[J"'"
UJ
..J=
Ô [J"'"
u =--==-=
I/) ----:
- ::r
= - =
- - - [J"'"
,...=t
--- 0
u.
o ---=- ,...=t
...D
iñ=
ffi - ,...=t
>
2-
::::>
rn
THE
Gi ,tA
I
,
.
I
.
'15
(ImL
i
.
.
. r
.' 't:.u
,
.
.,:.
., \':'
.
_ t
/ q
. .
.)
-
1\\
1;'."'" . .
.-'
I.
'
d
--.
... i}y .: "', 'tII
I
, I
,
B E.L'& Ó
o 0
i.llBP R,..
'>(&--
"
THE
CANADA
YEAR BOOK 1915
Published by Authority of the Right Hon. Sir George E. Foster,
K.C.M.G., M.P., Minister of Trade and Commerce.
OTTAWA
J. DE L. TACHÉ, PRINTER TO
THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT l\IAJESTY
1916
k
O\ B O
t,,: L\SRMW ,
- ø
& +
JUl 2 6 1957
1
2
q
I
.
.
('
:
,
ISV- tt
. c. Kmdlll' .tll!t1l
J .,stel1ield Ð \
)IlIlet TOIII,V
IRW'" I. .
i" ILE I. fo'-.I
Ie:;/'
I
H
D Sl
A
o
4
&
I" .A
lOpo 'I
./JelJJl.i
1J
o
li:"e/'tJl l
Selll/i. QJ:'
e
· .l-N
%
'\
.
6"'A
C"M ; ..
Pøli ilL.
11' A Pi". L. .... L
}.fer 'tl(J.,..,.^
Ajon
l .ll. I..
.
'I.... ." ... "''''''.... Po,
-eo Sb" U broot "1to ð ScJ B l<1 "'t1, þ
;
r-r\
" t
o the
"1
. '\ 'I.,.
tit (,1ß fJ 'Ò
W deRug1l
h ':I. ,.;. l
c. \ 11v-cr. N
'^ . \.... .
'f
Beaude te (,;" I
, 'rwa L.. R.n.
B.B.Co
Ross I.
Non..., Hou.,.
.s'Þok lllJ
011. e
l'
o 1y'
'-I
:: Wi nipeg I '"
t", II IJlðlfotrJ. f'\<
+ (;. fton "Mr.
011 Daup I
Olmh
. I
'iitobø
I 1J
J, ..... ,t>
'J
e
t It
9I
þ ()
ò
71lð'-a .",C'
--N {JIIo. Þ'
R. ;S
R. C l.
0
c:
0
t:j
c. _\: t
\1,]11 11 1'1 \.
.. ('.(}Ja:, I
.. 'to '
c
, J
T )l"f
.\J.,\,t1\:. b
1I1:",pr
f'
UINION OF CANADA
ÁND
NEWFOUNDLAND.
100
.
1150
,
ST ATUTE MILLS
OO
1!I0
O 300 3150 I I
200 2 '(' I I I
1500
I
KILOM.ETr
'l
1'1 13 A
...
Qo
1>'
.u-
p./!
B
\
D
5
o
OTTAWA. .
ISLANDS .:
B
A
y TYiO BItOTH
.."
S\.l!EptRS
:;.
J(1110 GEORGE IS. .':
am
, ."....
: ø.'v.1'I1
BAKEIIS DOlEN IS", =.
II.BELCHER IS. ::
II.BELCHEII lS. . .'
p
s
'\
CONTENTS.
Statistical Summary of the Progress of Canada.............,
:::;
:
:;
':
:: .:..::..:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:. :.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.::.::::::::::::::::: :........: :.............................................:.:.
:.:.
SelctlOn of Articles and Tables in the Canada Year Book of 1913 and 1914 which are not
repeated in the present issue. . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF CANADA.
Local Government of Canada: Maritime Provinces. By THmlAs BARNARD FLINT, M.A.,
LI
.B., D.C.L., Clerk of the House of Commons of Canada. Ottawa...................,..
Queb
c. By C. J. MAGNAN, Inspector General of Roman Catholic Schools, Quebec. . . . . . . . . . .
Ontano. By ERNEST H. GODFREY, F.B.S., Editor, Census and Statistics Office, Ottawa
Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. By the REV. CAPTAIN EDMUND H. OUVER Ph"i:j'
Principal of the Presbyterian Theological College, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and 'Chaplai
, erimental Farms and Statbns, 1915......................... .......
Provincial Agricultural Experiments. ................................,.......
Forestry.
PAGE.
199
200
201
202
202-203
203-205
206-208
208-213
213-217
214
217-223
33. Square, Waney or Flat Lumber, cut on Occupied Farm Lands, 1910, with Prices per
Unit 1900 and 1910. . . . ....... ................................................. 224
34. Logs for Lumber cut on Occupied Farm Lands, 1910, with Prices per Unit 1900 and
1910......... ............................... ...................... ............. 224
35. Miscellaneous Forest Products cut on Occupied Farm Lands, 1910, with Prices per
lJnit, 1900 and 1910. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
36. Estimated Values of Forest Products, 1912-1915. .............................. ... 225
37. Quantities and Values of the cut of Lumber, Shingles and Lath by Provinces, 1914
and 1915. . . ..................................... ..... .............,....,...... 225
38. Quantities and Values of Wood u'''Ied in the manufacture of Pulp, 1913-15. . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
39. Kinds of Wood used in the inanufacture of Pulp by quantities and values, 1913, 1914
and 1915. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . 227
40. Quantities of Wood used and of Pulp manufactured, 1914 and 1915. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . 228
41. Quantities and Values of Cross-ties and Poles purchased by Railway and Electric
Companies, 1914 and 1915.,... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . , . . . . . . 228
Fisheries.
42. Number and Value of Fisbing Vessels, Boats, Nets, Traps, etc., u:
ed in the Sea and
Inland Fisheries of Canada, 1914-1915.... . .. .. .. .. ... . .. .. . . . . .. ........ ...
43. Government Bounties to Fishermen in the fiscal years, 1911-1914. .....:..........
44. Quantities and Values of all Fish marketed in Canada in 1913-14. and 1914-15........
45. Quantities and Values of the catch of the Inland Fisheries of Canada, 1913-14 and
1914-15..... . . . . . . ,. .. .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ... . . . .. .. .
46. Total Value of Fisheries by Provinces in the fiscal years 1911-1915. ... . -. -.......
47. Total Value ot the Fisheries of Canada in the fisc9.1 years 1870-1915. ......
Minerals.
48. QuantitieR and ValuE's of Minerals produced in Canada, 1914 and 1915.....,..... '"
49. Increaf'e or Decrease in Principal Miner
l Products, 1915. . ... .... .... .... .......
50. Mineral Production of Canada in the Calendar Years 1914 and 1915 . . . , . . .. . . . .. .
51. Value of Mineral Production in Canada, 1
86-1915. . . . ........... -... . .. . -....
52. Value oC Minerals produced in Canada by Provinces in the Calendar Years 1914 nod
1915...................... -.................................................
53. Quantity of Gold produced in Canada by Provinces during tbe Calendar Years
18G2-1915. .... . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .
54. Value of Gold produced in Canada. by Provinces during the Calendar Years
1862-1915 _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . , .. . . , . .. .. . . . . . .,. . . . . .
55. Quantity and Value of Silver produced in Canada during the Calendar Years 1887-
1915................................. -.........................................
56. Quantity and Value of Silver prodc.ced in Canada by Province3 during the Calendar
Years 1887-1915.................. -...... . -.........,.................... ....
57. Quantity and Value of Copper produced in CJ.n3.d 1. by Province3 durin;?: the Calendar
Years 1886-1915. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ., ............. - . . .
58. Quantity and Value of Nickel produced in Canada during the Calendar Years 1889-
1915.. ................................................. - . . . . . . . . . :. . . . . . . . . . . .
59. Production of principal Minerals in Canada for the Calondar Yea
1909-1915. . . ...
60. Production of Cement in Canada for. the Calendar Years 19,)2-1915. - " ..... - ...
61. Character and Quantities of Ores tro3.te1 in C,\nad.ian Smelters 19}J-1915. . . .
Iron Blast Furnacps in Canada in 1915........... ............... . ....... . .. .
62. Quantity and Value of Mineral Products in British Columbi3. for the C.de:lhr Years
1913-1915..... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
l\lanufactures.
230
231
232-233
233
234
234
216
237
237-238
239
239
239-240
241
242
242
243
44
24.t-
45
245
245
246
248
63. Statistics of ManuCactures of Canada, 1900 and 1910............ .... ........ .. 248
64. Statistics of Manufactures by Provinces, 1903, 19
5 anJ 1910.. _. . _ . . . . . . - . . . . . .. .., 249
VI
VII. TRADE AND COMMERCE.
Exports and Imports.
1. Aggregate External Trade of Canada, fiscal years 1868-1916.... .. ...... .. .... .....
2. Exports to the United Kingdom, to the United States and to Other Countries of
Merchandise the produce of Canada, 1868-1916. . ......................... ......
3. Imports from the United Kingdom, from the United States and from Other Coun.
tries of Merchandise entered for Home Consumption, 1868-1916, excluding Coin
and Bullion. . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Aggregate Trade of Canada by Countries during the fiscal year ended March 31,
1915, including Coin and Bullion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Exports from Canada of Horne and Foreign Produce, by values, 1868-1916, with
Duties coJleC'ted on Exports, 1868-1892. . ................................ .. .....
6. Imports into Canada entered for consumption by values, with Duties on Imports,
1868-1916. _... _ . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. ........
7. Values of Exports from Canada to the United Kingdom, to the United States and
to Other Countries by classes of Merchandise the produce of Canada in five-year
averages, and for the fiscal years 1911-16.... . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. . .. . .. .. .. . . . . .
8. Values of Domestic and Foreign Exports from Canada to All Countries by classes of
l\lerchandise, 1905-1916........................................................
9. Values of Exports from Canada of Horne Produce to the British Empire and to
Foreign Countries in the five fiscal years 1911-1915.............................
10. Values of Imports into Canada of Merchandise entered for consumption from the
British Empire and from Foreign Countries in the five fiscal years 1911-1915;
also of Coin and Bullion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11. Value of Merchandise imported into and exported from Canada through the United
States during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1914-1915........................
12. Exports of Canada to United IGngdom in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiRcal years 1911-1915.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .
13. Exports of Canada to United States in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915. . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
14. Exports cf C::umda to All Countries in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915.. . . . . .. . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .
15. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes
entered for consumption in the five fiscal years 1911-1915. ......................
16. Imports of Canada from the. United States in quantities and values by classes
entered for consumption in the five fiscal years 1911-1915. ............. .........
17. Imports of Canada from All Countries in quantities and values by classes entered
for consumption in the five fiscal years 1911-1915...............................
18. Values 01 Exports which may be classed as Manufactures in the five fiscal years
1911-1915. _......... .............. .... .. ........ ...............................
19. Summary of Values of Exports to the United Kingdom, to tbe United States and
to Otber Countries of Horne Produce which may be classed as Manufactures in
the five fiscal years 1911-1915..................................................
20. Values of Imports which may be classed as Manufactures in the five fiscal years
1911-1915. _....................................................................
21. Summary of Imports from the United Kingdom, from the United States and from
Other Countries which may be classed as ManUlactures in the five fiscal years
1911-1915..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. .
22. Quantity and Value of Wood, Blocks and Other, for Pulp exported to the United
States, 1904-1915. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23. Value of Exports of Wood, Blocks and Other, for Pulp, the produce of Canada, 1890-
1903................................................,......................... .
24. Value of Exports of Wood Pulp, the produce of Canada, 1890-1907. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25. Exports from Canada of Wood Pulp, by Countries, in the fiscal years 1910-1915.. -.
26. Values of Exports and Imports of Fish, 1902-1915. ................................
27. Exports of Fish, the produce of Canada, by principal countries, in the fiscal years
1914-191.5....... . . . . .. . . . . . . ., . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . .. ,. " " .. .... .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .., .
28. Exports of Coal the produce of Canada, 1902-1915................. -...............
29. Quantities and Values of Exports from Canada to the British and Foreign West
Indies during the fiscal- year ended March 31, 191.5. _.. _ .........................
30. Quantities and Values of Imports from the British and Foreign West Indies during
the fiscal year 1915. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . ., . . .
31. Values of Exports (domestic and foreign) to the British and Foreign West Indies
by Countries during the fiscal years 1913-1915......... ................ ...... ..,
32. Values of Total Imports (dutiable and free) from the British and Foreign West
Indies by Countri('!'! during the fiscal years 1913-1915. ..... -..... " ............ .
3.'J. Value of Imports and Exports from and to British and Foreign West Indies, 1901-1915
34. Imports into Canada of Anthracit.e and Bituminous Coal for home consumption,
during the fiscal years 1901-191.5. . .... ........ .. ......................... ......
35. Imports into Canada of Portland Cement, 1898-1915..............................
36. Percentage Proportions of Imports from United Kingdom and United States,
respectively, to totals of dutiable and free in the 48 fiscal years 1868-1915. . .... .
37. Average ad valorem Rates of Duty collect.ed on Imports from United Kingdom,
rnited States and all Countries in the 48 fiscal years 1868-1915. . . . . . . . . - . . . . .
38. Value of Imports entered for consumption at certain Ports during the fiscal year
ended March 31, 1915................................ -........... -........ - -..,
39. Value of Exports of Canadian produce by principal ports during the fiscal yea!' ended
March 31, 1915. ....... .,. ........ .... .............. ................... -. - .., - .
40. Value of total Exports and Imports, Imports entered for consumption and amount
of duty collected, by Provinces, during the fiscal year ended March 31,1915.......
41. Imports of certain Articles of Raw Mat('rial for home consumption. 1902-1915. . . . .
42. Imports of Canada by values entered for consumpt.ion from British Empire and
Foreign Countries under the General, Preferential and Treaty R3.te Tariffs in the
four fiscal years 1912-1915. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . .
PAGE.
251-252
253
254
255
256
257
258-260
260-261
262-263
263-264
265
266-281
282-300
300-321
321-353
354-386
386-419
420
421
422
423
424
424
424
425
426
426
426
427-429
429-431
432
432
433
433
434
434-435
435-436
437
437
437
438-439
438-439
Vll
43.
44.
45.
46.
Exports and Imports-con.
Trade of Canada by CIMse3 of Produce, compared M to Quantity and Value for
1914 and 1915....... .... .. .. .. .. . . .. ...... .. ... '
V alu
s of Total. Exports. and Imports entered for' ii
. Ö;
pii
. (i
i
cii
g
COl
d BullIon), durmg; t
e fiscal year ended :March 31, 1916..... . . ........ . ..
QuantltIes and Values of PnnCIpal Agricultural and Animal Products imported into
the .
nited Kingdom during the calendar years 1914 and 1915.... . . .... ......., .
Q1!antltles and. V alu
of selected Animal.and Agricultural Food Products imported
mto the Umted Kmgdom, by Countnes whence imported, during the five cal-
endar years 1911-1915.... ................ ................................... ...
.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
Grain Statistics.
Number and Storage Capacity of Canadian Grain Elevators in the crop years 1901-
1916..... . . . . . . . .. . . .... .. . . . . .. . . .. " " .. .. .... .. . . .. .. .
Quant
ties of Grain inspected during the fiscal years 1913-19is:: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
QuantIties of Grain inspected during the fiscal years ended March 31,1913,1914 and
1915.................................................... .
Shipments of Grain by ...essels from Fort William and Port ArÍh
' i
r' ih
'
i
ii
easons 1914 and 1915. .........................................................
ShIpments of Grain by vessels and all rail route from Fort William and Port Arthur
for the crop years ended August 31, 1914 and 1915...... ..................,......
Bounties.
52. Bounties paid in Canada on Mineral Products and Rinder Twine, 1896-1915.... . . . .
53. Bounties paid to Cordage Companies on Manila Fibre used in the manufacture of
Binder Twine and Cordage; 1914-1915, and with totals for 1910-1915........ .....
Patents, Copyrights, Trade Marks, Etc.
54. Number of Canadian Patentees by ProvinC'e of Residence for the fiscal years 1907-
1915. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Copyrights, Trade Marks, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VIII. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS.
Steam Railways.
I. Steam Railway Mileage under Construction in Canada at June 30,1915..........,..
2. Record of Steam Railway
Iileag(', 1835-1915.............. .,........ ..... ...... ,..
3. Swam Railway Mileage by Provinces, 1909-1915. . . ............... .. ......... ..,..
4. Capital Liability of Steam Railways, 1876-1915.,...,............................
5. AreM of Land Subsidies granted to Steam Railways by the Dominion and Pro-
vincial Governments up to June 30, 1915 .......................................
6. Mileage, Capital, Earnings and Operating Expenses of Steam Railways, 1915,.....
7. Steam Ra!lway Statistics, 1875-1915. . ................................. .........
8. Earnings and Operating Expenses of Steam Railways per mile of line, 1908-1915......
9. Distribution of Operating Expenses of Steam Railways, 1913-1915......... ........
10. Aid to Railways in the form of Guarantees of Bonds, Interest, etc., by the Dominion
and Provincial Governments, 1915.. . ... .. .... . . .... .... .. .... .. ... . ... . . . .....
11. Analysis of the Total Financial Aid given to Steam Railways up to June 30, HI15.....
12. Total Amount of Dominion Government Aid paid to Steam Rail ways up to J una 30,
of each year, 1875-1915. . . .. .. .. ........ .. . . . . .... .... .. . . .. ... . .... .. ... . ... ..
13. Cost of Construction, Working Expenses and Revenue of Government Railways,
1868-1915, and before Confederation....... .... .. ............ .... .. . . ........ .. .
14. Capital Expenditure by Dominion Government for construction of Government
Steam RailwaYR to March 31, 1915...... . . .. .. .. .... .. ..,..... .......... .......
15. Mileage and Rolling Stock of St.eam Railways, 1910-1915..,......................
16. Freight hauled on Steam Railways, 1911-1915..................... ...............
17. Number of Employees in Ser\ice of Steam Railways, 1910-1914..... . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
18. Total Salaries and Wages, with Ratio of same to gross Earnings and Operating
expenses on Steam Railways, 1007-1915. . . .....................................
19. Average Daily Salaries and Wages paid on Steam Railways, 1909-1914.... ........
20. Distribution of Salaries and Wages on Steam Railways, 1911-19U.................
21. Number of Employees by Groups and Classes with Numbor of Days worked and
Amount of Salaries and Wages Paid on Steam Railways, 1915.........,........
22. Number of Passengers, Employees and Others Killed and Injured on Steam Rail-
ways, 1888-1915.. ........................................................ .....
23. Number of Persons Killed and Injured on Steam Railways. 1913-1915...,.........
Electric Railways.
24. Electric Railway Statistics, 1901-1915.......,....................................
25. Mileage and Equipment of Electric Railways, 1913-1915. . .............,..........
26. Capital Liábility of Electric Railways, 1908-1915.................................
27. Milearre, Capital Earnings and Operating Expenses of Electric Railways, 1915...,..
28. Number of Pass
ngcrs. Employees and others Killed and Injured on Electric Rail-
ways, 1894-1915. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Express Companies.
29. Operatinl!; Mileage of ExpreRs Companies in Canada, 1912, 1913, 1914 and 1915......
30. Operating Expenses of Express Companies, 1912-1915.......................,...,..
31. Business transacted by Express Companies in financial paper, 1912-1915,... .......
32. Earnings of Express Companies, 1912-1915, .. .. .. .. .. ...,.. .. ........... ...... .. . .
P AG..
440
"1
442-443
444-451
452
.1)4
454-456
457
458
458
460-461
461
462
463
466
466
467
467
468
468-471
472
473
473
473
473
474
475
478
476
477-478
478
479
479
47SJ
480-481
482
483
484
g4
484
485-486
486
487
488
488
489
.
viii
Canals.
33. Canal Traffic during the Navigation Season, 1915...................... . -., ... '"
34. Distribution of Total Canal Traffic by Months, 1912-1915... . ,. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . ,
35. Distribution of Canal Traffic in Canada, 1915.....................................
36. Tonnage of Traffic by Canals and Classes ot Products, 1914 and 1915. ...........,.
37. Principal Articles carried through Canadian Canals during the Navigation Seasons,
1914 and 1915.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38. Traffic through the Canadian Sault Ste. 11 arie Canal during the Navigation Seasons,
1
96-1915..... .. . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
39. Traffic through Canadian Canals during the Navigation Reasons of 1905,1910, 1911,
1912, 1913, 1914 and 1915.......................................................
40. Total Expenditure and Revenue of Canals 1868-1915;and before Confederation....
41. Capital Expenditure for Construction and Enlargement of Canals, 1868-1915 and
before Confederation. . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . .
Shipping.
42. Sea-going Vessels (exclusive of Coasting Vessels) Entered and Cleared. at CanadÍlU1
Ports during the fiscal year 1915. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43. Sea-going Vessels Entered and Cleared at the Principal Ports of Canada, 1915.....
44. Sea-going Vessels Entered Inwards and Outwards by Countries, 1915..... . . . . . . . . .
45. Sea-going Vespels Entered and Cleared at Canadian Ports with Cargo and in Ballast,
1902-1915..... '.' . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. ., .. . . . . .. .. .. . . . . .. .. .... .. . '" .. .. .... .
46. Sea-going and Inland Vessels (exclusive of Coasting Vessels) arrived at and departed
from Canadian Ports, 1901-1915..... " . . . . . . .. . . .. . . ., . . .. . .. ..... ... . . . . . .. ...
47. British and Foreign Vessels employed in the Coasting Trade of Canada, 1911-1915..
48. Canadian and American Vessels trading on Rivers and Lakes between Canada and
United States, exclusive of ferriage, 1911-1915. .................................
49. Vessels built and registered in Canada andVessels sold to other Countries, 1901-1915.
50. Number and Net Tonnage of Vessel!" on the Registry OJ Shipping, Canada, 1911-1914.
51. Steamboat Inspection during the fiscal year 1914-1915.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . , .... .
52. Number of Seamen Shipped and Discharged at Canadian Ports, 1908-1914........
53. Canadian Wrecks and Casualties, 1870, 1900, 1901, 1915... ................, .......
54. Comparative Statement of Marine Danger Signals, \905-1915. . . . ., ,... . . " .. . ... ,
55. Revenue of the Department of Marine, 1911-1915.... ..............,..............
56. Expenditure of the Department of Marine: 1911-1915..... .........................
57. Total Revenue and Expenditure of the Department of Marine, 1868-1915..........
Telegraphs and Telephones.
58. Telegraph Statistics of ChartE'red Companies, 1909-1915. ......................,..
59. Coast Stations for Communication by Wireless Telegraphy with Ships at Sea, fiscal
year 1915................................................. .......... ...........
60. Business and Cost of Maintenance of Radiotelegraph Stations, for the fiscal years
1914 and 1915..... . . . . . . " .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. " .. ..... . ...... .. . . . . .., . . . .
61. Progress of Telephones in Canada, 1912-1915.... . . . " . . .. . . .. .. .. . .. . . . . . " .. .... .
62. Number of Telephone Companies reporting to the Department of Railways and
Canals, by Provinces, June 30, 1914, with totals for 1912-13-14. .................
63. Telephones in use and Mileage of Wire by Provinces, June 30, 1915, with totals for
1912-14.............................................................,......... .
64. Wire Mileage of Telephones by Classes of \Vire, June 30,1914 and 1915..............
65. Capital Liability, Cost, Revenue and Operating Expenses of Telephones, June 30,
1915, with totals for 1912, 1913 and 1914, . ........... ,............ . .. ., , ........
Postal Statistics.
66. Revenue and Expenditure of the Post Office Department for quinquennial periods
1890-1910 and for the years 1911-15............................................,
67. Mail Subf"lidies and Steamship Subventions, 1913-1915. . .............,......... . ..
68. Operation of the Money Order System in Canada, 1901-1915... ..........,........
69. Money Orders by Provinces, 1911-1915...........................................
70. Number and Total Values of Postal Notes, 1910-1915....... ...,..................
71. Issue 01 Postage Stamps, etc" 1914-1915.. .., .... ..., . . .. . . . . . . . ... . . .. . . . . '.' . ...
IX. LABOUR.
PAGE.
490-491
491
491
492
492-493
493
494-495
496
497
498
499
500-501
501
502
502-503
503-504
504
505
)
505-506
506
506
507
507
508-509
509
511-512
512-513
514
514
514
515
515
515
516
516--518
518
519-520
520
521
1. Time Losses by Industries in Working Days, 1901-191.5. .......................... 524
2. Number of Disputes, Establishments, Employees and Time Losses, 1901-1915..,.. 524
3. Disputes classified by Industries, 1901-1915..... . . . . . . . . . .... .. . .. . . . , . . . ., '.' . ,.. 525
4. Index Numbers of 311 Commodities by Groups. 1890-1915................,........ 528
5. Index Numbers by Groups of Commodities from month to month, 1915. .... . . . . . . 529
6. Weekly Cost of a Family Budget of Staple Foods, Fuel and Lighting and Rent in
terms of the Average prices in 60 Canadian Cities by months, 1915. . . ,.......,. 530
x. FINANCE.
Public Accounts.
1. Receiptll and Expenditures on Consolidated Fund Account, 1912-1915... . . , . . . .. , ..
2. Receipts on Consolidated Fund Account, 1868-1915.. ................,...........,
3. Details of Receipts on Consolidated Fund Account, 1901-1915. .. .......... . .......
4. Details of Expenditure on Consolidated Fund Account. 1901-1915..........,......,
5. Expenditure on Convernments 1910-15 .
To
als of Subsidy Allowances trom July I, 1867, to March 31, 19Vj. . . . .:...... .::.
Comage at the Ottawa Branch of the Royal 11int in the C.\le:J.d_l.r YeJ,r3 1912-1915..
Inland Revenue.
Exci
e
d other Revenues for the fiscal years 1910-1915... ...................... .
Statistics of Distillation for the fiRcal years 1911-1915.... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Quantities of
pirits, Malt Liquor, Malt and Tobacco, taken out of Bond for Con-
sumption, 1868-1915. .............. - -. . ,......................,...............
Consumption per head of Spirits, 'Vine, Beer and Tobacco and amount of Excise
and Customs Duties per head, 1869-1915. - -.. .... -......................... ...
Number of Excise Licenses issued during the Fiscal Years 1909-15.................
Number of Electric Light and Power Companies reuistered under the Electricit)
Inspection Act in the Fiscal Years 1910-15..... ...
.......................... ...
Electrical Energy generated or produ('ed for Export and for Consumption in Canada
under authority of the Electricity and Fluid Exportation Act during the Fiscal
Years 1912, 1913. 1914 and 1915..................,...................,.........
Provincial Public Accounts.
Revenue and Expenditure of the Provincial Governments, 1914-1915..............
Receipts and Expenditure of the Provincial Governments, 1914-15. .. . .......... -.
General Statistics of Cities and Towns, 1915....... -. -.... ........... .... .........
Assessment and Valuation of Property of Cities and TOW11S, 191,1)......... .... ....
Receipts, Expenditure, Assets and Liabilities of Cities and Towns, 1915. . .........
Financial Statistics of Electrical Installations of Municipalities served by the Ontario
Hydro-Electric Power Commission, 1914. . . . ... -... ............ ........... ..
Values of Building Pprmits over $100,000 taken out in Cities and Towns in 1914 and
1915. . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . .
Banking.
N umber of Branches of Banks, by Provinces, 1868, 1902, 1905. 1915 and 1916... . . . .
Assets of Chartered Banks of Canada, December 31, 1915. -.................. -.
Liabilitie"! of Chartered Banks of Canada, December 31, 1915.. .... - .. . .,. . . .. . . .
General Statement of Chartered Banks, 1868-1915................................
Depo'3its in Chartered Banks in Canada and elsewhere, 1901-1915. .... -........
Discounts of Chartered Banks in Canada and elsewhere, 1901-1915................
A'3sets of Chartered Banks for the Calendar Years 1912-1915... . . .. ....... - - . . ..'
Liabilities ot Chartered Banks for the Calendar Years 1912-1915..................
Average Monthly Circulation of Dominion Notes by Denominations, 1890-1915.. .
Amount of Exchanges of the Clearing House
of Chartered Banks, HII1-1915.. . . . .
Rest or Reserve Fund held by Chartpred Banks by months, 1906-1915.......... -.
Average Ciculation of Bank Notes and Government Notes by five-year and annual
period"!, 1874-1915. . ............................... . . ......... .................
Total amount of Issue and Redemption of Dominion Notes from July 1. 1878, to
lvlarch 31, 1915. . -...... ............................ .... .................. ....
Business of the Post Office Savings Banks, 1868-1915........................ .....
Business of the Dominion Government Savings Banks, 1868-1915............. . ...,
Total Business of Post Office and Dominion Government Savin!!:" Banks, 1868-1915..
Value of Dominion Notes and of Bank Notes in Circulation, and amount of Gold
held by the Receiver General, 1882-1915.. . ... .. .. .' .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. ..' . ... . ..
Loan and Trust Companies.
I.iabi1:ties and Assets of Loan Companies, 1914 and 1915...,.. ........ -.. .........
Liabilities and Assets of Trust Companies, 1914 and 1915...... . . .. . . . .... . ..,.,...
Commercial Failures.
Commercial Failures in Canada by Provinces, for the Calendar years 1914 and 1915. .
Commercial Failures in Canada by Branches of Business, 1913-1915...............
Commercial Failures in Canada by Provinces and Cla!'!scs for 1915. with totals for
190&-1914......... .... .... . . .... .. .. . . ., ...... . . .. .... ., ...... ..............,.,
Government Annuities.
Number of Immediate Annuities of each amount paid in full from September I,
1908, to March 31, 1916. . ..... - -. ........... .... .......... .. ....... .....
Number of Deferred Annuities of each amount purchased by lump sums, lump sums
and annual payments, and periodical payments from September 1.1908, to
Iarch
31, 1916. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . - . - . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - .... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Valuation on March 31, 1916, of Annuity Contracts issued pursuant to the Govern-
ment Annuities Act, 1908. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .........,.,.....,',..
Insurance.
Fire In"!urance Business transacted in CanadR, 1914.. ...... .... .....,.... .....,..
Fire Insurance Buc;ine
s tnmflacted in Canada, 1915. ..... .. .. - -....... ." . ........
Amounts received for Premiums and paid for Losses, with percentage of Losses to
Premiun1s, 1869-1915. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - . . . . . . . . . . . .
Totals of Premiums receiyed and Losses paid, with percentage of Losses to Pre-
miums by Nationality of Companies, 1869-1915. . .... - - - ..... ..... -...... ., - ...
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
3
.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
PAOli.
542
543
544
545
546-547
548
549
549
550
552
552
553
55!
555
555
558
557
557-564
565-566
5137-568
569-572
570-571
573-574
57.
575
576
577
578
578
5ï9
580
581
581
582
582
583
584
58.')
586
liS7
5
8
589
589
590
591
592
593
593
595-598
598-601
602
(,1O
.
x
Insurance-con.
59. Premiums received and Losses paid by Canadian Companies doing; busine'3s in
Canada and other Countries, with percentage of Losses paid to Premium3
received, 1878--1914. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . .. .. .. .... . . .. .... . . , ... . . .
60. Amount of Fire Insurance at risk in Canada, 1869-1915....... .......... ,..........
61. Assets of Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance, or Fire Insurance and otber
classes of Insurance, and Assets in Canada of Companies other than Canadian
transactin
such b'Jsiness in Canada, 1911-15. .. .. . .... . . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. ...
62. Liabilities of Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance, or Fire Insurance and other
classes of Insurance, and Liabilities in Canada of Companies other than Canadian
transacting suC'h business in Canada, 1911-1915. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... .. . . . . .
63. Cash Income and Expenditure of Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance, or Fire
Insurance and other classes of Insurance, and Cash Income and Expenditure in
Canada of Companies other than Canadian, transacting such business in Canada,
1911-1915..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64. Lire Insurance in Canada, 1911-1915. . .. . .. .... .... . . .. .. .. .. . . ..... .. .. .. .... .. ..
65. Insurance Death-rate in Canada, 1911-1914. . .. . . .. . ... . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. ...... .. .
66. Assets of Canadian Life Companies and Assets in Canada of Lite Companies other
than'Canadian Companies, 1911-1915...........................................
67. Liabilitie'3 of Canadian Life Companies and Liabilities in Canada of Life Companies
other than Canadian Companies, 1911-1915.... . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .
68. Cash Income and Expendit.ure ot Canadian Li.e Companies and Cash Income and
Expenditure in Canada of Life Companies other than Canadian Companies,
1911-1915..... .. . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
69. Net Amount of Life Insurance in force in Canada, 1901-1915................ .......
70. Premium Income of Life Companies, 1901-1915. .....................,............
7]. Life Insurance on Assessment. Plan, 1910-1915.....................................
72. Insurance other than Fire and Life, 1914... .. . . .... ,..... .... .... . . . . .. . . . . . .. . ...
73. Insurance other than Fire and Life, 1915... . .-.. . .
... .. .. ... . . .. . .. . . .. .. .. .. . . ...
74. Income and Expenditure and Asset.'i and Liabilities of Canadian Companies doing
Insurance Business other than Fire and Life, 1914........................,......
75. Income and Expenditure and Assets and Liabilities of Canadian Companies doing
Insurance Business other than Fire and Lite, 1915...............................
76. Income and Expenditure in Canada of Companies other than Canadian doing.
Business other than Fire and Life, 1914. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . . . .
77. Income and Expenditure in Canada of Companies other than Canadian doing Busi-
ness otheI than Fire and Lite, 1915,....... . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . ,
XI. ADMINISTRATION.
Parliamentary Representation.
1. Governors-General of Canada, 1867-1916... . ..................,.,.......,........
2. Dominion Parliaments, 1867-1916............................................,...,
3. Dominion Ministries, 1896-1916. . . . .. . . . .. .. .. ..... .. . .. ... .. . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . .
4. Lieutenant-Governors of Provinces, 1867-1916....,. . . . . .. . ... .. .. . . . . .. . .., . . ., .. .
Commission of Conservation.
Origin, 628: Constitution, 628: Org;anization and Work, 629; Forests, 630: Water Powers,
630: Minerals, 631: Fisheries, Game and Fur Bearing Animals, 631; Public Health and
Town-Planning, 631; Publicity, 632.
Public Lands.
5. Land Sales by Railway Companies having Government Land Grants and by the
Hudson's Bay Company in the fiscal years 19]3-1915.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Homestead Entries in Manitoba, SaskatC'hewan, Alberta and British Columbia, by
Nationalities, made during the'FisC'al Years 1910-1915..........................
7. Receipts of Patents and Homestead Entries in the fiscal years 1911-1915. .........
8_ Number of Naturalizations in Canada by Principa
Nationalities. during the
Calendar Years 1907-]9]4.... . . , .. . , . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . , . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . .
Indian Affairs.
9. Indian Population in Canada by Provinces, 1910-1916.............................
10. Distribution of Indian Population by Age, Sex and Province, with Births and Deaths
by Provinces, 1915... ........................................................,
11. Religion of Indian Population by Provinces 3S at March 31, 1915. . ...,............
12. Attendance ot Pupils at Indian Schools, by Provinces, 19]5. . . ...,................
13. Literacy of Indian Population by Provinces, 1915.................................
14. Acreage and Value of Indian Lands by Provinces, 1915............................
15. Numbers of Indian Population engaged in Agriculture, Stock-raising and other
occupations, by Provinces, 1915. . . " .... .. . . .... .. .. . . .. . . . ..... . . . . . .., .. . . .. .
16. Area and Yield of Field Crops of Indian'3, by Provinces, 1915. . ...................
17. Numbers of Farm Live Stock of Indians with Total Values, by Provinces, 1915.. .,
18. Sources'and Value of Income of Indians, 1915. ....................................
Public Works.
19. Dimensions of Graving DO<-'ks owned by the Dominion Government..... . . . . .. . . .
20. Dimensions and Cost of Graving Docks subsidized under the Dry Docks Subsidies
Act, 19]0..... " . . .. .. .. ,. . . .. .... .. .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. .. " .. .. .. ... . .. . ... ..,.. ..
21. ExpendIture and Revenue of the Public Worke! Department for the fiscal years
1911-1915...,. .. .. .. ..,. , ....... ,. . . . . . .. .., .. .. . . . . . '" ,. .. ......,..... . . .., . .
PAGE.
603.
603
604
605
606-607
607-609
609
610-611
611-612
1)12-613
614
614
615-616
616
617
. 618
619
620
621
623
623-624
625-626
627-628
633
636-637
637
638-639
640
64-0
640
641
641
642
642
642-643
(:\43
643
845
645
646
Xl
Public Defence.
22.
2.1.
24.
25.
26.
Expenditure and Revenue of Militi3 for the Fiscal Years 1911-1915
Expenditure on acco
nt. of War Appropriation for the year
nded M
h' 3i: Ì9Ìi>:::'.
Scale. of Annu
enslOns granted to Dependents;:}f Ðaceased Soldiers of the Can-
adian Expeditionary Force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
Scale of Annual
en
ion
to Soldiers wounded or Disabled on Active Service. . ..:.
Strength and DlStnbutlOn of the Royal Northwest
lounterl Police on September
30, 1915. . ......., ,. . , .. . ... ,..,., . ...... . .... .. . ... ........,....,..., .,.. .... ,
Criminal Statistics and Penitentiaries.
Charges, Convictions and Percentages of Acquittals for Indictable Offences b)'
Provinces, 1913 and 1914.... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " .
Indictable Offences by Classes, 1913 and 1914.......... . ., . " :. .......... . . .... ,. .
Convictions and Sentences for all Offences by Provinces, 1908-1914. ........... ....
Juv
nile Criminals convicted of Indictable Offences by Cb.'3sea of Offences, HH4,
WIth the total and yearly average for the period 1885-1914.............. ... .....
Charges, Acquittals, Convictions and Sentences in respect of Indictable Offences,
1909-1914 ...,.,.............".,...................... . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . .,
Classification 01 persons convicted of Indictable Offences.1909-1914. . ... . . . . . . . . . .
Convictions by Classes of Offences and Proportion per cent. of each class to the
total, 1891, 1909-1914. .. .. ... ., " .. . . " .... .......... .... .., . . ...... '" ,.. . .. . . .
Movement of Convicts, 1910-1915. . . .. .. . . .. " .. . . " .. . . .. .. . . . . ........ . .. .. . . ..
Number of Deaths, Escapt*1, Pardons and Paroles, 191O-19M.,.. ................ .
Age of Convicts, 1910-1915.. .. . . .. . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. " . . , . " . . .
Duration of Sentences, 1910-1915. . . . " .. .. ,... .. ...... ... ,....,.., ......... '" . ..
Classification of Convicts, 1910-1915. .... .. '" . ., .. ,.... . ......,. ........ .... " . . .
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
Divorce.
39. Statistics of Divorce, 1868-1915............................. ...... .......... .....
Acts of Parliament and Publications.
List of the Principal Acts of Parliament administered by Departments of the Government of
the Dominion of Canada, as compiled from information supplied by the respective Depart-
ments... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . " . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . .
List of Principal Publications of Departments of the Government of the Dominion of Canada,
as compiled from information supplied by the respective Departments....................
LiRt of Principal Publications of the Provincial Governments of Canada, as compiled from
information supplied by the respective Governments. , . . , . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . , . . . . . , . . . . . . . , . .
XII. PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF THE YEAR 1915.
Dominion Legislation. . . . . , . . . , . . , . . . , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . , . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . .
Finance of tho War. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . , . . . . , . .
War Loan of 1915.. , . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . " .. .. . . . . . . " . . . . . . .. .
Provincial Legislation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,
Canadian Expeditionary Forces. .. . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. .
Canadian Contributions {or Patriotic Purooses......,...........,....,....,.....,............
Visit to England of Cabinet Ministers. . . . ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arctic Exploration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . .
Obituary. The Late Sir Charles Tupper. . . . . . .. .. . .. . . ..... . .. . , .. . . .. .. . , .. . . .. . , . . .. .. .. .
XIII. EXTRACTS FROM THE CANADA GAZETTE.
Privy. Çouncillors, Lieutenant-Governors, new Senators, House of Commons and Cabinet
Ministers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Judicial Appointments and Commissiong...... .. . . .. , . . .. ... . . . . .... . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... ... .... . ,
Imperial Honours and Decorations, Official Appointments and General Thank'3
iving. . . . . . . . .
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Map of the Dominion of Can3da and Newfoundland... ,. ..,.......,.... ............... . Facing
Armorial Bearings of the Provinces of Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. , . : .. .. .. . . .. .
Nova Scotia, 2; New Brunswick, 4; Prince Edward Island, 7; Quebec,S; Ontano,l1; Man-
itoba, 15; Saskatchewan, 16; Alberta, 19, British Columbia, 23. .
Flora of Canada:-Fig. 1. Prickly Pear............................................... .Fac
ng
Fig.2. Mountain Rhododendron: Fig. 3. Capberry.............................. Fac!ng
Fig. 4. White Heath; Fig;. 5. Hooded Ladies' Tresses.......,...... ......, ....... .Fac
ng
Fig, 6, Showy Lady's Slipper: Fig. 7. Lotus Flower. . ....... ........ ......:...... ..Facs.ng
Faunas of Canada :-Fig. 1. Willow Ptarmigan in the Mountmns of BritISh Columb!t-\.;
Fig. 2. Gannet or Solan Goose....................................,'............ ... . Fac.,ng
Fig. 3. Moose in the Rocky Mountain National Park, Banff, 58: FIg. 4. Canada Porcupme.
59: Fig. 5. Chipmunk, 60. Fig. 6. American Sl?arro'Y Hawk, 62. .
Map showing Precipitation during April to Au
ust, mcluslve, 1915. . . ........ , .. . ... ... . FaCJn
Average Monthly Prices per Bushel of Canadian Wheat, Barley, Oats and Flax, 19J4. a,nd
1915. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . .. ,. F ac, n g
Pulpwood Consumption, 1915, by Provinces, by Species and by Processes. ..... ,....... .......
Course of Wholesale Prices in Canada, 1890-1915. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . .
Course of Wholesale Prices in Canada, 1915. . . . . . ..... .. .. ...... ..... . .... .. .. .. . . . . .. .......
PAGE.
647-649
649-650
650
651
652
653
654
6&H56
657
657
658
659
660
661
661
661
662-603
664
665-666
66H71
671-678
678
678-679
679
681-685
685-686
686-687
687
687-689
689-690
690-691
691-692
692-69-1
C01llenls
2-23
43
45
47
49
55
137
191
226
526
526
xii
STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA.
Area oC tbe Dominion of Canada in sq1.l
re mile'3:-Land, 3,633,910; Water, 125,755; Total, 3,729,665,
Items. 1901. 1911. l!H2. l!H3. 1914. 1915.
Population-
Males.. .. .. .. .. . 2,751,708 3,821,995 - - - -
Females........ . 2,619,607 3,384,64S - - - -
To hI. ................. . 5,371,315 7,206,643 7,467,000 7,758,000 8,075,000 8,136,000
Immigration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,149 311,084 354,237 402,432 384,878 144,789
Agricul ture-
Wheat...,.......... . Acres 4,224,542 8,863,151 10,996,700 11,015,000 10,293,000 12,986,400
Oats. ................ " 5,367,655 8,652,015 9,966,000 10,434,000 10,061,500 11,365,000
Barley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 871,800 1,286,611 1,581,300 1,613,000 1,495,600 1,509,350
Corn.. . . . , . . , , .. . . . . . " 360,758 293,775 298,190 278,140 256,000 253,300
Potatoes. . . . .. .... ... " 448,743 465,903 484,000 473,50D 475,000 478,600
Hay and Clover.. . . . . " 6,543,423 8,281,932 8,276,000 8,169,000 7,997,000 7,875,000
Wbeat. . . . . . . . . . . . . Bushels 55,572,368 132,048,782 224,159,000 231,717,ODO 161,280,000 376,303,600
Oats. . . , . . .. . . . . . . . . . " 151,497,407 243,506,292 391,629,000 404,669,000 313,078,000 520,103,000
Barley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 22,224,366 28,846,425 49,398,000 48,319,000 36,201,000 53,331,300
Corn................. " 25,875,919 14,321,833 16,949,700 16,772,600 13,924,000 14,368,000
Potatoes. ............ " 55,362,635 55,609,883 84,885,000 78,544,000 85,672,000 62,604,000
Hay and Clover. . . . . . Tons 7,852,731 11,303,609 12,117,000 10,859,000 10,259,000 10,953,000
"beat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ - 148,123,000 139,090,000 156,462,000 196,418,000 312,569,400
Oats. . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . .. S - 1032,949,000 12G,304,OOO 128,893,000 151,811,000 176,894,700
Barley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S - 24,704,000 22,354,000 20,144,000 21,557,000 26,704,700
Corn. . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
- 12,357,000 10,540,700 10,784,0300 9,808,000 10,243,000
Potatoes. . .............. $ - 42,359,000 37,329,000 38,418,000 41,598,000 35,964,000
Hay and Clover. . . . . . . " $ - 162,846,000 134,338,000 124,696,000 145,999,000 155,807,000
Horses.... ........... No. 1,577,493 2,595,912 2,692,357 2,866,008 2,947,000 2,996,099
Milch Cows. . . . . . . . . . u 2,408,677 2,594,179 2,604,488 2,740,434 2,673,286 2,666,846
Other Cattle. . . . . . . . . " 3,167,774 3,939,257 3,827,373 3,915,687 3,363,531 3,399,155
Sheep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 2,510,239 2,175,302 2,082,381 2,128,531 2,058,045 2,038,662
Swine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 2,353,828 3,610,428 3,447,310 3,448,326 3,434,261 3,111,900
Horses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " $ 118,279,419 381,915,505 - 420,079,250 371,430,363 370,378,482
Milch Cows. .. . .. .. . .. ., $ 69,237,970 109,575,52ô - 115,369,294 153,632,637 164,223,592
Otber Cattle. .. .. . . .. '" $ 54,197,341 86,278,4:J0 - 86,522,140 143,498,156 151,477,474
Sbeep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 10,490,594 10,701,691 - 10,672,803 14,550,710 16,224,667
Swine.. . , . . . . . . . . . . , . . .. $ 16,44,=),702 26,98ß,621 - 26,664,735 42,418,325 48,363,346
Total value. . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 268,651.026 615,457,833 - 659,308,222 725,530,191 750,667,561
Cheese, borne-made.. lb. - 1,363,261 - - - -
" factory... .. .. " 220,833,469 199,904,205 - - - -
Butter, home-made.. " 105,343,076 138,098,534 - - - -
. factory.,.. " . " 36,066,739 64,489,398 - - - -
Field Crops-
Total area... " .. . . .Acres 19,763,740 34,545,672 35,575,550 35,375.430 33,436,675 37,063.455
Total value. . . . . . . . . . .. $ 194,953.420 5;}7,926,000 557,344,100 552,771,500 638,580,300 797,669.5CO
Fisheries-
Total value. . . . . . . . . . . . $ 25.737.154 29,965,433 34,667,872 33,389,464 33,207.748 31,264,631
Minerals-
Gold.... . . . . . . . . . . . .. oz. 1,167,216 473,159 611,885 802.973 773,178 916,076
Sil ver . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 5,539,192 32,559,044 31,955,560 31.845,803 28,449,821 28,401,735
Copper.. . . .. . . . . .. ... lb. 37,827,019 55,648,011 77.832,127 76,976,925 75,735,960 102,612,486
Lead. . . . . . . . . . . . . " 51,900,858 23,784,969 35,763,476 37,662,703 36,337,765 45,377,065
Nickel. . . . . . . . . . . . : : : " 9,189,(;47 34,098,744 44,841,542 49.676.772 45,517 ,937 68,077,823
Pig Iron..... . . . . . . . . . Tons 274,376 917,535 1,014,587 1,128,967 783,164 913,719
Coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 6,486,325 11,323,388 14,512,829 15,012,178 13,637,529 13,209,371
Cement........... '" bb1. 450,394 5,692,915 7,132,732 8,658,805 7,172,480 5,681,032
Gold.... . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . .. $ 24,128,503 9,781,077 12,684,794 16,398,923 15,983,007 18,936,971
Silver...... ...... . ...... $ 3,265,354 17,355,272 19,440,165 19,040,924 15.593,631 14,088,397
Copper. . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . .. $ 6,096,581 6,886,9
8 12,718,548 11,753,606 10,301,606 17,726,307
Lead.................... $ 2,249,387 827,717 1,597,554 1,754.705 1,627,568 2,541.116
Nicke1. .. .. .. . ... .. . . ... $ 4,594,523 10,229,623 13,452.463 14,903,032 13,655,381 20,423,348
Pig Iron... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 3,512,923 12,307,125 14,550,99U 16,540,012 10,002,856 11,592,819
Coa1.................... $ 12,699.243 26,467,646 36,019,044 37,334,940 33,471,801 31,957,757
Cement...... . ......... $ 660,030 7,644,537 9,106,556 11,019,418 9,187,924 6,977,024
Total value. . . . . . . . . . .. $ 65.797.911 103,220,994 135,0-18,296 145.634.812 128,863.075 138.513.750
Xlll
STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA-con.
Items. i901. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914. 1915.
Manufactures 1 -
Employees. . . . . . . . . ., No. 339,173 515,203 - - - -
Capital. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. $ 446,916,487 1,247,583,609 - - - -
Salaries and wages. . . . ., $ 113,249,350 241,008,416 - - - -
Products. . . , . . . . . . . , . . .. $ 481,053,375 1,165,975,639 - - - -
Trade-
Exports 2 . . .............. $ 196,487,632 297,196,365 315,317,250 393,232,057 478,997,928 490,808,877
Imports 2 . . . . . , , . . . . . . . .. $ 190,415,525 472,247,540 559,320,544 692,032,392 650,746,797 629,444,894
Tota1 2 . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . .. $ 386,903,157 769,443,905 874,637,794 1,085,264,449 1,129,744,725 1,120,253,771
Exports. domestic-
'" heat,. . , . . . . . . . . . . . Bush. 9,739,758 45,802,115 64,466,286 93,166,000 120,426,57f 71 ,913,38.3
Wheat flour..... .. . .. bbl. 1,118,700 3,049,046 3,738,836 4.478,043 4,832,18: 4,952,337
Oats.. ..,.......... . Bush. 8,155,063 5,431,662 8,880,675 10,478,554 34,996,664 17,768,166
Hay.. . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . Tons 252,977 326,132 784,864 394,208 191,515 1.)1,875
Bacon.. . . . . . . . . . . . . ., lb. 103,020,661 56,068,607 58,979,963 36,212,180 23,R59,754 j'6,Í'> 1,419
Butter. . . . . . . . . . , . . . . " 16,335,528 3,142,682 8,844,402 828,323 1,228,75:) 2,724,913
Cheese. . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195,926,397 181,895,724 163,450,684 155,216,392 144,4ih,34 137,1 I ,661
Wheat. . . . . ............. $ 6,871,939 45,521,134 62,590,563 88,608,730 117.719,217 74,293,548
Wheat flour. , . . . . . . . . . .. $ 4,015,226 13,854,790 16,034,064 19,970,689 20,581,079 24,610,946
Oats. . . . . , . .. ,. . . , , . . . .. $ 2,490,521 2,144,846 3,819,642 5,067.950 13,379,849 8,961,126
Hay.................... $ 2,097.882 2,723,291 6,373,590 3,950,058 1,787,050 2,232,558
Bacon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 11,493,868 8,019,454 7,520,362 5,350,845 3,763,195 11 ,811 ,825
Butter. . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . ., $ 3,295,663 744,288 2,077,916 223,578 309,046 639,625
Cheese. . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . .. $ 20,696,951 20,739,507 20,888,818 20,697,144 18,868,j'g5 19,213,501
Fisheries... . . . . . . . . .. .... S 10,720,352 15,675,544 16,704,678 16,336,721 20,623,560 19,687,068
Forest produce. ......... $ 30,009,857 45,439,057 40,892,674 43,255,060 42,792,137 42,650,6h3
Manufactures. , . . . . , . . . .. $ 16,012,208 35,283,118 35,836,284 43,692,708 57,443,452 85,539,501
Minerals. . . .. .. .. .. .. ... $ 40,367,683 42,787,561 41,324,516 57,442,546 59,039.054 51,740,989
Gold.. .. . . . ,. .. . . . . . . . .. $ 24,445,156 5,344,465 7,193,392 11 ,226,573 13,326.755 15,406,510
Silver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. oz. 4,022,019 33,731,010 30,882,716 35,264,018 36,758.276 25,355,305
Copper. . . . . . . . . . , . . .. lb. 26,345,776 55,005,342 56,426,980 83,664,420 83,250,198 62,999,718
Nickel. . . . . . ., . , ... , . " 9,537,558 34,767,523 33,230,708 48,168,090 50,580,536 45,412,017
Coal. . . . . . . . . , . . , . . . . Tons 1,888,538 2,315,171 1,494,756 2,055,993 1,498,820 1,512.487
Silver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. i 2,420,750 17,269,168 15,908,409 20,202,559 20.971,538 13,516,390
Copper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 2,659,261 5,575,033 5,646,206 9,911,542 9,489,729 6,552,005
Nickel. .. .... ,. .. .. .. .., $; 958,365 3,842,332 3,743,920 5,045,197 5,3;4,738 5.063,656
Coal..,.....,.....,..... $ 5,307,060 6,014,095 4,338.128 5,555,099 3,703,765 4,466,258
Imports for consumption-
Agricultural produce.. . .. $ 21,416,371 47,061,788 51,869,087 55,391,008 53,544,539 52,449,384
Animals and their produce $ 12,068,321 23,258,364 29,499,117 41,088,978 29,800,211 27,873,971
Fisheries. .. . . . .. . .. .. . .. $ 972,939 1,995,091 2,409,618 2,674,776 2,331,772 1,856,298
Forest produce. . ........ $ 3,549,927 12,873,875 15,201,526 20,13S,388 16,789,413 9,613,891
Manufactures..... .. ..... $ 112,50.5,188 298.757,039 340,573,248 456,463,594 417,555,537 286,214,321
Minerals. . . . . ... . .. . . . ., $ 16,363,494 44,020,074 54,935,717 65,820,233 71,6f14,173 54,171,002
Miscellaneous..........., $ 14,361,748 33,985,087 52,993,823 33,940,068 41,896,804 155,260,437
Steam Railways-
Mi\es in operation. . . . . . . . . 18,140 25,400 26,727 29,304 30,795 35,5
2
Capital.. . ............. $ 816,110,837 1,528,689,201 1,588,937,526 1,531,830,692 1,808.820,761 1,875,810,803
Passengers carried.... No. 18,385,722 37,097,718 41,124,lbl 46,230,765 46,702,280 46,322,035
Freight...... .. .. .... . Tons 36,999,371 79,884,282 8!J,444,331 106,992,710 101,39.3,9S9 87,204,838
Earnings. . . . . , . . , . . . . . .. $ 72,898,749 188.733,494 219,403,753 256,702.703 24.3,083,539 199,843,072
Expenses. . . , . . . .. . , . . . .. $ 50,368.726 131,033,785 150.726,540 Ib2,01l,690 178,975,259 147.731,099
Electric Railways-
Miles in operation, ........ 553 1,224 1,308 1,357 1,561 1,590
Capital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., $ - 111,532,347 122,841,946 141,235,631 147,595,342 150,344,002
Pa."sengers carried.... No. 120,934,656 426,296,792 4S8,865,6S2 597,863,801 614,709,819 562,302,373
Freight. . . . , . , , . . . . . . . Tons 287,926 1'228' 362 1 1,435,525 1,9.37,930 1,845,923 1,433,602
Earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... $ 5,768,283 20,356,952 23,499,250 28,216,111 29,691,007 26,922,900
Expenses. . . . . . . . . .. . , . .. $ 3,435,162 12,096,134 14,266.675 17,765,372 19,107,818 18.131,842
ISee under notes at foot of page xiv. 2Coin and bullion included.
.
XIV
STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA-concluded.
I terns. 1901, 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914. I 1915.
Canals-
Passengers carried.... No. 190,428 304,904 292,267 335,799 287,326 250,756
Freight. . . . .. .. .. .. .. Tons 5,665,259 38,030,353 47,587,245 52,053,913 37,023,237 15,198,803
Shipping (sea-going)-
Entered....,......... Tons 7,514,732 11,919,339 12,768,191 13,575,193 14,982,393 13,132,944
Cleared... .. .... .. .. . " 7,028,330 10,377,847 11,821,414 12,655,905 14,586,093 12,269,642
Total. . . . , . . . . , . . " 14,543,062 22,297,186 24,589,605 26,231,098 29,568,486 25,402.586
Telegraphs, Government,
miles of line.... .. .. . . .. . 5,744 8,446 8,639 9,729 10,356 11,545
Tele!!:I'aphs, other, miles of
line. . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,194 33,905 34,841 36,604 38,503 -
Postal-
Money orders issued. . , .. $ 17,956,258 70,614,862 84,065,891 101,153,272 109,500,670 89,957,906
Revenue. . . . . . , . . . . . . . .. $ 3,421,192 9,146,952 10,482,255 12,060,476 12,956,216 13,046,650
Expenditure......,...... $ 3,837,376 7,954,223 9,172,035 10,882,805 12,822,058 15,961,197
Revenue. , . ._..,....."..,. $ 52,514,701 117,780,410 136,108,217 168,689,903 163,174,395 133,073,482
Expenditure.. . . . , . . . . .. . ., $ 46,866,368 87,774,198 98,161,441 112,059,537 127,384,473 135,523,207
Gross debt. , . . . . . . . . . . . . ., $ 354,732,433 474,941,437 508,338,592 483,232,555 544,391,369 700,473,814
Assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 86,252,429 134,899,435 168,419,131 168,930,929 208,394,519 251,097,731
Net debt... .. ..... .... $ 268,480,004 340,042,052 339,919,461 314,301,626 335,996,850 449,376,083
Chartered Banks-
Capital paid up.,... .. ,.. $ 67,035,615 103,009,256 112,730,943 116,297,729 114,759,807 113,982,741
Assets....,.............. $ 531,829,324 1,303,131,260 1,470,065,478 1,530,093,671 1.555,676,395 1,596,424,643
Liabilities (excluding capi-
tal and reserves), . . . ., $ 420,003,743 1,097,661,393 1,240,124,354 1,287,372,534 1,309,944,006 1,353,629,123
Deposits 1 . . . . .. .. .. , . ... $ 349,573,327 980,433,788 1,102,910,383 1,126,871,523 1,144,210,363 1,198,340,315
Savings Banks-
Deposits in Post Office.. $ 39,950,813 43,330,579 43,563,764 42,728,942 41,591,287 39,995,406
Government........,... $ 16,098,144 14,763,752 14,655,564 14,411,541 13,976,317 14,006,157
Special.. . . . . . . . . . . , . . . .. $ 19,125,097 34,770,386 39,526,755 40,133,551 39,110,439 37,817,474
Loan Companies-
Assets.. . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 158,523,307 389,701,988 395,652,787 478,658,228 - -
Liabilities.. . .. . .. . . .. . .. $ 158,523,307 389,701,988 395,652,787 478,658,228 - -
Deposits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 20,756,910 33,742,513 33,235,992 32,6
1,806 - -
Fire Insurance-
Amount at risk. . . . . . . . .. $ 1,038,687,619 2,279,868,346 2,684,355,895 3,151,930,389 3,456,019,009 3,531,620,802
Income for the year. . . .. $ 9,650,348 20,575,255 23,194,521 25,745,947 27,499,158 26,474,833
Life Insurance-
Amount at risk.. . . . . . . .. $ 463,769,034 950,220,771 1,070,308,669 1,168,590,027 1,242,160,478 1,289,065,670
Income for the year. . . .. $ 15,189,854 31,619,626 35,709,516 38,641,206 41,094,095 45,102,108
lIncluding amounts deposited elsewhere than in Canada, nat include:! in dep33its prior to 19J1.
NOTES.
The statistics of manufactures in 1891, 1901 and 1911 are for works employing five hands and over, except
in the case of butter and cheese factories, flour and grist mills, electric light plants, lumber, lath and shingle
mills, lime kilns, brick and tile works and fish preserved. The figures in 1891 for all industries are as fol-
lows:-Capital $354,620,750, number of employees 370,256, salaries and wages $100,663,650 and value of
products $476,198,886.
In the foregoing Summary the statistics of immigration, fisheries, trade, shipping, the Post Office,
the public debt, revenue and expenditure and the Post Office and Government Savings banks relate to the
fiscal year ended June 30 in 1901 and ended l1arch 31 in 1911-15. Mineral, banking, insurance and loan
companies' statistics relate to the calendar years and railway statistics to the years ended June 30. The
statistics of population, agriculture, dairying industries and manufactures are either those. f the Census
from 1901 to 1911. or are estimates based thereon for 1912 to 1915. Canal statistics are those of the navi-
gation seasons. The telegraph statistics relate to the fiscal years for Government lines and to the calen-
dar years for other lines.
xv
THE CANADA YEAR BOOK, 1915.
The Canada Year Book of 1915 has followed largely the lines
of immediately preceding issues. The volume has been edited by
Mr. ERNEST H. GODFREY, F.S.S., and grateful acknowledgments of
valuable co-operation are tendered to officers of the Dominion and
Provincial Governments and of Municipalities throughout Canada.
The tables have again been compiled by MR. JOSEPH WILKINS and
MR. JAMES SKEAD, and the diagrams drawn by MR. R. E. WATTS.
R. H. COATS,
Dominion Statistician
and Controller of Census.
Census and Statistics Office,
Ottawa, September 20, 1916.
xvi
PR.EFACE.
The present issue of the Canada Year Book contains the follow-
ing special articles: (1) Local Government of Canada by various
writers; (2) Economic Geology in Canada, 1915; (3) Flora of Canada;
(4) Faunas of Canada.
Following the general rule adopted last year, articles and tables in
the edition of 1914 not requiring alteration or bringing up to date have
been omitted. A selected list of articles and tables in previous issues
is given on pages 694 and 695.
In Section III (Area and Population), tables relating to the foreign-
born population, the population of military age and the occupations of
the people, as derived from the Census returns of 1911, replace other
Census tables previously given. . Statistics of the universities and of
higher education generally have been added to the tables of elementary
and secondary education in Section IV (Education). Amongst other
new statistics in Section VI (Production), are tables of grain prices and
of ocean freight rates over long series of years and of the numbers of
farm live stock in the principal c9untries of the world. This Section
includes also a description of the Dominion and Provincial Agricultural
Experiment Stations. To Section VII (Trade and Commerce) have
been added tables showing the increase or decrease due to variation in
quantity and in price of the exports and imports of Canada, by principal
classes of products, for the year 1915 as compared with 1914. In
Section X (Finance) the results are given of further efforts to collect
municipal statistics, the new tables presenting (a) statistics of a
general character and (b) financial statistics. Section XI (Administra-
tion) includes an outline of the work of the Commission of Conserva-
tion and finally Section XII (Principal Events of the Year) summarizes
the Acts of the Provincial Legislatures in addition to those of the
Dominion Parliament as heretofore.
ERNEST H. GODFREY,
Editor.
I.-LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF CANADA.
MARITIME PROVINCES.
By THOMAS BARNARD FLINT, lVI.A., LL.B., D.C.L" Clerk of the House of
Commons of Canada, Ottawa.
li RE constitution and legislative powers of the provinces
of the Dominion are in their general outlines as settled
and regulated by the British North America Act, 1867.
and amending acts. But in the development of local adlllin
. istration and in the 'working out of local problpnls, the
pr
vln
es have varied considerably. These variations h
ve depended
pnmanly upon the stages and forms of local self-government in force
at the time of Confederation, and secondarily upon the financial and
industrial policies of the legislatures which then assumed control. K ova
Scotia and New Bruns\vick were t\yO of the three original provinces
,vhich formed the federal union of Canada. Prince Ed\vard Island
became part of the federal system in 1873.
Nova Scotia, New Bruns,vick and Prince Ed\vard Island, imme-
diately after entering the union found themselves each equipped ,yith
a Lieutenant-Governor appointed by the Governor-General. This
official holds office, generally speaking, for five years frolll the date of
his appointlllent. He is not removable except for cause assigned and
communicated to Parliament. The provisions relating to the po,vers,
dutips and responsibilities of Lieutenant-Governors are to be found
in sections 58 to 68, inclusive, of the British North America Act, 1867,
and apply uniformly to all Lieutenant-Governors throughout the
Dominion.
The legislatures of each of the three l\Iaritime Provinces, upon
entering the union, consisted of the Lieutenant-Governor and of hyo
Houses, styled the Legislative Council and the Legislative _\ssclubly.
These legislatures had the same exclusive po,vcrs assigned to thenl a
to the other provinces entering the union at the same or at any sub
('qucnt
period. One of the most important of these po\vers is that of the anlend-
ment, from time to time, of the Constitution of the province, cxcept as
regards the office of the Lieutenant-Governor. Like all the other prov-
inces, they have the po,ver of direct taxation ,vithin the provinep, of bor-
ro\ving money, of establishing public offices, of disposing of the CrO\\ìl
lands of the province, of the lllaintenance and establishment of a great
variety of public and reformatory institutions and of municipaliti<.'s \yith
such po\vers as the province Inay see fit to grant. 1'he 1ist of c
du
ive
provincial po\vers also includes such important matters aR the lnaking
of laws relating to licences for raising revenue for provincia.l or ruunicipal
purposes; providing for local \vorks and undertakings of every de
cription
(except certain classes sppcially rCRPrved to the fe(l<'ral power); inc.or-
porating companies with provincial objects; and l{'gislation rcspc('tlng
the solemnization of marriage. The whole ,-ast field of property and
civil rights within the province, the a,thninistration of justiec aUti the
2
L 0 C A L GOY ERN 1\1 E K T 0 F C A
A D A .
constitution, maintenance and organization of provincial courts,
with both civil and crin1Ïnal jurisdiction, as ,veIl as the procedure in
civil matters in those courts, are retained under provincial jurisdiction.
The exclusive control of each province over the subject of education
has given rise to legal and constitutional questions of the highest inl-
portance. Their adjustment has engr,ged the attention of legislatures,
of parliament and of the courts of Canada as well as the privy council
of the l\lother Country from tiIne to time almost since the day of the
union. The meeting of provincial responsibilities in this matter has
demanded great expenditures and called forth administrative capacity
and devotion to scholarship and to the \velfare of the young which the
people of the provinces may consider with pride and satisfaction.
The provinces have also legislated upon, and devoted large sums
of money to the promotion of agriculture, and to some extent immigra-
tion in ,vhich they have been assisted by the federal administration,
which also has jurisdiction over these subjects. These po\vers are of
course comnlon to all the provinces.
NOVA SCOTIA.
I T
IS 'province. ha
ffi3: de no org
nic .changes
. In ItS constItutIon sInce the unIon In 1867.
M'7 In 1867, the Legislative Council consisted of
36 members and the. Legislative Assembly of
55 men1bers. The number of members of
the Legislatiye Council iR now 21 and of
the Assenlbly 43. Legislatiye councillors are
appointed for life, and the nlembers of the
Asselnbly are elected for four years, the Assembly
· term consisting of that period. The constitu-
tional relations of the ministrv to the Assemblv
are based on the ,veIl recognlzed principles of
responsible government in accordance ,vith which the Ininistry retains
office only so long as it is supported by a majority in the Legis-
lative Asselnbly, This rule applies to all the provinces of Canada.
l\1any efforts made to\vards abolishing the Legislative Council in Nova
Scotia have proved abortive. The local n1Ïnistry or cabinet, styled
the Executive Council, consists of the Prime l\linister (being the Pro-
vincial Secretary and President of the Council), the Attorney-General
and the Comnlissioner of 'Yorks and l\lines. These are salaried officials,
and the other lnelnhf'rs are six in nUlnber without office. Agriculture,
imlnigration and education are under the control and management
of the governlnent through certain boards and councils, each with its
secretary and staff of officials.
The sources of the principal revenues are (1) mines and minerals
upon ,vhich certain royalties are charged, together ,vith license fees
and rentals; (2) the federal subsidy and interest on baI:J,nces due from
the Dominion, paid by virtue of the British North America Acts;
(3) interest on raihvay loans and advances; succession duties, payments
from the Dominion Government under the Agricultural Instruction
3
MARITIME PROVINCES.
Act; (4) crown lands and other fees and dues paid in to the Provincial
Secretary's office. In 1915 the total revenue fronl all sources \vas
$3,154,359, including $1,000,000 temporary loan and 8100 000 loan for
"Tar distress. ."
Municipal Institutions.-l\1unicipal administration in Nova Scotia
has been developed since Confpderation. Previous to that event the
local government of counties and to\vnships was confided to the
magistracy, ,vhich was an appointed body, holding their commissions
for life and not responsible in any ,vay to the electorate. In the early
year
of its history this body did much useful and in1portant public
serVIce, yet abuses here and there existed on account of the irresponsible
nature of their tenure of office, which rendered reform and public
accountability very difficult to obtain. Public opinion, however, and
he controlling influence of the legislatures operating steadily upon even
Irresponsible bodies of life-appointed magistrates made the institution
as it existed fairly acceptable to the people generally. In 1864 an act
providing for the optional incorporation of counties and to\vnships \vas
passed, but fe\v counties or districts took advantage of the privilege
thus accorded. In 1875, the incorporation of the counties and certain
to,vnships \vas made compulsory, hyenty-four municipalities being then
established. In 1895, the To\Vlls Incorporation Act ,vas passed making
the incorporation of towns throughout the province optional. At the
present time thirty-eight towns are incorporated.
The countv councils consist of councillors elected bv the rate-
payers, usually òne for each polling district, but in some distdcts t\yO are
provided for. The warden or presiding officer is chosen each year by
the council. The mayor of the to\vn is elected by thp ratepayers and
holds office for two years. The city of Halifax, the capital of the
province, has a special charter, the n1ayor being elected annually and
the eighteen aldenllen (or melnber
) for threc )'f'a1'8, six retiring each year
but being eligible for re-election.
The est.ahlishn1ellt of these municipnl in
titution
gave a.
reat
impetus to local improvements, and although thf' rate and alllount of
taxation 'were considerably increased, the credit of the to".ns and
municipalities is excpllent. Thp total aS8l's
ed valuation of 1'('al and
personal property of the t\venty-four lI1unicipaJities of K ova 8cotia
is not less than ::542,717,000 and of the incorporated town:g oyer
$40,000,000, to which must be added the prop(\rty own('d by the muni-
cipalities and towns themselves,
unounting to over $3,000,000. The
total liabilities (bonded and other debts) of the municipalities are about
$1,000,000, and of the to,vns about $6,.500,000.
The exercise of the po,vers of the councils, the election of their
members and the duties and respon
ihilitie
of their officials, their
meetings, proceedings and by-laws, tht'ir llH.'thods and fornlb of taxation,
as ,veIl as the limitation of their borrowing po\vers, are eontrolled and
regulat.ed in each particular by statute
rigidly enforcer! by provincial
authority or by the courts. The t.raining of lar
c nUlnbcrs of public
spirited citizens in the practical exereif'e of th(' dutle::; of sf'lf-gov('rnment
.
4
LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF CAN ADA.
is not the least of the advantages of the municipal systems of Canada.
They furnish a rich fund of talent and experience upon which to draw
for the wider spheres of provincial and federal legislation.
Judiciary.-The provincial courts consist of (1) the supreme court,
which is a court of appeal and also a circuit court, and (2) county
courts. The supreme court consists of a chief justice and six other
judges. One of these is a judge in equity, who also acts in divorce
causes and as admiralty judge of the exchequer court of Canada.
This court has original jurisdiction in all matters not specially delegated
to the 100wer courts and appeal jurisdiction from the county courts.
The county courts have a limited 'original jurisdiction and an appeal
jurisdiction from probate a
d magistrates' courts in certain. cases.
The judges of this court are seven in number, each having a district
of jurif'diction covering a county or group of counties and holding terms
of court in the county towns of their respective districts.
The judges of the supreme and county courts are appointed and
paid by the Dominion Government, but the procedure of the courts in
all civil matters is regulated by provincial legislation. The purely
provincial courts and courts of probate have jurisdiction over wills
and intestate estates. Stipendiary and police magistrates' courts and
courts of justices of the peace are also under provincial jurisdiction.
The judges of these courts and justices of the peace are appointed by
the local government and are paid, in some cases by salaries and in
others by fees. The sheriffs, clerks, registrar
and officers of all the
courts are appointed by the provincial authorities.
In criminal cases the jurisdiction and procedure of all the courts
are fixed by federal statutes. 'fhe procedure as to the selection of grand
and petit jurors, of revisers of voters' lists and assessment courts are
fixed by the provincial statutes. In each county, and in some counties
in one or more districts of a county, are offices for the registry of deeds
and of all documents pertaining to transfers of or affecting titles to
real estate as
vell 'as thos
creating and discharging liens on personal
property.
NE'V BRUNS'VICK.
THE province of N e,v Bruns\vick in all essential
f eat u l' e s 0 f provincial administra tion is
sÏlnilar to its neighbour, Nova Scotia, but some
differences may be noted. The province entered
Confederation ,vith a Legislative Council of 40
nlembers holding their seats for life, a Legislative
Assembly of 40 members and an Executive
Council of nine members. Under its po,vers of
changipg the provincial constitution the L
gis-
lative Council ,vas abolished by an act passed
on April 16, 1891. For many years an agitation
for its abolition had continued, and the govern-
ments of the period refrained fronl fining vacancies until 1 he nunlber
of members was so reduced that the passage of an abolition act became
5
MAR I T I IV! E PRO V IN C E S .
comparative
y 8: n easy matter. 'rhe retiring members of the Council
etained theIr tItle and precedence for life. The Assembly at present
IS composed
f 47 nlen
bers, and. t
e Executive Council is composed of
(1).
he PremI
r 'Yho IS also MInIster of Lands and Mines, (2) the
MInIster of PublIc Works, (3) the Provincial Secretary-Treasurer
(4) the Attorney-General and (5) the Minister of Agriculture all of
whom receive salaries. Each of these ministers has a departmental
staff under his direction.
The ordinary revenue in 1915 amounted to $1,634079 and the
ordinary expenditure to $1,626,634. '
In New Brunswick the su})ject of public instruction is under the
management of a Board of Education consisting of the Lieutenant-
Governor of the Province, the nlembers of the Executive Council, the
Chancellor of the University of New Brunswick and the Chief 8uper-
intendent of Education.
Municipal Institutions.-On the subject of municipal institutions,
under 'which the people have more complete control over theìr local
affairs, the province of N e,v Bruns,vick has passed through stages of
development similar to
hose of Nova Scotia. An interesting passage
TtVill be found in Hannay's History of New Bruns,vick, ,vhere, writing on
this subject, he observes:
"Sir William Colebrooke and Sir Edmund Head had both regretted the
failure of attempts to establish municipal institutions throughout the prov-
ince, but they perhaps did not discern that this failure was due to the in-
fluence of the mag-istrates in sessions, who did not like to be deprived of their
power of controlling the affairs of the counties. These magistrates nat-
urally resisted every improvement, which they denounced as innovations,
and they were supported generally by the Legislative Council.
U The system of county government was as bad as possible, because the
magistrates were not responsible to any person. The condition of the
county accounts was never made public, and it was not until a comparatively
late period in the history of the province that the Grand Jury obtained
legislative authority to inspect the county accounts. .
"lVlunicipal institutions came in the course of years, but not tIll long after
Sir Edmund Head had taken his departure from the province. Since then the
inftuence of the people upon the municipal government has been strengthened
by the incorporation of most of the towns in the province; so that the
people have an opportunity not only of knowing how their money is being
spent but of directing the c
:penditure."
In New Bruns\vick the first municipal act ,vas pas
ed in 1851.
This act, which was subsequently amended, rendered incorporation
optional. But these acts \vere not in many cascs tak('n advantage ùf.
The counties ,vere; ho,vever, divided into parishes, districts ha.ving a
certain amount of local autonomy and some lilnited powcrs of ad-
o ministration \vhiC'h have be(,ll r
cognizcd in subscqucnt u1unicipal
legislation. "rhey are provided \vith local cO
lrts prcsi?cd ov(!r by
commissioners \vho are ex-officio justices of the peace, and ill SOIlle cases
they are provided with stipcndiary or police magistrat?
. r
"hese
comulissioncrs have civil jurisdiction in debts not cxceclhng cighty
dollars and in cases of tort ,vhen the dalnages clainlC'd do not cXl'eed
thirty-t\vO dollars.
6
LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF CAN ADA.
At the time of confederation the municipal system had been very
slightly developed. But in 1877 an act providing for compulsory
municipal incorporation was put in force, and, with its amendments, is
substantiaUy in force at the present time. It provides that county
councils be constituted as bodies corporate, having two councillors
elected yearly from each parish in the county. The councils elect from
among their members a presiding officer who is styled the 'warden and
who holds office until the next election of councillors. Councils may
themselves, however, provide by by-law for their election biennially,
a provision 'which does not apply to the municipality of the city and
county of St. John. The city of St. John, which in 1785 was known
as U Parr TO'\vn ", received a charter in that year through Lieutenant-
Governor Carleton, at brother of the famous soldier, Sir Guy Carleton
(afterwards Lord Dorchester). The qualifications of voters for the
councils are very liberal. Every male, or female person, being a ,vidow
or unmarried, of the age of 21 years or over, being a British subject,
a ratepayer of the parish having an income or personal property or
both combined to the amount of one hundred dollars, is entitled to
vote. A resident of the parish having real property of any value, or,
if not a resident, having real property to the value of one hundred
dollars, is also entitled to vote. The dates and time of meeting of the
councils are fixed by statute and differ in different municipalities.
In addition to a warden each elects a secretary, a treasurer (the two
offices may be combined in one person) and an auditor, who may not
be a councillor nor hold any office under the council. The councils
also appoint overseers of the poor, constables, commissioners of high-
'ways, collectors of rates and other parish and county officials as may be
necessary. Councillors under some circumstances also act as revisers
of voters' lists. The warden is required to publish each year a full and
detailed financial statement of the affairs of the municipality which
shall be signed by the auditor and himself.
The financial condition of the county municipalities of the province
is excellent. From the latest available returns it is found that ten
counties out of fifteen (not including the city and county of St. John,
the richest in the province) have an assessable valuation of real and
personal property of over thirty minion dollars, with insignificant
liabilities. The other municipalities would probably represent as
favourable a condition if returns were available. The city of St. John, the
commercial capital of the province, with a population of about 58,000,
was the first Canadian city to adopt government by commission.
Its valuation for assessment purposes in 1915 was $36,187,000 and its
liabilities .were less than $5,000,000. The city of Fredericton,
the capital of the province, with a population of 8,000, has a valuation
of real and personal property for assessment of $5,000,000 with an
outstanding indebtedness of $486,000.
7
lVI A R I T I IVI E PRO V I NeE S ,
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.
f
.
.
A T the time of entering the union the govern-
, ',;!
'
, ment of Prince Edward Island consisted of
a Governor and an Executive Council, a Legis-
lative Council of 13 members and a House of
Assembly of 30 members. The Legislative Council
,vas made elective in 1862 and so continued until
its abolition after the union in 1873. The former
Legislative Council districts, after the passage
of the Abolition Act, elected lnembers to the
l \\ Legislative A
se
bly, fifteen in number, \yhile
Ø! - A the sa b m l e dlS d t! ff lCts el f ected h . mem h bers to. the
ssem y on a 1 erent ranc lse, t us practIcally
amalgamating the t\VO Houses into one Assembly of 30 n1embers. The
electoral system, as far as voting is concerned, is practically one of
manhood suffrage. The Executive Council of Prince Echvard Island
consists of (1) the President of the Council, (2) the Provincial Secretary-
Treasurer, who is also Commissioner of Agriculture, (3) the Commis-
sioner of Public Works and seven members without portfolio.
With regard to the judiciary, the supreme court has a chief justice
. and t\VO assistant judges. The chief justice is also the local judge in
admiralty of. the exchequer court. The supreme court is also a court
of appeal and has jurisdiction in appeal chancery cases. It has original
jurisdiction both in civil and criminal matters. In civil cases of debt
the action must be for an amount above $32, and all cases heyond the
jurisdiction of the county court may be tried before a judge of the
supreme court. The assistant judges of this court have also chancery
powers. There is a surrogate and probatr eourt for the province
with one judge. A system of county courts is cstahlished consisting
of three judges, one for each county. These are appointed and paid
by the federal government and have jurisdiction in suit::, up to the sum
of one hundred and fifty dollars. Education i
undpl' the direction of a
Board of Education consisting of the mClnbers of the Exccutiyc Couneil
of the province and the Superintendent of Education, \vho is also secrc-
tary of the Board. Agricultural education is assistcd fronl the grants
made by the federal government of \vhich the ycarly :unount is ovpr
$27,000. The Agricultural Departn1cnt works in this 11latter in
conjunction with the Departmcnt of Education with the happiest
results.
A distinguishing feature of enterprise in Prince Eòward Island is
the breeding of fur-bearing anin1als for which the clitnate, soil and
general surroundings seem peculiarly wcll adapted. The industry has
proved very profitable, and the ronllnissioner of
\griculturc in his
IEtest report expresses satisfaction with tlw progress so far Inade 1 .
In 1915 the ordinary revenue an10unted to
!70,7:
O :uHl the
expenditure to $510,345.
1 See also page 188,
LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF CANADA.
g
By C. J. MAGNAN, Inspector General of Roman Catholic Schools, Quebec.
QUEBEC.
Political Organization.-Under the constitution
conferred by the British North America Act,
1867, the Legislature of Quebec may enact laws
respecting education, such public works as relate
only to the province, the administration of the
public lands of the province, colonization, agri-
culture, asylums, prisons, organization of the
legal tribunals, municipal institutions and, in
a word,
verything which concerns its particular
interests. The province has its own Legislature
modelled after that of the Federal Parliament,
and this Legislature is composed of the Lieu-
tenant-Governor, a Legislative Council and a Legislative Assembly.
There is also an Executive Council, which is composed of the
Lieutenant-Governor representing the King, assisted by councillors
or ministers. The Lieutenant-Governor convenes, prorogues and
dissolves the Houses, and to him is reserved the power of sanctioning
the la,vs passed by the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative
Council. Each of the ministers who compose the Executive Council
has usually charge of a department ur nlinistry, and the following
departments are now in existence: (1) Department of the Attorney-
General; (2) Department of the Provincial Secretary; (3) the Treasury;
(4) Lands and Forests; (5) Colonization, l\lines and Fisheries; (6) Agri-
culture; (7) Public Works and Labour; (8) Roads.
Legislative Council.-The Legislative Council consists of 24
members who are appointed for life by the Lieutenant-Governor in
Council. A legislative councillor must be at least 30 years of age,
must be a British subject resident \vithin the province and must o,Vll
unincumbered property of the minimum value of $4,000 situated
within the division represented. Besides the right of approving or
rejecting Bills adopted by the Legislatiye Assembly, the legislative
councillors may propose, discuss and adopt measures which do not
affect the public revenues. Such legislation must be ratified by the
Legislative Assembly. For the purposes of the Legislative Council,
the province is divided into 24 constituencies. Nova Scotia is the only
other province of Canada ,vith bicameral parliamentary representation.
Legislative Assembly.- The Legislative Assembly is at present
composed of 81 members elected by 82 counties, the counties of Charle-
voix and Saguenay being represented by a single member. To be
eligible for membership one must be at least 21 years of age, a British
subject and free from any legal incapacity. A Legislature may only
last for five years ,,-ithout re-election. Every year the members must
be convened in session by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council for the
despatch of public business, for voting the necessary appropriations
to all branches of the public service and for the amendment of existing
..
''''''
.,
'\: ,
.
v
QUEBEC.
laws and
he .e
actmen
.of new.ones. The Assembly alone has the
power of
IsI?Issing a millistry whIch has ceased to represent the views
o
the majorIty of .t
e people and also alone has the right to introduce
bIlls as to the raIsIng or employment of the public revenues. The
Assembly. is presided eyer .by on
of its nlembers called the Speaker,
who retaIns office untIl dISsolutIon of the House that elected him.
He does not vote, except by a casting vote in cases where the votes on
both sides are equal in number.
Municipal Organization.-Under the French régime the municipal \
system was almost unkno\vn. I t was the same under the English
régime until 1840 ,vhen at the union of the provinces municipal author-
ities were first established in Lo\ver Canada. Before this date the
province of Quebec had nothing ,vhich could be called an organization
of local authorities. The maintenance of the roads \vas regulated by
an old statute of 1796, which \vas administered in the name of the
Governor by a Chief Road Inspector (Grand Voyer). This arrangement,
imperfect as it was, sufficed until the increase of the population and the
progress of commerce and industry made it obsolete.
It ,vas Lord Sydenham's Special Council of 1840 that endowed
Lower Canada with its first municipal organization. This measure,
however, ,vas only partially applied, because the French-Canadians,
disturbed by the troubles of 1837-38, suspected a trap on the part of
England. To reassure the French-Canadians and to make them
understand the necessity for good municipal organization a fellow
countryman was needed who spoke their language and held their faith.
This man was A. N. lVlorin, father of the l\lunicipalities Act of 1845.
Amended in 1847 and in 1855, this Act was finally replaced by that of
1860. Since 1867 the municipal law has been promulgated by the
provincial legislatures, and in 1870 the Quebec Legislature enacted
the " 1\1 unicipal Code of the Province of Quebec."
At present the province of Quebec possesses an excellent municipal
organization; it is subdivided into several hundred county, to\\TIship,
p
xish, villr..ge, town and city municipalities. According to :1\1. Lareau:
" These are so many small governments which assure independence to
the people; initiate them into the duties of pub!ic adnlinistra
ion and
train them better to understand the more complicated mecþanism of 3,
general administration." Under municipal organization, the citizens
themselves choose and appoint those who shall \v[ttch over their special
in terests.
Municipalities.-A municipality is
territo
circumscribed by l
",
whose inhabitants constitute a corporation, that IS to say, a body polItic
or legal person, charged \vith. the duty of nd!ll
nis
ering !he affairs of
common interest to the inhabItants of a mnnlClpahty. 1: here arc t,vo
kinds of municipalities: local and cou
ty. Local .municipalities 1
consist either of a parish, a part of a parIsh, a to\\TIs.h
p,
part o.f a
to-wnship, a village, a to-wn or a city. The county nlunlCipahty consIsts
.
1 Local municipali tips in Quebec correspon(l to the communf'S in France.
lU
LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF CANADA.
of all the local municipalities of a county. E8Jch municipal corporation is
represented and administered by a board called the municipal council.
Local Municipalities.-These are constituted in the manner and
according to the rules laid down by the municipal code; they are
divided into two classes: rural or country municipalities and town and
village municipalities. The former are subdivided into parish, part
parish, township, part township, etc., municipalities. The municipal
council is the organ of the local corporation. It consists of seven
councillors chosen by the electors of the municipality, or appointed by
the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council when the electors fail to elect
within the limits of time prescribed by the law. The town or city
municipal council consists of a certain number of aldermen elected by
property O"W]1ers and of a certain number of councillors elected by
property owners and tenants. The council of a local municipality is
presided over by a mayor elected by the members, or in default of election
appointed by the Lieutenant-Govemor-in-Council. He presides at
meetings of the council, watches over the interests of the municipality
and maintains order and peace within its boundaries. The power con-
ferred upon the municipal corporations are extensive; they are defined
by law and apply generally to all questions of purely local interest.
They relate especially to roads, waterways, health, regulation of the
sale of alcoholic beverages, maintenance of peace and order, imposition
of trading licenses, etc. To meet the cost of administration the
municipal council has the right to collect by direct taxation of the
taxable property of the locality, or by trading licenses, etc., all necessary
sums of money within the limits of its powers. These levies are kno\\"n
as the municipal tax. The municipal taxes are' levied on real property
according to its value as inscribed on the valuation roll and on a list
prepared by the Secretary-Treasurer and called the collection roll.
County Municipalities.-The county is a part of the territory of
the province containing a certain number of municipalities. The
inhabitants of each county constitute a county corporation, and this
corporation is represented by a council composed of the mayors of all
the local municipalities of the county. The county council is presided
over by one of its members elected annually at the March meeting
and called a prefect; in default of such election the prefect is appointed
by the Lieutenant-Govemor-in-Council. The place 'where the county
council meets is called' the capital of the county, and is fixed by the
council itself. This council deals with all interparochial matters,
that is to say, those ","'hich are common to more than one parish or local
municipality. It has jurisdiction over roads and waterways running
through two or more parishes, which are then county roads and water-
ways. The county council exercises all the powers conferred upon
it by law and administers all the county business. It fixes the place
where the circuit court is to sit, acts as a court of appeal from the
decisions of the local councils and provides for the building of a Registry
Office, which is a public office established by the provincial government
for the registration in special books of deeds affecting real property,
such as deeds of sale, contracts of marriage, wills and deeds of gift
inter vivos.
11
ONTARIO.
By ERNEST H. GODFREY, F.S.S., Editor, Census and Statistics Office, Ottawa.
Historical.-In 1763 Canada \\Tith all it
dependencies, passed from Fre
ch to British
rule by the Treaty of Paris, signed on February
10 of that year. From this date to 1774 the
country \vas under military rule. In 1774 the
" Quebec Act" of the Imperial Parlialncnt (14
Oeo. III, c. 83) gave French-Canadians the free
exercise of the ROlnan Catholic religion the
enjoYlnent of their civil rights and the p:otec-
tion of their o\vn civil la\vs and cu
toms. The
Act annexed Jarge territories to the proviJ)ce of Quebec, and provided
for the appoIntment by the Cro\vn of a Legislative Council and for the
administration of the criminalla,v as in England. In 1791 the country
then called Canada ,vas divided by Act of the Inlperial Parliament
(31 Oeo. III, c. 31) into Upper Canada (no\v Ontario) and Lo,yer
Canada (no\v Quebec), and the Act established a constitution for
each, \vith a Legislature consisting of a Legislative Council and a
Legislative Assembly. In 1841, follo\ving Lord DUl'hanl's report, the
provinces ,vere reunited under the name of the province of Canada
by an Ilnperial Act (3-4 Vïct., c. 35), \vhich established responsible
governrnent. The Legislature under this Act consisted of a Legislative
Council of 40 melnbers appointed for life by the Cro\vn and a Legis-
lative Assembly of 84 members elected by the people.
ubsequently
(1853) the members of the Legislative .Assembly \vere increased in
number to 130 and (1856) the Legisla.tive Council became an elected
chamber.
Present Constitution.-Under the British XOl'th .Arnerica
-\ct, 18ö7,
and other legislation, the governll1ent of the pro\ inre of Ontario is
vested in a Legislature consisting of a Lieutenant-Governor appointed
by the Governor-General of the Dominioll. and of one House styled the
Legislative Assembly of Ontario, consisting in 1910 of 111rnelubers. The
Assenlbly is elected for four years' on a 111anhood suffrage, and n1clnbers
receive statutory indel11nities and an allo,,"ance for tra,v
lling expenses
on a nÜleage basis. l'he Lieutenant-Governor is ath'ised by an E-xecutiyp
Council of ten mernbers, now consisting of the President and Prelllier,
t he Attorney-General, the rrrcasurer of the province, the Secretary anù
Hegi::5trar of the province, the l\linisters of Education, l}llhlic \V orks,
Lands, Forests and l\lines and t\VO mClllbers without portfolio. rrbe
po\vers of the Ontario Legislature are defined under Sections 92 and Ð3
of the British Korth Alncrica Act, IS07. 1
Municipal Organization.-l\lullicipal Governlllent in Ontario trat'l'
its origin to the recolnmendatiolls in the report of Lord Durhaul (1839),
and the District Councils Act of 1841 ,vas the first Ineasure of local
self-government in the province. .A m?re compreh.ensiye m
asur(l
known as the l\lunicipal )
..ct of 1849 provHled for the lllcorporatloll of
local municipalities. In 18G8, ,,,hen the Ontario Legislature Illet for
IRcc Canada Year Book, HH 1, page 12.
12
LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF CANADA.
the first time after Confederation, the municipal corporations of the
province comprised 36 counties, 399 townships, and 104 cit.ies, towns
and villages. The la\v respecting municipal institutions in Ontario
\yas revised in 1913 by the Municipal Act (3-4 Geo. V, c. 43), and is .
included in the Revised Statutes of Ontario 1914 as chapter 192. It
has b, en further amended by Acts of 1914 (4 Geo. .V, c. 33), 1915 (5 Geo.
V, c. 34) and 1916 (6 Qeo. 'T, c. 39). Under these Acts the local muni-
cipalities of the province consist of to\vnships, villages, towns, counties
and cities. The to\vnships consist of an area varying in extent from
six to ten miles square.
The territorial division of the province for municipal and judicial
purposes is governed by the Territorial Division Act (R. S. 0., 1914,
c. 3), and section 11 of this Act provides that, subject to the provisions
of the l\lunicipal Act, the Liputenant-Qovernor may by proclamation
constitute new to\Vllships in those parts of Ont.ario in whieh to\vnships
have not been constituted and may fix the boundaries thereof.
Townships and Villages.-The procedure for the erection of to\vn-
ships is laid dowñ in the l\1unicipal Act. Where found convenient t\VO
or more townships may unite for municipal purposes and become
incorporated as a Union of Townships. Each to\vnship is governed
by a chief executive officer styled reeve, and four other members \vho
may be either deputy reeves or counciHors, according to the number
of deputy reeves to \vhich a municipality may be entitled. This is deter-
mined by the number of municipal electors. \Vhere a to-wnship has
more than] ,000 and not more than 2,000 municipal electors, it becomes
entitled to a first deputy-reeve, wher
it has more than 2,000 and not
more than 3,000 to a first and a second deputy-reeve, and \vhere it
has more than 3,000 to a first, a second and a third deputy-reeve. rrhese
provisions apply also to incorporated villages and to\vns. The council
of a t 
