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THE
CAMBRIDGE
MODERN HISTORY
ATLAS
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Hontion: FETTER LANE, E.G.
C. F. CLAY, Manager
(ZHjinburgf) : loo, PRINCES STREET
38crlm: A. ASHER AND CO.
ILetpjig: F. A. BROCKHAUS
i^efaj gork: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
©omliaB anU (JTalcutta; MACMILLAN AND CO.. Ltd.
All rights reserved
THE
CAMBRIDGE
MODERN HISTORY
ATLAS
EDITED BY
A. W. WARD LiTT.D., P.B.A.
G. W. PROTHERO Litt.D., F.B.A.
STANLEY LEATHES M.A., CB.
ASSISTED BY
E. A. BENIANS M.A.
CAMBRIDGE
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
191 2
699 Co
CambrttigE:
PRINTED KY JOHN CLAY, M.A.
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
PKEFACE.
THE arrangement of the Maps contained in The Cambridge Modern
History Atlas, the publication of which has been retarded by
unforeseen circumstances, is explained in the ensuing Introduction.
This arrangement follows so far as is possible the order of the narrative
in The Cambridge Modern History, and an endeavour has been made to
insert all the place names that occur in it.
At the same time, the entire series is designed to stand by itself as
an Atlas of Modern History. The general idea of the Atlas is to
illustrate, in a series of maps of Europe and of its different countries,
as well as of other parts of the world associated with the progress of
European History, the course of events by which the Europe of the
fifteenth century has been transformed into the Europe of the present
day. Some of the maps are designed to illustrate political divisions,
others territorial changes, wars by land or sea, the growth of particular
States, the course of religious changes, and the history of colonial
expansion.
The Introduction has been written by Mr E. A. Benians, Fellow
and Lecturer of St John's College, who was entrusted by the Editors
with the general work of constructing the maps and revising them
during reproduction, and who has carried out this work under their
supervision. They desire to place on record their sense of the great
ability and unremitting care with which he has executed his laborious
and responsible task, spread over more than four years. During the
greater part of the present year he has been assisted in the revision of
certain of the maps and of the Introduction by Mr H. F. Russell-Smith,
of St John's College, Allen Scholar of the University, who has also
compiled the Indexes to the Introduction.
In a historical atlas of this kind it is manifestly impossible to
enumerate all the materials which have been used in the drawing of
a3
vi Preface.
the several maps. In the present instance constant reference has been
made, as a matter of course, to the great historical atlas of Spruner ;
and the more recent atlases of Droysen and Poole (The Oxford
Historical Atlas) have also been of much service, together with those
of Vidal de La Blache, Schrader and Hertslet.
The Editors desire to return their thanks for much valuable aid of
various kinds received in the course of the preparation of the Atlas,
from contributors to The Cambridge Modern History and from other
scholars. Among the former are Mr E. Armstrong (Vice-Provost of
Queen's College, Oxford), Professor J. B. Bury, Mr F. A. Kirkpatrick,
Sir William Lee- Warner, G.C.S.I., Professor Pares, Dr Tanner,
Mr H. W. V. Temperley, Mrs K. D. Vernon ; among the latter.
Professor Marczali (Budapest), Mr R. S. Rait (Fellow and Tutor of New
College, Oxford), Mr A. E. A. W. Smyth (Librarian of the House of
Commons), and Dr Williams (Research Fellow of the School of Russian
Studies, Liverpool). Mr R. Dunlop, one of our contributors, made
Maps 27, 37, 38 and 47, and is responsible for them. Mr P. E. Roberts,
also a contributor, revised the spelling of the Indian names in Maps 64,
99, and 122-125.
Liberal use has been made in the construction of Maps 113 and 114
of Mr E. Porritfs Unreformed House of Commons^ 1903, and of the map
in that work.
In addition, the thanks of the Editors are due to the Government
of the United States for permission to base Map 76 on Plate XVII
(Population Volume, Tenth Census of' United States^ 1880) and Map 77
on Plate VIII (Part I, Population, Volume i. Twelfth Census of United
States^ 1900) ; and to the Clarendon Press and Messrs W. & A. K.
Johnston for permission to base Map 27 on Map XXXI of The Oxford
Historical Atlas of Modern Europe^ edited by Mr R. L. Poole.
The Maps in this Atlas have been executed by Messrs Stanford, to
whom, as well as to Mr John Bolton, the Editors desire to express their
obligation for the care and attention given to the work at its successive
stages.
A. AV. W.
G. W. P.
S. L.
November y 1911,
Vll
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Preface .....,..='••• ^
Corrigenda ............ ^^
Introduction .........••• 1
I. Europe in the Fifteenth Century ...... 7
II. The Age of Habsburg Power and of the Reformation . 31
III. The Rise of France and Sweden ...... 49
IV. The Formation of the Great Powers of the Eighteenth
Century .......... 61
V. The Age of the Revolution and of Napoleon ... 78
VI. Since 1815 92
Indexes to Introduction :
(1) Maps described .......... 119
(2) Local Names 121
Maps:
1. Europe, 1490 a.d.
2. The Age of Discovery.
3. The Ottoman Advance in Europe and Asia Minor.
4. Italy, c. 1490. With inset Valley of the Po.
6. The Empire, showing the Division into Circles.
6. The Burgundian Lands.
7. The Iberian Peninsula in the time of Ferdinand and Isabel.
8. France under Louis XI.
9. Universities of Europe.
10. Dominions of the House of Habsburg in Europe at the Abdication of
Charles V.
11. Eastern Frontier of France. Wars of ^France and the Empire, 1521-59.
12. Germany at the Accession of Charles V.
13. Southern Germany and England. The Peasant Movements of the
Sixteenth and early Seventeenth Centuries.
14. Germany. The Schmalkaldic War,
15. The Swiss Confederation.
16. England and Wales under the Tudors.
17. Scandinavia in the time of Gustavus Vasa.
18. Western and Central Europe. The Progress of the Reformation to 1560„
19. France. The Religious Wars. With inset The Neighbourhood of Paris.
D
.C 3
viii Contents.
Maps, continued
20. Poland and Lithuania. The Union of Lublin, 1569.
21. Hungary at the end of the Sixteenth Century.
22. The Netherlands. The Wars of Independence.
23. Scotland in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.
24. North-eastern Atlantic. The Elizabethan Naval War.
25. Savoy in 1601.
26. Italy at the end of the Sixteenth Century.
27. Ireland at the beginning of the Sixteenth Century.
28. Germany. Religious Divisions, c. 1610.
29. Germany. The Thirty Years' War, 1619-29. Campaigns in Bohemia,
the Palatinate, Lower Saxony, and Denmark.
80. The Grisons (Graubiinden) and the Valtelline.
31. Germany. The Edict of Restitution, 1629.
32. Eastern Baltic and Northern Poland. Wars of Sweden with Poland
and Russia, 1560-1661.
33. Germany. The Thirty Years' War, 1630-48. The Swedish Campaigns.
34. England and Wales at the outbreak of the Civil War.
35. England and Wales after the Campaigns of 1644.
36. England and Wales. The Civil War.
37. Ireland, 1558-1652.
38. Ireland. According to the Act of Settlement, September 26, 1653, and
subsequent Orders.
39. The Thirty Years' War. The French War, 1635-48, and the Dutch
War with Spain, 1620-48.
40. Germany. The Peace of Westphalia.
41. Europe in 1648.
42. North Sea and English Channel. The Anglo-Dutch Wars of the Seven-
teenth Century.
43. The Eastern World. Portuguese, Dutch, and English Possessions^
c. 1650.
44. Eastern Spain and Western Italy. The Franco-Spanish War, 1635-59.
45. The Netherlands and Western Germany. The Wars of 1648 1715.
46. Eastern France. Territorial Acquisitions during the reign of Louis XIV.
47. Ireland, 1660-1800.
48. South-eastern Europe. Wars of Turkey with the Empire, Venice, and
Poland, 1648-1739.
49. Northern Italy. Wars of the Eighteenth Century, 1701-63.
50. West European Waters. Anglo-French Naval Wars, 1689-1763.
51. Europe in 1721, after the Treaties of Utrecht and Nystad.
52. Russia in 1725.
53. The Baltic Lands, 1661.
54. Scandinavia, Russia, and Poland. The Northern War, 1700-21. With
inset Schleswig-Holstein.
55. Brandenburg-Prussia. Expansion, 1525-1648.
56. Scotland and Northern England. Campaigns of the Pretenders.
57. Central Europe. Wars of Frederick the Great.
58. Poland. The Partitions.
69. Prussia. Territorial Expansion, 1648-1795.
Contents. ix
Maps, continued
60. The Austrian Empire, exclusive of Italian Possessions and the Austrian
Netherlands. Territorial Changes, 1648-1795.
61. Russia. Territorial Expansion, 1725-95.
62. The Empire and the Netherlands, c. 1792.
63. Europe in 1792.
64. India. The Beginnings of British Dominion.
65. Africa in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. With inset The
Gold and Slave Coasts.
66. North America. European Colonisation to 1700.
67. North America. French Expansion and British Conquests to 1763.
68. The Thirteen Colonies at the end of the Colonial Period.
69. West Indies in 1763.
70. Eastern North America in 1812. The War of Independence and the
War of 1812-4. With inset Boston and Neighbourhood.
71. Mexico and Texas, 1845-8.
72. United States. Territorial Expansions.
73. United States. The Secession.
74. United States. The Civil War.
75. The West Indies and the Philippine Islands. Tlie Spanish- American
War.
76. United States. Distribution of Population and Railways in 1850.
77. United States. Distribution of Population and Principal Railways in
1900.
78. United States. Economic Regions.
79. France before the Revolution.
80. Paris during the Revolution.
81. Eastern Frontier of France. Revolutionary Campaigns, 1792-5.
82. Britanny and Vendee.
83. Northern Italy. Bonaparte's Campaign, 1796-7.
84. Central Europe after the Peace of Basel and of Campo Formio.
85. Egypt and Syria. The Egyptian Expedition, 1798-1801.
86. Italy in 1799. The War with Naples, 1798-9.
87. European Waters. Naval Wars, 1792-1815. With inset Part of the
French and Flemish Coast.
88. South-west Germany and North Italy. The War of the Second
Coalition, 1798-1801.
89. Central Europe, 1803, after the Peace of Luneville, 1801, and the
Secularisations, 1803.
90. Switzerland under the Act of Mediation, 1803.
91. North Atlantic. Naval War, 1803-5.
92. Central Europe. Wars of the Third Coalition, 1805-7. With inset
The Neighbourhood of Austerlitz.
93. Central Europe. The Austrian War, 1809. With inset The Neighbour-
hood of Vienna.
94. The French Empire and Central Europe, 1811. Political Divisions.
95. Spain and Portugal. The Peninsular War and other Wars of the
Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.
96. Central Russia. The War of 1812.
X Contents.
Maps, continued
97- Germany and Eastern France. The War of Liberation_, 1813-4. With
insets The Neighbourhood of Paris and the Neighbourhood of
Leipzig.
98. North-eastern Frontier of France. The Waterloo Campaign, 1815.
With inset The Neighbourhood of Waterloo.
99. India in 1804. The Mysore and Maratha Wars, 1792-1804.
100. The Eastern World. European Colonies and Dependencies, 1815.
101. The Western World. European Colonies and Dependencies, 1815.
102. Europe after the Congress of Vienna.
108. France since 1814.
104. Italy since 1815. The Struggle for Unity. With inset Stages in the
Union of Italy, 1859-70.
105. Ottoman Empire in Europe, 1792-1870.
106. America. Spanish and Portuguese Settlements. With inset Latin
America after the Wars of Independence, 1825.
107. The Germanic Confederation, 1815.
108. Russia in Europe in the Nineteenth Century. With inset The Neighbour-
hood of Warsaw.
109. The Kingdom of the Netherlands to 1839. Holland and Belgium since
1839.
110. Ottoman Empire in Asia and Africa since 1792.
111. The Austrian Dominions since 1815.
112. Switzerland in the Nineteenth Century. The Sonderbund War.
113. England and Wales. Parliamentary Representation in 1832 before the
Reform Bill.
114. England and Wales. Parliamentary Representation in 1832 after the
Reform Bill.
115. The Black Sea. The Crimean War. With inset South-west Crimea.
116. Denmark and the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. The War of
1864.
117. Central Europe. The War of 1866. With inset North-east Bohemia.
118. Eastern France. The Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1. With inset
Neighbourhood of Metz.
119. Ottoman Empire in Europe, 1870-8.
120. The Balkan Peninsula, 1878-1910.
121. England and Wales, 1649-1910.
122. India in the Nineteenth Century. British Expansion, 1805-1910.
123. Northern India. The Mutiny, 1857-9.
124. India. The Western Frontier and Neiglibouring Countries. With
inset Valley of the Kabul River.
125. India. The Eastern Frontier and Neighbouring Countries. French
and English Expansion, 1805-1907.
126. The Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland.
127. British North America, 1840-67, and the Alaska and Maine Boundary
Disputes.
128. The Australian Colonies in the Nineteenth Century. With inset
Australia in 1851. The Early Settlements.
129. The Dominion of New Zealand. With inset New Zealand in 1852.
The Early Settlements.
Contents, xi
Maps, continued page
130. Africa in 1910. With inset Africa in 1870.
131. North-western Africa. French Colonisation.
132. Egypt under British Protection and the Ang-lo-Egyptian Sudan.
With inset Mouths of the Nile.
183. South Africa since 1815. The Kaffir and Boer Wars.
134. The West Indies and Central America in 1910.
135. South America in 1910.
136. Northern Asia. Russian Expansion in the Nineteenth Century.
137. The Japanese Empire. The Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5.
138. The Chinese Empire in 1910. With inset The Neighbourhood
of Peking.
139. The Pacific Ocean in 1910.
140. The World. Colonial Possessions and Commercial Highways
in 1910.
141. Europe in 1910.
Index to Maps ............ 145
Xll
CORRIGENDA.
MAP
1. The southern frontier of Hungary (1490) should be as in the more detailed
map 21.
3. Add to Reference:
The course of the Ottoman conquest of the Venetian and Genoese posses-
sions is not illustrated in the map; and only the more important of
the island possessions of Venice and Genoa have been coloured. All
the Aegean islands named and left white were for a long time in
Venetian or Genoese possession^ with the exception of Rhodes which
was held by the Knights of St John.
6. Gelders and Zutphen were acquired, not inherited, by Charles the Bold.
9. Lisbon should be in the same type as other towns.
16. Monmouth should be shown as a Welsh county.
28. Bremen and Verden should be coloured with Roman Catholic base
colour and Lutheran bars.
46. Philippeville and Marienburg should be coloured as French acquisitions.
m. In Scale of Miles for 300 read 400.
107. For LicHTENBERG read Lichtenberg.
117. Burkersdorf should be inserted on 51 N lat. 16 E long.
122. The small area to the south-east of Damaun, coloured green, should be
coloured in the second shade of pink.
126. For Reference read Reference to Canadian Railways.
127. In the title /or *^in 1867' read ' \u 1866.'
138. The places open to British trade in Tibet, viz. Gyantse, Yatung, Gartok,
should have been indicated in the map.
Spelling. In map 6 for Fonthieu read Ponthieu, map 12 (and Introduction, p. 81
and Index) /or Eichstadt read Eichstedt,/or Weissenberg read Weissenburg,
map 17 for Oster-gotland read East Gothland, for Gottland read Gothland,
map 43 for Burhanpur read Burhampur, map 64 for Admednagar read
Ahmadnagar, map 94: for G. of Lions read G. of Lyons, map 103 /or Maritime
Alpes read Alpes Maritimes, map 105 ybr Arcanania read Acarnania.
1
iBI
^18,
)3
78,
i>
83.
S>
89.
}}
111.
)l
120.
CAMBRIDGE MODERN HISTORY
VOL. XIII
GENEALOGICAL TABLES AND LISTS
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA
For Elizabeth = Sir R. Preston (Visct. Gormanston) read Elizabeth = Sir
Richard Preston (Lord Dingwall) E. of Desmond.
For GuiDOBALDO expelled 1497 read 1502.
1904 was the year of the death of Maria de las Mercedes, Princess of
Asturias, and not that of her husband's.
Add to Manuel 1908- 1911 dep.
Add to Hsuan T'ung 1908- 1912 dep.
The names of the following Generals should, for uniformity's sake, run
thus: — 2. James Laynez, 5. Claud Aquaviva, 22. John Roothaan,
23. Peter John Beckx, 24. Antony Anderledy, 25. Louis Martin,
and there should be added :~26. 1906 Father Francis Xavier Wernz.
For D. of Magenta, Marshal of France read D. of Magenta, Marshal
of France, resigned.
For Porfirio Diaz, 1885- read Porfirio Diaz, 1885-1911.
Between 1889 E. of Zetland and 1895 E. Cadogan insert 1892
Robert O. A. (Crewe-Milnes) Lord Houghton (E. of Crewe).
After 1898 Sir Augustus Hemming read
1904 Sir Alexander Swettenham, Capt.-Gen. and Gov. -in-Chief.
1907 Sir Sydney Haldane Olivier.
Add at bottom Robert Laird Borden, 1911.
(1) Add at bottom 1911 Thomas (Denman) Lord Denman.
(1) Sir Walter Francis Hely-Hutchinson's Governorship of Cape Colony
terminated in 1910, and Sir Matthew Nathan's of Natal in 1909.
I. After 1907 Sir Eldon Gorst read
1911 Horatio Herbert (Kitchener) Visct. Kitchener of Khartum.
II. The first entry should read:
1896 Sir Horatio Herbert Kitchener (Visct. Kitchener).
The first entry of M. of Salisbury should read:
M. of Salisbury, First Lord 1886-7 ; Foreign Sec. 1887-92.
The second and third entries should read :
M. of Salisbury, Foreign Sec. 1895-1900.
The same J Privy Seal 1900-2.
140. Between C.-J.-E. Duclerc, 1882 and Jules Ferry, 1883
insert Armand Fallieres, 1883
and add at bottom of list : Joseph Caillaux, 1911.
Read P. Chlodwig von Hohenlohe-Schillingsfiirst, 1894 {instead of
1897)-1900; and
Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, 1909 {instead of 1908).
Read at bottom Luigi Luzzatti, 1910-11
G. Giolitti, 1911-
For Arizona (Tuscon) read Arizona (Tucson).
Note. The Tables and Lists were not originally intended, unless in exceptional
instances, to go beyond 1910. They have now, where necessary, been brought up
to 1911.
}}
124,
a
125,
a
127
>i
129.
fy
131.
ft
132.
)f
133.
f}
134,
)i
139.
i>
148.
a
144.
3i
151.
INTRODUCTION.
The numbers of the maps described are placed in the margin — in blade type when the
principal description of the map is being given, in ordinary type when an allusion only
is made to a map. Indexes of the maps described and of the places mentioned are given
at the end of the Introduction.
Throughout the Middle Ages the various peoples who entered
Europe in the declining years of the Roman Empire were uniting in
definite groups and forming a number of separate States. This process
of nation- and State-forming has no definite point of beginning or end.
But during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, it proceeded so fast
that, before the end of the latter, it was evident that in western
Europe new States had been formed which could assert both their in-
dependence of the medieval Empire and their authority over local liberty
and private right. Thus, though the Empire did not disappear at this
time, its place was taken by a family of States, of which it was at once
the oldest and the weakest member. In the course of a long and almost
ceaseless conflict between these new States, the existing political system
of Europe has been slowly shaped. It is the object of this Introduction
to summarise the series of territorial changes by which this result has
been brought about, and thus to trace the process of consolidation and
expansion by which the States that were in being in the fifteenth century
attained their present form, and the steps by which other States arose
and divided with them the lands where no effective political consolidation
had taken place during the Middle Ages. We have to observe how, in
the course of modern history, the European political system, which in
the fifteenth century included only western Europe, has been extended
to include the whole of Europe, and how, as European societies have
been planted in other continents, new lands have been drawn by
commerce and political dependence into its political life until almost the
whole known world forms a single political system. We have to see
how the formation of this system has been modified by the idea of a
Balance of Power, handed down from the precocious political experience
of Italy, by the existence of the Holy Roman Empire, which, for the
0. M. H. VOL. XIV, 1
Introduction,
States that formed themselves within its borders, provided a framework
of law and order, bridling the worst manifestations of power, and
preserving for a long time a multitude of small States which could not
otherwise have maintained their independence, and, above all, by the
forces of nationality and geography^stronger in the long run than
diplomacy, however astute, and force, however great.
1, 41 First, we may observe, in brief outline, the general course of the
change that has taken place. At the end of the Middle Ages, France
was the strongest monarchy in Europe and the process of change began
with her expansion. On her eastern frontier, the Burgundian family
had attempted to found a middle kingdom along the lower course of
the Rhine, the establishment of which would have given a very different
course to the history of Europe. With the failure of that attempt and
the division of the Burgundian inheritance began that eastward
expansion of France which was for a long time one great trend of
modern territorial change. At the other extremity also of the ancient
kingdom of Lotharingia, in Italy, France sought to extend her dominion —
in this direction, outside of her natural frontiers. Here, the issue
was soon decided. In the first thirty years of the sixteenth century,
Italy passed indeed under a foreign, but not under a French, yoke, and
her political form and place were fixed substantially as they were to
remain, until, in the nineteenth century, the movement for unity made
her for the first time in her history a single and a great Power, and
changed altogether her relations to the other countries of Europe.
A check was placed on the rise of France by the formation of the
Habsburg Empire. In the early years of the sixteenth century, by
fortunate marriages, inheritances, and conquests, a mighty State came
into being which stretched from the plains of the Danube across Germany
to the North Sea and the English Channel, included most of the Iberian
peninsula, controlled Italy, and exploited America. This unwieldy
conglomeration of territories was rapidly formed, and, though, in the
middle of the sixteenth century, it divided into two parts, it was able
for a century to exercise a dominant influence on the European political
system. Two forces modified the influence which the Habsburg Empire
might otherwise have exerted — the one, a great religious movement,
the Reformation, which weakened its power in Germany, and accelerated
the process by which the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved into a group
of States — the other, the intrusion into the European polity of the
Ottoman Turks. By pressing on the frontiers of the Habsburg Empire
in south-eastern Europe and the Mediterranean, the Turks not only
extended their own conquests, but they weakened the resistance of the
Habsburgs to French expansion and to the disruptive tendencies apparent
in Germany. Nevertheless, in western Europe the Habsburg Empire
was the controlling factor. Its formation, its losses to France and
the Turks, its influence on political tendencies in Germany, and the
Introduction,
outgrowth from it of two new States — the Swiss Confederation and
the United Netherlands — comprise the principal territorial changes
of the sixteenth century. The two new States that were formed, the
one in the first quarter, the other in the last quarter, of the sixteenth
century, were defensive leagues which became States in the course of a
struggle against the political or religious oppression of the Habsburgs.
With different careers both have guarded their independence and the
integrity of their territory down to the present day.
In the early years of the seventeenth century, the Empire, divided by 41, 51
the Reformation into hostile camps, was plunged into a religious civil
war. At the same time the power of the Spanish Habsburgs began to
wane and they lost their dominion in European politics. These two
changes concurred to favour the expansion of France. The Thirty Years'
War exposed Germany to her attack and thus made easier her eastward
advance ; the existence of Holland and Switzerland provided her with
natural allies ; the decline of Spain removed the greatest check on her
ambition. Thus, in the seventeenth century, France continually increased
her power in the debatable lands on her eastern frontier. Her advance
was further aided by the results of these long wars on the Empire, for
its multitude of constituent States gained independence in all but name,
and were thus the more easily exposed to her influence. Another Power
also, Sweden, found her profit in the misfortunes of Germany. North-
eastern Europe had its own political problems. Round the Baltic raged
a struggle for trade and dominion from which Sweden emerged trium-
phant over Russia, Denmark, and Poland. In the troubles of Germany
she found a new advantage, and, preying on the north of Germany as
France did on the west, was able to complete her dominion over the
Baltic. The two rising Powers, cooperating in Germany, drew the
political problems of Eastern and Western Europe, for the first time,
into conjunction. The rise of Sweden was temporary, the power of
France lasting. Sweden had not sufficient natural opportunities, and
her dominion was contrary to the real balance of material strength.
Strong enemies rose to contest it with her. In the confusion of Germany
the Electors of Brandenburg formed a powerful State; while, on her
eastern frontier, Russia gained unity and independence. At the end of
the seventeenth century, turning from east to west, from an Asiatic to
an European career, Russia planted herself on the Baltic and the Black
Sea. Her advance against the Ottoman empire was premature and was
arrested for a while ; but Austria at this time finally turned the tables on
her ancient foe. The Ottoman empire reached its zenith in 1672,
Decline followed swiftly; before the end of the seventeenth century,
Hungary and Transylvania were secured by Austria, and some temporary
victories over the Turks in the Morea illumined the decay of the
Venetian State with a ray of its old glory. In the early eighteenth
century disaster still beset the retreating Ottoman empire.
1—2
Introduction,
While these changes took place in Europe, England turned her
energies to rich fields of opportunity east and west, hitherto monopolised
by Spain and Portugal, and began the building of Greater Britain.
Holland did likewise, but more for commerce than for empire. Both
were deeply concerned when, towards the end of the seventeenth century,
there appeared the possibility of a mighty political transformation in
Europe by the union of the dominions of France and Spain, and by the
addition to the already overwhelming power of the French monarchy of
the wealth of the Spanish colonial empire. That transformation they
prevented, and in the course of the struggle England, now become Great
Britain, gained substantial advantages in the colonial world. Extensive
changes in Europe also followed. The expansion of France was checked,
and the Austrian branch of the Habsburgs took the place of the Spanish
in the Netherlands and Italy, while Savoy was strengthened as a buffer
State between France and Austria on the Italian frontier.
51, 63 Between the Peace of Utrecht and the French Revolution there was
little change in western Europe. France and England fought a long duel;
but, though it had great results in the expulsion of France from America
and India, it did not affect the political form of Europe. In Germany
and eastern Europe, however, great changes were worked out. A
powerful kingdom of Prussia was formed, whose rise, at the expense of
Austria and Sweden, to be almost the strongest military Power in Europe
was the chief feature of the period. Russia entered the European circle
definitely and decisively, advancing against Sweden and Turkey. Austria
gained some compensation for her declining influence in Germany out
of the decaying empire of the Turks. Suddenly, these three Powers
agreed to divide the helpless kingdom of Poland, which thenceforth
disappeared from history. As the eighteenth century worked itself out
it left Spain in decay ; Great Britain deprived of most of Greater Britain
by a political cataclysm, the herald of a great change in the colonial
world ; France on the verge of revolution ; Prussia and Russia two new
great Powers, conterminous, Prussia stretching across Germany with a
foothold on the Rhine, a foothold in South Germany, but the bulk of
her territories in the north, Russia planted securely on the Baltic and
the Black Sea ; Austria strong in south-eastern Europe, but weak beyond
— in all, a Europe of half-a-dozen Great Powers, whose balance, slowly
worked out by continual readjustment, was to be suddenly overturned
by the Revolutionary Wars and the genius of Napoleon.
63, 94 In 1795 began twenty years of territorial change, in the course of
which the political system of Europe was subjected to continual recon-
struction. The impetus of the Revolution carried the French to the
Rhine ; the genius of Napoleon carried them to the conquest of central
and southern Europe. In Italy, Napoleon swept away Sardinia, Genoa,
Venice, the States of the Church, and the Austrian dominion, added
a large area to the French empire, and formed of the remainder, first,
Introduction,
a group of republics, and then a group of kingdoms and principalities
under his own influence. In Germany, he swept away the ecclesiastical
principalities, the Holy Roman Empire, and the great majority of the
small States, cut down the territory and power of Austria and Prussia,
and formed out of the multitude of small States a group of larger States,
which he reorganised as the Confederation of the Rhine. He began the
reconstruction of the kingdom of Poland in the grand duchy of Warsaw.
These changes at last raised a resistance before which he succumbed;
and an attempt was then made to restore the political order of the
later eighteenth century.
The great resettlement of 1815 curbed the dangerous power of 102,141
France, gave back to Austria and Prussia their old positions, and
restored that balance of power which Napoleon had destroyed. The
German States were formed into a vast but feeble Confederation under
the joint but unequalised leadership of Austria and Prussia, and Italy
was placed again under the heel of Austria. Neither of these settle-
ments was destined to be lasting. The expansion of Russia at the
expense of Sweden, Prussia, and Turkey, by the addition of Finland,
new parts of the old kingdom of Poland, and Bessarabia, promised and
secured greater permanence. The nineteenth century saw great changes.
Italy freed herself from Austrian rule, and, gaining unity, entered as
a great State into the political system of Europe. The Germanic
Confederation was rent asunder by the rivalry of Austria and Prussia,
Austria was expelled, and a new State, a German empire under the
hegemony of Prussia, took the place of the old Confederation, and
enlarged its boundaries at the expense of France by acquiring the
long-disputed middle lands of Alsace and Lorraine. In the Balkan
peninsula there was continual change. Austria and Russia gained
territory at the expense of the Ottoman empire, and the subject nationali-
ties, one by one, rose against Ottoman rule and gained their independence.
The Balkan peninsula thus broke up into a group of small States, of
which the Ottoman empire, with its receding frontiers in Europe and its
larger dominions in Asia Minor and Syria, remains the most important.
Outside of Europe, there has been an even greater transformation. IQO
In the old fields of colonisation nations had been gradually forming, and, 101, 140
following the example of the English American colonies, they asserted
their independence. In Central and South America a group of Spanish
and Portuguese republics now attests the success of Spanish and
Portuguese colonisation. The United States of America expanded across
the continent and commenced to conquer dominions beyond the seas.
But this contraction of European political dominion in other continents
proved only temporary. In the early years of the nineteenth century,
the Russian empire in Asia and the British empire, expanding by
colonisation and conquest in Australia, Africa, North America, and Asia,;
represented the only considerable European forces in other ^nljiiients. '"^'
\
■\...
6 Introduction.
Both of these empires continued to grow unceasingly. A mighty dominion
in India, vast dependencies in Africa, and a group of Anglo-Saxon
nations in Africa, America, and Australia, and many smaller possessions,
represent the unexhausted results of British colonial activity. But other
European Powers also once again entered the colonial field. They
divided Africa and the Pacific Islands between them, and gained spheres
of influence in eastern Asia. While Spain hsis virtually withdrawn
from the colonial field, France is once more a great colonial Power, the
Dutch have held their own, and the German empire has acquired exten-
sive possessions. In eastern Asia Japan now competes with Europe
and resists the advance of Russia. Along such lines as these, the
political system of fifteenth century Europe, with its promise of States
and nations forming and preparing to dispute for dominion and power,
has been transformed into the compacter political system of twentieth
century Europe, with its military empires, republics, and monarchies,
its unstable balance of power, and its worldwide field of competition
and contest.
SECTION I
EUROPE IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
Our first endeavour must be to present a picture of the European 1
political system in the later fifteenth century. In western and central
Europe the principal States were the Holy Roman Empire — a loose
federation of some four hundred duchies, counties, and towns, over which
the Dukes of Austria, with their extensive though scattered dominions,
exercised the Imperial power — France, England — with its dependency,
Ireland — Scotland, the States of the Iberian peninsula, and the States
of Italy; in northern and eastern Europe, the Scandinavian Union, the
group of Russian principalities under the Tartar yoke, Poland, Lithuania,
Bohemia, Hungary, and the Ottoman empire. Of these large States,
France had perhaps the greatest degree of unity. In France, a process S
of internal consolidation had been proceeding for several centuries. The
power of the Crown had been steadily extended along the great river
valleys — the Seine, the Loire, the Garonne, and the Rhone — and, one by
one, the great fiefs were being transformed into royal domain. During
the later thirteenth and the early fourteenth century, Champagne,
Chartres, the Dauphine, and Guyenne were all acquired. Of the great
fiefs which remained to disintegrate the kingdom at the accession of
Louis XI in 1461, the most important were the duchies of Burgundy
and Britanny and the county of Anjou. Burgundy was seized by
Louis XI in 1477, on the death of Charles the Bold. Britanny was a
single province and not, like Burgundy or Anjou, one of a large group of
territories. But it was more sharply severed by race than was Burgundy
from the remainder of France. By the marriage, first of Charles VIII in
1491, and then of Louis XII in 1498, with Anne, the heiress of Britanny,
this important province was firmly united to the French kingdom. It
was the last fief which bore the character of a separate sovereignty, though
its independence was not as dangerous to the unity of France as the
possession of Burgundy by a foreign Power had been. The Duke of
Anjou held not only Anjou, but also the counties of Provence and
Maine, within France, as well as the duchy of Lorraine without, and
he had, in addition, a claim to the throne of Naples. In 1480, all the
8 /. Europe in the Fifteenth Century,
possessions of Anjou except Lorraine reverted to the Crown of France.
The acquisition of Provence, never before counted part of France, was
most important. It brought the French frontiers to the Alps. The
duchy of Orleans was another great appanage. It was united to the
Crown on the accession of Louis XII, in 1498, and with it the county
of Blois. Thus, at the end of the fifteenth century, France was definitely
passing from the feudal to the monarchical regime. The consolidation
of the kingdom was assured, though the process was not complete. One
by one, during the sixteenth century, the other great fiefs were effectively
absorbed : the viscounty of Narbonne in 1507, the county of Angouleme
in 1515, the duchy of Alen9on in 1525, the duchy of Bourbon and the
county of La Marche in 1527, the county of Forez in 1531, the counties
of Armagnac, Foix, Perigord, and Vendome in 1589, and the viscounty
of Beam in 1607.
The external expansion of France was closely connected with this
process of consolidation. It was a natural preliminary to expansion
that France should free herself from foreign dominion. A political
connexion of centuries between France and England was all but severed
when, in 1453, the English were finally expelled from all their French
possessions save Calais. In 1462, Louis XI temporarily acquired Rous-
sillon and Cerdagne and brought the French frontier at this point to a
natural boundary. The struggle between France and Burgundy not only
prevented the foundation of a separate power on the Rhine, a middle
kingdom between France and Germany, pressing on the vulnerable side
of France, but yielded for the growth of the French kingdom a part of
the Burgundian lands. In 1477 Louis XI laid hold of Picardy and
the Somme towns as well as the duchy of Burgundy, and put forward
claims to Artois, Franche Comte, and Charolais (Charolles). The
annexation of Provence in 1486 was a natural addition to France, and
carried her frontiers from the Rhone to the Alps. Thus France grew
to south and east. Both political and geographical conditions marked
these out for her as natural directions of expansion. To make sure of
Roussillon and the French part of the kingdom of Navarre, to add
Artois and Franche Comte, to annex the north-western provinces of
Savoy, and to complete the expulsion of the English by the acquisition
of Calais, seemed the things most needed to complete her geographical
unity and her power of self-protection.
The Iberian peninsula, cut off from the rest of Europe by the Pyrenees,
forms geographically a distinct area. Of the various Christian States
that had grown up in the course of the long struggle for the expulsion
of the Moors, four only remained in the fifteenth century. Of these,
the largest and strongest was Castile, which occupied the great centre
of the peninsula, holding the whole Biscay coast, with an outlet to
the Atlantic in the plain of the Guadalquivir and another to the
Mediterranean in the plain of the Segura. Descending thus to sea
/. Europe in the Fifteenth Century, 9
and ocean, it completely surrounded, on the land side, the kingdom
of Granada, the last fortress in Europe of the retreating Moorish Power,
and cut off its fellow Christian Powers from any further opportunity of
expansion at the expense of the common enemy. Second in size to
Castile was the kingdom of Portugal, lying along the Atlantic side of the
peninsula, with frontiers to the east which have not shifted in modern
history, though the whole kingdom at one time suffered a temporary
absorption into the Spanish monarchy (1580-1640). On the eastern side
of Castile, rather smaller than Portugal, and with its base on the
Mediterranean, was the triangular kingdom of Aragon, which, together
with Castile, had absorbed all the smaller Christian kingdoms except
Navarre. Aragon, however, was more than a peninsular Power. On the
north-east frontier she overlapped the Pyrenees, and included the counties
of Roussillon and Cerdagne, till Louis XI acquired them temporarily
in 1462. Stretching across the western Mediterranean, she held the
Balearic Isles, Sardinia, finally gained in 1428, and Sicily, conquered in
1282, and incorporated in 1409. On the throne of Naples, also, sat an
Aragonese prince. The fourth State was the little kingdom of Navarre,
still preserving its independence on the northern frontier of the peninsula.
It lay astride the Pyrenees, partly in France and partly in Spain, and
the king of Navarre held also the viscounty of Beam.
The great question of the fifteenth century between the Iberian
kingdoms was how far the process of consolidation would be carried,
and whether it would be continued by the union of Castile with Portugal
or with Aragon. Portugal had been gaining maritime and colonial
interests, Aragon Mediterranean interests. In 1469 Isabel of Castile
married Ferdinand of Aragon. Isabel became Queen of Castile in 1474,
Ferdinand King of Aragon in 1479. The two kingdoms, though not
consolidated, were united in 1506, and the future character of Spain
was determined. The combined kingdoms conquered Granada in 1492,
sweeping away thereby the last vestige of Moorish power in Europe,
received back Roussillon and Cerdagne from France in 1493, and con-
quered the southern half of Navarre in 1512 ; so that only two separate
States then remained in the peninsula. This process of consolidation
was of the utmost importance. Coupled with the expansion over-sea,
which began with the voyages of Columbus, it gave Spain the internal
strength and external opportunity which enabled her to contend with
France for dominion in Italy and hegemony in Europe. With her
Mediterranean possessions, Spain had a natural interest in Italian affairs
which led on to great results. With a large Atlantic coast-line, good
harbours in the north, and one great harbour, Cadiz, in the south, she
was drawn naturally to those over-sea enterprises in which her American
dominion began. In addition to these two natural directions of growth,
she was suddenly drawn in a third direction, the most important of
all. In 1496 Philip the Fair, the son of Maximilian of Austria, married
10 /. Europe in the Fifteentk Century.
Joanna, the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. In 1498 Joanna became
the heiress of the Spanish dominions. Thus was brought about in the
course of time a union of Spain and Austria which made of the Spanish
monarchy a gigantic political force. Spain ceased to be simply an
Iberian, Mediterranean, and colonial Power and became part of a great
Empire with interests in central and eastern Europe. Thus the activity
of France first disturbed the European political system ; but the sudden
expansion of Spain overturned it.
•^Q In the British Isles there were two kingdoms — England with her
23 dependencies, Wales and Ireland, of which the latter was but partially
27 subdued, and Scotland, her hostile neighbour. Save that the possession
of Berwick was disputed, the frontier between the two had remained
unchanged since the reign of Henry II. Their union, though much
sought, did not take place until the end of the Tudor period, 1603,
when Scotland gave a king to Great Britain, and the complete incor-
poration of the two kingdoms was not effected for more than another
century, 1707. Ireland was conquered in the reign of Henry II ; but
the actual English dominion was for a long time limited to the Pale,
which, until the sixteenth century, fluctuated in extent, and outside of
which the country belonged to the Irish. The conquest of the country
was completed in the seventeenth century, and in 1800 it was incorporated
in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Wales was con-
quered by Edward I, but was not finally incorporated until 1535, when
its division into shires was completed. Of the Welsh Marches, parts
formed the new Welsh shires, and parts were added to the bordering
English counties. Monmouthshire remained a Welsh county until the
reign of Charles II. The Orkney and Shetland Islands had been Nor-
wegian dependencies. They were pledged to Scotland in 1468 and
incorporated in the process of time. The English county divisions
underwent little change during the Tudor period. Hexhamshire was
included in Northumberland in 1572, the franchises of Tynedale and
Redesdale after the accession of James I, after which the English and
Scottish Marches were called the Middle Shires. During Henry VIIFs
reign a change was made in the ecclesiastical divisions by the creation of
the six new sees of Peterborough, Oxford, Chester, Gloucester, Bristol,
and Westminster, of which the last-named had a life of ten years only.
From this time the dioceses remained unchanged till the reign of Queen
Victoria ^
Ever since the conquest of England by Normandy, the kings of Eng-
land had held some of the great fiefs of France. In the fifteenth century
everything was lost, save the seaport town of Calais. England ceased
to be a partly insular and partly continental Power, and became wholly
^ In the map the counties are shown as they were at the completion of the county
organisation, the dioceses as they were after Henry VIIl's creation of the new sees,
except that Westminster is not shown.
/. Europe in the Fifteenth Century, ll
insular. Her geographical position would have allowed of her concen-
trating on insular interests ; but, by long tradition and the possession of
a gate of entrance into France, she was drawn towards continental politics.
At the end of the fifteenth century, it was a doubtful question whether
she would seek the natural development of an insular State, over-sea,
following where Portugal and Castile had led, or whether she would
take up again her continental ambitions. While commerce had its
centre in the Mediterranean, her position did not favour maritime
expansion. The discovery of the New World changed the situation,
since England was very favourably situated for American enterprise
and Atlantic trade. The voyages of Cabot and the discovery of New-
foundland were the starting-point of Greater Britain ; but England's
connexion with the Continent during the first half of the sixteenth
century remained very close, and reached a climax in her temporary
inclusion in the Habsburg Empire on the marriage of Mary Tudor
with Philip II of Spain (1554-8). One result of this marriage was
the loss of Calais to France in 1558, after 211 years of English occu-
pation. The complete severance from the Continent was followed by
the greater maritime enterprise of the later sixteenth century in which
the British empire has its origins.
Stretching across central Europe and including all the German 5, 12
States, the Netherlands except Flanders and Artois, the Swiss
Confederation, and the North Italian States except Venice, was the
Holy Roman Empire. Flanders and Artois, fiefs of France in the
fifteenth century, were added in 1526. The Empire was a very loose
confederation, and for practical purposes included only the German
States and the Netherlands. Outside of these the Imperial authority
was scarcely more than nominal. The independence of the Swiss Con-
federation was virtually recognised in 1499. Only the German part of
the Empire had any real unity, and that unity was provided more by
common language and tradition than by political institutions or common
policy. But, though the Empire as a whole was a weak political force,
it was full of life in its various members. The multitude of States of
which it was composed ranged in power and importance from great
principalities like that of the Dukes of Austria to the territory of a
small free town or the manor of an Imperial knight.
The foremost of the princely families of Germany was the House
of Habsburg. With it the Imperial crown rested, without inter-
ruption, from 1438 to 1740, and again from 1745 until the dissolution
of the Empire in 1806. At the beginning of the fifteenth century the
Habsburg lands consisted of the archduchy of Austria, divided into
Upper and Lower Austria, the duchies of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola,
some possessions in Istria and Friuli, Trieste, the county of Tyrol, the
lordship of Vorarlberg, and a group of possessions known as Vorder-
oesterreich, which included the Austrian Breisgau, the margravate of
12 /. Europe in the Fifteenth Century,
Burgau, the landgravate of Nellenburg, the county of Hohenberg, the
five Danube towns, and the landgravate of Lower and Upper Elsass.
The duchies and the county of Tyrol formed a compact territory, well
suited to become a base of expansion north and south. They were, and
have remained, the nucleus of Habsburg power. Frederick III began
the greatness of his House by acquiring the Imperial crown and by
reuniting nearly all the hereditary possessions which had been distri-
buted among various members of the family. He lost ground in
Switzerland, where, after the surrender of the Thurgau to Zurich in
1460, the Habsburgs retained nothing save the Forest Towns of Walds-
hut, Sackingen, Laufenburg, and Rheinfelden. And, for a time, he was
an exile from his capital ; for Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary,
conquered Vienna and a part of Austria in 1485, and held it till his
death in 1490. But, in 1477, Frederick married his son Maximilian to
Mary of Burgundy, daughter and heiress of Charles the Bold, and thus
obtained so much of the Burgundian inheritance as Louis XI did not
seize. Maximilian, who had thus become lord of the Netherlands,
Luxemburg, and Franche Comte, acquired Tyrol in 1492; and,
when, in the following year, he inherited his father's dominions, all the
Habsburg lands were gathered together in his hands. Of these he had
a real hold; of the Burgundian inheritance he was but the guardian for
his son Philip. Thus, during the fifteenth century, the House of Austria,
which had been only a leading princely family, had, by its possession of
the Empire and the fortunate amassing of territories, raised itself to a
position of equality with the great States of Europe. Other marriages
were not only to increase its power to an inordinate extent but also to
change its character.
6 The territories acquired by Austria in 1477 as her share of the
Burgundian inheritance were a part of the extensive, if heterogeneous,
dominions which the Dukes of Burgundy had been amassing for more
than a century. In 1363 King John of France granted the duchy of
Burgundy as an appanage to his son Philip the Bold. By an astute
and enterprising policy the Burgundian family proceeded to build up
on the eastern frontier of France a great dominion which Charles the
Bold all but raised to the position of a Middle Kingdom between France
and Germany. Most of the provinces were acquired by the fortune of
marriage or inheritance, some by purchase or force of arms ; and a settled
policy continuously directed the process of acquisition. In 1384, as a
result of his marriage with Margaret of Flanders, the richest heiress in
Europe, Duke Philip the Good added the county of Flanders with its
great centres of Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres, the county of Artois, and
the counties of Burgundy (Franche Comte), Rethel, and Nevers besides
several seigneuries. To the duchy of Burgundy he added, in 1390, the
barony of Charolais. Philip the Good purchased the county of Namur
in 1430, and in the same year inherited from a cousin the duchies of
/. Europe in the Fifteenth Century. 13
Brabant and Limburg and the marquisate of Antwerp. In 1433 he
added the county of Hainault, which completed his possessions of the
southern Netherlands, and the counties of Holland and Zeeland, with
a nominal suzerainty over Friesland, which began the expansion of the
Burgundian lands into the northern provinces. Holland included Am-
sterdam, the first seaport in Europe. In 1435, at the Treaty of Arras
the King of France pledged to the Duke of Burgundy the towns of Picardy
— a series of towns along the Somme from St Quentin to St Valery at
the mouth of the river — which much strengthened the southern frontier
of the Burgundian possessions, and also left him in possession of certain
territories previously granted by the King of England, including the
county of Boulogne, Bar-sur-Seine, and the counties of Macon and
Auxerre. The Somme towns were redeemed by Louis XI in 1463, but
recovered by Charles the Bold in 1465. Their possession was vital to
the security of either Power. The last of Duke Philip's acquisitions,
made in 1441, was the duchy of Luxemburg, a sparsely peopled land
with a fortress capital. Charles the Bold continued his father's work,
and pursued with even greater eagerness and success his project of
uniting the Burgundian and Netherland parts of his inheritance. He
conquered the duchy of Gelderland and the county of Zutphen in
1473, and asserted his authority in the ecclesiastical territories which
broke the unity of his dominions. Since 1456, the great see of Utrecht,
which included the provinces of Overyssel and Drenthe (the Upper see) 22
and Groningen and Utrecht (the Lower see), had passed entirely under
the ducal influence, and Charles, in addition, made the Burgundian
Dukes the hereditary protectors of the bishopric of Liege. From 1469
to 1474 he held the landgravate of Upper Elsass (Sundgau) and the
Breisgau, and in 1475 he took possession of the duchy of Lorraine.
Death frustrated his ambition of a kingdom of Burgundy or Lorraine
on the eve of its realisation.
The desire of the Dukes of Burgundy to link up and consolidate
this group of provinces, and to form them into a separate State, arose
very naturally out of their position. As vassals of two masters, they
were under no effective control. Their possessions were middle regions,
which might have formed then, as parts of them have formed since,
a State, or States, distinct from France or Germany. They lay on the
borderlands of both these realms, where the authority of their overlords
would naturally be weakest. And, while they offered in some respects
a strange aggregation of various nationalities and diverse institutions,
they possessed a sufficient geographical unity to make their political
union feasible. The death of Charles the Bold dissolved the idea of
a strong middle kingdom, and his dominions have never since owned a
common sovereign. Louis XI laid hold of the duchy of Burgundy, the
Somme towns, Bar-sur-Seine, Auxerre, Macon, Franche Comte, Artois
and Charolais — of all those provinces which were nearest and most
14 /. Europe in the Fifteenth Century.
important to the strength of the French monarchy. The remainder passed
to Austria when Maximilian married Mary of Burgundy. France was
not able to retain all she had acquired. Though Louis, at the Treaty
of Arras, 1482, maintained his claims on Franche Comte, Artois, and
Charolais, Charles VIII, in the Treaty of Senlis, 1493, renounced these
provinces. Thus, the bulk of the Burgundian inheritance passed into
the German world, though its history had hitherto been more closely
bound up with that of France. The ecclesiastical territories of Liege
and Utrecht recovered their independence, as also did Gelderland,
while Lorraine went back to its Duke.
12 This description of the Austrian and Burgundian lands may serve
to illustrate the character of the political geography of Germany and
the manner in which new States could be formed within its borders.
The medieval duchies had broken up into a multiplicity of princi-
palities and lordships, which were continually being subdivided, reunited,
and regrouped. After the Emperor, the most important Princes were
the Electors. By the Golden Bull of 1356 their number had been fixed
at seven and their territories declared to be inalienable and indivisible.
Three of them were ecclesiastics — the Archbishops of Mainz, Cologne,
and Trier — and four laymen — the King of Bohemia, the Count Palatine
of the Rhine, the Duke of Saxony, and the Margrave of Brandenburg.
The territories of the ecclesiastical Electors lay on the western frontier
of Germany. Trier was a compact State, almost entirely in the valley
of the Moselle ; Cologne lay along the Rhine from Wesel to Rhein-
berg, but included also the duchy of Westphalia; Mainz lay principally
on the Main, but had in addition the dependencies of Eichsfeld, east of
the Werra, and Erfurt in Thuringia.
The kingdom of Bohemia was a Slavonic Power, brought under
German dominion in the tenth century, and always a member of the
Empire, though it never lost its separate nationality. The margravate
of Moravia had become its dependency in the tenth century, the mar-
gravate of Lusatia and the duchy of Silesia in the fourteenth. During
the later Middle Ages the two kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary and
the duchy of Austria were on several occasions united either by con-
quest on the part of one or the other, or by marriage unions ; but, in the
last half of the fifteenth century, Bohemia had become once more
1 separate under the rule of George Podiebrad (1458-71). For a brief
period (1477-90), it lost the greater part of its three dependencies to
the conquering arms of Matthias Corvinus. In 1490, on the death of
Matthias Corvinus, the crown of Hungary was offered to Podiebrad's
successor, Ladislas the Pole, and Bohemia and Hungary became again
united. But Ladislas was forced, in 1492, to restore to Austria the
conquests of his predecessor on the Hungarian throne in Austria, Styria,
and Carinthia ; and it was further arranged that, on the extinction of
the male line, his territories should pass to the Habsbui'gs. Brandenburg
/. Europe in the Fifteenth Century. 15
scarcely as yet showed promise of a great future. The possessions of 55
the family consisted of the Mark of Brandenburg on the Elbe and Oder,
and of the principalities of Ansbach and Baireuth in southern Germany.
In 1415 Frederick, Burgrave of Niirnberg, and lord of Ansbach and
Baireuth, had been invested with the Electoral Mark, which included
Altmark, Priegnitz, Mittelmark, and Uckermark. In addition, the
lordships of Cottbus and Peitz in Lower Lusatia were in 1445 acquired
from Bohemia. In 1454 the Neumark, pledged to the German Order
in 1402, returned to the Hohenzollerns, and the claims of the German
Order were finally renounced in 1517. In 1473 the Elector Albert
Achilles by his will forbade the partition of the Hohenzollern do-
minions into more than three parts — Brandenburg, Baireuth, and
Ansbach — and declared the Electoral Mark indivisible — a provision
which was the indispensable condition of future greatness. The par-
tition of 1473 gave the Mark of Brandenburg, to which the Electorate
was attached, to the elder line, and Ansbach and Baireuth to the two
younger. Ansbach and Baireuth, united to each other in 1557, were 59
not reunited to the rest of the Hohenzollern dominions until 1791, and
have consequently not much influenced the history of Brandenburg.
Meanwhile the Mark had begun to grow. Between 1470 and 1486
certain parts of Silesia were acquired, and in 1472 the investiture with
Pomerania-Stettin. By treaties of 1493, 1529 and 1571 the right of
suzerainty over Pomerania-Stettin was renounced for that of the suc-
cession. In 1472, the conquests made by Brandenburg in the Uckermark
were confirmed to her, and the frontier between Pomerania and Branden-
burg was thus fixed. There followed a series of small additions to the
Electoral Mark, the duchy of Krossen in 1482, the lordship of Zossen
in 1490, and the county of Ruppin in 1524.
The Rhenish Palatinate was one of the much divided possessions of
the House of Wittelsbach. Together with the Upper Palatinate, and
the principalities of Neuburg and Sulzbach, it was held by one branch
of the family, while the duchy of Bavaria was held by another. In
1410 the Palatinate inheritance was divided, and, at the end of the
fifteenth century, three branches of the family were still ruling in it.
In 1559 the Electoral line died out, and the Simmern line inherited the
Palatinate.
The Electorate of Saxony was a part of the new Saxony which had
grown up in the later Middle Ages on the middle course of the Elbe
with its capital at Wittenberg. On the extinction of the Wittenberg
line in 1422, Frederick V, of the House of Wettin, received the Electoral
dignity. In 1485, the Saxon territories were divided between his two
grandchildren, Albert and Ernest, who founded two historical lines, the
Albertine and the Ernestine. Ernest received the duchy of Saxony
together with the Electoral dignity, southern Thuringia, the north of
Meissen, the Vogtland, the Franconian territories, and Coburg ; Albert,
16 /. Europe in the Fifteenth Century.
the south of Meissen and northern Thuringia ; the ecclesiastical territories
of Naumburg-Zeitz, Meissen, and Merseburg, the Osterland, and the
Pleissnerland were divided.
Of the Princes of the Empire who had seats in the Princely Chamber
of the Diet there were about eighty, rather more laymen than eccle-
siastics. Amongst the most important was the Duke of Bavaria. In
the later fifteenth century, the Bavarian territories were divided between
two lines, ruling at Munich and at Landshut. In 1503 the latter died
out, and the Munich line united the Bavarian territories, though giving
(1507) Sulzbach and Neuburg to the son of the Elector Palatine as a
satisfaction of his claims on the Landshut inheritance. The Brunswick
family possessed a compact mass of territory lying between the middle
course of the Elbe and the Oder. But it had suffered much division.
The main line had divided in 1373 into the two lines of Liineburg and
Wolfenbiittel. Wolfenbuttel carried with it the ducal title and the
city of Brunswick; Liineburg was destined to become the electorate,
and afterwards the kingdom, of Hanover. In 1495 Wolfenbiittel divided
into Wolfenbiittel and Calenberg, in 1569 Liineburg into New Liineburg
and Dannenberg. In addition there was the Grubenhagen line. In 1584
Wolfenbuttel and Calenberg were reunited, and in 1596 Wolfenbiittel
absorbed Grubenhagen. Hesse was divided into two lines in 1458 —
Hesse-Cassel and Hesse-Marburg — the latter of which inherited Katzenel-
lenbogen in 1479. The family territories were reunited in 1500, to be
redivided in 1567 amongst four lines, Hesse-Cassel, Hesse-Marburg,
Hesse-Rheinfels, and Hesse-Darmstadt, of which last Hesse-Homburg
was a branch-line. Other important princely territories were Baden,
Anhalt, Wiirtemberg and Nassau. Baden lay east of the Upper Rhine,
and in 1535 was divided into Baden-Baden and Baden-Pforzheim, or, as
it was afterwards called, Baden-Durlach. Anhalt had already divided into
several lines of which the Bernburg line died out in 1468, though others
remained at Zerbst, Kothen, and Dessau, until all the Anhalt territories
were reunited in 1570, only to be redivided in 1603-6 into the same
four lines. The county of Wiirtemberg was declared indivisible in
1482, and in 1495 Count Eberhard was made a Duke. In 1519 Duke
Ulrich was expelled, and the duchy was pledged to Austria, and,
though the Duke was reinstated in 1534, his territory remained under
Austrian suzerainty until 1599. Nassau possessed scattered territories
in Westphalia and the Upper Rhenish Circle, divided amongst several
branches of the family, to which the House of Nassau-Orange was added
in 1530. Two groups of territories on the Lower Rhine — the one, the
duchy of Cleve and the county of Mark, united in 1392, the other, the
duchies of Jiilich and Berg and the county of Ravensberg, united in
1434 — were by marriage brought together in 1521. Other princes of
importance were the Count of Oldenburg, who acquired Delmenhorst in
1526 and Jever in 1575, the Duke ot Lorraine who in 1473 had
/. Europe in the Fifteenth Century, 17
acquired the duchy of Bar in France, and the Dukes of Mecklenburg
and Pomerania. Pomerania had in 1295 been divided between two
lines ruling at Wolgast and at Stettin, but was reunited in the Stettin
line in 1464, to be divided again between Stettin and Wolgast in 1531.
The position of Holstein requires some special elucidation. The county
of Holstein, made a duchy by Imperial grant in 1474, was a member of
the Empire. In 1460 it entered into an indissoluble union with the
duchy of Schleswig, a fief of the kingdom of Denmark. In the same
year the King of Denmark, who was a member of the House of Olden-
burg, elected King of Denmark in 1448, was elected Duke of Schleswig
and Count of Holstein, so that Holstein stood in a special and different
relation to three other States — the Empire, the kingdom of Denmark,
and the duchy of Schleswig. On the west of Holstein was the free
republic of Ditmarschen.
A large part of the Empire was under the rule of ecclesiastical Princes,
and particularly was this the case with the Rhenish lands. In addition to
the electoral territories already mentioned, there were the archbishopric of
Salzburg in the south-east of the Empire, almost enclosed in Habsburg
territory ; the Franconian bishoprics of Wiirzburg and Bamberg, that
rivalled the Rhenish archbishoprics ; the Netherland bishoprics of
Utrecht and Liege, the former large, the latter rich ; the huge bishoprics
of Miinster, Osnabriick, and Paderbom, and the smaller see of Minden,
which included between them most of the north-western comer of the
Empire ; the bishoprics of Bremen and Verden, lying between the
mouths of the Ems and the Elbe ; the archbishopric of Magdeburg and
the bishoprics of Hildesheim and Halberstadt south of Brandenburg
and Brunswick ; Schwerin and Ratzeburg in Mecklenburg ; Liibeck in
Holstein; Cammin in Pomerania; Naumburg-Zeitz, Meissen, and Merse-
burg in Saxony; Metz, Toul, and Verdun in Lorraine; Speier, Strass-
burg, Basel, and Constance, on the Upper Rhine ; Augsburg, Eichstadt,
Ratisbon, and Passau on the frontiers of Bavaria ; Freising, Brixen, and
Trent in the Habsburg territories. The bishoprics of Brandenburg,
Havelberg, and Lebus were too much under the control of the Electors
of Brandenburg to be counted as separate States. Amongst the great
abbeys those of Fulda, the largest and most famous ot German houses,
and Hersfeld, both south of Hesse, and Ellwangen in Suabia call for
special mention.
After the princely States came the Free Imperial towns. Of these,
there were in the later fifteenth century about eighty. They ranged
in importance from great commercial towns possessing considerable
territories, such as Hamburg, Bremen, and Niirnberg, to the little towns
of Suabia. The great majority were situated in southern or western
Germany. Amongst them were Aachen, Dortmund, Cologne, Metz,
Toul, Verdun, Weissenburg (Alsace), Hagenau, Strassburg, OfFenburg,
Schlettstadt, Colmar, Freiburg, Miilhausen (Alsace), Besan^on, Worms,
C. M. H. VOL. XIV. 2
18 /. Europe in the Fifteenth Century,
Landau, Speier, Wimpfen, Heilbronn, Hail, Aalen, Esslingen, Gmiind,
Nordlingen, Weissenburg (Nordgau), Niirnberg, Rottenburg, Windsheim,
Augsburg, Donauworth, Memmingen, Biberach, Leutkirch, Kaufbeuren,
Kempten, Isny, Wangen, Lindau, Ravensburg, Constance, Oberlingen,
PfuUendorf, Rottweil, Ulm, Reutlingen, Weil, Frankfort, Schweinfurt,
Friedberg, Wetzlar, Miihlhausen (Tliuringia), Nordhausen, Goslar, Liibeck,
Hamburg, Bremen, Ratisbon. Weal<^est of all the independent rulers were
the Imperial Knights. They had preserved their independence, for the
most part, only in south-western Germany. Often they possessed little
more than a village or two. They were organised in cantons, which
were grouped in the three Circles of the Rhine, Franconia, and Suabia.
Thus, Germany at the end of the fifteenth century formed a strange
world of States. The medieval duchies had broken up into princi-
palities, lordships, and communes too numerous to mention. In this
chaos there was a liability to political change and room for growth.
Yet, of the States that were to arise within the Empire — some to make
themselves free of its authority, others to remain nominally dependent —
of Holland, Switzerland, and Brandenburg, only Switzerland gave signs
of the future towards which she was advancing. Austria, girdling
Germany on the west, the south, and part of the east, stood out most
conspicuously. It was still an open question whether she might not be
powerful enough to unite the Empire more closely, and form of it a
strong State, capable of playing a part in the politics of Europe by
the side of the new monarchies of France and Spain. Maximilian I
made an attempt to improve the machinery of government, and for this
purpose divided the Empire into a number of Circles. Not every part
was included. Bohemia and her dependencies, Switzerland, and the Italian
States, with the exception of Savoy, remained outside the new organisa-
tion. Six of the Circles were formed in 1500, viz. (1) Bavaria, embracing
Bavaria and Salzburg, (2) Suabia — Wiirtemberg, Baden, the bishopric
of Augsburg and many Imperial cities, (3) Franconia — Wiirzburg,
Bamberg, Ansbach, and Baireuth, (4) the Upper Rhine — Zweibrlicken,
Lorraine, and part of Elsass, (5) Westphalia — Jiilich, Cleve, Berg,
Mark, also Liege and other bishoprics, (6) Lower Saxony — Brunswick,
Mecklenburg, Holstein, Bremen, Magdeburg, and some cities. In 1512,
four more Circles were created to include the electoral and Habsburg
territories, viz. (1) the Lower Rhine, embracing the four Rhenish
electorates ; (2) Upper Saxony — the Electorate of Saxony and Branden-
burg, and Pomerania; (3) Burgundy — the Austrian dominions of the
Netherlands, Luxemburg and Franche Comte; (4) the Austrian — the
remainder of the Austrian territory, with the bishoprics of Trent and
Brixen. An eleventh was added for the immediate Imperial territory.
In each Circle the governing authority was responsible for the police,
and for administrative and military affairs. The organisation was got
into working order in 1521, but was never very successful. The attempt
/. Europe in the Fifteenth Century, 19
to strengthen and unite the Empire by the improvement of Imperial
machinery was doomed to failure. Germany did not follow the general
tendency towards political consolidation which would have given her a
definite and powerful policy and place in Europe. The rivalries of her
component parts — of Emperor and Princes, of Princes and Towns and
Knights, caused fatal disunion. Whether she would have overcome this
political tendency is doubtful; but, while the matter was in debate,
the Reformation spread through the country, and, allying with the
separatist aspirations of the Princes, divided Germany irremediably and
permanently against herself.
Already in the fifteenth century, one part of the Empire was breaking 1 5
away from the main body. The independence of the Swiss Confederation
received a partial recognition in 1477 and in 1499, though it was never
openly acknowledged. The Confederation had its origin in the league
of three mountain communities for resisting the oppression of their
Habsburg rulers. Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden formed the original
political centre of the State, as they formed always its geographical
centre. Neighbouring towns and territories joined them — Luzern in
1332, Zurich in 1351, Glarus and Zug in 1352, Bern, with its own
allies and subjects, in 1353 — making up the eight ancient cantons. Five
more were afterwards added — Freiburg and Solothurn in 1481, Basel
and Schaffhausen in 1501, Appenzell in 1513 — and at the number
of thirteen the cantons remained until the changes made in the
Revolutionary period. The Confederation, however, comprised not
only cantons but also allies and subjects — who might be allies or
subjects of one or more members of the Confederation or of the
whole Confederation — with a consequent strange complexity of political
relations. The allied districts were the Valais from 1416, the abbey
of St Gallen with the county of Toggenburg from 1451, the town
of St Gallen from 1454, the Grisons, which was itself a federation
of three Leagues — the Upper League, the League of God's House,
and the League of the Ten Jurisdictions — formed in 1471 on the
eastern borders of Switzerland and attached to some of the Swiss
cantons from 1497-8, the Imperial towns of Miilhausen from 1518 to
1587, Rottweil from 1519 to 1632, the city of Geneva from 1526, the
territory of Biel or Bienne from 1529, and the principality of Neufchatel
from 1529 till its acquisition by Prussia in 1707. The more important
of the subject lands were in the north. Aargau and Thurgau, and
other districts, were conquered from the House of Austria by Bern
and Zurich in 1415 and 1460 respectively, an acquisition which gave
the Confederation for a time the Lake of Constance and the Rhine as
its northern frontier. In 1441 Uri acquired the Val Levantina, and
the Confederation made its first gains in Italian territory. More im-
portant were the conquests of detached Savoyard territories north of
Lake Geneva : such as Grandson, Morat, Orbe, and Aigle, which Bern
2—2
20 /. Europe in the Fifteenth Century,
and Freiburg, not at the time a member of the league, made in
1475-6 during the war with Charles the Bold, and the gains, also from
Savoy, made by the Valais, which, like the conquests of Freiburg, were
afterwards added to the Confederation. In Italy, Bellinzona was acquired
in 1500; and, in 1512, a considerable cession of Milanese territory, includ-
ing the Val Maggia, Locarno and Lugano, was made to the Confederation
as a reward for their services to Sforza; while the Grisons, in 1513, acquired
the Valtelline, with Chiavenna and Bormio. Soon after, Bern, Freiburg,
and the Valais expelled Savoy from all its territories north of the Lake
of Geneva and from some of those to the south, and added Vaud,
Chablais, and the bishopric of Lausanne, to Confederate territory. Not
all of these last gains however were retained. In 1567, Chablais and
Gex were restored to Savoy. The last acquisition before the Revolution
was made in 1554, when Bern and Freiburg divided between them the
county of Gruyeres (Greyerz).
By this series of alliances and conquests a strange State was built
up. Arising in an area where three countries met — France, Germany,
and Italy — the Swiss Confederation bore a threefold character, and the
contrast between the German east and the French west represents a
division that is one of the most essential facts of Swiss history. More-
over the frontiers of Switzerland were most anomalous and illustrated
the piecemeal way in which the State was formed. At Schaffhausen it
stretched beyond the Rhine, at Lugano it descended the Alps into the
Italian plains. A union, as it was, of small communities for self-defence,
no principle of nationality or geography governed its configuration ;
and the limits of its expansion were fixed by the weakness of its own
constitutional system and its consequent inability to grow great, rather
than by the power of its neighbours or the barriers of nature.
In Italy, as in the other western countries, a tendency to political
consolidation had shown itself in the later Middle Ages. But there
had been no such tendency to the union of Italy as a whole, as to the
union of France, or of the Iberian peninsula, Italy was only "a geo-
graphical expression "" ; but, within it, had grown up a group of States
which formed a political system of their own. This was to some extent
a result of geographical conditions. Parted from the rest of Europe
by a formidable mountain barrier, it was able to have a separate
political life ; and since it was internally much divided, political
divisions tended to follow to some extent geographical. In the con-
tinental north is the great plain of Lombardy, the seat of Milan, of
the land power of Venice, and of the Italian dominions of Savoy. In
the peninsula are three plains of importance, all on the western side,
for the Apennines tend to follow the eastern coast — the plain of the
Arno, where Florence grew up, the plain of the Tiber, where was Rome,
the head of the Papal States, and the plain of Capua, the centre of
the kingdom of Naples. Thus all the great States of Italy were formed
/. Europe in the Fifteenth Century. 21
in the great plains. Historical conditions also had been unfavourable
to the idea of Italian unity. The Imperial traditions and connexions
of Italy, as well as the spiritual power of the Papacy, had been
destructive of the sense of national separateness and the temporal power
of the Papacy had also been a powerful obstacle to unity. Moreover,
the course of history had sundered the different parts of Italy from each
other, created opposed interests, and led to wars of conquest and
aggrandisement. Thus a group of separate Powers had been formed,
whose boundaries corresponded neither to geographical features, nor
historical territories, nor ecclesiastical divisions, but might be regarded
at any particular moment as a result of the balance of rival military
strength.
At the end of the fifteenth century there were some half-dozen
leading Powers — Savoy, Milan, Venice, Florence, the Papal States and
Naples — which overshadowed all the others. In the middle of the Po
valley the Visconti family had built up the State of Milan, annexing
all the neighbouring small municipalities and principalities, and changing
the city republic into a duchy. In 1490, their territories stretched
across the Po from Pontremoli in the south to Bormio and the sources
of the Adda in the north. They included No vara and Alessandria in
the west, Parma and Piacenza in the east. The Milanese had no natural
frontiers. Its expansion was checked by contact with other expanding
States. Hence its conquests, though easy to make, proved difficult to
hold. In Tuscany, Florence was caiTying out a consolidating work like
that of Milan in Lombardy. Her territory grew continually during the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, though little increase was made under
the rrde of the Medici 1433-94, as compared with the growth of Milan
under the rule of the Visconti. Most of the northern cities of Tuscany,
including Pisa, Volterra, Arezzo, and Pistoia, but not Lucca, had passed
under her sway; in the south Piombino and Siena amongst other
places had as yet escaped absorption. Though in fact a monarchy,
Florence had not, like Milan, been transformed from a city State into
a duchy.
The Papal States stretched across the centre of the peninsula and
northwards, on its western side, to the valley of the Po. They were an
artificial aggregation of territories, without any sort of geographical
unity, such as Milan and Florence possessed. They included Emilia,
Romagna, the Marches of Ancona, Umbria, Sabina, Campagna, and 26
the Patrimony of St Peter — a group of districts which no natural
boundary enclosed. Politically, they exhibited the greatest diversity.
Some districts were governed by powerful communes, others by great
monasteries ; parts were held by powerful feudal lords, and papal vicars
ruled in other places. In Emilia and the Romagna, the part of the valley
of the Po which lay within the Papal States, the Pope had no authority.
Flourishing communes, such as Bologna and Imola, divided the country
22 /. Europe in the Fifteenth Century,
among themselves. Here and in the Marches the tyrants or papal
vicars were especially powerful. A branch of the family of Malatesta
26 at one time held many of these towns. Urbino, the chief town of
the Montefeltro family, became a separate duchy in 1478, a fief of
the Papal States, but distinct. In 1513 it fell to the Rovere family,
and was not annexed to the Papal States until 1631. Similarly,
Ferrara was held as a papal fief by the House of Este. In Umbria,
the greater part of the land was subject to large communes, of which
the most important was Perugia, which possessed a sort of suzerainty
over the other Umbrian towns. Other important towns were Spoleto,
and Orvieto. In the Campagna and the Patrimony of St Peter the
great feudal lords predominated. The most famous of these were the
Colonna, Orsini, Savelli, and Gaetani. Only in Rome did the Pope
really rule, and Sixtus IV was the first Pope of whom this can be
S6 truly asserted. Two enclaves of ecclesiastical territory, Ponte Corvo
and Benevento, lay within the kingdom of Naples. Thus the Papal
States were a collection of States of varying degrees of independence,
and the papal rule, though not a recent growth like that of the
Visconti and Medici, could not compare with theirs for strength and
solidity. Nominally the sovereign of a considerable territory, the Pope
saw his possessions really in the hands of independent communes and
a lawless baronage.
The kingdom of Naples at the southern extremity of the peninsula
was the largest of the Italian States. Cut off from the active politics
of the north, and not rich enough to be great, it played only a secondary
part in the affairs of Italy. Almost surrounded by the sea, and not a
maritime Power, it had been easy of access to the foreign invader.
Together with Sicily, it had been conquered by the Normans in the
eleventh century and made a dependency of the Holy See. Two cen-
turies later, it was conquered by the Angevins, who, however, lost Sicily,
in 1282, to the House of Aragon. In 1435 Naples itself passed to Aragon,
and it was handed over to a branch of that House in 1458. In spite
of the frequent change of rulers, Naples had preserved its frontiers
unchanged, while the other great States of Italy had been rising and
falling. Thus, at the end of the fifteenth century, it was closely
connected with, though not, like Sicily since 1282, and Sardinia since
1420, a part of, the kingdom of Aragon.
S Venice and Genoa, both city States, and both Imperial cities, suggest
a contrast and a parallel. Both held possessions in the eastern Medi-
terranean. The dominion of Genoa was in the Black Sea and the Aegean,
that of Venice in the Adriatic, the Levant, and the Aegean. In the Black
Sea Genoa held Amastris and Caffa, besides Galata by Constantinople,
and the large Aegean islands Chios and Lesbos. But, like Venice, she
had fallen back before the Ottoman advance. She lost Lesbos in
the Aegean in 1462, though she retained Chios until 1566. On the
/. Europe in the Fifteenth Century, 23
mainland, enclosed by mountains, she never had quite the same oppor-
tunity of or necessity for acquiring dominion as Venice. But she had
naturally laid hold of the island of Corsica, which, in the hands of
a hostile Power, would have been dangerous to the security of her
trade. The land dominion of Venice had been acquired during the
fifteenth century for the protection of the city and of the overland
trade routes to northern Europe, of which one passed through the
Ampezzo valley to Innsbruck and Munich, and another up the Po to
Bergamo, the Spliigen, and Constance. It was essential to Venice to
check the expansion of Milan over Lombardy and to command the
rivers and land northwards to the Alps. Between 1408 and 1454,
by wars with Milan, she conquered Brescia and Bergamo as well as
Padua, Verona, and Vicenza, and brought her frontiers to the river
Adda. In 1420, she conquered Friuli and extended her territory north-
west to the Carnic Alps ; in 1441, Ravenna, the ancient capital of
the Eastern Empire in Italy ; and, in 1480, in a war with Ferrara, she
acquired Rovigo on the Adige and the Polesine and brought her frontiers
to the Po. Thus she held a great part of Lombardy, from Bergamo
and Crema in the west to Friuli and Aquileia in the east, though
the bishopric of Trent, Lake Garda, and the marquisate of Mantua
almost divided her territory into two parts. But the chief interests of
Venice were outside of Italy. Her mainland territories were not the
original nucleus of her empire, but a late appendage. Venice was a great 3
maritime State, whose field of dominion lay in the Adriatic and eastern
Mediterranean. Her over-sea possessions were of a character natural to
a commercial and maritime Power — islands, strips of coast, and strategic
points of the mainland. Extending down the Adriatic, round the Morea,
through the Aegean and the Levant, they gave her control of these seas
and of the trade routes between western Europe and Egypt, Syria, and
Constantinople. Trieste was a Habsburg possession, and thus Venetian
territory did not extend uninterruptedly round the head of the Adriatic;
but Istria, with Pola, was Venetian, as also were most of the islands off
the coast immediately to the south, but not any of the mainland, for in
these parts, Hungary came down to the sea. A little to the south, near
Zara, began Venetian Dalmatia. On the Dalmatian coast, Venice and
Hungary struggled for mastery during the fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries, and Venice acquired a nearly continuous control of the coast
from Trieste to Albania. The independent republic of Ragusa, at one
time a rival, broke the continuity of her dominions on the Dalmatian
coast ; but Cattaro with its deep harbour was Venetian. On the Albanian
coast, she held Antivari and Durazzo, among other places. Of the Ionian
islands, she acquired Corfu in 1386 and others in 1449. In the Aegean,
after the Fourth Crusade, she had made great gains, which included
Lemnos, Negropont, occupied in 1390, and other islands. In the
Levant, she acquired Candia in 1208 ; and Cyprus, which came under
24 /. Europe in the Fifteenth Century.
her immediate influence in 1473, she finally annexed in 1488. In
addition to the islands and ports which she possessed, she had treaty
rights in many eastern towns — in Salonika, Constantinople, Tana, CafFa,
Trebizond, Alexandria, Cairo, Tyre, Sidon, Tripoli, Damascus, and
Jerusalem.
The growth of Venice belongs to medieval history. At the end of the
fifteenth century she had reached the zenith of her power. Already she
was beginning to lose ground to the Turks, who were advancing in the
Aegean and the Balkan peninsula. Negropont was lost to them in 1470,
and, when Venice made peace in 1479, she sacrificed in addition Skutari,
Brazzo, and various places which the Turks had occupied in the Morea.
On the mainland, too, her position was precarious. Her continual
expansion, induced by her want of natural frontiers, made her seem an
ambitious Power, and had drawn on her the suspicion of the other
Italian States.
g5 Savoy hardly belonged to the Italian political system. In the
fifteenth century she was a middle State, as much Burgundian as Italian.
But her direction of growth was towards Italy ; and, in the long run, it
was Savoy, not Venice, Milan, Florence, or Naples which brought about
the unity of Italy. Savoy lay astride of the Alps, as Navarre of the
Pyrenees, and was strong enough to gain importance from the geo-
graphical advantage of a strategic position commanding most of the
Alpine passes between France and Italy. Her territories fell into two
parts. North of the Alps were the duchy of Savoy, the controlling centre
of the whole, Bresse, Bugey, Valromey, and Gex, lying between the Rhone
and the Saone, and, bordering the Lake of Geneva for the most part to
the north, Vaud and the Lower Valais. In Italy, her principal possessions
were in Piedmont, where she had gained a footing in the eleventh century
and had steadily increased her power at the expense of Milan, Saluzzo,
Provence, and Montferrat, reaching the Mediterranean at Nice, and re-
ducing Saluzzo, Montferrat, and Tenda to the position of dependencies.
The Savoyard territories had thus no natural unity, and were very
decisively divided by the Alps. Savoy had several possible directions of
expansion ; but the consolidation of France on her western frontier, and
the growth of the Swiss Confederation, which took from her Grandson,
Morat, Orbe, Echallens, Aigle, and the Lower Valais in 1475-6, were
already forcing her to find her future field of growth on the Italian side
of the Alps where the political conditions offered a more favourable
opportunity.
Of the minor States, the Este, who held Modena and Reggio of the
Emperor, and Ferrara of the Pope, had a considerable territory in the
valley of the Po ; the Gonzagas, who held Mantua, had an important
strategic position ; Lucca, though suffering at the hands of the Este
and Medici, remained a distinct commonwealth ; Siena still held a large
part of Tuscany; Piombino was under the protection of Florence.
1
/. Europe in the Fifteenth Century. 25
Thus Italy formed a political world in herself, with her own great and
small States — the great States intent on maintaining a balance of power.
No prospect of voluntary union appeared. The equal strength of Milan,
Venice, Florence, and Naples prevented any gathering of the States round
a common centre, which alone could form in Italy a political power equal
to that of the new States rising around her.
In the south-eastern comer of Europe, the political position had been
steadily changing during the course of the fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries. A new Power, the Ottoman Turks, Mongolian in race and
Mohammadan in religion, had entered Europe as the natural enemy of
its Christian States. Advancing irresistibly westward, they swept away
the kingdoms which had been formed in the later Middle Ages on the
ruins of the East Roman Empire. Their dominions centred round the
Aegean and the Black Sea, whence they were expelling the Venetians
and the Genoese. They subjected, but did not absorb, the Christian
nations of the Balkan peninsula — Greeks, Servians, and Bulgarians.
Though an Asiatic Power in origin, they were at the end of the
fifteenth century firmly planted in Europe, and no limit could as yet
be seen to their expansion. The order of their conquests had been
as follows. Entering Europe in 1,354, they captured Adrianople, which
they made their capital, in 1360. The Latin principalities speedily
succumbed. In 1389, Servia was defeated and surrendered Macedonia,
though she remained independent herself; Wallachia became dependent
in 1391, Thessaly was annexed in 1393, Bulgaria conquered by 1398,
while the duchy of Athens, the principality of Achaia, and the
despotate of Mistra became vassal States. Thus, before the end of
the fourteenth century, the Turks had annexed or reduced to de-
pendence all the hinterland of the Balkan peninsula to the frontiers
of Hungary, had hemmed in Constantinople, and even reached, on
the south, the Gulf of Corinth. In the early fifteenth century they
suffered some loss in Asia; but they made advances in Greek and
Albanian lands which brought them to the Adriatic. The principalities
of Achaia, northern Epirus, and Salonika were conquered by 1430,
Acarnania, Aetolia, and Arta in 1449; Constantinople was captured
in 1453 ; Moldavia became tributary in 1456 ; Servia, except Belgiade,
was annexed in 1459, the duchy of Athens in 1460, most of Bosnia
in 1463, and Herzegovina in 1483. Montenegro, which took shape
as a separate State on the break-up of the Servian empire, succeeded
in maintaining her independence. In Dalmatia, the Turks slowly
acquired the Bosnian and Hungarian districts ; but Venice clung to the
great coast towns. These conquests on the mainland were accompanied
and followed by conquests in the islands and the Black Sea, and of
Venetian posts in Dalmatia, Albania, and the Morea. In the northern
Aegean Lemnos, Imbros, Samothrace, and Thasos were acquired in
1456-7; Trebizond, on the Black Sea littoral, in 1461; Lesbos in 1462;
26 /. Europe in the Fifteenth Century.
Negropont in 1470. These losses, together with those of Skutari and
Kroja and the Maina district in the Morea, were recognised by Venice at
the Peace of 1479. In the same year, the Turks seized Zante, Cephalonia,
and Santa Maura, and in 1481 crossed the Adriatic, occupied Otranto,
and seemed about to begin in Italy what they had completed in the
Balkan peninsula. But, after 1481, their advance in Europe halted for
a time, and, in 1485, Venice recovered Zante. In 1499-1500, however,
the Turks continued their advance, and though, in 1502, Venice re-
covered Cephalonia and temporarily occupied Santa Maura, the latter
was regained by them in the Peace of 1502, when they kept the places
which they had conquered, and Lepanto on the Gulf of Corinth. Thus,
at the end of the fifteenth century, no position of equilibrium had
been reached in south-eastern Europe, and the line at which Venice on
the south, and Hungary, now that she had lost Matthias Corvinus, in
the north, could stay the advance of the Turks had still to be found.
21 It is to Hungary that we must now turn our attention. The kingdom
of Hungary was founded in the ninth century by the Magyars, who
occupied the valleys of the Danube and Theiss, and thereby divided the
northern Slavs of Bohemia and Poland from the southern Slavs of Servia,
Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia. By accepting Christianity from Rome
they entered the more easily into the western political system. The
strongest Power on the mainland in south-eastern Europe, they made
extensive conquests, though their possession of them was not continuous.
By the end of the fourteenth century, they had added part of Dalmatia,
Poland, Wallachia, and Moldavia, and had flanked their territories with
protected areas in what are now Bosnia, Servia, and Roumania. Even
beyond these marches lay a number of vassal States. In the fifteenth
century, Hungary lost ground to Venice in Dalmatia, and to the Ottoman
Turks in the Balkan peninsula, and pledged the county of Zips to Poland
in 1412. Matthias Corvinus (1458-90) raised his kingdom once more to
a dominant position in eastern Europe ; stemmed the tide of Ottoman
invasion ; conquered parts of Bosnia and Servia in 1479 ; made Moldavia
and Wallachia Hungarian dependencies in 1463; took Silesia, Lusatia,
and Moravia from Bohemia in 1477, and Lower Austria, including Vienna,
from the Emperor in 1485. He also so far strengthened the system of
county government that Hungary tended to become a group of some
fifty independent communities. But the greatness which Corvinus won
for Hungary was destined to be brief. The Bohemian and Austrian
conquests could not be maintained, with the Turk pressing on the
southern frontier. At the end of the fifteenth century, Hungary was in
a precarious position.
1 North-eastern Europe almost formed a political system of its own, of
which the Baltic, round whose shores all the North-Eastem Powers were
grouped, and for whose control they contended, formed the centre. In
the first half of the twelfth century, no Teutonic Power, German or
/. Europe in the Fifteenth Century, 27
Scandinavian, had any lasting hold of any part of the eastern Baltic. But
in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries Sweden conquered Finland, and
in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries two German religious Orders,
which had united in 1237 — the Knights of the Sword and the Teutonic
Order — conquered Prussia, Livonia, Esthonia, Courland, Semigallia, the
islands of Dago and Osel, Pomerelia, Gottland for a time, and Samogitia,
and built up a great dominion on the eastern and southern Baltic. In
the fifteenth century, the power of the Orders was diminished. In 1410,
by the First Peace of Thorn, Lithuania recovered Samogitia from the
Sword Knights, and thus separated the Livonian and Prussian lands of
the Orders. In 1466, by the Second Peace of Thorn, Poland gained
from them West Prussia (Culm and Pomerelia with the cities of Danzig
and Thorn) and Ermeland a part of East Prussia, while the remainder
of East Prussia was retained by the Teutonic Order as a Polish fief.
This expansion of Poland and Lithuania was a recovery of territory that
had been lost in the preceding century. The kingdom of Poland, founded 20
in the tenth century, had grown rapidly for a time, until weakened by
division and cut off from the Baltic by the German Orders. The neigh-
bouring State of Lithuania, a fellow sufferer at the hands of the Knights,
had risen to importance in the thirteenth century. In the fourteenth
century, Lithuania made gains at the expense of her Russian neighbours,
while Poland lost Silesia to Bohemia in 1335, and Pomerelia to the
German Order in 1343, though, like Lithuania, it grew in the south-east
at the expense of Russia. Lithuania even extended as far south as the
Black Sea, though her Black Sea territory was lost in 1474. In 1386
the two States were united by the marriage of the Duke of Lithuania
with the Queen of Poland. In the fifteenth century they recovered their
position on the Baltic, and Poland continued to expand at the cost of
Russia. In 1471 Ladislas of Poland was elected to the Crown of Bohemia
and in 1491 to that of Hungary, so that at the end of the fifteenth cen-
tury Poland with Lithuania was the most formidable of the Baltic Powers.
She had great possessions, vast size and continuity of territory ; but she
was weak from the want of defensible frontiers and natural boundaries.
Thus, during the fifteenth century, the balance of power on the Baltic
had been decisively changed; but new developments in Russia and
Scandinavia threatened new changes. The union of Poland and Lithu-
ania, which was only personal at first and often interrupted, became from
1501 continuous, and in 1569 the two States were incorporated by the
Union of Lublin.
Beyond Poland and Lithuania, in the great plains that stretch from 1 , 52
northern Asia into the heart of Europe, there was in process of formation
at this time a State destined later to take a foremost place in the
European polity. The Muscovite empire was formed by a union of
Slavonic principalities which had a certain cohesion in common race,
language and religion, a common princely stock, a unity of historical
28 /. Europe in the Fifteenth Century.
development, and the primacy of the Grand Princes at KiefF. The chief
of these principalities were Novgorod the Great, KiefF, Smolensk and
Moscow ; while others of importance were Tver, Viatka, PskofF, Jaroslavl
and ChemigofF. In a land of plains like eastern Europe the rivers were
of the greatest importance. On the great rivers of Russia were formed
the original centres of her history, and they determined the character
and direction of her growth. Novgorod the Great, on the Ilmen, near
the Valdai plateau — a dominant point in the river system of Russia —
commanded at once an inlet to the whole of Russia and an outlet to the sea
through the network of streams which ends in the Neva. St Petersburg
in the eighteenth century, like Novgorod in the ninth, took advantage of
the commercial and political value of this position. KiefF was on the
Dnieper, whose course drew it to the Black Sea and the Byzantine world.
The fertility of the Black Land and the proximity to the Eastern Empire
gave it supremacy over the other Russian principalities. Smolensk, also,
was on the Dnieper, but further north and with a commanding central
position, near to the source of the other great Russian rivers, the west-
ward flowing Diina and the eastward flowing Volga. In the middle of
the twelfth century, the Grand Princes moved their capital to the
Moskowa, a tributary of the Oka, a sub-tributary of the Volga. A State
centred at Moscow was far removed from the W^estern world. Moreover,
it had no natural frontiers. It might advance in time over the southern
steppes to the Black Sea : but its easiest direction of expansion would be
down the Volga to the Caspian and endlessly northwards into northern
Asia. Before the dawn of modern history, the loosely united Russian
principalities suffered a threefold conquest. In the thirteenth century,
the German Order conquered the north-western principalities, introduced
German civilisation and planted a strong power between Russia and the
Baltic. In the same century, the Mongols conquered the eastern group
of principalities which formed Great Russia. In the early fourteenth
century, the Lithuanians made considerable conquests in West and South
Russia in the neighbourhood of KiefF. Thus Russia was divided into
two parts — Great or Eastern Russia, with its centre in Moscow subject
to the Tartars, and Little Russia, attached to Poland and Lithuania.
In the process by which Russia has been built up we may observe the
union of the principalities, the establishment of their independence, the
recovery of conquered Russian land, and the ceaseless expansion of the
Russian people. The shape and the extent of the Russian empire has
been largely determined by geographical conditions. Russia is as closely
connected with Asia as she is with Europe, for the gentle slopes of the
Urals offer but the slightest barrier, and she is thus at once exposed to
Asiatic invasion and invited to Asiatic expansion — both of which have
played a large part in her history. In European Russia, all the moun-
tain ranges lie on the frontiers. Between the Carpathians and the
Urals, the Caucasus and the mountains of Finland, nature has left an
1
/. Europe in the Fifteenth Century, 29
immense area round which these ranges form a girdle. It was natural
that this huge area should form a single State, and equally natural
that Russia should advance over the open plains and forests of central
and northern Asia to the Hindu Kush and the Pacific. And, further, the
conditions imposed on the country certain political tendencies. So vast
an inland demanded outlets, both in Europe and Asia. Hence, north,
south, east, and west, Russia has advanced towards the sea. While
political necessity has compelled her to seek a sure frontier, economic
necessity has compelled her to find not only new areas for her ever-
growing population, but also outlets for her trade and for a civilising
intercourse with other nations.
Russian unity was brought about by the Princes of Moscow, who
gradually gathered the other States round Moscow. It was not a
difficult task, as the principalities were but artificial divisions of one
country and one race. Ivan III (146^1505) annexed in the north-
west Novgorod the Great, the lord of Northern Russia to the Urals,
in 1478, and Tver in 1485 ; in the north-east Viatka in 1489 ; in the
north Jaroslavl and Rostoff ; in the south-west ChernigoflT. In 1480, he
threw off the Tartar yoke and thus gave Russia independence as well
as unity. The Golden Horde broke up into a number of smaller
khanates — Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimea, and Siberia — the ruins of a great
Power. Ivan's son Basil (1505-33) acquired Pskoff, Smolensk, and
Novgorod Sieverski, thus uniting nearly all the Russian principalities.
At his death the Muscovite empire extended from ChernigofF to the
White Sea, and from the borders of Livonia to the river Kama. For
the Russian land lost to Lithuania ceaseless wars were waged between
Poland and Russia for 200 years, Russia alternately recovering and
losing her western provinces. In 1484, the river Desna was fixed as
the boundary ; in 1503, the river Sozh. Thus, at the end of the
fifteenth century, Russia had just attained unity, and, throwing off her
Asiatic conquerors, had become an independent State. Lying practically
in the basin of the Volga, she had no outlets to the sea and no con-
nexion with western Europe. Her great work of conquest and expansion
had scarcely begun.
Of the Scandinavian kingdoms little need be said at this point.
At the close of the fifteenth century, they were united in a precarious
and unsatisfactory union. This union, the Union of Calmar, had lasted
since 1397. Before its formation, Denmark had been generally the most
powerful of the three kingdoms, and more than once had almost acquired
complete control of the Baltic. But the German Orders, which threatened
her power in Esthonia, Sweden, which contested with her the possession of
the southern provinces of Scandinavia, and the Hanse Towns, which consti-
tuted a great political force, set limits to her greatness. In 1397, the three
kingdoms had agreed to an irrevocable union under a common sovereign,
each retaining its own laws and institutions. Norway, the poorest of
30 /. Europe in the Fifteenth Century,
the three, threw in her lot permanently with Denmark (1450), which
alone gained by the union. Sweden, dissatisfied with her position, was
from the middle of the fifteenth century generally under her own ad-
ministrators. In 1448, a member of the House of Oldenburg was elected
to the crown of the three kingdoms, and in 1460 he became in addition
Count of Holstein and Duke of Schleswig, which two States in that year
entered into an indissoluble union with each other. Round the Baltic
the whole situation lacked stability. The division of territory between
the three Scandinavian kingdoms followed no natural boundaries, and
their union was straining asunder. The German Orders which held so
much of the Baltic coast were declining, while behind them was Russia,
rapidly consolidating, and Poland near to the zenith of her power.
81
SECTION 11.
THE AGE OF HABSBURG POWER AND OF THE
REFORMATION.
A. EUROPE.
Something must now be said of the formation of the Habsburg lO
Empire. Great aggregations of power were a new feature in European
history. By a strange and fortuitous sequence of events in the later
fifteenth and early sixteenth century there was formed a mighty State,
which, overshadowing at once western and eastern Europe, exercised for
more than a century a dominant influence on the European political
system. Spain drove France out of southern Italy ; but it was the
Habsburg Empire which decided the political fate of Italy until the
nineteenth century, and which put an end to French hopes of expansion
south of the Alps. In Germany, the Habsburg Empire and the Re-
formation were the chief forces that controlled the growth and form of
the German States. In south-eastern Europe, the Habsburgs repre-
sented the Western world against the Eastern, and divided political
power with the Turk. By the balance of strength between the Habsburg
and Ottoman Empires, the political division of south-eastern Europe
and the western Mediterranean on the African littoral was determined.
In the Netherlands, the religious policy of the Habsburgs provoked a
revolt which, growing into a war of independence, resulted in the
formation of the maritime State of the United Netherlands. So, too,
by a reaction against their power England in self-defence was driven
to the sea and began her transformation into Greater Britain. Thus
the Habsburg Empire united Spain, settled the political system of
Italy, checked the expansion of France, resisted the advance of the
Turks, and played a part in the growth of Switzerland, the disintegra-
tion of Germany, the formation of Holland, and the foundation of
Greater Britain. Each of these developments is a stage in the shaping
of Europe.
The growth of the Habsburg Empire has already been traced
through its earlier stages — to its rise to a great height as a German and
Burgundian power. In 1490, the Habsburgs were exclusively a German
32 II A. Habsburg Power and Reformation : Europe,
Power. In 1496, Maximilian married his son Philip to Joanna of Spain,
daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. In 1498, Joanna became the
heiress of the Spanish monarchy. Philip died in 1506 ; but he left a
son, Charles, who, on the death of Ferdinand of Spain in 1516, and of
his grandfather Maximilian in 1519, inherited both the Spanish and
Austrian dominions. In this union there was a certain homogeneity of
race and civilisation between the Burgundian and Austrian lands; for
both were chiefly German, nor were they very remote from each other ;
but the addition of the Spanish dominions, including most of the Iberian
peninsula and Roussillon, the Balearic Islands, Sardinia and Sicily in
the Mediterranean, the recently conquered kingdom of Naples in Italy,
and the rapidly expanding conquests in America, gave a new character
to the Habsburg Empire, which, henceforward, appeared rather as an
aggregation of territories than an organic State. One other marriage
was of great importance. In 1521 Ferdinand, the brother of Charles,
married Anne, the sister of Lewis, King of Hungary and Bohemia since
1516. Anne was not at the time the heiress, but in 1526, at the battle
of Mohacs, the male line of the Hungarian royal House was destroyed,
and the two kingdoms were driven by necessity to elect Ferdinand as
their ruler. Bohemia and its dependencies, Transylvania, and such
part of Hungary as the Turks did not conquer, were thus added to
the Habsburg dominions. It was not the first time that Austria,
Hungary, and Bohemia had been brought together, but this time it
was to be a lasting union. The Habsburg Empire now consisted of a
group of kingdoms, duchies, and counties, drawn together by every
process by which territory is gained, inhabited by diverse races, situated
in various parts of Europe and America, and having no natural con-
nexion with each other, in many cases no other tie save that of a common
head. Other features combined to give this strange Empire its unique
character. The possession of the Empire gave it a power over, and a
responsibility for, the political system of Germany, as well as a duty
with regard to the Catholic Church, while the distribution of its terri-
tories drew it into Western and Eastern European problems. Austria
thus became the centre of world politics. In the Colonial world, in the
Mediterranean, in western, southern, and south-eastern Europe it had
vital interests. Only from the contest for the Baltic did it at present
stand aside.
26 Ij^ the course of the sixteenth century the Italian dominions grew.
In 1500, Maximilian acquired Aquileia on the north-east Adriatic,
and thus strengthened the Habsburg power between the Venetian
possessions in Istria and Lombardy. Ferdinand conquered Naples by
1505. Charles added the duchy of Milan — diminished, indeed, by
cessions to the Swiss in 1512 and 1513, and by the transference of
Parma and Piacenza to the Pope in 1515 — and gave to Spain a pre-
dominance in Italy.
II A, Hahshiirg Power and Reformation: Europe. 33
On the resignation of Charles in 1556, the Habsburg Empire
divided into the Spanish and Austrian branches. Though the two
branches worked together for a long time, the great collection of
dominions no longer owned a common lord. To the Spanish branch
went Spain, the Netherlands, Franche Comte, the Italian and Mediter-
ranean possessions, and the New World — to Austria the remainder —
the kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia, the group of Austrian duchies,
and the outlying possessions in Suabia and Elsass.
With the division of the Empire the decline of the western branch
began. In 1581, the northern provinces of the Netherlands renounced
their allegiance. In 1580, Portugal was acquired and the political unity
of the Spanish peninsula was established for sixty years. In the seven- 46
teenth century, France took from Spain Roussillon, Franche Comte,
Artois, and other frontier districts of the Netherlands, while France,
England, and Holland challenged her colonial power. In the early 51
eighteenth century, she was deprived of all her European possessions
outside of the Spanish peninsula, save some of the Balearic Isles.
Austria took her place in Italy and the Southern Netherlands, while
England took Minorca for a time, and Gibraltar for good. By 1715,
the western branch of the Habsburgs had sunk very low. The eastern
branch was more fortunate. Though the power of the Empire, save
for a brief interval, could not be revived, and definitely declined, and
though France advanced in Elsass, and, for a time, the Turks in
Hungary, yet, at the end of the seventeenth century, Austria was
a great Power, capable not only of recovering her lost possessions
from the Turks, but of a counter-advance into their dominions, and
able, at the partition of the Spanish Empire in 1715, to secure Spanish
Italy and the Spanish Netherlands.
A rearrangement of Italy was amongst the first great political 26
changes in the sixteenth century. From 1494 to 1530, the political
conditions of Italy were in a continual flux; but, by 1530, a general
settlement was reached, which remained substantially undisturbed until
the Peace of Utrecht. The main result was the subjection of Italy,
and the consequent destruction of the possibility of a united Italy
taking her place by the side of the other great States of Europe.
That subjection was almost complete, and continued far into the nine-
teenth century, first to Spain, and then to Austria, which, after the War
of the Spanish Succession, entered into the place of Spain. Venice,
Savoy, the Papal States, and Genoa, preserved various degrees of
independence.
The expansion of France into Italy with which these changes began
was but a temporary movement. In 1494-5 Charles VIII added the
kingdom of Naples to the Crown of France. His possession of it was
brief. In 1496 the dispossessed sovereign was restored. In 1499 the
French conquered Milan. They rewarded their Swiss allies with some
C. M. H. VOL. XIV. 3
34 II A, Habsburg Power and Reformation : Europe.
territory on the north of the Milanese and west of Lake Como, one
of the keys of Italy, and their Venetian allies with Cremona and the
Ghiara d'Adda. In 1500, by the Treaty of Granada, they agreed to
partition Naples with Spain. The French share was to be the city of
Naples and the northern districts, the Abruzzi and Terra di Lavoro;
the Spanish, Apulia and Calabria. But Naples, never partitioned or
dismembered, was not easy to divide. Hence arose a war, which resulted
in the expulsion of the French and the annexation of the kingdom of
Naples by Spain. In northern Italy the French enjoyed more success
and penetrated into central Italy, Venetian Lombardy, and Genoa,
only to be expelled in 1512 from all their Italian possessions. They
recovered Milan again, in 1515, and Genoa; but, in 1521-2, they were
expelled from both. The possession of Milan was an absolute necessity
to Charles V, so long as he held Naples and the Netherlands. It was
needed for the protection of Naples and of the line of communication
from Italy to Germany. At the Peace of Cambray, in 1529, the
French renounced their claims to dominion in Italy, and recognised
the acquisition of Milan and Naples by Spain. Though France after-
wards frequently sought to secure a gate of entrance into Italy, and
political influence there, she did not again seek extensive Italian
territories, until the question of the Spanish Succession arose; nor
94 did she again acquire them until the conquests of Bonaparte re-
volutionised the conditions of Italy. She held Saluzzo from 1548
11, 46, to 1588, and Pinerolo from 1631 to 1696, and she acquired Corsica
79 in 1768. But this island was the only extensive territory included
in the Italian political system which passed permanently into French
hands.
The dominion sought by France was acquired by Spain. The
political settlements of 1529-30 and 1559 left Spain in possession of
Naples and Milan, as well as of Sicily, Sardinia, and parts of Tuscany,
the Stato degli Presidi, and thus with virtual control of the whole
peninsula. Milan was first granted as an Imperial fief to Francesca
Sforza, but came into the direct possession of Spain in 1540, and
51 remained in her hands till 1706. It was transferred to Austria in
63 1715, and remained Austrian till 1796. By that time it was greatly
15 reduced in size from the Milan of the later fifteenth century. In the
north, parts were cut off and transferred to the Swiss Confederation in
1500, and again in 1512 and 1513. Parma and Piacenza were given
51 to the Pope in 1515. In the eighteenth century. Savoy encroached
63 on the west in 1713, 1738, and 1745, until she reached the Ticino,
which became henceforward the frontier between the two States.
Naples, Sardinia, and Sicily remained Spanish until the War of the
51 Spanish Succession. In 1713 Sicily was given to Savoy, in 1714 Sar-
dinia and Naples to Austria. In 1718 Sardinia was exchanged by
Austria for Sicily. The Stato degli Presidi, of which the chief towns
II A, Habsburg Power and Reformation : Europe, 35
were Orbitello, Telamoiie, and Porto Ercole, came from Siena to Spain
in 1555, and passed to Austria in 1714, and to Naples in 1735.
In the course of the Franco-Spanish struggle for dominion an im-
portant political change took place in central Italy, where the Papal
States were consolidated into a real temporal Power. First, Caesar
Borgia made conquests for himself of the towns of the Romagna;
then, Julius II gathered up these conquests for the Papacy; acquired
Perugia and Bologna in 1506; recovered in 1508 the towns of Rimini
and Faenza, which Venice had seized in 1503, and thus extended and
consolidated papal rule in the Romagna and central Italy. The duchies
of Parma and Piacenza were acquired in 1515, but they were granted
out in 1545 as a duchy to a member of the Farnese family, and passed
in 1731 to a branch of the Spanish Bourbons. By the middle of the
sixteenth century, papal rule extended from the Po to Terracina, though
the duchies of Ferrara and Urbino were only dependencies, and did not
come under papal rule until 1598 and 1631 respectively. This consoli-
dation of the Papal States was one of the outstanding results of the
period we are considering.
In a time of general change, the position of Venice excited envy
and suspicion. Venice had made gains, in Lombardy from Milan, in
1499 ; the eastern coast towns of Naples, including Otranto, during the
Neapolitan Wars; and Rimini and Faenza in the Romagna, in 1503,
on the downfall of Caesar Borgia. In 1508, the League of Cambray
was formed to divide the possessions of Venice. France and the
Emperor were to share Venetian Lombardy, and the Emperor was to
obtain in addition Venetian territory in Istria and Dalmatia; Spain
was to recover the Neapolitan towns; the Pope Ravenna and the
towns of the Romagna ; Savoy to acquire Cyprus. Though the parti-
tion was almost carried through, Venice in the end recovered the main
body of her territory. But her recent acquisitions were pared away.
The towns of the Romagna went back to the Papal States in 1508,
and, at the settlement of Italy in 1530, Venice surrendered Ravenna
to the Pope, and the Apulian ports to Charles V. But, while she
lost these outlying possessions, she retained her continuous dominion
on the mainland until her downfall. In Lombardy, she was left with
her frontier on the Adda, and this remained her frontier to the end.
But her expansion was over. She did not disappear, like Milan and
Florence, because the mother-city was impregnable in her lagoons. But
the situation in which she was left was difficult. The Austrian terri-
tories touched her eastern and northern frontiers, the Papal States
and Milan her southern and western. Had the Valtelline, the long 30
valley of the Adda, reaching from the head of Lake Como to the
Stelvio Pass and connecting Milan with Tyrol, ever fallen into Habs-
burg hands, Venice would have lain in a circle of Habsburg and papal
territory.
S— 2
36 II A. Hahsburg Power and Reformation : Europe.
When the French were expelled from Italy, the Medici were restored
to Florence. In 1530 Florence became a principality. In 1557 she
annexed Siena, and in 1567 became a grand duchy, comprising all
Tuscany except Lucca and the Stato degli Presidi. She passed under
Spanish and, in the eighteenth century, under Austrian influence. When
63 the Medici became extinct in 1737, the grand duchy was assigned to
Duke Francis of Lorraine, afterwards Emperor Francis I.
25 Savoy was the only native Italian State which showed much political
activity and expansive power in the period of Italian subjection. She
grew steadily, and grew in Italian territory. For losses to France and
Switzerland she found compensation on the plains of Lombardy and the
Mediterranean shore. Acquisitions of small principalities, cessions from
Montferrat and Milan, enfeoffments by the Emperor, were the means of
her increase. She gained Cocconato from Montferrat in 1503, and Asti,
Cherasco, and Ceva in 1531, as a grant from the Emperor to Beatrice of
Portugal, wife of Charles III. The purchase of Tenda in 1575, and
of Oneglia later, extended her footing in Liguria. North of the Alps,
meanwhile, she suffered losses. In 1536 Bern, Freiburg, and Valais took
away all her possessions north of the Lake of Geneva and Chablais to the
south of the lake. Some of these were recovered in 1567, when Bern
gave back Gex and her conquests south of the lake, and Valais part of
hers. In 1588 Savoy conquered Saluzzo, which France had held for
forty years, but secured it at the Peace of Lyons, 1601, only by exchange
for Bresse, Bugey, Valromey, and Gex. At the Peace of Chieri, 1631, she
obtained the possessions of Montferrat north of the Po, and the greater
part of those south of the Tanaro. At the Peace of Loretto (1696)
she regained Pinerolo, which France had held since 1631, thus expelling
the French from Piedmont, and revised her Alpine boundaries with
France. In Italy, she acquired the remainder of the possessions of
Montferrat, Alessandria and the neighbouring districts of Milan, and
the island of Sicily, which was in 1718 exchanged for Sardinia. In
1738, by the Peace of Vienna, she made further gains from Milan to
the south and north-east, particularly Tortona and Novara; while, in
1745, at the expense of the same State, the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle
carried her frontiers still further east to Lake Maggiore and the river
Ticino. Thus, in the course of events. Savoy, driven more and more into
Italy, consolidated her power in Piedmont, acquired western Lombardy,
and planted herself firmly on the Ligurian coast.
Of the smaller Italian States, the duchy of Mantua remained in the
possession of the Gonzaga, until, in 1708, it became forfeit to the
Emperor, whose possession of it was recognised in 1714. In 1536,
Mantua had acquired the duchy of Montferrat ; but this, in 1713, passed
finally into the hands of Savoy. The House of Este continued to hold
26 Modena and Reggio of* the Emperor, and Ferrara of the Pope. In
1598, Ferrara was annexed to the Papal States. Genoa preserved h^r
I
II A, Habshurg Power and Reformation : Europe. 37
independence and her mainland possessions, but Corsica was in 1768 63
taken from her by France.
The formation of the Habsburg Power checked the expansion of 1 1 , 46,
France in Italy and drove her to expand in the more natural direction 79
which she had followed in the fifteenth century. Thus, unlike Spain,
which grew by distant conquests and acquisitions, France grew within
certain natural geographical limits on her eastern and southern frontiers.
Acquiring temtories which were geographically continuous or connected
with the French kingdom, and conquering them piecemeal, she was able
thoroughly to incorporate her acquisitions and maintain her unity and
strength ; and thus her conquests differed very much from the hetero-
geneous collection of territories which were drawn into the Habsburg
Empire, or from the scattered possessions which colonisation and con-
quest added to the English Crown. French expansion was for the most
part in those middle regions between France and Germany whose
political future the Middle Ages handed down as a problem for the
modern world to solve. With Spain and Austria France disputed and
fought for the roads and wealth of this group of countries, and gradually
partitioned them. She was driven to acquire dominion here, because of
the defenceless character of her eastern frontier, particularly in the
north, where her capital lay exposed ; and the need was the more impera-
tive, inasmuch as a line of Habsburg possessions hemmed her in. When
Spain was at the height of her power, her territories here were a menace
to France, and when she declined they became a temptation. So were the
Austrian, for the main portion of the Austrian territories lay at a con-
siderable distance, and she would not easily hold the outlying parts ; so,
too, were the parts of the Empire which relied on the Emperor for
protection.
The attempt of France to acquire dominion in Italy has been already
discussed. The price of freedom to make that attempt she paid in the
Treaty of Barcelona (1493), when Charles VIII restored Roussillon and
Cerdagne to Aragon, and in the Treaty of Senlis (1493), when he resigned
his claim on Artois, PVanche Comte, and Charolais. The Italian Wars
developed into a struggle between Habsburg and Valois, which checked
for a century the expansion of France. When, in 1529, at the Peace of
Cambray, the first great settlement between the two combatants was
made, France recognised the unquestioned supremacy of Spain in Italy,
and surrendered her feudal suzerainty over Flanders and Artois ; but
she retained her Burgundian acquisitions. In the last of her wars with
Charles V, France abandoned the hope of recovering dominion in Italy
and sought expansion on her eastern frontier. In 1550 she recovered
Boulogne, lost to England in 1546, and, in 1558, Calais, after more
than two hundred years of foreign occupation. In the meantime in
1552 Henry II laid hold of the three Imperial bishoprics in Lorraine —
Metz, Toul, and Verdun. The Peace of Cateau Cambresis, in 1559,
38 II A, Habsburg Power and Reformation : Europe.
brought a struggle of more than fifty years' duration to a close, and
marked a definite stage in the formation of the European political
system. Italy was left as she had been left in 1529. Savoy was re-
established as a buffer State between France and Italy, though France
retained Saluzzo, which she had conquered in 1548. The duchy of
Burgundy passed, without doubt, into the French kingdom ; Flanders and
Artois became with equal certainty parts of the Netherlands, and the
partition of the Burgundian inheritance was made at last. England also
lost finally her foothold in France. All these decisions were the termi-
nation of long-standing disputes. One other — the retention by France
of the three bishoprics acquired in 1552 — was the opening of a new.
With this acquisition, France extended outside of the Burgundian in-
heritance into a German State, to which she had no sort of claim. She
acquired, moreover, patches of territory which were disconnected from
each other and from the main body of the kingdom ; and such a conquest
could only be a preliminary to further advances. The Habsburg Power
had closed Italy to France, and driven her into Germany, now so much
weakened and divided by the Reformation that a strong border State
might hope to make gains out of its troubles. But no further advance
was made by France during the sixteenth century. The Peace of
Vervins, 1598, which ended another stage in the Habsburg- Valois duel,
was a confirmation of the Peace of 1559, and left France still hemmed
in by Habsburg territories. It was to be her work in the seventeenth
25 century to free herself from this position. One important gain, however,
was made by Henry IV. By the Treaty of Lyons, 1601, he obtained
from Savoy Bresse, Bugey, Valromey, and Gex, in exchange for Saluzzo,
which Savoy had reconquered in 1588, and thus brought the French
frontier in this quarter to a more defensible natural boundary.
18 It seems desirable now to turn attention to the political changes
caused by the Reformation. Though primarily a religious movement, the
Reformation exerted a great influence on the political system of Europe.
It did not affect Italy, Spain, Portugal, south-eastern Europe, or even
France very much from this point of view ; but it exerted a strong
influence on the shaping of northern Europe in Scandinavia, Germany,
the Netherlands and the British Isles. Its influence neither coincided
with, nor cut across, that of the Habsburg Power, which was the principal
force shaping the political system of Europe in the sixteenth century,
but ran directly counter to it. The Reformation gradually divided
Germany into two hostile camps; frustrated the attempts to achieve
German unity and Imperial absolutism ; led to the growth of princely
power and the progressive secularisation of ecclesiastical territory in
the interests of the Princes, and so to the break-up of Germany into a
group of States. In the British Isles, by assimilating the religions of
England and Scotland, it drew the two countries together for mutual
defence, and foreshadowed their future union, and, at the same time, it
II A. Habsburg Power and Reformation: Europe. 39
contributed to the expansion of England into Greater Britain. In
Scandinavia, it sustained the strength of Swedish independence, and
hastened the rise of Sweden to her dominant position on the Baltic. In
the Netherlands it produced the division of the provinces, and inspired
the independence of Holland. Switzerland it divided and paralysed,
giving the Confederation a form which it retained until the French
Revolution. In Poland, it inserted a divisive force into the heart of a
weak State. It thus diminished the political, just as it broke the
religious, unity of Europe.
In Germany, the Reformation was rapidly adopted by the Princes
and the Imperial towns. When, after the first trial of strength between
the two religions, a settlement was made in the Peace of Augsburg,
1555, the division of territories in Germany gave to Protestantism
Holstein, Brunswick, Saxony (Electoral and Ducal), Hesse, the Palati-
nate, Wiirtemberg, Baden, Mansfeld, Anhalt, Brandenburg, Pomerania,
the bishopric of Verden and almost all the Imperial towns — to
Catholicism the Habsburg lands, Bavaria, Mecklenburg, Nassau, Lor-
raine and the ecclesiastical States. None of these last had as yet been
secularised, except such as lay within the territories of the Protestant
States, Saxony, Brandenburg, and Pomerania.
One important territorial change had resulted from the Schmalkaldic 1 4
War. The division of Saxony between the Albertine and Ernestine
lines has been already explained. The defeat of the Elector at Miihl-
berg (1547) and the victory of Maurice were followed by a partition of
the Ernestine territories. The electorate and the Ernestine part of
the Osterland were handed over to the Albertine branch. The Vogtland
was given to Bohemia, as also was Sagan, an Albertine possession.
After the defeat of the Emperor and the death of Maurice, new changes
were made in the Treaty of Naumburg, in 1554. Altenburg, Neustadt,
and some other districts were restored to the Ernestine branch. Later
changes gave Neustadt back to the Albertines, to whom also Vogtland
returned in 1575.
The principle of cujus regio ejus religio adopted in the Peace of 28
Augsburg increased the power of the Princes, and the right of secu-
larising ecclesiastical territory which the Protestants claimed opened the
way to great territorial changes. The Electors of Brandenburg and
Saxony and the Duke of Pomerania secularised the bishoprics whose
extensive territories broke the unity of their States — Cammin in Pome-
rania; Brandenburg, Havelberg, and Lebus in Brandenburg ; Meissen,
Naumburg, and Merseburg in Saxony. For a few years after the
Peace of Augsburg Protestantism continued to make advances. By 1566,
all the northern bishoprics except Hildesheim were in Protestant hands.
The Counter-reformation, however, retrieved much of the ground lost
to Catholicism, particularly in the Rhine country. Thus, at the begin-
ning of the seventeenth century, the division of States had somewhat
40 II A. Habsburg Power and Reformation : Europe,
changed. In 1610, the principal Roman Catholic States were the
Austrian lands, Bavaria, Berg, Jiilich, Hesse-Darmstadt, and the ecclesi-
astical States of Mainz, Trier, Cologne, Wiirzburg, Bamberg, Miinster,
Osnabriick, Paderborn, Bremen, Verden, Minden, Hildesheim, Passau,
Ratisbon, Salzburg, Speier, Strassburg, and Constance. The Protestant
States were divided into Lutheran and Calvinist, of which the latter
included Brandenburg, Baireuth, Ansbach, Cleve, Mark, the Rhenish
Palatinate, the Upper Palatinate, Zweibrlicken, Hesse-Cassel, Nassau,
Anhalt, Pomerania, and the former Brunswick-Liineburg, Brunswick-
Wolfenblittel, East Friesland, Holstein, Mecklenburg, Wiirtemberg,
Neuburg, Baden, Saxony, and Saxe-Lauenburg, with the archbishopric
of Magdeburg and the bishoprics of Halberstadt, Lubeck, Schwerin,
Ratzeburg, and Worms, in addition to the bishoprics of Brandenburg,
Saxony, and Pomerania previously mentioned. The great majority of
the Imperial towns remained Protestant, and adherents of the reformed
creeds were numerous in Austria, Bohemia and its dependencies, and
in some of the Catholic States of north-western Germany.
In the first years of the war, 1620-4, Protestantism was finally
suppressed in the Austrian dominions and in Bavaria; and, after his
successes in 1626-8, the Emperor endeavoured to put into force in
northern Germany the policy of restitution which he had carried
31^ through in southern Germany. By the Edict of Restitution, 1629, all
ecclesiastical lands and property secularised by Protestants since 1552
were to be restored. This threatened the Protestant possession of the
sees of Ratzeburg, Schwerin, Bremen, Verden, Minden, Magdeburg,
Halberstadt, Lubeck, Cammin, Havelberg, Brandenburg, Lebus, Naum-
burg, Merseburg, and Meissen, and in the first seven of the above the
restitution was either carried through or begun. It was also carried
through in some twenty-three towns, chiefly Imperial, and applied to
much property in Elsass, Franconia, Lower Saxony, and Suabia. The
resistance of the local authorities, and the course of events after 1630,
eventually rendered it a dead letter. In the Peace of Prague, which
was concluded between the Emperor and most of the German Princes in
1635, the date of 1627 was accepted as the basis of agreement as to the
possession of ecclesiastical property and territory — a decision which
deprived the Protestants of the bishopric of Halberstadt, but left them
in possession of a great number of the northern bishoprics.
18 The Reformation made headway in Switzerland from two centres,
Zurich and Geneva; but it never gained the whole country. Uri,
Schwyz, Unterwalden, Luzern, Freiburg, Zug, the Valais, and the
Valtelline remained Catholic. In 1586, the Catholic cantons formed the
Borromean League for the maintenance of the Catholic faith. This
crystallised the division of the Confederation into two parts, and almost
^ Map ol is based on a map in Tupetz, T., Der Streit um die geistlichen Outer
und das Restitutionsedikt (Vienna, 1883).
II A, Habshurg Power and Reformation : Europe, 41
dissolved the old federal constitution. From the struggles of the
Reformation there thus emerged two Switzerlands — the one Protestant
the other Catholic — the one embracing the industrial plains of the west,
the other the pastoral mountainous regions of the east — each with its
own Diet, its own interests, its own policy — the two united in a Con-
federation which lacked the essential power of action.
The Reformation entered France in the reign of Francis I, and, 19^ 18
though persecution restrained its outward manifestation, its adherents
gradually spread, first in the large towns, then in the Dauphine and the
Vivarais, and up the waterways of the great rivers. In the fifties, it
gained organisation, and, in 156^, it received legal recognition. The
strength of the Huguenots was concentrated in the area between the
Loire, the Pyrenees and the Rhone. They had outposts in the Dauphine
and Normandy, were strongest in the Gironde, and weakest in the east
and north-east. As a result of a long series of civil wars, they estab-
lished themselves as a State within a State, with an organisation of
their own and a guarantee of their position in a number of places de
surete^. One reason for the inactivity of France between 1559 and
1598, and for the precarious position in which she stood at the beginning 1
of the seventeenth century, is to be sought in the internal division I
which the Reformation thus created within her borders. It was left to 1
Richelieu to break the political power of the Huguenots, in 16S2-8. |!
In Scandinavia, the vast extent of ecclesiastical property was a strong 1 8 ll
predisposing cause of the Reformation. The King of Denmark embraced j
Lutheranism in 1525 ; the conversion of the country and the seculari-
sation of church property rapidly followed. In Sweden, the Reformation
began in 1527, and was definitely carried through ; but it had not the ;
same sweeping success as in Denmark. ;
In England, the authority of the Pope was first repudiated in 1534, i
and a form of the reformed faith was adopted finally in 1559 ; in Scotland, I
the change to the Calvinistic faith was authoritatively made in 1560-1. j
Various forms of the reformed faith were introduced into Poland, and, '
with religious liberty, made rapid headway. By 1572, the Protestant
sects were widespread. The divisions between Lutherans, Calvinists, i
and A nti -Trinitarians enabled the Counter-reformation to recover the i
country. In the confusion of Hungary, and under the tolerant
Turkish rule, the reformed faith found favourable conditions of growth.
Calvinism spread through the great central plain into Transylvania,
where in 1557 both religions were tolerated. The tolerant spirit of the
Ottoman Government contributed to prolong its rule ; for the Protestant
Magyar noblemen dreaded the persecuting Habsburg Government. In
Italy, the reformed faith gained adherents in Venice, Ferrara, Modena,
Naples, and Lucca ; but it was rapidly and completely suppressed. In
^ So far as regards the places de sureti, map 19 is based on the map contained in
Anquez, L., Histoire des Assemblees Folitiques des Reformes de France (Paris^ 1859).
I
42 II A. Habsburg Power and Reformation : Europe.
Spain, it never had much vitality, except in Seville and Valladolid, where
it was easily stamped out by the Inquisition.
22 Under the combined influence of Habsburg rule and the Reformation,
great changes came about in the Netherlands. Out of the group of
lordships, counties, towns, and ecclesiastical territories which the Biu*-
gundian Dukes had gathered together, arose a new State, destined to
play a most important part in the political system of Europe, which, as
the United Provinces, the kingdom of the Netherlands, or the kingdom
of Holland, has guarded its independence and the integrity of its
territory down to the present day, and, as a maritime and colonial
Power, gained and still holds a large dominion beyond the seas. In
spite of losses to the kingdom of France, the Burgundian lands formed
a very considerable inheritance when they passed into the possession of
the future Emperor Charles V. It was his work to enlarge and define
their area and to give them a much greater degree of unity than they
had previously possessed. Their frontiers with France had always been
shifting and uncertain. As a result of the struggle between Francis and
Charles they were at last determined. By the Treaties of Madrid (1526)
and Cambray (1529) Francis resigned his suzerainty over Flanders and
Artois, and Charles V his claim to the Somme towns. In the subsequent
wars Charles maintained this settlement, and the Peace of Cateau
Cambresis (1559) confirmed that of Cambray, and recognised the organic
unity of the Netherlands. At the same time Charles extended and
consolidated his territories. He added Tournay in 1521 ; Friesland,
after a long war, in 1523 ; the temporal sovereignty of Utrecht in 1527 ;
Gelderland and Zutphen, finally, in 1543, and Cambray in the same year.
The seventeen provinces held by him were the duchies of Brabant,
Limburg, Luxemburg and Gelderland; the counties of Flanders, Artois,
Hainault, Namur, Zeeland, Holland, and Zutphen ; the lordships of
Friesland, Groningen, Overyssel, Utrecht, and Mechlin ; and the mar-
quisate of Antwerp. In addition, he gave to the Netherlands a separate
organisation and a centralised government, and declared them to be
a single and indivisible inheritance. Save that they were joined with
Franche Comte and Luxemburg in the Burgundian Circle of the Empire,
they were treated as much as possible as a separate unit. In 1548,
their relations to the Empire were reconsidered, and they were declared
to be not subject to its laws; and Charles proposed to revise their
ecclesiastical organisation so that no part of the provinces should be
within an external see. Thus, the Netherlands tended to form a compact
as well as a most important part of Charles' scattered dominions. Only
the bishopric of Liege broke their geographical unity, and Charles drew
that see more and more under his influence. Philip II, to whom in the
division of Habsburg power (1556) these provinces passed, continued
his father's work of consolidation; but his religious policy provoked
a rebellion. In the southern provinces this was suppressed, but the
II A, Habsburg Power and Reformation : Europe, 43
northern provinces of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, the northern part of
Gelderland (with Zutphen), Overyssel, Friesland, and Groningen formed
in 1579 the Union of Utrecht, and in 1581 abjured the sovereignty of
Philip. In 1609 Spain virtually recognised their independence, which
was also allowed by the Empire at the Peace of Westphalia, 1648. In 41
the course of long wars, the United Provinces conquered parts of the
southern Netherlands — the northern parts of Flanders, including Sluys
and Hulst, and of Brabant, including Breda and Bergen, and the
Overmaaslands, viz. parts of Gelders and Limburg, including Maestricht.
These lands, known as Generaliteitsland, were governed sis common
lands, and were confirmed to the United Provinces in the treaties of
1648 and 1661. Being possessed of them the Dutch were enabled
to control the mouths of the Scheldt, Meuse, and Rhine, and to ruin
the trade of Antwerp.
A great change was produced in the position on the Baltic by the 1 7
dissolution of the Union of Calmar. That union had been straining
asunder since the middle of the fifteenth century. In 15S0, the Swedes
revolted, and Sweden definitely released herself from the dominion of
Denmark. At that moment Sweden was small and poor. She held not
a half of the Scandinavian peninsula. The Danes retained Norway
which included the provinces of Jemteland and Herjedalen, on the
eastern side of the Scandinavian Alps, and the coastal strip of the
south-eastern corner of the peninsula, the fertile provinces of Skaane,
Bleking, and Halland. In addition, Bohus was Norwegian; and Sweden
thus reached the sea in the south-west only at one precarious outlet,
Elfborg, at the mouth of the river Gota. Of the islands, Sweden held
Oland only. Even Gottland, the stepping-stone across the Baltic, was
a fief of the Danish Crown. East of the Baltic, however, Finland, up
to Viborg, was Swedish. The centre of the kingdom lay in the region
of low plains stretching from the Cattegat to the lower end of the Gulf
of Bothnia, which interrupts with a broad depression the great ^orest-
clad plateau that occupies the north and is continued in Smdland to
the south. Geographical conditions marked out the destinies of Sweden.
She would need to reach the open sea by acquiring the southern provinces
held by Denmark, to reach the mountain frontier of the west by acquir-
ing the Norwegian provinces that overlapped it ; and, if she were to be
great, to extend her dominion round the Baltic, for little profit could
be made by conquering Norway and reaching the North Sea. Hence,
round the Baltic was the sphere of Swedish expansion. But the story
of this is best told in another connexion.
The dissolution of the Union did Denmark little injury. Throughout
the sixteenth century, she remained more powerful than she had been
before, dominant in the Baltic. The waters of the Sound were the
centre of her dominion. On the east lay the southern provinces of
Scandinavia, and further east the islands of Bornholm, Gottlandr-and" "^^
44 II A, Habsburg Power and Reformation : Europe,
Osel. To the north was Norway, scantily peopled and poor. West
lay the group of islands which linked up the southern end of Scandi-
navia with the mainland of Europe and the outreaching peninsula,
where was the province of Jutland ; to the south were the two duchies
of Schleswig and Holstein. These two duchies, united to each other
indissolubly, became a separate possession of the Danish royal House in
1460, and in 1533 joined Denmark in a federal alliance on almost equal
terms. In 1544 they were partitioned between the King of Denmark
and his two brothers, so that three lines ruled in them. For Holstein
the three did homage to the Emperor ; in Schleswig two of the brothers
resisted the claim of the third, the King of Denmark, to feudal suzerainty.
54 In the course of time, by the extinction of families, the two duchies
were divided between the King of Denmark and the Duke of Holstein-
Gottorp, their possessions being scattered over both duchies. Since, in
Schleswig, the King of Denmark was suzerain of the Duke, and, in
Holstein, both were vassals of the Empire, and since Schleswig was
indissolubly united to Holstein, and both together were united to the
kingdom of Denmark, the relations between the kingdom and the duchies
were most complicated. On the west of Holstein was the district of
Ditmarschen, where a kind of peasant republic existed. In 1559, it
was conquered by the combined efforts of King and Duke, and became
part of the royal share of Holstein.
3 While in western Europe the political settlement and the division
of disputed territory depended on the balance of power between the
kingdom of France and the Habsburg Empire, in south-eastern Europe
the Ottoman Turk divided dominion with the Habsburg Empire and
the Venetian Republic. In western Europe the scene of struggle slowly
shifted from Italy to the eastern frontier of the Empire, in south-eastern
Europe it centred in the Aegean by sea, and by land in the hitherto
undivided kingdom of Hungary, which was now partitioned between
Ottoman and Habsburg along a frontier that, though continually
changing, changed over but a small area for a century and a half.
When the advance of the Turks was resumed in the early sixteenth
century, it was in Asia and Africa that they at first made conquests.
From Persia they took parts of Armenia, Kurdistan, and Upper Meso-
potamia by 1515; they acquired Syria, Egypt, and Arabia in 1515-17,
conquered Algeria in 1519, and Tunis in 1534. In northern Africa, as
7 in eastern Europe, they came in contact with the Habsburgs. Between
1494 and 1516 Spain, following the Moors into Africa, had acquired
a number of coast towns, including Melilla, Oran, Mers-el-Kebir,
Bugia, and Tripoli. In the struggle that ensued some of these
were lost. But Charles V conquered Tunis and Goletta in 1535, and
Spanish influence was maintained in Tunis, until Spain withdrew from
Goletta in 1574 ; while Oran was not lost until 1708 and ^^^as again
65 recovered. With the exception of the unconquered Spanish towns,
II A, Habsburg Power and Reformation : Europe, 45
northern Africa, to the borders of Morocco, passed by 1540 under Turkish
rule, which was not seriously threatened by any European Power until
the French began their colonial expansion in Algiers in the early nine-
teenth century.
Meanwhile the Ottoman arms were advancing on the mainland by 21
the land route up the Danube. In 1521 Belgrade was taken, and in
1526 the medieval kingdom of Hungary was overthrown at the battle
of Mohacs. Hungary consists of three mountainous regions girdling
a great plain — in the south the Dalmatian Alps, in the north the
Western Carpathians, in the east the Eastern Carpathians. As a result
of a series of wars, the Turks gradually made themselves masters of the
central part of Hungary — the flat fertile and well- watered plains through
which the Danube and the Theiss flow in their passage from Western to
Eastern Carpathians. They took Buda in 1529, and, extending their
conquests east and west, they had, when the truce of 1547 was arranged, 10
brought Szegedin, Gran, Wischegrad, and Stuhlweissenburg under their
rule. The Treaty of Sitvatorok, 1606, which formed the basis of a more
lasting settlement, gave them in addition Tata, Eger, Szolnok, Veszprem,
and the Banat of Temesvar. Other conquests were made in the third 48
quarter of the seventeenth century. In 1658, they gained a part of the
possessions of Transylvania, including Grosswardein and Debreczen, and
in 1664, by the Treaty of Vasvar, a considerable extent of territory west
of Lake Balaton and north of the bend of the Danube ; but their retreat
was then near at hand.
Thus, from the middle of the sixteenth until nearly the end of the
seventeenth century, Hungary remained partitioned, and the Ottoman
and Habsburg Powers swayed backwards and forwards on a fluctuating
frontier. Austria managed to retain the mountainous strip of Hungary
which flanked the eastern borders of her hereditary possessions, and
included Agram, most of Croatia, Upper Slavonia, and part of north-
western Hungary. The central river valleys and the mountainous south,
that is, most of the Magyar part of Hungary, were governed by the Turks
from Buda, and divided into the three vilayets of Bosnia, Buda, and
Temesvar. In the dissolution of the old order the principality of
Transylvania broke away from Hungary. It laid hold of a group of
counties in north-eastern Hungary, known as Partes Adnexae Regni Hun-
gariae. The extent of this area fluctuated during the period of Turkish
rule — for sometimes the Turks, and sometimes Transylvania, were in
possession of parts of it. The relations of Transylvania itself to Ottoman
and Habsburg also fluctuated ; but the principality was generally under
Ottoman influence. Austria acquired it in 1600, but was compelled to
acknowledge its independence again in 1606. The two contending
Powers, Ottoman and Habsburg, divided its allegiance, as they divided
Hungary, in unequal shares for many years. Such was the great northern
sweep of Turkish power. Central Hungary was acquired, Wallachia,
46 II B, Habsburg Power and Reformation: Greater Europe,
Moldavia, and Transylvania, enlarged by its conquests, became depen-
dencies. Even Austrian Hungary at times paid tribute, and a last effort
before its decline gave to the Ottoman empire a momentary possession
of Podolia, in 1672-6.
Meantime, in the Aegean, the Morea, and Dalmatia, the Ottoman
empire grew at the expense of Venice. Dalmatia, except the cities,
was conquered by 1540. In the same year, at the peace signed at
Constantinople, Urana, Nadin, and other places on the Dalmatian coast,
and the Aegean Islands, Skyros, Paros, Patmos, Aegina, Stampalia,
and Nios were formally ceded to Solyman. The duchy of Naxos,
a Latin State formed by a Venetian in 1207 and including many
Aegean islands, was practically absorbed by 1537 ; but Naxos itself
did not pass under Turkish rule till 1566. Antivari in Albania,
and the great island of Cyprus, were acquired by the Turks in 1571
in spite of their defeat at Lepanto. Rhodes had capitulated in 1522.
Then came a long pause in their acquisitions, until the prolonged
48 struggle (1641-69) which gave them possession of Crete. The contest
was not ended, for, at the end of the seventeenth century, in 1685-99,
Venice reconquered Aegina and most of the Peloponnese, only to lose
them again finally in 1718 at the Peace of Passarowitz, and with them
the two fortresses of Spinalonga and Suda which she had retained in
Crete in 1669, and the islands of Tinos and Mykonos. This gave to
the Ottoman empire complete control of the Aegean, and confined
Venice to the Adriatic, where she had been more fortunate, recovering
Santa Maura and Butrinto and gaining Prevesa.
B. GREATER EUROPE.
2 Portugal, with her favourable position on the Atlantic and her
proximity to Africa, led the way for the expansion of Europe into
other continents. Castile followed in her footsteps. The desire of the
West for the trade of the East was the strongest original motive in
this new movement, for Ottoman conquests closed the familiar over-
land means of communication between the two. In the century between
1450 and 1550, an immense work was done and the arena of European
energy wonderfully enlarged. Portuguese navigators and generals built
for Portugal an empire in the East; Castilian explorers and captains
founded the immense over-sea dominion of Spain.
The colonial enterprise of the Portuguese grew out of their Moorish
wars. Following the Moors to Africa they founded a dominion, 1415-71,
which they retained until 1578. In a series of naval expeditions they
discovered Madeira in 1419, the Azores in 1448, the Cape Verde Islands
1449, and, following the coast of Africa, they reached the Cape of Good
Hope in 1486. Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape in 1498, and, making
his way to India, formed the first eastern settlement of the Portuguese
II jB. Habsburg Power and Reformation: Greater Europe. 4tl
at Cochin on the Malabar coast, thus bringing Portugal into touch with
the rich civilisation of the East. Moving further east, the Portuguese
discovered Ceylon in 1506, Malacca in 1509, the Spice Islands in 1511,
and in time reached New Guinea, China and Japan. Meantime, in
1500, another navigator, Cabral, drifted across the Atlantic to the coast
of Brazil, and began Portuguese dominion in the New World.
Castilian ships followed the Portuguese in these earlier discoveries ;
and, in 1479, the Canaries were, by treaty, assigned to Castile. But
America was to be the field of Spain. In 1492, Columbus, in the service
of Ferdinand and Isabella, crossed the Atlantic and discovered the
Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola ; on a second voyage, in 1493, Jamaica ;
on a third, in 1498, Trinidad and the mouth of the Orinoco, and in a
final voyage he reached Honduras. Other explorers speedily amplified
his work.
Of the new-found territories the Papacy claimed to be the disposer,
and in 1493 it fixed the meridian 100 leagues west of the Azores as the
line of division between the spheres of the two competing nations. By
the Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal, in 1494, the line
was changed to one 375 leagues from the islands, and, in 1506, the Pope
confirmed the arrangement. But new discoveries raised new problems.
The Moluccas and Banda Islands in the east fell into dispute. So, in
1529, by the Treaty of Saragossa, the meridian 17 degrees east of the
Moluccas was agreed upon as a second line of demarcation. It was
provided, however, that Portugal should keep Brazil, and Spain the
Philippine Islands, and that Spain should receive a sum of money for
her right to the Moluccas.
Spanish explorers following Columbus increased European knowledge
of Central and South America. Possession was taken of Cuba, Porto
Rico, and Jamaica in 1508-10; the Pacific Ocean was discovered in
1513 ; Florida in the same year ; Mexico in 1518, and, in a search for the
westward route to the East, Magellan rounded Cape Horn in 1520,
sailing through the straits to which he gave his name, and reached the
Philippines in 1521, to perish at Zebu, Conquest followed in the wake
of exploration. Mexico was conquered in 1519-21, Peru in 1531, Terra
Firma in 1532, Chile in 1535, New Granada in 1536. The southern
continent was traversed by way of the Amazon in 1541, while in the
north-west the Spaniards, proceeding through Lower California in
1534-5, reached Cape Mendocino by 1542, and, in the south-east,
planted their first settlement at Buenos Aires in 1535.
The Portuguese, seeking commerce rather than the precious metals,
and for the most part in a different hemisphere, never gained, except
in Brazil, the extensive territorial dominions of the Spaniards. The
Portuguese empire was a maritime empire — a series of islands, ports,
small settlements, and protected coasts, stretching from Portugal round
Africa, east and west, Arabia, and India to the distant islands of the
48 II B. Habsburg Power and Reformation: Greater Europe,
Malay archipelago. The foundations of their dominion were laid by a
great Viceroy, Alburquerque, 1509-15. He planted the capital at Goa,
in 1510; reduced Malacca in 1511, and Hormuz in 1515, to get the
trade of Persia, and established the Portuguese at Temate and Tidor
in the Moluccas, where the Spanish rights were bought out in 1529.
In 1517, the Portuguese occupied Colombo, and gradually acquired the
trade of Ceylon ; in the same year they opened trade with China, and
they settled at Macao in 1520, where their sovereignty was recognised
in 1587. They captured Diu in 1535, and formed a connexion in 1542
with Japan, where they planted a factory in 1548. The central point
of their eastern dominions was Goa. In addition they had Diu and
Damaun in the Deccan, Cochin and other places on the Malabar coast,
Negapatam on the Coromandel coast, Malacca in the Malacca peninsula,
Ceylon, and settlements in the Spice Islands, Java, and New Guinea.
On the Persian Gulf they had Muscat and Hormuz. In eastern Africa,
where they did not attempt dominion but sought only halting-places,
they established themselves from the Zambesi to Delagoa Bay, and built
forts at Sofala in 1505 and Mozambique in 1507. They were the only
European Power established on the west coast of Africa, where they
held points so far south as Cape Negro, and all the islands off the coast,
including the Azores, except the Canaries. The colonisation of Brazil
was seriously begun in 1531, and the coastal regions were divided into
a number of captaincies. Save for the Spaniards, who opposed them in
the extreme east, their principal enemy had been the Arabs, whom they
had displaced from the great trading centres of the East. Other
European Powers, England and France, were not quite inactive while
this great work of colonisation was going forward, but their labours,
less happily directed, produced little result. In the search for a north-
west passage to the East they played a part. The voyages of Cabot,
in 1497-8, unfolded the existence of Labrador, Newfoundland, and the
north-eastern coast of North America. Ven*azzano, in the service of
Erancis I, sailing due west, further explored the eastern coast of North
America; and Jacques Cartier, in 1534-6 and in 1542, made his way
up the St Lawrence, where Roberval made an unsuccessful attempt
to found a French colony in 1540. Thus the great discoveries were
made, and the way was prepared for the later work of colonisation.
1
49
SECTION III.
THE RISE OF FRANCE AND SWEDEN.
A. EUROPE.
For a large part of the seventeenth century, France in western 41
Europe, and Sweden in north-eastern Europe, were the Powers which
exerted the greatest influence in the shaping of the European system.
Apart from the temporary advance of the Habsburg Power at the
beginning of the Thirty Years' War, the rise of France and of Sweden
forms the principal feature in the change of political power during this
period. Their united efforts prevented a restoration of the Empire under
the Habsburgs as a reality; and, while France broke the power of Spain,
Sweden confined Austria to south-eastern Europe. The result of long
wars was an expansion of France, a Swedish dominion round the Baltic,
a further disintegration of Germany, and at the same time the transfer-
ence of colonial power to the new maritime nations.
At the end of the sixteenth century, France was in a weak position, 46, 10
owing to the line of Habsburg territories which flanked her eastern
frontier, and to the tradition of cooperation between the two branches
of this great family. Henry IV, however, strengthened this frontier 25
by one important acquisition. By the Treaty of Lyons, 1601, he made
an exchange with Savoy of Saluzzo for the territories of Bresse, Bugey,
Valromey, and Gex, which, lying between the Rhone and the Saone,
connected Savoy with Franche Comte, and carried her frontiers perilously
into the exposed east of France. In the opening years of the struggle
in Germany Spain increased very greatly her power on that frontier. She
came to terms with Savoy in 1614 ; occupied the Valtelline, the important ^0
link of communication between Milan and Tyrol, in 1622, and temporarily
occupied the Rhenish Palatinate in the same year. It was Richelieu's
work to dislodge Spain from the Valtelline, to close the passes, to occupy
Pinerolo in 1631, and to begin a war with Spain and Austria, which,
lasting in the latter case till 1648, in the former till 1659, yielded to France
a harvest of acquisitions. At the Peace of Westphalia France gained 40
the formal recognition of her sovereignty over the three bishoprics —
Metz, Toul, and Verdun — which she had held since 1552, and with the
C. M. H. VOL. XIV. 4
50 III A. Rise of France and Sweden: Europe.
bishoprics was included Moyenvic. She took Austria's place in Elsass,
entering into Austria's possessions and rights there. The cession was
vague. It was described as the landgravate of both Elsasses. Elsass
consisted of two main parts, Upper and Lower. In Upper Elsass, Austria
had a feudal suzerainty over four-fifths of the land. In Lower Elsass,
there was no landgravate over the whole territory. Austria had only an
administrative authority over the ten Imperial towns, Landau, Weissen-
burg, Hagenau, Rosheim, Oberehenheim, Schlettstadt, Colmar, Kaisers-
berg, Tiirkheim, Miinster, and some villages. She had no authority
over either the bishopric or town of Strassburg. Both were immediate
possessions of the Empire. The vagueness of the cession, for which
both parties shared the responsibility, made it possible for France, later,
deliberately to misinterpret the clause and to annex the whole of Elsass.
In addition, the great town of Breisach was made over to France, and she
was permitted to place a garrison in the strong fortress of Philippsburg,
46 thus acquiring two points of entrance into southern Germany. She
secured a similar position in Italy where she retained Pinerolo, ceded
to her by Savoy, which enabled her to watch the movements of this
important buffer State. When, in 1659, after a quarter of a century of
war, France came to terms with Spain in the Peace of the Pyrenees, she
much increased her gains. On the south, by the cession of Roussillon,
with part of Cerdagne and Conflans on the French side of the Pyrenees,
she gained the Pyrenees for her frontier. In the north-east she received
parts of the Spanish Netherlands — in Artois, all the towns and baili-
wicks except Aire and St Omer, which included Arras, Hesdin, and such
important places as Gravelines, Landrecies and Thionville in Flanders,
Hainault and Luxemburg; as well as Marienburg and Philippeville,
thus strengthening the delTence of Paris by a line of northern fortresses.
At the same time, she temporarily (1659-61) withheld the duchy of Bar
from the Duke of Lorraine, while restoring Lorraine.
32^ 53 To the expansion of Sweden there were certain natural opponents —
Russia, the German Orders, Poland, and Denmark. Her first advance
was at the expense of the military Orders. In 1515, the two Orders,
united since 1237, separated. A Brandenburg prince became Grand
Master of the Prussian lands, and secularised his possessions as the duchy
of Prussia in 1525, but remained the vassal of Poland. In 1558-61, the
20 Order of the Sword collapsed. In the scramble for its dominions, Poland
obtained Livonia — northern Livonia at once, southern Livonia in 1582,
after a struggle with Russia, which was seeking an outlet on the Baltic.
Courland and Semigallia became a hereditary duchy in the Grand
Master's hands, who did homage for them to the Polish King. Denmark
got Dago and Osel, her last conquests in the eastern Baltic, while
Sweden's share was a large part of Esthonia — an acquisition which moved
her frontiers forward south of the Gulf of Finland. This was the
beginning of Sweden's new advance round the Baltic, and her first
Ill A, Rise of France and Sweden: Europe. 51
acquisition since the establishment of her independence. It involved her
at once in long wars with the rival Powers of Russia and Poland, in the
course of which her empire on the Baltic was much extended.
The struggle with Russia was the first to be brought to a successful
conclusion. At the Peace of Teusin, 1595, Russia recognised Sweden's
right to Esthonia and her new conquest Narva, while Sweden retroceded
Kexholm, the easternmost province of Finland, to Russia, and thus de-
termined the boundaries of Finland, hitherto uncertain. Sweden, Norway,
and Russia had claims on Finmark, and Russia now ceded to Sweden her
part of Finmark, which lay between the Varanger and Malanger Fjords.
A second struggle, in which Sweden captured Novgorod the Great, was
terminated by the Peace of Stolbova, 1617. Sweden restored Novgorod,
but received Kexholm, and Ingria between the mouths of the Narova
and the Neva, which included Noteborg, the key of Finland. Russia
renounced her claims on Esthonia and Livonia. This gave Sweden a
strong natural frontier against a powerful neighbour, and proved to be
her furthest advance to the east ; at the same time, it shut out Russia
from her only access to the Baltic, Ingria — her only outlet indeed to an
ice-free sea. It was an unstable settlement which placed a nation of
one million as a barrier against another thirty times as large. The Peace
of Kardis, in 1661, substantially reestablished the settlement of Stolbova;
but a more definite demarcation was made of the frontier between Finland
and Russia in the south.
The other enemy in these parts was Poland. It was not certain in 20
the sixteenth century whether Sweden or Poland had the greater future.
Poland had been steadily rising in importance. The acquisition of
Livonia and of suzerainty over Courland meant a considerable increase of
power and prestige. With Courland and East Prussia as dependencies,
Livonia, Samogitia, and West Prussia in her hands, Poland had command
of the whole south-eastern Baltic. Meantime, she had been strengthened
by complete union with Lithuania in 1569. At the height of her power,
she had embarked on a struggle with Sweden for the possession of the
Baltic littoral, as well as for dynastic and religious ends. The Truce of
Alt mark, in 1629, allowed Sweden to retain possession of Livonia, which
she had conquered, of part of the delta of the Vistula, Pillau, and Memel
in East Prussia, with the right to levy tolls at Pillau, Memel, Danzig,
and Labiau. Sweden was thus in possession of the principal places in
both Ducal and Polish Prussia. By the Treaty of Stuhmsdorf, 1635,
Sweden gave up the places which she held in Prussia, but retained
Livonia. Poland proved henceforth able to protect her possessions, and
the great settlement of the north made at the Peace of Oliva, in 1660,
brought no further change, save that the Polish Vasa renounced their
claim to the Swedish throne. Before this check, Sweden, by her inter-
vention in Germany during the Thirty Years'* War, made a great advance
to the south. At the Peace of Westphalia she received a "satisfaction"*' 40
4—2
62 111 A, Rise of France and Sweden: Europe.
in northern Germany which gave her an indisputable preeminence on the
Baltic. She had asked for Silesia, Mecklenburg, Pomerania, Bremen,
and Verden. Pomerania she wanted most as a security for her Baltic
power. In the end she obtained Western Pomerania with the Isle of
Riigen, the mouth of the Oder, Stettin, and the islands of Usedom and
Wollin. Instead of Mecklenburg, she received the port of Wismar,
Neukloster, and the Isle of Poel. In addition she received the arch-
bishopric of Bremen and the bishopric of Verden to be held as secular
duchies. These possessions were small and scattered; but they gave
Sweden the control of the three principal rivers of northern Germany,
the Oder, the Elbe, and the Weser; they planted her on the North
Sea as well as on the Baltic, and made her a member of the German
Empire.
Throughout these struggles, Sweden's old partner Denmark had been
surely, if intermittently, hostile. Against Denmark, Sweden fought for
the recognition of her independence ; for a natural frontier in the
Scandinavian peninsula as against Norway in the west and Denmark
herself on the south, and for dominion on the eastern Baltic, as well as
17 for commercial freedom. At the dissolution of the Union, Denmark
held the southern provinces, which had been Swedish before the Union,
though Danish during it, and the wealthy island of Gottland, and she
had added Dago and Osel off the eastern Baltic coast, a menace to
Sweden's new acquisitions in Esthonia, while Norway retained Bohus and
the provinces of Herjedalen and Jemteland. Except that at the Peace
of Knared, 1613, Sweden ceded to Norway her claims on Finmark, this
position remained unchanged until the War of 1643. The Peace of
Bromsebro, 1645, which ended that War, gave to Sweden Dago, Osel,
and Gottland, thus expelling the Danes from the eastern Baltic, the
two Norwegian provinces of Jemteland and Herjedalen, which gave
Sweden a natural frontier, the great Kiolen range, against Norway, and
Halland, pawned for thirty years, as well as freedom from the Sound
tolls for all her dominions. Coupled with the Swedish successes in
Germany, this Peace changed the balance of power in Scandinavia.
Sweden became far stronger than Denmark, and the Baltic practically
passed under her control. The great Baltic ports, except those of
Prussia surrendered in 1635, and a large part of the Baltic coast were
in her hands. It was the beginning also of Denmark's downfall — the
first of a long series of treaties which pared away the Danish dominions.
Thirteen years later, the Peace of Roeskilde, 1658, inflicted still more
crushing losses on Denmark. She surrendered the three provinces
Halland, Bleking and Skaane, with the island of Bornholm, while Norway
54^ gave up Bohus and Trondhjem. The Danish King also renounced his
sovereignty over the dominions of the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. By
this Peace, Sweden expelled Denmark from the Scandinavian peninsula
and gained a natural frontier to the south ; she cut Norway in two and
I
Ill A, Rise of France and Sweden: Murope, .58
reached the North Sea in this quarter, and she established the Duke of
Gottorp as a sovereign prince within the Danish kingdom. Not all of
these acquisitions were to be retained. Another war and another peace,
the Peace of Copenhagen, concluded in 1660, somewhat redressed the
balance of power. Sweden restored Bornholm to Denmark and Trondhjem
to Norway. She retained her natural frontiers ; but permitted Norway
to exist again. By the three great Treaties of Copenhagen (1660), Oliva
(1660), and Kardis (1661), in which Sweden came to terms with her
enemies, Denmark, Poland, and Russia, a temporary equilibrium was
established on the Baltic. The limits of Swedish expansion had been
reached. She could hold Livonia against Poland, but could not conquer
Prussia ; could gain her natural frontiers in the Scandinavian peninsula,
but could not hold territory which, like Trondhjem, lay beyond them ;
could expel Denmark from the eastern Baltic, but could not annex her
entire. The empire which she had built up was, in structure, the strangest
of European States. It consisted of a long seaboard with but little
inland ground — an aggregation of commercial rights and commercial
stations without natural unity, conquered and held together by force of
arms. Between its scattered parts the Baltic formed a bond of union.
All the Baltic islands were Swedish save Bornholm, and the estuaries of
all the great rivers, except the Niemen and the Vistula, were in Swedish
territory. Stockholm was its centre and capital, and Riga its second
capital. Of this circle of possessions Sweden proper formed a core strong
and united, which, in the course of the long struggle for a wider dominion,
had gained natural boundaries and national unity ; so that, even if the
external possessions were lost — and they had for the most part no unity
of race or geography with Sweden or with each other, and strong foes in
the rising Powers of Russia and Prussia — the heart of the empire might
be regarded as sound.
Sweden and France had grown largely at the expense of Germany, ^q
While they were expanding the German Empire was weakening. The
disintegration of Germany and the growth of the power of the Princes
is a feature of the period only less important than the rise of France
and Sweden. The great Peace of 1648 recognised the right of the
Princes to form political alliances with foreign Powers, provided they
were not directed against Empire or Emperor, and thus virtually
assured complete independence to the three hundred odd States
which made up the Empire. The enlargement of the powers of the
Princes and the contraction of those of the Emperor finally handed
over the destiny of Germany to the Princes. Among those Princes,
some made substantial gains as a result of the Thirty Years' War.
The method of aggrandisement was, in most cases, the secularisation
of ecclesiastical territory, the Peace thus marking a further stage in the
process by which ecclesiastical has given way to secular rule. Branden- 55
burg, which had already secularised the sees of Brandenburg, Havelberg,
54 III A. Rise of France and Sweden: Kurope,
and Cammin (the last of these in Pomerania, which duchy had fallen by
inheritance to Brandenburg in 1637, though Western Pomerania and
part of Eastern had to be surrendered to Sweden), now obtained
Halberstadt, Minden, and Magdeburg, the last-named to come in on
the death of the reigning Administrator, which happened in 1680.
Brandenburg thus made very substantial gains by the Peace and rose
into the front rank amongst the principalities of Germany. In return
for the sacrifice of Wismar and Neukloster to Sweden, Schwerin and
Ratzeburg were returned to Mecklenburg-Schwerin, which ceded Mirow
and Nemerow to Mecklenburg-Giistrow. Brunswick-Liineburg, which
coveted Hildesheim, Minden, and Osnabriick, received only the abbey of
Walkenried and the right of alternate appointment to the see of Osna-
briick. Hesse-Cassel got the abbey of Hersfeld. Bavaria obtained the
fifth electorship, which the Elector Palatine had forfeited, and the Upper
Palatinate, including the county of Cham. The descendants of the
ejected Elector Palatine were restored to the Rhenish Palatinate, and
obtained a newly created eighth electorship. Saxony kept Upper and
Lower Lusatia, which had been assigned to her as the price of peace in
1635. The independence of Switzerland was formally recognised, and
the connexion of the United Netherlands with the Empire was allowed
to lapse.
41 The Peace of Westphalia constituted a great European settlement,
which rested on the fact that France and Sweden had taken the
predominant influence in Europe that had belonged for so long a
time to the two branches of the Habsburgs. The character of Germany
was changed, and her relation to the political system of Europe. Her
loose polity was still more loosened, and the way was opened for the
growth of the minor States. At the same time, new Powers were
introduced into her political life. Within Germany, one of the most con-
60 spicuous results was the decline of Austrian power. Austria surrendered
Elsass and Breisach to France, and Lusatia to Saxony. She consolidated
her power by religious persecution and concentrated it by the sacrifice
of distant possessions, still retaining a compact mass of territory in
^b south-eastern Europe. Of the changes amongst the minor Powers, the
advance of Brandenburg is the most striking. In 1618, Brandenburg
had added Prussia, and the acquisitions of 1648 made her a great State,
supreme in northern Germany as Austria was in southern. Her dominion
stretched over scattered territories from the duchy of Prussia to the
Rhine. Her natural tendency must be to seek expansion by uniting
and linking up these territories. For the time, she was deprived of
great maritime opportunities. But she had become a foe of Sweden
53 on the Baltic, and a rival of Austria in Germany. In north-eastern
Europe the greatest change was the rise of Sweden. Her gains from
Russia, Poland, Denmark, and Germany had given her a position on
the Baltic which had transformed that sea almost into a Swedish lake.
Ill A, Rise of France and Sweden: Europe, 5iy
Denmark had sunk from her former preeminence. She had lost parts
of Norway to Sweden; but in 1648 she still overlapped into the Scanian
peninsula, though she was evidently on the down grade. In Germany
she had lost no territory, but she had forfeited prestige and position.
Russia was passing through a period of trouble and depression. Her
westward movement was temporarily stayed by the rise of Sweden, who
had closed her only outlet to the Baltic; while, in the incessant struggle
on her western frontier, she had been temporarily worsted, and Poland
had regained Smolensk and ChernigofF, in 1618. Poland was still great.
She was the feudal superior of Prussia, and had made gains from Russia,
though her greatness was partly eclipsed by the rise of Sweden.
In western Europe the rise of France is conspicuous. The three 46
bishoprics, Bresse, Bugey, and Gex, Pinerolo, and Elsass were acquisi-
tions that showed how strong was the power behind them. They were
but a stage in the expansion of France. She was pressing into the
Spanish Netherlands and the other Spanish possessions on her frontiers.
In the British Isles Scotland and England were now under one Crown.
But it was a period of political confusion, with Scotland and Ireland in
revolt. A new State, the United Netherlands, a confederation of seven 22
revolted provinces with their conquests, had appeared on the map, free
of Spain and disconnected from the Empire, and had already become a
great maritime Power.
In Italy, Spain was still supreme. Her power, threatened in northern
Europe, was here unshaken. Possessed of Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, and the
Stato degli Presidi, she dominated Italy. The Papal States were stronger
than ever. Ferrara and Urbino, two semi-independent duchies, had been
absorbed by them — Ferrara in 1598, Urbino in 1631. Venice had preserved
her territory intact through a difficult period. Savoy had acquired a part
of Montferrat, 1631, but had lost Pinerolo to the French, and was thus
under French supervision. Mantua and Montferrat remained under the
Gonzaga ; Modena under the Este ; Tuscany under the Medici ; Parma
and Piacenza under the Farnese. In the Iberian peninsula, Portugal,
which had been annexed by Spain in 1580, had freed herself again in
1640. Spain, though she had not yet made the surrenders of 1659, was
obviously sinking, €is a result of military disaster and the temporary
depression of her allies, the Austrian Habsburgs. In south-eastern
Europe the situation had undergone little change for three-quarters of
a century. The Ottoman empire had not yet reached the limits of its
expansion either in Hungary or on the eastern Mediterranean ; but
internal weakness had for a time restrained its activities. Since the loss
of Cyprus the Venetian empire had been almost confined to the Adriatic.
Only Crete and two small Aegean islands remained of her more eastern
possessions.
66 III B, Rise of France and Sweden: Greater Europe,
B. GREATER EUROPE.
The change in the balance of power in Europe was accompanied by
a transference of power in the colonial world. New nations entered into
the competition of colonisation, and either ousted, or established them-
selves by the side of, the old. The Dutch, English, and French became
colonial Powers. The Portuguese empire fell to pieces in the East.
In the West Spain lost some of her outlying possessions, and found her
exclusive claims challenged. At the same time, Russia entered upon the
great process which added half a continent to her empire.
43 Before the end of the sixteenth century, both Dutch and English
were sending out trading fleets to the East. In 1600 the English East
India Company began its great career, in 1602 the Dutch. The
operations of both companies were at first extended over a wide area.
The English established a factory at Bantam in Java, in 1602 ; their first
factory in India at Surat, in 1612; a factory in Japan at Firando, in 1613;
and, by 1616, they also had factories at Ahmadabad, Burhampur, Ajmir,
and Agra in the west of India, and Masulipatam and Petapoli on the
east coast. The Dutch came to the Coromandel and Malabar coasts of
India, to Ceylon and Java, rapidly spread their activities through the
eastern archipelago, and northwards to China and Japan. They took
Amboina from the Portuguese in 1605, discovered the northern coast
of Australia 1606, and established themselves in the Banda Islands
1609, in which year also they set up a factory at Firando in Japan,
and, by 1615, they had a firm grip of the Moluccas. In Java they went
first to Jacatra; but, in 1619, they established themselves at Batavia,
which became the capital of the Dutch East Indies in place of Amboina.
The Danish East India Company, established in 1614, also competed in
the eastern trade, and in 1616 planted a fort at Tranquebar on the
Coromandel coast and another in Bengal. Much of what was done
at first was tentative; but, in time, the several Powers began to get
more definite spheres of activity, and to find those positions which
became the lasting seats of their power. The Dutch drove the English
out of the eastern archipelago — from Pulo Run and Great Banda in
1620, from Bantam in 1621, and from Amboina in 1623 ; and, though
the English returned to Bantam in 1628, the eastern islands passed
definitely into Dutch possession. The English concentrated on India.
They made Surat their chief post in 1638, built Fort St George on the
site now occupied by Madras in 1639, and gained permanent positions
at Masulipatam on the east coast in 1632, and on the Hooghly river,
64 1640. The Island of Bombay came into English possession as a part of
the dowry of Catharine of Braganza. It was promised in 1661, though
not actually handed over till 1665, and in 1668 was transferred by
Charles II to the Company. Madras was made a presidency in 1653,
IIIB, Rise of France and Sweden: Greater Europe, 57
and Bombay in 1687, in lieu of Surat. The Dutch proceeded to extend
their possessions by conquest from the Portuguese. In 1638, they
conquered some of the Portuguese stations in Ceylon — Negumbo, Pointe
de Galle, and Trincomalee ; in 1641, Malacca ; in 1642, Formosa, where
they established Fort Zelandia, in the south-west corner of the island ;
in 1653, Cannanor; in 1656, Calicut and Colombo; in 1658, JafFnapatam
and Negapatam ; in 1661, Quilon ; in 1662, Cranganor and Cochin. In
1661, the Portuguese recognised their losses. By 1664, the Dutch had
posts in Bengal, Gujerat and on the Coromandel and Malabar coasts.
Meanwhile, from Batavia they conquered Java and Celebes, they estab-
lished factories in Pegu, at Ajudia in Siam, and in Sumatra and Borneo,
while, in 1651, they occupied Table Bay in South Africa, to provide a 65
halting-place on the road to the East. They divided their eastern
dominions into the six governments of Java, Amboina, Ternate, Ceylon,
Macassar, and the Cape of Good Hope, and made Batavia their capital.
Thus the great Portuguese empire of the East, with its numerous exposed
points, was easily broken up by the intrusion of the Teutonic Powers.
In the New World, there was in this period a great extension of 66
colonial activity, without much transference of colonial power. The
incoming Powers, which included France, found an open field for their
activity, and thus established themselves by the side of Spain and
Portugal, founding important colonies, but not overthrowing those of
the Latin Powers. In 1583 the English occupied Newfoundland, their
first colony. In 1606 the London and Plymouth Companies were
chartered, and the territory of Virginia, where the English had made at
the end of the sixteenth century ineffectual attempts at colonisation,
was divided between them. Jamestown in Virginia was founded in
1608, and*the Bermudas were occupied in 1609-12. The settlements in 68
New England began with New Plymouth 1620, those in New Hampshire
1623 and 1627, at Massachusetts Bay 1628-9, in Maine 1632, in
Connecticut 1635, at New Haven 1638, in Long Island 1640, and in
Rhode Island 1643. In the south, the colonisation of Maryland was
begun in 1634, of Carolina in 1663. Maine was united to Massachusetts
in 1652 and 1668. New Jersey was formed in 1665, and Connecticut
and New Haven united in the same year. In 1664, the Dutch colonies
on the Hudson and Delaware, called the New Netherlands, which in-
cluded the Swedish colonies on the Delaware conquered by the Dutch in
1655, were conquered by the British and confirmed to them by the Peace
of Breda 1667. The Dutch received Surinam in exchange. This trans-
ference was confirmed in the Peace of Westminster 1674. It was of
the greatest importance, as giving the British continuous possession of
the Atlantic coast from the French settlements in Acadia to the Spanish
in Florida. In the West Indies the British occupied Barbados and part
of St Kitts in 1625, Nevis in 1628, Montserrat and Antigua in 1632,
Surinam in 1640, Aiiguilla in 1650, Barbuda in 1661-2, New Providence
58 III B, Rise of France and Sweden: Greater Europe,
and Eleuthera Island in the BahamEis in 1666, the Virgin Islands in
1672, and conquered Jamaica in 1655.
The French followed the British to North America. In 1605 they
made a settlement at Port Royal in Acadia; in 1608 they founded
Quebec. Quebec was captured by the British in 1629 ; but, together
with Acadia, was restored by the Peace of St Germain in 1632. The
Peace of Breda, 1667, confirmed Acadia to France, and, in 1670, Maine
east of the Penobscot was recognised as French. In the West Indies,
the French occupied part of St Kitts in 1625, part of St Martin,
Martinique, and Guadaloupe in 1636, part of Santo Domingo in 1664,
and they made a settlement in Guiana, of which Cayenne became the
capital, in 1624.
The Dutch West India Company was founded in 1621. From 1623,
they established settlements in the New Netherlands, where they con-
quered the Swedish colonies on the Delaware 1655 ; but they lost all
their possessions here to England in 1667, gaining in exchange Surinam.
They made considerable conquests in Brazil, where for thirty years, from
1624 to 1654, they held a large part of the Portuguese possessions.
In the West Indies, they established factories on a few small islands,
St Eustatius in 1632, Cura9oa in 1634, Saba in 1640, and St Martin,
which they divided with the French, in 1649.
65 All four of these Powers came also to Africa, to share in the
slave-trade. In 1618, the English chartered their first West African
Company, which planted one settlement on the Gambia, and another
at Cormentine on the Gold Coast; while the French West African
Company, formed in 1626, established a fort on the Senegal. The
Dutch acquired Goree, an island off Cape Verde, in 1617, and in 1624
built Fort Nassau at Mouree. Once established on the Gold Coast,
they were not long in expelling the Portuguese. They captured
Elmina in 1637, and Axim in 1642. In 1641, they proceeded further
south and took Sao Paulo de Loanda, which the Portuguese had
founded in 1578, and from which they had subjugated Congo and
Angola. But the Portuguese recovered their position in Angola and
succeeded in extending their influence further. Danish enterprise in
Africa, also, dates from the middle of the seventeenth century. The
Danes built forts near Accra at Christiansborg and Frederiksborg ; but
they soon succumbed to the English in the latter place. The English
lost Cormentine in 1667 after the naval wars with the Dutch, but they
gained Cape Coast Castle, which became their most important possession
on the Gold Coast. From this centre they extended their possessions
considerably, building forts at Accra, Dixcove, and elsewhere on the
Gold Coast, as well as at Whydah on the Slave Coast. Of greater
importance than the struggle for the Gold Coast was the Dutch occupa-
tion of Table Bay in 1651, followed in 1653 by the purchase from the
Hottentots of a strip of land, which secured for them the peninsula of
Ill B, Else of France afid Sweden: Greater Fur ope. 59
the Cape of Good Hope. St Helena, which they had acquired in 1645
as a place of call on the way east, they now abandoned, and in 1655 it
was occupied by the English.
Thus, in the third quarter of the seventeenth century, the Portuguese 43
were being driven out of the East, where the Dutch had taken their
place, almost alone in the Far East, and in conjunction with the English
in India. They still had their stations in East and West Africa, but
not on the Gold Coast, which the English and the Dutch divided;
while, further to the north on the western coast, the French and English
were predominant.
In the Western world, the intrusion of the new colonising nations did 106
not menace the extensive land dominions of the Latin Powers. The
Dutch conquest of some of the finest provinces of Brazil, including
Pernambuco and Bahia, lasted for only thirty years — from 1624 to 1654.
Spain, indeed, lost ground in the West Indies ; but the establishment
of the English on the Atlantic coast of the northern continent and
of the French on the St Lawrence and in Acadia was an extension of
European colonisation and involved no transfers of territory from the
older colonising nations. These latter had, in the meantime, extended
and consolidated their rule. The Portuguese, whose settlements were at
first exclusively on the coast, gradually penetrated the vast interior and
acquired a claim to the greater part of the Amazon basin. At the
Peace of Utrecht, the French, who had established themselves in Guiana,
recognised Portuguese sovereignty over both banks of the great river.
At the other extremity of their dominion, their frontier with the
Spanish possessions on the La Plata was in continual dispute. The
dominion of Spain, which virtually reached its limits in the sixteenth
century, extended through a great variety of countries, from California in
the north, over Mexico and Central America, down the western half of
South America to the frontiers of Patagonia and over the basin of the
La Plata on the other side of the Andes. Outside of the two continents,
it included the Philippines and the larger West India islands. It was
divided into the two viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru, and a
number of governments more or less dependent on the viceroyalties.
The provinces nominally subject to New Spain were the Philippines,
Guatemala, Yucatan, and New Biscay, and the two, or sometimes three,
West India governments. Those subject to the Viceroy of Peru were
Chile, Quito, New Granada, Terra Firma, Paraguay, Tucuman, and
Buenos Aires. From 1718 to 1722, and permanently in 1739, a third
viceroyalty of New Granada was established, which included New
Granada and Quito. In 1731 Venezuela was made a separate govern-
ment under a Captain-General, and in 1776 Buenos Aires was raised to
the position of a viceroyalty. To it were added the province of Cuyo,
from the captaincy-general of Chile, and, from Lima, the four provinces
of Upper Peru as well as Paraguay, Cordoba, and Tucuman ; so that this
60 III B, Rise of France and Sweden: Greater JEurope.
fourth viceroyalty included all the Spanish temtory east of the Andes,
from Lake Titicaca to Patagonia.
136 While the Western Powers were struggling for colonial dominion
beyond the seas, the geographical position of Russia enabled her to
advance without rivalry or difficulty. The Russian colonial empire was J
a natural expansion of European Russia across the forests and plains of
northern Asia to the Pacific, and across the steppes of Central Asia to
the mountain barriers of India. It never required or rested on maritime \
power. It was initiated by the military spirit of the Cossacks, and
maintained by the expansive and nomadic tendencies of a great popula-
tion. Russia discovered her new world somewhat later than the AVestern j
Powers. In 1581, the Cossacks took Sibir the capital of the Tartar '
Khanate of Siberia, thus carrying Russia's territory beyond the Urals
and founding her Asiatic dominion. By 1630, the Cossacks had reached
the Lena ; in 1700, they conquered Kamschatka — so easy was Russia's
advance to the Pacific. Her southward movement towards China paused
at the Amur, from 1683 till 1846. Thus Russia took a place, which her
geographical position assigned to her, as a great Asiatic Power. With
the exception of the slopes of the Urals, too gentle to be formidable,
nature had planted no barrier between the Pacific and the heart of
eastern Europe ; and, in the circumstances, this vast area passed easily
into a single State.
61
SECTION IV.
THE FORMATION OF THE GREAT POWERS OF THE
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
A. EUROPE.
Of the tendencies of which we have spoken as operating in the early 63
seventeenth century, the expansion of France continued until it suffered
a check in the great settlement of Utrecht 1713-5, which rested on a
balance of power between France and Austria ; the expansion of Sweden
ceased, and the dissolution of her empire, to the advantage of Branden*
burg and Russia, quickly began; the disintegration of Germany con-
tinued, and among the chief rising States appeared a strong kingdom
of Prussia, which contested with Austria the hegemony of Germany ; in
north and south, Russia advanced westwards at the expense of Sweden
and the Ottoman empire ; Austria, instead of declining, took the place
of Spain in the Netherlands and Italy, and advanced into south-eastern
Europe ; Poland was swallowed up by Austria, Russia, and Prussia ; in
the colonial world, Britain distanced all her rivals, after a long duel with
France, in particular, for India and North America. So, in the eighteenth
century there was worked out a balance of power between Great Britain,
Russia, Prussia, Austria, and France. Much took shape in this period
which has remained to the present day. Sweden was forced almost into
her natural limits. Poland was destroyed. The Ottoman empire was
driven back. Russia expanded, and Prussia was formed.
We may consider first the expansion of France. The great advance 46
which she had made into the Spanish Netherlands in 1659 was con-
tinued. By the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1668, she made considerable
gains which included Douai, Lille, and Courtrai. By the Treaty of
Nymegen, 1678, she restored some towns and annexed others. Her
frontier receded, but, on the other hand, it was strengthened, for she
gained the remaining Spanish towns in Artois, and made advances in
Hainault. The new places which she acquired included Valenciennes,
Conde, Cambray, St Omer, and Maubeuge. In addition, she received
Franche Comte, and Freiburg in the Breisgau, but gave up the right
of garrisoning Philippsburg. By the " reunions " which followed she
62 IV A, Great Powers of Eighteenth Century : Euj^ope,
strengthened her hold of Alsace, and annexed Strassburg and Kehl —
annexations which were recognised by the Treaty of Ratisbon, in 1684.
The Treaty of Ryswyk, in 1697, left her frontier as in 1678 ; but she
gave up Kehl and Freiburg, retaining Strassburg. The Treaty of
Utrecht, 1713, made a lasting settlement of the north-eastern frontier.
France gave up much ; but she retained a line of towns stretching from
St Omer, through Lille, Conde, and Maubeuge, to Marienburg, which
represented the substantial result of years of ambition and struggle. By
the Treaty of Rastatt with the Empire, 1714, she received Landau also.
By treaty with Savoy, in 1713, she rectified her south-east frontier,
surrendering to Savoy a tongue of territory on the Italian side of the
Alps, and receiving in exchange the valley of Barcelonette on her own
side. In the same year, the little principality of Orange was annexed.
79 The changes in the eighteenth century subsequent to those of Utrecht
were few. In 1736 Lorraine was ceded to France, to be annexed on the
death of the reigning Duke Stanislas, which happened in 1766. Two
years later (in 1768) Corsica, the last acquisition before the Revolution,
and the only large detached possession in Europe, was gained. The
steady advance since the days of Louis XI had given France a strong
north-eastern frontier, had brought her on the middle east to the Rhine,
on the south-east comer to the Alps, and in the south to the Pyrenees.
But she was still separated from her natural boundary, the Alps, in the
south by the possessions of the King of Sardinia, Savoy and Nice ; and,
between Franche Comte and Alsace, the county of Montbeliard, a
possession of Wiirtemberg, made a breach in the continuity of her
territory. In addition, there were various enclaves of foreign States
within her territory, the most important of which were the principality
of Avignon and the county of Venaissin, papal territory on the Rhone,
the free city of Miilhausen, and some small possessions of various German
States over which France was merely suzerain in Alsace, and some more
extensive districts such as Nassau-Saarbrlicken, Nassau-Saarwerden, and
the county of Salm, over which France was not even suzerain, in Lorraine.
On the other hand, she held Landau within the borders of the Empire,
and Philippeville and Marienburg in the Low Countries.
54 While France advanced, her old ally Sweden held her own with
difficulty, and, within a few years of the check which was placed on the
expansion of France by the War of the Spanish Succession, a large part
of Sweden's empire was wrested from her in the Northern War. At the
59 Peace of Stockholm, 1719, Sweden handed over Bremen and Verden to
Hanover, and lost her position on the North Sea; and in 1720, at a
second Peace of Stockholm, she surrendered to Prussia Western Pome-
rania as far as the river Peene, with the islands of Usedom and WoUin.
Stettin was thus lost ; but Stralsund, Wolgast, and Rugen were retained.
Thus, the Elbe and the Oder became again German rivers. A more crush-
52 ing blow followed in 1721, when, at the Peace of Nystad, Russia took
IV A, Great Powers of Eighteenth Ceiitury : Europe, 6
*>
Livonia, Esthonia, and the adjacent islands, and parts of the Finnish
provinces of Kexholm and Viborg. Nor was this the end. In 1743, by 61
the Peace of Abo, Russia made another advance into Finland, and
gained the territory lying east of the river Kymmene. The remainder
of her ultra-Scandinavian empire Sweden retained into the nineteenth
century. Her losses were not surprising, for her empire lacked a sufficient
basis of natural strength, and stronger forces than arms transferred her
outlying provinces to the rising Powers of the eighteenth century.
In the course of French expansion there arose the possibility of a 51
change which might have overturned the whole political system of
Europe and reared again an empire stronger than the undivided Habs-
burg Power. The question of the Spanish Succession appeared on the
political horizon as early as 1668, when the Emperor and Louis XIV
made a secret and provisional arrangement for the partition of the
Spanish possessions, by which France was to take the Spanish Nether-
lands, Franche Comte, Naples, and Sicily, and the Emperor Spain and
Spanish America. When the question became more urgent, the mari-
time Powers insisted on a voice in so immense a territorial rearrangement.
By the Partition Treaty of 1698, to which they gave their consent,
France was to have Naples and Sicily, the Archduke Charles of Austria
Milan, and a Bavarian Prince the remainder. On the death of the
Bavarian Prince, a second agreement gave to Archduke Charles the
mass of the inheritance, to France the two Sicilies and Lorraine, to the
Duke of Lorraine Milan. In the end, the whole question was submitted
to the arbitrament of war, and a settlement was finally made in a series
of treaties, 1713-5, between the various Powers which had taken part in
the war. The Spanish empire was dismembered. Spain retained her
individuality and her colonies ; but she was cut off from her old con-
nexion with the rest of Europe by the loss of her possessions in Italy
and the Netherlands as well as of two positions in the Mediterranean.
A check was placed on the expansion of France. She gained no share
of the Spanish empire — none of the Spanish provinces in the Nether-
lands and Italy for which she had waited so long, none of the Spanish
colonies, nor the prospect of the union of the two kingdoms. Her
frontiers with the Netherlands were readjusted without being weakened.
She obtained Landau on the left bank of the Rhine, and she restored her
conquests on the right bank — Alt-Breisach, Kehl, and Freiburg. England
greatly increased her colonial power, and in the Mediterranean gained
two important strategic positions, Minorca and Gibraltar. Her colonial
gains are enumerated in another connexion. Austria received Naples and
Milan in Italy, and the Spanish Netherlands, and thus became the first
line of resistance to French expansion in this important quarter. Holland
was given security against French ambition, inasmuch as Austria was
placed between her and France ; and she obtained a strong barrier of
towns, commanding all the rivers from the Me use to the sea, which she
64 IV A. Great Powers of Eighteenth Century : Europe,
was to garrison, in the Austrian Netherlands. Savoy received Sicily,
Montferrat, and a part of the Milanese, and made some rearrangements
of her Alpine frontier with France by mutual cession, which removed
59 France from Piedmont. Prussia added to her west German possessions
the bulk of Upper or Spanish Gelders, and her claim to Neufchatel was
recognised. Thus, at Utrecht, a further stage was reached in the division
of those middle lands lying on the western frontiers of Germany for the
sake of which so many of the wars of modern times had been waged.
These extensive changes, coupled with the expansion of Austria at the
expense of the Ottoman empire, and of Russia and Prussia at the
expense of Sweden, gave a new form to the political system of Europe,
which, with some modifications, lasted until the French Revolution.
62 In 1648 was consummated the disintegration of Germany. In the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the Princes had successfully resisted the
forces that made for German unity. In 1559, they established their
independence of Imperial authority in religion, and, when, in 1648, they
secured virtual independence in foreign politics, they reduced the Empire
60 to a political shell, enclosing not a single State but a system of States.
Of these States Austria remained the chief. Though the Empire was of
diminishing value to her, and in Germany she no longer remained
without a rival, her territorial acquisitions were so much more extensive
than her losses as to give her a European position counterbalancing that
40 of France. At the Peace of Westphalia she suffered heavily in ceding
Lusatia to Saxony, and Elsass to France, and during the remainder of
the seventeenth century she lost a little more ground to France in
southern Germany. In 1740 she further lost Silesia to Prussia. On the
48 other hand, she drove the Turk out of Hungary and advanced into the
Balkan peninsula, took Spain's place in the Netherlands and Italy, and
58 shared in the partition of Poland. The surest direction of her expansion
appeared to be eastwards. The strength of her dominion lay in the
great mass of territory which she possessed in south-eastern Europe.
Here, she consolidated as well as extended her dominion, always cherish-
ing the hope of acquiring Bavaria, which her dominions half encircled,
by annexation or exchange. A part of Bavaria, the Innviertel, she
actually gained by the Peace of Teschen, 1777, as a settlement of her
claim on the succession, and only the intervention of Frederick the Great
in 1785 prevented the exchange of the Netherlands for the remainder.
Nor was the idea definitively abandoned until 1813.
48, 60 Austrian expansion during this period began in the south-east. After
the Peace of Vasvar, 1664, she surrendered no more territory to the
Ottoman. The tide turned, and in 1699, at the Peace of Carlowitz, she
recovered Transylvania and Hungary, with the exception of the Banat
of Temesvar between the Theiss and the Maros, and parts of Slavonia
and Croatia. In 1718, at the Peace of Passarowitz, she made another
great advance, recovering the remainder of Hungary and Slavonia, and
IV A, Great Powers of Eighteenth Century : Europe, Q^
gaining parts of Bosnia and Servia, with Belgrade, and Lesser Wallachia.
A corner only of Croatia remained to the Turk. But not all this could
be retained, and, by the Peace of Belgrade, in 1739, Austria restored her
acquisitions in Servia, Bosnia, and Wallachia, including Belgrade and
Orsova. Along the frontier thus fixed, a position of equilibrium between
the two empires was reached which held good for nearly a century and
a half, except that, in 1777, Austria obtained the Bukowina, and in
1789 captured Belgrade, to lose it again in 1791, and in 1790 Orsova.
As she advanced south of Hungary, so also did she north. By taking 58
a hand in the partition of Poland she gained temporarily a great mass
of territory with which to flank her dominions on the north. In 1770,
she appropriated the part of the county of Zips which had been pawned
to Poland in 1412. In 1772, she took most of Red Russia and parts
of Podolia and Little Poland; in 1795, Cracow, southern Masovia, a
part of Podlachia and the remainder of Little Poland. Thus the mass
of Austrian possessions in south-eastern Europe underwent considerable
expansion in the eighteenth century. Inorganic collection of territories
as it was, it was not at this time sundered by race divisions and
jealousies.
The part of the Spanish empire which Austria received in 1713-5
extended her dominions greatly, without much increasing her strength.
Rich and fertile though the Netherlands were, they were of little value
to Austria. They had not Hungary's geographical proximity to the
hereditary dominions. Their long subjection to Spain had destroyed
their German connexion, and the tie with Austria proved very slight.
Austria had little interest in this distant, burdensome, and unnatural
possession, which increased the disunion of her Empire, and added to
the frontiers she was charged to defend one peculiarly defenceless.
Sardinia, Milan, and Naples, also acquired in 1714, were not less 51, 63
difficult to absorb into the Austrian Empire. There was little inter-
course between the Italian and the German possessions of Austria, and
her position in Italy only excited the hostility of Spain. Nor did Austria
retain possession of all these provinces. In 1718 she made an exchange
with Savoy of Sardinia for Sicily, and in 1735, by the Peace of Vienna,
another exchange, with the Bourbon Don Carlos, of the Two Sicilies
and the Tuscan Presidi for the duchy of Parma which had passed to
Don Carlos in 1731. Austria after these transactions was confined to
northern Italy. The losses which Milan suffered to Savoy have been
already indicated. On the other hand, Mantua fell to the Emperor
by forfeit in 1708, and Duke Francis of Lorraine, who became the
Emperor Francis I, received the grand duchy of Tuscany on the ex-
tinction of the Medici, 1737 ; and, in 1771, Modena, which had in the
process of time reached the sea between Lucca and Genoa, also came in.
In the course of the eighteenth century, there arose in northern 55, 59
Germany a Power that disputed with Austria hegemony in the Empire,
C. M. H. VOL. XIV. a
66 IV A. Great Powe7^s of Eighteenth Century : Europe.
and that in the nineteenth century expelled her from the German worM
in which she had for so many centuries played the first part Prussian
expansion has this peculiarity, that it did not proceed from a single
centre, but from three clearly marked areas which were gradually linked
together. These areas were the Mark of Brandenburg, the duchy of
Prussia, and the Prussian possessions on the Rhine. They were distinct
in history, language, races, and institutions, and had each a separate
course of development. Prussia did not grow, like France or England,
by consolidation and acquisition along definite lines and according to
a preconceived plan. It was a collection of dominions, formed, by
war and chance, and consolidated by the arts of government. An open,
poor and arid country, small, unprotected by natural defences, less in
size than Scotland, Brandenburg became stronger than France and the
foremost military Power in Europe.
The early growth of Brandenburg has already been related. In
1524 Ruppin was annexed, and in 1537 an agreement was made with
the Duke of Wohlau, Liegnitz, and Brieg securing to Brandenburg the
succession to these provinces. The Reformation made possible the
secularisation of the three Brandenburg bishoprics of Brandenburg,
Lebus (1553), and Havelberg (1555). In 1571, Beeskow and Storkow
were gained. Meanwhile, Ansbach had bought the principality of
Jagerndorf, Beuthen, and Oderberg in Silesia in 1523, acquired a
reversionary interest in Oppeln in 1528, and inherited BaireuiJi on
the extinction of the ruling line in 1557. In 1603, these Franconian
possessions came in to Brandenburg; but in the same year they were
granted out again — Ansbach and Baireuth to younger brothers, Jagern-
dorf, which was lost to the Hohenzollerns in the Thirty Years'* War
(1623), to another member of the family. In 1609, Brandenburg gained
a footing on the Rhine. The Elector laid claim to the Cleve-Jiilich
inheritance, and, in 1609, accepted joint rulership of the disputed
territories with the other claimants. The Treaty of Xanten, however, in
1614 made a partition of the territories which was confirmed in 1666
and which gave to Brandenburg, finally, Cleve, Mark, Ravensberg, and
Herford. In 1618, the duchy of Prussia, held by a Hohenzollern as a
fief of Poland, came in to Brandenburg, and in 1657, by the Treaty
of Wehlau, Poland renounced her suzerainty over the duchy, in return
for the restitution of Ermeland which Brandenburg had seized in 1656.
This renunciation was confirmed in the Peace of Oliva, 1660. Tauroggen
and Serrey were added to the duchy in 1691. Both were given up
in 1793, but Serrey was recovered in 1795.
40 The Peace of Westphalia brought large additions to Brandenburg.
Pomerania, according to an agreement between Brandenburg and the
Dukes of Pomerania, should have come in to Brandenburg in 1637.
But Sweden was in occupation, and in 1648 Brandenburg could get only
East Pomerania — and this without Stettin and a two-mile strip on
IF A. Great Powers of Eighteenth Century : Europe, 67
the east of the Oder, which she ceded to Sweden in 1653. Ample
compensation however was given her in the bishoprics of Cammin,
Halberstadt, and Minden, the archbishopric of Magdeburg which she
was to receive on the death of the existing Administrator, and various
other places of less importance. Later acquisitions were Lauenburg and
Butow in Pomerania, 1657, and, by the Peace of St Germain, 1679, the
strip along the Oder, surrendered to Sweden in 1653, except Damm and
Gollnow. In 1679 Schwiebus was taken in satisfaction of the Silesian
claims, but was restored in 1694, and the claims were reasserted. The
archbishopric of Magdeburg was acquired in 1680, and Burg in 1687.
In the great wars at the beginning of the eighteenth century the
Kings of Prussia, for such the Electors of Brandenburg became in 1701,
fought to secure their possessions on the Rhine and to extend their
dominions on the Baltic. At Utrecht Prussia received Upper Gelders, 51
whence she could watch Austria in the Netherlands. This, with Mors
and Lingen, obtained in 1702 on the extinction of the Nassau-Dillen-
burg family, and Tecklenburg, obtained in 1707, went to increase
her Rhineland territories. Neufchatel also was obtained in 1707, and
Prussia's possession of it was recognised at Utrecht and was maintained
till 1857 ; but it was a distant, detached possession, and never became a
centre of expansion. The Peace of Stockholm in 1720 gave Prussia 54
a part of Swedish Pomerania, including Stettin and district, the islands
of Usedom and Wollin, and Damm and Gollnow. This territory, lying
between the Oder and the Peene, secured to her control of one of the
great commercial highways of northern Germany.
The various acquisitions which the Hohenzollems had made, while
they brought extensive territories under their rule, were so scattered
that they needed to be linked up and consolidated, if Prussia was ever to
form a strong State. To Frederick the Great the configuration of his
kingdom was intolerable. He desired Saxony, West Prussia, and Swedish
Pomerania. He gained Silesia, which he seized in 1740, and which
Austria finally yielded at the Peace of Hubertusburg in 1763, together
with Schwiebus and Glatz, though not Jagerndorf in the form in
which Prussia had claimed it ; East Friesland, in 1744, which brought
Prussia to the North Sea ; a part of Poland — West Prussia, Ermeland, 58
Kulmerland and the Netze district, but not Danzig and Thorn — in 1772 ;
and the county of Mansfeld in 1780. The Franconian possessions,
Ansbach and Baireuth, came to Prussia in 1791 ; and in 1793 she 58
acquired South Prussia together with Danzig — long the object of
desire — and Thorn ; in 1795 New East Prussia, and New Silesia with
Serrey. These extensive acquisitions from Poland linked up the Prussian
territories and rounded them off, and, while they diminished the length of
her frontiers, added to their strength. West Prussia united East Prussia
and Brandenburg ; South Prussia, Silesia and Prussia ; while New East
Prussia improved the eastern frontier. The last addition brought
6—2
68 IV A, Great Powers of Eighteenth Century : Europe,
Prussia to her extreme eastern limits, and coincided with losses on the
84 Rhine at the Peace of Basel, of which we shall speak later. Thus was
built up, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the strangely
shaped kingdom of Prussia, which stretched its great length across
northern Germany from the Rhine to the Memel, with outposts in the
Netherlands, Franconia, and on the Swiss frontier.
62, 40 Austria's neighbour Bavaria had greatly increased her importance in
the Thirty Years' War, and at the Peace of Westphalia had gained an
Electorate and the Upper Palatinate with the county of Cham. In
1742, the Elector of Bavaria was chosen Emperor, the one exception to
the long line of Habsburg Emperors from the time of Frederick III.
In 1777, the Bavarian territories passed to the Sulzbach line of the
Wittelsbach family, which, since 1742, had been ruling the Rhenish
Palatinate and the duchies of Jiilich and Berg, acquired by the Palatinate
at the partition of the Jiilich-Cleve inheritance in 1614. Both Saxony
and Austria had claims to parts of Bavaria. But the Saxon claims were
60 bought off, and, on account of the Austrian, the Habsburgs received the
Innviertel — the territory between the Inn, the Danube, the Salza, and the
Austrian frontier.
Saxony was too much weakened by partition to have the strength to
which her population and natural richness entitled her. Thuringia was
a maze of Saxon States. In 1648 the Ernestine line divided into two
main branches — Saxe- Weimar and Saxe-Gotha — which afterwards split
up into branches too many to enumerate, though Eisenach, Coburg,
Meiningen, and Hildburghausen call for mention. The electoral line,
which had received Lusatia in 1635, divided into four branches in 1656.
Of these, the minor branches died out in the first half of the eighteenth
century, and their territories were reunited to the electoral. From 1697
to 1763 the Electors were also Kings of Poland.
The Brunswick family, with their extensive, though barren, territories
and their position on Elbe and Weser, might have contended with Branden-
40 burg for the leadership of North Germany. But they gained little at the
Peace of Westphalia, except the alternate right of appointment to the
bishopric of Osnabriick, and, like Saxony, they were weakened by division.
In 1689 the Liineburg line acquired Lauenburg, and in 1692 the ninth
electorate. In 1705 the Liineburg and Calenberg possessions were united
in the person of the Elector George Lewis, who, in 1714, succeeded to
54, the Crown of Great Britain. Brunswick-Liineburg, or Hanover, under
which name it is better known, acquired Bremen and Verden from
Sweden, in 1720, Bentheim, and some other smaller possessions. Like
Saxony, Hanover gained little advantage from its foreign connexion.
40 The Wolfenbiittel line received Walkenried, in 1648, and made other
small acquisitions in the seventeenth century. In 1735 its possessions
passed to the younger line of Brunswick-Bevern, which had been estab-
lished in 1666.
IV A. Great Powers of Eightee7ith Century : Europe, 69
Concerning the less important German Houses a summary statement
may suffice. The Duke of Wiirtemberg was restored to his lands and
title in 1648, except to Montbeliard, which passed to another branch of
the family, to return to the main line in 1723. The Baden territories,
divided since 1536 into two branches, were united in 1771 by the Baden-
Durlach line. Of the four lines into which Hesse had been divided in
1567, one died out in 1583 and another in 1604. Over the possessions
of the latter, Hesse-Marburg, the remaining two, Hesse-Darmstadt and
Hesse-Cassel, disputed until 1648, when the partition favoured Hesse-
Cassel. In 1736 thev also shared Hanau. Anhalt in 1603 divided into
four lines, ruling at Dessau, Bernburg, Zerbst, and Kothen, of which
the Zerbst line died out in 1793, when its territories were partitioned
amongst the other three. Of the two Mecklenburg lines of Schwerin 40
and Giistrow, the Schwerin line in 1648, as noted above, recovered the
bishoprics of Schwerin and Ratzeburg, transferring Nemerow and Mirow
to the Giistrow line. The former line died out in 1692, the latter in
1695. In 1701 the two lines of Schwerin and Strelitz took their places.
In 1667 the ruling line in Oldenburg, Delmenhorst, and Jever died out,
and, by an agreement of 1649, the King of Denmark and the Duke of
Holstein-Gottorp jointly succeeded to these territories. Delmenhorst
was pawned to Hanover in 1711 ; but the connexion of Oldenburg with
Denmark lasted for more than a century, and its termination marks a
stage in the history of Schleswig-Holstein. In 1658 the King of Den- 54
mark had been compelled to surrender his sovereignty over the Gottorp
possessions in the two duchies which left the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
an independent Power. In 1721 the Duke surrendered to the King his
possessions in Schleswig. In 1773 the Gottorp possessions passed to
Paul III of Russia. Paul renounced to Denmark his claims in Holstein,
which was thus united again with Schleswig under Danish sovereignty,
in exchange for Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, which he ceded to the
Prince-Bishop of Liibeck. In 1777 Oldenburg and Delmenhorst were
raised to the rank of a duchy. Of the Nassau family the main Orange
line, Nassau-Dillenburg, died out in 1702. Its possessions were divided.
Parts went to Prussia, the principality of Orange on the Rhone to
France, and the remainder to the Nassau-Dietz line. In 1795 three
branches of the family remained at Idstein, Weilburg, and Usingen.
The territory under ecclesiastical rule was a good deal diminished in
northern Germany by the secularisations of the Reformation and of
1648 ; and the number of the Imperial cities also dwindled, fifty-one
remaining in 1789.
The expansion of Russia and her advance into western Europe is not 52
less a feature of the years between 1648 and 1795 than is the rise of
Prussia. It marks perhaps the most important change which the political
system of Europe had undergone. It added to the system a State of
immense potential strength, not divided from its European neighbours
70 IV A. Great Powers of Eighteenth Century : Europe,
by distinct geographical or ethnological boundaries, and, hence, ever
pressing on their eastern frontiers. To understand its growth, we must
retrace our steps. Russia was formed of a group of Slav principalities
in the greatest plains of Europe — the valleys of the Volga, the Don, the
Dnieper and the Diina, which rivers drew her to expand towards the
Baltic, the Black Sea, and the Caspian. In the sixteenth century, she
was cut off from all seas. Sweden and Poland cut her off from the
Baltic, Poland and the Ottoman empire from the Black Sea, the
Tartars from the Caspian. The natural increase of her population,
their migratory habits, the search for a scientific frontier, and the desire
for a civilising intercourse with other nations, impelled her to expansion
seawards which her great strength enabled her to make and to sustain.
Her first wars were with the Tartars ; they began a great landward ad-
1 vance of Europe against Asia. When the Tartar empire broke up, there
arose on its ruins the Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Crimea. In
1552, Russia annexed Kazan; in 1554, Astrakhan, which gave her com-
mand of the Volga from source to mouth and brought her to the Caspian
Sea. Persian Asia was thereby thrown open to penetration by Russia,
and the Volga offered a southward route. Crimea passed to the Turks,
61 and the Russian acquisition of it was postponed till the reign of
Catharine. On the Dnieper, the Don, the Volga, and the Ural were
Cossack communities, which protected the southern frontier of Russia
and maintained, in some cases, a virtual independence till the eighteenth
century. In 1577, Russia asserted her supremacy over the Don Cossacks,
136 which brought her nearer to the Black Sea. Four years later, her
colonisation in northern Asia began with the conquest of Sibir, the
capital of the Tartar Khanate of Siberia, whence Russia gradually spread
her power eastwards to the Pacific Ocean. In the north-east the enemies
of Russian expansion were Sweden and Poland-Lithuania. Lithuania,
with her Russian provinces, provided another centre round which the
Slav race could group itself. Nature had placed no geographical
barrier to divide the two States, and between the two there was constant
war, with fluctuations of frontier. As Russia tended to expand westwards,
so Lithuania tended to expand eastwards ; and the contact with the
western world, and possession of the rich valley of the Dnieper, gave her
a strength which overweighed the vaster extent of the Muscovite empire.
In 1557-60 Russia conquered the greater part of Livonia from the Teu-
tonic Knights and reached the Baltic ; but Poland-Lithuania took this
territory away in 1582. From 1584, many years of unrest and civil strife
checked the expansion of Russia and compelled her to make sacrifices on
S2 her western frontier. At the Peace of Stolbova, 1617, she surrendered to
Sweden Ingria and Carelia, and to Poland by the Truce of Deulino, in
1618, and the Treaty of Polianovka, in 1634, Smolensk, Chernigoff,
and Sieverski — a great slice off western Russia and the greater part of
her Lithuanian conquests beyond the Dnieper. Not till the Peace of
IV A. Great Powers of Eighteenth Century : Europe. 71
Andrusovo in 1667 did Russia recover the lands thus surrendered to
Poland, and then not all. But, from this time, she advanced again, and
first in the south-west. On the Lower Dnieper the Cossack republic of
Zaporogia, a territory in dispute between Turk, Tartar and Pole, had re-
volted from Poland and transferred its allegiance to Russia — a loss to which
Poland had consented at Andrusovo. In 1680, by the Treaty of Bakchi-
serai, the Sultan also recognised the suzerainty of Russia in this territory.
In 1686, Russia recovered KiefF, with its strong position on the Dnieper,
once the ruling centre of Russia, and established her superiority over the
Cossacks of the Ukraine. But she had not yet reached the Dwina and
Dnieper, and beyond these streams there lay Russian land. In the
eighteenth century, Russia advanced all along her western frontier, as
well as southwards into the Caucasus and eastwards into Asia. It was
the work of Peter the Great to establish her power on the Baltic, and
to bring her decisively into western Europe, in spite of the inducement
which her southward and eastward flowing streams offered to southward
and eastward expansion. At the Peace of Nystad, in 1721, he took from 54
Sweden the Baltic coast north of the Dwina — Livonia, Esthonia and the
adjacent islands, Ingria, part of Carelia, and a small part of Finland
including Viborg, and planted on the Baltic the capital of a new
Russia, thus achieving what had, since the sixteenth century, been one of
the chief objects of Russian policy. In 1743, by the Peace of Abo, 61
another corner of Finland was taken, and the Russian frontier advanced
to the river Kymmene. In 1772, Polish Livonia and all Polish terri- 58
tory east of the Diina and Dnieper were added to Russia, in 1795
another strip of the Baltic coast, Courland and Samogitia and all
Lithuania east of the Niemen. Thus, the south-eastern Baltic littoral
passed from Sweden and Poland to Russia. The remainder of Finland, 108
together with the Aland Isles, came to Russia at the Peace of Frederiks-
hamm, 1809. In the middle west, Russia advanced at the expense of
Poland. In 1772, in addition to the Baltic territory already mentioned, 58
she took all Polish territory east of the Diina and Dnieper ; in 1793, the
rest of Podolia and Ukraine, and parts of Volhynia and Podlesia — these
acquisitions bringing back to her all Little Russia and White Russia as
well as part of Lithuania ; and, in 1795, the remainder of Podlesia and
Volhynia, and, as stated above, all Lithuania east of the Niemen. Thus
her ancient rival perished, and the Russian frontiers rested on those of
Prussia and Austria.
On the Black Sea, Russia conquered AzofF in 1696, which by a truce 52
of 1700 was surrendered to her, together with all the land south, to the
river Kuban. But, in 1711, AzofF was restored to the Porte. In 1774,
at the Peace of Kutchuk Kainardji, Russia gained the territory between
the Dnieper and the Bug, with the fortresses of Kuban, Kerch, Yenikale,
and Perekop, which gave her a firm footing on the northern shore of the
Black Sea. At the same time, Turkey admitted the independence of
72 IV A. Great Powers of Eighteenth Century : Europe.
Crimea, which Russia annexed in 1783, Turkey recognising the annexa-
tion at the Peace of Constantinople, in 1784. The Peace of Jassy, in 1792,
gave to Russia the land between the Bug and the Dniester with the fortress
of Ochakoff*. These swift steps forward transferred to Russia more land
than she could occupy, and necessitated an organised immigration, from
which southern Russia has derived a special ethnographical character,
5S Between the Black Sea and the Caspian, and along the latter,
Russia was also advancing. In 1723 Peter obtained the cession of
Derbent and Baku, and the provinces of Gilyan, Mazanderan, and
Astrabad contiguous to the south of the Caspian. But this initial ad-
vance proved premature. In 1732 Anne retroceded everything south
of the Koura, and in 1735, in the Treaty of Gandja, ceded the remainder
of Peter''s conquests and returned to the line of the Terek. The Treaty
of Kutchuk Kainardji, 1774, ended the Turkish dominion in Georgia
and Imeritia, established the river Kuban as the boundary between
Russia and Turkey, and gave to Russia Kabardia south of the Terek.
The independence of the Tartars of Kuban was recognised. In 1783,
Russia annexed Kuban, and Turkey recognised the annexation at the
Peace of Constantinople, 1784. In 1796, Russia conquered Derbent,
Kouba, Baku, and the Persian Klianates between Baku and East Georgia,
but these conquests were abandoned. In 1800, Georgia was definitely
and finally annexed, and Russian dominion was carried beyond the
108 Caucasus ; in 1804, Mingrelia and Imeritia ; and, in 1806, Derbent and
Baku. In this latter year Gandja was taken. Russia's sway thus
extended from the Caspian to the Black Sea, In her southern expan-
sion Russia had distinct set-backs in 1711 and 1732-5 ; but she was
surer in her hold on the Baltic and the Dnieper. In the north and
middle west there was a natural halting-place to her expansion, when
she had reduced Sweden to a Scandinavian kingdom, and, by the
partition of Poland, had come into contact with the strong Powers
of Prussia and Austria, But on the south-east there was no natural
halting-place, while the Ottoman empire was decaying, and Russia's
advance continued in the nineteenth century. And so in the
Caucasus, no stable frontier had been found, and much was yet to be
done. But, in the eighteenth century, Russia had learned the direction
of her expansion, and in some quarters had reached her present limits.
Over the great plains of eastern Europe she had advanced to the sea, or
to meet Powers strong enough to check her. Of her expansion into
northern and central Asia we shall speak later.
58 The extinction of the kingdom of Poland, whereby Russia, Austria,
and Prussia consolidated their power, and in which it is noteworthy
that Sweden, Poland's historic enemy, played no part, must be separately
explained. In the seventeenth century the position of Poland was
changed by the political transformation that was going on in north-
eastern Europe. Her great enemies had been Sweden and Russia,
IV A. Great Powers of Eighteenth Century : Europe, 73
Sweden checking her Baltic expansion and threatening her Baltic
provinces, Russia disputing with her for the plains of the Duna and
Dnieper. Against Russia she had maintained an even, if not a
victorious, struggle. The rise of Prussia and the definite turning of 51
Russia to the west created a new position. When Brandenburg planted
herself in the middle of Polish territory by the acquisition of the
duchy of Prussia, it was certain that, either Poland must conquer
Prussia, or Brandenburg would link up her possessions at the expense
of Poland. The losses of Poland began in the middle of the seventeenth
century. By the Convention of Wehlau, 1657, she renounced her 59
suzerainty over East Prussia; by the Peace of Oliva, 1660, she sur- 53
rendered northern Livonia to Sweden; by the Peace of Andrusovo, 52
1667, she restored to Russia Smolensk, Sieverski and ChernigofF, the
places gained in 1618 and 1634, and recognised the loss of the trans-
Dnieper territory of Zaporogia ; by the Peace of Budziak, 1672, and 48
the Peace of Zurawna, 1676, she surrendered Kameniec, the greater
part of Podolia, and part of the Ukraine to the Ottoman empire.
Podolia and Kameniec she recovered at the Peace of Carlo witz, 1699.
Two years earlier the crown of Poland had passed to the Electors of
Saxony, who held it till 1763. In the eighteenth century Poland was
in evil case. But she suffered no losses till 1770, when Austria annexed
the parts of the Hungarian county of Zips which had been pawned
to Poland in 1412. This was the beginning of the end. The partition
which followed was made in three stages. In 1772, Russia took the 61
provinces along her own frontier, Polish Livonia, part of Polozk, and
Witebsk, and made the Diina the frontier between the two countries.
There was a natural connexion between this land and Russia; it was
Russian land lost centuries before. Prussia took West Prussia and 59
Ermeland, the Netze district, a part of Great Poland and Cujavia,
but not Danzig and Thorn, which Poland retained. The acquisition
was of great political importance to Prussia, as linking up East Prussia
and Brandenburg. Austria took most of Red Russia and parts of Podolia 60
and Little Poland, the territory which became Galicia and Lodomeria.
By this partition Poland was diminished by one-third. In 1793, Prussia
and Russia joined to make a second partition. Prussia took Danzig and 59
Thorn, and so gained control of the Vistula, the rest of Great Poland
and Cujavia, as well as part of Masovia, which linked up Silesia and
West Prussia. Russia again annexed the provinces adjacent to herself, 61
the rest of Podolia and the Ukraine, which she now finally acquired,
parts of Volhynia and Podlesia, an area four times the size of that
which Prussia had taken and containing twice its population. Russia
and Austria were now contiguous. The buffer State had gone.
Poland still retained its three capital towns, Warsaw, Cracow, and Vilna,
but was so diminished that her hope of continued existence was small.
In 1795 the final division was made. Russia took Courland and 61
74 IV A, Great Powers of Eighteenth Century : Euroye.
Samogitia, all Lithuania east of the Niemen, the remainder of Podlesia
and Volhynia. Her boundary now ran from Galicia along the Bug to
Brzesc, thence in a straight line to Grodno, thence along the Niemen to
60 the border of East Prussia. Austria extended the province of Galicia
by an addition of the whole district between the Pilica, the Vistula, and
the Bug, including Cracow, with the exception of a small area round
Warsaw, the piece of land between Vistula, Bug, and Narew, which
59 Prussia desired to secure her hold on that town. Prussia took the
remainder — a strip of territory which flanked nearly the whole of the
duchy of Prussia and a large part of the Prussian acquisitions in 1793,
W'^arsaw, with a piece of Little Poland adjacent to Silesia, the remainder
of Masovia, Podlachia, and Lithuania west of the Niemen. Thus, when
Poland fell to pieces, Russia regained what she had once lost to Lithuania,
and added to it the greater part of Lithuania herself, while Prussia and
Austria divided up the original Poland. The destruction of Poland was
in some sense a result of her want of geographical strength. She lay in
the valleys of the Dwina, Dnieper, Pripet, and Vistula. But nature had
not formed here an area with the geographical separateness that supports
separate political being. Thus, when on her frontiers historical causes
brought into being States with unity and strength, strong autocracies
in whose pathway she stood, a loosely organised individualist State, she
had not the necessary natural strength and unity to resist their expansion.
63 The Utrecht settlement in western Europe, as modified by slight
subsequent changes, and the partition of Poland in eastern Europe
appeared to have brought about a position of comparative stability.
We may sum up as follows the situation which the wars and diplomacy
of the eighteenth century had produced. In the British Isles, England
and Scotland were incorporated in one kingdom of Great Britain, having
a self-governing dependency in Ireland, and attached by a personal union
79 to the Electorate of Hanover. France had not gained the natural
frontiers she desired ; but she had reached a position of security, and
the acquisition of Lorraine in 1766 followed naturally on the policy of
62 two centuries. In the group of States small and large, which made up
the German Empire, Austria, with her greatly increased territory in
southern Europe and her additions from Poland, was still the strongest.
But Prussia, which had grown up rapidly in the eighteenth century, and
held a strong position on the Baltic and in eastern Europe, menaced
61 her superiority. Russia rested firmly on the four seas which were her
natural outlet. In the north and west she had reached a position of
stability ; in the south and to the east she was still advancing. Sweden,
62 driven from most of her conquests, still retained in Western Pomerania
a foothold on German soil. The kingdom of Sardinia had gained
ground in northern Italy, while Spain once more held a position in
the south, where, in Naples, a Spanish Bourbon line had reigned since
1735. Austria was predominant in the north of the peninsula. Venice
IV B, Powers of Eighteenth Century : Greater Europe. 76
still kept her Adriatic dominion and her mainland territory. In south-
eastern Europe the Ottoman empire was receding before Austria and 48
Russia ; but the process of its disruption had not yet begun.
B. GREATER EUROPE.
In the colonial world, the chief interest of this period gathers round
the extension of French and British colonisation, and the conflict between
these two Powers, which gave the British in the end an unquestioned
predominance in North America, the West Indies, and India. The 68
extension of British colonisation along the Atlantic coast of North
America proceeded apace in the later seventeenth century. After the
expulsion of the Dutch, the colonies of Delaware, New York, and New
Jersey were constituted. Pennsylvania was founded in 1682, New
Hampshire separated from Massachusetts in 1691, Carolina divided into
North and South in 1729, and Georgia founded in 1733. So the
thirteen colonies came into being. Meanwhile, from Quebec the French 67
penetrated the interior of North America. In 1681, they took posses-
sion of the Mississippi and tried to plant the colony of Louisiana at its
mouth, though New Orleans was not founded till 1718. They penetrated
to the Ohio in 1716 and occupied that river valley in 1753. In the
north-west they reached the great plains of Canada in 1730 and
discovered the Rocky Mountains in 1731. By successive stages England
acquired the French American possessions. She conquered Acadia in
1690, but restored it in 1697, and with it she gave up also Fort York
on Hudson Bay. At the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 she gained Acadia
with its uncertain boundaries, the French colony of Placentia in New-
foundland, and sovereignty over the five nations whose territory lay
south of Lake Ontario. Louisbourg, on Cape Breton Isle, was con-
quered in 1744, but restored by the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748.
In 1762, the French ceded New Orleans and Louisiana west of the
Mississippi to Spain; in 1763, by the Peace of Paris, Canada, with
Cape Breton Isle, Prince Edward's Isle and all their territory east of
the Mississippi, to Great Britain. Since Spain at the same Peace ceded
Florida, the whole of the eastern half of the continent passed into
British hands. France retained fishing rights on the northern shore of
Newfoundland and the two small islands of St Pierre and Miquelon
off its coast, all that remained to her of her imperial designs in North
America. The hiJiterland thus ceded to the British was joined by 68
proclamation of 1774 to the province of Quebec, and not to the colonies
of the coast which claimed to divide it.
In the West Indies there was an extension of colonisation and some 69
transference of power. Spain lost ground to France and the Teutonic
Powers. The French gained the western part of Santo Domingo in
76 IV B. Powers of Eighteenth Century : Greater Europe,
1697, when Spain recognised their occupation, Santa Lucia in 1763, and
Tobago in 1783. The Danes occupied St Thomas in 1671, and in 1733
bought Santa Cruz from the French. The English proclaimed their
sovereignty over the Bahamas in 1670, and definitely occupied them in
1717 ; gained Jamaica from Spain at the Peace of Madrid, in 1670, and
the French part of St Kitts at the Treaty of Utrecht, thereby expelling
the French from the Leeward Islands; and, in 1763, they divided the
Windward Islands with the French, taking Grenada, Dominica, St Vincent,
and Tobago, of which the last named was ceded to the French in 1783.
65 The changes in Africa were various, though not of great importance, as
there was little extension of European influence in Africa during this
period. The Latin Powers lost, the Teutonic Powers gained ground —
a development in accordance with the general change in the balance of
maritime power. In East Africa the Portuguese were driven out of
most of their stations north of Mozambique by the Arabs before the
end of the seventeenth century. They lost Mombasa finally in 1730,
and in 1752 they recognised that their dominion in this region was
limited to the coast between Cape Delgado and Delagoa Bay. In Morocco
too they lost their last foothold in 1769. In Angola, on the other
hand, they extended their dominion in the later eighteenth century.
Spain lost most of her North African possessions in the sixteenth
century. Oran she retained till 1708, and held again from 1732 till
1791. In 1778 she acquired Fernando Po. On the Gold Coast,
Brandenburg joined the English, Dutch, and Danes, and built
Grossfriedrichsburg at Cape Three Points in 1682, thus beginning her
colonial enterprise quite near to the region where, two hundred years
later, she was to resume it. The Dutch concentrated on the Guinea Coast
and South Africa. They ceded Goree to France in 1678, deserted
Mauritius in 1712, bought Grossfriedrichsburg, which they renamed
Fort Hollandia, about 1720, and extended their settlements inland at
the Cape — the only part of Africa where Europeans had anything more
than the precarious foothold and fickle interests of trade. The English
in 1763 took from the French th6ir post on the Senegal, but returned
it in 1783, and guaranteed to the French Arguin and Portendik. In
1787 they occupied Sierra Leone. The French occupied the lie de
France (Mauritius) in 1721. Intermittently, they had a station at
Albreda on the Gambia; and, in 1787, they acquired Dakar and Cape
Verde from the natives.
64 In India, in these years, the British reduced the rival European Powers
to relative impotence, and began the formation of a territorial dominion
which gradually expanded into the Indian empire. The foundations
of their power were laid in the seventeenth century in Fort St George,
built in 1639 on the site now occupied by Madras, in Bombay, acquired
by the East India Company in 1668, and made into a presidency in
1687, and in Fort William, planted on the present site of Calcutta, in
IV B, Powers of Eighteenth Century: Greater Europe, 77
1686, to which were added in 1700 three neighbouring villages purchased
from Aurungzeb^s son. But it was not till the Seven Years' War that the
British made those extensive acquisitions which ensured their future
dominion. The district round Calcutta, known as the Twenty-Four
Parganas, was acquired from the Nawab in three separate stages — 1757,
1759, and 1765. In 1765, the diivani^ or fiscal administration of Bengal,
Behar and Orissa, with the jurisdiction of the Northern Circars, was
granted to the Company. This establishment of the British in Bengal
was the turning-point in the history of their conquest of India. It
gave them the resources of the richest part of that country, and planted
them firmly on a sea base in a region whence it was easy to advance over
the whole of Hindustan. Their principal rivals were the French, whose
sixth East India Company, established in 1719, sought in the confusion
of India on the break-up of the Moghul empire to establish a great
political dominion. In the contest that ensued the British lost Madras,
in 1746 ; but they recovered it at the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748.
In the Seven Years' War they gained complete supremacy on the
Coromandel coast, and at the Peace of Paris they put an end to the
French political power in India. The French retained their stations, of
which the most important were Pondicherry on the Coromandel coast,
founded in 1674, and Chandernagore in Bengal, founded in 1676, as
commercial posts only. No other Power rivalled the British in India.
The Danes kept the settlements at Tranquebar and Serampur which
they had established in 1616. The Portuguese retained Goa, Diu, and
Damaun, and the Dutch definitely acquired Ceylon. But none of these
Powers aimed at wide-reaching political dominion.
78
SECTION V.
THE AGE OF THE REVOLUTION AND OF NAPOLEON.
A. EUROPE.
With the French Revolution there began a series of rapid territorial
changes in western Europe which continued throughout the Napoleonic
era and overturned the political system of the eighteenth century. Of
these the principal was the expansion of France and the extension of
94 her influence throughout Europe. Napoleon reconstituted Europe by »
enlarging France ; by cutting down Prussia and Austria ; by consolidating 1
and reorganising Germany, without Prussia and Austria, as a confedera-
tion under French suzerainty ; by rearranging Italy, and by making the
new Italian States and Spain dependent on France.
34 In the course of these changes, the first clear landmark with regard
to the expansion of France was reached in the Peace of Basel, in 1795,
and, with regard to the resettlement of Italy, in the Peace of Campo
Formio, in 1797. By these treaties France attained her long desired
Rhine frontier, and resumed after an interval of centuries her attempt
to expand into Italy. The following were the principal stages in her
acquisitions. In 1791 (September), she annexed Avignon and the
Venaissin ; in 1792 (December), the Austrian Netherlands. The latter
she lost in 1793, but recovered in 1794. In 1792, also, the bishopric
of Basel was secularised and became the republic of Rauracia, which
was annexed to France in 1793, though the Swiss did not ratify the
annexation till 1798. By the Treaty of Basel, in 1795, Prussia ceded to
France her territory on the left bank of the Rhine, which included
Upper Gelders, part of the duchy of Cleve, the principality of Mors,
and the duchy of Jiilich, though these places were not definitely
incorporated in French territory till 1801. Prussia was thereby thrown
89 back into northern and central Germany, where, in 1801, she received
compensation, and was in consequence really strengthened. Hesse-
Cassel ceded Rheinfels, St Goar and the part of the county of
Katzenellenbogen on the left bank of the Rhine. Holland by the
Treaty of the Hague, 1795, ceded Dutch Flanders, Maestricht, Venloo
V A. The Revobition and Napoleon: Europe. 79
and the enclaves south of Venloo. Wiirtemberg and Baden, in 1796,
surrendered their possessions on the west of the Rhine, of which
Montbeliard which belonged to Wiirtemberg was the chief.
There followed a complete overturning of the political system of
Italy. Austrian Lombardy, Venetia, and part of the Papal States came
into Bonaparte's hands and enabled him to reshape northern Italy,
which he did by destroying Venice, driving Austria into north-eastern
Italy, and creating in northern Italy a Cisalpine republic dependent on
France. In 1796 the towns of Austrian Lombardy formed themselves
into the Transpadane republic; and Bologna, Ferrara, Modena, and
Reggio, into the Cispadane republic. In 1797, by the Treaty of
Tolentino, the Pope surrendered to France the Legations of Bologna,
Ferrara, and Romagna, and the port of Ancona, as well as Avignon ;
and, by the Treaty of Campo Formio, Austria surrendered Milan as
well as the Austrian Netherlands. The two new Italian republics were
merged in a Cisalpine republic (July, 1797), to which Bonaparte added
the Valtelline, Bormio, and Chiavenna, taken from the Grisons in
October, 1797; part of the territories west of the Adige taken from
Venice, October, 1797 ; Lunigiana and a part of Parma, November, 1797 ;
and Pesaro, February, 1798, thus strengthening this dependent State.
To Austria, at Campo Formio, as compensation for her losses, were given
the Venetian territories east of the Adige. The Powers most affected
by these great changes were Austria and France. The general effect
was to extend the territory of France and consolidate the territory of
Austria. Austria lost the Netherlands and Milan, but, in occupying
eastern Venetia, Istria, and Dalmatia, she gained an important sea-
coast and a natural extension of her territories, and she consolidated
her power on the Adriatic. France, for her part, gained those natural
frontiers she had so long desired — the Rhine and the Alps, for Sardinia
in 1796 ceded to her Nice and Savoy. At the same time she girded
her frontiers with a line of dependent States. The Batavian republic,
formed of the kingdom of Holland in 1795, the Ligurian republic,
formed of the city of Genoa in 1797, the Helvetic republic, formed of
the Swiss Confederation in 1798, and the Cisalpine republic, flanking
the territory of Austria from the Alps to the Adriatic, were under
French influence, and added security to her power. In the Ionian
Isles she had a stepping-stone to the East. The new arrangements
represented a great settlement of western Europe, which, in Italy,
was evidently only partial; and they also gave to France a predomi-
nance which inevitably led her on to new adventures and greater
designs.
A provisional settlement of Switzerland followed. In 1797, Chiavenna,
Bormio, and the Valtelline had been taken from the Confederation and
added to the Cisalpine republic. In 1798, France annexed Mulhausen,
Geneva, and Bienne, and detached Neufchatel. The remainder of
80 VA, The Revolution and Napoleon: Europe.
Switzerland was formed into the Helvetic republic, consisting at first
of 23 and later of 19 cantons. In 1802, the Valais was detached, and
90 made into an independent republic. In 1803, by the Act of Mediation,
the Helvetic republic was formed into a confederation of 19 sovereign
cantons. To the 13 old cantons six new were added — two formed from
the allies, the Grisons and St Gallen, four from the subject lands —
Aargau (which was largely made up of districts ceded by Austria in
1801, including the Frick valley), Thurgau, Ticino, and Vaud.
89 The Peace of Luneville, 1801, forms another landmark in the
rearrangement of the European political system. It followed on the
lines of Campo Formio in contracting the Austrian dominion in Italy
and extending the French. A series of changes preceded the results
thus recognised. In 1798 (February), the remainder of the Papal States
was formed into the Roman republic, which lasted only a few months ;
in June, 1800, papal rule was restored. In March, 1800, the Ionian
Islands became the republic of the Seven Islands. From January to
July, 1799, the Parthenopean republic took the place of the kingdom
of Naples. In 1798, the French occupied Piedmont, and the kingdom
of Sardinia was reduced to the island from which it took its name. In
1800, the Novarese was added to the Cisalpine republic. At the Peace
of Luneville in 1801, Austria ceded to France Tuscany, the Breisgau and
her possessions on the left bank of the Rhine — Frickthal, Falkenstein,
Laufenburg, and Rheinfelden. The kingdom of Etruria was then built
up out of Tuscany, the Stato degli Presidi, and some Imperial fiefs in
the Apennines, and given to Louis, son of the Duke of Parma. The
Breisgau and the Ortenau were given as compensation to the Duke of
Modena, though occupied by the French till 1803. Piedmont was
formally annexed by France, 1802, and the Cisalpine republic became
the Italian republic. Thus the transformation of northern Italy was
advanced another stage by the expansion of France and the contraction
of Austrian power.
Though no position of equilibrium had been reached in Italy, the
next great territorial development was the consolidation of Germany.
To provide compensation for the German Princes who had surrendered
territories to France in 1795 and 1801, a number of changes were
necessitated within Germany itself. The decision of the Diet in 1803
reconstituted the map of Germany. By the secularisation of eccle-
siastical States and the mediatisation of Imperial villages and towns a
sixth part of Germany was redistributed, 112 States suppressed, and
a number of States of moderate size, with some degree of geographical
unity, were formed. An effort was made to simplify political geography
by rounding off the dominions of the larger States and by uniting to
them petty districts too insignificant to justify independence. Of the
Imperial towns only six remained, the three great Hanseatic towns,
Hamburg, Bremen, and Liibeck, and the great inland towns Frankfort,
VA, The Revolution and Napoleon: Europe. 81
Augsburg, and Niirnberg. The number of electors was raised from
eight to ten by the addition of Salzburg, Baden, WQrtemberg, and
Hesse-Cassel, and the suppression of Trier and Cologne; while the
number of circles was decreased from ten to eight by the disappearance
of the Burgundian Circle and the amalgamation of the two Rhenish
Circles. Bavaria lost the Rhenish Palatinate, Zweibrlicken, and Jiilich.
She gained the bishoprics of Augsburg, Bamberg, Freising, and Wiirz-
burg. She divided with the newly formed electorate of Salzburg parts
of the bishoprics of Passau and Eichstadt, and in addition gained
seventeen Imperial towns, including Ulm, and twelve abbeys and priories
situated mostly in the Suabian and Franconian Circles. Her terri-
tories were thus made more compact, and, in addition, her gains lay
in the most fertile part of southern Germany. The territory of Baden
was also considerably increased, and the Margrave was created an
Elector. Baden acquired the bishopric of Constance and the portions
of the bishoprics of Basel, Speier, and Strassburg, which lay to
the east of the Rhine; part of the Palatinate hitherto Bavarian,
including Heidelberg and Mannheim ; seven Imperial towns, four
abbeys and part of a fifth. The Duke of Wurtemberg became
Elector, and his dominions were enlarged by the acquisition of three
Imperial towns and several abbeys in Suabia. A new duchy was formed
out of the Breisgau and Ortenau by the treaty of December 26, 1802,
between France and Austria, Austria being compensated with the
secularised bishoprics of Trent and Brixen. The landgravate of Hesse-
Darmstadt emerged from the crisis with satisfactory prospects, having
gained, in return for some trifling losses, a narrow strip of territory
between the Lippe and the Neckar, over 2000 square miles in extent, of
which part had been previously held by the old duchy of Westphalia,
the free city of Friedberg, and certain abbeys and villages, and part
had been included in the dominions of the Archbishop of Mainz, the
Palatinate, and the Bishop of Worms. The other branch of Hesse
obtained nothing except the free town of Gelnhausen and the electoral
dignity. The Nassau family were fortunate, especially the ex-Stadholder
of Holland, William V of Orange, who received a principality created
out of the abbacies of Fulda and Corvey and the free city of Dort-
mund. Usingen and Weilburg were united into one duchy by mutual
agreement between the cousins, who were their rulers. Another new
creation of the settlement of 1803 was the principality which was
formed out of Aschafieiiburg and the district round it, the cities of
Wetzlar and Ratisbon, the secularised bishopric of Ratisbon, and three
abbeys, for the Arch-Chancellor of the Empire and Primate of Germany^
Dalberg — who was given the additional title of Elector Arch-Chancellor.
Electoral rank was also given to the Duke of Salzburg, whose dominions
were formed out of the old archbishopric of Salzburg, together with the
priory of Berchtesgaden and a part of the bishopric of Passau.
C. M. H. VOL. XIV, 6
82 VA. The Revolution and Napoleon: Europe.
While Prussia herself coveted Bamberg and Wurzburg, Napoleon
intended to compensate her with Mecklenburg and to transplant the two
Dukes into Westphalia and Franconia. On the refusal of the Dukes to
accept this proposition, Napoleon had to give up his idea of pushing
Prussia east of the Elbe and to put her in possession of the bishoprics
of Paderborn and Hildesheim, a large part of the bishopric of MUnster,
with the town included, the Thuringian possessions of Mainz — Erfurt and
the Eichsfeld — six abbeys, and the cities of Mlihlhausen, Nordhausen,
and Goslar. Hanover obtained Osnabrlick, but lost land to Nassau and
Oldenburg. Oldenburg made gains, which included part of the bishopric
of Miinster. Saxony was not affected. Brunswick-Wolfenbiittel, Salm,
Aremberg, Isenburg, Thurn and Taxis, Lowenstein all survived with slight
territorial changes, and the Teutonic Order and the Knights of St John
were excepted from the widespread secularisations.
92 This consolidation of Germany was a prelude to a drastic reduction
of the power of Prussia and Austria, the expulsion of their influence from
eastern and southern Germany, and a reorganisation of these parts of
Germany as a group of medium-sized States under the influence of France.
In the wars of the third coalition Austria was humbled and suffered
her first heavy losses at Napoleon's hands, while Prussia for the moment
gained. Prussia, at the Peace of Schonbrunn (December, 1805) received
Hanover provisionally, but was obliged to forfeit Ansbach to Bavaria,
Neufchatel and Wesel to France, and Cleve to a Prince of the Empire,
not named in the treaty. Austria, at the Peace of Pressburg (December,
1805) received nothing but Salzburg and Berchtesgaden to set against
her surrender of Venetia, Istria, and Dalmatia (with the exception of
Trieste) to the newly formed kingdom of Italy, Brixen, Trent, Tyrol,
and Vorarlberg to Bavaria, and all her Suabian possessions to Baden
and Wiirtemberg. At the same time, the Emperor renounced all feudal
rights over Bavaria, Baden, and Wiirtemberg, and recognised the com-
plete and undivided sovereignty of the rulers of these dominions, while
Bavaria gained in addition Augsburg and Niirnberg. In this way, by
the end of 1805, a further advance had been made in the policy of
creating several strong but secondary States to check the supremacy of
Austria and Prussia in Germany. In addition, Bavaria and Wiirtemberg
were created kingdoms, and Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt grand duchies.
Bavaria was the chief gainer; but against her gains is to be set her loss
of Wiirzburg, which was given to the Elector of Salzburg in return for
the town of Salzburg, handed over to Austria, and of Berg, which France
desired for herself. Early in 1806 Berg was united to Cleve, increased
by the addition of parts of Nassau and Dillenburg, and formed into a
grand duchy, and Wiirzburg was created an electorate and grand duchy.
On July 12, 1806, the Confederation of the Rhine was formed. It
was a league of German States dependent on France and included, with
the Arch-Chancellor's scattered territories (parts of the dioceses of Mainz,
V A. The Revolution and Napoleon: Europe, 83
Worms and Ratisbon), Bavaria, Wiirtemberg, Baden, Berg, Hesse-Darm-
stadt, Nassau-Usingen, Nassau- Weilburg, HohenzoUern-Hechingen,
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Salm-Salm, Salm-Kyrburg, Aremberg, Isen-
burg-Birstein, Lichtenstein, and the principality von der Leyen. It was
afterwards entered by Wiirzburg, Saxony (which was made into a king- 93
dom),five Dukes of Saxony of the Ernestine lines, three Dukes of Anhalt,
four Princes of Reuss, two of Schwarzburg, two of Lippe, and one
of Waldeck, the new kingdom of Westphalia, Mecklenburg-Schwerin,
Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and Oldenburg. Only Prussia, Brunswick, and
(momentarily) Hesse-Cassel remained outside the Confederation. All
the remaining dukes, counts, and knights were mediatised. They
retained their feudal, but lost their sovereign, rights on their ab-
sorption into the various States, in whose dominions they had held
land. The three remaining Imperial towns, Hamburg, Bremen, and
Liibeck, maintained a precarious existence, till they were incorporated
into the French empire, in 1810-11. On August 6, 1806, Francis II
renounced the title of Emperor Elect, and the Holy Roman Empire
ceased to exist even in name. The virtual loss of more than half its
territories at the formation of the Confederation of the Rhine set the
final seal to its long-impending doom. The historic political system of
Germany was thus destroyed.
While this immense transformation was being worked in Germany,
Italy was passing through a series of kaleidoscopic changes of which 94
some have been already enumerated. In 1802, the Cisalpine and
Novarese republics were converted into the Italian republic. Three
years later, the Italian republic became the kingdom of Italy, and
Napoleon crowned himself King at Milan in May, 1805. The expan-
sion of France into Italy now proceeded apace. In 1805, the Ligurian
republic was annexed; in 1806 the duchies of Parma, Piacenza, and
Guastalla ; in 1808, Etruria for a year only, after which it was given to
Napoleon's sister Elise, who had already received in 1805 Lucca and
Piombino; in 1809 the Papal States west of the Apennines, and, in
1810, the Valais. Thus the frontiers of the French empire reached
those of its dependency, the kingdom of Naples. A further consoli-
dation was carried out by the enlargement of the kingdom of Italy,
to which were added, in 1805, the old Austrian provinces of Venetia,
Dalmatia, and Istria; in 1808, the March of Ancona, and the dis-
tricts of Urbino, Macerata, and Camerino ; and, in 1809, the southern
Tyrol, from Bavaria. In March, 1806, the kingdom of the Two Sicilies
came under French government, being assigned to Joseph Bonaparte,
who relinquished it to Murat, on acquiring Spain in 1808. The map
of Italy was complicated, however, by Napoleon's gifts of duchies to
his generals and ministers. Within the territories of the kingdom
of Italy, twelve new duchies were made by a series of decrees of
March 30, 1806. In Lucca, Parma, and Piacenza, duchies were carved
G-2
84 VA. The Revolution and Napoleon: Europe,
out for four of Napoleon's marshals. Talleyrand and Bernadotte re-
ceived Benevento and Ponte Corvo, papal enclaves in the kingdom of
Naples; and Reggio, Taranto, Gaeta, and Otranto were bestowed on
less well-known men.
When Germany, Switzerland, and Italy had been reorganised, the
Batavian republic converted into the kingdom of Holland (1806), and
Spain placed under the rule of a French king. Napoleon proceeded to
contract further the power of Prussia and Austria. At the Peace of Tilsit,
93 in July, 1807, Prussia was all but crushed. She was left with nothing
but the lands between the Elbe and Oder, East Pomerania, East and
West Prussia, less Danzig, Thorn, and the district of Netze, and Silesia.
With the lands thus seized from Prussia Napoleon built up the new
States he had formed. In January, 1808, the grand duchy of Berg was
increased by the annexation of the Prussian countships of Mark and
Tecklenburg, together with a part of the principality of Miinster and
the county of Lingen. The Rhine fortress of Wesel, which had
previously been included in the grand duchy, was ceded to France.
The new kingdom of Westphalia was formed out of the Westphalian
provinces of Prussia and the southern part of Hanover, together with
Hesse-Cassel and Brunswick. In January, 1810, it absorbed Lauenburg
and the remainder of Hanover. The grand duchy of Warsaw (founded
58 in 1807, but not so styled till 1808) was composed of the Prussian
share in the second and third partitions of Poland (1793 and 1795),
with the exception of Danzig (which became nominally independent,
but was actually occupied by a French garrison), the Bialystok district,
which went to Russia, and Cottbus, which was given to Saxony. The
93 plan on which these States were formed is hard to understand, and
Warsaw never had a defensible frontier till 1809, when, at the Peace
of Schonbrunn, it acquired the Polish lands south-east of Warsaw.
93 The humiliation of Prussia was complete; but Austria had still to
suffer even greater losses. In October, 1809, by the Treaty of Schon-
brunn, she recognised the cession to France of Trieste, Carniola, Fiume,
Monfalcone, the circle of Villach in Carinthia, and all her possessions
on the right bank of the Save as far as the frontier of Bosnia; of
Salzburg, Berchtesgaden, and the Innviertel to Bavaria; of West Galicia
and Cracow to Warsaw; and of the south-east corner of Old Galicia
to Russia, which not only robbed her of her recent acquisitions, but
94 cut in two the Habsburg hereditary possessions. The territory ceded
to France together with Istria and Dalmatia was designated the Illyrian
Provinces and became a part of the French empire, which thus crossed
the Adriatic. Bavaria was considerably affected by this rearrangement.
She ceded southern Tyrol to the kingdom of Italy, and, in addition
to the acquisitions already mentioned, received Baireuth (1810) and
Ratisbon. With Austria thus driven from the Adriatic eastwards,
the settlement of southern Germany and Italy was complete. But in
V A, The Revolution and Napoleon: Europe, 85
Holland and northern Germany the transformation continued. Holland,
which had received East Friesland, was, in 1810, annexed to France.
At the same time France extended her territories beyond the Elbe to
the Baltic, at the expense of Westphalia, Berg, and other members of
the Confederation of the Rhine, in such a way as to obtain command of
the mouths of the Ems, the Weser, and the Elbe. In the new depart-
ments thus formed, the last of the Imperial towns, Hamburg, Bremen,
and Liibeck, were swallowed up.
The political system which Napoleon had thus established in western
and central Europe consisted of a predominant France, which stretched
from the Baltic to the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, and outside of
the bounds of France commanded all the German North Sea, the eastern
Adriatic, and the whole bend of north-western Italy so far south as
Ponte Corvo; of a group of dependent States — the German States
organised in the Confederation of the Rhine, the Swiss Confederation,
the kingdom of Italy, the kingdom of Naples, and the kingdom of Spain;
of the kingdoms of Prussia and Austria, both expelled from western
Europe and reduced to boundaries unknown in their previous history, with
the grand duchy of Warsaw planted between them as a revival of the
old kingdom of Poland. The independence of Portugal had not been
suppressed, nor Sweden driven out of Germany, nor the form of Russia
changed, and neither the Ottoman empire nor Scandinavia had been
reorganised, while Great Britain, though driven from the Continent,
except from Gibraltar, was supreme on the sea and in the colonial world.
In Europe, all centred round the continental supremacy of France.
After the defeat of Napoleon in 1814, and again in 1815, and the 102
overthrow of the French dominion he had established, an attempt was
made to undo his work and to rearrange the political system of Europe
according to a balance of power such as had been constituted in the
eighteenth century. The first problem of the new settlement was
necessarily the position of France.
With a rapidity only equalled by that with which it had been 102,
formed, the great French empire crumbled to pieces, and at the Peace 103
of Paris, to which France had to submit on May 30, 1814, the main
question to be settled was, how far the French frontier should differ
from the frontier of 1792. The following modifications, involving a net
gain of territory amounting to 150 square miles, were finally agreed
upon. In return for a small loss in the department of the Moselle, France
received certain portions of the departments of Jemappes, Sambre et
Meuse, and Saare, which had not been included in 1792. She was
permitted to retain the fortress of Landau, which she had possessed as
an insulated territory in 1792, and given a portion of the departments
of Mont Tonnerre and Bas Rhin, "for the purpose of uniting the
said fortress and its radius to the rest of the kingdom." The Rhine
continued to be the frontier from a spot dose to Landau, special
86 VA, The Revolution and Napoleon: Europe.
arrangements being made, in the event of its altering its course, to secure
the islands to the country that possessed them in 1801 at the time of
the Treaty of Luneville. In the departments of Doubs, Leman, and
Mont Blanc France gained the largest amount of territory, including
the sub-prefectures of Chambery and Annecy. Avignon, the Venaissin,
Montbeliard, and all the insulated territories which had been in
German hands, were declared French, whether they had been occupied
by 1792 or not.
This not unfavourable treatment of France was slightly modified
after the abrupt return of Napoleon and the Hundred Days. By the
settlement, which was arrived at in November of the following year at
the Second Peace of Paris, it was arranged that the frontiers of France
should correspond as nearly as possible with her frontiers in 1790, before
the revolutionary armies had gained even their first successes. This im-
plied the loss of the duchy of Bouillon with Philippeville and Marienburg,
a strip of territory along the river Saare, including Saarbruck and Saar-
louis, the fortress of Landau and the territory in its neighbourhood ; and
the small portion of the French Pays de Gex, which had brought the
French frontier at one point to Lake Geneva, was taken from France
and handed over to the Helvetic Confederacy. Finally, French rights
in Monaco were forfeited in favour of Sardinia.
102 In the attempt which was made at the same time by the Congress
of Vienna to settle the rest of Europe after the shock to which it had
been submitted by the far-reaching designs of Napoleon, the same prin-
ciple was followed, and an effort was made to return once more to the
days before the Revolution, though no fixed date of the eighteenth
century was selected to provide a status quo ante, as in the settlement
of France. In eastern Europe, Poland was once again wiped from
107 the map. Prussia received the grand duchy of Posen, with Thorn and
the surrounding district, her frontier now passing between the two
111 frontiers she had gained at the first and second partitions. Austria
retained the province of Galicia, recovering the district on the extreme
east, which had been surrendered to Russia in 1809. Cracow, together
with a narrow strip of territory round it, was declared neutral and
independent, and guaranteed as such by Russia, Austria, and Prussia.
108 The rest of Poland was irrevocably attached to Russia, and the Tsars of
Russia were to be Kings of Poland. Of the three Powers that at the
close of the eighteenth century had partitioned Poland and now absorbed
it finally, Russia made no further gains at Vienna. Austria recovered
102 all the territory lost at the five disastrous pacifications of Campo
111 Formio, Luneville, Pressburg, Fontainebleau, and Schonbrunn. She was
thus secured in possession of Istria, Austrian and Venetian Dalmatia,
the ancient Venetian islands of the Adriatic, the Bocche di Cattaro,
the city of Venice with its immediate territory, the principalities of
Brixen and Trent, the county of Tyrol, the Vorarlberg, the Austrian and
VA, The Revolution and Napoleon: Europe. 87
Venetian Friuli, Monfalcone, Trieste, Carniola, Upper Carinthia, Croatia
on the right bank of the Save, Fiume and the Hungarian littoral.
The Valtelline, Bormio, and Chiavenna became part of the Austrian 104«
possessions in Italy, which were known collectively as the Lombardo-
Venetian kingdom. Kleck still remained in Ottoman hands, so that
Austria failed to obtain the whole of the Illyrian coast-line; but her
seaboard, extended by the acquisition of the republic of Ragusa, was
considerably larger than it had previously been. At the same time
Austria definitely gave up her position on the Rhine. By one of the
articles of the Treaty of Vienna she was given all the territories in
certain districts on the left bank of the Rhine not otherwise disposed
of; but Metternich used these for exchanges elsewhere. But these 107
losses were trifling in comparison with her gains, and consisted merely
of the cession of Breisgau to Baden and Wiirtemberg, Ortenau to Baden,
and her Suabian possessions to Bavaria.
Enough of the kingdom of Saxony was left to act as a partial barrier 102,
between Austria and Prussia; but Prussia received, under the title of 107
the duchy of Saxony, Lower Lusatia, including Cottbus, the greater
part of Upper Lusatia and the district round the towns of Wittenberg,
Torgau, and Merseburg, all her rights in which Austria renounced.
It would have suited France well if Prussia had been given the
whole of Saxony and offered the opportunity of concentrating herself
as an East German Power, remote from the Rhine and the coveted
provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. But this was not to be. It was
decided to restore to Prussia her territories in western Germany instead.
She recovered Altmark, Cleve, Halberstadt, Upper Gelders, Mark, and
Ravensberg, Magdeburg, Minden, Paderborn, and most of Miinster.
She acquired the greater part of Trier, and that part of Cologne which
lay on the left bank of the Rhine, together with Berg and Jiilich, and
portions of Nassau, Thuringia, and Westphalia. In the north, Sweden
ceded to her at last the remainder of Pomerania, which included Riigen
and Stralsund. By the side of these gains her losses were small. She
handed over to Russia a large strip of territory in Poland, which in-
cluded Warsaw; and she relinquished Hildesheim, East Friesland, Goslar,
Lingen, Osnabriick, and a part of Miinster to Hanover; Ansbach and
Baireuth to Bavaria; and the part of the duchy of Lauenburg which
she had acquired from Hanover to Denmark. She was thus left as
unformed as in the eighteenth century, with her territories scattered
over a large part of Germany, geographically incomplete, and under
the strongest temptations to remedy this defect.
In Germany, next to Prussia, Bavaria underwent the greatest change.
In return for her cessions to Austria she received the duchy of Wlirzburg
and the principality of Aschaffenburg, Ansbach and Baireuth, Niirn-
berg and Ratisbon. On the Rhine, she was given, together with the
sovereignty of the feudal fortress of Landau, territory from the former
88 V A. The Revolution and Napoleon: Europe.
French departments of Bas Rhin, Mont Tonnerre, and Saare, which
became known as the Bavarian Palatinate; and in addition she obtained
the reversion of the Baden share of the Palatinate. Baden emerged
m possession of all she had gained during the Napoleonic wars, including
her portion of the Palatinate roimd Lake Constance, Heidelberg, Mann-
heim, and part of Breisgau. Hesse-Darmstadt, Hesse-Cassel, Oldenburg,
Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Coburg, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and Hesse-Homburg
all received noticeable additions to their territories.
But more important than these territorial changes in Germany
was the political creative work, the formation of the Germanic Confede-
ration, which was finally sanctioned at Vienna. The way had previously
been smoothed at Kalisch, Toplitz, Chaumont, and Paris, where Prussia
had renounced her claims to Hanover, Austria her designs on Bavaria,
and "compensation" and "full and unconditional independence" had
been guaranteed to the various Princes. The constitution, which was
finally presented to Germany, was a confederation formed on the lines
of the Confederation of the Rhine with the addition and inclusion of
Austria and Prussia. Under the presidency of Austria, the Diet was
to be composed of representatives of the following sovereign States :
the kingdoms of Bavaria, Hanover, Prussia, Saxony, Wurtemberg;
the grand duchies of Baden, Hesse-Cassel, Hesse-Darmstadt, Luxem-
burg (the vote being exercised by the King of the Netherlands), Olden-
burg, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Saxe- Weimar; the
duchies of Anhalt-Bernburg, Anhalt-Dessau, Anhalt-Kothen, Brunswick,
Holstein, Lauenburg (the vote being exercised by the King of Denmark),
Nassau, Saxe-Gotha, Saxe-Hildburghausen; the principalities of Hesse-
Homburg, Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Lichten-
stein, Lippe-Detmold, Saxe-Coburg, Saxe-Meiningen, Schaumburg-Lippe,
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Reuss, the older
and younger lines, Waldeck; the free cities of Bremen, Frankfort,
Hamburg, and Liibeck. The enlargement of Prussia and the formation
of the Germanic Confederation were the essential conditions of the
subsequent political changes of Germany.
102 In Italy Napoleon's policy of unification was reversed, and the old
104 order was restored as far as possible. Sardinia was reinstated in her
position of 1792 with slight modifications. Some territory in Savoy
was ceded to Geneva ; while Genoa, now receiving the title of a duchy,
with the Imperial fiefs of the late Ligurian republic, was incorporated
in the kingdom of Sardinia. The provinces of Chablais and Faucigny,
and all Savoy north of the Ugine, were included in the European
guarantee of "the neutrality of Switzerland." Venetia and Lombardy
came once more under Austrian government. The duchies of Modena,
Reggio, and Mirandola were given to Duke Francis IV d'Este; the
duchy of Massa and certain Imperial fiefs in the Lunigiana were given to
his mother and incorporated with Modena at her death in 1829. The
V^A. The Revolution and Napoleon: Europe, 89
duchies of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla were assigned for her hfe to
the ex-Empress Marie Louise ; Lucca fell to her namesake the Bourbon
ex-Queen of Etruria. The Archduke Ferdinand of Austria received
the grand duchy of Tuscany with the Presidi, Elba, Piombino, and
certain late Imperial fiefs, although in Elba and Piombino certain
rights were withheld in favour of Prince Ludovisi Buoncompagni.
The Papal States were restored to the Holy See, the Marches and
Camerino, the duchy of Benevento, the principality of Ponte Corvo
and the legations of Ravenna, Bologna, and Ferrara being again
expressly included. The republic of San Marino alone remained
independent within the sphere of the Pope's temporal domains. The
kingdom of the Two Sicilies reverted without territorial change to
Ferdinand IV.
In Switzerland little change was made. Bern finally gave up her 112
pretensions to sovereignty over Vaud and Aargau, being compensated
by the inclusion in her territory of the bishopric of Basel and the
town and territory of Bienne, and several less important territorial
changes were made among the various cantons. The nineteen cantons
were by the inclusion of Valais, which had recently been a French
department, Neufchatel, which still acknowledged the sovereignty of
the King of Prussia, and Geneva, which was increased by the cession
of territory in Savoy by the King of Sardinia, united into a loose
federal union of twenty-two cantons, with the directorate rotating
in biennial periods between the three most important, Bern, Zurich,
and Luzern.
With reference to Spain and Portugal, the Congress had little to 102
arrange outside of the colonial world. All that Portugal got in return
for her splendid resistance to the French in the Peninsular War was
a promise, never realised, that the town of Olivenc^a, which was retained
in Spanish hands, should ultimately be restored to Portugal.
More important was the settlem.ent of the Netherlands. Two factors 102^
determined the policy of uniting the Belgic Provinces with the United 109
Provinces of the Netherlands, under the title of the Kingdom of the
Netherlands. The need of a moderately powerful kingdom to act as
a buffer between France and Prussia was strongly felt, and some way
had to be found of compensating the Dutch for the loss of colonies to
Great Britain. The kingdom thus formed included the duchy of Lim-
burg and the bishopric of Liege. Prussia was made expressly to renounce
claims to various enclaves. Luxemburg, though not included in the
new kingdom, was made into a grand duchy under the sovereignty of
the King of the Netherlands, and enlarged by the addition of a part
of the duchy of Bouillon.
An experiment similar to that made with the kingdom of the 102
Netherlands was tried in Scandinavia, in the cession of Norway to
Sweden. Denmark, although led to believe that she would receive
90 VB. The Revolution and Napoleon : Greater Europe,
Swedish Pomerania, was forced to look on, while it was handed over
to Prussia, and to be content with the small part of Lauenburg, which
had been given up by Hanover. The duchy of Finland, lost by Sweden
in 1809, remained in Russian hands.
All that England gained in Europe was Malta, Heligoland, and the
protectorate of the Ionian Islands, whilst she consented to the cession of
a portion of Hanover.
B. GREATER EUROPJE.
This period of revolution and change in Europe coincides roughly
•with a period of revolution in her colonies, which led to the foundation
in America of a group of independent States and of a separate political
70 system. It is also characterised by the fact that Great Britain, though
losing a large part of her possessions, nevertheless increased her relative
superiority as the greatest colonising Power, owing to the maritime
supremacy which she gained during the Napoleonic Wars, and the colonial
conquests which this enabled her to make. The colonial revolutions
began in North America in 1778 with the revolt of the thirteen British
colonies. By the Peace of Versailles in 1783 Great Britain recognised the
independence of the thirteen colonies, and thus was formed the first State
of European origin outside of Europe. At the same time she ceded to
them the western lands from the Alleghanies to the Mississippi — a sub-
stantial part of her acquisitions from France in 1763 — which gave them
the natural field of their expansion. As, by this Peace, she also restored
Florida to Spain, she retired altogether from the continental theatre of
the greatest colonising work she has done. In 1789 the revolted British
colonies joined to form the United States of America, and immediately
began their great expansion across the American continent. In 1803
70, 72 they purchased Louisiana from France, to whom it had been restored by
Spain in 1783, and thus brought their frontiers to the Rocky Mountains.
Explorers penetrating to the Pacific down the Columbia in 1792 and
1806 established claims in Oregon which rivalled those of the Hudson
Bay Company. In 1812, the Americans occupied part of Florida, and
in 1819 acquired the whole from Spain. Thus rapidly North America
east of the Rockies passed into their hands. In the north of Louisiana,
by agreement of 1818 with Great Britain, the parallel of 49° was fixed
as the frontier, from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains,
and the joint occupation of Oregon was provisionally agreed upon. As
settlement proceeded in the west, new States were formed, Kentucky in
1792, Tennessee in 1796, Ohio in 1802, Louisiana in 1812, Indiana in
1816, Mississippi in 1817, Illinois in 1818, Alabama in 1819 and Maine
in 1820. The expanding population of the country enabled the
Americans to hold securely the vast dominion which had passed so
easily into their hands.
VB. The Revolution and Napoleon: Grr eater Europe, 91
In Spanish America, as the result of a series of revolutions, Mexico, 106
including Texas, made herself independent in 1821, and Texas freed
herself from Mexico in 1836. A group of small States was formed in
Central America — Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, San Salvador, and
Costa Rica. In South America, Venezuela and New Granada formed
the republic of Colombia in 1819, to which Quito was added in 1822,
but which divided in 1830 into the three republics of New Granada,
Venezuela, and Ecuador. Chile established her independence in 1818,
the Argentine in 1816, Uruguay in 1828, Paraguay in 1811, Peru in
1821. In 1825, Upper Peru became a separate republic under the
name of Bolivia. Brazil proclaimed its independence of Portugal
in 1822.
Thus in America Portugal lost all her possessions; Spain, all, lOO,
except Florida, which she retained till 1819, and her West Indian lOl
Islands ; France lost Hayti, which established its independence in
1793, but recovered Louisiana which she held till 1803; Great Britain
lost all except her West Indian Islands, her part of Honduras,
Hudson's Bay, Newfoundland, and part of the territory which she
had conquered from France in 1714-63, viz. Acadia, at this time
called Nova Scotia, Canada, and the adjacent islands. But, while
Great Britain lost by these wars of colonial independence, she greatly
increased her colonial empire during this period at the expense of
other European Powers and by new colonising efforts. At the settle-
ment of 1815, she gained, in the West Indies, Trinidad, St Lucia,
and Tobago, taken from France ; in South America, part of Dutch
Guiana; in Africa, the Dutch settlement at the Cape of Good Hope;
in the Indian Ocean, Mauritius, the French naval base in the
East, with its dependencies Rodrigues and the Seychelles; in India,
Ceylon and Cochin, with its dependencies on the Malabar coast, taken
from the Dutch. She had, also, in 1788, annexed New South Wales and
begun the colonisation of Australia, and in 1815 she occupied Ascension
Island. These were the lasting changes which followed many transfers
of possessions during the course of the war.
In India, the British power was preserved and much increased.
Warren Hastings not only guarded our position in northern India
through the disastrous War of 1778-83, but made new if small ac-
quisitions. By the end of the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain had
secured herself finally against her European rivals in India, and, by
a series of wars with the native Powers and extensive additions to
her territories in northern and southern India, had made herself the
dominant Power in the whole country. But the course of her expan-
sion, little connected relatively with the transformation of Europe or
the revolution in the colonial world, is best related consecutively in
another connexion.
92
SECTION VI.
SINCE 1816.
A. EUROPE.
141 Since the settlement of 1815, the political system of Europe has been
modified in important ways. In central Europe the national spirit
brought about the union and consolidation of races politically divided ;
in north-west and south-east Europe it broke the political ties which
bound together peoples naturally separate. The unification of Germany
and Italy may be traced to the same motive force, which upset the unions
of the Belgic and the United Provinces, of Norway and Sweden, and
liberated the diverse nations of the Balkan peninsula. The fresh vitality
of France and the almost unchecked advance of Russia were also inspired
by the same national self-consciousness. The States of Europe are not
the same as the nations ; but the tendency to assimilate the two has been
the strongest influence shaping the political system of Europe in the
nineteenth century. No State such as was ruled by Charles V in the
sixteenth century, by Sweden, Spain, and Austria in the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries, or by Napoleon in the nineteenth, has been formed
in Europe since 1815.
107 The greatest of the changes that transformed the political system of
Europe in the nineteenth century was the formation of the German
Empire under the leadership of Prussia, which gave, for the first time in
modern history, a real political unity to the majority of the German
people. This was brought about, on the one hand, by the steady increase
of Prussian power and influence in the Germanic Confederation, and, on
the other, by the growing desire for closer union that animated the
nation ; and it involved the important consequence that Austria was
excluded from that German world in which for centuries she had played
the most prominent part. For fifty-one years the Germanic Confedera-
tion continued to exist. Within its bounds, however, the process of
unification made itself evident on the map as well as in the minds of
the people. A few insignificant States disappeared, and their disappear-
ance showed a changing attitude towards the political independence
of the various individual States. In 1826 Saxe-Gotha was incorporated
VIA, Europe since 1815. 93
with Saxe-Coburg, and Saxe-Hildburghausen with Saxe-Meiningen. In
1853, the duchy of Anhalt-Kothen was united with that of Anhalt-
Dessau ; and, on the extinction of the line of Anhalt-Bemburg in 1863,
the third branch was absorbed into what became the single duchy of
Anhalt. In 1866, on the extinction of the male line of the reigning
house of Hesse-Homburg, the landgravate was annexed to Hesse-
Darmstadt. But this arrangement was not to last for long; for in
the same year Hesse-Homburg was claimed and acquired by Prussia.
Prussia also absorbed Lichtenberg in 1834, and HohenzoUern-Hechingen
and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, the cradle of the ruling dynasty, in
1849. In 1837, on the death of William IV, the old dynastic connexion
of Hanover with Great Britain was broken, and a foreign influence in
Germany, which was no longer of importance in fact, ceased to exist
even in name.
The political union of Germany under Prussia was foreshadowed by
an economic union brought about under the same leadership. The
origin of the Zollverein may be seen in the convention between Prussia
and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen signed in 1819. Rival customs' unions
were formed by Wiirtemberg in conjunction with Bavaria, and by
Saxony ; but they failed to survive, and were in the end absorbed. In
1828 Hesse-Darmstadt and Anhalt joined the Prussian Union, and in
1831 Hesse-Cassel. At the beginning of 1834 Bavaria joined, and the
union henceforth became German rather than Prussian in conception.
Later, in 1834, Saxony and the Thuringian States came in; Baden,
Nassau and the city of Frankfort followed in the next year, Waldeck
in 1838, and Luxemburg in 1842. In 1851, the Northern League,
which included Hanover, Brunswick, Oldenburg, the two Lippes, the two
Mecklenburgs, and the three Hanse towns, collapsed. Only the Austrian
dominions were now excluded ; apart from these the Zollverein created
by Prussia embraced the whole of Germany. The small territorial
acquisitions of Prussia, and the formation of the Customs' Union on
her initiative, were among the facts which stamped Prussia as the future
leader of Germany. Three distinct Wars mark the stages in which she
carried out the task of uniting Germany in an empire in which she was
to possess the dominant power. The first of these Wars arose about
SctJeswig-Holstein.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, both Schleswig and 107
Holstein were still united to the Danish Crown, although they retained 116
their position as independent duchies. The two duchies were closely
connected with each other ; but Holstein alone was included in 1815 in
the Germanic Confederation. In 1848, the duchies renounced the
sovereignty of the King of Denmark, and established a provisional
government. But, in 1852, by the Treaty of London, the sovereignty of
the King of Denmark was reasserted by the Powers. On the plea of
a breach of this treaty, Austria and Prussia intervened in 1864, and,
94 VI A, Europe since 1815.
by the Treaty of Vienna of October, 1864, the King of Denmark
renounced his rights over the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and
Lauenburg in favour of Prussia and Austria. This rather vague
arrangement was supplemented in 1865 by the Convention of Gastein,
by the terms of which Prussia was given the administration of Schleswig,
and Austria the administration of Holstein ; Lauenburg was secured
by Prussia in return for a money payment to Austria, but was not
incorporated in Prussia for eleven years. This agreement brought
Austria and Prussia into direct contact with each other in the two
duchies ; and in 1866 the two claimants for the leadership of Germany
since the time of Frederick the Great terminated their rivalry in a war
in which Austria was defeated. By the Peace of Prague, which was
concluded in August, 1866, the political conditions of Germany were
transformed, and Prussia gained a great increase of power. Saxony,
though nominally independent, became little more than a vassal State.
Hanover (with East Friesland), the electorate of Hesse, Nassau, part of
the grand duchy of Hesse, Hesse-Homburg, and Frankfort-on-the-Main,
were annexed. Austria resigned all rights over the duchies of Schleswig
and Holstein, which were thus permanently acquired by Prussia, and
promised to cede Venetia to Sardinia; the Germanic Confederation
was dissolved, and Austria excluded from the new North German Con-
federation which was set up in its stead ; Austria concurred in the
formation of a South German league, bounded on the north by the river
Main. On June 19, 1867, the constitution of the North German
Confederation was adopted by the Diet. The Confederation consisted
of twenty-two members — Prussia (which included Lauenburg as well as
her other new acquisitions), with the presidency and seventeen votes ;
Saxony with four ; Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Brunswick with two each ;
and the other States — Hesse (confined to those parts which were situated
north of the Main), Saxe- Weimar, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Oldenburg,
Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Anhalt, Schwarz-
burg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Waldeck, Reuss (elder
line), Reuss (younger line), Schaumburg-Lippe, Lippe-Detmold, Ltibeck,
Bremen, and Hamburg with one vote each. The customs' union included
the same territories, with the exception of the three Hanse towns,
which were left free ports. The South German Confederation was never
actually formed. In 1867-8 Baden, Bavaria, and Wiirtemberg entered
into a military and economic union with the North German Con-
federation ; and under the influence of the national feeling aroused by
the War of 1870, these three States and the part of Hesse south of
the Main applied separately for union with the North German Con-
federation, which they entered in 1870. The creation of a German
Empire having been previously ratified by the North German Con-
federation and the Diets of the southern States, the King of Prussia
was on January 18, 1871, hailed at Versailles as Emperor of a united
VI A, Europe since 1815. 96
Germany. The territories of the Empire were declared to be the same
as those of the North German Confederation, with the addition of the
rest of Hesse, Bavaria, Baden, and Wiirtemberg. Bavaria was given
six votes, Wiirtemberg four, Baden three, and Hesse two. Thus was
the union of Germany accomplished, and the part played by Prussia
was recognised in Article XI of the constitution, which declared that
" The Presidency of the Confederation belongs to the King of Prussia,
who bears the name of German Emperor."" By the Treaty of Frankfort, 118
May 10, 1871, France ceded Alsace and Lorraine to the German empire.
It was no longer to Prussia, as was the case with Schleswig and Holstein,
that cessions were made. The new German territory included the
important towns of Metz and Strassburg; but an exception was made
of Belfort and the surrounding district, which was retained by France.
Alsace-Lorraine, though sharing the Federal Constitution of Germany,
was given no vote in the Bundesrath, but administered by a vicegerent
appointed by and responsible to the imperial Government.
Since 1871 the German empire has been steadily consolidating itself.
In 1884, the line of Brunswick became extinct, and the duchy, still
remaining a separate federal State, was given to a Hohenzollern prince.
In 1890, the island of Heligoland was ceded by Great Britain and
incorporated in the Prussian administrative division of Schleswig-
Holstein. The political and fiscal frontiers of Germany do not exactly
coincide. By 1888, the Hanse towns had all entered the fiscal union, so
that no part of the Empire is excluded ; but the Zollverein also includes
Luxemburg and two Austrian communes which are not within the
political frontier.
In Italy, the settlement of 1815 was even less enduring than in 104
Germany. Italy was destined to undergo the greatest change which
she has known in modern times, for she was to gain independence of
foreign rule as well as unity. Some minor changes preceded this
revolution in her political conditions. Massa- Carrara reverted in 1829
to Modena, in accordance with the arrangements made in the Treaty of
Vienna ; and, in 1847, on the death of Marie Louise, Lucca, with the
exception of Lunigiana and Pontremoli, was restored to Tuscany, while
Parma reverted to Louis de Bourbon.
The kingdom of Sardinia played the same part in the union of Italy
which Prussia played in the formation of the German empire. But,
owing to foreign dominion in Italy, the union of Italy was not achieved
with the rapidity which characterised the union of Germany. In 1859
Sardinia drove the Austrians from Lombardy, and the cession of this
province was secured. In accordance with the Convention of Plombieres,
by which Sardinia in the event of becoming sovereign over a people
numbering eleven millions undertook to cede Savoy to France, Cavour
gave up to France the province which had been the cradle of the
reigning dynasty. Napoleon HI, uneasy at the growth of so formidable
96 VI A, Europe since 1815.
a Power across the Alps, claimed also Nice, and, in March, 1860, the
double cession was made. In the same year, Tuscany, Parma, Modena,
the Papal States with the exception of the Patrimony of St Peter,
Naples, and Sicily, were annexed to Sardinia. The surrenders west of
the Alps brought the House of Savoy completely into Italy ; while the
new annexations offered the most striking illustration of that tendency
of Savoy to move eastwards which had been manifested by all her
previous history, and assured the union of Italy under her leadership.
In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II assumed for himself and his successors
the title of King of Italy, and the capital was fixed at Turin, till its
removal to Florence in 1865. By the Treaties of Prague and Vienna,
1866, which concluded the A us tro -Prussian War, Venetia was united
to the kingdom of Italy. Thus, in 1866 only the Patrimony of St Peter,
with Rome, was needed in order to make the union of Italy com-
plete. In September, 1870, Rome fell into the hands of the Italian
patriots, and the temporal authority of the Pope, which had lasted for
eleven centuries, and had offered the strongest obstacle to the formation
of a united Italian State, came to an end. In July, 1871, Rome became
the seat of government of the new kingdom of Italy. Thus, in 1871,
united Italy took her place among the Great Powers. She has made
no further territorial gains or losses in Europe.
103 Certain modifications in the frontiers of France, resulting for the
most part from these changes in Germany and Italy, may here be
enumerated. In 1860 Savoy and Nice were incorporated. In 1861 the
principality of Monaco surrendered the greater part of its territory,
including Mentone and Roccabruna, and was thus cut down to the
narrowest limits. In 1871, the loss of Alsace and Lorraine deprived
France of her cherished contact with the Rhine, and with those South
German States over which she had so long exercised a strong political
influence. Thus, while France has advanced to the Alps in the south-
east, she has receded from the Rhine in the middle east.
105, ^^ the Balkan peninsula, during the nineteenth century, a process of
119, disruption has brought into being a group of independent States, while
120 the territories of the Ottoman empire have been still further diminished
by the annexations of Russia, Austria, and Great Britain. Greece,
Servia, Wallachia and Moldavia (under the name of Roumania),
Montenegro and Bulgaria, have made themselves independent ; Russia
has advanced almost to the Danube ; Austria has encroached on the
north-west ; and Great Britain has preyed on outlying possessions which
were material to her maritime power.
The kingdom of Greece was the first of the new States to be formed.
In 1827, the Treaty of London established the autonomy of Greece, and,
in 1829, at the Treaty of Adrianople the Sultan recognised her indepen-
dence. In 1830, the frontier of Greece was fixed from the river Aspro
to the Gulf of Volo, and, in 1832, it was extended on the west coast up to
VI A, Eui^ope since 1815. 97
the Gulf of Arta. In addition to the mainland territory she received
the islands adjoining the Morea, Euboea and the Cyclades. The Crown
was bestowed on Otho, son of the Duke of Bavaria, who assumed his
office in 1833. Since achieving her independence, Greece has made some 120
territorial acquisitions. In 1864 Great Britain handed over to her the
Ionian Isles, over which she had maintained a protectorate since 1815,
though giving up, in 1819, Parga, the one continental possession of
these islands. In 1881 Greece acquired Thessaly and a portion of
Epirus from the Ottoman empire. In 1897, however, she restored
certain strategic positions in the former province. Along the Danube
three independent kingdoms have been established by the once subject
nations. Servia received administrative autonomy in 1817, and, in 1826, 105
was granted complete tributary independence. By the Treaty of Berlin 119
she threw off finally Ottoman control, and gained also an extension of
territory which is described in another connexion. In 1881, she became
the kingdom of Servia, and in 1882 acquired Pirot and certain other
places from Bulgaria. Bulgaria was created an autonomous but 119
tributary principality in 1878, and, after the successful revolution at
Philippopolis in 1885, was much enlarged by the addition of Eastern 120
Roumelia, which had enjoyed administrative autonomy since 1878, as
South Bulgaria. Roumania was formed by the union of the provinces 105
of Moldavia and Wallachia, which were made tributary States in 1858,
and, choosing the same ruler, were united in 1861. Her complete inde- 119
pendence was recognised in 1878, and in 1881 she became the kingdom
of Roumania. The indomitable Montenegrins, who had long claimed
freedom in the security of their mountains, also obtained the definite
recognition of their independence in 1878. Montenegro became a
kingdom in 1910.
The Treaty of Berlin of July, 1878, which modified the preliminary 119
Treaty of San Stefano, had so much importance in determining the
extent as well as political position of these new States, and forms so
prominent a landmark in the history of the Ottoman empire, that its
territorial rearrangements demand a separate and connected considera-
tion. By the Treaty of San Stefano, Bulgaria had been formed into an
enormous tributary principality. It embraced Eastern Roumelia, a large
block of territory east of Adiianople, and a great part of Macedonia
itself, with the coast opposite the island of Thasos — thus stretching from
the Black Sea to the Aegean — an arrangement which left to Turkey little
more than Albania and Constantinople. At Berlin the drastic treatment
of the Ottoman empire was modified. The "big Bulgaria" was not
formed and the territory added to Bulgaria was restored to the Porte,
though Eastern Roumelia was given administrative autonomy. Roumania
gained little. She was compelled to restore to Russia a strip of Bess-
arabia which Russia had surrendered to Moldavia in 1856, but she
received, by way of compensation, the Dobrudja with a frontier rectified
C. M. H. VOL. XIV. 7
98
VI A, Europe since 1815.
to the south. Servia, by the terms of San Stefano, had been increased
to the south-west. At Berlin, this addition was taken away and replaced
by a somewhat larger piece of territory to the south-east, which had, at
San Stefano, been given to Bulgaria. As for Montenegro, the terms of
San Stefano had extended her frontier enormously and given her a sea-
board parallel and equal in length to Lake Skutari. At Berlin, this
sea-board and the other territorial additions were nearly halved. In
1880, however, Montenegro succeeded in extending her diminished
sea-board by the acquisition of Dulcigno in exchange for the Albanian
towns of Gusinje and Plava.
The greater part of the losses of the Ottoman empire have thus
been due to the internal revolutions and other causes which have led to
the creation of new States. But some important cessions have also been
made to the Great Powers in continuation of the process by which,
since the decline of the Ottoman empire began, they have resumed its
108 conquests. By the Treaty of Bucharest, in 1812, Russia obtained
Bessarabia and advanced her frontier to the Pruth and the Lower
Danube. By the Treaty of Adrianople, in 1829, she added some islands
at the mouth of the Danube — her furthest advance in this direction —
and received also a strip of territory in Asia Minor, including the
important city of Achaltsik. By this addition, Russia still further
consolidated her power in the Caucasus, already increased by the cession
of a part of Armenia by Persia at the Treaty of Turkmanchay in 1828.
115 At the conclusion of the Crimean War, in 1856, Russia, by the Peace
of Paris, restored to Turkey the Danube delta obtained in 1829, and to
Moldavia a narrow strip of Bessarabia, thus losing her position on the
119 Danube. At the Treaty of Berlin, Russia recovered this strip of
110 Bessarabia and received Kars and Batoum in the Caucasus. Austria
111 made no acquisitions from Turkey until 1878, when she took over the
administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina. These two provinces
became thereby virtually parts of the Austro-Hungarian empire, though
formal sovereignty was not assumed till 1908. Great Britain restored
Egypt to Ottoman rule in 1815 ; but she retained the Ionian Islands, as
mentioned above, until 1864, when she presented them to Greece. By
110 the Convention of Cyprus in 1878 she took over the administration of
Cyprus, and in 1882 she intervened in the affairs of Egypt and has
since remained in occupation of that country. Nor is this the sum of
Turkish losses, for, in 1898, the other great Levantine island, Crete,
received autonomy. Yet, in spite of all its losses by conquest, revolu-
tion and occupation, and in spite of the creation of a group of
kingdoms, representing the once subject nations, the Ottoman race
still preserve the seat of their empire in Europe, and govern a large
Christian population in their diminished territories.
109 The union of the Belgic and United Provinces of the Netherlands,
made in 1815, lasted till 3830, when the Belgic revolution resulted in
VIA. Europe since 1815. 99
the creation of a kingdom of Belgium separate from Holland. Between
the two States Luxemburg became a cause of dispute. By the Congress
of Vienna, Luxemburg had been left in a curious position. It was a
member of the Germanic Confederation ; but the sovereignty and civil 107
government were vested in the King of the Netherlands, who exercised
its vote. The fortress was declared a federal fortress, the appointment
of the governor being given to Prussia, which provided the larger part
of the garrison. The first arrangement made on the disruption of the
union of the Belgic and United Provinces of the Netherlands was that
of January, 1831, by which the whole of the duchy of Luxemburg was
given to the new kingdom of the Netherlands. The eighteen articles of
June virtually reversed this decision. The maintenance of the status
quo, which these demanded, meant the retention by the Belgians of all
Luxemburg except the fortress, and all Limburg except Maestricht. It
was finally decided, by the Treaty of November, that limburg and the
east part of Luxemburg should be restored to the diminished kingdom
of the Netherlands, while the west part of Luxemburg should remain
under Belgian rule — an arrangement to which the Dutch King refused
his assent till 1839. Only that part of Luxemburg retained by the
Netherlands which included the fortress remained within the Germanic
Confederation. On the formation of the North German Confederation,
Luxemburg was not included in it, on the ground that it was attached
to a foreign Power. But Prussia still maintained her right to garrison
its fortress. In May, 1867, an agreement was arrived at, by which
Luxemburg was declared an independent State under King William III,
but politically separate from Holland, and guaranteed as neutral by the
Powers ; Prussia was to withdraw her garrison and the King of the
Netherlands to destroy the fortifications. In 1866, on the dissolution
of the Germanic Confederation, Limburg was incorporated with the
Netherlands. Luxemburg retained the position assigned to it in 1867
till 1890, when, by the death of William III, its dynastic tie with the
Netherlands was broken. By the Salic Law, Queen Wilhelmina was
incapable of succession, and it passed to the next male heir.
Another union made by the Congress of Vienna — that of Norway 141
and Sweden — lasted for ninety years. In June, 1905, the two kingdoms
separated by mutual consent.
The expansion of Russia in the nineteenth century was almost un- 108
checked, and her frontiers advanced in every direction. In the north-
west, by the acquisition of Finland and the Aland Islands at the Peace
of Frederikshamm in 1809, she completed her hold of the eastern Baltic,
and her frontiers here have since remained unaltered. Finland still
remains an autonomous State, though its constitutional position is a
matter of dispute. By the settlement of 1815, the grand duchy of
Warsaw, diminished by Posnania, Danzig, East Galicia, and Cracow,
was renamed the kingdom of Poland, and handed over to Alexander's
7-2
100 VI A, Europe since 1815.
protection. After the unsuccessful rebellion of 1831-2, the position of
Poland was changed, and she has now become the "Russian provinces of
the Vistula." The frontier is purely conventional and independent of
geographical considerations ; but it has remained unaltered up to the
present day.
Unlike the northern and western frontiers, the south-western has seen
continuous change, though little expansion. Religious and national
feeling — the Panslavist sentiment — have combined with the political
and economic aim of reaching the Mediterranean to make this a region
of conflict. In this direction, also, Russia has advanced to the sea — the
goal of nearly all her expansion. The Treaty of Bucharest (1812)
brought this expansion to the Pruth and the Lower Danube; the Con-
vention of Akkerman (1826) confirmed this; the Treaty of Adrianople
115 (1829) included in it the islands of the Danube delta. This last
acquisition was lost at the Treaty of Paris (1856), together with a narrow
119 strip of Bessarabia on the left bank of the Danube. At the Congress of
Berlin (1878), the strip of Bessarabia was recovered and the frontier
advanced to the position of 1812. The south-eastern frontier has been
no less changing, and Persia, the Ottoman empire, and the Cossacks
have all lost territory to Russia. Conquests in the neighbourhood of
Daghestan, carried Russian dominion along the Caspian. The Treaty
of Turkmanchay (1828) deprived Persia of the khanates of Erivan and
Nakhitchevan, and gave to Russia the sole right of navigation on the
Caspian Sea. In the following year, the Treaty of Adrianople, between
Russia and the Turks, confirmed the Russian possession of Anapa,
Poti, and part of the pashalik of Akhaltsikh. In 1834, trifling re-
adjustments were made in the Kars-Akhiskha district. In spite of the
capture of their great fortress, in 1845, the Caucasian Cossacks kept
up a stubborn resistance to Russian aggression. But, in 1859, the
southern highlands in the district of Daghestan were occupied by Russia,
and, after five years' further fighting, the Circassian or Kuban district
110 was conquered. The Congress of Berlin, in 1878, rectified the southern
boundary of the Caucasian region. Turkey finally ceded Kars to Russia,
together with Ardahan and Batoum, which was to remain a free port.
The preliminary Treaty of San Stefano had also arranged that the
fortress of Bayazid and a valuable strip of territory on the trade route
to Trebizond should be ceded to Russia. But the Congress of Berlin
refused to ratify this. Since 1878, the south-eastern frontier of Russia
has remained unchanged. Russia has, in a sense, drawn the region of
the Caucasus into Europe, but has not used it as a base of expansion
into Asia Minor or Asia. Her conquests east of the Caspian will be
mentioned in another connexion.
VI B, CrT eater Europe since 1815. 101
B. GREATER EUROPE.
In studying the political changes which have occurred outside of 140
Europe in the course of the nineteenth century we have to trace, first,
the expansion of the United States and the political formation of Latin
America; next, the uninterrupted growth of the British empire in all
continents — in particular, the formation of the British empire in India,
and, parallel with it, the expansion of Russia in northern and central
Asia; thirdly, the general extension of colonial activity which has
brought many new Powers into the colonial world and led to the
partition of Africa and the Pacific Islands and the penetration of
the East by European influence.
Since 1820, the United States have expanded north and south to the 72
Pacific Coast, and have added a small colonial dominion. First came
the definition of their northern frontier with British North America. 127
In 1842, by the Webster- Ashburton Treaty, the boundary between
New Brunswick and Maine, which had been in doubt since the Peace of
Versailles, was at last arranged. The United States gained most of the
land in dispute, and were left with a frontier which projected so far into
New Brunswick as to impede the direct connexion between the Canadas
and the maritime Provinces. In 1846, Oregon was divided between
the two countries along the 49th parallel from the Rockies to the
Pacific, Vancouver Isle being left to the English. This partition,
however, still left uncertain the ownership of the islands in the strait
that divides Vancouver from the mainland of the United States. In
1872, by arbitration, the Juan de Fuca channel was fixed as the boundary
between Canada and the United States. The south-western expansion 71
of the United States was continued in 1845, when Texas, a Mexican
State, which had established its independence of Mexico in 1837, was
admitted into the Union. A war with Mexico resulted, at the conclusion
of which, by the Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, 1848, Mexico recognised
the Rio Grande as the boundary of Texas, and ceded New Mexico and
Upper California to the United States, which thus came into possession
of an enormous area of country, including the present States of California,
New Mexico, New Arizona, Utah, and parts of Wyoming and Colorado.
The process of expansion in the south-west was completed by the purchase
of a tract of some 45,000 square miles south of the river Gila, which
gave to the United States an improved frontier in this quarter. This
completed the continuous expansion of American territory. In addition
the United States in 1867 purchased Alaska from Russia, whence arose
another boundary dispute with Great Britain. . The boundary between 127
Alaska and Canada was fixed by an Anglo-Russian treaty in 1825. But
it was doubtful whether that treaty intended the boundary to follow
102 VI B. Greater Europe since 1815.
the general contour of the coast or pass round the heads of the inlets.
By arbitration, in 1903, the latter alternative was decided upon, and
the United States thus gained control of the main sea approach to the
140 Klondyke gold-fields. Outside of America, the United States added
a colonial dominion in Hawaii and Guam, in 1898, the Philippines and
75 Porto Rico, taken from Spain, at the Peace of Paris, in the same year,
and the Samoan island of Tutuila and its dependencies, in 1900.
With the progress of settlement new States were formed : Missouri
in 1821, Arkansas in 1836, Michigan in 1837, Texas and Florida in
1845, Iowa in 1846, Wisconsin in 1848, California in 1850, Minnesota
in 1858, Oregon in 1859, Kansas in 1861, Nevada in 1864, Nebraska in
1867, Colorado in 1876, Washington, Montana, North Dakota and
South Dakota in 1889, Idaho and Wyoming in 1890, Utah in 1896,
and Oklahoma in 1907, Arizona and New Mexico still remaining
73 Territories. In the course of its expansion the existence of the United
States was thrown into jeopardy by the division of the country on the
question of slavery. In 1861 the southern States seceded and formed
a new Confederation, which included Virginia, the two Carolinas, Ten-
nessee, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas.
After a struggle of four years, 1861-5, the new Confederation succumbed
to the northern States and its members were one by one readmitted to
the Union. During the struggle, a part of Virginia, which adhered to
the North, was separated from the remainder and formed into the State
of West Virginia (1863).
134^ Latin America has been gradually taking shape during the course of
135 the nineteenth century. Mexico has lost territory to the United States :
71 first, by the secession of Texas in 1836, which entered the Union in 1845 ;
secondly, by the cession in 1848 of California and New Mexico and the
sale of a piece of territory south of the river Gila in 1853. In Central
America, half-hearted attempts at federation failed, and six separate
States were formed, viz. Honduras, Nicaragua, San Salvador, Costa Rica,
Guatemala and Panama. Panama was at first a member of the United
States of Colombia. In 1855 and 1862 it obtained a large degree of
autonomy, but remained in the federation until 1903, when it definitely
seceded. In that year, also, it granted to the United States a belt of
land for the construction of the Panama Canal. Colombia itself divided
into three republics, in 1830 — New Granada, Venezuela, and Ecuador ;
in 1863 New Granada took the name of United States of Colombia.
Peru was divided, in 1825, by the formation of Upper Peru into the
Republic of Bolivia. Bolivia had, until 1883, a frontier on the Pacific,
but, by the Peace of Ancon in that year, it lost to Chile the province of
Tarapaca and parts of two other provinces. Chile grew by this addition
from Bolivia and after disputes with the Argentine. The dispute between
Chile and the Argentine was settled in 1881, when both shores of the
Straits of Magellan were given to Chile, and the boundary between the
VI B. Greater Europe since 1815. 103
two States was fixed northwards from lat. 52 " along the highest crest
of the Cordillera which divide the waters." Both Venezuela and Brazil
have had disputes with British Guiana, which have been settled by
arbitration. The South American States have not yet attained a fixed
form, for a part of Ecuador still remains in dispute.
In the West Indies the principal change has been the disappearance
of the power of Spain. In 1898 Spain lost Cuba, whose independence
she recognised, and surrendered Porto Rico to the United States. Her
part of Santo Domingo established its independence in 1820, merged
itself in Hayti in 1822, freed itself in 1844, passed back to her in 1861,
and became once more independent in 1865.
The expansion of the British Empire has proceeded with great
rapidity since 1815. In North America, the limits of her possessions 126
have been fixed by the series of agreements with the United States
already referred to. Out of the group of colonies which she possessed 101
on the continent the Dominion of Canada has been formed, by a
steady process of union. In 1840, Upper and Lower Canada were 12T
united ; in 1858, British Columbia was constituted ; in 1867 the two
Canadas, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick entered into a confederation,
which Prince Edward's Island joined in 1870, and British Columbia in
1871, and which purchased the territories of the Hudson Bay Company
in 1869, thus gaining a transcontinental extent. In this north-western
territory of Canada have been formed the new provinces of Manitoba,
in 1870, and Saskatchewan and Alberta, in 1904. Newfoundland remains
outside of the Dominion. In the West Indies, dominion has been
neither lost nor gained. In South America, a long dispute between
British Guiana and Venezuela was settled by arbitration in 1899, and
a dispute between that colony and Brazil in 1904. In Australasia, 128
the first settlement was made at Sydney in 1788, and the colony of
New South Wales was formed. Tasmania was proclaimed in 1825,
Western Australia in 1829, South Australia in 1836, New Zealand in 129
1841, Victoria in 1851, and Queensland in 1859. The six Australian
colonies united to form the Commonwealth of Australia in 1900. New
Zealand remains a separate Dominion.
In South Africa, advancing from the Dutch colony of the Cape of 133
Good Hope acquired in 1806, and ceded by the Dutch in 1814, Great
Britain has gained a large dominion reaching into Central Africa, and
including the new colonies and dominions of Natal, the Transvaal, the
Orange Free State, Rhodesia, and British Central Africa. The Transvaal
and the Orange Free State were formed by the trekking of the Dutch
from the Cape, after 1836. The independence of the Transvaal was
recognised by the Sand River Convention, in 1852, and that of the
Orange Free State by the Convention of Bloemfontein, in 1854. The
Transvaal was annexed in 1877, to be granted independence again in 1881,
and both States were finally annexed in 1900. Meantime, the Cape of
104 VI B, Greater Europe since 1815.
Good Hope was steadily enlarged from the Fish River to the Keiskama
in 1819, and to the Kei and in the north-east by the inclusion of
Queen Adelaide Province, temporarily in 1831-6, and finally in 1846 —
though the territory between the Keiskama and the Kei, called
British KafFraria, was not annexed to the Cape Colony until 1865 —
by Basutoland from 1871 to 1884 ; by further additions from KafFraria
in 1876-9 ; by Griqualand West with Kimberley in 1880 ; by Walfisch
Bay, annexed by the British 1878, in 1884 ; by the remainder of British
KafFraria to the frontiers of Natal in 1884-7 ; and by the southern part
of Bechuanaland, annexed by the British in 1885, in 1895. Natal was
formed in 1844, and attached to the Cape till 1856. To it Zululand,
which had been brought under British protection in 1879, and declared
British territory in 1887, was added in 1897, St Lucia Bay having been
annexed in 1884. Rhodesia, a great territory north of the Transvaal,
was acquired by Cecil Rhodes, and transferred to the British South Africa
Company 1888-90. Its frontier on the south was fixed at the Limpopo,
by agreement with the Transvaal in 1890, and on the north-east, by
agreement with Portugal in 1891, was made to include Mashonaland.
In 1910, the four South African colonies — the Cape of Good Hope,
Natal, the Orange Free State, and the Transvaal — formed a single State
as the Union of South Africa.
122 Perhaps the greatest of the imperial efforts of Great Britain has been
the formation of her Indian empire. From the beginnings made in the
eighteenth century, she has advanced with little interruption, until today
the whole of India and Burma is either under her direct administra-
tion, or, where native States remain, under her control ; and its frontiers
are flanked by buffer States whose political relations she supervises.
64 The acquisitions made by Clive laid the foundations of her power
in northern India. Warren Hastings obtained Benares from Oudh
in 1775, Nagore from Tanjore, and Guntur from the Nizam in 1778,
and, by the Treaty of Salbai, the islands of Salsette and Elephanta,
99 in 1782. In 1792, Cornwallis took from the Sultan of Mysore one-half
of his dominions, of which the British retained the Malabar coast,
with Calicut. In 1799, Mysore was once more partitioned. The central
portion of the State was handed over to a native Hindu ruler. Parts were
given to the Nizam and the Mahrathas. The coast up to the Portuguese
possession of Goa, including Mangalore, was annexed by Great Britain.
In 1800, the principality of Tanjore, and in 1801 the Carnatic, were
placed under direct British administration, and thus the Madras Presi-
dency was formed almost as it has remained until the present time. In
1801, Oudh surrendered Rohilkhand and the districts of Allahabad
and Korah. The conquest of Mysore, in 1799, secured to the British an
uninterrupted dominion from east to west of the peninsula as well as the
control of the sea-coast in southern India. It left no serious opponent of
British power in India, save only the Mahratha confederacy, whose chiefs
VI B, Greater Europe since 1815. 105
ruled at Poona, Nagpur, Gwalior, Indore, and Baroda, and whose united
dominions stretched from Mysore to the Jumna, and from Kathiawar
to the Gulf of Kutch. Occupying the centre of India, they contended
for dominion in north and south — in Hindustan and the Deccan. The
British acquisitions from the Mahrathas began in 1802, when the Peshwa
of Poona, by the Treaty of Bassein, came under British protection and
ceded some districts in Bundelkhand. After a struggle with the other
Mahratha princes, Sindhia ceded all his territories north of the Jumna,
the Rajah of Nagpur Kuttack and his other lands in Orissa, as well
as Berar to the Nizam, the Gaekwar Ahmadabad and his part of Gujerat.
By these additions the British made themselves the strongest Power
amongst the States and races of India — the only Power capable of giving
to it unity and to its peoples protection. Mysore had been destroyed,
the Mahratha confederacy broken, the Ganges valley brought under
British control. Oudh was encircled by British territory, and the British
frontier marched with that of Sindhia in Upper India. The British
possessions in Madras were linked up with their possessions in Bengal,
British territory stretched north-west from Bengal to the mountains, with
a frontier resting on the Jumna, and almost the whole of the Indian
littoral was under British control. The great Mohammadan States,
Haidarabad, Oudh, and Mysore, were dependent. But, while the British 122
had been made supreme in India, they had found no tenable frontier —
no satisfactory limit to their expansion. Moreover, their position was
Aveak. TheBombay Presidency was cut off from the others. The frontiers
of their possessions were extensive, and communication was difficult
between the various parts. The attempt to limit conquest, to establish
a balance of power, and to separate British India from native India,
failed. In central India no stable political situation had been established.
On the northern frontiers of British territory the Nepalese encroached.
To secure this northern frontier and to resettle central India was the
work of Hastings. By the Treaty of Segauli, in 1815, the British
annexed the north-west corner of Nepal, and brought Sikkim under
their protection, thus advancing on the south-east and south-west into
the outer ranges of the Himalayas, the hill country that overhangs
Rohilkhand and the North-West Provinces. Simla was among their
acquisitions on this occasion. In 1817-8, wars with the Pindaris and
the Mahrathas enabled the British to make a settlement of central and
south-western India. In 1818, the dominions of the Peshwa were
annexed to the Bombay Presidency. Ajmir, Asigarh, and a part of
Gujerat were taken from Sindhia ; Holkar surrendered territory round
the river Tapti, and the Rajah of Nagpur nearly all his territories north
of the Mahanadi and the Nerbudda. This great settlement, which
crushed the Mahratha Power, the only possible rival of the British in
India, marks a very definite point in the formation of the British
dominion. Since, in 1815, Ceylon had been definitely ceded by the
106 VI B. Greater Europe since 1815.
Dutch, and Mauritius by the French, European rivalry was no longer a
danger. The whole sea line of India was in British hands. The contest
with the native States was ended — all the minor principalities of
Rajputana and of the Mahrathas recognised the British suzerainty.
The Deccan was under British control, as well as Hindustan from the
frontiers of the Punjab east to the frontiers of Burma. The British
empire was firmly established ; but it was to be further consolidated by
Dalhousie, 1848-56, and its expansion east and west was to continue.
Between 1818 and 1848 a number of acquisitions were made: in
1820, the coast between Kolaba and Goa; in 1822, Bijapur (near
Sholopur) and Ahmadnagar from the Nizam ; in 1830, Mysore (until
1881, when it was restored to native government); in 1834, Coorg;
in 1841, Kurnool; in the same year, the Assam Duars, lying on the
east of the Bhutan Duars, and comprising about one-third of them;
and, in 1843, Kolaba. After the first Sikh War, in 1845, the Jalandhar
Doab between the Sutlej and Ravi was annexed, the Punjab brought
under British protection, and Kashmir made an autonomous State
in alliance with Great Britain. But it was the work of Dalhousie
to create substantially the India of today. By annexing the Punjab,
in 1849, he brought British India into touch with Afghanistan, and so
indirectly into touch with Russia; while, on the east, by occupying
Sikkim in 1850, he brought it into touch with Tibet and China. He
added the lower districts of the Irrawaddy in 1852, which was to lead
on to the conquest of Upper Burma. Within the interior of India, he
annexed Satara near Bombay in 1848, Jhansi, a Mahratha State, in
northern India, in 1853, and the great central tract of India known as
Nagpur, in 1854, whose territories constitute nearly four-fifths of the
present Central Provinces. In 1853, Berai', or the Assigned Districts,
was handed over by the Nizam. The last and greatest of his acqui-
sitions was Oudh, annexed in 1856. The work of Dalhousie thus gave
greater unity to British territory in India, and extended it east and west.
The results of the Mutiny confirmed the long process of conquest and
consolidation, and carried it to its logical issue in the transference of
India definitely to the Crown of Great Britain. The Moghul Emperor
disappeared from Delhi, the last Mahratha Peshwa from Cawnpore, and
the East India Company, in whose name the great work had been done,
surrendered the government of India directly to the Crown. It was a
natural corollary of this that, in 1877, the British Empire of India was
proclaimed.
Since 1858 there have been few annexations within the Indian
peninsula. The Government of India has been occupied mainly with
the problem of defending the British position and possessions by securing
strong frontiers to India and encircling them with a belt of protected
States. The interior acquisitions have been the Panch Mahals (near
Baroda), 1860, Lalitpur (south of Jhansi) and the district to the south
VI B. Greater Europe since 1815. 107
of Bhutan known as the Ambari Fallakotta, 1859-60, and the Bengal
Duars, of which the eastern part had been annexed in 1841, in 1865.
The external acquisitions have been much more extensive.
The protection of the British dominions in India has involved,
necessarily, the protection of the routes of communication with it and
the consequent annexation of various strategic points on those routes.
In addition to Gibraltar, acquired in 1713, and Malta acquired in 1802, 100
the British Government in 1815 retained the Cape of Good Hope,
Ceylon, and Mauritius, and occupied Ascension Island. The Suez Canal 132
was opened in 1869, and Great Britain seized an opportunity in 1877 to
obtain a financial interest in it, which led on to her joint occupation of
Egypt with France in 1882 ; whence arose the British Protectorate of
Egypt recognised by France in 1904, and the conquest of the Egyptian
Sudan in 1896-9. Cyprus was taken into British occupation in 1878; 110
a protectorate was declared over Somaliland at the mouth of the Red 130
Sea in 1884, which has been maintained, though the interior was
abandoned in 1910. Aden, just opposite, was acquired in 1838, and
Perim Island in 1857. From Aden to the Persian Gulf, Great Britain 124
exercises a certain police supervision, and over the Persian Gulf she
definitely declared a protectorate in 1903. In 1907 Russia recognised 124
her prior interests in south-eastern Persia. Thus, British communi-
cations with India have been guarded by a line of possessions and
protectorates.
The expansion of British rule on the north-western frontier of India 1 24
may next be considered. The great colonising movement which Russia
has carried on from Moscow into Central Asia led the British, early
in the nineteenth century, to look beyond the actual frontiers of India
and to interest themselves in Sind, the Punjab, Afghanistan, and Persia.
The mountainous country of Afghanistan, over whose historic passes
conquerors and traders have descended into India, had by its geographical
position and its strategic importance a great interest to the British.
The attempt made, from 1837 to 1842, to form an alliance with or to
conquer Afghanistan ended in disaster, but led to the annexation of Sind 122
in 1843, by which British dominion was established on the Lower Indus,
a base acquired for further operations in north-western India, and the
whole Indian littoral brought into British hands. The final annexation 122
of the Punjab in 1849 carried the British frontier to the Afghan hills.
Meanwhile, Russia advanced across the Kirghiz steppes, and gained 136
control of the routes of communication with Central Asia. She came
into touch with Afghanistan and Persia on the west, at the moment
when the British came into contact with Afghanistan and Baluchistan
on the east. The Russian, like the British, empire^ sought a secure
frontier. The dominions that Russia annexed in Central Asia were as
large as British India, though their population was small. She occupied
Tashkend in 1864, Samarkand in 1868, Khiva, virtually, in 1873.
108 VI B, Greater Europe since 1815.
122 In 1876, the British, by the Treaty of Jacobabad, came to an agreement
with Baluchistan. By this, Baluchistan with its passes up to the
Persian frontier passed under British control, and the British established
themselves at Quetta. It was a protection of the southern part of the
north-western frontier of India. A war with Afghanistan, in 1878-80,
secured to the British the control of the Afghan passes into India, and
brought Afghanistan under British protection. In 1885-7 a boundary
commission settled in conjunction with Russia the north-western frontier
of Afghanistan. Between Afghanistan and India, from Baluchistan to
Chitral, along the spurs of the hills, was a zone of territory occupied by
tribes who owned the suzerainty of the Ameer. In 1893, this territory
was brought under British control by agreement with Afghanistan, and,
in 1895, Chitral was annexed. In 1907, the two rival Powers in Central
Asia made a settlement of their differences. The integrity of Persia
was recognised, but it was divided into three spheres — a northern, which
included the more important provinces and cities, in which the British
would seek no political concessions ; a southern, adjoining the frontiers
of Afghanistan and Baluchistan, from which Russia would similarly be
excluded, and a central, open to both Powers. Afghanistan was left
as a buffer State under British protection, and Russia was excluded from
it. Tibet was recognised as under the sovereignty of China, it being
agreed that neither Power was to seek influence there, though the
British retained certain limited rights under the Treaty of Lhassa and
the Anglo-Chinese Convention of 1904. In 1902, an alteration of the
Tibetan frontier gave the British some 350 square miles.
125 The expansion on the eastern frontier of India has borne some
similarity to that on the west. On the west, Sind and the Punjab have
been acquired, Baluchistan and Afghanistan have become protectorates,
and an agreement has been made with Russia as to spheres of influence
and frontiers. Similarly, on tlie east, Assam and Burma have been
annexed, the Shan States have become protectorates, Siam has been
neutralised, and an agreement reached with France as to frontiers. But,
while on the west the British have not extended their conquests outside
of India, on the east they have added quite a new region in Indo-
China. Into this region they advanced first in 1826. By the Treaty of
Yandabu, they acquired the kingdom of Assam, with Manipur and
Kachar, and the provinces of Arakan and Tenasserim, with Martaban
and Moulmein. The King of Ava retained the valley of the Irrawaddy.
This gave the British all the Burmese sea-board, except the province of
Pegu, and effectually secured their eastern frontier, which had hitherto
been the Brahmaputra valley, except where they had gone beyond it in
the province of Chittagong. In 1852, a further advance was made, and
the province of Pegu at the mouth of the Irrawaddy, with Rangoon, was
acquired. It was an important acquisition. It gave the British the
whole sea coast of Burma, whence it was easy to advance up stream to
VI B, Greater Europe since 1815. 109
Mandalay. In 1886 this advance was made, and Upper Burma was
annexed. It embraced a wide territory from the Irrawaddy to the
Salwin. Meanwhile, the French were also established in Indo-China.
In 1859, they occupied Saigon ; in 1862, the provinces of Saigon, Mytho,
and Bunhoa in Cochin China, and the islands of Pulo Condore ; in 1863,
they proclaimed a protectorate over Cambodia, and, in 1867, occupied the
three provinces of western Cochin China to the south-west of Saigon.
In 1863-5 they made conquests in Tonkin, and by the Treaty of Hue
with Annam, in 1884, and that of Tientsin with China, in 1885, they
brought Annam and Tonkin under their protection.
After threatening war in 1893, the French gained a better frontier
with Siam, which ceded a large territory, so that the Mekong became a
French river. By agreement with the English, in 1896, Siam was divided
into three spheres, of which the eastern was to be the French sphere
of influence, the western the British, and the central, the basin of the
Menam, to be neutral. The dismemberment of Siam was thereby pre-
vented, and the British secured their protectorate over the provinces
adjoining their frontier. By a further treaty between Great Britain
and France, in 1907, Siam ceded to France Battambang, Siem-reap, and
Sisophon, in return for Dansai and Kratt, as well as all the islands
situated to the south of Chemling including Koh-Kutt. A further
agreement placed the Malay States of Kelantan, Trengganu, and Kedah
under British influence. Thus, a zone of protected or neutral States
separates Persia, Russia, China and France from the immediate posses-
sion of Great Britain, and forms the real frontier of India.
Within India, France and Portugal still retain a peaceful foothold — 122
Portugal in Goa, Diu, and Damaun, France in Pondicherry, Karical,
Yanaon, Mahe, and Chandernagore. The Danes sold their possessions
of Tranquebar and Serampur to Great Britain in 1845.
The British share in the partition of the Pacific Islands and of 140
Africa will be mentioned later. Of strategic possessions necessary to
her maritime power she acquired the Straits Settlements, in 1785-1819,
Singapore, in 1819, Aden, in 1838, Hong-Kong, in 1841, Cyprus, in
1878, Wei-hai-wei, in 1898, while she ceded Heligoland to Germany,
in 1890. In south-eastern Asia, she expanded her power by acquiring 139, 140
Labuan, in 1846, the Malay States, in 1874, North Borneo, in 1878-81,
a part of New Guinea, in 1884, and Sarawak and Brunei, in 1888.
The rapid growth and formation of this far extended and heterogeneous
empire resting on maritime power is the greatest of the changes in the
colonial world in the nineteenth century.
Of the other great colonial Powers of earlier centuries, Russia alone 136
was continuously active during the nineteenth century. In Central Asia
she advanced her frontier southwards to meet Persia and Afghanistan,
which now form buffer States between the Russian and British empires
in Asia. In the Far East she advanced uninterruptedly until, attempting
110 VI B, Greater JSurope since 1815.
to encroach on China and to find a better outlet to the sea, she was
repulsed by Japan. The proximity of northern Asia to Russia, its
geographical character and its scanty population, on the one hand, and
Russia's need of a defensible frontier, of new markets, and of more
territory for her growing population, on the other, explain the ease,
the continuity, and the vast extent of these conquests. In the later
eighteenth century, Russia was extending her control over the Kirghiz
hordes west of the Urals. In 1822, they were placed within the sphere
of the Governors of Orenburg and Western Siberia. In 1842, the
Amu Darya was brought under Russian influence; by 1853, the Sil
Darya ; by 1865, all the territory between the Aral Sea and Issik Kul.
Thus eastern Turkestan was subdued. In 1868, Bokhara ceded the
district of Zarafshan, with the important town of Samarkand, and became
itself a dependent State. In 1873, Khiva was conquered, and, in 1876,
Khokand was made a province of Turkestan under its ancient name
Ferghana. Thus, Russian dominion has been extended almost round the
Caspian. Meanwhile, in 1870, Russia occupied the Kuldja district of
China, but evacuated the eastern portion of it in 1881. In that year, also,
the Turkoman Tekkes on the north of the Afghan frontier were subdued
and Western Turkomania was annexed, the boundaries with Persia being
arranged by treaty with Persia. In 1884, the Turkoman tribes round
about Merv were coaxed into obedience. Difficulties about the Afghan
frontier were settled by the Anglo-Russian boundary commission in 1885,
which gave to Russia the greater part of the district which she disputed
with Afghanistan, including the oasis of Penjdeh, and by another Anglo-
Russian commission of 1895, which settled disputed questions in the
124 Pamirs. A general settlement of the political position in central Asia
was made by the Anglo-Russian agreement of 1907 already referred to,
which maintained the integrity of Persia, and recognised the pre-
dominant interests of Russia in the northern provinces, but closed to her
Afghanistan and Tibet. Of Russian expansion in eastern Asia we shall
speak in another connexion.
130 An increased interest in colonisation shown by the various Great
Powers has led, in recent years, to the extension of European sovereignty
over the greater part of Africa and the Pacific. Apart from the move-
ments of the Dutch in South Africa, and of the French in Algeria,
there was little extension of European colonisation in Africa between
1815 and 1875. The British made little of their West African settle-
ments. But they extended their possessions in Sierra Leone in 1861,
acquired Lagos in the same year, and consolidated their power on the
Gold Coast by the purchase of the Danish forts, in 1850, and of the Dutch,
in 1871. The Portuguese acquired Portuguese Guinea and the Bissagos
Islands in 1885, St Thome and Principe in 1879. The French occupation
131 of Algeria began in 1830 with the capture of Algiers. At first restricted
to points on the coast, it was gradually extended to include the territory
VI B, Greater Europe since 1815. Ill
north of the Atlas Mountains by 1848. Between 1848 and 1870, France
extended her dominion to the northern Sahara. In 1881, the Treaty of
Bardo with the Bey of Tunis admitted her protectorate over Tunis.
Meanwhile, she continued to advance south, and, in 1900, occupied
Insalah, Touat, and Gourara on the frontiers of Morocco, which gave
her command of the Sahara. In 1884, Germany declared a protectorate
over the coast of Damaraland and Namaqualand, except Walfisch Bay, 130
which the British had annexed in 1878. In the same year she also
annexed Togoland and the Cameroons. The action of Germany hastened
the partition of Africa. The Berlin Conference called in 1884 recognised
the Congo State which King Leopold of Belgium had founded in the
basin of the Congo. After this there was a rapid occupation of territory
by the various Powers and a constant delimitation of frontiers. In western
Africa, on the Senegal, France had been extending her power since 1855.
She acquired the Upper Senegal, and in 1881 established a protectorate
over the left bank of the Upper Niger. She occupied points on the
coast between the existing settlements of the English and Portuguese,
and linked these up with her interior possessions, acquiring by 1891 the
whole of the Ivory Coast. She overthrew the kingdom of Dahomey and
occupied Timbuctu in 1892-4. Thus the French secured the Upper
Niger and much of the country within its great bend, and prevented
the expansion of the older English and Portuguese settlements from
the coast into the interior. From the Lower Niger, the English, by
Treaties with Gando and Sokoto in 1885, gained access to the Benue
and Lake Chad. The French from the west, the English up the Niger,
the Germans from the Cameroons, divided the central Sudan by a series
of agreements, 1886-1906. In north-western Africa the largest share
has fallen to the French. From the Mediterranean in the north and
the Atlantic in the west to Darfur in the east and the Congo, where
they first gained a footing in 1839, in the south, their dominion stretches,
enveloping the older settlements of other Powers. Morocco remains
unconquered, and Liberia, in the south-west of the great bend of Africa,
is an independent negro republic. Spain holds Tiris, where she pro-
claimed the protectorate of Rio Oro in 1884, the English their historic
West African settlements, to each of which they have added a small
hinterland, and the protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria at
the lower course of the Niger, in which Lagos is now included. The
Germans have territory in Togoland and the Cameroons, and Portugal
has still a foothold on the coast between Cape Roxo and the river Cajet.
Otherwise, the vast interior and the remainder of the coast has passed to
the French. In eastern Africa, the Germans, in 1885, acquired territory
in Zanzibar, where also the English established claims. By a series of
agreements the dominions of the Sultan of Zanzibar and the hinterland
passed to these two Powers. In 1886, the Sultan's territories were
confined to a narrow strip of coast, of parts of which both Powers
112 VI B. Greater Eui^ope since 1815.
obtained leases. In 1888, Germany acquired a lease of the Sultan's
territory from the Rovuma to the Umba, and in 1890 bought the
territory leased to her. She surrendered her claims to the coast between
Witu and the river Jub, giving up all claims north of the British
boundary at the Umba. The northern limit of her territory was carried
from the Victoria Nyanza to the Congo State, thus excluding her from
the Upper Nile, and a line was drawn on the south between Lake Nyassa
and Lake Tanganyika, dividing her possessions from British Central
Africa. The British Government declared a protectorate over the
islands of Pemba and Zanzibar, in 1890. The Upper Nile fell mainly into
the hands of the British, who acquired Uganda, in 1890-4, conquered
the Egyptian Sudan, in 1898, and thus prevented the French from
extending thither their west African empire. In 1894, the British leased
a tract of territory, the Lado enclave, to King Leopold II, and thus
brought the Congo State also to the Nile, which territory on the death
of King Leopold returned to the British. In the basin of the Congo,
the Congo State was formed in 1884. By conquering the Arabs in
Central Africa, in 1890-3, and by a series of astute diplomatic agree-
ments, King Leopold steadily expanded its frontiers. In 1908, it
133 was transferred to the kingdom of Belgium. In south Africa, the
British advanced from the Cape Colony to the Upper Zambesi, and,
west of Lake Nyassa, north to Lake Tanganyika. The Portuguese
dominions of Angola in the west and Mozambique in the east, though
they have been enlarged, were thus separated. In 1875 the Portuguese
received Delagoa Bay, which was in dispute with the British. An agree-
ment of 1891 fixed the frontiers of Portuguese and British territory
inland. German south-west Africa has gained a considerable hinter-
land and at one point reaches the Zambesi. Its frontiers were fixed by
agreements with England in 1885 and 1890, and with Portugal in 1896.
On the Red Sea France established herself at Obok in 1862 and 1883,
Italy at the Bay of Assab in 1870 and 1882, whence she has expanded
to Obok, and established the dependency of Eretrea. Abyssinia remains
independent. Somaliland was divided between England and Italy.
The British protectorate over Somaliland was declared in 1884 ; Italy
acquired her territory in 1889. Thus, save for Morocco, Liberia, and
Abyssinia, the whole of Africa has passed under European control.
131 Even in Morocco, the principal seaports, since 1906, have admitted
French or Spanish or Franco-Spanish garrisons.
139 The recent partition of the Pacific Islands began with the annexation
by France of Tahiti and the Marquesas in 1842, and of New Caledonia
in 1853. The British annexed Fiji in 1874, and in 1887 established a
joint control of the New Hebrides with France. The United States
appeared in 1878, when they acquired Pago Pago in the Samoas,
Germany, in 1884, when she annexed parts of northern New Guinea.
In 1885 and 1886, Germany, France, and Great Britain came to a
VI B, Greater Europe since 1815. 113
general agreement as to their respective spheres of influence. The
German sphere included a large area in Micronesia and western
Melanesia, in proximity to the Dutch Indies, and including the Carolines,
Marshalls, part of the Solomons, and northern New Guinea. The French
claimed a sphere of influence in Melanesia, of which New Caledonia was
the centre, and another in Polynesia, of which the Society Islands were
the centre. The English sphere extended from south-east Melanesia
and Micronesia over Polynesia, almost enveloping the French. In 1892,
Great Britain annexed the Gilbert and Ellice Islands ; in 1893 the
Southern Solomons ; in 1898, Santa Cruz and the Swallow group. In
1900, she established a protectorate over the Tonga Islands ; in the same
year she obtained Choiseul, Isabel, with the islands in Bougainville
Straits, and Lord Howe''s group was transferred by treaty from Germany.
In 1902 and in 1906 she renewed her joint control of the New Hebrides
with France. The Manihiki and Cook Islands were placed under the
government of New Zealand in 1902. The United States annexed
Hawaii in 1898; and, in 1899 (Great Britain relinquishing her claim^^-^,^-(f op M^'ni. ^
they divided the Samoas with Germany. In 1899, Germany boughj^\]^\^-- '^ — — "^C.
Spanish rights in the Carolines and Pelews. / ' / / st. rr/c
In the Far East, the record of political change has been different^xajid^ ^^LL^r
while it presents some likeness, oilers also a great contrast to the changes ^
which we have just narrated. There has been the same steady pressure
of advancing Europe ; but the resistance of the Asiatic Powers has been
much stronger and more successful, and the uprising of an Asiatic
State — the Japanese empire — in a manner unique in modern history has
checked the expansion of Europe. While the commercial penetration 138
of China has progressed slowly throughout the century, her actual
territorial losses have been small. Almost inaccessible to most of the
Powers of Europe, except by the sea, and strong in her sea-board pro-
vinces, she has maintained the bulk of her empire intact, though a
number of ports have been opened, and some ceded, to the aggressive
importunity of Europe. In 1841 Great Britain acquired Hong-Kong, 140
which was confirmed to her by the Treaty of Nankin in 1842. To this
she added, in 1860, a portion of the township of Kowloon, and, in 1898, a
further portion of the Chinese coast opposite Hong-Kong, to increase the
security of the colony. Over Sikkim she established a protectorate in 122
1850, though it was not acknowledged by China until 1890. On the 125
frontiers of Burma, she ceded Munglem and Kwanghung to China in
1894; but, after China had, in the following year, ceded a portion of this
territory to France, Great Britain obtained Kokang and Wanting as
compensation in 1897. When Russia leased Port Arthur and Talienwan
in 1898, Great Britain leased Wei-hai-wei, a strong position on the other
side of the Gulf of Pechili, for so long a time as Russia should keep Port
Arthur — and she still retains it. Other Powers also have had their shares.
France, as has been already explained, took Annam and Tonkin in 1884, 125
0. M. H. VOL. XIV. g
114 VI B. Greater Europe since 1815.
Laos in 1893, and leased Kwang-chow-wan in 1898 ; in which year, also,
186 Germany leased Kiaochau. But Russia, with her long contiguous
frontier, naturally attempted the most ; and her field of operations lay
on the north-east provinces. From the barren regions of Kamschatka
she moved southwards, in the nineteenth century. She gained control of
the mouth of the Amur and of part of Saghalin Island, in 1854. By the
Treaty of Aigun, in 1858, and a further convention, in 1860, she definitely
acquired all the land on the left bank of the Amur and the sea-board so
far south as the Tumen. Thus her frontiers touched Korea, and her terri-
tories half encircled Manchuria. Vladivostok was then founded at the
most south-easterly point of the Russian empire. In 1867 Russia sold
Alaska to the United States, and thus withdrew from North America,
where she had ac()uired an extensive coast-line in competition with the
Hudson's Bay Company; but her southward advance in Asia continued.
In 1867, she improved her position in Saghalin Island, and in 1875 ac-
quired the whole, in exchange for her claims in the two most southerly of
the Kurile Islands. Her outlet to the sea in the ports of Nicholaievsk
and Vladivostok, icebound for a part of the year, was inadequate for the
development of the vast territory she had acquired ; and she turned her
eyes to the Gulf of Pechili, and sought concessions in the great northern
province of China, Manchuria, and the dependent kingdom of Korea
137 with its excellent harbours. But the rise of Japan had created a new
situation. To Japan, owing to her geographical situation and ex-
panding population, Korea was a first line of defence and a great field
of commercial and industrial interests. A competition between the two
Powers ensued. Japan, in 1895, in the Treaty of Shimonoseki, took
from China the Liao-Tung peninsula, Manchuria's and north-eastern
Asia's best outlet to the sea, Formosa and the Pescadores Islands, and, in
addition, established the independence of Korea ; but she was compelled
by the protests of Russia, Germany, and France to restore the Liao-Tung
peninsula to China. In 1898, Russia acquired Port Arthur and Talienwan,
and, in 1900, she occupied Manchuria. She thus offered a strong barrier
to Japanese expansion, and planted herself in a commanding position
against China. By the Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905, which ended the
Russo-Japanese War, Russia evacuated Manchuria, which was restored
to China, and surrendered the Liao-Tung peninsula, and the southern
half of Saghalin Island, to Japan. Korea was placed under the control
of Japan, and was annexed to the Japanese empire in 1910. Thus
rapidly, Japan gained an extensive territory on the mainland of the
continent, and terminated an episode which her success has rendered
unique in the history of European colonisation.
The point to which this brief summary has been brought offers no
natural break in the history of territorial change. Both in Europe, and
in the Greater Europe extended over the globe which Europe has formed.
VI B, Conclusion. 115
there has been throughout modern history an unceasing ilux of power,
with its consequent transference of territories and rearrangements of
frontiers. No political equilibrium has yet been reached, nor any
lasting balance of power established. So long as some States rise in
wealth, population and efficiency, while others decline or remain
stationary, so long, in a system of competing States, formed on no fixed
principles, there must be constant disturbance in the balance of real
power, leading to transfers of political sovereignty. It is not within
the scope of this historical sketch to discuss present political tendencies;
but it finds a natural conclusion in a brief description of the position to
which this long series of changes has led. Europe presents today a
form which it has not previously borne in modern history. It consists
of a group of States, which, though they do not coincide with its
geographical or ethnographical divisions very exactly, yet bear strong
marks of having been formed under their influence. As compared with
other continents, the number of States is very large for its area and
population, partly because of the operation of the principle of nationality,
which has divided more States than it has united, and partly because of
the subjugation of other continents to its influence. The States of
Europe are the product not only of its racial and geographical divisions,
but also of the political instincts of its peoples, and of the hopes, fears
and precautions of the more powerful members of its system. For the 141
first time in our survey of Europe as a whole we see a German empire,
possessing a real unity, and exercising a political influence commensurate
with the numbers, wealth and civilisation of the German people.
Occupying the north-central plains of Europe and the greater part of
the valleys of the Vistula, Oder, Elbe, Weser, Ems, and Rhine, it
finds its sea outlet in the Baltic and the North Sea. It embraces
neither the whole German people, nor all the territory which, in north-
central Europe, once owned the sway of the Holy Roman Empire.
Outside of Europe, its great activities are feebly represented in the
unimportant islands of the Pacific and the undeveloped sections of
Africa which are its sole colonial possessions. The train of events which
began in the connexion of the Burgundian inheritance with the Crown of
Spain ended in the complete detachment from the German empire of an
extensive strip of land on the North Sea surrounding the mouth of the
Rhine. Today this rich territory forms two States — Holland, with her
national distinctness, her tradition of independence and her ancient
colonial dominion in the West Indies and in the great islands of the
Malay archipelago, and Belgium, the creation of the national spirit and
of diplomacy, owing her existence, her wealth, and her colonial empire in
Africa to the industries and the politics of the nineteenth century — both
of them small States, whose independence helps to preserve the balance
of power. Adjoining Belgium and. the German empire, but far from
the Rhine, is Erance, with her unity unimpaired, weaker on her eastern
i 8-2
116 VI B, Conclusion,
frontier than Louis XIV found her, stronger in the south-east than the
Revolution left her. Outside of Europe, the French race is established
in a part of Canada ; but the French colonial dominion lies in north-
western Africa and the south-eastern corner of Asia. Through a century
of political stress, the Iberian peninsula has preserved its political divisions
unchanged. But neither Spain nor Portugal retains any dominion in
America, the seat of their colonial power, though their tongue and race
remain in the South American nations over which they formerly held sway.
Portugal still retains parts of Africa and certain points in the East;
but the first and strongest of colonial empires, the Spanish, has almost
altogether passed away. Italy, like Germany, appears as a single State,
for the first time in modern history. She has strong natural boundaries
in sea and mountains and embraces nearly all the Italian people. In
Africa, she has made the beginnings of a colonial dominion. Switzerland
holds the mountainous heart of Europe. In central Europe, the Austrian
empire comprises a compacter body of territory than the Habsburgs
ever ruled, but preserves the composite character of their empire.
German, Czech, Magyar, and Slav are the chief among the many races
united within its bounds. For so large a State, the outlet to the sea, on
the rocky coast of the eastern Adriatic, is insufficient, hard to defend,
and difficult of access. In the Balkan peninsula, a group of States,
representing once subject nations, watch for the decline and fall of the
empire from which they have wrested their freedom. Montenegro holds
a secure position in the midst of her mountains, with a narrow outlet to
the Adriatic through Austrian territory at Cattaro and through her
own at Dulcigno and Antivari. Peloponnese, Thessaly and many
of the Aegean islands are embraced in the kingdom of Greece, the first
of the freed Christian kingdoms of south-eastern Europe. The three
kingdoms of Roumania, Bulgaria, and Servia flank the Danube. Servia
holds a triangular area, resting on the Danube, with the Austrian
province of Bosnia on the one side and Bulgaria on the other. Bulgaria
stretches from Servia east to the Black Sea, and includes a chain of the
Balkan mountains and the fertile plains to the south. Roumania lies to
the north of the Danube, and holds the mountain and rich plain land
from the Austrian Carpathians to the Black Sea south of the Russian
frontier. Curtailed, on north and south, by the formation of the new
kingdoms, the Ottoman empire, nevertheless, still holds a large strip of
the Balkan peninsula from the Adriatic to the Dardanelles and the
Bosporus, and controls the narrow seas that divide Europe from Asia.
Stretching over a continuous area in three continents, it possesses a
unique position, girdling the eastern Mediterranean. The centre of its
dominion is in Europe, the bulk of its territory in Asia, and the fringes
of its empire extend along the northern coast of Africa. Russia holds
the greatest continuous expanse of territory which has fallen to any
modem State. In Europe, she stands at the furthest limit of her
VI B, Conclusion, 117
extension. She holds the eastern Baltic from Tornea to Memel, as
Prussia holds the southern Baltic, and the Black Sea littoral from the
mouth of the Danube to the frontiers of the Ottoman empire south of
the Caucasus. In Finland, Poland, and the Caucasus, she has flanked
her territory with subject nations, difficult to govern and impossible to
absorb. Over the vast expanses of northern and central Asia she has
crept from the Urals to the Hindu Kush and the Pacific Ocean, making
one mighty empire of eastern Europe and northern Asia, which
struggles against the historical difficulty of Russia, an inadequate outlet
to southern seas. In Scandinavia, the political situation reproduces that
which preceded the Union of Calmar. Denmark has been curtailed by
the loss of Schleswig and Holstein, and has no footing in the Scandi-
navian peninsula, which Norway and Sweden divide along the line of its
natural parting, while Sweden has lost her dominion beyond the Baltic.
The Scandinavian nations have played a part in the extension of
European influence over the globe ; but their work is not represented in
any important possessions, save the large Danish island of Iceland. The
position of Great Britain in Europe has remained almost unchanged.
The cession of Heligoland to Germany, and of the Ionian Islands to
Greece, has weakened her position in the North Sea and the Adriatic;
but she retains the Channel Isles, and in Gibraltar and Malta she still
holds the more important securities of her Mediterranean power. On the
other hand, the immense expansion of her empire in America, Asia, Africa,
and Australia has formed one of the greatest political developments of
the nineteenth century and coupled with the growth of the United States
has given the Anglo-Saxon race a predominant position outside of Europe.
At the dawn of modern history, the political power of the European 1 40
States was confined within the borders of their own Continent. The
brief indications we have already given show how vast a part of the
world has now passed under their control. Africa, carved and cut up,
without regard to its ethnography or geography or existing civilisations,
must be regarded as a mere appendage to Europe, in which has been
reproduced the complicated political colouring of Europe. France has
crossed the Mediterranean to Algeria, whence she has spread her power
into the interior, westwards to the Atlantic, eastwards to Egypt, and
southwards to the Congo. Great Britain holds various small areas in
western Africa, the greater part of southern Africa, and an almost con-
tinuous dominion stretching through the continent from the Cape of
Good Hope to the mouth of the Nile. The northern littoral, though
opposite to Europe, has not fallen wholly to the colonising Powers.
Turkey remains in nominal possession of a large part, and Morocco,
though not free, is still independent. Of eastern Africa, England holds
the greater part; of north-western, France. England, France, and the
independent Powers of Morocco and Abyssinia hold most of the
northern half of the continent. The southern half is divided between
118 VI B, Conch sion.
Belgium, Portugal, Germany, and England. America, also, is wholly
European, but in another sense than Africa. It is a second Europe and
not another Africa, in which Europe has reproduced its own political
life in a system of States European in blood and institutions, and not
like the greater part of Africa, subjected, renamed and without political
life. The larger half of the northern continent forms a growing Anglo-
Saxon State, the Dominion of Canada, a part of the British empire, the
southern and richer half another Anglo-Saxon State, the United States,
to whose formation almost all the nations of Europe have contributed,
and which in power and wealth is second to none. Mexico, Central
America and South America form a group of Latin States. The West
Indies remain divided among various European Powers and the United
States. In the Pacific, the Continent of Australia and the islands of
New Zealand are parts of the British empire. The other islands are
partitioned among several Powers. The Dutch hold many of the
larger islands of the Malay archipelago. Germany has a sphere of
influence adjoining that of Holland. To the south of this lies the
vaster sphere of Great Britain. Most of the French islands are still
further to the east, though, in New Caledonia and other islands, France
has possessions within the circle of British influence. The United
States have several isolated possessions. In Asia alone has the advance
of Europe been successfully challenged and checked. And, even in Asia,
the broad features of political geography are to be sought in the balance
of power between the Russian and British empires, and in the various
footholds of other Powers, as much as in the position of the independent
Asiatic States. Northern Asia and the heart of Central Asia, to the
mountains of Afghanistan and Kashmir, are Russian. Russian influence
even penetrates near to the southern seas, since Russia virtually controls
northern Persia. Great Britain is dominant in southern Asia, having
interests on the Arabian coast and the Persian Gulf, holding India south
of the Himalayas, Burma and the Straits Settlements. In eastern Asia
are the greater of the independent Asiatic Powers. The Japanese
empire includes not only many islands off the eastern coast of Asia —
Formosa, the Japanese archipelago and part of Saghalin Island — but has
also expanded on to the mainland, where it stretches over Korea and the
Liao-Tung peninsula. The Chinese empire still holds the fertile plains
in the centre of eastern Asia and the mighty plateaux that occupy the
heart of the continent. But several of the Western Powers have footholds
on or near its territory: Great Britain in Wei-hai-wei and Hong-Kong,
Germany at Kiaochau, the United States in the Philippines, while
France possesses extensive provinces in the south-eastern bend of the
continent. In western Asia, Arabia, Syria, and Asia Minor are parts of
the Ottoman empire, while Persia maintains a qualified independence
as towards the Russian and British empires, between which, also, the
mountain kingdom of Afghanistan acts as a buffer State,
119
INDEX OF MARGINAL REFERENCES TO
MAPS IN INTRODUCTION.
The black type indicates the page on which the principal description of a map i3
given. The ordinary type is used, where an allusion only is made.
Map
Map
Map
Map
Map
Map
Map
Map 8
Map 10
Map 11
Map 12
Map 14
Map 15
Map 16
Map 17
Map 18
Map 19
Map 20
Map 21
Map 22
Map 23
Map 25
Map 26
Map 27
Map 28
Map 30
Map 31
Map 32
Map 40
Map 41
Map 43
Map 46
Map 48
Map 51
Map 52
Map 53
Map 54
Map 55
Map 58
Map 59
Map 60
Map 61
Map 62
Map 63
Map 64
Map 65
Map 66
Map 67
Map 68
Map 69
2, 7, 14, 26, 27, 29, 70
46
22, 23, 25, 41
20
11, 18
12
8, 44
7
31, 45, 49
34, 37
11, 14
39
19, 84
10
43, 52
38, 40, 41
41
27, 50, 51
26, 45
13, 42, 55
10
24, 36, 38, 49
21, 22, 32, 33, 36
10
39
35, 49
40
60, 70
49, 51, 53, 64, 66, 68, 69
2, 3, 43, 49, 54
56, 59
33, 34, 37, 49, 60, 55, 61
45, 46, 64, 73, 75
3, 4, 33, 34, 63, 65, 67, 73
27, 62, 69, 71, 72, 73
60, 54, 73
44, 52, 62, 67, 68, 69, 71
15, 53, 54, 65
64, 65, 67, 71, 72, 84
15, 62, 64, 65, 73, 74
54, 64, 68, 73, 74
63, 70, 71, 73, 74
64, 68, 74
4, 34, 86, 37, 61, 65, 74
56, 76, 104
44, 57, 68, 76
67
75
57, 70
75
Map 70
90
Map 71
101, 102
Map 72
90, 101
Map 73
102
Map 75
102
Map 79
34, 37, 62, 74t
Map 84
68, 73
Map 89
78, 30
Map 90
80
Map 92
82
Map 93
83, 84
Map 94
4, 34, 78, 83, 84
Map 99
104
Map 100
5, 91, 107
Map 101
5, 91, 103
Map 102
5, 85, 86, 87, 88, S3
Map 103
85, 96
Map 104
87, 88, 95
Map 105
96, 97
Map 106
59, 91
Map 107
86, 87, 92, 93, 99
Map 108
71, 72, 86, 98, 99
Map 109
89, 98
Map 110
98, 100, 107
Map 111
86, 98
Map 112
89
Map 115
98, 100
Map 116
93
Map 118
95
Map 119
96, 97, 98, 100
Map 120
96, 97
Map 122
104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 113
Map 124
107, 110
Map 125
108, 113
Map 126
103
Map 127
101, 103
Map 128
103
Map 129
103
Map 130
107, 110, lU
Map 131
110, 112
Map 132
107
Map 133
103, 112
Map 134
102
Map 135
102
Map 186
60, 70, 107, 109, 114
Map 137
114
Map 138
113
Map 139
109, 112
Map 140
5, 101, 102, 109, 113, 117
Map 141
5, 92, 99, 116
^
i
121
INDEX OF LOCAL NAMES IN
INTRODUCTION.
Aachen (Imperial town), 17. See Aix-la-
Chapelle
Aalen (Imperial town), 18
Aargau, conquered by Bern, 19; created a
o canton, 80 ; settlement of 1815, 89
Abo, peace of, 63, 70
Abruzzi, and the partition of Naples, 34
Abyssinia, independence of, 112, 117
Acadia, French in, 57, 58, 69 ; struggles
with English in, 75 ; British power in, 91
Accra, English at, 58
Acljaia, Ottoman rule in, 25
Achaltsik (Akhaltsikh), (town), conquest of,
98 ; (pashalik), conquest of, 100
Acharnania, conquered by Turks, 25
Aden, acquired by Great Britain, 107, 109
Adrianople, captured by Turks, 25 ; treaty
of, 96, 98
Aegina, Ottoman and Venetian conquests
of, 46
Aetolia, conquered by Turks, 25
Afghanistan, placed under British protec-
tion, 108; disputed frontier of, 110; in
1910, 118
Africa, Ottoman power in, 44-5 ; early set-
tlements in, 48, 58-9; in 18th century,
76; settlement of 1815, 91; European
dominion in, 5-6, 103-4, 110-2; in 1910,
117
Agra, English at, 56
Agram, Habsburg power in, 45
Ahmadabad, English at, 56; acquired by
Great Britain, 105
Ahmadnagar, acquired by British, 106
Aigle, conquest of, 19, 24
Aigun, treaty of, 114
Aire, at peace of Pyrenees, 60
Aix-la-Chapelle (Imperial town), 17; peace
of, 36, 61, 75, 77
Ajmir, English at, 56; annexed by British,
105
Ajudia, Dutch at, 57
Akhiskha, Eussian conquests in, 100
Akkerman, convention of, 100
Alabama (State), formation of, 90; in the
^^ Civil War, 102
Aland Islands, gained by Eussia, 71, 99
Alaska, disputed boundary of, 101; pur-
chased by United States, 114
Albania, Venetian power in, 23; Ottoman
conquests in, 25, 26, 46
Alberta (province), formation of, 103
Albreda, French at, 76
Alenijon, united with France, 8
Alessandria, held by Milan, 21; taken by
Savoy, 36
Alexandria, Venetian rights in, 24
Algeria, conquered by Turks, 44; occupied
by France, 110
Algiers, capture of, 110
Allahabad, ceded to Great Britain, 104
Alsace. See Elsass
Altenburg, and Schmalkaldic War, 39
Altmark, early history of, 15; and settle-
ment of 1815, 87
truce of, 51
Amastris, held by Genoa, 22
Amazon, river, Spaniards at, 47; Portu-
guese at, 59
Ambari Fallakotta, annexed by British, 107
Amboina, Dutch at, 56, 57
America, Central : Spanish dominion in, 5,
59; formation of States in, 91, 102; in
1910, 118
North : exploration in, 48 ; early
settlements in, 57-8 ; 18th century
struggles in, 4, 75; revolt of colonies,
90; expansion of United States, 5, 101-2;
British dominion in, 5, 103; in 1910, 118
South : Spaniards and Portuguese in,
5, 47, 59-60; revolutions in, 91; in 19th
century, 102 ; in 1910, 118
Ampezzo, trade route of, 23
Amsterdam, acquired by Burgundy, 13
Amu Darya, river, Eussian conquest on,
110
Amur, river, Eussian boundary, 60, 114
Anapa, acquired by Eussia, 100
Ancon, peace of, 102
Ancona, Marches of, under Papal rule, 21-2 ;
ceded to France, 79; added to kingdom
of Italy, 83; restored to Pope, 89
Andrusovo, peace of, 71, 73
Angola, Portuguese in, 68, 76, 112
122
Index of Local Navies.
Angoulfime, united with France, 8
Anguilla, English in, 57
Anhalt, house of, 16, 69, 93; religion in,
39, 40; enters Confederation of Ehine,
80; joins Zollverein, 93; in North Ger-
man Confederation, 94
Anhalt-Bernburg, line of, 16, 69; in Ger-
manic Confederation, 88; extinction of
line of, 93
Anhalt-Dessau, in Germanic Confederation,
88; united with Anhalt-Kothen, 93
Anhalt-Kothen, in Germanic Confederation,
88 ; united with Anhalt-Dessau, 93
Anbalt-Zerbst, line of, 16; extinction of,
69
Anjou, acquired by France, 7
Annam, placed under French protection,
109, 113
Annecy, and settlement of 1814, 86
Ansbach, relations of, with Brandenburg,
15; in Franconian Circle, 18; adopts
Calvinism, 40; in 16th century, 66; ac-
quired by Prussia, 67 ; ceded to Bavaria,
82, 87
Antigua, British in, 57
Antivari, Venetian possession of, 23; ac-
quired by Turks, 46, by Montenegro, 116
Antwerp, added to Burgundy, 13; Dutch
control of, 43
Appenzell, added to Swiss Confederation,
19
Apulia, and partition of Naples, 34
Aquileia, Venetian possession of, 23 ; taken
by Maximilian, 32
Arabia, Ottoman conquest of, 44; Portuguese
in, 47; in 1910, 118
Aragon, united with Castile, 9j possessions
of, 9, 22
Arakan, acquired by British, 108
Aral Sea, Russian influence round, 109
Ardahan, acquired by Eussia, 100
Aremberg, and settlement of 1803, 82; in
Confederation of Rhine, 83
Arezzo, falls to Florence, 21
Argentine, achieves independence, 91; dis-
puted frontier of, 102
Arguin, acquired by French, 76
Arizona (territory), 102
Arkansas (State), formation of, 102; in
the Civil War, 102
Armagnac, united with France, 8
Armenia, Ottoman conquests in, 44 ; Russian,
98
Arras, treaty of, 13, 14; gained by France,
50
Arta, conquered by Turks, 25
Artois, acquired by Burgundy, 12; seized
by Louis XI, 8, 13 ; ceded to Empire, 11,
14, 37, 42 ; becomes province of Nether-
lands, 42; recovered by France, 33, 50;
further gains in, 61
Ascension Island, occupied by Great Britain,
91, 107
Aschaffenburg, given to Dalberg, 81; ac-
quired by Bavaria, 87
Asia Minor, Turks in, 5 ; Russian gains in,
97
Asigarh, annexed by British, 105
Assab, Bay of, Italians at, 112
Assam, annexed by British, 108
Assam Duars, annexed by British, 106
Asti, acquired by Savoy, 36
Astrabad, acquired by Russia, 72
Astrakhan (khanate), 29 ; annexed by
Russia, 70
Athens (duchy), 25
Augsburg (bishopric), 17, 18, acquired by
Bavaria, 81, 82 ; (Imperial town), 18, and
settlement of 1803, 81; peace of, 39
Australia, discovery of, 56 ; colonisation of,
5-6, 91, 103 ; formation of Commonwealth
of, 103; in 1910, 118
Austria, Habsburg power in, 11; unions
with Hungary and Bohemia, 14, 32;
losses in Switzerland, 12, 19 ; Burgundian
inheritance, 14, 32; struggles with Hun-
gary, 12, 14, 26; acquires suzerainty
over Wiirtemberg, 16 ; its bishoprics, 17 ;
Circle of, 18; Reformation in, 39, 40;
in 16th century, 31-3; struggles with
Turks, 45-6; at Westphalia, 50, 54; at
Utrecht, 63; in 18th century, 4, 64-5;
and partition of Poland, 73-4; at Campo
Formio, 79; at Lun^ville, 80; at Press-
burg, 82; at Schonbrunn, 84; settlement
of 1815, 86-7; in Germanic Confedera-
tion, 88; and Schleswig-Holstein, 93-4;
losses of, in Italy, 95; annexes Bosnia
and Herzegovina, 98; in 1910, 116
Auxarre, lost and recovered by France, 13
Ava, kingdom of, 108
Avignon (Papal enclave), 62; annexed
by France, 78, 79; at Peace of Paris,
86
Axim, Dutch at, 58
Azoff, conquest of, 71
Azores, Portuguese at, 46, 48
Baden, house of, 16; territories of, united
by I3aden-Durlach line, 69; in Suabian
Circle, 18; religion in, 39, 40; in 1796,
79; in 1803, 81; in 1805, 82; in Con-
federation of Rhine, 83 ; and settlement of
1815, 87, 88; in Germanic Confederation,
88; joins Zollverein, 93; joins North
German Confederation, 94; in German
Empire, 95
Baden-Baden, line of, 16
Baden-Durlach, line of, 16, 69
Baden-Pforzheim, line of, 16
Bahama Islands, Columbus at, 47; British
in, 58, 76
Bahia, Dutch at, 59
Baireuth, relations of, with Brandenburg,
15; in Franconian Circle, 18; adopts
Calvinism, 40; in 16th century, 66;
acquired by Prussia, 67, by Bavaria, 84,
87
Bakchiserai, treaty of, 71
Baku, annexations of, 72
Index oj Local Names,
123
Balearic Islands, held by Aragon, 9; pass
to Charles V, 32 ; retained by Spain, 33
Baluchistan, British occupation of, 108
Bamberg (bishopric), 17 ; in Franconian
Circle, 18; remains Catholic, 40; acquired
by Bavaria, 81 ; desired by Prussia, 82
Banda Islands, disputed possession of, 47;
Dutch in, 56
Bantam, English and Dutch at, 56
Bar, duchy of, acquired by Lorraine, 17;
recovered by France, 50
Barbados Island, British in, 57
Barbuda Island, British in, 57
Barcelona, peace of, 37
Barcelonette, added by France, 62
Bardo, treaty of. 111
Baroda, Mahratha rule in, 105
Bar-sur- Seine, lost and recovered by France,
13
Basel (bishopric), 17, secularised, 78, ac-
quired by Baden, 81, ceded to Bern, 89;
(Canton), I'J; peace of, 68, 78
Bas Bhin (department), and settlement of
1814, 85; Bavarian gains in, 88
Basscin, treaty of, 105
Basutoland, annexed by Cape of Good
Hope, 104
Batavia, Dutch in, 56, 57
Bataviau Kepublic, formation of, 79
Batoum, acquired by Eussia, 98, 100
Battambang, acquired by France, 109
Bavaria, house of, 15, 16; neighbouring
bishoprics, 17; Circle of, 18; Beforma-
tion in, 39, 40; at Westphalia, 54, 68; in
18th century, 64, 68; in 1803, 81; in
1805, 82 ; in Confederation of Khine, 83 ;
at Schonbrunn, 83, 84 ; and settlement of
1815, 87-8; in Germanic Confederation,
88 ; in Zollverein, 93 ; in North German
Confederation, 94; in German Empire,
94-5
Bavaria-Munich, line of, 16
Bayazid, and treaty of San Stefano, 100
Beam, held by Navarre, 9; conquered by
France, 8
Bechuanaland, annexation of, 104
Beeskow, acquired by Brandenburg, 66
Behar, British power in, 77
Belfort, and treaty of Frankfort, 95
Belgium, kingdom of, 98-9; in 1910, 115;
dominion of in Congo, 111, 112
Belgrade, independence of, 25; taken by
Turks, 45, by Austrians, 65; peace of,
65
Beliinzona, conquered by Swiss, 20
Benares, obtained by British, 104
Benevento (Papal enclave), 22; given to
Talleyrand, 84 ; restored to the Pope, 89
Bengal, Danes in, 56; Dutch in, 57; French
in, 77; British in, 77
Bengal Duars, annexed by British, 107
Bentheim, acquired by Hanover, 68
Benue, river, British on. 111
Berar, ceded to the Nizam, 105; annexed
by BiiLish, 106
Berchtesgaden, given to Dalberg, 81, to
Austria, 82, to Bavaria, 84
Berg, relations of, with Rhenish States, 16;
in Westphalian Ch'cle, 18; religion in,
40 ; acquired by Palatinate, 68 ; created a
grand duchy, 82 ; in Confederation of the
Ehine, 83; enlarged, 84; and settlement
of 1815, 87
Bergamo, Venetian conquest of, 23
Bergen, conquered by United Provinces, 43
BerUn, treaty of, 97-8, 100
Bermuda Islands, British in, 57
Bern, joins Swiss Confederation, 19 ; acqui-
sitions of, 19-20, 36; and settlement of
1815, 89
Bernburg. See Anhalt-Bernburg
Berwick, frontier disputed at, 10
Besangon (Imperial town), 17
Bessarabia, annexed by Russia, 5, 98;
territory ceded to Moldavia, 98, 100,
restored to Russia, 98, 100
Beuthen, acquired by Brandenburg, 66
Bialystok district, acquired by Russia, 84
Biberach (Imperial town), 18
Biel (Bienne), added to Swiss Confedera-
tion, 19; annexed by France, 79; ceded
to Bern, 89
Bijapur, acquired by British, 106
Bissagos Islands, acquired by Portugal, 110
Bleking, held by Danes, 43; gained by
Sweden, 52
Bloemfontein, convention of, 103
Blois, united with France, 8
Bohemia, in Empire, 7; gains Silesia, 27;
created an electorate, 14; unions with
Hungary and Austria, 14, 32; losses to
Brandenburg, 15; union with Poland, 27;
losses to Hungary, 26; outside Imperial
Circles, 18; passes to Ferdinand I, 33;
Reformation in, 40
Bohus, Norwegian possession of, 43, 52;
gained by Sweden, 52
Bokhara, Russian conquest in, 110
Bolivia (Republic), 91, 102
Bologna, and Papal rule, 21; secured by
Julius II, 35; in Cispadane Republic, 79;
surrendered by the Pope, 79; restored
to the Pope, 89
Bombay, acquired by English, 56 ; presidency
of, 57, 76, 105
Bormio, held by Milan, 21; conquered by
Grisons, 20; added to Cisalpine Republic,
79; restored to Austria, 87
Borneo, Dutch in, 57 ; British in 109
Bornholm, Danish possession of, 43 ; gained
by Sweden, 52; restored to Denmark, 53
Borromean League, formation of, 40
Bosnia, Hungarian protectorate of, 26;
annexed by Turks, 25; conquered by
Matthias Corvinus, 26; (vilayet), 45;
Austrian conquests in, 65 ; annexed by
Austria, 98
Bougainville Islands, acquired by British,
113
Bouillon, and settlement of 1815, 86, 89
124
Index of Local Names.
Boulogne, ceded to Burgundy, 13; gained
and restored by England, 37
Bourbon, united with France, 8
Brabant, added to Burgundy, 13 ; province
of, 42 ; conquests in, by United Provinces,
43
Brandenburg, created an electorate, 14;
territories of, 15; its bishoprics, 17; in
Upper Saxon Circle, 18 ; Reformation in,
39, 40; at peace of Westphalia, 53-4;
expansion of, 3, 65-7; colonisation, 76;
(bishopric), 17, secularised, 39, 53, 66,
and Edict of Eestitution, 40
Brazil, Portuguese in, 47, 48; Dutch con-
quests in, 58, 59; achieves independence,
91 ; disputed frontier of, 103
Brazzo, conquered by Turks, 24
Breda, conquered by United Provinces, 43;
peace of, 57, 58
Breisach, given to France, 50, 54 ; restored
to Austria, 63
Breisgau, acquired by Burgundy, 13 ; added
to Habsburg dominions, 11 ; French gains
in, 61; ceded to France, 80; given to
Duke of Modena, 80 ; created a duchy, 81 ;
acquired by Baden, 87, 88
Bremen (bishopric), 17, in Lower Saxon
Circle, 18, and the Reformation, 40, ob-
tained by Sweden, 52, ceded to Hanover,
62, 68; (Imperial town), 17, and settle-
ment of 1803, 80, annexed by France,
83, 85, in Germanic Confederation, 88,
in North German Confederation, 94
Brescia, conquered by Venice, 23
Bresse, held by Savoy, 24 ; ceded to France,
36, 38, 49, 55
Brieg, ceded to Brandenburg, 66
Bristol (bishopric), 10
Britanny, united with France, 7
British Central Africa, 103, 112
Columbia, formation of, 103
Guiana, disputed frontier of, 103
Kaffraria, annexed by Cape of Good
Hope, 104
Brixen (bishopric), 17; in Austrian Circle,
18 ; given to Austria, 81 ; ceded to Bavaria,
82; restored to Austria, 86
Bromsebro, peace of, 52
Bruges, acquired by Burgundy, 12
Brunei, acquired by British, 109
Brunswick, house of, 16; its bishoprics,
17; in Lower Saxon Circle, 18; adopts
Protestantism, 39; acquisitions of, 68;
and Confederation of the Rhine, 83; in
kingdom of Westphalia, 84 ; in Germanic
Confederation, 88 ; in North German Con-
federation, 94; passes to Hohenzollerns,
95
Brunswick-Bevern, gains of, 68
Brunswick-Liineburg, Reformation in, 40;
see Hanover
Brunswick- Wolfenbiittel, line of, 16; Re-
formation in, 40; acquisitions of, 68;
and settlement of 1803, 82
Bucharest, treaty of, 98, 100
Buda, captured by Turks, 45 ; (vilayet), 45
Budziak, peace of, 73
Buenos Aires, Spanish settlement at, 47;
administration of, 59
Bugey, held by Savoy, 24 ; ceded to France,
36, 38, 49, 55
Bugia, taken by Spain, 44
Bukowina, acquired by Austria, 65
Bulgaria, conquered by Turks, 25; in
19th century, 97; in 1910, 116
South, formation of, 97
Bundelkhand, British acquisitions in, 105
Bunhoa, occupied by French, 109
Burg, acquired by Brandenburg, 67
Burgau, Habsburg power in, 12
Burgundy, formation of ducal power of,
2, 12-14; Burgundian inheritance, 14,
32, 42; (duchy), acouired by France, 7,
38; Circle of, 18, 42, abolished, 81
Burhampur, English at, 56
Burma, annexed by British, 108-9 ; frontier
of, 113
Biitow, acquired by Brandenburg, 67
Butrinto, captured by Turks, 26 ; recovered
by Venice, 46
Cadiz, harbour of, 9
Caffa, Genoese possession of, 22; Venetian
rights in, 24
Cairo, Venetian rights in, 24
Cajet, river, Portuguese foothold on, 111
Calabria, and partition of Naples, 34
Calais, English at, 8, 10; loss of, 37
Calcutta, British at, 76-7
Calenberg (Brunswick line), 16; united
with Liineburg, 68
Calicut, Dutch at, 57; British at, 104
California, Spaniards in, 47, 59; Mexican
losses in, 101, 102; formation of State
of, 102
Calmar, Union of, 29; its dissolution, 43
Cambodia, placed under French protection,
109
Cambray, league of, 35; peace of, 34, 37,
42; added to Netherlands, 42; acquired
by France, 61
Camerino, added to kingdom of Italy, 83;
restored to Pope, 89
Cameroons, annexed by Germany, 111
Cammin (bishopric), 17; secularised, 39,
54; Edict of Restitution and, 40; acquired
by Brandenburg, 67
Campagna, under Papal rule, 21-2
Campo Formio, peace of, 78, 79, 86
Canada, French in, 75; ceded to English,
75, 91; boundary disputes with United
States, 101 ; formation of the Dominion,
103; in 1910, 118
Lower, enters Confederation, 103
Upper, enters Confederation, 103
Canary Islands, given to Castile, 47
Candia, conquered by Venice, 23
Cannanor, Dutch at, 57
Cape Breton Isle, ceded to English, 75
— — Coast Castle, English at, 58
Index of Local Names.
125
Cape Horn, rounded, 47
of Good Hope, Portuguese at, 46;
Dutch at, 57, 59, 76; English at, 91,
103, 107; expansion of, 104; in Union
of South Africa, 104
Verde, French at, 76
Islands, Portuguese at, 46
Carelia, acquired by Sweden, 70, by Kussia,
71
Carinthia, Habsburg power in, 11 ; restora-
tion of Hungarian conquests in, 14;
Austrian losses in, 84; recovered by
Austria, 87
Carlowitz, peace of, 64, 73
Carnatic, under British rule, 104
Carniola, Habsburg power in, 11; ceded
to France, 84; restored to Austria, 87
Carolina, settlement of, 57; formation of
two colonies of, 75 ; in the Civil War, 102
Caroline Islands, Germans in, 113
Caspian Sea, navigation of, 100
Cassel. See Hesse-Cassel
Castile, united with Aragon, 8; colonial
enterprise of, 46-7
Cateau Cambr^sis, peace of, 37-8, 42
Cattaro, Venetian possession of, 23; ac-
quired by Austria, 86; its value to
Montenegro, 116
Caucasus, Kussian conquests in, 72, 98,
100; in 1910, 117
Cawnpore, overthrow of native power in,
106
Cayenne, French at, 58
Celebes Island, Dutch conquest of, 57
Cephalonia, lost and recovered by Venice,
26
Cerdagne, held by Aragon, 9; acquired
by France, 8; restored to Aragon, 9,
37; recovered by France, 50
Ceva, acquired by Savoy, 36
Ceylon, Portuguese in, 47, 48; Dutch in,
56-7, 77; British in, 91, 105-6
Chablais, Swiss gain and loss of, 20, 36;
settlement of 1815, 88
Chad, Lake, English at. 111
Cham, gained by Bavaria, 54, 68
Chambery, and settlement of 1814, 86
Champagne, acquired by France, 7
Chandernagore, French at, 77, 109
Channel Islands, British possession of, 117
Charolais (Charolles), acquired by Bur-
gundy, 12; seized by Louis XI, 8, 13;
ceded to the Empire, 14, 37
Chartres, acquired by France, 7
Chaumont, treaty of, 88
Chemling, agreement of 1907, 109
Cherasco, acquired by Savoy, 36
Cbernigoff (principality), 28; annexed by
Ivan III, 29; restored to Poland, 55,
70; recovered by Russia, 73
Chester (bishopric), 10
Chiavenna, conquered by Grisons, 20;
added to Cisalpine Republic, 79; re-
stored to Austria, 87
Chieri, peace of, 36
Chile, Spanish conquest of, 47; adminis-
tration of, 59; achieves independence,
91; disputed frontier of, 102
China, Portuguese in, 47, 48; and Tibet,
108; European influence in, 113-4; in
1910, 118
Chios, Genoese possession of, 22
Chitral, annexed by British, 108
Chittagong (province), 108
Choiseul Island, acquired by British, 113
Christiansborg, Danes at, 58
Circassian district, annexed by Russia, 100
Cisalpine RepubUc, formation of, 79, 80;
forms part of Italian Republic, 83
Cispadane Republic, formation of, 79
Cleve, relations of, with Rhenish States,
16; in Westphalian Circle, 18; adopts
Calvinism, 40; acquired by Brandenburg,
66; ceded to France, 78; given to Berg,
82; restored to Prussia, 87'
Coburg, included in Ernestine Saxony, 15;
house of, 68
Cocconato, acquired by Savoy, 36
Cochin, Portuguese at, 47, 48; Dutch at,
57; British at, 91
Cochin China, French acquisitions in, 109
Colmar (Imperial town), 17, 50
Cologne (electorate), 14, in Lower Rhe-
nish Circle, 18, and the Reformation, 40,
abolished, 81, and settlement of 1815,
87; (Imperial town), 17
Colombia, republic of, 91, 102; United
States of, 102
Colombo, Portuguese at, 48; Dutch at, 57
Colorado, Mexican losses in, 101; forma-
tion of State of, 102
Columbia, river, exploration of, 90
Cond6, acquired by France, 61, 62
Confederation of the Rhine, 5, 82-3, 88
Conflans, acquired by France, 50
Congo, Portuguese in, 58; Belgians in,
111, 112; French in. 111
Connecticut, settlement of, 57 ; united with
New Haven, 57
Constance (bishopric), 17, and Reformation,
40, acquired by Baden, 81; (Imperial
town), 18, trade route through, 23
Constantinople, captured by Turks, 25;
trade routes of, 23; Venetian rights in,
24; peace of (1540), 46; (1784), 72
Cook Islands, placed under government of
New Zealand, 113
Coorg, annexed by British, 106
Copenhagen, peace of, 53
Cordillera, and arbitration of 1881, 102
Cordoba, administration of, 59
Corfu, conquered by Venice, 23
Cormentine, English at, 58; conquered by
Dutch, 58
Coromandel Coast, Portuguese settlements
on, 48; Danish, 56; Dutch, 56, 57;
British, 77; French, 77
Coron, captured by Turks, 26
Corsica, held by Genoa, 23; acquired by
France, 34, 37, 62
126
Index of Local Names.
Corvey, given to William V of Orange,
81
Costa Rica, independence of, 91, 102
Cottbus, acquired by Brandenburg, 15,
by Saxony, 84, by Prussia, 87
Courland, conquered by German Order,
27 ; passes to Brandenburg, 50 ; under
Polish suzerainty, 60, 51; acquired by
Russia, 71, 73
Courtrai, acquired by France, 61
Cracow, acquired by Austria, 65, 74; added
to grand duchy of Warsaw, 84; and
settlement of 1815, 86, 99
Cranganor, Dutch at, 57
Crema, held by Venice, 23
Cremona, given to Venice, 34
Crete, Venetian and Ottoman conquests
of, 46, 55; autonomy of, 98
Crimea, khanate of, 29; conquered by the
Turks, 70, by Russia, 72
Croatia, Habsburg power in, 45, 64; and
settlement of 1815, 87
Cuba, Spanish occupation of, 47; inde-
pendence of, 103
Cujavia, acquired by Prussia, 73
Calm, ceded to Poland, 27
Cura^oa, Dutch in, 58
Guyo, administration of, 69
Cyclades Islands, acquired by Greece, 97
Cyprus, acquired by Venice, 23-4; pro-
posed cession to Savoy, 35; acquired by
Turks, 46, 65; administered by Great
Britain, 98, 107, 109
Daghestan, Russian conquests in, 100
Dago, conquered by German Order, 27,
by Denmark, 50, 52, by Sweden, 52
Dahomey, conquest of. 111
Dakar, acquired by French, 76
Dalmatia, Hungarian power in, 26; Vene-
tian, 23; Ottoman, 25, 46; proposed
cession to Empire, 35 ; occupied by
Austria, 79 ; added to kingdom of Italy,
82, 83; restored to Austria, 86
Damaun, Portuguese at, 48, 77, 109
Damaraland, German protectorate of, 111
Damascus, Venetian rights in, 24
Damm, ceded to Prussia, 67
Dannenberg (Brunswick line), 16
Dansai, restored to Siam, 109
Danube towns, Habsburg power in, 11
Danzig, ceded to Poland, 27; Swedish
rights in, 51; acquired by Prussia, 67,
73; in Napoleonic age, 84; and settle-
ment of 1815, 99
Darfur, French dominion in. 111
Darmstadt. See Hesse-Darmstadt
Dauphin^, acquired by France, 7; Refor-
mation in, 41
Debreczen, acquired by Turks, 45
Deccan, Portuguese in, 48 ; British dominion
in, 106
Delagoa Bay, Portuguese at, 48, 76, 112
Delaware (river), colonial struggles on, 57,
58; (colony), foundation of, 75
Delgado, Cape, and Portuguese East Africa,
76
Delhi, overthrow of native power in, 106
Delmenhorst, acquired by Oldenburg, 16;
in 17th and 18th centuries, 69
Denmark, in Empire, 7; Union of Calmar
and, 29; at dissolution of Union, 43-4;
Reformation in, 41; Swedish Wars, 3,
50, 52-3; in 1648, 64-5; and Germanic
Confederation, 88; settlement of 1815,
89-90; and Schleswig-Holstein, 17, 69,
93-4; in 1910, 117; colonisation, 56,
58, 76-7, 109, 110
Derbent, annexations of, 72
Desna, river, boundary of Muscovite em-
pire, 29
Dessau. See Anhalt-Dessau
Deulino, truce of, 70
Ditmarschen (free republic), 17; annexed
by Holstein, 44
Diu, Portuguese at, 48, 77, 109
Dixcove, English at, 58
Dobrudja, acquired by Roumania, 97
Dominica, acquired by English, 76
Donau worth (Imperial town), 18
Dortmund (Imperial town), 17; given to
William V of Orange, 81
Douai, acquired by France, 61
Doubs (department), and settlement of
1814, 86
Drenthe, Burgundian power in, 13
Dulcigno, acquired by Montenegro, 98, 116
Durazzo, Venetian possession, 23; cap-
tured by Turks, 26
Durlach. See Baden-Durlach
Dutch Indies, German influence round, 113
Echallens, conquest of, 24
Ecuador (Republic), 91, 102; disputed
frontier of, 103
Eger, acquired by Turks, 45
Egypt, Venetian influence in, 23; Otto-
man conquest of, 44 ; settlement of 1815,
98 ; British occupation of, 98, 107
Eichsfeld, dependency of Mainz, 14 ; given
to Prussia, 82
Eichstadt (bishopric), 17 ; divided by Ba-
varia and Salzburg, 81
Eisenach. See Saxe-Eisenach
Elba, and settlement of 1815, 89
Elbe, river, Sweden and, 52, 62; France
and, 85
Elaphanta Island, acquired by British,
104
Eleuthera Island, British in, 58
Elfborg, geographical importance of, 43
Ellice Islands, British in, 113
Ellwangen (abbey), 17
Elmina, Dutch at, 58
Elsass, Habsburg power in, 12; in Upper
Rhenish Circle, 18; passes to Ferdinand
I, 33; and Edict of Restitution, 40;
French annexation of, 33, 50, 54, 55, 62,
64; ceded to German Empire, 95, 96
Emilia, under Papal rule, 21
Index of Local Names.
127
Empire, Holy Roman, composition and im-
portance of, 1, 7, 11; Holstein's position
in, 17; Circles of, 18; and Peace of
Westphalia, 2, 53-4; abolition of, 6, 83.
See also Austria
Ems, river, France and, 85
England, in Holy Roman Empire, 7; con-
nexion with France, 8, 10, 13; Refor-
mation in, 38, 41; capture and loss of
Boulogne, 37 ; dynastic union with Spain,
11 ; loss of Calais, 37 ; union with Scot-
land, 10, 38; in 1648, 55. See Great
Britain
Epirus, conquered by Turks, 25; Greek
acquisitions in, 97
Eretrea, Italian occupation of, 112
Erfurt, dependency of Mainz, 14; trans-
ferred to Prussia, 82
Erivan, acquired by Russia, 100
Ermeland, ceded to Poland, 27; seized and
restored by Brandenburg, 66; acquired
by Prussia, 67, 73
Esslingen (Imperial town), 18
Esthonia, conquered by German Order, 27,
29, by Sweden, 60, 51, by Russia, 63, 71
Etruria, kingdom of, 80, 83
Euboea. See Negropont
Faenza, conquered by Venice, 35; recovered
by Julius II, 35
Falkenstein, ceded to France, 80
Faucigny, settlement of 1815, 88
Ferghana (Khokand), Russian conquest of,
110
Fernando Po, acquired by Spanish, 76
Ferrara (Papal fief), 22, 24, 36; under
direct Papal rule, 35, 36, 55; Reforma-
tion in, 41; in Cispadane Republic, 79;
surrendered by Pope, 79; and settlement
of 1816, 89
Fiji, annexed by British, 112
Finland, conquered by Sweden, 27, 43;
Russian gains in, 51, 63; annexed by
Russia, 71, 90, 99; in 1910, 117
Finmark, Russian claims to, ceded, 61;
Swedish, 52
Firando, EngHsh and Dutch at, 56
Fiume, ceded to France, 84; restored to
Austria, 87
Flanders, acquired by Burgundy, 12 ;
added to the Empire, 11 ; French claims
resigned, 37, 42 ; annexed to Nether-
lands, 38, 42; Dutch conquests in, 43;
French gains in, 60, 78
Florence, geographical position of, 20 ;
territories of, 21 ; suzerainty over Piom-
bino, 24 ; changes of rule in, 36 ; capital
of Italy fixed at, 96
Florida, Spaniards in, 47, 57; ceded to
English, 75; restored to Spain, 90, 91;
acquired by United States, 90; forma-
tion of State of, 102 ; in Civil War, 102
Foix, united with France, 8
Fontainebleau, peace of, 86
Forez, united with France, 8
Formosa, Dutch in, 57; acquired by Japan,
114
Fort Hollandia, occupied by Dutch, 76
Nassau, Dutch at, 58
St George, built, 56, 76
William, built, 76
York, ceded to France, 75
Zelandia, Dutch at, 57
France, in Holy Roman Empire, 7 ; English
power in, 8, 10; in 15th century, 2, 7-8;
dominion in Italy, 33-4; in 16th century,
2, 37-8; Reformation in, 41; in 17th
century, 3, 50, 64, 65, 61-2; at Utrecht,
63-4; Napoleonic age, 78-86; in 19th
century, 96 ; in 1910, 115-6 ; discoveries in
N. America, 48 ; early colonial enterprise,
56-9 ; gains and losses in 17th and 18th
centuries, 76-8; losses in Napoleonic
Wars, 91, 106 ; dominion in Africa, 107,
110-2, in Asia, 109, 113-4, in Pacific
Islands, 112-3 ; colonial position in 1910,
117-8
Tranche Comte, acquired by Burgundy, 12 ;
seized by Louis XI, 8, 13; ceded to
Empire, 14, 37; in Burgundian Circle,
18, 42 ; passes to Philip II, 33 ; proposed
surrender to France, 63 ; ceded to France,
33, 61
Franconia, and partition of Saxony, 15;
created a Circle, 18; and Edict of Resti-
tution, 40
Frankfort (Imperial town), 18; settlement
of 1803, 80 ; in Germanic Confederation,
88; joins Zollverein, 93; annexed by
Prussia, 94; treaty of (1871), 95
Frederiksborg, Danes at, 58
Frederikshamm, peace of, 71, 99
Freiburg (Imperial town), 17; acquired by
France, 61; restored to Austria, 62, 63
(Swiss canton), 19; acquisitions of,
19-20, 36; and Reformation, 40
Freising (bishopric), 17; acquired by
Bavaria, 81
Frick Valley, surrendered by Austria, 80
Friedberg (Imperial town), 18, 81
Friesland, Burgundian power in, 13; added
to the Netherlands, 42; joins Union, 43
East, adopts Lutheranism, 40; ac-
quired by Prussia, 67, by Holland, 85,
by Hanover, 87, by Prussia, 94
Friuli, Habsburg power in, 11; conquered
by Venice, 23; settlement of 1815, 87
Fulda (abbey), 17; given to William V
of Orange, 81
Gaeta (duchy), 84
Galata, held by Genoese, 22
Galicia, acquired by Austria, 73; treaty of
Schonbrunn, 84; settlement of 1815, 99
Gambia, river, English on, 58; French on,
76
Gandja, treaty of, 72; capture of, 72
Gando, English at. 111
Ganges, river, British and, 105
Gastein, convention of, 94
128
Index of Local Names,
Gelderland, acquired by Burgundy, 13;
regains independence, 14 ; added to
Netherlands, 42; joins the Union, 43
Gelders, Upper, ceded to Prussia, 64, 67,
to France, 78; restored to Prussia, 87
Generaliteitslandf and the United Nether-
lands, 43
Geneva, added to Swiss Confederation, 19;
Eeformation in, 40 ; annexed by France,
79; and settlement of 1815, 88, 89
Genoa, possessions of, 22-3 ; French occu-
pation of, 34 ; deprived of Corsica, 37 ;
formed into Ligurian Republic, 79 ;
settlement of 1815, 88
Georgia, annexed by Eussia, 72
(American colony), foundation, 75;
in the Civil War, 102
Germanic Confederation, formation of, 5,
88 ; and Luxemburg, 99 ; and Schleswig-
Holstein, 93; dissolution of, 94
German Order, power of, 27; gains in-
fluence in Eussia, 28; and Denmark,
29; decline of, 30, 50
Germany, in 15th and 16th centuries, 2,
14-9; Habsburg power in, 31-2; Eefor-
mation in, 39-40; in 17th century, 8,
63-4 ; in 18th century, 4, 64 ; Napoleonic
settlement of, 80-4; and settlement of
1815, 87-8; in 19th century, 5, 92-5; in
1910, 115 ; dominion in Africa, 111-2, in
China, 114, in Pacific Islands, 112-3;
colonial power in 1910, 117-8
Gex, Pays de, held by Savoy, 24 ; acquired
and restored by Swiss, 20, 36 ; ceded to
France, 36, 38, 49, 55; and peace of
Paris, 86
Ghent, acquired by Burgundy, 12
Ghiara d'Adda, given to Venice, 34
Gibraltar, taken by Great Britain, 33, 63,
107, 117
Gila, river, sale of territory round, 101,
102
Gilbert Islands, British in, 113
Gilyan, acquired by Eussia, 72
Gironde, Huguenots in, 41
Glarus, joins Swiss Confederation, 19
Glatz, acquired by Prussia, 67
Gloucester (bishopric), 10
Gmiind (Imperial town), 18
Goa, Portuguese at, 48, 77, 104, 109;
British acquisitions near, 106
Gold Coast, settlements on, 58, 59, 76, 110
Golden Horde, disruption of, 29
Goletta, Turks and Spaniards in, 44
GoUnow, ceded to Prussia, 67
Gor^e Island, Dutch at, 58; ceded to
France, 76
Goslar (Imperial town), 18; transferred to
Prussia, 82, to Hanover, 87
Gottland, conquered by German Order,
27; a Danish fief, 43, 52; given to
Sweden, 52
Gottorp, independence of, 52, 53; in 17th
and 18th centuries, 69
Gourara, occupied by French, 111
Gran, conquered by the Turks, 45
Granada, conquest of, 9; treaty of, 34
Grandson, conquest of, 19, 24
Gravelines, gained by France, 50
Great Britain, formation of, 10; gains
Minorca and Gibraltar, 33, 63 ; relations of,
vpith Hanover, 74; and settlement of 1815,
90, 96; gives up Hanover, 93; gives up
Ionian Islands, 97 ; acquires administra-
tion of Cyprus, 98 ; gives up Heligoland,
95, 109; in 1910, 117; motives of coloni-
sation, 11, 31, 39; early colonisation,
56-9; in 17th and 18th centuries, 75-7;
gains in Napoleonic Wars, 90-1, in 19th
century, 103-9; dominion in Africa, 98,
110-2, in China, 113, in Pacific Islands,
112-3; colonial position in 1910, 117-8
Greece, in 19th century, 96-7
Grenada, acquired by English, 76
Griqualand West, annexed by Cape of
Good Hope, 104
Grisons, added to Swiss Confederation, 19 ;
conquests of, 20; losses of in 1797, 79;
created a canton, 80
Groningen, Burgundian power in, 13 ;
province of, 42; joins the Union, 43
Grossfriedrichsburg, founded by Branden-
burg, 76 ; purchased by Dutch, 76
Grosswardein, acquired by Turks, 45
Grubenhagen, Brunswick line of, 16
Gruy^res (Greyerz), conquered by Swiss,
20
Guadaloupe, French in, 58
Guadaloupe Hidalgo, treaty of, 101
Guam Island, acquired by United States,
102
Guastalla, annexed by France, 83; settle-
ment of 1815, 89
Guatemala, Spanish administration of, 59;
achieves independence, 91, 102
Guiana, French in, 58, 59; British in, 91
Guinea Coast, Dutch settlements on, 76
Gujerat, Dutch at, 57; British acquisitions
in, 105
Guntur, acquired by British, 104
Gusinje, ceded to Ottoman empire, 98
Guyenne, acquired by France, 7
Gwahor, Mahratha rule in, 105
Hagenau (Imperial town), 17, 50
Hague, treaty of, 78-9 ^
Haidarabad, British dependency of, 105 ^
Hainault, acquired by Burgundy, 13; in
Netherlands, 42 ; French gains in, 50, 61
Halberstadt (bishopric), 17; and the Eefor-
mation, 40; acquired by Brandenburg,
54, 67; and settlement of 1815, 87
Hall (Imperial town), 18
Halland, held by Danes, 43; gained by
Sweden, 52
Hamburg (Imperial town), 17; and settle-
ment of 1803, 80; annexed by France,
83, 85; in Germanic Confederation, 88;
in North German Confederation, 94
Hauau, partition of, 69
Index of Local Names.
129
Hanover, acquisitions of, 62, 68 ; settlement
of 1803, 82; at Schonbrunn, 82; in
kingdom of Westphalia, 84; in Germanic
Confederation, 88; and settlement of
1815, 87, 90 ; separated from Great
Britain, 93; annexed by Prussia, 94.
See also Brunswick-Liineburg
Hanse Towns, early importance of, 29;
survival of, 80; enter Zollverein, 95
Havelberg (bishopric), 17; secularised, 89,
53, 66; and Edict of Eestitution, 40
Hawaii, acquired by United States, 102,
113
Hayti, achieves independence, 91 ; relations
with Santo Domingo, 103
Hechingen. See Hohenzollern-Hechingen
Heidelberg, acquired by Baden, 81, 88
Heilbronn (Imperial town), 18
Heligoland, acquired by England, 90; ceded
to Germany, 95, 109, 117
Helvetic Eepublic, formation of, 79
Herford, acquired by Brandenburg, 66
Herjedalen, held by Danes, 43, 52; given
to Sweden, 52
Hersfeld (abbey), 17; obtained by Hesse-
Cassel, 54
Herzegovina, annexed by Turks, 25, by
Austria, 98
Hesdin, gained by France, 50
Hesse, in 15th and 16th centuries, 16;
neighbouring abbeys, 17; adopts Protes-
tantism, 39 ; in 17th and 18th centuries,
68; and North German Confederation,
94; and German Empire, 95
Hesse-Cassel, house of, 16; adopts Calvinism,
40 ; gains at Westphalia, 54, 69 ; losses at
peace of Basel, 78 ; created an electorate,
81 ; and settlement of 1803, 81 ; Confeder-
ation of the Ehine, 83; in kingdom of
Westphalia, 84 ; and settlement of 1815,
88; in Germanic Confederation, 88 ; joins
Zollverein, 93; annexed by Prussia, 94
Hesse-Darmstadt, house of, 16; and Re-
formation, 40; disputes with Hesse-
Cassel, 69; and settlement of 1803, 81,
of 1805, 82 ; in Confederation of Rhine,
83; and settlement of 1815, 88; in
Germanic Confederation, 88; acquires
Hesse-Homburg, 93 ; joins Zollverein,
93 ; Prussian acquisitions in, 94
Hesse-Homburg, and settlement of 1815,
88; in Germanic Confederation, 88;
annexed by Hesse-Darmstadt, 93, by
Prussia, 93, 94
Hesse-Marburg, line of, 16; extinction of,
69
Hesse-Rheinfels, line of, 16
Hexhamshire, included in Northumberland,
10
Hildburghausen. See Saxe-Hildburghausen
Hildesheim (bishopric), 17; and the Re-
formation, 39, 40; desired by Brunswick-
Liineburg, 54; given to Prussia, 82, to
Hanover, 87
Hindustan, British dominion in, 106
C. U. H. VOL. XIV.
Hispaniola, Columbus at, 47
Hohenberg, Habsburg power in, 12
Hohenzollern-Hechingen, in Confederation
of the Rhine, 83; in Germanic Confedera-
tion, 88; annexed by Prussia, 93
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, in Confedera-
tion of the Rhine, 83 ; in Germanic
Confederation, 88; annexed by Prussia,
93
Holkar, British acquisitions in, 105
Holland (county), added to Burgundy, 13;
province of Netherlands, 42; joins Union,
43. See Netherlands
Holstein, political position of, 17, 30,
44; in Lower Saxon Circle, 18; adopts
Lutheranism, 39, 40; Danish King re-
nounces rights in, 52 ; in 17th and 18th
centuries, 69 ; in Germanic Confederation,
88 ; in 19th century, 93-4
Honduras, Columbus at, 47 ; independent
State of, 91, 102; British power in, 91
Hong-Kong, acquired by British, 109, 113
Hooghly, river, English at, 56
Hormuz, Portuguese at, 48
Hubertusburg, peace of, 67
Hudson, river, colonial struggles on, 57, 75
Hudson's Bay, British power in, 91; pur-
chase of the Company's territories, 103
Hue, treaty of, 109
Huguenots, distribution of, 41
Hulst, conquered by United Provinces, 43
Hungary, in Holy Roman Empire, 7;
unions with Austria and Bohemia, 14,
32; struggles with Venice, 23; under
Matthias Corvinus, 12, 26; union with
Poland, 27; passes to Ferdinand I, 33;
Reformation in, 41; Ottoman advance
in, 33, 45-6 ; Habsburg recovery of, 3, 64
Idaho (State), formation of, 102
Idstein, house of Nassau at, 69
lie de France. See Mauritius
Illinois (State), formation of, 90
lUyrian provinces, formation of, 84
Imbros, conquered by Turks, 2
Imeritia, annexed by Russia, 72
Imola, and Papal rule, 21
India, first settlements in, 46-7, 56-7; in
18th century, 76-7 ; in Napoleonic age,
91; in 19th century, 104-10
Indiana (State), formation of, 90
Indore, Mabratha rule in, 105
Ingria, gained by Sweden, 51, 70, by
Russia, 71
Innsbruck, trade route of, 23
Innviertel, acquired by Austria, 64, 68, by
Bavaria, 84
Insalah, occupied by French, 111
Ionian Islands, French in, 79 ; created a Re-
public, 80; English protectorate of, 90;
acquired by Greece, 98, 117
Iowa (State), formation of, 102
Ireland, in Holy Roman Empire, 7; con-
quest of, and union with Great Britain,
10; in 1648, 65
9
130
Index of Local Names,
Irrawaddy, river, British on, 106, 108
Isenburg, settlement of 1803, 82; in Con-
federation of the Rhine, 83
Isny (Imperial town), 18
Issik Kul, Russian influence round, 110
Istria, Habsburg power in, 11 ; Venetian,
28 ; proposed cession to the Empire, 35 ;
occupied by Austria, 79 ; added to king-
dom of Italy, 82, 83 ; restored to Austria,
86
Italian Republic, formation of, 80, 83
Italy, in Holy Roman Empire, 7, 11 ; early
ideas of Balance of Power in, 1 ; in 15th
century, 20-5 ; outside Imperial Circles,
18; Habsburg power in, 31, 32; at
division of Habsburg Empire, 33 ; and
Reformation, 38 ; foreign dominion in, 2,
33-7; at Cateau Cambr^sis, 38; in 1648,
65; at Utrecht, 63-4; and Napoleonic
Wars, 4, 79, 80, 83-4 ; and settlement of
1815, 88-9 ; in 19th century, 5, 95-6 ; in
1910, 116; colonisation, 112
Ivory Coast, French dominion on, 111
Jacatra, Dutch in, 56
Jacobabad, treaty of, 108
Jaffnapatam, Dutch at, 57
Jagerndorf, and Brandenburg, 66; (part)
and Prussia, 67
Jalandhar Doab, annexed by British, 106
Jamaica, occupied by Spanish, 47, by
British, 58, 76
Jamestown, foundation of, 57
Japan, Portuguese in, 47, 48 ; English and
Dutch in, 56 ; war with Russia, 6, 113-4;
in 1910, 118
Jaroslavl (principality), 28; annexed by
Ivan III, 29
Jassy, treaty of, 72
Java, Portuguese in, 48; English in, 56;
Dutch in, 56, 57
Jemappes (department), and settlement of
1814, 85
Jemteland, held by Danes, 43, 52; given
to Sweden, 52
Jerusalem, Venetian rights in, 24
Jever, acquired by Oldenburg, 16; extinction
of the line of, 69
Jhansi, annexed by British, 106
Juan de Fuca, and arbitration of 1872,
101
Jiilich, relations with Rhenish States, 16;
in Westphalian Circle, 18; and Reforma-
tion, 39; claimed by Brandenburg, 66;
acquired by Palatinate, 68; ceded to
France, 78; and settlement of 1803, 81;
and settlement of 1815, 87
Jutland (province), 44
Kabardia, Russian conquests in, 72
Kachar, acquired by British, 108
Kaisersberg (Imperial town), 50
Kalisch, treaty of, 88
Kama, river, boundary of Muscovite empire,
29
Kameniec, lost and recovered by Poland, 73
Kamschatka, Cossacks at, 60, 114
Kansas (State), formation of, 102
Kardis, peace of, 51, 52
Karical, French at, 109
Kars, acquired by Russia, 98
Kashmir, British influence in, 106
Katzenellenbogen, ceded to France, 78
Kaufbeuren (Imperial town), 18
Kazan (khanate), 29; annexed by Russia,
70
Kedah, placed under British influence, 109
Kehl, gained and restored by France, 62, 63
Kelantan, placed under British influence,
109
Kempten (Imperial town), 18
Kentucky (State), formation of, 90
Kerch, conquered by Russia, 71
Kexholm, Swedish loss and recovery of, 51 ;
ceded to Russia, 63
Khiva, occupied by Russia, 107, 110
Khokand, Russian conquest of, 110
Kiaochau, German lease of, 114
Kieff (principality), 27, 28; recovered by
Russia, 71
Kimberley, annexed by Cape of Good Hope,
104
Kirghiz Steppes, Russian conquest of, 107,
110
Kleck, Ottoman possession of, 87
Klondyke, goldfields of, 102
Knared, peace of, 52
Knights of the Sword, gains of, 27 ; collapse
of, 50 ; and settlement of 1803, 82
Koh-Kutt, restored to Siam, 109
Kokang, acquired by Great Britain, 113
Kolaba, British acquisitions near, 106;
annexation of, 106
Korah, ceded to Great Britain, 104
Korea, and Russo-Japanese War, 114
Kothen. See Anhalt-Kothen
Kouba, conquered by Russia, 72
Kowloon, acquired by British, 113
Kratt, restored to Siam, 109
Kroja, conquered by Turks, 26
Krossen, annexed by Brandenburg, 15
Kuban, conquered by Russia, 71 ; annexa-
tion of, 72, 100
Kuldja, occupied by Russia, 110
Kulmerland, acquired by Prussia, 67
Kurdistan, Ottoman conquests in, 44
Kurile Islands, Russian claims in, 114
Kurnool, annexed by British, 106
Kutchuk Kainardji, peace of, 71, 72
Kuttack, acquired by British, 104
Kwang-chow-wan, French lease of, 114
Kwanghung, ceded to China, 113
Kymmene, river, boundary of Russian
Finland, 63, 71
Labiau, Swedish rights in, 51
Labrador, discovery of, 48
Labnan, acquired by British, 109
Lado enclave, leased to Leopold I, 112
Lagos, acquired by British, 110
Index of Local Navies.
131
Lalitpur, annexed by British, 106
La Marche, united with France, 8
Landau (Imperial town), 18, 50; acquired
by France, 62, 63 ; and first peace of
Paris, 85 ; and second peace of Paris, 86,
87
Landrecies, gained by France, 50
Landshut, Bavarian house at, 16
Laos, acquired by France, 114
La Plata, river, disputes at, 59
Lauenburg, acquired by Brandenburg, 67,
by Hanover, 68; in kingdom of West-
phalia, 84 ; ceded to Denmark, 87, 90 ; in
Germanic Confederation, 88; acquired
by Prussia, 93-4
Laufenburg, Habsburg power in, 12; ceded
to France, 80
Lausanne, added to Swiss Confederation, 20
League of God's House, 19
of the Ten Jurisdictions, 19
Lebus (bishopric), 17; secularised, 39, 68;
and Edict of Kestitution, 40
Leeward Islands, French expelled from, 76
L^man (department), and settlement of
1814, 86
Lemnos, conquered by Venice, 23, by
Turks, 25
Lena, river, Cossacks at, 60
Lepanto, captured by Turks, 26; battle
of, 46
Lesbos, held by Genoa, 22; conquered by
Turks, 25
Leutkirch (Imperial town), 18
Leyen, von der (principality), in Confedera-
tion of the Rhine, 83
Lhassa, treaty of, 108
Liao-Tung peninsula, acquired by Japan,
114
Liberia, republic of, 111, 112
Lichtenberg, acquired by Prussia, 93
Lichtenstein, in Confederation of Rhine,
83; in Germanic Confederation, 88
Li6ge (bishopric), 17; conquered by Bur-
gundy, 13; regains independence, 14;
in Westphalian Circle, 18; breaks unity
of Netherlands, 42 ; in kingdom of
Netherlands, 89
Liegnitz, ceded to Brandenburg, 66
Liguria, expansion of Savoy in, 36 ; forma-
tion of Republic of, 79; annexed to
France, 83
Lille, acquired by France, 61, 62
Lima, administration of, 59
Limburg, added to Burgundy, 13; under
Charles V, 42 ; Dutch conquests in, 43 ;
included in kingdom of Netherlands, 89;
in 19th century, 99
Lindau (Imperial town), 18
Lingen, acquired by Prussia, 67; added to
grand duchy of Berg, 84; ceded to
Hanover, 87
Lippe, enters Confederation of Rhine, 83;
in Germanic Confederation, 94
Lippe-Detmold, in Germanic Confederation,
88 J in North German Confederation, 94
Lithuania, in Holy Roman Empire, 7 ;
early history of, 27, 28 ; Union of Lublin,
27, 61 ; partition of, 71, 74
Livonia, conquered by German Order, 27,
by Russia, 70, by Poland, 50, by Sweden,
51, 53, 73 ; recovered by Russia, 63, 71
Locarno, ceded to Swiss, 20
Lodomeria, acquired by Austria, 73
Lombardo- Venetian kingdom, 87
Lombardy, plain of, 20; Venetians in, 35;
French in, 34; in Napoleonic Wars, 79;
and settlement of 1815, 88 ; conquered
by Sardinia, 95
London, treaty of (1827), 96; treaty of
(1852), 93
Long Island, settlement of, 57
Lord Howe Islands, acquired by British,
113
Loretto, peace of, 36
Lorraine, held by Duke of Anjou, 7;
acquired by Burgundy, 13; regains in-
dependence, 14; its bishoprics, 17; in
Upper Rhenish Circle, 18 ; and the
Reformation, 39; at peace of Pyrenees,
50; ceded to France, 62, 74; annexed by
German Empire, 5, 95, 96
Lotharingia, kingdom of, 2
Louisbourg, conquest of, 75
Louisiana, founded by French, 75; ceded
to Spain, 75; recovered by France, 90,
91 ; purchased by United States, 90 ;
formation of State of, 90; in the Civil
War, 102
Lowenstein, and settlement of 1803, 82
Ltibeck (bishopric), 17, Reformation in, 40,
acquisitions of, 69 ; (Imperial town), 18,
and settlement of 1803, 80, annexed by
France, 83, 85, in Germanic Confedera-
tion, 88, in North German Confederation,
94
Lublin, Union of, 27
Lucca, independence of, 21, 24, 36; Re-
formation in, 41; passes to Elise Bona-
parte, 83; part of, given to one of
Napoleon's marshals, 83-4; and settle-
ment of 1815, 89 ; restored to Tuscany, 95
Lugano, ceded to Swiss, 20
Liineburg, Brunswick line of, 16
New, line of, 16; gains in 18th
century, 68. See Hanover
Lun^ville, peace of, 80, 86
Lunigiana, added to Cisalpine Republic,
79 ; and settlement of 1815, 88 ; in 19th
century, 95
Lusatia, Bohemian dependency, 14; con-
quered by Hungary, 14, 26 ; given to
Saxony, 54, 64, 68; and settlement of
1815, 87
Luxemburg, added to Burgundy, 13 ; ac-
quired by Maximilian, 12; in Burguudian
Circle, 18, 42; under Charles V, 42;
French gains in, 50; in Germanic Con-
federation, 88, 98; and settlement of
1815, 89; joins Zollverein, 93, 95; in
19th century, 99
9-2
132
Index of Local Names,
Ltizern, joins Swiss Confederation, 19; and
Eeformation, 40; and settlement of 1815,
89
Lyons, peace of, 36, 38, 49
Macao, Portuguese at, 48
Macassar, Dutch at, 57
Macedonia, occupied by Turks, 25
Macerata, added to kingdom of Italy, 83
Macon, lost and recovered by France, 13
Madeira, Portuguese at, 46
Madras, fort at, 56, 77 ; presidency of, 66,
104; loss and recovery of, 77
Madrid, treaty of (1526), 42 ; peace of
(1670), 76
Maestricht, conquered by United Nether-
lands, 43; ceded to France, 78; and
settlement of 1831, 99
Magdeburg (archbishopric), 17; in Lower
Saxon Circle, 18; adopts Lutheranism,
40 ; and Edict of Restitution, 40 ; acquired
by Brandenburg, 54, 67 j and settlement
of 1815, 87
Magellan, Straits of, and arbitration of
1881, 102
Mahe, French at, 109
Maina district, conquered by Turks, 26
Maine, annexed by France, 7-8
(America), settlement of, 57 ; united
with Massachusetts, 67; French con-
quests in, 58; formation of State of, 90;
disputed boundary of, 101
Maiiiz (electorate), 14; in Lower Rhenish
Circle, 18; and Reformation, 40; and
settlement of 1803, 81-2 ; and Confeder-
ation of Rhine, 82
Malabar Coast, Portuguese settlements on,
47, 48; Dutch, 56, 57; British, 91, 104
Malacca, Portuguese at, 47, 48; Dutch at, 57
Malay Archipelago, Portuguese in, 48 ;
British in, 109; in 1910, 118
States, acquired by British, 109
Malta, acquired by England, 90, 107, 117
Manchuria, and Russo-Japanese War, 114
Mangalore, annexed by Great Britain, 104
Manihiki Islands, placed under government
of New Zealand, 113
Manipur, acquired by British, 108
Manitoba (province), formation of, 103
Mannheim, acquired by Baden, 81, 88
Mansfeld, adopts Protestantism, 39; ac-
quired by Prussia, 67
Mantua (marquisate), 23, 24, 55; acquires
Montferrat, 36; passes to Emperor, 36,
65
Marburg. See Hesse-Marburg
Marienburg, gained by France, 50, 62;
and settlement of 1815, 86
Ma)k, relations of, with Rhenish States,
16; in Westphalian Circle, 18; adopts
Calvinism, 40; acquired by Brandenburg,
66 ; added to grand duchy of Berg, 84 ;
restored to Prussia, 87
Marquesa Islands, annexed by France, 112
Marshall Islands, Germans in, 113
Martaban, acquired by British, 108
Martinique, French in, 58
Maryland, settlement of, 57
Mashonaland, acquired by British, 104
Masovia, partition of, 65, 74
Massa (duchy), 88; passes to Modena, 95
Massachusetts, settlement at, 57; united
with Maine, 57; separates from New
Hampshire, 75
Masulipatam, English at, 56
Maubeuge, acquired by France, 61, 62
Mauritius, occupied by France, 76; ceded
to Great Britain, 91, 106, 107
Mazanderan, acquired by Russia, 72
Mechlin (province), 42
Mecklenburg, bishoprics of, 17 ; in Lower
Saxon Circle, 18; Reformation in, 39,
40; claimed by Sweden, 52; houses of,
69; proposed cession to Prussia, 82
Mecklenburg-Giistrow, at peace of West-
phaha, 54, 69; extinction of line of, 69
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, at peace of West-
phalia, 54, 69; enters Confederation of
Rhine, 83; in Germanic Confederation,
88 ; in North German Confederation, 94
Mecklenburg-Strelitz, formation of, 69;
enters Confederation of Rhine, 83; and
settlement of 1815, 88 ; in Germanic
Confederation, 88; in North German
Confederation, 94
Meiningen. See Saxe-Meiningen
Meissen (bishopric), 17; divided by the
two Saxon houses, 15-6; secularised, 39;
and Edict of Restitution, 40
Melanesia, colonisation in, 113
Melilla, conquered by Spain, 44
Memel, Swedish rights in, 51
Memmingen (Imperial town), 18
Menam, river, neutrality of basin of, 109
Mendocino, Cape, Spaniards at, 47
Mentone, acquired by France, 96
Merseburg (bishopric), 17; included in
Albertine Saxony, 16; secularised, 39;
and Edict of Restitution, 40; acquired
by Prussia, 87
Mers-el-Kebir, taken by Spain, 44
Merv, Russian conquests in neighbourhood
of, 110
Mesopotamia, Ottoman conquests in, 44
Metz (bishopric), 17; (Imperial town), 17;
taken by France, 37, 49; acquired by
German Empire, 95
Meuse, river, Austria and, 63
Mexico, Spanish conquest of, 47, 69;
achieves independence, 91 ; losses to
United States, 101, 102; in 1910, 118
Michigan (State), formation of, 102
Micronesia, colonisation in, 113
Milan, early losses to Savoy, 24; territory
of, 21 ; conquered by France, 33 ; losses
to Venice, 35; losses to Swiss, 20;
acquired by Charles V, 32, 34 ; and
Spanish Succession, 63; at Utrecht, 3i,
63, 65; further losses to Savoy, 36; at
Campo Formic, 79
4
Index of Local Names,
133
Minden (bishopric), 17; and Keformation,
40 ; acquired by Brandenburg, 54, 67 ;
and settlement of 1815, 87
Mingrelia, annexed by Russia, 72
Minnesota (State), formation of, 102
Minorca, taken by England, 38, 63
Miquelon, French at, 75
Mirandola (duchy), 88
Mirow, ceded to Mecklenburg-Giistrow, 54,
69
Mississippi (State), formation of, 90; in
the Civil War, 102
Missouri (State), formation of, 102
Mistra, Ottoman rule in, 25
Mittelmark, early history of, 15
Modena (Imperial fief), 24, 36, 55; Refor-
mation in, 41 ; acquired by Emperor, 65 ;
in Cispadane Republic, 79; surrendered
by the Pope, 79 ; and settlement of 1815,
88; acquires Massa-Carrara, 95; annexed
by Sardinia, 95
Modon, captured by Turks, 26
Mohacs, battle of, 32, 45
Moldavia, Hungarian gains in, 26; made
tributary to Turks, 25 ; conquered by
Matthias Corvinus, 26 ; recovered by
Turks, 46; in 19th century, 97, 98
Molucca Islands, disputed possession of,
47; Portuguese at, 48; Dutch at, 56
Mombasa, lost by Portuguese, 76
Monaco, and second peace of Paris, 86;
loss of territory, 96
Monfalcone, ceded to France, 84; restored
to Austria, 87
Monmouthshire, created an English county,
10
Montana (State), formation of, 102
Montb61iard, and Wiirtemberg, 62, 69;
acquired by France, 79, 86
Mont Blanc (department), and settlement
of 1814, 86
Montenegro, independence of, 25; in 19th
century, 97, 98; in 1910, 116
Montferrat, early expansion of Savoy in,
24; passes to Mantua, 36, 55; gains of
Savoy in, 36, 55 ; acquired by Savoy, 64
Montserrat, British in, 57
Mont Tonnerre (department), and settle-
ment of 1815, 85, 88
Morat, conquest of, 19, 24
Moravia, Bohemian dependency, 14 ; con-
quered by Hungary, 14, 26
Morea, Venetian power in, 3, 23; losses in,
24, 25, 26, 46
Morocco, Portuguese expelled from, 76;
independence of. 111, 112, 117
Mors, acquired by Prussia, 67; ceded to
France, 78
Moscow (principality), 28; oentre of Russian
unity, 29
Moselle (department), and settlement of
1814, 85
Moulmein, acquired by British, 108
Mouree, Dutch at, 58
Moyenvic, given to France, 50
Mozambique, Portuguese at, 48, 112
Miihlberg, battle of, 39
Miihlhausen (Thuringia), (Imperial town),
18 ; given to Prussia, 82
Miilhausen (Elsass), (Imperial town), 17,
62; joins Swiss Confederation, 19;
annexed by France, 79
Munglem, ceded to China, 113
Munich, Bavarian house at, 16 ; trade route
through, 23. See Bavaria-Munich
Miinster (bishopric), 17; and Reformation,
40 ; given to Prussia and Oldenburg, 82 ;
added to grand duchy of Berg, 84 ; restored
to Prussia, 87
(Elsass), (Imperial town), 50
Muscat, Portuguese settlement at, 48
Mykonos, given to Turks, 46
Mysore, conquest of, 104 ; temporary
annexation of, 106
Mytho, occupied by French, 109
Nadin, ceded to Turks, 46
Nagore, obtained by British, 104
Nagpur, Mahratha rule in, 105; British
acquisitions in, 105, 106
Nakhitchevan, acquired by Russia, 100
Namaqualand, German protectorate of, 111
Namur, added to Burgundy, 12 ; province
of, 42
Nankin, treaty of, 113
Naples, early history of, 7, 9, 22 ; losses to
Venice, 35 ; conquered by France, 33 ;
acquired by Spain, 33, 34, 54 ; Reforma-
tion in, 41 ; and Spanish Succession, 63;
at Utrecht, 34, 63, 65; acquires State
degli Presidi, 34-5 ; given up by Austria,
65 ; in Napoleonic age, 80, 83 ; and settle-
ment of 1815, 89 ; annexed by Sardinia, 95
Narbonne, united with France, 8
Narva, conquered by Sweden, 51
Nassau, in 16th century, 16 ; and Re-
formation, 39, 40; in 18th century, 69;
in Napoleonic age, 81, 82; and settlement
of 1815, 87 ; in Germanic Confederation,
88 ; joins Zollverein, 93
Nassau-Dietz, gains of, 69
Nassau-Dillenburg, extinction of line of,
69 ; added to grand duchy of Berg, 82
Nassau-Saarbriicken, insulated territory of,
62
Nassau-Saarwerden, insulated territory of,
62
Nassau-Usingen, line of, 69; unites with
Weilburg, 81 ; in Confederation of Rhine,
83
Nassau-Weilburg, unites with Uoingen, 81 ;
in Confederation of Rhine, 83
Natal, British in, 103 ; in Union of South
Africa, 104
Naumburg, treaty of, 39
Naumburg-Zeitz (bishopric), 17; included
in Albertine Saxony, 16 ; secularised, 39 ;
and Edict of Restitution, 40
Navarre (kingdom), 8, 9
Naxos (duchy), 46
134
Indeoc of Local Names.
Nebraska (State), formation of, 102
Neoapatam, Portuguese at, 48 ; Dutch at,
57
Negropont, conquered by Venice, 23, by
Turks, 24, 26 ; acqiiired by Greece, 97
Negumbo, Dutch at, 57
Nellenburg, Habsburg power in, 12
Nenierow, ceded to Mecklenburg-Giistrow,
54, 69
Nepal, British acquisitions in, 105
Netlierlands, in Holy Eoman Empire, 11 ;
pass to Maximilian, 12; at division
of Habsburg Empire, 33; at Gateau
Cambr^sis, 38 ; and Reformation, 39 ;
secession of northern provinces, 3, 31,
33 ; loss of southern provinces, 33 ; in
16th century, 42-3 ; independence of
recognised, 54 ; in 1648, 55 ; at Utrecht,
63-4 ; French gains in, 78-9 ; formed
into Batavian Republic, 79 ; created a
kingdom, 84; annexed to France, 85; and
Germanic Confederation, 88 ; and settle-
ment of 1815, 89 ; in 19th century, 98-9;
in 1910, 115 ; early colonial settlements,
56-9 ; gains and losses in 17th and 18th
centuries, 75-7 ; losses in 1815, 91, 106 ;
sale of posts on Gold Coast, 110 ; colonial
position in 1910, 118
Netherlands, Austrian. See Netherlands,
Spanish
Netherlands, Spanish, French gains in, 50,
55, 61 ; and Spanish Succession, 63 ;
ceded to Austria, 63-4 ; proposed exchange
of, 64 ; value of, 65 ; annexed by France,
78, 79
Netze (district), acquired by Prussia, 67,
73
Neuburg, subject to Rhenish Palatinate,
15-6 ; adopts Lutheranism, 40
Neufchatel, added to Swiss Confederation,
19 ; acquired by Prussia, 67 ; recognised
at tFtrecht, 64 ; detached from Confedera-
tion, 79 ; ceded to France, 82 ; and settle-
ment of 1815, 89
Neukloster, obtained by Sweden, 52, 54
Neumark, acquired by Brandenburg, 15
Neustadt, changes of rule in, 39
Nevada (State), formation of, 102
Nevers, acquired by Burgundy, 12
Nevis, British in, 57
New Arizona, acquired by United States, 101
Biscay, Spanish administration of, 59
. Brunswick, disputed boundary of, 101 ;
enters the Confederation, 103
Caledonia, annexed by France, 113,
118
England, settlement of, 57
Newfoundland, discovery of, 11, 48 ; English
at, 57, 75, 91 ; French fishing rights in,
75 ; administration of, 103
New Granada, Spanish conquest of, 47 ;
administration of, 59 ; in 19th century,
91, 102
. Guinea, Portuguese in, 47, 48 ; British
in, 109; Germans in, 113
New Hampshire, settlement of, 57; sepa-
rates from Massachusetts, 75
Haven, settlement of, 57 ; united with
Connecticut, 57
Hebrides, divided by French and
British, 112, 113
— Jersey (colony), foundation of, 75
— Mexico, acquired by United States,
101, 102; Territory of, 102
Netherlands, Dutch in, 58 ; conquered
by British, 57
— Orleans (colony), foundation of, 75 ;
ceded to English, 75
— Plymouth, settlement of, 57
— Providence, English in, 57
— South Wales, annexation of, 91, 103
— Spain ( viceroy alty), 59
— York (colony), foundation of, 75
Zealand, annexation of, 103 ; depend-
encies of, 113; in 1910, 118
Nicaragua (independent State), 91, 102
Nice, in Napoleonic age, 79 ; acquired by
France, 95, 96
Nicholaievsk (Russian port), 114
Niger, river, French and English on, 111
Nigeria, protectorates of. 111
Nios, ceded to Turks, 46
Nordhausen (Imperial town), 18; given
to Prussia, 82
Nordlingen (Imperial town), 18
Normandy, Huguenots in, 41
North Dakota (State), formation of, 102
Northern Circars, British power in, 77
North German Confederation, formation of,
94 ; and Luxemburg, 99
Northumberland, absorbs Hexhamshire,
Tynedale and Redesdale, 10
Norway, in Holy Roman Empire, 7 ; suzerain
of Orkneys and Shetlands, 10 ; and Union
of Calmar, 29 ; held by Danes, 43 ;
Swedish wars, 52-3, 55 ; union with
Sweden, 89 ; dissolution of union, 99 ;
in 1910, 117
Noteborg, gained by Sweden, 51
Novara, held by Milan, 21 ; taken by Savoy,
36 ; Republic of, 80 ; added to Italian
Republic, 83
Nova Scotia, British power in, 91 ; enters
the Confederation, 103
Novgorod (principality), 28 ; annexed by
Ivan III, 29; captured by Sweden, 51
Novgorod Sieverski, annexed by Basil, 29
Niirnberg (Imperial town), 15, 17; and
settlement of 1803, 81; acquired by
Bavaria, 82, 87
Nymegen, treaty of, 61
Nystad, peace of, 62-3, 71
Oberehenheim (Imperial town), 50
Obok, French at, 112
Ochakoff, conquered by Russia, 72
Oder, mouth of, obtained by Sweden, 52,
67, by Brandenburg, 67
Oderberg, acquired by Brandenburg, 66
Orenburg (Imperial town), 17
Index of Local Names,
135
Ohio (State), formation of, 90
Oklahoma (State), formation of, 102
Oland, held by Sweden, 43
Oldenburg, in 16th century, 16; in 17fch
and 18th, 69; and settlement of 1803,
82 ; enters Confederation of Khine, 83 ;
and settlement of 1815, 88; in Germanic
Confederation, 88
Oliva, peace of, 51, 52, 66, 73
Oliven^a, and settlement of 1815, 89
Oneglia, purchased by Savoy, 36
Ontario, Lake, English at, 75
Oppeln, acquired by Brandenburg, 66
Oran, taken by Spain, 44 ; struggles in, 76
Orange, annexed by France, 62, 69
Orange Free State, Dutch and English in,
103 ; in Union of South Africa, 104
Orange-Nassau, house of, 16
Orbe, conquest of, 19, 24
Orbitello, changes of rule in, 35
Oregon, joint British and American occu-
pation of, 90 ; disputed boundary of,
101 ; formation of State of, 102
Orenburg (government), 110
Orinoco, river, Columbus at, 47
Orissa, British power in, 77, 105
Orkneys, acquired by Scotland, 10
Orleans, united with France, 8
Orsova, Austrian conquest of, 65
Ortenau, given to Duke of Modena, 80;
created a duchy, 81 ; acquired by Baden,
87
Orvieto, and Papal rule, 22
Osel, conquered by German Order, 27;
recovered by Denmark, 44, 50, 52 ; given
to Sweden, 52
Osnabriick (bishopric), 17; and the Kefor-
mation, 40 ; and Brunswick, 54, 68 ;
acquired by Hanover, 82, 87
Osterland, divided by the two Saxon houses,
16; absorbed by Albertine branch, 39
Otranto, occupied by Turks, 26, by Venice,
35; made a duchy, 84
Ottoman empire, in Holy Roman Empire,
7; advance of, in 15th century, 25-6;
checked by Habsburg power, 31 ; tolera-
tion in, 41 ; in 16th and 17th centuries,
44-6 ; in 18th century, 71-2 ; in Napo-
leonic age, 85 ; in 19th century, 96-8,
100; in 1910, 116
Oudh, British conquests in, 104; becomes
a dependency, 105 ; annexation of, 106
Overmaaslauds, conquered by United
Netherlands, 43
Overyssel, Burgundian power in, 13 ; under
Charles V, 42 ; joins the Union, 43
Oxford (bishopric), 10
Pacific Ocean, discovery of, 47; colonisa-
tion in, 6, 112-3; in 1910, 118
Paderborn (bishopric), 17; and Reforma-
tion, 40 ; given to Prussia, 82 ; and settle-
ment of 1815, 87
Padua, conquered by Venice, 23
Pago Pago, acquired by United States, 112
Palatinate, declared an electorate, 14 ; terri-
tories of, 15 ; in Lower Rhenish Circle,
18; Reformation in, 39, 40; acquires
Jiilich and Berg, 68 ; occupied by Spain,
49 ; at Westphalia, 54
Bavarian, 88
Upper, subject to the electorate, 15;
adopts Calvinism, 40 ; given to Bavaria,
54, 68; and settlement of 1803, 81
Pamir Mts., boundary disputes in, 110
Panama, changes of government in, 102
Panch Mahals, annexed by British, 106
Papal States. See States of the Church
Paraguay, Spanish administration of, 59;
achieves independence, 91
Parga, ceded to Ottoman empire, 97
Parganas, the Twenty-four, acquired by
British, 77
Paris, peace of (1763), 75, 77; peace of
(1814), 85-6, 88; second peace of (1815),
86; peace of (1856), 98, 100; peace of
(1898), 102
Parma, held by Milan, 21 ; ceded to Pope,
32, 34; passes to the Farnese, 35, 55,
to Spanish Bourbons, 35, to Austria,
65 ; added to Cisalpine Republic, 79 ;
annexed by France, 83; part of, given
to one of Napoleon's marshals, 83-4;
and settlement of 1815, 89; in 19th
century, 95
Paros, ceded to Turks, 46
Parthenopean republic, formation of, 80
Passarowitz, peace of, 46, 64-5
Passau (bishopric), 17; and Reformation,
40; divided by Bavaria and Salzburg,
81
Patagonia, limit of Spanish rule, 59, 60
Patmos, ceded to Turks, 46
Patrimony of St Peter, under Papal rule,
21-2; annexed to kingdom of Italy, 96
Pegu, Dutch in, 57 ; acquired by British,
108
Peitz, acquired by Brandenburg, 15
Pelew Islands, purchased by Germany, 113
Peloponnese. See Morea
Pemba Island, placed under British pro-
tection, 112
Penjdeh, acquired by Russia, 110
Pennsylvania (colony), foundation of, 75
Perekop, conquered by Russia, 71
P^rigord, united with France, 8
Perim Island, acquired by Great Britain,
107
Pernambuco, Dutch at, 59
Persia, losses of, to Turks, 44 ; Portuguese
in, 48; losses of, to Russia, 98, 100, 110;
spheres of influence in, 107, 108, 110;
in 1910, 118
Persian Gulf, British protectorate of, 107
Peru, Spanish conquest of, 47 ; viceroyalty
of, 59 ; achieves independence, 91 ; divi-
sion of, 102
Perugia, and Papal rule, 22 ; secured by
Julius II, 35
Pesaro, added to Cisalpine Republic, 79
136
Index of Local Names,
Pescadores Islands, acquired by Japan, 114
Petapoli, English at, 56
Peterborough (bishopric), 10
Pforzheim. See Baden-Pforzheim
Pfullendorf (Imperial town), 18
Philippeville, gained by France, 50, 62 ;
lost, 86
Philippine Islands, given to Spain, 47, 59 ;
acquired by United States, 102
Philippopolis, revolution at, 97
Philippsburg, French garrison at, 50, with-
drawn, 61
Piacenza, held by Milan, 21 ; ceded to the
Pope, 32, 34; given to the Farnese, 35,
55 ; passes to Spanish Bourbons, 35 ;
annexed by France, 83 ; part of, given
to one of Napoleon's marshals, 83-4;
and settlement of 1815, 89
Picardy, acquired by France, 8
Piedmont, Savoyard conquest of, 24, 36 ;
and Utrecht settlement, 64 ; occupied by
France, 80
Pillau, Swedish rights in, 51
Pinerolo, taken by France, 34, 49, 50, 55 ;
recovered by Savoy, 36
Piombino, independence of, 21 ; under
protection of Florence, 24 ; passes to
Elise Bonaparte, 83 ; and settlement of
1815, 89
Pirot, acquired by Servia, 97
Pisa, falls to Florence, 21
Pistoia, falls to Florence, 21
Placentia, ceded to English, 75
Plava, ceded to Ottoman empire, 98
Pleissnerland, divided by the two Saxon
houses, 16
Plombi^res, convention of, 95
Podlachia, partition of, 65, 74
Podlesia, acquired by Eussia, 71, 73, 74
Podolia, conquered by Turks, 46, 73 ;
partition of, 65, 71, 73
Poel, Island of, obtained by Sweden, 52
Pointe de Galle, Dutch at, 57
Pola, Venetian possession of, 23
Poland, in Holy Roman Empire, 7; early
history of, 27, 30 ; wars with Russia, 29;
relations with Brandenburg, 50, 66 ; and
Reformation, 41 ; wars with Sweden,
61-2 ; in 1648, 54-5 ; partition of, 4, 65,
67, 71, 72-4; and settlement of 1815, 86,
99; in 19th century, 5, 100; in 1910, 117
Little, partition of, 65, 73, 74
Polesine, conquered by Venice, 23
Polianovka, treaty of, 70
Polozk, acquired by Russia, 73
Polynesia, colonisation in, 113
Pomerania, early history of, 15, 17; its
bishoprics, 17 ; in Upper Saxon Circle,
18 ; Reformation in, 39, 40, 54 ; acquired
by Brandenburg, 54, 66
Eastern, recovered by Brandenburg,
66-7
■ Western, obtained by Sweden, 52,
54; partly recovered by Prussia, 62;
remainder recovered, 87
Pomerania-Stettiu, line of, 15, 17
Pomerania- Wolgast, line of, 17
Pomerelia, early history of, 27
Pondicherry, French at, 77, 109
Ponte Corvo, Papal enclave, 22 ; given to
Bernadotte, 84 ; restored to the Pope,
89
Pontremoli, held by Milan, 21 ; in 19th
century, 95
Poena, Mahratha rule in, 105 ; defeat of
the Peshwa of, 105
Port Arthur, Russian lease of, 113, 114
Royal, French in, 58
Portendik, acquired by French, 76
Porto Ercole, changes of rule in, 35
Rico, Spanish occupation of, 47 ;
acquired by United States, 102, 103
Portsmouth, treaty of, 114
Portugal, in Holy Roman Empire, 7 ; and
the Reformation, 39 ; absorbed by Spain,
9, 33 ; regains independence, 55 ; in
Napoleonic age, 85 ; and settlement of
1815, 89; in 1910, 116; early colonial
enterprise, 46-8 ; in 17th century, 56-9
in 18th century, 76-7 ; loses Brazil, 91
in India, 109; in Africa, 104, 110-2
colonial position in 1910, 117
Portuguese Guinea, acquisition of, 110
Posen, acquired by Prussia, 86
Posnania, and settlement of 1815, 99
Poti, acquired by Russia, 100
Prague, peace of (1635), 40; peace of
(1866), 94, 96
Pressburg, peace of, 82, 86
Prevesa, conquered by Venice, 46
Priegnitz, early history of, 15
Prince Edward's Isle, ceded to English, 75 ;
enters Confederation, 103
Principe Island, acquired by Portugal, 110
Provence, acquired by France, 7-8 ; Savoyard
gains in, 24
Prussia, early history of, 27 ; secularisation
of, 50 ; relations with Poland and Sweden,
50, 51; added to Brandenburg, 54, 66;
made a kingdom, 67 ; at Utrecht, 64 ;
conquers Silesia, 64, 67; other gains of,
67-8, 69 ; and partition of Poland, 73-4 ;
at treaty of Basel, 78; and settlement of
1803, 82 ; at peace of Schonbrunn, 82 ;
and Confederation of Rhine, 83 ; at Tilsit,
84; in Germanic Confederation, 88; and
settlement of 1815, 86, 87, 89 ; in 19th
century, 5, 92-5, 99
East, Polish suzerainty of, 51 ;
gained by Brandenburg, 73
• New East, acquired by Prussia, 67
South, acquired by Prussia, 67
West, acquired by Poland, 27, 51,
by Prussia, 67, 73
Pskoff (principality), 28; acquired by Basil,
29
Pulo Condore, occupied by French, 109
Run, Dutch in, 56
Punjab, annexation of, 106, 107
Pyrenees, peace of, 50
Index of Local Names.
137
Quebec, French at, 58, 75
Queen Adelaide Province, annexed by Cape
of Good Hope, 104
Queensland, annexation of, 103
Quetta, British occupation of, 108
Quilon, Dutch at, 57
Quito, administration of, 59 ; added to
Colombia, 91
Ragusa (republic), 23; acquired by Austria,
87
Rajputana, British dominion in, 106
Rangoon, acquired by British, 108
Rastatt, treaty of, 62
Ratisbon (bishopric), 17, and Reforma-
tion, 40, and settlement* of 1808, 81 ;
(Imperial town), 18, and settlement of
1803, 81, in Confederation of Rhine, 83,
acquired by Bavaria, 84, 87; treaty of,
62
Ratzeburg (bishopric), 17; adopts Luther-
anism, 40; and Edict of Restitution, 40;
at peace of Westphalia, 54, 69
Rauracia (republic), 78
Ravenna, conquered by Venice, 23; ceded
to Pope, 35 ; and settlement of 1815, 89
Ravensberg, relations of with other Rhenish
States, 16; acquired by Brandenburg, 66;
and settlement of 1815, 87
Ravensburg (Imperial town), 18
Redesdale, absorbed by Northumberland,
10
Reggio (Imperial fief), 24, 36; in Cis-
padane Republic, 79; made a duchy^
84; and settlement of 1815, 88
Rethel, acquired by Burgundy, 12
Reuss, enters Confederation of Rhine, 83 ;
in Germanic Confederation, 88; in North
German Confederation, 94
Reutlingen (Imperial town), 18
Rheinfelden, Habsburg power in, 12; ceded
to France, 80
Rheinfels, ceded to France, 78. See Hesse-
Rheinfels
Rhine, Lower, Circle of, 18 ; amalgamated
with Upper Rhine, 81
Upper, Circle of, 18; amalgamated
with Lower Rhine, 81
Rhode Island, settlement of, 57
Rhodes, acquired by Turks, 46
Rhodesia, British in, 103, 104
Riga, importance of, 53
Rimini, conquered by Venice, 35; re-
covered by Julius II, 35
Rio Grande, boundary between Mexico and
Texas, 101
Rio Oro, Spanish protectorate of, IH
Roccabruna, acquired by France, 96
Rocky Mountains, discovery of, 75
Rodrigues, acquired by Great Britain, 91
Roeskilde, peace of, 52
Rohilkhand, ceded to Great Britain, 104
Romagna, under Papal rule, 21 ; conquered
by Caesar Borgia, 35
Roman republic, formation of, 80
Rome, Papal power in, 22 ; capital of Italy,
96
Rosheim (Imperial town), 50
Rostoff, annexed by Ivan III, 29
Rottenburg (Imperial town), 18
Rottweil (Imperial town), 18; joins Swiss
Confederation, 19
Roumania, Hungarian protectorate of, 26;
in 19th century, 97, 98; in 1910, 116
Roumelia, and treaty of San Stefano, 97
Eastern, incorporated with Bulgaria,
97
Roussillon, held by Aragon, 9; acquired
by France, 8; recovered by Spain, 9,
37; passes to Charles V, 32; annexed
by France, 33, 50
Rovigo, conquered by Venice, 23
Roxo, Cape, Portuguese foothold at, 111
Riigen, Island of, obtained by Sweden, 52,
62, by Prussia, 87
Ruppin, annexed by Brandenburg, 15, 66
Russia, early history of, 27-9; wars with
Sweden, 51; in 1648, 54-5; expansion
of, 3-5, 62-3, 69-72; and partition of
Poland, 73-4; at treaty of Schonbrunn,
84 ; conquers Bessarabia, 98 ; and settle-
ment of 1815, 86, 90; in 19th centurv,
96, 97, 98, 99-100; in 1910, 116-7; and
sale of Alaska, 101; Asiatic expansion
of, 108, 109-10, 113-4; colonial position
of, in 1910, 118
Great, early history of, 28
Little, political position of, 28; re-
covered by Russia, 71
Red, acquired by Austria, 65, 73
Ryswyk, treaty of, 62
Saarbriick, and second peace of Paris, 86
Saare (department of the), and settlement
of 1814, 85; Bavarian gains in, 88
Saarlouis, and second peace of Paris, 86
Saba, Dutch in, 58
Sabina, under Papal rule, 21
Sagan, given to Bohemia, 39
Saghalin, acquired by Russia, 114 ; Japanese
acquisitions in, 114
Sahara, French dominion in. 111
Saigon, occupied by French, 109
St Eustatius, Dutch in, 58
St Gallen, added to Swiss Confederation,
19; created a canton, 80
St Germain, peace of, 58, 67
St Goar, ceded to France, 78
St Helena, Dutch and English at, 59
St Kitts, British in, 57, 76; French in, 58
St Lawrence, river, French at, 48, 59
St Lucia, acquired by Great Britain, 91
St Lucia Bay, annexation of, 104
St Martin, French and Dutch in, 58
St Omer, at peace of Pyrenees, 50; ac-
quired by France, 61, 62
St Petersburg, geographical position of, 28
St Pierre, French at, 75
St Quentin, ceded to Burgundy, 13
St Thomas, Danes in, 76
13b
Index of Local Names,
St Thom6, acquired by Portugal, 110
St Valery, ceded to Burgundy, 13
St Vincent, acquired by English, 76
Salbai, treaty of, 104
Salm, insulated country of, 62; and settle-
ment of 1803, 82
Salm-Kyrburg, in Confederation of Ehine,
83
Salm- Salm, in Confederation of Rhine,
83
Salonika, conquered by Turks, 25; Venetian
rights in, 24
Salsette Island, acquired by British, 104
Saluzzo, conquered by Savoy, 24, by
France, 34, 38; recovered by Savoy, 36,
38, 49
Salzburg (archbishopric), 17; in Bavarian
Circle, 18; and Reformation, 40; created
an electorate, 81 ; at peace of Pressburg,
82; at treaty of Schonbrunn, 84
Samarkand, occupied by Russia, 107, 110
Sambre et Meuse (department), and settle-
ment of 1814, 85
Samoa Islands, United States and, 102,
112, 113; Germany and, 118
Samogitia, lost and recovered by Lithu-
ania, 27; Polish rule in, 51; acquired
by Russia, 71, 74
Saraothrace, conquered by Turks, 25
Sand River, convention of, 103
San Marino, Republic of, 89
San Salvador, independence of, 91, 102
San Stefano, treaty of, 97-8, 100
Santa Cruz (America), purchased by Danes,
78
(Pacific), British in, 113
Santa Lucia, French in, 76
Santa Maura, captured by Turks, 26; re-
covered by Venice, 46
Santo Domingo, French in, 58, 75; and
United States, 103
Sao Paulo de Loanda, Dutch at, 58
Saragossa, treaty of, 47
Sarawak, acquired by British, 109
Sardinia, held by Aragon, 9, 22; passes
to Charles V, 32; Spanish rule in, 34,
55; acquired by Austria, 34, 65; passes
to Savoy, 34, 36, 65; in Napoleonic age,
4, 79, 80; and settlement of 1815, 86,
88, 89; and peace of Prague, 94; achieves
unification of Italy, 95-6
Saskatchewan (province), formation of,
103
Satara, annexed by British, 106
Savoy, territories of, 24; losses to Swiss,
19-20; and league of Cambray, 35; in
1648, 55; losses and acquisitions of, 4,
38; frontier of, 62; at Utrecht, 64; in
Napoleonic age, 79; and settlement of
1815, 88, 89; ceded to France, 95, 96
Saxe-Altenburg, in North German Con-
federation, 94
Saxe-Coburg, and settlement of 1815, 88;
in Germanic Confederation, 88; acquires
Saxe-Gotha, 92-3
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, in North German Con-
federation, 94
Saxe-Eisenach, line of, 68
Saxe-Gotha, formation of, 68; in Germanic
Confederation, 88; incorporated with
Saxe-Coburg, 92-3
Saxe-Hildburghausen, line of, 68; in Ger-
manic Confederation, 88; incorporated
with Saxe-Meiningen, 93
Saxe-Lauenburg, adopts Lutheranism, 40
Saxe-Meiningen, line of, 68; in Germanic
Confederation, 88; acquires Saxe-Hild-
burghausen, 93 ; in North German Con-
federation, 94
Saxe- Weimar, formation of, 68; and settle-
ment of 1815, 88; in Germanic Confedera-
tion, 88 ; in North German Confederation,
94
Saxony, created an electorate, 14; terri-
tories of, 15-6 ; its bishoprics, 17 ; Circles
of, 18 ; division of, 39 ; Reformation in, 39,
40; and Edict of Restitution, 40 ; at West-
phalia, 54, 64; houses of, 68; and settle-
ment of 1803, 82; enters Confederation
of the Rhine, 83; acquires Cottbus, 84;
and settlement of 1815, 87; in Germanic
Confederation, 88; in Zollverein, 93; in
North German Confederation, 94
Schaffhausen, added to Swiss Confedera-
tion, 19
Schaumburg-Lippe, in Germanic Confede-
ration, 88 ; in North German Confedera-
tion, 94
Schleswig, political position of, 17, 30, 44,
69; in 19 th century, 93-4
Schlettstadt (Imperial town), 17, 50
Schmalkaldic War, 39
Schonbrunn, peace of (1805), 82; treaty of
(1809), 84, 86
SchwarzlDurg, enters Confederation of Rhine,
83
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, in Germanic Con-
federation, 88; in North German Con-
federation, 94
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, in Germanic
Confederation, 88; and origin of Zoll-
verein, 93; in North German Confedera-
tion, 94
Schweinfurt (Imperial town), 18
Schwerin (bishopric), 17 ; adopts Lutheran-
ism, 40; and Edict of Restitution, 40;
at Westphalia, 54, 69
Schwiebus, claimed by Brandenburg, 67;
acquired by Prussia, 67
Schwyz (Swiss canton) , 19 ; remains
Catholic, 40
Scotland, in Holy Roman Empire, 7; ac-
quires Orkneys and Shetlands, 10; union
of with England, 10; Reformation in,
41; in 1648, 55
Segauli, treaty of, 105
Semigallia, conquered by German Order,
27; passes to Brandenburg, 50
Senegal, river, French on, 58, 76, 111
Senlis, treaty of, 14, 37
Index of Local Naines.
139
Serampur, Danes at, 77; purchased by
British, 109
Serrey, acquired by Prussia, 66, 67
Servia, Hungarian protectorate of, 26;
conquered by Turks, 25, by Matthias
Corvinus, 26 ; Austrian conquests in, 65 ;
in 19th century, 97, 98; in 1910, 116
Seven Islands, Kepublic of, 80
Seville, Reformation at, 42
Seyclielle Islands, acquired by Great Britain,
91
Shan States, placed under British protec-
tion, 108
Shetlands, acquired by Scotland, 10
Shimonoseki, treaty of, 114
Siam, Dutch in, 57; in 19th century, 109
Siberia (khanate), 29, 60, 70
Sibir, captured by Cossacks, 60, 70
Sicily, conquered by Normans, 22, by Ara-
gon, 9, 22; passes to Charles V, 32;
Spanish rule in, 34, 55 ; and Spanish
Succession, 63; acquired by Savoy, 34,
36, 64; given to Austria, 34, 65; ex-
changed for Parma, 65; in Napoleonic
age, 83; and settlement of 1815, 89;
annexed by Sardinia, 95
Sidon, Venetian rights in, 24
Siem-reap, acquired by France, 109
Siena, independence of, 21, 24; loses Stato
degli Presidi, 35 ; annexed by Florence, 36
Sierra Leone, acquired by English, 76; ex-
tension of their power in, 110
Sieverski, ceded to Poland, 70 ; restored to
Russia, 73
Sigmaringen. See Hohenzollern-Sigmar-
ingen
Sikkim, brought under British protection,
105, 106, 113
Silesia, Bohemian dependency, 14, 27;
conquered by Hungary, 14, 26 ; losses to
Brandenburg, 15, 66 ; claimed by Sweden,
52; seized by Prussia, 64
New, acquired by Prussia, 67
Simla, acquired by British, 105
Sind, annexed by British, 107
Singapore, acquired by British, 110
Sir Darya, river, Russian conquest on, 109
Sisophon, acquired by France, 109
Sitvatorok, treaty of, 45
Skaane, held by Danes, 43; gained by
Sweden, 52
Skutari, conquered by Turks, 24, 26
Skyros, ceded to Turks, 46
Slave Coast, settlements on, 58
Slavonia, Habsburg power in, 45, 64
Sluys, conquered by United Provinces, 43
Smaland, centre of Swedish expansion, 43
Smolensk (principality), 28; acquired by
Basil, 29; restored to Poland, 55, 70;
recovered by Russia, 73
Society Islands, French in, 113
Sofala, Portuguese fort at, 48
Sokoto, English at, 111
Solomon Islandis, Germans and English
in, 113
Solothurn, added to Swiss Confederation, 19
Somaliland, British protectorate of, 107;
Italian dominion in, 112
Somme towns, ceded to Burgundy, 13;
recovered by France, 8, 13 ; renounced by
Charles V, 42
South Australia, annexation of, 103
Dakota (State), formation of, 102
Sozh, river, boundary of Muscovite empire,
29
Spain, in Holy Roman Empire, 7; early
history of, 8-10 ; inherited by Charles V,
32; dominion in Italy, 34, 35, 37, in
N. Africa, 44; and Reformation, 42;
passes to Philip II, 33; dynastic union
with England, 11 ; occupation and loss of
the Valtelline, 49 ; in 1648, 55 ; at Utrecht,
63-4 ; in Napoleonic age, 83 ; and settle-
ment of 1815, 89; in 1910, 116; early
colonial enterprise, 47-8; in 17th and
18th centuries, 57, 59-60, 75-6; down-
fall of colonial empire, 90-1; losses in
West Indies, 103; dominion in Africa,
111; rights in Morocco, 112; in Pacific
Islands, 113 ; colonial position in 1910,
115-6
Speier (bishopric), 17, and Reformation,
40, acquired by Baden, 81; (Imperial
town), 18
Spice Islands, Portuguese in, 47, 48
Spinalonga, given to Turks, 46
Spliigen, trade route of, 23
Spoleto, and Papal rule, 22
Stampalia, ceded to Turks, 46
States of the Church, composition of, 21-2 ;
growth of, 35, 55; in Napoleonic age, 4,
79, 80, 83; and settlement of 1815, 89;
annexed by Sardinia, 95
Stato degli Presidi, Spanish power in, 34,
55; changes of rule in, 35; in kingdom
of Etruria, 80; and settlement of 1815, 89
Stettin, 52, 66. See Pomerania-Stettin
Stockholm, capital of Sweden, 53 ; peace of,
62, 67
Stolbova, peace of, 51, 70
Storkow, acquired by Brandenburg, &Q
Straits Settlements, acquired by British,
109
Stralsund, at peace of Stockholm, 62 ; ceded
to Prussia, 87
Strassburg (bishopric), 17, and Refor-
mation, 40, at Westphalia, 50, given to
Baden, 81; (Imperial town), 17, at peace
of Westphalia, 50, annexed by France,
62, acquired by German Empire, 95
Stuhlweissenburg, conquered by Turks, 45
Stuhmsdorf, treaty of, 51
Styria, Habsburg power in, 11; Hungarian
conquests in, 14
Suabia, States of, 17, 18; Circle of, 18;
passes to Ferdinand I, 33; and Edict of
Restitution, 40
Suda, given to Turks, 46
Sudan, conquest of, 107, 111, 112
Suez Cuual, British interest in, 107
140
Index of Local Names.
Sulzbach, subject to Ebenish Palatinate,
15-6
Sumatra, Dutch in, 57
Sundgau, acquired by Burgundy, 13
Surat, English at, 56; presidency of trans-
ferred from, 57
Surinam, English in, 57; given to Dutch,
57, 58
Swallow Islands, British in, 113
Sweden, in Holy Roman Empire, 7; con-
quers Finland, 27; Union of Calmar,
29-30 ; dissolution of Union, 43 ; Refor-
mation in, 41 ; expansion of, 3, 50-3 ; in
1648, 54-5; decline of, 4, 62-3; in
Napoleonic age, 85; and settlement of
1815, 87, 89-90 ; separates from Norway,
99; in 1910, 117; colonisation, 57, 58
Switzerland, in Holy Roman Empire, 11
formation of Swiss Confederation, 3, 19
virtual independence of, 12, 19 ; acquisi
tions of, 24, 32, 34 ; Reformation in, 40-1
independence recognised, 54; in Napo-
leonic age, 79-80; and settlement of
1815, 86, 89; in 1910, 116
Sydney, settlement at, 103
Syria, Turks in, 5; Venetian influence in,
23; Ottoman conquest of, 44; in 1910,
118
Szegedin, conquered by Turks, 45
Szolnok, acquired by Turks, 45
Table Bay, Dutch at, 57, 58
Tahiti, annexed by France, 112
Talienwan, Russian lease of, 113, 114
Tana, Venetian rights in, 24
Tanjore, under British rule, 104
Taranto (duchy), 84
Tarapaca, acquired by Chile, 102
Tashkend, occupied by Russia, 107
Tasmania, annexation of, 103
Tata, acquired by Turks, 45
Tauroggen, Prussia and, 66
Tecklenburg, acquired by Prussia, 67;
added to grand duchy of Berg, 84
Telamone, changes of rule in, 35
Temesvar (Banat), Turkish power in, 45,
64; (vilayet), 45
Tenasserim, acquired by British, 108
Tenda, under suzerainty of Savoy, 24;
purchase of, 36
Tennessee, in Civil War, 102
Teruate, Portuguese at, 48; Dutch at, 57
Terra di Lavoro, and partition of Naples, 34
Firma, Spanish conquest of, 47;
administration of, 59
Teschen, peace of, 64
Teusin, peace of, 51
Teutonic Order, gains of, 27; and settle-
ment of 1803, 82
Texas, achieves independence, 91,101, 102;
joins the Union, 101 ; formation of State
of, 102
Thasos, conquered by Turks, 25
Thessaly, annexed by Turks, 25 ; acquired
by Greece, 97, 116
Thionville, gained by France, 50
Thorn, first and second peace of, 27; ceded
to Poland, 27; acquired by Prussia, 67,
73; and settlement of 1815, 86
Thurgau, ceded to Zurich, 12, 19; added
to Aargau, 80
Thuringia, divided by the two Saxon houses,
15-6 ; Prussian gains in, 87
Thurn and Taxis, house of, and settlement
of 1803, 82
Tibet, Chinese suzerainty of, 108
Ticino, added to Aargau, 80
Tidor, Portuguese at, 48
Tientsin, treaty of, 109
Tilsit, peace of, 84
Timbuctu, French occupation of. 111
Tinos, given to Turks, 46
Tiris, Spanish possession of, 111
Tobago, French and English at, 76; lost
by France, 91
Toggenburg, added to Swiss Confederation,
19
Togoland, annexed by Germany, 111
Tolentino, treaty of, 79
Tonga Islands, British in, 113
Tonkin, placed under French protection,
109, 113
Toplitz, treaty of, 88
Tordesiilas, treaty of, 47
Torgau, acquired by Prussia, 87
Tortona, taken by Savoy, 36
Touat, occupied by French, 111
Toul (bishopric), 17; taken by France,
37, 49; (Imperial town), 17
Tournay, added to Netherlands, 42
Tranquebar, Danes at, 56, 77; purchased
by British, 109
Transpadane Republic, formation of, 79
Transvaal, Dutch and English in, 103; in
Union of South Africa, 104
Transylvania, inherited by Charles V, 32;
Reformation in, 41 ; Ottoman and Habs-
burg power in, 45 ; at peace of Carlowitz,
64
Trebizond, Venetian rights in, 24 ; con-
quered by Turks, 25 ; trade route of, 100
Trengganu, placed under British influence,
109
Trent (bishopric), 17, 23; in Austrian
Circle, 18 ; given to Austria, 81 ; ceded
to Bavaria, 82; restored to Austria, 86
Trier (electorate), 14; in Lower Rhenish
Circle, 18; and Reformation, 40; elector-
ate of, abolished, 81 ; and settlement of
1815, 87
Trieste, Habsburg power in, 11, 23; at
peace of Pressburg, 82 ; ceded to France,
84; restored to Austria, 87
Trincomalee, Dutch at, 57
Trinidad, Columbus at, 47; acquired by
Great Britain, 91
Tripoli, Venetian rights in, 24; conquered
by Spain, 44
Trondhjem, gained by Sweden, 52 ; restored
to Norway, 53
Index of Local Navies.
141
Tucuman, administration of, 69
Tunis, Turks and Spaniards in, 44; placed
under French protection, 111
Turin, capital of Italy fixed at, 96
Turkestan, Kussian conquests in, 110
Turkey. See Ottoman empire
Tiirkbeim (Imperial town), 50
Turkmancliay, treaty of, 98, 100
Turkomania, Western, annexed by Kussia,
110
Turkoman Tekkes, subjugation of, 110
Tuscany, Florentine power in, 21, 36, 55;
Spanish rule in, 34; grand duchy of,
acquired by Austria, 65 ; in Napoleonic
age, 80; and settlement of 1815, 89;
recovers Lucca, 95 ; annexed by Sardinia,
95
Tutuila, acquired by United States, 102
Tver (principality), 28 ; annexed by Ivan III,
29
Twenty-Four Parganas, acquired by British,
77
Tynedale, absorbed by Northumberland, 10
Tyre, Venetian rights in, 24
Tyrol, acquired by Maximilian, 12; ceded
to Bavaria, 82; added to kingdom of
Italy, 83; restored to Austria, 86
tjberlingen (Imperial town), 18
Uckermark, conquered by Brandenburg, 15
Uganda, acquired by British, 112
Ukraine, Ottoman conquests in, 73; ac-
quired by Russia, 71, 73
Uim (Imperial town), 18; acquired by
Bavaria, 81
Umbria, under Papal rule, 21-2
United States, formation of, 90; expansion
of, 101-2; in 1910, 118; colonisation,
102, 112-3
Unterwalden (Swiss canton), 19; and Re-
formation, 40
Upper League, 19
Urana, ceded to Turks, 46
Urbino (duchy), 22; under direct Papal
rule, 35, 55; added to kingdom of Italy,
83
Uri (Swiss canton), 19 ; acquisitions in
Italy, 19; and Reformation, 40
Uruguay, achieves independence, 91
Usedom, Island of, obtained by Sweden,
52; ceded to Prussia, 62, 67
Usingen. See Nassau-Usingen
Utah (State), formation of, 102
Utrecht (bishopric), 17, held by Burgundy,
13, regains independence, 14, added to
Netherlands, 42; Union of, 43; peace of,
4, 33, 59, 61, 62, 63-4, 74, 75, 76
Valais, The, joins Swiss Confederation, 19 ;
acquisitions of, 20, 24, 36; and Re-
formation, 40; formation of republic of,
80; annexed by France, 83; created a
canton, 81)
Valenciennes, acquired by France, 61
Valladolid, Reformation at, 42
Val Levantina, conquered by Uri, 19
Val Maggia, ceded to Swiss, 20
Valromey, held by Savoy, 24; ceded to
France, 36, 38, 49
Valtelline, conquered by Orisons, 20; de-
sired by Venice, 35; occupied by Spam
and France, 49 ; added to Cisalpine
Republic, 79; restored to Austria, 87
Vancouver, and Oregon boundary dispute,
101
Vasvar, treaty of, 45, 64
Vaud, possession of Savoy, 24; added to
Swiss Confederation, 20, to canton of
Aargau, 80; and settlement of 1815, 89
Venaissin (Papal enclave), 62 ; annexed by
France, 78, 86
Venddme, united with France, 8
Venetia, at Campo Formio, 79; added to
kingdom of Italy, 82, 83; restored to
Austria, 86, 88; promised to Sardinia,
94; ceded to Italy, 96
Venezuela, Spanish administration of, 59;
and republic of Colombia, 91, 102; dis-
puted frontier of, 103
Venice, outside Holy Roman Empire, 11;
possessions of, 22-4 ; losses of, to Hun-
gary, 26, to Ottoman empire, 25-6; in
16th century, 85; Reformation in, 41;
further losses of, to Turks, 46 ; in 1648,
65 ; conquered by Bonaparte, 4, 79 ; re-
covered by Austria, 86
Venloo, ceded to France, 78-9
Verden (bishopric), 17 ; Reformation in,
39, 40; obtained by Sweden, 52; ceded
to Hanover, 62, 68
Verdun (bishopric), 17, taken by France,
37, 49; (Imperial town), 17
Verona, conquered by Venice, 23
Versailles, peace of, 90, 101; German
Empire proclaimed at, 94
Vervins, peace of, 38
Veszpr^m, acquired by Turks, 45
Viatka (principality), 28; annexed by
Ivan III, 29
Viborg, Swedish possession, 43; ceded to
Russia, 63, 71
Vicenza, conquered by Venice, 23
Victoria, annexation of, 103
Victoria Nyanza, Lake, and German East
Africa, 112
Vienna, captured by Matthias Corvinus, 12,
26 ; peace of (1735), 65 ; peace of (1738),
36; Congress of (1815), 86-90, 95, 99;
treaty of (1864), 93, 96
Villach, Circle of, ceded to France, 84
Virgin Islands, British in, 58
Virginia, colonisation of, 57 ; in Civil
War, 102
Vistula, river, Swedish conquests at mouth
of, 51; Prussian, 73
Vivarais, Reformation in, 41
Vladivostok, foundation of, 114
Vogtland, included in Ernestine Saxony,
15; given to Bohemia, 89; restored to
Albertine Saxony, 39
142
Index of Local Names,
Volhynia, acquired by Eussia, 71, 73, 74
Volterra, falls to Florence, 21
Vorarlberg, Habsburg power in, 11; ceded
to Bavaria, 82; restored to Austria, 86
Vorderoesterreich, Habsburg power in, 11
Waldeck, enters Confederation of Ehine,
83 ; in Germanic Confederation, 88; joins
Zollverein, 93; in North German Con-
federation, 94
Waldshut, Habsburg power in, 12
Wales, conquest of, 10
Walfisch Bay, annexation of, 104, 111
Walkenried, obtained by Brunswick-Liine-
burg, 64, 68
Wallachia, Hungarian gains in, 26; con-
quered by Turks, 25; by Matthias Cor-
vinus, 26 ; recovered by Turks, 45 ;
Austrian conquests in, 65 ; in 19th
century, 97
Wangen (Imperial town), 18
Wanting, acquired by Great Britain, 113
Warsaw, acquired by Prussia, 74; grand
duchy of, 5, 84; acquisitions of, 84;
and settlement of 1815, 87, 99
Washington (State), formation of, 102
Wehlau, treaty of, 66, 73
Wei-hai-wei, leased by Great Britain, 109,
113
Weil (Imperial town), 18
Weilburg. See Nassau- Weilburg
Weissenburg (in Nordgau) (Imperial town),
18
(in Alsace) (Imperial town), 17, 50
Wesel, acquired by France, 82, 84
Weser, river, Sweden and, 62; France
and, 85
Western Australia, annexation of, 103
Siberia, Government of, 110
West Indies, colonisation of, 67-8, 75-6;
change of power in, 91, 103; in 1910, 118
Westminster, bishopric of, 10 ; peace of, 57
Westphalia, duchy of, 14, 81; Circle of, 18;
peace of, 43, 49-50, 61-2, 64, 66-7, 68 ;
kingdom of, 83 ; and settlement of 1815,
'87
West Virginia (State), formation of, 102
Wettin, house of, 15
Wetzlar (Imperial town), 18; and settle-
ment of 1803, 81
Whydah, English at, 68
Wimpfen (Imperial town), 18
Windsheim (Imperial town), 18
Windward Islands, French and English in,
76
Wischegrad, conquered by Turks, 45
Wisconsin (State), formation of, 102
Wismar, obtained by Sweden, 52, 54
Witebsk, acquired by Eussia, 73
Wittenberg, capital of Saxony, 15 ; acquired
by Prussia, 87
Wohlau, ceded to Brandenburg, 66
Wolfenbiittel. See Brunswick- Wolfenbiittel
Wolgast, at peace of Stockholm, 62. See
Pomerania-Wolgast
Wollin, Island of, obtained by Sweden, 52 j
ceded to Prussia, 62, 67
Worms (Imperial town), 17; (bishopric),
40, and settlement of 1803, 81; and
Confederation of Ehine, 83
Wiirtemberg, early history of, 16; in
Suabian Circle, 18 ; Eeformation in,
39, 40; and Montb^liard, 62, 69, 79;
created an electorate, 81 ; and settlement
of 1803, 81; at Pressburg, 82; in Con-
federation of Ehine, 83; in Germanic
Confederation, 88; and Zollverein, 93;
joins North German Confederation, 94;
in German Empire, 95
Wiirzburg (bishopric), 17; in Franconian
Circle, 18; and Eeformation, 40; desired
by Prussia, 82 ; acquired by Bavaria, 81 ;
formed into a grand duchy, 82; enters
Confederation of Ehine, 83 ; and settle-
ment of 1815, 87
Wyoming, Mexican losses in, 101; (State),
formation of, 102
Xanten, treaty of, 66
Yanaon, French at, 109
Tandabu, treaty of, 108
Yenikale, conquered by Eussia, 71
Ypres, acquired by Burgundy, 12
Yucatan, Spanish administration of, 59
Zambesi, river, Portuguese at, 48 ; English
and Germans at, 112
Zante, lost and recovered by Venice, 26
Zanzibar Island, Germans and English in,
111-2
Zaporogia, transfers allegiance to Eussia,
71, 73
Zarafshan, acquired by Eussia, 110
Zebu, Magellan at, 47
Zeeland, added to Burgundy, 13; under
Charles V, 42; joins Union, 43
Zerbst. See Anhalt-Zerbst
Zips, pledged to Poland, 26; ceded to
Austria, 65, 73
Zossen, annexed by Brandenburg, 15
Zug, joins Swiss Confederation, 19 ; and
Eeformation, 40
Zululand, annexation of, 104
Zurawna, peace of, 73
Zurich, joins Swiss Confederation, 19;
acquires Thurgau, 12, 19 ; Eeformation
in, 40; and settlement of 1815, 89
Zutphen, acquired by Burgundy, 13; added
to Netherlands, 42 ; joins Union, 48
Zweibriicken, in Upper Rhenish Circle, 18;
adopts Calvinism, 40; lost by Bavaria, 81
MAPS 1-141
MAP 1
Europe
1490 A.D.
\
50°
Atf"
30"
20°
10"
EUROPE
1490 A.D.
Sca.le of Statute Miles
O so VOO 200 300 400
EEEET III I I I
Sk
6tia
REFERENCE
Tempotary conquests
of Matthias Corvinus
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Map 1
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Stanford's Geo^l Est^b^, London.
MAP 2
The Age of Discovery
Cambridge University Press.
Map 2
Stcui/ori's GeoQ^ Estah^, LoruLon',
I
I
MAP 3
The Ottoman Advance
in
Europe and Asia Minor
I5»
200
1^^
45'
3 5"
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OTTOMAN ADVANCE
IN
EUROPE & ASIA MINOR
Scale of Miles
100 50 0
Nccfiart
^•*'°'^<^-^''^
REFERENCE
CZi Ottoman conquests to 1451
CZI 1. »» under Mohammad 11,1451-81
W^ » « i» 5e///n /, /5/?-20
WB « 1. « SoNman I, 1520-66
Vassal States shown in a lighter tint
\/enetian possessions underlined
-" Genoese »♦ n i
(^ jLesbos
•>- 1 Chios) j^ . .
^jj^'\ji Smyrna.
c?
20°
250
Cambridge University Press.
Map 3
30'
Stanford's Geo^i Estab^, London
MAP 4
Italy
c. 1490
with inset
Valley of the Po
\\%
i ■
Map 4
Map 5
Cambridge University Press.
I 1 \ Austrian Circle
It B" if)iirgi,n/iiAn Circle
SBMsifCtorj/ Rhenish Circle
I 4 I Franrnnian Circle
^c^^^^ Bavarian Circle
\f :6 '\.^uahian Circle
I 7 I Upper Rhenish Circle
I 8 I Westphalian Circle
I Upper SsAon Circle
]l.otfer „ „
I 11 I Immediate Imperial Territory
Boundary of the Empire
Stanford's Geog' £stab', London.
Map 6
Cambridge University Press.
Stanford's Geo^! Estate, London.
MAP 7
The
Iberian Peninsula
in the time of
Ferdinand and Isabel
M'
10
42
40
38
36
^•l^'ni.
'sterre
gviedo
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"('. ^^ .III .iji/ ^ ^fr ■■
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' ^.^s^^^
0
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=^ THE
IBERIAN PENINSULA
in the time of
FERDINAND and ISABEL
Scale of English Miles
80
^^
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I
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'/ji'^*'!-"'""'"'""-
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k
10"
Cambridge University Press.
Map 7
Stanford's Ceo^l Estab^, London.
MAP 8
France
under Louis XI
Map 8
Map 9
Cambridge University Press
Sunfera'i Ceo^' CiC^b'', London
r I
Map 10
LV
f
MAP 11
Eastern frontier of
France
Wars of France and the Empire
• 1521—1559
Map 11
MAP 12
Germany
at the
Accession of Charles V
54'
G E R M A N Y
AT THE
ACCESSION OF CHARLES V.
Scale of English Miles
I ■ I . I I 2 I
Note:— T'Ae Imperial Towns are tvrittert thus. HaJZibuP^
<5
IVEST # ift^.
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BASEL
[jindau^^:;-...-!
: BEI*G :
ONFEDERATION
Cambridge University Press.
Map 12
MAP 13
Southern Germany
and England
The Peasant Movements
Map 13
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Map 14
.^^G E R M A N Y
^^^sC^^%^ SCHMALKALDIC WAR
English Miles
>° I I
rNote-.-'SsATony is coloured toshonv the
partitions of IS47& 1554.
^" '\Albertine Saxony after the
\ partition of 1547.
□ Ernestine Saxony after the
partition of 154/,
O Territory restored to the
Cambridge University Press.
Stanford's 6eof £stab% London.
Map 15
MAP 16
England & Wales
under
the Tudors
Map 16
MAP 17
Scandinavia
in the time of
Gustavus Vasa
Map 17
MAP 18
Western and Central
Europe
The Progress of the Reformation
to 1560
Cambridge University Press
30"
9
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Map 18
H
2
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LO
WESTERN & CENTRAL
EUROPE
THE PROGRESS OF THE REFORMATION TO 1560
'>.
^
<^..
English Miles
_i E I L
/
100 O 100 200 300
REFERENCE TO COLOURS
Anglican r
Lutheran and r
kindred reformers L
Socinians F
~\Calvinlst
"I Waldensians
ABohemlan Brethren
J Anabaptists
Sicily
Stales -which hoji adapted, the Rerormation, are coloured, in. ftdL.
In, those which remained Cathjoltc, the extension, of reformed
opinions is indicated by bars of colour. The different colours
indicate different form^ of the reformed faitJv.In, Germxmy, certain
important town,s, chief Oy Imperiai Towns, which had, admitted
the Jteformxition, before 1560, are inserted,, though notalL
remained Protestant in, 1560.
\
\
35"
£5°
Stanford's CeogI Estab^, London.
MAP 19
France
The Religious Wars
with inset
The Neighbourhood of Paris
Map 19
Map 20
MAP 21
Hungary
at the end of the
Sixteenth Century
4-8'
5 3 '^ \''if-
'<K</
^-^..^X
'^I'^^r-'^^^^-vX "S* Ir .' V""-.H 0 N T •:'
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Szolnok,
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1
44'
''/////iio''/(ii^ '"III,.,,';- d C -ju.
,0..,,/ ^
.S-^r
'J,'vU';>^"i>\
Cdrnbridfe University Press.
Map 21
24^
28=
N
D
HUNGARY
AT THE END OF THE
SIXTEENTH CENTURY
English Miles
_j I I I I I
so
O 50
REFER EN CE
I Austrian Hungary \_
100
Turkish Dependencies
I I Turkish Hungary and j 1 Transylvania . genera lly
' ^ other Turkish Dominions ' ' under Turkish influence
The red line shows the frontiers of Hun fary to south &. east in 14-90.
The relative positions of the Hapsbur^ and Ottoman Powers
'■ *'" ^ - ' ''Jf/i\yxK'\u ■ "'""^W"''^'"""^ 1 V „ '^ Hungary are shown as they stood a6 the Peace of 1606,
[TbAoy -^
r/7e/55
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''',^mi!si^wm"'i
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o^ffiocharest
'/ii>*
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WloLcUutA
■V '"(It '11? i 'i
44'
24°
Stan fords Geof! Estate, London
MAP 22
The Netherlands
The Wars of Independence
0/4^
N:
/ 61. ^'•ICKAEL•3 "^
Map 22
MAP 23
Scotland
in the
XVIth and XVIIth Centuries
Map 23
Map 24
p
Cambridge Uniyersity Press.
Stanford's 6eog! Estate, London.
Map 25
Cambridge University Press.
Stanford's Geog' £stab!; London-
MAP 26
Italy
at the end of the
Sixteenth Century
Map 26
>
-
a:
D
(U
f-
4-)
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in
0)
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MAP 27
Ireland
at the beginning of the
XVIth Century
Map 27
Ul S
u. ^
Q O
•s:
t;
^o
V
o
hj 2?
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o "^
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MAP 28
Religious Divisions of
Germany
c. 1610
Map 28
20°
^-
A
/O
-^"^ ^y..
^
yfT)
*i Ixu r ^
-y
^
^
RELIGIOUS DIVISIONS OF
GERMANY c.1610
English Miles
I I ■ I I 1 I I
50 O 50 100
REFERENCE
Roman Catholic coloured thus 1 J
Lutheran „ ,, - -
Cahinist ,, „. . _
Bohemian Brethren. . „ „
Protestant Towns in Catholic surroundings thus Wetzlatr
55'
50'
45'
20°
Stanford's Geog! Estah\ London.
MAP 29
Germany
The Thirty Years War
1619—1629
Campaigns In Bohemia, the Palatinate,
Lower Saxony 8c Denmark
52'
46'
?
^
r
OE RM ANY
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR
1618 — 162 9
CAMPAIGNS IN BOHEMIA, THE PALATINATE,
LOWER SAXONY & DENMARK.
Span
<
o>
r a I a 1 1 na?te^\ °<?
Gerrnersheurvy \fc ?
Haaencuo / J^ \ \
V' ,^^^';''""~
Combridfe University Press.
Map 29
J
12"
16'
20"
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^^ Meek
LociMcriburg
^
uy ,- GreUSwald)
Cif Ros'x>ch
Wisnu'T'
Darutx^
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0 L A
N D
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e Vvi a
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48°
12'
Stanford's Ceof! Estsb^, London
,
Map 30
Map 31
5'^'
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\BREMEN *
5- ^^'■''
* Os7tahriiek ^MuuLen
oDartrruaui
Oppen/ieii
^
^\ M ,
54'
G E RM A N V
THE EDICT OF RESTITUTION,
1629
REFERENCE.
The names of t/ie bishoprics to which the Edict
applied are inserted in caps, those in which the
restitution was carried through or be^un are
inserted thus MINDEN. The names of Imperial and ~
Hanse towns m which the restitution was carried
through are inserted. Other places, chief ly mon-
astic foundations, in which the restitution was
'carried through are indicated thus + without
bein^ named. i
Cambridge Universitj Press.
Stanfords Ceo^' Cstab'^ London.
Map 32
Cambridge University Press
S tin ford's Oeog I Estab\ London.
MAP 33
Germany
The Thirty Years War
1630-48
The Swedish Campaigns
THE THIRTY YEARS WAR L,
1630-48 <^^^
THE SWEDISH CAMPAIGNS
20
English Miles
E_ i_ I
20 40 60 80
100
V
1
r
52°
48°
^
.<^
iPlLjcmhurQ \ ^ ,
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<rNv Domit
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Cdmbrid^e University Press.
8°
Map 33
\Rostoch
.0 . /y _
StccrgccrcL
^GoLgiberg ^New '^ V
* oWittstoch j
^ \BM7elhera S JBccrwaZde
20*
'^
^ vjrooscLOfnxj'
. Jiiterhoh,
strvnl
rankfort
j^|ly:';jl^<^V/,'.UV^y^/lt...VM^^VM\'t'■■.
12'
.
Stanford's Geog.' Estab^, London.
/
f
Map 34
ENGLAND & WALES
at the ouitreak of
THE CIVIL WAR
English Miles
' ■ ■ ■ I 1 I I 1 -
20 10 0 20 40 60 80
Districts and places held by the Kin f,coloured pink.
„ „ „ „ „ Parliament „ yellow.
a^
Cambridge Um^'ersity Press.
Stani'orut's O'eo^! fst^b'-.Londori
\
Map 35
\
0°
ENGLAND & WALES
after the
CAMPAIGNS OF 1644
English Miles
Districts and places held by the Uing, coloured pink.
„ „ „ „ „ Parliament „ yellow.
a-
CoiribnJ^e UmversiCy Press.
Stanford's Ceo^! EstaO^^Lonaon
i
I
MAP 36
England & Wales
The Civil War
Map 36
Map 37
IRELAND
1558 - 1652
English Miles
< 1 — I tz. I I I I
10 O 10 20 30 40 SO
REFERENCE TO COLOURS
Extension of the Pale I I
E/izabethan Plantations I I
Jacobean „ I 1
Unplanted Districts I I
Settlements on a Native fJasii I I
Scottish Settlem ents I I
Ea^^, Malin f/¥
Tory I
Rathlin 1.
astie
{Cushenebufv
\ri)shofin I
Mageel.
nisUiilin//^
\ ^ •lARMA.GHi
Ct^VA
cJiOT^ori/ ': ■■•. ■ "tn^
LONGFORD^
(:,/'■';:( "^ ■■•■■ m €
E S T IV^ A T H;' f^'-J^fi^'^m^l
Clonnuxjcruiise' ^Phib^town-^
KING'S COUNTvf <f^
KILD^
fRLO
, ■ . , '^■CcirlLiiw .
liil/ ^-Castlei^rmai
( MMviv R Black'^aI'eryi''Kf I" R F 0
Ixn.
KeA)
f^J^A
sey
Baf
trj/
^JZ>''>
ou^hal
'tori
^ BaltLmart
Cambridge University Press
Stanford's Geo^' Cstab'; London
>
I
Map
56° f=^
IRELAND
ACCORDING TO THE ACT OF SETTLEMENT
261" SEPT. 1653 AND SUBSEQUENT ORDERS
English Miles
O 10 20 30 40 50
REFERENCE TO COLOURS
English Territory I I
Irish ., tZZI
English Garrisons thus a
tnj sbofin
Cimbridfe University Press.
Scan ford's CeofI £stjb'; London.
f
>f
i
MAP 39
The Thirty Years War
The French War 1 635-48
and the
Dutch War with Spain 1620-48
Map 39
Map 40
w;
<
P^
%>
^
MAP 41
Europe in 1648
EUROPE IN 1648
V
'^^^
r^^Tf^^
hJj ^
1 ..A^-V_^J.^^^
-y M
S ^
c 1
3 (f
i
vJ»/
^
English Mil e s ^
— ' iOO 200 300 4O0
Cambridge Unii/ersitj Press
20'
Map 41
30°
50"
60=
&
6*
^n'
[r « a.'
.t,v^
onia^
\3
:)l/loS'^
^,
1ro
( W a V ^ c '^ ' ^
Bulg
7>
a r 1
"( ■
Tv
Os
a\^4-rC
V
^
^
30°
Stanford s Oeo^l EsUb^, London.
Map 42
MAP 43
Portuguese,
Dutch and English
in the East
c. 1650
Cambridge Uni\^ersity Press.
Map 43
100"
120°
140°
160"
180°
PORTUGUESE
^ DUTCH &, ENGLISH
IN THE EAST
1650.
Stanford's Geog! Estab^, London,
Map 44
m
MAP 45
The Netherlands
and
Western Germany
The Wars of 1648-1715
Map 45
Map 46
Cambridge University Press.
Scan ford's Oea^f £sC^b9, London.
Map 47
IRELAND
1660 - 1800
English Miles
REFERENCE
Schomberg's March 1689
William's „ 1690.....
Ginkel's „ 1691....^
Humbert's „ I79B
Parliamentary Boroughs
S//p
\
■ST JOMIVSTOWN
^n n llrri- A I '-'#«° •LONDONDERRY
-^r:? ^:::::cS^^^^3^
DONEGAL ^_^^~f
- . .,..^C'V\ R 6' fyf E
^SKANN6/v'',;;.../t J • ,„ ,-
,>. AUGMER ^
ENNl's- '■■'." "CubCHER ;
<1LLEN ■:...,.■% ••...•^RM
G« . <^o ARMAGH
DOWjNPATRICt
CASTLE BAR
TOLSK
d=D
■'^.
S?JOHNSTO^v^f-_-
O/' „ °^ GRANARp
LONCrORDO O ;■ •
LAI*)ESBOROUCh/ f\ /'
9 (f. f\^ /'"■■■■ ^^' ^^„^„^
ULLINCAR
ATH;
^FORE
^
ROSCOMMO
7 "TUAM if -^
.<S."« S O Ji^HLOUE:. MILBEGCAN.
Dl/NLEER
>OMEDA
jDUL^EKitSi
M e\AT H
"TRIM/ ;
ratoa'th
' flo' °S?VOROS
NEVyCA^
'■■poji^hreo/
,_ E
oPMrLIPSTOWN
KING'S C0UNTY4 >jAAS;.^^^.^^
PORTARLINGTON ::....K I L L/« K Ea^ •.,;■-; "?
ANAGHER- y-<^V^j5^Y^,LDARE\gp--^
^:;#i/t E N'Si °harr1^§^/
/■■'^Maryborough fr/VATH-v?'' l/VICKi. OJA^^wicklow
C, L A R E
/:f^.yena^7l \
-?> A.II M X V \ ••.oBALTINGLASSic ;
PALLINAkIlI^o^jJ^-:, \, . .|f<W'i5f'«^'??f fcARYSFORT^J
KILKENNY \coWRAN "^ ='= ^' °?"'^*'
r^H
Ri^er Shar^f^""
^: MmER^CK .^'^VoCA>"E.,,„,i^„^^^^^^^ <fN3
arHiU/
bf^THV
^MLMACLOCK
"r^THAfro^,;;,:: "OWEXF^
-:i?<^'i,-/Vv_.^°l!V^ T? -•'. • ■ \/>^^ „CL0NlviVl<iEsA
^-'•""■•^"■--•■■-^ <t V ,„. OOONERA.L^ y<^^.^^..^.p g p^ p Q p^
^ J^ . ^S^i ''"/«*THt6VMAeK,.^*LLAm t _ /«
5"VGAh
p^
'^'*'»RD
./^.>K./,
M1U»"'>*"'
;^j,.»"
•^ v^i^'jS"'""""' ^9ANoi6'H-eRiD6e
'''•ii^^^^./^''* --^ Cl^ONA«ILTY^,c<
(i^YOUOHA'L]
emartyr
M/z*"
^BALTIMORE
Cambridge University Press.
Stanford's Cto^. Cstabf, Condors.
MAP 48
South Eastern Europe
Wars of Turkey with the Empire,
Venice and Poland 1648-1739
Map 48
Map 49
a|
MAP 50
West European Waters
Anglo-French Naval Wars
1689-1763
<^.
V 1^
^?o
^
^
Map 50
MAP 51
Europe in 1 721
after the
Treaties of Utrecht & Nystad
Cambridge University Press.
Map 51
Stanford's Geu^! Estab% LonJon.
Map 52
20°
30°
40°
50°
GO-
SO'
RUSSIA IN 172 5
English Miles
100 so o 100 zoo
REFERENCE
Those south of the hrek were restored IJSZS
50'
^^^m
mm-
fhe acquisitions of Russia durinf the re/ fn I 1 ^^^^ *^^ '^'"'^^^
of Peter the Great are coloured thus I I ;^^c z "
-tmi.f
mmmmi
40'
Cambridge University Press.
Stanford's 6eog' Estsb^, London.
I
MAP 53
The Baltic Lands
1661
rj7^
e /
^^t*
??'
Ll. \
).
Jin
^
^'^^'^^-'^-tx^
Map 53
MAP 54
Scandinavia, Russia
and Poland
The Nopthern War, 1700-21
with inset of
Schleswig-Holstein
~,\'S£.'i*\^
'Jli^'ni
'JK^-?/
^;!^i^,„.n
^y
J&H
o
Stofkyr
^
>/^
^.-
^■^<
'<?>»a
^ r>«^^
D
f't/
Af
n
K
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ib^':^'
;\a
^^Iski'
'<>/l« '<
'^.^i<^
'iwcT-^
^ a /^
» -*5?>.i
^erli^
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ur
"^^^^°
^•a^^
loZe
■^^
-'Z^'fti/-
J^ultush
sch
Warsaw
/'./.. i'"^^"''^'"<
:#
y^'^
i\\-;i\\-
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?^ifi/
/ ■^lissow
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m
w>^i''
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IS^^
;^
^nS'c : i'"
;\<=^..;
""V/l
LemJberg
fvii^^
-•n'f
\a\\^,
a^
SCANDINAVIA, RUSSIA
AND POLAND.
AND POLAND.
THE NORTHERN WAR, 1700-21.
English Mil
.III I
'"'>
e s
100 50
100
REFERENCE
The territory surrendered by Sweden at the
conclusion or the war, is coloijred thus ' I
10°
■/|;;/|05
v->lrt>'
'; O'^C-
- "'/^
i\^:
M7/;
'"'"w/,
O'-;/ xVltr
^■■3^^
Cambridge Unii/ersity Press.
20°
a I |l a c h
Map 54
Stanford's Geog! Estate, London
t
Map 55
^ifi/
^(
MAP 56
Scotland
and
Northern England
Campaigns of the Pretenders
Map 56
MAP 57
Central Europe
Wars of Fpederick the Great
CENTRAL EUROPE
WARS OF FREDERICK THE GREAT
English Miles
I ■ I I I I
^
w^
EdaJbei-
trcr . %
Memei
COMPLETION OF
PRUSSIA
. StaJUupoTven.
re/ ^ :
t P r u 3-5 i a
& Wurte>nb,.erp^ .
Cambridge University Press.
Map 57
t^f"
■^tralsu
RiJien
RiXberg
'^
it Prussjia,..^
^
.cV<
''...■FrvedlimA
OoTTUtx,
I e n
o
rr^
/■■■■•••iVeTUtZ^zit /^
Bra n cTe n ^u rjl^
shJf^^
RossboLchjo C
Obschiitx^ "
rficrt .0
Poserv
N
«i
^^^R^
Cottbifsc
\\sf\
o
Zeitx
..-J..-- I ...: \^ GlaaoajL
K^?*'V^'*#^' X ^^ \. M i*^^^^
yi0i'>^
?vhrf
^NiederSdwnfeL t
RatishoTh g/^^Km J =
'■S*!)////.
/*/,,aaVUl^l{<3^^^;^■^p■
^^'"'^ ''^imhouch.^
Mojuth
r I
'"i-
%^'
.^<sfn\•^
52'
4«<
Stanfords Geo^'. Estate, London
MAP 58
Poland
The Partitions
56
12*
ler
20°
POLAND
THE PARTITrONS
1^
24
English Miles
J 1 i_r L_
0 50
REFERENCE
Partition (| \JerriU)ry taken by Russia
of 1772 {\ l.-i. » i,..Prussi3
.,, ,,.. Austria
Partition (I '
of 1793 \|
Partition
of 1795
^iiatci
^Pilten
C (o u
r /\
Mttaic y9 ^
, ,, ,,..Russia
, ,, ^..Prussia
, ,, „..Russia
] „ ,, „.. Prussia
J ,, ,, ^..Austria
Tlie Boundary of Poland after the first Partition is coloured .
„. second...,, „ ,,
\Sa
m o g f t
I a
-i>- >» — 11
pom
^f'MUhsbera
fyf,
-^^tti^
■••..■•■'■■"" "■ •■■ ^J^^*^^^^af4^°£:i6i^J'''ep'
Grodno
Cambridge' Unfveniiy fress.
32"
Marienhaics
Minsk,
iEk-
iPoLoxh
^Viiehskr:
W H'J t/e
R u S( S I ^ a
Mstislowl^
^Mdhileff
A
I a
^'p5^
L it.
I erJRfu s s I a|
■<?/-
32
36°
Map 58
40°
NJO
°}/loSC0Vl
/?. <^A5
56^
\Kalng(^
90rel
EkfidbermashxPr\
o!i
ieper
52
48
36*
Stanforc/s Geo^f Lstab*; London
MAP 59
Prussia
Teppitopial Expansion
1648-1795
Cambridge University Press
Map 59
20°
24°
Memcl
Kolberg
iGoUnow
■Laxierihioy^
^ •■■••; Olu-ao
O r'^'Bidovi
5^0^ ...<■ West
^ "■ "■' Pjj^rf u s s i a
Dr-aheint '
MM^n^iiy*
•rder
New Mark
yUstrin,
ik/bf^6h
Netze District/
tulmerland
W.^y
'A.
{£^ PUch
WJhaif^ Schh'iebiis'
'.-Canal
'■..firossc'fv
.°Peitx . '^
rosen
S o/ui h P r u s
s 1
L u o 1 w e r
,.lvegru^ ° Breslau
Vauer ^ . ^
°U p p>e
Oa^
<KaIvfz
Pultuskot
Wiirsctv;
oRawa
.Sieradx
SVl^esii
Bu^
^ Soros
16°
20°
52'
43'
Stanfords Ccog' Fstab*-, London.
Map 60
MAP 61
Russia
Terpitopial Expansion 1725-1795
CCLLE
Map 61
MAP 62
The Empire
and the
Netherlands
c. 1792
THE EMPIRE
AND THE
NETHERLANDS c.l792
E n^llsh Mile
I I I I I 1 L
0 0 50
The Imperial towns are underlined in
•" E ■)■ e
B
-.■^.. Ste^
^^
InnsbriLck.
BRfXCN ,
,-'T R E N tib-^t
Cambridge Uniu'ersity Press.
Map 62
e^
[nitz "'---h^ U k ermarli .
r k
N evu
^G.'
.■magVt—"-.
/^alzb'u
.<-'• yf ■■•■ ;
low"- ... ) ".LuiATIA Saqarv
^Thrgauub- ■./ i ''r'y. \\^ V;:"° ^
}S ^AI xS O ■ Nup^rYlusAtia/ i^^«?^<^?
.*»,*. ... Sj^ -»^ ........... ^ ^
o. *^
I'ogtlfi^.d....--.,
:^"\ B O y > E M
'pCham/.
. 8RIX
■?.'«^ /carniolA .
i H '. L- .
20"
Stanford s Geo£! t'stab^, London.
'■1
MAP 63
Europe in 1792
20*=
10°
EUROPE IN 1792
English Miles
Cambridge University Press.
20°
30"
4-0°
l^^r-.
"^
6
\
Fi
6^
S^i^
«r&
^^'3
obno
%
^
jApsc^'
East
Tprussia
sWarSi
<J>lN^
"S
D
^
\3
a ni
^^^.
<s>
^e'■J
lO^
BuUo
na.:
A^o,
fa r y
» B a n a t/
Mo
la
?ram
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W a
ina^
h » a
o
^
o
oU
E
•^
\^
%
%
A/,
■<;
Candia »
r^^q^
c:yp
rus
50°
,f^
P 1
Map 63
60°
\
50'
20'
30"
40"
St,an ford's Geo^f Estab^, London
MAP 64
India
The Beginnings of British Dominion
Map 64
J
MAP 65
Africa
in the
XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries
with inset
The Gold and Slave Coasts
Map 66
MAP 66
European Colonisation
in
North America
to 1700
.^/
Map 66
MAP 67
French Expansion
and British Conquests
in
North America
to 1763
with inset
Quebec
Map 67
Map 68
85°
eh
40'
O
^C^
iV\i'l
>^
Vi-e
.<^
Montr&cd/ L§ .SS"
A Up
L.S* Frai cis
TiaO,
Niagara,
Detroit f''W
^^"^
'<.-.
'9</
S«'.
Q.
P E N IN S,iY L,M^N I A^f^^
^hamplain j £
\AU,aPffo\ ^\X^.<i''<i:i^'i^'-^,^A7s'achusett5 Bay
,^c.,-a«^^ , ^ .^ HI/SETTS ^^Uuxi-
^
<-ong /.
J^,.
^^-^^ .^^.<^^
^iv.
^H^\p\^MH I A
^^tyare
T L A n\t I C
0 C E a\N
THE
THIRTEEN COLONIES
AT THE END OF THE COLONIAL PERIOD.
I ish Miles
O 100 200
Note: /He uncohured territory east of the Mississippi and
south of the freat lakes, tvas claimed by Georgia,
the Carolinas. Virginia, Massachusetts and Connecticut,
by virtue of their charters. The part north of
the Ohio is shown in this map as part of the
province of Quebec, to vvhich it was added in 1/74
I t
30'
Cambridge University Press
Ji^n/ords Geog' Csta'b^. London
MAP 69
West Indies in 1763
V
100"
30
90°
80"
Sc/
fs"
cc
NORTH^V
CAROL/NA /
Vers
''LOR
io£
o
sttoc
<\
'vT,
'A
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2
n
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^
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o
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Bay
of
tan2
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/??
Pf
Cdtoche
:^^ct
c h
y
Isle orp,
'nes
'&
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ypdnos /^v
^
r5»
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.60,
Pelj^^
RjJ:6(^orfe'sCay
JAMAIC
<^
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As
O
'c/as » Z>/05
£ ^ /?
/ i
'Providi
ence I.
C o<
>Co,
Rio,
Citrta(fernt><^
^Gulf of
J)arh
<
^
or
o
90"
80"
Cambridge University Press.
Map 69
WEST INDIES IN 1763
U
Scale of Miles
lOO 50 O
lOO 200 3O0 400
REFERENCE.
\ British ' ' French
iSpanish I 1 Dutch
I I Danish
500
Grenadaf '^
20'
10"
70°
60°
Stanford's Geog ' Cstab*: London
MAP 70
Eastern North America
In 1812
The Wap of Independence
and the War of 1812-14
with inset
Boston
Map 70
Map 71
120*
50°
m
^^m
%
Si
*^5'j gj-^
20°
10'
^
' *V*""4
^
7>
A
N e:
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>
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"'aloAUo r, ,„„
joJelaPalnui.
„ O „ ,. L S-p N
^v^£:c— ^?i^%^§ir^ :^ ^
50'
40
30°
MEXICO AND TEXAS
1845-1848
Scale of Miles
^%>^
'fin*'"'
-%'l^J
iDW
100 50 0 100 200 300
REFERENCE
Texas In 1845
Territory claimed by Texas from Mexico and
ceded by Mexico tu the United States in 1818...
Other Territory ceded by Mexico io the
Umied Statei in mS ._
Mexico in I8t8
-JZZl
110°
10'
Cambridge Un/versitj Press
Stanford's tieo^' £.stabi,London
MAP 72
Expansion
of the
United States
40'
30
20°
Nootka SfA
120
no
100°
^ o 4
'859 '^ /
\.
"^fesou^
1890
/SOUTH
1^
'^8
f^A D o
I80c
KAN
Santa^
oantauFe) \
1»53 / 't ^
9
"0
%.
^
rRio
^
/ EXPANSION J
'^" of the W
UNITED STATES
Scale of Miles
I ■ 1 I I ,. I I
100 50 0 100 200 300 ^00
reference:
The dsrt^s written thus 1848 are the dates orterritorial safuisiiions I
'The dates written i^tis \&M are tAe dates of tht erection of the
various States The dates on the northern boundary line indicate
the year in which the particular boundary was fixed.
^
110
100°
Cambridge i/n/yers/ty Press^
Map 72
N A
.1^ I 0 W A
<^^^jHUt
/^ -.
TUB "^
*)
' \
I, '^
^%
'.% > 1
M
0
.,.-J=^si
^;
40
3rf
^■-'^
20*
80°
Siinfora's Ceo^l Lstab*, London
Map 73
Uy
< h-
ftaa
■ — r ^^^ E-i <^
«
ii
"^■/"^ I _ o
"5
/ •- Q w
«
/ W ^
0
/ H iii
/ «-• ^
^
MAP 74
The Civil War
in the
United States
35'
M i S S O lJJj-*\^
,,1 1 "//,,„
,'iyiisoTv'sl
Cr.
R
R
Qhjo
.-UlV
,^^
d>ii
■020,
\>0
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•y Qylumhus
\ /s/anc/^'p'/O
^BowUn^ Green.
t^.^-
^/
~^^^ ' ' ' \Y^'^
E R Ay-r^
Cambridge University Press.
Map 74
50 100 ISO
Note' The railways are shown es in 18 &Q.
Stanfords 6eog! Estab^, London.
I
M
Map 75
,v\iifr^i»^^^ [ii'!',^
'
■ z ui <fl » 5
Z Z Q <fc.5
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Map 76
I
Map 77
TT
^ I
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to
C
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in ^
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v+o:>
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<:C^!!1=5^-
I
4
Map 78
MAP 79
France
before the
Revolution
48"
44'
F RANGE
BEFORE THE
REVOLUTION
Eng^lish Miles
I — ■ — > — 1 — I — 1—2 I
50 O 50 K
REFERENCE
Boundaries of Governments mrnmattt.
Territorial acquisitions 1715' 89.. A J
Papal Territory. I I
/?. Gironde
-^\^-
.^»Ul|„,
LIMO
, ,1(1' ,^',,,Ili\\l'M\"""i"ni(//,*)n\i>w
'„n\\^'iu\\<^
Cambridge University Press.
Map 79
°JNZeiiport
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i ^.. Arras '> v^
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be.
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Stanfords Geo£! Estabt; London:
MAP 80
Paris
during the
Revolution
Cambridge University Presi
Map 80
'I
^,
D,
o
Cn
§
NAMES OF THE SECTIONS
1 des Tuileries
2 des Champs-Elys^es
3 de la Republique {formerly du
Roule)
4 de la Montagne [formerly du
Palais Royal, du Palais
Egalit^. de la Butte des
Moulins or de la Butte St.
Roch)
5 des Piques [formerly de la Place
VendSme)
6 Le Pelletier [formerly de la
Biblioth^que, des Filles St.
Thomas, de 1792)
7 du Mont Blanc [formerly de
la Grange-Batelifer.e, de
Mirabeau)
8du Museum [formerly du
Louvre)
9 des Gardes Fran9aises(/brmerij/
de rOratoire)
ID de la Halle au Bl^
11 du Contrat Social [formerly des
Postes
12 de Guillaume-Tell [formerly de
la Place de Louis XIV or
des Petits Pferes du Mail)
13 de Brutus [formerly de la
Fontaine de Montmorency,
la Fontaine Montmartre,
Moliire et La Fontaine)
14 de Bonne Nouvelle
15 des Amis dela Patrie [formerly
du Ponceau)
16 de Bon Conseil [formerly de
Mauconseil)
17 des Wdrches [formerly du
MaTch^> des Innocents, des
Halle?)
18 des Lombards
19 des Arcis
20 du Faubourg Mont- Marat
[formerly du Faubourg
Montmartre)
21 Poissonnifere or de la Rue
Poissonnifere
22 de Bondy
23 du Temple
24 de Popincourt or des Citoyens
armes de Popincourt
25 de Montreull or de la Rue de
Montreuil
26 des Quinze-Vingts
27 des Gravilllers
28 du Nord or du Faub. du Nord
[formerly du Faub. St.
Denis)
29 de la Reunion [formerly de a
Rue Beaubourg)^
30 de I'Homme Arme [formerly
des Enfants Rouges, du
Marais)
31 des Droits de I'Homme
[formerly du Roi de Sicilel
32 de la Fidelity [formerly de
I'HStel de Ville, de la Maison
Commune)
33 de I'Indivisibilite [formerly de
la Place Royale, de la Place
des Fed^r^s)
34 de I'Arsenal
35 de la Fratemit6 [formerly de
rile St. Louis)
36 de la Cite [formerly de Notre-
Dame, de la Raison)
37 R^volutionnaire [formerly de
Henri IV, du Pont Neuf)
38 des Invalides
39 de la Fontaine de Grenelle
40 de rUnit^ (formerly des
Quatre Nations)
41, Marat {formerly du Theatre
Franqais. de Marseille)
42 du Bonnet-Rouge or du Bonnet
de la LibertA {formerly de
la Croix-Rouge, later
Section de I'Ouest)
43 de Mutius Scevola [formerly
du Luxembourg)
44 de Chalier [formerly des
Thermes de Julien,.de Beau-
repaire, R6gener^e)
45 dy Pantheon Francais [fon'merly
Ste. Genevieve)
46 de rObservatoire
47 des Sansculottes {foTrmerly du
Jardin des Plantes)
48 du Finistere or Lazowski
I formerly des^obelinsj
U1
jCoM
c
c§
^
Stan fords Geof £stab^. London
I
I
MAP 81
Eastern Frontier
of
France
Revolutionary Campaigns
1792-5
Map 81
Map 82
Cambridge Unit^ejsity Press
Stanford's Geogt £stat>% London.
MAP 83
Northern Italy
Bonaparte's Campaign
1796-7
'.''^>l/n.
'III',,, aV\l"'.'.oii^!^.v<
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0
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NORTHERN ITALY
1796-7.
^^
V't'^*!^
&■*■
c6
English Miles
I 1—1 1 L
20 10 0
-:,n#fe» K:
20 40
Cambridge Unii'ersity Press,
Map 83
'^^"..
,,;;«r/;-,-ril'///'iili'l'''"'"""'<-
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Stanford's G^og! Estab^, London.
I'.
Map 84
"' "C ENTRXl EUROPE MMMhlAkMi
after the
PEACE OF BASEL AND or CAMPO'^"^
FORM 10 . *„
, . . , ^^^''sl^ Miles ^^"'^i^T'' ^HOLStEII^'^W;
Cambridge University Press
Stanford's Geoe' Est,i)l>*^. London
Map 85
CdrnbriJ^e Univenity Press
Stanford's Geo^' Extjli*; London,
I
44°
&3v-<^r=is-^ — ■,.^'1' — *~o>
40"
36°
SC/V^
RAGUSA
ITALY IN 1799
The War with Naples 17989
English Miles
50
50
8*
44
40
36
12°
16*
Cambridge University Press.
Stanford's Ceo^l LstBb^, London
MAP 87
European Waters
Naval Wars 1792-1815
with inset
part of
the French 8c Flemish coast
Cambridge University Press
^y.St'PeUr'slurif
40°
EUROPEAN WATERS
NAVAL WARS I792-I8I5.
English Miles
100 50 o
I — I
100
_l
200
I
300
I
ixn
PART OF THE
FRENCH & FLEMISH COAST
^
ehiJ^P
ol
X.
> -
Ragu
SaJLanih^
Cons
toniWi^^
:f^
Map 87
50°
<tu*'
0^
■ift
cCP^
Cand«a
Abouki,>p^
30'
Stanfbrd's 6eo^!' £stab*Lornion
MAP 88
South West Germany
and
North Italy
The War of the Second Coalition
1798-1801
Map 88
MAP 89
Central Europe 1803
aftep the
Peace of Luneville 1 801
and the Secularisations 1803
Map 89
I
Map 90
MAP 91
North Atlantic
Naval War
1803-5
I
Cambridge University Press
Map 91
Std/)fbrJ's Geogl E.$Ljb^,Lof^don.
I
MAP 92
Central Europe
Wars of the
Third Coalition 1805-7
with Inset
The Neighbouphood of Austerlitz
Map 92
MAP 93
Central Europe
The Austrian War 1809
with inset
Neighbourhood of Vienna
16'
Ho/stein
52°
■^esS
0/dr-*'^'^
?Me(gklebbur^-.
^^^ L ._. •••■■> p o"
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Cambridge University Press.
Map 93
^vii^^^u/Jf^il ,,,11111,//^ A.
^^
AV^
0-^ t
<i^*t
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1^
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'<^/,wv^
'^//^
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^■W«S
fCENTRAL EUROPE
THE AUSTRIAN WAR 1809.
'"//..
'e
- ■©v.. '''''■^''''/
^4^Kx
^.
E n g"! ish Miles
20 10 0
20
60
60
71,...., I ■■■^'"^''"""*.
.-^
_^
4®#%
7^e territory ceded by Austria at the
Peace of Scnonbrunn is
coloured thus.
44°
20°
24°
Stsn ford's Geog'f Estab ^ Ion don
MAP 94
French Empire
and
Central Europe 1811
Political Divisions
52'
48'
44'
FRENCH EMPIRE
AND
CENTRAI. EUROPE 1811.
POLITICAL DIVISIONS
English Miles
I— i 1 1 1 1 ° I L_ I
50 0 50 100
France in 1789 coloured thus. L
Acquisitions of France 1789- 1811...
150
French Empire and dependent States are coloured
in full. Other stst&s have bands of colour.
MuH
^r^y
I N
iFarmout},
Lon
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^^r.
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Bouche
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Cha.
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Islands
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od ^J^^'^ais
J^ue7i.,0o , s/5e/"
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0 ^^'■■■'\Ut tt°P''"^ef^k
t u re ^...0 1 s eVv'^'"" e
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Passes 4 ........Ha.Ke X S Herault>R^\ ^«a4^ V a
/^rfnies A. ■•• 71 rriege/
C/ ^ :•-... ....-ryrenees • -— fif Uons
^ t
0°
Cambridge University Press.
16°
20°
Mgoland
Ems
(oriental ;
^
KI
R
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^<^/£
^
^
Map 94
dV of
'Holstein
Lvubeck}o\
:.%7
itei"'
of
"^1?/^^
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3ouqies ■..., ^^ ^- ' - " ^^
•■..... duHVeser
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Stanford \ Geog' EstM, London
MAP 95
Spain & Portugal
The Peninsular War
and other wars
of the XVIIIth & XlXth centuries
40'
36'
^- Minister re
is^
'UfV \^
^^^"^^n^^uS-^^fraz OS] Monies
Tcuruun£s
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Ccbdisc,
SoohFer.
C. Trafalgar
Camhrid^e University Press.
Map 95
Jbvdoju
Palamos
Maria, (tj
>R!.?— *■ o
N^^'i^"
enarcu
^-^B
Tarrdgonxib
R. Ebro
^Sm^Carlos due, louMpii^
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' ".,1111111(111 S?'^wm^\mi\>'^-y
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3
Carta^eruxy
y
SPAIN & PORTUGAL
THE PENINSULAR WAR
and other wars
of the XVIfl^.'^ & XIX^.^ centuries
Eng"lish Miles
50
50
40'
36°
Stanford's Geo^! Estab'r, London.
;^tO!AEv.^7>
e.u'
oow'
v^'
G"--
ufe?^'''^-
Map 96
MAP 97
Germany & Eastern France
The War of Liberation 1813-14
with insets
The Neighbourhood of Paris
and
The Neighbourhood of Leipzig
52°
GERMANY & EASTERN FRANCE
THE WAR OF LIBERATION I8I3-I4
English Miles
50
100
0
(^
Holstein
Lubeck?
Srenuen,
aAi
s^
\/.- Hanover
JoHamhura'- M
y
Ghent
v-5=
Colo.
Munster%.
'^iisseLcLorf
75
Men
m
Erfurt
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?3 ^^ .<!f!"^« X^>
-^
THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF
PARIS
5"? CrermaiwenL^t.
Cambridge University Press
Map 97
12"
KdJxi^s'^^3
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W
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SCJofcrd's 6eog' Estob'r, London.
Map 98
MAP 99
India in 1804
The Mysore & Maratha Wars
1792-1804
Map 99
MAP 100
The Eastern World
European Colonies and Dependencies
1815
THE EASTERN W<
EUROPEAN COLON
AND
DEPENDENCIES
1815
I French C
1 Spanish.
Portuguese ' ' Russian l^ I Dutch..
Cambridge University Press
Map 100
btanford's Ceog! Estab':, London.
MAP 101
The Western World
European Colonies and
Dependencies 1815
Map 101
MAP 102
Europe
after the
Congress of Vienna
I \IS^^'^'\
^^
20O
T
10°
EUROPE
CONG
I
100
AFTER THE
RESS OF VIENNA
English Miles
_i_° L_ L
Cambridge University Press
Map 102
I
Stanford's Geog! Estate, London.
MAP 103
France
since 1814
0 50
REFE RENCE
The frontier of France is shown as in 1815.
The Insulated Territories acguired by France after
1789, and guaranteed to her in 1614 are coloured
Frontier districts left to France in 1814 and
talicn away in 1815 are coloured
Territory ceded to France by Sardinia in I860
„ „ „ Monaco in 1861
by France to German Empire In I87L
Cambrid^t University Press.
Map 103
8°
3S^ %f(!!!N'
\4
Thiohvule
am"///^
-V OjS gXe S|.^u^
g:
45^-" <ur&N E;,.^;i-^^;Lr^'i^"'^
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48'
a^F^
.''^''/z
^RENEES
42 ^c6|;Sj|^jVj
AjcLCCio/>7/;ii<
On the same, scale
^Sasti/.
44'
Stanford's OeogI £st3b^, London.
MAP 104
Italy
since 1815
The Struggle for Unity
with inset
Stages in the Union of Italy
1859-70
Map 104
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MAP 105
Ottoman Empire in Europe
1792-1870
Map 105
MAP 106
Spanish & Portuguese
Settlements in America
with inset
Latin America
after the
Wars of Independence 1825
Map 106
MAP 107
The Germanic Confederation
1815
Map 107
MAP 108
Russia in Europe
in the nineteenth century
with inset
The Neighbourhood of Warsaw
Map 108
k
Map 109
Cambridge Un.rtrntj PreiS
'il^nfordi Oto^t tsUb\ London.
Map 110
MAP 111
The Austrian Dominions
since 1815
Cambridfo University Press.
Map 111
Stanford's Geog! tstdb ^
Map 112
n
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Map 113
2°
0°
2°
ENGLAND & WALES
PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION
IN 1832 BEFORE
THE REFORM BILL.
English Miles
20 io 0 20 40 io
REFERENCE
Counties returning I member each coloured L
11 11 2 members „ „ L
County of Yorkshire returning 4 members
of whom Z \Nere returned by the West fi'/Vy//i^L___J
Boroughs returning I member each shown t/,as 3ewiU^
11 11 2 members „ ,, „ Beirwick
The City of London returned 4 members and tiie Univer-
sities of Oxford Ic Cambridge 2 members each.
In Wales the County towns returned their I member
each in conjunction with other smaller borouthe of ~
the same county, nith the exception oflai Merioneth
^hich had been disfranchised in favour c^ Haverfoixl-
"•west, (biBeaumaris and Montgomery, which had sev-
ered themselves from their contributory borouPhs.
Cambridge University Press.
Stantords Ceoi' tstab?, London.
I
Map 114
6°
4°
ENGLAND & WALES
PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION
IN 1832 AFTER
THE REFORM BILL.
English Miles
-J 2 I L
REFERENCE
Counties [including one division of a county - Me /. of Wiihtj^
returning I member each colourpd\ |
Counties returning Z members each „ I I
3 .. .. ., I I
Counties subdivided into Z constituencies and ^_____^
returning 4- members each „ I I
County of Yorkshire subdivided into 3 con
Stituencies and returning 6 members
Boroughs returning I member each shm ifius MorpeOv
1) »• 2 members „ „ „ Duriiiun.
The city of London returned 4- members and the Uni- —
versitiesof Of-ford LCambridge Z members each.
In Wales the boroughs marlied, with the exception of
ievwickr Brecon and Merthyr Tydfil, returned their. I member
k^n. -Tweed, in conjunction with other smaller boroughs of the
same county.
The boroughs of New Shoreham, East Retford, Crick-
lade, and Aylesbury included the surrounding districts,
which are shown thus
.u\.\f:
■■^"^^
■^^
Cambridge University Press.
Stanfords Ceo^. Lstab^, London
Map 115
Map 116
' DENMARK
— and the duchies of
SCHLESWIGam)HOLSTEIN
the war of 1864
Reference
The three Ouchies lost by Denmark in I864-, arc coloured I 1
Railtvays as in 1864- , shown thus
English Miles
Cimbridfe UnirersiCy fres
Sttnfbrd't Gcof' I sCabf.
MAP 117
Central Europe
The War of 1866
with inset
N.E. Bohemia
Map 117
MAP 118
Eastern France
The Franco-Prussian War
1870-71
with inset
Neighbourhood of IVIetz
C^mbnd^a University Pre si
Map 118
^,
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fe4A£f|'c?%?'''rt'
41
''<!'''/^
BelforP
48
Stanfords Geo^' Estab ^
MAP 119
Ottoman Empire
in Europe 1870-8
16'
,.ii». '(»">'■ % 5§.s s-s> -j^^ \r
■ave fgs.
20'
r H
L.Balaton
(Platten See)
o.
N
"^^fe
:33
^ssf^
^^t-.
*'fe,
J^e
<0^
'^!'i^
i't, '""nfc
%'.
''"I'lj''
"''MUJ,
^^.
'"^li!^
""^ ^!l&
'"'&
'IIS
"'HlUf^t^Sl
o"^'T\m.j,, \% "^^ ?,%,,,„ ^o/D t/^:'' L-- ^^""'"'■'■■f
o>
>
-■^
%^Parcuihii
Tin
^i}%f^.'^feS
•-=.^^^1t..^^Ef^
'^^i
>
;<5>t
ksic, , ^ ^ _ .
or
rSir..
■%>^;'»
(ScocLt
^l^^
^
>^
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
IN EUROPE 1870-8.
aR'
II
l^t
ij^
.Ochhii^^
Seff*
en'
Saseno /.«
50
En<51ish Miles
o O 5o
iji^ft'^
REFER E NCE
The colouring shows the political position
after the Treaty of Berlin, 1878.
/ndependent States I I ~l
/Autonomous but dependent States C
Territory occupied by Austria E
D
Cor
«»nI# j|
^^
*^x;xi
„ remaining under direct Turkish rule C
„ ceded by Rouman'ia to Russia C
Frontiers as defined by the Treaty of San Stefano
7^ II H.%
^
irfylf.
<S
f ••••■■€ % ''-1*
16°
20°
Cambridge C/)/yers/ty f^ess
Map 119
24°
28°
<
<s>
^
ip3
^J^
mR
Odessa^
S S l<
0)
<0
Bucharest^
■9
^<:i^n.y^an««^
'% SofiaP
njc
^&",
E AStERN ROOmVE LI A
44-
...C /^ '%
9}
Va-;
r'"'//,^>ij>J*"
%Skn;tari
^%{S!S'^ . J^
A-aisM*
_^,§^
*?fl!aBt
#
^^5%
P
^^.
^^x^^^
^sftao|.i5>#*«?J^^
<s?»^
40
c
>
J
28*
6t3nfi)rd's Gco^lEstab^
MAP 120
The Balkan Peninsula
1878-1910
Map 120
MAP 121
England and Wales
1649-1910
Map 121
MAP 122
India
in the 1 9th century
British Expansion 1805-1910
Map 122
t
MAP 123
Northern India
The Mutiny 1857-9
^mbridfe. University Press
Map 123
Sl^nfordi Geo£ EiCob'
a
MAP 124
The Western
Frontier of India
and neighbouring countries
with inset
Valley of the Kabul River
CambridjPi
'e Universi
ty Fresi
Map 124
Delhi'
^-W^'^W^ 30°
i^ippUr..
0
e Bikaner
D
i^y?^
%
¥%AA(y^^
35°
.^#
■^j
j>^
^lOxirvclcunulc^
'M
■i'\'^\-
■'/^/^
"'"'■(■(«'
^a5i)(,
'-'>;,)),,
g,:^uo'(u^^o^.;
,Pass
Scale
^haib
10 20 30 40
""^;:;;;:;;;> ^^^'
70'
U£RARW
>-j I VAL.L.EY OF THE KABUIi RIVER
^^ j^ Stanford's Gcof! Ei
fe.
Stanford's Gcof! Estab^, London
Map 125
C^mbridfe University Press.
Stanford's Geofl Estab*
MAP 126
The Dominion of Canada
and Newfoundland
M, B E^
180°
170
'H I
/?
160'
r
150'
140'
0
130'
120°
^
>-
e^
-V^^
^^-
^
40°
"''-'///ii'i
>;
^^^«
.^^
Ate
pen
insi*'
'..'"'4-,
:■%
ert
■^oyAeO^
k
!^
05-'^/
''^.,
^''
C A
^^
*V^
-^:^'
•^
^x>
o
<r»
X-
^.
■^s> t^ ^
^
ee/ia
/
\l
"""//y
.3^^
Mi
c?
')ueenCh
:o
a
'<?/•>
%o«i
.c/^
n
'4/
'^XvAi
*55Sii
<r
-^M
4^
'^<^a
'^^54
j<.;
^Vd"
'%.
'•S'^,
■?c/.
^'^^^^^^Kfe
'"°'V^
-^5'^
THE
DOMINIONoF CANAM
ISnETWFOXINDLAND
8^
;^«
nedicinel
°t*V=N
^'
^•e;^;
^i
S=
'i§i^^.
/' s\W///,
6>'
^•yoi/,!
English Miles
0^^"'/'
,wsto^
100 50 O roc 200 300
REFERENCE
Grand Trunk Pacific Railwaj,shown ihus
Canadian Pacific Railway „ „ +-►++
Canadian Northern „ „ „ _o_,
Intercolonial Railway „ „ .m^
?^/v
-n^^
avr.
N\\i"'/
:%^
^-^^^tf
en
110°
Cambridge University Press
Map 126
Stanford's Geo^! EstabP, London
Map 127
180°
140° 100° 60°
20'
60'
4-0'
^,
s^?cr^
'^J
JX:f
oeO<^^
NOTE: The Hudson Ba
Company had a lease of C^
t/ie Russian Coast, south /^
of Cape Spencer and had A'»
a/so established posts onoUB
t/je VuAon R. in Alaska. (>>.<
l^'-
tf'
60°
R
,c^s
?^
Pt
**°>
.♦■i*^^
«>
«^
*v*!
BRITISH
DMORTH AMERICA
1840-67.
POLITICAL DIVISIONS
IN 1867 BEFORE
CONFEDERATION.
English Miles.
ZOO 100 0 zoo 400 600 800
^
.- di>-
i^'^^.r-^'-^"-
40'
120°
100=^
80°
^ASKA BOUNDARY
English Miles
50 25 6 50 iOO 150
REFERENCE
oundarj claimed by Great Britain .
„ „ United States,
determined by Arbitration,i9oi
not settled , under survey.
MAIN I
OUNDARY
48°
REFERENCE
.Boundary claimed by Great Britain, 1798 '1542.
„ „ United States, „ „
as fixed by Ashburtan Treaty 1642.
44°
72"
68'
Cambridge University Press.
Stanfords Geoi! Estab'.Lindoa
MAP 128
The Australian Colonies
in the 1 9th century
with inset
Australia in 1 851
The Early Settlements
110'
120^
130°
THE
^VUSTRALIAN COLONIES
IN THE XIX™ CENTURY.
English Miles
100 so 0 100 200 300 too
REFERENCE.
The colouring distjn^uishesihesixcolones
which becamethe'Ori^inal Stat€S"cf the Common-
wealth in l900.(British NewGuinea,annexedby
the Imperial Goyernmentin I88f,wasadministered
fora numberafjears by Queensland andtrans-
f erred to the CommonweaHfi in 1906.) Northern
Territory was placed underihejurisdicijon of South
Australia in I8G3.
110°
The Early Settlements.
H(Aie-T/)e dates are the dates aFthe formation of the Colonies.
English Miles
200 O zoo 400 600 800
Cambridge University Press.
Map 128
Stanford's Geo^f EstabP,London .
Map 129
rl
Cambridge University Press .
Stanford's GeoP'£stsb^, LoDdon.
MAP 130
Africa in 1910
with inset
Africa in 1 870
Map 130
Map 131
Map 132
30°
40°
ii*~"'
30°
""^■•-"•'•jiiS
mediterranea\i sea M\ EGYPT
1 mTS UNDER BRITISH PROTECTION
>»&saici XiM^ ANGLO-EGVPTIAN SUDAN
^ — :vC><_-.-,=„&,W>YjAj:,-'^ -;• ,^h \ REFERENCE
TRI POLI
J..JL1
M 'di Wl^''r^*W'
s e r t ilpi %m. ^^.,
Up'tverr E^ pt
iUajs open .rv 1910
10'
idan
Jrqic^%yife,^mfv-^^S^^ - %^-^
U% *■->•■•% M" rf •■ #v o \1 '
■ ^uf^fce* \B e r> b e r ^
fe V ;u\^^ .. :..
JiddamjM
G f? jE AT DESERT
d2. uf_ _ I r J
'"^ \^// ;
^-~^^;
luato
UwdrdNyanfa^
Sob
Nifle
n 6 a 1 1 a
iCctorlt
?i CAo,
:^
( s h
2>(f
:,s\t (
yyan23-k.
Cambridge University Press.
Stsnfords Geo^f Estate, London
^ 'L
MAP 133
South Africa
since 1815
Kaffir and Boer Wars
E S E
C.Frid
w
R
r' A N
Walfisch Bav
4n^ra Pequen,
'^uTnan 8.
becnuan^ rf ,n
3Cf
4j r Kfilfa
ft
'^^-3^
.^c,>'
J^^;:4_-._B e c h
Kalahari D e
Pro tec"
CapeTowTL
^ 7a6/e /If? i^-^^^^' ^^
SimoJistow)^ ^'
"''^^i
20°
Cambridge University Press.
Map 133
.$'>/>"' /So a -j^
CA^IM^IL
'ix±oTixik^W''^^^
fSofalO'
rt
or "at
f^Shashi
Q\
Pitsanl/.^ i^ (SiMJth
^''c/o,
.(^)
LimffbpA..- \
«
'I
'{JBazaruto /.
_QL_ .(,,/_. Tfopiqlaf/ Capricorn ^^
-^//IV
(^■UVN^
\Burra P*
^,.^»^"^
^^%a,| If:
A'ew Kepub-
"^^•yh^iu I \^ I Lucia
\j
"^^^f^iela R.
bajv, Port 'Nodal
ft . Limpopo
Qela^oa Bay
tu
'^>
v\\\^
V5U
e/ /i»
SOUTH AFRICA
SII^CE 1815.
KAFFIR AND BOER WARS.
'. ^ '>
tn^lish Miles
1 . i_Q j_ —
100 50 0 100
REFERENCE
"5bo
fhe Colouring indicates the political position in 1399.
The territory embraced in the Union of SouUi Africa, 1310 bordered. .
Railways are shown as in IS33 thus^
2Cf
•^^
30P
Stanford's Geo^' EstabT, London
Map 134
MAP 135
South Amepica
1910
Map 135
MAP 136
Northern Asia
Russian Expansion in tlie XlXth century
NORTHERN^ ASIA. ^^^
RUSSIAN EXPANSION intheXIXt."CENTURY.
Cambridge University PresSj
Map 136
Stanford's Geo^lEstabP, London
MAP 137
The Japanese Empire
The Russo-Japanese War, 1 904-5
a4
116"
120-
124°
128°
The Japanese Empire
THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR, 1904-5.
English Miles
r^i^
So.
iarhi
M'^tM
K.
lOO
50
\Japan
O 100
REFERENCE
I \China I
200
^
\\i?:;^^'%: '§:
M-^
V ^
"i^
\^ y/
'f
\Russian
\N°
^^\|(
r'^^m
''-feJvV^
Acquisitions of Japan at the Treaty of
Portsmouth, fd05. {Korea was placed under
the Control of Japan, and anneKed in 1910).
Railways open in 1904 are shown thus
Cambridge University Press
I
Map 137
132°
136°
^t^ufbrd's Ueog! EstabT,Loncloii.
MAP 138
The Chinese Empire
1910
with inset
The Neighbourhood of Peking
Cambridge Universrb^ Press
Map 138
'•iMf.
Islands
^4"^y\ Chinese EMPIRE
Ljmas5'' 1910.
=> *^ English Miles
1 I I . I I
200 100 O ZOO 400
REFERENCE.
j China \ \Russidn \ [French
I Brrtish [
German f
\Dependen- I
I cies of China I
Japan
Portuguese
United
States
The principal treatf ports and places open to British
trade in China &ubet are underlined thus Amoy
The Transiberian Railway is shown thus — »
50°
40^
30'
20
£0M^
EL'S
lie
120°
130°
Stanford's Geo^ /EstabP,L ondon
MAP 139
The Pacific Ocean, 1910
Csm brides University Press.
Map 139
The Pacific Ocean, 1910.
REFERENCE
I \British Possessions \ \J3pBnese Possessions
^miCA/nese I , iPortuiuese ,
~~\Outch „
1 \French
{German
I \liussian „
I yjnited States „
160°
14-0°
120°
100°
80°
Stanford^ Geog' lst3b* London
MAP 140
The World
Colonial Possessions and
Commepclal Highways, 1910
ST. IV;iCKAEL'S
COLLEGE
Cambridge University Press
Map 140
30<=
60°
90=
120'
150'
180*
THE WORLD
COLONIAL POSSESSIONS AND COMMERCIAL HIGHWAYS
1910.
REFERENCE
I I Fren c h
JDutch
^Danish
jJapanet
JBritish
3United StBtea \
"^German \
^Russian I
The greet trunh trade tinea are shown thus
The ^reat over sea trade routes... „ ., „
The principal Coating Stations outside Europe „
jSpanish
"^Portuguese
"^Italian
JBet^ian
Antarctic C i rcl
Ulufm*^
HacQuartes-
t> '
'ujifffl
60'
30'
60°
90°
120'
150"=
180°
Stanford's Geo^.'Estsb^, London .
MAP 141
Europe
in 1910
Cambridge Univarsrty Press
Map 141
Stanford^ Geog! EstQbP, London .
145
INDEX TO MAPS.
{For list of Maps see ante^ pp. vii — xi.)
Where dark type is used, the reference is to the lines of latitude and longitude
forming the bottom and left-hand boundaries of the section of the map in which the
name will be found.
Names of clans and tribes are printed in italics.
Ins. = Inset.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Aa, R.
39
51 N
5E
Achaltsik {see Akhaltsikh)
Aa, R.
98
51 N
2E
Acheen (see Achin)
Aachen
12
51 N
6E
Achil I
37
54 N
low
Aalborg
17
57 N
10 E
Achin
43
6N
96 E
Aalen
12
49 N
10 E
Aconcagua ...
135
32 S
70 W
Aarau
15
47 N
8E
Acqui
83
45 N
8E
Aare, R.
90
47 N
7 £
Acre ...
87
33 N
35 E
Aargau
15
47 N
BE
Acre Territory
135
10 S
70 W
Aarhuus
17
56 N
10 E
Acs ...
HI
48 N
18 E
Abai, R.
132
UN
38 E
Adalia
110
37 N
31 E
Aballa, L.
132
6N
38 E
Adana
3
37 N
35 E
Abauj
21
48 N
2oz:
Adda...
94
44 N
8£
Abaya, L.
130
6N
38 E
Adda, R
4 Ins.
45 It
9 E
Abba I.
132
13 N
32 E
Adelaide
128
35 S
139 E
Abbeokuta
130
7N
4E
Adelaide Province ...
133
31 S
27 E
Abbeville (F
ranee) ... 79
50 N
2E
Adelaide, R.
128
13 S
131 E
Abbeville (t
r.S.A.)... 74
34 N
82 W
Aden
130
13 N
45 E
Abbiate Gra
sso. ... 4 Ins.
45 N
9E
Aden Protectorate...
130
13 N
45 E
Abenakis
67
40If
70*^
Aden, G. of
130
O
40S
Abensberg .
93
49 N
12 E
Aderklau
93 Ins.
AhpraniQ.
lACi
AA XT
t A(\ m
\^;r,^
C\A
Jt M M
•« v«
ERRATA IN INDEX TO ATLAS
Dele Arraso ; For Euboe read Euboea ; For La Tour, B. of read La Tour, Barony of ;
For Maurrenne read Maurienne ; Dele Miihlheim, and for Miilheim {see Miihlheim) read
Miilheim 62 51 N 7E; For Rethe read Bethel, County of; For St Brieuc.SE read
St Brieuc...3 W. After Aix-la-Chapelle add {see Aachen) and similarly in respect of
Grandson, Granson ; Hangkow, Hankow ; Jajcza, Jajce ; Kur, Koura ; Kura, Koura ;
Lorenzo Marquez, Louren<;o Marques ; Lyme, Lyme Regis ; Maastricht, Maestricht ;
Mahanuddy, Mahanadi ; Treves, Trier ; and add Warraia {see Ermeland).
Acarnania
Accra
105
36 N
20 E
Aggershuus...
17
60IT
5z:
130
6N
IW
Agmondesham
.. 113
52 N
1 W
C. M. H. VOL. XIV.
10
146
Index to Maps.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Agnadello
. 4 Ins.
45 N
10 E
Alava
7
42N
4 W
Agogna
94
44 IT
se:
Alba
4 Ins.
45 N
8E
Agogna, R.
. 25
44 NT
SB
Alba de Tormes ...
95
41 N
5 W
Agordat
. 130
16 N
37 E
Albania
3
40N-
20 E
Agosta
. 104
37 N
15 E
Albano
86
42 N
13 E
Agout, R
. 79
44 N
2E
Albany (Austral.) ...
128
35 S
118 E
Agra
. 64
28 N
78 E
Albany (U.S.A.) ...
70
42 N
74 W
Agram (Zagrab)
. 21
46 N
16 E
Albany, R
70
SON
90 W
Agreda
7
42 N
2 W
Albarracin, Sa de...
7
40 N
2 VT
Aguascalientes
. 134
^OTS
HOW
Albemarle Sd
74
36 N
76 W
Agueda, R. ...
. 95
41 N
7 W
Alberga, The
128
27 S
135 E
Agulhas, C
. 133
35 S
20 E
Albert Nyanza
130
2N
31 E
Ahaipara
. 129
35 S
173 E
Alberta
126
SON
120 W
Ahlden
. 62
53 N
10 E
Albertine Saxony ...
12
Ahmadabad
. 64
23 N
73 E
Albi
8
44 N
2E
Ahmadnagar
. 99
19 N
75 E
Albiac
19
45 N
2E
Aidan, R. ...
. 138
58 N
130 E
Albis
15
47 N
9E
Aigle
. 15
46 N
7E
Albona
4
45 N
14 E
Aigues Mortes
8
44 N
4E
Alboran I. ...
131
36 N
3W
Aigueville ...
. 81
45 N
6E
Albreda
65
14 N
17 W
Aigun
. 138
50 N
128 E
Albret
8
44 N
1 W
Ain ...
. 103
44 TS
4 E
Albuera
95
39 N
7 W
Ain, R
. 83
46 N
6E
Albufera, L.
95
39 N
0
Ain Sefra
. 131
33 N
0
Albula Pass
30
47 N
10 E
Airds Moss
. 23
55 N
4W
Albuquerque
95
39 N
7 W
Aire (Artois)
. 45
51 N
2E
Albury
128
36 S
147 E
Aire (France)
. 95
44 N
0
Alcala
7
40 N
3W
Aire, R. (Eng.) ..
. 121
54 N
2 W
Alcafiiz
95
41 N
0
Aire, R. (France) ..
. 22
49 N
5E
Alcantara ...
7
40 N
7 W
Aisne
. 103
4817
O
Alcazar
7
39 N
3W
Aisne, R. ...
8
48Br
O
Alcolea
95
37 N
3W
Aivali
. 120
39 N
27 E
Alcoy
95
39 N
0
Aix ...
8
43 N
5E
Aldan, R. ...
139
60 N
130 E
Aix, I. d'
. 50
46 N
1 W
Aldborough (York.)
113
54 N
1 W
Aix-la-Chapelle
. 45
51 N
6E
Aldborough (Suff.)
113
52 N
2E
Ajaccio
. 26
42 N
9E
Aldea de Ponte ...
95
40 N
7W
Ajmir
. 64
26 N
74 E
Alderney
103
50 N
2W
Ajuaro, R. ...
. 132
7N
34 E
Aleksinatz ...
119
44 N
22 E
Ajudia
. 43
16 N
100 E
Alemtejo
7
38 N
8 W
Akerman
. 61
46 N
30 E
Alengon
8
48 N
0
Akhalkalaki
. 108
42 N
44 E
Aleppo
3
36 N
37 E
Akhaltsikh
. 61
42 N
43 E
Alessandria ...
4 Ins.
45 N
9E
Akhalzik {see Akhaltsikh)
Alessio
3
42 N
20 E
Akhissar
. 110
39 N
28 E
Alet
79
43 N
2E
Akishi B
. 140
4oir
1201:
Aleutian Is.
139
Akkerman {see Akerman)
Alexandretta
110
37 N
36 E
Ak Mechet
. 136
45 N
65 E
Alexandria (Am. N.)
74
39 N
77 W
Akmolinsk ...
. 136
51 N
71 E
Alexandria (Egypt)
110
31 N
30 E
Akrotiri
. 120
36 N
24 E
Alexandria (Syria) {see
Aksu...
. 138
42 N
80 E
Alexandretta)
Ak-su, R
. 124
40N-
75E
Alexandroff
52
56 N
39 E
Akyab
. 125
20 N
93 E
Alexandropol
108
40 N
44 E
Alabama
. 72
SO wr
90 "W
Alexandrovsk (Russia]
108
48 N
36 E
Alabama, R.
. 70
30N-
SOW
Alexandrovsk (Siberia^
>138
52 N
141 E
Alagoas
135
lO s
40 w
Alexandrovsk (Turk-
Alagon, R.
. 95
40 N
6W
estan) ...
136
44 N
51 E
Alaia
. 110
37 N
32 E
Alexandrovskaia ...
138
51 N
142 E
Alais
19
44 N
4E
Algarve
7
36 sr
10 "WT
Alamo, R. ...
. 71
26 N
100 W
Algeciras
87
36 N
5W
Aland Is. ...
. 17
60 N
20 E
Algeria
131
Alaska
. 139
60N
160-W
Algiers
131
3orr
0
Alaska Mts ...
139
eoir
leOTXT
Algiers
131
37 N
3E
Alaska Pen.
. 126
50TT
leoTXT
Algoa B
133
34 8
26 E
Alatau Mts
. 138
40 N
70 E
Algonquins
67
48 N
SOW
Index to Maps,
147
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long,
Alhucemas ...
131
35 N
4 W
Altweiler
103
49 N
7E
Ali Alta
136
43 N
71 E
Altyn Tagh Mts ...
138
SON
SOB
Alicante
95
38 N
0
Aluta, R. ...
21
44 N
24 E
Aligarh
99
28 N
78 E
Alvite
95
38 N
8 W
Alima, E. ...
130
IS
15 E
Alwar
122
28 N
77 E
Ali Masjid
124 Ins.
Amadeus, L.
128
25 8
131 E
Aliwal (India)
124
31 N
75 E
Amager I
17
55 N
lOE
Aliwal North
133
31 S
27 E
Amakria
115
42 N
42 E
Aliwal South
133
34 S
22 E
Amalfi
4
41 N
15 E
Alkmaar
22
53 N
5E
Amanvilliers
118 Ins.
Allahabad
64
26 N
82 E
Amarapura...
125
22 N
96 E
Alle, R
92
54 N
20 E
Amasia
3
41 N
36 E
Alleghany Mts
134
30I7
90 W
Amastris
3
42 N
32 E
Allen, L. ...
27
54 N
8 W
Amatola Mts
133
32 S
27 E
Allenstein ...
92
54 N
20 E
Amazon, R.
106
Aller, R
33
52 M*
8 E
Amazonas ...
135
loir
70 W
Allerheim
39
49 N
HE
Amballa
64
30 N
77 E
Allgau
13
48 N
10 E
Amberg
12
49 N
12 E
Allier
103
44 rr
O
Ambleteuse ...
19
51 N
2E
Allier, E
8
44 M*
o
Amboina
43
20 S
120Z:
All Saints, Bay of...
106
13 S
39 W
Amboise
8
47 N
IE
Allstedt
12
51 N
HE
Ambras
29
48 N
HE
Alma, R. ...
115
45 N
34 E
Ambriz
130
8S
13 E
Almada
59
39 N
9W
Ambur
64
13 N
79 E
Almaden
7
39 N
5 W
Amegial
95
39 N
8W
Almanza (Spain) ...
95
43 N
5 W
Ameland
109
53 N
6E
Almanza (Spain) ...
95
39 N
1 W
Amelia Ct. Ho.
74
37 N
78 W
Almaraz
95
40 N
6 W
American, R.
72
38 N
122 W
Almeida
95
41 N
7W
Amersfoort ...
22
52 N
5E
Almenara (Spain)...
95
40 N
0
Amherstburg
70
42 N
83 W
Almenara (Spain) . . .
95
42 N
IE
Amiens
6
50 N
2E
Almonacid ...
95
40 N
4W
Amirante Is.
130
6S
53 E
Almoster
95
39 N
9 W
Ampfing
88
48 N
12 E
Alnwick
16
55 N
2 W
AmpthiU
16
52 N
0
Alost
22
51 N
4E
Amritsar
122
32 N
75 E
Aloushta
115
45 N
34 E
Amsterdam...
22
52 N
5E
Alpes Basses
103
44 N*
4 S
Amsterdam I.
140
40 S
eoE
Alpes Hautes
103
44 N-
4 £
Amu Daria (R. Oxus)
124
40I7
60S
Alpes Maritimes ...
103
44 N
7E
Amur (Province) ...
136
Alps, Australian ...
128
37 S
148 E
Amur, R
138
40S
130S
Alps, Carnic
83
46 N
12 E
Amweiler ...
81
49 N
8E
Alps, Dinaric
119
Anabara, R.
139
eoN
lOOE
Alps, Southern (N. Z.)
129
Anadyr, R.
139
60ir
160E
Alps, Transylvanian
119
Anadyr, G. of
139
eon-
ISO
Alpuj arras...
7
36 sr
4 W
Anagni
4
42 N
13 E
Alresford
36
51 N
IW
Anaklia
108
42 N
42 E
Alsace
79
Anamabo
65
Ins.
Alsen
53
55 N
10 E
Anapa
61
45 N
37 E
Alsh, L
56
57 N
5 W
Anatolia
3
Altai Mts ...
138
Ancenis
82
47 N
1 W
Altai Mts, Little ...
136
50 N
90 E
Anchialos ...
120
43 N
28 E
Altamaha, E.
68
32 N
83 W
Anc6n
135
12 S
77 W
Altare
83
44 N
8E
Ancona
4
44 N
14 E
Alt Breisach
50
48 N
8E
Ancre
22
51 N
6E
Altdorf
90
47 N
9E
Ancrum Moor
23
55 N
3 W
Altenburg ...
12
51 N
12 E
Andalusia ...
7
Altenkirchen
81
51 N
8E
Andaman Is.
122
lONT
90E
Altmark {see Old Mark)
Andernach
81
SON
7E
Altmark
32
54 N
19 E
Andes
135
Altmiihl, R.
33
49 N
11 E
Andkhui
124
37 N
65 B
Alton
86
51 N
1 W
Andorra
7
42 N
IE
Altona
17
54 N
10 E
Andover
16
51 N
1 W
Altoona
74
41 N
78 W
Andros Is
69
24 N
78 W
Altranstadt
64
51 N
12 E
Andrusovo
52
54 N
32 B
10—2
148
Index to Maps.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Andujar
95
38 N
4W
Appleby
Anfo ...
104
46 N
HE
Appomattox
Angara, R.
138
50N
lOOE
Appomattox, R,
Angers
8
47 N
1 W
Apprica
Anglesey
16
52 N
6 W
Apsheron Penin. ...
Angola
130
Apulia
Angora
110
40 N
33 E
Aquednok I.
Angostura ...
106
8N
64 W
Aquila
Angouleme (Province
) 8
44 TX
4 W
Aquileia
Angouleme ...
8
46 N
0
Aquino
Angoumois ...
79
46 N
0
Aquiry, R
Angra
101
30N
sovr
Arabat, Tongue of
Angra da Cintra . . .
2
O
30 w
Arabia
Angra Pequena
133
27 S
15 E
Arabian Sea
Anguilla
69
18 N
63 W
Arabistan ...
Anguillara ...
4 Ins.
45 N
12 E
Aracan
Anhalt
12
52 N
12 E
Arad
Anhausen ...
12
49 N
11 E
Arafura Sea
Anholtl
87
57 N
11 E
Aragon, Kingdom of
Anhwei
138
30 N
HOE
Araguary, R.
Anjala
61
61 N
28 E
Araguaya, R.
Anjou
8
44 17
4 W
Aral Sea
Anna, E. North ...
74
38 N
78 W
Aran, Is. of
Annaly
27
52 17
8 VU
Aranda
Annam
138
18 N
106 E
Aranjuez
Annamabo {see Anamabo)
Ararat, Mt
Annan, R. ...
121
55 N
3W
Aras, R.
Annandale ...
23
55 N
3W
Araucanians
Annapolis (Canada)
126
45 N
65 W
Aravali Hills
Annapolis (U.S.A.)
74
39 N
76 W
Arboga
Anne, C.
70
43 N
70 W
Arbroath
Annecy
25
46 N
6E
Arcadia
Annesley B.
130
21 N
40 E
Archangel
Annobon I
130
2S
6E
Arcis
Annonay
8
45 N
5E
Areola
Annone
4 Ins.
45 N
8E
Arcos
Ansbach
12
49 N
HE
Arcot
Anse des M^res
67 Ins.
Arctic Ocean
Anse du Foulon ...
67 Ins.
Arcueil
Antananarivo
130
19 S
47 E
Arda, R.
Antibes
79
44 N
7E
Ardahan
Anticosti I
70
50 N
63 W
Ardchatten Ab.
Antietam
74
39 N
78 W
Ardeche
Antigua I.
69
17 N
62 W
Ardee
Antilles, Gtr & Lessi
69
Ardennes ...
Anting
138 Ins.
Ardennes, The
Antioch
110
36 N
36 E
Ardfert
Antioquia
135
6N
76 W
Ardglass
Antipodes I.
139
50 S
178 E
Ardoch
Antivari
3
42 N
19 E
Ardres
Antrim
47
55 N
6W
Ardwalton Moor ...
Antung
137
40 N
124 E
Areg
Antwerp
22
51 N
4E
Aremberg ...
Aosta
4
46 N
7E
Arenas, Pta
Apaches
106
20 N
100 W
Arenberg ...
Apennins ...
94
44 at
8E
Arequipa
Apennines
83
Arezzo
Apenrade
116
55 N
9E
Arga, R
Apia
139
20 3
ISO
Argaon
Apolda
92
51 N
12 E
Argenteuil ...
Apollonia
65 Ins
.
Argentina
Appam
65 Ins
,
Argentine Confedera-
Appenzel ...
15
47 N
9E
tion
Appin
56
57 N
5 W
Argenton
Map
16
74
74
30
108
4
68
4
4
4
135
115
132
64
124
125
111
128
7
135
135
138
37
7
95
110
108
106
99
17
56
105
61
79
83
7
64
136
19 Ins
Lat.
55 N
37 N
37 N
46 N
40 N
40SI'
41 N
42 N
46 N
41 N
10 S
46 N
31 N
20 N
46 N
10 S
IN
10 S
45 N
52 N
42 N
40 N
39 N
40 N
40 S
24 N
59 N
57 N
36 N
65 N
49 N
45 N
37 N
13 N
119
108
23
103
27
103
79
47
27
56
22
36
131
92
135
52
106
4
95
99
42 N
41 N
56 N
44 N
54 N
48 N
SON
52 N
54 N
56 N
51 N
64 N
30IT
52 N
53 S
58 N
16 S
43 N
42 N
21 N
97 Ins.
135 40 8
106 Ins.
19 47 N
Long.
2 W
79 W
79 W
10 E
50 E
16 E
71 W
13 E
13 E
14 E
68 W
35 E
50 E
94 E
21 E
130 E
51 W
50 W
60 E
lOVI
4W
4W
45 E
46 E
80 W
72 E
16 E
3W
20E
41 E
4E
HE
6W
79 E
26 E
43 E
5W
4 E
7 W
4 E
5E
low
6 W
4W
2E
2 W
O
7E
71 W
22 E
72 W
12 E
2 W
77 E
70 vr
IE
Index to Maps.
149
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Arghandab, E. ... 124
30IV
65 E
Ascoli
4
43 N
14 E
Argonne
... 81
49 N
5E
Aserbaijan ...
124
38 N
47 E
Argos
3
38 N
23 B
Ashanti
130
0
20 w
Arguin I. ...
... 130
20 N
17 W
Ashburton (Eng.) ...
113
SON
4W
Argyll
... 23
Ashburton (Austral.)
128
30 s
110 E
Ariano
4
41 N
15 E
Ashburton, E.
128
30S
110 E
Arica
... 106
18 S
70 W
Ashford
121
SIN
IE
Ariege, E. ...
8
40S3'
O
Ashley, E
70
33 N
80 W
Arinos, E. ...
... 135
20 S
60 W
Ashridge
16
52 N
1 W
Arizona
... 134
33 N
114 W
Ashta
122
17 N
74 E
Arizona Territory ... 72
30OT
120 W
Ashton
114
53 N
2 W
Arkansas . . .
... 72
30isr
lOOW
Asia Minor...
140
40 N
40 E
Arkansas, E.
... 72
30 3Jr
100"W
Asiu ...
130
21 N
8E
Arklow
... 27
53 N
6 W
Askeaton ...
37
S3N
9W
Aries
8
44 N
5E
Aspern
94
48 N
16 E
Arleux
... 39
SON
3E
Aspinwall ...
135
ION
80 W
Arlon
... 81
50 N
6E
Aspromonte
104
38 N
16 E
Arlow Wood
... 27
52 N
8 W
Assab B.
130
13 N
42 E
Armagh
... 37
54 N
7 W
Assam
138
Armagnac . . .
8
40 13^
o
Assaye
99
20 N
76 E
Arm agon ...
... 43 Ins.
Asscbe
45
SIN
4E
Armancon, E
... 118
48 N
4E
Asseirceira
95
40 N
8 W
Armenia
... 108
Assens
17
55 N
10 E
Armentieres
... 3y
51 N
3 W
Assiniboine E.
67
SON
100 w
Arnau
... 57
51 N
16 E
Assiout
130
27 N
31 E
Arnau, E. ...
... 118
47 N
2E
Assua, E. ...
132
3N
33 E
Arnay-le-Duc
... 19
47 N
4E
Assuan
132
24 N
33 E
Arnheim
... 22
52 N
6E
Asti ...
4
45 N
8E
Arnhem, C.
... 128
12 S
137 E
Astorga
95
42 N
6W
Arnhem's Laud ... 128
20S
130Z:
Astoria
72
46 N
124 W
Ami
... 64
13 N
79 E
Astrabad
124
37 N
54 E
Amis
... 116
55 N
10 E
Astrakhan, Govt of
61
Arno, E.
4
42 M
lOE
Astrakhan
61
46 N
48 E
Arnsberg . . .
... 33
51 N
8E
Asturian & Cantabrian
Arc
... 130
5N
8E
Mts
7
Arolsen
... 107
51 N
9E
Asturias
7
42 N
6 W
Arques
... 19
50 N
IE
Asuncion ...
106
25 S
58 W
Arra
... 27
52 sr
lOVT
Asunden, L.
17
58 N
13 E
Arrah
... 123
26 N
85 E
Atacama, Desert of
106
25 S
70 W
Arran I.
... 23
56 N
5 W
Atbara, E. ...
132
17 N
35 E
Arras
... 22
50 N
3E
Atella
4
41 N
16 E
Arraso
6
50 N
3E
Ath
45
51 N
4E
Arriege
... 103
43 N
IE
Athabasca, L.
126
59 N
HOW
Arrow, L. ...
... 27
54 N
8W
Athabasca, E.
126
SO IT
120 117
Ars ...
... 118 1ns.
Athboy
27
54 N
7 W
Arta
... 105
39 N
21 E
Athenry
37
53 N
9W
Artois
... 22
SON
21!
Athens
3
38 N
24 E
Aru Is.
... 139
20S
1201:
Athlone
37
S3N
8W
Arun, E. ...
... 121
51 N
1 w
Atholl
23
5617
4 W
Arundel
... 16
51 N
1 w
Athos, Mt ...
115
40 N
24 E
Arundel Castle ... 121
51 N
1 w
Athy
37
53 N
7W
Aruwimi, E.
... 130
IN
25 E
Atlanta
74
34 N
84 W
Arva
... 21
48 77
16 E
Atlas Mts, Great ...
131
30 nr
low
Arve, E.
... 112
46 sr
6z:
Atlas Mts, Sahara...
131
Arvert
8
46 N
1 w
Atrek, E
124
38 N
55 E
Arzeu
... 131
36 N
0
Attock (Attok)
123
34 N
72 E
Arzila
... 131
35 N
6 W
Atuntse
138
29 N
99 E
Arzobispo ..
... 95
40 N
5 W
Aube...
103
4817
4 E
Asan
... 137
37 N
127 E
Aube, E
79
48 N
4E
Asben
... 130
18 N
8E
Auberive
81
49 N
4E
Ascension B.
... 134
20 N
88 W
Aubervilliers
19
Ins.
Ascension I.
... 130
20S
20 "W
Aubigny
8
48 N
0
Aschaffenbur
? ... 33
SON
9E
Auch
8
44 N
IE
Aschersleben
... 55
52 N
12 E
Auchterarder
56
56 N
4W
150
Index to Maps.
Auckland, Province of
Auckland ...
Auckland Is.
Aude
Aude, R.
Auerstadt ...
Augher
Aughnanewry
Aughrim
Augila
Augsburg ...
Augusta
Augustenburg
Augustoff ...
Aullagas, L.
Aumale
Aunis
Aupa, R
Auras
Auray
Aures Mts
Aurillac
Aurungabad
Aussig
Austerlitz ...
Austin
Austin, L. ...
Austral I. ...
Australia, Western
Australia, South ...
Australian Alps
Austria, Further ...
Austria, Lower
Austria, Upper
Austrian Netherlands
Auteuil
Autun
Auvergne, Duchy of
Auvergne La Tour
Auxerre
Auxonne
Auzin
Ava ...
Avellino
Aversa
Averysborough
Avesnes
Aveyron
Avignon
Avila
Avon, R. (England)
Avon, R. (England)
Avon, R. (England)
Avranches ...
Awa ...
Axe, R,
Axel Heiberg L ...
Axim
Ayacucho ...
Ayas...
Aylesbury ...
Aymargues ...
Ayr ...
Ayr, R
Map
129
129
139
103
103
94
47
27
47
130
12
74
107
108
135
19
79
Lat.
37 S
SOS
43 N
43 N
51 N
54 N
53 N
53 N
29 N
48 N
33 N
55 N
54 N
18 S
50 N
46 N
117 Ins.
57 51 N
8 48 N
30ir
45 N
20 N
51 N
49 N
30 N
28 S
40S
37 S
48 N
46 XT
46 N
118
103
125
104
4
74
45
103
8
7
121
121
121
8
137
121
126
130
106
4
16
19
23
23
Long.
175 E
166 E
2E
2 E
12 E
7W
9 W
8 W
21 E
11 E
82 W
Ayton
Ayuthia
Azamgarh . . .
Azemur
Azoff
Azoff, Sea of
Azores
Map
23
125
123
131
61
3
24
131
103
64
57
94
134
128
140
128
128
128
60
12
12
62
97 Ins.
79 47 N
8 44 N
8 44 N
8 48 N
47 N
45 N
22 N
41 N
41 N
35 N
50 N
44 IT
44 N
41 N
52 N
51 N
51 N
49 N
34 N
51 N
80 N
5N
13 N
46 N
52 N
44 N
55 N
55 N
10 E
22 E
67 W
2E
1 W
17 E
3 W
O
2E
75 E
14 E
17 E
97 W
118 E
150 W
148 E
9E
17 W
12 W
4E
O
O
4E
5E
3E
96 E
15 E
14 E
78 W
4E
O
5E
5 W
2 W
3 W
2 W
1 W
134 E
3 W
95 W
2 W
74 W
8E
1 W
4E
5 W
5W
Baahus ... ... 53
Bab el Mandeb, Str. of 130
Bacchiglione ... 94
Bacharach ... ... 39
Bachian I. ... ... 43
Back, R 126
Badagry 130
Badajoz ... ... 7
Badakshan ... ... 124
Baden (Austria) ... 107
Baden (Baden) ... 12
Baden, Marg. of ... 12
Baden (Svi^itzerland) 15
Badenoch ... ... 23
Badli Sarai 123
Badzymin ... ... 108
Baena ... ... 9
Baffin Bay 126
Baffin Land ... 127
Baghdad (Bagdad)... 110
Baghirnii ... ... 130
Bagnacavallo .., 4
Bagoe ... ... 130
Bahama Is. ... 69
Bahamas Channel, Old 75
Bahawalpur ... 124
Bahia ■ 106
Bahia Honda ... 75
Bahrein ... ... 124
Bahr el-Arab ... 132
Bahr el-Gazal ... 132
Bahr el-Gebel ... 132
Bahr el-Homr ... 132
Baiche ... ... 81
Baikal, L 138
Baireuth ... ... 13
Bakchiserai [see Bak-
tschiserai)
Bakel 130
Baktschiserai ... 115
Baku 61
Balaguer ... ... 95
Bala Hissar ... 124
Balaklava ... ... 115
Balaklava B. ... 115
Balasore ... ... 64
Balaton, L. ... 60
Baldo, Mt 83
Balearic Isles ... 7
Balkan Peninsula ... 120
Balkans ... ... 105
Balkash, L 138
Balkh 124
Ballarat 128
Ballinakill 37
Ballinamuck ... 47
Lat.
56 N
14 N
26 N
33 N
47 N
45 17
30If
58 N
o
44 N
SON
Ins.
65 N
7N
39 N
37 N
48 N
49 N
46 N
47 N
57 N
29 N
Ins.
38 N
70 N
33 N
12 N
44 N
13 N
29 N
13 S
23 N
26 N
ION
9 N
7N
9N
SON
SON
SON
15 N
45 N
40 N
41 N
39 N
44 N
Ins.
22 N
47 N
46 N
40 N
4017
37 N
38 S
53 N
54 N
Long.
2W
100 B
83 E
8W
39 E
35X:
sow
11 B
4oi:
8 E
8B
106 W
3B
7W
70 E
16 B
8B
4 E
8E
4 W
77 E
3W
74 E
44 E
17 E
12 E
6 W
72 E
38 W
83 W
51 E
28 E
28 E
31 B
27 E
3 B
100 E
12 E
13 W
34 E
SOB
IE
32 E
34 E
87 E
18 E
11 B
24 E
70E
67 E
144 E
7 W
8W
Index to Maps.
151
Map
Lat.
Long.
58
49 N
28 E
8
48 Iff
4 E
6
48 N
4E
123
20N
90z:
132
ION
30z:
69
13 N
60 W
4
44 N
HE
133
26 S
31 B
69
18 N
62 W
130
33 N
22 E
140
23 S
136 B
)106
ION
65 W
7
41 N
2E
25
44 N
7E
43 Ins.
128
28 S
139 E
128
25 S
144 E
88
46 N
8B
131
37 N
10 E
108
68 N
18 E
64
23 N
88 E
122
28 N
79 E
124
37 N
53 B
4
41 N
17 E
16
52 N
0
138
44 N
93 E
8
49 N
5B
128
29 S
119 E
4
41 N
16 E
16
53 N
0
16
55 N
2W
36
51 N
4 W
132
8N
34 E
122
22 N
73 E
122
20 N
70E
128
28 S
125 B
130
15 S
25 B
122
23 N
88 B
25
45 N
6E
129
36 S
175 E
95
36 N
6W
139
eon
160W
126
70N
160 W
37
52 Iff
8 W
126
70]ff
lOCW
27
52 N
8W
27
52 N
91 W
21
48 N
16 E
94
54 N
21 E
21
49 N
21 E
130
14 N
13 E
33
53 N
14 E
128
29 S
149 E
12
48 N
8E
133
32 S
29 B
61
50 N
50 W
124
27 N
55 E
4
40ir
16E
36
51 N
IW
50
46 N
1 w
128
40 S
146 E
4
46 N
12 E
125
17 N
95 B
Ballinasloe ...
Ballingen ...
Ballinlig
Ball's Bluff
Bally castle ...
Ballymena ...
Ballymoe ...
Ballyniore ...
Ballyneety ...
Ballyshannon
Bally Terrain
Balmerinoch Ab. ...
Balrothery ...
Balta
Baltic Sea ...
Baltimore (Ireland)
Baltimore (U.S.A.)
Baltinglass ...
Baltringen ...
Baluchistan
Baluchistan Agency
Bam (Bumm)
Bamberg
Bamberg, Bpc of
Bamian
Banagher ...
Banana
Banas, E. ...
Banas, R. ...
Banat
Banbury
Banda Is. ...
Banda Neira
Banda Oriental
Banda Sea
Ban del khan d [see
Bundelkhand)
Bandon-bridge
Bandon, E.
Bandu
Banff
Bangalore ...
Bangkok
Bangor (Ireland) ...
Bangor (Wales)
Bangweolo, L.
Banjaluka ...
Banjarmasin
Banjuwangi
Banka
Bankot
Banks I.
Banks' Peninsula ...
Banks Str.
Bann, E. ...
Bannockburn
Bannow
Banstead Downs ...
Bantam
Bantry
Bantry Bay
Bauyuls
Bapaume
Bar (France)
Lat.
63 N
48 N
54 N
39 N
55 N
55 N
54 N
53 N
53 N
54 N
55 N
56 N
54 N
48 N
51 N
39 N
53 N
48 N
29 N
50 N
46 N
35 N
53 N
7S
20]ff
25 Iff
44 N
52 N
Map
38
13
38
74
37
37
38
27
47
37
27
23
27
105
17
37
72
47
13
99
124
124
12
12
124
38
140
123
123
60
113
43 Ins.
43 Ins.
106 40 S
.139 20 S
47
37
123
23
99
125
27
16
130
111
100
140
139
99
126
129
128
37
56
47
121
43
37
37
95
39
97
Long.
8W
9E
8W
77 W
6W
6 W
8 W
7 W
9 W
8 W
6 W
3 W
6W
30 E
9 W
77 W
7W
10 E
58 B
HE
8E
68 B
8 W
12 B
70E
75 E
20E
1 w
eovr
120E
52 N
9W
52 N
9 W
25 N
80 E
56 Iff
4 "W
13 N
78 E
14 N
100 E
55 N
6W
53 N
4W
12 S
30 E
45 N
17 E
2S
113 E
8S
117 E
38
108 E
18 N
73 E
70N
130W
44 S
173 E
41 S
148 E
54N-
8-W
56 N
4 W
52 N
7 W
51 N
0
68
106 E
52 N
9W
52 N
low
42 N
3E
50 N
3E
48 N
5B
Bar (Poland)
Bar, Duchy of
Bar-sur-Seine
Barak, E. ...
Baraka, E.
Barbados
Barberino . . .
Barberton . . .
Barbuda I.
Barca
Barcaldine ...
Barcelona (America S.)
Barcelona (Spain)...
Barcelonnette
Barcelor
Barcoo or Cooper's E.
Barcoo Eiver
Bard
Bardo (Africa)
Bardo (Sweden) ...
Bardwan
Bareilly
Barfrush
Bari
Barking Ab.
Barkul
Bar le Due
Barlee, L. ...
Barletta
Barlings Ab.
Barnard Castle
Barnstaple...
Baro, E.
Baroda
Baroda State
Baron von Muller, L.
Barotseland
Barrackpur
Barraux.
Barrier I., Gt
Barrosa
Barrow, C...
Barrow Pt ...
Barrow, E. ...
Barrow Str.
Barry, Lord
Barry Oge ...
Bars
Bartenstein
Bartfa
Barua
Barwalde
Barwan, E.
Basel
Bashee, E. ...
Bashkirs
Basidu
Basilicata ...
Basing House
Basque Eoads
Basra {see Bossorah)
Bass Str. ...
Bassano
Bassein (Burma) ...
152
Index to Maps.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Bassein (India)
64
19 N
73 E
Beauport, R.
.. 67 Ins.
Basseterre
69
17 N
63 W
Beaupr^au ...
.. 82
47 N
1 W
Bassignano
49
45 N
9E
Beauvais
8
49 N
2E
Bassorah {see Bossorah)
Beauvais, Bpc of .
8
48 17
O
Bastia
26
43 N
9E
Beauvoir
.. 19
47 N
2 W
Basutoland
133
30 S
28 E
Beaver Dam
.. 70
43 N
79 W
Batak
119
42 N
24 E
Bechuanaland Pro
t. 133
30 S
2oz:
Batala
124
32 N
75 E
Beckenried ...
.. 15
47 N
8E
Batalha
7
40 N
9 W
Bedford
.. 16
52 N
0
Batang
138
30 N
100 E
Bedmar
7
38 N
3W
Batavia (Java)
139
6S
107 E
Bednore
.. 64
14 N
75 E
Batavia (U.S.A.) ...
72
43 N
78 W
Bedwin, Gt
.. 113
51 N
2 W
Batavian Kepublic
89
Beeren, Gt . . .
.. 97
52 N
13 E
Bath
16
51 N
2 W
Beeskow
.. 62
52 N
14 E
Bathurst (Africa, W.)
130
14 N
17 W
Beeston Castle
.. 36
53 N
3 W
Bathurst (N.S.W.)
128
33 S
150 E
Behar
.. 64
24 N
80E
Bathurst, C.
139
60I7
140 W
Behmaru Hills
.. 124 1ns.
Bathurst I.
126
76 N
100 w
Behring Sea
.. 139
Batna
131
36 N
6E
Behring Str.
.. 139
60N
ISO
Baton Eouge
74
30 N
91 W
Beilan
... 110
36 N
36 E
Battambang
125
13 N
103 E
Beilul
.. 130
13 N
42 E
Battle Abbey
16
51 N
0
Beira (Africa)
.. 133
20 S
35 E
Battleford
126
53 N
108 W
Beira (Port)
.. 95
41 N
8 W
Batuecas
95
40 N
6W
Beirut
.. 110
34 N
36 E
Batum
108
42 N
42 E
Beja
.. 95
38 N
8W
Baturin
61
51 N
33 E
Bekos
.. 110
41 N
29 E
Batzlow
57
53 N
15 E
Belbeis
... 132 1ns.
Bau
107
55 N
9E
Belbek, R. ...
... 115 1ns.
Baugy
19
47 N
3E
Belchite
.. 95
41 N
1 W
Bautzen
12
51 N
14 E
Belem (Am. S.)
.. 106
2S
48 W
Bavaria
12
Belem (Spain)
7
39 N
9W
Bavarian Palatinate
107
49 N
8E
Belfast
.. 37
55 N
6W
Baviaans Kloof Mts
133
34 S
24 E
Belfort (France)
.. 103
48 N
7E
Bayazid
108
40 N
44 E
Belfort (Switz.)
.. 30
47 N
10 E
Bayeux
19
49 N
1 W
Belgian Congo
.. 130
Bayham
16
51 N
0
Belgium
... 141
Bay Islands
134
ION
90 W
Belgrade
3
45 N
20 E
Baylen
95
38 N
4W
Belin
.. 19
44 N
IW
Bayonne
7
43 N
2W
Belize
.. 69
18 N
88 W
Bays
19
45 N
5E
Belize, R. ...
.. 69
18 N
88 W
Baza
7
38 N
3W
Belle Alliance
98 Ins.
Bazaruto I.
133
22 S
36 E
Belleek
.. 37
54 N
8 W
Bazeilles
118
50 N
5E
Bellegarde ...
.. 79
47 N
5E
Beachy Head
121
51 N
0
Belle Isle (Canada'
126
SON
60 W
Beare
27
52 N
low
Belle Isle (France)
79
47 N
3 W
B^arn
8
4orr
4 W
Belle Isle, Str. of .
.. 126
SON
60 W
Beas, R
124
32 N
76 E
Bellencombre
.. 19
50 N
IE
Beaucaire
8
44 N
5E
Belleville (France)
103
46 N
5 E
Beaufort (Am. N.)
74
35 N
76 W
Belleville (France)
97 Ins.
Beaufort (Am. N.)
70
32 N
81 W
Bellinzona ...
4
46 N
9E
Beaufort (France) . . .
19
47 N
0
Belmont (Africa, £
>.) 133
30 S
24 E
Beaufort Sea
140
60I7
150 W
Belmont (U.S.A.)
74
37 N
89 W
Beaufort West
133
32 S
23 E
Beloi
.. 96
56 N
33 E
Beaugency
8
48 N
2E
Belsk
.. 58
53 N
23 E
Beaujolais ...
8
44 IT
4 £
Belt, Great...
.. 107
56 N
HE
Beaulieu
19
47 N
IE
Belt, Little...
.. 107
55 N
HE
Beaulieu Ab.
16
51 N
1 W
Belturbet
.. 47
54 N
7W
Beauly Ab.
23
57 N
4 W
Belvoir Castle
.. 36
53 N
1 W
Beauly, R
23
57 N
5 W
Belyando, R.
.. 128
22 S
147 E
Beaumaris ...
16
53 N
4W
Belz
.. 58
50 N
24 E
Beaumont ...
118
SON
5E
Belzig
.. 97
52 N
13 E
Beaune
19
47 N
5E
Benares
.. 64
25 N
83 E
Beaune la Rolande
118
48 N
2E
Benavente . . .
.. 95
42 N
6 W
Beauport
67 Ins.
Benbecula ...
.. 23
57 N
7W
Index to Maps,
158
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Benburb
.. 37
54 N
7W
Betwa, E, ...
.. 123
25 17
75 E
Bencoolen ...
.. 139
4S
102 E
Beuthen
.. 12
SON
19 E
Bender
.. 61
47 N
30 W
Beuthen, Lordship
of 55
SON
16 E
Bender Abbas
.. 124
27 N
56 E
Beveland, N.
. 87 Ins.
Bendigo
.. 128
37 S
144 E
Beveland, S.
. 87 Ins.
Benevento ...
4
41 N
15 E
Beverley
.. 16
54 N
0
Benfeld
.. 39
48 N
8E
Bewdley
.. 36
52 N
2 W
Bengal
.. 64
Beyrout (Beyrut) .
.. 85
34 N
36 E
Bengal, Bay of
.. 64
B^ziers
8
43 N
3E
Bengal, Eastern .
.. 122
Bhagulpur ...
.. 122
25 N
87 E
Benguela
.. 130
13 S
13 E
Bhamo
.. 138
24 N
97 E
Beni, E
.. 135
14 S
67 W
Bharatpur ...
.. 122
27 N
77 E
Beni Suef ...
.. 132
29 N
31 E
Bharoch
.. 99
21 N
72 E
Benin
. 130
7N
6E
Bhima, E
.. 122
17 N
76 E
Bennington...
. 70
43 N
73 W
Bhopal
.. 122
23 N
77 E
Benon
. 19
46 N
1 W
Bhopal State
. 122
23 N
77 E
Bentheim ...
. 107
52 N
7E
Bhutan
.. 99
24 17
88 E
Bentheim, County
of 12
50ir
4 E
Biafra
2
O
O
Bentonville...
. 74
35 N
78 W
Biala
. 92
52 N
23 E
Benue, E
. 130
8N
10 E
Bialotserkoff
.. 108
50 N
30 E
Berar
. 122
2orr
70E
Bialystok ...
.. 58
53 N
23 E
Berat
. 120
41 N
20 E
Biana
.. 64
27 N
77 E
Beraun
. 62
SON
14 E
Biarritz
. 103
44 N
2 W
Beraun, E
. 57
50 N
14 E
Biban
.. 131
33 N
10 E
Berber
. 132
18 N
34 E
Biberach
12
48 N
10 E
Berbera
. 130
ION
45 E
Bicocca (Italy)
. 11
45 N
9E
Berbice, E
. 106
6N
58 W
Bicocca (Sicily)
4
37 N
15 E
Berchtesgaden
. 89
48 N
13 E
Bidassoa, E.
. 79
43 N
2W
Berd, E
. 108
46 N
36 E
Biel {see Bienne)
Berealston ...
. 113
50 N
4W
Bielany
. 108 Ins.
Bere Haven
. 47
52 N
low
Bielefeld
. 59
52 N
9E
Beresina, E.
. 58
54 N
29 E
Bielgorod ...
. 61
51 N
37 W
Berezoff
. 61
64 N
65 E
Bielopolje ...
. 119
43 N
20 E
Berg
. 12
50N
4 E
Bienne
. 90
47 N
7E
Bergamo
4
46 N
10 E
Bienne, L
. 112
47 N
7 E
Bergen
17
60 N
5E
Bienwald
. 81
49 N
8E
Bergen-op-Zoom ..
. 22
51 N
4E
Big E
70
5onr
80W
Bergerac
8
45 N
IE
Big Black E.
. 74
33 N
90 W
Bergues St Vinox..
. 45
51 N
2E
Bih^
. 130
13 S
17 E
Bergiin
. 30
47 N
10 E
Bijapur
. 64
17 N
76 E
Berhampore
. 123
24 N
88 E
Bijiiiner
Bilad Ghana
. 99
28 17
73 E
Berkel, E
. 109
52 N
6E
2
O
30^^
Berkeley Castle
. 36
52 N
2W
Bilbao
. 95
43 N
3 W
Berkeley, Vale of . .
. 121
52 N
2W
Bilek
. 119
43 N
18 E
Berkshire ...
. 34
sour
2x:
Bilma
. 130
19 N
13 E
Berlin
. 12
53 N
13 E
Biloxi
. 72
30 N
89 W
Bermeja, Sa
7
36 N
6x:
Bilsen
. 45
51 N
5E
Bermudas ...
. 66
2oir
80 W
Bilstein
. 62
51 N
8E
Bermyngham
. 27
52 N
lO'W
Bimlipatam...
. 99
18 N
83 E
Bern, Canton of ..
. 15
46ivr
6x:
Binasco
. 4 Ins.
45 N
9E
Bern
. 15
47 N
7E
Bingen
. 107
SON
8E
Bernardino Pass ..
. 30
46 17
9 E
Bingerville ...
. 130
5N
4W
Bernburg
. 12
52 N
12 E
Biobio, E
. 106
36 N
73 W
Bernina Pass
. 30
46 N
10 E
Bir (Mesopotamia)
110
32 N
44 E
Berry
8
44 IT
O
Bir (Syria)
. 110
37 N
38 E
Bertheaume B.
. 91
40N
20^17
Birkenfeld ...
12
SON
7E
Berwick
. 23
54 IT
4 "W
Birket el-Karun ..
. 85
29 N
31 E
Berwick-on-Tweed ..
. 16
56 N
2 W
Birks
. 36
56 N
2W
Berwick, North
56
56 N
3W
Birmingham
. 121
52 N
2W
Besan^on ...
. 12
47 N
6E
Biron
79
45 N
IE
Besika B
. 119
40 N
26 E
Birr
. 47
53 N
8W
Bessarabia ...
. 61
40N
20E
Birs, E
. 112
47 17
7 E
Bethlehem
. 133
28 S
28 E
Birse (Birze)
. 54
56 N
24 E
B^thune
6
51 N
3E
Bisamberg
93 Ins.
154
Index to Maps.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Biscay
7
42 N
4tVir
Blumenau
117
48 N
17 E
Biscay, Bay of
87
40N
lO w
Bober, R
97
52 N
15 E
Bischoff, Mt
128
42 S
145 E
Boblingen
13
49 N
9E
Biserta
IBl
38 N
10 E
Bobruisk
108
53 N
29 E
Biskra
131
35 N
6E
Bocage
82
46 N
2 vr
Bismarck ...
72
47 N
101 W
Bocchetta Pass
83
45 N
9E
Bismarck Archip. ...
139
20S
i40z:
Bode, R
57
52 N
12 E
Bismarckburg
130
8N
IE
Boden
108
66 N
22 E
Bissagos Is.
130
UN
16 W
Bodmin
16
SON
5 W
Bissao
130
12 N
15 W
Boeotia
105
36 N
20x:
Bissetts
27
55 N
6W
Bogan, E
128
31 S
147 B
Bithur
123
27 N
80 E
Bogosloff
108
60 N
60 E
Bitlis
110
38 N
42 E
Bogota
106
4N
74 W
Bitonto
26
42 N
17 E
Bohemia
111
48 17
12 £
Bitsch
81
49 N
7E
Boholl
75 Ins.
Biville
94
SON
IE
Bohus
17
55 KT
lOE
Biwa
137
35 N
136 E
Boialva
95
40 N
8W
Blackburn
121
54 N
2 W
Bojador, C.
130
27 N
14 W
Black Country
121
53 N
2W
Bojana, R
105
42 N
19 E
Black Forest
39
48 N
8E
Bokhara
124
40 N
64 E
Blackheath
16
51 N
0
Bolan Pass
124
30 N
67 E
Black Mts
121
52 N
4 W
Bolivia
135
20 8
70"W
Blackness ...
56
56 N
4W
Bologna
4
44 N
HE
Black Sea
3
Bolton
36
54 N
2 W
Blackwater, K. (Eng.)
121
52 N
IE
Bolton Ab.
16
54 N
2W
Blackwater, E. (Ire.)
37
52 N
8W
Bolton Castle
36
54 N
2W
Blackwater, K. (Ire.)
37
54 7S
8 W
Boma
130
6S
13 E
Blackwood, R.
128
34 S
116 E
Bombay
64
19 N
73 E
Bladensburg
70
39 N
77 W
Bombay Presidency
122
Blagaj
3
43 N
18 E
Bon, C
131
37 N
HE
Blagovestchensk ...
138
50 N
128 E
Bona
131
37 N
8E
Blair Atholl
23
57 N
4W
Bonamargy
27
55 N
6W
Blair Castle
56
57 N
4 W
Bonavista, C.
67
49 N
53 W
Blair Port
140
O
90x:
Bondorf
92
48 N
8E
Blanc, Mt
141
46 N
7E
Bonifacio ...
103
41 N
9E
Blanca B. ...
135
39 S
63 W
Bonifacio, Str. of ...
104
41 N
9E
Blanche, L.
128
29 S
140 B
Bonn
12
SIN
7E
Blanco, C. ...
130
21 N
17 W
Bonny
103
48 N
3E
Blandford ...
36
51 N
2 W
Bonny muir...
121
56 N
4W
Blankenfeld...
97
52 N
13 E
Boomplatz ...
133
30 S
26 E
Blantyre
130
16 S
35 E
Boothia, G. of
126
70 N
90 W
Blautyre Ab.
23
56 N
4 W
Boothia 1st.
126
70 N
97 W
Blasket, Sd of
27
52 N
low
Bopfingen ...
62
49 N
10 E
Blavet
19
48 N
3 W
Bordeaux ...
8
45 N
1 W
Blavet, R. ...
79
48 N
3 W
Bordesholm
17
54 N
10 E
Blaye
103
45 N
1 W
Borghetta Pass
81
44 N
9E
Bleddin
97
52 N
13 E
Borghetto
83
45 N
HE
Bleking
17
5517
15 E
Borgne, L
70
30 N
90 W
Bleneau
79
48 N
3E
Borgo
108
60 N
26 E
Blenheim (Bavaria)
45
49 N
11 E
Borgoforte
4Im
5. 45 N
HE
Blenheim (N. Z.) ...
129
41 S
174 E
Borissoff
96
54 N
28 E
Blessington
47
53 N
7 W
Borkelo
22
52 N
7 E
Bletchingley
113
51 N
OW
Borku Abeshr
130
14 N
21 E
Bletchington House
36
52 N
IW
Borkum
109
54 N
7E
Blindheim (see Blen-
Bormida, R.
83
44 N
8 E
heim)
Bormio
4
46 N
10 E
Bloemfontein
133
29 S
26 E
Boma
14
51 N
12 E
Blois
8
48 N
IE
Borneo
139
0
USE
Blonie
108 Ins.
Bornholm I.
17
55 N
15 E
Bludenz
62
47 N
10 E
Bornu
130
12 N
12 E
Blue Mountains ...
128
34 S
150 E
Borny
118 Ins.
Blue Ridge...
74
35 N
80 W
Borodino
96
56 N
36 E
Bluff Harbour
140
46 S
167 E
Boroughbridge
113
54 N
1 W
Bluii, The
129
47 S
169 E
Borovsk
96
55 N
36 E
Index to Maps.
155
Borston Well
Borthwick ...
Boshof
Bosna, K. ...
Bosna Serai
Bosnia
Bosnia Vilayet
Bosphorus ...
Bossiney
Bossorah
Boston (England) ...
Boston (U.S.A.) ...
Boston Harbour ...
Boston Neck
Bosworth ...
Botany B. ...
Bothnia, E. c& W. ...
Bothnia, G. of ...
Bothwell
Bothwell Brig
Botzen [see Bozen)
Bouchain ...
Bouchard, He
Bouches du Ehone
Bougainville
Bougie
Bouillon
Boulay
Boulogne
Boulonais ...
Bounty I. ...
Bourbon
Bourbon, I. de
Bourbourg ...
Bourg (France)
Bourg (France)
Bourges
Bourgoing ...
Bourke
Bourne Ab.
Boutieres
Bou vines
Bovey Tracey
Bowling Green
Boxley Ab.
Boyaca
Boyle
Boyne, R. ...
Bozen
Brabant
Bracciano ...
Brackley
Braclaw
Bradford
Bradock Down
Braedalbane
Braemar
Braga
Braganza ...
Brahmani, R.
Brahmaputra, R. ...
Braila (Brailoff) ...
Braine-le-Chateau ...
Braine-le-Comte ...
Map
138
23
133
21
119
3
21
61
113
43
16
72
Lat.
42 N
56 N
28 S
45 N
44 N
40 N
44 N
41 N
51 N
30 N
53 N
42 N
70 Ins.
70 Ins.
16 63 N
128
17
108
23
121
45
19
103
139
131
79
118
79
79
139
8
65
39
79
25
8
25
140
16
19
11
36
74
16
106
74
37
111
22
26
113
58
36
36
23
56
7
95
123
99
105
34 S
56 N
56 N
50 N
47 N
44 N
20 S
37 N
SON
49 N
51 N
50 N
48 S
44 N
22 S
51 N
45 N
46 N
47 N
46 N
30 S
53 N
45 N
SON
51 N
37 N
51 N
SN
54 N
52 17
46 N
SON
42 N
52 N
49 N
54 N
51 N
56ir
57 N
42 N
42 N
2oir
24 N
45 N
98 Ins.
98 51 N
Long.
107 E
3 W
25 E
18 E
18 E
15 H
16 E
29 E
5 W
44 E
0
72 W
1 W
152 E
4 W
4W
3E
0
SE
i40x:
SE
SE
7E
2E
2E
179 E
O
56 E
2E
0
SE
2E
SE
146 E
0
4E
SE
4W
86 W
IE
73 W
8W
B-W
11 E
4E
12 E
1 W
29 E
2 W
4W
6 "W
3 W
8 W
7 W
85 E
88 E
28 E
4E
Map
Brainford ... ... 68
Bramber ... ... 113
Brampton ... ... 56
Branco, R. (Parima) 135
Brandaris ... ... 42
Brandeis ... ... 33
Brandenburg ... 33
Brandenburg, Elect, of 12
Brandenburg, Neu... 33
Brandfort 133
Brandon ... ... 126
Brandshagen ... 29
Brandy wine, R. ... 70
Brantford 126
Brasso ... ... 48
Braunau (Austria) 57
Braunau (Germany) 12
Braunsberg ... 58
Brava 65
Bray and Gournay 8
Braye
Brazil
Brazos, R.
Brechin
Brechin Ab.
Brecknock ...
Brecon
Brecz
Breda
Brederode ...
Breedevoort...
Bregaglia, V.
Bregenz
Breisach
Breisach, New & Old
Breisgau
Breitenfeld ...
Breitenlee ...
Brembana, Val
Bremen
Bremgarten...
Brennans
Brenner
Brenner Pass
Brenta
Brenta, R. ...
Brentford ...
Brescello
Brescia
Breslau
Bresse
Brest (France)
Brest (Russia)
Briangon
Bribiesca
Bricherasio...
Bridgetown...
Bridgewater
Bridgnorth
Bridlington...
Bridlington Ab.
Bridport
Brie
Brieg
97
106
72
56
23
16
16
32
22
22
22
30
IS
33
118
12
33
93
30
12
15
27
14
83
94
104
36
4 Ins
4
12
25
79
108
11
7
25
69
36
16
36
16
113
79
12
Lat.
41 N
SIN
55 N
2N
53 N
SON
52 N
50I7
54 N
29 S
SON
54 N
40 N
43 N
46 N
48 N
51 N
54 N
IN
49 N
48 N
20 8
30N
57 N
57 N
52 N
52 N
53 N
52 N
52 N
52 N
46 N
47 N
48 N
48 N
48 N
SIN
Ins.
4517
53 N
47 N
52 TS
47 N
47 N
45 N
46 N
SIN
45 N
46 N
SIN
46 N
48 N
52 N
45 N
43 N
45 N
13 N
SIN
53 N
54 N
54 N
SIN
48 M*
51 N
Long.
73 W
0
3 W
62 W
SE
15 E
13 E
12 E
13 E
26 E
100 W
13 E
77 W
80 W
26 E
13 E
16 E
20 E
44 E
2E
7E
60TXr
lOOW
3 W
3 W
3W
3W
19 E
SE
SE
7E
9E
10 E
8E
8E
8E
12 E
9E
9E
8E
8 VT
HE
HE
12 E
12 E
0
HE
10 E
17 E
5 E
4W
24 E
7E
3W
7E
60 W
3 W
2 W
0
0
3 W
4 E
17 E
156
Index to Maps,
Map Lat. Long.
Brienne 79 48 N 5E
Brienz, L 90 47 N 8E
Briey 118 49 N 6E
Brightlingsea ... 121 52 N IE
Brighton 16 51 N 0
Brihuega 95 41 N 3W
Brili 96 54 N 28 E
Brill 22 52 N 4E
Brilon 62 51 N 9E
Brindisi 4 41 N 18 E
Brisbane 128 27 S 153 E
Brisighella 4 44 N 12 E
Bristol 16 51 N 3W
Bristol Ab 16 51 N 3 W
Bristol Bay 139 40 BT 160W^
Bristol Channel ... 121 60 BT 4W
Britanny 8 48 MT 4 W
British E. Africa ... 132
Brixen 12 47 N 12 E
Broken B 100 32 S 151 E
Broken Hill ... 128 32 S 142 E
Bromberg 107 53 N 18 E
Bromsebro 53 56 N 16 E
Bronitsi 32 58 N 32 E
Bronitzi 96 55 N 38 E
Bronzell 107 51 N 10 E
Brooklyn ... ... 70 Ins.
Broos (Szasvaros)... 3 46 N 23 E
Brouage 79 46 N IW
Broughton Bay ... 137 40 N 128 E
Brouwershaven ... 6 52 N 4 E
Brownsville ... 134 26 N 98 W
Bruchsal 12 49 N 9E
Bruck (Austria) ... Ill 48 N 17 E
Bruck (Styria) ... 12 47 N 15 E
Bruges 8 51 N 3E
Briihl 12 51 N 7E
Bruinsburg 74 32 N 91 W
Brulon 79 48 N 0
Brunei 139 5N 115 E
Briinig 15 47 N 8E
Bruniquel 19 44 N 2E
Briinn 12 49 N 17 E
Brunnen 15 47 N 9E
Brunswick-Calenberg 12 50 MT 8 E
Brunswick-Gruben-
hagen 12 SO N 8 E
Brunswick -Liineburg 12 50 N 8 B
Brunswick- Wolfen-
biittel 12 SON 8E
Brusa 8 40 N 29 E
Brussels 22 51 N 4E
Brzesc (Poland) ... 58 53 N 19 E
Brzesc (Poland) ... 58 52 N 24 E
Buccaneer Arehipel. 128 16 S 123 B
Buccleuch 23 55 N 3 W
Buchan 23 56 W 4W
Buchanans 23 56 N 5W
Bucharest 3 44 N 26 E
Buchau 62 48 N 10 E
Buchhorn 62 48 N 9E
Buckeburg 107 52 N 9E
Buckingham ... 113 52 N IW
Buczacz 48 49 N 25 E
Map
Buda 3
Buda Vilayet ... 21
Budaun 123
Bude 36
Budin 57
Budweis ... ... 29
Buea 140
Buen Ayre ... ... 69
Buena Vista ... 71
Buenaventura ... 135
Buenos Ayres ... 106
Buffalo (Afr. S.) ... 133
Buffalo (Am. N.) ... 72
Buffalo, R 65
Buffels, R 133
Bug, R. (Poland) ... 58
Bug, R. (Russia) ... 61
Bugey ... ... 25
Bugia 7
Bukovina (Bukowina) 111
Bulawayo ... ... 133
Bulgaria ... ... 3
Buller R 129
Bulloo, R 128
Bull Run, R. ... 74
Bultfontein 133
Bundelkhand ... 64
Bundrowes ... ... 27
Bungo 137
Bungo Str. ... 137
Bun-hoa . ... ... 125
Bunker Hill ... 70
Bunratty 27
Buntzlau 107
Bunzelwitz ... ... 57
Bunzlau (Bohemia) [see
Buntzlau)
Bunzlau (Silesia) ... 107
Burdekin, R. ... 128
Burdwan ... ... 122
Burg (Prussia) ... 59
Burg (Switzerland) 15
Burgas 105
Burgau (Austria) ... 60
Burgdorf 90
Burghausen ... 62
Burghersdorp ... 133
Burgos ... ... 7
Burgundy, County of 6
Burgundy, Duchy of 8
Burhanpur... ... 122
Burkersdorf ... 57
Burkes 27
Burke's Sta. ... 74
Burketown 128
Burlington ... ... 70
Burlos, L 132
Burma, Lower ... 122
Burma, Upper ... 122
Burnett, R. ... 128
Burntisland ... 36
Burra Burra ... 128
Burra Pt 133
Burren 27
Lat.
47 N
44 N
28 N
51 N
SON
49 N
4N
12 N
25 N
4N
35 S
28 S
43 N
29 S
30 S
S2 N
48 N
46 N
Ins.
48 N
20 S
42 S
28 S
39 N
29 S
24 N
54 N
33 N
32 N
UN
Ins.
52 N
50 N
51 N
51 N
19 S
23 N
52 N
48 N
42 N
48 N
47 N
48 N
31 S
42 N
44 rr
44 N
21 N
51 N
52 N
37 N
18 S
43 N
31 N
25 S
56 N
34 S
24 S
52 IS
Long.
19 E
16 E
79 E
5 W
14 E
15 E
9E
68 W
102 W
77 W
58 W
30 E
79 W
18 E
18 E
20 E
30 W
6E
26 E
29 E
172 E
144 E
77 W
25 E
80 E
8W
132 E
132 E
107 E
low
15 E
16 E
16 E
146 E
88 E
12 E
9E
28 E
10 E
8E
13 E
26 E
4W
4 E
4 E
76 E
16 E
low
78 W
HOE
80 W
31 E
152 N
3 W
139 E
36 E
lOVT
Index to Maps.
157
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Buru
139
20 S
1201:
Calgary
126
52 N
114 W
Bury
114
54 N
2 W
Calicut
64
UN
76 E
Bury St Edmunds...
16
52 N
IE
California ...
72
SON
120-W
Busaco
95
40 N
8W
California, G. of ...
139
20 N
120W
Bushire
124
29 N
51 E
California, Lower ...
71
Bushman, E.
133
34 S
26 E
California, Upper ...
71
Bussa
130
ION
5W
Callabonna, L.
128
30 S
HOE
Bussira, E....
130
IS
21 E
Callan
47
53 N
7W
Bussolengo
88
45 N
HE
Callao
106
12 S
78 W
Butler
47
54 N
7W
Callington
113
50 N
4W
Butler
27
52 Iff
8-W
Calmar
53
57 N
16 E
Buton
140
8N
126 E
Calne
113
51 N
2 W
Biitow
69
54 N
17 E
Calshot
16
51 N
1 W
Butri
65 Ins.
Calvados
103
48IT
4'W
Butrinto
3
40 N
20 E
Calvi (Corsica)
79 Ins
. 42 N
9E
Buxar
64
25 N
84 E
Calvi (Italy)
104
41 N
14 E
Buxtehude
62
53 N
10 E
Calvinet
19
45 N
2E
Buzalla
4
45 N
9E
Cam, E
121
52 N
0
Buzenval ...
118
49 N
2E
Cambay
64
23 N
72 E
Byeturni, E.
123
20 N
85 E
Cambay, G. of
99
20 N
72 E
Byland Ab
16
54 N
1 W
Camber Castle
16
51 N
IE
Byron, C
128
29 S
154 E
Cambodia ...
125
ION
100 E
Cambrai (Cambray)
79
50 N
3E
Cabello, Pto
106
ION
68 W
Cambresis
22
SON
2x:
Cabezas de San Juan
95
37 N
6W
Cambridge ...
16
52 N
0
Cabinda
130
5S
12 E
Cambridge (U.S.A.)
70 Ins.
Cabot Str
126
47 N
60 W
Camden
70
34 N
81 E
Cabrieres ...
8
44 N
6E
Camelford
113
51 N
5W
Cabul (Kabul)
100
35 N
69 E
Camerino ...
4
43 N
13 E
Cacellas
95
37 N
8W
Camerons ...
23
56 N
6"W
Cadiz
7
37 N
6W
Cameroon, Mt
130
5N
10 E
Cadore
94
46 N
12 E
Cameroons ...
130
0
0
Cadsand
22
51 N
3E
Caminlia
95
42 N
9W
Caen
8
49 N
0
Cammin, Bishopric of 40
54 N
16 E
Caesar's Camp
81
50 N
3E
Cammin [see Kammin)
Caesmes
81
SON
4E
Camonica, Val
30
46 N
10 E
Caffa
3
45 N
35 E
Campech6
134
20 N
90 W
Cagliari
4
39 N
9E
Campeche Bay [see
Cahirconlish
47
63 N
8W
Campeachy Bay)
Cahokia
67
38 N
90 W
Campagna ...
104
41 N
15 E
Cahors
8
44 N
IE
Campbell I.
139
66 S
167 E
Caianello ...
104
41 N
14 E
Campbells ...
23
5617
evr
Caicos Is
69
22 N
74 W
Campbells ...
23
56 N
7W
Cairns
128
17 S
146 E
Campeachy Bay ...
69
20 N
94 W
Cairo (Am. N.)
74
37 N
89 W
Camperdown
87
52 N
4E
Cairo (Egypt)
110
30 N
31 E
Campitch
81
51 N
5E
Caistor
16
53 N
0
Campo Formio
83
46 N
13 E
Caithness
23
5817
4 W
Carapo Santo
49
45 N
HE
Cajet, E
130
UN
15 W
Canada, Lower
70
Calabar
140
6N
9E
Canada, Upper
70
Calabria
4
38 N
I6I:
Canadian, E.
72
36 N
100 W
Calaf at
119
44 N
23 E
Canary, Grand
24
28 N
15 W
Calais
8
51 N
2E
Canary Is
24
20 N
20 w
Calais, Pas de
103
481ff
0
Cancale, B.
50
49 N
2E
Calatafimi ...
104
38 N
13 E
Canche, E.
45
SON
2E
Calatayud
7
41 N
2W
Candahar (Kandahar)
100
32 N
66 E
Calatrava ...
7
39 N
4W
Candeish ...
64
i6ir
72X:
Calavry ta
3
38 N
22 E
Candia
3
35 N
26 E
Calcutta
99
23 N
88 E
Candy {see Kandy)
Caldera
140
27 S
70 W
Canea
105
36 N
24 E
Calderon
106
4S
70 W
Cannanor
43 Ins.
Caldiero
83
45 N
11 E
Cannes
103
44 N
7W
Caledon, E.
133
30 S
27 E
Canosa
4
41 N
16 E
Calenberg
62
62 N
10 E
Canso
67
45 N
61 W
158
Index to Maps.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Ganso, C
67
45 N
61 W
Canso, Str. of
70
46 N
62 W
Cantal
103
44 17
O
Canterbury (Eng.)...
16
51 N
IE
Canterbury (N.Z.)...
129
44 IS
168 1:
Canterbury Bight...
129
48 B7
172 E
Canterbury Plains . . .
129
48 DT
168 B
Canton
138
23 N
113 E
Canton, E. (Bogue)
138
24 N
113 E
Cao-Bang ...
125
23 N
106 E
Cap Francois
69
20 N
70 W
Cap Eouge
67
47 N
71 W
Capdena
19
44 N
3E
Cape Breton I.
70
47 N
61 W
Cape Clear ...
27
51 N
9 W
Cape Coast Castle...
130
5N
1 W
Cape Cruz
75
20 N
78 W
Cape Henry
70
37 N
76 W
Cape Horn
106
56 S
67 W
Cape of Good Hope
133
34 S
18 E
Cape Maria vanDiemen 129
34 S
173 E
Cape St Vincent ...
7
37 N
9 W
Cape Town
133
34 S
18 E
Cape Verde Is.
24
lOST
SOW
Capitanata ...
4
40I«7
14 E
Capo d'Istria
4
45 N
14 E
Capraja
104
43 N
10 E
Caprera
104
41 N
10 E
Capri
87
40 N
14 E
Capua
4
41 N
14 E
Carabobo ...
106
9N
68 W
Caracas
66
ION
67 W
Caralis, L
3
35 N
30E
Caravaggio ...
4 Ins.
45 N
10 E
Carberry Hill
23
56 N
3 W
Carbery
27
52 N
9W
Carbisdale
23
58 N
4 W
Carbury
27
54 BT
lO w
Carcare
83
44 N
8E
Carcassonne
8
43 N
2E
Cardaillac
19
45 N
2E
Cardedeu
95
44 N
2E
Cardenas
75
23 N
81 W
Cardiff
121
51 N
3 W
Cardigan
16
52 N
5 W
Cardigan Bay
87
sost
lOE
Cardona
7
42 N
2E
Cardwell
128
18 S
146 E
Carelia
61
62 N
30 E
Carentan ...
19
49 N
IW
Caribbean Sea
69
Carignano
4
46 N
8E
Carinthia ...
12
46 N
121!
Carinthie ...
94
44 -^
i2z:
Carisbrook Castle . . .
36
51 N
1 w
Carlingford
37
54 N
6W
Carlisle
16
55 N
3 W
Carlow
37
53 N
7 W
Carlowitz ...
111
45 N
20 E
Carlsbad
54
50 N
13 E
Carlsruhe
62
49 N
8E
Carmagnola
25
45 N
8E
Carmarthen
16
52 N
4W
Carmel, Mt
85
33 N
35 E
Map
Lat.
Long.
Carnarvon
16
53 N
4W
Carnatic
64
Carnic Alps
83
46N
12E
Carniola
12
46 N
14 E
Carniole
94
44 N
12 E
Carolina, N.
72
30IT
90 W
Carolina, S.
72
3onr
SOW
Caroline Is.
139
o
140E
Caroline Is.
139
10 s
169 W
Caroni, E. ...
135
6N
62 W
Carpathian Mts ...
111
Carpentaria, G. of...
128
14 S
140 E
Carpentras ...
79
44 N
5E
Carpi
4 Ins.
45 N
HE
Carraca
95
36 N
6W
Carrara
26
44 N
10 E
Carrick (Ireland) ...
47
52 N
7 W
Carrick (Scotland)
23
55 N
5W
Carrickfergus
37
55 N
6W
Carrick 's Ford
74
39 N
79 W
Carrigaholt
38
53 N
low
Carrigfoyle
37
53 N
9 W
Carriglea
37
55 N
7 W
Carrion, E.
95
42 N
5W
Carrizal Baja
140
28 S
70 W
Cartagena (Am. S.)
66
UN
76 W
Cartagena (Spain)
7
38 N
1 W
Cartaxo
95
39 N
9 W
Carysf ort ...
47
53 N
6W
Casablanca...
131
34 N
8 W
Casaccia
30
46 N
10 E
Casale
25
45 N
8E
Casana Pass
30
47 N
10 E
Cascade Eange
139
40I7
140TXr
Cascaes
7
39 N
9 W
Cascaes Bay
24
30N
low
Casentino ...
4
44 N
12 E
Caseros, Mte
135
30 S
56 W
Caserta
86
41 N
14 E
Cashel
37
52 N
8 W
Casiquiar
135
O
70"W
Caspian Sea
62
Cassano (Italy)
4
41 N
17 E
Cassano (Italy)
49
46 N
10 E
Cassel (Flanders) ...
45
51 N
2E
Cassel (Hesse)
12
51 N
9E
Cassillis
23
55 N
5 W
Cassino, Mte
4
42 N
14 E
Castalla
95
39 N
IW
Castel
81
50 N
8E
Castel Branco
95
40 N
7W
Castel Delfino
25
45 N
7E
Castel dell Uovo ...
86
41 N
14 E
Castelfidardo
104
43 N
14 E
Castelfranco
4
46 N
12 E
Castel Jaloux
19
44 N
0
Castellamare
26
41 N
14 E
Castelnau ...
19
44 N
0
Castelnaudary
79
43 N
2E
Castel Nuovo
86
41 N
14 E
Castel St Elmo ...
86
41 N
14 E
Castelsagrat
19
44 N
IE
Castets
19
45 N
0
Castiglione
4 Ins.
45 N
10 E
Index to Maps,
159
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Castile
7
Cephalonia
3
35 N
20i:
Castillon
19
45 N
0
Ceprano
4
42 N
14 E
Castlebar ...
47
54 N
9W
Ceram
139
20S
120S
Castleconnell
37
53 N
8W
Cerdagne
7
42 N
O
Castledermot
47
53 N
7 W
Ceresole
4
45 N
7E
Castlefinn ...
47
55 N
8W
Cerignola ...
4
41 N
16 B
Castle Haven
24
5orr
ICW
Cerigo
105
36 N
23 E
Castle I. (Am. N.)...
68
42 N
71 W
Cerro de Pasco
135
US
76 W
Castlemaine
128
37 S
144 E
Cerro Gorda
71
19 N
97 W
Castlemartyr
47
52 N
SW
Cervetri
4
42 N
12 E
Castle Rising
113
53 N
0
Cervi
105
37 N
23 E
Castle Savage
27
54 N
6 W
Cervia
4
44 N
12 E
Castres
79
44 N
2E
Cesawa, R.
92 Ins.
Castries
134
14 N
61 W
Cesena
4
44 N
12 E
Castro
26
40 N
18 E
Cetinje
3
42 N
19 E
Castro Perugia
26
43 N
12 E
Cette
103
43 N
4E
Castro Vireyna
106
14 S
75 W
Ceuta
50
36 N
5W
Catalonia
7
Ceva
25
44 N
8E
Catamarca ...
106
28 S
67 W
Ceylon
64
8N
80 E
Catania
4
37 N
15 E
Cezimbra B.
95
38 N
9W
Cataract 1st (R. Nile)
132
24 N
33 E
Chabarovsk
138
49 N
135 E
„ 2nd „
132
22 N
31 E
Chablais
25
46 N
6E
„ 3rd „
132
20 N
30 E
Chacabue ...
106
33 S
71 W
„ 4th „
132
19 N
32 E
Chaco
106
24 S
60 W
5th „
132
18 N
34 E
Chad, L
130
13 N
14 E
„ 6th „
132
16 N
33 E
Chadda, R.
130
9N
12 E
Catawaba, R.
70
35 N
81 W
Chaferinas I.
131
35 N
2W
Cateau-Cambresis ...
22
SON
3E
Chagos Is
140
20S
eoB
Catoche, C.
65
22 N
87 W
Chakdarra ...
124
35 N
72 E
Cattaro
111
42 N
19 E
Chalcis
3
38 N
24 E
Cattaro, Bocche di
105
42 N
19 E
Chaleurs, Bay of ...
70
48 N
66 W
Cattegat
53
55N-
lOE
Chalgrove ...
36
52 N
1 W
Catton
121
53 N
2W
Challans
82
47 N
2W
Caub
97
50 N
8E
Chalons- sur-Marne
8
49 N
4E
Cauca, R. ...
135
8N
75 W
Chalons-sur-Saone
8
47 N
5E
Caucasus ...
61
40ir
40i:
Cham
40
49 N
13 E
Caudebec
19
50 N
IE
Chaman
124
31 N
67 E
Caumont ...
19
45 N
0
Chambal, R.
99
24 N
72 E
Caura, R. ...
135
6N
65 W
Chambersburg
74
40 N
78 W
Caussade ...
19
44 N
2E
Ch^mb6ry
25
46 N
6E
Causse
19
44 N
3E
Chamblee ...
70
45 N
74 W
Cauvery, R.
99
8N
72 E
Chambord
19
48 N
IE
Cavan
37
54 N
7W
Champagne
8
48 N*
4 E
Cavite
75 Ins.
Champaubert
97
49 N
4E
Oavour
25
45 N
7E
Champigny
118
47 N
0
Cawnpore ...
99
26 N
80 E
Champions Hill ...
74
32 N
91 W
Cawood
16
54 N
1 W
Champlain Canal ...
72
43 N
73 W
Cawsand B.
16
SON
6 W
Champlain, L.
72
44 N
73 W
Caya, R
95
39 N
7W
Chaiiaral ...
140
26 S
70 W
Cayenne
106
5N
52 W
Chancellorsville ...
74
38 N
78 W
Cazis
30
47 N
9E
Chan-chai-gai Mts
138
40 N
90 E
Ceara
135
3S
39 W
Chandernagore
64
23 N
88 E
Cecora
20
47 N
28 E
Changama
64
12 N
78 E
Cedar Creek
74
39 N
78 W
Channel Is.
94
48 N
4W
Celaya
106
20 N
101 W
Chantilly
79
49 N
2E
Celebes
139
0
120 E
Chantonnay
84
47 N
1 W
Celebes Sea
139
O
120X:
Chapelle St Lambert
98 Ins.
Celle
12
53 N
10 E
Chappu B. ...
138
20 N
108 E
Cemetery Ridge ...
74
40 N
77 W
Chapu
138
31 N
121 E
Ceneda
4
46 N
12 E
Chapultepec
71
20 N
99 W
Cenis, Mt
4
45 N
7E
Charasia
124 Ins.
Centallo
25
44 N
8E
Charbonnieres
25
45 N
6E
Central Provinces...
122
Charcas
106
17 N
68 W
C^pet
87
42 N
6E
Chard
16
51 N
3 W
160
Index to Maps.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Charente Inf^r. ...
103
46 N
0
Chentabun ...
. 125
12 N
102 E
Charente, K.
103
46 N
0
Cher, E
8
44 IV
O
Charenton ...
79
49 N
2E
Cherasco
. 25
45 N
8E
Charlemont (France)
103
50 N
5E
Cheraw
74
35 N
80 W
Charlemont (Ireland;
37
54 N
7 W
Cherbourg ...
79
50 N
2W
Charleroi ...
45
50 N
4E
Cherchen ...
138
38 N
85 E
Charleston ...
72
33 N
80 E
Chereia
96
55 N
29 E
Charlestown
70 Ins.
Cheriton
36
51 N
IW
Charlestown Neck
70 Ins.
Chernaya
115 Ins.
Charleville (Australia) 140
26 S
147 E
Chernaya Dolina ...
61
46 N
34 E
Charleville (France)
79
50 N
5E
Chernigoff
61
51 N
31 E
Charleville (Ireland)
47
52 N
9W
Cherokees
68
34 N
85 W
Charlotte I., Qn ...
139
40ir
140^7
Cherso
4
45 N
14 E
Charlotte Sd, Qn ...
139
40N-
140W
Chesapeake, B.
72
37 N
76 W
Charlottenburg
92
53 N
13 E
Cheshire
113
52 N
4 "W
Charlottesville
74
38 N
78 W
Chester
16
53 N
3 W
Charlottetown
126
46 N
63 W
Chesterfield
121
53 N
IW
Charolais ...
10
40igr
O
Chesterfield Inlet ...
126
60sr
lOO^XT
CharoUes
8
46 N
4E
Cheviot Hills
56
55 N
3W
Charter
133
19 S
31 E
Chevreuse
8
48 IT
o
Charters Towers ...
128
20 S
146 E
Chiapa
106
20 S
68 W
Chartley
16
53 N
2 W
Chiapas
134
lOBT
lOCW
Chartres
8
48 N
IE
Chiapas, E.
134
lOir
lOCW
Chasniki
96
55 N
29 E
Chiari
49
46 N
10 E
Chateaubriand
8
48 N
1 W
Chiavenna
4
46 N
9E
Chateau d'lf
79
43 N
5E
Chicago
72
42 N
88 W
Chateau de Meudon
97 Ins.
Chicago, E.
67
42 N
88 W
Chateau Gontier ...
82
48 N
1 W
Chichester ...
16
51 N
1 W
Chateauneuf
19
46 N
0
Chickahominy, E. ...
74
37 N
77 W
Chateau Porcien ...
79
50 N
4E
Chickamauga
74
35 N
85 W
Chateau Renard ...
19
48 N
3E
Chidley, C
126
60 N
64 W
Chateauroux
103
47 N
2E
Chieri
25
45 N
8E
Chateau-Thierry . . .
19
49 N
3E
Chiesa
30
46 N
10 E
Chatellerault
19
47 N
IE
Chiese, E. ...
89
44 N
8E
Chatham
50
51 N
IE
Chieti
4
42 N
14 E
Chatham I.
139
44 S
183 E
Chifu
138
37 N
121 E
Chatillon (France) . . .
82
47 N
IW
Chignecto, 1st. of...
70
46 N
64 W
Chatillon (Piedmont)
88
46 N
8E
Chihuahua
134
29 N
106 W
Chatillon-sur-Indre
19
47 N
IE
Chihh
139
aoir
llOE
Chatillon-sur-Marne
97
49 N
4E
Chikuzen
137
33 N
130 E
Chatillon-sur-Seine
103
48 N
5E
Chile
135
Chatsworth
16
53 N
2 W
Chilianv^ala
124
33 N
74 E
Chattahochee, E. ...
74
32 N
85 W
Chiloe I
106
43 S
74 W
Chattanooga
74
35 N
85 W
Chilpantzingo
134
18 N
99 W
Chaudi^re, E.
67 Ins.
Chiltern Hills
121
52 N
1 W
Chauka, E.
123
25 N
box:
Chimborazo
135
IS
79 W
Chaumont ...
103
48 N
5E
Chimkent ...
136
42 N
70 E
Chaux de Fonds, La
112
47 N
7 E
China
138
Chaves
95
42 N
7W
China Sea
139
O
lOOE
Chebreiss ...
85
31 N
31 E
Chincha Is.
135
13 S
76 W
Chechen, E.
137
40 N
126 E
Chindwin, E.
138
20 N
90 E
Cheh-kiang
138
29 N
120 E
Chinhai
138
30 N
122 E
Chelles
19 Ins.
Chinhat
123
27 N
81 E
Chelm (Bosnia)
3
40 17
15 E
Chining Chow
138
37 N
118 E
Chelm (Poland) ...
58
51 N
23 E
Chin-Kiang
138
32 N
120 E
Chelmer, E.
121
52 N
0
Chinko, E
132
6N
24 E
Chelmsford ...
16
52 N
0
Chinnampo...
137
39 N
125 E
Cheltenham
121
52 N
2W
Chinon
79
47 N
0
Chelyuskin, C.
140
60N
90z:
Chinsurah ...
64
23 N
88 E
Chemnitz ...
33
51 N
13 E
Chioggia
4
45 N
12 E
Chemulpo ...
137
37 N
127 E
Chios
3
35 N
25 E
Chenab, E....
99
32 N
72 E
Chippenham
121
51 N
2 W
Cheng
136
41 N
lllE
Chippewa ...
70
43 N
79 W
Cheng-tu-fu
138
31 N
104 E
Chipping Wycombe
114
52 N
1 W
Index to Maps.
161
Map Lat. Lonjr.
Chiquitos 106 16 S 60 W
Ghiriguanos ... 106 16 S 65 W
Chisholms .. ... 23 56 N 6W
Chisone, E. ... 25 45 N 7E
Chita 136 52 N 113 E
Chitral 122 36 N 72 E
Chittagong 64 22 N 92 E
Chiuse 49 45 N HE
Chivasso 25 45 N 8E
Chiz6 19 46N 0
Chlum 57 50 N 16 E
Chobe 133 18 S 24 E
Chocim (Choczim) 61 48 N 27 E
Choco Indians ... 106 8 N 74 W
Cboga, L 132 IN 33 E
Choiseul 139 20 S 140 E
Cholet 82 47 N IW
Choshiu 137 34 N 131 E
Chota Nagpur ... 123 23 N 85 E
Chotusitz 57 SON 15 E
Chouans 94 48 N 4 "W
Christchurch (Eng.) 113 51 N 2 W
Christchurch (N. Z.) 129 44 S 173 E
Christiania 17 60 N HE
Christiansand ... 17 55 N 6 E
Christiansborg ... 65 Ins.
Christmas I. (Ind. Oc.) 139 20 8 lOO E
Christmas I. (Pacific) 139 2 N 162 W
Chrudim 57 SON 16 E
Chu, K 138 40N 70E
Chubut 135 SOS 70 "W
Chubut, R 135 50 8 70 "W
Chuguchak 136 47 N 83 E
Chuguieff 108 50 N 36 E
Chulym, R. ... 138 50 N 80 E
Chung King ... 138 29 N 106 E
Chuquisaca 106 20 S 64 W
Chur 15 47 N 10 E
Church, States of the 104 40 N 12 E
Churchill, Fort ... 126 59 N 94 W
Churchill, K. ... 126 56 N 100 W
Churubusco ... 71 19 N 99 W
Churwalden ... 30 47 N 10 E
Chusan 1 138 30 N 122 E
Cialina, R 117 Ins.
Cienfuego 75 22 N SOW
Cilento 104 40 N 15 E
Cili (Cilli) ... Ill 46 N 15 E
Cincinnati 72 39 N 85 W
Cintra 95 39 N 9W
Circars 64 16 N 80 E
Circassia 108 44 N 40 E
Cirencester 16 52 N 2W
Cisalpine Republic 86
Cittadella 4 46 N 12 E
Citta di Castello ... 4 43 N 12 E
City Point 74 37 N 77 W
Ciudad Real .. 95 39 N 4W
Ciudad Rodrigo ... 95 41 N 6 W
Civita Castellana ... 86 43 N 12 E
Civita Vecchia ... 4 42 N 12 E
Civitella 4 42 N 13 E
Clackmannan ... 23 56 N 4W
Clady Bay, and Is. 27 55 N 8 W
Map
Cladyford ... ... 47
Clairac ... ... 19
Clairvaux ... ... 103
Clamecy ... ... 103
Clancolman ... 27
Glandehoye ... ... 27
Clane 27
Clanmaurice ... 27
Clan Ranald ... 23
Clan Ranald ... 23
Clanricard ... ... 27
Clanricard, Earl of 27
Clare 38
Clarence, R- (Australia) 128
Clarence, R. (N. Z.) 129
Clarke, R 126
Claverhouse ... 23
Clearwater, R. ... 72
Cleeve Ab 16
Clermont (Languedoc) 19
Clermont (Oise) ... 8
Clermont-en-Argonne
Clermont Ferrand...
Cleve (Germany) ...
Cleve
Clew Bay ...
Clippcrton I.
Clisson
Clitheroe
Clogher
Clonakilty ...
Cloncurry, R.
Clones
Clones Ab. ...
Clonlish
Clonmacnoise
Clonmel
Cloone
Cloudy Bay
Cloyne
Clutha, R. ...
Clyde, R. ...
Clydesdale ...
Cnossus
Coa, R.
Coahuila
Coanza, R....
Coast Range
Coblenz
Coburg
Cocconata . . .
Cochabamba
Cochin
Cochin China
Cockermouth
Cod, Cape ...
Coeverden . . .
Gogan, Lord
Coggeshall Ab.
Cognac
Coimbatore . . .
Coirabra
Colberg
Colchester ...
79
8
12
62
37
139
82
113
37
47
128
37
27
37
37
37
47
129
37
129
23
23
110
95
106
130
139
12
12
25
106
64
125
113
68
45
27
16
8
122
7
62
16
Lat.
55 N
44 N
48 N
47 N
53 N
55 N
53 N
52 N
56 N
56 N
52 nr
52 li
53 N
30 S
44 8
4onr
57 N
46 N
51 N
44 N
49 N
49 N
46 N
50X7
62 N
54 N
O
47 N
54 N
54 N
52 N
20 S
54 N
54 N
52 N
53 N
52 N
54 N
41 S
52 N
46 S
56 N
56 N
35 N
41 N
20 N
Ins.
40 N
50 N
50 N
45 N
17 S
ION
ION
55 N
42 N
52 N
52 N
52 N
46 N
UN
40 N
54 N
52 N
Long.
8 W
0
5E
4E
8W
6 W
7W
low
6W
8 W
lo vr
lO TUT
9 W
153 E
172 E
120"^
3 W
116 W
3 W
4E
2E
5E
3E
4 E
6E
low
120 vr
1 w
2 W
7 W
9 W
141 E
7 W
7 W
9W
8 W
8W
8 W
174 E
8 W
170 E
5W
4 W
25 E
7 W
100 W
120 W
8E
11 E
8E
66 W
76 E
lOOE
3 W
70 W
7E
9 W
IE
0 W
77 E
8 W
16 E
IE
C. M. H. VOL. XIV.
11
162
Index to Maps,
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Colchester Ab.
16
52 N
IE
Conflans (France) ...
46
42 N
2E
Col d'Argentiere ...
4
44 rsr
6 E
Conflans (Savoy) ...
83
46 N
6E
Col d'Assiette
49
45 N
7 E
Congo (Angola)
130
20S
O
Col de la Perche ...
95
42 N
2E
Congo, Belgian
130
20 S
20 H
Cold Harbour
74
38 N
77 W
Congo, French
130
20 S
O
Col di Tarvis
83
46 17
12 £
Congo, Middle
130
0
0
Col di Tenda
83
44 N
8E
Congo, R
130
2N
20 E
Coldstream ...
121
56 N
2 W
Coni
83
44 N
8E
Coldstream Ab.
23
56 N
2 W
Conjeveram
64
13 N
80 E
Col du Perthus
95
42 N
3E
Conn, L
27
54 N
lOE
Colenso
133
29 S
30 E
Connaught
27
Coleraine ...
37
55 N
7W
Connecticut
72
40zar
80"W
Coleroon, R.
64
12 N
80 E
Connecticut, R. ...
70
44 N
72 W
Colesberg ...
133
31 S
25 E
Connells
27
22 N
10"W
Colima
134
19 N
103 W
Connewitz ...
971
ns.
Colinton
23
56 N
3 W
Connor
47
55 N
6 W
Coll
23
57 N
7W
Constance ...
12
48 N
9E
Colle
4
43 N
11 E
Constance, L. of ...
15
46 N
8E
CoUioure
7
43 N
3E
Constantine, Depart-
Colmar
12
48 N
7E
ment of
131
30ir
O
Colmars
79
44 N
7E
Constantine
131
36 N
7E
Cologne
12
51 N
7 E
Constantine, C.
115 Ins.
Coloma
72
39 N
121 W
Constantinople
3
41 N
29 E
Colombey ...
118
49 N
6E
Constantsa ...
119
44 N
29 E
Colombia ...
155
O
SOB
Conti
79
50 N
2E
Colombo
64
7N
80 E
Contreras ...
71
19 N
99 W
Colon (Aspinwall) ...
135
9N
80 W
Conway
16
53 N
4 W
Colonia del Sacramento 106
34 S
58 W
Conz...
62
SON
7 E
Colooney ...
47
54 N
8 W
Cook Is
139
20 S
160 W
Colorado
72
SON
llO w
Cook, Mt
129
44 S
171 E
Colorado, E. (Am. N.)
66
2017
lOOW
Cook's Strait
129
44 S
172 E
Colorado, R. (Am. S.)
135
40S
70W
Cooktown ...
128
16 S
USE
Colorno
49
45 N
10 E
Coolavin
27
54 N
9W
Golquhouns ...
23
56 N
5 W
Coolgardie
128
31 S
121 E
Coltbridge ...
56
56 N
3 W
Coomassie ...
130
6N
2 W
Columbia (S. C.) ...
74
34 N
81 W
Coonagh
27
52 N
lO VT
Columbia (Tenn.)...
74
36 N
87 W
Cooper R. ...
70
33 N
80 W
Columbia (Va.)
74
38 N
78 W
Cooper's R.
128
28 S
140 E
Columbia, British...
126
50IV
iso-w
Coorg
99
12 N
76 E
Columbia, Dist. of...
72
39 N
78 W
Copenhagen
17
56 N
13 E
Columbia, R.
72
46 N
122 W
Copman's I.
27
55 N
6 W
Columbus (Kent.)...
74
37 N
89 W
Coppermine R.
126
60 17
120 "W
Columbus (Ohio) ...
74
40 N
83 W
Coppet
103
46 N
6E
Comacchio ...
4
45 N
12 E
Coquet, R. ...
121
55 N
2W
Comanches ...
106
30 N
100 W
Coquimbo ...
106
30 S
71 W
Combe Ab. ...
16
52 N
1 W
Coral Sea ...
128
20 S
140Z:
Comfort Pt
66
36 N
76 W
Corbeil
19
49 N
2E
Commercy ...
97
49 N
6E
Corbie
19
SON
3E
Comminges...
8
40N
O
Corcomroe ...
27
52 N
lO w
Como
4
46 N
9E
Cordoba
106
31 S
64 W
Como, L. of
104
44 N
8 E
Cordova (Spain) ...
95
36 N
8 E
Comoe, R. ...
130
9N
4 W
Cordova (Spain) ...
95
38 N
5W
Comorin, G.
64
8N
77 E
Corentin, R.
134
4N
58 W
Comoro Is —
130
12 S
43 E
Corfe
16
51 N
2W
Compiegne
79
49 N
3-E
Corfe Castle
36
SIN
2W
Concepcion ...
106
37 S
73 W
Corfu
3
40 N
20 E
Concepcion, B. de la
67
48 N
53 W
Corinth (Morea) ...
3
38 N
23 E
Concord
70
43 N
72 W
Corinth (U.S.A.) ...
74
35 N
89 W
Concordia ...
4
45 N
HE
Corinth, G. of
105
36 N*
20i:
Condamine, R.
128
28 S
148 E
Corinto
140
13 N
87 W
Condore
64
14 N
79 E
Cork
37
52 N
8W
Conegliano
4
46 N
12 E
Corkvaskin ...
27
52 N
lO'W
Conflans, County of
8
49 N
2E
Cormentine..
65 Ins.
Conflans (France) ...
1181ns.
Cornice Road
83
44 N
8E
Index to Maps,
163
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Cornuda
. 104
46 N
12 E
Cricklade ...
113
52 N
2 W
Cornwall
16
50N
6 W
Crieff
56
56 N
4 W
Coro
106
UN
70 W
Crimea
115
44 N
32 £
Corocoro
106
15 S
74 W
Croatia
21
45 N
16 E
Coromandel Coast..
. 64
8N
80i:
Croatie civile
94
44 sr
12 E
Coron
3
37 N
22 E
Croatie militaire ...
94
44 nr
12 E
Coronel and Lota . .
140
38 S
73 W
Crocodile R. (Afr. S.)
133
25 S
27 E
Corpus Christ!
71
28 N
97 W
Crocodile R. (Afr. S.)
133
25 S
31 E
Corpus Christ! B. ...
66
20N
lOCW
Croe R
56
57 N
5 W
Correggio
4 Ins,
45 N
11 E
Groisie
50
48 N
2W
Correze
103
44 N
o
Croix aux Bois
81
49 N
5E
Corrib, L
27
52 N
low
Croix, I. de
50
48 N
3 W
Corrichie
23
57 N
3 W
Cromarty
23
58 17
6 IXT
Corrientes ...
106
27 S
59 W
Cromarty Firth ...
23
56 N
6 \xr
Corrientes, C.
134
21 N
106 W
Cropredy Bridge ...
36
52 N
1 w
Corrj'arrack
56
57 N
4W
Crosolo
94
44 T7
8E
Corsica
4
42 N-
8E
Crowland Ab.
16
53 N
0
Corunna
7
43 N
8W
Crown Pt
74
44 N
74 W
Corupa
106
2N
52 W
Croxon
24
48 N
6W
Corvey
107
52 N
9E
Croydon
121
51 N
0
Cosenza
104
39 N
16 E
Cuba
69
20I7
80 "W
Cossacks, Don
. 61
40N'
40E
Cubango, R.
133
17 S
18 B
Cosseria
83
44 N
8E
Cuddalore ...
64
12 N
80 E
Costa Rica ...
69
ION
84 W
Cuddapah
64
14 N
79 E
Coteau du Prairie
126
40N
no w
Cuenca
7
40 N
2W
Cote d'Or
103
44 N
4 "W
Cujavia
58
52 N
16 E
Cotentin
79
48 17
4 W
Culiacan
134
25 N
108 W
Cotes du Nord
103
48 M
4 IV
Cullen
56
58 N
3 W
Cotopaxi
135
IS
79 W
Culloden
56
58 N
4 W
Cotrone
104
39 N
17 E
Culm
58
53 N
18 E
Cotswold Hills ..
36
52 N
2 W
Culmbach
55
50 N
12 B
Cottbus
12
52 N
14 E
Culmerland, W. ...
58
52 17
16 E
Coucy
19
49 N
3E
Culmland
55
5or7
16 E
Coulmiers ...
118
48 N
2E
Culmore
37
55 N
7W
Courcelles ...
118
49 N
6E
Cumana
66
ION
64 W
Courland
58
56 N
24 E
Cumberland (Am. N.)
68
40 N
79 W
Courtra! (Courtray)
22
51 N
3E
Cumberland (Eng.)
16
54 17
4 W
Cousin, R. '
118
48 N
4E
Cumberland Gap ...
74
35 17
85 "W
Coutances ...
8
49 N
1 W
Cumberland, R. ...
72
36 N
86 W
Coutras
19
45 N
0
Cumbernauld
23
56 N
4 W
Coventry
16
52 N
1 W
Cunene
133
17 S
14 E
Coveripak
64
13 N
80 E
Cuneo
25
44 N
8E
Cowan, L. ...
128
32 S
122 E
Cunningham
23
56 N
5 W
Cowes
16
51 N
1 W
Cupar Ab.
23
56 N
3W
Cowpens
70
35 N
82 W
CuraQoa
69
12 N
69 W
Crab I
75
loir
70 W
Curlew Mts
37
54 N
8W
Cracow
61
50 N
20 E
Curtatone
104
45 N
11 B
Craigmillar
23
56 N
3 W
Curzola
4
43 N
17 E
Crail
56
56 N
3 W
Cushendun
37
55 N
() W
Crajova
60
44 N
24 E
Custozza
104
45 N
HE
Cranganor ...
43 Ins.
Ciistrin
12
53 N
15 E
Craonne
97
49 N
4E
Cuxhaven ...
107
54 N
9E
Crato
7
39 N
8W
Cuyaba
106
16 S
56 W
Crawford
23
55 N
4W
Cuyo
106
32 S
68 W
Crediton
16
51 N
4W
Cuyuni, R.
69
8N
60 W
Creek Indians
70
SON
sovr
Cuzco
106
14 S
72 W
Crefeld
107
51 N
7 E
Cyclades (Aegean S. )
105
36 N
24 E
Crema
4
45 N
10 E
Cyclades (Pacific 0.)
140
20 S
150E
Cremona
4
45 N
10 E
Cyprus
3
35 -n
30E
Crepy
. 11
49 N
3E
Czarnovo ...
92
53 N
21 E
Crete
. 105
32 N
24 E
Czaslau
12
50 N
15 E
Creuse
103
44 17
O
Czenstochowa
32
51 N
19 E
Creusot
. 103
47 N
4E
Czernovitz ...
108
48 N
26 E
Crevecoeur
. 39
62 N
5E
Czersk
58
(
52-^^ :
-21^: ,
ST. ^r-c^;
Col :
/ //
t J
164
Index to Maps.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Dabo
124
25 N
69 E
Dartmouth
36
50 N
4W
Dacca
64
24 N
90 E
Dasht-i-Lut
124
30 N
55 E
Dadar
124
29 N
68 E
Dasht-i-Margo
124
30 N
60 E
Daghestan
61
40N
40 E
Daubi, R. ...
137
44 N
132 E
Dago
61
59 N
23 E
Dauphin I
67
BON
88 W
Dahme
81
49 N
8E
Dauphine ...
8
44 nr
4 E
Dahna
124
24 N
52 E
Daventry ...
36
52 N
1 w
Dahomey ...
130
ION
2E
Davis Str
126
60N
60 vr
Daiguiri
75
20 N
76 W
Davos
30
47 N
10 E
Dairen
137
39 N
121 E
Dawson
126
64 N
140 W
Dakkar (Dakar) ,.
130
15 N
17 W
Dawson, R.
128
24 S
150 E
Dakota, N.
72
48 N
100 W
Dayton
72
40 N
84 W
Dakota, S
72
45 N
100 w
De Aar
133
31 S
24 E
Dakota, R
126
44 N
98 W
Deal
16
51 N
1 E
Dalecarlia
17
60 17
15 E
Deanston ...
121
56 N
4W
Dalkeith
23
56 N
3 W
Debateable Land ...
23
55 N
3 W
Dalkey
27
53 N
6W
Debbeh
132
18 N
31 E
Dalm
. 103
49 N
8E
Debreczen ...
21
47 N
22 E
Dalmatia
3
40N
15 E
Decapolis
110
30 N
35 E
Dalmatie
94
44 N
16 E
Deccan
99
Dalny {see Dairen)
Dee, R. (Scotland)...
23
56 N
4 V7
Dalton
74
35 N
85 W
Dee, R. (Wales) ...
121
53 N
3 W
Daltons
27
52 N
8 V7
Deer Ab
23
58 N
2 W
Daly, R
. 128
14 S
131 E
Deer, L
139
40N
i20vr
Damanhur ...
. 85
31 N
30 E
Deggendorf
57
49 N
13 E
Damaon (see Damau
n)
Dego
83
45 N
8E
Damaraland
133
22 S
17 E
De Grey, R.
128
21 S
120 E
Damascus
110
33 N
36 E
Deim Zubeir
132
8N
26 E
Damaun
. 64
21 N
73 E
Deinze
6
51 N
4E
Damietta
110
31 N
32 E
Delagoa Bay
133
26 S
33 E
Damm
59
53 N
15 E
Delaware ...
72
30N
80"«r
Damodar, R.
123
20 N
85 E
Delaware, R.
72
39 N
75 W
Dampier Archip. ..
128
21 S
117 E
Del Chaco
135
30 S
70 1^"
Dampier Land
128
17 S
123 E
Delf shaven
22
52 N
4E
Damvillers ...
11
49 N
5E
Delft
22
52 N
4E
Dan, R
70
37 N
80 W
Delgado, C.
130
10 S
40 E
Danewerk ...
116
54 N
9E
Delhi
64
29 N
77 E
Dangan
27
53 N
7W
Deligrad
119
44 N
22 E
Dangan Hill
37
53 N
7W
Delitsch
107
52 N
12 E
Danilograd ...
119
43 N
19 E
Delmenhorst
12
53 N
9E
Dannenberg
. 12
53 N
HE
Demavend Mt
124
36 N
52 E
Dansai
125
17 N
101 E
Dembe Wielkie
108 Ins.
Danube, R....
111
Demer, R. ...
45
51 N
5E
Danube, Cir. of Up.
111
44 N
16 E
Demerara ...
91
8N
58 W
Danube, Cir. of Lr.
111
44 N
16 E
Demerara, E.
69
8N
58 W
Danube, Mouths oft
be 105
44 N
28 E
Demidoff
108
58 N
60 E
Danubyu
125
17 N
96 E
Demmin
33
54 N
13 E
Danville
74
37 N
79 W
Demonte
25
44 N
7 E
Danzig (Dantzig) ..
62
54 N
19 E
Denaiu
45
50 N
3 E
Dara (Egypt)
132
12 N
25 E
Denbigh
121
53 N
3W
Dara (Morea)
3
38 N
22 E
Dender, R
109
51 N
4E
Dardanelles
. 61
40 N
26 E
Dendermonde
22
51 N
4E
Dar-es-Salaam
. 130
7S
39 E
Dendre
81
51 N
4E
Dar-fur
132
lour
20E
Denia
7
39 N
0
Dargai
. 124 Ins.
Denison, Port
140
20 S
149 E
Darien, G. of
. 66
8N
77 W
Denkera
65 Ins.
Darjeeling
. 138
27 N
88 E
Denmark ...
1
Darling Downs
. 128
28 S
151 E
Denmark Str.
126
60N
30 W
Darling, R
. 128
40 S
140 E
Dennewitz ...
97
52 N
13 E
Darlington ...
. 121
55 N
2 W
Denshawi ...
132
31 N
31 E
Darmstadt ...
. 12
50 N
9E
D'Entrecasteaux Is.
128
lOS
150E
Dart, R
. 121
50 N
4W
Denver
72
40 N
105 W
Dartford
. 36
51 N
0
Deogaon
99
21 N
76 E
Daitmoor
. 121
51 N
4W
Deptford
36
51 N
0
Index to Maps,
165
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Derajat
99
32 N
72 E
Dinghu
138
40 N
106 E
Derbent
61
42 N
48 E
Dingle
47
52 N
low
Derby
16
53 N
1 W
Dingle Bay
37
52 N
low
Derg, L. (Ireland)...
27
52 N
low
Dingolfing
57
49 N
13 E
Derg, L. (Ireland)...
27
55 N
8W
Dinkelbsbiihl
62
49 N
10 E
Derinbach
117
51 N
10 E
Dinwiddle Ct. Ho.
74
37 N
77 W
Derrinlaur ...
37
52 N
8W
Dir
124
35 N
72 E
Derver
27
54 N
6W
Dirk Hartog I,
128
26 S
113 E
Derwent, K. (Austral.)
128
43 S
146 E
Disentis
30
47 N
9E
Derwent, R. (Eng.)
121
55 N
3 W
Disna
96
56 N
28 E
Derwent, R. (Eng.)
121
53 N
1 W
Ditmarschen
12
54 N
9E
Derwent, R. (Eng.)
121
54 N
1 W
Diu I
64
23 N
71 E
Deseado, R.
135
50 3
70 W
Dive, R
19
47 N
0
Desima I. ...
137
33 N
130 E
Divi
64
16 N
81 E
Desirade I. ...
69
16 N
61 W
Dividing Range, Gt
128
26 S
150 E
Desire, R
139
40 S
92 W
Dixcove
65 Ins.
Des Moines
72
42 N
9iW
Dixmuyden
39
51 N
3E
Des Moines, R.
70
42 N
94 W
Djask, C
124
26 N
5SE
Desmond
27
52 N-
10"W
Djokjokarta
139
7S
HOE
Desmond, Earls of ...
27
52 N
low
Djunis
119
44 N
22 E
Desna, R
58
52 N
32 E
Djurdjura, R.
131
37 N
SE
Despefia Perros ...
95
38 N
3W
Dnieper, R.
61
40]Nr
30z:
Dessau
12
52 N
12 E
Dniester, R.
108
48 N
29 E
Detmold
95
52 N
9E
Doab
99
24 17
72 B
Detroit
72
42 N
83 W
Dobre
108 Ins.
Detroit, R
70
42 N
83 W
Dobrudja ...
105
44 IT
28 E
Dettingen
57
SON
9E
Dobrzyn
58
S3N
19 E
Deux Nethes
94
51 N
4E
Doce, R.
106
20 S
40 W
Deux Sevres
103
44 m
4'W
Doel
62
SIN
4E
Deventer
22
52 N
6E
Dogger Bank, The
50
50N
O
Devernaki, Defile of
105
38 N
23 E
Dohna
97
51 N
14 E
Deveron, R.
23
56 N
4W
Doire
94
44 IT
4 E
Devicota
64
UN
80 E
Dol
83
49 N
2W
Devizes
16
51 N
2W
Dole
79
47 N
SE
Devon
16
Dolgelly
16
53 N
4W
Devonport ...
114
50 N
4W
Dolitz
97 Ins.
Dhamra
123
21 N
87 E
Dolores
106
22 N
101 W
Dharmsala
122
32 N
76 E
Dombes
8
46 N
5E
Dhoipur
124
27 N
78 E
Domfront
19
49 N
1 W
Diamantina, R.
128
25 S
140 E
Dominica ...
69
15 N
61 W
Diamond, C.
67 Ins.
Domitz
33
53 N
11 E
Diamond Hill
133
26 S
29 E
Domleschg, R.
30
47 N
9E
Diamond Rock
69
14 N
61 W
Dommel, R.
39
SIN
5E
Dibra
120
41 N
21 E
Domo d'Ossola
4
46 N
8E
Die
8
45 N
SE
Domokos ...
119
39 N
22 E
Diedenhofen
11
49 N
6E
Domstadtl
57
SON
17 E
Diego Suarez
140
12 S
50 E
Don, R. (England)
121
54 N
IW
Diekirch
109
SON
6E
Don, R. (Russia) ...
61
40IT
40z:
Diepholz
12
53 N
8E
Don, R. (Scotland)
23
56 N
4 W
Dieppe
8
SON
IE
Donaueschingen . . .
88
48 N
8E
Dieren
22
52 N
6z:
Donauried
13
48 N
8 E
Diese, R
39
52 N
SE
Donauworth
12
49 N
11 E
Diest
22
SIN
5E
Doncaster ...
16
54 N
1 W
Dietz
107
SON
8E
Donchery ...
118
SON
5 W
Dig
99
27 N
77 E
Doncourt ...
118 Ins.
Digne
103
44 N
6E
Donegal
37
55 N
8W
Dijon
8
47 N
5E
Donegal Ab.
37
55 N
8W
Dillenburg
12
51 N
8E
Donegal Bay
37
55 IT
low
Dillingen
12
49 N
10 E
Doneraile ...
47
52 N
9 W
Dillons
27
52 N
8W
Donetz, R
61
49 N
38 E
Dinan
19
48 N
2W
Dongola, New
132
19 N
30 E
Dinant
6
SON
5E
Dongola, Old
132
18 N
31 E
Dinapur
123
26 N
85 E
Donjon
103
46 N
4E
Dindings
125
5N
100 E
Donnington Castle...
36
SIN
IW
166
Index to Maps,
Doon, E
Doom Kop ...
Dora Baltea, K. ...
Dorchester (Am. N.)
Dorchester (England)
Dorchester Heights
Dorchester Neck ...
Dordogne ...
Dordogne, E.
Dordrecht ...
Dormans
Dornburg ...
Dornoch
Dorpat
Dorset
Dorsten
Dort
Dortmund ...
Dospad Dagh
Douay (Douai)
Doubs, E
Douglas (I. of Man)
Douglas (Scotland)
Doules
Doullens
Dourdan
Douro, E
Dove, E
Dover
Dover (Cocheco) ...
Dover, Str. of
Dovey, E. ...
Down
Downpatrick
Downs, The
Downton
Draa, E.
Dragashan
Draguignan
Draheim
Drakenberg
Drakenberg Mts ...
Drama
Drance, E.
Drave, E. ...
Drenthe
Dresden
Dreux
Drin, E
Drina, E. ...
Drissa
Drogheda ...
Droitwich ...
Drome
Dromore
Drottningholm
Drucz, E. ...
Druia
Drumclog ...
Drumcru
Drummonds
Druse, Mt ...
Dry burgh ...
Diiben
Map
121
133
104
68
16
Lat.
55 N
26 S
46 N
42 N
51 N
70 Ins.
70 Ins.
103
8
22
19
92
23
61
16
39
6
12
119
22
79
121
23
103
103
19
7
121
16
68
121
121
47
47
16
113
131
105
103
59
12
133
105
25
21
22
12
19
119
21
96
37
113
103
47
108
54
96
37
37
23
110
23
33
44 IS
44 N
52 N
49 N
51 N
58 N
58 N
52 N
52 N
52 N
42 N
50 N
47 N
54 N
56 N
44 N
50 N
49 N
40N'
53 N
51 N
43 N
51 N
53 N
54 sr
54 N
50Nr
51 N
28 N
45 N
44 N
54 N
53 N
41 N
46N'
44 N
52 N
51 N
49 N
42 N
44 N
56 N
54 N
52 N
44 N
54 N
59 N
54 N
56 N
56 N
55 N
56 N
33 N
56 N
52 N
Long.
4W
28 E
7E
71 W
2W
o
o
5E
4E
12 E
4 W
27 E
7E
5 E
7E
24 E
3E
6
4
4
4
2
2
E
W
W
E
E
E
ICW
2 W
1 E
71 W
IE
4W
6 vr
6W
o
2 W
9 W
24 E
6E
16 E
9E
24 E
61!
IGE
6E
14 E
IE
20 E
19 E
28 E
6 W
2 W
4 S
6 W
18 E
30 E
27 E
4 W
7 W
4 W
37 E
3 W
13 E
Dubienka ...
Dubino
Dubitza
Dublin
Ducie I.
Duddingston
Duderstadt . . .
Dudley
Dudosa I. ...
Duem
Duffel
Dufferin
Duich, L. ...
Duifken Point
Duisburg ...
Dulcigno
Duleek
Duluth
Dumbarton
Dumbovitsa, E.
Dum Dum ...
Dumet I.
Dumfries . . .
Dun
Diina, E. ...
Diinaburg . . .
Dunamon ...
Dunamiinde
Dunbar
Dunblane ...
Dunblane Ab.
Dunboy Castle
Duncannon
Dundalk
Dundalk Bay
Dundee (Africa, S.)
Dundee (Scotland)
Dundrennan Ab.
Dunedin
Dunfermline Ab.
Dungannon
Dungarvan . . .
Dunge Ness
Dunkeld
Dunkeld Ab.
Dunkirk
Dunleer
Dunluce
Dunnottar Castle
Dunrobin . . .
Duns
Dunse Law
Dunseverick
Dunstable ...
Dunstaffnage
Dunwich
Diippel
Durance, E.
Durango
Durazzo
Durban
Diiren
Durham
Durlach
Map
58
30
105
37
139
56
29
114
139
132
22
27
56
43
22
105
47
72
23
119
123
50
23
45
58
58
38
61
23
56
23
37
37
37
27
133
23
23
129
23
37
47
50
56
23
22
47
27
23
56
23
36
27
16
56
16
116
8
95
3
133
22
16
12
Lat.
51 N
46 N
45 N
53 N
40S
56 N
51 N
53 N
20 8
14 N
51 N
54i^r
57 N
10 S
51 N
42 N
54 N
47 N
56 N
44 N
23 N
47 N
55 N
49 N
56 N
56 N
54 N
57 N
56 N
56 N
56 N
52 N
52 N
54 N
54 N
28 S
56 N
55 N
46 S
56 N
55 N
52 N
51 N
57 N
57 N
51 N
54 N
55 N
57 N
58 N
56 N
66 N
55 N
52 N
56 N
52 N
55 N
44 nr
43 N
41 N
30 S
51 N
55 N
49 N
Long.
24 E
9E
17 E
6 W
140W
3 W
10 S
2 W
32 E
4E
6V7
6 W
141 B
7E
19 E
6 W
92 W
5 W
24 E
88 E
3 W
4W
5E
24 E
27 E
8W
24 E
3 W
4W
4W
10 w
7W
6W
6 W
30 E
3 W
4 W
171 B
3 W
7 W
8W
IE
4W
4W
2E
6W
7 W
2 W
4 W
2 W
2 W
6 W
1 W
5W
2E
10 E
4E
3 W
19 E
31 E
6E
2 W
8E
Index to Maps,
167
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Dursey I. ...
37
52 N
low
Einsiedeln ...
15
47 N
9E
Diisseldorf
62
51 N
7B
Eisch, R
88
46 N
HE
Dussindale ...
16
53 N
IE
Eisenach
12
51 N
10 E
Dutoitspan
133
29 S
25 E
Eisleben
12
52 N
12 E
Dvina, E. ...
. 52
eoKT
40z:
Ekatareenograd
108
44 N
44 E
Dyea
126
69 N
135 W
Ekaterinodar
108
45 N
39 E
Dyle
94
48 17
4 E
Ekaterinoslav (Ekat-
Dyle, R
45
51 N
5E
erinoslaff)
61
48 N
35 E
Dzikowa
58
54 N
19 E
Elands R
133
25 S
29 E
Dzungarei
138
40N
80E
Eiandslaagte
133
28 S
30 E
EI Arish (Egypt) ...
110
31 N
34 E
Earlham
121
53 N
IE
El Arish (Morocco)
131
35 N
6W
Earn, R
23
56 N
^vr
El Aruat
130
34 N
3W
East Africa Protec.
130
0
40 E
Elba I
4
42 N
lOE
East Brenny
27
54 N
8W
Elbe, R
29
52 IS
8E
East C. (N. Z.) ...
129
38 S
178 E
Elberfeld
107
51 N
7E
East, C. (Sib.) ...
139
66 N
170 W
Elbing
55
54 N
19 E
East Hampstead ...
16
51 N
1 W
El Bodon
95
40 N
7W
East London
133
33 S
28 E
Elbs
12
50D3'
12 E
East March
23
56 N
2 W
Elburz
124
35 M-
50E
Easton
72
41 N
75 W
El Caney Hts
75
20 N
76 W
Eastport
70
45 N
67 W
El Erg
131
East R
70
41 N
74 W
Eleuthera I.
69
25 N
76 W
Eauze
19
44 N
0
Elf
141
60I7
20E
Ebala, R
132
3N
21 E
Elfsborg
17
58 N
12 E
Ebernberg ...
12
50 N
8E
Elfsnabben ...
53
59 N
18 E
Ebersberg ...
88
48 N
12 E
Elgin
23
58 N
3 W
Ebersdorf
93 Ins.
Elgin and Forres ...
23
56 17
4U5r
Ebro, R
7
40I7
2 "W
El Goleah
131
31 N
3E
Eccles Ab. ...
23
56 N
2W
Elgon, Mt
132
IN
34 E
Eehallens
25
47 N
7E
El Gran Ciiaco ...
135
30 8
70"W
Echemin, R.
67 Ins.
El Haza
124
26 N
50 E
Echigo
137
36 N
136 1!
Elie
56
56 N
3 W
Ecbuca
128
36 S
145 E
EHzabeth, R.
74
36 N
77 W
Eckeren
45
51 N
4E
Elk, R
70
40 N
76 W
Eckernforde
116
54 N
10 E
El Kef
131
36 N
10 E
Eckmiihl
94
49 N
12 E
El Kobeh, W.
132
12 N
26 E
Ecuador
135
10 8
80 W
Ellandonan
56
57 N
5 W
Edam
22
53 N
5E
Ellesmere Land ...
126
78 N
80 W
Eden, R
121
54 N
4W
Ellice Is
139
20S
160 E
Edenkoben ...
81
49 N
8E
Ellwangen
12
46 17
8E
Edge Hill
36
52 N
1 W
Elmina
130
5N
2W
Edinburgh
23
56 N
3 W
El Obeid
132
13 N
30 E
Edmonton
126
53 N
114 W
El Paso
71
32 N
106 W
Edolo
30
46 N
10 E
Elsass
29
48 17
4 E
Edward Nyanza ...
130
0
30 E
Elsfleth
93
53 N
8E
Eferding
13
48 N
14 E
Elsinore
17
56 N
13 E
Eger (Erlau)
21
48 N
20 E
Elster, R
97
51 N
12 E
Eger
33
50 N
12 E
El Teb
132
19 N
38 E
Eger, R
33
48 N
12 B
Elvas
7
39 N
7 W
Eglinton
23
56 N
5 W
Ely (England)
16
52 N
0
Egmont
22
53 N
5E
Ely (Ireland)
27
53 N
8B
Egmont, C.
129
39 S
174 E
Embabeh ...
85
30 N
31 E
Egmont, Mt
129
39 S
174 E
Embrun
79
45 N
7E
Egmont, Port
106
51 S
60 W
Emden
12
53 N
7E
Egypt, Lower, Middle
Emilia
4
44 17
lOE
and Upper
132
Emly
27
52 N
8 W
Ehingen
62
48 N
10 E
Emme, R.
90
47 N
8E
Ehrenberg
14
47 N
HE
Empire, The
1
Ehrenbreitstein
33
50 N
8E
Empoli
104
44 N
HE
Eichsfeld
12
SON
8E
Ems
107
50 N
8E
Eichstedt
12
49 N
HE
Ems, Occidental ...
94
53 N
7 E
Eider, R
107
54 N
9E '
Ems, Oriental
94
53 N
7B
Einbeck
12
52 N
10 E !
Ems Superieur
94
52 N
8E
168
Index to Maps.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
liong.
Ems, E
22
53 N
7E
Esmau
125
23 N
101 E
Enckhuysen
22
53 N
5 E
Esneh
132
25 N
33 E
Encounter Bay
128
36 S
189 E
Espinosa
95
43 N
4W
Endeavour Str.
128
lis
142 E
Espirito Santo
135
20 S
40 W
Endermo
140
42 N
142 E
Esquimau ...
139
47 N
156 W
Engadine ...
15
Essek
3
46 N
19 E
Engen
88
48 N
9E
Essen
31
51 N
7E
Enghien
98
51 N
4E
Essequibo, E.
106
5N
58 W
English Channel ...
42
Essex
16
Enkhuizen [see Enck-
Essling
93 Ins.
huysen)
Esslingen
12
49 N
9E
Ennis
37
53 N
9 W
Essonnes
19
49 N
2E
Enniscorthy
37
52 N
7 W
Estampes
8
48 N
2B
Euniskillin ...
37
54 N
8W
Estcourt
133
29 S
30 E
Enns, E
57
48 N
14 E
Esthonia
61
50EI
20i:
Ensalah
130
27 N
2E
Estrelha, Sa de ...
7
40 N
8W
Ensisheira ...
12
48 N
7E
Estremadura
7
38 37
8 vr
Entebbe
140
0
33 E
Eszek
111
4GN
19 E
Entlebuch
112
47 N
8E
Esztej-gom
111
48 N
18 E
Entre Minho e Douro
7
40^
lO W
Etaples
19
51 N
2E
Entre Eios
106
32 S
60 W
Etawah
123
27 N
79 E
Entschede ...
22
52 N
7E
Etna, Mt
4
38 N
15 E
Euz, E
118
49 N
9E
Etoger
97
49 N
4E
Enzersdorf
93 Ins.
Eton
121
51 N
1 W
Enzheim
45
48 N
7E
Etropol
121
43 N
24 E
Eperies (Eperjes) ...
111
49 N
21 E
Etruria, Kingdom of
92
43 N
HE
Epernay
19
49 N
4E
Ettenheim
39
48 N
8E
Epidaurus ...
105
38 N
23 E
Eu
8
48 N
O
Epinal
103
48 N
6E
Euboe
105
39 N
24 E
Epirus
105
36 N
20 E
Eucia
128
32 S
129 E
Epworth
121
54 N
1 W
Eupatoria or Kosloff
61
45 N
33 E
Eraghtichan
27
54 TS
B-W
Euphrates, E.
3
35 17
40x:
Eregli (Karaman) ...
3
38 N
34 E
Eure
103
48 N
o
Eregli (Turkey) ...
120
41 N
28 E
Eure et Loir
103
48 rr
o
Eretrea
130
15 N
40 E
Eureka
128
38 S
144 E
Erfurt
12
51 N
11 E
Eutaw Springs
70
34 N
80 W
Ergeue, E
119
40ir
24 E
Eutritsch
97 Ins.
Erie Canal ...
72
43 N
76 W
Everest, Mt
138
28 N
86 E
Erie, L
72
40I7
90 -W
Evesham
36
52 N
2 W
Erinpura
123
25 N
73 E
Evesham Ab.
16
52 N
2 W
Eriska
56
57 N
7 W
Evora
7
39 N
8W
Eritrea {see Eretrea)
Evora, Monte
95
39 N
8 W
Erivan
108
40 N
45 S
^vreux
79
49 N
IE
Erlangen
107
50 N
HE
Exe, E
121
51 N
4 W
Erlau {see Eger)
Exeter (America, N.)
68
43 N
71 W
Ermeland ...
55
54 nr
20E
Exeter (England) ...
16
51 N
4 W
Erne, L
37
54 N
8 E
Exilles
25
45 N
7E
Ernestine Saxony...
12
Exmoor
121
51 N
4W
Er Eebia, W.
131
33 N
9 W
Exmouth Gulf
128
22 S
114 E
Errestfer
54
58 N
27 E
Eye
113
52 N
IE
Errol
32
45 N
3W
Eylau
94
54 N
21 E
]tlrsekujvar
48
48 N
18 E
Eyne
45
51 N
4E
Erzerum
3
40 N
41 E
Eyre, L
128
28 S
137 E
Erz Gebirge
117 Ins.
Eyre's Peninsula ...
128
33 S
136 E
Esbjerg
107
55 N
8E
Escaut
94
51 N
4E
Faenza
4
44 N
12 E
Escaut, Bouches de 1'
94
51 N
4E
Fahlun
53
61 N
16 E
Escorial
95
41 N
4 W
Faie-la-Viuense
19
47 N
0
Esher
16
51 N
0
Fair Foreland
27
55 N
6 W
Esk, E., N.and S....
23
56 £7
4 vir
Fair I
24
50N
lO w
Esk, E.
23
55 N
3W
Fair Oaks
74
38 N
77 W
Eskdale
23
55 N
3 W
Falkland
23
56 N
3 W
Eskilstuna ...
53
59 N
16 E
Falkland Is.
106
52 S
58 W
Esla, E
95
42 N
5 W
Falkoping
17
58 N
13 E
Index to Maps,
169
Map Lat. Long.
Falmouth (Am. N.) 70 44 N 70 W
Falmouth (England) 36 50 N 5 W
False B 133 34 S 19 E
Falster 1 17 55 N 12 E
Famagosta 8 35 N 34 E
Famars 81 SON 3E
Fanning 1 139 0 160 W
Fano 4 44 N 18 E
Farah 124 32 N f32 E
Farah, K 124 SOW 60 E
Farewell, C. (Green-
land) 126 60 N 44 W
Farewell, C. (N. Z.) 129 40 S 173 E
Farnham 36 51 N IW
Faro 95 37 N 8W
Faroe Is 1 60 N \0 "W
Farquharsons ... 23 57 N 3 W
Farrukhabad ... 99 28 N 80 E
Fars 124 25 N 50 E
Fasher 132 14 N 26 E
Fashoda 182 ION 32 E
Fatehgarh 123 27 N 80 E
Fatehpur 123 26 N 81 E
Fatehpursikri ... 99 27 N 78 E
Faucigny 25 44 N 6E
Faversham 121 51 N IE
Fayal 140 38 N 29 W
Fayetteville ... 74 35 N 79 W
Fayoum 132 29 N 31 E
Fays 27 54 N 7W
Fear, K., Cape ... 72 34 N 78 W
Fecamp 19 50 N 0
Federal Hill ... 74 39 N 77 W
Federated Malay States 140 O 90 E
Fehrbellin 33 58 N 13 E
Feldkirch 30 47 N 10 E
Feldkirchen ... 12 47 N 14 E
Feldsberg Ill 49 N 17 E
Feltre 4 46 N 12 E
Felus, R 132 7N 82 E
Femarn (Femern) ... 62 54 N HE
Feuestrelles ... 79 45 N 7E
Fengliwangcheng ... 137 40 N 124 E
Fengtai 138 1ns.
Fenshui Pass ... 187 41 N 128 E
Fens, The 121 52 K" 2 1?/
Fercullen 37 52 Iff 8 "W
Fere-en -Tardenois ... 19 49 N 4E
Ferghana 124 35 W 70 E
Ferical Inegan ... 27 53 N 8W
Ferket 132 21 N 30 E
Fermanagh 37 54 10" 3 "W
Fermer Sound ... 29 54 N HE
Fermo 86 43 N 14 E
Fern Ab 23 58 N 4 W
Fernam do Po (Fer-
nando Po) ... 2 4 N 9 E
Fernandina ... 74 31 N 82 W
Fernie 126 49 N 115 E
Ferrara 4 45 N 12 E
Ferri^res (France)... 103 48 N 3E
Ferrieres (France)... 118 49 N 3E
Ferrol 7 43 N 8W
Ferte-sous-Jouarre 19 49 N 3 E
Map Lat,
Fert^ Vidame, La... 19 49 N
Fethard (Ireland) ... 47 52 N
Fethard (Ireland) ... 47 52 N
Fews, The 27 54 N
Fez 131 34 N
Fezzan 130 20 N
Fiesole 4 44 N
Figeac 19 45 N
Figueras 95 42 N
Fiji Is 139 18 8
Filipstad 53 60 N
Finale 25 44 N
Findhorn, R. ... 23 57 N
Finisterre 103 48 N
Finisterre, C. ... 7 43 N
Finke, R 128 25 S
Finkenstein ... 92 54 N
Finland 17
Finland, G. of ... 17 55 PT
Finmark 17 70 N
Finn, R 37 54 N
Finsbury 114 52 N
Fiolente, C. ... 115 Ins.
Fiorenzuola ... 4 Ins. 45 N
Firando 43 32 N
Firozpur 123 31 N
Firozshahr 124 31 N
Fischingen 15 47 N
Fish, R 133 33 S
Fisher's Hill ... 74 39 N
Fismes 79 49 N
Fitzgeralds 27 52 N
Fitzgeralds 27 53 N
Fitzgihbon, White
Knight ... 27 52 N
Fltzmaurice, Lord 27 52 N
Fitzroy, R. ... 128 18 S
Fiume Ill 45 N
Five Forks ... 74 37 N
Flamborough Head 121 54 N
Flanders 22 50 N
Flattery, C. ... 128 15 S
Flavigny
Fleix (France)
Fleix (Spain) ... 95 41 N
Flensburg 17 55 N
Fleurus ... ... 45 50 N
Flims 30 47 N
Flinders B. ... 128 35 S
Flinders I. ... 128 40 S
Flinders, ii. ... 128 20 S
Flinders Range ... 128 31 S
Flint 16 53 N
Flodden 16 56 N
Florence ... ... 4 44 N
Flores (Azores) ... 24 40 N
Flores (E. Indies)... 139 20 S
Florida 72
Florida Str. ... 134 26 N
Floritsdorfif ... 117 48 N
Fliiela, R 30 47 N
Flushing 22 51 N
Fly, R 128 8S
Focktchany ... 105 46 N
118 Ins.
19 47 N
Long.
IE
8W
7 W
7 W
5 W
O
HE
2E
3E
180 E
14 E
8E
4 W
4 W
9 W
134 E
19 E
20E
25 E
8W
0
lOE
130 E
75 E
75 E
9E
26 E
78 W
4E
low
7 W
8W
low
124 E
14 E
77 W
0
2E
145 E
IE
IE
9E
5 E
9E
115 B
148 E
142 E
139 E
;•. W
2 W
11 E
31 W
120E
SOW
16 E
10 E
4 E
142 E
27 E
170
Index to Maps,
Foggia
Foix
Foix, County of ...
Folkestone
Folembray ...
Foligno
Fombio
Fominskoie
Fondi
Fonseca B.
Fontainebleau
Fontaine Frangaise
Fontenay ...
Foochow
Forbach
Forbes
Forcados ...
Ford Ab
Fore
Foreland, N.
Foreland, S.
Forest of Dean ...
Forets
Forez
Forli
Formartin ...
Formosa
Formosa (Am. S.)...
Formosa Str.
Fornovo
Fort Akabah
Fort Albany
Fort Alexander
Fort Augustus
Fort Barraux
Fort Beausejour ...
Fort Belgica
Fort Bourbon
Fort Boyer
Fort Brown
Fort Charles
Fort Chartrfs
Fort Crevecoenr ...
Fort Cumberland...
Fort Dauphin
(Madagascar) ...
Fort Dauphine
(America, N.)
Fort de I'Ecluse ...
Fort del Ore
Fort Donelson
Fort Duquesiie
Fort Edward
Fort Erie
Fortescue E.
Fort Fisher
Fort Frontenac ...
Fort Gaines
Fort Garry
Fort George
Fort Gor^e
Fort Haake
Fort Henry
Forth, Firth of ...
Map
104
19
8
42
19
104
83
96
4
134
8
19
8
138
103
23
140
16
47
16
Lat.
41 N
43 N
40?7
51 N
SON
43 N
45 N
55 N
41 N
13 N
48 N
47 N
46 N
26 N
49 N
57 N
6N
51 N
54 N
51 N
87 Ins.
52 N
48sr
44 N
44 N
56 N
20]P7
24 S
25 N
45 N
29 N
52 N
121
94
8
4
23
138
135
138
4
132
67
115 Ins.
56 57 N
19 45 N
67 46 N
43 Ins.
67 53 N
70 30 N
71 26 N
2 33 N
67 38 N
65 Ins.
67 40 N
Long.
15 E
2E
O
IE
3E
13 E
10 E
37 E
13 B
88 W
3E
5E
1 W
119 B
7E
3W
5 E
3W
7 W
IE
3 W
4E
4E
12 E
4 W
120X;
60 W
120 E
10 E
35 E
82 W
5 W
6E
64 W
99 W
88 W
97 W
80 W
90 W
79 W
65 25 S 47 E
67
25
24
74
70
67
70
128
74
67
74
101
70
101
52 N
46 N
52 N
37 N
41 N
43 N
43 N
22 S
34 N
44 N
30 N
47 N
41 N
15 N
87 Ins.
74 36 N
23 56 N
100 W
6E
low
88 W
80 W
74 W
79 W
117 E
78 W
77 W
88 W
97 W
79 W
16 W
87 W
4 W
Forth, E
Fort James
Fort James
Fort Joux ...
Fort Kazalinsk
Fort Kuropatkin ...
Fort la Eeine
Fort le Bceuf
Fort Maurepas
Fort McAllister ...
Fort Meigs
Fort Miamis
Fort Mimms
Fort Monroe
Fort Moose
Fort Morgan
Fort Mulgrave
Fort Nassau (Banda)
Fort Nassau (Mouree)
Fort Niagara
Fort Ninety-Six ...
Fort Orange (Am. N.)
Fort Orange(Sekondi)
Fort Peccais
Fort Penthievre ...
Fort Perovski
Fort Picken
Fort Pillow
Fort Pitt (Am. N.)
Fort Pulaski
Fort Eandolph
Fort Eouge
Fort Eoyal Bay ..
Fort Eupert
Fort Sandusky
Fort St Charles ...
Fort St David
Fort St George ...
Fort St Louis
Fort Stanwix
Fort Sumter
Fort Toronto
Fort William (Ont.)
Fort William (Scot.)
Fort William Henry
Fort York
Fort Zelandia
Fotheringay
Foug^res ...
Foule Pointe
Fountains Ab.
Fourmies ...
Foveaux Str.
Fowey
Fox Channel
Fox Is
Fox E
Foxes
Foyle, Lough
Foyle, E
Foz (Portupjal)
Foz (Spain)
Fraele Pass
Framlinghara
Map Lat.
23 56 M
65 14 N
65 Ins.
103
136
137
67
67
67
74
70
67
70
74
67
74
87
47 N
47 N
39 N
50 N
42 N
51 N
32 N
41 N
41 N
31 N
37 N
52 N
30 N
44 N
43 Ins.
65 Ins.
67 43 N
70 34 N
68 43 N
65 Ins.
19
87
136
74
74
67
74
74
67
69
67
70
67
64
64
65
70
74
67
126
56
67
67
43
16
82
65
16
103
129
36
139
139
67
27
37
27
95
95
30
16
44 N
48 N
45 N
30 N
36 N
41 N
32 N
36 N
SON
15 N
52 N
41 N
49 N
12 N
13 N
19 N
41 N
33 N
44 N
48 N
57 N
43 N
57 N
24 N
53 N
48 N
17 S
54 N
SON
47 S
SON
66 N
40T7
42 N
53 N
54 N
55 N
41 N
44 N
47 N
52 N
Long.
4 W
16 W
6E
62 E
121 E
98 W
SOW
96 W
81 W
83 W
85 W
88 W
76 W
81 W
88 W
6E
79 W
82 W
74 W
4E
4 W
65 E
87 W
90 W
80 W
81 W
90 W
97 W
61 W
78 W
83 W
95 W
80 E
80 E
16 W
76 W
80 W
79 W
90 W
5 W
74 W
92 W
120 E
0
1 W
50 E
2 W
4E
168 E
5 W
SOW
180
89 W
8 W
BVH
7 W
9 W
7W
10 E
IE
Index to Maps.
171
Map Lat.
Francavilla ... 26 38 N
Franche Comt^ ... 12 46 ET
Francisco, San ... 72 38 N
Franconia ... ... 14
Franconian Knights 12 46 rv
Franeker 22 53 N
Frankenhausen ... 12 51 N
FrankentLal ... 12 50 N
Frankfort (Ger.) ... 12 52 N
Frankfort, G. D. of 94 48 II
Frankfort-on-Main 12 50 N
Frankfort (U.S.A.) 74 38 N
Franklin (Canada) 126 72 N
Franklin (U.S.A.) 74 37 N
Franz Joseph Land 136 80 N
Franzens Kanal ... Ill 46 N
Frascati 104 42 N
Fraser 1 128 25 S
FraserK 126 50 N
Frasers 23 5611
Frasnes ... ... 98 Ins.
Frauenberg ... 57
Frauenfeld 90
Fraustadt ... ... 54
49 N
48 N
52 N
39 N
31 N
56 N
52 N
38 N
46 N
Long.
15 E
4 E
122 W
an
6 E
11 E
8E
15 E
8x:
9E
85 W
90 W
87 W
70 E
19 E
13 E
153 E
130 W
ew
14 E
9E
16 E
77 W
82 W
10 E
14 E
77 W
67 W
65 Ins.
53 56 N 10 E
Frazer R. {see Fraser R.)
Frederic 74
Frederica ... ... 68
Fredericia ... ... 116
Frederick William
Canal 59
Fredericksburg ... 74
Frederictou ... 70
Frederiksborg
Frederiksodde
Fredrikshald (Fred-
erikshald) ... 54 59 N HE
Fredrikshamn ... 61 61 N 28 E
Fredrikstad ... 54 60 N HE
Fredriksten ... 108 59 N 12 E
Freehold Ct. Ho.... 70 40 N 74 W
Freetown 130 9N 8W
Freiberg (Saxony)... 38 51 N 13 E
Freiburg (Breisgau) 12 48 N 8 E
Freiburg, Canton of 15 46 N" 6 E
Freiburg (Saxony)... 92 51 N 12 E
Freiburg (Switz.) ... 15 47 N 7E
Freising 12 48 N 12 E
Frejus 79 43 N 7E
Fremantle 128 32 S 116 E
French Indo-China 140 O 90E
French Sudan ... 132
Frenchtown ... 70 42 N 84 W
Frew 56 56 N 4W
Freystadt 13 49 N 15 E
Fribourg (see Freiburg)
Frichemont ... 98 Ins.
Frick 90 48 N BE
Fridericia {see Fred-
ericia)
Friedburg 12 SON 9E
Friedland (Bohem.) 12 51 N 15 E
Friedland(Mecklenb.) 57 54 N 13 E
Friedland (Prus. E.) 92 54 N 21 E
Friedland (Silesia)... 29 50 N 18 E
Map Lat. Long.
Friedlingen ... 45 48 N 8 E
Friedrichsfelde ... 107 52 N 13 E
Friedrichsruhe .. 107 53 N 10 E
Friedrichstadt ... 116 54 N 9E
Friedwald 14 51 N 10 E
Friendly Is. ... 139 20 S 180
Friesland, E. & W. 12 SOUff 4E
Frio, C 133 18 S 12 E
Frisches Haft ... 32 54 N 20 E
Frise 94 52 N 4E
Frisia, E 29 52!?I 4E
Friuli 4 4611 12 E
Frohsdorf 107 48 N 16 E
Frome 114 51 N 2W
Frome, L 128 31 S 140 B
Frontier Prov.,N.W. 124 SON 70B
Frosinone 4 42 N 13 B
Fucino, L 104 42 N 14 E
Fuenterabia ... 7 43 N 2W
Fueutes d' Ouoro... 95 41 N 7W
Fuentes, Ft ... 30 46 N 9E
Fulda 33 51 N 10 B
Fulek 10 48 N 20 E
Fulta 64 22 N 88 B
Funchal 130 33 N 16 W
Fundy, B. of ... 68 40N' 70 "W
Fiinen 1 107 52 N 8E
Fiinfkirchen (Pecs) 3 46 N 18 E
Fureedpore 123 24 N 90 B
Furnes 39 51 N 3B
Furness 16 54 N 3W
Furrah {see Farah)
Fiirstenau 30 47 N 9E
Fiirstenberg (Ger.) 12 48 N 9 B
Fiirstenberg (Ger.) 33 52 N 15 E
Fiirth 33 49 N HE
Furva, Val 30 46 N lO E
Fusan 137 35 N 129 B
Fushimi 137 35 N 136 E
Fiissen 57 48 N 11 B
Fyen I. {see Fiinen)
Fyvie Ab 23 57 N 2 W
Fyzabad 64 27 N 82 B
Gabbard 42 52 N 2B
Gabes 131 34 N 10 E
Gabes, G. of ... 131 34 N 10 E
Gaboon 130 0 12 B
Gacko 119 43 N 18 E
Gadebusch 54 54 N 11 B
Gaeta 4 41 N 14 B
Gafgenberg 97 Ins.
Gainsborough ... 16 53 N 1 W
Gairdner, L. ... 128 32 S 135 B
Gairlock 56 58 N 6W
Galabat 132 13 N 36 E
Galapagos Is. ... 135 0 91 W
Galata 3 41 N 29 E
Galatz 61 45 N 28 B
Galicia 61 49 N 23 E
Galicia (Spain) ... 7 43 N 8W
Galicia, New ... 106 21 N 104 W
Galicia, West ... 60 48 N" 20E
Galilee, Sea of ... 85 33 N 36 B
172
Index to Maps.
Map
Lat,
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Galita
131
38 N
9E
Gelt, R
16
54 N
4 vr
Gallaland
130
7N
40 E
Gelves, Los
7 Ins.
Galle
64
6N
80 E i
Gemaurhof
54
56 N
24 E
Gallinas Point
135
12 N
72 W
Gembloux
22
51 N
SE
Gallipoli (Italy) ...
104
40 N
18 E
Genappe
98 Ins.
Gallipoli (Turkey)
3
40 N
27 E
Generaliteitsland ...
62
48 17
4 E
Gallo, C
120
37 N
22 E
Genes
94
44 XT
8 B
Galloper Sand
42
52 N
2E
Geneva
IS
46 N
6E
Galloway ...
23
j
Geneva, L. of
15
46 N
6 £
Galveston
72
29 N
95 W
Genevois ...
25
44 m
6 S
Galway
37
53 N
9W
Genevre, Mont
25
45 N
7E
Galway Bay
37
52 Bsr
lO w
Gengenbach
62
48 N
8E
Gambia
130
19 N
17 W
Genii, R
95
37 N
5 W
Gambia, K.
65
14 N
13 W
Gennep
39
52 N
6E
Gambler
128
3S S
141 E
Genoa
4
44 N
9E
Gambron ...
65
27 N
57 E
Genoa, G. of
50
40IT
O
Gandamak
124
34 N
70 E
Gen-san
137
39 N
127 E
Gandia
7
39 N
0
George, L. ...
70
43 N
74 W
Gandja
108
41 N
46 E
Georgetown (Am. S. )
135
7N
58 W
Gando
130
12 N
5E
Georgetown (Tas.)
128
41 S
147 E
Ganges, R
64
Georgetown (Tobago)
69
UN
61 W
Ganges, Mths of the
123
20 N
90 E
Georgia (Russia) ...
61
4orr
40x:
Ganjam
123
19 N
85 E
Georgia (U.S.A.) ...
72
30I7
9 W
Gap
103
45 N
6E
Georgia I., Sth. ...
135
60S
40 W
Gara, L
27
54 N
8 W
Georgian B.
126
45 N
81 W
Gard
103
44 N
4E
Georgina, R.
128
22 S
138 E
Garda, L
104
46 N
HE
Geraldtou ...
128
29 S
USE
Gardikis
3
37 N
22 E
German Confed., N.
118
Garfagnana
92
44 N
10 E
German Confed., S.
118
Garigliano, R.
104
41 N
13 E
Germanic Confed. . . .
107
Garioch
23
56 NT
4 W
German Order
1
50 N
20 E
Garonne, Haute (et
Germantown
70
40 N
75 W
Tarn ; et Lot)
103
Germersheim
29
49 N
8E
Garonne, R.
8
44 N
0
Gerona
95
42 N
3E
Garz
33
53 N
14 E
Gers
103
44 N
0
Gascony
8
Gers, R
103
44 N
IE
Gascoyne, R.
128
25 S
115 E
Gertruydenberg [see
Gaspe
67
40I7
70'W
Geertruidenberg)
Gaspe Bay
126
49 N
64 W
Gette, R
98
SON
4E
Gastein
107
47 N
13 E
Gettysburg ...
74
40 N
77 W
Gata, Sa de
7
40N
8 W
Gewitsch
57
SON
17 E
Gateshead
114
55 N
2 W
Gex
15
46 N
6E
Gatschina ...
61
59 N
30 E
Ghadames
131
30 N
9E
Gatton
113
51 N
0
Ghaggar, R.
122
29 N
74 E
Gaverin
45
51 N
4E
Ghats, Eastern
99
Gavi
88
45 N
9E
Ghats, Western ...
99
Gavre
22
51 N
4E
Ghazipur ...
64
25 N
84 E
Gavutu
140
20 S
150 E
Ghazni
124
34 N
68 E
Gawilgarh ...
99
21 N
77 E
Ghent
8
51 N
4E
Gawler
128
35 S
139 E
Ghiara d'Adda
4 Ins.
45 sr
9 E
Gawler Range
128
33 S
136 E
Ghilian [see Gilyan)
Gaza
110
32 N
35 E
Ghir, C
131
31 N
low
Gdoff
32
59 N
28 E
Ghizeh
85
30 N
31 E
Gedaref
132
14 N
35 E
Giant's Causeway...
24
55 N
7 W
Geelong
128
38 S
USE
Gibraltar
87
36 N
5W
G eertruidenberg
22
52 N
5E
Gibson's Desert ...
128
SOS
i20x:
Gefle
17
61 N
17 E
Gien
79
48 N
3E
Gehr, W
131
31 N
2W
Gien, County of
8
44 rr
O
Geislingen ...
45
49 N
10 E
Giengen
62
49 N
10 E
Gelderland ...
12
50I7
4 E
1 Giessen
97
SIN
9E
Gelders, Up.
59
51 N
6E
j Gignas
19
44 N
4E
Gelders {see Gelderland)
1 Gilan
124
37 N
49 E
Gellivare
108
67 N
21 E
Gilbert Is
139
O
160E
Gelnhausen
12
SON
9E
Gilbert R
128
18 S
142 E
Index to Maps,
178
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Giles, L.
128
30 S
120 E
Goito
104
45 N
HE
Gilgit
138
36 N
74 E
Golconda ...
64
17 N
78 E
Gilolo
43 Ins.
Goldbach, R.
92 Ins.
Gilyan
52
SON
40E
Goldberg ( Mecklenb. )
33
54 N
12 E
Gingi
64
12 N
80 E
Goldberg (Prussia)
20
51 N
16 E
Gippsland
128
38 S
147 E
Gold Coast
130
5N
2 W
Girgeh
132
26 N
32 E
Golden Bay
129
41 S
173 E
Girgenti
26
38 N
14 E
Goldsborough
74
35 N
78 W
Gironde
103
44 N
4 W
Goletta
10
37 N
10 E
Gironde, R.
79
44 N
4 VI
Goliad
71
29 N
97 W
Gisborne
129
39 S
178 E
Gollersdorf
33
48 N
16 E
Gislikon
112
47 N
8E
Golluow
59
54 N
15 E
Gitschin
12
SON
15 E
Golombo
32
51 N
22 E
Givet
103
50 N
5E
Golymin
92
53 N
21 E
Giza (see Ghizeh)
Gomera I. ..
2
O
30W
Gjatsk
96
56 N
35 E
Gomera I
131
35 N
4 W
Glace B
126
46 N
60 W
Gomera, Peiion de la
7 Ins.
Gladstone
128
24 S
152 E
Gomor
21
48 N
20 E
Glamorgan ...
16
Gondar
130
13 N
37 E
Glan, R
118
SON
8 E
Gondokoro
132
5N
32 E
Glanfynne
37
55 N
8W
Goodwin Sands ...
42
51 N
2E
Glarus
15
47 N
9E
Gooiland
22
52 N
5E
Glasgow
23
56 N
4W
Gora
93
52 N
21 E
Glastonbury
16
51 N
3W
Gordon
23
56 N
3 W
Glastonbury Ab. ...
16
51 N
3W
Gordon Castle
56
58 N
3 W
Glatz
12
SON
17 E
Gordons
23
56 N
4W
Glencairn
23
55 N
4 W
Goree, I. of
65
15 N
17 W
Glencan
27
54 N
7 W
Gorey
47
52 N
6 W
Glencoe (Africa, S.)
133
28 S
30 E
Gorgast
57
53 N
15 E
Glencoe (Scotland)
23
57 N
5W
Gorge
118 Ins.
Glenconkein
27
54 N
8 vr
Gorinchem
22
52 N
5E
Glen Elchaig
56
57 N
5 W
Gorki
96
56 N
37 E
Glenfinnan
56
57 N
5W
Gorlitz
12
SIN
15 E
Glenflesk
27
52 N
low
Gorschen
97
SIN
12 E
Glengariff
27
52 N
low
Gorz
12
46 N
14 E
Glengarry
56
57 N
5W
Goshenland
133
26 S
25 E
Glen Grey District
133
32 S
27 E
Goslar
12
52 N
10 E
Glenluce Ab.
23
55 N
5W
Gota, R
17
55 sr
lOE
Glenmalier ...
27
53 N
7W
Goteborg ...
116
58 N
12 E
Glenmalure
37
52 sr
8 VT
Gotenyama
137
36 N
140 E
Glen Shiel
56
57 N
5W
Gotha
12
51 N
11 E
Glinzendorf
93 Ins.
Gotha, R
53
58 N
12 E
Glogau
12
52 N
16 E
Gothland, E. and W.
17
55 N
lOE
Gloucester (Eng. ) . . •
16
52 N
2 W
Gothland I,
53
55 N
i5x:
Gloucester (U.S.A.)
70
37 N
77 W
Gotoshima I.
137
33 N
129 E
Glubokoie
96
55 N
28 E
Gotteshaus
30
Gliicksburg
116
55 N
10 E
Gottingen
12
52 N
10 E
Gliickstadt
12
54 N
9E
Gottorp
12
54 N
9E
Glynnes, The
27
54 N
6 W
Gouda
6
52 N
5E
Gmiind
12
49 N
10 E
Goulburn ...
128
35 S
150 E
Gnesen
107
53 N
18 E
Gourara
131
29 N
IE
Goa
64
16 N
74 E
Gouria
108
42 N
42 E
Gobi Desert
138
4onr
lOOE
Gournay (and Bray)
8
49 N
2E
Goch
39
52 N
6E
Governolo ...
104
45 N
HE
Godavery, Mths of
Gowran
47
53 N
7 W
the K.
99
17 N
82 E
Gowrie
23
56 N
3 W
Goding
111
49 N
17 E
Goyaz
135
20 8
50W
Godollo
111
48 N
19 E
Graaf Reinet
133
32 S
24 E
Godra
64
23 N
74 E
Grabow
62
53 N
HE
Gogra, R
64
26 N
84 E
Grabusa
48
36 N
24 E
Gohad
99
26 N
78 E
Graces
27
52 IV
8W
Gohlis
97 Ins.
Gracias a Dios, C.
69
15 N
83 W
Gohlsdorf ...
97
52 N
13 E
Gradletz
117 Ins.
Gohrde
97
53 N
HE
Grado
4
46 N
13 E
174
Index to Maps,
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Grafton
74
39 N
80 W
Greece
141
Grahams
. 23
56 IT
6'W
Green Bay
67
45 N
87 W
Grabamstown
133
33 S
26 E
Greencastle
27
54 N
6W
Grahovo
105
43 N
19 E
Greenland ...
126
Grain Coast
130
5N
low
Greenland Sea, E.
140
Gramido
. 95
41 N
8W
Greensborough
74
36 N
SOW
Grampound
121
50 N
5 W
Greenwich ...
16
51 N
0
Gran
3
48 N
19 E
Gregory, L.
128
29 S
139 E
Gran, R. ...
. Ill
48 N
19 E
Greifenhagen
33
53 N
15 E
Granada (New Spain
) 106
O
80 W
Greifswald
12
54 N
13 E
Granada (Spain) ..
7
37 N
4W
Greiz
62
51 N
12 E
Granard
47
54 N
7W
Grenada I
69
12 N
62 W
Gran Canaria
130
28 N
15 W
Grenadine Is.
69
13 N
61 W
Grand Banda I. ..
43 Ins.
Grenelle
81
49 N
2E
Grand Cul de Sac B
69
14 N
61 W
Grenoble
8
45 N
6E
Grande, R.
135
20 S
48 W
Greyerz
15
47 N
7E
Grand Gulf
74
32 N
91 W
Grey town ...
133
29 S
31 E
Grand Pr6
81
49 N
5E
Grimsby
121
■54 N
0
Grandson ...
15
47 N
7E
Grinstead, E.
113
51 N
0
Grange
23
58 N
3W
Gripsholm
17
59 N
17 E
Gran Para...
106
20 8
60W
Griqualand, E.
133
30 S
29 E
Granson
6
48 N
7E
Griqualand, W. ...
133
30 8
20E
Grantham
16
53 N
1 W
Gris Nez, C.
87 Ins.
Grants
23
56 N-
evr
Grisons (Graubiinden
15
Granville
82
49 N
2 W
Grivobo
120
39 N
21 E
Grao Para [see Grar
1
Grochoff
108 Ins.
Para)
Grodno
58
54 N
24 E
Graspan
133
29 S
25 E
Grodzisk
108 Ins.
Gratz
62
47 N
15 E
Groeuloo (Groll) ...
22
52 N
7E
Gratz
62
SON
18 E
Groningen
12
53 N
7E
Graudenz ...
58
53 N
19 E
Groote Eylandt ...
128
14 S
137 E
Grave
22
52 N
6E
Groote, R
133
33 S
24 E
Gravelines ...
22
51 N
2E
Grosotto
30
46 N
10 E
Gravelotte ...
118
49 N
6E
Grossenbrode
29
54 N
HE
Graverau ...
82
47 N
1 W
Grosseto
26
42 N
HE
Gravesend
16
51 N
0
Grossfriedrichsburg
65 Ins.
Gravosa
. 26
43 N
18 E
Gross Hennersdorf
57
51 N
15 E
Gray
8
47 N
6E
Gross Jagerndorf ...
57 Ins.
Great Abaco I.
134
27 N
77 W
Grosswardein (Varad)
21
47 N
22 E
Great Ardes
27
54 KT
6W
Grottammare
4
43 N
14 B
Great Austral. Bighl
b 128
34 S
130 E
Grozny
108
43 N
46 B
Great Barrier Reef
128
20S
140Z:
Grubenhagen
62
54 N
12 B
Great Bear L.
139
68 N
120 W
Griiningen ...
15
47 N
9E
Great Berg R.
. 133
33 S
19 E
Griisch
30
47 N
10 E
Great Beeren
97
52 N
13 E
Grussau
57
51 N
16 E
GreatBushman Lan
i 133
30 S
20 E
Gruyeres
25
46Sr
6z:
Great Cayman
131
19 N
81 W
Gruyeres
25
47 N
7E
Great DividingRang
e 128
26 S
150 E
Guadalajara ( Am. N.)
106
21 N
103 W
Great Fish R. ..
65
33 S
27 E
Guadalajara (Spain)
7
41 N
3W
Great Fish R.
139
60IV
120-W
Guadalaviar, R. ...
7
3810'
2vr
Great Harts R. ..
133
27 S
25 E
Guadalcanal
7
38 N
6W
Great Inagua I. ..
134
20sr
80W
Guadalquivir, R. ...
7
36 N
6txr
Great Karroo
132
33 S
23 E
Guadalupe Hidalgo
71
20 N
99 W
Great Meadows ..
67
38 N
80 W
Guadalupe, Sa de
7
389r
6W
Great Salt Lake ..
126
41 N
113 W
Guadarrama Pass...
95
41 N
5 W
Great Salt Steppe
124
35 N
55 E
Guadarrama, R. ...
95
ION
5W
Great Sandy Deser
t 128
30S
120Z:
Guadarrama, Sa de
7
40ir
4TV
Great Slave Lake..
139
60ir
izovir
Guadeloupe
69
16 N
62 W
Great Tew
121
52 N
1 W
Guadiana, R.
7
38N
8W
Greatwater R.
27
54 N
7W
Guaimia, R.
135
2N
68 W
Great Western Runr
I 124
24 N
70 E
Guam
139
O
140I:
Great Whale R. ..
126
SON
80W
Guamanga ...
106
13 S
73 W
Great Zwarte Mt ..
133
33 S
22 E
Guanajuato
103
21 N
101 W
Gredos, Sa de
7
40N
6 W
Guancavelica
106
12 S
75 W
Index to Maps.
175
Guanica
Guantauamo
Guapar^, R.
Guaranis
Guarda
Guardafui, C.
Guaso Nyiro
Guastalla ...
Guatemala ...
Guayabero, R.
Guayaquil ...
Guayaquil, G. of ...
Guaymas ...
Guben
Gucben
Guden Aa, R.
Gud-i-Zirreh
Guelders {see Gelder-
land)
Gu6rande ...
Gueret
Guerrero
Guetaria
Gueugnon ...
Guiana
Guiana, British,
Dutch, French
Guildford ...
Guildford Ct. Ho. ...
Guinea, French ...
Guinea, Gulf of ...
Guinea, Portuguese
Guinegaste ...
Guines
Guipuscoa ...
Guise
Guise, County of ...
Gujarat
Gujerat
Gullberg
Gulsha R
Gum Coast...
Gumti
Gundava
Gunduk, R.
Gunfleet
Giins (Koszeg)
Guntersville
Gunzburg ...
Gurk
Gusiuje
Giistrow
Guttstadt ...
Guyenne
Gwalior
Gwalior
Gympie
Gyor
Map
75
134
135
106
95
130
132
104
69
135
106
135
134
62
138
116
124
79
134
44
79
106
135
121
70
130
130
130
6
6
7
11
8
124
64
53
124
65
99
124
122
42
21
74
12
12
119
12
92
8
64
122
128
21
Haarlem 22
Habra, W 131
Habsburg, Dominions
of House of ... 10
Hacha 106
Lat.
18 N
20 N
20 S
22 S
40 N
12 N
IN
45 N
15 N
4N
2S
3S
28 N
52 N
44 N
56 N
SON
47 N
46 N
18 N
43 N
47 N
O
O
51 N
36 N
ION
o
12 N
51 N
51 N
42 sr
SON
48 17
33 N
24 N
58 N
41 N
20 N
24 VI
29 N
26 N
52 N
47 N
34 N
48 N
47 N
42 N
54 N
54 N
26 N
20IT
26 S
48 N
52 N
35 N
Lonp:.
67 W
75 W
70 W
55 W
7 W
51 E
38 E
HE
91 W
72 W
SOW
80 W
111 w
15 E
90 E
10 E
62 E
2 W
2E
100 W
2E
4E
eovr
1 w
sow
low
o
15 W
2E
2E
4 W
4E
O
74 E
72 E
12 E
73 E
18 W
SOB
67 E
84 E
IE
17 E
86 W
10 E
14 E
20 E
12 E
20 E
78 E
70z:
153 E
18 E
5E
1 W
UN 73 W
Hadamar ...
Hadden Rig
Haddington
Hadersleben
Hadj, The
Hadjach
Hadramaut...
HaS, Great
Hagelsberg ...
Hagenau (Haguenau)
Hague
Haicheng ...
Haidarabad (Haid.)
Haidarabad (Sind)
Haidarabad State
Haifa
Hai-fong
Hainan
Hainault
Hainkoi
Hainspach ...
Haiphong ...
Haiti
Hai-yang
Hakalzai
Hakodate
Hal
Halberstadt...
Halberstadt, Bpc of
Haleb
Hales Ab. ...
Halicz
Halifax (England)...
Halifax (Nov. Scot.)
Halil, R
Halisz (see Halicz)
Hall
Halland
Halle
Hallve, R
Halmstad ...
Ham...
Hamadan ...
Hamah
Hamar
Hambach ...
Hambledon Hill ...
Hamburg ...
Hameln
Hami
Hamilton (Ontario)
Hamilton (Scotland)
Hamilton Inlet
Hamilton, R.
Hamm
Hammelburg
Hampshire, New ...
Hampton
Hampton Court ...
Hampton Roads ...
Hamun-i-Mashkil ...
Hamun-i-Sawaran. . .
Han, R
Hanau
Map
Lat.
Long.
107
50 N
8E
23
56 N
2W
23
56 N
3 W
17
55 N
9 E
132
20ir
30 E
64
50 N
34 E
140
o
SOS
33
54 N
14 E
97
52 N
12 E
29
49 N
8E
22
52 N
4 E
137
41 N
123 E
99
17 N
78 E
99
25 N
68 E
99
16 N
72 E
87
33 N
35 E
140
18 N
118 E
138
19 N
HOE
22
50 N
4E
119
43 N
26 E
57
51 N
14 E
125
21 N
107 E
134
ION
BOW
137
40 N
125 E
124
31 N
67 E
137
42 N
141 E
45
51 N
4E
33
52 N
HE
12
50N
8£
110
36 N
37 E
16
52 N
2 W
58
49 N
25 E
16
54 N
2W
70
45 N
64 W
124
25 N
55 E
12
49 N
10 E
17
55 Tt
lOE
12
51 N
12 E
118
50 N
2E
53
57 N
13 E
79
SON
3E
124
35 N
49 E
110
35 N
37 E
17
61 N
HE
107
49 N
8E
36
51 N
1 W
12
54 N
10 E
29
52 N
9E
138
43 N
93 E
126
43 N
SOW
23
56 N
4W
126
54 N
58 W
70
50 N
70 W
62
52 N
SE
117
50 N
10 E
72
40 N
SOW
68
43 N
71 W
16
51 N
0
72
37 N
76 W
124
28 N
63 E
124
31 N
62 E
137
38 N
126 E
33
50 N
9B
176
Index to Maps,
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Hanau, County of
12
SON
BE
Hawke's Bay
129
40 8
176 E
Hang-chau B.
137
30 N
121 E
Hawkesbury
129
46 S
171 E
Hangchow
138
30 N
120 E
Hawkesbury, R. ...
100
33 S
152 E
Hang-kow ...
140
30 N
115 E
Haworth
16
54 N
2W
Hanka, L
137
44 N
132 E
Hawthornden
23
56 N
3 W
Hankow
138
31 N
114 E
Hay, R
128
24 S
137 E
Hanoi
138
21 N
106 E
Hayd
57
50 N
13 E
Hanover
12
52 N
10 E
Haye Sainte
98 Ins.
Hants
16
Hayti
106
19 N
72 W
Hanyang
138
30 N
114 E
Hazara
124
34 N
73 E
Harau
94
50 N
9E
Hazrat
136
43 N
66 E
Harbarovsk...
126
49 N
135 E
Head of Howth ...
27
53 N
6W
Harbin
137
48 N
127 E
Hebrides, Western
23
Harbottle
16
55 N
2W
Hechingeu ...
107
48 N
8E
Harburg
12
52 N
10 E
Hedjaz
132
20N
30 E
Harderwijk
22
52 N
6E
Hedon
113
54 N
0
Hardy's Camp (Quebec) 67 Ins.
Heemstade
68
41 N
73 W
Harfleur
19
49 N
0
Hegau
13
48 N
9E
Hari Eud
124
35 N
61 E
Hegyes
111
46 N
20 E
Harlech
36
53 N
4W
Heidelberg (Afr. S.)
133
26 S
28 E
Harlingen
109
53 N
5E
Heidelberg (Ger.) ...
12
49 N
9E
Harmer, Fort
72
39 N
82 W
Heilbron (Afr. S.) ...
133
27 S
28 E
Harmignies
22
50 N
4E
Heilbronn (Ger.) ...
12
49 N
9E
Harpers' Ferry
74
39 N
78 W
Heiligenstadt
12
51 N
10 E
Harpeth, R.
74
37 N
87 W
Heiligerlee
22
53 N
7E
Harrar
130
9N
42 E
Heilsberg ...
54
54 N
21 E
Harris
23
58 N
7W
Heilung Kiang
138
SON
120E
Harrisburg (Pa.) ...
72
40 N
77 W
Helder
22
53 N
5E
Harrisburg (Texas)
71
30 N
95 W
Helena (Ark.)
74
35 N
91 W
Harrismith
133
28 S
29 E
Helena (Mont.) ...
140
46 N
113 W
Harrisonburg
74
38 N
79 W
Heligoland
94
54 £
8E
Harrison's Landing
74
37 N
77 W
Heliopolis ...
132 Ins.
Harristown
47
53 N
7 W
Helmand, R.
124
30N
60E
Harrow
121
52 N
0
Helmstadt ...
117
50 N
10 E
Harsany
48
46 N
19 E
Helmstedt
12
52 N
HE
Hartebeest, R.
133
29 S
21 E
Helsingborg
17
56 N
13 E
Hartford
70
42 N
72 W
Helsingfors ...
61
60 N
25 E
Harud, R
124
30 N
60 E
Helston
113
50 N
5 W
Harwich
121
52 N
IE
Helvetic Republic...
88
Harz Mountains ...
29
52 N
HE
Helvoetsluys
50
52 N
4E
Haslach
92
49 N
10 E
Henneberg
12
50 N
10 E
Haslemere ...
113
51 N
1 W
Henrico
66
38 N
78 W
Hasli Thai
15
46 17
8 E
Heppenheim
107
SON
9E
Hasselt
109
51 N
5E
Herat
124
34 N
62 E
Hassenhausen
92
51 N
12 E
Herault
103
43 N
3E
Hastenbeck
57
52 N
9E
Herborn
12
51 N
8E
Hastings
121
51 N
IE
Herbsthausen
39
49 N
10 E
Hatfield
16
52 N
0
Hereford
16
52 N
3 W
Hatteras, C.
74
35 N
75 W
Herenthal ...
22
51 N
5E
Hatteras Inlet
74
35 N
76 W
Herford
12
52 N
9E
Hauraki, G.
129
36 S
175 E
Hericourt ...
79
48 N
7E
Hauran
110
33 N
37 E
Herisau
112
47 N
9E
Hansen
117
50 N
10 E
Herjedalen
17
60N
lOE
Hausruckviertel
13
48 N
14 E
Hermannstadt (Nagy
Haussen
93
49 N
HE
Szeben)
21
46 N
24 E
Havana
69
23 N
82 W
Hermitage
23
55 N
3 W
Havel, R
29
52 N
12 E
Hermosillo ...
134
29 N
111 W
Havelberg ...
12
53 N
12 E
Hern ad, R.
111
48 N
21 E
Haverfordwest
121
52 N
5 W
Herrenberg ...
13
49 N
9E
Havre
79
49 N
0
Herrenhausen
62
52 N
10 E
Hawaii Is. ...
139
20^
160 W
Herrnhut
62
51 N
15 E
Hawash, R.
132
9N
40 E
Hersfeld
12
51 N
10 E
Hawea, L. ...
129
44 S
170 E
Hersu Ho
137
43 N
124 E
Hawick
56
55 N
3W
Hertford
16
SON
2 W
Index to Maps.
177
Map
Lat.
Long,
Map
Lat.
Long.
Hertford
16
52 N
0
Holland, County of
22
52 rr
4 E
Hertogenbosch
6
52 N
5E
Hollenthal ...
45
48 N
8E
Hervey B
128
25 S
153 E
Holmby Ho.
36
52 N
1 W
Herzegovina
3
40N
15 E
Holme Cultram Ab.
16
55 N
8W
Hesdin
11
50 N
2E
Holowczyn ...
54
54 N
30 E
Hesse
12
SON
8z:
Holstein
12
54 N
10 E
Hesse- Cassel
29
48 N
8 z:
Holy cross
37
53 N
8 W
Hesse-Darmstadt ...
29
48 N
8B
Holyhead ...
121
53 N
5 W
Hesse-Homburg ...
107
48 N
8E
Holywood Ab.
23
55 N
4W
Hetzendorf ...
111
48 N
16 E
Holzhausen
97 Ins.
Hexham
16
55 N
2W
Homberg
12
51 N
9E
Heytesbury
113
51 N
2 W
Homburg ...
12
50 N
9E
Hidalgo
134
21 N
99 W
Home Ab
23
56 N
2W
Hierapetra
120
35 N
26 E
Horns
110
35 N
37 E
Higham Ferrars ...
113
52 N
1 W
Honan
138
30ir
llOE
Hikone
137
35 N
136 E
Honau
112
47 N
8E
Hildburghausen
62
SON
HE
Hondo
137
Hildesheim . . .
12
52 N
10 E
Hondo, R
69
18 N
89 W
Hill R
126
50zr
lOO w
Hondschoote
81
51 N
3E
Hillsborough (Ireland
47
54 N
6W
Honduras ...
69
ION
90 W
Hillsborough (U.S.A.)
70
36 N
79 W
Honduras B.
69
16 N
88 W
Hilzingeu ...
13
48 N
9E
Honduras, C.
69
16 N
86 W
Himalaya Mts
64
Hontieur
19
49 N
0
Hindon
121
51 N
2W
Hongg
15
47 N
9E
Hindu Kush Mts ...
124
36 N
70 E
Hong-kong
138
22 N
114 E
Hindustan
99
Honiton
113
51 N
3W
Hinter Rhein, The
30
46 IT
9 £
Honolulu
139
20sr
leow
Hiogo
137
35 N
135 E
Hont
21
48 N
19 E
Hirosaki
137
41 N
140 E
Honton
121
51 N
IW
Hiroshima
137
34 N
132 E
Hooghly
64
23 N
88 E
Hirschberg
59
51 N
16 E
Hooghly, R.
64
22 N
88 E
Hispaniola ...
69
19 N
70 W
Hooglide
81
51 N
3E
Hizen
137
33 N
130 E
Hoogstraeten
22
51 N
5E
Hoang Ho (Yellow R.)
139
20N
lOOE
Hook Head
27
52 N
7W
Hobart
128
43 S
147 E
Hook of Holland .».
109
52 N
4E
Hobkirk Hill
70
34 N
81 W
Hoorn
22
53 N
5E
Hochberg ...
62
48 N
8 E
Hopton Heath
36
53 N
2 W
Hochelaga ...
2
43 N
73 W
Horki
61
52 N
33 E
Hochkirch
57
51 N
15 E
Hormuz
2
27 N
56 W
Hochst
29
50 N
9E
Horn
12
49 N
16 E
Hochstadt
45
49 N
11 E
Hornby
36
54 N
3W
Hoedic
87
47 N
3W
Horncastle ...
36
53 N
0
Hoen Ho, R.
136
40 N
116 E
Horodlo
108
51 N
24 E
Hof
97
50 N
12 E
Horsens
17
56 N
10 E
Hof wyl
90
47 N
7E
Horsham ...
113
51 N
0
Hogenau
12
49 N
8E
Horst
22
51 N
6E
Hogland I.
61
60 N
27 E
Hosiwu
138 Ins.
Hogue, C. la
50
50 N
2W
Hostalrich ...
95
44 N
3E
Hohenberg ...
62
48 N
9E
Hostieradek
92 Ins.
Hohenelbe ...
57
51 N
16 E
Houat
87
47 N
3E
Hohenfriedberg
57
51 N
16 E
Houdan
19
49 N
2E
Hohenlinden
94
48 N
12 E
Hougoumont
98 Ins.
Hohenlohe
12
46 IT
8E
Hounslow
121
51 N
0
Hohenstein
12
52 N
HE
Houston
71
30 N
95 W
Hohentwiel
39
48 N
9E
Howe, C. ...
128
38 S
150 B
Hohenzollern
107
48 N
8z:
Howe Is., Lord ...
128
31 S
159 E
Hokianga
129
35 S
173 E
Howick
121
55 N
2 W
Hokitika
129
43 S
171 E
Howtushih
137
39 N
122 E
Hokitika, R.
129
43 S
171 E
Hoxter
29
52 N
9E
Hokutai
137
41 N
123 E
Hoya
62
53 N
9E
Holkar
99
24 N
70 E
Hoyerswerda
97
51 N
14 E
Holiabrunn
48
49 N
16 E
Hradisch
62
49 N
17 E
Holland
141
Hsiuyen
137
40 N
123 E
Holland, Canal of
109
52 If
4 S
Huallaga R.
106
8S
76 W
C. M. H. VOL. XIT.
12
178
Index to Maps,
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Huaqui
106
16 S
59 W
Iguassa, R.
135
26 S
52 W
Hubertusburg
57
51 N
13 E
Ikerin
27
53 N
8W
Huddersfield
121
54 N
2W
Ilanz
30
47 N
9E
Hudson B.
70
Ilchester
113
51 N
3 W
Hudson Bay Co. ...
70
tie d'Yeu
82
47 N
2W
Hudson, R.
72
42 N
74 W
ties Pomegues
19
43 N
5E
Hudson Str.
Hu6
Huesca
139
125
9
60N
16 N
42 N
Bovr
108 E
0
111, R. (Austria) ...
Ill, R. (France) ...
Ille et Yilaine
112
112
103
47N
47N
48N
9i:
7E
4W
Hughenden
128
21 S
144 E
Iller, R
107
48 N
10 E
Hiihnerwasser
117
51 N
15 E
Illinois
72
40 N
90 W
Hui li chau
Huine, R
138
118
27 N
48 N
102 E
IE
Illyrian Provinces...
Ilmen, L. ...
97
108
4417
58 N
i2z:
31 E
Hull
16
54 N
0
Iloilo
140
ION
123 E
Hull
126
45 N
76 W
Imaile
27
53 N
7W
Hulst (Germany) ...
39
51 N
7E
Imam Ghar
124
26 N
69 E
Hulst (Neth.)
22
51 N
4E
Iman, R.
137
46 N
135 E
Humber
Humenchai
34
138
52 St
23 N
O
114 E
Imayne
Imbros
27
3
53 N
40 N
8W
26 E
Hummelhof
54
58 N
26 E
Imeritia
61
42 N
43 E
Hunan
138
2onr
llOE
Imokilly
37
52 N
8 W
Hundheim
117
50 N
9E
Imola
4
44 N
12 E
Hungary
1
Inchaffray Ab.
Inchicronan
23
56 N
4 W
Hungtse hu
137
32 N
116 E
38
53 N
9W
Hun Ho
137
42 N
124 E
Inchinnan ...
23
56 N
4 W
Hun Ho
Hiiningen ...
138 Ins.
107 48 N
8E
India Agcy, Central
Indiana
122
72
20I7
40N
70z:
90W
Hunsdon
Hunter, R.
16
100
52 N
32 S
0
151 E
Indianapolis
Indian Desert
72
99
40 N
24 N
86 W
72E
Huntingdon
Huntly
16
23
52 N
57 N
0
3 W
Indian Territory ...
Indigirka, R.
Indore
73
139
30N
60If
lOO*^
140X:
Hunyani, R.
133
17 S
31 E
122
201V
70E
Hupe
138
30N
llOE
Indore
64
23 N
76 E
Huron, L
72
40N
©cw
Indre
103
44 ir
O
Hurons
67
40N
90 W
Indre et Loire
103
44 N
o
Hurst Castle
16
51 N
2 W
ludre, R. ...
103
46 N
2E
Hussula
61
61 N
26 E
Indus, R. ...
123
Husum
17
54 N
9E
Ingogo
Ingolstadt
Ingria
Inhambane
133
27 S
30 E
Huy
Hwang Ho
22
138
51 N
38 N
5E
106 E
12
52
49 N
60 N
HE
30 E
Hwayuenkow
137
40 N
123 E
140
24 S
35 E
Hydra
105
37 N
24 E
Inisbofin I.
37
54 N
low
Hy^res Is. d'
79
43 N
6E
Inishannon
37
52 N
9W
Hythe
16
51 N
1 E
Inishkea
27
54 N
low
Inishowen ...
37
55 N
8 W
lar-connacht
27
53 N
low
Inistioge
47
52 N
7W
laroslavl
61
58 N
40 E
Inistrahull I.
27
55 N
7 W
lea, R. (Putumayo)
135
3S
70 W
Inkerman
115
45 N
34 E
Iceland
141
68 N
20 W
Inkerman Mt
115 Ins.
Ichang
138
31 N
lllE
Inn, R
12
47 N
12 E
Idaho
72
40I7
120W
Innsbruck
12
47 N
HE
Idapa, R
135
2N
66 W
Innviertel ...
60
48 N
12 E
Idrone
27
53 N
7W
Inowraclaw
58
53 N
18 E
Idstedt
107
55 N
9E
Insalah [see Ensalah)
Idstein
12
SON
8E
Interlaken ...
15
47 N
8E
Ifelymye
27
52 N
8W
Inverary
56
56 N
5W
Ifni
131
29 N
low
Invercargill
129
46 S
168 E
Iganie
108
52 N
22 E
Inverey
56
57 N
3W
Igharghar, W.
131
31 N
7E
Inverlocky
23
57 N
5W
Igiden, W.
131
29 N
4W
Inverness ...
56
57 N
4W
Igis
30
47 N
10 E
Inverurie
56
57 N
2W
Iglau
12
49 N
16 E
lona Ab.
23
56 N
7W
Igli
131
SON
2 W
Ionian Is. ...
105
39 N
20 E
Iguala
106
18 N
100 W
Iowa
72
40N
lOOW
Index to Maps,
179
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Ipek
120
43 N
20 B
Ithaka
105
38 N
21 E
Ipswich (Amer. N.)
68
43 N
71 W
Iton, E
118
49 N
IE
Ipswich (England) . . .
16
52 N
IE
Ittingen
15
48 N
9E
Iquique
135
20 S
70 W
Ituri, R
182
IN
29 E
Iracticonor ...
27
53 N
low
Ituxy, R. ...
135
lOS
vomr
Irak-Ajemi ...
124
30sr
50E
Itzehoe
62
54 N
10 E
Irbit
108
58 N
63 E
luka
74
85 N
88 W
Ireland
141
Iveagh
27
54 N
6W
Ireland's Eye
27
53 N
6 W
Iverdun
25
47 N
7E
Irgai
136
40 N
68 E
Iviza
95
39 N
IE
Irish Oriel ...
27
54 N
7 W
Ivory Coast
130
5N
5 W
Irish Sea
121
Ivoy
11
50 N
5E
Irkutsk
188
52 N
104 E
Ivrea
4
45 N
8E
Iroise Channel
87
48 N
5W
Ivry ...
19
49 N
IE
Iron Gates
119
45 N
22 E
Iroquois
68
40 N
90 W
Jabalpur
122
23 N
80 E
Irrawaddy
122
20N
90E
Jaca ...
95
43 N
0
Irtish
138
SON
70E
Jacatra
43
6S
106 E
Irun ...
7
43 N
2 W
Jackson
74
82 N
90 W
Irurzon
95
43 N
2W
Jacksonville
140
30 N
82 W
Irwell, K
121
54 N •
2 W
Jacobabad
124
28 N
68 E
Irwin ville ...
74
32 N
83 W
Jacobsdal
133
29 S
25 E
Isabel I.
139
8S
159 E
Jacuhy, R
135
80S
52 W
Isandhlwana Hill ...
133
28 S
31 E
Jaen
95
38 N
4 W
Isar, E
107
48 N
12 E
Jaffa
110
32 N
85 E
Isaszeg
111
48 N
19 E
Jaffnapatam
64
ION
80 E
Ischia I
4
40I7
12S
Jagel
116
54 N
10 E
Iselberg
93
47 N
11 E
Jagerndorf ...
12
SON
18 E
Isenburg
94
50 N
9E
Jaguaribe, R.
135
6S
39 W
Iseo, L.
88
46 N
10 E
Jaguary, R.
185
20 8
56 W
Iser, R
117
48 N
12 E
Jahde, R
87
53 N
8B
Iser Gebirge
117 Ins.
Jaipur
122
27 N
76 E
Isere, Department of
103
44 NT
4E
Jaisalmer
99
27 N
71 E
Isdre, R
8
44 rr
4i:
Jaisalmer State
122
20N
70E
Isernia
104
42 N
14 E
Jaitpur (Kathiawar)
122
22 N
71 E
Ishim, R. ...
138
50 N
60 E
Jaitpur (U. P.) ...
122
25 N
79 B
Isker, R
105
43 N
24 E
Jajce
3
44 N
17 E
Island, No. 10 ...
74
37 N
9W
Jajcza
21
44 N
17 E
Islands, Bay of (New-
Jalalabad
124
34 N
70 E
foundland)
126
48 N
60 W
Jalandar
123
31 N
76 E
Islands, Bay of (N.Z.)
129
35 S
174 E
Jalandar Doab
124
80 N
75 E
Islay
23
56 N
6W
Jalapa
106
20 N
97 W
Isle en Jourdan ...
19
44 N
IE
Jalisco
134
2oir
iio^xr
Isle of France
79
48N
O
Jalons
11
49 N
4E
Isle of Kent
68
39 N
76 W
Jamaica
69
ION
80 W
Islip
36
52 N
IW
Jamary, R.,..
135
10 S
62 W
Ismail
61
45 N
29 E
James B. ...
70
5onr
90W
Ismailia
132
31 N
32 E
James Ranges
128
30 8
130E
Isny
12
48 N
10 E
James, R
74
87 N
79 W
Isola della Scala ...
4 Ins
. 45 N
HE
James Town
100
16 S
5W
Isonzo, R
83
46 N
13 E
Jamestown (Am. N.)
68
87 N
77 W
Ispahan
124
33 N
52 E
Jamestown (Ireland)
38
54 N
8W
Issik Kul (Lake) ...
138
4onr
70E
Jametz
33
49 N
5E
Issoire
8
45 N
3E
Jamrud
124 Ins.
Issoudun
8
47 N
2E
Janina
105
40 N
21 E
Issy
97 Ins.
Jankau
38
50 N
15 E
Istra, R
52
56 N
36 E
Japan
137
Istria
4
44 M
i2i:
Japan, Sea of
187
Istrie
94
45 N
14 E
Jargeau
19
48 N
2E
Italian Rep.
89
44 N
BE
Jarnac
19
46 N
0
Italy
141
Jaromer
117 Ins.
Itamaraca I.
106
7S
35 W
Jaromircz
57
50 N
16 E
Itchili
110
35 N
GOB
Jaroslav
20
50 N
28 E
Itchin, R
121
51 N
1 w
Jaroslavl
108
58 N
40 E
12—2
180
Index to Maps,
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Loug.
Jarvis I
139
0
160 W
Judenburg ...
.. 83
47 N
15 E
Jassy
3
47 N
28 E
Judoigne
45
51 N
5E
Jativa
7
39 N
0
Juist Is.
.. 109
54 N
7E
Jauer
12
51 N
16 E
Jujuy
.. 106
24 S
64 W
Jaunpur
123
26 N
83 E
Jiilich
.. 12
51 N
6E
Java
139
20 8
lOOE
Jumna, E. ...
.. 64
2417
72E
Javari, E
135
lOS
SOW
Jungbungzlau
.. 12
50 N
15 E
Jaxartes, E.
124
40I7
65 B
Junin
.. 106
14 N
76 W
Jaz Morian Hamun, L
.124
25 zr
55 E
Jura
.. 103
44 17
4 W
Jebado I
131
34 N
HE
Jural.
.. 23
56 N
6 W
Jebel el Tik
132
29 N
34 E
Jura Mts ...
.. 118
Jechna Doab
124
30 N
70 E
Jurua, E. ...
.. 135
10 8
70^7
Jedburgh
56
55 N
3 W
Juterbogk (Jiiterbc
)k) 12
52 N
13 E
Jedburgh Ab.
23
55 N
3W
Jutland
.. 17
55 N
10 E
Jeddah
130
22 N
39 E
Jedi, W
131
34 N
5E
Kaap Plateau
.. 133
28 S
24 E
Jedisan
3
45 N
30£
Kabardia, Gt and I
it. 61
40I7
40x:
Jedrzejow
20
51 N
20 E
Kabompo, E.
.. 130
13 S
19 E
Jefferson City
74
39 N
92 W
Kabul
.. 124
35 N
69 E
Jeletz
108
52 N
38 E
Kabul, E. ...
.. 124
34 N
70 E
Jemappes
81
50 N
4E
Kabul, E., Valley
of 124 Ins.
Jemmingen
22
53 N
7E
Kabylia
.. 131
30 N
0
Jemteland ...
17
60N
ion
Kachar
.. 125
25 N
94 E
Jena
107
61 N
12 E
Kaffa
.. 61
45 N
35 E
Jenil, E.
7
36IV
6W
Kaffa B. ...
.. 115
45 N
36 E
J^remie
69
18 N
74 W
Kaffirs
.. 65
31 S
29 E
Jersey, I. of
79
49 N
2 W
Kaff raria
.. 133
31 S
29 E
Jersey, New (Am. N.)
72
40 N
74 W
Kafiristan ...
.. 124
35 N
70i:
Jerusalem
110
32 N
35 E
Kafue, E. ...
... 130
14 S
28 E
Jervaulx Ab.
16
54 N
2 W
Kagoshima . . .
... 137
32 N
131 E
Jever
12
54 N
8E
Kahla
.. 92
51 N
12 E
Jhansi
122
25 N
79 E
Kahlenberg
.. 48
48 N
16 E
Jhelum
122
33 N
74 E
Kaine
.. 124
34 N
59 E
Jhelum, E.
64
32 N
72 E
Kaipara Harb.
.. 129
36 S
174 E
Jibuti
130
UN
43 E
Kaiping
... 138
40 N
118 E
Jiddah
132
21 N
39 E
K'aip'ing ...
... 137
40 N
122 E
Jilma, W
131
35 N
10 E
Kairouan . . .
... 131
36 N
10 E
Jind
123
29 N
76 E
Kaisersberg
... 46
48 N
7E
Jiu, E
119
4417
20i:
Kaiserslautern
.. 33
49 N
8E
Jodhpur
64
26 N
73 E
Kaiserwerth
.. 45
51 N
7E
Jodhpur State
122
20I7
70E
Kaja
.. 97 Ins.
Johannesburg (Afr.)
133
26 S
28 E
Kakhetia . . .
.. 108
42 N
46 E
Johannisberg (Ger.)
107
50 N
8E
Kakhyens ...
.. 138
24 N
95 E
Johore
125
2N
103 E
Kakoun
... 85
32 N
35 E
Joinville
97
4817
5x:
Kalahari Desert
.. 133
23 S
22 E
Joinville, Pr. of ...
8
48^
4E
Kalamas, E.
... 119
40 N
20 E
Jones Sd
126
70Iir
901V
Kalamata . . .
... 120
37 N
22 E
Jonesborough
74
34 N
84 W
Kalamita B.
.. 115
45 N
33 E
Jonkoping
17
58 N
14 E
Kalat
.. 124
29 N
66 E
Jordan, E
85
32 N
36 E
Kalgan
.. 138
41 N
115 E
Joruba
130
8N
4E
Kalgoorlie ...
.. 128
29 S
121 E
Josephstadt
117
SON
16 E
Kalinjar
... 64
25 N
81 E
Josselin
19
48 N
3W
Kalisch (Kalisz)
... 55
52 N
18 E
Jouan G. ...
87
44 N
8E
Kalocsa
21
47 N
19 E
Jouarre
19
49 N
3E
Kalotcha, E.
.. 96
56 N
36 E
Jougne
25
47 N
6E
Kalpi
.. 123
26 N
80 E
Joux, L. de
112
47 N
6E
Kaluga
.. 61
54 N
36 E
Joys
27
54 N
low
Kaluudborg
... 17
56 N
HE
Juan de Fuca, Sir. of
72
48 N
125 W
Kama, E. ...
.. 52
57 N
55 E
Juan Fernandez I.
106
34 S
79 W
Kambeloe ...
... 43
4S
130 E
Juan-king
138
29 N
110 E
Kameuiec ...
.. 48
49 N
27 E
Jub, E
130
3N
42 E
Kamloops ...
... 126
51 N
121 W
Juby, C
131
28 N
13 W
Kammin
... 59
54 N
15 E
Tucar, E
7
asrsr
2W
Kampen
... 22
53 N
6E
I
Index to Maps,
181
Map Lat. Long.
Kamtchatka ... 139 55 N 160 E
Kanagawa 137 35 N 140 E
Kanawha, E. ... 74 38 N 81 W
Kandahar 124 32 N 66 E
Kandy 64 7N 81 E
Kanem 130 14 N 15 E
Kangaroo I. ... 128 36 S 137 E
Kanizsa 21 46 N 17 W
Kankakee, R. ... 67 41 N 88 W
Kankasanturi ... 140 9N 80 E
Kano 130 12 N 9E
Kansas 72 SOU 110^7
Kan-su 138 30 la" lOO E
Kantara ... ... 132 Ins.
K^polna Ill 48 N 20 E
Kappel 15 47 N 9E
Kapunda 128 34 S 139 E
Karabagh 108 40 N 46 E
Kara Boghaz ... 124 40 isr 50 E
Karabusa 48 36 N 24 E
Karachi 64 25 N 67 E
Karagwe 130 3S 31 E
Kara-kash, R. ... 136 36 N 80 E
Karakoram Mts ... 99 32 KT 72 E
Karakorum ... 136 48 N 103 E
Karakorum Pass ... 138 35 N 78 E
Kara-kum 124 40 N 60 E
Karaman 3 37 N 33 E
Karaman (Karamania) 3 35 n 30 E
Karamea B. ... 129 41 S 172 E
Kara Sea 136 70 NT 60 E
Karashahr 138 42 N 86 E
Kara Su 119 42 N 24 E
Karasubazan ... 115 45 N 35 E
Kara-tal, R. ... 139 40 W lOO E
Karatchai R. ... 124 35 N 50 E
Karauli 122 26 N 77 E
Karczeff 108 1ns.
Kardis 52 59 N 24 E
Kargopol 61 61 N 39 E
Karikal 64 UN 80 E
Karlsbad Ill 50 N 13 E
Karlshamn 53 56 N 15 E
Karlskrona 54 56 N 16 E
Karlsruhe 118 49 N 8E
Karlstad 108 59 N 14 E
Karree 133 31 S 22 E
Karroo, Gt ... 133 33 S 22 E
Kars 3 41 N 43 E
Kartalinia 108 42 N 44 E
Karub, R 133 22 S 15 E
Karun, R 124 31 N 49 E
Karwar 122 15 N 74 E
Kaschau 21 49 N 21 E
Kashgar 138 39 N 76 E
Kashgar, R. ... 124 40 N 78 E
Kashgaria 138 40 N 76 E
Kashira 52 55 N 38 E
Kashkar, R. ... 124 35 N 72 E
Kashmir 65 32 N 72 E
Kasimbazar ... 64 24 N 88 E
Kaskaskia 72 38 N 90 W
Kassa Ill 49 N 21 E
Kassai 130 4S 20 E
Kassala
Kassange .
Kassassin ..
Kastamuni .
Katanga
Katcha, R.
Kathiawar ..
Katsena
Katsena, R.
Kattegat
Katunga
Katwijk
Katzbach .
Kaufbeuren
Kavanaghs ..
Kavola
Kawakawa .
Kay
Kayserberg
Kazan
Kazan, R. .,
Kazembe
Kazvin
Keating s
Kedah
Keeling I. .
Kehl
Kei, R.
Keiskama, R.
Kelantan
Kelheim
Kelkil Irmak
Kells
Kelso
Kelso Ab.
Kelung
Kelyoub
Kempen
Kempten
Ken, R.
Kenaliaghe...
Kendal
Kenia, Mt
Kenmare, R.
Kennebec, R.
Kenneh
Kennemer, I.
Kennet, R.
Kenninghall
Kent
Kentish Knock
Kentucky ...
Keny^rmezo
Keoghs
Keppel B. ...
Keppoch
Kerch {see Kertch)
Keria
Keria, R
Kermadec I.
Kerman
Kerman-Shah
Kerry
Kerrykurrihy
Map Lat.
132 16 N
130 9S
132 Ins.
110 41 N
130 11 S
115 Ins.
122 20 17
130 13 N
130
141
130
42
57
12
27
110
129
57
40
61
126
130
124
27
125
139
33
133
133
125
33
115
37
56
23
138
85
39
12
121
27
16
132
37
70
132
6
36
16
16
42
72
21
27
128
56
138
124
139
124
124
37
37
7N
SON
9N
52 N
51 N
48 N
53 N
41 N
35 S
52 N
48 N
56 N
62 N
10 S
36 N
53 N
6N
lis
49 N
33 S
33 S
5N
49 N
40 N
54 N
56 N
56 N
25 N
30 N
51 N
48 N
55 N
53 N
54 N
0
52 N
44 N
26 N
52 N
51 N
52 N
52 N
30ia-
46 N
53 N
23 S
57 N
37 N
35 17
40 8
30 N
34 N
52 N
52 N
Long.
36 E
17 E
34 E
27 B
70E
7E
10 E
lO E
5E
4E
16 E
HE
7W
24 E
174 E
16 E
7 E
49 E
100 W
25 E
50 E
7 W
101 E
97 E
8E
28 E
27 E
102 B
12 E
36 E
7 W
2W
2 W
122 B
31 E
6E
10 E
4W
8E
3 W
37 E
low
70 W
32 E
4E
2 W
IE
2E
9 "W
23 E
8W
151 E
5 W
82 E
80 E
180
57 B
48 B
lo var
8 W
182
Index to Maps,
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Kertch
108
45 N
36 E
Killybegs
37
55 N
8 W
Kertch, Str. of
115
45 N
37 E
Kilmacrenan
37
55 N
8W
Kerulen, E.
138
40N
llOE
Kilmallock
27
52 N
9W
Kessel, R
45
49 N
10 E
Kilmarnock
23
56 N
5W
Kesselsdorf
57
51 N
13 E
Kilnamanagh
27
53 N
8 W
Keswick
121
55 N
3W
Kilrush
37
53 N
7W
Kexholm
61
61 N
30 E
Kilsyth
36
56 N
4W
Key, L
27
54 N
8W
Kilwarline ...
27
54 N
6W
Key West
134
25 N
82 W
Kimanis B.
139
6N
115 E
Kezanlik
105
43 N
25 E
Kimberley (Afr. S.)
133
29 S
25 E
Khabes, G. of {see
Kimberley (Austral.)
128
20 8
120S
Gabes)
Kimbolton ...
16
52 N
0
Khama's Country...
133
30B
20E
Kimbolton Ab.
16
52 N
0
Kbatanga, B.
136
70 N
103 E
Kinbuck
56
56 N
4 W
Kherson
108
47 N
33 E
Kinburn
61
47 N
32 E
Kherson B. ...
115
47 N
32 E
Kincardine
23
57 N
2W
Khersonese, C.
115
44 N
33 E
Kinchow
138
39 N
122 E
Khersonese, The ...
115 Ins.
Kinchow B.
137
36 N
120 E
Khiva
124
42 N
61 E
Kinelea
27
53 N
9 W
Khoczim [see Choeim)
King George's Sound
Khoja Saleh
136
38 N
66 E
(Am. N.)
101
50 N
125 W
Khojend
124
40 N
70 E
King George's Sound
Khokand (Khokan)
124
41 N
71 E
(Austral.)
128
35 S
118 E
Kholm {see Chelm)
King Island
128
40 S
144 E
Khong
125
14 N
106 E
King William Canal
107
54 N
9E
Khorasan
124
King WilHam's Land
139
20 8
140E
Khor Hable
132
12 N
30 E
King William's Town
133
33 S
27 E
Khotan
124
37 N
80 E
King's Channel
87
56 N
12 E
Khotan, R.
124
36 N
80E
King's County
37
53 N
8 W
Khozat
110
39 N
39 E
King's Lynn
16
53 N
0
Khozdar
124
28 N
66 E
King's Mt
70
35 N
82 W
Khozhend
136
40IV
70E
Kingston (Canada)
70
44 N
77 W
Khulm
124
37 N
68 E
Kingston (England)
16
51 N
0
Kiachta
138
51 N
106 E
Kingston (Jamaica)
69
18 N
76 W
Kianghung
138
22 N
101 E
Kingston-on-Hull ...
114
54 N
0
Kiangsi
138
20 N
110 E
Kingstown (N. Z.)
129
45 S
169 E
Kiangsu
138
34 N
120 E
Kingstown (St Vinc't)
69
13 N
61 W
Kiao-chow ...
138
36 N
120 E
Kingswood Ab.
16
52 N
2 W
Kibet
130
12 N
20 E
Kinross
23
56 N
4W
Kidderminster
121
52 N
2W
Kinsale
37
52 N
9 W
Kidnapper's Pt
129
40 S
177 E
Einsellaghs
27
53 N
6W
Kieff
61
50 N
30 E
Kin tyre
23
56 N
6W
Kiel
12
54 N
10 E
Kinzig, R
39
48 N
8 E
Kielce
108
51 N
21 E
Kioge
116
55 N
12 E
Kilbeggan
47
53 N
7W
Kioto
137
35 N
136 E
Kilcock
27
53 N
7W
Kippendavie
56
56 N
4 W
Kilcullen
27
53 N
7W
Kirbekan
132
19 N
32 E
Kildare
37
53 N
7W
Kirchheim
28
49 N
9E
Kildare, Earls of ...
27
53 N
7W
Kirghiz Cossacks ...
136
40xr
50E
Kildrummy
56
57 N
3 W
Kirghiz Steppe
138
40N
60E
Kilemba
130
8S
26 E
Kirin
138
44 N
127 E
Kilia
3
45 N
29 E
Kirkby Lonsdale ...
36
54 N
3W
Kiha Channel
105
45 N
30 E
Kirkcaldy
121
56 N
3W
Kilia, Mth of Danube
108
45 N
30 E
Kirkcudbright
23
55 N
4 W
Kiliman, R.
2
30 8
30S
Kirkham Ab.
16
54 N
IW
Kilimanjaro, Mt ...
130
3S
37 E
Kirkholm
32
57 N
24 E
Kilindini
140
4S
40 E
Kirki
122
18 N
74 E
Kilkenny
37
53 N
7W
Kirkstall Ab.
16
54 N
2 W
Killala
47
54 N
9 W
Kirkstead Ab.
16
53 N
0
Killala Bay
37
54 N
lO w
Kirkwall
23
59 N
3 W
Killaloe
38
53 N
8 W
Kiruna
108
68 N
20 E
Killibeagh
47
54 N
6W
Kishineff
108
47 N
29 E
Killiecrankie
23
57 N
4W
Kisil-Arvat
136
39 N
56 E
Killultach
27
55 N
6 W
Kisogawa, R,
137
32 n
136 E
Index to Maps,
183
Map
Lat.
Long.
Kissingen
117
50 N
10 E
Kistna, R. ...
64
i6ir
72 B
Kitzingen
13
50 N
10 E
Kiukiang
138
30 N
116 E
Kiu-shiu I
137
32 N
131 E
Kiutayeh
110
39 N
30 E
Kizil Irmak
115
41 N
36 E
Kizil-kum ...
124
40N
60E
Kizil Uzen
124
37 N
48 E
Kizliar
108
44 N
47 E
Kjoge
53
55 N
12 E
Klagenfurt
83
47 N
14 E
Klausenburg
21
47 N
24 B
Kleck
104
43 N
18 E
Klein Schnellendorf
57
50 N
18 E
Klerksdorp ...
133
27 S
27 E
Klettgau
13
48 N
9E
Klimowicze
108
54 N
32 E
Klissow
54
51 N
20 E
Kliuc
3
45 N
17 E
Klondike, R.
139
eoN
140W
Kloster
30
47 N
10 E
Klostergrab
12
51 N
14 E
Klosterneuburg
93 Ins.
Klosterzeven
57
53 N
9E
Knajazevats
119
44 N
22 E
Knared
53
57 N
13 E
Knaresborough
36
54 N
2 W
Knight of Kerry ...
27
52 N
low
Knight of the Valley
27
53 N
9W
Knockfergus
27
55 N
6 W
Knocktopher
47
62 N
7W
Knoque
51
51 N
3E
Knoxville
74
36 N
84 W
Kobdo
138
48 N
91 E
Kob6 (Africa)
130
14 N
25 E
Kob6 (Japan)
137
35 N
135 E
Kodiak I
139
40Z9r
160W
Kodok
132
ION
32 E
Koepang
140
20 S
120 E
Koevorden {see Co-
everden)
Kohat
124
34 N
71 E
Koh-i-Baba
124
35 N
67 E
Kokang
138
23 N
98 E
Kokenhausen
32
57 N
25 E
Kok-kut I
125
12 N
102 E
Koko Nor
138
37 N
100 E
Kokura
137
34 N
131 E
Kola
108
eoN
30E
Kolaba
122
19 N
73 E
Kolberg
33
54 N
16 E
Kolberg Heath
53
55 N
10 E
Kolding
116
55 N
9E
Kolditz
14
51 N
13 E
Kolen Mts
53
65 IT
i5x:
Kolhapur
122
17 N
74 E
Kolima, R.
139
60N
140E
Kolin
57
50 N
15 E
Kolln
12
52 N
13 E
Kolozsvar
21
47 N
24 E
Komane, R.
133
19 S
24 E
Komati Poort
133
25 S
32 E
Komati, R
133
25 S
33 E
Map
Lat.
Long.
Komorn
21
48 N
18 E
Konakry
130
ION
14 W
Kong
130
9N
5 W
Kongeaa (Konge
Aa), R.
107
55 N
9E
Kongsvinger
108
60 N
12 E
Konieh
3
38 N
32 E
Koniggratz ...
57
50 N
16 E
Koniginhof
111
50 N
16 B
Konigsberg (Bohem.)
62
50 N
13 E
Konigsberg (Coburg)
14
50 N
HE
Konigsberg (Prussia)
62
55 N
20 E
Konigsfelden
15
47 N
8E
Konigshofen
33
50 N
10 E
Konigstein ...
107
51 N
14 B
Konin
20
52 N
18 E
Konkip, R
133
27 S
17 E
Kootenay
126
49 N
115 W
Kopenick ...
55
52 N
14 E
Kopet Dagh
136
30N
50E
Kora
64
26 N
80 E
Korat
125
15 N
102 E
Kordofan
132
losr
30E
Korea
137
Korea, G. of
137
39 N
124 E
Korea Str
137
Koregaon ...
122
18 N
74 E
Kormond ...
92
47 N
17 E
Koron
48
37 N
22 B
Koros
21
46 N
16 B
Koros, R
111
47 N
21 B
Korosko
132
23 N
32 B
Korsor
116
55 N
11 B
Korti
132
18 N
32 B
Kory tnia
96
55 N
32 B
Kosciusko Mt
128
37 S
147 E
Kosel
57
50 N
18 E
Kosi, R. (Africa, S.)
133
27 S
33 B
Kosi, R. (India) ...
123
26 N
87 B
KoslofE
61
45 N
33 B
Koso Gol
138
50I7
lOOE
Kosovo
3
44 N
16 B
Kossier
132
26 N
34 B
Kossovo
119
40ir
20E
Kostroma
108
58 N
41 B
Koszeg
21
47 N
16 E
Kota
122
25 N
76 B
Kothen
12
52 N
12 E
Kotschenbroda
33
51 N
14 E
Kottbus {see Cottbus)
Kotzebue Sd
126
60N
170W
Kouba
108
41 N
48 E
Koura, R
52
41 N
46 E
Kouta, R. ...
132
7N
22 E
Koutais
61
42 N
43 E
Kovno
108
55 N
24 B
Koweit
130
30 N
48 B
Kowloon
138
22 N
114 B
Kozminek
20
52 N
18 B
Krasnaia Pakhra ...
96
55 N
37 B
Krasnoi
96
55 N
31 E
Krasnovodsk
136
40 N
53 B
Krassnojarsk
138
56 N
92 B
Kratt
125
12 N
102 B
184
Index to Maps,
Map Lat. Long.
Krems Ill 48 N 16 E
Kremsier Ill 49 N 17 E
Kreuznach 29 SON 8E
Kristianopel ... 53 56 N 16 E
Kristianshavn ... 53 56 N 13 E
Kristianstad ... 53 56 N 14 E
Kroja 3 41 N 20 E
Kronach 92 50 N HE
Kronborg 53 56 N 13 E
Kronslot 54 60 N 30 E
Kronstadt (Eussia) 61 60 N 30 E
Kronstadt (Transyl.) Ill 46 N 26 E
Kroonstad 133 28 S 27 E
Krossen 12 52 N 15 E
Kroumirs 131 36 N 8E
Krugersdorp ... 133 26 S 28 E
Krummau 29 49 N 14 E
Krusovac 3 43 N 21 E
Krzenowitz ... 92 Ins.
Ksar-el-Kebir ... 131 35 N 6W
Kuala Lumpur ... 125 2N 102 E
Kuban 61 40 KT SOB
Kuban, K 61 45 N 40 E
Kucbing (Sarawak) 139 IN 111 E
Kuen-lun Mts ... 99
Kufara 130 25 N 22 H
Kuito, R 133 17 S 19 E
Kukawa 130 13 N 14 E
Kulali 115 41 N 29 E
Kulangsu 138 25 N 118 E
Kuldja 138 44 N 82 E
Kulm 97 51 N 14 E
Kulmbach 12 SON HE
Kulpa 21 45 N 16 E
Kum, R 124 34 N 51 E
Kuma, R 61 45 N 46 E
Kumo, R 17 60EI 20X:
Kunashiri 137 44 N 146 E
Kunduz 124 37 N 69 E
Kunduz, R. ... 124 35 Sff 65 E
Kunersdorf 57 52 N 15 E
Kunghyng 138 43 N 130 E
Kungrat 124 43 N 59 E
Kungura 52 57 N 57 H
Kunsan 137 36 N 127 E
Kuopio 108 65 N 28 E
Kur, R 115 42 N 43 E
Kur, R 124 40 N 48 E
Kura, R. 108 40 N 48 E
Kuram Pass ... 124 34 N 70 E
Kurdistan 3 35I»" 4013
Kurdla 99 19 N 75 E
Kuria Muria Is. ... 140 18 N 60 E
Kurile Is 137 Ins.
Kurisches Haff ... 32 55 N 21 E
Kurla 138 42 N 86 E
Kurmark 12 SOW 12 E
Kurnool 64 16 N 78 E
Kursk 108 52 N 36 E
Kuruman 130 28 S 24 E
Kuruman, R. ... 133 27 S 22 E
Kushk 136 35 N 63 E
Kussnacht 112 47 N 8E
Kiistrin {see Ciistrin)
Map Lat. Long.
Kutais 110 42 N 43 E
Kutch 99 23 N 70 E
Kutch, G. of ... 99 23 N 69 E
Kutchuk-Kaiuardji 61 44 N 28 E
Kuttack 99 20 N 86 E
Kuttenberg 12 SON IS E
Kutzdorf 57 S3 N IS E
Kwando, R. ... 133 17 S 23 B
Kwang Chow Wan 138 21 N 110 E
Kwangsi 138 20W lOOE
Kwangtung 138 24 KT llOE
Kwantung Pen. ... 137 36W 120E
Kwanza, R. ... 65 9 S 14 E
Kweichau 138 20If lOOE
Kwei-hwa 136 41 N HIE
Kweihwacheng ... 138 41 N 112 E
Kweiling 138 25 N HOE
Kweiyang 138 27 N 107 E
Kyaikshalo 125 16 N 96 E
Kyendwin, R. ... 122 20N 0OE
Kykdiun 42 53 N SE
Kyle 23 55 N 4W
Kymmene, R. ... 61 61 N 27 E
Kyritz 33 53 N 12 E
Kysyl Kum ... 138 40 N 60 E
Laaland 1 17 55 N HE
Laar 107 53 N 7E
La Bassee 39 SI N 3E
Labiau 58 55 N 21 E
Labrador 126 SON 70W
Labuan 139 O lOOE
La Capelle 39 50 N 4E
La Cava 4 41 N IS E
Laccadive Is. ... 122 lOKT 70E
La Charite 19 47 N 3E
La Chataigneraie ... 82 47 N IW
La Chaussade ... 79 46 N 2E
Lachlan, R. ... 128 33 S 147 E
La Colle Mill ... 70 45 N 74 W
La Corona 83 46 N HE
La Creuse 118 47 N IE
Lacys 27 54 N 7W
Ladakh 138 SON 70E
Ladenburg 45 49 N 9E
Lado 132 SN 32 E
Lado Enclave ... 132 O 30E
Ladoga 61 60 N 32 E
Ladoga, L. ... 61 60N 30E
Ladorra, R. ... 95 43 N 3 W
Ladrone (or Marianne)
Is 139 O 140B
Lady smith 133 28 S 30 E
La Favorita ... 83 45 N HE
La Fere 118 SON 3E
Lafere Champenoise 97 49 N 4 E
La Ferte 97 49 N 3E
Lafert^ Gaucher ... 97 49 N 3E
Lagan, The ... 37 5411 8W
La Garnache ... 19 47 N 2W
Laghouat 131 34 N 3E
Lagny 19 49 N 3E
Lagos (Africa) ... 130 7N 4E
Lagos (Portugal) ... 24 37 N 8W
Index to Maps,
185
Lagos B. (Portugal)
La Granja (Guayra)
La Guaira ...
Laguna de Terrninos
La Haye ...
La H^ve ...
Lahn
Lahn, E. ...
Lahnstein ...
Lahore
Laibach
Laing's Nek
La Jaunaie
Lake Providence ...
Lalsot
La Mancha
Lambach ...
Lamballe ...
Lambay I. ...
Lambessa ...
Lambeth
Lambourne
Lamia
Lammermuir Hills
Lamone, B.
Lamont
La Mothe-en-Argonne
Lampedusa
Lampione L
Map
95
95
106
66
Lat.
37 N
41 N
ION
19 N
98 Ins.
Lanark
Lancagua ...
Lancaster ...
Lancaster Sd
Lanchaufu ...
Landau
Landeck
Landen
Landes, The
Landguard Fort ...
Landrecies ...
Landres
Laudriano ...
Landsberg ...
Landsburg ...
Land's End
Landshut (Bavaria)
Landshut (Silesia)
Landskrona
Landstubl ...
Lanesborough
Langeland ...
Langensalza
Langholm ...
Langport ...
Laugres
Langres, Plateau of
Langside
Lang-son ...
Languedoc ...
Lan Ho
Lantore
Laoka
Laon
La Palice
67
94
118
97
64
12
133
82
74
99
95
13
19
27
131
114
36
120
121
4
23
39
87
131
23
106
16
126
138
12
30
81
103
42
11
81
4 Ins
33
12
121
12
57
53
12
47
17
117
56
36
103
118
23
138
8
137 41 N
43 Ins.
125 23 N
8 50 N
103 46 N
44 N
51 N
50 N
50 N
32 N
46 N
27 S
47 N
33 N
27 N
36 IT
48 N
48 N
53 N
35 N
51 N
52 N
39 N
56 N
4417
56 N
48 N
36 N
36 N
56 N
16 S
54 N
74 N
36 N
49 N
47 N
51 N
4413'
52 N
SON
49 N
45 N
53 N
48 N
50 N
49 N
51 N
56 N
49 N
54 N
55?7
51 N
55 N
51 N
48 N
48 N
56 N
22 N
Long.
8W
4 W
67 W
92 W
64 W
9E
8E
8E
74 B
15 E
30 E
2 W
92 W
76 E
14 E
3 W
6 W
6E
0
2 W
22 E
3 W
12E
5 W
6E
12 E
12 E
4 W
72 W
3 W
SOW
104 E
8E
10 E
5E
4 W
IE
4E
6E
9E
15 E
HE
6 W
12 E
16 E
13 E
8E
8 W
lOE
11 E
3W
3 W
5E
5E
4 W
107 E
123 E
104 E
4E
1 W
Map Lat. Long.
La Pampa 135 408 lOVT
La Pax 106 16 S 68 W
La Paz 134 14 N 88 W
La Perouse Str. ... 137 44 N 140 E
Lapland ... ... 52
La Plata 106 34 S 58 W
Lappmark ... ... 17
La Pr6e 19 46 N 1 W
Larache 7 Ins.
Lario 94 4430" 8E
Larissa 105 40 N 22 E
Larnaka 110 35 N 34 E
La Eoche 103 47 N 1 W
La Eochefoucauld 79 46 N 0
La Eochelabeille ... 19 45 N IE
La Eochelle ... 8 46 N IW
La Eoche s. Yon ... 82 47 N 1 W
La Eothi^re ... 97 48 N 5E
Las Cruces ... 106 32 N 108 W
La Seo de Urgel ... 95 42 N IE
Las Guasimas ... 75 20 N 5W
Lasne, E. ... ... 98 Ins.
Las Palmas ... 24 28 N 16 W
Laswari 99 28 M 77 E
Latham House ... 36 64 51 3"W
La Tour, B. of ... 8 44 N 0
Lauban 57 51 N 15 E
Lauderdale ... 23 56 N 3W
Lauenburg 29 53 N HE
Laueuburg, D. of... 116 52 N lOE
Lauenburg (Prus.W.) 59 54 N 18 E
Laufach 117 SON 9E
Laufenburg ... 39 48 N 8E
Lauffen 12 49 N 9E
Laun 33 50 N 14 E
Launceston (Eng.) 16 51 N 4 W
Launceston (Tas.) 128 41 S 147 E
Lausanne 15 47 N 7E
Lausitzer Gebirge... 117 Ins.
Lauter, E 45 49 N 8E
Lauterburg ... 12 49 N 8E
Laval 103 48 N IW
Lavardac 103 44 N 0
La Villette ... 9 Ins.
Lavoro 26 42 N 14 E
Laybach 83 46 N 15 E
Layrac 19 44 N IE
Lazes 110 41 N 41 E
Lea, E 121 52 N 0
League of God's House 15 46 U 8E
League of the Ten
Jurisdictions ... 15 46 W 8E
League, Upper (Grey) 15 46 N 8E
Leatherhead ... 36 51 N 0
L6au 81 51 N 5E
Lebanon 110 34 N 36 E
Le Bourget ... 118 49 N 3B
Lebus 62 52 N 156 E
Lecale 27 54 N 6W
Le Catelet 11 50 N 3E
Lecce 104 40 N 18 E
Lech, E 33 48 N HE
Leek, E 81 52 N 5E
Lectoure 8 44 N IE
186
Index to Maps.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Lee, E
37
52 N
9W
Lerma
7
42 N
4W
Leeds
16
54 N
2W
Lesbos
3
35ir
25 S
Leehan
. 128
42 S
USE
Lesghian
108
40IV
40S
Leer
39
53 N
7E
Les Herbiers
82
47 N
IW
Leeuwarden
22
53 N
6E
Les Islettes
81
49 N
5E
Leeuwin, C.
. 128
34 S
115 E
Les Sables d'Olonne
82
45 N
2 W
Leeward Is.
69
ION
70W
Les Sablons
79
46 N
6E
Leffingen ...
. 22
51 N
3E
Lessines
45
51 N
4E
Lefroy, L
. 128
31 S
122 E
Lethbridge
126
SON
112 W
Leganes
7
40 N
4W
Lethington
23
56 N
3 W
Leg6
. 82
47 N
2W
Letterkenny
37
55 N
8 W
Leghorn
. 26
44 N
10 E
Lettermullan I. ...
38
53 N
low
Legino, Mt
. 83
44 N
8E
Leucate
44
43 N
3 E
Legnago
. 104
45 N
HE
Leuchtenberg
107
50 N
12 E
Legnano
. 88
45 N
HE
Leukas
105
39 N
21 E
Lehnin
. 55
52 N
13 E
Leuthen
57
51 N
17 E
Leicester ...
. 16
53 N
IW
Leutkirch ...
12
48 N
10 E
Leichhardt, R,
. 128
20 S
140 E
Leven
23
56 N
3 W
Leignitz
.. 55
SON
16Z3
Leven, L. ...
23
56 N
3 W
Leihghlin ...
. 27
53 N
7W
Leven, R
23
56 N
3 W
Leine, R
. 29
52 N
10 E
Levis
126
46 N
71 W
Leiningen ...
.. 107
50 N
8E
Lewes
16
51 N
0
Leinster
. 27
Lewes Ab
16
51 N
0
Leipheim ...
13
48 N
10 E
Lewis
23
58 N
7 W
Leipzig
12
51 N
12 E
Lexington
74
39 N
94 W
Leiria
. 95
40 N
9W
Lexington
70
42 N
72 W
Leith
. 23
56 N
3 W
Leyden
22
52 N
4E
Leitha, R
.. 12
4617
16&
Leyny
27
54 N
9 W
Leitmeritz ...
. 33
51 N
14 E
Leyt
139
O
120E
Leitrim
. 37
Lhasa
138
30 N
91 E
Leitzkau
. 12
52 N
12 E
Lia-chau B.
137
36 N
116E
Leix
. 27
53 N
7 W
Liakhov Is.
140
75 N
150 E
Leixlip
. 27
53 N
7 W
Liane, R. ...
87 Ins.
Le Maire, Str. of.
. 106
59 S
65 W
Liao Ho
138
40N
120S
Leman
94
44 IT
4S
Liaotung
137
36 M
120B
Leman, L.
. 25
46 N
6E
Liao Tung, G. of ...
137
36 If
120B
Leman agh ...
. 38
53 N
9W
Liaoyang
137
41 at
123 E
Le Mans ...
8
48 N
0
Liard, R
139
60 N
156 W
Lemberg
. 58
50 N
24 E
Libau
58
56 N
21 E
Lemling, C.
. 125
12 N
102 E
Liberia
130
6N
11 W
Lemnos
3
40 N
25 E
Libyan Desert
132
Lena, R
. 138
60 N
HOE
Lichfield
16
53 N
2 W
Lenczica
. 58
52 N
19 E
Lichtenberg (German
y)i2
49 N
7E
Lenkoran ...
. 108
39 N
49 E
Lichtenburg (Afr. S.)
133
26 S
26 E
Lennox
.. 23
56Mr
5W
Lidisdale
23
55 N
3 W
Lens
.. 39
50 N
3E
Lido
83
45 N
14 E
Lenton
16
53 N
1 W
Liebertwolkwitz . . .
97 Ins.
Lenton Ab.
.. 16
53 N
IW
Liechtenstein
62
47 N
9E
Lenzen
. 54
53 N
HE
Lief kenshoeck
62
51 N
4E
L^ogane
69
19 N
73 W
Li^ge
12
51 N
6E
Leohen
. 83
47 N
15 E
Liegnitz
12
51 N
16 E
Leominster
.. 121
52 N
3W
Lienz
62
47 N
13 E
Leon (Mex.)
.. 134
25 N
100 W
Lierre
22
51 N
oE
Leon (Spain)
7
43 N
6W
Liestal
112
47 N
8E
Leondari
3
37 N
22 E
Liffey, R
37
52 N
8 ixr
Leopold II, L.
.. 130
2S
18 E
Lifford
37
55 N
7 W
Leopoldstadt
. 48
48 N
18 E
Ligny (France)
97
49 N
5E
Leopoldville
. 130
5S
15 E
Ligny (France)
98
50 N
5E
Lepanto
3
38 N
22 E
Liguria
104
44 17
8E
Le Pouzin ...
19
45 N
5E
Ligurian Republic
86
44 nr
8E
Lepsinsky ...
.. 136
46 N
80 E
Lille
79
51 N
3E
Le Puy
8
45 N
4E
Lillo
87 Ins.
Lerida
7
42 N
IE
Lima
106
12 S
77 W
L6rins, Is. de
. 44
43 N
7E
Lima, R. ...
95
42 N
8 W
Index to Maps,
187
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Limburg (Germany) 59
49 N
10 E
Loa, R
. 106
22 S
70 W
Limburg (Neth.) .
22
51 N
6E
Loan
. 83
44 N
8E
Limerick
.. 37
Loanda
. 130
4S
15 E
Limerick ...
.. 37
53 N
9W
Loango
. 65
5S
12 E
Limeuil
.. 19
45 N
IE
Lobau I
93 Ins.
Limmat, B.
.. 112
47 N
SE
Lob Nor
. 138
SON
90E
Limoges
8
46 N
IE
Lobositz
57
SON
14 E
Limours
.. 79
49 N
2E
Locarno
4
46 N
9 E
Limousin . . .
8
44 N
o
Lochaber ...
. 23
56 N
6 vr
Limpopo ...
.. 133
30 8
30E
Leches
8
47 N
IE
Linck
.. 39
51 N
2E
Lochmaben
. 23
55 N
3W
Lincoln
.. 16
53 N
1 W
Lochoe
. 43
4S
128 E
Lincoln Heath
.. 121
53 N
0
Lochy, L
. 23
57 N
5W
Lincoln Wolds
.. 121
53 N
0
Locle, Le ...
. 112
47 N
7E
Lindau
.. 12
48 N
10 E
Locse
21
49 N
21 E
Lindenau ... ' .
.. 97 Ins.
Lodi
4
45 N
9E
Lindholm . . .
17
55 N
9E
Lodomeria
. 60
49 N
24 B
Lindi, R. ...
.. 132
IN
27 E
Lodz
. 108
52 N
19 E
Lindsays
.. 23
57 N
3W
Loengi, R. ...
. 133
17 S
21 B
Lingen
.. 22
53 N
7E
Loevestein ...
. 22
52 N
5E
Linkoping ...
.. 17
58 N
16 E
Lofo
. 64
60 N
20 E
Linlithgow ...
.. 23
56 N
4W
Logroiio
7
42 N
2W
Linnhe, L.
.. 23
56 N
6W
Lohe, R.
57
51 N
17 E
Linth, R. ...
.. 88
47 N
9E
Loigny
. 118
48 N
2E
Lintin I. ...
.. 138
22 N
114 E
Loing, R
. 118
48 N
3E
Linyanti
.. 130
19 S
25 E
Loir, R
. 118
48 N
IE
Linz
.. 12
48 N
14 E
Loir et Cher
. 103
44 N-
O
Lipotvar
.. 48
48 N
18 E
Loire
. 103
44 NT
o
Lippa
3
46 N
22 E
Loire, R
8
44 N
4 W
Lippe
.. 12
50ir
8E
Loire Inf. ...
. 103
44 N
4 W
Lippe, R
.. 107
52 N
7E
Loiret
94
48 N
2E
Lippstadt . . .
.. 12
52 N
8E
Loja (Am. S.)
. 106
4S
79 W
Lipski
.. 62
53 N
40 E
Loja (Spain)
7
37 N
4W
Lipto
21
49 N
20 E
Lombardo-Venetia
102
4onr
lOE
Liris, R.
4
40zr
12 E
Lombardy ...
.. 104
44 nr
8E
Lisaine, R.
.. 118
48 N
7E
Lomblem ...
.. 139
20 8
120E
Lisbon
7
39 N
9W
Lombok
. 139
20 8
lOO E
Lisburn
37
55 N
6W
Lome
.. 130
6N
2E
Lisieux
.. 79
49 N
OE
Lomza
92
53 N
22 E
Liskeard
.. 113
50 N
4W
Lonato
83
45 N
10 E
L'Isle, R. ...
.. 103
44 nr
o
London (England).
.. 16
52 N
0
Lismoir
23
56 N
6W
London (Ontario) .
.. 126
43 N
81 W
Lismore
47
52 N
8W
Londonderry
. 37
55 N
7 W
Lissa
.. 104
40N'
16 E
Londonderry, C. .
.. 128
14 S
127 E
Lithuania . . .
.. 55
54 tt
20E
Longford ...
37
54 N
8 W
Littawa
92 Ins.
Long I
70
41 N
73 W
Little Ardes
.. 27
55 N
6W
Longjumeau
19
49 N
2E
Little Poland
.. 68
48 17
20E
Long Marston
.. 36
54 N
IW
Little Russia
.. 58
48 N
28 E
Longpr^
19
SON
2B
Livadia
.. 108
44 N
34 E
Longueville
8
50 N
IE
Liverdun ...
... 33
49 N
6E
Longwy
79
SON
6E
Liverpool . . .
16
53 N
3W
Lons-le-Saunier
. 103
47 N
6B
Liverpool Plains
.. 128
31 S
150 E
Loo, The ...
81
52 N
6E
Livigno
.. 30
47 N
10 E
Loochoo Is.
.. 138
20N
120E
Livonia
... 58
56 N
24 E
Looe, E
.. 113
SON
4W
Livorno (Italy)
4
44 N
10 E
Looe, W
.. 113
SON
4W
Livorno (Italy)
... 104
45 N
8E
Lookout Mt
74
35 N
85 W
Livron
19
45 N
5E
Loop Head
.. 27
S3N
low
Lixheim
... 45
49 N
7E
Lopatka, C.
. 139
SON
157 E
Lizard Head
... 16
SON
5W
Lopez, C
. 130
IS
9B
Llandaff
16
51 N
3 W
Lora Hamun, L. .
.. 124
29 N
65 B
Lli, R.
... 138
45 N
76 E
Lorenzo Marquez .
.. 130
26 S
32 E
Llobregat . . .
... 95
41 N
2E
Loreto (Italy)
26
43 N
14 E
Llobregat, R.
7
40N
O
Loreto (Mex.)
.. 134
26 N
112 W
188
Index to Maps,
L'Orient
Loriol
Lome
Lorraine
Lorris
Los Aucles ...
Los Angeles
Los Castillejos
Losch
Los Gelves
Loshnitza .
Los, Is. de...
Losnig
Lostwithiel
Lot
Lot, R
Lota
Lot et Garonne ...
Loudon
Loughbrickland
Loughrea ...
Louisbourg
Louisiade Arch. ...
Louisiana ...
Louisiana, State of
Louisville ...
Louie
Lourdes
Louren^o Marques
Louren?©, R.
Loures
Lourmarin ...
Louth
Louthian ...
Louvain
Lovejoys Sta.
Lovicz {see Lowicz)
Low Archipelago
(Tuamotu)
Lower Rhine Prov,
Lowestoft ...
Lowicz
Low Islands
Loyalty I. ...
Lozere
Lualaba, R. (Congo)
Luan Ho ...
Liibeck
Lubina
Lublin
Lucca
Lucca Republic
Lucerne
Lucerne, L.
Luckau
Lucknow
LuQon
Ludgershall
Ludiana
Ludlow
Lugano, L.
Lugnano
Lugnetz
Lugno
Map
79
94
23
12
79
135
72
131
Lat.
48 N
45 N
56 N
46 9r
48 N
30S
34 N
36 N
92 Ins.
7 Ins.
96 54 N
65 ION
97 Ins.
36 SON
103 44 31
8 44 W
37 S
44 "M
47 N
140
103
8
47
37
67
128
72
72
72
95
103
133
135
95
19
27
23
22
74
139
107
121
20
140
139
103
132
138
12
96
58
4
84
90
104
97
64
79
113
123
16
90
4
30
95
54 N
53 N
46 N
lis
30 M
38 N
37 N
43 N
26 S
20 S
39 N
44 N
54 N
56 N
51 N
33 N
20 S
48 If
53 N
52 N
20 S
40 S
44 sur
IN
40 N
54 N
55 N
51 N
44 N
44 N
47 N
47 N
52 N
27 N
46 N
51 N
31 N
52 N
46 N
46 N
46 XO*
43 N
Long.
3 W
5 B
6W
4 E
3E
118 W
5 W
29 E
13 W
5 W
O
o
73 W
O
0
6W
9 W
60 W
151 E
lOO VT
86 W
8 W
0
33 E
60 W
9W
5B
7 W
3W
5E
84 W
140 W
4 S
IE
20 E
150 W
160 B
O
24 E
118 E
11 E
32 E
23 E
10 E
10 E
8E
9E
14 E
81 E
1 W
2 W
76 E
3 W
9E
9E
9 E
8W
Lugos
Lukou
Lulea
Lumbres
Luna
Lund
Lundi Kotal
Lundy's Lane
Lune, R.
Liineburg ...
Lunel
Lun^ville ...
Lungchow ...
Luni, R.
Lunigrana ...
Luppe, R. ...
Luristan
Lusatia, Up. & Low.
Luserna
Lusignan ...
Luton Hoo
Lutter
Lutternberg
Lutyahau, R.
Lutzelsteing
Llitzen
Ltitzow
Luxemburg
Luxemburg, D. of
Luynes
Luzern [see Lucerne)
Luzon
Luzzara
Lwan Ho ...
Lychen
Lydenburg...
Lyell, Mt
Lyesna
Lyk
Lyme
Lyme Regis
Lymington ...
Lynchburg ...
Lynn Canal
Lynnhaven
Lynn Regis
Lyonnais
Lyons
Lyon.s, G. of
Lyons, R. ...
Lys
Lys, R
Lyttelton
Maas
Maas
Manslandsluis
Maastricht ...
Macallister ...
Macao
Macassar ...
Macaveely ...
Maccann
Maccartan ...
Map
111
138
108
22
7
17
Lat.
46 N
41 N
66 N
51 N
42 N
56 N
124 Ins.
70 43 N
121
12
19
79
138
122
26
54 N
53 N
44 N
49 N
23 N
44 N
97 Ins.
124 33 N
12
25
103
121
29
57
133
118
33
97
33
12
79
139
49
137
55
133
128
54
97
36
113
113
74
126
70
113
79
8
94
128
94
79
140
109
22
6
23
138
139
27
27
27
50 M
45 N
46 N
52 N
52 N
51 N
22 S
49 N
51 N
54 N
50 N
SON
47 N
o
45 N
40IT
53 N
25 S
42 S
53 N
54 N
51 N
51 N
51 N
37 N
58 N
37 N
53 N
46 N
46 N
43 N
24 S
48 nr
50 N
43 S
48 N
52 N
52 N
51 N
56 N
22 N
5S
54 N
54 N
54 N
Long.
22 E
USE
22 E
2E
IW
13 E
79 W
3W
10 E
4E
7E
107 E
70z:
10 E
48 E
12 E
7E
0
0
10 E
10 E
23 E
7E
12 E
HE
6E
6E
IE
120E
11 E
116 E
13 E
31 E
46 E
32 E
23 E
3 W
3 W
2W
79 W
135 W
76 W
0
4E
5E
3B
116 E
O
3E
173 E
6E
5E
4E
6E
6W
114 E
120 E
9W
6 W
6 W
Index to Maps,
189
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
MacCarthy
27
52 N
9W
Macquillin
27
55 N
7 W
Maccarthy Mor
27
52 N
9W
Macsweenybanagh . . .
27
55 N
8W
Maccarthy Reagh
27
52 N
9W
Macsweeny Fanad
27
55 N
8W
Maccawell ...
27
54 N
7 W
Macsweenytuath ...
27
55 N
8W
Macclesfield
121
53 N
2W
Macta
131
36 N
0
MacCostello
27
54 N
9 W
MacTeague
27
52 N
9W
MacDamore
27
53 N
6 W
Mac Thomas
28
52 N
8W
MacDermot
27
54 N
8W
MacVaddock
27
53 N
6W
Macdonald ...
23
57 N
5W
Macwilliameighter
27
53 N
8W
Macdonald of Clan
MacWm Oughter . . .
27
54 N
low
Ranald
23
57 N
7W
Mad, E
118 Ins.
Macdonald of Sleat
23
58 N
7W
Madagascar
130
20 S
47 E
Macdonald of Sleat
23
58 N
6W
Maddalena I.
87
40 N
9E
Macdonell
27
54 N
7 W
Maddalena B.
91
40N
O
Macdonell of Glengarry 23
57 N
5W
Madeira
24
33 N
17 W
Macdonell of Keppoch
23
57 N
5W
Madeira, R.
106
8S
64 W
Macdonell Kanges
128
30 8
ISOE
Madhoganj
123
27 N
80 E
Macdonnells
27
55 N
6W
Madras
64
13 N
80 E
MacDonough
27
54 N
8W
Madras Presidency
122
MacDougalls
23
66 N
5W
Madre de Dios
135
12 S
70 W
Macedonia
105
Madrid
7
40 N
4W
Macerata
94
43 N
13 E
Madrid, New
74
37 N
90 W
Macfarlane, L.
128
32 S
137 E
Madrigal
7
41 N
5W
Machian
43 Ins.
Madura
64
ION
78 E
Machlandviertel . . .
13
48 XV
12 E
Madura I
139
20 S
lOOE
MacHugh
27
53 N
9W
Maestricht
22
51 N
6E
Maciejowice
58
52 N
22 E
Mafeking
133
26 S
26 E
Macintoshes
23
57 N
4W
Mafia
130
8S
40 E
Macintyre, B.
128
29 S
151 E
Magadoxo
65
2N
45 E
Mac Jordan
27
54 N
9W
Magalhaes, Str. of
2
60 8
90 W
Mackay
128
21 S
149 E
Magalies Mts
133
26 S
28 E
Mackays
23
46 N
5 W
Magdala
130
UN
39 E
Mackenzie
126
eoN
isox:
Magdalen I.
70
48 N
62 W
Mackenzie B.
126
70 N
135 W
Magdaleua B.
134
24 N
112 W
Mackenzie, R.
128
24 S
149 E
Magdalena, R.
135
8N
74 W
Mackenzie, R.
139
60N
ISOW
Magdeburg
12
52 N
12 E
Mackenzies
23
58 N
7W
Magee I.
37
55 N
6W
Mackenzies
23
58 N
6W
Magellan Str.
135
60 8
70 W
Mackinaw ...
70
46 N
85 W
Magennis ...
27
54 N
6W
Mackinnons
23
57 N
6W
Magenta
104
45 N
9E
Macleans
23
57 N
7 W
Magersfontein
133
29 S
25 E
Macleans
23
57 N
6W
Maggiore, L.
4
46 N
SB
Macleans ...
23
56 N
6W
Maghery Connacht
27
54 N
9W
Macleods
23
58 N
7W
Maglaj
120
45 N
18 B
Macleods
23
57 N
7 W
Magnisa
120
39 N
27 E
Maclodio
4 Ins
. 45 N
10 E
Maguire
27
54 N
8W
Macloutsi, E.
133
22 S
28 E
Magus Muir
23
56 N
3 W
MacMahon ...
27
54 N
7 W
Mahanadi, R.
99
i6ir
80x:
MacMahon
27
53 N
9 W
Mahanuddy, R.
64
16IT
80z:
MacMorris
27
54 N
9 W
Maharajpur
124
26 N
78 E
Macnab
23
56 N
4 W
Mahe
64
12 N
76 E
MacNamara
27
53 N
9W
Mahe I
140
20 8
aoE
Macneil
23
56 N
6W
Main, R
122
23 N
74 E
Macneil
23
57 N
7 W
Mahia Peninsula ...
129
39 S
178 E
Macoghlan ...
27
53 N
8 W
Mahon
7
40 N
4E
Macon (Am. N.) ...
74
32 N
84 W
Mahr
99
20 N
78 E
Macon (France) ...
19
46 N
5E
Maida
87
39 N
16 E
MacPaddin
27
54 N
low
Maidens, The
27
55 N
6W
Macpherson Range
128
28 S
151 E
Maidstone ...
16
51 N
IE
Macphersons
23
57 N
4W
Maikal Hills
123
2orr
80i:
Macquarie Harb. ...
128
42 S
145 E
Maillezais
19
46 N
1 W
Macquarie Is.
139
54 S
160 E
Main, R
29
50 N
9E
Macquarie, Port ...
128
31 S
153 E
Main, R. , East ...
126
5onr
80W
Macquarie, R.
128
31 S
148 E
Maina
48
36 N
22 E
190
Index to Maps,
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Maine (France)
8
44 IT
4*^
Mandalay ...
. 122
22 N
96 E
Maine (U.S.A.) ...
72
40ir
80W
Mandavi
. 122
22 N
74 E
Maine et Loire
103
44 N
^VH
Mandla
. 99
22 N
80 E
Mainpuri
123
27 N
79 E
Mangalore
. 64
13 N
75 E
Mainz
11
SON
8E
Manhattan I.
. 68
41 N
74 W
Maipu
106
34 S
71 W
Manihiki Is.
. 139
20S
160W
Maitland
128
33 S
152 E
Manila
. 139
15 N
121 E
Mai wand ...
124
32 N
65 E
Manila B
75 Ins.
Maizieres ...
118 Ins.
Manipur
. 125
20N
90E
Majorca
7
38N
2z:
Manitoba
. 126
50 N
100 w
Majuba Hill
138
27 S
30 E
Manitoba, L.
67
51 N
99 W
Makale
130
13 N
40 E
Manjera, R.
. 123
18 N
78 E
Makarieff
108
56 N
45 E
Mannheim ...
. 29
49 N
8E
Makhran
136
40 N
70 E
Manresa
7
42 N
2E
Makilolo
130
20S
20z:
Mans
. 22
50 N
4E
Makrinitsa
119
39 N
23 E
Mansfeld
. 62
52 N
12 E
Makwanpur
99
27 N
85 E
Mansu
65 Ins.
Malabar
43 Ins.
Mansurah
. 132
31 N
31 E
Malabar Coast
64
817
72 E
Mantello
. 30
46 N
10 E
Malacca
125
2N
102 E
Mantes
. 19
49 N
2E
Malacca, Str. of ...
125
4N
100 E
Mantua
4 Ins
. 45 N
HE
Malaga
7
37 N
4W
Manukau Harb. ..
. 129
37 S
175 E
Malakand Pass
124
35 N
72 E
Manwein
. 138
25 N
98 E
MalakhofE
115 Ins.
Manzanillo
. 134
19 N
104 W
Malay Peninsula ...
139
O
lOOE
Marabout
. 87
32 N
29 E
Malay States
125
O
lOOE
Maracaibo, L.
Malda
64
25 N
88 E
(Maracaybo) . .
. 106
9N
72 W
Maiden
70
42 N
83 W
Maracaybo ...
66
ION
72 W
Maiden I
139
20 8
leo'w
Marais
. 82
46nr
2W
Maldive Is.
100
O
eoE
Marajo, I. of
. 106
IS
SOW
Maldon
50
52 N
IE
Maranhao ...
. 106
4S
46 W
Malenco, Val
30
46N
9x:
Maranoa, R.
. 128
26 S
USB
Malghera
104
45 N
12 E
Maranon, R., or
Malia, C
120
36 N
23 E
Amazon
. 106
Malik, W
132
15 N
29 E
Marans
19
46 N
IW
Malin Head
37
55 N
7W
Maratha Confed. ..
64
16 N
72 E
Malindi
130
3S
40 E
Marathon
. 105
38 N
24 B
Malins
22
51 N
4B
Marbella Pt
50
37 N
5W
Malloggia
30
46 N
10 E
Marburg (Hesse) ..
12
51 N
9B
Mallow
37
52 N
9W
Marburg (Styria) ..
111
47 N
16 B
Malmaison
97 Ins.
Marcaria
83
45 N
HE
Malm6dy ...
22
50 N
6E
March, R
21
48 N
16E
Malmesbury (Afr. S.)
133
33 S
19 E
March, East
23
56 N
3 W
Malmesbury (Eng.)
113
52 N
2W
March, Middle
23
55 N
3W
Malmo
17
56 N
13 E
March, West
23
55 N
4W
Malolos
139
15 N
121 E
Marches, The
4
42 nr
12 E
Malo-Yaroslavetz ...
96
55 N
36 E
Marchfeld
111
48 N
16 B
Malplaquet
45
50 N
4E
Marchiennes
45
50 N
3E
Malta
. 26
36 N
14 E
Marciano
4
43 N
12 E
Malters
112
47 N
8E
Marcoussis
79
49 N
2B
Malton
113
54 N
1 W
Mardan
123
34 N
72 B
Malvern Hill
74
37 N
77 W
Mardyk
39
51 N
2B
Malwa
64
24 Z7
72 E
Mareb, R
132
15 N
38 B
Mam ore, E.
135
14 S
65 W
Marella
7
41 N
0
Man, Isle of
16
54 N
6W
Maremma
4
42 N
lOE
Managua, L,
134
12 N
86 W
Marengo
94
45 N
9B
Manar
43 Ins.
Mareotis
132 Ins.
Manasarowar, L. ...
138
31 N
81 E
Margarita Is.
106
UN
64 W
Manassas
74
39 N
77 W
Margate
16
51 N
IB
Mance, R
118 Ins.
Maria
95
41 N
IW
Mancha, La
7
38 N
4W
Marianne Is.
139
O
140E
Manche
103
48 N
4ixr
Maribo
17
55 N
12 B
Manchester
16
53 N
2W
Marico, R
133
25 S
27 B
Manchuria
138
40N
laoE
Marie Galante
69
16 N
61 W
I
Index to Maps,
191
Marienburg (France)
Marienburg (Livonia
Marienburg (Prus.)
Marienhause
Marienwerder
Mariestad ...
Marietta (U.S.A.) .
Marietta (U.S.A.) .
Marignano ...
Marigny
Maringa, R.
Maritime Alps
Maritime Province
Maritsa, R.
Mark
Mark, Old, Middle,
New, Electoral
Market Drayton ...
Market Harborough
Markgrafen...
Markkleeberg
Marklissa ...
Markranstadt
Marlborough (Eng.)
Marlborough (N.Z.)
Marlow
Marly
Marmora, S. of
Marne (and Haute M.)
Marne, R. ...
Maros, R. ...
Marquesas Is.
Marsaglia . . .
Marsal
Marsala
Marseilles . . .
Marshall Is,
Mars la Tour
Marston Moor
Marstrand ...
Martaban . . .
Martaban, G. of
Marienwerder
Martinique . . .
Martinsbruck
Martinsburg
Marvejols ...
Maryborough (Austral
Maryborough (Ire.)
Maryland
Marylebone
Marzarquivir {see
Mers-el-Kebir)
Masampo ...
Mascara
Mascat
Masena
Maseru
Mashonaland
Mask, L. ...
Masovia
Massa (Italy)
Massa (Italy)
Massachusetts
Map
46
53
55
58
58
53
72
74
i Ins.
19
132
83
137
3
12
Lat.
SON
57 N
54 N
57 N
54 N
59 N
40 N
34 N
45 N
49 N
0
44 N
40xr
5017
59
36
36
93
97
57
97
121
129
113
97
108
103
8
3
139
49
33
104
8
139
118
36
54
125
125
59
69
30
74
19
.)128
37
72
114
53 N
52 N
Ins.
Ins.
51 N
Ins.
51 N
42 S
52 N
Ins.
41 N
48 N
48 N
45 N
10 s
44 N
49 N
38 N
43 N
o
49 N
54 N
58 N
16 N
ION
54 N
14 N
47 N
39 N
45 N
26 S
53 N
30I7
52 N
137
131
2
130
133
130
27
55
104
104
68
35 N
35 N
24 N
12 N
29 S
20 S
54 N
50N
44 N
44 N
45 IV
Long.
5E
27 E
19 E
28 E
19 E
14 E
81 W
85 W
9E
1 W
21 E
8E
25 E
4X:
2 W
1 W
15 E
2 W
174 E
1 W
28 E
4E
4E
20E
140 W
8E
7E
12 E
5E
160E
6E
1 W
12 E
98 B
90E
19 E
61 W
10 E
78 W
3E
153 E
7 W
acw
0 w
128 E
0
58 E
16 E
28 E
30 E
9W
20E
10 E
12 E
70 W
Map Lat.
Massachusetts Bay 68 42 N
Massaruni, R. ... 69 8 N
Masserano ... ... 47 44 N
Masso 30 46 N
Massowah 132 16 N
Masulipatam ... 64 16 N
Matabeleland ... 133 20 S
Matagorda B. ... 66 28 N
Matamoros 134 26 N
Matanzas, Bay of 69 23 N
Matapan, C. ... 120 36 N
Matari 124 26 N
Mataura, R. ... 129 46 S
Matifu, G 7 Ins.
Matoppo Hills ... 133 20 S
Matsumae 137 41 N
Matto Grosso ... 106 20 8
MattoGrosso,Plat.of 135 20 8
Matun 125 20 N
Maubeuge 81 50 N
Maulbronn ... 12 49 N
Maulde 81 51 N
Maule, R 106 34 S
Mauleon 19 43 N
Maumee, R. ... 72 41 N
Maundsaur ... 122 24 N
Maurepas, R. ... 67 51 N
Mauritania ... 140 20IT
Mauritius 130 20 S
Mauritsstad ... 106 10 S
Maurrenne ... ... 25 4417
Mautern 92 48 N
Mauthausen ... 57 48 N
Mauvezin ... ... 19 44 N
Maxen 57 51 N
Maya 95 43 N
Maybole Ab. ... 23 55 N
Mayenfeld 30 47 N
Mayenne 79 48 N
Maynooth 27 53 N
Mayo 37 52 S
Mayotta 140 13 S
Mazagan 131 33 N
Mazanderan ... 124 35 N
Mazar-i- Sharif ... 124 37 N
Mazaruni, R. [see
Massaruni, R.)
Mazatlan 139 22 N
Mazzara '26 38 N
Mbomu, R. ... 132 5 N
M*^ Arthur R. ... 128 17 S
McClintock Chan. 126 72 N
McClure Str. ... 126 75 N
McGregors 23 56 N
McLachland ... 23 56 N
McLarens 23 56 N
McNaughtons ... 23 56 N
Meath 37 52 N
Meaux Ab. ... 16 54 N
Mecca 132 21 N
Mechlin 6 51 N
Mecklenburg ... 12 54 N
Mecklenburg-Sohwerin 62 54 N
Mecklenburg-Strelitz 62 54 N
Long.
70 W
60 W
8E
9E
40 E
81 E
30 E
96 W
97 W
83 W
22 E
68 E
169 E
29 E
140 E
60 W
eoixT
95 E
4E
9E
4E
72 W
IW
84 W
75 E
96 W
30*07
58 E
36 W
61:
16 E
15 E
IE
14 E
1 W
5W
10 E
0
7W
low
46 E
8W
50E
67 E
101 W
13 E
25 E
136 E
100 W
120 W
5W
5W
4W
5 W
8 W
0
40 E
4E
12 E
12 E
13 E
192
Index to Maps,
Map Lat. Long.
Medellin (Am. S.) ... 135 6 N 76 W
Medellin (Spain) ... 95 39 N 6W
Medemblijk ... 22 53 N 5E
Medicine Hat ... 126 50 N HOW
Medina 132 25 N 40 E
Medina del Campo 7 41 N 5 W
Medina de Rioseco 7 42 N 5 W
Medina Sidonia ... 7 36 N 6 W
Mediterranean Sea 120
Mediterranee ... 94 44 N HE
Medjerda, W. ... 131 36 N 8 E
Medola 83 45 N 10 E
Medun 119 42 N 19 B
Medway, R. ... 36 51 N 0
Medyn 96 55 N 36 E
Meelick 38 53 N 8W
Meersburg 15 48 N 9E
Meerut 99 29 N 78 E
Mehedia 7 Ins.
Mehidpur 122 23 N 76 E
Meilhan 19 45 N 0
Meiningen 107 51 N 10 E
Meissen 12 51 N 13 E
Mekong, R. ... 138 18 N 104 E
Mekran 124 25 N 60 E
Melanesia ... ... 139
Melbourne 128 38 S USE
Melcombe Regis ... 121 51 N 2W
Melegnano 104 45 N 9E
Melilla 65 35 N 3W
Melinda 65 4S 40 E
Mella 94 4417 8E
Melle 19 46N 0
Melnik 57 50 N 14 E
Melrose Ab. ... 23 56 N 3 W
Melun ...• ... 8 49N 3E
Melville, C, ... 128 14 S 144 E
Melville I. (Australia) 126 70W 120W
Melville I. (Canada) 128 12 S 131 E
Melville Sd ... 126 70If 110V7
Memel 55 56 N 21 E
Memel, R 20 55 N 20 E
Memmingen ... 12 48 N 10 E
Memphis (Egypt) 132 Ins.
Memphis (U.S.A.) 74 35 N 90 W
Menai Strait ... 121 53 N 4W
Menam, R. ... 125 15 N 100 E
Menama 124 26 N 51 E
Mende 103 44 N 4E
Mendip Hills ... 121 51 N 3W
Mendocino, C. ... 106 40 N 124 W
Mendoza 106 33 S 69 W
Meng-tzu 138 24 N 103 E
Menin 39 51 N 3E
Menindie 128 32 S 143 E
Mentana 104 42 N 13 E
Menteith 23 66 ET 6 TJir
Mentone 103 44 N 7E
Menzala, L. ... 132 31 N 32 E
Menzies 23 57 N 4W
Menzies 128 30 S 121 E
Meppel 109 53 N 6E
Meppen 39 53 N 7E
Mequinenza ... 95 41 N 0
Map Lat. Long.
Mequinez 131 34 N 5 W
Meran 12 47 N HE
Merecy 54 54 N 24 E
Mergentheim ... 39 49 N 10 E
Merida (Am. Centl.) 134 21 N 90 W
Merida (Am. S.) ... 135 8N 72 W
Merida (Spain) ... 95 39 N 6W
Meridian 74 32 N 89 W
Merindol 8 44 N 5E
Merioneth 16 52 N 4 W
Mernis 23 57 N 3W
Merow 40 53 N 13 E
Mers 23 56 N 3W
Mers-el-Kebir ... 131 36 N 1 W
Mersburg 12 51 N 12 B
Mersey, R 121 53 N 2W
Merthyr Tydfil ... 121 52 N 3 W
Merv 124 38 N 62 E
Mery 97 48 N 4E
Meseritz 57 52 N 16 E
Meshed 124 36 N 60 E
Mesopotamia ... 110
Messejara 95 38 N 8W
Messenia 105 37 N 22 E
Messignac 19 46 N IB
Messin 79 48 N 4E
Messina 4 38 N 16 E
Messina, Str. of ... 104 38 N 16 E
Mestre 83 45 N 12 E
Meta, R 135 6 N 68 W
Metauro 94 44 N 13 E
Metemma 132 17 N 33 E
Metre Hill, 203 ... 137 39 N 121 E
Metz 12 49 N 6B
Metzovo 120 40 N 21 B
Meudon 19 Ins.
Meulan 19 49 N 2E
Meurs 22 51 N 7E
Meurthe 103 48 N 4E
Meurthe, R. ... 118 48 N SB
Meuse 103 48 N 4 B
Meuse, R 22 51 N 6E
Meuse Inf 94 48 N 4E
Meux 8 49 N 3B
Mewar 122 20 11 70 E
Mewe 32 54 N 19 E
Mexico 66 20 N 99 W
Mexico, Gulf of ... 72
Mexico, New ... 72 SON llO "W
Mexico, U.S. of ... 1061ns.
Meyerskappel ... 112 47 N 8E
Mezieres 79 50 N 5E
Mezquital, R. ... 134 23 N 105 W
Mhow 123 23 N 76 B
Mia, W 131 30 N 5E
Miami, R 67 40 N 85 W
Miani 124 25 N 68 E
Michaloff 108 54 N 40 E
Michigan 72 40 W 9 VST
Michillimackinac ... 67 46 N 85 W
Michni Pass ... 122 34 N 72 B
Michoacan 134 19 N 102 W
Micronesia ... ... 139
Middelburg (Afr. S.) 133 26 S 29 E
Index to Maps,
193
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Middelburg (Holland)
22
51 N
4E
Mitchell, E.
128
16 S
142 E
Middle Island
100
60 8
isox:
Mito
137
36 N
140 E
Middlesex
16
50sr
2 VT
Mitrovicz
3
45 N
20 B
Middleton (Ireland)
47
52 N
8W
Mitrowitz
105
43 N
21 B
Middleton (Scotland)
23
57 N
3 W
Mittau
58
57 N
24 E
Midhurst
113
51 N
1 w
Mittelmark...
12
50IT
12 E
Midnapur
64
22 N
87 E
Mittel-Pollnitz
92
51 N
12 E
Mierdyk
45
52 N
5E
Mitylene
120
39 N
27 E
Mietzel
57
53 N
15 E
Mizen Head
47
51 N
low
Miguel, E
135
15 S
64 W
Mlava
92
53 N
20 E
Milagro
95
42 N
2W
Mobile
72
31 N
88 W
Milan
4
45 N
9E
Mobile B
74
31 N
88 W
Milan, Duchy of ...
4
44 N
eE
Mocha
130
13 N
43 B
Milazzo
104
38 N
15 E
Mockern
97
51 N
12 E
Milborne, Port
113
51 N
2W
Mocro, L. ...
130
8S
29 E
Mileto
104
39 N
16 E
Modder E
133
29 S
25 E
Milford Haven
24
52 N
5W
Modena
4
45 N
HE
Milford Sound
129
45 S
168 E
Modlin
108
52 N
21 E
Milhau
19
44 N
3E
Modon
3
37 N
22 E
Milledgeville
74
33 N
83 W
Modos
21
45 N
21 E
Millesimo
83
44 N
8E
Moesskirch ...
88
48 N
9E
Millikin's Bend ...
74
32 N
91 W
Mogador
131
32 N
low
Mill Spring
74
37 N
84 E
Mogadoxa
140
2N
46 E
Miloslav
107
52 N
17 E
Mohacz
3
46 N
19 E
Minas Geraes
106
18 S
43 W
Mohawk, E,
72
43 N
74 W
Mincio
94
44 IV
8E
Mohileff
108
SON
30E
Mincio, B
4
44 N
lOS
Mohileff
108
54 N
30 E
Mindanao
139
O
120B
Mohrungen
92
54 N
20 E
Mindelheim
62
48 N
10 E
Moidart
56
57 N
6W
Mindello
95
41 N
9 W
Mojaisk
96
56 N
36 E
Minden
29
52 N
9E
Mojos
106
20 8
80 W
Minden, Bishopric of
12
52 N
9E
Mokotoff
108 Ins.
Mindoro
139
13 N
121 E
Mok-po
137
35 N
126 E
Minehead ...
113
51 N
3W
Mola
104
41 N
17 E
Mingrelia
61
40M-
40z:
Moldau, E
12
46 ZV
12 E
Min Ho
138
29 N
103 E
Moldavia
3
4S N*
2S £
Minho, E
7
42 "N
lOTV
Molina
95
41 N
2W
Minneapolis
72
45 N
93 W
Molinella, E.
83
45 N
HE
Minnesota ...
72
40 N
lOOW
Molino
95
41 N
2E
Minorca
7
40 N
4E
Molino del Eey
71
19 N
99 W
Minsk
108
SON
2oi:
Molise
26
42 N
14 E
Minsk ...
108
54 N
28 E
Molla Pass
124
28 N
67 E
Miossans
19
44 N
0
Molle, E
19
43 N
6E
Miquelon I.
67
47 N
56 W
Mollendo
140
17 S
72 W
Miramichi B.
126
47 N
65 W
Mollwitz
57
51 N
17 E
Miranda
7
43 N
2W
Molodetchno
96
54 N
27 E
Mirandola
4
45 N
HE
Molopo, E
133
26 S
22 E
Mirim, L
135
40 8
60 W
Molsheim
9
49 N
7E
Mirpur (India)
124
25 N
68 E
Molteno
133
31 S
26 E
Mirpur (India)
124
28 N
69 E
Moluccas ...
43 1
ns.
Mirzapur
99
25 N
83 E
Molyneux
129 Ins.
Mishmee Hills
138
28 N
96 E
Molyneux, E.
129
46 8
170 E
Mishra el Eek
132
8N
29 E
Mombasa ...
180
4S
40 E
Misiones
106
40 8
60 W
Momein
138
26 N
98 E
Misox
30
46 N
9E
Mompelgard (Mont-
Missinaibi, E.
67
50 N
83 W
b61iard)
5
44 N
4 E
Missionary Eidge ...
74
34 N
86 W
Mona Channel
134
18 N
68 W
Mississippi...
72
SON
90 W
Mona, E
123
25 N
90 E
Mississippi, E.
72
Monaco
4
44 N
7E
Missolonghi
105
38 N
21 E
Monaghan
27
54 N
7 W
Missouri
72
3onr
lOO w
Monaghan, County of 37
S4 N
8 W
Missouri, E.
72
Monastir
105
41 N
21 E
Missunde
116
55 N
10 E
Moncalieri
104
45 N
8E
Mistra
3
37 N
22 E
Monceaux
19 Ins.
C. M. H. VOL. XIV.
13
194
Index to Maps.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Monckton's Camp
Montluel
. 25
46 N
5E
(Quebec)
. 67 Ins.
Montmartre
. 97 Ins.
Moncontour
19
47 N
0
Montmedy ...
. 11
SON
5E
Moncorvo ...
. 95
41 N
7W
Montm^lian
. 25
45 N
6E
Moncton
.. 126
46 N
65 W
Montmirail...
. 97
49 N
4E
Mondego B.
.. 95
40 N
9W
Montmorency
. 97 Ins.
Mondego, E,
7
40N
loW
Montmorency, R. .
. 68
47 N
71 W
Mondelheim
.. 45
49 N
9E
Montpellier
8
44 N
4E
Mondovi
. 25
44 N
8E
Montreal
. 70
45 N
74 W
Mondyck
. 81
52 N
5E
Montreuil ...
. 79
50 N
2E
Monembasia
3
37 N
23 E
Montrond ...
. 79
47 N
3E
Monfalcone
. Ill
46 N
14 E
Montrose ...
. 56
57 N
2W
Monflanquin
. 19
44 N
IE
Montsegur ...
. 19
45 N
0
Monganagh...
. 37
55 N
8W
Montserrat ...
. 69
17 N
62 W
Mongolia ...
. 138
Monts Faucilles
. 118
48 N
6E
Monitz
. 92 Ins.
Mont Tonnerre
. 94
49 N
8E
Monitz, L. ...
. 92 Ins.
Mont Yvron
. 81
49 N
5E
Monjuich ...
7
41 N
2E
Monza
. 4 Ins
. 46 N
9E
Monmouth ...
. 70
40 N
74 W
Monzon
7
42 N
0
Monomotapa
. 65
20 8
20i:
Mook
. 39
52 N
6E
Monongahela, K. .
67
40 N
SOW
Mookerheide
. 22
52 N
6E
Monrovia ...
. 130
6N
11 w
Moonie, E. ...
. 128
28 S
149 E
Mons
. 45
50 N
4E
Moor
. Ill
47 N
18 E
Montabaur ...
. 81
50 N
8E
Moore, L
. 128
30 S
118 E
Montaigu ...
. 82
47 N
1 W
Moose Factory
. 126
52 N
81 W
Montalcino ...
4
43 N
11 E
Moose Jaw ...
. 126
50 N
106 W
Montalto ...
4
43 N
14 E
Moose, E
70
50I7
90 W
Montana
. 72
4onr
120^-
Moradabad ...
. 123
29 N
79 E
Montargis ...
. 103
48 N
3E
Morant Pt ...
. 69
18 N
76 W
Montauban ...
8
44 N
IE
Morat
15
47 N
7 E
Montaut
. 19
43 N
2E
Morava, E
. 119
44 N
21 E
Montbeliard
. 12
47 N
7E
Morava Bulgarian, I
I. 119
43 N
22 E
Montblanc ...
. 94
44 N
4 £
Moravia
. 12
46 N
16 E
Mont Blanc
. 141
46 N
7E
Moray
. 23
54 N
6 TXT
Montcenis ...
. 19
47 N
4E
Moray Firth
. 56
58 N
4W
Mont de Marsan .
. 103
44 N
0
Morbegno ...
. 30
46 17
lOE
Montdidier ...
. 22
SON
3E
Morbihan ...
. 103
48 N
3 W
Montebello (Milan)
83
46 N
9E
Morea
3
35 Vt
20 E
Montebello
Morelos
. 134
19 N
99 W
(Piedmont)
. 104
45 N
9E
Moreton I
. 128
27 S
153 E
Montebello (Venetia
t) 104
46 N
HE
Morgan, Mt
. 128
24 S
151 E
Montechiaro
. 83
45 N
10 E
Morgarten ...
. 15
47 N
9E
Monte Corone
4
43 N
12 E
Morge, E
. 25
47 N
7E
Montefalcone
. 104
42 N
15 E
Morlaix
. 19
49 N
4 W
Montefeltro...
4
44 N
13 E
Morne Fortune
. 69
14 N
61 W
Mont^liraar...
. 19
45 N
5E
Morocco
. 131
32 N
8W
Montendre ...
.. 19
45 N
0
Morpeth
. 16
55 N
2W
Montenegro
3
40 17
15 E
Mortara
4
45 N
9E
Montenotte ...
. 83
44 N
9E
Mortirolo Pass
. 30
46 »r
lOE
Montepulciano
4
43 N
12 E
Moscova, E.
. 52
56 N
37 E
Montereau ...
8
48 N
3E
Moscow
. 61
56 N
38 E
Monterey (Mexico).
. 106
26 N
100 W
Moselle
. 103
48 ir
4 E
Monterey (U.S.A.).
. 72
37 N
122 W
Moselle, E
. 12
46 IT
4 E
Monterotondo
. 104
42 N
13 E
Moskva, E. {see
Montevideo
. 106
34 S
56 W
Moscova, E.)
Montferrat
4
44 nr
SB
Moson
. 21
48 N
17 E
Montgaillard
. 19
43 N
2E
Mosquito Coast
. 69
ION
Qovr
Mont Gen^vre
. 25
45 N
7E
Mosquito Gulf
. 135
ION
82 W
Montgomery, Couni
yof 16
52 nr
4 W
Moss
. 108
60 N
HE
Montgomery (U.S.i^
..) 74
32 N
86 W
Mossamedes
. 130
15 S
12 E
Montgomery (Wales
3) 86
53 N
3W
Mossel B
. 133
34 S
22 E
Montheurt ...
.. 19
44 N
0
Mossorin
. Ill
45 N
20 E
Monticchio ...
. 30
46 17
9 E
Mostaganem
. 131
36 N
0
Montigny ...
. 118 Ins.
Mostar
. Ill
43 N
18 E
Index to Maps,
195
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Mosul
110
36 N
43 E
Murcia
7
38 N
1 w
Motagua, E.
134
15 N
90 W
Muren, R. ...
137
46 N
132 E
Motien Pass
137
41 N
123 E
Muretto Pass
30
46 IV
9 E
Moulaj'a, W.
131
34 N
3 W
Murf reesborough . . .
74
36 N
86 W
Moulins
8
47 N
3E
Murghab, R.
124
35 N
60E
Moulmein
125
16 N
98 E
Muri
15
47 N
8E
Mount, C
65
7N
11 W
Murray, R.
128
40 8
140E
Mouree (Fort Nassau)
65 Ins.
Murray s
23
56 N
4W
Mourne
27
54 N
6W
Murree
123
34 N
73 E
Mousehold Hill ...
16
53 N
IE
Murrumbidgee, R....
128
35 S
146 E
Mousehole
16
50 N
6W
Murshid4bad
64
24 N
88 E
Mouseron ...
109
51 N
BE
Mur-ussu ...
138
34 N
95 E
Moutiers
25
45 N
7E
Murviedro
95
40 N
0
Mouzon
118
50 N
5E
Miirzsteg ...
111
48 N
16 E
Moyenvic ...
33
49 N
7E
Murzuk
130
26 N
14 E
Moy Hall
56
57 N
4W
Muscat
100
23 N
58 E
Moylurge
27
54 N
8W
Muscovy
1
Mozambique
43
14 S
40 E
Muskerry
27
52 N
9W
Mozambique
133
20 8
30z:
Musone
94
43 N
13 E
Mozdok
61
44 N
45 E
Musselburgh
56
56 N
3 W
Mozembano
88
45 N
HE
Mussidan
19
45 N
0
Mstislavl
58
54 N
32 E
Mustagh Pass
138
36 N
76 E
Muata Yamo
130
8S
26 E
Muthill
56
56 N
4W
Mucheln
57
51 N
12 E
Muttra
123
27 N
78 E
Much Wenlock
114
53 N
3W
Muyden
45
52 N
5E
Mudantsane
137
44 N
128 E
Myede
125
19 N
95 E
Mudki
124
31 N
75 E
Mykonos
48
37 N
25 E
Muga, R
95
42 N
3E
Mysore
64
837
72 E
Mugello
4
44 N
HE
Mytho
125
ION
106 E
Miihl, R
13
48 19'
12 E
Miihlberg
14
51 N
13 E
Naab, R
117
48 N
12 E
Miihldorf
88
48 N
12 E
Naafk
125
21 N
92 E
Miihlhausen (Ger.)
12
48 N
7E
Naarden
22
52 N
5E
Miihlhausen (Ger.)
12
51 N
10 E
Naas
37
53 N
7W
Miihlheim
12
51 N
7E
Naauwport
133
31 S
25 E
Miihl viertel
13
48 N
12 E
Nabha
123
SON
76 E
Muiden
22
52 N
5E
Nablus
85
32 N
35 E
Mukandwara
99
25 N
76 E
Nachod
57
SON
16 E
Mukden
138
42 N
123 E
Nadendal
17
60 N
22 E
Mtilde, R
62
51 N
13 E
Nadino
3
44 N
16 E
Miilheim [see
Nafels
15
47 N
9E
Miihlheim)
Nagasaki
137
33 N
130 E
Mullaghcarn, Mt ...
37
55 N
7 W
Nagoya
137
35 N
137 E
Mullingar
27
54 N
7 W
Nagpur
64
21 N
79 E
Multan
64
30 N
72 E
Nagy Sarlo
111
48 N
18 E
Miinchengratz
57
51 N
15 E
Nagy Szeben
21
46 N
24 E
Miinden
29
51 N
10 E
Nagy Szombat
21
48 N
18 E
Munglem ...
138
23 N
100 E
Nagyvarad
111
47 N
22 E
Muni, R
140
O
30 W
Nailaka
43 Ins.
Munich
12
48 N
12 E
Nairn
23
57 N
4W
Munkacs
111
48 N
23 E
Nairobi
130
2S
37 E
Munkeliv
17
63 N
10 E
Naisseville ...
118 Ins.
Munroes
23
58 N
5W
Nakhichevan
108
39 N
45 E
Mxinsingen ...
112
47 N
8E
Namak Sar
124
31 N
58 E
Munster (Ireland)...
27
Namaqualand
133
30 8
lOE
Miinster
12
52 N
8E
Namling
138
30 N
89 E
Miinster
40
48 N
7E
Namous, Wadi
131
35 N
3E
Miinster, Bishopric of 12
SON
4 E
Namur
22
50 N
5E
Miinsterberg
12
51 N
17 E
Nanaimo ...
139
48 N
124 W
Miinster Thai
30
46 17
lOE
Nanchang
138
29 N
116 E
Muotta
88
47 N
9E
Nancy
33
49 N
6E
Mur, K
60
47 N
15 E
Nanero Ra
128
37 N
149 E
Murchison ...
128
30 8
llOE
Nanking
138
32 N
118 E
Murchison, R.
128
30 8
llOE
Nannine
140
26 S
120 E
13—2
196
Index to Maps,
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Nanningfu
138
23 N
108 E
Neisse
12
SON
17 E
Nanshan ...
137
39 N
122 B
Neisse, B. ...
79
48X7
12 S
Nantes
8
47 N
2 W
Nejd
132
26 N
41 E
Nantwich
16
53 N
3 W
Nellenburg ...
62
48 N
9E
Napier
129
39 S
177 E
Nelson
126
50 N
117 W
Naples
4
41 N
14 E
Nelson
129
41 S
173 E
Naples, B. of
87
41 N
14 E
Nelson, B
67
SON
100 w
Naples, Kingdom of
94
Nemerow ...
40
54 N
13 E
Naplous
110
32 N
35 E
Nemiroff
61
49 N
29 E
Napo, B
135
lOS
SO w
Nemours ...
79
48 N
3E
Napol^onville
94
47 N
IW
Nemours, Duchy of
8
48 N
0
Napoli
48
36 N
23 E
Nen, B
121
52 N
1 W
Nara, E.
96
55 N
37 E
Nenagh
47
53 N
8 W
Narbonne
8
43 N
3E
Neograd
21
48 N
19 E
Narenta, B.
117
43 N
18 E
Nepal
99
24 TJ
80E
Narew, B. (Nareff, B
) 58
53 N
22 E
Nepi
4
42 N
12 E
Nari, B
123
30 N
68 E
N6rac
8
44 N
0
Narin
136
41 N
76 E
Nerbudda, B.
64
22 N
76 E
Narin, B. ...
124
42 N
75 E
Nerchinsk ...
136
52 N
116 E
Narragansett B. ...
68
41 N
71 W
Nerike
17
55X1
10 E
Narragansetts
66
42 N
72 W
Nethe, B
109
51 sr
4 E
Narrows, The
126
SON
lOO w
Netherlands, Austrian 62
Narva
61
59 N
28 E
Netherlands,
Narvik
108
68 N
18 E
Kingdom of ...
102
Naseby
36
52 N
1 W
Netherlands, Spanish
39
Nashville
72
36 N
87 W
Netherlands, United
39
Nasirabad
123
26 N
75 E
Nether Stowey
121
51 N
3W
Nassar
132
8N
33 E
Netley Ab
16
51 N
IW
Nassau (Bahama Is.)
69
25 N
77 W
Nettuno
26
42 N
13 E
Nassau (Germany)
12
SON
8 S
Netze District
58
52 N
16 E
Natal (Afr. S.)
133
SOS
SOB
Netze, B
107
52 N
16 E
Natal (Am. S.)
106
6S
35 W
Neuburg (Austria)..,
12
48 N
16 E
Natchez
67
33 N
90 W
Neuburg (Bavaria)
12
49 N
HE
Natchitoches
71
32 N
93 W
Neuchatel (France)
19
50 N
IE
Nat-padi
125
19 N
95 E
Neuchatel, L.
90
47 N
7E
Naturaliste, C.
128
34 S
115 E
Neuchatel (Switz.)
15
47 N
7E
Naumburg ...
12
51 N
12 E
Neuenburg ...
39
48 N
8E
Nauplia
3
38 N
23 E
Neufchateau
118
48 N
6E
Navarino ...
3
37 N
22 E
Neuhause ...
57
49 N
15 E
Navarino, B. of ...
105
37 N
22 E
Neuhausel ...
48
48 N
18 E
Navarre, Kingdom of
7
42 N
2 W
Neuilly (France) ...
103
49 N
2E
Navarreins ...
19
43 N
IW
Neuilly (Lorraine)...
118 Ins.
Naworth
16
55 N
3 W
Neukloster ...
40
54 N
12 E
Naxos
3
37 N
25 E
Neumark
12
50ir
12 E
Nay
19
43 N
0
Neumarkt (Austr.)
12
48 N
14 E
Nazareth ...
110
33 N
35 E
Neumarkt (Bavaria)
33
48 N
12 E
Nazas, B
134
26 N
103 W
Neumarkt (Silesia)
57
51 N
17 E
Neagh, Lough
37
54 N
Bvr
Neumiinster
116
54 N
10 E
Neath Ab
16
52 N
4 W
Neuquen
135
38 S
70 W
Nebel, E
45
49 N
11 E
Neusiede
93 Ins.
Nebraska ...
72
40ijr
iiOMsr
Neuss
12
51 N
7E
Neckar, B
39
48 N
BE
Neustadt (Bavaria)
93
49 N
12 E
Nedlitz
97
52 N
13 E
Neustadt (Hanover)
107
52 N
9E
Needles, The
36
51 N
2 W
Neustadt (Moravia)
62
50 N
17 E
Neerwinden
45
51 N
5E
Neustadt (Palatinate)
81
49 N
8E
Negapatam
64
11 N
80 E
Neustadt (Saxony)
12
51 N
12 E
Negrepelisse
19
44 N
2E
Neustadt (Saxony)
107
51 N
14 E
Negri Sembilan ...
125
3N
102 E
Neustadt (Silesia) ...
62
50 N
18 E
Negro, C. ...
65
16 S
12 E
Neustettin ...
62
54 N
17 E
Negro, B
106
0
64 W
Neu Strelitz
107
53 N
13 E
Negropont
3
35 N
20z:
Neuvried
107
50 N
7 E
Negros
139
O
1201:
Neva, B
54
60 N
30 E
Negumbo
64
7N
80 E
Nevada ...
72
30 XV
120 1)7
Neira
43 Ins.
Nevada, Sa
7
36 N
4 "W
I
Index to Maps,
197
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Nevers
79
47 N
3E
New Spain
69
20 N
100 W
Nevers, County of
8
44 JX
O
Newstead Ab.
16
53 N
1 w
Nevesinje ...
119
43 N
18 E
Newton
113
53 N
3W
Nevis
69
17 N
63 W
Newtown (England)
113
51 N
IW
New Amsterdam . . .
68
41 N
74 W
Newtown (Ireland)
27
55 N
6W
Newark (Canada)...
70
43 N
79 W
Newtown (Ireland)
47
54 N
7 W
Newark (England)
16
53 N
1 W
Newtown-Limavady
47
55 N
7 W
New Biscay
106
24 N
104 W
New Venezuela
106
O
Qovsr
New Britain
139
20 8
140 1:
New Westminster
139
48 N
124 W
New Brunswick . . .
70
40ir
70 W
New York ...
70
41 N
74 W
Newburn ...
36
55 N
2 W
New Zealand
129
Newbury
36
51 N
1 w
Nezib
110
37 N
38 E
New Caledonia
139
40 8
160S
Ngami, L. ...
133
20 S
23 E
New Castile
7
38 SS
6 '^
Nganking
138
31 N
117 E
Newcastle (Afr. S.)
133
28 S
30 E
Ngansichau
138
41 N
96 E
Newcastle (Am. N.)
68
40 N
76 W
Niagara
68
43 N
79 W
Newcastle (Austral.)
128
33 S
152 B
Niagara Falls
126
43 N
79 W
Newcastle (England)
16
55 N
2 W
Niagara, R.
72
43 N
80 W
Newcastle (Ireland)
27
55 N
7 W
Nicaragua ...
69
ION
90 W
Newcastle (Ireland)
37
52 N
9 W
Nice
4
44 N
7E
Newcastle (Ireland)
47
53 N
6W
Nicholaievsk
138
53 N
141 E
Newcastle-u. -Lyme
113
53 N
2 W
Nicholas Channel ...
75
20N
90"^
New England
Nicholson's Nek ...
133
28 S
30 E
(Am. N.)
66
40ir
80"W
Nicobar Is.
125
O
90x:
New England
Nicopolis
3
44 N
25 E
(Austral.)
128
30 S
152 E
Nicosia
3
35 N
33 E
New England Kange
128
30 S
152 E
Nicoya, G. of
134
ION
85 W
Newenham Ab.
16
52 N
0
Nid, R
121
54 N
2W
New Forest
121
51 N
2 W
Nida, R
108
50 N
20 B
Newfoundland
126
Nidda, R
81
50 N
9B
New Galicia
106
20 N
104 W
Nidisdale
23
55 N
4 W
New Granada
2
O
90 W
Nied, R
118
49 N
7 E
New Guinea
128
20 8
i40z:
Nieder Schonfeld ...
57
49 N
HE
New Haven (Am. N.)
66
42 N
73 W
Niemen, E..
58
52M-
20x:
New Hebrides
139
20 8
160 12
Niemes
57
51 N
15 E
New Holland
43
40 8
120 £!
Nienburg
29
53 N
9E
New Inverness
68
31 N
81 W
Nieuport
22
51 N
3E
New Ireland
139
20 8
140Z
Nieuwveld Range ...
133
32 S
22 E
New Lanark
121
56 N
4 W
Nievre
103
44 IT
O
New Leon ...
106
25 N
100 w
Niger, R
130
Newlyn
16
50 N
6W
Nigeria, N. & S. ...
130
O
o
Newmarket
16
52 N
0
Nijni Tunguska ...
139
64 N
100 E
New Mecklenburg...
139
20 8
140Z:
Nikolaieff
108
47 N
32 E
New Navarre
106
30 N
112 W
Nikolsburg ...
29
49 N
17 E
New Netherlands ...
66
42 N
74 W
Nikopoli
48
44 N
25 B
New Orleans
72
30 N
90 W
Niksich
119
43 N
19 E
New Plymouth
129
39 S
174 E
Nile, R
132
New Pomerania ...
139
20 8
i40z:
Nile, Mths of the ...
87
30 N
30 E
Newport (England)
113
51 N
4W
Nile, Blue
132
lOlV
30E
Newport (England)
121
52 N
3W
Nile, White
132
10I7
30E
Newport (I. of W.)
36
51 N
1 W
Nimach
123
25 N
75 E
Newport (U.S.A.) ...
70
42 N
71 W
Ninghai
138
40 N
120 B
Newport News
74
37 N
76 W
Ning-hia-fu
138
39 N
106 B
Newport Pagnell ...
36
52 N
1 W
Ningpo
138
30 N
122 E
New Providence I.
69
25 N
76 W
Niort
8
46 N
0
New Kepublic
133
28 S
31 E
Nios
3
35 IT
25Z:
New Komney
121
51 N
1 E
Nipigon, L.
126
50 N
88 W
Newry
37
54 N
6 W
Nipissing, L.
70
46 N
SOW
New Servia
61
40 N
30 E
Niriz, Lake
124
30 N
54 E
New Shoreham
113
51 N
0
Nishinomiya
137
35 N
135 B
New Siberian Is. ...
136
70N
i40z:
Nisibis
3
37 N
41 B
New Silesia
59
48 N
16 E
Nisida I
104
41 N
14 E
New South Shetland
140
60S
60 W
Nismes
8
44 N
4E
New South Wales
128
40 8
140E
Nissa
3
43 N
22 E
198
Index to Maps,
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Nith, R
23
55 N
4 W
Northwich ...
121
53 N
3 W
Niuchwang
138
41 N
122 E
Norumbega
2
44 N
64 W
Nive, R
95
43 N
1 W
Norvals Point
133
31 S
25 E
Nivelle, R
95
43 N
2W
Norway
17
Nivelles
98
51 N
4E
Norwich
16
53 N
IE
Nivernais
79
47 N
3E
Norwich Ab.
16
53 N
IE
Niza
95
40 N
8 W
Nosibe (Nosi Be) ...
130 Ins.
Nizhni Novgorod ...
61
56 N
44 E
Noteborg
32
60 N
31 E
Noain
7
43 N
2W
Nottaway, R.
70
50 N
80 W
Noer
107
54 N
10 E
Nottingham
16
53 N
1 W
Nogara
49
45 N
HE
Noukha
108
41 N
47 E
Nogent
19
48 N
3E
Noumea
139
22 S
167 E
Nogent, R.
55
54 nr
20z:
Nova Francia
2
SON
90W^
N6grad
21
48 N
20 E
Novara
4 Ins
45 N
9E
Noirmoutier
82
47 N
2 W
Nova Scotia
68
45nr
70W
Nola
4
41 N
14 E
Nova Zagora
120
42 N
26 E
Nombre de Dios ...
69
ION
SOW
Nova Zembla (Nova
Nonni, R
136
4onr
120E
Zemlia)
52
70Kr
50E
Nootka I
126
50 N
127 W
Noveant
118
49 N
6E
Nootka Sd
72
50 N
127 W
Novgorod ...
61
59 N
31 E
Nord
94
48 IT
O
Novgorod Sieverski
61
52 N
33 E
Nordernay
109
5317
7E
Novi (Italy)
49
45 N
HE
Nordhausen
12
52 N
11 E
Novi (Italy)
88
45 N
9E
Nordheim ...
29
52 N
10 E
Novibazar
111
43 N
21 E
Nordland
17
65 at
15 B
Novoberdo ...
3
42 N
22 E
Nordlingen
12
49 N
10 E
Novo Cherkask
108
47 N
40 E
Nore Lightship
36
51 N
IE
Novogrod ...
92
53 N
22 E
Nore, R
37
52 N
8W
Novorossisk
108
45 N
38 E
Nore, The
87
51 N
IE
Nowe Miasto
93
52 N
20 E
Norfolk (England)...
16
52 sr
o
Nowgong
123
25 N
79 E
Norfolk (U.S.A.) ...
74
37 N
76 W
Nowogrodek
58
54 N
26 E
Norfolk I
139
40 8
160B
Noyers
19
48 N
4E
Norham
16
56 N
2W
Noyon
22
50 N
3E
Noric Alps
83
46 N
14 E
Nuagh, L. na
56
57 N
6W
Norman, R.
128
19 S
142 E
Nubia
132
ION
30Eh
Normandy
8
Nubian Desert
132
Normanton
128
18 S
141 E
Nueces, R. ...
72
28 N
98 W
Norrby
17
59 N
15 E
Niigata
137
38 N
139 E
Norrkoping
53
69 N
16 E
Nuits
19
48 N
4E
Norrland
17
Nullarbor Plain ...
128
30 S
130 E
Northallerton
113
54 N
1 W
Nu-na-tak, R.
139
68 N
158 W
Northampton
16
52 N
1 W
Nunez, R. ...
130
UN
15 W
North Bend (Can.)
126
50 N
122 W
Nuovo Leon
134
25 N
100 W
North Bend (U.S.A.)
72
39 N
87 W
Nuremberg (Niirnberg) 60
49 N
HE
North Cape (Can.)
126
47 N
60 W
Nushki
124
30 N
66 E
North Cape (Lapland)
52
71 N
26 E
Nuthe
97
52 N
13 E
North Cape (N. Z.)
129
34 S
173 E
Nyangwe Ujiji
130
5S
30 E
North Carolina Sd.
74
35 N
76 W
Nyasa, L. ...
130
20S
20E
North Channel
121
54 N
6W
Nyasaland Protec...
130
20 8
20E
North Devon I. ...
126
70N
901W
Nyborg
53
55 N
11 E
North Downs
121
50ir
2-«r
Nyen
54
60 N
30 E
Northern Territory
128
20 S
130 E
Nyitra
21
49 N
18 E
North Foreland ...
121
51 N
IE
Nykoping ...
53
59 N
17 E
North Island
129
Nymegeu
22
52 N
6E
North Mountain ...
74
39 N
78 W
Nymphenburg
57
48 N
12 E
North Sea Canal ...
109
52 17
51!
Nyon
15
46 N
6E
North Somerset I.
126
ions
lOOW
Nyons
19
44 N
5E
North Taranaki B.
129
40S
172 E
Nyslott
61
62 N
29 E
Northumberland ...
16
54 N
4 W
Nystad
61
61 N
22 E
North- West Cape ...
128
22 S
114 E
North-West Frontier
Oajaca
106
17 N
97 W
Agency
122
30I7
70E
Oakham
16
53 N
1 W
N. -Western District
128
GO 8
llOE
Oakhampton
113
51 N
4 W
N.-W. Territories ...
126
Ob, G. of
136
60IT
70E
Index to Maps.
199
Map
Lat.
Long.
Ob, R
. 136
60 W
eon
O'Beirne
. 27
54 N
8W
Oberalp Pass
. 30
46N
an
Oberaxen
. 30
46 N
9E
Oberehenheim
. 40
48 N
7E
Oberer Bund
30
46 N
8E
Oberhalbstein
. 30
46iar
9z:
Oberland
. 15
46 sr
6E
Oberwesel ...
. 39
50 N
8E
Obligado Pta.
. 135
34 S
58 W
Obok
. 130
12 N
43 E
0' Boyle
. 27
55 N
8W
O'Brien
27
52 N
low
O^Brien, Earl of
Thoniond
. 27
53 N
9W
Obschiitz
. 57
51 N
12 E
Obwalden ...
15
47 N
8E
0' Byrnes
. 27
53 N
6W
O'Cahan
. 27
55 N
7W
O^Gallaghan
. 27
52 N
9W
Ocaiia
7
40 N
3W
0' Carrol
. 27
53 N
8W
Ocean I
. 140
IS
172 E
Ochakoff
. 61
47 N
32 E
Ochil Hills
56
56 N
4 W
Ochrida
3
41 N
21 E
0' Conor
. 27
5217
low
0' Conor
. 27
52 N*
8 W
0' Conor Don
. 27
54 N
8 W
0^ Conor Kerry
. 27
52 N
low
0' Conor Roe
27
54 N
8 W
O' Conor -Sligo
27
54 N
8 W
Oczakoff
. 54
47 N
32 E
O'Dempsy ...
. 27
53 N
7 W
Odense
. 17
55 N
10 E
Odenwald
. 107
49 N
9E
Oder, R
. 12
SON
12 E
Oderberg
12
50 N
18 E
Oderzo
4
46 N
12 E
Odessa
61
46 N
31 E
O'Dogherty
. 27
55 N
7W
O'Donnel
. 27
55 N
8W
O^Donoughue
. 27
52 N
9W
O'Bowda
27
54 N
8W
0^ Bowlings ...
27
53 N
7 W
O'Driscol
. 27
52 N
9W
Oedenburg
. 48
48 N
17 E
Oels
12
51 N
17 E
Oettingen ...
. 12
46 N
8 E
Ofen
1
47 N
19 E
Ofenberg ...
. 30
47 N
10 E
Ofen Pass
. 30
46 ir
lOE
O'Ferral
. 27
54 N
8W
Offaly
. 27
53 N
7 W
Offenburg ...
. 12
48 N
8E
0' Flaherty
. 27
53 N
low
O'Gara
. 27
54 N
9W
Ogawai B. ...
. 130
0
33 E
Ogdensburg
. 67
45 N
76 W
Ogeechee, R.
74
33 N
82 W
Ogilvies
. 23
57 N
3 W
Oglio, R
. 104
45 N
10 E
Ognoro, R
. 118
47 N
6E
Ogowe, R
. 130
0
10 E
0' Grady
Ohain
C Halloran . . .
O^Hanlon ...
O'Hara
O'Hart
Ohio
Ohio, R
Oil Rivers ...
Oise, R
Oitaber, R
Oitu, R
Ok, R
Oka, R
Okanagan ...
Okawango, R.
O'Keefe
O'Keily
0' Kennedy ...
Okhotsk
Okhotsk, Sea of ...
Okinawashima
O'Kirwan ...
Okishima I.
Oklahoma ...
Okonieff
O^Laghlin ...
Oland I
Old Calabar
Old Castile
Old Castle
Oldenburg
Oldenburg, Duchy of
Oldensworth
Oldenzaal ...
Olderfleet
Oldham
Old Leighlin
Old Sarum
Olekma, R.
Olenek, R. ...
Olensk, R
Oleron, I. d'
Olfenburg ...
Olga B
Olifants Mts
OHfants, R. (Afr. S.)
Olifants, R. (Afr. S.)
Olifants Vlei, R. ...
Olinda
Olita
Oliva (Prussia)
Oliva (Spain)
Olivenpa
Olkuszo
Olmiitz
Olona
Olonets
Oloron
Olszynka ...
Olvera
Olympus, Mt
O' Madden
Omagh
Map
Lat.
Long.
27
53 N
9W
98 Ins.
27
54 N
9W
27
54 N
7W
27
54 N
9W
27
54 N
8W
72
40N
90 W
72
38 N
86 W
130
6N
7E
103
48 N
O
95
42 N
9W
3
40 11
20z:
52
56 N
42 E
52
54 N
36 E
126
50 N
119 W
130
17 S
18 E
27
52 N
9W
27
53 N
8W
27
53 N
8W
136
59 N
144 E
139
40 17
140X3
139
20 1N-
1201:
27
53 N
9W
137
36 N
136 E
72
SON-
100 W
108 Ins.
27
53 N
9W
17
55 IT
15 E
65
7
27
5N
9E
55 N
7W
62
53 N
8E
62
53 N
8E
54
54 N
9E
22
52 N
7E
27
55 N
6W
121
54 N
2 W
47
53 N
7W
121
51 N
2W
138
50N
120 E
136
70 N
120 E
139
6onr
120 E
79
46 N
1 w
89
52 N
HE
138
44 N
136 E
133
33 S
19 E
133
25 S
32 E
133
32 S
19 E
133
30 S
21 E
106
8S
36 W
96
54 N
24 E
55
54 N
19 E
7
39 N
0
95
39 N
7 W
108
61 N
20 E
12
50 N
17 E
94
44 N
8E
61
61 N
33 E
19
43 N
1 W
108
Ins.
7
37 N
5W
120
40 N
22 E
27
53 N
8W
27
55 N
7 W
200
Index to Maps.
Map
Lat.
Long:.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Omaha
72
41 N
96 W
Orleans
79
48 N
2E
O'Mahony
27
52 N
low
Orleans, I. of
67
47 N
71 W
0' 31 alley
27
54 N
low
Orleans, New
72
30 N
90 W
Oman
124
20N
SOB
Ormea
83
44 N
8E
Oman, G. of
124
20 37
55 E
Ormond
37
53 N
8W
Ombrone
94
43 N
HE
Ormond, Earls of...
27
52 N
8 W
Omdurman
132
16 N
32 E
Ormuz
43
27 N
56 E
0^ Meagher ...
27
53 N
8W
Ormuz, Str. of
124
25 "N
55 E
O'Melachlin
27
53 N
8W
Ornans
12
47 N
6E
Ommelanden
22
52 N
6E
Orne...
103
48 If
O
Omo, R
132
7N
36 E
Orne, R
118 Ins.
Omoa
69
16 N
88 W
Orontes, R.
110
35 N
35 E
O'More
27
53 N
7W
Oropesa
7
40 N
0
Omsk
136
55 N
74 E
O'Rourke
27
54 N
8 W
O'Mulloy
27
53 N
8 W
Orsha
96
55 N
30 E
O'Mulryan ...
27
53 N
8W
Orsova
61
45 N
22 E
O'Mxirchoe
27
52 N
6W
Orsoy
39
51 N
7 E
Oiiate
95
43 N
2 W
Ortegal, C
95
44 N
8W
Onega, L
108
eoN
30z:
Ortenau
89
48 N
8 E
Onega, R
108
eoN
30 z:
Ortenburg ...
62
49 N
13 E
Oneglia
25
44 N
8E
Orthez
19
43 N
IW
O'Neill
27
54 rr
8 W
Oruba I
69
12 N
70 W
Onekotan ...
138
SON
155 E
Oruro
106
18 S
67 W
0' Nolan
27
53 N
7W
Orvieto
4
43 N
12 E
Onor
64
14 N
74 E
Orwell, R
121
52 N
IE
Ontario
126
40 1^7
so-w
Osaka
137
35 N
135 E
Ontario, L.
72
40Dr
so w
Osborne
121
51 N
1 W
Ootmarsum
22
52 N
7E
Osel
61
58 N
23 E
Opatoff
93
51 N
18 E
O'Shaughnessy
27
53 N
9 W
Opequon
74
39 N
78 W
Oslo
17
60 N
11 E
Opolu
139
20 8
ISO w
Osma
9
42 N
3 W
Oporto
7
41 N
9 W
Osma, R
119
43 N
25 E
Oppeln
12
51 N
18 E
Osnabriick ...
33
52 N
8E
Oppenbeim
33
SON
8E
Osnabriick, Bishopric
of 12
50IV
8E
Oran
10
36 N
0
Ostend
22
SIN
3 E
Orange
8
44 N
4 H
Osterode
92
54 N
20 E
Orange, R
133
Ostia
4
42 N
12 E
Orange Free State
133
Ostiglia
104
45 N
11 E
Oranienburg
55
52 N
13 E
Ostrolenka
58
53 N
22 E
Orbe
15
47 N
7E
Ostroviza ...
3
43 N
22 E
Orbitello
26
42 N
HE
Ostrovno
96
55 N
30 E
Orca, R
88
44 N
en
0' Sullivan ...
27
52 N
low
Orchies
11
SON
3 E
0' Sullivan Mor
27
52 N
low
Ord, R
128
17 S
128 E
Osuna
7
37 N
S W
Ordal
95
41 N
2E
Oswego
70
43 N
77 W
Orebro
17
59 N
15 E
Otago
129
48 8
168 E
Oregon
72
4oir
130 W
Otago Harb.
129
46 8
171 E
O'Reilly
27
54 N
7 W
Otokacz
111
45 N
15 E
Orel (Russia)
108
53 N
36 E
O'Tooles
27
52 If
8 vir
Orel, R
54
49 N
36 E
Otranto
4
40 N
18 E
Orenburg
61
52 N
55 E
Otranto, Str. of ...
104
4on
16 E
Orense
95
42 N
8W
Otricoli
104
42 N
12 E
Oreti, R
129
46 S
168 E
Ottawa
126
45 N
76 W
Orfa
110
37 N
39 E
Ottmachau
57
SON
17 B
Orford
113
52 N
2E
Ouargla
131
32 N
5E
Orihuela
9
38 N
1 W
Oudenarde ...
22
SIN
4E
Orinoco, R
135
O
70 W
Oudenburg
22
51 N
3E
O'Rior
27
54 N
7 W
Oudewater
22
52 N
5E
Oriskany
70
43 N
75 W
Oudh
99
24 sr
80E
Orissa
64
16 17
SOB
Oudnadatta
128
27 8
136 E
Orizaba
106
18 N
97 W
Ouessant I.
50
48 N
5 W
Orkapi
61
46 N
34 E
Oughter, L.
37
54 N
7W
Orkelen
11
51 N
6E
Ouiveland ...
22
52 N
4E
Orkney Is
23
59 N
3 W
Ouro, R. do
2
O
SOW
Index to Maps.
201
Ourthe
Ourthe, E. ...
Ouse, Little (Eng
Ouse, E. (Eng.)
Ouse, E. (Eng.)
Ouse, E. (Eng.)
Outer Deep
Outer Ebodes
Overmaas Lands
Oversee
Overwinden
Overyssel (Overijssel)
Oviedo
Owari
Owen Sd.
Owen Stanley Eang
Owles, The...
Owney
Oxford
Oxfordshire...
Oyapok, E.
Oykell, E. ...
Ozora
Paardeberg ...
Paardekraal
Paarl
Padang
Paderborn ...
Padua
Paducah
Pagan
Pago Pago ...
Pahang
Pain-gunga, E.
Paisley
Paisley, C. ...
Paita
Pak-ho, E. ...
Pakhoi
Pakhra, B....
Paklat
Palais
Palamos
Palatinate, Lower
(Ehenish)
Palatinate, Upper
Palawan
Pale, The .
Palencia
Palermo
Palestine
Palestrina .
Palestro
Palk Str. .
Palliser, C. .
Palma (Canary Is
Palma (Majorca)
Palmanova . . .
Palmas, C. ...
Palmas, G. of
Palmas, Pt
Palmer, E
Map
94
81
121
36
121
121
87
112
22
116
81
22
7
137
126
128
27
27
16
16
106
23
111
133
133
133
139
12
4
74
125
139
125
123
56
128
140
125
138
96
125
50
95
12
12
139
27
7
4
110
4
104
99
129
130
95
117
130
91
134
128
Palmerston(S.Au8tral.)128
Lat.
48 IT
50 N
52 N
54 N
52 N
51 N
56 N
47 N
51 N
55 N
51 N
52 N
43 N
35 N
45 N
lOS
54 N
53 N
52 N
60IT
4N
58 N
47 N
29 S
27 S
34 S
IS
52 N
45 N
37 N
21 N
20S
4N
20 N
56 N
34 S
6S
20I7
22 N
56 N
13 N
48 N
42 N
50 N
49 N
ION
63 17
42 N
38 N
30 N
42 N
45 N
ION
42 S
29 N
40 N
46 N
4N
20 K-
21 N
16 S
12 S
Long.
4 S
6E
IE
1 W
0
0
12 E
9i:
6E
9B
5E
7B
6 W
137 E
SOW
140E
low
8 W
1 w
2 VT
52 W
5 W
18 E
26 E
28 E
19 B
100 E
9B
12 E
89 W
95 E
180
102 E
78 E
4W
123 E
81 W
lOOE
109 E
38 E
100 E
3E
3E
8 W
12 W
120 E
8 VI
5 W
13 E
35 E
13 E
9E
79 E
175 E
17 W
3E
13 E
8W
o
90 W
143 E
131 E
Map
Palmerston (Victoria) 128
Palmerston, North
(N.Z.) 129
Palmyra L ... 139
Palo Alto 71
Pamiers ... ... 79
Pamir 124
Pamir Plateau ... 138
Pampeluna (Pamplona) 95
Pamunkey
Panama
Panama, G. of
Panaro
Panay
Panchamal...
Panda
Pauge
Panipat
Panixer Pass
Panja, E. ...
Pannonhalma
Panshino ...
Pantellaria
Pan tin
Panuco, E
Paoting-Fu...
Papal States
Papelotte ...
Papua
Papua, G. of
Para, E.
Parachin
Paragua, E.
Paraguay ...
Paraguay, E.
Parahiba
Paramaribo
Paramatta ...
Paramushir
Parana (Argentine)
Parana (Brazil)
Parana, E
Paray-le-Monial . .
Pardubitz ...
Parga
Paria
Paria, G. of
Parima, E
Paris
Parkany
Parma
Parnahyba, E.
Paroo, E. ...
Paros I
Parret, E. ...
Parry Is. ...
Parsdorf
Parthe, E
Parthenay ...
Parthenopean Bep.
Paru, E
Pasco
Passage
Passages
74
66
135
94
139
99
99
118
64
30
124
21
61
131
97
2
138
4
98
128
128
135
119
135
135
106
135
135
128
138
135
135
135
103
57
105
106
69
135
8
48
4
135
128
3
36
126
88
97
82
86
106
106
27
95
Lat.
38 8
40 S
O
26 N
43 N
35 JX
30I9r
43 N
38 N
9N
8N
44 N
O
15 N
15 N
Ins.
29 N
47 N
38 N
47 N
48 N
37 N
Ins.
0
39 N
42 N
Ins.
lO 8
10 8
IS
44 N
5N
30 8
22 N
7S
6N
34 S
52 N
32 S
30 8
30 8
46 N
50 N
39 N
ION
ION
2N
49 N
48 N
45 N
lO 8
29 S
35 V
51 N
70 JX
48 N
Ins.
47 N
0
10 S
52 N
43 N
Long.
147 E
176 E
180
97 W
2E
70z:
70x:
2 W
77 W
80 W
80 W
8E
i20z:
74 E
74 E
77 B
9E
71 E
18 E
43 E
12 E
120 W
116 E
12 E
140 E
140 E
49 W
21 E
63 W
60 W
58 W
35 W
55 W
151 E
156 E
61 W
60 yW
60 Xf7
4E
16 E
20 E
63 W
62 W
61 W
2E
19 E
10 E
60"W
147 E
25 x:
3 W
120TXr
12 E
0
52 W
77 W
7 W
2 W
202
Index to Maps,
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Passagio
3
38 N
26 E
Penafiel
95
41 N
8W
Passarge, E.
92
54 N
20 E
Penang
125
5N
100 E
Passariano
83
46 N
13 E
Pendennis Castle ...
36
50 N
5 W
Passaro, C
26
36 N
15 E
Peneios, E.
119
40 N
22 E
Passarowitz
48
45 N
21 E
Penguin Islands ...
133
26 S
15 B
Passau
12
49 N
13 E
Peniche
95
39 N
9W
Passau, Bishopric of
12
46 17
12 E
Peniscola ...
7
40 N
0
Passeyer
93
47 N
HE
Penjdeh
124
36 N
63 B
Passo di San Marco
30
46 N
9E
Penmarck, C.
87
48 N
4 W
Passy
97 Ins.
Penner N., E. (India)
122
ION
70i:
Pasto
106
IN
77 W
Penner S., E.
122
ION
70B
Pastrengo ...
104
45 N
HE
Pennine Chain
121
Patagonia ...
135
Pennsylvania
72
40N
80W
Patea
129
40 S
174 E
Penobscot, B. and E.
70
44 N
69 W
Patia
106
2N
77 W
Penon de la Gomera
7 ]
'.ne.
Patiala
123
30 N
76 E
Pefion de Velez ...
65
35 N
4 W
Patkoi Mts
99
24 M*
88 E
Penrhyn
121
53 N
4W
Patmos I. ...
3
37 N
27 E
Penrhyn I.
139
20 8
160 "W
Patna
64
26 N
85 E
Penrith
121
55 N
3W
Patos, L
135
31 S
51 W
Penryn
121
SON
5 W
Patras
3
38 N
22 E
Pensacola
74
30 N
87 W
Patrimony of St Peter 26
42 N
12 E
Pentagouet
67
44 N
69 W
Patuca, E
134
15 N
85 W
Penthievre ...
82
48 N
3W
Patuxent, E.
70
38 N
77 W
Penthi^vre, Duchy of 8
48 N
4 W
Pau
8
43 N
0
Pentland Hills ...
23
56 N
4W
Pau, E
95
43 N
1 w
Penza
108
53 N
45 E
Paunsdorf
97 Ins.
Penzance
16
50 N
6W
Pavia
4
45 N
9E
Peplin
65
54 N
19 E
Pavlovsk (Eussia^...
Pavlovsk (Eussia)...
61
50 N
40 E
Perak
125
5N
101 E
108
60 N
30 E
Perambakam
99
13 N
80 E
Paxos
105
39 N
20 E
Perche
79
48 N
0
Payta
106
5S
81 W
Perdido, E.
72
31 N
87 W
Peace, E
139
^OfS
120 W
Pered
111
48 N
18 E
Peak, The
121
53 N
2 W
Perekop
61
46 N
34 E
Peake Creek
128
28 S
136 E
Perekop, G.
115
46 N
34 E
Pea Eidge
74
36 N
94 W
Pereslaff
61
50 N
31 E
Pechili, G. of
138
38 N
120 E
Perevolchna
54
49 N
34 E
Pechora, E.
108
60N
50E
Perigord
8
44 N
O
Pecos, E
134
30KT
HOW
Perigueux
103
45 N
IE
Pecquigny
19
50 N
2E
Perim I.
130
13 N
43 E
Pecs
21
46 N
18 E
Periyaslavl ...
52
57 N
39 E
Peebles
23
56 N
3W
Perleberg ...
62
53 N
12 E
Peedee, E., Gt ...
68
35 N
SOW
Perm
61
58 N
56 E
Peene
33
54 N
14 E
Perm, Govt of
108
50N
50E
Peene, E
58
54 N
13 E
Pernambuco
106
8S
35 W
Pegasus Bay
129
44 8
172 S
Pernau
61
58 N
25 E
Pegau
12
51 N
12 E
Pernes
95
39 N
9 W
Pegu
125
17 N
96 E
Peronne
79
50 N
3E
Pebtang
138 Ins.
Perosa
25
45 N
7E
Pei-ho
138
Ins.
Perote
71
20 N
97 W
Peipus, L
108
58 N
27 E
Perpignan
n
t
43 N
3E
Peitsang
138 Ins.
Perry ville ...
74
38 N
85 W
Peitz
12
52 N
14 E
Persia
124
Peiwar Pass
124
34 N
70 E
Persian Gulf
124
Peking
138
40 N
116 E
Perth
23
56 N
3W
Pelew Is. (Pellew)
139
O
120E
Perth (Australia) ...
128
32 S
116 E
Pelham
70
42 N
73 W
Peru
106
20 8
80 W
Pelim
61
SON
61 E
Peru, Upper
106
20 S
64 W
Pelion, Mt
119
39 N
23 E
Perugia
4
43 N
12 E
Pellew'sGp,SirEdw.
128
16 S
137 E
Perwez
98
51 N
5E
Pellice, E
25
44 N
6E
Pesaro
4
44 N
13 E
Pelly, E
139
eoK
140 W
Pescadores Is.
138
24 N
120 E
Pemba I
130
5S
40 E
Pescara
4
42 N
14 E
Pembroke
16
52 N
5 W
Peschiera ...
104
45 N
HE
Index to Maps,
203
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Peshawar ...
64
34 N
72 E
Pilten
... 58
57 N
22 E
Pest
21
47 N
19 E
Pinczow
.. 20
51 N
21 E
Petalidi
105
37 N
22 E
Pine Creek
.. 128
14 S
132 E
Petapoli
43
Ins.
Pinerolo
4
45 N
7E
Petchora, R.
136
60N
50E
Pines, I. of
.. 69
22 N
83 W
Peterborough
16
63 N
0
Ping-shan ...
.. 138
29 N
104 E
Peterborough Ab. . . .
16
53 N
0
Ping-yang ...
.. 138
39 N
126 E
Peterhead
23
57 N
2W
Pinkie Cleugh
.. 23
56 N
3W
Peterhof
61
60 N
30 E
Pinneberg . . .
.. 12
54 N
10 E
Peterloo
121
53 N
2 W
Pinsk
.. 58
52 N
26 E
Petersburg
72
37 N
77 W
Piombino ...
4
43 N
11 E
Petersfield
113
51 N
IW
Piotrkow . . .
.. 20
51 N
20 E
Peterswald
97
51 N
14 E
Pippli
.. 64
22 N
87 E
Peter the Great Bay
137
40N
132 S
Piraeus
.. 105
38 N
24 E
Petervarad
48
45 N
20 E
Pirate Coast
.. 125
25 N
55 E
Peter ward ein
3
45 N
20 E
Pima
.. 33
51 N
14 E
Petre
129
Ins.
Piro
.. 99
15 N
74 E
Petrikow ...
108
51 N
20 E
Pirot
.. 119
43 N
23 E
Petropavlovsk
139
52 N
159 E
Pisa ...
4
44 N
10 E
Petrovsk
108
43 N
48 E
Pisagua
.. 140
20 8
70 W
Petrozavodsk
108
62 N
34 E
Pisania
.. 130
14 N
15 W
P^zenas
19
43 N
3E
Piscataqua, R.
68
43 N
71 W
PfafEendorf
97
[ns.
Pisco
.. 106
14 N
76 W
Pfaffenhofen
33
49 N
8E
Pisek
.. 57
49 N
14 E
Pfalzburg
45
49 N
7E
Pi shin
.. 122
30 N
67 E
Pfirt
6
48 N
7E
Pistoia
4
44 N
11 E
Pfullendorf
12
48 N
9E
Pitcairn I.
.. 139
40S
140 1^
Pharsalus
120
39 N
23 E
Pitsani
... 133
25 S
26 E
Phasis, R
108
42 N
42 E
Pitschen
... 62
51 N
18 E
Philadelphia
72
40 N
75 W
Pitsounda . . .
... 108
43 N
40 E
Philae I
132
24 N
33 E
Pittenweem
.. 56
56 N
3 W
Philiphaugh
36
56 N
3 W
Pittigliano ...
.. 26
43 N
12 E
Philippeville
Pittsburg ...
.. 72
40 N
80 W
(Afr. N.W.) ...
131
37 N
7 E
Pittsburg Landing
I 74
35 N
88 W
Philippeville (Belg.)
107
SON
4E
Pitzuwo
.. 137
39 N
122 E
Philippine Is.
139
O
I20E
Piura
.. 106
5S
81 W
Philippolis
133
30 S
25 E
Pizzighetone
4
45 N
10 E
Philippopolis
105
42 N
25 E
Placentia . . ,
.. 67
47 N
54 W
Philippsburg
33
49 N
8E
Placentia B.
.. 126
47 N
54 W
Philipsland
22
52 N
4E
Planchenoit
98 Ins.
Philipstown
37
53 N
7 W
Planian
.. 57
50 N
15 E
Phillaur
123
31 N
76 E
Plappeville ...
.. 118
49 N
6E
Phocea
3
39 N
27 E
Plasencia . . .
7
40 N
6W
Phoenix Is.
139
20 8
ISO
Plassey
.. 64
24 N
88 E
Phourka
120
39 N
22 E
Plate, R. ...
2
60 8
60"W
Piacenza ...
4
45 N
10 E
Platte, R. ...
.. 72
40 N
100 w
Piauhi (Piauhy) ...
106
20S
60 W
Plattsburg ...
70
45 N
74 W
Piave
94
46 N
12 E
Plauen
... 12
50 N
12 E
Piave, R
4
44 N
12 E
Plava
.. 119
43 N
20 E
Picardy
79
48 N
O
Pleisse, R. ...
... 97
51 N
12 E
Pichincha ...
106
0
79 W
Plenty, Bay of
.. 129
40 S
176 E
Pickering, Vale of
121
54 N
1 W
Pless
... 12
50 N
19 E
Pictou
126
45 N
63 W
Plessis-les-Tours
... 19
47 N
IE
Piedmont (Italy) ...
4
44 IV
6E
Plettenbergs B.
.. 133
34 S
24 E
Piedmont (U.S.A.)
74
38 N
SOW
Plevlje
... 119
43 N
19 E
Pietermaritzburg ...
133
30 S
30 E
Plevna
.. 105
43 N
25 E
Pieter's Hill
133
29 S
30 E
Pliusa
... 32
58 N
29 E
Pietersburg
133
24 S
29 E
Plock
... 58
53 N
20 E
Pietra Santa
4
44 N
10 E
Ploermel
8
48 N
2W
Pilcomayo, R.
106
20 S
64 W
Ploeshti
.. 105
45 N
26 E
Pilica, R
58
48 N
20x:
Plombieres ...
... 103
48 N
CE
Pillau
55
55 N
20 E
Plon
.. 62
54 N
10 E
Pillnitz
62
51 N
14 E
Pluscardine Ab.
.. 23
58 N
3 W
Pilsen
29
50 N
13 E
Plymouth (Eng.)
... 16
50 N
4 W
204
Index to Maps,
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Plymouth (Mass.)...
68
42 N
71 W
Ponthieu
79
50 N
2E
Plymouth (N. C.) ...
74
36 N
77 W
Pontine Marshes ...
4
40I7
12 E
Po, E
4
Pontivy
19
48 N
3W
P6
94
44 17
4 i:
Pontoise
8
49 N
2E
P6-Bas
94
45 N
12 E
Pontremoli ...
4
44 N
10 E
Podgoritsa
119
42 N
19 E
Fonts de C6
79
47 N
0
Podgorze ...
102
SON
20 E
Pont St Esprit ...
19
44 N
5E
Podkost
117 ]
[ns.
Poole
36
51 N
2W
Podlachia
58
52 N
20 E
Poona
64
18 N
74 E
Podlesia
58
52 N
24 E
Popayan
106
2N
77 W
Podol
117
51 N
15 E
Porbandar ...
99
22 N
69 E
Podolia
58
48 sr
28 E
Poretchie ...
96
55 N
31 E
Podolsk
96
55 N
37 E
Porkhoff
61
58 N
30 B
Podrina
3
40N'
20i:
Portage la Prairie...
126
50 N
99 W
Poel I
62
54 N
HE
Port Angela
140
47 N
122 W
Poggibonsi
4
43 N
HE
Port Antonio
134
18 N
76 W
Poggio Eeale
4
38 N
13 E
Portarlington
47
53 N
7 W
P6-Haut
94
45 N
10 E
Port Arthur (China)
138
39 N
121 E
Point Danger
128
28 S
154 E
Port Arthur (Ont.)
126
48 N
89 W
Point de Galle ...
140
6N
81 E
Port Arthur (Tasm.)
128 Ins.
Point Denison
140
20 S
148 E
Port Augusta
Pointe des Peres ...
67 :
^ns.
(Austral. S.) ...
128
33 S
138 E
Pointe d'Orleans ...
67
[ns.
Port Augusta
Pointe Levis
67 ]
!ns.
(Austral. W.) ...
128
34 S
115 E
Point Isabel
71
26 N
97 W
Port-au-Prince
69
19 N
72 W
Poissy
8
49 N
2E
Port Basque
140
47 N
58 W
Poitiers
8
47 N
0
Port Blair
125
12 N
93 E
Poitou
8
44 at
4 "W
Port Bowen
128
22 S
151 E
Pola
4
45 N
14 E
Port Chalmers (N.G.)
128
8S
146 E
Poland
1
Port Chalmers (N.Z.)
129
46 S
171 E
Polianovka ...
52
55 N
32 E
Port Dalrymple
128
41 S
147 E
Policastro
4
40 N
16 E
Port Darwin
128
12 S
131 E
Poligny
103
47 N
6E
Port Denison
139
20 S
148 E
Pollilore
64
12 N
79 E
Port Egmout
101
50 S
60 W
Polock (Polotsk,
Port EHzabeth ...
133
34 S
26 E
Polozk)
20
55 N
29 S
Portendik ...
65
18 N
15 W
Poltava
61
50 N
35 E
Port' Ercole
26
42 N
HE
Polynesia
139
Port Essington
Polzen, K
117 Ins.
(Austral. N.) ...
128
12 S
132 E
Pomerania ...
12
50IV
12 E
Port Essington
Pomerania, Swedish
97
52 N
12 E
(Brit. Col.) ...
139
53 N
130 W
Pomerelia, W.
58
54 N
19 E
Port Gibson
74
32 N
91 W
Pomeroon, B.
106
7N
59 W
Port Hamilton
137
34 N
127 E
Pomfret
16
54 N
IW
Port Hudson
74
31 N
91 W
Pomfret Ab.
16
54 N
1 W
Portici
104
41 N
14 E
Pommersfelden
14
50 N
HE
Portland B.
128
38 S
142 E
Ponce
134
18 N
67 W
Portland Bill
121
52 N
2 W
Pondicherry
64
12 N
80 E
Portland Canal
126
55 N
130 W
Pondoland ...
133
32 S
29 E
Portland (Can.) ...
126
44 N
70 W
Pongola, K.
133
27 S
31 E
Portland (U.S.A.)...
140
45 N
122 W
Pons
19
46 N
1 W
Portland (Victoria)
128
38 S
142 E
Pont-a-Mousson ...
19
49 N
6E
Port Lincoln
128
35 S
136 E
Pontarlier ...
39
47 N
6E
Port Louis
50
48 N
3E
Pont Beauvoisin ...
19
46 N
6E
Port Madryn
140
42 S
65 W
Pont de Gresin
.25
46 N
6E
Portmoak ...
23
56 N
3W
Pont de I'Arche ...
8
49 N
IB
Port Moresby
128
9S
147 E
Pontecorvo ...
26
42 N
14 E
Port Natal
133
30 8
31 E
Ponte di Legno
30
46 N
11 E
Port Nelson
126
57 N
92 W
Ponte Ferreira
95
41 N
8 W
Port Nolloth
140
29 8
17 E
Pontefract {see Pomfret)
Porto Alegro
135
30 8
51 W
Ponte Lagoscuro ...
26
45 N
12 E
Porto Bello
66
ION
SOW
Pontenuovo...
26
42 N
9E
Porto Calvo
106
98
36 W
Ponte Pegadia
120
39 N
21 E
Porto Ferraio
26
43 N
10 E
Ponthiery
97
48 N
2E
Port of Spain
69
UN
61 W
Index to Maps.
205
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Porto Longone
26
43 N
10 E
Priepolje
119
43 N
20 E
Porto Novo
64
12 N
80 E
Priesten
97
51 N
14 E
Porto Praya
24
15 N
24 W
Prince Albert Land
126
TON
ISO TXT
Porto Kico ...
69
18 N
66 W
Prince Albert Sound
126
70sr
120'W
Porto Seguro
2
17 S
39 W
Prince Edward I.
70
40N
70 W
Port Phillip
128
38 8
145 E
Prince of Wales, C.
139
60N
180
Portree
23
57 N
6W
Prince of Wales I.
Port Kepublico
74
38 N
79 W
(Austral.)
128
lis
142 E
Port Eoyal (France)
79
49 N
2E
Prince of Wales I.
Port Eoyal (Jamaica)
69
18 N
77 W
(Brit. Col.) ...
139
40N
140 W
Port Eoyal (Nova
Prince of Wales I.
Scotia)
67
45 N
65 W
(N. Can.)
126
73 N
100 W
Port Eoyal (U.S.A.)
74
32 N
81 W
Prince Patrick I. ...
126
70 N
130 W
Port Eush
27
55 N
7W
Prince Eupert B. ...
126
54 N
130 W
Port Said
110
31 N
32 E
Prince's Eiver
65 Ins.
Port Santiago
139
16 N
121 E
Princess I. ...
100
O
o
Port Simpson
139
54 N
131 W
Princeton ...
70
40 N
74 W
Portsmouth (Eng.)
16
51 N
1 W
Priucipato citra ...
4
40 17
14 E
Portsmouth (U.S.A.)
70
43 N
71 W
Principato ultra ...
4
40M-
14 E
Port Sudan
132
19 N
37 E
Principe, I. do
130
2N
8E
Portugal
1
Prinkipo
119
41 N
29 E
Portuguese E. Afr.
133
Pripet, E
58
52 N
28 E
Portuguese W. Afr.
133
Privas
103
45 N
5E
Portumna ...
37
53 N
8W
Prizren
120
42 N
21 E
Poschiavo
15
46 N
10 B
Probstheida
97 Ins.
Poschiavo ...
30
46 N
10 E
Prome
125
19 N
95 E
Posen
62
52 N
17 E
Prossnitz ...
57
49 N
17 E
Posilipo
26
40 N
14 E
Provence
8
40 1^
4E
Poszega
111
45 N
18 E
Providence
70
42 N
72 W
Potchefstroom
133
27 S
27 E
Providence I.
69
13 N
81 W
Potenza
104
41 N
16 E
Priim
109
SON
6E
Poti
61
42 N
42 E
Prussia
51
Potomac, E.
72
40 N
78 W
Prussia, D. of
20
SON
20E
Potosi
106
20 S
66 W
Prussia, E., W., New
Potsdam
33
52 N
13 E
E., S
59
52 N
16E
Potteries, The
121
53 N
2 W
Pruth, E
3
45 If
25 E
Pouance
83
48 N
1 W
Przamsia ...
108
SON
19 E
Poupry
118
48 N
2 E
Przemysl
20
SON
23 E
Poverty Bay
129
39 S
178 E
Pskoff
108
58 N
28 E
Povyenets
52
63 N
35 B
Puebla
134
19 N
98 W
Powick Bridge
36
52 N
2 W
Puerta de Sta Maria
95
37 N
6 W
Pozsony
21
48 N
17 E
Puerto Eeal
24
36 N
6W
Pozzolo
88
45 N
10 E
Puerto Eico {see
Praga
58
52 N
21 E
Porto Eico)
Prague
12
SON
14 E
Pulaski
74
35 N
87 W
Pratiga
30
46 sr
9 E
Pulawy
58
SIN
22 E
Prato
4
44 N
HE
Pulicat
64
13 N
80 E
Pratteln
112
48 N
8E
Pulo Ai
43 Ins.
Pratzen
92 Ins.
Pulo Condore
125
9N
106 E
Pregel, E
55
54 -N
20E
Pulo Eun
43 Ins.
Preilitz
97
51 N
15 E
Pulo Web
140
6N
95 E
Prenzlau
62
53 N
14 E
Pultusk
58
S3N
21 E
Preobrazhenskoe . . .
52
56 N
38 E
Pungure
133
19 8
34 E
Prespa, L. ...
119
41 N
21 E
Punitz
54
52 N
17 E
Presqu'isle ...
70
42 N
SOW
Punjab
122
30 N
70 E
Pressburg (Pozsony)
21
48 N
17 E
Punniar
124
26 N
78 E
Presteigne
121
52 N
3W
Puno
106
16 8
70 W
Preston
36
54 N
3W
Punta del Eey
106
ION
64 W
Preston Pans
56
56 N
3 W
Purandhar
64
18 N
75 E
Pretoria
133
26 8
28 E
Purus, E
135
10 8
70^xr
Prevesa
3
39 N
21 E
Puster Thai
83
46 N
12 E
Priboj
119
20 N
44 E
Putivl
52
SIN
34 E
Priebus
12
51 N
15 E
Putten
22
52 N
4B
Priegnitz
12
53 N
12 E
Puy-de-D6me
103
44 N
O
206
Index to Maps.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Puylaurens...
. 19
44 N
2E
Rahad, R
.. 132
13 N
35 E
Puymiral
. 19
44 N
1 W
Rahmanieh...
.. 110
31 N
31 E
Pyasina, K.
. 136
70N
80£
Raigern Ab.
.. 92
49 N
17 E
Pyrenees Basses ,.
. 103
40N
4 W
Rain
.. 33
49 N
HE
Pyrenees Hautes ..
. 103
4onr
O
Rainy, R. ...
.. 67
49 N
94 W
Pyrenees Mts
7
Raisin, R. ...
.. 70
42 N
84 W
Pyrenees Orientales
103
40ZV
O
Rajputana ...
.. 64
Pyramids ...
. 132 Ins.
Rakhsban, R.
.. 124
27 N
64 B
Pyritz
. 62
53 N
15 B
Rakonitz
.. 29
SON
14 E
Pyrmont
. 107
52 N
9 E
Rakos
.. 21
48 N
19 E
Raleigh
.. 74
36 N
78 W
Quatre Bras
. 98 Ins.
Ramgunga, R.
.. 124
25 N
75 E
Quebec
. 70
47 N
71 W
Ramillies ...
.. 45
SIN
5E
Quedlinburg
. 59
52 N
11 E
Ramieh
.. 132
31 N
30 B
Queenborough
. 113
51 N
1 W
Eamraekens
.. 22
SIN
4B
Queen Charlotte I.
139
40N
140 W
Ramnagar ...
.. 124
32 N
74 B
Queen Charlotte Sc
139
40N
1401^
Rampore (India)
.. 99
29 N
79 E
Queen's County ..
. 37
53 N
8W
Rampore (India)
.. 99
16 N
77 B
Queensferry Ab. ..
. 23
56 N
3 W
Rampura . . .
.. 99
24 N
75 E
Queenstown (Afr. S.
) 133
32 S
27 E
Ramree
.. 125
19 N
94 E
Queenstown (Am. N.
) 70
43 N
79 W
Ram's Head, The
... 27
55 N
8W
Queenstown (N.Z.)
129
45 S
169 E
Ramsey
... 16
52 N
0
Queich, R
. 45
49 N
8E
Ramu
.. 125
21 N
92 E
Quels, B. ...
. 81
49 N
8E
Randalstown
.. 47
55 N
6W
Queiss, R
. 97
51 N
15 E
Ranelagh, The
.. 37
52 IT
8 "W
Queluz
. 95
39 N
9 W
Rangitata, R.
.. 129
44 S
171 E
Quercy
. . 8
44 N-
O
Rangoon
... 122
17 N
96 B
Queretaro
. 106
20 N
100 w
Raniganj
... 123
24 N
87 B
Querfurt
. 12
51 N
12 E
Rannoch, L.
... 23
57 N
4 W
Quesnoi
. 81
SON
4E
Rantzau
... 40
52 17
BE
Quetta
. 124
30 N
67 E
Rapallo
4
44 N
9B
Quiberon
. 83
47 N
3 W
Raphoe
... 37
55 N
8B
Quiberou B.
. 50
47 N
3 W
Rapidan, R.
.. 74
38 N
78 W
Qui(^vrain ...
. 19
SON
4E
Rappahannock, R
74
38 N
77 W
Quilimane
. 130
18 S
37 E
Rapti, R. ...
.. 122
27 N
83 B
Quiloa
. 65
8S
40 E
Rasboieni ...
3
48 N
25 B
Quilon
. 64
9N
77 E
Raseborg . . .
.. 17
60 N
24 E
Quimper
. 103
48 N
4 W
Rasi, Wadi...
.. 131
35 N
SW
Quinpiac, R.
. 68
42 N
73 W
Raslawice . . .
.. 58
SON
20 B
Quintana Roo
. 134
20 N
88 W
Rastatt
... 62
49 N
8B
Quintangbona I. ..
. 130
15 S
41 E
Rasul
.. 124
33 N
74 B
Quints, Bay of
. 70
44 N
78 W
Raszyn
.. 93
52 N
21 E
Quito
. 106
0
78 W
Rathcormack
... 47
52 N
8W
Quitta
. 65
6N
IE
Rathenow ...
.. 53
53 N
12 E
Rathlin I. ...
.. 37
55 N
6W
Raab (Gyor)
. 21
48 N
18 E
Rathmines ...
37
53 N
6W
Raab, R
. Ill
47 N
17 E
Rathmore . . .
.. 27
53 N
7W
Rabat
. 131
34 N
7W
Rathmullan
.. 37
55 N
8W
Raby
16
55 N
2W
Ratibor
.. 12
SON
18 E
Racconigi
. 25
45 N
8E
Ratisbon
.. 12
49 N
12 E
Race, C
. 126
46 N
53 W
Ratnagiri . . .
.. 122
17 N
73 E
Rachol
. 99
15 N
74 E
Ratoath
.. 47
53 N
6W
Racour
. 81
SIN
5E
Rattenberg . . .
12
47 N
12 B
Racow
. 20
51 N
21 E
Ratzeburg . . .
.. 62
54 N
HE
Radnor
. 113
52 N
3 W
Rausnitz
.. 92 Ins.
Radolfzell
. 12
48 N
9E
Ravenna
4
44 N
12 E
Radom
. 58
51 N
21 E
Ravensburg
.. 12
48 N
10 B
Radstadt
. 13
47 N
13 E
Ravenstein ...
.. 28
50N
5E
Radziejowice
. 20
53 N
19 E
Ravenswood
.. 128
20 S
147 B
Raffa
. 132
31 N
34 E
Ravi, R
.. 99
24 IT
72 E
Raffles B
. 128
lis
132 E
Rawa
.. 68
52 N
20 E
Raglan
. 16
52 N
3 W
Rawal Pindi
.. 64
34 N
73 E
Raglan Castle
. 36
52 N
3W
Rawitz
.. 54
52 N
17 E
Ragusa
3
43 N
18 E
Rawka
.. 58
SIN
20 E
Index to Maps.
2or
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Ray, C
126
47 N
59 W
Rhode I
72
42 N
71 W
Raymond ...
74
32 N
90 W
Rhodes
3
36 N
28 E
Raz
87
48 N
5W
Rhodes, Inr. and Out
. 15
47 N
9E
Raziins
30
47 N
9E
Rhodesia
133
Reading
16
51 N
1 W
Rhodesia,N.E.,N.W.,
Reading Ab.
16
51 N
1 W
andS
130
20S
20E
Recife (Pernambuco)
106
8S
35 W
Rhodope Mts
119
42 N
24 E
Redan
115 Ins.
Rhone, R
8
44 N
4B
Red Bay
27
55 N
6W
Rhone et Loire
103
44 N
4E
Red River (Amer. N.)
69
34 N
9W
Rhuddlan
16
53 N
3 W
Red River (Amer. N.)
72
48 N
97 W
Riazin
108
54 N
40 E
Red River (China)
125
20N
looz:
Kibagorza, R.
7
42 St
1 £
Ree, L
27
53 N
8W
Ribble, R
36
54 N
3W
Rees
29
52 N
6E
Ribe
17
55 N
9E
Regensburg
62
49 N
12 E
Richelieu ...
79
47 N
0
Regent Inlet
126
73 N
90 W
Richelieu, R.
70
45 N
73 W
Reggio (Italy)
4
45 N
11 E
Riche Pt
67
51 N
58 W
Reggio (Italy)
104
38 N
16 E
Richmond (Afr. S.)
133
30 S
30 E
Regina
126
SON
105 W
Richmond (Eng.) ...
16
54 N
2W
Reichenau (Bohem.)
89
50 N
16 E
Richmond (U.S.A.)
72
38 N
77 W
Reicbenau (Switz.)
30
47 N
9E
Rich Mt
74
39 N
SOW
Reichenbach ( Saxony)
107
51 N
12 E
Ried
111
48 N
13 E
Reichenbach ( Silesia)
62
51 N
17 E
Riedberg
30
47 N
9E
Reichenberg
12
51 N
15 E
Rieneck
12
SON
10 B
Reichstadt ...
107
51 N
15 E
Riesen Gebirge
117 Ins.
R6, I. de
79
46 N
1 W
Rieti
104
42 N
13 E
Reigate
113
51 N
0'
Riez, I. of
19
47 N
2 W
Reims
8
49 N
4E
Rif, The
130
35 N
4 W
Rendsburg ...
12
54 N
10 E
Riga
58
57 N
24 E
Renfrew
23
56 N
4W
Rimini
4
44 N
13 E
Rennes
8
48 N
2W
Rimnik
61
45 N
24 E
Reno...
94
44 N
8E
Ringnes Is.
126
78 N
100 W
Resaca
74
35 N
85 W
Riobamba ...
135
2S
79 W
Rescade la Palma
71
26 N
97 W
Rio de Balzas
134
18 N
100 w
Rescht
52
37 N
50 E
Rio de Janeiro
106
22 S
44 W
Resht
108
37 N
50 E
Rio de la Hacha ...
69
12 N
72 W
Retford, E.
121
52 N
1 W
Rio de la Plata ...
106
40 8
80 W
Rethe
8
48IT
4E
Rio del Norte
139
201!ff
120W
Rethel
79
49 N
4E
Rio de Oro
130
20N
20^
Rethymno
120
35 N
25 E
Rio Gila
134
33 N
113 W
Reunion
130
22 S
55 E
Rio Grande (Am. S.)
106
32 S
52 W
Reus
95
41 N
IE
Rio Grande (U.S.A.)
72
30 N
100 w
Reuss
12
SON
8z:
Rio Grande del Norte
Reuss, R
107
47 N
8E
(Am. S.)
106
20 8
40 W
Reutlingen ...
12
49 N
9E
Rio Grande de
Reval
61
59 N
25 E
Santiago (Mex.)
134
21 N
104 W
Revelstoke ...
126
51 N
118 W
Rio Grande do Sul
Revesby Ab.
16
53 N
0
(Am. S.)
106
40S
60W
Revue, R
133
20 S
33 E
Rioja
135
30 S
68 W
Rewah
122
25 N
81 E
Riom
8
46 N
3E
Reynold, R.
128
30S
130 E
Rio Muni
130
2N
10 E
Rezorville
118 Ins.
Rion, R.
115
43 N
43 E
Rheinau
39
48 N
8E
Rio Negro
135
40 S
68 W
Rheinberg
12
52 N
7E
Rio Negro, R.
135
40 S
68 W
Rheinfelden
12
48 N
8E
Ripoli
44
42 N
2E
Rheinfels
12
50 N
8E
Ripon
36
54 N
2W
Rheinwald ...
30
46 US
9E
Risle, R
118
49 N
IE
Rhenish Knights ...
12
46 N
4E
Riu-kiu Is.
138
20»r
120E
Rhin Bas
103
48 rr
4 E
Riva
30
46 N
9E
Rhine, Confed. of the
97
Rivaulx Ab.
16
54 N
1 W
Rhine Provinces ...
118
Riverina District ...
128
40S
140
Rhine, R
30
46 17
91!
Riviera, Genoese ...
83
44 N
8 E
Rhin et Moselle ...
94
48 JS
4 E
Riviere du Loup ...
126
48 N
69 W
Rhin Haute
103
44 N
4 E
Rivoli (Italy)
94
46 N
HE
208
Index to Maps,
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Eivoli (Italy)
. 104
45 N
8E
Rosheim
40
48 N
7E
Bivolta
. 4 Ins
. 45 N
10 E
Roskilde
17
56 N
12 E
Koanne
. 19
46 N
4E
Roslau
29
52 N
12 B
Eoanoke I.
. 74
36 N
76 W
Rosmarkyn
23
56 N
8 W
Roanoke, R.
. 68
36 N
78 W
Rosmead June.
133
31 S
25 E
Robertsbridge Ab.
16
51 N
0
Rosoy
19
49 N
3E
Robertsons ...
. 23
57 N
4W
Ross
23
56 N
5 W
Roccabruna
. 103
44 N
7E
Ross, New ...
37
52 N
7 W
Roccasecca ...
4
42 N
14 E
Rossano
4
40 N
17 E
Rochdale
. 121
54 N
2W
Rossbach
57
51 N
12 E
Roche Bernard
. 19
47 N
2 W
Rossbrunn ...
117
50 N
10 E
Rocheford
. 79
46 N
IW
Rosses
23
58 N
4W
Roche, Lord
. 27
52 N
8W
Rossitz
12
49 N
16 E
Rochester ...
. 16
51 N
0
Rossland
126
49 N
118 W
Rochlitz
. 14
51 N
13 E
Rostock
12
54 N
12 B
Rockhampton
. 128
23 S
151 E
Rostoff (Russia) ...
61
57 N
39 B
Rocky Mts
. 139
Rostoff (Russia) ...
108
47 N
40 E
Rocroi (Rocroy) ..
. 39
50 N
4E
Rotenburg (Hesse)...
62
51 N
10 E
Rodach
. 12
50 N
HE
Rothenburg, Imp.
Rodez
. 79
44 N
3E
Town
62
49 N
10 E
Rodosto
. 105
41 N
28 E
Rothenburg (Prus.)
57
52 N
15 E
Rodrigues I.
. 100
30 8
60z:
Rothenthurm
90
47 N
9E
Roebourne ...
. 128
21 S
117 E
Rother, R
121
51 N
1 W
Roebuck B.
. 128
18 S
122 E
Rother, R
121
51 N
IB
Roer
. 94
48 N
4E
Rothes
23
58 N
3W
Roer, R
. 107
51 N
6E
Rotterdam ...
22
52 N
4E
Roermonde
. 12
51 N
6E
Rottum I.
109
53 IT
en
Roeskilde
. 53
56 N
12 E
Rottweil
12
48 N
9E
Roggenburg
13
48 N
10 E
Roubaix
103
51 N
3E
Roggeveld Mts
. 133
32 S
20 E
Rouen
8
49 N
IE
Rohan
79
48 N
3W
Rouergue
8
44 If
O
Rohilkhand
64
24 rr
72 E
Roumania ...
119
44 N
24 E
Rohrbach
. 97
52 N
13 E
Roumelia {see Rumelia)
Rokelle, R.
. 130
8N
13 W
Roumelia, Eastern
119
4oir
24 W
Rolica
95
39 N
9W
Roundaway Down
36
51 N
2W
Rolla
74
38 N
92 W
Roussillon ...
7
42 nr
2 E
Romagna
4
42 N
121!
Roussillon ...
19
45 N
5E
Romainville
. 97 Ins.
Route, The
27
55 N
6 W
Roman Republic ..
86
Roverbello
83
45 N
HE
Romans
79
45 N
5E
Roveredo (Austria)
83
46 N
HE
Rome
4
42 N
12 E
Roveredo (Venetia)
104
46 N
13 E
Romney Marsh
121
51 N
IE
Rovigo
4 Ins
. 45 N
12 E
Romny
108
51 N
33 E
Rovuma, R.
130
12 S
38 E
Romont
15
47 N
7E
Rowton Heath
36
53 N
3 W
Romorantin
19
47 N
2E
Roxburgh ...
23
55 N
3W
Roncal
7
43 N
1 W
Roxo, C. (Cape
Roncesvalles
95
43 N
1 W
Breton I.)
130
12 N
17 W
Ronciglione
26
42 N
12 E
Roy ale, lie
67
46 N
61 W
Ronco
83
46 N
12 E
Royan
19
46 N
1 W
Ronco, R. ...
4
44 N
12 £
Roye
19
50 N
3E
Roncourt
. 118 Ins.
Royston
36
52 N
0
Ronda
7
37 N
5 W
Rozmital
21
SON
14 E
Ronnow
57
SON
16 E
Ruaha, R. ...
130
8S
37 E
Roosebeke
6
51 N
3E
Ruatan I. ...
69
16 N
86 W
Roper, R
128
15 S
135 E
Rub-el-Khali
124
20N
50E
Ropscha
61
60 N
30 E
Rubi, R
132
3N
23 E
Rorke's Drift
133
28 S
30 E
Rubicone, R.
94
44 NT
12E
Rosario
135
33 S
61 W
Rudnia
96
55 N
31 E
Rosas
95
42 N
3E
Rudolf, L
132
4N
36 E
Roscommon
37
54 N
8W
Rudolstadt
107
SIN
HE
Roseau
69
15 N
61 W
Rue
19
SON
2E
Rosenberg
21
49 N
14 E
Rueil
79
49 N
2E
Rosendal
81
51 N
2E
Ruffec
19
46 N
0
Rosetta
110
31 N
30 E
Rufford Ab.
16
53 N
IW
Index to Maps,
209
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long,
Rufiji, R
130 Ins.
Saco, R
•68
43 N
71 W
Rugby
121
52 N
1 w
Sacramento
■72
39 N
121 W
Riigen
12
54 N
i2i:
Sacramento, R. ..
72
40 N
122 W
Riihr, R
22
51 N
7 E
Sadiya
138
28 N
96 E
Rullion Green
"23
56 N
3W
Sadowa
117 Ins.
Rumania (see
Sadras
64
13 N
80 E
Roumania)
Sadulapur
124
33 N
74 E
Rumbek
132
7N
30 E
Saffi
131
32 N
9W
Rumelia
3
40ir
20i:
Saffron Walden ..
36
52 N
0
Rupert, R. ...
-70
50N
BCW
Safi
140
36 N
0
Rupert's Land
101
soiar
90 W
Safid Koh Mts ..
123
33 N
70 E
Ruppin
12
53 N
13 E
Sagahadoc ...
66
44 N
70 W
Rupununi, R.
135
2N
59 W
Sagan
12
52 N
15 E
Ruremonde
45
51 N
6E
Sagar
123
24 N
79 E
Russbach ...
93 Ins.
Saghalin I
137
40sr
140E
Russia
41
Sagres
7
37 N
9 W
„ Great
52
Saguenay, R.
70
49 N
71 W
,, Little
52
Sagunto
95
40 N
0
,, Red
58
Sahagun
95
42 N
5W
White
58
Saharanpur
123
30 N
77 E
Rustchuk ...
108
44 N
26 E
Saida
110
34 N
35 E
Ruthenia
108
40 N
20 E
Saigon
125
UN
107 E
Rutherglen
•23
56 N
4 W
Sailor's Cr.
74
37 N
78 W
Ruthin
16
53 N
3W
St Abb's Head ..
121
56 N
2W
Ruthven
23
57 N
3W
Sta Agueda
95
43 N
3W
Ruti
15
47 N
9E
St Albans
16
52 N
1 W
Rutland
16
52 17
2 vr
St Albans Ab.
16
52 N
1 W
Ruvo
4
41 N
17 E
St Albans Head ..
16
51 N
2W
Ruwenzori Mt
130
0
30 E
St Amand ...
81
51 N
5E
Ry
17
56 N
10 E
St AmandoMontron
i 19
47 N
3E
Rye
16
51 N
IE
St Ambrose
135
26 S
SOW
Rye House
121
52 N
0
St Andrews
23
66 N
3W
Ryojun
137
39 N
121 E
St Anne, C.
65
8N
2 W
Ryswy k
22
52 N
4E
St Anne's
70
46 N
66 W
St Antonin
19
44 N
2E
Saale, R. (R. Elbe)
92
51 N
12 E
St Arnoul ...
19
48 N
IE
Saale, R. (R. Rhine)
92
50 N
10 E
St Asaph
16
53 N
3W
Saalfeld
33
51 N
HE
St Aubin du Cormier
8
48 N
1 W
Saalkreis
40
52 N
12 E
St Augustine
68
30 N
81 W
Saane, R. ...
90
46 N
7E
St Avoid
. 118
49 N
7E
Saanen
90
46 N
7 E
St Bartholomew ..
. 69
18 N
63 W
Saar, R
107
49 N
7E
St Bernard, Gt ..
90
46 N
7E
Saar, Wadi
131
34 N
3W
St Bernard, Little
88
46 N
7E
Saarbourg ...
45
49 N
7E
St Bernard Pass ..
. 83
46 N
7E
Saarbriicken
81
49 N
7E
St Bias
. 139
22 N
105 W
Saargemiind (Saarguc
3-
St Bonifacio
. 104
45 N
HE
mines)
103
49 N
7E
St Brandon Group
140
17 S
60 E
Saarlouis ...
107
49 N
7E
St Brieuc
. 103
48 N
3E
Saarnen [see Sarnen)
St Cannice ...
47
53 N
7W
Saarwerden
62
48 N
4 E
St Cast
60
48 N
3 W
Saba I.
69
18 N
63 W
St Catharine's I. ..
106
28 S
48 W
Sabara
106
20 S
44 W
St Catharine's Poin
t 16
51 N
1 W
Sabi, R
133
20 N
31 E
Ste Catherine
. 25
46 N
6E
Sabina
26
42 N
13 E
St Catherine, C. ..
2
2S
9E
Sabine, R
72
32 N
94 W
St Charles, R.
67
48 N
72 W
Sable, C
67
43 N
66 W
St Clair, L.
70
42 N
84 W
Sable I
67
44 N
60 W
St Cloud
79
49 N
2E
Sabugal
95
40 N
7 W
St Croix I.
101
O
90 W
Saburmutti, R.
123
20 N
70 E
StCroix,R. (Am. N.
) 70
45 N
68 W
Sachu
138
40 N
94 E
St Croix, R. (Am. N.
) 66
40 N
100 W
Sacile
93
46 N
12 E
Sta Cruz
. 69
18 N
65 W
Sacketts Har.
70
44 N
76 W
Sta Cruz de Mar
Sackingen
12
48 N
8E
Pequena
. 131
29 N
low
Saco
68
43 N
70 W
St Cyr
97 Ins.
C. II. H. VOL. XIV.
14
210
Index to Maps,
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
St David's
16
52 N
5 W
St Julien
25
46 N
6£
St Denis (France)...
8
49 N
2B
St Kitts
69
18 N
62 W
St Denis (Netherl.)
45
51 N
4E
St Lawrence
126
63 N
106 W
St Dixier
19
49 N
5 E
St Lawrence, G. of
67
48 N
62 W
St Donats ...
16
51 N
4W
St Lawrence, R. ...
72
40N
SO^WT
St Elias, Mt
139
60 N
140 W
St L6
103
49 N
1 w
St Etienne
103
45 N
4E
St Lorenzo
106
8N
80 W
St Eustatius
69
17 N
63 W
St Louis (Afr. W.)
130
16 N
16 W
St Fagan's
36
52 N
3 W
St Louis (Am. N.)
72
39 N
90 W
St Felix
135
26 S
SOW
St Lucia (Austr.) ...
104
45 N
HE
St Florent (Corsica)
50
43 N
9E
St Lucia (Wind'd Is.)
69
14 N
61 W
St Florent (France)
82
47 N
IW
St Lucia B.
133
28 S
33 E
St Foy (Am. N.) ...
67 Ins.
St Lucia, L.
133
28 S
33 E
St Foy (France) ...
8
45 N
0
St Luis Potosi
106
22 N
102 W
St Francis ...
70
45 N
75 W
St Luziussteig
30
47 N
10 E
St Francis B.
133
34 S
25 E
St Maixent
19
46 N
0
St Fulgent
82
47 N
1 W
St Malo
79
49 N
2 W
St Gall
112
47 N
9E
St Manuel, R.
135
20 8
60Txr
St Gall, Canton of
113
47 W
9 z:
St Marcos B.
135
2S
44 W
St George (Switz.)
83
46 N
6E
St Marcouf Is.
87
50 N
1 W
St George (Wind'd Is.)
69
12 N
62 W
St Marie aux Chenes
118 Ins.
St George B.
135
50 8
70 W
Ste Marie, C.
130
25 S
45 B
St George's Cay ...
69
18 N
88 W
Ste Marie I.
65
17 S
50 E
St George's Channel
121
St Marta
106
74 N
low
St George's Channel
St Martin (I. de R6)
79
46 N
IW
(Danube)
105
45 N
30 E
St Martin (Leew'd Is.)
69
18 N
63 W
St Germain
8
49 N
2E
St Mary, C.
65
14 N
16 W
St Germains
113
50 N
4W
St Mary (Madagascar)
140
18 S
50 E
St Gilles (Indre et
St Mary's
68
38 N
76 W
Loire) ...
82
47 N
0
St Mary's I. (Afr. W.)
101
O
30 W
St Gilles (Vendue)...
82
47 N
2 W
St Mathieu Pt ...
50
48 N
4 W
St Giovanni
4
45 N
HE
St Maur (Belg.) ...
103
50 N
3 E
St Giovanni, Mt ...
4
40N
14 E
St Maur (France)...
8
49 N
2E
St Gothard
48
47 N
16 E
Sta Maura
3
39 N
21 E
St Gothard Pass ...
112
47 N
9E
St Maurice, R.
126
40 m
80 W
St Helena ...
130
16 S
5 W
St Mawes
113
50 N
5 W
St Helena B.
133
33 S
18 E
St Menehould
79
49 N
5E
St Helens
50
51 N
1 W
St Michael
113
50 N
5W
St Helen's Head ...
27
55 N
9 W
St Michael's I. {see
St Hyacinthe
126
45 N
73 W
St Miguel)
St Iguace ...
67
46 N
85 W
St Michel (France)
83
45 N
6E
St Ives
113
SON
5 W
St Michel (Russ.)...
108
62 N
27 E
St Jacob
15
48 N
8E
St Miguel
2
30N
30 VT
St Jean, Mont
98 Ins.
St Nazaire
103
47 N
2 W
St Jean d'Acre
110
33 N
35 E
St Neots
36
52 N
0
St Jean d' Angely . . .
19
46 N
1 W
St Nicholas Mole...
69
20 N
73 W
St Jean de Losne...
39
47 N
5E
St Omer
22
51 N
2E
St Jean de Luz ...
95
43 N
2 W
St Ouen
19 Ins.
St Jean de Maurienne
83
45 N
6 E
St Patrick's Purgatory
27
55 N
8 W
St Jean, I. de
67
46 N
63 W
St Paul (France) ...
19
44 N
2 E
St Jean Pied de Port
7
43 N
1 W
St Paul (U.S.A.)
72
45 N
93 W
St John (Leew'd Is.)
69
18 N
65 W
St Paul de Loanda
65
9S
13 E
St John (New Bruns.)
70
45 N
66 W
St Peter, L.
70
46 N
73 W
St John, E. (Am. N.)
2
aoN
dcw
St Petersburg
61
60 N
30 E
St John, R. (Am. N.)
70
47 N
68 W
St Pierre (France)
95
43 N
IW
.St John, R. (Labrador
70
51 N
64 W
St Pierre (Valais) ...
88
46 N
7E
St John's (Canada)
70
45 N
74 W
St Pierre I.
67
47 N
56 W
-St John's (Newf'ndl'd)
67
48 N
52 W
St Pierre les Calais
103
51 N
2E
BtJohn's,E. (Afr. S.)
133
32 S
30 E
St Pol
6
SON
2E
,St Johnstown (Ire.)
47
55 N
7W
St Polten
57
48 N
16 E
St Johnstown (Ire.)
47
54 N
8W
St Privat
118
49 N
6B
iSt Joseph (Canada)
67
42 N
86 W
St Quentin...
22
50 N
3E
St Joseph (Trinidad)
69
UN
61 W
St Remy
88
46 N
7E
St Juan d'UUoa ...
106
20 N
96 W
St Roque, C.
135
5S
35 W
Index to Maps.
211
Map Lat. Long.
Sta Rosa B. ... 135 O SO W
St Salvador ... 106 13 N 90 W
St Sauveur 67 44 N 68 W
St Sebastian ... 7 43 N 2 W
St Servan 50 48 N 2 W
St Simon's I. ... 68 31 N 81 W
Ste Terre 19 45 N 0
St Thomas 69 18 N 65 W
St Thome I. ... 130 0 7E
St Trond 22 51 N 5E
St Valery 6 50 N 2B
St Venant 45 51 N 3E
St Vincent 69 13 N 61 W
St Vincent, C. ... 7 37 N 9 W
St Vincente ... 106 24 S 46 W
St Yrieix 19 45 N IE
Saintes 8 46 N IW
Saintonge 8 44 !» 4 "WT
Sajama Pk ... 135 18 S 68 W
Sakai 137 35 N 135 B
Sakaria, R. ... 115 40 N 30 E
Sakhar 124 28 N 69 E
Salado, E 139 40 S SOW
Salahiyeh 85 31 N 32 B
Salamanca 7 41 N 6W
Salbai (India) ... 99 26 N 78 E
Salbai (India) ... 99 21 N 76 E
Salcombe 16 50 N 4W
Saldanha B. ... 133 33 S 18 E
Salees 7 43 N 3B
Salem (Mass.) ... 68 43 N 71 W
Salem (New Jersey) 68 40 N 75 W
Salem, E 68 43 N 71 W
Salem^, E 130 13 N 12 W
Salerno 26 40 N 15 E
Salford 114 53 N 2W
Salisbury (Eng.) ... 16 51 N 2W
Salisbury (Rhodesia) 133 18 S 31 E
Salm 62 48 N 7E
Salmis 53 61 N 32 E
Salm-Kyrbourg ... 89 52 N 7 E
Salm-Salm 89 52 N 7E
Salo 83 46 N HE
Salona 105 39 N 22 E
Salonika 3 41 N 23 E
Salop 16 52 13" 4W
Salsette 1 64 19 N 73 E
Salta 106 24 N 65 W
Saltanovka 96 54 N 30 E
Saltash 113 50 N 4 W
Saltees 27 52 N 7 W
Saltillo 106 25 N 101 W
Salt Lake City ... 72 41 N 112 W
Saluzzo 4 45N 8E
Salvatierra (Spain) 95 40 N 7 W
Salvatierra (Spain) 95 43 N 2 W
Salwin, E 138 18 N 97 E
Salza, E 62 48 N 13 E
Salzach, E. ... Ill 47 N 13 E
Salzburg 12 48 N 13 E
Salzwedel 33 53 N HE
Samaden 30 47 N 10 E
Samana Mts ... 125 Ins.
Samar 139 O 120 E
Map Lat. Long.
Samara 108 53 N SOB
Samarang 139 6S HIE
Samarkand 124 40 N 67 B
Sambalpur 99 21 N 84 E
Samber 125 13 N 106 E
Sambre et Meuse... 94 48 ST 4B
Sambre, E. ... 22 50 N 4 E
Samland 55 64 W 20 E
Samoa Is 139 20 S ISO
Samogitia 55 54 N 20 E
Samos 1 3 35 MT 25 E
Samothrace ... 3 40 N 25 E
Samoyedes ... ... 61 60 N 50 E
Sanaga, E ^ 130 5N 12 B
San Antonio, C. ... 75 20 N 90 IXT
San Antonio, E. ... 106 28 N 98 W
San Carlos de la
Eapita 95 41 N IB
Sancerre 19 47 N 2 E
San Christoval ... 139 20 S 140 E
San Clements ... 7 39 N 2W
Sandakan 139 O 120E
Sandepu 137 42 N 123 E
Sandgate Castle ... 16 51 N IE
San Diego 106 33 N 117 W
Sandlewood I. ... 139 10 S 120 E
San Domingo (W. I.) 69 19 N 72 W
San Domingo (W. I.) 134 18 N 70 W
Sandomir 58 51 N 22 E
Sandoway 125 18 N 94 E
Sandwich 16 51 N IE
Sandwich Is. ... 139 20 N 156 W
Sandy, C 128 25 S 153 E
Sandy Hook ... 70 40 N 74 W
San Elmo 44 41 N 14 E
SanFernando(Am.S.) 106 4N 68 W
San Fernando (Spain) 95 36 N 6 W
San Francisco (U.S.A.) 72 38 N 122 W
San Francisco, E.
(America, N.)
San Francisco, E.
(Brazil) ... 106 20 S eo VT
San Germano ... 4 42 N 14 E
San Geronimo ... 7 38 N 5 W
Sangha 130 2N 17 E
San Giacomo ... 81 44 N 8E
Sanguesa 7 43 N 1 W
San Ildefonso ... 95 41 N 4W
San Jacinto ... 71 30 N 95 W
San Jacinto, E. ... 71 30 N 95 W
San Jorge da Mina 2 4 N 4 W
San Jos6 (Califor.) 134 23 N 110 W
San Jose (Costa Eica) 139 ION 83 W
San Juan (Amer. S.) 106 31 S 69 W
San Juan (Porto Eico) 134 18 N 66 W
San Juan (U.S.A.) 126 48 N 123 W
San Juan Bautista 134 18 N 95 W
San Juan de Fuca,
Strs of ... 126 48 N 125 W
San Juan d'Ulloa 69 20 N 96 W
San Juan Hts ... 75 20 W SO W
San Juan, E. ... 106 12 N 84 W
San Lucar 7 37 N 6W
San Lucas, C. ... 139 22 N HOW
101 36 N 122 W
14—2
212
Index to Maps,
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
San Luis
135
34 S
66 W
Sasawa, R.
57
50 N
15 E
San Marino
26
44 N
13 E
Sasbach
45
49 N
8E
San Matias B.
1^5
41 S
65 W
Sas de Ghent (Sas-
Sanmen
138
29 N
121 E
van-Gent)
22
51 N
4E
Sannah's Post
133
29 S
26 E
Sasebo
137
33 N
130 E
San Patricio
71
28 N
98 W
Saseno I. ...
119
40 N
19 E
San Paulo
106
24 S
47 W
Saskatchewan
126
SON
iioTxr
San Paulo, Province of 106
40 8
60 W
Saskatchewan, R. ...
126
SON
now
San Pedro
24
30 N
low
Saskatchewan, R.,
Sanpo, R. (Sanpu)
136
20 sr
SOE
N. &S.
126
SON
120 w
Sanquhar
23
55 N
4W
Saskatoon
126
52 N
106 W
San Eemo
104
44 N
8E
Sassari
104
41 N
9E
Sansanding
130
14 N
6W
Satalia
3
37 N
31 E
Sanssouci
107
52 N
13 E
Satara
64
17 N
74 B
San Stefano (Italy)
26
42 N
12 E
Satpura Hills
99
16 N
72 E
San Stefano (Turkey)
105
41 N
29 E
Satschan, L.
92 Ins.
Santa Catharina ...
106
40 8
60W
Satsuma
137
32 N
131 E
Santa Cruz ^Am. S.)
135
48 8
70 W
Sauer, R. ...
118
50 N
6E
Santa Cruz (Califor.)
72
37 N
122 W
Sauer, R
118
49 N
8E
Santa Cruz de la
Sault Ste Marie ...
67
46 N
84 W
Sierra ...
106
18 S
62 W
Saumurois ...
79
47 N
0
Santa Cruz I.
69
17 N
65 W
Saura, Wadi
131
29 N
1 w
Santa Cruz Is.
139
20S
160E
Sauroren
95
43 N
2W
Santa Fe (Am. S.)
106
31 S
61 W
Sauveterre
19
43 N
1 w
Santa Fe (U.S.A.)
72
36 N
106 W
Savages
27
54 N
6W
Santa Maria
30
47 N
10 E
Savaii
139
20 s
180
Santander ...
7
43 N
4 W
Savannah ...
72
32 N
81 W
Santarem ...
95
39 N
9 W
Savannah, R.
•72
34 N
82 W
Santa Rosa I.
74
30 N
87 W
Savanore
64
15 N
75 B
Santee, R. ...
72
33 N
81 W
Save, R.
21
44 N
16 E
Santhia
25
45 N
8E
Save, R. (Sabi, R.)...
133
21 S
34 E
Santiago de Chile...
106
34 S
71 W
Savenay
82
47 N
2W
Santiago de Compostela 7
43 N
9W
Saverne
81
49 N
7E
Santiago de Cuba...
69
20 N
76 W
Savigliano ...
25
45 N
8B
Santiago del Estero
106
28 S
64 W
Savoie
103
44 N
4 E
Santiago I. ...
24
ION
30W
Savoie Haute
103
44 N
4E
Santi Quaranta
120
40 N
20 E
Savona
4
44 N
8E
Santona
95
43 N
3 W
Savoy
25
Santos
135
24 S
47 W
Sawley
16
54 N
2W
Santo Stefano ...
104
38 N
14 E
Saxony
12
SON
12 E
Sanzee, R
45
50 N
3E
Say
130
13 N
2 E
Saone et Loire
103
44 sr
4B
Scanderoon
65
37 N
36 E
Saone Haute
103
44 N
4E
Scandiano
4
45 N
HE
Saone, R
8
44 17
41:
Scanfs
30
47 N
10 E
Saorgio
81
44N
8E
Scania
54
56 N
14 B
Sapienza
3
37 N
22 E
Scarborough
16
54 N
0
Saragossa
■•7
42 N
IW
Scarce, R. ...
18
50 N
3E
Sarakhs
124
37 N
61 E
Scariffhollis
37
58 N
8W
Saratoff
108
52 N
46 E
Scarpe, R
45
50 N
3E
Saratoga
70
43 N
74 W
Scaw Fell
121
54 N
3B
Sarawak
125
2N
110 E
Sceaux
79
49 N
2E
Sard
104
45 N
8E
Schaffhausen
12
48 N
9E
Sardinia
4
Schanfig
30
46 N
9E
Sardinia, Kingdom of
89
Scharding ...
57
48 N
13 E
Sari-Su
138
40 N
60 E
Schassburg
111
46 N
25 E
Sarnen
90
47 N
8E
Schatzlar Pass
57
51 N
16 E
Sarnico
104
46 N
10 E
Schauenberg
12
SON
8E
Saroch
21
48 N
201:
Schaumburg-Lippe
107
52 N
9E
Saros
58
49 N
21 E
Schawli
92
56 N
23 B
Sarras
132
22 N
31 E
Scheldt, E. & W. ..
87 Ins.
Sarre
^94
4817
41:
Scheldt, R.
118
50 N
3E
Sarthe
103
48 N
0
Schelling
42
53 N
5E
Sarthe, R
-19
48 N
0
Schenectady
68
43 N
74 W
Sarzana
4
44 N
10 E
Schenk
39
52 N
6B
Index to Maps,
213
Map
Scheppmansdorp ... 133
Scheveningen . . . 109
Schiedam ... ... 22
Schiedlow 57
Schiermonnikoog ... 1Q9
Schippenbeil ... 92
Schlachter's Nek ... 133
Schladming ... 13
Schlakau 12
Schlapina Pass ... 30
Schlawe 62
Schleiz 107
Schleswig 12
Schlettstadt ... 12
Schliisselburg ... 61
Schraalkalden ... 12
Schmottseifen ... 57
Schonbrunn ... Ill
Schonefeld 97
Schonhoven (Schoon-
hoven) 22
Schonwalde ... 62
Schoonveldt , . . 42
Schouwen ... ... 22
Schulioi, K. ... 115
Schupfheim . . . 112
Schutt 1 48
Schwabach ... 12
Schwarzach(Franconia) 14
Schwarzach (Salzburg) 62
Schwarzawa
Schwarzburg
Schwarzenburg
Schwechat ...
Schwedt
Schweidnitz (Aus.)
Schweidnitz (Silesia)
Schweinfurt
Schwerin .
Schwiebus .
Schwyz
Schyn, B. .
Scilly Is. .
Scio ...
Scodra
Scolnok
Scone
Scone Ab. .
Scotland
Scots, The .
Scrivia
Scutari [see Skutari)
Scylla
Sea Cow R
Seaford
Seattle
Sebu, W.
Secundra
Sedan
Sedgmoor
Seelaud I. {see Zea
land, Den.)
Seez
Sefid Koh
92
62
15
111
33
,97
12
12
12
62
15
30
50
61
3
3
36
23
1
27
87
133
113
72
131
99
79
121
Lat,
23 S
52 N
52 N
51 N
59 N
54 N
32 S
47 N
50 N
47 N
54 N
51 N
55 N
48 N
60 N
51 N
51 N
48 N
Ins.
52 N
52 N
51 N
52 N
Ins.
47 N
48 N
49 N
50 N
47 N
Ins.
51 N
47 N
48 N
53 N
49 N
51 N
50 N
54 N
52 N
47 N
46Sr
SON
38 N
42 N
47 N
56 N
56 N
55 N
44 N
38 N
31 S
51 N
48 N
34 N
28 N
50 N
51 N
79
124
49 N
34 N
Long.
15 E
4E
4E
18 E
6i:
21 E
26 E
14 E
18 E
10 E
17 E
12 E
10 E
7E
31 E
10 E
16 E
16 E
5E
13 E
3 E
4E
8E
18 E
HE
10 E
13 E
HE
7E
16 E
14 E
15 E
16 E
10 E
HE
15 E
9E
91:
6W
26 E
20 E
20 E
3 W
3 W
6W
8E
16 E
25 E
0
122 W
6W
78 E
5E
3W
0
64 E
Segeberg
Segesvar
Segovia
Segovia, R.
Segre, R. ...
Segura, R. ...
Seille, R. ...
Seine
Seine et Marne
Seine Inf. ...
Seine, R. ...
Seistan
Sekondi
Selangor
Selby
SelbyAb. ...
Selef keh
Selenga
Selim^ 0.
Selkirk (Am. N.)
Selkirk (Scot.)
Selz (Bohemia)
Selz (France)
Semendra
Semeni Deval
Semenov
Semenovskoie
Semigallia ...
Seminara ...
Semipalatinsk
Semirechensk
Semliki, R.
Semlin
Semmering Pass
Sempach
Sendai
Sendai B. ...
Sende Rud
Seneff
Senegal
Senegal, R.
Senlis
Sennar
Senne, R. ...
Sennheim . . .
Senno
Senof^
Sens
Sens^e, R. ...
Seoul
Seraing
Serajevo
Serampur . . .
Serena
Seres
Sereth, R. ...
Sergipe del Rey
Seringapatam
Serio
Sernovo
Serra de Bormio
Serra de Pilar
Serres
Serrey
Map
12
111
7
134
Lat.
54 N
46 N
41N
ION
40iar
3817
118 Ins.
103
103
103
8
124
48 N
4817
48N
48 N
30I7
65 Ins.
125
16
16
110
138
130
101
23
57
88
3
119
108
96
20
4
138
136
130
3
.92
15
137
137
124
45
130
130
8
132
98
39
96
130
8
81
137
109
111
64
106
120
111
106
64
94
119
30
95
19
59
O
54 N
54 N
36 N
50 N
21 N
48 N
56 N
50 N
49 N
45 N
41 N
57 N
55 N
57 N
38 N
50 N
40iar
0
45 N
48 N
47 N
38 N
3617
30I7
51 N
O
17 N
49 N
14 N
51 N
48 N
55 N
15 N
48 N
SON
38 N
51 N
44 N
23 N
29 N
41 N
44 17
20S
12 N
44 N
41 N
4617
41 N
45 N
54 N
Long.
10 E
25 E
4W
90 W
O
2 W
O
O
O
0
eoE
lOOE
1 w
1 w
34 E
104 E
29 E
96 W
3 W
14 E
8E
21 E
20 E
45 E
36 E
25 E
16 E
80 E
70E
30 E
20 E
16 E
8E
141 E
140E
aoE
4E
20 W
14 W
3 E
34 E
4E
7E
30 E
39 E
3E
3E
127 E
5E
18 E
88 E
71 W
24 E
24 £
6o\xr
77 E
8E
24 E
lOE
9 W
6 E
24 E
214
Index to Maps,
Map Lat. Long.
Servia 3
Sesia 94 44 W 8E
Sesia, R 25 44 N 8E
Sessa 104 41 N 14 E
Setagin 140 4S 118 E
Setif 131 36 N 5E
Seton Castle ... 66 56 N 3W
Setubal 95 39 N 9 W
Seurre 19 47 N 5E
Sevastopol 115 44 N 34 E
Sevenoaks 121 51 N 0
Severia 54 50 N 30 E
Severn, E. (Canada) 70 55 N 90 W
Severn, R. (England) 36 52 N 2W
Seville 7 37 N 6W
Seville, Province of 95 36 BT 8 W
Sevre Nantaise ... 82 46 11 2E
Sevre Niortaise ... 82 46 N 2X2
Sevres 79 49 N 2E
Sevres (Deux) ... 103 44 N 4W
Seychelle Is. ... 130 20 S 40 E
Sfax 131 35 N 10 E
Shabluka 132 16 N 33 E
Shad wan, I. of ... 85 28 N 34 E
Shaftesbury ... 113 51 N 2W
Shahjahanpur ... 123 28 N 80 E
Sha Ho 137 41 N 123 E
Shahopu 137 42 N 123 E
Shahpur 124 32 N 73 E
Shanghai 138 31 N 121 E
Shan-hai-kwan ... 138 40 N 120 E
Shannon, R. ... 37 62 N lO W
Shansi 138 SON llOE
Shan States ... 125 20 N 98 E
Shan-tung 138 30K" llOE
Shapuri 1 125 21 N 92 E
Shari, R 130 12 N 15 E
Shark Bay 128 SOS llOE
Sharud 124 36 N 55 E
Shashi, R 133 22 S 28 E
Shashih 138 30 N 112 E
Shawia 131 33 N 8W
Shawnees 70 43 N 82 W
Shayok, R. ... 124 35 N 77 E
Sheb 130 22 N 30 E
Sheelin, L. ... 27 54 N 8 W
Sheen 16 51 N 0
Sheep Haven ... 27 55 N 8W
Sheerness 121 51 N IE
Sheffield 16 53 N 1 W
Shekahabad ... 99 28 N 78 E
Shelby ville 74 36 N 86 W
Shemakha (Shemak) 108 41 N 49 E
Shenandoah, R. ... 74 39 N 78 W
Shendi 132 17 N 33 E
Shengana, R. ... 133 24 S 34 E
Shensi 138 30 2? lOOE
Shepardstown ... 74 39 N 77 W
Sheppy, I. of ... 121 51 N IE
Sherborne Castle ... 36 51 N 2W
Sherbro, R. ... 65 9N 13 W
Sherbrooke 126 45 N 72 W
Sheriffmuir ... 56 56 N 4W
Shetland Is. ... 24 60 If lO'W
Map Lat.
Shiel, L 56 57 N
Shields, S 114 55 N
Shigatse 138 29 N
Shikarpur 124 28 N
Shikoku 137 32 N
Shilka, R 138 50 N
Shillanage 27 53 N
Shiloh 74 35 N
Shimoda 137 35 N
Shimonoseki ... 137 34 N
Shimoshiri 137 Ins.
Shinano, R. ... 137 36 N
Shinshui 137 36 N
Shipka 119 43 N
Shiraz 124 30 N
Shire, R 130 17 S
Shirvan ... ... 52 40 N
Shirwa, L 130 15 S
Shitomir 108 50 N
Shoa 130 ION
Sholapur 122 18 N
Sholingar 64 13 N
Shott el Jerid ... 131 34 N
Shott esh Chergui 131 34 N
Shousha 108 40 N
Shrewsbury ... 16 53 N
Shrewsbury Ab. ... 16 53 N
Shui Ho 137 35 N
Shumla 61 43 N
Shurab 124 30 N
Siam 125
Siam, Gulf of ... 125 ION
Siam, Lower ... 125 9N
Si-an-fu 138 34 N
Siang, R 138 20N
Siberia ... ... 136.
Sibi 122 30 N
Sibir 136 57 N
Sibir, R 52 70 N
Sibuko B 140 0
Sich 61 46 N
Sicilies, The Two... 104
Sicily 4
Sickingen 6 48 N
Siddan 27 54 N
Sieciech 20 51 N
Siedlce 108 52 N
Siegen 107 51 N
Siem-reap 125 13 N
Siena 4 43 N
Sieradz 58 52 N
Sierck 39 49 N
Sierock 108 52 N
Sierra de Albarracin 7 401?
Bermeja ... 7 36 N
de Estrelha 7 40N
„ de Gata ... 7 40N
,, de Gredos ... 7 40N
„ de Guadalupe 7 3811
,, deGuadarrama 7 40M
„ deStaCatalina 95 41 N
„ de Toledo ... 7 38 N
„ Leone ... 130 8N
„ Leone, C. ... 2 8 N
Long.
6 W
1 W
89 E
69 E
132 E
110 E
8W
88 W
139 E
131 E
136E
136 E
25 E
53 E
35 E
48 E
35 E
28 E
39 E
76 E
80 E
8E
0
47 E
3 W
3 W
119 E
27 E
55 E
lOOE
100 E
109 E
llOE
68 E
68 E
55 E
120 E
32 E
8E
7 W
22 E
22 E
8E
104 E
11 E
19 E
6E
45 E
2 VT
6E
8 W
8^
eV7
6 W
4'W
8 W
6ixr
12 W
12 W
Index to Maps,
215
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Sierra Madre
. 134
20ir
new
Sittard
11
51 N
6E
,, Morena
7
38 N
6W
Sitten
.. 112
46 N
7E
,, Nevada
7
36 N
4 W
Siwa (Siwah)
.. 110
29 N
26 E
,, Nevada
139
40 N
120 W
Siwas
.. 110
40 N
37 E
Sieversbausen
14
52 N
10 E
Siyut
.. 132
27 N
13 E
Sievierz
20
52 N
33 E
Sizanne
.. 97
49 N
4E
Sigmaringen
62
48 N
9E
Skaane
17
55 IT
lOB
Signakh
108
42 N
46 E
Skager Eak
.. 141
58 N
10 E
Siguenza
7
41 N
3 W
Skagway
.. 126
58 N
135 W
Sikaiidar Bagh
123
28 N
78 E
Skaleni
.. 105
47 N
28 E
Sikh Confederacy ,.
64
Skanderborg
17
56 N
10 E
Si-kiang (West K.)
138
23 N
110 E
Skara
.. 17
58 N
13 E
Sikkah, W.
131
34 N
2W
Skeena
.. 126
54 N
129 W
Sikkim
99
24 If
88 B
Skenninge ...
.. 17
58 N
15 E
Sikoti Alin Mts ..
137
44 17
132 E
Skepperbolm
.. 53
59 N
18 E
Siku
138 Ins.
Skiernewicze
.. 107
52 N
20 E
Sil, E
7
42 17
8 W
Skipwith Moor
.. 116
54 SS
1 W
Silesia
12
50?r
16 E
Skog
.. 17
61 N
17 E
Silistria
61
44 N
27 E
Skovshoved
.. 17
56 N
13 E
Silla
130
14 N
5W
Skutari (Albania)
.. 105
42 N
20 E
Siller, R
123
18 N
82 E
Skutari (Turkey)
.. 119
41 N
29 E
Silvaplana ...
30
46 N
10 E
Skutari, L.
.. 119
42 N
19 E
Silver Hill
27
55 N
8W
Skye
.. 23
57 N
6W
Silverton
128
32 S
141 E
Skyros I
3
35 N
20E
Simancas ...
7
42 N
5 W
Slaak
.. 39
52 N
4E
Simbach
57
48 N
13 E
Slancamen ...
3
45 N
20 E
Simbirsk
108
54 N
48 E
Slaney, E.
.. 27
52 M*
8 W
Simcoe, L.
67
44 N
79 W
Slave Coast
.. 130
O
O
Simferopol ...
108
45 N
34 E
Slavonia
.. 21
44 N
16 1!
Simla
122
31 N
77 E
Slievemargy
.. 27
53 N
7W
Simme, E
90
46 N
7E
Sligo
.. 37
54 N
8 W
Simmern ...
12
50 N
8E
Sligo Bay ....
.. 47
54 N
9 W
Simonstown
133
34 S
19 E
Sliven
.. 119
43 N
26 E
Simphorien I., S. ..
118 Ins.
Slivnitsa
.. 120
43 N
23 E
Simplon
90
46 N
8E
Slobodzeia ...
.. 108
45 N
28 E
Simplon Pass
83
46 N
8E
Sluys
.. 22
51 N
3E
Sinai
132
28 N
34 E
Smaland
.. 17
55 W
lOE
Sinclair s
23
58 17
4 V7
Smerwick . . .
.. 37
52 N
low
Sind
122
20ir
60E
Smith Sound
.. 126
70Mr
80 W
Sind, E
123
26 N
78 E
Smithland ...
.. 74
37 N
88 W
Sindelfingen
13
49 N
9 E
Smolensk ...
.. 20
55 N
32 E
Singapore
125
IN
104 E
Smorgoni (Smorgo
nie) 96
54 N
26 E
Sinigaglia
4
44 N
13 E
Smyrna
3
38 N
27 E
Siniugf u
138
36 N
102 E
Snake, E. ...
.. 139
40ir
120 W
Sinope
3
42 N
35 E
Sneck
6
53 N
6E
Sinsheim
45
49 N
9E
Snowdon ...
.. 121
53 N
4 W
Sion (England) ..
16
51 N
0
Snowy, E. ...
.. 128
37 S
149 E
Sion (Switz.)
15
46 N
7E
Soa Pan
... 133
21 S
26 E
Sion Ab.
16
51 N
0
Sobat
.. 132
9N
32 B
Siponto
4
42 N
16 E
Sobat, E. ...
.. 132
9N
33 E
Sir Daria [see Syr
Sobraon
.. 124
31 N
75 E
Daria)
Society Is, ...
.. 139
20 8
160TXr
Sir Ed. Pellew's Gp
128
16 S
137 E
Socorro
.. 106
6N
73 W
Siradia
20
52 N
19 E
Socotra
.. 130
O
40i:
Sirbind
64
31 N
76 E
Soderkoping
... 17
58 N
16 E
Sis, Wadi
131
32 N
4W
Sodermanland
... 17
65 IT
15 S
Sisophon
125
14 N
103 E
Soest
... 12
52 N
8E
Sissek
26
45 N
16 E
Sofala
... 133
20 S
35 E
Sistova
. 105
44 N
25 E
Sofia
3
42 N
23 E
Sitabaldi Mts
122
21 N
79 E
Sohr
.. 57
50 N
16 R
Sitapur
. 123
27 N
81 E
Soignes, Forest oj
I 98
Ins.
Sitia
. 120
35 N
26 E
Soissons
8
49 N
3B
Sitka
. 139
56 N
135 W
Sokolnitz ...
.. 92 Ins.
Si Tlemcen
. 131
35 N
IW
Sokoto
.. 130
13 N
5E
216
Index to Maps.
Map
Solent, The ... 16
Solferino 104
Solikamsk ... ... 61
Solomon Is. ... 128
Solothurn 15
Solovetski ... ... 52
Solway Firth ... 121
Solway Moss ... 16
Solway, The ... 23
Somaliland (French) 130
Somaliland (Italian) 130
Somaliland Protec. 130
Sombreffe ... ... 98
Sombrero ... ... 106
Somerset (Afr. S.) 133
Somerset (Afr. S.) 133
Somerset (Eng.) ... 16
Somme 103
Somme, E. ... 79
Sommelsdijk ... 22
Sommi^res ... ... 19
Somosierra ... 95
Son, K 122
Sonar, K 123
Soncino ... ... 4 Ins.
Sondalo 30
Sonderborg ... 17
Sondershausen . . . 107
Sondrio ... ... 15
Song-ching ... 137
Songko, E. ... 138
Sonnino 104
Sonora Sinaloa ... 134
Sontai 125
Sontheim ... ... 14
Sonthofen 13
Soochow 138
Sopron Gyor ... 21
Sorata Mt ... 135
Sorel 126
Soren Norby ... 17
Soria ... ... 7
Sorrento ... ... 4
Soukhoum Kale ... 108
Sound, The ... 17
Sousa 131
South African Rep.
(Transvaal) ... 133
Southampton ... 16
Southampton I. ... 139
South Cape (N.Z.) 129
South Cape (Tasm.) 128
South Taranaki Bay 129
Southwark 16
Southwell 16
Southwold 68
Southwold Bay ... 42
Sovana ... ... 26
Sozh, E 61
Spa 12
Spain ... ... 1
Spalatro 94
Spalding Ab. ... 16
Spandau 33
Lat.
50 IS
45N
60 N
10 9
47 N
65 N
55 N
55 N
55 N
O
O
o
Ins.
9N
32 S
34 S
50N
48 17
50 N
52 N
44 N
41 N
20 ST
25 N
46 N
46 N
55 N
51 N
46 N
41 N
20 nr
41 N
20 17
21 N
48 N
48 N
31 N
44 IS
16 8
46 N
58 N
42 N
41 N
43 N
55 TX
36 N
51 N
60iar
47 S
44 S
40 S
51 N
53 N
41 N
52 rr
43 N
53 N
50 N
44 N
53 N
53 N
Long.
2 W
HE
57 E
150 E
7 E
36 E
3W
3 W
4W
40E
40z:
40E
67 W
25 E
19 E
4 vr
o
2E
4E
4E
4 W
80 E
80 E
10 E
10 E
10 E
HE
10 E
129 E
lOOE
13 E
iio-w
105 E
10 E
10 E
120 E
16 E
68 W
73 W
18 E
3 W
14 E
41 E
lO E
40 E
1 W
loo vr
168 E
147 E
173 E
0
1 W
72 W
O
12 E
31 E
6E
16 E
0
13 E
Spanish Town
Sparta
Spartel, C
Speckfeld
Speenhamland
Speier
Speier, Bishopric of
Speierbach, E.
Spencer, C
Spencer's Gulf
Spetsai
Spey, E
Speyer {see Speier)
Spezia
Spicheren
Spinalonga
Spion Kop ...
Spithead
Spitzbergen
Spizza
Spliigen
Spliigen Pass
Spoleto
Spotsylvania Ct. Ho.
Spree, E. ...
Spremberg ...
Springfield (111.) ...
Springfield (Mass.)
Springf ontein
Spring Hill
Spuz
Spynie
Srinagar
Stabroek
Stade
Stadtlohn
Stafford
Stalluponen
Stamford ...
Stammersdorf
Stammheim
Stampalia I.
Standerton
Stangebro ...
Stanley Falls
Stanley Harb.
Stanley Pool
Stanleyville
Stanovoi Mts
Stanx
Staraya Eussa
Stara Zagora
Starbuck I.
Star Fort
Stargard
Stary Borissoff
Staten I. (Am. N.)
Staten I. (Am. S.)
States of the Church
Stato degli Presidi
Staudenz ...
Staunton ...
Stavanger ...
Stavelot
69
3
87
59
121
12
12
45
126
128
105
23
4
118
120
133
50
140
119
30
30
4
74
107
62
74
70
133
74
119
23
99
69
12
29
16
57
16
93
15
3
133
17
132
140
130
132
138
15
61
119
139
115
33
96
70
106
51
26
57
74
17
22
Lat.
18 N
37 N
36 N
50 N
51 N
49 N
46 nr
49 N
58 N
40S
37 N
57 N
44 N
49 N
35 N
29 S
51 N
60N
42 N
47 N
46 JX
43 N
38 N
52 N
52 N
40 N
42 N
30 S
36 N
43 N
58 N
34 N
8 N
54 N
52 N
53 N
Ins.
53 N
Ins.
48 N
35 N*
27 S
59 N
0
51 S
5S
0
47 N
58 N
42 N
20 8
Ins.
53 N
54 N
41 N
55 S
40 N
42 N
50 N
38 N
59 N
50 N
Long.
77 W
23 E
6W
10 E
1 W
8E
8E
8B
136 W
140E
23 B
4 W
10 E
7E
26 E
30 E
IE
O
19 E
9E
9 E
13 E
77 W
14 E
14 E
90 W
73 W
26 E
87 W
19 E
3 W
75 E
59 W
9E
7E
2W
0
9E
25 E
29 E
16 E
25 E
58 W
17 E
25 E
8E
32 E
26 E
160D7
15 E
28 E
74 W
64 W
10 E
10 E
16 E
79 W
6E
6E
Index to Maps,
217
Map Lat. Long,
Stavoren 109 53 N 5E
Stavropol (Russia) 61 54 N 49 E
Stavropol (Russia) 108 45 N 42 E
Stavuchanak ... 61 48 N 27 E
Steczyc 20 51 N 22 E
Steenwyk 22 53 N 6E
Stefanie, L. ... 132 5 N 37 E
Stegeborg 17 58 N 17 E
Stein 15 48 N 9B
Steinau (Silesia) ... 33 52 N 16 E
Steinau (Silesia) ... 57 51 N 16 E
Steinkirke 45 51 N 4 E
Steinsiedel . . . ... 97 Ins.
Stellaland 133 27 S 24 E
Stellenbosch ... 133 34 S 19 E
Stelvio Pass ... 112 47 N 10 E
Stenay 33 49 N 5E
Stendal 62 53 N 12 E
Sternberg 12 52 N 15 E
Steterburg 14 52 N HE
Stettin 12 53 N 15 E
Stewart 1 129 47 S 168 E
Stewart, R. ... 139 60 W 140 W
Stewarts ... ... 23 57 N 3W
Stewarts 23 57 N 4W
Stewarts 23 57 N 6W
Steyer 88 48 N 14 E
Steyereck 13 48 N 14 E
Steyning 121 51 N 0
Stirling 23 56 N 4W
Stockach 88 48 N 9E
Stockbridge ... 113 51 N IW
Stockholm 17 59 N 18 E
Stockport 121 53 N 2 W
Stockton 121 55 N IW
Stoczek 108 52 N 22 E
Stoke-on-Trent ... 16 53 N 2W
Stolberg 12 52 N HE
Stolbova 61 60 N 33 E
Stolhofen 45 49 N 8E
Stolpen 57 51 N 14 E
Stony Pt 70 41 N 74 W
Stony Tunguska ... 138 60 N 90 E
Stor 116 54 N 10 E
Stor Aa 116 56 N 9E
Storkow 55 52 N 14 E
Storkyro 54 63 N 22 E
Stormberg 133 31 S 26 E
Stormberg Range... 133 32 S 27 E
Stornoway 56 58 N 6W
Stotteritz 97 Ins.
Stour, R. (Eng.) ... 121 51 N 2W
Stour, R. (Eng.) ... 121 52 N IE
Stour, R. (Eng.) ... 121 51 N IE
Stow on the Wold 36 52 N 2 W
Strabane 37 55 N 7W
Stradella 83 45 N 9E
Straits Settlements 125 O lOO E
Stralsund 12 54 N 13 E
Strangford 27 54 N 6W
Strangford, L. ... 37 54 N 6 VT
Strassburg 12 49 N 8E
Strata Florida Ab. 16 52 N 4 W
Strata Marcella Ab. 16 53 N 3 W
Map Lat. Long.
Stratford-on-Avon... 16 52 N 2W
Strathalmond ... 23 56 N 4W
Strathearn 23 56 N 4W
Strathfillan ... 56 56 N 5W
Strathmore ... 23 5.7, N 3W
Strathnaver ... 23 58 W 6 "W
Stratton 36 51 N 4W
Straubing .33 49 N 13 E
Strelitz 12 53 N 13 E
Strengnaes .17 59 N 17 E
Stretensk 136 52 N 118 E
Stromboli 50 39 N 15 E
Stroud 114 52 N 2W
Struma, R. ... 105 42 N 23 E
Stuart 23 56 N 5W
Stuart Range ... 128 30 S 136 E
Studianka 96 54 N 28 E
Stiihlingen 13 48 N 8E
Stuhlweissenburg ... 21 47 N 18 E
Stuhm 32 54 N 19 E
Stuhmsdorf ... 53 54 N 19 E
Stunz 97 Ins.
Stura, R 104 44 N 7E
Sture 94 44 Mr 4E
Sturt Creek ... 128 19 S 128 E
Stuttgart ,12 49 N 9E
Styria 12 4$,N 12 E
Styrian Alps ... 83 47 N 15 E
Suabian Knights ... 12 46 M* 8E
Suakin 132 19 N 37 E
Subanrika, R. ... 123 20 N 85 E
Subiaco 4 42 N 13 E
Su-chau 136 40 N 98 E
Suchow 138 40 N 98 E
Sucre (Chuquisaca) 135 19 S 65 W
Suczawa 3 47 N 26 E
Suda Bay 105 36 N 24 E
Sudan, Anglo-Egyptian 130 O 20 E
Sudbury (Canada) 126 46 N 81 W
Sudbury (England) 121 52 N IE
Sudetes 117 Ins.
Sudzha 108 51 N 35 E
Sue, R 132 7 N 28 E
Suez 110 30 N 32 E
Suez Canal ... 132 Ins.
Suez, G. of ... 132 29 N 33 E
Suez, 1st. of ... 85 30N 32 E
Suffolk 16 52 N O
Sugota, L 132 2 N 36 E
Suippe, R 81 49 N 4E
Suir, R 37 52 BT 8 W
Sulaiman Mts ... 99 24 N 70 E
Sule 139 20 8 120 E
Sulina Channel ... 105 45 N 30 E
Sulkadr 3 35 N 35 E
Sullivan's I. ... 70 33 N 80 W
Sully 19 48 N 2E
Sultanieh 120 40 N 26 E
Sulu Sea 75 Ins.
Sulz 118 49 N 8E
Sulzbach 12 49 N 12 E
Sumatra 139 0 100 E
Sumbawa 139 20 8 lOO E
Summerside ... 140 46 N 62 W
218
Index to Maps,
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long,
Sunda
99
15 N
75 E
Sz^kes Fej^rvar ..
21
47 N
18 E
Sunda Str.
139
20 a
lOOS
Szent Tomasch ..
111
46 N
20 E
Sunday R.
133
33 S
25 E
Szerencs
. 21
48 N
21 E
Sunderland
114
55 N
IW
Szigeth
. 21
48 N
24 E
Sundgau
12
46 17
4 E
Szigetvar ...
21
46 N
18 E
Sungari R.
138
46 N
130 B
Szolnok
. 21
47 N
20 E
Sunkuru
130
3S
23 B
Szony
. Ill
48 N
18 E
Sunot, Wadi
132
14 N
22 B
Szoreg
. Ill
46 N
20 E
Suok
138
49 N
88 E
Superior, L.
72
40N'
90W
Taasinge
. 53
55 N
10 E
Surat
64
21 N
73 E
Tabasco
. 106
O
lOO'W
Suresnes
19 Ins.
Table B
. 65
34 S
18 E
Surhud
124
28 N
60 E
Table Mt
. 133
34 S
18 B
Surinam
91
6N
56 W
Tabor
. 33
49 N
15 E
Surinam R.
106
6N
56 W
Tabor, Mt
. 85
33 N
35 E
Surji Arjangaon ...
99
21 N
77 E
Tabriz
110
38 N
46 E
Surrey
16
50N
2 W
Tachau
. 93
50 N
13 E
Sus, Wadi
131
30 N
9W
Tachienlu ...
. 138
30 N
102 E
Susa (Italy)
4
45 N
7E
Tacoma
. 140
46 N
121 W
Susa (Persia)
110
32 N
48 E
Tadcaster
. 16
54 N
1 W
Susquehanna, R. ...
74
40 N
76 W
Tadoussac ...
67
48 N
70 W
Siissenbrunn
93 Ins.
Taff, R
. 121
52 N
3 W
Sussex
16
50N
2 W
Tafra, Wadi
. 131
35 N
2W
Sutherland
23
58 N
4 W
Taganrog ...
. 61
47 N
39 E
Sutherlands
23
58 N
4W
Taghmon
. 47
52 N
7W
Sutlej, R
64
30 N
74 E
Tagliamento
. 94
44 N
12 E
Suttorina ...
104
40ir
16 E
Tagliamento, R. ..
4
46 N
12 E
Suva
139
18 S
178 E
Tagus, R
7
38 N
lO'W
Suwa, L. ...
137
36 N
136 E
Tahiti
. 139
20S
160W
Suwalki
108
54 N
23 E
Tahlub, R.
. 124
28 N
62 E
Suwaroff Is.
139
20 8
ISO
Taieri, R
. 129
46 S
170 E
Suyesti Krest
61
43 N
47 E
Taillebourg
. 19
46 N
1 W
Suzdal
61
56 N
40 E
Taimur, R.
. 136
75 N
100 E
Sveaborg ...
61
60 N
25 E
Taiping
. 138
23 N
107 E
Svealand ...
17
60N
lOE
Tai-tzu-Ho
. 137
41 N
123 E
Svenskund
61
60 N
26 E
Tajura
. 130
12 N
43 E
Sventzianj' ...
96
55 N
26 E
Taku
. 138 Ins.
Swakop, R.
133
23 8
16 E
Takushan
. 137
44 N
124 E
Swale, R
121
54 N
2 W
TalanaHill
. 133
28 S
30 E
Swallow Is.
139
20S
160I:
Talavera
. 95
40 N
5 W
Swally
64
21 N
73 E
Talcahuano
. 106
37 S
73 W
Swan, R
128
32 S
116 E
Talienwan
. 138
39 N
122 E
Swansea
16
52 N
4 W
Talifu
. 138
26 N
100 E
Swat, R
124
35 N
73 E
Ta-ling Ho
. 137
40N
120E
Swaziland ...
133
30 8
aoB
Talish
. 124
38 N
48 E
Sweden
17
Tallagh (Ireland) .
. 27
53 N
6 W
Swedish Pomerania
62
54 N
13 E
Tallagh (Ireland) .
47
52 N
8 W
Sweetheart Ab.
23
55 N
4 W
Tallahassee
. 134
30 N
84 W
Swellendam
133
34 S
20 E
Tallard
. 19
44 N
6 E
Swilly, Lough
37
54 N
8 W
Talmont
. 19
46 N
2 W
Swords
27
53 N
6W
Talsy
. 19
48 N
IE
Sydney (Austral.)
128
34 S
151 E
Taltal, Pt ...
. 140
25 S
70 W
Sydney (Canada) ...
126
46 N
60 W
Tamai
. 132
19 N
36 E
Syracuse
87
37 N
15 E
Tamajon
. 95
41 N
3 W
Syr Daria
138
40^
60E
Tamames ...
. 95
41 N
6W
Syria
3
Taman
. 108
45 N
37 E
Syrmia
21
44 N
16 E
Tamar, R. (Eng.) .
. 121
51 N
4W
Syrokorenie
96
54 N
31 E
Tamar, R. (Tasmania) 128
42 S
147 W
Szabacs
3
45 N
20 E
Tamatave ...
.. 130
18 S
50 E
Szalankamen
48
45 N
20 E
Tamaulipas
. 134
20N
lOO w
Szaszvaros ...
21
46 N
23 E
Tamboff ...
.. 108
53 N
42 E
Szatmar
21
48 N
23 E
Tampa
. 140
28 N
82 W
Szechwan ...
138
SON
lOOE
Tampesi, R.
. 134
23 N
08 W
Szegedin
3
46 N
20 E
Tampico
. 106
22 N
98 W
Index to Maps.
219
Map Lat. Long.
Tamsui 140 25 N 122 B
Tamworth 36 53 N 2W
Tana 3 47 N 39 E
Tana, L. (Egypt) ... 132 12 N 37 E
Tana, R. (Africa, E.) 132 0 39 E
Tana, R. (Norway) 141 70 N 26 E
Tanaro, R 104 44 N 8E
Tanb 124 26 N 55 E
Tanezruft 130 24 N IE
Tanganyika, L. ... 130 5S 30 E
Tangariro, Mt ... 129 39 S 176 E
Taugermunde ... 55 53 N 12 E
Tangier 95 36 N 6W
Tan Ho 137 41 N 123 E
Tanjore 64 UN 79 E
Tannenberg ... 55 54 N 20 E
Tannu Mts ... 138 SON 90E
Tantallon 23 56 N 3W
Taormina 104 38 N 15 E
Tapajos, R. ... 135 lO S 60 W
Tapti, R 64 22 N 76 E
Taranaki 129 40 S 172 E
TaranakiB., N. ... 129 39 S 174 E
Taranaki B., S. ... 129 40 S 174 E
Tarantaise 25 44 N 6E
Taranto 4 40 N 17 E
Tarapaca 135 20 S 70 W
Tarare 103 46 N 4E
Tarascon 19 43 N 2E
Tarbagatai Mts ... 138 40N 80E
Tarbert 37 53 N 9W
Tarbes 103 43 N 0
Tarbet 23 56 N 6W
Tarborough ... 72 36 N 77 W
Targowicz 58 49 N 31 E
Tarifa 95 36 N 6W
Tarim 138 40 N 80 E
Tarma 106 US 75 W
Tarn 103 44 N 2E
Tarn, R 103 44 N 2E
Tarn et Garonne ... 103 44 MT O
Tarnoff 108 50 N 21 E
Tarnopol 108 SON 26 E
Tare 94 44 N 8E
Taro, R 4 Ins. 45 N 10 E
Tarragona 7 41 N IE
Tarsus 3 37 N 35 E
Tartar Pazardzik... 119 42 N 24 E
Tartary, G. of ... 138 40 W 140 E
Tartas 19 44 N IW
Tarudant 131 30 N 9W
Tarutino 96 55 N 37 E
Tarvis 93 46 N 14 E
Ta-sbih-chiao ... 137 41 N 122 E
Tashkend 124 43 N 69 E
TasmanB 129 41 S 173 E
Tasman's Benin. ... 128 44 S USE
Tasman Sea ... 139 40 S 160 E
Tata 10 48 N 18 E
Tatamone 26 42 N HE
Tati 133 21 S 28 E
Tatta, L 3 36 N 30 E
Tauber, R. ... 13 48 N 8 E
Taucha 97 Ins,
Map Lat.
Taunton 16 51 N
Taupo, L 129 39 S
Tauranga 129 38 S
Taurida 108 40N
Tauroggen 59 55 N
Taurus Mts ... 110 37 N
Tavastehus ... 108 61 N
Tavira 95 37 N
Tavistock 113 51 N
Tawe, R 121 51 N
Tay, R 23 56 KT
Taygetus, Mt ... 3 35 N
Tayn Ab 23 58 N
Tcherkesses ... 108 40N
Tchesm6 61 38 N
Tchetchnia ... 108 40W
Te Anau, L. ... 129 45 S
Teano 104 41 N
Tech, R 95 43 N
Tecklenburg ... 12 50 3Sr
Tees, R 36 55 N
Tegerrie 130 24 N
Teglio 30 46 N
Teheran 124 36 N
Tehuacan 106 18 N
Tehuantepec ... 139 13 N
Tehuantepec, B. of 134 16 N
Teifi, R 121 52 N
Teignmouth ... 50 51 N
Teith, R 23 56 N
Tekke Turcomans ... 136 BON
Telaf 108 42 N
Tel-el-Kebir ... 132 1ns.
Telgte 12 52 N
Telissu 137 40 N
Tell, R 123 20 N
Tellnitz 92 Ins.
Teme, R 121 52 N
Temes, R Ill 45 N
Temesvar 3 46 N
Temesvar Vilayet ... 21 44 ST
Tenasserim ... 125 ION"
Tenda 25 44 N
TendraB 115 46 N
Tenedos 3 40 N
Tenedos, B. of ... 110 40 N
Teneriffe 130 28 N
Tennessee ... ... 72 30r3r
Tennessee, R. ... 72 34 N
Tenos 3 38 N
Tenriu, R 137 35 N
Tensift, Wadi ... 131 32 N
Tepic 134 20rr
Teplitz 29 51 N
Ter, R 95 42 N
Terai, The 123 25 N
Terceira 1 24 39 N
Terdoppio, R. ... 83 45 N
Terdshan 3 36 N
Terek, R 61 43 N
Tergoes 22 52 N
Termonbarry ... 38 54 N
Termonde (see Dender-
monde)
Long.
3 W
176 E
176 E
30E
22 B
32 E
24 E
8 W
4 W
4W
4117
20E
4 W
30E
26 E
40E
168 E
14 E
3E
4E
2W
15 B
10 E
51 E
97 W
95 W
95 W
4W
3 W
4W
50 E
46 E
8E
122 E
83 E
3W
21 E
21 B
20E
90E
8E
32 E
26 E
26 E
17 W
QO'W
87 W
25 E
138 E
9 W
IIOIV
14 E
3E
80E
27 E
9E
40E
46 B
5E
8W
220
Index to Maps.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long
Ternate
43 Ins.
Thusis
30
47 N
9E
Term
86
43 N
13 E
Tianshan Mts
138
40 17
70E
T^rouanne ...
22
51 N
2E
Tiber, E
104
42 N
12 E
Terracina
.2.6
42 N
13 E
Tibesti
130
20 N
20 E
Terra di Lavoro ...
4
40I7
12 S
Tibesti Mts
130
20 N
20 E
Terra Firma
2
O
sew '
Tibet
138
Terranova (Sardinia)
26
40 N
10 E
Tibet, Little
124
35 N
76 E
Terranova (Sicily)
104
37 N
14 E
Tichvin
32
60 N
33 E
Terschelling
109
53 N
5 E
Ticino
15
46 N
8E
Teschen
12
50 N
19 E
Ticino, E
104
45 N
9E
Test, E
121
51 N
1 W
Ticonderoga Har. ...
70
44 N
73 W
Tet, K
95
43 N
3 E
Tidikelt
131
28 N
2E
Tete
130
X6S
33 E
Tidone, E
88
45 N
10 E
Tetuan
131
36 N
5W
Tidor
139
IN
128 E
Teusin
32
59 N
28 E
Tieling
137
42 N
124 E
Teviot, E
121
55 N
3W
Tientsin
138
39 N
117 E
Teviotdale
23
55 N
3 W
Tierra del Fuego ...
106
54 S
69 W
Tewkesbury-
16
52 N
2W
Tiete, E
135
20 S
50 W
Texas
72
30N
wovr
Tiffauges
82
47 N
1 W
Texcuco
2
19 N
99 W
Tiflis
.61
42 N
45 E
Texel
22
53 N
5E
Tiger B
133
16 S
12 B
Thaba, E
130
13 N
12 E
Tigri
130
15 N
38 E
Thabanchu
133
29 S
27 E
Tigris, E
3
35 m
40E
Thala
131
36 N
9E
Tilburg
109
52 N
5E
Thame, E
121
52 N
1 W
Tilbury
16
51 N
0
Thames, R. (Canada)
70
43 N
82 W
Till, E
16
54 JX
4 W
Thames, E. (England)
36
52 N
0
Tilsit
58
55 N
22 E
Thames, E. (N.Z.)
129
38 S
176 E
Timak, E
120
44 N
22 E
Thana
122
19 N
73 E
Timaru
129
44 S
171 E
Thasos I
3
40N
20E
Timbuctu
130
17 N
3 W
Theiss, E
3
45 N
2oz:
Timok
119
44 N
22 E
Theiss, E., Circle of
Timok, E
119
44 N
22 E
the Lower
111
44 at
20 E
Timor
128
10 8
120E
Theiss, E., Circle of
Timor Laut Is.
128
lO s
130E
the Upper .«
111
48 N
20E
Timor Sea ...
128
20 S
120E
Thermisi
3
37 N
23 E
Tinnevelly
64
9N
78 E
Therouanne {see T6-
Tinos {see Tenos)
rouanne)
Tinta
106
14 S
72 W
Thessaly
105
36 N
20 E
Tintern Ab.
16
52 N
3 W
Thetford Ab.
16
52 N
IE
Tippecanoe, E.
72
41 N
86 W
Thiancom-t
118
49 N
6E
Tipperah
125
20N
90E
Thionville
103
49 N
6E
Tipperary
27
52 N
8 W
Thirsk
113
51 N
IW
Tippermuir . . .
23
56 N
4W
Tholen
22
52 N
4E
Tirah
124
34 N
71 E
Thomar
7
40 N
8W
Tirano
30
46 N
10 E
Thomond ...
27
53 N
9 W
Tirawley
27
54 m
low
Thomson, E.
128
24 S
144 E
Tirce "
23
56 N
7W
Thorn
62
53 N
19 E
Tiris...
130
23 N
15 W
Thouars
79
47 N
0
Tirlemont ...
22
51 N
5E
Thouet, E
19
47 N
0
Tirnovo
119
42 N
26 E
Thoulouse
22
51 N
4E
Tirreagh
27
54 N
9W
Thrace
119
40IV
24 E
Tisza, E. {see
Three Kings I.
129
36 S
172 E
Theiss, E.)
Three Points, C. ...
65
5N
2 W
Titalya
123
26 N
89 E
Three Eivers
70
46 N
73 W
Titicaca, L.
106
16 S
69 W
Thun
90
47 N
8E
Tinmen
136
57 N
66 E
Thun, L
90
47 N
8E
Tiverton
121
51 N
4W
Thur Desert, The...
99
24 r?
70 E
Tiverton Castle ...
36
51 N
4W
Thur, E
90
48 N
9E
Tivoli
104
42 N
13 E
Thurgau
12
46 NT
8 E
Tizin
124
34 N
70 E
Thuringia
14
46 N
8 E
Tlaxcala (Tlaxcallan]
106
19 N
98 W
Thuringian Forest
97
48 "SS
8E
Tlemcen
7 Ins.
Thursday I.
140
20S
120E
Tobago
69
UN
61 W
Thurso
23
59 N
4W
Tobitschau ...
117
49 N
17 E
Index to Maps.
221
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Tobol, R
138
SON
GOB
Touat ■
131
28 N
IE
Tobolsk
136
59 N
68 E
Tougourt
131
33 N
6E
Tobolsk, Govt of ...
136
60 3ff
60x:
Toul
12
49 N
6E
Tocantins, R.
135
10 s
48 W
Toulon
8
43 N
6E
Toce, R
90
46 N
8E
Toulouse
8
44 N
IE
Tochi, R
124
33 N
70 E
Touraine
8
44 XT
O
Tocopilla ...
140
22 S
69 W
Tourane
140
16 N
119 E
Toda B
137
35 N
139 E
Tour Charbonniere
19
44 N
4E
Toggenburg
15
46 N
8E
Tournai (Tournay)
109
51 N
3E
Togo
140
8N
0
Tournebut
82
49 N
0
Togoland
130
8N
IE
Tourn^sis
22
SON
2E
Tokar
132
19 N
38 E
Tournon (France),..
19
44 N
IE
Tokat
3
40 N
37 E
Tournon (France).,.
19
45 N
5E
Tokay
3
48 N
21 E
Tours
8
47 N
IE
Tokelau or Union I.
140
20 8
180
Toury
118
48 N
2E
Tokio (Yedo)
137
36 N
140 E
Toury, R
121
52 N
4 W
Toledo
7
40 N
4W
Tower Hamlets ...
114
51 N
0
Toledo, Sa de
7
38 17
6 W
Townsville ...
128
19 S
147 E
Tolentino ...
104
43 N
13 E
Toybrien
27
53 N
9W
Tolna
3
46 N
19 E
Traarbach (seeTrarbach)
Tolosa
95
43 N
2W
Trachenberg
12
51 N
17 E
Tomsk
138
56 N
84 E
Tracton
37
52 N
8W
Tone, R
121
51 N
3 W
Trafalgar B.
87
36 N
6W
Tonegawa, R,
137
36 N
140 W
Trafalgar, C.
95
36 N
6W
Tonga I
139
40S
ISO
Trahona
30
46 N
10 E
Tongaland
133
27 S
32 E
Traietto
4
41 N
14 E
Tongland Ab.
23
55 N
4W
Tralee
47
52 N
low
Toni, R
132
7N
28 E
Tranent
56
56 N
3W
Tonk
122
26 rr
76 E
Trani
4
41 N
16 E
Tonkin
138
20 N
100 E
Trannes
97
48 N
5E
Tonkin, G. of
138
19 N
106 E
Tranquebar
64
UN
80 E
Tonnay Charente . . .
19
46 N
1 W
Trans-Baikal
136
SON
llOE
Tonning
116
54 N
9E
Trans-Caspian Prov.
124
Tonsberg ...
17
59 N
10 E
Trans-Caucasia
124
41 N
48 E
Toome
27
55 N
6W
Transvaal ...
133
30S
20E
Toorsheez ...
124
35 N
58 E
Transylvania
.3
4S N
20E
Topeka
72
39 N
96 W
Trapani
4
38 N
12 E
Tor
132
28 N
34 E
Traquair
23
56 N
3W
Tor Bay
50
50 N
3W
Trarbaeh ...
45
SON
7E
Torcello
4
45 N
12 E
Trasimene ...
94
40 10'
12 E
Tordesillas ...
7
41 N
5W
Trasimeno, L.
4
42 sr
12 E
Torfou
82
47 N
1 W
Traun, R
88
48 N
14 E
Torgau
12
52 N
13 E
Traunsviertel
13
48 N
ME
Tormes, R
95
40ir
8 TXT
Trautenau ...
117 Ins.
Torna
21
48 N
20E
Travaneore
64
8N
77 E
Tornea
108
66 N
24 E
Trave, R
12
S4 JX
8E
Tornea, R, ...
141
66 N
24 E
Traventhal
54
54 N
10 E
Toro
7
42 N
5W
Traz-os-Montes ...
7
40Iff
8 W
Toronto
70
44 N
79 W
Trebbia, R.
88
46 17
8 E
Torrelobaton
7
42 N
5W
Trebizond
3
41 N
40 E
Torrens, L....
128
31 S
138 E
Trecate
4 Ins
. 45 N
9E
Torres St
128
lis
143 E
Treene, R. ...
116
55 N
9E
Torres Vedras
95
39 N
9W
Tregony
113
50 N
5W
Torrington
36
52 N
4W
Tr^laze
103
47 N
0
Tortola I
69
18 N
65 W
Trengganu ...
125
O
lOOE
Tortona
4
45 N
9E
Trengs6n
21
48 M
16 E
Tortosa
7
41 N
IE
Trent
14
46 N
11 E
Tortuga I
69
21 N
73 W
Trent, Bishopric of
12
46 N
8E
Tory I
37
54 N
low
Trent, R
16
S2 JSt
2 IXT
Tosa
137
32 IT
132 E
Trentino
111
44 N
8E
Toski
132
23 N
32 E
Trenton
70
40 N
75 W
Toss
15
47 N
9E
Treptow (Pomerania
E.)12
54 N
15 E
Totnes
113
50 N
4W
Treptow ( , ,
W.)62
54 N
13 E
Touaregs
130
20 N
5E
Trescorre
104
46 N
10 E
222
Index to Maps.
Treuenbrietzen
Treves
Treviglio
Treviso
Tr^voux
Triana
Trianon
Trichinopoly
Triebel
Trient {see Trent)
Trier
Trieste
Trim
Trincomali ...
Trinidad
Trinity Bay
Trinomali ...
Tripalda
Triploe Heath
Tripoli (Africa)
Tripoli, Province of
Tripoli (Syria)
Tripolitza ...
Tristan da Cunha
Trocadero ...
Troezen
Troia
Troki
Trombetas, E.
Trondhjem ...
Tronto
Troppau
Troyes
Trujillo (Am. Cent.)
Trujillo (Am. S.) ...
Truro (Canada)
Truro (England) ...
Truxillo [see Trujillo)
Tsana
Tsarskoe Selo
Tschetang ...
Tschetatea Alba ...
Tsinan Fu ...
Tsingtao
Tsugaru St.
Tsushima I.
Tuam
Tuamotu
Tiibingen ...
Tucquen
Tucson
Tucuman ...
Tudela (Spain)
Tudela (Spain)
Tugela, B
Tula
Tulbagh
Tulczyn
Tuli
Tulle
Tuln
Tulsk
Tumen
Tummel, R.
Map
57
97
4
88
79
7
Lat.
52 N
50 N
46 N
46 N
46 N
37 N
97 Ins.
64 11 N
33 50 N
33
86
37
64
69
126
64
4
36
130
130
110
105
65
95
105
4
58
135
17
94
12
8
134
106
126
36
130
61
138
3
138
138
137
137
37
139
12
132
134
106
7
95
133
108
133
108
133
103
48
37
137
23
SON
46 N
54 N
9N
ION
40N
12 N
41 N
52 N
33 N
20N
34 N
37 N
40 S
37 N
37 N
41 N
55 N
IS
63 N
43 N
SON
48 N
16 N
8S
45 N
SON
12 N
60 N
29 N
46 N
37 N
36 N
41 N
32 9T
53 N
20 S
49 N
2 N
32 N
26 S
42 N
42 N
29 S
54 N
33 S
49 N
22 S
45 N
48 N
54 N
42 N
57 N
Long.
13 E
7B
10 E
12 E
SE
6 W
79 E
13 E
7E
14 E
7 W
81 E
62 W
60 IV
79 E
15 E
0
13 B
O
36 E
22 B
SOW
6W
23 E
ISE
25 B
67 W
10 B
13 E
18 E
4E
86 W
79 W
61 W
5 W
37 E
30 E
91 E
30 E
117 E
120 E
140 E
128 S
9 W
140 W
9E
35 E
111 W
64 W
2 W
5 W
31 E
38 E
19 E
29 E
29 E
2E
16 E
8W
129 E
4W
Map
Tundza, R. ... 119
Tungabhadra, R. ... 64
Tungchow ... ... 138 Ins.
Tunguska, R.,
Lower, Middle 136
Tunguska, R., Up. 136
Tunis 131
Tunis, G. of ... 131
Tuong, R 132
Tura, R 136
Turbigo 104
Tiirckheim [see Tiirk-
heim)
Turcoing ... ... 81
Turenne ... ... 8
Turfan 138
Turgai 136
Turin ... ... 4
Turkestan 138
Turkestan, Eastern 136
Turkestan (Hazrat) 136
Turkestan, Western 136
Tiirkheim ... ... 40
Turkmanchay ... 108
Turks Is 69
Turnagain, C. ... 129
Turnau 57
Turnham Green ... 36
Turnhout 22
Turocz 21
Turshiz {see Toorsheez)
Lat.
42 N
16 N
Tuscany
Tuscaroras ...
Tuscumbia ...
Tushino
Tutbury ...
Tuttlingen ...
Tutuila
Tver
Tweed, R. ...
Tweeddale ...
Twizel Bridge
Tyne, R. ...
Tynemouth
Tyrconnell ...
26
68
74
52
16
39
139
108
16
23
16
36
114
27
Tyrnau(NagySzombat) 21
Tyrol 12
Tyrolese Alps ... 83
Tyrone 37
Tyrrells 27
Tzarevozaimische ... 96
Tzechi 138
Ubanghi 130
Ubangi,R.(Ubanghi) 132
Uberlingen ... ... 12
Ucayali, R. ... 106
Uckermark (Ukermark) 12
Uda B 138
Udaipur ... ... 64
Uddevally 53
Udine ... ... 4
Udinsk 136
Udong 125
SON
60 27
37 N
37 N
6N
SON
46 N
SIN
44 N
43 N
50 N
45 N
40 N
40IV
44 N
42 N
48 N
37 N
21 N
40 S
SIN
52 N
SIN
48 N
42 N
35 If
35 N
56 N
S3N
48 N
20S
57 N
54 N
56 N
56 N
55 N
55 N
54 N
48 N
46 It
46 N
54 IT
53 N
56 N
30 N
5N
4N
48 N
6S
50ir
50 N
25 N
58 N
46 N
52 N
12 N
Long.
27 E
76 E
90x:
90E
10 E
10 B
30 E
60 S
9E
3E
O
89 E
64 E
8B
80i:
80E
68 E
70 E
7E
47 E
71 W
177 E
ISE
0
5 E
16 E
loi:
80 W
88 W
37 E
2 W
9E
180
36 E
4 TV
3 W
2 W
2 W
1 W
lO w
16 E
8S
10 E
8 W
8 W
35 E
121 E
21 E
21 E
9E
74 W
12 E
130 E
74 E
12 E
13 E
108 E
105 E
Index to Maps.
223
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Ufa
61
55 N
56 E
Usora
3
45 N
18 E
Ugab
133
21 S
15 B
Ussa, E.
141
67 N
60 E
Ugine
104
46 N
7B
Ussuri, E
138
46 N
134 E
Uglich
52
58 N
38 B
Uster
112
47 N
9E
Uist, N. and S. ...
56
66 N
8 V9
Ust Urt
136
40 N
50 E
Uitenhage
133
34 S
25 E
Utah
72
aONT
120 IXT
Uj Becse ...
111
46 N
20 E
Utica
72
43 N
75 W
Ujjain
99
23 N
76 E
Utitza
96
55 N
36 E
Ukraine
61
40N
SOE
Utrecht (Afr. S.) ...
133
28 S
30 E
Uleaborg ...
108
65 N
26 B
Utrecht (Netherlands) 12
52 N
5E
Uliassutai ...
138
48 N
97 E
Uttoxeter ...
36
53 N
2 W
Uliungur ...
138
47 N
87 E
Uvatz
111
44 N
19 E
Ulm
12
48 N
10 E
Uwajima
137
33 N
133 E
Ulster
27
Uxbridge ...
36
52 N
0
Ultra puertos
7
42 N
2vr
Uyeno
137
36 N
140 E
Ulundi
133
28 S
32 E
Uz^s
79
44 N
4E
Ulya, E
136
SON
140E
Umbria
104
43 N
12 E
Vaal, E. (Afr. S.) ...
133
27 S
26 E
Umkomanzi, E. ...
133
30 S
31 E
Vaal, E. (Neth.) ...
62
52 N
5 E
Umtata
133
32 S
29 E
Vaal Kranz .«
133
29 S
29 E
Umzimkulu
133
SOS
30 E
Vaarde Aa . . .
116
56 N
9E
Umzimkulu, E. ...
133
31 S
30 E
Vado
83
44 N
8E
Una, E.
26
45 N
16 E
Vadstena
17
58 N
15 E
Unalashka I.
140
40I7
180
Vaduz
30
47 N
10 E
Unga I
140
40N
180
Vajutza, E.
119
40 1^
20E
Ungava
126
50N
80 W
Vakhsh, E.
124
38 N
69 E
Ungava B
126
58 N
68 W
Valais
15
46 N
6 E
Union Is. ...
139
20 8
180
Val de Travers
112
47 N
7E
Union of S. Africa
130
Val di Chiana
4
42 17
lO E
United Provinces
Valdivia
106
40 S
73 W
(Canada)
127
Valdore
64
12 N
79 E
United Provinces(Ind. ) 122
20 N
70E
Valeggio
83
45 N
HE
United Provinces of
Valenpay
103
47 N
2E
the Netherlands
22
Valence
8
45 N
5E
Unstrut, E.
92
51 N
HE
Valencia
7
39 N
0
Unterwalden
15
47 N
8E
Valencia de Alcantara
95
39 N
7W
Upper Ossory
27
53 N
8W
Valenciennes
22
50 N
4E
Upsala
17
60 N
18 E
Valencz
111
47 N
19 E
Uraga
137
36 N
140 E
Valendas ...
30
47 N
9E
Ural
108
51 N
51 E
Valengin ...
107
47 N
7E
Ural, Govt of
136
40N
SOB
Valenza
4 Ins.
45 N
9E
Ural Mts
108
Valerien, Mt
103
49 N
2E
Ural, E
108
sour
SOS
Valetta
86
36 N
14 E
Uralsk [see Ural)
Valladolid (Am. Cent.
) 106
20 N
101 W
Urana
3
44 N
16 E
Valladolid(Am.Cent.
) 106
21 N
88 W
Uranja
119
43 N
22 E
Valladolid (Spain)
7
42 N
5W
Urbana
74
38 N
77 W
Vallecas
95
40 N
4W
Urbino
4
44 N
13 E
Valle Crucis Ab. ...
16
53 N
3 W
Ure, E
121
54 N
2W
Valine des Dappes
90
46 N
6 E
Urga
138
48 N
107 E
Val-Leventina
15
46 N
8E
Uri
15
46 N
8E
Valley Forge
70
40 N
75 W
Ursprung
45
49 N
10 E
Vallombrosa
4
44 N
HE
Uruguay
135
40 8
60 W
Vallon
19
44 N
4E
Uruguay, E.
106
28 S
56 W
Vallona
105
40 N
19 E
Urumtsi
138
44 N
88 E
Vails
95
41 N
IE
Urup
137
[ns.
Val-Maggia
15
46 N
8E
Usbegs
136
40 N
66 E
Valmy
81
49 N
5E
Usboi, E
125
40 N
56 E
Valognes ...
19
49 N
2W
Usedom
33
54 N
14 E
Valois
8
48 17
O
Ushant
79
48 N
5W
Valparaiso
106
33 N
72 W
Usingen
62
50 N
8E
Valromey ...
25
46 N
6E
Usk, E
121
52 N
3 W
Valsh, E
133
28 S
27 E
Uskoko
26
44 N
14 E
Valtelline ...
4
46 N
8B
Uskub
120
42 N
21 B
Valutina-Gora
96
55 N
32 E
224
Index to Maps,
Map
Lat.
Long.
Vamsadhara, B. ...
123
19 N
84 E
Van
110
38 N
43 E
Van, L
3
35 m
40E
Vancouver
139
49 N
124 W
Vancouver I.
72
49 N
124 W
Van Diemen's Land
43
60S
i40z:
Vannes
8
48 N
3W
Vanua Levu
139
20S
160X:
Var
103
43 N
6E
Var, K
104
44 N
7E
Varad
21
47 N
22 E
Varala
61
61 N
28 E
Varanger Fiord ...
108
70 N
30 E
Varasd
21
46 N
16 E
Varberg
17
57 N
12 E
Vardar, R —
105
42 N
22 E
Varennes
79
49 N
4E
Varilhes
19
43 N
2E
Varna
3
43 N
28 E
Varzin
107
54 N
17 E
Vas
26
47 N
17 E
Vasa
108
63 N
22 E
Vassy
19
48 N
5E
Vasvar
48
47 N
17 E
Vasylkoff
108
50 N
30 E
Vatan
19
47 N
2 E
Vaucelles
22
50 N
3E
Vauchamp
97
49 N
4E
Vaucluse
94
44 rr
4 E
Vaud (Pays de) ...
15
46 JX
6x:
Vaux
81
50 N
5E
Vazerol
30
47 N
IDE
Vechte, R
109
52 HJ
6 E
Veere
22
52 N
4E
Velasco
71
29 N
95 W
Velestino ...
120
39 N
23 E
Velichevo
96
55 N
35 E
Velikie Luki
61
56 N
30 E
Velletri
4
42 N
13 E
Vellore
64
13 N
79 E
Veluwe
22
52 N
4E
Velya
54
50 N
20 E
Venaissin ...
8
44 -N
4 B
Vendee
103
44 N-
4 E
Venden
32
57 N
25 E
Vendome ...
79
48 N
IE
Vendome, County of
8
44 rr
O
Venetia
104
44 N
12 E
Venezuela ...
135
O
70 W
Venezuela, G. of ...
135
12 N
71 W
Venice
4
45 N
12 E
Venice, G. of
117
44 N
12 E
Venloo
12
51 N
6E
Venosa
4
41 N
16 E
Ventimiglia
4
44 N
8 E
Ventuari, R.
135
O
70 W
Vera Cruz ...
69
19 N
96 W
Veragua
106
8N
81 W
Vera Paz ...
106
17 N
89 W
Vercelli
4
45 N
8E
Verchni
136
51 N
108 E
Verde, C
2
15 N
18 W
Verden
54
53 N
9E
Verden, Bishopric of
12
50-N
8E
Map Lat.
Verdun, Bishopric of 12 49 N
Verdun (France) ... 12 49 N
Verdun (France) ... 19 44 N
Vereeniging 133 27 S
Vergara 95 43 N
Vermejo 135 25 S
Vermeland ... ... 17 65 N
Vermont 72 40 W
Verneuil 82 49 N
Verni 136 43 N
Vernon 79 49 N
Verny ... ... 118 Ins.
Verona ... ... 4 45 N
Versailles 79 49 N
Versoix 90 46 N
Vertus 103 49 N
Vertus, County of... 8 48 IT
Verviers 109 51 N
Vervins 19 50 N
Vesoul 103 48 N
Vesselovo 96 54 N
Vesteras 17 60 N
Vesuvius 26 40 N
Veszpr6m 21 47 N
Vet, R 133 28 S
Vevay (Vevey) ... 25 46 N
Vezins 19 47 N
Viana 95 42 N
Vianen 22 52 N
Viatka 108 58 N
Viatka, R 141 50 N
Viazma ... ... 96 55 N
Viborg (Denmark)... 17 57 N
Viborg (Russia) ... 108 61 N
Vicalvaro 95 40 N
Vicenza 4 46 N
Vich 95 42 N
Vichy 19 46 N
Vicosoprano ... 30 46 N
Victoria (Afr. S.) ... 133 20 S
Victoria (Brit. Col.) 139 48 N
Victoria Desert ... 128 30 S
Victoria Falls ... 133 18 S
Victoria, L. ... 136 30 N
Victoria Land ... 126 70 W
Victoria (Mex.) ... 134 24 N
Victoria Nyanza ... 130 2S
Victoria, R. ... 128 16 S
Vielings ... ... 87 Ins.
Vienna 12 48 N
Vienne (& Haute V.) 103 44 JH
Vienne 8 45 N
Vienne, R 8 44 N
Viervoet 133 29 S
Vierzehnheiligen ... 92 51 N
Vigevano ... ... 4 Ins.
Vignale 104 45 N
Vigo 95 42 N
Vihiers 82 47 N
Vilagos Ill 46 N
Vilaine, R 8 44 N
Vilcabamba 106 13 S
Viliia, R 96 55 N
Viliui, R 139 65 N
Long.
5E
5E
IE
28 E
2W
61 W
lOE
80 VT
IE
77 E
IE
11 E
2E
6E
4E
O
6E
4E
6E
28 E
17 E
14 E
18 E
26 E
7E
1 W
7W
5E
50 E
50E
34 E
9E
29 E
4 W
12 E
2E
3 E
10 E
31 E
122 W
120 E
26 E
70E
no "Mr
99 W
32 E
130 E
16 E
O
5E
O
27 E
HE
9E
9W
1 W
22 E
4 ixr
72 W
26 E
120 E
Index to Maps.
225
Map Lat. Long.
Villach 62 47 N 14 E
Villa de Conde ... 95 41 N 9 W
Villa de S. Mojada 134 28 N 104 W
Villafranca (Italy)... 4 Ins. 45 N HE
Villafranca (Nice)... 25 44 N 7E
Villafranca (Spain) 95 42 N 7 W
Villa Gandolfo ... 104 42 N 13 E
Villalar 7 42 N 5W
Villanova d'Asti ... 25 45 N 8E
Villanueva 7 42 N 1 W
Villanuova 11 45 N BE
Villapando 7 42 N 5 W
Villarejo de Sal vanes 95 40 N 3 W
Villastellona ... 104 45 N 8E
Villavelha 95 40 N 8W
Villaviciosa 95 41 N 3W
Villa Vi9osa ... 7 39 N 7 W
Villena 95 39 N 1 W
Villeneuve (France) 8 44 N IE
Villeneuve (France) 19 44 N 4 E
Villeneuve St Georges 79 49 N 3 E
Villersexel 118 48 N 6E
Villiers 118 49 N 3E
Villingen 45 48 N 8E
Vilmanstrand ... 61 61 N 28 E
Vilmergen 15 47 N 8E
Vilna 108 55 N 25 E
Vilosnes 81 49 N 5E
Vilvoorde 22 51 N 4E
Vimiero 95 39 N 9W
Vincennes (France) 79 49 N 3 E
Vincennes (U.S.A.) 72 39 N 87 W
Vindhya Hills ... 64 16 N 72 E
Vinegar Hill ... 47 53 N 6 W
Vinkovo 96 55 N 37 E
Vintschgau 30 46 W lO E
Vionville 118 49 N 6E
Virbazar 120 42 N 19 E
Virginia 72 30 N 80 W
Virginia, W. ... 72 30 N 80 W
Virgin Is 69 18 N 64 W
Vistritza, E. ... 119 40 N 22 E
Vistula, E 62 52 N 16 E
Vitebsk 58 55 N 30 E
Viterbo 4 42 N 12 E
Viti Levu 139 20 S 160 E
Vitim, E 138 SON HOE
Vitre 19 48 N IW
Vitry (France) ... 19 49 N 5E
Vitry (France) ... 97 Ins.
Vittoria 79 43 N 3W
Vittsjo 53 56 N 14 E
Vivarais 79 44 N 4 E
Viviers 8 44 N 5 E
Vivinskoi 140 58 N 164 E
Vizagapatam ... 64 18 N 83 E
Vizen 95 41 N 8W
Vizille 79 45 N 6E
Vjasma 61 55 N 34 E
Vladikavkaz ... 61 43 N 45 E
Vladimir 108 56 N 40 E
Vladivostok 138 43 N 132 E
Vlieland 109 53 W 4E
Voigtland 14 60 N 12 E
105
96
12
30
61
54
103
118
110
118
120
133
133
Voivodina ...
Vola (Poland)
Vola (Thessaly) ...
Volga, E
Volbynia
Volkovisk ...
Volo
Vologda
Volokolamksk
Volta
Volterra
Voltri
Volturno, E.
Volynia [see Volhynia)
Vonitza
Vop, E
Vorarlberg ...
Vorder Ebein Thai
Voronezh ...
Vorstkla
Vosges
Vosges Mts
Vourla, B. of
Vouziers
Vratza
Vryburg
Vryheid
Waag, E
Waal, E
Wabash, E.
Wachau
Wadai 130
Wadi Haifa ... 132
Waesland 22
Wageningen ... 22
Wagga Wagga ... 128
Waghausel 107
Wagram ... ... 94
Waha 140
Wahabi 132
Wahabis 110
Waiau, E. (N. Z.) ... 129
Waiau, E. (N. Z.) ... 129
Waidhaus 29
Waigaats ... ... 52
Waikato 129
Waikato, E. ... 129
Waimakariri, E. ... 129
Wairau, E. ... 129
Waitangi 129
Waitara 129
Waitzen (Vacz) ... 26
Wakatipu, L. ... 129
Wakefield 16
Wakkerstroom ... 133
Waleheren I. ... 22
Waldburg 12
Waldeck 12
Waldkirch 13
Waldmiinchen ... 57
Waldsee 13
Waldshut 12
Wales 34
Map Lat.
Ill 46 N
108 Ins.
105 39 N
61
53
96
119
108
96
130
4
83
104
48 N
53 N
39 N
59 N
56 N
8N
43 N
44 N
41 N
39 N
55 N
46 N
47 N
52 N
SON
48 N
48 N
39 N
49 N
43 N
27 8
28 S
111 48 nr
22 52 N
72 38 N
97 Ins.
12 N
22 N
SIN
52 N
35 8
49 N
48 N
30 N
25 N
sols'
43 8
46 S
SON
70 N
37 8
38 8
43 8
42 8
45 8
39 8
48 N
45 8
54 N
27 8
51 N
48 N
SON
48 N
49 N
48 N
48 N
Long.
20 E
23 E
24 E
24 E
23 E
40 E
36 E
0
HE
9E
14 B
21 E
33 E
8 E
9E
39 E
35 E
4 E
7E
27 E
5E
24 E
25 E
31 E
16 E
6E
88 W
17 E
31 E
4E
6E
147 E
8E
17 E
118 E
40 E
40N
173 E
168 E
13 E
60 E
175 E
175 E
172 E
173 E
171 E
174 E
19 E
169 E
1 W
30 E
4E
10 B
8E
8E
13 E
10 B
8E
C. M. H. VOL. XIV.
16
226
Index to Maps.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Walfisch Bay
133
23 S
14 E
Wei-hai-wei
138
37 N
123 E
Walhain
98
51 N
5E
Wei-ho
138
SO 17
lOOB
Walkenried
40
52 N
11 E
Weil
12
49 N
9B
Wallachia ...
3
45 N
25 E
Weilburg ...
12
50 N
8B
Wallenstadt, L. of
15
47 N
9B
Weimar
12
51 N
HE
Wallhof
32
57 N
25 E
Weinf elden
15
48 N
9E
Wallingford
113
52 N
1 W
Weingarten
89
48 N
10 E
Wallingford Ho. ...
121
52 N
1 W
Wein-gunga, R. ...
123
20 N
80 E
Walmer
16
51 N
IE
Weinsberg
28
49 N
9B
Walsal
114
53 N
2 W
Weissenburg (Alsace)
81
49 N
8E
Walshes
27
53 N
6 W
Weissenburg (Germany) 12
49 N
11 E
Walsingham Ab. ...
16
53 N
IE
Weissenburg (Transyl.) 21
46 N
24 E
Waltham Ab.
16
52 N
1 W
Weissenfels
33
51 N
12 E
Warn, R
130
7S
37 E
Weissenhorn
13
48 N
10 B
Wana
124
32 N
70 E
Weissen stein
32
59 N
26 E
Waiiaka, L.
129
45 S
169 E
Weldon
74
36 N
77 W
Wandiwash
64
12 N
80 E
Welland, R.
121
53 N
0
Wangen
12
48 N
10 E
Welle, R
132
3N
25 E
Wangting ...
138
24 N
97 E
Wellesley Islands . . .
128
16 S
140 B
Wara
130
14 N
21 E
Wellesley Province
125
5N
101 E
Wardha
122
20 N
79 E
Wellington ...
129
41 S
175 E
Wardour Castle ...
36
51 N
2 W
Wellington I.
135
SOS
75 W
Ware
36
52 N
0
Wells
16
51 N
3 W
Wareham ...
113
51 N
2W
Weils, L
128
27 S
123 E
Warendorf ...
12
52 N
8E
Wels
12
48 N
14 E
Wargaon (India) ...
64
21 N
78 E
Welshpool ...
16
53 N
3 W
Wargaon (India) ...
99
19 N
74 E
Wemyss
23
56 N
3 W
Wark
16
55 N
2 W
Wenchow ...
138
28 N
121 E
Warkworth
16
55 N
2 W
Wener, L. ...
141
SON
10 B
Warnemuude
54
54 N
12 E
Wenlock
113
53 N
2W
Warneton ...
51
51 N
3E
Weobley
113
52 N
3 W
Warnsfeld
22
52 N
6E
Weraroa
129
40 S
175 E
Warrego, B.
128
28 S
146 E
Werb
62
52 N
8B
Warrington
36
53 N
3 W
Werben
33
53 N
12 B
Warrisfcon ...
23
56 N
3W
Werdenberg
15
47 N
9E
Warsaw
62
52 N
21 E
Werfen
62
47 N
13 B
Warsaw, Grand
Wernigerode
55
52 N
11 E
Duchy of
97
Werra, R
39
51 N
10 B
Warta, R. [see
Wertheim ...
12
46 DT
8 E
Warthe, R.)
Wertingen ...
92
49 N
HE
Wartburg
12
51 N
10 E
Wesel
12
52 N
7E
Wartenberg
12
51 N
18 E
Wesen
15
47 N
9B
Wartenburg
97
52 N
13 E
Wesenberg ...
54
59 N
26 E
Warthe, R.
33
52II
16E
Weser, R
97
52 N
9E
Warwick
16
52 N
2W
Wessprim (see Veszpr^
^m)
Wash, The
121
5277
O
West Brenny
27
54X7
B'W
Washington
72
39 N
77 W
Westbury ...
113
SIN
2W
Washington State
72
40 1^
130W
West Cape ...
129
46 S
167 E
Waterford ...
37
52 N
7 W
Western Pt
128
38 S
145 B
Waterloo
98
51 N
4W
West Fiord
108
68 N
15 E
Wattignies ...
81
50 N
4E
West Indies
140
20IT
QO-W
Wan
132
8N
28 E
Westland ...
129
44 S
less
Waveney, R.
121
52 N
IE
Westland Bay
129
44 S
168 E
Waverley Ab.
16
51 N
1 W
Westmeath
37
52 Ear
8 "^
Wavre
98
51 N
5 E
Westminster
113
52 N
0
Waxhaws ...
70
35 N
81 W
Westmorland
16
54 18-
4 "W
Weald, The
121
51 N
0
Westphalia ...
12
50JJ
8E
Wear, R
. 121
55 N
1 W
West Point
74
38 N
77 W
Weaver
. 121
53 N
2W
West Point
70
41 N
74 W
Webi, R
. 130
5N
45 E
Westport
129
42 S
172 E
Weert
22
51 N
6E
West, R
138
23 N
108 E
Wehlau
. 59
55 N
21 E
Westwoldingerland
22
53 N
7E
Weichselmiinde
. 58
54 N
19 E
Wetter I
139
20S
120E
Weiden
. 33
50 N
12 E
Wetter, L.
141
50ir
lOE
Index to Maps,
227
Map Lat. Long.
Wetter, R 118 SON 9E
Wetterau 29 50 N 9E
Wetzlar 12 51 N 8E
Wexford 37 52 N 6W
Wexio 53 57 N 15 E
Wey, R 121 51 N 1 W
Weymouth 37 51 N 2W
Whaingaroa Harb. 129 38 S 175 E
Whalley 16 54 N 2W
Whampoa 138 23 N 112 E
Whanganui ... 129 40 N 175 E
Whanganui, R. ... 129 40 N 175 E
Whangarei 129 36 S 174 E
Wharfe, R. ... 36 54 N 2 W
Wheeling 72 40 N 81 W
Whitby 114 54 N IW
Whitchurch ... 113 51 N 1 W
White Bay 27 55 N 6W
Whitehaven ... 114 55 N 4W
White Hill 29 50 N 14 E
Whitehorse 126 61 N 135 W
White Lake ... 52 60 N 38 E
Whites 27 54 N 6W
Whitesand Bay ... 16 SON 6 "W
White Sea 61 COW 30 E
Whithorn Ab. ... 23 55 N 4W
Whitland Ab. ... 16 52 N 5W
Whydah 130 7N 2E
Wick 23 58 N 3W
Wicklow 37 53 N 6W
Widdin 3 44 N 23 E
Wielicz 20 56 N 31 E
Wieliczka 58 50 N 20 E
Wieliugs {see Vielings)
Wielun 58 51 N 19 E
Wiener Neustadt ... 12 48 N 16 E
Wiener Wald ... 48 48 N 16 E
Wiesbaden 107 50 N 8E
Wiese 112 48 N 8E
Wiesensteig ... 62 49 N 10 E
Wiesloch 29 49 N 9E
Wigan 36 54 N 2W
Wight, Isle of ... 16 50 M" 2 "^T
Wigtown 23 56 N 5W
Wiju 137 40 N 125 E
Wilde, R 117 1ns.
Wilderness, The ... 74 38 N 77 W
Wildhaus 15 47 N 9E
Wilhelms Land, K. 140 20S 120Z:
Wilhelmstahl ... 57 51 N 9 E
Wilhelmstein ... 94 53 N 13 E
Wiliczka {see Wieliczka)
Willach {see Villach)
Willebroek 22 51 N 4E
Willenberg 92 53 N 21 E
William, Fort ... 64 23 N 88 E
William I. ... 126 60N lOO "W
Williamsburg (Can.) 70 45 N 75 W
Williamsburg (U.S.A.) 74 37 N 77 W
Wlllowmore ... 133 33 S 23 E
Wilmanstrand ... 53 61 N 28 E
Wilmington (Del.) 68 40 N 75 W
Wilmington (N. C.) 74 34 N 78 W
Wilna {see Vilna)
Cr.
R.
Coast
Is.
Wilson's
Wilton
Wiltshire
Wimereux,
Wimpfen
Winburg
Winceb}'
Winchelsea
Winchester (Eng.)
Winchester (U.S.A.)
Windau
Windesem ...
Windhoek ...
Windsheim...
Windsor (Canada)
Windsor (England)
Windsor, New
Windward Channel
Windward
Windward
Winnebah ...
Winnington Bridge
Winnipeg ...
Winnipeg, L.
Winnipegosis, L. ...
Winterthur
Wisbech
Wisby
Wischau
Wischegrad
Wisconsin ...
Wisconsin, R.
Wismar
Wissengen ...
Witebsk
Witham Ab.
Witham, R.
Wittau
Wittenberg
Wittenweier
Wittstock
Witu
Witwatersrand
Wkra, R
Wladimir ...
Woburn
Woerden
Wohlau
Woippy
Wokokan I.
Wolfenbiittel
Wolfe's Camp (Quebec)
Wolgast
Wollin
Wolmar
Wolmirstedt
Wolverhampton ...
Wongrowa ...
Woods, L. of the...
Woodstock ...
Woodstock, New ...
Wooler
Woolwich ...
Woosung, R. & Tn.
Map
74
16
16
87
12
133
36
16
16
74
58
6
130
12
126
16
114
134
65
69
65
121
126
70
126
15
16
17
92
21
72
72
29
12
20
16
121
93
12
39
33
130
133
92
20
16
45
12
118
66
62
67
12
62
32
33
121
58
72
16
114
56
42
138
Lat.
40 N
51 N
50I7
Ins.
49 N
28 S
53 N
51 N
51 N
39 N
57 N
52 N
23 S
49 N
42 N
51 N
51 N
20 N
o
losr
Ins.
53 N
50 N
50I7
52 N
47 N
53 N
58 N
49 N
48 N
40 97
43 N
54 N
52 N
55 N
51 N
53 N
Ins.
52 N
48 N
53 N
3S
26 S
53 N
51 N
52 N
52 N
51 N
Ins.
35 N
52 N
Ins.
54 N
54 N
58 N
62 N
53 N
55 N
49 N
52 N
52 N
56 N
51 N
31 N
Long.
90 W
2 W
4 W
9E
27 E
0
IE
1 W
78 W
22 E
6E
17 E
10 E
83 W
1 W
1 W
74 W
20 "W
70 "W
3 W
98 W
lOO VT
100 W
9E
0
18 E
17 E
19 E
lOO "W
90 W
HE
8E
30 E
2 W
0
13 E
8E
12 E
40 E
27 B
20 E
2E
1 W
5E
17 E
76 W
10 E
14 E
14 E
25 E
12 E
2 W
17 E
95 W
1 W
1 W
2 W
0
121 E
228
Index to Maps,
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Wootton Bassett ..
113
52 N
2W
Yeu, I. de ...
. 50
47 N
9W
Worcester ...
16
52 N
2W
Yezd
. 124
32 N
54 E
Worcester (Am. N.
70
42 N
72 W
Yezo
. 137
4orr
140I:
Worms
12
SON
8E
Yilgarn
. 128
31 S
119 E
Worskla, K.
58
48 N
32 E
Ying chow ...
. 138
32 N
116 B
Worth
81
49 N
8E
Yingkow
. 138
41 N
122 B
Wrangel I.
139
eoN
180
Ymuiden
. 109
52 N
5B
Wrexham ...
121
53 N
3W
Yokohama ...
. 137
35 N
140 B
Wrotham Heath ..
16
51 N
0
Yola
. 130
9 N
13 E
Wuchang
138
31 N
114 E
Yonne
. 103
48 N
4E
Wuhu
138
31 N
118 E
Yonne, E
8
48 N
0
Wiirgen
54
56 N
23 E
York (Canada)
. 70
44 N
80 W
Wiirtemberg
12
46 N
SB
York (England) .
. 16
54 N
1 W
Wurzach
13
48 N
10 E
York (Maine)
. 68
43 N
71 W
Wurzburg ...
12
50 N
10 E
York, C
. 128
lis
143 E
Wurzen
12
51 N
13 E
York Factory
. 126
57 N
92 W
Wusterhausen
62
52 N
14 E
York Peninsula
. 128
20 s
140I:
Wutach, B.
90
47 N"
8S
York, E
. 74
37 N
77 W
Wycombe ...
. 121
52 N
IW
Yorkshire ...
. 16
54 K
2'W
Wyendael
. 45
51 N
3E
Yorkshire, N., W. c
fe
Wyoming ...
. 72
40 17
no-w
E. Eidings
. 16
Wyoming Val.
. 70
42 N
76 W
Youghal
. 37
52 N
8W
Wy token
. 15
47 N
9E
Youri
. 130
12 N
6E
Ypres
.. 22
51 N
3E
Xanten
12
52 N
6E
Yser
.. 81
51 N
3E
Xeres
. 95
37 N
6W
Yssel
. 94
52 rr
4 z:
XingU', E
. 106
20S
60 W
Yssel, E
. 22
52 N
6E
Xucar, K
. 95
39 N
0
Ystad
. 53
55 N
14 E
Ythan, E
. 23
57 N
2 W
Yablonoi Mts
. 138
Yucatan
. 69
20 N
90 W
Yadkin, E.
74
35 N
SOW
Yucatan Str.
. 134
20 N
90 W
Yakutsk
. 136
62 N
130 E
Yukon
.. 126
60N
140 W
Yalomitsa, E.
. 119
44 N
24 E
Yukon Mts
.. 139
6orr
160 W
Yalta
. 115
44 N
34 E
Yukon, E
.. 139
60N
160 W
Yalu, E
. 137
40i)r
124 12
Yule, E
. 128
20 s
118 E
Yamaguchi
. 137
34 N
131 E
Yunnan
. 138
20 N
100 E
Yamassees ...
. 68
SON
85 vir
Yunnanfu ...
.. 138
26 N
102 E
Yana, E. ...
. 136
eoN
130E
Yuste
7
40 N
6 W
Yanaon
. 64
17 N
82 E
Yverdun
. 90
47 N
7E
Yandabu
. 125
22 N
96 E
Yvetot
. 19
50 N
IE
Yangtsun ...
138
[ns.
Yang-tsze-kiang, E.
138
30 N
110 E
Zaan, E
.. 22
52 N
5E
Yapura, E.
. 135
IS
70 W
Zaandam ...
. 22
52 N
5E
Yare, E
121
53 N
IE
Zabern
.. 12
49 N
7E
Yarkand (India) ..
124
38 N
77 E
Zablat
. 29
49 N
14 E
Yarmouth (Canada^
126
44 N
66 W
Zabljak
3
42 N
19 E
Yarmouth (Eng.) ..
121
53 N
2E
Zacatecas ...
. 71
22 N
102 W
Yarmouth (I. of W.,
113
51 N
2 W
Zacatecas, Province
of 71
22 N
102 W
Yary, E
135
0
53 W
Zagazig
.. 132 Ins.
Yasin
124
36 N
73 E
Zagrab
21
44 N
12 S
Yass Canberra
. 128
35 S
149 E
Zaidam
. 138
30 N
90 11
Yazoo, E. ...
74
33 N
90 W
Zaisan, L
. 138
48 N
84 E
Yecla
95
39 N
1 W -
Zajecar
. 119
44 N
22 E
Yellow E
138
30M
no i:
Zak, E
. 133
31 S
21 E
Yellow Sea...
. 188
3orr
1201:
Zala...
. 26
44 N
16 B
Yellowstone E.
72
4onr
110 w
Zambesi, E.
. 130
20 s
20 E
Yembo
132
24 N
38 E
Zambolim ...
. 99
15 N
74 E
Yenikale
61
46 N
36 E
Zamora (Am. Cent
) 106
20 N
102 W
Yenisei, E.
136
eoN
80z:
Zamora (Am. S.) .
. 106
4S
79 W
Yeniseisk ...
136
57 N
92 E
Zamora (Spain) .
7
42 N
6W
Yenishehr ...
3
40 N
30 E
Zamosz
. 93
51 N
23 E
Yeo, E
36
51 N
3 W
Zand, E
. 133
24 S
30 E
Yeovil
36
51 N
3 W
Zand Eiver Mts ..
. 133
24 S
28 E
Yeterop
139
40ir
140E
Zanivki
. 96
54 N
28 E
Index to Maps,
229
Map
Lat.
Long.
Map
Lat.
Long.
Zante I
3
35 N
20i:
Zittau
.. 57
51 N
15 E
Zanzibar I.
. 130
6S
39 E
Zizers
.. 30
47 N
10 E
Zapoli
. 20
58 N
30 E
Znaim (Znaym)
.. 33
49 N
16 E
Zaporogia ...
. 61
40N
3x:
Zolliken
.. 15
47 N
9E
Zara
3
44 N
15 E
Zolyom
.. 26
48 nr
16 £
Zarnovicz ...
. 93
50 N
20 E
Zonhoven ...
.. 109
51 N
5E
Zealand (Denmark]
116
54 sr
lOE
Zorndorf
.. 57
53 N
15 E
Zealand (Holl.) {se
e
Zornoza
.. 95
43 N
3 W
Zeeland)
Zossen
.. 12
52 N
13 E
Zebu
2
o
120W
Zoutpans Mts
.. 133
23 S
30 E
Zeeland
. 22
5onr
21!
Zubtzoff ...
.. 96
56 N
35 E
Zehdenick ...
. 92
53 N
13 E
Zug
.. 15
47 N
9E
Zehngerichte
. 30
46 rr
9z:
Zug, Canton of
.. 15
46 IT
8x:
Zeia, R
. 136
5onr
i20i:
Zug, L. of ...
.. 112
47 N
9E
Zeitz
.. 62
51 N
12 E
Zulfikar
.. 124
36 N
61 E
Zell (Germany)
. 62
48 N
8 E
Zullichau ...
.. 57
52 N
16 E
Zell (Tyrol)...
.. 13
47 N
12 E
Zululand ...
.. 133
28 S
32 E
Zembin
.. 96
54 N
28 E
Zumbo
.. 130
15 S
30 E
Zemplen
. 26
48 zr
20z:
Zurawna
.. 48
49 N
24 E
Zemsia, R
. 108
50 N
19 E
Zurich
.. 15
47 N
9E
Zenta
.. 48
46 N
20 E
Zurich, L. ...
.. 90
47 N
SB
Zer Afshan, R.
. 124
40 N
66 E
Zusmarshausen
.. 39
48 N
11 E
Zerbst
.. 12
52 N
12 E
Zutphen
... 22
52 N
6E
Zernez
. 30
47 N
10 E
Zuyder Zee
... 22
52 nr
4 E
Zeta, R
.. 119
43 N
19 E
Zweibriicken
.. 12
46 N
4 E
Zeugg
.. 26
44 N
15 E
Zwenigorod
.. 96
56 N
37 E
Zevenbergen
.. 22
52 N
5E
Zwettel
.. 29
49 N
15 E
Zevio
.. 83
45 N
HE
Zwickau
.. 12
51 N
12 E
Zhob, R
.. 123
31 N
69 E
Zwittawa, R.
92 Ins.
Zierickzee ...
.. 22
52 N
4E
Zwolle
.. 22
53 N
6E
Zips
.. 26
48 N
20 E
Zwyn
6
52 N
6E
Zitacuaro ...
. 106
19 N
100 W
Zype
.. 87 Ins.
CAMBRIDGE : PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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