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)F SAMAJ
John iv, 7. There cometh a woman of Samaria \<< draw
water.
John iv, 7, 9; ii, 13.
Kx. xii, 3-7, 13, 14.
Isaiah hu, 7.
I Cor. v, 7.
Heb. xi, 28.
HVv. v, 12.
A CAMERA CRUSADE
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND
BY
DWIGHT L. ELMENDORF
n
WITH ONE HUNDRED
PHOTOGRAPHIC ILLUSTRATIONS
NEW YORK
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
MCMXII
COPYRIGHT, 1912, BY
CHARLES SCRIBNF.R'S SONS
Published October, 1912
GIFT
DS
TO THE MEMORY
OF
MY MOTHER
304
FOREWORD
IN 1093 Peter the Hermit returned from a pilgrimage to
Jerusalem and gave such a pitiful account of the unhappy sit-
uation of the Christians in the East that he aroused all Chris-
tendom to such a degree that armies were raised and in 1096
started toward the Holy Land.
The wars carried on by the Christian nations of the West
from the eleventh to the latter half of the thirteenth century
for the conquest of Palestine were called Crusades, from the
Portuguese word cruzado, that is, "marked with the cross,"
because the warriors who followed the holy banner wore the
sign of the cross.
In 1901 I started for the Holy Land with my ever-faithful
camera on my back, my only weapon, simply to journey
through the land with a desire to see for myself places men-
tioned in the Bible, to study ancient customs which still
remain, and if possible to understand the significance of many
sentences in the Scriptures which were very obscure to me
and to those who tried to teach me; in fact, my faith was
wavering, I was in doubt, yet one verse in Matthew compelled
me to go: "Ask, and it shall be given you; seek, and ye shall
find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you."
viii FOREWORD
I went, I asked, I knocked: I doubt no longer, now I
know. The journey on horseback through the Holy Land was
a revelation to me; may my description of it be a help to
many.
DWIGHT L. ELMENDORF.
CONTENTS
FAGS
THE SOUTH 3
THE NORTH 19
JERUSALEM 40
PLATES AND TEXTS . 57
ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATE
A Woman of Samaria Frontispiece I
Joppa from the Sea
The Sea from the Roof of "One Simon a Tanner" Ill
A Bread Seller at Joppa IV
% The plates numbered VI, VII, IX, XIII, XV, XVII, XVIII, XXI,
XXXVI, XLIII, XLIV, XLV, XLVI, LI, LIII, LX, LXI, LXVI, LXXII,
LXXVII, LXXVIII, XCVI, C, are reproduced from copyrighted photo-
graphs taken by Messrs. Underwood & Underwood, by whose permission
they are used in this book.
A Threshing Floor XVIII
Shepherds Leading Their Flocks XIX
Shepherd's Pipes, Sling, and Scrip
The Brook Kidron at Marsaba XXI
The Wilderness of the Scapegoat XXII
The Salt or the Dead Sea XXIII
The Shore of the Dead Sea XXIV
ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATE
A Woman of Samaria Frontispiece I
Joppa from the Sea II
The Sea from the Roof of "One Simon a Tanner" Ill
A Bread Seller at Joppa IV
Plain of Sharon from the Tower of Ramleh V
The Roses of Sharon VI
Ploughing VII
The Valley of Eshcol VIII
Abraham's Oak IX
Hebron The Pool and the Mosque X
Solomon's Pool XI
The Village of the Shepherds XII
Shepherds Watching Their Flocks XIII
The City of David which Is Called Bethlehem XIV
The Manger in the Church of the Nativity XV
The Fields of Boaz XVI
Ruth and Boaz XVII
A Threshing Floor XVIII
Shepherds Leading Their Flocks XIX
Shepherd's Pipes, Sling, and Scrip XX
The Brook Kidron at Marsaba XXI
The Wilderness of the Scapegoat XXII
The Salt or the Dead Sea XXIII
The Shore of the Dead Sea XXIV
xii ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATE
The Jordan Ford XXV
Looking Up the Jordan XXVI
Elisha's Spring near Jericho XXVII
The Mount of Temptation XXVIII
The Jericho Road and the Samaritan Inn XXIX
The Brook Cherith XXX
The Apostles' Spring on the Jericho Road XXXI
The Wilderness of Judaea from Jericho Road XXXII
The Shadow of a Great Rock XXXIII
Bethany XXXIV
Ruin of the Supposed House of Mary and Martha XXXV
Two Women Grinding XXXVI
The Mount of Olives XXXVII
North-east Corner of Jerusalem. Mizpah in the Background . . . XXXVIII
Bethel XXXIX
A Judaean Highway XL
Looking North toward Shiloh XLI
Shechem and Mount Gerizim XLII
The Old Codex at Shechem XLIII
From Mount Ebal over Sychar, Jacob's Well, and Mount Gerizim XLIV
Ruins Over the Site of Jacob's Well XLV
Sychar, Jacob's Well, and Mount Gerizim XLVI
The Midst of Samaria XLVII
The City of Samaria (Sebaste) XLVIII
Herod's Columns at Samaria, or Sebaste XLIX
The Plain of Jezreel L
Ploughing in the Plain of Jezreel LI
A Jordan Ford LII
ILLUSTRATIONS
Xlll
PLATE
LIII
Mount Tabor from Mount Carmel
Nazareth from the Damascus Road LIV
Mary's Well at Nazareth LV
Nazareth toward Mount Carmel . LVI
Cana of Galilee LVII
Mount of the Beatitudes LVIII
The Sea of Galilee LIX
Fishermen Casting Their Nets LX
Over the Sea toward Capernaum LXI
Where the Jordan Enters the Sea of Galilee LXIl
Upper Jordan Valley LXII1
Bedouin Tents LXIV
The Waters of Merom and Mount Hermon LXV
Still Waters LXVI
Roman Bridge over the Jordan LXVII
An Oak Tree LXVIII
Old Roman Bridge near Dan (Caesarea Philippi) LXIX
The Source of the Jordan LXX
Damascus , . . . LXXI
Snowy Peaks of Mount Hermon LXXII
Mount Lebanon LXXIII
The Heart of Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives LXXIV
The Mosque of Omar on the Site of the Temple of Jerusalem . . . LXXV
The Dome of the Rock LXXVI
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre LXXVII
The Throng of Pilgrims and Others LXXVIII
An Old House with an Upper Chamber LXXIX
Coins Used in Palestine During the Time of Our Lord LXXX
The Pool of Bethesda . LXXXI
xiv ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATE
An Old Street, Jerusalem LXXXII
The Wailing Place of the Jews, Jerusalem LXXXIII
West Wall of Jerusalem LXXXIV
Pool of Gihon LXXXV
South-eastern Slope of Mount Zion LXXXVI
The Valley of Hinnom, Gehenna LXXXVII
The Pool of Siloam LXXXVIII
The Tyropoean Valley LXXXIX
The King's Dale and Job's Well _ . . XC
South-east Corner of the Temple Wall, Looking North .... XCI
The Spring of Mary, or the Virgin's Well XCII
The Valley of Jehoshaphat, looking Up Kidron Valley .... XCIII
The Gate Beautiful, or the Golden Gate XCIV
The Garden of Gethsemane and the City Wall of Jerusalem . . . XCV
The Garden of Gethsemane XCVI
The Damascus Gate XCVII
A Green Hill without a City Wall XCVIII
Gordon's Tomb XCIX
The Stone Rolled Away C
Map showing route followed by the author facing p. 3
A CAMERA CRUSADE
Map showing route followed by the author. It is indicated by the black line starting at Joppa
A CAMERA CRUSADE
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND
THE SOUTH
AFTER many days we arrived off the coast of Palestine
and came to anchor near Joppa. What thoughts arose in our
minds as we gazed upon that land for the first time; the
Promised Land, that land that has been the great passageway
from south to north and from east to west, the little land
that has produced the three great living religions of the world,
the Holy Land.
There being no harbor, it is necessary to land in small
boats, and no landing at all is possible in rough weather.
One of the remarkable features of the whole coast line of
Palestine is the utter lack of harbors. For this reason the
land was never attacked by sea. Not long after our arrival
quite a fleet of row-boats, propelled by motley crews, swarmed
about our vessel in utter disorder, and we received our first
impressions of the natives of the land of the present day; it
seemed as though Bedlam was let loose. One must expect to
find this state of things in every Turkish port; no discipline,
no order, wild gesticulations, and loud, yelling voices unpleas-
ant to the ear, impudent demands for tips or "bakshish," and
generally rough treatment. Passing through the custom-house,
we walked through a dirty street to a hotel.
3
4 A CAMERA CRUSADE
':V .V'lxKj
After .making, all, arrangements with a dragoman, or head
guide, I' w'a'rid-e'red 1 " to : die- "house of one Simon, a tanner,''
climbed upon the roof, and there for the first time saw a real
Oriental roof, made to live on as well as under.
In the centre of it was a square opening, large enough to
let down "the bed wherein the sick of the palsy lay," which
actually happened in Capernaum. (Mark ii, 4.)
From the roof there was a fine view of the rocky shore
where the cedars of Lebanon were landed for the building of
the temple at Jerusalem. Legend states that the prophet
Jonah started on his remarkable voyage from one of these
rocks, and near by are shown some bones of a gigantic sea
animal.
Upon another rock are some chains with which (according
to legend) Andromeda was bound till rescued from the sea
monster by Perseus.
In the market-place were many interesting scenes of Ori-
ental flavor, some of which indicated the abject condition of
womanhood under Islam rule.
One handsome fellow in bright-colored costume was ped-
dling Syrian bread, which looked good but tasted like very
sour corn-bread spread over with ripe Roquefort cheese; it
was awful, but after two weeks in the Holy Land I could eat
things worse than that. This bread seemed to be typical of
the condition of the land to-day, or rather of the Christian
religion as evinced there to-day by many of the various
church sects of which I shall speak again.
Joppa was anciently a Phoenician colony in the land of the
Philistines. Now it has become an important place on ac-
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 5
count of the great number of pilgrims who arrive there every
year. It is interesting to the traveller because of the pure
Semitic types to be seen for the first time.
From Joppa lead three great roads, or highways; one to
Nabulus (Shechem), another to Gaza, and the third to Jeru-
salem.
For quite a distance the Jerusalem road leads through the
famous orange groves of Joppa into the plain of Sharon, the
Hebrew name for the plain between Carmel and Joppa. In
the early spring the ground is brilliant with the blossoms of
the red anemone, the "Rose of Sharon."
One of the striking features of the plain is the tower of
Ramleh, or the tower of Omayyad khalif Suleiman (A. D. 716),
from the top of which is a charming view toward Lydda, which
is mentioned in a very early period in connection with the
legend of St. George. Mohammed declared that at the last
day Christ would slay Antichrist at the gate of Lydda. This
is simply a distorted version of the story of St. George and the
dragon. The whole Maritime Plain presents a scene of quiet
beauty, a marked contrast to the inhospitable coast which
always was considered the western boundary, and the sea,
a barrier instead of a highway. This plain, rising in gentle
undulations toward the Shephelah, now so peaceful and fruit-
ful, has ever been one of the most famous war-paths of the
world, through which Thothmes, Rameses, Sennacherib, Cam-
byses, Alexander, Pompey, Titus, Saladin, Napoleon, and many
other great generals have led their armies. Truly this Mari-
time Plain may be likened to a bridge between Asia and Africa.
From their hills the Jews could watch all the spectacle of war
6 A CAMERA CRUSADE
between them and the sea years before Jerusalem herself was
threatened. (Isa. v, 26.)
Lydda, or Lod, was one of the most westerly settlements
of the Jews after the exile, for there were no smiths in Israel;
so the Hebrews came down to the Philistine border to get
their ploughshares and mattocks sharpened. (I Sam. xiii, 19.)
From Ramleh we journeyed up through the vale of Ajalon
(Josh, x, 12) toward Jerusalem, and turned south toward
Hebron. On the way we passed the valley of Eshcol,
from which the spies sent out by Moses brought a cluster
of grapes, and from the appearance of vines growing there
to-day one might imagine they dated back to the time of
Moses.
Near Hebron we camped under the shade of an ancient
oak known as Abraham's Oak, in the plains of Mamre so
closely connected with Abraham's life.
Hebron, a city older than Zoan, is now occupied by the
most fanatical and detestable specimens of Mussulmans I
have ever come in contact with.
Now no Christian dog is permitted to enter the mosque
with two minarets, built over the double cavern of Machpelah,
the burial-place purchased by Abraham from Ephron, the
Hittite, when Sarah died. Isaac and Jacob are said to be
buried here also. Of the many traditions which cling to the
vicinity of Hebron, two are most interesting which localize
the creation and the death of Adam here.
So many things actually happened at Hebron, or very near
it, that one may entirely discard all legends and traditions and
be satisfied with historical facts. After the many references
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 7
to Abraham and his family, we find that the city was de-
stroyed by Joshua and became the chief city of the tribe of
Caleb. David spent a long time in this vicinity, and after
Saul's death he ruled over Judah from Hebron for seven and
a half years.
"When Abner was returned to Hebron, Joab took him
aside in the gate to speak with him quietly, and smote him
there under the fifth rib, that he died, for the blood of Asahel
his brother."
And David caused the murderers of Ishbosheth, the son
of Saul, to be hanged by the pool of Hebron.
During the Muslim period the town was still important not
only on account of its commerce, but also as a sacred place,
owing to its connection with Abraham, who was represented
by Mohammed as a great prophet, and to this day the Arabs
call it "El-Khalil," or the town of the "friend of God."
Being repelled in every way by the fanatical inhabitants,
we were glad to leave the town and turn northward toward
Bethlehem. On the way we passed the pools known as Solo-
mon's Pools, the upper of which is best preserved. We camped
on a hill overlooking the Shepherd's Village, where the shep-
herds "watched their flocks" just below Bethlehem, the place
of bread, the city of David.
It was well that we did not enter Bethlehem that evening,
for as twilight waned we sat on the ground like the shepherds
of old and gazed toward that sacred spot where "she brought
forth her first-born son, and wrapped him in swaddling-
clothes, and laid him in a manger, because there was no room
for them in the inn." "And they shall call his name Em-
8 A CAMERA CRUSADE
manuel, which being interpreted is, God with us;" "and he
called his name JESUS."
Until very late we sat meditating, not speaking to one
another, overwhelmed with the consciousness of being near
the place where the most momentous prophecy was fulfilled.
The next morning I stood before the low, narrow entrance
to the Church of the Nativity, or the Church of St. Mary, per-
haps the oldest Christian church in the world, and wondered
why the great doorways had been walled up with heavy
masonry. I soon learned that this was doner to prevent the
Mohammedan soldiers from driving their horses into the
church and using it as a stable.
The exterior of the church is in appearance very ancient
and not at all imposing. The interior, divided into three parts,
one belonging to the Greeks, another to the Latins, and the
third to the Armenians, is a great surprise and is very impres-
sive. The church is built over the traditional birthplace of
Jesus Christ. In the crypt is the manger, entirely different
from those depicted by great painters, and yet, with all the
lamps and decorations removed, it is exactly like many a man-
ger I saw in actual use in the land.
Not one of the paintings of the Nativity that I have seen
gives the slightest idea of a Syrian manger. Perhaps that by
Murillo, in Berlin, or "The Holy Night," by Correggio, in
Dresden, are the most beautiful, though not correct.
Whether this traditional manger is the exact spot where
the Saviour was born matters little to me. If this is not the
place, it must have been very near by; far above this little
matter of doubt is the great fact, "Fear not: for, behold, I
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 9
bring you tidings of great joy. " . . . " For unto us a child is
born, unto us a son is given: and the government shall be
upon his shoulders: and his name shall be called Wonderful,
Counsellor, the Mighty God, the Everlasting Father, the
Prince of Peace."
It is of more than passing interest to note that the " Bread
of Life" was born in Bethlehem, which in Hebrew means the
place of bread.
From the most ancient times this region in the immediate
vicinity of Bethlehem has presented a marked contrast to the
surrounding wilderness, for that is what most of Judea is.
Around the town are many fertile fields apparently fenced in
by stone walls, but these are simply formed by the stones
picked out of the fields themselves. The finest are the " Fields
of Boaz, " just below the city toward the Dead Sea. Here is
the scene of the beautiful idyl of Ruth. Even to this day the
gleaners follow the reapers who often "let fall also some of
the handfuls," for the method of reaping has not changed
since the time of Moses. After the reaping comes the thresh-
ing, which is done on the old-fashioned threshing-floor.
As we journeyed from Bethlehem toward the Dead Sea, I
saw two shepherds leading their flocks into green pastures.
This was such a beautiful illustration of the Twenty-third
Psalm that I talked with the shepherds and asked one of them
to go around to the other side of the hill and then call his
sheep. He did so, giving a peculiar call "Br-Br-Br-Br Ha-
Ha-Ha-Ha!!!" Instantly the sheep looked up, began to bleat,
and ran toward him they knew his voice. Then I tried to
imitate the shepherd; the sheep looked up, but they would
10 A CAMERA CRUSADE
not follow; they ran from me. "And a stranger will they
not follow, but will flee from him: for they know not the
voice of strangers."
Hanging from the arm of one of the shepherds was a curious
leathern bag made from the whole skin of a kid. In it were
several round stones and a sling made of camel's hair. When
a sheep wanders too far away the shepherd puts a stone in
the sling and casts it cleverly so that it strikes the ground
directly in front of the wandering sheep, causing it to look up
and so notice that it has gone astray "All" we like sheep
have gone astray: we have turned every one to his own
way."
This took me back to the time of David (I Sam. xvii, 40) :
"And he took his staff in his hand, and chose him five smooth
stones out of the brook and put them in a shepherd's bag
which he had, even in a scrip; and his sling was in his hand:
and he drew near the Philistine." This seemed to me but
as yesterday, for I was living amid customs that have not
changed in thousands of years. Is He not "the same yester-
day, and to-day, and forever"?
When a shepherd goes out alone he invariably carries with
him his pipes, made of reeds, upon which he plays the weirdest
melodies. Strange as it may seem, this music keeps the shep-
herd from becoming crazed by solitude.
After leaving the shepherds we began to penetrate the
wilderness in earnest. Palestine is not an easyland to journey
through on account of the many valleys, or wadys. One of the
deepest and almost impossible to cross is the valley of the
brook Kidron which flows down from Jerusalem to the Dead
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 11
Sea. In a remote part of this valley is situated the monastery
of Mar Saba belonging to Greek priests. In the fifth century
a settlement of monks was founded here by St. Euthuymius.
His pupil Sabas became famous for his sanctity and founded
the order of Sabaites; hence the name.
As we approached the region near the Dead Sea the wil-
derness became still more desolate, and this desolation extends
from the Dead Sea up to within an hour or two of Hebron,
Bethlehem, and Jerusalem; so that it is easy to realize the
effect upon the ancient natives of Judea, judging by that upon
the casual visitor an overpowering sense of how narrow the
border line is between life and death, a realization of the power
of the Almighty who can make contiguous regions so opposite
in character. The prophets Amos and Jeremiah both felt the
fascination of the desert and painted many a word picture of
the wrath of God or of his divine grace.
The story of Saul's hunt after David and the latter's nar-
row escapes becomes very vivid to one traversing these valleys,
all alike, where large parties of men might encamp near each
other without being aware of it. In addition to this wilderness
being a refuge for fugitives, we must remember that it was
where John the Baptist was prepared for his mission, and it
was here that our Lord suffered his temptation.
All the way from Bethlehem the route seemed to be de-
scending until we caught a glimpse of the Dead Sea far below
us; then we realized that we were approaching that remark-
able sink thirteen hundred feet below the level of the Mediter-
ranean Sea and thirty-eight hundred feet below the altitude
of Bethlehem.
12 A CAMERA CRUSADE
Although it was March, we began to suffer from the intense
heat. Still we wound our way around barren hills until we
stood on the shore of the Dead Sea, the water of which is so
heavily impregnated with salt and other chemicals that no
fish can live in it. So dense is this water that it is almost
impossible to swim in it; the body floats on the surface as
if it were cork.
As we gazed in every direction through the peculiar haze
ever present in this part of the Jordan Valley, we saw no signs
of life; everywhere evidences of death and destruction. Of
the cities that once thrived in this awful hollow, not a trace
is left. Though Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed cen-
turies ago, the glare of that catastrophe is still terrible in the
symbolism used by the prophets and our Lord.
From the place where the river Jordan flows into the Dead
Sea, it takes about an hour to ride to the Jordan ford. Pil-
grims are attracted to this spot because of its association with
John the Baptist and the baptism of Christ.
The Jordan, as a river, was a great disappointment to me,
for it is not even picturesque. The water is turbid and warm
and hardly fit to drink on account of its salinity. The banks
are covered with a rank growth of reeds, thorn bushes, and
stunted trees which plainly show the effects of the spring fresh-
ets, and the current is very swift, rushing along as if enraged
at being compelled to flow into the Salt Sea.
From the Sea or Lake of Galilee (six hundred and eighty
feet minus) to the Dead Sea (thirteen hundred feet minus) is
a distance of about sixty-five miles; therefore the descent is
nearly ten feet to the mile, hence its name Jordan, the Down-
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 13
comer. The difficulty of fording it, or of swimming across it
on account of the whirling currents, added to the other phys-
ical features mentioned, simply emphasizes the idea of separa-
tion; it surely was a dividing line.
From the time when the Israelites crossed the river and
entered the promised land down to the moment when Elijah
smote the waters and crossed over, the river was a bound-
ary. When Elisha smote the waters with the mantle of
Elijah and returned to the land, the sons of the prophets said:
'The spirit of Elijah doth rest on Elisha! And they came to
meet him, and bowed themselves to the ground before him."
This was the beginning of a new dispensation, the beginning
of prophecy. The instrument of the Most High was to be
not the state, not the laws, not even the church, but the spirit
of one man.
Elisha was the first to use the river for a sacramental
purpose; he said to Naaman the leper, "Go wash in Jordan
seven times . . . and thou shalt be clean." Was not Israel's
greatest river consecrated by these two acts most sym-
bolic of religion the washing by water and the gift of the
Spirit?
Is it not more than passing strange that John, in this very
place, called upon Israel to wash and be clean; and that where
Elijah bequeathed his spirit to Elisha before he departed, John
met his successor of whom he said, "There cometh He that
is mightier than I after me, the latchet of whose shoes I am
not worthy to stoop down and unloose. I indeed have bap-
tized you with water, but He shall baptize you with the Holy
Ghost"?
i 4 A CAMERA CRUSADE
And so what was never a great Jewish river has become
a very great Christian one.
From the Jordan ford we turned north-west toward Jeri-
cho. It was very hot and so we were compelled to ride slowly,
when suddenly our horses pricked up their ears, began to neigh,
and increased their speed until we came to a little stream of
living water where the horses plunged in and drank. Upon
discovering that the water was fit to drink, I fell prone on my
face and drank till I could drink no more. For nearly a week
I had tasted nothing but stale water purchased in Joppa. At
last I understood what the Psalmist meant when he said, "As
the hart panteth after the water brooks, so panteth my soul
after thee, O God."
We pitched our tents near the source of this little brook,
at the foot of the Judean hills, where the natives have con-
structed a small pool called the Sultan's Spring. Christians
call it Elisha's Spring, because it is believed to be the spring
into which he cast the salt and said, "Thus saith the Lord, I
have healed these waters; there shall not be from thence any
more death or barren land."
Near by are remains of a Roman road and a scanty ruin
said to be the house of Rahab who saved the two men sent by
Joshua to spy secretly. (Josh, ii.) West of the camp was a very
high mountain which some say is the Mount of Temptation.
Early in the morning we turned our faces toward Jerusa-
lem and began to ascend by the famous Jericho road. I have
no doubt that our Lord and his disciples made use of this
highway when "He steadfastly set his face to go to Jerusa-
lem." (Luke ix, 51.)
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 15
On the way we passed by the ruins of an inn said to be the
scene of the parable of the good Samaritan who helped the
man who fell among thieves. I have no doubt of the truth of
the latter assertion, for the thieves' descendants are there to-
day. While the rest of the party went on, I climbed up one
of the hills by the side of the road so that I could look down
into the valley of the brook Cherith (I Kings xvii) where
Elijah hid himself from Jezebel.
About half-way to Jerusalem we passed a poor little spring,
the only one on the way, called the Apostle's Spring, near
which were several hundreds of Russian pilgrims on their way
to be baptized in the Jordan. They had stopped for rest and
their mid-day meal, after which they arose and sang a thrilling
chant of thanksgiving. Never have I been so moved by any
choir or chorus in my own land. Their luncheon consisted of
a crust of bread and a little tea. Weary and footsore, they
slowly went on their way steadfastly toward the Jordan.
Many were nearing the horizon of life, having toiled for many
years to save enough to make this pilgrimage. In spite of
everything there was a look upon their faces that I shall
never forget. I felt almost ashamed to be on horseback.
This highway through the wilderness is very dreary, and
the reflection of the sun's rays from the white limestone for-
mation is almost unbearable. There is no shelter from the
heat of the day, no tree, and only here and there a tuft of grass
upon which the goats and sheep exist.
Oh! for the shade of a tree only for a little while! As this
thought or prayer possessed me I turned, and before my eyes
was a beautiful illustration of "The shadow of a great rock
16 A CAMERA CRUSADE
in a weary land." There before me were little kids and lambs
resting in the shadow of a great rock. So comfortable were
they, nestled together in that refreshing shadow, I had not
the heart to drive them away, for I was thinking of the prophet
Isaiah's words, "For thou hast been a strength to the poor, a
strength to the needy in his distress, a refuge from the storm,
a shadow from the heat." Surely, his mercy endureth forever.
As I stood near this great rock and gazed over Judea to-
ward the Jordan I asked myself if the land was always as it
is to-day a land of stone, almost waterless, most of it tree-
less, here and there small patches where the vine might grow,
no fields, except around Bethlehem, where grain would thrive,
no farming as we understand it, nothing but here and there
wandering shepherds searching for green pastures for their
flocks?
Jeremiah answered my question when he said (xxxiii, 10,
12, 13), "Thus saith the Lord of Hosts; again in this place
which is desolate without man and without beast, and in all
the cities thereof, shall be an habitation of shepherds causing
their flocks to lie down."
"In the cities of the mountains, in the cities of the vale,
and in the cities of the south, and in the land of Benjamin, and
in the places about Jerusalem, and in the cities of Judah,
shall the flocks pass again under the hands of him that tell-
eth them, saith the Lord."
Judah was destined to be pastoral, in Judah the Good
Shepherd was born, in Judah the Good Shepherd gave his
life for the sheep. (John x, n, 15.)
"All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned every
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 17
one to his own way; and the Lord hath laid on him the in-
iquity of us all." (Isa. liii, 6.)
"I have blotted out as a thick cloud, thy transgressions,
and as a cloud, thy sins: return to me; for I have redeemed
thee." (Isa. xliv, 22.)
Hot and weary, we slowly followed the Jericho road until
we reached the little town of Bethany where Jesus often
lodged; where he was anointed by Mary with the precious
ointment; where he raised Lazarus from the dead; and
where the ascension took place. The supposed ruins of the
house of Mary and her sister Martha are still shown, and
directly behind is a little mosque with a small dome, built
by the Mohammedans over the tomb of Lazarus, for they
regard him as a saint. There is nothing to prove that these
two sites are genuine, nor is anything certain known regard-
ing the places here visited by Christ. The town is situated
on a hill, somewhat like Bethlehem, and presents a pleasing
contrast to the desolate environs on account of the olive and
fig trees which seem to thrive here as they used to in the time
of Christ. (Matt, xxi, 19.)
As we left Bethany I saw two women at a mill grinding
together just as Christ had said, "Two women shall be grind-
ing together; the one shall be taken, and the other left."
(Luke xvii, 35.)
Between Bethany and Jerusalem rises the Mount of
Olives to an altitude of over two thousand seven hundred
feet. It is stony and barren like most of the hills around
Jerusalem, but the slopes are partially cultivated and there
are still a few olive trees growing upon it.
i8 A CAMERA CRUSADE
Ezekiel and Zechariah both mentioned the Mount of
Olives, and Matthew, Mark, and Luke often refer to it as a
place frequented by Christ.
Quite a number of buildings have been erected upon the
mount by the various religious sects, each claiming to have
the true location of places associated with Christ during his
sojourn in and near Jerusalem. So bitterly do the followers
of the different Christian churches dispute about these and
other things that they often come to blows.
While I was in the Holy Land, the priests of one church
got into an altercation with those of another and fought each
other with the brass-bound books of the church. Two were
killed and many were seriously injured in a building conse-
crated to the worship of him who said, " By this shall all men
know that ye are my disciples, if ye have love one to another."
The ignominy of this disgraceful incident was increased
by the fact that Mohammedan soldiers were summoned to
quell the disturbance. Now I know at least one reason why
Mohammedans despise Christians. "Thou makest us a re-
proach to our neighbors, a scorn and a derision to them that
are round about us." (Psalms xliv, 13.)
Had it not been for one of my favorite verses in the Bible,
I should have then and there given up my camera crusade
and my search for the truth in the Holy Land. "Let not
your heart be troubled: ye believe in God, believe also in me."
The shock was so great, however, that I did not then
go into Jerusalem; I looked over the city from the Mount
of Olives, north-west toward Mizpah in the distance, and
started north toward Samaria.
THE NORTH
AFTER a ride of about four hours we arrived at Bethel,
one of the ancient sanctuaries of Israel and the lower boun-
dary of Samaria. Here it was that Jacob had his wonderful
vision, "and he called the name of that place Bethel: but
the name of that city was called Luz at first."
Bethel means God's house. Of the ancient city nothing
is left; the site of it is now occupied by a few stone hovels
that shelter a disreputable gang of thieves. (Jer. vii, n.)
This is very much like the temple at Jerusalem in the time
of Christ: "My house shall be called the house of prayer;
but ye have made it a den of thieves." (Matt, xxi, 13.)
The great highway leading northward from Jerusalem to
Samaria is the worst specimen of a road I have ever seen.
Now I know why there were no chariots in Judea with the
exception of those on two funereal occasions: first, when his
servants carried Ahaziah in a chariot to Jerusalem from the
plain of Megiddo; and, secondly, when Josiah was carried
back to the same city. (II Kings ix, 28; II Chron. xxxv, 24.)
When people came down from Galilee or Samaria, they
generally went down the Jordan valley and then took the
Jericho road up to Jerusalem.
Not far north of Bethel there is a splendid view of the
stony hills and fertile valleys of Samaria. Upon some of the
high places or hills were little villages, almost indistinguish-
19
20 A CAMERA CRUSADE
able, because the small houses were built of the same kind of
stone so plentiful everywhere.
One never sees farm-houses scattered over the country
as in other lands; they are always grouped close together on
a high place as in ancient times. For as of old, even to this
day, bands of Arab marauders swoop down upon these val-
leys, like a hawk upon its prey without warning, and they
leave nothing of any value after them.
Upon one of the hills to the right were some large hewn
stones; these indicated the site of Shiloh, the home of Eli
and of the boy Samuel, the place where the whole congre-
gation of the children of Israel assembled together and set up
the tabernacle of the congregation.
The story of the capture of the Ark of the Covenant by
the Philistines and its subsequent return to Shiloh is one of
the most dramatic descriptions in the Bible. (I Sam. iv, v,
vi, vii.)
It is not known when the destruction of Shiloh took place,
although it is referred to in Jer. vii, 12, 14, and xxvi, 6.
Late in the afternoon, after riding all day through narrow,
winding valleys, we entered a beautiful broad valley which is
guarded by the great Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal. The
view was more impressive than any we had yet seen, quite in
keeping with the entrance of the Israelites into the promised
land and the great events which took place on and near these
two mountains.
Sichem, or Shechem, the first capital of the land, and now
the capital of the province, is situated in the pass between
Mount Ebal and Mount Gerizim. Abraham and Jacob came
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 21
at once to Sichem on their entrance into the promised land.
Mount Ebal and Mount Gerizim together were the scene of
the great inaugural service by all Israel on taking possession
of the country.
The episode of Abimelech occurred at Shechem, and here
was held the national assembly which resulted in the separa-
tion of the northern tribes from the southern. Jeroboam made
Shechem his residence, while Rehoboam "made speed to get
him up to his chariot, to flee to Jerusalem." To make the sep-
aration more complete and to prevent his people from going
to Jerusalem to worship, Jeroboam set up a golden image in
Dan and another in Bethel.
The environs of Shechem are very fertile and there are
copious springs, but the water is not pleasant to drink be-
cause it contains so much carbonate of lime in solution. Many
of these springs become exhausted during the summer months.
A few of the descendants of the ancient Samaritans still
dwell here, and in their synagogue they jealously guard a very
old codex of the Pentateuch. Although all these things are
intensely interesting, they are eclipsed by a "parcel of ground
that Jacob gave to his son Joseph. Now Jacob's well was
there." (John iv, 5, 6; Gen. xxxiii, 19.)
From the eastern slope of Mount Ebal there is a magnifi-
cent view of Mount Gerizim and the valley to the south. Im-
mediately below Mount Ebal lies the little village of Ain Askar,
or Sychar, while a little farther on is "a parcel of ground"
surrounded by a stone wall, built by the Greeks who now own
this property. Within the enclosure is the ruin of a very old
church, built many centuries ago, directly over Jacob's well.
22 A CAMERA CRUSADE
There is not the shadow of a doubt about this being the well.
Jews, Christians, and Muslims all agree that it is the well of
Jacob.
In order to reach this sacred spot, it is necessary to climb
down some steep steps into a small chapel which was built
directly over the well itself. As I entered I felt, as I did in no
other place in the Holy Land, that I was in a holy place; for
this was the well upon which Jesus sat, being wearied with his
journey, and there came a woman of Samaria to draw water.
"Jesus saith unto her, Give me to drink." After a wonderful
conversation, full of spiritual meaning, the woman said, "I
know that Messias cometh, which is called Christ: when he is
come, he will tell us all things."
"Jesus saith unto her, I that speak unto thee am He."
(John iv, 3-26.)
Long ago when Moses turned aside to see why the bush
was not burnt, God called to him and said, "Draw not nigh
hither; put off thy shoes from off thy feet, for the place
whereon thou standest is holy ground."
"Moreover he said, I am the God of thy father, the God
of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob. And
Moses hid his face; for he was afraid to look upon God."
(Ex. iii, 3-6.)
"And God said unto Moses, I AM THAT I AM." (Ex. iii, 14.)
"Jesus said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Be-
fore Abraham was, I am." (John viii, 58.) "I am Alpha
and Omega. The beginning and the end, saith the Lord
which is, and which was, and which is to come, the Almighty."
(Rev. i, 8.)
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 23
Overwhelmed with emotions that surpass description, I
slowly left the well of Jacob. "Whosoever drinketh of the
water that I shall give him shall never thirst; but the water
that I shall give him shall be in him a well of water springing
up into everlasting life." (John iv, 14.)
"And whosoever will, let him take the water of life freely."
(Rev. xxii, 17.)
That curbstone over Jacob's well was my "Ebenezer";
for there the Lord helped me. There, at that stone, came to
me the "Peace of God which passeth all understanding."
As the shepherd puts a stone in his sling and casts it at
a wandering sheep, as I have already mentioned, so it seems
to me God Almighty often throws a stone that it may cause
the wanderer to look up. "For whom the Lord loveth he
chasteneth." (Heb. xii, 6.)
"Blessed is the man whom thou chasteneth, Lord, and
teachest him out of thy law." (Psalm xciv, 12.)
Only a short distance from the well is the village of Sychar,
where a Samaritan woman lived who went to the well to
draw water. I walked through the village and chanced to
see a Samaritan woman with a water jar on her head about
to go to draw water.
My camera caught a picture that will live with me for-
ever, a woman of Samaria, carrying her little child in her
bosom, standing in a doorway which had been sprinkled
with the blood of a lamb for it was at the time of the feast
of the Passover "There cometh a woman of Samaria to
draw water." It was early in the morning that she came out
of the door to go and draw water, quite in keeping with the
24 A CAMERA CRUSADE
old law of Moses: "Draw out and take you a lamb accord-
ing to your families, and kill the passover."
"And ye shall take a bunch of hyssop, and dip it in the
blood that is in the bason, and strike the lintel and the two
side-posts with the blood that is in the bason; and none of
you shall go out at the door of his house until the morning."
(Ex. xii, 21, 22.)
So even to this day do they keep this, the law of the old
covenant.
"Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, "that I will make
a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house
of Judah: not according to the covenant that I made with
their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to bring
them out of the land of Egypt." (Jer. xxxi, 31, 32.)
"And as they were eating, Jesus took bread, and blessed
it, and brake it, and gave it to the disciples and said, Take,
eat; this is my body."
"And he took the cup and gave thanks, and gave it to
them, saying, Drink ye all of it; For this is my blood of the
new testament, which is shed for many for the remission of
sins." (Matt, xxvi, 26, 27, 28.)
"Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin
of the world." (John i, 29.)
" Blessing, and honour, and glory, and power, be unto
him that sitteth upon the throne, and unto the Lamb for ever
and ever." (Rev. v, 13.)
After reading the fifty-third chapter of Isaiah, I turned
my face northward toward Sebaste, the city of Samaria, built
upon a hill like most of the fortresses of Samaria. As we ap-
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 25
preached the hill upon which the modern town of Sebaste is
situated, wide and fertile valleys stretched out in every
direction before us. This is the striking feature of Samaria,
its openness.
The landscape was refreshing after the desolate hills and
dales of Judea.
The history of this northern part of Israel is extremely
interesting, although it can hardly be looked upon as the Holy
Land in the same sense as Judea or Galilee. The patriarchs
came here first, and then made their homes in Hebron; the
earliest sanctuaries of Israel were here, but Jerusalem be-
came the centre of church and state. At first the prophets
and heroes of the north shone resplendent, but those of Judah
endured and the kingship remained with Judah.
There is nothing in all Samaria that appeals to the pil-
grim of to-day like the place where Jesus rested as he went
through it, and he passed through it only of necessity. (John
iv, 4.)
Omri bought the hill Samaria of Shemer for two talents
of silver, about $3,285, equal to ten times that amount to-
day in purchasing power.
And he called the name of the city which he built after
the name of Shemer, the owner of the hill, Shomeron, which
is the Hebrew for Samaria.
The first capital of Israel was Tirzah, a little to the north-
east of Shechem. Samaria was the second capital and the
scene of many events under the kings. It was captured by
the Syrians, also by the Assyrians, and rebuilt by Herod the
Great, who named the city Sebaste (Augusta) in honor of
26 A CAMERA CRUSADE
Augustus. The only remains which pertain to his time are
a row of columns which probably stood near the temple,
erected in honor of the Emperor.
According to tradition, John the Baptist was beheaded
here, but Josephus says that this occurred at Machaerus
(Mukaur), a fortified town east of the Dead Sea, where the
unhappy survivors of the destruction of Jerusalem fled for
refuge.
North of Sebaste the valleys widen and finally become
great plains such as Megiddo (Esdraelon) and Jezreel, which
extend from the sea on the west to the Jordan. This is the
reason why few invaders were successfully resisted.
The most interesting effect of this openness of Samaria
is the use of the chariot, as related in the Old Testament.
Ahab rode in his chariot from Carmel to Jezreel (I Kings
xvii, 44) ; his chariot was his funeral car from Ramoth-Gilead
to Samaria (I Kings xxii, 29). Jehu rode in a chariot to Jez-
reel, and the watchman said to Joram, "The driving is like
the driving of Jehu, the son of Nimshi; for he driveth furiously"
(II Kings ix, 16); Jehu pursued Ahaziah, the son of Ahab,
and after Ahaziah's death, his servants carried his body in a
chariot to Jerusalem (II Kings ix, 27, 28) ; Jehu rode from
Jezreel to Samaria (Sebaste) and tooh up Jehonadab into his
chariot and boastfully said, "Come with me and see my
zeal for the Lord"; and then Naaman made the long drive
from Damascus to the house of Elisha in Samaria, and then
rode all the way back again (II Kings v); the King of Syria
sent a great host with horses and chariots to surround Dothan
in order to capture Elisha. (II Kings vi, 13 ff.)
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 27
If one reads these accounts carefully, the cause of the fall
and destruction of open Samaria can readily be discerned.
About two hours north of Sebaste we passed the site of
Dothan where Joseph's brethren conspired against him to
slay him (Gen. xxxvii, 15), and we camped near the town
of Jenin (Engannin), situated on the edge of the plain of
Jezreel, the Greek name of which is Esdraelon, while in
the Old Testament it is Megiddo. This plain was the
battle-field of the great empires of the world at one time
or another, but always the prey and pasture of the wild
bands of Arabs who came every spring as regularly as the
seasons, and a few years ago the peasants got rid of these
Arab marauders, only to be bought up by rich Greeks from
Beyrout.
Thus we see the "mutability, the irrevocable lot, of man
and all his works." (Irving.)
As we entered the plain of Jezreel we met a caravan laden
with goods from the Far East. This made us realize that we
were approaching the place where the great highways con-
necting the east and the west, the south and the north
crossed each other.
Upon the highest point of the plain stands the miserable
village of Zerin, the ancient Jezreel, a town of Issachar, the
son of Jacob and Leah. When Jacob called his sons together
to tell them what was to befall them, he said of this one:
"Issachar is a strong ass couching down between two bur-
dens: and he saw that rest was good, and the land that it
was pleasant; and bowed his shoulder to bear, and became a
servant unto tribute." (Gen. xlix, 14, 15.)
28 A CAMERA CRUSADE
This is one of the many passages in the Bible so hard to
understand because we have not the customs nor the environ-
ment necessary to understand fully the figurative language
used in the East even to this day. It means that this plain
is stretched out between the hills just as an ass stretches him-
self out whenever he gets the opportunity to take a rest; and,
moreover, it is very fertile and therefore pleasant to one ac-
customed to the stony hills or sheepfolds; but it must be paid
for by hard work and by paying tribute as a vassal. That
has been the history of this plain.
Jezreel was the home of the infamous Jezebel, from whom
Elijah fled in terror.
The other references given in connection with the chariots
will quite suffice the reader.
Near Jezreel we saw some Arabs ploughing the rich soil
with ploughs made after the ancient pattern, simply the*
curved stump of a small tree shod with a point of iron.
Behind the plough walks the ploughman, carrying in one
hand a long stick with a sharp point for the purpose of
pricking the oxen to make them work, just as we use a whip
upon a lazy animal to-day. It would certainly be hard for
them to "kick against the pricks." This is used figuratively
in Acts ix, 5; v, 39, and vii, 51.
The plain of Jezreel descends gradually to the Jordan
where there are several fords, one of which Naaman must
have used when he came from Damascus to seek the prophet
Elisha in the hope of being cured of his leprosy. Perhaps the
very one used as an illustration is where he washed in the
Jordan seven times and was healed.
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 29
Toward the east the plain gradually rises until it culmi-
nates in the lofty ridge of Mount Carmel close by the sea. In
the north rises Mount Tabor like a great round dome. These
two mountains are frequently used in the Scriptures as sym-
bols of strength or certainty. From the earliest times Mount
Carmel was used as a sanctuary; there was an altar to Baal,
and likewise one to Jehovah, which was broken down. The
contest which took place here between the prophets of Baal
and the prophet of the Lord is recorded in the most dramatic
manner in I Kings xviii.
North of the great plain lies the province of Galilee about
which hover so many holy memories.
As we approached Nazareth we crossed the great caravan
route from Egypt to Damascus and found ourselves at the
very cross-roads of this part of the world. Nazareth is situ-
ated in a kind of basin surrounded on the north by hills. From
the town itself there is no view at all, but from the tops of the
hills the views in every direction are wonderful. To the south
Esdraelon lies before you so rich in important events, and then
Mount Carmel and the place of Elisha's sacrifice; to the east
the valley of the Jordan and the range of Gilead; to the
west the Great Sea with the ships of Tarshish; to the north
a landscape of hills and dales more fertile and better watered
than any other section of Palestine; to this add the great
routes which pass through or near by Nazareth and you will
no longer wonder why the boy Jesus was brought up here.
The view from the hills is like a map of Old Testament his-
tory, while over these roads passed all the nations of the earth,
bringing news and gossip from everywhere just as to-day.
30 A CAMERA CRUSADE
So Nazareth was not an obscure, secluded village; it was the
very opposite, and he grew up under these conditions, "in
all points tempted like as we are, yet without sin." I am con-
vinced that he was in this land but not of it.
In the town there is but one spring or fountain, as it is
called in that land, where I have no doubt Mary the mother
of Jesus used to go to draw water just as the women of Naz-
areth do to this day. The natives call it the Well of Mary.
The tiled roofs of the modern town show the Prankish or
European invasion of Nazareth.
The first town we saw after leaving Nazareth was Cana of
Galilee, where the first miracle that is recorded was performed,
the changing of the water into wine at a wedding feast.
After a pleasant ride over a road that wound its way
around and over many hills, we came to the "high mountain"
named the Mount of the Beatitudes, where probably the
Sermon on the Mount was preached to the multitude. Stand-
ing on this mount, my voice was easily heard by my friends
scattered about the fields below. While the acoustics of this
place would permit many to hear his wonderful sermon, only
those heard who had ears to hear.
To the east, far below this mount, lay the glittering blue-
Lake of Galilee in the deep valley of the Jordan, at this point
six hundred and eighty feet below the level of the sea. As I
rode over the same road that Christ used so long ago, it seemed
to me that again was I in a holy place, for nearly all of the
ministry of Christ was accomplished in this vicinity.
The contrasts presented by the situation of the Lake of
Galilee and its surroundings are startling. Here in this deep
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 31
valley or trench lies the lake of clear fresh water, full of fish,
the color of the water a sparkling blue, the surface of which is
often broken into little ripples by the cool breezes from the
snow-capped Lebanon and Hermon, and sometimes lashed
into furious waves by the sudden gusts of wind that swoop
down upon the lake from the sterile volcanic heights which
almost encompass the whole shore.
How different it must have been when Christ went about
these shores and hills doing good. Then the hills were covered
with trees and the shores were lined with villages and large,
busy towns, for people were attracted to this beautiful lake
from every land and nation.
Trees and plants of the temperate and the tropical zones
could here grow in close proximity because of the steep slope
of the hills which fall from an altitude of four thousand feet
above the sea to six hundred and eighty feet below at the
shores of the Lake of Galilee.
Josephus, who described this province which he governed
only a few years after the time of Christ, writes: "The plain
of Gennesaret had soil so fruitful that all sorts of trees would
grow upon it, for the temper of the air is so well blended that
it suits those many sorts, especially walnuts which require the
colder air (relatively to the rest), and flourish there in great
plenty. There are palm trees also which grow best in hot air;
fig trees also, and olives grow near them, which require an air
more temperate."
The few little gardens I saw in my wanderings around the
lake gave proof of this luxuriance which is accentuated by
wealth of wild flowers everywhere, except in the vicinity of
32 A CAMERA CRUSADE
the hot springs near the town of Tiberias. This town, built
on the site of an ancient city by Herod and named after the
Roman Emperor, is the only one remaining of the many cities
of other days. It is of little interest to the Christian and was
detested by the Jew, because they considered the place defiled.
Perhaps it is for this reason, and because it was new, that it
is not mentioned in the ministry of Christ. At all events, this
section of the shore of the lake is unhealthy and not as pleas-
ant as the parts farther north.
The hot springs or baths of Tiberias lie close to the shore
about a mile below Tiberias. In spite of the changes every-
where which have obliterated names and sites, these springs
have preserved their reputation and name. Joshua called
them Hammath and to-day the natives speak of them as
Hammam Tabariyeh, and, as of old, many are brought here
to be cured of their ills. The springs are built over with bath-
houses which are not at all inviting and indescribably dirty,
like most of the native structures in this vicinity.
One day I chanced to see four fishing-boats on the lake, an
unusual sight to-day, and I thought of other days when there
must have been many who made fishing their business. Near
Capernaum I watched the fishermen casting their nets and
I drew near in time to see them haul the net, but that time
"they caught nothing." How close that brought me to the
time when Jesus stood on that shore and said, "Children, have
ye any meat? They answered him, No. And he said unto
them, Cast the net on the right side of the ship, and ye shall
find. They cast therefore, and now they were not able to
draw it for the multitude of fishes." (John xxi.)
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 33
The exact site of Capernaum is still in dispute, so we can-
not say just where the home of Christ was, but it was some-
where in this immediate vicinity where I stood and watched
the fishermen.
How singular it was that Christ sought for his dis-
ciples among the free hardy fishermen, independent, yet not
wealthy, simple and receptive. And Jesus said unto them,
"Come ye after me, and I will make you to become fishers
of men."
We entered a boat and sailed to the place where the Jor-
dan flows into the Sea of Galilee. Beyond the eastern bank of
the river lay a plain covered with grass and low bushes. This
probably is where Christ fed the multitude with the loaves
and fishes.
Bethsaida probably stood just a short distance up the river,
but there is not a vestige of it left now. And so it is with Cho-
razin and Capernaum, a complete fulfilment of the upbraiding
of " the cities wherein most of his mighty works were done,
because they repented not." (Matt, xi, 20-24.)
"And thou Capernaum, which art exalted unto heaven,
shalt be brought down to hell: for if the mighty works, which
have been done in thee, had been done in Sodom, it would
have remained until this day."
Our little company were loath to turn from these places
of sacred memory to continue the journey along the route
to Damascus.
The valley of the upper Jordan offers little of interest in
the way of towns or life, and yet there I saw the "still waters"
and "green pastures." The children of the East come up
34 A CAMERA CRUSADE
here with their cattle and their tents in search of pasture just
as they have done since the time or before the time of Moses.
Their black tents made of camel's hair by the women are
so constructed that they may be quickly set up and as speedily
struck, as it were in a moment. How great must have been
the terror of Ben-hadad, King of Syria, and his hosts when
"they arose and fled in the twilight, and left their tents and
their horses, and their asses, even the camp as it was, and fled
for their life." (II Kings vii, 7.)
These nomads are troublesome people to deal with, for
they have inherited the tendency to relieve passers-by of their
worldly goods and possessions. It is therefore well to travel
with a party and not alone.
After paying tribute to the sheik, according to ancient
custom, we continued up by the waters of Merom with the
great Mount Hermon in the background dominating the
marshy valley of the Jordan, now only seven feet below sea-
level. There were many little brooks flowing down from the
spurs of Lebanon, which still was hidden from us. It was in-
teresting to watch the goatherds and the shepherds lead their
flocks down to the still v/aters, and they separated the sheep
from the goats.
Above the waters of Merom the valley suddenly narrows
and the Jordan flows for some distance through a wild, rocky
ravine which is spanned by a dilapidated stone bridge built
by the Romans. As far as the eye could see, the river banks
were resplendent with oleanders in full bloom.
After crossing the bridge we began the ascent of the foot-
hills of Mount Hermon. We passed a magnificent oak tree
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 35
under which were several tombs. The oak tree is frequently
mentioned in the Scriptures; Deborah was buried under an
oak; Joshua set up a great stone under an oak; Jacob hid
all the strange gods and the ear-rings under an oak; Absa-
lom's hair caught hold of the oak; it seemed to be regarded
with great reverence in the olden days by every one, even as
by the Muslims to-day.
After a steady ascent for more than an hour we arrived
at Tell-el-kadi, one of the supposed sites of Laish, which the
Danites took for their city.
About an hour farther on is Banias which I think is more
likely to be the site of ancient Dan, for Banias seems to be
the key to this whole district. Trees and undergrowth were
most luxuriant and hid from view the gushing, headlong stream
which we soon crossed by means of an old Roman bridge. A
few steps beyond the bridge a great cliff one hundred and fifty
feet high suddenly confronts you. In the cliff is a great cavern
from which the Jordan issues, full born, with the sound of
joyous, bubbling water. The mouth of the cavern is now al-
most concealed by masses of broken rocks ':hat have broken
away from the cliff for many centuries.
No one takes care of this wonderful spot now, but the many
niches cut deep into the walls of the cliff indicate that this was
a sanctuary in by-gone days, where man fell on his face and
worshipped his God. It might have been Baal or Pan, the
gods of the Greeks or of the Romans, of the Syrians and of
the Assyrians; no matter by what name, the individual here
gave thanks for the blessed gift of pure water, clear as crystal.
Here, from the very foundations of snowy Mount Hermon,
36 A CAMERA CRUSADE
springs forth that river, the like of which there is not another
on this earth.
In its geographical aspect the Jordan is most remarkable,
for it rises at an altitude of over one thousand one hundred
and fifty feet, flows through an extraordinary trench or valley
most of the way below sea-level until it empties into the Dead
Sea one thousand three hundred feet below the level of the
ocean.
In its religious aspect it stands alone, for it is the symbol
of the beginning of the Christian life, baptism, and the end-
ing, the waters of death, which separate him from the promised
land. Although the river is referred to directly only a few
times in the Bible, the symbolical references are almost with-
out number.
This visit to the source of the Jordan was a revelation to
me, for here, surrounded by the images of various gods, stood
Jesus Christ himself and his disciples (for they had sought
refuge from the hostility of the Jews in this place Banias, which
was Caesarea Philippi), and he asked his disciples, saying,
" Whom do men say that I the son of man am ? And they said,
Some say that thou art John the Baptist: some, Elias; and
others, Jeremias, or one of the prophets. He saith unto them,
But whom say ye that I am? And Simon Peter answered and
said, Thou art the Christ, the son of the living God." (Matt.
xvi, 13, 16.)
Is it not wonderful that this declaration should have been
made in the presence, as it were, of the gods of other religions ?
And especially near that temple where the Emperor Augustus
was worshipped as God ?
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 37
It was here that he resolved to return to Jerusalem "and
suffer many things," so " He steadfastly set his face to go to
Jerusalem."
As I stood here at the source of the Jordan looking at this
pure stream welling forth to bless the earth, and remembered
that on this very spot was made the first confession of man
that Christ was the Son of God, one verse of Revelation came
to me and has lived with me, "And he shewed me a pure
river of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding out of the
throne of God and of the lamb."
In all probability Christ never went farther north than
Banias or Caesarea Philippi. Although Damascus is not in
the Holy Land, it is so closely connected with its history that
even if Paul had not gone there and boldly preached Christ
after his conversion it is worth the time and trouble, being
only sixteen hours from Banias.
(Since the completion of the railways, Damascus is easily
reached either from Haifa or Beyrout.)
As I journeyed over the ancient road, I read the account
of Paul's journey to Damascus. (Acts ix.) How vivid it
all was as I entered the city and walked through the street
that is called straight and then saw the Christian section,
which has never recovered from the terrible devastation to
which it was subjected in 1860, when more than six thou-
sand Christians were massacred!
After visiting the most attractive bazaars, the finest in
the Far East, I passed through an old-fashioned gate and
walked along the road outside the walls of the city and was
shown the window through which Paul was let down by
38 A CAMERA CRUSADE
the wall in a basket. Now as this wall was built by the
Turks centuries after Paul visited Damascus, this could not
possibly be the window.
This is one of the many instances where this, that, or the
other place is pointed out by the various churches in the Holy
Land as the true site without a scintilla of proof and often
in direct contradiction of well-known historical facts. I men-
tion this as a warning to any intending to visit Palestine.
"And the king said unto him, How many times shall I
adjure thee that thou tell me nothing but -that which is true
in the name of the Lord?" (I Kings xxii, 16.)
Damascus has always been regarded as an earthly paradise
by the Arabs who describe paradise as being a garden full of
fruit trees, watered by a stream of flowing water, yielding
all manner of delicious fruits ever ripe for the delectation of
the faithful. We, who are blessed with green hills and dales,
with gurgling brooks everywhere so numerous that their
music becomes common and is hardly noticed, cannot appre-
ciate the emotions of those who live in, and wander over,
the hot sands of the desert when they suddenly come upon
Damascus with its gardens and orchards watered by the rivers
Barada (Abana) and Nahr el Awaj (Pharpar).
From the top of a house I looked over the city, with its
many minarets, and the river Barada toward Mount Hermon,
and could distinctly see the triple peaks covered with snow.
Many of the best authorities agree that the transfiguration
of Christ took place upon this "high mountain apart."
This seems very probable to me, for Christ stayed several
days at Banias, that place of refuge, just at the base of Mount
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 39
Hermon, and the ascent of the mountain is not difficult.
(Compare Matt, xvii, i; Mark ix, 2; Luke ix, 28.)
From the top of the mountain one can see nearly all of
Syria. The haze which seems to be ever present in the low
valley of the Jordan prevents a distinct view farther than the
Sea or Lake of Galilee. Tabor and Carmel were hardly dis-
tinguishable. The mountains of Lebanon seemed to stretch
out in every direction like the roots of a great oak. Hosea
must have seen this view, for he writes: "I will be as the dew
unto Israel: he shall grow as the lily, and cast forth his roots
as Lebanon." (Hosea xiv, 5.)
It is on account of these mountains that Galilee has more
dew and rain than Samaria and Judea.
Having seen these great mountains of the north, I re-
turned to the Mount of Olives so often visited by Christ and
looked once more toward Jerusalem.
JERUSALEM
FROM the top of the Mount of Olives the city lies before
you "builded as a city that is compact together" upon an
island of rocks surrounded by deep valleys, except on the
north. The temple and the palaces of the kings have disap-
peared; its mighty towers have been laid low; there is noth-
ing left to indicate the former greatness of Judah's capital
except her situation.
The city could easily be attacked and taken, but it could
not be held unless all the neighboring hills had been captured
beforehand; therefore I think that is what the psalmist had
in mind in the beginning of his beautiful song: "I will lift
mine eyes unto the hills, from whence cometh my help."
(Psalm cxxi.)
Psalm xlviii : " Great is the Lord, and greatly to be praised
in the city of our God, in the mountain of his holiness.
Beautiful for situation, the joy of the whole earth, is Mount
Zion, on the sides of the north, the city of the great king."
Truly the situation of Mount Zion, where the temple
stood, is beautiful, but now desolate. The sad prediction of
Christ is fulfilled: "O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, which killest
the prophets, and stonest them that are sent unto thee;
how often would I have gathered thy children together, as
a hen doth gather her brood under her wings, and ye would
not! Behold, your house is left unto you desolate: and verily
I say unto you, Ye shall not see me, until the time come when
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 41
ye shall say, Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the
Lord." (Luke xiii, 34, 35; compare Isa. xxx, 15.)
One Friday I stood in the wailing-place of the Jews and
heard their sad litany:
"For the palace that lies desolate: We sit in solitude and
mourn.
For the walls that are overthrown: We sit in solitude and
mourn.
For our majesty that is departed: We sit in solitude and
mourn.
We pray thee, have mercy on Zion! Gather the children of
Jerusalem."
Profoundly moved, I turned away, filled with compassion
and wonder. They were using the very words uttered by
Christ! And they will continue doing so "until the time
come." The miracle of to-day ! The Jew! (Deut. iv, 25-40.)
How do those who decry miracles explain the Jew, scat-
tered to the uttermost parts of the earth? Dwelling among
all peoples, yet distinct and separate.
"Behold, the Lord's hand is not shortened, that it cannot
save; neither is his ear heavy, that it cannot hear: But your
iniquities have separated between you and your God, and
your sins have hid his face from you, that he will not hear."
(Isa. lix, i, 2.) But the time will come as predicted, for "he
will not always chide: neither will he keep his anger forever."
(Ps. ciii)
"I will rejoice in Jerusalem, and the joy of my people:
and the voice of weeping shall be no more heard in her, nor
the voice of crying." (Isa. Ixv, 19.)
42 A CAMERA CRUSADE
The great wall of the wailing-place, against which the
Jews lean in their sorrow, is exposed for a distance of about
one hundred and fifty feet and is fifty-six feet high above
the present level of the pavement. Some of the stones are
huge and show the eroding effect of time.
From the wailing-place I went to the site of the temple,
near the place where David built an altar unto the Lord.
This large quadrangular place, now called the Haram esh-
Sherif, is paved with great blocks of stone. __ Scattered over
this great stone platform are many places of prayer for the
faithful Muslims, for they are now in possession of this, one of
the most interesting spots in the world. All creeds agree
that the sanctuary of the Lord God Almighty stood here
until the fulfilment of the prophecy in I Kings ix, 7.
"Then will I cut off Israel out of the land which I have
given them; and this house, which I have hallowed for my
name, will I cast out of my sight; and Israel shall be a proverb
and a byword among all people."
"And Jesus said unto them, See ye not all these things?
Verily I say unto you, There shall not be left here one stone
upon another, that shall not be thrown down." (Matt,
xxiv, 2.)
Near the centre of this platform is a Mohammedan
mosque, called the Mosque of Omar, which stands directly
over the dome of the rock. The Mohammedans will not al-
low excavations or investigations to be made here, which is
a great pity, for I believe that upon this sacred rock once
stood the Ark of the Covenant and that the great altar of
sacrifice was here.
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 43
According to Jewish tradition, Abraham and Melchize-
dek sacrificed here; Abraham was about to sacrifice his only
son Isaac upon this place, which he called Jehovah-jireh,
"the Lord will provide"; and on this rock was written the
great and unspeakable name of God, which, according to
tradition, Jesus succeeded in reading and so was able to work
his miracles. These are a few of the traditions which have
been handed down from generation to generation, and the
Jews of to-day cling to them most tenaciously.
Solomon's temple must have been magnificent according
to the description given in II Chronicles; the second temple,
erected after the return from exile, was inferior; while the
third temple, which Herod built, was superior to that of
Solomon. Many have endeavored to reconstruct and re-
produce the temple in word pictures or drawings from the
very unsatisfactory description given by Josephus.
The present structure is a fine example of Arabian archi-
tecture following Byzantine designs. This beautiful building
produced such an impression on the templars in the Middle
Ages that they thought it was the temple of Solomon and
carried the design back to Europe with them. Young Raphael
saw this design and used it in his famous painting of the
Sposalizio, the nuptials of the Virgin, now in the Brera Gal-
lery at Milan.
I believe, however, that it was the purpose of God Al-
mighty to destroy the temple so utterly that man would turn
from the contemplation of sticks and stones unto him who
said, "Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it
up." (John ii, 19.)
44 A CAMERA CRUSADE
St. Stephen said just before he was stoned to death:
"But Solomon built him an house. Howbeit the most
High dwelleth not in temples made with hands." (Acts
vii, 47.)
From the great stone square where once stood the temple
of other days, I walked to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
The present building was erected in 1810 over the remains
of several other buildings, the earliest of which was conse-
crated in the year 336 A. D.
The traditions, legends, and stories which have been
woven about this shrine would fall many volumes, and the
task of repeating them is quite beyond the scope of my camera
crusade. The photographic plates in my camera refused to
record the impressions of the dark, gloomy chapels and other
things in the various parts of the interior of the building
would that I could say that of my heart and mind.
The Greek, the Latin, the Armenian, and the Coptic
churches, each own portions of the interior, and, sad to relate,
a guard of Mohammedan soldiers is posted there to keep
order among the Christians. During the Easter festivals
for there are two, one the Latin, the other the Greek the
Church of the Holy Sepulchre and the city are crowded
with pilgrims of every nationality. After one experience in
the church I preferred to stay outside.
In the little square south of the entrance I saw the Greek
ceremony of the washing of feet. Every nook and crevice
about the square was occupied by spectators,
One day as I was walking through the streets I saw a
house with a "large upper room," and it made me think of
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 45
Christ's instructions to the two disciples, "Go" ye into the
city, and there shall meet you a man bearing a pitcher
of water: follow him, . . . and he will show you a large
upper room furnished and prepared: there make ready
for us."
I went up into the room; it was the guest-chamber of
the good man of the house, and I have no doubt that it was
much like the one in which Christ and his disciples kept the
Passover, and instituted the sacrament of the holy com-
munion. "This do in remembrance of me." It seemed as
though I was to have two things to remember, for under
that room was a manger just like the one where Christ our
passover was born.
Not far from this house I was shown a pool far below the
present level of the street, near the sheep market. It is
called the Pool of Bethesda. It appears to correspond with
the description given in John v, 2, but there is nothing to
prove that this is the pool where an angel went down at a
certain season and troubled the water. And this difficulty
meets one everywhere in Jerusalem, and it will not be re-
moved until the whole city has been thoroughly excavated,
a thing that is utterly impossible under the present govern-
ment.
I made very few photographs within the city walls, and I
received very few impressions pleasant to remember or that
were edifying.
One night as I sat in my tent on the Mount of Olives
reading descriptions of Jerusalem in the Old Testament, I
read Psalms xlviii, 12, 13, 14. "Walk about Zion, and go
46 A CAMERA CRUSADE
round about her: tell the towers thereof. Mark ye well her
bulwarks, consider her palaces; that ye may tell it to the
generation following. For this God is our God for ever and
ever: he will be our guide even unto death."
It seemed to be a command. Early in the morning I en-
tered Jerusalem for the last time by the gate where St. Ste-
phen was stoned to death, walked rapidly through the quaint
arched streets until I reached the Joppa gate; there I began
my walk round about Jerusalem.
"Tell the towers thereof." Alas, there is only one left,
called the Tower of David. It stands high up above the well-
preserved west wall of the city.
David said "For thou hast been a shelter for me, and a
strong tower from the enemy." Just below David's tower
is the Pool of Gihon, built by Hezekiah so as to preserve the
water of the brook Gihon. Jerusalem is really destitute of
water except one poor little spring. The inhabitants depend
upon rain water caught in cisterns. I then walked south
beyond the valley of Hinnom, and from a hill looked north-
east over the valley toward the south-eastern slope of Mount
Zion, the Tyropoean valley, with the village of Siloam on
the right and the Mount of Olives with its Russian tower in
the background.
Then I walked down into the Valley of Hinnom, which was
the ancient southern border of the city of David. To the left
of this valley rises the Mount of Evil Counsel, where the last
view was obtained. It is so named because Caiaphas pos-
sessed a country house here in which he consulted with the
Jews how he might kill Jesus.
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 47
It was in this valley that children were at one time sacri-
ficed to Moloch; therefore the place was called Tophet, the
place of fire. The Jews detested the place and called it Ge-
henna. To the left, under the Mount of Evil Counsel, are
many tombs cut deep into the rock.
This valley runs nearly east and west. Turning to the
north, the valley of the brook Kidron leads by the village of
Siloam to the Pool of Siloam. I was a church organist for
many years and often played that hymn, "By Cool Siloam's
Shady Rill." I will never play that again. Whoever wrote
that hymn had never smelt that pool. Perhaps it was not
so bad in David's time.
Just above this is the Tyropoean Valley, now filled up with
rubbish. This valley is not mentioned in the Bible; the
name is Greek and means the valley of dung; it is most
appropriately named. In David's time this valley was much
deeper than it is now and was probably the western boundary
of the city of David. From the Pool of Siloam the view south
is very picturesque. On the right the Valley of Hinnom enters
the King's Dale and meets the valley of the brook Kidron.
At the junction of these two valleys is a well, covered with
a domed structure, which the Muslims without reason call
Job's Well. I am convinced that this is the well by En-rogel,
where Jonathan and Ahimaaz went down into a well and a
woman covered the well's mouth so that the thing was not
known. (II Sam. xvii, 15-22.)
From the well which I prefer to call En-rogel the view up
the Kidron Valley is striking. On the right is the village of
Siloah, or Siloam, then the valley of the brook Kidron, with
48 A CAMERA CRUSADE
the corner of the temple wall high up on the left. It was
across this valley that David and all his followers fled from
his son Absalom.
A little farther up the valley is the only spring in or near
Jerusalem; it is called the Spring of Mary. In the olden
times it was called the Spring of Gihon. Here I saw little
girls go down and fill water-bottles made of the whole skin
of a goat, and with charming grace carry their heavy bur-
den to the village of Siloam. Let me here warn every one to
be careful and never drink any water in Jerusalem unless
they see it boiled.
These skin bottles are used all over the land just as they
were in the olden time, not only for water, but for wine
also. An old skin would not stand the pressure of new wine;
hence the saying, "Neither do men put new wine into old
bottles."
Beyond the Spring of Mary, the Kidron Valley begins to
open. High above on the left is the corner of the temple
wall; directly in front, in the bottom of the valley, which is
sometimes called the Valley of Jehoshaphat, there are many
tombs, of which three have important names attached to
them: the tomb of Absalom, of Jehoshaphat, and of Zacharias.
I simply say that these names are attached to them.
Just beyond these tombs (and it may be well to call atten-
tion to the fact that all the tombs next to the city walls on the
left are Mohammedan tombs, while those on the right side
of the valley are Jewish) the Golden Gate comes into view.
"Then he brought me back the way of the gate of the outward
sanctuary which looketh toward the east; and it was shut.
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 49
Then said the Lord unto me: This gate shall be shut, it shall
not be opened, and no man shall enter in by it; because the
Lord the God of Israel hath entered in by it, therefore it
shall be shut. It is for the prince; the prince, he shall sit in
it to eat bread before the Lord; he shall enter by the way
of the porch of that gate and shall go out by the way of the
same." (Ezek. xliv, 1-3.)
This indicates that the Golden Gate was shut up at a very
early period. During the time of the Crusades this gate was
opened on Palm Sunday, and the great procession with palm
branches entered the city by this gate from the Mount of
Olives.
After capturing the city, the Mohammedans closed the
gate again and it has not been opened since. They have a
very curious tradition that they will hold Jerusalem until a
Christian conqueror opens the gate, enters, and captures the
city. They also say that the columns of the gate were pre-
sented to Solomon by the Queen of Sheba.
The reason the valley below the gate is so full of tombs
and graves is that both the Jews and the Mohammedans
believe that the resurrection will begin here. The Moham-
medans have a remarkable idea of the last day. On that day
a hair from the beard of the prophet will be stretched from
the Golden Gate to the top of the Mount of Olives. Christ
will sit at one end and Mohammed at the other as judges.
Those who succeed in crossing on that slender bridge will reach
eternal bliss, whereas those who have no faith will slip and
fall down to perdition in the valley below, which will open
to receive them into the bottomless pit. The faithful, how-
50 A CAMERA CRUSADE
ever, will have no difficulty, for they will be sustained by the
two angels appointed by Allah to guard them.
Almost directly across the valley from the Golden Gate
is the Garden of Gethsemane, a quiet place with aged olive
trees now surrounded by flower beds tenderly cared for by
Franciscan monks. It is situated at the base of the Mount of
Olives and is about a Sabbath day's journey from Jerusalem,
so it was far enough away from the city to be a retreat from
the crowds and excitement during the feast of the Passover.
"And when Jesus had spoken these wor,ds, he went forth
with his disciples over the brook Cedron (Kidron), where
was a garden, into which he entered, and his disciples." (John
xviii, I.)
Here he came, despised and rejected of men, a man of
sorrows and acquainted with grief, to pray. And such a
prayer! Think of the agony of the One without sin taking
upon himself the sin of the world!
That night, in that garden, he was betrayed.
As I stood in that garden nearly two thousand years after
that awful night and looked upon those old olive trees which
may have witnessed that betrayal of the Son of man, I won-
dered, ay! I wondered, I shall always wonder!
From the Garden of Gethsemane I walked around the
north-east corner of the wall of the city and along the north
wall till I came to the Damascus Gate. There, seated about
the gate, were all kinds of men, some gossiping or arguing,
others trading and bargaining, and some just loafing.
The inevitable beggar was also there, even a poor leper.
Through the gate came one of the sons of Levi dressed in the
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 51
raiment peculiar to the time of the feast of the Passover and
wearing a curious fur turban. It seemed hardly possible that
this was the twentieth century, and that this was all real and
not a dream of the scenes that Solomon and his people were
accustomed to see "in the gates," to which he alluded when
praising the virtuous woman: "Her husband is known in
the gates, when he sitteth among the elders of the land."
(Prov. xxxi, 23.)
"They hate him that rebuketh in the gate"; "They
afflict the just, they take a bribe, and they turn aside the poor
in the gate from their rights"; "Hate evil, and love the good,
and establish judgment in the gate." (Amos v, 10, 12, 15.)
; 'They that sit in the gate speak against me." (Ps.
Ixix, 12.)
Ever since Moses stood in the gate of the camp and spoke
to his erring people, the gates of the Far East have always
been the favorite places for transacting business of all kinds
and most frequented by the idle and the inquisitive. This
Damascus Gate, as it stands to-day, dates back only to the
beginning of the sixteenth century; an older structure was
rebuilt by Soliman. Excavations prove that this gate is
built on the foundations of an ancient one, for not only this
but also a fragment of a wall built of great blocks of hewn
stone were discovered here.
I felt that this was the very place where that gate stood,
through which he was "brought as a lamb to the slaughter"
to the place where "Jesus also, that he might sanctify the
people with his own blood, suffered without the gate." (Heb.
xiii, 12.)
5 2 A CAMERA CRUSADE
Without this gate there is a green hill which many believe
is "Golgotha, which is, being interpreted, The place of a
skull," "called Calvary."
From a certain stand-point this hill, partly cut away by
a quarry, resembles the form of a human skull.
Whether this or another place is the true spot where the
Son of man was lifted up, as Moses lifted up the serpent in
the wilderness, I will not dispute with any one; I will simply
say that as I contemplated the momentous tragedy which
ended when he said, "It is finished," it mattered little to me
whether it occurred here or a few hundred yards away, be-
cause the transcendent truth entered my soul, although I
could not understand it: "For God so loved the world, that
he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in
him should not perish, but have everlasting life." (John
Hi, 16.)
"Surely he hath born our griefs, and carried our sorrows:
yet we did esteem him stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted.
But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised
for our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon
him: and with his stripes we are healed." (Isa. liii, 4, 5.)
He was crucified between two thieves as was foretold,
"And he was numbered with the transgressors; and he bare
the sins of many, and made intercession for the transgressors."
(Isa. liii, 12.)
" Behold the Lamb of God which taketh away the sin of
the world." (John i, 29.)
"And thou shalt call his name JESUS: for he shall save
his people from their sins." (Matt, i, 21.)
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 53
"And Pilate wrote a title and put it on the cross. And
the writing was, JESUS OF NAZARETH THE KING OF THE JEWS."
(John xix, 19.)
"Neither is there salvation in any other: for there is none
other name under heaven given among men, whereby we must
be saved." (Acts iv, 12.)
" For even Christ our passover is sacrificed for us." (I Cor.
v,7-)
"Let us draw near with a true heart in full assurance of
faith, having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience,
and our bodies washed with pure water." (Heb. x, 22.)
Sacrifice for our sin we cannot offer, for He hath been
sacrificed once for all, and He said, "It is finished"; but
"a broken and a contrite heart, O God, thou wilt not
despise."
"And behold, the veil of the temple was rent in twain
from the top to the bottom." Now, through Jesus Christ,
our high-priest, we may approach the mercy-seat, for "by
his own blood he entered in once into the holy place, having
obtained eternal redemption for us."
"Jesus saith unto him, I am the way, the truth, and the
life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me." "And I,
if I be lifted up from the earth, will draw all men unto me."
"Now in the place where he was crucified there was a gar-
den; and in the garden a new sepulchre, wherein was never
man yet laid. There laid they Jesus therefore ... for the
sepulchre was nigh at hand." (John xix, 41, 42.)
"And he made his grave with the wicked, and with the
rich in his death." (Isa. liii, 9.)
54 A CAMERA CRUSADE
" When the even was come, there came a rich man of Ari-
mathaea, named Joseph, who also himself was Jesus' disciple:
He went to Pilate and begged the body of Jesus. Then Pilate
commanded the body to be delivered. And when Joseph had
taken the body, he wrapped it in a clean linen cloth, and laid
it in his own new tomb, which he had hewn out in the rock:
and he rolled a great stone to the door of the sepulchre and
departed." (Matt, xxvii, 57, 58, 59, 60.)
Even to this day there is a small garden in one side of
which there is a rocky cliff, in which there is an unfinished
tomb; all of which is in keeping with the descriptions in the
Bible. This tomb is called Gordon's Tomb, after the great
English general who thought that this was the tomb where
they laid Him.
As I have remarked before, nothing certain can be known
about this and other places of sacred memory in Jerusalem
until excavations can be made. But if this is not the one, it
is an exact type of the stone tombs of that period. The chief
priests and the Pharisees wishing to make sure that Christ
would not rise again on the third day, after receiving per-
mission from Pilate, went and made the sepulchre sure by
sealing the stone and setting a watch.
Often have I read the different accounts of this stone in
front of a tomb, but never did I have a clear idea of it until
I came to the end of my camera crusade, when I found a tomb
with " the stone rolled away."
"And when the sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene, and
Mary the mother of James, and Salome had bought sweet
spices, that they might come and anoint him. And very
THROUGH THE HOLY LAND 55
early in the morning the first day of the week, they came unto
the sepulchre at the rising of the sun, And they said among
themselves, Who shall roll us away the stone from the door
of the sepulchre? And when they looked, they saw that the
stone was rolled away: for it was very great." (Mark xvi.)
And when the women were afraid, the angel of the Lord
said, "Fear not ye: for I know that ye seek Jesus, which was
crucified. He is not here: for he is risen."
"But now is Christ risen from the dead and become the
first-fruits of them that slept. For since by man came death,
by man came also the resurrection of the dead. For as in
Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive."
(I Cor. xv.)
"But thanks be to God, which giveth us the victory
through our Lord Jesus Christ." (I Cor. xv, 57.)
After showing himself to the women, our risen Lord went
to Galilee as he had promised his disciples. There he met
them, but they knew him not. "And it came to pass as he
sat at meat with them, he took bread, and blessed it and brake,
and gave to them." "And their eyes were opened, and they
knew him." (Luke xxiv, 30, 31.)
May you ever know and remember him in the breaking
of bread.
"For Jesus said unto them, I am the bread of life: he that
cometh to me shall never hunger; and he that believeth on
me shall never thirst." (John vi, 35.)
"Ho, every one that thirsteth, come ye to the waters, and
he that hath no money, come ye, buy, and eat; yea, come, buy
wine and milk without money and without price." (Isa. Iv, i.)
56 A CAMERA CRUSADE
"Come unto me, all ye that labour and are heavy laden,
and I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you, and learn
of me; for I am meek and lowly in heart: and ye shall find
rest unto your souls. For my yoke is easy, and my burden
is light." (Matt, xi, 28-30.)
"For the Lamb which is in the midst of the throne shall
feed them, and shall lead them unto living fountains of
waters: and God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes."
(Rev. vii, 17.)
"Worthy is the Lamb that was slain to "receive power,
and riches, and wisdom, and strength, and honour, and glory,
and blessing." (Rev. v, 12.)
And so I bear testimony to the things I found in the Holy
Land, and to the truths I found in his Holy word, which "is
a lamp unto my feet and a light unto my path."
"I will fear no evil," "For I know that my Redeemer
liveth."
In the words of the beloved disciple John, I may humbly
say:
"And he said unto me, Write: for these words are true
and faithful."
PLATES AND TEXTS
PLATE II
JOPPA FROM THE SEA
II Chron. ii, And we will cut wood out of Lebanon, as much
as thou shalt need; and we will bring it to thee
in flotes by sea to Joppa; and thou shalt carry
it up to Jerusalem.
Joshua xix, 46.
Ezra iii, 7.
Jonah i, 3.
Acts ix, 36, 43; xi, 5.
PLATE III
THE SEA FROM THE ROOF OF "ONE SIMON
A TANNER"
Acts ix, 43. And it came to pass, that he tarried many days
in Joppa with one Simon a tanner.
Jonah i, 3.
Acts x, 6.
PLATE IV
A BREAD SELLER AT JOPPA
Gen. xviii, 5. And I will fetch a morsel of bread.
Gen. xiv, 18; xxv, 34; xli, 54, 55; xliii, 25, 31, 32; xlv, 23.
Ex. xvi, 4, 8, 12, 15, 32; xxiii, 25.
Lev. xxvi, 26.
Deut. viii.
Joshua ix, 5.
Judges vii, 13.
Ruth i, 6.
I Sam. ii, 36; xxii, 13; xxviii, 20, 22.
II Sam. vi, 19.
Prov. xii, 9, u; xx, 13; xxii, 9; xxxi, 27.
Eccl. ix, ii.
Isaiah xxxiii, 16; Iv, 2.
Matt, iv, 3, 4; vi, ii; vii, 9; xxvi, 26.
Mark viii, 14.
Luke iv, 4; xxiv, 35.
John vi, 7-32-35, 50, 51.
PLATE V
PLAIN OF SHARON FROM THE TOWER OF RAMLEH
Isaiah Ixv, And Sharon shall be a fold of flocks, and the
valley of Achor a place for herds to lie down in,
for my people that have sought me.
I Chron. v, 16; xxvii, 29; viii, 12.
Song Sol. ii, i.
Isaiah xxxiii, 9; xxxv, 2.
PLATE VI
THE ROSES OF SHARON
Song Sol. ii. I am the rose of Sharon and the lily of the
valley.
Song Sol. vi, 3; v, 13.
Hosea xiv, 5.
Matt, vi, 28, 29.
PLATE VII
PLOUGHING
Deut. xxii, Thou shalt not plough with an ox and an ass
10. together.
I Sam. xiii, 19; xiv, 14.
Job iv, 8; i, 14.
Prov. xx, 4.
Isaiah xxviii, 24.
Acts ix, 5.
I Cor. ix, 10.
II Cor. vi, 14, 15, 16.
PLATE VIII
THE VALLEY OF ESHCOL
Num. xxxii, They went up into the valley of Eshcol.
9-
Num. xiii, 17, 23, 24.
V A
AA* v>" * j.
PLATE IX
ABRAHAM'S OAK
Gen. xviii, 4. And rest yourselves under the oak.
Gen. xiii, 18; xxiii, 17, 18.
PLATE X
HEBRON THE POOL AND THE MOSQUE
Gen. xxiii, 2. And Sarah died in Kirjath-arba; the same is
Hebron in the land of Canaan.
Gen. xii, 18; xxiii, 2, 9, 17, 20; xxxv, 27.
Num. xiii, 22.
Joshua x, 36; xiv, 13; xxi, 13; xv, 13.
II Sam. ii, I, n, 27, 35; iii, 2; iv, 12; v, l; xv, 10.
I Chron. xi, 1-3; xii, 38; xxix, 27.
PLATE XI
SOLOMON'S POOL
II Kings xviii, 17.
Isaiah vii, 3; xxxvi, 2.
Neh. ii, 14.
PLATE XII
THE VILLAGE OF THE SHEPHERDS
Jer. xxiii, 4.
Isaiah \l. II.
Luke ii, 8.
PLATE XIII
SHEPHERDS WATCHING THEIR FLOCKS
Jer. xxiii, 4. And 1 will set up shepherds over them which
shall feed them.
Psalm xxiii, 2.
Jer. xxxi, 28.
Luke ii, 8.
PLATE XIV
THE CITY OF DAVID WHICH IS CALLED
BETHLEHEM
Luke ii, 4. And Joseph also went up from Galilee out of the
city of Nazareth unto Judaea; into the city of
David which is called Bethlehem.
Gen. xlix, 10.
Ex. xiii, 2.
Num. xxiv, 17.
Deut. xviii, 16.
II Sam. xxiii, 15.
I Chron. xi, 17.
Psalm ii, 7; cxviii, 22; cxxxii, 1 1.
Isaiah vii, 14; xi, I; Ix, 1-3; Ixxii, 10-12.
Micah v, 2.
Zech. iii, 8; vi, 12.
Matt, ii, 1-8; viii, 29; xiv, 33; xxvi, 63; xxvii, 43, 54.
Luke i, 35; iv, 41; xxii, 70.
John i, 14, 34; iii, 16, 18; vi, 69; ix, 35-37; xx, 31; vii, 42.
PLATE XV
THE MANGER IN THE CHURCH OF THE NATIVITY
Matt, ii, 9. When they heard the king, they departed; and,
lo, the star which -they saw in the east went
before them till it came and stood where the
young child was.
Luke ii, 7, 12, 16.
PLATE XVI
THE FIELDS OF BOAZ
Luke iii, 32.
Ruth, ii.
PLATE XVII
RUTH AND BOAZ
Lev. xix, 9, 10; xxiii, 22.
Deut. xxiv, 19.
Ruth ii.
PLATE XVIII
A THRESHING FLOOR
Gen. 1, 10. And they came to the threshing floor of Atad.
Lev. xxvi, 5; xxv. 19.
Num. xv, 20.
Deut. xv, 14.
Ruth iii, 2.
II Sam. xxiv, 18-22.
I Chron. xxi, 21-26.
II Chron. iii, I.
Isaiah xxi, 10; xxviii, 28.
Joel ii, 24.
Micah iv, 11-13.
Matt, iii, 12.
PLATE XIX
SHEPHERDS LEADING THEIR FLOCKS
Jer. xxiii, 4. And I will set up shepherds over them which
shall feed them.
Psalm xxiii, I.
Isaiah xl, u.
Ezek. xxxiv, 6-23.
John x, 4, 5, 7-16.
Heb. xiii, 20.
I Peter ii, 25; v, 4.
Rev. vii, 17.
PLATE XX
SHEPHERD'S PIPES, SLING, AND SCRIP
I Sam. xvii, 40-54; x, 5; xxv, 29.
I Kings i, 40.
II Kings iv, 25.
II Chron. xxvi, 14.
Isaiah v, 12; xxx, 29.
Jer. xlviii, 36.
Prov. xxvi, 8.
Matt, xi, 17; x, 10.
Luke ix, 3; x, 4; xxii, 35, 36.
I Cor. xiv, 7.
Rev. xviii, 22.
PLATE XXI
THE BROOK KIDRON AT MARSABA
II Sam. xv, 23.
John xviii, i.
PLATE XXII
THE WILDERNESS OF THE SCAPEGOAT
Lev. xvi, 22. And the goat shall bear upon him all their in-
iquities into a land not inhabited: and he shall
let go the goat in the wilderness.
Lev. xvi, 20+ .
I Sam. xxii, i; xxiii, 14.
Psalms Ixiii David's prayers in the wilderness,
and clxn.
Isaiah xl, 3; liii, 6.
Matt, iii, 1-3; xi, 7.
Mark i, 3.
Luke iii, 4; xv, 4.
John i, 23.
PLATE XXIII
THE SALT OR THE DEAD SEA
Gen. xiv, 3. The vale of Siddim which is the salt sea.
Gen. xiv, 1-3; xviii, 16; xix, 28.
Num. xxxiv, 12.
Deut. iii, 17; xxix, 23.
Joshua xii, 3; xv, 2; xviii, 19.
Isaiah i, 9; in, 9; xiu, 19.
Jer. iv, 26, 27; xxiii, 14; I, 40.
Lam. iv, 6.
Ezek. xvi, 46-55.
Amos iv, ii.
Zeph. ii, 9.
Matt, x, 15; xi, 24.
Mark vi, n.
Luke x, 12; xvii, 29.
Rom. ix, 29.
II Peter ii, 6
Jude, 7.
PLATE XXIV
THE SHORE OF THE DEAD SEA
Jer. 1, 40. As God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah and
the neighbor cities thereof saith the Lord; so
shall no man abide there, neither shall any son
of man dwell therein.
Gen. xiii, 10; xviii, 20 + xix, 24, 28.
Deut. xxxii, 32.
Isaiah i, 9.
Jer. xxiii, 14; xlix, 18.
Amos iv, ii.
Zeph. ii, 9.
II Peter ii, 6.
PLATE XXV
THE JORDAN FORD
Matt, iii, 6. And were baptized of him in Jordan, confessing
their sins.
Joshua iii, 16.
Matt, iii, 13.
Mark i, 5-11.
Luke iii, 21-38.
PLATE XXVI
LOOKING UP THE JORDAN
Joshua xxii. The Lord hath made Jordan a border between
25. us and you.
Joshua iii, 14-17.
I Sam. xvii, 22; xix, 15.
II Kings ii, 13; v, 10.
I Chron. xii, 15; xix, 17.
Isaiah xlviii, 18.
Ezek. xlvii, 5-18.
PLATE XXVII
ELISHA'S SPRING NEAR JERICHO
II Kings ii, 19-22.
Psalm xlii, i.
Isaiah xliv, 3; xlvi, 4.
John vi, 35.
Rev. xxi, 6; xxii, i, 17.
X
PLATE XXVIII
THE MOUNT OF TEMPTATION
Matt, iv, 8. Again the devil taketh him up into an exceeding
high mountain.
Luke iv, 5.
Mark i, 13.
PLATE XXIX
THE JERICHO ROAD AND THE SAMARITAN INN
Luke x, A certain Samaritan went to him and bound up
30-37- his wounds . . . and brought him to an inn.
PLATE XXX
THE BROOK CHERITH
I Kings Hide thyself by the brook Cherith.
xvii, 3.
I Kings xviii.
PLATE XXXI
THE APOSTLES' SPRING ON THE JERICHO ROAD
,
PLATE XXXII
WILDERNESS OF JUD^A FROM JERICHO ROAD
Jer. xxxiii, 10, 12, 13.
Matt, xi, 7; iii, I.
Luke vii, 24; ix, 51; xv, 4.
II Cor. xi, 26.
PLATE XXXIII
THE SHADOW OF A GREAT ROCK
Isaiah The shadow of a great rock.
xxxii, 2.
Psalms xci, i ; xvii, 8; xxxvi, 7; Ivii, i; Ixi, 2, 3, 4; Ixiii, 7; xci, 4.
Isaiah iv, 6; xxv, 4.
Ruth ii, 12.
PLATE XXXIV
BETHANY
Matt, xxi, He left them and went out of the city into Beth-
'7- any and he lodged there.
Matt, xxvi, 6-13.
Mark xi, 12; xiv, 3; xvi, 19.
Luke xix, 29; xxiv, 50, 51.
John xi, 1-46; xii, 1-15.
PLATE XXXV
RUIN OF THE SUPPOSED HOUSE OF MARY
AND MARTHA
Luke x, 38-42.
John xi, 1-46.
PLATE XXXVI
TWO WOMEN GRINDING
Matt, xxiv, Two women shall be grinding at the mill.
Matt, xviii, 6.
Mark ix, 42.
Luke xvii, 2, 35.
Ex. xi, 5.
Judges ix, 53; xvi, 21.
Isaiah xlvii, 2.
PLATE XXXVII
THE MOUNT OF OLIVES
Matt. xx\-\, They went out into the Mount of Olives.
30.
Matt, xxi, i; xxiv, 3.
Mark xi, i; xiii, 3; xiv, 26.
Luke xix, 37; xxii, 39; xxi, 37.
Zech. xiv, 4.
Ezek. >i, 23.
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PLATE XXXVIII
NORTH-EAST CORNER OF JERUSALEM, MIZPAH
IN THE BACKGROUND
I Sam. vii, 5-12.
I Kings xv, 22.
II Kings xxv, 22-26.
Joshua xviii, 26.
Judges x, 17; xi, 1 1, 29.
Gen. xxxi, 49.
Jer. xl, 10; xli, 3.
Neh. iii, 7.
Hosea v, i.
PLATE XXXIX
BETHEL
Gen. xxviii, And he called the name of that place Bethel.
19.
Gen. xxviii, 10-22; xxxv, 1-15; xxxi, 13.
Joshua xviii, 13, 22.
Judges i, 22, 23, 26.
I Kings xii, 29.
II Kings x, 29.
Jer. vii, n.
Amos iii, 14; iv, 4; v, 5, 6; vii, 13.
PLATE XL
A JUD,AN HIGHWAY
Matt, xxii, Go ye therefore into the highways.
9-
I uke xiv, 23.
Mark x, 46.
PLATE XL:
LOOKING NORTH TOWARD SHILOH
Joshua \\iii, And the whole congregation of the children of
i. Israel assembled together at Shiloh, and set up
the tabernacle of the congregation there.
Deut. xii, 5, 1 1, 14.
Joshua xviii, 8; xix, 51; xxii, 9.
Judges xviii, 31; xxi, 12, 19, 21.
I Sam. i, 3, 9, 24; ii, 14; iii, 1-21; iv, 3-22; v; vi; vii.
I Kings ii, 27; xiv, 2.
Psalm Ixxviii, 60.
Jer. vii, 12; xxvi, 6; xli, 5.
PLATE XLII
SHECHEM AND MOUNT GERIZIM
Joshua And Joshua gathered all the tribes of Israel to
xxiv, i. Shechem.
Gen. xii, 6; xxxiii, 18; xxxvii, 12, 13, 14.
Joshua xx, 7; xxi, 21; xxiv, I, 32.
Judges ix, I, 7, 20, 23, 41, 57.
I Kings xii, I, 25.
Jer. vii, 12, 14; xxvi; xii, 5.
PLATE XLIII
THE OLD CODEX AT SHECHEM
Joshua viii, And afterward he read all the words of the law,
34- the blessings and the cursings, according to all
that is written in the book of the law.
Deut. xvii, 18.
Joshua viii, 34.
II Kings xxii, 8, 13.
Mark xii, 10.
Luke xxiv, 27; iv, 17-21.
John v, 39, 46; vii, 42, 52.
PLATE XLIV
FROM MOUNT EBAL OVER SYCHAR, JACOB'S WELL,
AND MOUNT GERIZIM
Gen. xxxiii, 19.
Deut. xi, 29; xxvii, 12.
Joshua viii, 33.
Judges ix, 7.
PLATE XLV
RUINS OVER THE SITE OF JACOB'S WELL
PLATE XLVI
SYCHAR, JACOB'S WELL, AND MOUNT GERIZIM
John iv, 6. Now Jacob's well was there.
John iv, 3-26.
Isaiah xii, 3.
Jer. ii, 13.
Rev. xxi, 6.
PLATE XLVII
THE MIDST OF SAMARIA
Luke xvii, And it came to pass as he went to Jerusalem
ii- that he passed through the midst of Samaria.
Isaiah xxviii,
1-4.
John iv, 4.
Acts viii, i.
PLATE XLVlll
THE CITY OF SAMARIA (SEBASTE)
I Kings xvi, And he bought the hill Samaria of Shemer . .
2 4- and called the name of the city . . . Samaria.
I Kings xvi, 32; xxii, 37; xx, I.
II Kings vi, 24, 25; vii, I.
Matt, ii, 12, 15, 16; xiv, I.
Mark viii, 15; vi, 14-26.
Luke iii, I, 19; ix, 7.
Acts viii, 5.
PLATE XLIX
HEROD'S COLUMNS AT SAMARIA, OR SEBASTE
PLATE L
THE PLAIN OF JEZREEL
I Sam. And Ahah rode and went to Jezreel.
xxix, i.
Judges i, 27.
II Sam. ii, 9.
I Kings xviii, 44, 45, 46; xxi, i.
II Kings viii, 29; ix, 10-37; x i-n> xxiii, 29, 30. .
Joshua xvn, 1 1, 16.
II Chron. xxxv, 22.
PLATE LI
PLOUGHING IN THE PLAIN OF JEZREEL
I Sam. xiv, A yoke of oxen might plough.
14-
Deut. xxii, 10.
Job iv, 8; i, 14.
Prov. xx, i.
Isaiah xxviii, 24.
Luke ix, 62.
Acts ix, 5; v, ci; viii, G.
I Cor. ix, 10.
II Cor. vi, 14, 15, 16.
PLATE Lll
A JORDAN FORD
II Kings v, Then he went down and dipped himself seven
'4- times in Jordan.
II Kings v, whole chapter.
Judges vii, 24.
Luke iv, 27.
John i, 28; x, 40. '-
PLATE Llll
MOUNT TABOR FROM MOUNT CARMEL
Judges iv, 6, 12-23; v '" 1 8.
I Sam. x, 3; xxv, 2.
I Kings xviii, 17-46.
Psalm Ixxxix, 12.
Cant, vii, 5.
Jer. xlvi, 18.
PLATE LIV
NAZARETH FROM THE DAMASCUS ROAD
Luke i\; 16. And he came to Nazareth where he had been
brought up ...
Judges xiii, 5.
I Sam. i, ii.
Matt, ii, 23; xxi, n.
Mark i, 24; x, 47; xiv, 67.
Luke i, 26; ii, 51; iv, 16, 34: xviii, 37; xxiv, 19.
John i, 45; xviii, 5, 7; xix, 19.
Acts ii, 22; iii, 6; iv, 10; vi, 14; xxii, 8.
PLATE LV
MARY'S WELL AT NAZARETH
PLATE LVI
NAZARETH TOWARD MOUNT CARMEL
PLATE LVII
CANA OF GALILEE
John ii, i. And the third day there was a marriage in Cana
of Galilee.
John ii, i-n; iv, 46; xxi, 2.
Joshua xix, 28.
PLATE LVIII
MOUNT OF THE BEATITUDES
Matt, v, i. And seeing a muhitude he went up into a
mountain.
Matt, v; vi; vn.
PLATE LIX
THE SEA OF GALILEE
John vi, i. After these things Jesus went over the Sea of
Galilee, which is the Sea of Tiberias.
John xxi, i.
Matt, viii, 23-27; xiv, 34.
Mark iv, 36-41; v, i; vi, 47-51.
Luke v, i.
PLATE LX
FISHERMEN CASTING THEIR NETS
Matt.iv, 18. And Jesus walking by the Sea of Galilee saw
two brethren, Simon called Peter, and Andrew
his brother, casting a net into the sea : for they
were fishers.
Matt, iv, 18, 19, 20.
Mark i, 16, 17.
Luke v, i-u.
John xxi.
PLATE LXI
OVER THE SEA TOWARD CAPERNAUM
John vi, 17. Over the sea toward Capernaum.
Matt, iv, 13; viii, 5; ix, i; xi, 23; xvii, 24.
Mark ii, I.
Luke iv, 23, 31; vii, i; viii, 22-25; x . 1 3-
John ii, 12; vi, 17, 24, 59.
PLATE LXII
WHERE THE JORDAN ENTERS THE SEA OF GALILEE
Matt, xiv, 13 ff.
Mark vi, 34<f.
Luke ix, 10 ff.
John vi ff.
PLATE LXII1
UPPER JORDAN VALLEY
Psalm xxin, 2.
Ezek. xxxiv, 14.
I
PLATE LXIV
BEDOUIN TENTS
Judges vi,5. For they come up with their cattle and their
tents.
Gen. iv, 20.
PLATE LXV
THE WATERS OF MEROM AND MOUNT HERMON
Joshua xi, 5-7
PLATE LXVI
STILL WATERS
Psalm He leadeth me beside the still waters,
xxiii, 2.
Ezek. xxxiv, 11-15.
Matt, xxv, 32.
Rev. vii, 17.
PLATE LXVII
ROMAN BRIDGE OVER THE JORDAN
Old Damascus Road near Dan
PLATE LXVIII
AN OAK TREE
I Kings And went after the man of God, and found him
xiii, 14. sitting under an oak.
Gen. xxxv, 4, 8.
Joshua xxiv, 26.
II Sam. xviii, 9 ff.
I Kings xiii, 14.
I Chron. x, 12.
Isaiah xliv, 14.
Ezek. xxvii, 6.
Hosea iv, 13.
PLATE LXIX
OLD ROMAN BRIDGE NEAR DAN
(OESAREA PHILIPPI)
Gen. xiv, 14.
Deut. xxxiv, i.
Judges xviii, 29, 30.
PLATE LXX
THE SOURCE OF THE JORDAN
Joshua Baal-gad under Mount Hurmon.
xiii, 5.
Joshua xi, 17; xii, 7.
Judges iii, 3.
Matt, xvi, 13-16.
Mark viii, 27-29.
PLATE LXXI
DAMASCUS
Gen. xv, 2. And Abram said, Lord God, what wilt thou give
me, seeing I go childless, and the steward of my
house is this Eliezer of Damascus?
II Sam. viii, 6.
I Kings xi, 23-35.
II Kings v, 12; viii, 7; xiv, 28; xvi, 9-12.
Isaiah vii, 8; viii, 4; xvii, 1-3.
Ezek. xxvii, 18.
Amos i, 3; v, 27.
Acts ix, 1-27; xxii, 5-30; xxvi, 12.
II Cor. xi, 32, 33.
Gal. i, 17.
PLATE LXXII
SNOWY PEAKS OF MOUNT HERMON
Psalm He giveth snow like wool,
cxlvii, 16.
Psalm li, 7; Ixxxix, 12; cxxxiii, 3.
Deut. iii, 8, 9; iv, 48.
Joshua xiii, 5, n.
Song of Sol. iv, 8.
Prov. xxv, 13.
Isaiah i, 18; Iv, 10.
Matt, xvii, 1-9.
Mark ix, 2-10.
Luke ix, 28-36.
PLATE LXXIII
MOUNT LEBANON
Deut. iii, 25. I pray thee let me go over and see the good land
that is beyond Jordan, that goodly mountain
and Lebanon.
Judges iii, 3.
I Kings v, 14; vii, 2.
II Kings xiv, 9.
IlChron. ii, 8.
Psalm xxix, 5, 6; Ixxii, 16; xcii, 12.
Song of Sol. iii, 9.
Isaiah x, 32; xxix, 17; xxxv, 2; xxxvii, 24; Ix, 13; xl, 16.
Jer. XVHI, 14; xxn, 6.
Zech. x, 10.
Ezck. xxvii. 5.
PLATE LXXIV
THE HEART OF JERUSALEM FROM THE MOUNT
OF OLIVES
Psalm Jerusalem is builded as a city that is compact
cxxii, 3. together.
Joshua xviii, 28.
II Sam. v, 5, 7.
I Kings iii, i; xi, 13.
II Kings xxiii, 27.
Neh. xi, I.
Psalm xlviii; cxvi, 19.
Isaiah Hi.
Mai. iii, 4.
Matt, xvi, 21; xxiii, 37-39.
Luke ii, 22; xiii, 34, 35; xxi, 20; xxiv, 47-49.
John iv, 20; xii, 12.
Acts xxi, 31.
PLATE LXXV
THE MOSQUE OF OMAR ON THE SITE OF THE
TEMPLE OF JERUSALEM
Psalm Ixvii, 29.
I Kings vi.
II Chron. iii; iv; v.
PLATE LXXVI
THE DOME OF THE ROCK
I Kings vi, 16; viii, 6-30.
II Chron. ii, 1-4; v, 7-14.
Ezek. xliii, 12.
Joel iii, 17.
Zech. viii, 3.
Isaiah ii, 2, 3.
PLATE LXXVII
THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE
Greek ceremony "washing of feet" at the door of the church
on Easter Sunday
y 7"
IT
PLATE LXXVIII
THE THRONG OF PILGRIMS AND OTHERS
At the door of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre,
Easter morning
PLATE LXXIX
AN OLD HOUSE WITH AN UPPER CHAMBER
Mark xiv, And he will show you a large 'upper room fur-
I 5- nished and prepafed: there make ready for us.
Matt, xxvi, 18-20.
Luke xxii, 12.
Acts i, 13.
Luke ii, 7, Beneath the upper chamber there was a typi-
I2 > 1 6- cal Syrian manger.
PLATE LXXX
COINS USED IN PALESTINE DURING THE TIME
OF OUR LORD
No. I. A silver denarius, or penny, of Tiberius, the tribute money
payable by the Jews to the Roman emperor. Worth about
seventeen cents, American money.
No. 2. A silver denarius, or penny, of Augustus, also worth #0.17.
No. 3. A silver shekel of Jerusalem, worth about $0.54, coined
by Simon Maccabaeus about 140 B. C.
The shekel in the Old Testament was an Assyrian weight of
258 grains, while this silver shekel of Jerusalem weighs 220
grains. On the obverse side is a chalice or cup of Manna, on
the reverse a triple lily or Aaron's budding rod and the in-
scription "Jerusalem the holy."
Nos. 4 and 5 are "pieces of silver," so often mentioned, and are
worth about $0.56$. "Thirty pieces of silver' 1 " were worth
$16.96, the legal value of a slave if he were killed by a beast.
Judas betrayed our Lord for #16.96.
"Pieces of silver" in the Old Testament \vere not these coins,
but weights of silver shaped like a lamb.
These two coins date from 126 B. C. to 57 A. D.
REFERENCES TO THE PENNY
Matt, xviii, 28; xx, 2, 9; xxii, Lukevii, 41; x, 35.
19-21. John xii, 5; vi, 7.
Mark vi, 37; xii, 15-17; xiv, 5. Rev. vi, 6.
REFERENCES TO "PIECES OF SILVER*'
Gen. xx, 16; xxxiii, 19; xxxvii, Zech. xi, 12, 13.
28; xlv, 22. Matt, xxvi, 15; xxvii, 9.
Judges ix, 4; xvi, 5. Luke xv, 8.
II Kings vi, 25. Acts xix, 19.
REFERENCES TO THE SHEKEL
Gen. xxiii, 15, 16.
Ex. xxi, 32; xxx, 13, 15; xxxvii, 24.
Lev. xxvii, 3-16, 25; v, 15.
Num. iii, 47; Ezek. iv, 10; xlv, 12; Joshua vii, 21.
Judges viii, 26; xvii, 2, 3, 10.
I Sam. ix, 8. II Sam. xiv, 26. II Kings vii, I, 16, 18; xv, 20.
I Chron. xxi, 25. Neh. v, 15; x, 32.
Jer. xxxii, 9. Amos viii, 5.
(Through the courtesy of the American Numismatic Society I
was permitted to photograph these fine specimens of coins now
in their museum in New York City.)
PLATE LXXXI
THE POOL OF BETHESDA
John v, 2-9. A pool which is called Bethesda.
PLATE LXXXII
AN OLD STREET, JERUSALEM
Song of Sol. iii, 2.
PLATE LXXXIII
THE WAILING PLACE OF THE JEWS, JERUSALEM
Isaiah lix, We grope for the wall like the blind, and we
10, u. grope as if we had no eyes: we roar all like
bears, and mourn sore like doves: we look for
judgment, but there is none; for salvation, but
it is far off from us.
*
Isaiah xliv, 18; lix, 1 , 2.
Deut. iv, 25-40.
PLATE LXXXIV
WEST WALL OF JERUSALEM
Psalm xlviii. Mark ye well her bulwarks.
12-14.
Psalm Ixi, 3.
Song of Sol. iv, 4.
II Chron. xiv, 7; xxxii, 5.
PLATE LXXXV
POOL OF GIHON
II Chron. This same Hezekiah also stopped the upper
xxxii, 30. watercourse of Gihon.
I Kings i, 33.
Isaiah xxn, 9-11.
PtATE LXXXVI
SOUTH-EASTERN SLOPE OF MOUNT ZION
Mount of Olives in the background, the milage of Siloam on the right,
and the Valley of Ilinnam in the foreground.
II Sam. v, 7.
I Kings viii, I.
Psalm xlviii; cxxxii, 13.
PLATE LXXXVII
THE VALLEY OF HINNOM, GEHENNA
Joshua xv, 8.
II Kings xxiii, 10.
II Chron. xxviii, 3; xxxiii, 6.
Jer. xix, 2-6; xxxii, 35.
Matt, xxvi, 3.
PLATE LXXXVIII
THE POOL OF SILOAM
Neh. iii, 15.
John ix, whole chapter.
PLATE LXXXIX
THE TYROPCEAN VALLEY
The Mosque of Aksa appearing above the city wall.
PLATE XC
THE KING'S DALE AND JOB'S WELL
Kidron Valley nil the left, Job's Well in thf centre, Pulley of
Hinnom on the right.
II S;im. xv, 23; xvii, 17-19.
Joshua xv, 7.
I Kings i, 9.
PLATE. XCI
SOUTH-EAST CORNER OF THE TEMPLE WALL,
LOOKING NORTH
Kidron f'allt'y and the village of Siloam.
II Sam. xv, 23.
Luke xiii, 4.
PLATE XCII
THE SPRING OF MARY, OR THE VIRGIN'S WELL
Joshua ix, 4, 13, 2:.
Matt, ix, 17.
Mark ii, 22.
Luke v, 37, 38.
PLATE XCMI
THE VALLEY OF JEHOSHAPHAT, LOOKING UP
KIDRON VALLEY
Joel iii, 2, Let the heathen be wakened, and come up to
12- the valley of Jehoshaphat: for there will I sit
to judge all the heathen round about.
II Sam. xv, 23.
PLATE XCIV
THE GATE BEAUTIFUL, OR THE GOLDEN GATE
Ezek. xliv, 1-3.
John ix, 8.
Acts iii, 2-10.
PLATE XCV
THE GARDEN OF GETHSEMANE AND THE CITY
WALL OF JERUSALEM
John xviii, i.
PLATE XCVI
THE GARDEN OF GETHSEMANE
Matt, xxvi, 36.
Mark xiv, 32.
Luke xxii, 39.
John xviii, I.
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PLATE XCVII
THE DAMASCUS GATE
Heb. xiii, Wherefore Jesus also, that he might sanctify
12- the people with his own blood, suffered without
the gate.
Micah i, 9.
Amos v, 10, 12, is.
Prov. xxxi, 23.
Psalm Ixix, 12.
PLATE XCVIII
A GREEN HILL WITHOUT A CITY WALL
Matt, xxvii, A place called Golgotha, that is to say, a place of
33- a skull.
Matt, xxvii, 34-53.
Mark 22-38.
Luke xxiii, 33-49.
John i, 29; iii, 16; xii, 32; xix, 16-24.
I Cor. v, 7.
Heb. xiii, 12.
I'salm Ixix, 16-21.
Isaiah Ini, whole chapter.
Rev. xxi, 6.
PLATE XCIX
GORDON'S TOMB
Isaiah liii, And he made his grave with the wicked, and
9- with the rich in his death.
Matt, xxviii, 57-60.
Mark xv, 43-47.
Luke xxiii, 50-56.
John xix, 38-42.
PLATE C
THE STONE ROLLED AWAY
Luke xxiv, And they found the stone rolled away from the
2 - sepulchre.
Psalm xvi, 10.
Matt, xxviii, 2.
Mark xvi, 4.
John ii, 19-22; vi, 39, 40, 44, 54; xi, 25; xx, I.*
Acts xxvi, 23; ii, 23-32; xxvi, 18.
Rom. iv, 26; vi, 4-10.
I Cor. xv, 20-26; vi, 14.
II Cor. iv, 14-18.
James v, 15.
Rev. xxi, 5, 6; xxii, whole chapter
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