.   Drachma;  female  head.   Rev.  open  rose.    Brit.  Mus. 

[r]  Emporium.  Drachma;  female  head,  dolphin.  Rev.  Pegasus  (ef. 
p.  10  [i]  for  a  slightly  later  coin).  Brit.  Miis.  Celtic  imitations  of 
these  types  are  frequent,   (vii,  46.) 

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THRACIAN  COINS 

[a]  Spnradocus.  Tctradraohin.  about  150-424  B.C.  Cloaked  horseman 
Avitli  two  spears.  Rev.  SPAPAAOKO;  ea<ile  tearing  serpent.  Bihl. 
Nat.  Paris.   Wt.  16-98  g.    (On  these  coins  [«]-[r]  see  viii,  556.) 

[b],  [c]  Seuthesl.    Silver,  4.24-410  B.C.  Cloaked  Thraeian  horseman. 

Rev.   [/;]   SEYOA  APTVPION.    |r]   SEVOA   KOMMA.    BihJ.    Nat. 

Paris.    Wt.  8-48  g.   B.M.C.  Thrace,  p.  201,  1.  Wt.  8-50  g. 

\d],  [e]  Maronea.   Bronze  eoins  struck  in  tlie  name  of  Thraeian  kings. 

[f/j  ,iwr//of//.v /.  about  405-396  B.C.  Double-axe;  AMATOKO.  Rev. 

vine;  EPI  KAEANT05  (magistrate).    \e]  Teres  II  (about  400  B.C.). 

Same  types,   THPEH.     Rev.    EnijKEANAPiO.     Sofia  Mus.  and 

Vienna  Mus. 

\f]  Eminacus.    Silver,  lifth  century  b.c.     EMINAKO;  Heracles   in 

lion-skin  stringing  his  bow.     Rev.  wlieel  and  four  dolphins.    Brit. 

Mus. 

[g\  Saratocus.     Silver,  about  400  b.c.     Probably  minted  in  Thasos. 

Silen    kneeling    holding    kantharos.     Rev.    5APATO;     amphora. 

Brit.  Mus.   AVt.  11 1  g. 

[//]  Bcrgaeus.   Silver,  a])Out  400-350  B.C.    Perliaps  minted  in  Thasos. 

Silen  and  nymph.  Rev.  BEPfAIOY.  Berlin  Mus.  Wt.  3-29  g. 

[i],  [j],  [k]  Cypsela.  Bronze  coins  struck  for  dynasts.  [/]  Hebryzelmis, 

386-384  B.c".    Head  of  city  goddess.   Rev.  EBPY.  a  vase  {Kypsele). 

[j]  Cotijs  I,   384-360  b.c'  Horseman.  Rev.    KOTYOI.  a  Ki/psele. 

[k]  Cersohleptes,  360-341  b.c.  Female  head.  Re\ .  KEP,  a  Kypsele. 

[f],  [j]  Brit.  Mus.   [k]  Sofia  Mus. 

[I]  Cetriporis.    Bronze,  about  356  b.c,  probablv  minted  in  Thasos. 

Head  of  Dionysus.   Rev.  KETPIPOPIOS.  kantharos  and  thyrsus. 

Bibl.  Nat.  Paris. 

[m],  [n]  Bronze  coins  with  types  copied  from  those  of  Philip  of 

Macedon  (cf.   Vol.  of  Plates,  ii,  6  [p]).  jw]  Scostoces,  about  350  b.c 

Head   of   Apollo    laureate.     Rev.   5KOITOKOY;    horseman.     \n] 

Seuthes  III,  about  338-313  b.c  Head  of  Zeus.  Rev.  ZEYOOY,  as 

last.  Sofia  Mus. 

[o]  lAisimachus,  323-281  b.c  Tetradraehm.    Portrait  of  Alexander 

with  horn  of  Amnion.   Rev.  BAZIAEHZ  AYSIMAXOY;  Athena 

Kikephoros  (cf.  Vol.  of  Plates,  ii,  8  [/]).  Sofia  Mus.  Wt.  17  g. 

\p']  Cavarus.    Bronze,  about   219-200  B.C.    Head  of  Apollo.    Rev. 

BAZI AEHZ  KAYAPOY :  Nike  crowning  his  name  as  on  Alexander's 

gold  coins  (ef.  1  o/.  of  Plates,  ii,  8  [o]).   Sofia  Mus. 

[r/]   Mosiis.    about   200  B.C.  Tetradraehm.     Portrait   of  king.    Re\-. 

BAZIAEUE  MOZTIAOZ  EPI  ZAAAAOY  (magistrate)  IT  (date 

year  13).   Berlin  Mus.  Wt.  16-58  g. 

[;■]  .SV/r/r//r/.v,  about  42  B.C.   Bronze.   Head  of  king.  Rev.  BAZIAEHS 

ZAAAAOY ;  eagle.   Sofia  Mus. 

18 


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COINS   OF  BOSPORUS  AND  CARTHAGE 


[a]  Sanios.  Tetrobol,  sixth  century  b.c.  Lion's  scalp  facing.  Rev. 
rough  quartered  incuse  square.  B.M.C.  Ionia,  p.  350,  1.  Wt.  202  g. 
[6],  [c]  Bosporan  coins  imitating  the  Saniian  type.  Both  Avitli  facing 
lion's  scalp.  Revs.  [/>]  PANT  in  the  four  raised  quarters  of  an 
incuse  square;  [c]  APOA  in  a  quartered  incuse  square;  the  first 
o^  Paniicapaeum,  second  o(  ApoUonia.  Naville  Catal.  v.  Wt.  1-0  g. 
Formerly  Pozzi  Coll.    Wt.  1-42  g.   (viii,  562,  586.) 

[d]  The  Sindians.  Silver,  fifth  century  b.c.  Eagle-headed  griffin 
with  curled  wing,  ear  of  corn.  Rev.  IINAHN;  head  of  horse. 
Jameson  Coll.    Wt.  l-26g.    (viii.  505.) 

[d]-[j]  Coins  of  Panticapaeum.  [e],  [/]  Gold  staters,  fourth  century 
B.C.  Heads  of  bearded  Silens  with  pointed  ears  (cf.  the  heads  of  the 
Scythians  on  gold  and  silver  objects.  Vol.  of  Plates,  i,  252,  262). 
Rev.  PAN;  lion-headed  horned  griffin,  with  curled  Aving,  biting  a 
spear,  ear  of  corn  below.  Jameson  Coll.  Wts.  l)-09g. ;  9-09  g.  [/?]-[  j] 
Silver,  [h]  Head  as  on  [e].  Rev.  PAN;  bull's  head,  [i]  Facing 
head  of  beardless  satyr.  Rev.  lion  biting  a  spear.  [ ;']  Head  of  satyr. 
Rev.  lion's  head.  Formerly  E.  F.  Weber  Coll.  Wts.  Soog.:  2-45  g.; 
2-29  g.  [g]  Bronze.  Head  of  satyr.  Rev.  lion's  head,  beneath  it  a 
sturgeon,    (viii,  569,  586.) 

[k],  [I]  Coins  of  Carthage,  fovn-th  to  third  centuries  b.c.  |V/]  Gold 
stater.  Head  of  goddess  copied  from  Syraeusan  coinage  (cf.  }).  4  |./]). 
Rev.  horse.  Naville  Catal.  xiii.  Wt.  9-38  g.  [b]  Bronze,  similar  head. 
Rev.  horse's  bust,   (vii,  608;  viii,  488.) 


20 


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THE  CELTS 

chieftain's  grave,  Weissliirchcu,  Rheinprovinz,  Barrow  2  La 
Tene  A  (see  vii,  4S  sq.).  {Bonner  Jahrbiicho;  xliii,  1867,  PI.  VII; 
Dechclctte,  Manuel  (1014),  ii,  3,  fig.  430;  Jacobsthal  and  Langsdorff, 
Die  Bronzeschnabelkanne  (=  J.  and  L.).  1020.  p.  28,  PL  36  «  and  h.) 

[a]  Bronze  stamnos  or  vessel  for  mixing  wine  (height  40  cm.).  Note 
beaded  lip  with  two  catches  for  lost  lid.  This  vessel  was  found  to  con- 
tain white  pitch.  Pliny  tells  us  that  the  Greeks  mixed  pitch,  resin 
and  other  substances  with  their  wines  to  give  them  briskness  {H.N. 
XIV,  124).   See  de  Navarro,  Antiquitij,  1028,  p.  435. 

[b]  Handle  with  Silenus  mask  from  same.  Cf.  Dcehclette,  La  Collec- 
tion Millon  (1013),  fig.  18,  3. 

[c],  [d]  Bronze  beaked  flagon  {Schnubelkanne).  Height  42-5  cm. 
Jacobsthal  {op.  cit.)  makes  out  a  strong  case  for  these  flagons  being 
of  Etruscan,  not  Greek  origin.  They  date  for  the  most  part  from  the 
opening  decades  of  the  fifth  century  B.C. 

[e]  Handle  to  same.  Jacobsthal  type  5  (see  J.  and  L.  pp.  45  f.). 
Associations  of  stamnoi  with  beaked  flagons  occur  also  on  the 
following  sites  north  of  the  Alps:  Diirkheim,  Rhenish  Palatinate; 
Klein  Aspergle,  Wurtemberg;  Weisskirchen,  Barrow  2 ;  Bouzonville, 
Lorraine  (see  p.  34).  Another  stamnos  was  found  in  the  tumulus  of 
La  Motte  St  Valentin,  Hte.  Marne. 

[/]  Gold  band,  possibly  an  armlet.  Diameter  4-7  cm.  Zone  of  winged 
sphinxes  in  repousse,  above  and  below  which  a  zone  of  lattice 
patterns  between  two  beaded  lines.  Reinecke  {Mainzer  Festschrift, 
1002,  p.  74)  considers  that  both  in  form  and  workmanship  the 
sphinxes  are  faithful  and  competent  copies  of  Greek  models  but 
that  the  barbaric  origin  of  the  object  is  betrayed  by  the  mechanical 
repetition  of  the  sphinxes  and  the  ornamentation  of  the  two  zones 
framing  them  (vii,  48). 

[g]  Lower  part  of  an  iron  dagger  with  remains  of  bronze  sheath 
ending  in  a  trefoil  chape;  note  the  gold  foil  rosettes.  Length 
7  cm. 


22 


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[/] 


CONTENTS    OF    A    KTIENISH    CHIEFTAIN's    GRAVE 


THE  CELTS 

("II  AHioT-Bi^Ki  A  I.,  Sotnme  Biounc,  Manic.  La  Tene  A  (see  vii,  43), 
(/?/•//.  Mas.  Guide,  Iron  Age  Antiquities'-,  PI.  HI;  Morel,  Champagne 
Sotiterraine,  PI.  \1I  sqq.  and  text,  pp.  2S  sqq.;  also  Ebert,  Reallex. 
der  Vorgeschichte  (=  R.L.V.),  s.v.  Wagengrab.) 

The  grave  in  question  is  a  flat  grave,  surrounded  by  a  circular  ditch. 
The  following  are  among  tiie  more  important  objects  found  (unless 
otherwise  stated  they  are  of  bronze):  a  long  iron  Early  La  Tene 
sword  in  a  bronze  and  iron  scabbard  ending  in  an  enamelled  trefoil 
chape  {B.M.  Guide,  fig.  54);  iron  spits  (Dcchelette,  Collection  Millon 
(1913),  p.  231):  an  embossed  gold  band;  a  gold  finger-ring;  a  girdle 
clasp,  confronted  griffons  type  {B.M.  Guide,  PI.  IV  right);  a  beaked 
flagon  (?■&.  fig.  53,  cf.  above,  PL  II  c).  Apart  from  two  iron  tires 
and  other  parts  of  the  chariot,  the  following  horse-trappings: 
forked  objects  with  trefoil  terminals,  pierced  circular  and  semi- 
circular objects  {B.M.  Guide,  PI.  IV);  two  iron  bits  with  bronze 
rings.  Pottery:  a  local  pedestal  urn  {B.M.  Guide,  cf.  fig.  64);  a 
red-figure  Attic  kylix  (J.  and  L.  PI.  34  a).  In  Jacobsthal's  opinion 
this  vase  cannot  date  from  before  450  B.C.  {ibid.  p.  62).  In  view  of 
this,  the  Somme  Bionne  chieftain  was  probably  laid  in  earth  between 
440  and  420  B.C.,  possibly  a  generation  later  than  the  chieftain  in  the 
second  Weisskirchen  barrow. 

Apart  from  relatively  numerous  burials  in  France,  chariots  have 
been  found  in  the  La  Tene  A  Rhenish  Chieftains'  Graves  (see  also 
Mannus,  xxii  (1930),  pp.  103  f.).  For  S.W.  Bohemia  (La  Tene  A), 
see  Schranil,  Vorgesch.  Bdhmens-Mdhrens,  p.  212.  Those  from  York- 
shire and  most  of  those  from  Hungary  {B.M.  Guide,  pp.  119  sqq. 
and  R.L.V.  xiv,  p.  29)  date  from  phase  C.  The  Yorkshire  chariot- 
interments  differ  from  those  of  the  continent  in  that  the  skeletons 
were  contracted  (buried  seated  in  the  chariot?)  and  that  horses 
were  found:  in  continental  chariot-burials  horses  are  exceptional. 
Hallstatt  chariot-graves  occur  from  S.W.  Bohemia  to  the  Marne 
(.logasses  grave  16)  and  even  further  west.  Unlike  those  of  the  La 
Tene  period,  many  of  these  earlier  vehicles  have  four  wheels. 

There  is  an  allusion  to  chariot-burial  in  the  'Destruction  of  Dind 
Rig,'  an  Irisli  prose  epic  referring  to  a  period  prior  to  that  of  the 
Ulster  cycle  {Zeitschrift  filr  Celtische  Philohgie,  iii,  p.  9). 


24 


.•i.'.';«;i 


MARNE    CHARIOT-BURIAL 


THE  CELTS 

LA  TENE  A,  EASTEKX  A K E A  (scc  vii,  43  .sg.).  (This  and  the  fol- 
lowing two  plates  are  taken,  respectively,  from  Lindensclunidt's 
Altertumer  unserer  heidnischen  Vorzeit  (=  AuhV.),  v,  Pis.  50,  57,  51, 
which  illustrate  Reinecke's  three  papers,  ib.  pp.  281  sqq.,  3.30  sqq., 
288  sqq.,  on  which  this  text,  pp.  2()  30,  is  based.  See  Bibliography 
to  Vol.  VII,  ch,  2,  s.v.  Lindensehniidt.) 

Metal.   (Unless  otherwise  stated  the  objects  are  bronze.) 

Trou    sxvords   and  scabbards   with   bronze   chapes:    [a-c]   respective 
lengths  72  cm.;  20  cm.  (length  only  of  part  ilhistrated);  72  cm. 
Carved  iron  knife  ('Hicbmesser').*  [/]  length,  31  cm. 

Fibulae:  [o\-\q]  variants  of  the  Certosa  type;  \zv]  mask-fibula;  [m] 
bird-head  libulae;  [,vj  stylized  development  of  last-named  type  Avith 
knee  bow.  Lengths:  7  cm.;  7-2  cm.;  7-5  cm.;  9  cm.;  3  cm.;  4-8  cm. 
Armlets:  [d\,  [e],  [u]  types  with  three  or  four  groups  of  knobs:  [d] 
open  and  hollow  cast,  [e]  and  [u]  closed;  [/]  open  wire  type  with 
ring  catch.    Diameters:  7-5  cm.;  7-5  cm.;  7  cm.;  6-5  cm. 

Tores:  [i]  thin,  open  type,  single  group  of  knobs;  [k]  thin,  angular  in 
section,  hook-and-eye  catch;  [j]  thicker,  cast,  cast  spiral  ornament, 
and  pin  catch.   Diameters:  14-5  cm.;  14  cm.  and  15-5  cm.;  15-5  cm. 

Pottery.   (Monochrome;  mostly  dark  in  colour; 
the  finer  vessels  in  bucchero  technique.) 

Lenticular  flasks:  \r]  (with  zoomorphic  frieze,  cf.  R.L.V.  vii,  PI. 
193  d)  found  with  [o]-[g'];  [y]  and  [z]  with  geometric  ornamentation. 
Heights:  24  cm.;  20-5  cm.;  19  cm. 

Bottle-shaped  vessel:  [h]  rounded  shoulders,  broad  flat  base.  Height : 
19-5  cm. 

Pail-shaped  vessel:  [g]  'form  perhaps  influenced  by  archaic  Greek 
vase  types  (such  as  archaic  hydria  and  amphora  forms).'  Horizontal 
grooves  and  are  motifs  on  ueck.   Height:  25  cm. 

Fragment  of  omphalos  dish:  [n]  the  inner  side  decorated  with  curvi- 
linear motifs.   Diameter:  16-5  cm. 

}'essels  zvith  everted  necks  and  broad,  elliptical  bodies,  on  the  shoulders 
of  which  are  curvilinear  motifs:  [a^],  |<"2]-   Heights:  16  cm.;  10  cm. 

Vessels  with  everted  lips  and  broad,  more  or  less  carinated  bodies,  the 
shoulders  decorated  with  moiddings  and  geometric  motifs:  [t'],  [f],  {x\, 
[/a,].  All  save  [ftg]  made  on  the  wheel.  Note  the  dragonesque  motifs 
on  [t.,]-   Heights:  12-5  cm.;  12  cm.;  14-5  cm.;  17  cm. 

The  following  have  om])halos  bases:  [//],  \r\  [/].  [r],  [//],  [~],  [«2]-[^2]- 
For  the  sites  on  Avhich  the  above  objects  were  found  see  AuhV.  v, 
pp.  281  sqq. 

26 


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THE  CELTS 

LA  TEXE  B  IX  THE  in:(;iox  TO  xoRTir  OF  THE  ALPS  (sec 
vii,  44  6-q.). 

(Unless  otherwise  stated  tlie  ohjeets  arc  l^roiize.) 

Iron  s:cnrds:  [a],  \f]  the  hitter  with  franineiits  of  iron  slieath,  and 
ehajie  with  eoral  inhiv.    Respective  kMigths:  75  cm.  and  70  em. 
Broken  iron  spear  liead:  [h].   Lengtli:  22-5  cm. 

Fibulae:  [d\  foot  and  bow  with  inhiy-dises;  [^^J  iron,  I'ragmentary; 
\i]  with  knee  bow,  end  of  foot  lacking;  \j]  typical  La  Tene  B  form: 
bent-back  foot  tonching  bow;  [A]  bow  with  five  Ijorings;  [/] 
band-shaped  bow,  foot  lacking;  [//?]  iron,  foot  with  knobs;  \ic]  red 
coral  disc  on  foot.  Respective  lengths:  5-5  cm.;  6  cm.;  9-5  cm.; 
7-5  cm. ;  8  cm. ;  9  cm. ;  8-5  cm. ;  6  cm. 

Armlets:  [o]  two  band-shaped,  seal-top  terminals  with  sunk  beds  for 
inlay;  [?•]  knobbed,  with  small  buffer  terminals;  [.s]  small,  open, 
seal-top  terminals;  [n]  fragment  of  large  knobbed  arm-ring,  with 
5-niotifs;  [z\  undulated  wire  type.  (Greatest  diameters:  6-4  cm.; 
7-3  cm.;  5-8  cm.;  10  cm.  (length);  nearly  6  cm. 

Foot-rings:  [r]  foot-  or  arm-ring  with  saddle-shaped  bend,  four  knobs 
and  plug  catch;  [x\  open,  knobbed,  seal-top  terminals;  [69]  open, 
knobbed.   Greatest  diameters:  7  cm.;  10-5  cm.;  9-3  cm. 

Tores:  [c]  open,  plain,  seal-top  terminals;  [A]  open,  buffer  terminals, 
coral  ring-discs,  etc.;  [n'\  in  two  parts,  buffer  type,  knobs,  etc.,  with 
plastic  decoration,  plug  catch;  [g]  closed,  buffer  type,  plastic  de- 
coration on  knobs  etc.,  discs  for  inlay;  [^]  twisted  wire,  angular  in 
section,  hook-and-eye  catch,  glass  rings  on  small  wire  rings;  [cg] 
plain,  seal-top  terminals,  figurine  on  ring.  Greatest  diameters: 
almost  13  cm.;  15-5  cm.;  16-2  em.;  18  em.;  13  cm.;  13-5  cm. 

Fi^wn/ie^  (anthropomorphic).'  [ij],  [do],  see  also  [cg].  Heights:  4  cm.; 
3  cm.;  almost  5  cm. 

Smaller  rings:  [e]  closed,  four  knobs;  [e.^]  triannular  wire  object. 
Diameters:  3-5  cm.;  about  1  cm. 

Girdle-hooks:  [jj]  hook  with  bronze  sheet  mount  for  end  of  girdle, 
repousse  and  punched  decoration;  [«.,]  l)ronze  hook  with  rivet-holes 
and  'terret'  for  end  of  leather  girdle.   Breadths:  4  cm.;  2-8  cm. 

Rattle:  [f^]  clay,  double  conic  with  stamped  geometric  motifs. 
Diameter:  4-5  cm. 

[a]-[g],  [h],  [i],  [w]-[y]h'om  Rhenish  Palatinate;  [/],  [g]  Alsace;  [u]  (?), 
\v]  Rhenish  Hesse;  \q]-[t],  fc.,]  Starkenburg;  \z\-\b^]  Upper  Hesse; 
\n\-\p]  Hesse  Nassau;  {d.^],  \e.2\  Wurtemberg;  \j]-[m]  Bohemia.  For 
Sites,  see  AuhV.  v,  pp.  330  sqq. 


28 


OBJECTS  FROM  NORTH  OF  THE  ALPS,  LA  TENE  B 


THE  CELTS 

LA  TENE  C  IN  THE  BAVARIAN  DANUBE   Y  ALLEY  (seC  vii,  45  ."fg-.). 

Metal.   (Unless  otherwise  stated  the  objects  are  bronze.) 
Iron  .vu'o/y/.v;  \a].  \c]  (with  iron  sheaths):  \b].  Note  survival  of  earlier 
(H)  forms  in  [a]  and  [b];  for  typieal  La  Tene  C  form,  ef,  [c],   Uespec- 
tive  lengths:  74  cm.;  68  cm.:  80  cm.  (sheath  74  cm.). 
Tivisied  iron  sword-chain  and  end-piece  to  same:  \r].   Lengths:  about 
48  cm.;  15  cm. 

Three  holloiv  iron  szvord-strai)  rin<i.s:  [d\.   Diameter:  4-5  cm. 
Iron  spear-heads :  broad-bladed:  |/]  with  two  iron  spear-butts;  and 
[h];  narrow-bladed:  |^'];  [i].  Lengths:  55  cm.  (length  of  butts:  9  cm.; 
11  cm.):  30  em.;  33  em.;  43  em. 

Iron  shield  boss:  [j]  'trigger-guard'  form  and   two  iron   'shield- 
bindings.'    Lengths:  33  cm.;  19  cm.;  17-5  cm. 
Iro7i  shears:  [x].   Length:  23  cm. 
Tcveezer:  [//].   Length:  5-7  cm. 

Fibulae:  \u],  [r]  (both  iron),  typical  La  Tene  C  forms  (foot  clasping 
bow);  [iv],  [i.^]  pseudo-La  Tene  13  fibulae.  Lengths:  ll-2cm.;  17cm.; 
7-9  cm.;  16  cm. 

.'Irmlets:  [n]  closed  deep  blue  glass  outer  side  with  three  rows  of 
points;  [o]  hollow  bossed  type  {Nussarmrin^)  with  hinge  (arm- 
or foot-ring);  [/j]  ditto,  but  larger  bosses  (arm-ring);  [q]  spiral 
wire,  with  two  blue  glass  beads  with  orange  yellow  spirals,  and 
zigzags;  [;•]  closed,  fluted,  three  rectangular  plaques;  |.s]  closed, 
threegroupsof  pronounced  triple  knobbing;  [/]  open,  'cast  torsion'; 
[^2]  closed,  lignite.  Greatest  diameters:  9  em.;  about  12  cm.; 
9-5  cm.;  6  cm.;  9  cm.;  8-3  cm.;  6-3  cm.;  7  cm. 

Tore:  \k\  iron,  'omega'  tore,  button  terminals,  (ireatcst  diameter: 
17  cm. 

Girdles,  etc:  [/I  clasp-  and  suspension-hooks  with  pendants  from  big 
girdle-chain  of  ring,  rod  and  cruciform  members,  red  enamel  on 
last-named  and  clasp-hook.  Hooks  with  zoomorphic  heads  (cf. 
AuhV.  V,  p.  288,  fig.  1);  [?/?]  end-pieces  (zoomorphic  clasp-hook  and 
pendants)  of  a  doubled  girdle-chain  (cf.  //>.);  [^2]  P^i't^  "f  a  girdle- 
chain  (on  zoomorj)hic  clasp-hook  and  end-piece,  red  enamel  inlay). 
Total  lengths  of  chains:  about  154  cm.;  172  cm.;  123  cm. 

Pottery.  (Asterisk  denotes  wheel-made.) 
Monochrome  grey  to  grey-black  zvare:  \z]  bowl,  incurving  lip  (dia- 
meter about  18  cm.);  *[«•>]  pedestal  vase  (height  20-5  cm.);  *[/a2] 
pail-shaped  vessel,  curved  profile,  moulding  on  shoulder  (height 
26-5  cm.);  *[c2]  pail-shaped  vessel,  strongly  curved  profile,  moulding 
on  shoulder  (height  16-5  cm.);  *\do]  brown  pedestal  vase,  curved  pro- 
file (height  23  cm.);  \e.,]  pot,  channelled  walls,  convex  profile  (height 
16-5  cm.):  I/2]  flat,  sharp-angled  dish  (height  4-6  em.):  [/o|  ])ail- 
shaped,  bieonic  vessel,  channelled  Avails,  stamped  concentric  circles 
on  shoulder  (height  12-5  cm.);  [7i-2]  bieonic  vessel,  foot-ring,  moulding 
and  grooves  on  shoulder  (height  20  cm.). 
[a]  from  Straubing;  [^]-[/2j  Manching;  [^2]"[/'2]  Aislingen. 

30 


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THE   CELTS 

EXAMPLES  OF  LA  TENE  A  ORNAMENTATION  FROM  THE 
MIDDLE    RHINE    AND    MARNE    A  RE  AS  (sCC  vii,  47  S^'.). 

[a]  Gold  pierced  mounting,  possibly  for  a  cup,  from  a  Chieftain's 
Grave  at  Schwarzcnbach  (Barrow  1),  Birkenfeld  (=  Bonner  JaJir- 
biicher,  xxiii,  PI.  IV,  3;  cf.  Baldes-Bchrens,  Katalog  Birkenfeld, 
PI.  5).  The  top  frieze,  framed  by  zones  of  beading,  is  mainly  composed 
of  'Celtic'  (three-leaved)  and  disintegrated  palmettes.  The  middle, 
of  stylized  palmettes,  the  multifoliatc  articulation  of  their  two 
lower  side  leaves  contributing  to  the  formation  of  the  palmette 
derivatives  with  which  they  alternate.  The  lowest  and  narrowest 
frieze  is  composed  of  bud  motifs,  the  neck  of  each  bud  being  separated 
by  a  moulding  from  the  crest  of  the  undidated  line  on  which  it 
stands  (cf.  Dechelettc,  Manuel,  fig.  664);  two  zones  of  beading. 

[b]  Engraved  ornamentation  on  the  bronze  helmet  from  Bcrru, 
Marne  (=  Rev.  Archeologique,  1875,  i,  PI.  X;  cf,  Dechelettc,  op.  cit. 
figs.  656  and  490.2).  (See  vii,  48.)  Top  left  hand  corner:  inter- 
locking 5-motifs  with  foliate  'insets.'  Top  right  hand  corner  and 
middle:  derivatives  from  the  enclosed  palmette  alternately  in- 
verted and  connected  by  curved  almond-shaped  motifs;  on  the 
projecting  parts,  palmette  derivatives  and  palmettes.  Lowest: 
degenerate  derivatives  of  the  enclosed  palmette;  similar  connecting 
motifs.  The  engravings  on  this  helmet  (with  which  cf.  Dechelettc, 
op.  cit.  fig.  655)  reveal  a  tendency  towards  a  treatment  of  design 
fundamentally  at  variance  with  classical  tradition:  the  abolition  of 
the  distinction  between  the  pattern  and  its  background,  brought 
about  by  the  covering  of  a  given  ornamental  field  with  primary 
and  complementary  motifs.  Not  only  did  this  practice  open  a  whole 
range  of  fantastic  curvilinear  patterns.  l)ut  it  contributed  very 
largely  to  the  abstract,  geometric  treatment  of  ultimately  natural- 
istic motifs.  The  origin  of  this  innovation  is  perhaps  to  be  sought  in 
pierced  metalwork  (cf.  [a]),  or  possibly  in  such  inlay  work  as  that  on 
the  throats  of  tiie  Bouzonville  flagons  (cf.  p.  35).  On  the  helmet 
from  Bcrru  the  contrast  is  heightened  by  the  complementary  motifs 
being  carried  out  in  pointille.  For  an  example  of  developed  primary 
and  complementary  ornamentation,  see  the  bronze  mirror  from 
Desborough  {B.M.  Iron  Age  Guide,  fig.  133). 

32 


[«] 


[b] 

EXAMPLES    OF    LA    TENE    A    ORNAMENTATION 


c  A  H  s  in 


THE  CELTS 

BRONZE  BEAKED  FLAG o X  of  Celtic  workiiiansliip  from  Bouzon- 
ville,  near  Metz.  La  Tene  A.  In  the  British  Museum.  (R.  A.  Smith, 
Celtic  Bronzes  from  Lorraine,  in  Arch  a  eologi  a,  Lxxrx,  pp.  1  sqq.;  Illus- 
trated London  Nezcs,  March  2;3rd  and  30th,  1929;  The  British  Museinn 
Quarterly,  iv,  No.  3,  p.  66;  J.  and  L.  p.  99.)  One  of  a  pair  of 
bronze  flagons  (oinochoai)  ornamented  with  coral  and  red  enamel, 
found  with  two  bronze  stamnoi  (cf.  above,  p.  23  [a]).  Greatest  height : 
about  39-4  cm.  Patina,  a  dark  lustrous  green.  For  a  full  description 
of  this  remarkable  flagon  see  Smith,  op.  cit.  pp.  3  sqq.  (cf.  ib.  fig.  4). 
The  flagons  from  Houzonville  differ  in  many  features  from  the  usual 
type  of  oinochoe  (cf.  above,  p.  23  [c],  [d]):  the  bodies  of  the  former 
are  tall  and  high-shouldered  and  only  paralleled  by  the  clay  Schnahel- 
kanne  from  Hallstatt  (J.  and  L.  p.  99,  PI.  27,  No.  138) ;  the  beaks  and 
the  tops  of  the  Bouzonville  vessels  are  covered  in  (the  wine  was 
poured  in  through  a  narrow  hole,  closed  with  an  enamelled  bronze 
stopper,  and  out  through  a  narrow  tube,  the  point  of  egress  lying 
below  the  duck  on  the  spout).  They  also  differ  in  being  embellished 
with  coral  and  red  enamel,  and  in  certain  of  their  zoomorphic  fea- 
tures: the  duck  on  the  covered  spout,  the  ear-  and  thigh-spirals  on 
the  beasts.  The  latter  features  have  been  attributed  to  Scythian  in- 
fluence (but  see  J.  and  L.  p.  59  for  thigh-spirals).  Should  this  view 
prove  correct,  the  occurrence  of  such  spirals  on  the  Bouzonville 
flagons — which  also  bear  very  early  Celtic  enamel  work — would 
lend  colour  to  the  view  that  the  art  of  enamelling  reached  the  Celtic 
area  from  the  Black  Sea  region.  Owing  to  the  dearth  of  connecting 
links,  it  is  not  easy  to  determine  the  routes  by  which  Scythian  in- 
fluence reached  the  Celtic  area  during  La  Tene  A:  although  there  is 
undeniable  evidence  for  the  presence  of  Scythian  raiders  in  Silesia 
during  the  fifth  century  (see  Schlesiens  Vorzeit,  N.F.  ix,  pp.  11  sqq.), 
the  Celtic  invasion  of  that  region  did  not  occur  until  phase  B 
of  the  La  Tene  period.  Ear-spirals  are  foreign  to  Greek  and 
Etruscan  art ;  but,  in  comparing  resemblances  between  the  Scythian 
and  Celtic  styles,  one  should  not  forget  that  they  were  both  to  a 
great  extent  parallel  but  independent  barbaric  developments  of  a 
common  classical  influence  (vii,  48).  Although  this  important  new 
find  may  reveal  the  existence  of  Scythian  influence  upon  Celtic  Art 
as  early  as  La  Tene  A,  there  is  no  reason  to  believe  that  influence 
to  have  been  of  other  than  secondary  importance. 

34 


PS 
o 

O 


2; 

o 

H 

o 


THE  CELTS 

OBJECTS  from  the  double  burial  near  Waldalge.sheim,  Huns- 
ruck.  LaTene  B  (vii,  45)  {^R.L.V.  xiv,  1*1.  55-6;  E.  aus'm  Weerth, 
Der  Grdbfund  von  \V.,  Bonner  }\'inckelniannspro<>ra)nni,  1870;  Fiihrer 
(lurch  (las  Provinziahnuseum,  Bonn  (11)15),  p.  25,  PL  U  (1,  2),  PL  10; 
Belircns,  Katalog  Bingcn  (1!)1S),  pp.  25  sqq.).  The  lower  of  the  two 
graves  contained  the  remains  of  a  man  with  his  horse,  chariot, 
table  service  \(i\,  [b],  etc.;  the  upper  (jne  that  of  his  wife  or  con- 
cubine witli  rich  objects  of  adornment  (see  [c]-[/]).    (C'f.  vii.  73.) 

[a]  The  l)r()nze  flagon  is  a  Celtic  derivation  from  the  earlier  Etruscan 
Schnabellcdnne.  Instead  of  a  beak  it  is  furnished  with  a  tubular 
spout,  and  differs  still  further  from  the  usual  beaked  flagon  in  the 
shape  of  its  body  and  its  foot  (cf.  23  [c]).  The  small  horse  surmount- 
ing the  vessel  in  the  photograph  is  thought  to  belong  to  the  lid. 
Note  the  bearded  flgure  with  Inmian  ears  and  long  pointed  ears 
(horns?)  at  the  foot  of  the  handle,  proljably  derived  from  the 
Aehelous  mask.  For  the  ornamentation  on  the  body  of  the  vessel, 
not  visible  on  this  plate,  see  B.M.  Iron  Age  Guide,  fig.  11,  p.  20  (cf. 
Mainzer  Festschr.  1902,  p.  82;  J.  and  L.  p.  44).  Further  examples  of 
this  type  of  flagon  occur  in  France  (2)  and  the  Rhenish  Palatinate  (1), 
while  a  number  of  imitations  in  pottery  came  to  light  in  the  South 
Swiss  (Ticino)  cemeteries  (cf.  Behrens,  op.  cit.  p.  28  sq.;  Dechelette, 
op.  cit.  II,  3,  fig.  654,  p.  145455-.). 

[b]  The  bronze  bucket  is  one  of  the  only  Greek  works  of  art 
found  in  the  transalpine  Celtic  area  in  a  La  Tene  B  context  (cf. 
vii,  45).  Outside  of  that  area,  apart  from  the  example  cited  on  vii,  45, 
one  of  these  buckets  was  found  at  Kjeldby  (Denmark).  Cf.  Deche- 
lette, op.  cit.  pp.  1440-2.  The  free  flower-tendrils  {frei  bewegte 
Bli'ithenranJxen)  at  the  base  of  the  drooping  palmette  on  the  Waldal- 
gesheim  bucket  show  that  this  vessel  cannot  be  dated  earlier  than 
the  closing  vears  of  the  fifth  centurv  b.c.  (cf.  Mainzer  Festschr.  1902, 
p.  81). 

[c]  Gold  tore  with  buffer  terminals.  The  ornamentation  (forked 
flower-tendrils)  is  directly  derived  from  the  decoration  on  the  bucket 
[b\.  For  full  analysis  of  the  ornamentation,  see  B.M.  Iron  Age  Guide, 
pp.  19  sqq. 

[d],  [e]  Two  gold  ])uffer-cnded  wristlets  decorated  with  human 
masks,  palmette  decorations,  free  tendril  motifs,  etc. 

[/]  Closed,  twisted  gold  ring  for  the  upper  arm. 

The  chief  new-  classical  contribution  towards  La  Tene  B  art  is  the 
free  tendril  motif. 


36 


[a\ 


[bV 


OBJECTS  FROM  W ALD ALG ESHEI  M 


THE  CELTS 

Types    of    BRONZE    AGE     CHIP-CARVED     POTTERY,    Kcrhschtlitt- 

keramik  {=  RLV.  viii,  pi.  78).  (vii,  55.)  [a]-[6]  From  Bavaria,  [c]- 
[g]  From  Wurtemberg.  [h]-[i]  From  Hesse.  Respective  heights: 
12-5  cm.;  8  cm.;  6  cm.;  5  cm.;  10-5  cm.;  12  cm.;  5-7  cm.;  8-5  cm.; 
13-8  cm.  Apart  from  the  Lower  Rhenish  area  chip-carved  pottery 
practically  disappears  in  Hallstatt  A  to  re-emerge  in  Hallstatt  C 
(see  vii,  55  on  recrudescence  of  the  Bronze  Age  population  in  South 
Germany).  Also  cf.  forms  of  funnel-neck  globular-bodied  vessels  of 
Hallstatt  B  {AiihV.  v,  Nos.  1002,  1007)  with  fig.  [/]  and  Behrens, 
Bronzezeit  Siiddeutschlands,  PI.  XV).   See  Behrens,  op.  cit.  for  sites. 

iiARPSTEDT  POTTERY  (=  Mannus,  XVII  (1926),  p.  293).  (See  vii, 
67,  56.) 

The  cradle  of  the  Harpstedt  style  lay  in  the  region  between  the  Ems 
and  the  Weser,  whence  it  spread  [i]  through  the  Lippe  valley  to 
the  Lower  Rhenish  area,  [ii]  through  Brunswick  to  East  Havclland 
and  parts  of  Saxony.  The  vessels,  which  vary  in  colour  (light  yellow, 
reddish,  dark  brown),  are  more  or  less  pail-shaped  with  frilled  lips 
and  rough  walls;  the  roughened  appearance  is  obtained  by  smearing, 
or  combing.  According  to  Stampfuss'  revised  chronology  (cf .  Man- 
nus, Ergiinzungsband  v  (1927),  pp.  50  sqq.  with  Mannus,  xvii,  1926, 
pp.  287  sqq.),  the  vessels  date  from  Northern  Bronze  Age  V  to 
Hallstatt  C.  Rhenish  variants  [i]-[w],  often  with  finger-tip  orna- 
mentation, occur  in  the  Middle  Rhenish  zone  (cf.  Rittershausen, 
Nass.Annalen,  1926,  PL  IX,  12, 13,  and  the  Coblentz  region,  Mannus, 
xxii,  1930,  p.  109  sq.),  where  they  overlap  with  the  Mehrcn  (Hall- 
statt C/D)  and  La  Tene  A  cultures.  The  people  who  brought  these 
vessels  with  them  to  the  Lower  Rhine  area  are  held  to  be  the  first 
Teutonic  invaders  to  settle  in  those  parts. 

Type  I,  [j]-[A;],  does  not  survive  the  Bronze  Age;  type  II,  [/]-[w], 
is  more  frequently  found  in  the  Bronze  Age;  types  III,  IV,  V,  [;?]- 
{o\  [p\~~\^\  [A~{^\  ^^t^  from  Hallstatt  C,  although  a  few  examples 
of  type  III  occur  in  Bronze  Age  V.  Certain  vessels  of  true  Hallstatt 
C/D  forms  found  in  the  Lower  Rhenish  area  reveal  in  the  roughening 
of  their  walls  Harpstedt  influence.  (See  Stampfuss,  the  two  papers 
referred  to  above,  and  literature  there  cited;  Kendrick,  The 
Druids,  p.  SQ  sq.,  for  occurrence  in  England;  cf.  Childe,  The  Danube, 
p.  364  .s'^.) 

38 


V»>»""""''/'."t  ■ 


o 
o_ 

in 


o. 


o. 

00 


o 

CN" 


o. 


TYPES    OF    POTTERY 


THE  CELTS 

POTTERY    FROM    THE    LOWER    KlIIXE    AND    THE    MARNE. 

[a],  [b]  Fail-shaped  nrns  (Einicrurnen)  -aith  'finger-nail''  ornamenta- 
tion, [a]  from  Hirzenberg  near  Siegburg,  Rhine  Province;  HallstattD 
{=  R.L.V.  VIII,  PI.  161c).  [b]  from  Marson,  Marne;  La  Tene  I 
(=  B.M.  Iron  Age  Guide,  PL  v  8).   Ilcitrlit:  IG  cm. 

[c],  [d]  Broad  paunched  urns  ivith  tall  incurving  necks,  [c]  witli 
triangular  motifs  on  paunch,  from  Hirzenberg  near  Siegburg;  Hall- 
statt  D  (-  R.L.V.  VIII,  PI.  161/).  Also  found  in  Mehrcn  (Hallstatt 
C/D)  contexts  (vii,  69).  [d]  slightly  carinated  variant  of  same,  with 
decoration  in  white,  from  Haidzij,  Marne,  grave  78;  beginning  of  the 
La  Tcnc  period  (=  Gourv,  UEnceinte  dllaulzy.  .  .PI.  IV).  Height: 
22-5  cm.  Further  examples  of  this  type  occur  at  Etrcchy,  Marne 
(Morel,  op.  cit.  PI.  19.  9  and  12).  Cf.'also  Baldes-Behrens',  Katalog 
Birkenfeld,  PI.  XII  9,  and  the  more  angular  La  Tene  I  variants 
from  the  Treves  region  (Dechelette,  op.  cit.  fig.  669).  [«],  [c] 
Cologne  Museum,  [b]  Brit.  Miis.,  [d]  Nancy  INIuseum. 

The  distribution  of  these  types  of  pottery  supports  E.  Rademacher's 
view  of  a  migration  of  part  of  the  Lower  Rhenish  'Tumulus 
peoples'  into  tlie  Marne  and  Middle  Rhine  areas  at  the  end  of  Hall- 
statt D  (R.L.V.  V,  s.v.  Haulzy,  and  viii,  p.  497);  (see  also  vii,  67  sq.). 
Haulzy  was  cited  (vii,  60)  as  an  isolated  link  between  the  Lower 
Rhenish  Tumulus  peoples  and  the  Late  Hallstatt  Celtic  invaders  of 
Spain.  Since  the  publication  of  vol.  vii,  other  sites  of  the  Haulzy 
type  have  been  excavated  by  Chenet  in  the  east  Marne  district. 
Apart  from  these,  Hallstatt  influences  reached  the  Marne  [Rev. 
Arch.  1927,  Jogasses)  presumably  from  the  Swiss  plateaux.  What 
is  probably  an  earlier  type  of  the  Siegburg-Haulzy  urn  was  found 
at  Can  Missert  (Terassa),  Catalonia  (Anuari  de  I  Jnstitut  d'Estudis 
Catalans,  vi,  p.  584,  fig.  335;  still  closer  parallels  are  to  be  seen  in 
the  Barcelona  museum).  Kraft  and  Bosch  Gimpera  {Mannus,  Ergbd. 
VI  (1928),  pp.  258  sqq.)  and  Kraft  (Stellung  der  Schiveiz.  .  .  in  Anzeiger 
f.  Schweiz.  Altertumskunde,  1927/8,  and  Antiquitij,  1929,  pp.  S3  sqq.) 
show  that  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  the  Celts  invaded  coastal 
Catalonia  as  early  as  the  Urnfield  Period  (vii,  55).  These  papers, 
which  only  came  into  the  writer's  hands  after  vol.  vii,  chap,  ii,  was 
in  the  Press,  are  important.  Nevertheless,  the  location  of  the  early 
home  of  the  Celts  in  the  Rhone  area  is  not  borne  out  by  the  testi- 
mony of  river-names  [vii,  54].  Fm-ther,  1100  b.c.  seems  too  early  a 
date  for  this  invasion:  in  spite  of  the  occurrence  of  cylinder-neck 
urns,  other  types  of  pottery  from  Can  Missert  and  similar  sites 
point  to  the  event  in  question  not  taking  place  prior  to  Hallstatt  B, 
circ.  900-800  B.C.,  and  ])ossibly  being  connected  with  Hallstatt 
pressure  on  the  Swiss  lake-dwelling  ])opulation.  The  finds  from 
Peralada  show  that  Catalonia  was  also  al'feeted  by  the  Late  Hallstatt 
Celtic  invasions  [Anuari,  vi,  p.  590  sq.;  cf,  vii,  59  sq.). 

40 


[c] 


[a] 


il 


:M^ 


sg5i*;rs' ■ 


i 


K 


;'irii  'im^0gmmmmmgmifgf^ 


[d] 


[b] 


POTTERY    FROM    THE    LOWER    RHINE     AND    THE    MARXE 


SPAIN 


IBERIA X  POTTERY  froiii  Soutli-eastern  Spain,  Aragon. 

[a\,  [6]  Bowls  from  Sani  Antoni  near  Calaceite:  [a\  diameter:  21  cm.; 
[6]  diameter:  26  cm. 

[c]-[/]  Goblets  and  bowls  from  Azdila  in  Saragossa:  [c\  height: 
20  cm.;  [d]  height:  22-5  cm.;  [e]  diameter:  25  cm.;  [/]  diameter: 
24  cm. 

This  pottery  owes  much  to  Greek  influences,   (vii,  785.) 

[M.  Ebert,  Reallexikon  der  J'orgaschichie,  x] 


42 


[c] 


[d\ 


[e] 


[/J 


IBERIAN    POTTERY 


SPAIN 


IBERIAN    WEAPONS 


[a]  An  iron  PUum,  70  cm.  long.  [b\  An  iron  sword,  Falcata,  57-4  cm. 
long,  [c]  Sword,  La  Tene  C  type.  Gladius  Hispaniensis,  68-6  cm. 
long.  All  from  the  cemetery  at  Cabrera  de  Mataro,  Province  of 
Barcelona,    (vii,  784;  viii,  86.) 

[M.  Ebert,  Reallexikon  der  Vorgeschicfiie,  x] 


44 


[a] 


m 


[c] 


IBERIAN    WEAPONS 


SPAIN 


HEADS    OF    IBERIAN    TERRACOTTA    FIGURINES 

Two  of  the  women  wear  large  ornaments  which  cover  the  ears  (cf. 
the  head  from  Elche  near  Alicante,  Vol.  of  Plates,  i,  294  [b]),  all 
three  wear  the  mantilla.  From  the  Iberian  site  Serreta  near  Alcoy 
(Province  of  Alicante),  (vii,  785.) 

[Photograph  Prof.  SchuUen] 


46 


■J) 

Q 
-»« 

W 


-m\ 


» 

a 


SPAIN 


[a]  Part  of  the  roman  circumvallation  of  Numaniia.  In 
the  foreground,  marked  by  an  arrow,  appears  part  of  Scipio's 
vallum,    (viii,  321.) 

[b]  HEADQUARTERS  OF  scipio  OH  CastUlcjo  to  thc  north-west  of 
Numantia.  The  picture  shows  a  room  with  six  column-bases  in  the 
praeinrium  of  Marcellus.   (viii,  321.) 

[A.  SchuUen,  Numantia,  iii,  PI.  3,  1 ;  PI.  14,  2] 


48 


[a]    A    PART    OF    THE    CI  RC  U  M  V  ALL  ATI  O  N    OF    NUMANTIA 


[b]    HEADQUARTERS    OF    SCIPIO 


C  AH  SIII 


ITALY 


Two  views  of  the  house  of  the  faux  at  Pompeii.  Second 
century  B.C. 

[a]  The  large  atrium. 

[b]  The  two  Corinthian  columns  of  the  tablinum  in  which  was  found 
the  Alexander  mosaic  (cf.  Vol.  of  Plates,  ii,  110).  The  'incrustation' 
type  of  mural  decoration  appears  on  either  side  of  the  tahUmim. 
(viii,  347.) 


50 


^ 


[a] 


ai.£jesi3ta^fe:*^^S[SiSiiVKftl7^^^ 


U^] 


HOUSE    OF   THE    FAUX,    POMPEII 


4-2 


THRACE 


[a]  From  an  Attic  red-figure  column-crater  by  the  Orpheus  painter, 
foimd  at  Gela,  now  in  Berlin,  Orpheus  singing  to  the  accompaniment 
of  his  lyre,  surrounded  by  Thracians;  they  wear  long  embroidered 
cloaks  and  fox-skin  caps.  Two  lances  are  carried  by  each  Thracian. 
(viii,  543,  544.) 

[A.  Furtwangler,  Kleine  Schriften,  ii,  PI.  50.] 

[b]  Fragment  of  an  Attic  white-ground  kylix  by  the  Pistoxenos 
painter,  found  on  the  Acropolis  in  Athens.  A  Thracian  woman ;  an 
animal  appears  tattooed  on  her  arm.    (viii,  543.) 

[E.  Pfiihl,  Malerei  und  Zeichming  der  Griechen,  iii,  416.  F.  Bruckmann  A.  G.,  Munich.] 


52 


THRACIANS    ON    ATTIC    VASES 


THRACE 


[a]  Relief  of  the  fourth  century  b.c.  Rendis,  wearing  a  long-sleeved 
shortened  ehiton,  covered  by  an  animal's  skin  [nehris)  slung  over 
the  left  shoulder.  A  long  cloak  {zeira)  falls  behind,  on  her  head  a 
Thracian  cap  and  on  her  feet  high  boots  with  tops  turned  over. 
Her  right  hand  holds  a  patera,  her  left  a  spear.  Facing  her  are  two 
bearded  men  in  chitons,  the  leader  carrying  a  torch  in  his  lowered 
right  hand.  They  are  followed  by  eight  naked  epheboi.  In  the  British 
Museum,    (viii,  549.) 

[U\  Relief  from  Shapla-dcre  (Mesembria  on  the  coast  of  the  Aegean). 
A  four-wheeled  cart  drawn  by  a  pair  of  mules  or  horses.  The  driver, 
wearing  a  sleeved  chiton  and  cloak,  sits  on  the  box.  In  the  cart  be- 
hind is  a  passenger  wearing  a  cloak  clasped  in  front.  An  outrider, 
wearing  short  chiton  and  cloak,  precedes  the  cart.  About  450  B.C. 
Height  1-02  m.    Sofia  Natio7ial  Museum,   (viii,  555.) 

[c]  A  funeral  stele  from  Ahdera.  A  horseman  wearing  chiton, 
chlamys  and  baggy  trousers  riding  to  right ;  on  his  right  hip,  hung 
from  a  belt,  is  a  sword,  and  his  right  hand  once  brandished  a  spear. 
His  left  arm  raises  an  oval  shield.  Rehind  him  (much  mutilated) 
stands  the  figure  of  a  soldier  carrying  two  spears.  Second  to  first 
century  B.C.    Height  1-23  m.   Sofia  National  Museum,   (viii,  543.) 


54 


a 


O 

o 


li    * 


M 


THRACE 


[a]  BRONZE  HELMET,  Tliraciau  shape,  with  cheek-pieces,  from  a 
grave  near  Kovatshovitsa  (district  of  Nevrokop  in  northern  Mace- 
donia). Fourth  century  b.c.  Height  39  cm.  Sofia  Nat.  Mus.  (viii, 
5t6.) 

[6]tiiracian  bronze  helmet  found  near  Karaagach  (district 
of  Philippopolis).  Fourth  century  B.C.  (?).  Sofia  Nat.  Mas.  (viii, 
546.) 

[c]  IRON  CURVED  SWORD  found  near  Vinograd  (district  oiGorna- 
Orechovitza,  northern  Bulgaria);  La  Tene  type.  Length  40cm. 
Sofia  Nat.  Mus.   (viii,  545.) 


56 


[a] 


\c\ 


ARMS    AND    ARMOUR 


THRACE 


[a]  SILVER  CHAIN  froiii  Bukijovt.si  (district  of  Orechovo  in  northern 
Bulgaria).  Attached  to  tlie  chain  are  five  (originally  six)  fibulae, 
each  8-5  cm.  long.  The  chains  depend  from  rosettes  with  heads 
(perhaps  of  Apollo)  beneath  them.  From  the  shorter  chains  hang 
pellets  shaped  like  poppy-heads. 

[b]  DECORATED  SILVER  VASE  of  oiiioclioc  type,  With  tall  foot 
and  wide  lip.   Height  15  cm. 

[c]  SMALL  SILVER  VASE  witliout  dccoratiou.   Height  6-4  cm. 
All  in  Sofia  Nat.  Mus.   (viii,  557.) 


58 


[b] 


OBJECTS    IN    SILVER 


[c] 


THRACE 


[a]  On  the  left  a  silver  fibula,  length  5-9  cm.,  engraved,  from 
the  district  of  Vratsa  in  northern  Bulgaria:  on  the  right  another, 
length  4-5  cm,,  from  a  tumulus  near  Tsareva-Livada  (district  of 
Gabrovo  in  northern  Bulgaria).   La  Tene  A. 

[b]  POTTERY  FUNERAL  URN  with  four  handles  from  Pashakoi 
(district  of  Kizilagaih  in  southern  Bulgaria).  On  it  are  incised  four 
stylized  animals,  the  one  illustrated  having  upon  its  flank  a  design 
resembling  the  fibulae  above  [a].   La  Tene.    Height  29  cm. 

All  in  Sofia  Nat.  Miis.    (viii,  557.) 


60 


[<^/J    SILVER    FIBULA 


'"iHl 


m 


[b]    FUNERAL    URN 


THRACE 


[a]  MASSIVE  GOLD  RING  Avith  swivclliiig  bezel  bearing  an  en- 
graved Thracian  inscription  in  (ireek  characters: 

POAISTENEA^N  EPENEATIA  TEANH5KOA 
PAIEAAOM  EANTIAEIY  njAMIHE  PAI  HATA 

From  a  tumulus  near  Ezerovo  (district  of  Borusovgrad,  southern 
Bulgaria).  Fifth  century  B.C.  Weight  31-3  grammes;  the  bezel 
20  X  17  mm.   Sofia  Nat.  Mus.   (viii,  554.) 

[/>]  TWO  GOLD  RINGS  (diam.  2-3  cm.)  with  oval  bezels.  The  one  on 
the  left  is  engraved  with  the  design  of  a  cock :  the  other  was  probably 
once  enamelled,  the  ends  of  the  hoop  terminating  in  serpents'  heads. 
Weights  16-2;  15-4-5  g. 

\c\  MASSIVE  GOLD  ARMLET  ending  in  serpents'  heads.  Diam. 
9  cm.    Wt.  298-25  g. 

{d\  GOLD  PENDANT,  the  Central  portion  of  a  necklace. 

[e\  siLVERAMPHORA  originally  covered  in  gold-leaf;  the  lower  por- 
tion fluted,  around  the  shoulder  a  double  zone  of  lotus-leaves  linked 
together  by  volute-like  stalks.  The  handles  are  winged  Persian  lion- 
griffins  (cf.  the  Persian  silver-gilt  handle.  Vol.  of  Plates,  i,  324  [d]). 
The  vase  is  perhaps  of  Ionian  workmanship.    Height  27  cm. 

[b\-{e\  from  the  tumulus  near  Duvanli  in  southern  Bulgaria 
(cf.  p.  64).   Fifth  century  B.C.   Sofia  Nat.  Mus.   (viii,  557.) 


62 


[«] 


[b] 


[c] 


[d] 


[e] 


OBJECTS    IN    GOLD    AND    SILVER 


THRACE 


\a]  GOLD  TORC  of  stout  twistcd  wire,  diam.  12-8  cm.;  wt.  349  g.; 
hollow  gold  pyramidal  pendant,  height  2-5  cm. ;  and  gold  earring, 
diam.  2-5  cm.,  the  thicker  portion  hollow. 

[b]  A  pair  of  fish  of  thin  gold  plate.  Length  31-5,  28-2  cm.  Wts. 
45,  50  g.  Philippopolis  Nat.  Mus.   (viii,  557.) 

All  from  the  tumulus  near  Diwanli  (cf.  p.  62). 


64 


[a]    GOLD    TORQUE 


[b]    GOLD    FISH 


C  A  HS  in 


THRACE 


[a]  SILVER  JUG  with  handle  and  curved  lip;  round  the  slioulder 
runs  an  engraved  band  of  vertical  lines.   Height  9  cm. 

[6]  SILVER  PHALERA  in  rcpousse  work;  Heracles  strangling  the 
Nemean  lion.    Diam.  8-8  cm. 

[c]  On  the  left,  two  horse-trappixgs  of  silver  heavily  alloyed 
with  copper.  The  upper  specimen  (length  6-5  cm.)  consists  of  two 
lion's  liind-legs  (cf.  70  [a]),  the  paws  ending  in  birds'  heads,  while 
the  flank  has  a  griffin's  head  upon  it,  the  whole  being  framed  in  a 
cable  border.  The  lower  specimen  (length  6-1  cm.)  is  shaped  like  a 
pair  of  fantastic  monsters.  On  the  right,  a  convex  bronze  orna- 
ment of  spirals  and  a  palmette,  probably  from  the  base  of 
the  handle  of  a  bronze  jug.   Height  5-3  cm. 

All  from  the  tumulus  near  Panagyurishte  (cf.  p.  68).  Sofia  Nat. 
Mus.    (viii,  558,  573.) 


06 


[a] 


[b] 


OBJECTS    IX    SILVER 


[c] 


ORNAMENTS    OF    SCYTHIAN    TYPE 


5-2 


THRACE 


[a]  Three  silver  phalerae  in  repousse  work;  on  the  first  a 
rosette  consisting  of  five  lotus-buds  (diam.  8-6  cm.);  the  others 
(diam.  8  cm.)  engraved  with  a  pair  of  symmetrically  grouped 
animals  (perhaps  pigs);  behind  them  is  a  bird  and  before  them  a 
palmette  springing  from  a  dotted  volute. 

[b]  THIN  SILVER  PLATE  shaped  like  a  double-axe  (probably  a 
horse's  frontlet):  in  the  centre  is  a  large  rosette,  above  is  Heracles, 
in  barbarian  garb,  holding  a  club  in  his  right  hand  and  leading  with 
his  left  an  animal  (the  Nemean  lion  or  Cerberus?) ;  beneath  him  and 
under  the  rosette  are  two  winged  griffin-like  monsters;  at  the  bot- 
tom appears  a  siren  with  a  lyre.   Length  32  cm. 

All  from  the  tumulus  near  PanagyuHshte  (cf.  p.  66).  Sofia  Nat.  Mus. 
(viii,  558.) 


68 


^.^ 


u 


^'^■^J'*^  •  •  -  \*'*. '  ' 


*.j:yx^s  1 


,</. 


•  *    ■-.■ 


J,         .- 

\ 

1^^_ 

l( 

[a] 


[^] 


SILVER    ORNAMENTS 


THRACE 


[a]  Above,  a  pair  of  silver  ornaments,  length  7-2  cm.,  in  the 
form  of  styhzed  hon's  hind-legs  grown  together  (cf.  66  c).  Below, 
a  pair  of  griffin's  heads,  lengths  4-5,  4-8  cm.  From  the  tumulus  near 
Brezovo.  Fourth  to  third  century  B.C. 

[h]  SILVER  BOWL  with  central  boss,  diam.  10  cm.,  and  a  silver 
ORNAMENT,  similar  to  those  described  above,  length  6-5  cm. 
From  Radyuvene,  fourth  to  third  century  B.C. 

[c]  BRONZE  BUCKET  witli  ring-base  and  double-handle;  an  egg- 
and-tongue  moulding  runs  round  under  the  rim;  the  attachments 
for  the  handles  are  decorated  with  palmettes.  From  Brezovo. 
Height  22  cm. 

[d],  [e]  Two  SILVER  ornaments  worked  a  jour,  [d]  A  design  of 
interlinking  spirals  and  circles  round  a  central  boss.  Height  6-3  cm. 
[e]  A  long-necked  stylized  animal  (horse  or  reindeer).  5  cm.  across. 
From  Brezovo. 

All  in  Sofia  Nat.  Mvs.   (viii,  558,  573.) 


:  LIBRARY  j 


[«] 


.^Mii 


,«#'!; 


[b] 


[c] 


[d] 


[e] 


OBJECTS  OF  GREEK  AND  SCYTHIAN  TYPE 


THRACE 


[a]    Two    IRON    SPEAR-IIEADS    aiicl    the    SHEATH    of   a    CURVED 

SWORD  from  Vinograd.  Lengths  40-5  cm.;  37  cm.;  17-5  cm.  La 
Tene  (cf.  p.  28  [b]). 

\h]  The  upper  part  of  a  long  iron  sword,  length  38  cm.,  and 
the  fragment  of  a  sheath  from  a  grave  near  Popitsa  (district  of 
Bela-Slatina  in  northern  Bulgaria)  (cf.  p.  30  \c\). 

[c]  IRON  BIT  from  Vinograd.   Length  23  cm.   La  Tene. 

[d\  BRONZE  FIBULA,  length  8-6  cm.,  from  the  district  of  Tirnovo 
in  northern  Bulgaria.    La  Tene. 

[e]  IRON  spur,  width  9-6  cm.,  from  Vinograd. 

[/]  IRON  FIBULA,  length  11-7  cm.,  found  near  Pleven  in  northern 
Bulgaria.    La  Tene  C  (cf.  p.  30  \u\,  [v\). 

All  in  Sofia  Nat.  Mas.   (viii,  560.) 


72 


u 

< 


o 

H 
u 

O 


4. 

1^ 


^'- 


iiiiwii  III  nmmrn 


THRACE 


[a]  A  pair  of  gold  earrings  terminating  in  lions'  heads. 

[b]  ORNAMENT  of  twistcd  silver  wire,  the  ends  decorated  with  lyre- 
shaped  plates.   Length  23  cm. 

[c],  [d]  A  BRONZE  JUG,  height  11  cm.,  and  detail  of  its  handle. 

All  from  a  grave  near  Kran  in  the  district  of  Kazanlik  in  southern 
Bulgaria.   In  Sofia  Nat.  Mas.   (viii,  560.)    La  Tene  B. 

[After  drawings  by  R.  Popov] 


74 


[a] 


[c] 


OBJECTS    FROM    KRAN 


THRACE 


A  set  of  three  silver-gilt  piialerae  in  high  rehef;  each  has  a 
triple  frame  consisting  of  a  coarse  leaf  border,  a  striped  border  and 
a  raised  cable  border. 

[a]  A  horseman  wearing  trousers,  top-boots  and  a  stiff  cloak,  round 
his  neck  a  collar  of  five  spirals.  He  raises  his  right  hand  in  a  gesture 
of  adoration  (cf.  Vol.  of  Plates,  i,  264.).    Diam.  15'5  cm. 

[b]  Female  bust  facing.  Two  plaits  of  her  thick  hair  hang  down  in 
front  of  her  shoulders;  round  her  neck  is  a  collar  of  eight  spirals  and 
she  wears  armlets,  each  of  five  spirals,  with  triangular  ornaments 
above  and  below  each  armlet;  she  is  clad  in  a  sleeveless  woollen 
tunic  with  embroidered  border,  a  plait  (perhaps  a  gold  ornament?) 
hangs  between  the  breasts.  Over  each  shoulder  appears  a  bird 
(dove?).   Diam.  18-3  cm. 

[c]  Elaborate  rosette  with  central  sunflower  ornament.  Diam. 
12-5  cm.  [cf.  Rostovtzeff,  Reciieil  Kondakoff,  Pis.  XXIII,  XXIV; 
and  p.  110  below]. 

All  from  Galice  (district  of  Orechovo  in  northern  Bulgaria).  Sofia 
Nat.  Mus.    (viii,  560.)   Second  to  first  century  b.c. 


76 


[b] 


SILVER-GILT    PHALERAE 


BOSPORUS 


ENGRAVED  aiid  GILT  SILVER  MIRROR,  probablv  imported  from 
Aeolian  Asia  Minor.  Greek  workmanship.  Found  in  a  Scythian  harrow- 
grave  near  Kelermes  in  the  Kuban  region.  Adorned  with  various 
figures  of  gods  and  animals,  the  most  prominent  being  the  winged 
figure  of  the  Great  Goddess,  mistress  of  animals,  the  irorvia  Oripoiv, 
and  opposite  it  a  group  of  two  Silens  (forest-spirits)  fighting  a 
grifiin.   Sixth  century  B.C.   In  the  Hermitage,   (viii,  571.) 

[Rostovtzeff,  Iratiians  and  Greeks,  PI.  VI;  Ebert,  Reallexikon  der  Vorgenchic.hte.  vi. 
p.  279,  PI.  81  aj 


78 


^^1     >x.,  ...     ilo>;v>:^''"^'^-"Y^ 


'«*'-•..■   X-'.;<;fe.>.  41(^4 


^  .'  i  .1:  i^^ 


I 


SILVER    MIRROR 


BOSrORUS 


[a]  GOLD  CUP  of  Assyro-Phoenician  or  early  Persian  workmanship. 
Found  in  a  Scythian  barrow-grave  near  Kelermes  in  the  Kuban 
region.  Decorated  with  three  rows  of  animals  in  repousse  work:  a  row 
of  running  ostriches,  another  of  dogs  chasing  gazelles  or  antelopes, 
and  a  third  with  figures  of  male  and  female  ibexes.  The  style  of  the 
last  row  recalls  the  Scythian  animal-style.  Sixth  century  B.C. 
Hermitage,    (viii,  571.) 

[Rostovtzeff,  Iranians  and  Greeks,  PI.  VII,  1 ;  Ebert,  lieall.  d.  Vorg.  vi,  PI.  81  b] 

[b]  GOLD  FISH,  probably  a  horse-trapping  or  armour  plate,  of 
Ionian  workmanship.  Found  in  Germany  in  Brandenburg  near 
Vettersfelde  and  forming  part  of  a  treasure  which  belonged  originally 
to  a  Scythian  chieftain  or  part  of  the  furniture  of  a  Scythian  grave. 
The  body  of  the  fish  is  decorated  with  two  rows  of  figures :  lions 
attacking  hoofed  animals  and  fishes,  headed  by  a  Triton;  the  tail 
bears  a  figure  of  an  eagle ;  all  in  repousse  work.  The  extremities  of 
the  tail  end  in  ram-heads.  Early  fifth  century  B.C.  Antiquarium, 
Berlin,    (viii,  571,  587.) 

[A.  Furtwangler,  Der  Goldfund von  Vettersfelde,  im  73  Berliner  Winckelmanns-programm 
1883  (reprinted  in  Furtwangler,  Kleine  Schriften,  ii  (1912);  Ebert,  Reall.  der  Vorg. 
XIV,  pp.  150  sqq.,  PI.  44] 


80 


[a] 

GOLD    CUP 


GOLD    FISH 


c  A  H  s  in 


BOSPORUS 


[a]  GOLD  EARRINGS  of  Greek  workmanship.  Found  in  a  grave  of 
the  neeropoHs  of  Theodosia  in  the  Crimea.  Fourth  century  B.C. 
Hermitage,    (viii,  585.) 

[Minns,  Scijtfiians  and  Greeks,  p.  401,  fisj.  294,  3;  Rostovtzeff,  Iranians  and  Greeks, 
PI.  XVIII,"  IJ 

[6]  GOLD  NECKLACE  of  Greek  workmanship.  Found  in  a  grave  of 
the  necropoHs  of  Nymphaeum  (El-Tegen)  in  the  Crimea.  Fifth 
century  B.C.   Ashmolean  Museum,  Oxford,   (viii,  585.) 

[Rostovtzeff,  Iranians  and  Greeks,  PI.  XVI,  4] 


82 


u<] 


[h] 


GOLD    JEWELLERY 


BOSPORUS 


[a],  [b]  HANDLE  and  sheath  of  a  short  scythian  sword 
{(ikinakes).  Plated  with  gold,  made  by  an  Ionian  artist  for  a  Scy- 
tliian  customer  or  by  a  Scythian  artisan  trained  by  an  Ionian. 
Found  in  a  Scythian  barrow-grave  near  the  farm  Shiimeiko,  Romny, 
Poltava,  The  liandle  is  adorned  with  geometric  ornaments  in 
granulate  work,  like  Ionian  works  of  the  same  kind,  and  the  sheath 
with  figures  of  animals  treated  both  in  the  Near  Eastern  and  in  the 
Scythian  manner.  The  two  heraldic  ibexes  above  are  orientalizing; 
the  vertical  row  of  seven  cat-like  creatures  is  Scythian  in  style. 
Sixth  century  B.C.   In  the  Museum,  Kiev,   (viii,  571,  587.) 

[Rosto\i:zeff,  Iranians  and  Greeks,  PI.  VIII,  .3;  W.  Ginters,  Das  Scfnvert  der  Skythen 
and  der  Sarmaien,  PI.  3  c  and  G9  6  (reconstruction  of  this  and  contemporary  and 
related  Scythian  swords),  cf.  Ebert,  Reall.  d.  Vorg.  xiv,  pp.  156  sqq.,  PI.  15J 

[c]  SHORT  SCYTHIAN  BRONZE  SWORD  {akbiakes),  probably  of 
local  Scythian  workmanship.  Found  in  a  Scythian  barrow  near 
Poltava.  The  handle  is  adorned  with  cast  figures  of  animals  treated 
in  the  manner  of  the  Scythian  animal  style  (two  feline  and  two 
hoofed  animals,  probably  female  elks  or  reindeer).  Sixth  century 
B.C.   Museum,  Poltava.   Unpublished,    (viii,  571,  587.) 

[d\  GOLD-PLATED  SHEATH  of  a  SCYTHIAN   SWORD,  probably  of 

Panticapaean  workmanship.  Adorned  with  a  running  design  in  the 
Ionian  animal  style.  The  work  is  repousse  (lions  and  heads  of  a 
stag  or  reindeer),  with  the  exception  of  the  chape  which  bears  the 
figure  of  a  stylized  mask  or  Medusa-head.  Found  in  the  side-grave 
of  the  barrow  of  Solokha  (left  side  of  the  lower  Dnieper).  Fourth 
century  b.c.   Hermitage,   (viii,  571,  587.) 

[W.  Ginters,  Das  Schwert  der  Skythen  und  der  Sarmaten,  PI.  22  b;  Ebert,  Reall.  d.  Vorg. 
XII,  pp.  294  sqq.,  PI.  81  b] 


84 


^>^-s 


t-^'i/ 


,T<!jr: 


-     [Oj 


[^/l 


SWORDS    AND    A    SHEATH 


BOSPORUS 


[a]  Gold  figure  of  a  wii-d  beast  (lioness?).  Probably  a  decora- 
tion for  armour.  Scythian  or  Central  Asiatic  workmanship.  Note  in 
it  traits  which  link  this  peculiar  treatment  of  metal  by  the  artist 
(the  so-called  Schrdgschnitt  or  a  peculiar  kind  of  chip-carving)  with 
the  typical  treatment  of  wood  or  bone;  cp.  112  \b],  [c].  Found  in  a 
barrow-grave  near  Kelermes  in  the  Kuban  region  (cp.  78  and  80  [a]). 
The  ears  of  the  beast  are  inlaid  with  amber,  the  eye  and  the  nostrils 
with  enamel  in  proto-cloisonne  technique.  The  paws  of  the  animal, 
rendered  in  repousse  work,  are  shaped  as  cats  curled  up.  The  tail 
consists  of  six  such  medallions  likewise  in  repousse  work.  This 
treatment  of  extremities  is  one  of  the  peculiarities  of  the  Central 
Asiatic  beast-style.   Sixth  century  B.C.   Hermitage,   (viii,  571,  587.) 

[Rosto^^:zeff,  Iranians  and  Greeks,  PI.  IX,  1 ;  idem.  The  Animal  Style  in  S.  Russia  and 
China,  PI.  V,  2;  Ebert,  Reall.  d.  Vorg.  xiii,  PI.  27  A  (c);  Borovkca,  Scythian  Art,  PI.  12] 

[b]  Figure  of  an  animal  of  feline  species.  Cast  bronze,  plated 
with  gold.  Scythian  workmanship.  Fovmd  in  the  grave  of  the 
Zolotoj  Kurgan  (Golden  Barrow)  near  Simferopol  in  the  Crimea. 
The  gold  sheath  which  covers  the  centre  of  the  body  of  the  beast 
is  adorned  with  almond-shaped  wire  frames  originally  filled  with 
enamel.  Sixth  century  B.C.    Hermitage,    (viii,  571,  587.) 

[Ebert,  Reall.  d.  Vorg.  xiii,  PI.  31  A  (c);  Borovka,  Scythian  Art,  PI.  13] 

[c]  Figure  of  an  animal  of  feline  species.  Cast  bronze,  plated 
with  gold.  Scythian  workmanship.  Place  of  origin  unknown.  The 
shoulder  of  the  beast  is  adorned  with  a  stylized  eagle,  or  eagle- 
griffin,  head,  which  is  a  peculiarity  of  the  Central  Asiatic  animal 
style  (cp.  112  [b]).  Sixth  to  fifth  century  B.C.  Louvre,  Department 
of  Far  Eastern  Art.    Unpublished. 


86 


[a\ 


m 


[c\ 


FANTASTIC    ANIMALS 


BOSPORUS 


[a]  BRONZE  POLE -TO  P.  Cast  bronze.  Scythian  workmanship. 
Found  in  a  Scythian  barrow-grave  near  the  Ulski  Aid  in  the  Kuban 
region.  The  pole-top  shows  the  shape  of  an  eagle-head  reduced  to  a 
stylized  beak  (spiral)  and  an  equally  stylized  eye  (formed  as  a 
human  eye).  The  eagle-head  is  adorned  with  other  stylized  eagle- 
heads  reduced  to  beaks  and  eyes  of  varying  sizes.  Below,  a  figure 
of  a  crouched  ibex.  The  pole-top  is  a  typical  product  of  the  Central 
Asiatic  animal-style.  Sixth  century  B.C.  Hermitage,   (viii,  571,  587.) 

fRostovtzeff,  Iranians  and  Greeks,  PI.  X  a;  idem.  Animal  Style,  PI.  VI,  1,2;  Borovka, 
Scylhian  Art,  Pis.  24  and  2;j;  Ebert,  Reoll.  d.  Vorg.  PI.  VI,  1,  2.  Cf.  Rostowzew, 
Skythien  und  der  Bosporus,  p.  264] 

[6]  BRONZE  POLE-TOP.  Cast  bronzc.  Scythian  workmanship.  Place 
of  origin  unknown.  Shape  of  a  mule-head.  Sixth  to  fifth  century 
B.C.  Louvre,  Paris.  Cp.  Rostovtzeff,  Iranians  and  Greeks,  PI.  X  c; 
Borovka,  Scythian  Art,  PI.  26  (almost  identical  pole-top  from 
Kelermes,  Kuban  region),    (viii,  571,  587.) 

[c]  BRONZE  PLAQUE  from  horsc-trappiugs.  Cast  bronze.  Scythian 
workmanship.  Found  in  one  of  the  graves  of  the  Seven  Brothers 
Barrows  in  the  Kuban  region.  Stylized  female  elk-head.  Fifth 
century  b.c.   Hermitage,   (viii,  571,  587.) 

[Rostovtzeff,  Iranians  and  Greeks,  p.  196,  fig.  22  c:  Animal  Style,  PI.  X,  7;  similar 
plaques,  Borovka,  Scythian  Art,  PI.  5] 

[d]  BRONZE  PLAQUE  from  horse-trappings.  Cast  bronze.  Scythian 
workmanship.  Found  in  one  of  the  graves  of  the  Seven  Brothers 
Barrows.   Stylized  boar's  head.    Fifth  century  b.c.    Hermitage. 

[Minns,  Scythians  and  Greeks,  p.  214,  fig.  115;  Rostovtzeff,  Animal  Style,  PI.  X,  8; 
Borovka,  Scythian  Art,  PI.  170] 


88 


[a] 


[b] 


POLE-TOPS 


PLAQUES 


BOSPORUS 

[a]  SILVER  RHYTON.     Pcrsiaii  or  Gracco-Persian  workmanship. 

Found  in  one  of  the  graves  of  the  Seven  Brothers  Barrows  in  the 

Kuban  region.  The  end  of  the  rhyton  is  shaped  as  the  forepart  of  a 

winged  ibex  (an  animal  typieal  of  Persian  art).    Fifth  century  B.C. 

Hermitage,    (viii,  571,  587.) 

[Minns,  Scythians  and  Greeks,  p.  211,  i'lg.  110;  Hustovtzeli,  Iranians  and  Greeks,  PI. 
XII  A;  Ebert,  lieall.  d.  Vorg.  xii,  pp.  Sisqq.,  PI.  18  A] 

[b]  GOLD  ARMLET.  Greek  or  Graeco-Persian  workmanship.  Found 
in  one  of  the  graves  of  the  Seven  Brothers  Barrows.  The  body  of 
the  armlet  consists  of  two  fine  flexible  chains;  the  ends  terminate 
in  snakes'  heads.  Fifth  to  fourtli  century  e.c.  Hermitage,  (viii, 
571,  587.) 

[Rostovtzeff,  Iranians  and  Greeks,  PI.  XV,  1] 

[c],  [d]  GOLD  PLAQUES  of  Toughlv  triangular  form.  Originally 
probably  nailed  to  the  rim  of  a  wooden  or  horn  rhyton.  Persian,  or 
Graeco-Persian,  workmanship.  Found  in  one  of  the  graves  of  the 
Seven  Brothers  Barrows.  One  of  the  plaques  is  adorned  with  a  figure  of 
a  winged  panther  or  tiger  killing  an  ibex,  the  other  with  that  of  an 
eagle  killing  a  kid.   Fifth  century  B.C.   Hermitage,   (viii,  571,  587.) 

[Minns,  Scythians  and  Greeks,  p.  211,  fig.  112;  Rostovtzeff,  Iranians  and  Greeks,  PL 
XIII;  Ebert,  Reall.  d.  Vorg.  xii,  p.  87,  PL  19] 

[e]  GOLD  PLAQUE,  probably  nailed  originally  to  the  rim  of  a  wooden 
or  horn  rhyton,  produced  in  one  of  the  Greek  cities  of  the  Black  Sea. 
Found  probably  in  a  Scythian  barrow  near  Maikop  in  the  Kuban 
region.  Sea-eagle  carrying  a  sturgeon.  Cp.  the  coins  of  Sinope  and 
Olbia.  Fifth  century  B.C.  Antiqimrium,  Berlin.  Unpublished, 
(viii,  587.) 

[Cf.  Rostowzew,  Skythien  und  dcr  Ji(jsj)orus,  p.  81G] 

[f]  ENGRAVED  GEM,  enlarged.  Persian  or  Graeco-Persian  work- 
manship. Found  in  a  barrow  of  the  necropolis  of  Nymphaeum, 
(El-Tegen)  near  Panticapaeum.  Horned  Persian  lion-griffin.  Fifth 
century  B.C.  Ashmolean  Museum,  Oxford,    (viii,  571,  587.) 

[Rostovtzeff,  Iranians  and  Greeks,  PL  XVI,  1] 

90 


. — — 

"^ 

'mm^sf^^ 

^ 

^•m.. 

<! 

Pi 

Pi 

o 
o 
w 
<: 


BOSPORUS 


[a]  BRONZE  PATERA  HANDLE  of  Greek  workmanship.    Found  in 
one  of  the  graves  of  the  Seven  Brothers  Barrows  in  the  Kuban  region. 
A  Hermes  Kriophoros  of  ornamental  character.   Sixth  to  fifth  cen- 
tury B.C.   Hermitage,   (viii,  563.) 
[Compte-rendu  de  la  Comm.  Arch.  1877,  Atlas,  i,  9 ;  Minns,  Scythians  and  Greeks,  p.  378J 

[6],  [c]  GOLD  PLAQUES,  originally  sewn  on  to  garments,  of  Panti- 
capaean  workmanship  made  for  Scythian  customers.  Probably  part 
of  the  same  find  to  which  belongs  the  plaque  90  [e].  Some  plaques 
have  the  shape  of  stags  with  stylized  horns,  the  extremities  of  which 
end  in  eagle-heads,  some  that  of  eagle-griffins.  Fifth  century  B.C. 
Metropolitan  Museum,  New  York,  (viii,  587.) 
[Rostovtzeff,  Animal  Style,  PI.  IX,  1] 

[d]  BRONZE  STAG.  Handle  of  a  Scytliiau  kettle.  Greek  workman- 
ship. Found  in  a  barrow  of  the  Ulski  Aul  in  the  Kuban  region. 
Sixth  century  B.C.   Hermitage,   (viii,  563.) 

[Borovka,  Bulletin  of  the  Academy  of  the  History  of  Material  Civilization,  ii,  1922, 
pp.  193  sqq.,  PI.  II;  Ebert,  Reall.  d.  T'org.  xiv,  p.  2,  PI.  1  CJ 

[e]  BRONZE  MIRROR  with  woodcu  handle.  Greek  workmanship. 
Found  in  one  of  the  graves  of  the  Seven  Brothers  Barrows.  The 
lower  part  of  the  surface  of  the  mirror  is  adorned  with  an  engraved 
palmette.  Another  engraved  design,  added  probably  later  by  a 
Scythian  artisan,  shows  two  wild  beasts  attacking  a  deer,  (viii,  563.) 

[Rostowzew,  Skythien  und  der  Bosporus,  p.  301] 


92 


«* 


W 
P 
& 
< 

111 

Q 
hJ 
O 
O 


o 

05 

Q 

03 

N 

^; 
o 

a 

O 


--^^;;,' 


BOSPORUS 


Two  views  of  the  tsarski  kurgan('  Royal'  Barrow)  near  Kerch. 
First  half  of  fourth  century  b.c. 

[a]  The  interior,  seen  through  the  doorway.  The  courses  up  to  the 
one  numbered  7  are  perpendicular,  above  that  corbelled. 

[h]  The  twelve  courses  of  the  vaults,  corbelled  out  one  above  the 

other,    (viii,  585). 

[Reproduced  from  Jalireshefte  des  oesterreichischen  archaeologischen  Instituts,  x,  1907, 
p.  236  sq.   See  Minns,  Scythians  and  Greeks,  p.  194] 


94 


■m\      '^Ad^Vi/i 


i 


[a] 


[b] 


THE    'royal'    barrow 


BOSPORUS 


[a],  [b]  PAINTED  CLAY  VASES  of  Greek,  probably  Athenian,  work- 
manship ;  found  in  a  Greek  grave  of  the  necropoHs  of  Phanagoreia. 
[a]  Birth  of  Aphrodite;  [6]  winged  Sphinx.  Late  fifth  century  B.C. 
Hermitage,    (viii,  585.) 

[Minns,  Sci/lfiians  and  Greeks,  p.  345,  fig.  251;  p.  Sii,  fig.  250;  Rostovtzeff,  Iranians 
and  Greeks,  1*1.  XVII,  1;  Fridik,  Zeitschrift  fur  bildende  Kunst,  18,  pp.  172  sqq.;  Phar- 
inakowski.  Three  polychrome  vases  in  the  form  of  statuettes  found  in  Phanagoreia, 
Memoirs  of  the  Academy  of  the  History  of  Mat.  Civ.  i,  1921 ;  Rostowzew,  Skythien  und 
der  Bosporus,  p.  225.  Often  discussed  and  reproduced  in  works  on  tlie  Fiistory  of 
Greek  art.   Bibhography  in  M.  H.  Swindler,  Ancient  Painting,  p.  462] 


96 


[a] 


.-^  ^\ 


.,-^^      \ 


[b] 


^, 


-* 


t 


m 


GREEK    VASES 


C  A  H  S  lit 


BOSPORUS 


ARYBALLUS  OF  XENOPHAXTUS.  Work  of  ail  Athenian  artist, 
perhaps  resident  at  Panticapaeum.  Found  in  a  Greek  grave  at  Pan- 
ticapaeum.  The  body  of  the  vase  is  adorned  with  figures  in  relief  and 
painting.  The  figures  in  rehef  are  coloured  white,  red  and  blue,  with 
gilt  accessories;  the  end-figures  are  flat  in  red-figure  technique. The 
scene  represents  Persians  on  a  hunting  expedition,  their  names  being 
inscribed  beside  the  figures.  The  animals  hunted  are  partly  real, 
partly  fantastic.  The  vase  bears  the  inscription:  ZENO0ANTOZ 
EPdlHZEN  AOHN.  Shortly  before  400  b.c.  Hermitage,  (viii,  585.) 

[Compte-rendu  de la  Comm.  Arch.  1866.  Atlas,  PI.  iv ;  Antiquiles  da  Bosphore  Cimmerien, 
V\.  XLV  (here  reproduced);  Minns,  Scythians  and  Greeks,  p.  .343,  fig.  249.  Often  dis- 
cussed and  reproduced.  Bibliography  in  Pfuhl.  Malerci  and  Zeichnung  der  Griechen, 
II,  jjp.  591  and  600;  .M.  II.  Swindler,  Ancient  Painting,  p.  297] 


98 


u 

< 

X 

o 
o 

CO 

>A 
I-) 
<1 

PS 


7-2 


BOSPORUS 


[a]  CLAY  VASE  painted  with  various  colours  ill  the  distemper  tech- 
nique. Panticapaean  workmansliip.  Found  in  a  rock-cut  grave  of 
the  necropoHs  of  Panticapaeum.  A  Greek  fighting  an  Amazon. 
Third  century  b.c.   Hermitage,   (viii,  585.) 

[Compte-renda  de  la  Comrn.  Arch.  1878-9,  Atlas,  PI.  I,  5;  .Minns,  Scythians  and  Greeks, 
p.  348,  fig.  2.53;  M.  H.  Swindler,  Ancient  Painting,  tig.  565] 

[b]  CLAY  AMPHORA  with  painted  and  plastic  ornaments  painted  in 
various  colours.  Greek  workmanship.  Found  at  Olbia.  Third  cen- 
tury B.C.   Hermitage,   (viii,    585.) 

Trevor,  Materials  for  the  Archaeology  of  S.  Russia,  xxxv,  1918] 


100 


CO 


BOSPORUS 


Frieze  of  a  LARGE  silver  amphora.  Panticapaean  workmanship. 
Found  in  one  of  the  graves  of  the  Chertomlyk  Barrow  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  lower  Dnieper.  Scythians  in  the  prairies  of  S.  Russia 
lassoing  and  saddling  horses  on  the  eve  of  a  military  expedition. 
Fourth  century  B.C.   Hermitage,   (viii,  571,  587.) 

[Reproduced  from  Antike  Denkmiiler,  iv,  PI.  4(i.  (F.  Bruckmann,  A.G.)  To  the  biblio- 
graphy given  there  by  Waldliauer  add  P.  3vLc6bii\hii\,0rnamentik griechischer  Vasen, 
Pis.  142,  143] 


102 


o 

w 

Ph 

< 

> 

I— I 

03 


O 

w 
w 

I— ( 


BOSPORUS 


[a]  GOLD  PATERA.  Panticapaeaii  workmanship.  Found  in  the  side- 
g-rave  of  the  Solokha  Barrow  on  the  left  side  of  the  lower  Dnieper. 
The  patera  is  adorned  with  figures  in  repousse  work:  three  rows 
of  grouped  animals  showing  wild  beasts  killing  various  creatures. 
Two  Greek  inscriptions  probably  give  the  name  of  the  artist  and 
that  of  the  owner.   Fourth  century  b.c.  Hermitage,  (viii,  571,  587.) 

[Rostovtzeff,  Iranians  and  Greeks,  PI.  XX,  12;  Ebert,  Reall.  d.  Vorg.  iv,  PI.  85;  xii, 
p.  298,  §  10] 

[b\  SILVER  BOWL.  Panticapacan  Workmanship.  Found  in  the  side- 
grave  of  the  Solokha  Barrow.  Young  Scythians  on  horseback 
hunting  lions.  Between  them  appear  two  lions  playing  with  each 
other,  and,  on  the  opposite  side,  a  group  of  two  Molossian  dogs. 
Fourth  century  b.c.   Hermitage,   (viii,  571,  587.) 

[Rostov-tzeff,  Iranians  and  Greeks,  PI.  XX,  12;  Ebert,  lieaU.  d.  Vorg.  xii,  PI.  83] 


104 


GOLD    PATERA 


SILVER    BOWL 


BOSPORUS 


[a]  GOLD  PLAQUE  scwn  Originally  Oil  to a  belt.  Local  workmanship; 
found  in  a  Scythian  grave  in  a  barrow  near  Axjutinzy,  Romny, 
Poltava.  A  Scythian  king,  or  chieftain,  seated  holding  a  battle-axe  in 
his  left  hand  and  a  drinking  cup  in  his  right.  A  bow-and-arrow  case 
(gorytos)  hangs  on  his  right  side.  Repousse  work.  Third  century  B.C. 
Historical  Museum,  Moscow,   (viii,  571,  587.) 

[Minns,  Scythians  and  Greeks,  p.  182,  fig.  75  bis;  Rostovtzeff,  Bull,  de  la  Comm.  Arch. 
49  (lOia),  p.  8,  fig.  3;  Ebert,  liecdl.  d.  Vorg.  xiii,  p.  95,  PI.  39  F  («)] 

[/^]-[/rj  GOLD  PLAQUES  Originally  sewii  Oil  garments.  Panticapaean 
workmanship.  Repousse  work.  Found  in  various  Scythian  barrows 
of  the  steppes  of  S.  Russia.  [6]-[rfl  show  ritual  scenes:  [6]  'sacra- 
mental draught'  of  a  Scythian  prince  administered  by  the  Great 
Goddess  of  the  Scythians;  [c]  the  Great  Goddess  and  her  sacred 
animals  (dog  and  raven);  [d\  ritual  wrestling.  Plaques  [g\  and  [j] 
recall  contemporary  Greek  coin-types.  The  rest  are  purely  orna- 
mental. Some  of  the  plaques  belong  to  the  fifth  century  B.C.,  the 
majority  to  the  fourth,  some  to  the  third.  Hermitage  and  Museum, 
Kiev,   (viii,  571,  587.) 

[Rostovtzeff,  Bi///.  de  In  Comm.  Arch.  49  (1913);  Iranians  and  Greeks,  PI.  XXIII; 
Minns,  Scythians  and  Greeks,  passim,  esp.  p.  208] 


106 


GOLD    PLAQUES 


BOSPORUS 


[fl]-[c?]  GOLD  OR X a:\ie NTS  in  open  work.  Probably  ornaments  for 
saddles.  Scythian,  or  Graeco-Scythian,  workmanship.  Found  partly 
in  the  earth,  partly  in  the  graves  of  the  Alexandropol  Barrow  (Lugo- 
vaja  Mogila)  on  right  side  of  the  lower  Dnieper.  Degenerate  and 
geometricized  Ionian  and  Scythian  animal  figures  both  single  and 
in  groups.  Third  century  B.C.   Hermitage,   (viii,  587.) 

[Recueil  cTantiquiUs  de  la  Scythie,  PI.  XV;  INIinns,  Scythians  and  Greeks,  p.  155, 
fig.  42;  Ebert,  Beall.  d.  forg.  xiii,  pp.  87  sqq.,  Pis.  36  A  and  36  C] 

\e]  BRONZE  POLE -TO  P.  Scythian  workmanship  in  cast  bronze. 
Found  in  the  earth  of  the  Alexandropol  Barroiv.  Winged  figure  of  the 
Great  Goddess  of  the  Scythians,  Third  century  B.C.  Hermitage. 
(viii,  584.) 

\ Recueil  crautiquites  de  la  Scythie,  PL  I,  8;  Minns,  Scythians  and  Greeks,  p.  154, 
fig.  40;  Ebert,  lieall.  d.  Vorg.  xiii,  PI.  35  D  (c)] 

[/]  IRON  OPEN-WORK  FIGURE,  nailed  originally  on  to  a  funeral 
chariot  or  on  to  a  funeral  canopy,  plated  with  gold.  Found  in  the  earth 
of  the  Alexandropol  Barrow.  Figure  of  the  winged  Great  Goddess  of 
the  Scythians,  the  irorvia  drjpayr,  holding  two  stags.  Third  century 
B.C.   Hermitage,   (viii,  584.) 

[Recueil  d' antiquites  de  la  Scythie,  PI.  I,  3,  4;  Ebert,  Reall.  d.  Vorg.  xiii,  PL  35  D  (g)] 


108 


GOLD    ORNAMENTS 


FIGURES    OF    THE    WINGED    GODDESS 


BOSPORUS 


Eight  GOLD  CIRCULAR  PL  A  Q  UE  s  (phalerac)  froni  horsc-trappings. 
Repousse  work.  Indo-Hellenic  workmanship  (?).  Found  in  a  horse's 
grave  of  the  Alexandropol  Barroiv  on  the  lower  Dnieper.  [a\  Single 
figures  of  animals  (eagle,  winged  horse,  bull  and  lion):  \b\  bulls' 
heads  forming  a  solar  wheel  around  a  human  face  in  front  view, 
four  boars'  heads  forming  a  solar  wheel  around  a  rosette,  and  a 
rosette  of  eight  leaves;  all  probably  symbols  of  a  solar  religion 
(cf.  p.  76  above).    Third  century  B.C.   Hermitage,   (viii,  588.) 

i  [Recueil  d' antiquites  de  la  Scijthie,  PI.  VII,  1,  3.  7,  G;  Rostovtzeflf,  Recueil  Kondakoff, 

\  PI.  XXII :  El)ert,  lieall.  d.  Vorg.  xiii,  PI.  36  C  (t)-(A-)] 

I 


110 


[«] 


[b] 


GOLD    PLAQUES 


BOSPORUS 


[a]  GOLD  PLAQUE  iiailcd  originally  to  the  rim  of  a  wooden  or  horn 
rhyton.  Persian,  or  Graeeo-Persian,  workmanship.  Repousse  work. 
Foimd  in  one  of  the  graves  of  the  Seven  Brothers  Barrows.  Figure  of 
a  wolf-headed  dragon  with  Asiatic  wings  and  a  tail  ending  in  the 
head  of  a  goose.   Fifth  century  b.c.   Hermitage,   (viii,  571,  587.) 

[Minns,  Scythians  and  Greeks,  p.  211,  fig.  Ill;  Rostovtzeff,  Iranians  and  Greeks,  PI. 
XIII  D;  Ebert,  Reall.  d.  Vorg.  xiii,  PI.  19  D;  Borovka,  Scythian  Art,  PI.  20  A] 

[b]  GOLD  STAG,  probablv  a  decoration  for  armour,  or  a  horse-trap- 
ping, and  gold  chain  adorned  with  gold  cylinders  surmounted  by 
figurines  of  lions.  Scythian  or  Central-Asiatic  workmanship.  The 
stag  in  repousse  work  has  the  eye  and  ear  inlaid  with  enamel. 
Under  the  stylized  horns  is  an  eagle's  head.  Found  in  Hungary  near 
Zoldhalompiiszta  in  a  cremation  grave.  Sixth  century  b.c.  (viii, 
571,  573.) 

[N.  Fettieh,  La  Trouvaille  scythe  de  Zoldhalompuszta  pres  de  Miskolc,  Ilongrie,  in  Arch- 
aeologia  Ilungarica,  iii,  1928,  pp.  37  sqq.;  G.  Childe,  The  Danube  in  Prehistory,  1929, 
pp.  394  s(/(i.\ 

[c]  GOLD  STAG,  probably  a  decorationforamiouror  a  horsc-trappiiig. 
Scythian  or  Central -Asiatic  workmanship.  Repousse  work.  The  eye 
and  ear  originally  inlaid  with  enamel.  Found  in  Hungary  near 
Tdpios-Szent-Marten  in  a  cremation  grave,   (viii,  571,  573.) 

[N.  Fettieh,  op.  cit.;  G.  Wilke,  in  Ebert,  Reall.  d.  I'org.  xii,  PI.  (id  a;  Rostovtzeff, 
Animal  Style,  I'l.  V.  1] 


112 


[«] 


m 


[c] 


GOLD    ORNAMENTS 


C  A  H  S  11 1 


PERGAMl'M 


MARBLE    PORTRAIT    HEAD,  life  size,   perhaj)s  of  a  Pergamene 
prince  from  Pergamum.    Now  in  Berlin.    (\iii,  600.) 

[Altertiimer  von  Pergamoii ,  vii,  PI.  XXIVJ 


114 


D 

< 

o 

1^ 


Eh 

o 


8-2 


RHODES 


(a)  MARBLE  PANOPLY  fouiid  ill  lihodcs;  in  the  Museum  of  Rhodes. 
(viii,  637.) 

[Clara  Rhodos,  i,  1928] 

(b)  A  ROCK-CARVixG  at  Lindus  in  Rhodes  representing  the  stern 
of  a  Rhodian  ship.  One  of  the  rudders  is  lashed  to  the  side;  the 
hehiisnian's  seat  is  upon  the  deck  under  the  curved  aphlaston. 
(viii,  638.) 

[Bulletin  de  rAcddemie  royale  des  Sciences  et  des  Lcttres  (Copenhagen),  1907,  p.  31] 


116 


[a]     RIIODIAX     MAKBl.E     PANOPLY 


/ 


C-::"^ 

\ 


[b]  ship's   stekx   at   lixdus 


EARLY    HELLENISTIC    SCULPTURE 


[a]  ARIADNE,  from  the  southern  slopes  of  the  Acropolis  at  Athens; 
National  Museum,  Athens.  About  300  b.c.    (viii,  670.) 

[PJwl.  English  Photographic  Co.] 

[b]  MENANDER,  terminal  bust  from  neighbourhood  of  Naples;  in 
Boston.  Roman  copy  probably  of  an  original  by  the  sons  of  Praxi- 
teles, set  up  in  the  theatre  of  Dionysus  at  Athens  in  the  early  third 
century  b.c.    (viii,  671.) 

[Delbruck,  Antihe  Port  rats,  PI.  20] 

[c]  THEMIS  by  Chaerestratus,  from  Rhamnus;  National  Museum, 
Athens.   Late  fourth  or  early  third  century  b.c.    (viii,  670.) 

[Phot.  English  Photographic  Co.] 

[d]  SELENE  descending  to  Endymion.  Found  in  Rome;  in  the 
Vatican.  Roman  copy  from  a  Greek  original  of  the  early  third 
century  B.C.  The  arms,  right  foot  and  other  patches  are  modern, 
(viii,  670.) 

[Phot.  Brogi] 


118 


[a]    ARIADNE 


[/>]    MENANDER 


[c]    THEMIS 


[d]    SELENE 


EARLY    HELLENISTIC    SCULPTURE 


[a]  DIONYSUS,  from  the  choragic  monuments  of  Thrasyllus  and 
Thrasycles,  southern  slope  of  Acropohs,  Athens;  in  the  British 
Museum.   320  or  271  B.C.    (viii,  670.) 

[Pfiot.  Prof.  B.  Ashmole] 

[Z>]demosthenes,  probably  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Tusculum ; 
in  the  Vatican:  Roman  copy  in  marble  from  a  bronze  original  by 
Polyeuctus,  280  B.C.  The  most  serious  restorations  are  the  forearms, 
and  the  hands,  which  in  the  original  were  clasped,    (viii,  671.) 
[Phot.  Brogi] 

[c]  NILE,  from  a  temple  of  Isis  in  Rome;  in  the  Vatican.  Copy  of 
the  first  century  a.d.  from  an  original  of  the  third  century  B.C. 
Many  details  restored,  especially  parts  of  the  children,    (viii,  671.) 

[Phot.  Brogi] 


120 


[a]     DIONYSUS 


\h]    UEMOSTIIENES 


[c]    NILE 


HELLENISTIC    SCILPTURE 


[a]  Head  of  a  girl,  Tar  auto.  Roman  copy  from  an  Athenian  original 
of  the  early  third  century  B.C.   (viii,  671.) 

\_Phot.  Prof.  B.  Ashnwle] 

[b]  Head  of  a  muse;  in  the  Lateran  Museum,  Rome.   Roman  copy 
from  an  original  of  the  third  century  B.C.    (viii,  677.) 

[Pilot.  Alinari] 

[c]  Head  of  polyhymxia;   in  Dresden.    Roman  copy  from  an 
original  of  the  third  century  B.C.   (See  p.  142  [c].)   (viii,  677.) 

[Phot.  Dresden  Museiini] 

\d\  Head  of  a  statue  of  tyche.    (See  p.  124  [d\.)   (viii,  124.) 

[Phot.  Faraglia] 


122 


[a] 


[b] 


[c] 


■ 

J*^ 

/9^ 

'^^ 

] 

^jH9 

h^^H 

B^  * 

fc    ^^^^^^^B 

^^^^K 

H.^ 

1 

m^ 

r 

/^ 

^^^^^^B            .'  ^^^ffl^^ 

[^J 


FEMALE    HEADS 


HELLENISTIC    SCULPTURE 


[a],  [b]  Small  bronzes  of  tyche  in  Florence  and  in  the  de  Clercq 
Colleetion.  The  swimming  river-god,  Orontes,  appears  beside  the 
second,  but  is  missing  from  the  first. 

[c]  TYCHE  of  Antioch.    Roman  copy  in  marble  from  the  bronze 
original  by  Eutychides.   From  Rome:  in  Budapest. 

[Photographs  F.  Bruckmann  A.G.,  Munich] 

[d]  YOUNG  TYCHE.    Roman  copy  in  marble  after  a  bronze  original 
by   Eutychides,    early    third   century   B.C.     From   the   Esquiline; 
Palazzo  dei  Conservator i,  Rome.   (Cf.  p.  122  \d\.)   (viii,  674,  675.) 
[Phot.  Alinari] 


124 


-  r,J   I J  ■; 


i«J 


TTi     >■ 


[6] 


[^] 


['/J 


FIGURES    OF    TYCIIE 


HELLENISTIC    SCULPTURE 


The  statue  of  victory  from  Samothrace;  in  the  Louvre. 

By  a  Rhodian  sculptor,  set  up  to  commemorate  the  battle  of 
Cos,  c.  258  B.C.  It  recalls  an  earUer  (lost)  statue  dedicated  by  Deme- 
trius Poliorcetes,  as  a  memorial  of  the  battle  of  Salamis  in  Cyprus, 
which  is  reproduced  on  certain  of  his  coins.  (Cf.  Vol,  of  Plates,  ii, 
10  [A:].)  (vii,  714  sq.;  viii,  675.) 
\Phot.  Giraudon] 


126 


VICTORY    FROM    SAMOTHRACE 


HELLENISTIC    SCULPTURE 


[a]  LAO  coo  X  and  his  sons  attacked  by  serpents.  From  the  Palace 
of  Titus,  Rome;  in  the  Vatican.  By  Agesander,  Polydorus  and 
Athenodorus  of  Rhodes,  early  first  century  B.C.  Photograph  from 
a  cast  in  which  one  of  the  boys  and  other  parts  have  been  removed, 
(viii,  678.) 
[Phot.  University  of  Berlin] 

[h]  The  punishment  of  dirce  by  Zethus  and  Amphion.  From  the 
Baths  of  Caracal! a,  Rome;  in  Naples.  Roman  version  in  marble  of 
the  bronze  by  Apollonius  and  Tauriscus  of  Tralles.  The  men's  heads, 
legs  and  arms,  the  woman's  head  and  torso,  and  many  other  parts, 
are  modern,  (viii,  678.) 
[Phot.  F.  liruckmann  A.G.,  Munich] 


128 


y 


o 
o 


C  A  H  S  III 


HELLENISTIC    SCILPTURE 


\a],  \b]  Roman  copies  in  marble  from  bronze  originals  of  the  late 
fourth  century  B.C.  probablv"  by  Lysippus  or  his  school.  From 
Herculaneum',  in  Dresden,    (viii,  677.) 

[Phot.  Dresden  Museum] 

[c]  Figure  from  the  balustrade  of  the  altar  of  Athena  Polias,  Priene; 
in  Berlin.   Late  fourth  century  B.C.    (viii,  677.) 

[Phot.  Berlin  Museum] 

[(l\  Statue  from  Magnesia;  in  Constantinople.  About  200  B.C.    (viii, 

677.) 

[Phot.  Sebah  (Dili  Jofiillicr] 


i:3() 


■Jl 


^      ^ 


K 


a, 

Pi 


HELLENISTIC    SCULPTURE 


[a]  HERMES  resting  while  on  a  journey.  Roman  version  in  bronze 
of  a  bronze  original  of  the  third  century  B.C.  Lysippic  school. 
From  Hcrculaneum',  in  Naples,   (viii,  675.) 

[Phot.  Anderson] 

[b]  Boy  praying.  Bronze  copy  of  a  bronze  original  by  Boedas,  a 
pupil  of  Lysippus;  early  third  century  B.C.  From  Italy;  in  Berlin. 
(viii,  673.) 

[Phot.  Berlin  Museinn] 

[c]  Boy  taking  a  thorn  from  his  foot.  Roman  fountain-figure,  a  copy 
in  marble  after  a  bronze  original  of  the  third  century  b.c.  From 
Rome;  in  the  British  Museum,   (viii,  675.) 

[Phot.  British  Miiseian] 


132 


r. 


^% 


-^   T 


^    -J 


THE  FIRST  PERGAMENE  SCHOOL 


[a]  Head  of  a  dying  oriental — probably  a  Persian  killed  in  a  battle 
against  Athenians.  Copy,  in  marble  of  Asia  Minor,  from  a  bronze 
original  of  the  dedieation  of  Attains  I,  third  quarter  of  the  third 
century  B.C.   From  the  Palatine;  Terme  Museum,  Rome,   (viii,  679.) 

[Phot.  Anderson] 

[b]  A  Gaul  stabbing  himself  to  avoid  capture,  after  killing  his  wife: 
the  'Ludovisi  Gaul.'  Copy,  in  marble  of  Asia  !Minor,  from  a  bronze 
group  forming  part  of  the  dedication  of  Attains  I  at  Pergamum, 
third  quarter  of  the  third  century  B.C.  Terme  Museum,  Rome. 
The  most  serious  restoration  is  the  right  arm  of  the  man,  the  hand 
of  which  should  be  held  with  the  thumb  upward,  so  lowering  the 
elbow,    (viii,  679.) 

\Pliot.  Brogi] 


134 


[a]    DYING    PERSIAN 


[b]    THE    LUDOVISI    GAUL 


THE  FIRST  PERGAMENE  SCHOOL 


[//]  MARSYAS  tied  to  a  tree  to  be  flayed.  Copy  of  an  original  of  the 
first  Pergamene  Scliool.   From  Tarsus;  in  Constantinople. 

[Phut.  Scbali  and  Joaillicr] 

[b]  Scythian  slave  sharpening  his  knife  before  flaying  ]Marsyas.  Copy 
of  an  original  of  the  first  Pergamene  school.  Iffizi,  Florence.  The 
statue  has  suffered  from  patching  and  repolishing.    (viii.  G80.) 


136 


■SI 


D 


THE  FIRST  PERGAMEXE  SCHOOL 


[a]  A  fighting  Gaul,  from  Delos;  National  Museum,  Athens.  An 
original  of  the  end  of  the  third  century  b.c.    (viii,  G81.) 

[Pfiol.  Alinari] 

[b]  A  dead  barbarian.  Copy  in  marble  from  a  bronze  original  set 
up  on  the  Acropolis  at  Athens  at  the  end  of  the  third  century  b.c. 
by  Attains  T.   Palace  of  the  Doges,  Venice,   (viii,  681.) 

[Phot.  Giraudon] 

\c]  ME  NE  LA  us  Carrying  the  body  of  patroclus.  Copy  from  an 
original  of  the  late  third  century  b.c.  Loggia  de'  Lanzi,  Florence. 
The  head,  arms,  and  upper  part  of  the  body  of  Menelaus,  and  the 
arms  of  Patroclus,  as  well  as  other  parts,  are  modern,    (viii,  682.) 

[Phol.  Seemann,  Leipzig] 


138 


M 


y 


n 


HELLENISTIC    SCULPTURE 


[a],  [c]  Young  satyr  fighting  a  snake-legged  giant.  From  Rome; 
Palazzo  dei  Conscrvatori.  Co])y  of  a  Pergamene  original  of  the  late 
third  century  B.C.    (viii,  C83.) 

[Stuart  .Jones,  Conservatori  Calal.  PI.  28] 

[6]  Head  of  a  young  satyr  repulsed  by  a  nymph.  From  Tivoli ;  in  the 
British  Mnseut7i.  Copy  of  an  original  of  the  early  second  century 
B.C.    (viii,  683.) 

[d]  Head  of  an  hermaphrodite  escaping  from  an  old  satyr.  From  the 
neighboiH'hood  of  Rome;  Ince  Blundell  Hall,  Lancashire.  Copy  of  an 
original  of  the  early  second  century  B.C.    (viii,  683.) 

[e]  Head  of  the  goddess  night  from  the  Great  Altar  of  Per^rtmwm; 
Berlin.   From  a  cast.    First  half  of  second  century  B.C.    (viii,  687.) 

\Phols.  Prof.  B.  Ashmole] 


140 


[a] 


m 


[c] 


SATYRS 


[d] 
HERMAPHRODITE 


[e] 
'night' 


HELLENISTIC    SCULPTURE 


[<i\  Bronze  statuette  of  a  satyr,  from  Pompeii;  in  the  Naples 
Museum.  Copy  from  an  original  of  the  late  third  century  B.C. 
(viii,  682.) 

[Phot.  Anderson] 

[b]  Satyr  turning  to  look  at  his  tail.  From  Rome;  Terme  Museum. 
Copy  from  a  bronze  original  of  the  late  third  century  b.c.  Parts  of 
the  legs  are  modern:  the  head  is  a  cast  from  another  replica, 
(viii,  677.) 

yPhot.  Anderson] 

\c\  Statue  of  polyhymnia,  the  muse  of  lyric  po3try.  Copy  from 
an  original  of  the  late  third  century  b.c.  (See  also  p.  122  [c].) 
Photograph  from  a  cast  combining  a  body  in  Berlin  with  a  head  in 
Dresden,    (viii,  677.) 

[Rodenwaldt,  Die  Kanst  dcr  Antikc,  p.  -452] 


142 


y 


HELLENISTIC    SCULPTURE:    SECOND    AND 
FIRST    CENTURIES 


[a]  APHRODITE  at  the  bath.  From  Mcnne;  in  the  Louvre.  Roman 
copy  from  an  original  by  Doedalsas  of  Bithynia,  about  200  B.C. 
(viii,  684.) 

[Phot.  Alinari] 

[b]  An  old  woman  with  an  empty  wine-jar.  Copy  in  marble  from  a 
bronze  original  by  Myron  of  Thebes  set  up  at  Smyrna  about  200  B.C. 
From  Italy;  in  Munich;  Glyptothek.  The  nose,  right  arm,  left  shoulder 
and  breast,  left  foot  and  other  patches  are  modern,    (viii,  685.) 

[Phot.  Munich  Glyptothek] 

[c]  Boy  struggling  with  a  goose.  Copy  in  marble  from  a  bronze 
original  by  Boethus  of  Chaleedon,  early  second  century  b.c.  From 
Rome;  in  Munich;  Glyptoihek.  Some  small  patches  on  the  child's 
face,  and  the  head  of  the  goose,  are  modern.  Photograph  from  a 
cast,    (viii,  684.) 


144 


w 

«} 


o 


A 


y. 


O 


c  A  n  s  III 


HELLENISTIC    SCULPTURE:    SECOND    AND 
FIRST    CENTURIES 


[a],  [b]  EROS  sleeping.  From  Rome;  Palazzo  dei  Conservatori.  Copy 
from  an  original  perhaps  by  Polycles  of  Athens,  about  200  B.C. 
(viii,  684.) 

[Phots,  [a]  Prof.  B.  Ashmok,  [b]  FaragUa] 

[c].  [rf]  Hermaphrodite  sleeping.  From  Rome;  Te?'?ne  Museum.  Copy 
from  a  bronze,  perhaps  by  Polycles  of  Athens,  about  200  B.C. 
(viii,  684.) 

[Phot.  Brogi] 


146 


^mm--  ^w 


n 


y. 


HELLENISTIC    SCULPTURE:    SECOND 
PERGAMENE    SCHOOL 


ATHENA,  crowned  by  Victory,  tears  Alcyoneiis  from  the  earth  to 
destroy  him.    Ge  rises  to  beg  mercy  for  her  sons.    From  the  frieze 
of  the  Great  Altar  of  Pcrgamiim:  in  Berlin.    Early  second  century 
B.C.    (See  p.  188  [a].)    (viii,  686.) 
[Phot.  Giraiiiloii.  from  a  cast] 


148 


o 


< 


o 

a 

N 


HELLENISTIC    SCT'LPTURE 


[a]  The  legend  of  Telephus:  the  building  of  the  boat  for  Auge. 
From  the  internal  frieze  of  the  Great  Altar  at  Pergamum;  in  Berlin. 
Second  quarter  of  the  second  century  B.C.    (viii,  687.) 

\Phot.  Berlin  Museum] 

[b]  Worshippers  approaching  a  god  and  goddess.  Said  to  have  come 
from  Corinth',  in  Munich;  GUjptothek.  Athenian  work  of  the  third 
century  u.c.  (viii,  688.) 

[Phot.  Munich  Ghjptuthck\ 


150 


[^'J 


RELIEFS 


hellp:xistic  sculpture:  second 

PElUiAMENE    SCHOOL 


[a],  [b]  Head  of  chirox  the  centaur,  j)art  of  a  group  showing  the 
musical  education  of  Achilles.    From  the  Esquiline,  Rome;  Palazzo 
del  Conservatori.  Most  of  the  nose  is  modern.   Copy  from  an  original 
of  the  first  half  of  the  second  century  B.C.   (viii,  685.) 
[P//0/.S.  [a]  Prof.  B.  Ashmole,  [b]  Alinari] 

[r]  PAX  teaching  olympus  or  daphnis  to  play  the  pipe;  Naples 
Museum.    Copy  of  the  second  century  a.d.  from  an  original  of  the 
first  half  of  the  second  century  B.C.  The  hands,  and  other  patches, 
are  modern,    (viii,  G85.) 
[Phot.  Alinari] 


152 


[a] 


[f^\ 


CHIRON 


[c\    PAN    AND    OLYMPUS 


HELLENISTIC    SCULPTURE:    SECOND 
CENTURY   B.C. 


[a]  Head  of  a  woman,  from  Pergamiun  ;  in  lirrlin.  Second  Pcrgamene 
School,    (viii,  687.) 
[Phot.  Berlin  Museum] 

[h]  Head  of  the  statue  of  aphrodite  from  Melos;  in  the  Louvre. 
(See  p.  156  [c].)   (viii,  691.) 

[c]  Colossal  head  of  a  goddess,  by  Damophon  of  INIessene;  in  the 
Capitolint'  Museum,  Rome.   Mid  second  century  b.c.    (viii,  690.) 
[Phot.  Alinari] 

{d\  Head  of  athena  by  Eubulides  of  Athens;  National  Museum, 
Athens.   Second  half  of  second  century  e.c.    (viii,  692.) 
[Phot.  English  Photographic  Co.] 


154 


[«] 


[/>] 


[c] 


[d] 


FEMALE    HEADS 


HELLENISTIC    SCULPTURE 


[a]  Statue  from  Pergamum;  in  Berlin.  Second  Pergamene  School, 
first  half  of  second  century  B.C.    (viii,  (587.) 

[PergamoH,  Plates,  VII,  PI.  XIV] 

[6]  APHRODITE  from  Capua;  in  Naples.  Roman  copy  in  marble 
after  a  bronze  original  of  the  later  fourth  century  B.C. 

(Note:  Against  the  view  stated  in  the  text  (viii,  091)  that  this  is  a  copy  of  the  statue  of 
Aphrodite  on  tiie  AcropoUs  of  Corinth,  see  O.  Broneer  in  Univ.  of  California  Publica- 
tions in  Archaeology,  i,  no.  2,  pp.  G5  sqi/.) 

[c]  APHRODITE  from  Melos;  in  the  Louvre.  By  .  .  .andros,  of 
Antioch  on  the  Maeander,  mid  second  century  B.C.  (Cf.  p.  154  [b].) 
(viii,  691.) 


156 


[«] 


[^J 


FIGURE    FROM    PERGAMUM  APHRODITE    FROM    CAPUA 


[c]    APHRODITE    FROM    MELOS 


HELLENISTIC    SCULPTURE 


\a\  Warrior,  by  Agasias  of  Ephesus,  end  of  the  second  century  B.C. 
From  Anzio;  in  the  Louvre,   (viii,  691.) 
[Phot.  University  of  Berlin,  from  a  cast] 

[b]  Boxer  resting.  Bronze  statue  signed  on  the  left  glove  by  Apol- 
lonius  son  of  Nestor,  an  Athenian,  first  century  B.C.  From  the 
Tiber;  in  the  Terme  Museum.   The  rock  is  modern,   (viii,  693.) 

[Phot.  Alinari] 


158 


y. 


HELLENISTIC    SCULPTURE 


[a]  Satyr  and  nymphs.  Archaistic  relief,  first  century  a.d.  In  Rome, 
Palazzo  del  Conservatori.    (viii,  692.) 

[Phot.  Alinari] 

[b\  Relief  on  one  side  of  a  four-sided  marble  basis  or  altar  from  Capri ; 
in  the  British  Museum.   Early  first  century  a.d.    (viii,  C92.) 

[Phot.  BritisJi  Museion] 

[c]  Boy,  by  Stephanus,  pupil  of  Pasiteles;  from  Rome,  in  the  Villa 
Albani.  End  of  the  first  century  B.C.  The  right  arm,  half  of  the  left 
forearm  with  the  hand,  and  other  parts  are  modern,   (viii,  693.) 

[d]  Group,  perhaps  Electra  recognizing  Orestes;  by  ]Menclaus,  pupil 
of  Stephanus,  in  the  Terme  Museum,  Rome.  First  half  of  the  first 
century  a.d.    (viii,  694.) 


160 


< 


o 
o 


D 

» 
Eh 

02 

m 
o 


C  A  H  S  III 


II 


HELLENISTIC    PORTRAITS 


[rtj  EPICURUS.    Roman  copy  in  marble  from  an  original  of  the 
first  half  of  the  third  century  b.c.  In  the  Capitoline  Museum,  Rome. 

[Pliol.  Oxford  University  Press\ 

[h]  A  Greek  poet,  perhaps  Epicharmus  or  Philemon.    Roman  copy 
in  bronze  from  an  original  of  the  second  century  b.c.    From  Her- 
culaneum;  in  Naples. 
[Phot.  Anderson] 

[c],  [d]  CN.    POMPEius   MAGNUS.    Third  quarter  of  first  century 
B.C.   Glypiotek  Ny  Carlsherg,  Copenhagen,   (viii,  694.) 

{Phot.  Nij  Carlsberg  Glyptotek] 


162 


[a]   EPICURUS 


[b]   A    POET 


^^^^^^jl^   '        Jt^                                                                                ^^^^1 

[c]  [d] 

[c],   [d]  CN.    POMPEIUS    MAGNUS 


II-2 


HELLENISTIC 'PORTRAITS   OX   COINS 


[a]  Head  of  Alexander  the  Great,  diademed  and  with  the  rani's  horn 
of  Amnion  in  his  hair,  from  a  coin  of  Lysimachus.   323-281  B.C. 

[b]  Demetrius  PoUorcetes,  diademed  and  with  a  bull's  horn  in  his 
hair.    300-283  B.C. 

[c]  Antiochus  I,  diademed.   293-261  B.C. 

[d]  Philetaerus  (284-263  b.c),  wreathed  and  diademed  on  a  coin  of 
Eumenes  II  of  Pergamum.    197-159  B.C. 

[e]  Berenice  II,  wife  of  Ptolemy  Euergetes,  a  gold  oetodrachm  minted 
in  Ephesus.  The  queen  with  diademed  and  veiled  head.  258-222  b.c. 

[/]  Antiochus  III  the  Great.   223-187  b.c. 

[g]  Mithridates  II,  King  of  Pontus.   c.  255-220  B.C. 

[h]  Euthijdemus  I,  King  of  Bactria.   c.  222-187  b.c. 

[i]  Euthydemus  II,  King  of  Bactria,  probably  grandson  of  the  last. 

[j]  Antimachus  I,  King  of  Bactria.   Second  century  B.C. 

[k]  Orophernes,  pretender  to  the  throne  of  Cappadocia,  a  coin  minted 
at  Priene.   158-157  b.c. 

[I]  Mithridates  VI,  the  Great,  King  of  Pontus.   120-63  b.c. 

[m]  Cleopatra  VII,  51-30  b.c. 

All,  except  [e]  gold,  and  [m]  bronze,  are  silver  tetradrachms,  and  all 
are  slightly  enlarged.  The  coins  are  in  the  British  Museum.   (viii,694.) 


164, 


..*•""'»►_ 


PORTRAITS    OX    COINS 


HELLENISTIC    PAINTING 


ACHILLES,   hidden  among  the  daughters  of  Lycomedes,   is  dis- 
covered by  Odysseus  and  Diomed.    Copy  of  the  first  century  a.d., 
from  a  painting  of  the  third  century  B.C.  From  Pompeii;  in  Naples. 
(viii,  695.) 
[PfiGt.  F.  Bruckmann  A.G.,  Munich] 


166 


ACHILLES    IN    SCYROS 


HELLENISTIC    PAINTING 


^Vall  painting  of  the  first  century  B.C.  after  an  original  of  the  late 
third  century  B.C.  from  Boscoreale,  7iear  Pompeii,  in  the  Metropolitan 
Museum,  New  York,  [a]  A  Macedonian  king  and  a  sibyl  (?).  [b]  A 
king  and  his  queen  (?).   (viii,  696.) 

[Barnabei,  ]'illa  di  P.  Fannio  Sinistore,  Pis.  VI,  VIII] 


168 


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w 

Pi 

o 
u 

O 

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o 

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02 

o 

l-H 

H 


l^iiXeStX:--!, 


HELLENISTIC    PAINTING 


HERACLES  in  bondage  to  omphale  in  Lydia.  Copy,  of  the  first 
century  B.C.  or  a.d.,  from  a  picture  by  an  artist  of  Asia  Minor  of 
the  third  century  B.C.   From  Pompeii;  in  Naples,   (viii,  69G.) 

[Phot.  Sommer] 


170 


HEEACLES    AND    OMPHALE 


HELLENISTIC    PAINTING 


HERACLES  finds  his  son  telephus  in  Arcadia.  Copy,  of  the  first 
century  a.d.,  from  a  Pergamene  painting  of  the  second  century  B.C. 
From  Herculaneum;  in  Naples,   (viii,  C97.) 


172 


HERACLES    FINDING    TELEPHUS 


HELLENISTIC    PAINTING 


The  initiation  of  a  bride  in  Dionysiac  ritual;  after  a  painting  of  the 
second  century  b.c.    Villa  Item,  Pompeii,   (v^iii,  697.) 

[Phot.  Alinari] 


174 


< 


in 


z 

h-l 

< 


HELLENISTIC    PAINTING 


[a]  MEDEA  contemplating  the  murder  of  her  children.  A  copy  of 
the  first  century  a.d.,  probably  after  Timomachus  of  Byzantium, 
early  first  century  b.c.   From  Hercidaneum;  in  Naples,    (viii,  698). 

[Phol.  Alinari] 

[b]  ORESTES  and  pylades  before  the  temple  of  Artemis  in  Tauris. 
A  copy,  of  the  first  century  a.d.,  probably  after  Timomachus.  From 
Pompeii;  in  Naples,   (viii,  699.) 

[Phot.  Sommer]  ^ 


176 


o 


K 

o 

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A* 

o 

u 


C  A  H  S  III 


12 


HELLENISTIC    PAINTING 


[a]  Visit  to  a  wise  woman.   Mosaic  by  Dioscurides  of  Samos  after  a 
picture  of  the  second  century  B.C.   From  Pompeii;  in  Naples. 
(viii,  699.) 

[Phot.  Alinnri] 

[b]  Still  life.     Graeco-Roman  painting  of  the   first   century    B.C. 
From  Pompeii;  in  Naples,   (viii,  700.) 

[Phot.  F.  Bruckmann  A.G.,  Munich] 


178 


1 

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1 

L 

1 

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f 

51 
I- 

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tn 
W 
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12-'' 


HELLENISTIC    PAINTING 


Landscapes  from  the  Odyssey,  found  on  the  Esquiline;  in  the  Vatican. 
[a]  The  Laestrygones  destroying  the  ships  of  Odysseus.  [6]  Circe's 
island.  From  a  Graeco-Roman  frieze  of  the  first  century  B.C.  (viii, 
700.) 

[Phot.  F.  Bmckmann  A.G.,  Munich] 


180 


O 


O 
CO 

W 

Q 


HELLENISTIC    ARCHITECTURE 


[a]  Magnesian  entablature.   In  Berlin,   (viii,  701.) 
[Magnesia,  Blatt  V] 

[b]  'Hall  of  the  Bulls.'   In  Delos.  Detail  and  section,    (viii,  702.) 
[Bulletin  de  Correspondance  Ilellenique,  viii,  1884J 

[c]  Miletus;  elevation  of  the  Bouleutcrion,  restored,   (viii,  703.) 

[Milet,  I,  2,  PI.  VI] 


182 


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[a]    MAGNESIA 


[6]     DELOS 


—  ■  — •  ^■^sv^^'=-v^VaVVW^=-f  ^  w---  y-e-'-r  :^V~  -  ^"^"■^=V=Ve"-'^'-^~''-'"^''"" 


HBI 


[c]     MILETUS 


HELLENISTIC    TOWN-PLANNING 


Perspective  view  of  the  Acropolis  ol"  Perganium,  actual  state,  (viii, 
705.) 

[Collignon,  Pergame,  VI.  III| 


184 


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3 


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z   5 

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P5 
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O 
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HELLENISTIC   TOWN-PLANNING 


Restored  plan  of  Pergamum.   (viii,  705.) 
[CoUignon,  Pergame,  PI.  XI] 


186 


-llo 


HELLENISTIC    ARCHITECTURE 

[a]  Restoration  ui'the  Great  Altar  oH Pergamiim.  (See  p.  liS  above.) 
In  Berlin,   (viii,  686,  705.) 
[Pergamon,  Vol.  of  Plates  111,  I'l.  XIV] 

[h],  [c]  The  horologion  of  Andronicus  Cyrrhestes,  the  so-called  '  Tower 
of  the  Winds,'  in  Athens.   Elevation  and  plan,    (viii,  702.) 

[Stewart  and  Revett,  Antiquities  of  Attica,  i,  ch.  3,  Pis.  II,  III] 


188 


[a]  p  E  R  G  A  M  u  :si 


[b]     THE    HOROLOGION 


HELLENISTIC    TERRACOTTAS 


[a]  A  lamp-lighter,  cloaked  and  hooded,  carrying  a  lantern  in  his 
right  and  a  ladder  in  his  left  hand.  Lamp-lighters  in  the  temples  of 
Serapis  are  mentioned  in  the  papyri.  From  Alexandria;  in  the 
Bibliotheque  Rationale,  Paris. 

[b]  A  pedagogue  carrying  the  bag  of  knucklebones  for  his  charge. 

[c]  A  gentleman  wearing  a  chlamys,  perhaps  a  young  Greek  de- 
livering his  first  ])ublic  address.  The  cloak  is,  however,  rather  long 
for  a  chlamys  and  may  be  intended  for  a  toga,  in  which  case  a 
Roman  would  be  represented. 

\d\  A  boy  in  slave-garb,  perhaps  a  herald,  or  'Town-Crier.' 

[6]-[rf]  In  the  Louvre,   (viii,  656.) 


190 


[a] 


[b] 


n 


ty 


[c] 


[d] 


TERRACOTTA    FIGURINES 


HELLENISTIC    TERRACOTTAS 


[a]  An  old  actor. 

[b]  A  fisherman. 

[c]  A  nurse  and  child. 

[d]  A  school-girl. 

All  in  the  Louvre,   (viii,  656.) 


192 


[c] 


TERRACOTTA    FIGURINES 


C  A  H  S  HI 


13 


CARTHAGE 


[a],  [h]  Terracotta  masks  from  Carthage,  perhaps  apotropaic;  but, 
though  caricatures,  probably  representing  typical  Carthaginian 
features. 

[Catal.  du  Mus6e  Alaoui,  Pis.  72,  1 ;  74,  5] 


194 


[a\ 


[h] 


MASKS    FROM    CARTHAGE 


CARTHAGE 


[a]  Large  votive  stele  from  Carthage  of  Greek  style;  the  arehitec- 
tural  decoration,  as  well  as  the  figure  representing  Tanit  (or  Kore), 
is  in  the  Greek  manner.  The  animal  in  the  pediment  is,  however, 
Carthaginian  in  style. 

[Corpus  Inscriptionum  Semii.  i,  PI.  41] 

[b]  Terracotta  figure  of  Tanit,  the  great  Punic  goddess,  found  at 
Carthage.  While  head-dress  and  fan  suggest  Egyptian  influence,  the 
figure  seems  purely  Carthaginian.  Third  century  b.c.  Bardo  Museum, 
Tunis. 

[Catal.  du  Musie  Alaoui,  PI.  76,  1] 


196 


M4i^S|Si^i^^fi 


'.^^'  ■■'^''^■^''K^--^'^^ 


REPRESENTATIONS    OF    TANIT 


CARTHAGE 


Graeco-oriental  figure  in  painted  marble  from  Carthage.  This  figure 
forms  the  hd  of  a  sarcophagus  and  represents  a  priestess  of  Tanit 
in  ceremonial  Egyptian  garb  with  wings  folded  over  the  skirt.  She 
holds  the  implements  of  sacrifice.  The  Greek  element  predominates. 
Fourth  to  third  century  B.C.   In  the  Musee  St  Louis,  Carthage. 

[M.  Rostovtzeff,  A  History  of  the  Ancient  World,  ii,  PI.  XIV,  2] 


198 


A    PRIESTESS    OF    TANIT 


CAMBRIDGE:    PRINTED  BY 

W.  LEWIS,  M.A. 
AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 


j^'V 


D 

57 

.02 

plates. 


■I^^^^^wpp^ 


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