THE CANADA
YEAR BOOK 1915
Published by Authority of the Right Hon. Sir George E. Foster,
K.C.M.G., M.P., Minister of Trade and Commerce.
OTTAWA
J. DE L. TACHE, PRINTER TO
THE KING S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY
1916
JUL 2 6 1957
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MINION OF CANADA
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CONTENTS
Statistical Summary of the Progress of Canada .
The Canada Year Book, 1915 xu-nv
Preface **.
Chronology . ". . .
Selction of Articles and Tables in the Canada Year Book of 1913 knd iJJii which are not
repeated in the present issue cn . on .
oa4-695
I. LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF CANADA.
Local Government of Canada: Maritime Provinces By THOMAS BARNARD FLINT, M.A.,
LL.B., DAJ.L., Clerk of the House of Commons of Canada, Ottawa 1 7
Quebec. By C. 3. MAGNAN, Inspector General of Roman Catholic Schools, Quebec R-Tn
Ontario By ERNEST H. GODFREY, F.S.S., Editor, Census and Statistics Office, Ottawa itB
Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. By the REV. CAPTAIN EDMUND H. OLIVER, Ph b"
&!! ^w P / esb y T te r ian Theological College, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and Chaplain
< of the 196th (Western Universities) Overseas Battalion ii_oo
Bntish Columbia. By S. D. SCOTT, Vancouver, B.C . V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23^26
II. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA.
Geographical Features , 9
1. Drainage Basins of Canada
2. Lengths of Principal Rivers and Tributaries in Canada 34-3 <
3. Area and Elevation of the Great Lakes
4. Areas of Principal Canadian Lakes by Provinces. . . 36-38
Economic Geology m Canada, 1915. By WTATT MALCOLM, Department of Mines, Ottawa. 39-43
Flora of Canada By J. M. MACOTJN, C.M.G., F.L.S., Assistant Botanist and Naturalist,
Department of Mines, Ottawa, and M. O. MALTE, Ph. D., Dominion Agrostologist. Depart
ment of Agriculture, Ottawa. With 7 illustrations 43-55
Faunas of Canada. By P. A. TAVERNER, Department of Mines, Ottawa . With *6 illustrations . 55-63
III. AREA AND POPULATION.
1. Land and Water Area of Canada by Provinces and Territories 63
2. Population of Canada by Provinces and Territories in the years 1871-81-91-1901-11 64
3. Population of Canada by Provinces and Territories in 1871 and 1911 and increase
in each decade from 1871 to 1911 65
4. Population of Canada by Provinces and Territories, 1901 and 1911. . . . . . . . ] 65
5. Area and Population of Canada in 1911 by Provinces and Districts and Population
in 1901 65-70
6. Population of Cities and Towns having over 5,000 inhabitants in 1911, compared
with 1871-81-91-1901 71-73
7. Population ot Incorporated Towns and Villages having 1,000 to 5,000 inhabitants in
1911 and corresponding figures for 1901 73-76
8. Urban Population of Canada by Size Groups, 1901 and 1911 77
9. Rural and Urban Population of Canada in 1901 and 1911 by Provinces, and increase
or decrease in the decade 77
10. Rural and Urban Population of Canada by Provinces and Sexes, 1911 . . . . 78
11. Population oi Canada by Sexes, 1901 and 1911 79
12. Ratio ot Females to Males in Rural and Urban Divisions, 1911 80
13. Conjugal Condition of the people of Canada, classified as single, married, widowed,
divorced, legally separated and not given, by Provinces, Census of 1911 80
14. Distribution of Foreign-born Population as between Hostile, Allied and Neutral
Countries, 1911 81
15. Foreign-born Males, 21 years of age and over, by Citizenship and by Provinces, 1911 82
16. Foreign-born Male Population of Canada, 21 years of age and over, by Birthplace
and Citizenship, 1911
17. Foreign-born Population of Canada, by Sex and Year of Arrival, 1911
18. Foreign-born Population of Canada by Provinces, 1911, with Year of Arrival 83
19. Foreign-born Population of Canada by Country of Birth and by Provinces, 1911 ... 84
20. Foreign-born Population in Cities of 15,000 and over, 1911 85
21. Male Population of Canada, 18 to 45 years of age, classified according to nativity, by
single years and by Provinces, Census, 1911 86-88
22. Percentage Proportion by Provinces of the Male Population 18 to 45 years of age,
which was Canadian-born, British-born or Foreign-born on June 1, 1911 89
23. Percentage Distribution by Provinces of the Canadian-born, British-born and
Foreign-born Male Population, 18 to 45 years of age on June 1, 1911
24. Population by Age-Periods and Sex with Percentages for Census Years 1881-1911. . 90
25. Workers by Sex and Province for Census years 1881-1911 90
26. Workers by Industries for Census years 1881-1911 91
27. Workers by Industries and Sex for Census Years 1891-1911
28. Workers by Industries and by Canadian- or non-Canadian Birth, 1911 92
29. Workers by Age-Periods, 1911
30. Percentage Distribution of Workers by Industries, Sex and Age-Periods, 1911 92
31. Workers by Detailed Classification of Industries and by Sex for Census Years 1901
and 1911 93-99
S2. Area and Population of the United Kingdom and British Possessions, 1911 100-102
33. Area and Population of the Principal Foreign Countries of the World 103-104
IV
Vital Statistics.
34. Number of Births, Marriages and Deaths, by Provinces, 1911-1914 106-107
35. Number of Births, Marriages and Deaths, by Principal Cities, 1913 and 1914 107-109
Immigration.
36. Number of Immigrant Arrivals in Canada, 1897-1916. Ill
37. Arrivals at Inland and Ocean Ports in Canada in fiscal years 1909-1916 112
38. Rejection of Immigrants upon arrival at Ocean Ports and Deportations alter admis
sion, by principal causes, for the fiscal year? 1903-1916 113
39. Number by Nationalities of Deportations after Admission, 1903-1916 114
40. Juvenile Immigrants and Applications for their Services, 1901-1916 114
41. Sex, Occupation and Destination of Immigrants for the fiscal year ended March 31,
1915 115
42. Destination of Immigrants into Canada by Provinces, 1901-1916 116
43. Record of Chinese Immigration, 1886-1915 116
44. Number of Chinese in Canada by Provinces, according to the Censuses of 1901 and
1911 117
45. Record of Oriental Immigration, 1901-1916 117
46. Expenditure on Immigration in the fiscal years 1868-1915 117
IV. EDUCATION.
1. Number of Schools, Teachers and Pupils in Canada by Provinces, 1901-1915 119-122
2. Normal and Model Schools in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario and
Manitoba, 1901-1915 123-125
3. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Model Schools, Academies and Roman Catholic
Classical Colleges in Quebec, 1901-1914 125-126
4. Number of Teachers and Pupils hi Collegiate Institutes and High Schools in Ontario,
1901-1915 126
5. Expenditure for Public Education in Canada by Provinces, 1901-1915 126-129
6. Universities of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees 131-132
7. Universities of Canada: Number of Teaching Staff and Students 133
8. Universities of Canada: Financial Statistics, 1915 134
9. Colleges of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees 135
10. Colleges of Canada: Number of Teaching Staff and Students 135
11. Colleges of Canada: Financial Statistics, 1915 136
V. CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY.
The Weather of Canada during the year 1915. From the Monthly Weather Map of the Dominion
Meteorological Service, Toronto. With Map showing Precipitation during April to August,
inclusive, 1915 137-140
1. Temperature of the year 1915 at Representative Stations, compared with Normal
Annual Averages for the period 1888 to 1907 141
2. Precipitation of the year 1915, at Representative Stations, compared with Normal
Annual Averages for the period 1888 to 1907 142
VI. PRODUCTION.
Agriculture.
1. Area, Yield and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada, 1910-1915 146-169
2. Areas and Yields of Wheat, Oats, Barley and Flax in the Northwest Provinces,
1911-15 170
3. Total Areas and Values of Field Crops in Canada, 1911-15 171
4. Numbers of Farm Live Stock by Provinces, 1911-1915 172
5. Average Values of Farm Animals and of Wool, as estimated by Correspondents,
1908, 1909, 1910, 1914 and 1915 173
6. Numbers in June and Values in December of Farm Live Stock in Canada, as es
timated by Correspondents, 1914 and 1915 174
7. Average Values per acre of Occupied Farm Lands in Canada, as estimated by
Correspondents, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1914 and 1915 175
8. Average Wages of Farm Help in Canada as estimated by Correspondents, 1909,
1910, 1914 and 1915 176
9. Cheese and Butter Production in Canada, 1900, 1907 and 1910 177-178
10. Production of Home-made Butter and Cheese in Canada, 1870-80-90, 1900 and 1910.
11. Quantity and Value of Condensed Milk Products by Provinces, 1910 179
12. Cold Storage Warehouses in Canada, 1916 179-184
13. Estimated Areas and Yields of Tobacco in Canada, 1913-1915 185
14. Number of Cattle, Sheep and Swine, Slaughtered under the Meat and Canned Foods
Act, 1907 186
15. Per Capita Consumption of Meat in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada,
France and Germany 187
16. Allocation of Payments to Provincial Governments under the Agricultural Instruc
tion Act, 1913-14-1916-17 188
17. Stocks of Wheat in Canada on February 8, 1915, and March 31, 1916
18. Average Rate of Seedinp per acie of the Piincip:.! Cereals in Canada, 1915 190
19. Weekly Range ot Prices of Wheat at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1915 191-192
20. Weekly Range of Prices of Barley, Oats and Flax at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1915
21. Prices in British Markets of Canadian Wheat, Wheat Flour and Oats, 1915
22. Prices in British Markets of Canadian Bacon and Hams, 1915 196-197
23. Prices in British Markets of Canadian Cheese, 1915 198
Agriculture con.
24. Yearly Average Prices of Wheat in England, 1641-1770 199
25. Yearly Average Prices of Wheat, Barley and Oats in England and Wales, 1771-1915! 200
26. Annual Average Steamship Freight Rates for Heavy Grain, from Montreal to
Liverpool for the Navigation Seasons 1861-1915 201
27. Annual Average Steamship Freight Rates, for Wheat, from New York to Liverpool,
1879-1915 , 202
28. Average Steamship Freight Rates, for Wheat from Montreal to Liverpool, by
months, during the St. Lawrence Navigation Seasons, 1903-1915 202-203
29. Steamship Freight Rates for Wheat from New York to Liverpool, during each
week, 1909-1915 203-205
30. World s Production of Cereals and Potatoes, 1914-15 206-208
31. Numbers of Farm Live Stock by Principal Countries of the World, 1905 and 1914. . . . 208-213
Agricultural Experiment Stations in Canada.
Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations 213-217
32. Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations, 1915 214
Provincial Agricultural Experiments 217-223
Forestry.
33. Square, Waney or Flat Lumber, cut on Occupied Farm Lands, 1910, with Prices per
Unit 1900 and 1910 224
34. Logs for Lumber cut on Occupied Farm Lands, 1910, with Prices per Unit 1900 and
1910 224
35. Miscellaneous Forest Products cut on Occupied Farm Lands, 1910, with Prices per
Unit, 1900 and 1910
36. Estimated Values of Forest Products, 1912-1915 225
37. Quantities and Values of the cut of Lumber, Shingles and Lath by Provinces, 1914
and 1915
38. Quantities and Values of Wood used in the manufacture of Pulp, 1913-15 227
39. Kinds of Wood used in the manufacture of Pulp by quantities and values, 1913, 1914
and 1915
40. Quantities of Wood used and of Pulp manufactured, 1914 and 1915
41 . Quantities and Values of Cross-ties and Poles purchased by Railway and Electric
Companies, 1914 and 1915
Fisheries.
42. Number and Value of Fishing Vessels, Boats, Nets, Traps, etc., used in the Sea and
Inland Fisheries of Canada, 1914-1915
43. Government Bounties to Fishermen in the fiscal years, 1911-1914
44. Quantities and Values of all Fish marketed in Canada in 1913-14, and 1914-15
45. Quantities and Values of the catch of the Inland Fisheries of Canada, 1913-14 and
1914-15
46. Total Value of Fisheries by Provinces in the fiscal years 1911-1915
47. Total Value ol the Fisheries of Canada in the fiscal years 1870-1915
Minerals.
48. Quantities and Values of Minerals produced in Canada, 1914 and 1915
49. Increase or Decrease in Principal Mineral Products. 1915
50. Mineral Production of Canada in the Calendar Years 1914 and 1915
51 . Value of Mineral Production in Canada, 1886-1915
52. Value of Minerals produced in Canada by Provinces in the Calendar Years 1! 4 and
1915
53. Quantity of Gold produced in Canada by Provinces during the Calendar Years
18C2-1915 - ..................
54. Value of Gold produced in Canada by Provinces during the Calendar Years
18621^15
55. Quantity and Value of Silver produced in Canada during the Calendar Years 1887-
1915
56 Quantity and Value of Silver produced in Canada by Provinces during the Calendar
Years 1887-1915 . .... .....
57. Quantity and Value of Copper produced in Canada by Provinces dunn-? the Calendar
Years 1886-1915 ,"-ili"*lt"X.Vj
58. Quantity and Value of Nickel produced in Canada during the Calendar Years 1!
1 (\1 f\ ., .,.....**.* *.*T"T
59. Production of principal Minerals in Canada for the Calendar Year? 1909-1915 . . .
60. Production of Cement in Canada for the Calendar Years 1932
61. Character and Quantities of Ores treated in Canadian Smelters 1913-
Iron Blast Furnaces in Canada in 1915. ............. ... .. ........... . . ......
62 Quantity and Value of Mineral Products in British Columbia for the Calendar Years
1913-1915
Manufactures.
63. Statistics of Manufactures of Canada, 1900 and 1910.
64. Statistics of Manufactures by Provinces, 1900, 1935 and 1910
VI
VII. TRADE AND COMMERCE.
Exports and Imports.
PAQB.
1. Aggregate External Trade of Canada, fiscal years 186S-1916 251-252
2. Exports to the United Kingdom, to the United States and to Other Countries of
Merchandise the produce of Canada, 1868-1916 253
3. Imports from the United Kingdom, from the United States and from Other Coun
tries of Merchandise entered for Home Consumption, 1868-1916, excluding Coin
and Bullion 254
4. Aggregate Trade of Canada by Countries during the fiscal year ended March 31,
1915, including Coin and Bullion 255
5. Exports from Canada of Home and Foreign Produce, by values, 1868-1916, with
Duties collected on Exports, 1868-1892 256
6. Imports into Canada entered for consumption by values, with Duties on Imports,
1868-1916 , 257
7. Values of Exports from Canada to the United Kingdom, to the United States and
to Other Countries by classes of Merchandise the produce of Canada in five-year
averages, and for the fiscal years 1911-16 258-260
8. Values of Domestic and Foreign Exports from Canada to All Countries by classes of
Merchandise, 1905-1916 260-261
9. Values of Exports from Canada of Home Produce to the British Empire and to
Foreign Countries in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 262-263
10. Values of Imports into Canada of Merchandise entered for consumption from the
British Empire and from Foreign Countries in the five fiscal years 1911-1915;
also of Coin and Bullion 263-264
11. Value of Merchandise imported into and exported from Canada through the United
States during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1914-1915 265
12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 266-281
13. Exports of Canada to United States in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 282-300
14. Exports of Canada to All Countries in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 300-321
15. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes
entered for consumption in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 321-353
16. Imports of Canada from the. United States in quantities and values by classes
entered for consumption in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 354-386
17. Imports of Canada from All Countries in quantities and values by classes entered
for consumption in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 386-419
18. Values of Exports which may be classed as Manufactures in the five fiscal years
1911-1915 420
19. Summary of Values of Exports to the United Kingdom, to the United States and
to Other Countries of Home Produce which may be classed as Manufactures in
the five fiscal years 1911-1915 421
20. Values of Imports which may be classed as Manufactures in the five fiscal years
1911-1915 422
21. Summary of Imports from the United Kingdom, from the United States and from
Other Countries which may be classed as Manulactures in the five fiscal years
1911-1915 : 423
22. Quantity and Value of Wood, Blocks and Other, for Pulp exported to the United
States, 1904-1915 424
23. Value of Exports of Wood, Blocks and Other, for Pulp, the produce of Canada, 1890-
1903 424
24. Value of Exports of Wood Pulp, the produce of Canada, 1890-1907
25. Exports from Canada of Wood Pulp, by Countries, in the fiscal years 1910-1915 425
26. Values of Exports and Imports ol Fish, 1902-1915 426
27. Exports of Fish, the produce of Canada, by principal countries, in the fiscal years
1914-1915 426
28. Exports of Coal the produce of Canada, 1902-1915 426
29. Quantities and Values of Exports from Canada to the British and Foreign West
Indies during the fiscal year ended March 31, 1915 427-429
30. Quantities and Values of Imports from the British and Foreign West Indies during
the fiscal year 1915 -.- 429-431
31. Values of Exports (domestic and foreign) to the British and Foreign West Indies
by Countries during the fiscal years 1913-1915 432
32. Values of Total Imports (dutiable and free) from the British and Foreign West
Indies by Countries during the fiscal years 1913-1915
33. Value of Imports and Exports from and to British and Foreign West Indies, 1901-1915
34. Imports into Canada of Anthracite and Bituminous Coal for home consumption,
during the fiscal years 1901-1915 433
35. Imports into Canada of Portland Cement, 1898-1915 434
36. Percentage Proportions of Imports from United Kingdom and United States,
respectively, to totals of dutiable and free in the 4S fiscal years 1868-1915 434-435
37. Average ad valorem Rates of Duty collected on Imports from United Kingdom,
United States and all Countries in the 48 fiscal years 1868-1915 435-436
38. Value of Imports entered for consumption at certain Ports during the fiscal year
ended March 31, 1915 437
39. Value of Exports of Canadian produce by principal ports during the fiscal year ended
March 31, 1915 437
40. Value of total Exports and Imports, Imports entered for consumption and amount
of duty collected, by Provinces, during the fiscal year ended March 31 , 1915 437
41. Imports of certain Articles of Raw Material for home consumption. 1902-1915 438-439
42. Imports of Canada by values entered for consumption from British Empire and
Foreign Countries under the General, Preferential and Treaty Rate Tariffs in the
four fiscal years 1912-1915
Vll
Exports and Imports con.
*^J O
43. Trade of Canada by Classes of Produce, compared as to Quantity and Value, for
1914 and 1915 440
44. Values of Total Exports and Imports entered for Home Consumption (including
Coin and Bullion), during the fiscal year ended March 31, 1916 441
45. Quantities and Values of Principal Agricultural and Animal Products imported into
the United Kingdom during the calendar years 1914 and 1915 442-443
46. Quantities and Values of selected Animal and Agricultural Food Products imported
into the United Kingdom, by Countries whence imported, during the five cal
endar years 1911-1915 444-451
i
Grain Statistics.
47. Number and Storage Capacity of Canadian Grain Elevators in the crop years 1901-
1916 452-454
48. Quantities of Grain inspected during the fiscal years 1913-1915 454-456
49. Quantities of Grain inspected during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1913, 1914 and
1915 457
50. Shipments of Grain by vessels from Fort William and Port Arthur for the navigation
seasons 1914 and 1915 458
51. Shipments of Grain by vessels and all rail route from Fort William and Port Arthur
for the crop years ended August 31, 1914 and 1915 458
Bounties.
52. Bounties paid in Canada on Mineral Products and Binder Twine, 1896-1915 460-461
53. Bounties paid to Cordage Companies on Manila Fibre used in the manufacture of
Binder Twine and Cordage; 1914-1915, and with totals for 1910-1915 461
Patents, Copyrights, Trade Marks, Etc.
54. Number ot Canadian Patentees by Province of Residence for the fiscal years 1907-
1915 462
Copyrights, Trade Marks, etc ,
VIII. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS.
i
Steam Railways.
1. Steam Railway Mileage under Construction in Canada at June 30, 1915
2. Record of Steam Railway Mileage, 1835-1915
3. Steam Railway Mileage by Provinces, 1909-1915
4. Capital Liability of Steam Railways, 1876-1915
5. Areas of Land Subsidies granted to Steam Railways by the Dominion and Pro
vincial Governments up to June 30, 1915
6. Mileage, Capital, Earnings and Operating Expenses of Steam Railways, 1915
7. Steam Railway Statistics, 1875-1915
8. Earnings and Operating Expenses of Steam Railways per mile of line, 1908-1915
9. Distribution of Operating Expenses of Steam Railways, 1913-1915
10. Aid to Railways in the form of Guarantees of Bonds, Interest, etc. , by the Dominion
and Provincial Governments, 1915
11 . Analysis of the Total Financial Aid given to Steam Railways up to June 30, 1!
12. Total Amount of Dominion Government Aid paid to Steam Railways up to June 30,
of each year, 1875-1915 v
13. Cost of Construction, Working Expenses and Revenue of Government Railways,
1868-1915, and before Confederation
14. Capital Expenditure by Dominion Government for construction of Government
Steam Railways to March 31, 1915
15. Mileage and Rolling Stock of Steam Railways, 1910-1915
16. Freight hauled on Steam Railways, 1911-1915
17. Number of Employees in Service of Steam Railways, 1910-1914
18. Total Salaries and Wages, with Ratio of same to gross Earnings and Operating
expenses on Steam Railways, 1907-1915
19. Average Daily Salaries and Wages paid on Steam Railways, 1 >_
20. Distribution of Salaries and Wages on Steam Railways, 1911-1914
21. Number of Employees by Groups and Classes with Number of Days worked and
Amount of Salaries and Wages Paid on Steam Railways, 1915
22. Number of Passengers, Employees and Others Killed and Injured on Steam Rail
ways, 1888-1915
23. Number of Persons Killed and Injured on Steam Railways. 1913-1915
Electric Railways.
24. Electric Railway Statistics, 1901-1915
25. Mileage and Equipment of Electric Railways, 1913-1915
26. Capital Liability of Electric Railways, 1908-1915 ..... J
27. Mileage, Capital, Earnings and Operating Expenses of Electric Railways
28. Number of Passengers. Employees and others Killed and Injured on Electric Kail-
ways, 1894-1915
Express Companies.
29. Operating Mileage of Express Companies in Canada, 1912, 1913, 1914 and 1915
30. Operating Expenses of Express Companies, 1912-1915.
31. Business transacted by Express Companies in financial paper, 1 15
32. Earnings of Express Companies, 1912-1915
Vlll
Canals.
PAGE.
33. Canal Traffic during the Navigation Season, 1915 490-491
34. Distribution of Total Canal Traffic by Months, 1912-1915
35. Distribution of Canal Traffic in Canada, 1915
36. Tonnage of Traffic by Canals and Classes ol Products, 1914 and 1915 492
37. Principal Articles carried through Canadian Canals during the Navigation Seasons,
1914 and 19 1 5 492-493
38. Traffic through the Canadian Sault Ste . Marie Canal during the Navigation Seasons,
1896-1915 493
39. Traffic through Canadian Canals during the Navigation Seasons of 1905, 1910, 1911,
1912, 1913, 1914 and 1915 494 ~i^
40. Total Expenditure and Revenue of Canals 1868-1915, and before Confederation
41. Capital Expenditure for Construction and Enlargement of Canals, 1868-1915 and
before Confederation 497
Shipping.
42. Sea-going Vessels (exclusive of Coasting Vessels) Entered and Cleared at Canadian
Ports during the fiscal year 1915
43. Sea-going Vessels Entered and Cleared at the Principal Ports of Canada, 1915
44. Sea-going Vessels Entered Inwards and Outwards by Countries, 1915 500-501
45. Sea-going Vessels Entered and Cleared at Canadian Ports with Cargo and in Ballast,
1902-1915. 501
46. Sea-going and Inland Vessels (exclusive of Coasting Vessels) arrived at and departed
from Canadian Ports, 1901-1915
47. British and Foreign Vessels employed in the Coasting Trade of Canada, 1911-1915 . . 502-503
48. Canadian and American Vessels trading on Rivers and Lakes between Canada and
United States, exclusive of ferriage, 1911-1915
49. Vessels built and registered in Canada andVessels sold to other Countries, 1901-1915.
50. Number and Net Tonnage of Vessels on the Registry 01 Shipping, Canada, 1911-1914.
51. Steamboat Inspection during the fiscal year 1914-1915 505 "fn
52. Number of Seamen Shipped and Discharged at Canadian Ports, 1908-1914
53. Canadian Wrecks and Casualties, 1870, 1900, 1901 , 1915
54. Comparative Statement of Marine Danger Signals, 1905-1915 507
55. Revenue of the Department of Marine, 1911-1915 507
56. Expenditure of the Department of Marine, 1911-1915 2
57. Total Revenue and Expenditure of the Department of Marine, 1868-1915
Telegraphs and Telephones.
Telegraph Statistics oi
59.
58. Telegraph Statistics of Chartered Companies, 1909-1915 ......... 511-512
Coast Stations for Communication by Wireless Telegraphy with Ships at Sea, fiscal
60. Business and Cost of Maintenance of Radiotelegraph Stations, for the fiscal years
1914 and 1915
61. Progress of Telephones in Canada, 1912-1915
62. Number of Telephone Companies reporting to the Department of Railways and
Canals, by Provinces, June 30, 1914, with totals for 1912-13-14
63. Telephones in use and Mileage of Wire by Provinces, June 30, 1915, with totals for
1912-14
64. Wire Mileage of Telephones by Classes of Wire, June 30, 1914 and 1915
65. Capital Liability, Cost, Revenue and Operating Expenses of Telephones, June 30,
1915, with totals for 1912, 1913 and 1914
Postal Statistics.
66. Revenue and Expenditure of the Post Office Department for quinquennial periods
1890-1910 and for the years 1911-15 C iJi
67. Mail Subsidies and Steamship Subventions, 1913-1915
68. Operation of the Money Order System in Canada, 1901-1915 i
69. Money Orders by Provinces, 1911-1915
70. Number and Total Values of Postal Notes, 1910-1915
71. Issue of Postage Stamps, etc., 1914-1915
IX. LABOUR.
1. Time Losses by Industries in Working Days, 1901-1915.
2. Number of Disputes, Establishments, Employees and Time Losses, 1901-1915
3. Disputes classified by Industries, 1901-1915
4. Index Numbers of all Commodities by Groups, 1890-1915
5. Index Numbers by Groups of Commodities from month to month, 1910.. ... :
6. Weekly Cost of a Family Budget of Staple Foods, Fuel and Lighting and Rent m
terms of the Average prices in 60 Canadian Cities by months, 1915
X. FINANCE.
Public Accounts.
1. Receipts and Expenditures on Consolidated Fund Account, 1912-1915
2. Receipts on Consolidated Fund Account, 1868-1915
3. Details of Receipts on Consolidated Fund Account, 1901- 1915
4. Details of Expenditure on Consolidated Fund Account, 1901-1915
5. Expenditure on Consolidated Fund Account, 1868-1915 ; **"
6. Total Expenditure of Canada, 1868-1915
IX
Public Accounts con.
PAGE.
7. Total Receipts of Canada, 1868-1915
8. Population and Revenue and Expenditure per head, 1871-191o
9. Public Debt of Canada, July 1, 1867, to March 31, 1915. . . . ...
10. Assets of the Public Debt of Canada, July 1, 1867, to March 31, 1915
11. Total Liabilities of Canada, July 1, 1867, to March 31, 1915
12. Funded Debt payable in London and Canada, March II, 1915
13 Subsidies and other Payments of Dominion to Provincial Governments, 1
14. Totals of Subsidy Allowances Irom July 1, 1867, to March 31, 1915. . . ....... ......
15. Coinage at the Ottawa Branch of the Royal Mint in the Calendar Years 1
Inland Revenue.
16. Excise and other Revenues for the fiscal years 1910-1915
17. Statistics of Distillation for the fiscal years 1911-1915 -
18. Quantities of Spirits, Malt Liquor, Malt and Tobacco, taken out of Bond for Con-
sumption, 1868-1915 -^ v
19 Consumption per head of Spirits, Wine, Beer and Tobacco and amount of .
and Customs Duties per head, 1869 r 1915 jjai
20. Number of Excise Licenses issued dunn? the Fiscal Years 5. .... . ... . . . . . . . .
21. Number of Electric Light and Power Companies registered under the Electricity
Inspection Act in the Fiscal Years 1910-15 , ; X 1- W A
22. Electrical Energy generated or produced for Export and for Consumption in Canada
under authority of the Electricity and Fluid Exportation Act during the Fiscal
Years 1912, 1913, 1914 and 1915
Provincial Public Accounts.
23. Revenue and Expenditure of the Provincial Governments, }9|4-j915 .... 557
24. Receipts and Expenditure of the Provincial Governments, 1
25. General Statistics of Cities and Towns, 1915
26. Assessment and Valuation of Property o Cities and Towns 19
27 Receipts Expenditure, Assets and Liabilities of Cities and Towns, 1
Ik . Financial StatiUcs of Electrical I^^ions of Municipalities served by the Ontario ^^
29. VakSof fiifS pSS^5So?000 takei out in Cities and Towns in 1914 and
1915
Banking.
30. Number of Branches of Banks by Provinces, 1868 1902 1905, 1915 and 1916. .
31 . Assets of Chartered Banks of Canada, December 31,1915
32. Liabilities of Chartered Banks of ^Canada .December 31, 1
33. General Statement of Chartered Banks, 1888- 15 . . - . . . - 57g
34. Deposits in Chartered Banks in Canada and elsewhere, 1901-1915
35! Discounts of Chartered Banks in Canada , and elsewh lere, 1901
^ifi A Goaf Q (")f C_/riir LGi"GCi tici H K.S lor i/ric vycuciiut*^ -*- ^c*i o i 7J> . A r*
^17 T i si \~)\ 1 1 tlf^S OI \_/XlcU"t/GT"GCl Jz5tXriiv.S IOr I JltJ v^a idiu-cti j. ct*i OAWA i * * of\f\ 1 (\~t .
nr> A ~HT**\+VITT ^ i T*/^11 1 n i"l OT1 of IJOTlflllllOIl .^S OT/GS D V JJGHOill.lTl(L lV l*S j AO17V/ A At/ . .
if SSHI^il^^iIi^ 5 ^
42. T^^^^^Re^^^tDomMo^o^ho^Myi, 1878, to ^
March 31, 1915 . . . . ........... 584
43. Business of the Post Office Savings Banks, 1868-19 5 . . .... ..... . , 5g5
i :
held by the Receiver General, 1882-1915
Loan and Trust Companies.
47. Liabilities and Assets of Loan Companies, 1914 and 1915 589
48. Liabilities and Assets of Trust Companies, 1
Commercial Failures.
49 Commercial Failures in Canada by Provinces, for ^he Calendar ^eaxs 1914 and
50! Commercial Failures in Canada by Branches of M, w w -iio - ^- ^
51. Commercial Failures in Canada by Provinces and Ulan 591
1906-1914
Government Annuities.
52 Number of Immediate Annuities of each amount paid in full from Sept, ^
" ,3
54. Valuation on March 3lVl9i6, of MnuiVy Contracts issued pursuant to the Govern- ^
ment Annuities Act, 1908
Insurance.
, . _ , 1Q11 595-598
55 Fire Insurance Business transacted in Cant la, 1 598-601
~ .;Sts e idpaUlt a riolse S ;w^ ^
58. Totals of nemmme received and Losses paid, with" percentage of Losses^ Prel ^
miums by Nationality of Companies, 1869-
Insurance con.
59. Premiums received and Losses paid by Canadian Companies doing business in PAGE.
Canada and other Countries, with percentage of Losses paid to Premiums
received, 1878-1914 603-
60. Amount of Fire Insurance at risk in Canada, 1869-1915 603
61. Assets of Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance, or Fire Insurance and other
classes of Insurance, and Assets in Canada of Companies other than Canadian
transacting such business in Canada, 1911-15 604
62. Liabilities of Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance, or Fire Insurance and other
classes of Insurance, and Liabilities in Canada of Companies other than Canadian
transacting such business in Canada, 1911-1915 605
63. Cash Income and Expenditure of Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance, or Fire
Insurance and other classes of Insurance, and Cash Income and Expenditure in
Canada of Companies other than Canadian, transacting such business in Canada,
1911-1915 606-607
64. Lire Insurance in Canada, 1911-1915 607-609
65. Insurance Death-rate in Canada, 1911-1914 609
66. Assets of Canadian Life Companies and Assets in Canada of Lite Companies other
than Canadian Companies, 1911-1915 610-611
67. Liabilities of Canadian Life Companies and Liabilities in Canada of Life Companies
other than Canadian Companies, 1911-1915 611-612
68. Cash Income and Expenditure ot Canadian Lite Companies and Cash Income and
Expenditure in Canada of Life Companies other than Canadian Companies,
1911-1915 612-613
69. Net Amount of Life Insurance in force in Canada, 1901-1915
70. Premium Income of Life Companies, 1901-1915
71 . Life Insurance on Assessment Plan, 1910-1915 615-616
72. Insurance other than Fire and Life, 1914
73. Insurance other than Fire and Life, 1915 . 617
74. Income and Expenditure and Assets and Liabilities of Canadian Companies doing
Insurance Business other than Fire and Life, 1914 618
75. Income and Expenditure and Assets and Liabilities of Canadian Companies doing
Insurance Business other than Fire and Liie, 1915 619
76. Income and Expenditure in Canada of Companies other than Canadian doing
Business other than Fire and Life, 1914 620
77. Income and Expenditure in Canada of Companies other than Canadian doing Busi
ness other than Fire and Lite, 1915 621
XI. ADMINISTRATION.
Parliamentary Representation.
1. Governors-General of Canada, 1867-1916
2. Dominion Parliaments, 1867-1916
3. Dominion Ministries, 1896-1916
4. Lieutenant-Governors of Provinces, 1867-1916.
623
623-624
625-626
627-628
Commission of Conservation.
Origin, 628; Constitution, 628; Organization and Work, 629; Forests, 630; Water Powers,
630; Minerals, 631; Fisheries, Game and Fur Bearing Animals, 631; Public Health and
Town-Planning, 631; Publicity, 632.
Public Lands.
5. Land Sales by Railway Companies having Government Land Grants and by the
Hudson s Bay Company in the fiscal years 1913-1915 .
6. Homestead Entries in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, by
Nationalities, made during theTiscal Years 1910-1915
7. Receipts of Patents and Homestead Entries in the fiscal years 1911-1915.
8. Number of Naturalizations in Canada by Principal Nationalities, during the
Calendar Years 1907-1914
633
636-637
637
638-639
Indian Affairs.
9. Indian Population in Canada by Provinces, 1910-1916 640
10. Distribution of Indian Population by Age, Sex and Province, with Births and Deaths
by Provinces, 1915
11. Religion of Indian Population by Provinces as at March 31, 1915
12. Attendance ot Pupils at Indian Schools, by Provinces, 1915
13. Literacy of Indian Population by Provinces, 1915
14. Acreage and Value of Indian Lands by Provinces, 1915
15. Numbers of Indian Population engaged in Agriculture, Stock-raising and other
occupations, by Provinces, 1915
16. Area and Yield of Field Crops of Indians, by Provinces, 1915
17. Numbers of Farm Live Stock of Indians with Total Values, by Provinces, 1915
18. Sources and Value of Income of Indians, 1915
Public Works.
19. Dimensions of Graving Docks owned by the Dominion Government 645
20. Dimensions and Cost of Graving Docks subsidized under the Dry Docks Subsidies
Act, 1910 645
21. Expenditure and Revenue of the Public Works Department for the fiscal years
1911-1915. . 646
XI
Public Defence.
22. Expenditure and Revenue of Militia for the Fiscal Years 1911-1915 6?7 A fi4Q
23. Expenditure on account of War Appropriation for the year ended March 3i , 1915 " 649-65i
24. Scale ; of Annual Pensions granted to Dependents of Daceased Soldiers of the Can
adian Expeditionary Force ge/x
25. Scale of Annual Pensions to Soldiers wounded or Disabled on Active Service
26. Strength and Distribution of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police on September
d0 m . 652
Criminal Statistics and Penitentiaries.
27. Charges, Convictions and Percentages of Acquittals for Indictable Offences bv
Provinces, 1913 and 1914 M
28. Indictable Offences by Classes, 1913 and 1914. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
29. Convictions and Sentences for all Offences by Provinces, 1908-1914 . . 054-658
30. Juvenile Criminals convicted of Indictable Offences by Classes of Offences, 1914,
with the total and yearly average for the period 1885-1914 657
31. Charges, Acquittals, Convictions and Sentences in respect of Indictable Offences,
1909-1914 ggy
J2. Classification oi persons convicted of Indictable Off 80068,1909-1914. . . . . . . 658
33. Convictions by Classes of Offences and Proportion per cent, of each class to the
total, 1891, 1909-1914 659
34. Movement of Convicts, 1910-1915 ........ 660
35. Number of Deaths, Escapes, Pardons and Paroles, 1910-1915 .
36. Age of Convicts, 1910-1915 661
37. Duration of Sentences, 1910-1915 661
38. Classification of Convicts, 1910-1915 .... .. ...... ........ 662-603
Divorce.
39. Statisticsof Divorce, 1868-1915 664
Acts of Parliament and Publications.
List of the Principal Acts of Parliament administered by Departments of the Government of
the Dominion of Canada, as compiled from information supplied by the respective Depart
ments. 665-666
List of Principal Publications of Departments of the Government of the Dominion of Canada,
as compiled from information supplied by the respective Departments 666-671
List of Principal Publications of the Provincial Governments of Canada, as compiled from
information supplied by the respective Governments 671-678
XII. PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF THE YEAR 1915.
Dominion Legislation 678
Finance of the War 678-679
War Loan of 1915 679
Provincial Legislation 681-685
Canadian Expeditionary Forces 685-688
Canadian Contributions for Patriotic Purposes 686-687
Visit to England of Cabinet Ministers 687
Arctic Exploration 687-689
Obituary. The Late Sir Charles Tupper 689-690
XIII. EXTRACTS FROM THE CANADA GAZETTE.
Privy Councillors , Lieutenant-Governors, new Senators, House of Commons and Cabinet
Ministers 690-691
Judicial Appointments and Commissions 691-692
Imperial Honours and Decorations, Official Appointments and General Thanksgiving 692-694
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Map of the Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland Facing Contents
Armorial Bearings of the Provinces of Canada
Nova Scotia, 2; New Brunswick, 4; Prince Edward Island, 7; Quebec, S; Ontario, 11; Man
itoba, 15; Saskatchewan, 16; Alberta, 19, British Columbia, 23.
Flora of Canada: Fig. 1 . Prickly Pear Facing
Fig. 2. Mountain Rhododendron; Fig . 3. Capberry Facing
Fig. 4. White Heath; Fig. 5. Hooded Ladies Tresses Facing
Fig. 6. Showy Lady s Slipper; Fig. 7. Lotus Flower Facing 49
Faunas of Canada : Fig. 1. Willow Ptarmigan in the Mountains of British Columbia;
Fig. 2. Gannet or Solan Goose Facing 55
Fig. 3. Moose in the Rocky Mountain National Park, Banff, 58; Fig. 4. Canada Porcupine,
59; Fig. 5. Chipmunk, 60. Fig. 6. American Sparrow Hawk, 62.
Map showing Precipitation during April to August, inclusive, 1915 Facing
Average Monthly Prices per Bushel of Canadian Wheat, Barley, Oats and Flax, 1914 and
1915 Facing
Pulpwood Consumption, 1915, by Provinces, by Species and by Processes
Course of Wholesale Prices in Canada, 1890-1915
Course of Wholesale Prices in Canada, 1915
XI 1
STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA.
Area of the Dominion of Canada in square miles: Land, 3,603,910; Water, 125,755; Total, 3,729,665.
Items.
1901.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
Population
Males
2,751,708
2,619,60
3,821,99
3,384,64
-
-
-
-
Females
Total
5,371,315
49,149
4,224,542
5,367,655
871,800
360,758
448,743
6,543,423
55,572,368
151,497,407
22,224,366
25,875,919
55,362,635
7,852,731
1,577,493
2,408,677
3,167,774
2,510,239
2,353,828
118,279,419
69,237,970
54,197,341
10,490,594
16,445,702
268,651,026
220,833,469
105,343,076
36,066,739
19,763,740
194,953,420
25,737,154
1,167,216
5,539,192
37,827,019
51,900,858
9,189,047
274,376
6,486,325
450,394
24,128,503
3,265,354
6,096,581
2,249,387
4,594,523
3,512,923
12,699,243
660,030
65,797,911
7,206,64
311,08
8,863,15
8,652,015
1,286,61
293,775
465,903
8,281,932
132,048,782
243,506,292
28,846,425
14,321,833
55,609,883
11,303,609
148,123,000
132,949,000
24,704,000
12,357,000
42,359,000
162,846,000
2,595,912
2,594,179
3,939,257
2,175,302
3,610,428
381,915,505
109,575,526
86,278,430
10,701,691
26,986,621
615,457,833
1,363,261
199,904,205
138,098,534
64,489,398
34,545,672
537,926,000
29,965,433
473,159
32,559,044
55,648,011
23,784,969
34,098,744
917,535
11,323,388
5,692,915
9,781,077
17,355,272
6,886,998
827,717
10,229,623
12,307,125
26,467,646
7,644,537
103,220,994
7,467,000
354,237
10,996,700
9,966,000
1,581,300
298,190
484,000
8,276,000
224,159,000
391,629,000
49,398,000
16,949,700
84,885,000
12,117,000
139,090,000
126,304,000
22,354,000
10,540,700
37,329,000
134,338,000
2,692,357
2,604,488
3,827,373
2,082,381
3,447,310
35,575,550
557,344,100
34,667,872
611,885
31,955,560
77,832,127
35,763,476
44,841,542
1,014,587
14,512,829
7,132,732
12,684,794
19,440,165
12,718,548
1,597,554
13,452,463
14,550,999
36,019,044
9,106,556
135,048,296
7,758,00
402,43
11,015,00
10,434,000
1,613,000
278,140
473,500
8,169,000
231,717,000
404,669,000
48,319,000
16,772,600
78,544,000
10,859,000
156,462,000
128,893,000
20,144,000
10,784,300
38,418,000
124,696,000
2,866,008
2,740,434
3,915,687
2,128,531
3,448,326
420,079,250
115,369,294
86,522,140
10,672,803
26,664,735
659,308,222
35,375,430
552,771,500
33,389,464
802,973
31,845,803
76,976,925
37,662,703
49,676,772
1,128,967
15,012,178
8,658,805
16,598,923
19,040,924
11,753,606
1,754,705
14,903,032
16,540,012
37,334,940
11,019,418
145,634,812
8,075,00
384,87
10,293,00
10,061,500
1,495,600
256,000
475,000
7,997,000
161,280,000
313,078,000
36,201,000
13,924,000
85,672,000
10,259,000
196,418,000
151,811,000
21,557,000
9,808,000
41,598,000
145,999,000
2,947,000
2,673,286
3,363,531
2,058,045
3,434,261
371,430,363
153,632,637
143,498,156
14,550,710
42,418,325
725,530,191
33,436,675
638,580,300
33,207,748
773,178
28,449,821
75,735,960
36,337,765
45,517,937
783,164
13,637,529
7,172,480
15,983,007
15,593,631
10,301,606
1,627,568
13,655,381
10,002,856
33,471,801
9,187,924
128,863,075
8,136,000
144,789
12,986,400
11,365,000
1,509,350
253,300
478,600
7,875,000
376,303,600
520,103,000
53,331,300
14,368,000
62,604,000
10,953,000
312,569,400
176,894,700
26,704,700
10,243,000
35,964,000
155,807,000
2,996,099
2,666,846
3,399,155
2,038,662
3,111,900
370,378,482
164,223,592
151,477,474
16,224,667
48,363,346
750,667,561
37,063,455
797,669,500
31,264,631
916,076
28,401,735
102,612,486
45,377,065
68,077,823
913,719
13,209,371
5,681,032
18,936,971
14,088,397
17,726,307
2,541,116
20,423,348
11,592,819
31,957,757
6,977,024
138,513,750
Immigration
Agriculture
Wheat Acres
Oats "
Barley "
Corn "
Potatoes "
Hav and Clover. ... "
Wheat Bushels
Oats "
Barley "
Corn "
Potatoes "
Hay and Clover Tons
Wheat $
Oats $
Barley $
Corn $
Potatoes $
Hay and Clover $
Horses No.
Milch Cows "
Other Cattle "
Sheep "
Swine "
Horses S
Milch Cows $
Other Cattle $
Sheep $
Swine $
Total value $
Cheese, home-made. . Ib.
factory "
Butter, home-made.. "
" factory.. . "
Field Crops
Total area Acres
Total value $
Fisheries
Total value $
Minerals
Gold oz.
Silver "
Copper Ib
Lead
Nickel "
Pig Iron Tons
Coal..., "
Cement bbl
Gold $
Silver $
Copper $
Lead . $
Nickel $
Pig Iron $
Coal $
Cement $
Total value $
Xlll
STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA con.
Items.
1901.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
Manufactures 1
Employees No.
339,173
446,916,487 1
113,249,350
481,053,375 ]
196,487,632
190,415,525
515,203
,247,583,609
241,008,416
,165,975,639
297,196,365
472,247,540
315,317,250
559,320,544
393,232,057
692,032,392
478,997,928
650,746,797
490,808,877
629,444,894
Capital $
Salaries and. wages 1
Trade-
Exports 2 $
Imports 2 $
Total 2 $
386,903,157
9,739,758
1,118,700
8,155,063
252,977
103,020,661
16,335,528
195,926,397
6,871,939
4,015,226
2,490,521
2,097,882
11,493,868
3,295,663
20,696,951
10,720,352
30,009,857
16,012,208
40,367,683
24,445,156
4,022,019
26,345,776
9,537,558
1,888,538
2,420,750
2,659,261
958,365
5,307,060
21,416,371
12,068,321
972,939
3,549,927
112,505,188
16,363,494
14,361,748
18.14C
816,110,83
18,385,725
3 36,999,37.
8 72,898,74!
> 50,368,721
55
769,443,905
45,802,115
3,049,046
5,431,662
326,132
56,068,607
3,142,682
181,895,724
45,521,134
13,854,790
2,144,846
2,723,291
8,019,454
744,288
20,739,507
15,675,544
45,439,057
35,283,118
42,787,561
5,344,465
33,731,010
55,005,342
34,767,523
2,315,171
17,269,168
5,575,033
3,842,332
6,014,095
47,061,788
23,258,364
1,995,091
12,873,87
298,757,03
44,020,074
33,985,087
25,40(
1,528,689,20
> 37,097,71;
[ 79,884,28
) 188,733,49
5 131,033,78,
1,22
111,532,34
6 426,296,79
6 1,228,36
3 20,356,95
2 12,096,13
874,637,794
64,466,286
3,738,836
8,880,675
784,864
58,979,963
8,844,402
163,450,684
62,590,563
16,034,064
3,819,642
6,373,590
7,520,362
2,077,916
20,888,818
16,704,678
40,892,674
35,836,284
41,324,516
7,193,392
30,882,716
56,426,980
33,230,708
1,494,756
15,908,409
5,646,206
3,743,920
4,338,128
51,869,087
29,499,117
2,409,618
15,201,526
340,573,248
54,935,717
52,993,823
26,72;
1 l,588,937,52f
5 41,124,181
2 89,444,33
I 219,403,75;
S 150,726,54(
4 1,30
7 122,841,94
2 488,865,68
2 1,435,52
2 23,499,25
4 14,266,67
1,085,264,449 1
93,166,000
4.478,043
10^78,554
394,208
36,212,180
828,323
155,216,392
88,608,730
19,970,689
5,067,950
3,950,058
5,350,845
223,578
20,697,144
16,336,721
43,255,060
43,692,708
57,442,546
11,226,573
35,264,018
83,664,420
48,168,090
2,055,993
20,202,559
9,911,542
5,045,197
5,555,099
55,391,008
41,088,978
2,674,776
20,138,388
456,463,594
65,820,233
33,940,068
29,304
. 1,531,830,692
[ 46,230, 76J
I 106,992,71(
5 256,702,70:
) 182,011,69(
S 1,35
6 141,235,63
2 597,863,80
5 1,957,93
28,216,11
5 17,765,37
_.
L.129,744,725
120,426,576
4,832,183
34,996,664
191,515
23,859,754
1,228,753
144.4/X34
117,719,217
20,581,079
13,379,849
1,787,050
3,763,195
309,046
18,868,785
20,623,560
42,792,137
57,443,452
59,039,054
13,326,755
36,758,276
83,250,198
50,580,536
1,498,820
20,971,538
9,489,729
5,374,738
3,703,765
53,544,539
29,880,211
2,331,772
16,789,413
417,555,537
71,694,173
41,896,804
30,79:
> 1,808,820,761
, 46,70
) 101,393,98?
5 243,083,53!
) 178,975,25!
1,56
1 147,595,34
1 614,709,81
1.S45.92
1 29,601,00
2 19,107,81
i
1,120,253,771
71,913,385
4,952,337
17,768,166
131375
76.S 1,419
2,724,913
137,<V,661
74,293,548
24,610,946
8,961,126
2,232,558
11,811,825
639,625
19,213,501
19,687,068
42,650,683
85,539,501
51,740,989
15,406,510
25,355,305
62,999,718
45,412,017
1,512,487
13,516,390
6,552,005
5,063,656
4,466,258
52,449,384
27,873,971
1,856
9,613,891
286,214,321
54,171,002
155,260,437
35,582
1,875,810,888
) 46,322,035
I 87,204,838
) 199,843,072
) 147,731,099
1,590
2 150,344,002
!) 562,302,373
3 1,433,602
7 26,922,900
8 18,131,842
Exports, domestic
Wheat Bush.
Wheat flour bbl.
Oats Bush.
Hay Tons
Bacon lb.
Butter
Cheese
Wheat $
Wheat flour $
Oats $
Hay $
Butter $
Cheese $
Fisheries ~ $
Forest produce $
Manufactures $
Minerals $
Gold $
Silver oz.
Copper lb.
Nickel "
Coal Tons
Silver $
Nickel $
Coal $
Imports for consumption
Agricultural produce. ... 51
Animals and their produce 5
Fisheries S
Forest produce 5
Manufactures $
Minerals 5
Steam Railways
Capital
Passengers carried No
Freight Ton
Earnings
Electric Railways
Miles in operation
Capital
$
120,934,65
s 287,92
$ 5,768,28
$ 3,435,16
Passengers carried No
Freight Ton
iSee under notes at foot of page xiv. Coin and bullion included.
XIV
STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA concluded.
Items.
1901.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
Canals
Passengers carried. . . . No.
Freight Tons
190,428
5,665,259
304,904
38,030 353
292,267
47,587 245
335,799
52 053 Q13
287,326
37 023 237
250,756
1 1 1 QS 803
Shipping (sea-going)
Entered Tons
7,514,732
11,919 339
12 768 191
13 575 193
14 Q82 393
13 139 04.4.
Cleared "
7,028,330
10,377,847
11 821 414
12 655 905
MZSfi OQ3
12 9fiQ R4.9
Total "
14,543,062
22,297,186
24 589 605
26 231 098
20 ^ftft iafi
>K AM (tfic
Telegraphs, Government,
miles of line
5,744
8,446
8 639
9 729
1ft 356
U^A^
Telegraphs, other, miles of
line
30,194
33,905
34 841
36 G04
38 503
Postal-
Money orders issued $
17,956,258
70,614,862
84 065 891
101 153 272
10Q 500 670
CO QS7 QOfi
Revenue $
3,421,192
9,146,952
10 482 255
12 060 476
10 qn;fl 21fi
1.3 04fi fi5fl
Expenditure $
3,837,376
7,954,223
9 172 035
10 882 805
12 822 058
15 Qfi1 197
Revenue $
52,514,701
117,780,410
136,108,217
168,689,903
163 174 395
133 073 482
Expenditure $
46,866,368
87,774,198
98 161 441
112 059 537
m.384 473
135 52.3 207
Gross debt $
354,732,433
474,941,487
508 338 592
483 232 555
544 391 369
700 47.3 814
Assets $
86,252,429
134,899,435
168,419 131
168 930 929
208 394 519
251 097 731
Net debt $
268,480 004
340 042 052
339 919 461
314 301 6*>fi
.33^ QQR 8>iO
440 -}7R 083
Chartered Banks
Capital paid up $
67,035,615
103,009,256
112 730 943
116 297,729
114 759 807
113 982 741
Assets $
531,829,324
1,303,131,260
1,470,065,478
1,530 093,671
1 555 676 395
1 596 424 643
Liabilities (excluding capi
tal and reserves) $
420,003,743
1,097,661,393
1,240,124,354
1,287,372,534
1 309 944,006
1,353,629,123
Deposits 1 $
349,573,327
980,433,788
1 102 910 383
1 126 871,523
1 144 210 363
1 198 340 315
Savings Banks
Deposits in Post Office. . $
Government $
39,950,813
16 098,144
43,330,579
14 763 752
43,563,764
14 655 564
42,728,942
14 411 541
41,591,287
13 976 317
39,995,406
14 006 157
Special $
19,125,097
34,770,386
39,526,755
40 133,551
39 110 439
37,817,474
Loan Companies
Assets $
158,523,307
389,701,988
395,652,787
478,658,228
Liabilities $
158,523 307
389,701 988
395 652,787
478 658,228
fc
Deposits $
20,756 910
33,742 513
33,235,992
32 681,806
m .
Fire Insurance
Amount at risk $
1,038,687,619
2,279,868,346
2,684,355,895
3,151,930,389
3,456,019,009
3,531,620,802
Income for the year $
9,650 348
20 575,255
23,194,521
25,745,947
27,499,158
26,474,833
Life Insurance
Amount at risk $
463,769,034
950,220,771
1,070,308,669
1,168,590,027
1,242,160,478
1,289,065,670
Income for the year $
15,189,854
31,619,626
35,709,516
38,641,206
41,094,095
45,102,108
^Including amounts deposited elsewhere than in Canada, not included in depasita prior to 1901 .
NOTES.
The statistics of manufactures in 1891, 1901 and 1911 are for works employing five hands and over, except
in the case of butter and cheese factories, flour and grist mills, electric light plants, lumber, lath and shingle
mills, lime kilns, brick and tile works and fish preserved. The figures in 1891 for all industries are as fol
lows: Capital $354,620,750, number of employees 370,256, salaries and wages $100,663,650 and value of
products $476,198,886.
In the foregoing Summary the statistics of immigration, fisheries, trade, shipping, the Post Office,
the public debt, revenue and expenditure and the Post Office and Government Savings banks relate to the
fiscal year ended June 30 in 1901 and ended March 31 in 1911-15. Mineral, banking, insurance and loan
companies statistics relate to the calendar years and railway statistics to the years ended June 30. The
statistics of population, agriculture, dairying industries and manufactures are either those < f the Census
from 1901 to 1911, or are estimates based thereon for 1912 to 1915. Canal statistics are those of the navi
gation seasons. The telegraph statistics relate to the fiscal years for Government lines and to the calen
dar years for other lines.
XV
THE CANADA YEAR BOOK, 1915.
V
The Canada Year Book of 1915 has followed largely the lines
of immediately preceding issues. The volume has been edited by
Mr. ERNEST H. GODFREY, F.S.S., and grateful acknowledgments of
valuable co-operation are tendered to officers of the Dominion and
Provincial Governments and of Municipalities throughout Canada.
The tables have again been compiled by MR. JOSEPH WILKINS and
MB. JAMES SKEAD, and the diagrams drawn by MR. R. E. WATTS.
R. H. COATS,
Dominion Statistician
and Controller of Census.
Census and Statistics Office,
Ottawa, September 20, 1916.
XVI
PREFACE.
The present issue of the Canada Year Book contains the follow
ing special articles: (1) Local Government of Canada by various
writers; (2) Economic Geology in Canada, 1915; (3) Flora of Canada;
(4) Faunas of Canada.
Following the general rule adopted last year, articles and tables in
the edition of 1914 not requiring alteration or bringing up to date have
been omitted. A selected list of articles and tables in previous issues
is given on pages 694 and 695.
In Section III (Area and Population), tables relating to the foreign-
born population, the population of military age and the occupations of
the people, as derived from the Census returns of 1911, replace other
Census tables previously given. .Statistics of the universities and of
higher education generally have been added to the tables of elementary
and secondary education in Section IV (Education). Amongst other
new statistics in Section VI (Production), are tables of grain prices and
of ocean freight rates over long series of years and of the numbers of
farm live stock in the principal countries of the world. This Section
includes also a description of the Dominion and Provincial Agricultural
Experiment Stations. To Section VII (Trade and Commerce) have
been added tables showing the increase or decrease due to variation in
quantity and in price of the exports and imports of Canada, by principal
classes of products, for the year 1915 as compared with 1914. In
Section X (Finance) the results are given of further efforts to collect
municipal statistics, the new tables presenting (a) statistics of a
general character and (b) financial statistics. Section XI (Administra
tion) includes an outline of the work of the Commission of Conserva
tion and finally Section XII (Principal Events of the Year) summarizes
the Acts of the Provincial Legislatures in addition to those of the
Dominion Parliament as heretofore.
ERNEST H. GODFREY,
Editor.
I. LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF CANADA.
MARITIME PROVINCES.
By THOMAS BARNARD FLINT, M.A., LL.B., D.C.L., Clerk of the House of
Commons of Canada, Ottawa.
HE constitution and legislative powers of the provinces
of the Dominion are in their general outlines as settled
and regulated by the British North America Act, 1867,
and amending acts. But in the development of local admin
istration and in the working out of local problems, the
provinces have varied considerably. These variations have depended
primarily upon the stages and forms of local self-government in force
at the time of Confederation, and secondarily upon the financial and
industrial policies of the legislatures which then assumed control. Nova
Scotia and New Brunswick were two of the three original provinces
which formed the federal union of Canada. Prince Edward Island
became part of the federal system in 1873.
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, imme
diately after entering the union found themselves each equipped with
a Lieutenant-Governor appointed by the Governor-General. This
official holds office, generally speaking, for five years from the date of
his appointment. He is not removable except for cause assigned and
communicated to Parliament. The provisions relating to the powers,
duties and responsibilities of Lieutenant-Governors are to be found
in sections 58 to 68, inclusive, of the British North America Act, 1867,
and apply uniformly to all Lieutenant-Governors throughout the
Dominion.
The legislatures of each of the three Maritime Provinces, upon
entering the union, consisted of the Lieutenant-Governor and of two
Houses, styled the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly.
These legislatures had the same exclusive powers assigned to them as
to the other provinces entering the union at the same or at any subsequent
period. One of the most important of these powers is that of the amend
ment, from time to time, of the Constitution of the province, except as
regards the office of the Lieutenant-Governor. Like all the other prov
inces, they have the power of direct taxation within the province, of bor
rowing money, of establishing public offices, of disposing of the crown
lands of the province, of the maintenance and establishment of a grent
variety of public and reformatory institutions and of municipalities with
such powers as the province may see fit to grant. The list of exclusive
provincial powers also includes such important matters as the HIM king
of laws relating to licences for raising revenue for provincial or municipal
purposes; providing for local works and undertakings of every descripl ion
(except certain classes specially reserved to the federal power); incor
porating companies with provincial objects; and legislation respecting
the solemnization of marriage. The whole vast field of property and
civil rights within the province, the administration of justice and the
LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF CANADA.
constitution, maintenance and organization of provincial courts,
with both civil and criminal jurisdiction, as well as the procedure in
civil matters in those courts, are retained under provincial jurisdiction.
The exclusive control of each province over the subject of education
has given rise to legal and constitutional questions of the highest im
portance. Their adjustment has engaged the attention of legislatures,
of parliament and of the courts of Canada as well as the privy council
of the Mother Country from time to time almost since the day of the
union. The meeting of provincial responsibilities in this matter has
demanded great expenditures and called forth administrative capacity
and devotion to scholarship and to the welfare of the young which the
people of the provinces may consider with pride and satisfaction.
The provinces have also legislated upon, and devoted large sums
of money to the promotion of agriculture, and to some extent immigra
tion in which they have been assisted by, the federal administration,
which also has jurisdiction over these subjects. These powers are of
course common to all the provinces.
NOVA SCOTIA.
HPHIS province has made no organic changes
-* in its constitution since the union in 1867.
In 1867, the Legislative Council consisted of
36 members and the Legislative Assembly of
55 members. The number of members of
the Legislative Council is now 21 and of
the Assembly 43. Legislative councillors are
appointed for life, and the members of the
Assembly are elected for four years, the Assembly
-term consisting of that period. The constitu
tional relations of the ministry to the Assembly
are based on the well recognized principles of
responsible government in accordance with which the ministry retains
office only so long as it is supported by a majority in the Legis
lative Assembly. This rule applies to all the provinces of Canada.
Many efforts made towards abolishing the Legislative Council in Nova
Scotia have proved abortive. The local ministry or cabinet, styled
the Executive Council, consists of the Prime Minister (being the Pro
vincial Secretary and President of the Council), the Attorney-General
and the Commissioner of Works and Mines. These are salaried officials,
and the other members are six in number without office. Agriculture,
immigration and education are under the control and management
of the government through certain boards and councils, each with its
secretary and staff of officials.
The sources of the principal revenues are (1) mines and minerals
upon which certain royalties are charged, together with license fees
and rentals; (2) the federal subsidy and interest on balances due from
the Dominion, paid by virtue of the British North America Acts;
(3) interest on railway loans and advances, succession duties, payments
from the Dominion Government under the Agricultural Instruction
3
MARITIME PROVINCES.
Act; (4) crown lands and other fees and dues paid in to the Provincial
Secretary s office. In 1915 the total revenue from all sources was
$3,154,359, including $1,000,000 temporary loan and $100,000 loan for
war distress.
Municipal Institutions. Municipal administration in Nova Scotia
has been developed since Confederation. Previous to that event the
local government of counties and townships was confided to the
magistracy, which was an appointed body, holding their commissions
for life and not responsible in any way to the electorate. In the early
years of its history this body did much useful and important public
service, yet abuses here and there existed on account of the irresponsible
nature of their tenure of office, which rendered reform and public
accountability very difficult to obtain. Public opinion, however, and
the controlling influence of the legislatures operating steadily upon even
irresponsible bodies of life-appointed magistrates made the institution
as it existed fairly acceptable to the people generally. In 1864 an act
providing for the optional incorporation of counties and townships was
passed, but few counties or districts took advantage of the privilege
thus accorded. In 1875, the incorporation of the counties and certain
townships was made compulsory, twenty-four municipalities being then
established. In 1895, the Towns Incorporation Act was passed making
the incorporation of towns throughout the province optional. At the
present time thirty-eight towns are incorporated.
The county councils consist of councillors elected by the rate
payers, usually one for each polling district, but in some districts two are
provided for. The warden or presiding officer is chosen each year by
the council. The mayor of the town is elected by the ratepayers and
holds office for two years. The city of Halifax, the capital of the
province, has a special charter, the mayor being elected annually and
the eighteen aldermen (or members) for three years, six retiring each year
but being eligible for re-election.
The establishment of these municipal institutions gave a great
impetus to local improvements, and although the rate and amount of
taxation were considerably increased, the credit of the towns and
municipalities is excellent. The total , assessed valuation of real and
personal property of the twenty-four municipalities of Nova Scotia
is not less than $42,717,000 and of the incorporated towns over
$40,000,000, to which must be added the property owned by the muni
cipalities and towns themselves, amounting to over $3,000,000. The
total liabilities (bonded and other debts) of the municipalities are about
$1,000,000, and of the towns about $6,500,000.
The exercise of the powers of the councils, the election of their
members and the duties and responsibilities of their officials, their
meetings, proceedings and by-laws, their methods and forms of taxation,
as well as the limitation of their borrowing powers, are controlled and
regulated in each particular by statutes rigidly enforced by provincial
authority or by the courts. The training of large numbers of public
spirited citizens in the practical exercise of the duties of self-government
LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF CANADA.
is not the least of the advantages of the municipal systems of Canada.
They furnish a rich fund of talent and experience upon which to draw
for the wider spheres of provincial and federal legislation.
Judiciary. The provincial courts consist of (1) the supreme court,
which is a court of appeal and also a circuit court, and (2) county
courts. The supreme court consists of a chief justice and six other
judges. One of these is a judge in equity, who also acts in divorce
causes and as admiralty judge of the exchequer court of Canada.
This court has original jurisdiction in all matters not specially delegated
to the lower courts and appeal jurisdiction from the county courts.
The county courts have a limited original jurisdiction and an appeal
jurisdiction from probate and magistrates courts in certain cases.
The judges of this court are seven in number, each having a district
of jurisdiction covering a county or group of counties and holding terms
of court in the county towns of their respective districts.
The judges of the supreme and county courts are appointed and
paid by the Dominion Government, but the procedure of the courts in
all civil matters is regulated by provincial legislation. The purely
provincial courts and courts of probate have jurisdiction over wills
and intestate estates. Stipendiary and police magistrates courts and
courts of justices of the peace are also under provincial jurisdiction.
The judges of these courts and justices of the peace are appointed by
the local government and are paid, in some cases by salaries and in
others by fees. The sheriffs, clerks, registrars and officers of all the
courts are appointed by the provincial authorities.
In criminal cases the jurisdiction and procedure of all the courts
are fixed by federal statutes. The procedure as to the selection of grand
and petit jurors, of revisers of voters lists and assessment courts are
fixed by the provincial statutes. In each county, and in some counties
in one or more districts of a county, are offices for the registry of deeds
and of all documents pertaining to transfers of or affecting titles to
real estate as well tis those creating and discharging liens on personal
property.
NEW BRUNSWICK.
province of New Brunswick in all essential
-*- features of provincial administration is
similar to its neighbour, Nova Scotia, but some
differences may be noted. The province entered
Confederation with a Legislative Council of 40
members holding their seats for life, a Legislative
Assembly of 40 members and an Executive
Council of nine members. Under its powers of
changing the provincial constitution the Legis
lative Council was abolished by an act passed
on April 16, 1891. For many years an agitation
for its abolition had continued, and the govern
ments of the period refrained from filling vacancies until the number
of members was so reduced that the passage of an abolition act became
MARITIME PROVINCES.
comparatively an easy matter. The retiring members of the Council
retained their title and precedence for life. The Assembly at present
is composed of 47 members, and the Executive Council is composed of
(1) the Premier who is also Minister of Lands and Mines, (2) the
Minister of Public Works, (3) the Provincial Secretary-Treasurer,
(4) the Attorney-General and (5) the Minister of Agriculture, all of
whom receive salaries. Each of these ministers has a departmental
staff under his direction.
The ordinary revenue in 1915 amounted to $1,634,079 and the
ordinary expenditure to $1,626,634.
In New Brunswick the subject of public instruction is under the
management of a Board of Education consisting of the Lieutenant-
governor of the Province, the members of the Executive Council, the
Chancellor of the University of New Brunswick and the Chief Super
intendent of Education.
Municipal Institutions. On the subject of municipal institutions,
under which the people have more complete control over their local
affairs, the province of New Brunswick has passed through stages of
development similar to those of Nova Scotia. An interesting passage
will be found in Hannay s History of New Brunswick, where, writing on
this subject, he observes:
"Sir William Colebrooke and Sir Edmund Head had both regretted the
failure of attempts to establish municipal institutions throughout the prov
ince, but they perhaps did not discern that this failure was due to the in
fluence of the magistrates in sessions, who did not like to be deprived of their
power of controlling the affairs of the counties. These magistrates nat
urally resisted every improvement, which they denounced as innovations,
and they were supported generally by the Legislative Council.
" The system of county government was as bad as possible, because the
magistrates were not responsible to any person. The condition of the
county accounts was never made public, and it was not until a comparatively
late period in the history of the province that the Grand Jury obtained
legislative authority to inspect the county accounts.
" Municipal institutions came in the course of years, but not till long after
Sir Edmund Head had taken his departure from the province. Since then the
influence of the people upon the municipal government has been strengthened
by the incorporation of most of the towns in the province; so that the
people have an opportunity not only of knowing how their money is being
spent but of directing the expenditure."
In New Brunswick the first municipal act was passed in 1851.
This act, which was subsequently amended, rendered incorporation
optional. But these acts were not in many cases taken advantage of.
The counties were, however, divided into parishes, districts having a
certain amount of local autonomy and some limited powers of ad
ministration, which have been recognized in subsequent municipal
legislation. They are provided with local courts presided over by
commissioners who are ex-officio justices of the peace, and in some cases
they are provided with stipendiary or police magistrates. These
commissioners have civil jurisdiction in debts not exceeding eighty
dollars and in cases of tort when the damages claimed do not exceed
thirtv-two dollars.
6
LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF CANADA.
At the time of confederation the municipal system had been very
slightly developed. But in 1877 an act providing for compulsory
municipal incorporation was put in force, and, with its amendments, is
substantially in force at the present time. It provides that county
councils be constituted as bodies corporate, having two councillors
elected yearly from each parish in the county. The councils elect from
among their members a presiding officer who is styled the warden and
who holds office until the next election of councillors. Councils may
themselves, however, provide by by-law for their election biennially,
a provision which does not apply to the municipality of the city and
county of St. John. The city of St. John, which in 1785 was known
as " Parr Town ", received a charter in that year through Lieutenant-
Go vernor Carleton, a , brother of the famous soldier, Sir Guy Carleton
(afterwards Lord Dorchester). The qualifications of voters for the
councils are very liberal. Every male, or female person, being a widow
or unmarried, of the age of 21 years or over, being a British subject,
a ratepayer of the parish having an income or personal property or
both combined to the amount of one hundred dollars, is entitled to
vote. A resident of the parish having real property of any value, or,
if not a resident, having real property to the value of one hundred
dollars, is also entitled to vote. The dates and time of meeting of the
councils are fixed by statute and differ in different municipalities.
In addition to a warden each elects a secretary, a treasurer (the two
offices may be combined in one person) and an auditor, who may not
be a councillor nor hold any office under the council. The councils
also appoint overseers of the poor, constables, commissioners of high
ways, collectors of rates and other parish and county officials as may be
necessary. Councillors under some circumstances also act as revisers
of voters lists. The warden is required to publish each year a full and
detailed financial statement of the affairs of the municipality which
shall be signed by the auditor and himself.
The financial condition of the county municipalities of the province
is excellent. From the latest available returns it is found that ten
counties out of fifteen (not including the city and county of St. John,
the richest in the province) have an assessable valuation of real and
personal property of over thirty million dollars, with insignificant
liabilities. The other municipalities would probably represent as
favourable a condition if returns were available. The city of St. John, the
commercial capital of the province, with a population of about 58,000,
was the first Canadian city to adopt government by commission.
Its valuation for assessment purposes in 1915 was $36,187,000 and its
liabilities were less than $5,000,000. The city of Fredericton,
the capital of the province, with a population of 8,000, has a valuation
of real and personal property for assessment of $5,000,000 with an
outstanding indebtedness of $486,000.
MARITIME PROVINCES.
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.
the time of entering the union the govern
ment of Prince Edward Island consisted of
a Governor and an Executive Council, a Legis
lative Council of 13 members and a House of
Assembly of 30 members. The Legislative Council
was made elective in 1862 and so continued until
its abolition after the union in 1873. The former
Legislative Council districts, after the passage
of the Abolition Act, elected members to the
Legislative Assembly, fifteen in number, while
the same districts elected members to the
Assembly on a different franchise, thus practically
amalgamating the two Houses into one Assembly of 30 members. The
electoral system, as far as voting is concerned, is practically one of
manhood suffrage. The Executive Council of Prince Edward Island
consists of (1) the President of the Council, (2) the Provincial Secretary-
Treasurer, who is also Commissioner of Agriculture, (3) the Commis
sioner of Public Works and seven members without portfolio.
With regard to the judiciary, the supreme court has a chief justice
and two assistant judges. The chief justice is also the local judge in
admiralty of the exchequer court. The supreme court is also a court
of appeal and has jurisdiction in appeal chancery cases. It has original
jurisdiction both in civil and criminal matters. In civil cases of debt
the action must be for an amount above $32, and all cases beyond the
jurisdiction of the county court may be tried before a judge of the
supreme court. The assistant judges of this court have also chancery
powers. There is a surrogate and probate court for the province
with one judge. A system of county courts is established consisting
of three judges, one for each county. These are appointed and paid
by the federal government and have jurisdiction in suits up to the sum
of one hundred and fifty dollars. Education is under the direction of a
Board of Education consisting of the members of the Executive Council
of the province and the Superintendent of Education, who is also secre
tary of the Board. Agricultural education is assisted from the grant s
made by the federal government of which the yearly amount is over
$27,000. The Agricultural Department works in this matter in
conjunction with the Department of Education with the happiest
results.
A distinguishing feature of enterprise in Prince Edward Island is
the breeding of fur-bearing animals for which the climate, soil and
general surroundings seem peculiarly well adapted. The industry has
proved very profitable, and the Commissioner of Agriculture in his
latest report expresses satisfaction with the progress so far made 1 .
In 1915 the ordinary revenue amounted to $470,730 and the
expenditure to $510,345.
1 See also page 188.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF CANADA
QUEBEC.
By C. J. MAGNAN, Inspector General of Roman Catholic Schools, Quebec.
Political Organization. Under the constitution
conferred by the British North America Act,
1867, the Legislature of Quebec may enact laws
respecting education, such public works as relate
only to the province, the administration of the
public lands of the province, colonization, agri
culture, asylums, prisons, organization of the
legal tribunals, municipal institutions and, in
a word, everything which concerns its particular
interests. The province has its own Legislature
modelled after that of the Federal Parliament,
and this Legislature is composed of the Lieu-
tenant-Governor, a Legislative Council and a Legislative Assembly.
There is also an Executive Council, which is composed of the
Lieutenant-Governor representing the King, assisted by councillors
or ministers. The Lieutenant-Governor convenes, prorogues and
dissolves the Houses, and to him is reserved the power of sanctioning
the laws passed by the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative
Council. Each of the ministers who compose the Executive Council
has usually charge of a department or ministry, and the following
departments are now in existence: (1) Department of the Attorney-
General; (2) Department of the Provincial Secretary; (3) the Treasury;
(4) Lands and Forests; (5) Colonization, Mines and Fisheries; (6) Agri
culture; (7) Public Works and Labour; (8) Roads.
Legislative Council. The Legislative Council consists of 24
members who are appointed for life by the Lieutenant-Governor in
Council. A legislative councillor must be at least 30 years of age,
must be a British subject resident within the province and must own
unincumbered property of the minimum value of $4,000 situated
within the division represented. Besides the right of approving or
rejecting Bills adopted by the Legislative Assembly, the legislative
councillors may propose, discuss and adopt measures which do not
affect the public revenues. Such legislation must be ratified by the
Legislative Assembly. For the purposes of the Legislative Council,
the province is divided into 24 constituencies. Nova Scotia is the only
other province of Canada with bicameral parliamentary representation.
Legislative Assembly. The Legislative Assembly is at present
composed of 81 members elected by 82 counties, the counties of Charle-
voix and Saguenay being represented by a single member. To be
eligible for membership one must be at least 21 years of age, a British
subject and free from any legal incapacity. A Legislature may only
last for five years without re-election. Every year the members must
be convened in session by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council for the
despatch of public business, for voting the necessary appropriations
to all branches of the public service and for the amendment of existing
9
QUEBEC.
laws and the enactment of new ones. The Assembly alone has the
power of dismissing a ministry which has ceased to represent the views
ot the majority of the people and also alone has the right to introduce
bills as to the raising or employment of the public revenues. The
Assembly is presided ever by one of its members called the Speaker
who retains office until dissolution of the House that elected him
ie does not vote, except by a casting vote in cases where the votes on
both sides are equal in number,
Municipal Organization. Under the French regime the municipal >
system was almost unknown. It was the same under the English
regime until 1840 when at the union of the provinces municipal author
ities were first established in Lower Canada. Before this date the
province of Quebec had nothing which could be called an organization
of local authorities. The maintenance of the roads was regulated by
an old statute of 1796, which was administered in the name of the
Governor by a Chief Road Inspector (Grand Voyer) . This arrangement,
imperfect as it was, sufficed until the increase of the population and the
progress of commerce and industry made it obsolete.
It was Lord Sydenham s Special Council of 1840 that endowed
Lower Canada with its first municipal organization. This measure,
however, was only partially applied, because the French-Canadians,
disturbed by the troubles of 1837-38, suspected a trap on the part of
England. To reassure the French- Canadians and to make them
understand the necessity for good municipal organization a fellow
countryman was needed who spoke their language and held their faith.
This man was A. N. Morin, father of the Municipalities Act of 1845.
Amended in 1847 and in 1855, this Act was finally replaced by that of
1860. Since 1867 the municipal law has been promulgated by the
provincial legislatures, and in 1870 the Quebec Legislature enacted
the " Municipal Code of the Province of Quebec."
At present the province of Quebec possesses an excellent municipal
organization; it is subdivided into several hundred county, township,
parish, village, town and city municipalities. According to M. Lareau:
These are so many small governments which assure independence to
the people^ initiate them into the duties of public administration and
train them better to understand the more complicated mechanism of u
general administration." Under municipal organization, the citizens
themselves choose and appoint those who shall watch over their special
interests.
Municipalities. A municipality is a territory circumscribed by law,
whose inhabitants constitute a corporation, that is to say, a body politic
or legal person, charged with the duty of administering the affairs of
common interest to the inhabitants of a municipality. There are two
kinds of municipalities: local and county. Local municipalities 1
consist either of a parish, a part of a parish, a township, a part of a
township, a village, a town or a city. The county municipality consists
Local municipalities in Quebec correspond to the communes in France.
1U
LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF CANADA.
of all the local municipalities of a county. Each municipal corporation is
represented and administered by a board called the municipal council.
Local Municipalities. These are constituted in the manner and
according to the rules laid down by the municipal code; they are
divided into two classes: rural or country municipalities and town and
village municipalities. The former are subdivided into parish, part
parish, township, part township, etc., municipalities. The municipal
council is the organ of the local corporation. It consists of seven
councillors chosen by the electors of the municipality, or appointed by
the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council when the electors fail to elect
within the limits of time prescribed by the law. The town or city
municipal council consists of a certain number of aldermen elected by
property owners and of a certain number of councillors elected by
property owners and tenants. The council of a local municipality is
presided over by a mayor elected by the members, or in default of election
appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council. He presides at
meetings of the council, watches over the interests of the municipality
and maintains order and peace within its boundaries. The power con
ferred upon the municipal corporations are extensive; they are defined
by law and apply generally to all questions of purely local interest.
They relate especially to roads, waterways, health, regulation of the
sale of alcoholic beverages, maintenance of peace and order, imposition
of trading licenses, etc. To meet the cost of administration the
municipal council has the right to collect by direct taxation of the
taxable property of the locality, or by trading licenses, etc., all necessary
sums of money within the limits of its powers. These levies are known
as the municipal tax. The municipal taxes are levied on real property
according to its value as inscribed on the valuation roll and on a list
prepared by the Secretary-Treasurer and called the collection roll.
County Municipalities.- -The county is a part of the territory of
the province containing a certain number of municipalities. The
inhabitants of each county constitute a county corporation, and this
corporation is represented by a council composed of the mayors of all
the local municipalities of the county. The county council is presided
over by one of its members elected annually at the March meeting
and called a prefect; in default of such election the prefect is appointed
by the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council. The place where the county
council meets is called the capital of the county, and is fixed by the
council itself. This council deals with all interparochial matters,
that is to say, those which are common to more than one parish or local
municipality. It has jurisdiction over roads and waterways running
through two or more parishes, which are then county roads and water
ways. The county council exercises all the powers conferred upon
it by law and administers all the county business. It fixes the place
where the circuit court is to sit, acts as a court of appeal from the
decisions of the local councils and provides for the building of a Registry
Office, which is a public office established by the provincial government
for the registration in special books of deeds affecting real property,
such as deeds of sale, contracts of marriage, wills and deeds of gift
inter vivos.
11
ONTARIO.
By ERNEST H. GODFREY, F.S.S., Editor, Census and Statistics Office, Ottawa.
Historical. In 1763 Canada, with all its
dependencies, passed from French to British
rule by the Treaty of Paris, signed on February
10 of that year. From this date to 1774 the
country was under military rule. In 1774 the
^Quebec Act of the Imperial Parliament (14
Geo. Ill, c. 83) gave French-Canadians the free
exercise of the Roman Catholic religion, the
enjoyment of their civil rights and the protec
tion of their own civil laws and customs. The
Act annexed large territories to the province of Quebec, and provided
for the appointment by the Crown of a Legislative Council and for the
administration of the criminal law as in England. In 1791 the country
;hen called Canada was divided by Act of the Imperial Parliament
(31 Geo. Ill, c. 31) into Upper Canada (now Ontario) and Lower
Canada (now Quebec), and the Act established a constitution for
each, with a Legislature consisting of a Legislative Council and a
Legislative Assembly. In 1841, following Lord Durham s report, the
provinces were reunited under the name of the province of Canada
by an Imperial Act (3-4 Viet., c. 35), which established responsible
government. The Legislature under this Act consisted of a Legislative
Council of 40 members appointed for life by the Crown and a Legis
lative Assembly of 84 members elected by the people. Subsequently
(1853) the members of the Legislative Assembly were increased in
number to 130 and (1856) the Legislative Council became an elected
chamber.
Present Constitution. Under the British North America Act, 1867,
and other legislation, the government of the province of Ontario is
vested in a Legislature consisting of a Lieutenant-Governor appointed
by the Governor-General of the Dominion, and of one House styled the
Legislative Assembly of Ontario, consisting in 1916 of 111 members. The
Assembly is elected for four years on a manhood suffrage, and members
receive statutory indemnities and an allowance for travelling expenses
on a mileage basis. The Lieutenant-Governor is advised by an Executive
Council of ten members, now consisting of the President and Premier,
the Attorney-General, the Treasurer of the province, the Secretary and
Registrar of the province, the Ministers of Education, Public Works,
Lands, Forests and Mines and two members without portfolio. Tin-
powers of the Ontario Legislature are defined under Sections 9 J and 93
of the British North America Act, 1867. x
Municipal Organization. Municipal Government in Ontario traces
its origin to the recommendations in the report of Lord Durham (1839),
and the District Councils Act of 1841 was the first measure of local
self-government in the province. A more comprehensive measure
known as the Municipal Act of 1849 provided for the incorporation of
local municipalities. In 1868, when the Ontario Legislature met for
Canada Year Book, 1914, pau;r \ 2.
12
LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF CANADA.
the first time after Confederation, the municipal corporations of the
province comprised 36 counties, 399 townships, and 104 cities, towns
and villages. The law respecting municipal institutions in Ontario
was revised in 1913 by the Municipal Act (3-4 Geo. V, c. 43), and is .
included in the Revised Statutes of Ontario 1914 as chapter 192. It
has been further amended by Acts of 1914 (4 Geo. V, c. 33), 1915 (5 Geo.
V, c. 34) and 1916 (6 Geo. V, c. 39). Under these Acts the local muni
cipalities of the province consist of townships, villages, towns, counties
and cities. The townships consist of an area varying in extent from
six to ten miles square.
The territorial division of the province for municipal and judicial
purposes is governed by the Territorial Division Act (R. S. O., 1914,
c. 3), and section 11 of this Act provides that, subject to the provisions
of the Municipal Act, the Lieutenant-Governor may by proclamation
constitute new townships in those parts of Ontario in which townships
have not been constituted and may fix the boundaries thereof.
Townships and Villages.- -The procedure for the erection of town
ships is laid down in the Municipal Act. Where found convenient two
or more townships may unite for municipal purposes and become
incorporated as a Union of Townships. Each township is governed
by a chief executive officer styled reeve, and four other members who
may be either deputy reeves or councillors, according to the number
of deputy reeves to which a municipality may be entitled. This is deter
mined by the number of municipal electors. Where a township has
more than 1,000 and not more than 2,000 municipal electors, it becomes
entitled to a first deputy-reeve, where it has more than 2,000 and not
more than 3,000 to a first and a second deputy-reeve, and where it
has more than 3,000 to a first, a second and a third deputy-reeve. These
provisions apply also to incorporated villages and towns. The council
of a township in unorganized territory," that is to say, any part of
the province which is not organized by counties, consists of a reeve and
four councillors. New villages may be incorporated by the county
council out of districts or parts of townships under conditions laid
down by the Act as to area, population and other matters. Provision
is also made for the constitution of police villages by the county council
on the petition of freeholders and tenants in localities having a popula
tion of not less than 150 and an area of not more than 500 acres. Police
villages are administered by three trustees whose powers and duties
are defined by the Act. The trustees of a police village may be created
a body corporate where the population is not less than 500.
Towns. New towns may be incorporated under conditions pre
scribed by the Ontario Railway and Municipal Board, which was
constituted in 1906 under the Ontario Railway and Municipal Board
Act (R. S. O., 1914, c. 186) ; their governing bodies are differently
constituted from those of the smaller municipalities. In unorganized
territories the town council is composed of a mayor and six councillors
elected by general vote. Towns with a population of not less than
5,000 may be composed of a mayor and nine councillors. Towns in
counties having a population of more than 5,000 are composed of a
13
ONTARIO.
mayor, a reeve, as many deputy-reeves as they may be entitled to under
the provision previously quoted, and two or sometimes three councillors
for each ward into which the town may be divided. Cities and certain
towns are for municipal purposes separated from the county. The
number of these separated municipalities is 30 according to the latest
report on municipal statistics of the Ontario Bureau of Industries.
They include the municipalities of Toronto, Ottawa, Hamilton, London,
Brantford, Kingston, Peterborough, Windsor, Fort William, Berlin,
Guelph, St. Thomas, Stratford, St. Catharines, Chatham, Gait, Sarnia,
Belleville, Brockville, Woodstock, Niagara Falls and Smith s Falls.
Counties. The members of the county councils are not elected
directly by the municipal voters, but each council is composed of the
reeves and deputy-reeves of the towns (other than the separated towns")
and of the villages and townships. The head or presiding officer of
the county council is styled warden and is its chief executive officer.
In general, the county council has charge of various matters which
are common to more than one local municipality within the county,
including, for instance, the control of highways, bridges, court-houses,
gaols, houses of refuge, land registry offices, etc. The county rates
are levied and collected through the constituent local municipalities.
Provisions for the erection of one description of municipality into another,
as for instance a village into a town, are laid down in the Municipal
Act, and in this connection, for municipalities in districts that have
not yet a county organization, the Railway and Municipal Board,
has certain organizing and controlling powers. There are at present
38 county corporations. Four of these are composed of a union of
counties, viz. (1) Leeds and Grenville, (.2) Northumberland and Durham,
(3) Prescott and Russell and (4) Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry.
Cities. Cities are governed by councils composed of a mayor, the
members of the board of control, if such a board exists, and two or
three representatives of each ward who are styled aldermen. A special
feature of city government is that by which much of the business of the
city, and especially business of a financial character, is delegated to a
board v of control. The Municipal Act provides that the council of
any city having a population of less than 100,000 but more than 45,000
may by by-law provide for the election by general vote of four controllers
who with the mayor constitute a board of control. By the Municipal
Amendment Act, 1915 (5 Geo. V, c. 34), this provision is made obliga
tory in all cities of Ontario having a population of not less than 100,00(
and not more than 200,000. Power is granted to the council to pay
salaries to the members of the board not exceeding for each member
$1,500 per annum. The duties of the board include the preparation
of estimates, the awarding of contracts, the inspection of municipal
works, the nomination of officers and their dismissal or suspension.
The board reports to the council, and its action is subject to :heir
approval or reversal; but the council may not make appropriations or
expenditures of any sums not provided for by estimates of the board
without a two-thirds vote, which is defined as the affirmative vot<
two-thirds of the members present. Boards of control have
established in Toronto, Ottawa, Hamilton and London.
14
LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF CANADA.
Submission of By-laws to the Electors. Another characteristic
feature of municipal government in Ontario is the arrangements for
direct reference to the electors of important questions and of certain
descriptions of by-laws. The regulations governing the procedure for
ascertaining the opinion or obtaining the assent of the municipal
electorate are prescribed by the Municipal Act. Certain classes of
these by-laws involving financial appropriations are only referred to
specific classes of the electors such as property owners. The results
of the voting on the questions submitted in this way are, however,
only for the guidance of the governing body of the municipality and
do not bind it to any course of action, except in the -case of money
by-laws, where the decision of the electorate must be followed.
All the municipalities are empowered to pass by-laws to provide
for the granting of bonuses in aid of manufactures and railways,
and these bonuses may take the form of money grants, guarantees,
total or partial exemptions from municipal taxation or the granting of
certain other facilities to secure the object desired.
Judicial System. The supreme court of Ontario consists of (a)
the appellate division and (b) the high court division. The appellate
division is composed of not less than two divisional courts, each
consisting of five judges, who try appeals from the high court and
other courts of the province. Appeals from this court to the supreme
court of Canada may be made in certain cases. Sittings of the high
court division are held by single judges, with or without juries, at least
twice a year in each county. The court has jurisdiction in virtually
every kind of case/ In each county or district there is a court presided
over by a judge, who sits at least twice a year, with or without a jury, to
try minor civil actions. Each county judge also presides at least twice
yearly over a court of general session, with a limited jurisdiction in
criminal matters. Criminals may also, with their own consent, be tried
by the county judge without a jury. Each judicial district is divided into
court divisions in each of which a division court is held by the county
judge, or his deputy, at least once in every two months. These courts
are for the recovery of small debts and damages. The county judges
hold revision courts for the revision of assessment rolls and of voters
lists; they are also judges of the surrogate courts, which deal with the
estates of deceased persons,
MANITOBA, SASKATCHEWAN AND ALBERTA.
By the REV. CAPTAIN EDMUND H. OLIVER, Ph.D., Principal of the Presbyterian
Theological College, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and Chaplain
of the 196th (Western Universities) Overseas Battalion.
HISTORICAL SKETCH.
Establishment of Provinces. On the prairies there have been two
distinct trends of historical and political development that of the Red
River and that of the Territories. The whole region was originally
under the sway of the Honourable Company of Adventurers trading
into Hudson s Bay. In the case of the Red River, responsible self-rule
carne with the transfer to Canada. The Territories possessed absolutely
no form of government prior to their incorporation in the Dominion.
15
MANITOBA .
QN September 4, 1812, Captain Miles Mac-
donell, in the name of Lord Selkirk, took
formal possession of the District of Assiniboia
at the forks of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers.
This was the first act of government in what is
now Western Canada.
The deed of the District of Assiniboia to
Selkirk reserved to the Company " all rights of
jurisdiction." For this reason the Company s
commission was given to the governor appointed
by Selkirk. The governor could act as judge.
But to do this correctly, he must act with his
Council. A Council of Assiniboia was appointed to safeguard the
judicial functions of the governor. It was not so much a Council of
Assiniboia as the Council of the Governor in Assiniboia, not so much
a legislative or administrative body as a judicial tribunal. From the
time of Governors Bulger and Pelly the Council began to assume
administrative and legislative functions. It began also to divest itself
of judicial functions. In the former it was entirely successful; in the
latter, only partly so. The minutes of the Council of May 4, 1832,
show the Council launched upon its career of legislative activity. It
adopts regulations concerning pigs and stallions allowed to range at
large, fires, statute labour for the improvement of roads and bridges,
public fairs and the taking of horses from their grazing grounds.
The Council never was in any degree responsible to those whose
interest it was expected to regard and foster. But its membership
was largely representative of the leaders in the community. It enacted
a great variety of measures that sought to promote the public welfare
in relation to fires, animals, horse taking, hay, roads, intoxicating of
Indians, liquor laws, customs duties, police, debtors, intestate estates,
marriage licenses, contracts for service, surveyors, postal facilities,
premium on wolves, administration of justice and other matters of
general concern. On June 25, 1841, was formed the Municipal District
of Assiniboia which extended in all directions fifty miles from the forks
of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers. To carry out its resolutions the
Council of Assiniboia organized a board of works, a committee of
economy, a volunteer corps, legal and judicial machinery, a tariff
system and postal facilities. It appointed public officials and erected
the necessary buildings. It supervised the whole social life of the
settlement, imposing duties and restrictions on the sale and importation
of liquors, superintending the building of roads, the issue of marriage
licenses and the encouragement of native industries.
The little community at the forks of the Red River knew nothing
of self-government. The suffrage was unknown though every proprietor
of land was held qualified and liable to act as juror. But the desire
for self-rule at last found expression and not in the District of Assiniboia
alone. In the settlement of Portage la Prairie the inhabitants actually
established a provisional republic. Though the Council of Assiniboia
governed, it gave no security. The presence of the Sioux revealed the
16
LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF CAN"ADA.
helplessness of the colony in a time of real danger. In the settlement was
formed a Canada party. In Great Britain the renewal of the Company s
charter upon former lines was found to be impossible. The confedera
tion of the Canadian provinces showed in what direction lay the solution
of many difficulties.
The series of Dominion Acts relating to the West begins with
An Act for the temporary government of Rupert s Land and the
Northwestern Territory when united with Canada," June 22, 1869.
This Act sought to prepare for the transfer of the Territories from the
local authorities to the government of Canada. A year later the Mani
toba Act (33 Viet., C. 3) launched upon its independent constitutional
career the old District of Assiniboia, now in possession of complete
self-government. The interval between these Acts had seen the trou
blous days of the Red River disturbances, and more than one attempt
to set up a government had been made. The provisional governments
of the period are due to the failure to appreciate local problems. The
Lieutenant-Governor in the first days of the province naturally occupied
a very important position in the administration of affairs. For a short
time there was a temporary government with two ministers and the
Legislative Assembly. After this, government was carried on with the
Legislative Assembly and a Legislative Council, but without a premier.
At the end of six years the Legislative Council was abolished. Without
a Legislative Council but with a Premier and a Legislative Assembly
the province assumed the constitutional form which has endured to
the present day.
SASKATCHEWAN AND ALBERTA.
The landmarks in the growth of provincial
institutions for Manitoba are the coming,of the
Selkirk colonists, the development of the Council
of Assiniboia, the passing of the Hudson s Bay
Company as a governmental body, the enact
ment of the Manitoba Act and the abolition
of the Legislative Council. The chief stages
in the political development of the Northwest
Territories (that portion of Rupert s Land and
the Northwestern Territory not included in the
province of Manitoba) are indicated by the
capitals, Fort Garry, Swan River, Battleford
and Regina. When the Government was at Fort Garry the Territories
were administered by officials resident in a neighbouring province.
In Livingstone, Swan River, the Lieutenant-Governor and councillors
belonged for the first time to the Territories exclusively. Battleford
marked the beginnings but only the beginnings of self-government.
It was reserved to Regina to witness the evolution from the North
west Council to the Legislative Assembly, from representative to
responsible government, from territories to provinces.
The Territories were not at first given a separate government.
17
SASKATCHEWAN AND ALBERTA.
They were administered from Fort Garry by the Lieutenant-Governor
of Manitoba with the aid, first of a small executive council of three,
irregularly appointed, the Hon. Mr. Justice Johnson,. the Hon. D. A!
Smith and the Hon. Pascal Breland, and then with the aid of a more
formal and more regularly appointed but still admittedly provisional
Northwest Council. This council addressed itself to the task of laying
the foundations of territorial administration. It did much, also, to
secure the goodwill of the Indian tribes.
The charter of the separate political existence of the Territories
is the Northwest Territories Act, 1875. It was under this Act that
the late Hon. David Laird was appointed Lieutenant-Governor. He
held a legislative session under the Act of 1875 at Livingstone, Swan
River, in 1877. Battleford was the capital for three sessions of the
council. The construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway transferred
the seat of government to the line of railway, designated at first Leopold,
and then Regina. Settlement ceased to follow the course of the rivers.
Trade routes for freighters now began to run north and south from the
railway. The old Northwest passed away.
At the same time a profound change was being effected in the
constitutional character of the Territories. While the capital was still
at Battleford, in 1881, Chief Factor Lawrence Clarke was elected to
represent the district of Lome. This constituted the first opportunity
given the settlers themselves to express their sentiments in the admin
istration of affairs. Three years later the elected representatives of
the people became numerous enough to exert an influence upon legis
lation. The years that ensued were wonderfully formative. In 1884
the Northwest Council laid the foundations of the territorial school
and municipal systems. The crushing of the half-breed uprising in
1885 assured the dominance of the white settlers and permanently
banished the spectre of Indian disorders. A year later was established
a territorial judiciary. Then followed a parliamentary struggle for
the control of the purse. In quick succession came the Advisory
Council, the Executive Committee, the Executive Council. In this
contest between representatives of the settlers and the Dominion officials
victory lay with the people and with the cause of popular government.
It was not, however, till 1897, on the eve of a remarkable growth in
population and economic development, that the government of the
Territories, which for half a decade had been giving expression to the
people s will, was made completely responsible in form as it had already
been in fact.
The increased volume of immigration necessitated heavier expend
itures upon education, public works and local administration. It was
impossible to introduce municipal organizations into many districts
outside the limits of the denser settlements. The result was to impose
upon the Territorial Government excessive burdens. Financial embar
rassments gave rise to constitutional aspirations. Finally, after a
prolonged agitation, the Saskatchewan and Alberta Acts provided for
the erection on September 1st, 1905, of two provinces, Saskatchewan
and Alberta.
18
LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF CANADA.
Growth of Municipal Institutions. Manitoba.- -The stages in the
growth of municipal institutions for the province of Manitoba are
marked by the legislation of the years 1871, 1873, 1882 and 1902. In
1871 the County Assessment Act and the Parish Assessment Act made
provision for dealing with local finance. The former concerned the
tax roll of the province ; the latter, purely local improvements and assess
ments for the parishes within each of the five counties. An Act of
1873 provided for the erection of a local municipality in districts contain
ing not less than 30 freeholders. In 1883 the province was divided
into 26 counties and three judicial districts. This Act copied closely the
Ontario Act of 1849. In the working out of the Act it was found to be
in many particulars unsuited to prairie conditions. By the General
Municipal Act of 1902 every city, town, village and rural municipality
became a body corporate. Over all is the general supervision of a
Department of Municipal Affairs.
Northwest Territories (Saskatchewan and Alberta) .As early
as 1884 we find among the Ordinances of the Northwest Territories
one respecting Municipalities." This contained provisions for the
establishment of certain rural municipalities and the municipalities
of the town of Regina, the town of Moosejaw, etc. Only a limited
number of rural municipalities found practical existence under this
Ordinance, which was planned on principles similar to those of the
older provinces. In 1896 legislation was passed deorganizing certain
of the rural municipalities where the system proved unpopular. In
1897 the Legislature of the Territories passed a Statute Labour Ord
inance. The year following produced the Local Improvement Ordinance
which, with its amendments, was the law observed until 1904. The
average area of each local improvement district was one township.
In 1903 a new Local Improvement Bill deorganized all one-township
local improvement districts and abolished the provision for statute
labour. The new Bill provided for local improvement districts with an
area of four townships, each of which was a division electing a council
annually. The four thus secured formed a Council Board. In 1904
the Legislature made financial provision for inquiry into municipal
organizations in general in order to provide a safe, economical system
of rural municipalities and to improve the ordinance under which
cities, towns and villages were administered. The breaking up of the
Territories in 1905 into the present provinces of Alberta and Saskat
chewan caused delays; but municipal commissions with urban and
rural sections were appointed. As a result of the experience gathered
during territorial days and later, and of the findings of these Commis
sions, Local Improvement Acts were amended, Rural Municipality,
Town and Village Acts were passed in both provinces, and a City Act
was passed in the province of Saskatchewan.
19
SASKATCHEWAN AND ALBERTA
ORGANIZATION OF PRAIRIE PROVINCES.
Representation of Provinces in the Dominion
Parliament.- -The representation of the prairie
provinces is determined by the British North
America Act, which provides for readjustment
after each census, and by the various acts
establishing the provinces themselves. The
following schedule indicates the present repre
sentation and that which will obtain upon
dissolution of the present Parliament:
Province.
Senators.
Members of House of Commons.
Manitoba ....
4
4
4
At Present.
V
In Future.
10
10
7
15
16
12
Saskatchewan
Alberta
Provincial Constitutions. The Constitutions of the prairie prov
inces are determined by the following Acts and their amendments:
the British North America Act, the Manitoba Act, the Saskatchewan
Act and the Alberta Act.
Executive Power. Each province has a Lieutenant-Governor,
appointed by the Dominion Government, who holds office for five
years. Within his term he is not removable except for cause assigned,
communicated to him in writing. His powers are exercised in accord
ance with the principles of responsible government, with the advice
and consent of the provincial cabinets.
Each province has in its cabinet a Minister of Public Works, an
Attorney-General, a Minister of Agriculture, a Provincial Treasurer,
a Minister of Education and a Provincial Secretary. A featu it-
peculiar to the prairie provinces is the Department of Municipal
Affairs under the supervision of a Minister in Saskatchewan and Alberta,
of a Commissioner in Manitoba. More than one department <>r
sub-department is frequently under one responsible minister.
at present in Manitoba the premier is President of the Council,
vincial Land Commissioner and Railway Commissioner; the Minii
of Agriculture is also Minister of Immigration; the Provincial Secretary
is also Municipal Commissioner. In Saskatchewan the pivnuiT is
20
LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF CANADA.
President of the Council and Minister of Education; the Provincial
Treasurer is also Minister of Telegraphs and Telephones; the Attorney-
General is also Provincial Secretary; and the Minister of Railways has
in charge the administration of highways. In Alberta the premier
is also Minister of Railways and Telephones, but each minister has in
charge a single department.
Legislative Power. Each province has a Legislature consisting of
the Lieutenant-Governor and the Legislative Assembly. There must
be a yearly session. Though the Assembly may be dissolved at any
time it must not continue longer than a fixed period of years after a
general election. Section 92 of the British North America Act
enumerates the exclusive powers of the Provincial Legislatures. 1
Municipal Government.- -The school district constitutes at once
the most important and elementary unit of self-government on the
prairies. Of municipal organization there are five different forms:
(a) Local Improvement Districts; (b) Rural Municipalities; (c) Vil
lages; (d) Towns; (e) Cities.
Local Improvement Districts. 2 - -These consist of those sparsely
settled areas where there exists either no municipal organization what
ever or organization of a very simplified and elementary character.
As a rule, each local improvement district has exactly the same area
as the rural municip lity into which it may subsequently be trans
formed. This is generally the territorial unit of 18 miles square or
nine townships. The form and size of these units occasionally vary to
fit into the physical features of the country. The local improvement
district is not regarded as a permanent organization. Its powers are
circumscribed. In Saskatchewan the local improvement and sup
plementary revenue taxes are collected by the Department of Municipal
Affairs and spent for public works through the Board of Highway
Commissioners. A certain portion of them is disbursed for wolf
bounties. In Alberta a council is elected, a councillor from each of
the six wards or divisions. The power of this council is very limited.
It has the right to levy a small tax, at a rate fixed at so many cents, never
exceeding five, on the acre. It can expend the revenue so raised in
payment for work on roads and bridges, a little assistance to agriculture
and the running expenses of the district.
Rural Municipalities. The rural municipality is a permanent
institution and a body corporate. It passes by-laws for the general
welfare of the community. These relate to such matters as public
health, nuisance grounds, cemeteries, hospitals, granting aid to the
sick and worthy indigent, providing for tree planting in public places,
imposing fines for light weight and short measurements, preventing
cruelty to animals, restraining the running at large of dogs, the applica
tion of herd and pound laws, preventing prairie fires, licensing hawkers
Canada Year Book, 1914, page 12.
9 In Manitoba this term is used to denote a portion of a rural municipality or
incorporated village formed into a particular territory to provide for local
improvements.
21
SASKATCHEWAN AND ALBERTA.
and pedlars, regulating speed on highways, granting aid to agricultural
societies, the destruction of noxious weeds, the acquiring of land for
public purposes, the erection of municipal buildings and similar matters.
They have charge of the collection of school taxes in rural districts
within the limits of the municipality. In order to perform permanent
improvements a rural municipality can borrow by debentures.
The rural municipalities have authority to collect certain license
fees, but taxation constitutes their principal source of revenue. Each
council appoints its own auditor, but the books of the municipality are
subject to departmental inspection. Under conditions that vary with
the provinces the electors of the municipalities may vote to come into
provincial, group or co-operative hail insurance schemes. They are not
allowed to bonus railways or commercial enterprises of any kind.
The method of election varies with the provinces. In Alberta, for
instance, the council is elected at large by the electors of the municipality,
and the reeve is chosen at the first meeting of the council; in Saskat
chewan the reeve only is elected at large and each of the six councillors
is chosen by a division of a township and a half; in Manitoba the Council
consists of the reeve and six or four councillors as determined by by-law.
A secretary-treasurer appointed by the council levies the assessment
and collects the taxes.
Villages. In Saskatchewan 100 people must be actually resident
in a hamlet before it can claim village incorporation. The number is
counted by a person sent from the Department of Municipal Affairs.
Each village may levy, for taxation purposes, on land at its fair
actual value, and on buildings and improvements at 60 p. c. of their
value, but if two-thirds of the resident ratepayers desire, by written
petition, that the assessment shall be based on land values only, the
council may pass a by-law to that effect.
Under the Village Act of Alberta a village is not a corporate body
and has only very limited powers. A village may be established where
there is any centre of population containing 25 occupied dwelling-houses
within an area not greater than 640 acres. The tax, which may not
exceed 2 -cents on the dollar, must be levied on the actual value of the
lands in the village exclusive of the improvements thereon. A village
may borrow money by debentures after obtaining authority from the
Minister of Municipal Affairs.
In Manitoba, villages, as in the case of towns and cities, excepting
Winnipeg and St. Boniface, are incorporated under the Municipality Act.
A village must have 500 inhabitants within 640 acres. The census is taken
under the direction of the council of the municipality. The council
consists of the mayor and four councillors. The village council, as in
the case of the council of every municipality in Manitoba, may pass
by-laws for exempting any industry in whole or in part from taxation
for any period not exceeding 20 years.
Towns. In Saskatchewan a village must h we at least 500 people
actually resident therein, in order to become a town. The census
must be taken by an official of the Department. Land is assessed at its
fair actual value and improvements at not more than 60 p. c. of their
22
LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF CANADA.
value, but this assessment on the latter may be withdrawn entirely
within not less than four years. Power has been given to establish parks
and recreation grounds, skating and curling rinks-.
In Alberta a village having 700 residents may be established as
a town. The Act requires that all taxes must be derived from an
assessment levied according to the actual cash value of the land without
regard to any improvements made thereon by the expenditure of capital
or labour. Income, personal property and improvements are entirely
exempt from taxation.
In Manitoba a locality containing over 1,500 inhabitants may be
erected into a town on petition. The council consists of the mayor
and two councillors for every ward.
Cities. In Alberta there is no City Act. The different cities in
the province carry on business under their own special charter. Ac
cordingly the methods differ in the different cities. Where in other
provinces common regulations exist here can only be observed tenden
cies. They are strongly inclined to own their own utilities, not to
give franchises and to exempt personal property, incomes and improve
ments from taxation.
In Saskatchewan towns must have a population of 5,000 to become
cities. A general City Act governs in each case. This strictly prohibits
the granting of bonuses. A Saskatchewan city may at its own volition
assess land values exempting buildings and improvements, but the
change may be gradual. Land is assessed at its fair actual value and
buildings at not more than 60 p. c. of their value. This 60 p.c., how
ever, may be entirely eliminated by a gradual reduction of not more
than 15 p.c. in any one year.
The three provinces of the prairies have each a different method
in regard to the appointment of city commissioners. In Manitoba is
found the board of control, in Saskatchewan the appointed commis
sioner, in Alberta the elected commissioner.
In Manitoba, towns containing over 10,000 inhabitants may be
erected into a city. The council consists of the mayor and two alder
men from every ward.
In all three provinces, cities, towns, villages and rural muni
cipalities may pass by-laws for contracting debts by borrowing money
or otherwise, and, if necessary, for issuing debentures for certain specified
purposes, but in all cases the by-laws for borrowing money must receive
the assent of the electors. Particularly in connection with the smaller
types of corporation the limit of debt is specifically stated in the various
acts governing the cases.
The legislative powers of the councils of municipalities in the
three prairie provinces are in the main the same, acquiring property
for municipal or public purposes, taking census, appointing engineers,
constables and other officers, enforcement of by-laws, regulations
regarding public health and comfort, public safety, public order and
morality, protection from fire, care of children, regulation of streets
and public places, drainage and sewerage, fences, dairies, water supply,
23
BRITISH COLUMBIA.
matters relating to agriculture, public fairs, animals, dog taxes, impound
ing, cemeteries, coal and wood supply, libraries, advertising, markets,
boards of trade, trades and occupations, licensing travellers for com
mercial houses, street numbering and similar matters.
BRITISH COLUMBIA.
By S. D. SCOTT, Vancouver, B.C.
"DRITISH Columbia became part of the
J - J Dominion of Canada on July 20, 1871. The
province had been organized in 1866 by the
union of the colony of Vancouver Island, whose
government had been established in 1849, with
that of British Columbia (the mainland) which
dated from 1858. About the time that British
Columbia entered the Confederation, local
responsible government began. Previously, the
colony had been administered by a governor
and a mixed elective and appointed council.
The administration is vested in a lieutenant-
governor and a cabinet of eight members as follows: Attorney-General
and Commissioner of Fisheries; Minister of Finance; Provincial Secre
tary and Minister of Education; Minister of Lands; Minister of Mines;
Minister of Public Works; Minister of Agriculture; President of the
Council. With the exception of the Premier, who holds one of these
offices and receives $3,000 a year in addition to the salary of his portfolio,
and the President of the Council, who is unpaid, the salary of each of
these ministers is $6,000. The first administration after Confederation
contained only five ministers. The Department of Mines was separated
from other portfolios, with a minister of its own, in 1900. The Depart
ment of Public Works was separated from that of Lands in 1908. In
1916, Agriculture, previously under the jurisdiction of the Minister of
Finance, became a department with a minister of its own.
Legislative. British Columbia has a single chamber legislature
of 47 members, increased by Act of 1915 from 42. The number of
members after Confederation was 25. But as new settlements arose
and others grew into cities and towns redistribution took place from
time to time. For example, Vancouver city, now represented by six
members, first became a constituency in 1894 with two members
In the Legislature elected in 1916, Vancouver had six representatives
Victoria four, all elected at large, while the other 37 ridings returned
single members. The term of the Legislature from Confederation until
1916 was four years. The thirteenth Legislature (1912-16) made the
term five years,* the change to go into effect the succeeding term,
sessional indemnity is $1,600, and an allowance of $1,500 is made
the leader of the Opposition.
24
LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF CANADA.
Judicial. Justice is administered in British Columbia by a court
of appeal, composed of a chief justice and four puisne judges; a supreme
court, comprising a chief justice and five puisne judges; and ten local
county courts, each with one judge, except that of Vancouver, which
has three. There are also minor courts with criminal jurisdiction held
by stipendiary magistrates, police magistrates and justices of the
peace and magistrates having civil jurisdiction under the " Small
Debts Act." Victoria and Vancouver have juvenile courts.
Police. In addition to the local police maintained by the muni
cipalities, there is a body of provincial police with general jurisdiction,
which maintains order in the unorganized districts, looks after the
Indians, renders assistance to local authorities in the pursuit of criminals
and performs other services required in a pioneer country. These are
directly under the control of the Attorney-General s Department.
Provincial Taxes. British Columbia imposes direct taxation to
a greater extent than any other province, and has received from this
source as much as $1,200,000 in a year. These taxes include a small
assessment on improved property outside of incorporated municipalities,
an assessment of four p.c. on assessed value on wild land (which
tax is intended to encourage improvement and settlement) , a progressive
income tax, taxes on corporations, succession duties and certain license
fees.
Agriculture. The Department of Agriculture is organized with a
minister, a deputy minister and various heads of branches, including
live-stock commissioner, provincial horticulturist, instructor in poultry
raising, inspector of fruit pests, market commissioner, cold storage
commissioner, veterinary inspector, dairy instructor, seed commissioner
and plant pathologist.
Farm Credit. In 1916 an Agricultural Credit Commission was
established, with authority to advance money by way of loan to farmers
on the security of their holdings, for the purpose of clearing and
improving their properties, providing buildings and equipment. This
advance is to be repaid in instalments, with interest at a rate sufficient
to meet the charge on Government bonds and cost of management.
Lands, Etc.- -The Department of Lands is under a minister and
deputy minister, a surveyor-general, chief forester, geographer, irrigation
supervisors and other officials. It maintains a forest protection service,
with a staff of rangers to guard against the destruction of timber by
fires. By the co-operation of the lumber interests, this protection
includes public and private property. Land has heretofore been sold
for agricultural purposes to applicants at prices which have been
gradually raised. From time to time areas have been withdrawn and
reserved for pre-emption or homesteads. By legislation of 1916, the
lands previously sold on deferred payments, on which unpaid amounts
remained, reverted to the crown to the extent of the part unpaid for,
and are held as homesteads for returned soldiers.
Fisheries. The administration of the fisheries is under the control
of the Finance Department, which, among other things, regulates the
fish canneries, the inland fisheries, and, in co-operation with the federal
25
BRITISH COLUMBIA.
authorities, maintains stations and a staff for the study of the habits
of the fish, methods of propagation, preservation and protection.
Education. The Department of Education is under a minister who
is also provincial secretary. The Superintendent of Education has the
rank of a deputy minister. Supervision is in the hands of one hi?h
school inspector, fourteen inspectors of schools and one inspector "of
manual training schools. From the university to the primary school,
the system is non-sectarian; English is the only recognized language of
instruction in the common schools.
The provincial university, authorized by legislation passed in
1908, was organized in 1912 and 1913 by the first convocation, the
appointment of the president and the first board of governors. This
institution is governed by a chancellor, elected by convocation of
alumni, a board of governors, appointed by the Government, and a
senate partly elected by the convocation and partly representing the
faculty ^ and other teaching bodies. The university has faculties in
arts, science, engineering (including mining) and agriculture.
Other educational institutions include two normal schools and
over thirty high schools. There are also in the cities night schools in
many departments of academic and technical instruction, with manual
training and household science departments in the high schools and
common schools. Text books are furnished to pupils free of cost.
The maintenance of all the city and town schools, and a lar^e
majority of the rural schools, is provided for by district or local assess
ment, supplemented by grants from the provincial treasury on a per
capita basis. Control of these schools is vested in the local authorities
subject to general regulations. There are, however, certain rural schools
in the more scattered districts which are more directly under the control
of the provincial department. The law provides for compulsory
attendance at school for children between the ages of seven and fourteen.
Cities and organized municipalities elect their school boards by popular
vote. These boards appoint municipal inspectors and other officers.
Municipal Government. For purposes of administration, counties,
in the ordinary meaning of the word, are unknown in British Columbia.
Local administration is at present based on the legislation known as
the Municipal Clauses Act, and supplementary statutes, but municipal
government existed in the colony as far back as 1860. Large powers of
local self-government are conferred by the existing system. It provides
for two classes of municipalities, urban and rural. An urban muni
cipality may be formed by a community of not less than 100 male British
subjects, provided the owners of more than 1 half the land petition for
it. There are 33 cities, with populations of 600 to over 100,000.
District municipalities may be organized by 30 resident male
British subjects of full age. In 1916 there were in the province 28
such municipalities, having from 100 to more than 10,000 ratepayers.
The city organizations are of the same general type, though differing
in some details. In all, the chief executive officer is the mayor, and
all have elective councils.
Neither the commission system nor the board of control has yet
been introduced into British Columbia, but the board of control is
26
LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF CANADA.
authorized by provincial legislation. All the larger cities retain the
ward system. Vancouver, which is the largest city, has reduced its
council to eight members, one elected by and from each ward. The
municipal franchise for ordinary purposes is open to adult male residents
and to female householders and real estate owners. Only assessed
owners of real estate, male and female, may vote on money by-laws
Such by-laws are necessary for expenditures beyond the ordinary
revenue requiring the issue of debentures. They require the majority
of three-fifths of the votes cast.
The chief executive of a district municipality is the reeve. In
most other respects the district municipality is similar to the city govern
ment. In cities the police are under the authority of a commission,
composed of the mayor and two members appointed by the provincial
Government, one of whom must be chosen from the members of the
city council. Under general legislation liquor licenses in cities are
controlled by a commission appointed in the same way as a police
commission, but special legislation for Vancouver establishes a
commission of five, of whom the mayor is one member, and half the
others are appointed by the Government and half chosen by the citizens
at the annual election.
While the general municipal system is established by common
legislation, several municipalities have secured large modifications by
special enactment. Each has its own system of assessment and taxa
tion. Vancouver, for example, levies its taxes on real estate values,
exempting all improvements, and makes no assessment on personal
property or income.
Provincial legislation provides for civic administration of parks.
Some cities have an elective board of park commissioners, with control
of the public gardens, parks, bathing beaches and open spaces. Some
maintain free public libraries, museums and other institutions with
public grants.
27
CHRONOLOGY.
(A more detailed list of events appeared in the Statistical Year Book of Canada
for 1904, pp. 4-24.)
1497.
1498.
1534.
1535.
1541.
1543.
1557.
1603.
1608.
1615
-June 24, eastern coast of North
America discovered by John
Cabot.
-Second expedition of Cabot.
Discovery of Hudson Strait
and coast of New England.
-Jacques Cartier ascends the
St. Lawrence as far as Hoche-
laga (Montreal).
-Second voyage of Cartier.
-Third voyage of Cartier.
-Fourth voyage of Cartier.
-September 1, death of Cartier.
-June. 22, first arrival of Cham-
plain at Quebec.
-Second visit of Champlain, and
foundation of Quebec.
Champlain ascends the Ottawa
river, passes through Lake
Nipissing into the Georgian
Bay, and through Lake Sim-
coe and Rice Lake into Lake
Ontario.
1627.
1628.
1629.
1632.
-Creation of Company of 100
Associates."
-Port Royal (Acadia) taken by
Sir David Kirke.
-April 24, Treaty of Peace be
tween France and England
signed at Susa. July 31,
Quebec surrenders to Sir
David Kirke. Champlain re
turns to France.
-Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye ;
Canada and Acadia restored
to France. Champlain re
turns to Canada as Governor.
1634. Settlement at Three Rivers.
1635. December 25, death of Cham-
plain.
1639. Ursulines and Hospital nuns
arrive at Quebec.
1640. Discovery of Lake Erie by
Brebeuf and Chaumonot.
1642. Foundation of Montreal.
1654. By Cromwell s orders expedi
tion from New England under
Major Robert Sedgwick seizes
Acadia.
1655. November 13, Treaty of West
minster, establishing peace
between England and France.
1659. Arrival of M. de Laval as
Vicar- Apostolic, with title of
Bishop of Petroea in partibus.
11 Company of
February
1663. Dissolution of
100 Associates.
5, severe earthquake, lasting
several days.
1667. Treaty of Breda; Acadia re
stored to France . White pop
ulation of New France, 3,918.
1670. May 13, Hudson s Bay Com
pany receives its charter.
1672. Frontenac appointed Governor.
Population, 6,705.
1682. Frontenac recalled.
1689. August 5, Lachine Massacre.
Oct. 12,Frontenac, re-appoint
ed Governor, arrives at Que
bec.
1690. Massacres by French and Indi
ans on New England frontier.
Attack on Quebec by New
Englanders under Sir William
Phipps repulsed.
1697. September 20, Treaty of Rys-
wick between France and
England, providing for mu
tual restoration of conquered
territories.
1698. November 28, death of Fron
tenac. Population, 13,355.
1699. M. de Callieres appointed
Governor.
1711. Naval expedition under Sir
Hovenden Walker against
Quebec meets disaster.
1713. Treaty of Utrecht gives Acadia
to England.
1745. Louisbourg, Cape Breton,taken
by English under Sir William
Pepperell and Sir Peter War
ren.
1748. October 18, Peace of Aix-la-
Chapelle restores Louisbourg
to France in exchange for
Madras.
1749. June 21, Foundation of Halifax
by Lord Halifax.
1756. War (Seven Years) between
England and France. Mont-
calm in Quebec.
1758. Representative government
granted to Nova Scotia.
July 26, capture of Louisbourg
by British expedition under
Amherst and Boscawen.
28
CHRONOLOGY,
1759. Capture of Fort Niagara by the
English under General Pri-
dea ux, who was killed during
the assault. July 26, siege of
Quebec began. September
13, battle of the Plains of
Abraham; death of Wolfe.
September 14, death of Mont-
calm. September 18, sur
render of Quebec.
September 8, surrender of
Montreal.
1760
1763
February 10, Treaty of Paris
signed. Conspiracy of Pon-
tiac.
1768. Sir Guy Carleton (afterwards
Lord Dorchester) appointed
Governor-General.
1774. Passage of Quebec Act.
1775. May 1, Quebec Act takes effect.
American Revolution and in
vasion of Canada under Mont
gomery and Arnold. Mont
real taken. December 31,
attack on Quebec repulsed;
death of Montgomery,
1776. Retreat of American forces
from Canada.
1783. September 3, Treaty of Ver
sailles, recognizing American
Independence and regulating
Newfoundland Fisheries.
Kingston founded by U.E.
Loyalists.
1791. Passage of Constitutional Act
by British Parliament; divi
sion of Province of Quebec
into Upper and Lower Canada.
1792. First Legislatures summoned
in Upper and Lower Canada.
Vancouver Island circumnav
igated by Captain George
Vancouver.
1793. Act passed forbidding importa
tion of slaves into Upper Can
ada.
1794. Jay s Treaty between Great
Britain and the United States
signed.
1811. Foundation of McGill College.
Grant of 74,000,000 acres of
land from Hudson s Bay Co.
to Earl of Selkirk for estab
lishment of Red River Colony.
1812. June 19, war declared against
England by United States.
August 16, capture of Detroit
by General Brock. October
13, battle of Queenston
Heights; death of General
Brock.
1813. June 24, memorable action of
Laura Secord brings about
surrender of American troops
at Beaver Dam. September
10, battle of Lake Erie. Octo
ber 26, battle of Chateau-
guay. November 11, battle
of Chrysler s Farm.
1814. July 25, battle of Lundy s Lane.
September 11, battle of Lake
Champlain. December 24,
Treaty of Ghent makes peace
between England and United
States.
1817.
1818.
1820.
1821.
1829.
-First Treaty with Northwest
Indians.
-October 30, London Conven
tion regulating North Ameri
can Fisheries.
-Cape Breton re-annexed to
Nova Scotia.
-Commencement of Lachine
Canal.
Foundation of Upper Canada
College. First Welland Canal
Opened.
1833. Crossing from Nova Scotia to
England of the Royal William,
the first vessel to cross the
Atlantic entirely by steam.
March 1, Incorporation of
Toronto.
1834
1837
1838
1839
-Outbreak of Rebellion in Upper
and Lower Canada.
-May 29, Lord Durham arrives
at Quebec.
-February 11, Report of Lord
Durham. October 19, Charles
Poulett Thompson (after
wards Lord Sydenham) ar
rives in Canada.
1840. July 23, passage of Act of
Union, July 28, death of
Lord Durham.
1841. February 10, Union of Upper
and Lower Canada. June 13,
the first joint parliament
meets at Kingston. Septem
ber 3, adoption of Baldwin s
resolutions respecting re
sponsible government. Pop
ulation of Upper Canada
455,688; of Lower Canada
(1844), 697,084. September
19, death of Lord Sydenham.
1842. August 9. Ashburton Treaty.
1843. Foundation of Victoria, British
Columbia.
29
CHRONOLOGY.
1848. Opening of Navigation of St.
Lawrence Canals.
1849. April 25, rioting in Montreal
over passing of Rebellion
Losses Bill. Vancouver Island
made a Crown Colony.
1850. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty.
1851. Responsible government goes
into effect in Prince Edward
Island.
1852. Commencement of Grand
Trunk Railway.
1854. Abolition of Seigniorial Tenure
in Lower Canada; settlement
of Clergy Reserves question.
June 5, Reciprocity Treaty
with United States.
1855. March 16, Reciprocity Treaty
with U.S. comes into effect.
Incorporation of City of
Ottawa.
1858. Adoption of decimal currency.
Ottawa selected by Queen
Victoria as capital of the
province of Canada. Parlia
mentary government estab
lished in British Columbia.
April, discovery of gold in
British Columbia.
1860. September 1, corner stone of
Parliament Buildings at Ot
tawa laid by the Prince of
Wales.
1861. Prince Edward Island Land
Commission.
1863. Separate School Act (Canada).
1864. September, Convention at
Charlottetown on Union of
Maritime Provinces; October
10, adjourned to Quebec to
consider Union of all British
North American provinces.
1865. February 3, resolution of Legis
lature for address to Her
Majesty praying that act may
be passed for the Union of the
B.N.A. provinces. October,
transfer of seat \>f govern
ment from Quebec to Ottawa.
1866. March 17, termination of
Reciprocity Treaty by the
United States. May 31, in
vasion of Canada by Fenians.
June 8, the Legislature of
Canada meets in new Parlia
ment Buildings at Ottawa.
August 11, address to Her
Majesty the Queen, embody
ing resolutions providing for
the local governments and
legislatures of Lower and
Upper Canada, respectively,
under proposed Union of
B.N.A. provinces. Novem
ber 17, Union of Vancouver
Island with British Columbia.
1867. February 10, passing of British
North America Act. July 1,
Proclamation of the Union;
Dominion Day established.
1868. April 7, assassination at Ottawa
of D Arcy McGee. July 31,
Rupert s Land Act.
1869. Red River Rebellion.
1870. May 11, purchase by Dominion
of Hudson s Bay Company s
rights in Rupert s Land,
300,000. July 15, addition
to the Dominion of the North
west Territories and creation
of new province of Manitoba.
September 24, arrival at Fort
Garry of Col. Wolseley s
expedition. Collapse of Re
bellion.
1871. May 8, Treaty of Washington.
July 20, admission of British
Columbia to Confederation.
1873. July 1, admission of Prince
Edward Island to Confedera
tion.
1875. A Lieut. -Governor appointed
for Rupert s Land and the
Northwest Territories.
1876. Opening of the Intercolonial
Railway from Quebec to
Halifax. Establishment of
Royal Military College at
Kingston.
1877. First exportation of wheat from
Manitoba to Great Britain.
1878. November, arrival of Marquis
of Lorne as Governor-Gene
ral, accompanied by H. R. H.
Princess Louise.
1879. Adoption of the "National
Policy."
1880. British possessions on the
North American continent
annexed to Canada. May 11,
first High Commissioner for
Canada appointed (Sir A. T.
Gait). May 10 death of
Hon. George Brown.
1881. May 2. first sod turned of
Canadian Pacific Railway.
1882. May 8, Provisional Dist riots of
Assiniboia, Saskatchewan,
Alberta and Athabasca
created.
30
CHRONOLOGY.
1883. May 30, Sir Charles Tupper
appointed High Commissioner
for Canada, in London.
1884. August 11, settlement of boun
dary between Ontario and
Manitoba. August 27, Brit
ish Association meets in
Montreal.
1885. March 26, outbreak of second
Northwest Rebellion. No
vember 16, execution of Louis
Riel.
1887. Jubilee of Queen Victoria.
Interprovincial Conference at
Quebec. April 4, first Colo
nial Conference in London.
1888. February 15, signing of Fishery
Treaty at Washington. Aug
ust, rejection of FisheryTreaty
by United States Senate.
1890. Legislature of Northwest Ter
ritories obtains control of all
territorial expenditure. Oc
tober 6, McKinley Tariff Act
came into operation in the
United States.
1891. June 6, death of Sir John A.
Macdonald.
1892. Treaty of Washington (Behring
Sea) providing for arbitra
tion. Boundary Convention
signed between Canada and
United States.
1894. June 28, Colonial Conference
at Ottawa.
1895. Proclamation naming the un
named portions of the North
west Territories as Ungava,
Franklin, Mackenzie and
Yukon Districts.
1896. April 24, Lord Strathcpna ap
pointed High Commissioner
for Canada. July 6, bound
aries of Quebec extended to
shores of Hudson Bay. No
vember 24, Behring Sea Com
mission met at Victoria, B.C.
1897. June 22, Diamond Jubilee of
Queen Victoria. Second Col
onial Conference in London.
July 30, commercial treaties
with Belgium and Germany
denounced. August 18, Brit
ish Association meets at
Toronto. December 8, Privy
Council decision upholding
right of Provinces to create
Queen s Counsel.
1898. August 1, Preferential Tariff
(reduction of 25 p.c. in favour
of Great Britain) comes into
force. August 23, Joint High
Commission meets at Quebec
for adjustment of questions
between Canada and United
States.
1899. October 11, outbreak of the
Boer War. October 30, first
Canadian contingent for ser
vice in South Africa embarks
at Quebec. May 23, first
celebration of Empire Day.
1900. April 26, great fire in Ottawa
and Hull. July 7, British
Preferential Tariff reduced to
two-thirds of the General
Canadian Customs Tariff.
Modus vivendi between Great
Britain and France respect
ing Newfoundland Fisheries.
1901. January 22, death of Queen
Victoria and accession of
King Edward VII. Septem
ber 16, Duke and Duchess of
Cornwall arrive at Quebec.
1903. February 11, Alaskan Bound
ary Treaty ratified by the
United States Senate. Oc
tober 17, Alaskan Boundary
settled (in part).
1905. September 1, creation of new
provinces of Saskatchewan
and Alberta. January 25,
change of government in
Ontario.
1906. June 24, first census of North
west Provinces. September
10, Interprovincial Confer
ence at Ottawa.
1907. March 22, Industrial Disputes
Investigation Act passed.
April 15-May 14, Third
Colonial Conference in Lon
don. Adjustment of Parlia
mentary representation in
Saskatchewan and Alberta.
New Customs Tariff, includ
ing introduction of Inter
mediate Tariff. August 29,
collapse of Quebec Bridge.
September 19, new Commer
cial Convention with France
signed at Paris. October 17,
establishment of trans-At
lantic communication by
wireless telegraphy.
31
CHRONOLOGY.
1908. January 2, establishment of
Ottawa Branch of Royal Mint.
May 4, ratification of Treaty
for demarcation of boundary
between Canada and the
United States. June 21-23,
Bicentenary of Bishop Laval
celebrated at Quebec. July
20-31, Quebec Tercentenary
Celebrations; visit to Que
bec of Prince of Wales, re
presenting the King.
1909. May 19, appointment of Cana
dian Commission of Conserva
tion. July 28, Conference
on Imperial Defence in Lon
don. Establishment of In
ternational Joint Waterways
Commission.
1910. February 1, ratification of
Commercial Treaty with
France. February 1, Inter
national Opium Commission
met at Shanghai. May 4,
passing of Naval Service Bill.
May 6, death of King Edward
VII and accession of King
George V. June 7, death of
Goldwin Smith. September
7, North Atlantic Coast Fish
eries Arbitration award of
the Hague Tribunal. New
trade agreements made with
Germany, Belgium, Holland
and Italy.
1911. January 21, proposals for reci
procity with United States
* submitted to the Canadian
Parliament. March 21, Duke
of Connaught appointed Gov
ernor-General of Canada.
May 20-June 20, Imperial
Conference in London. July
11, disastrous forest fires in
Porcupine mining districts.
Sept. 21, General Election of
Dominion Parliament. Octo
ber 11, electrical energy
generated by Niagara Falls
first used in Canada. Octo
ber 13, the Duke and Duchess
of Connaught land at Quebec.
1912. April 15, loss of the steamship
Titanic. May 15, extension
of the boundaries of Quebec,
Ontario and Manitoba. June
17, judgment delivered by the
Imperial Privy Council on
the marriage question raised
by the Ne Tern ere Decree.
1913. April 10, Japanese Treaty Act
assented to. June 2, trade
agreement with West Indies
came into force. July 26,
King s Prize at Bisley won by
Canadian. September 1-3,
visit to Montreal of British
Lord Chancellor (Viscount
Haldane). October 4, New
Customs tariff of United
States goes into force.
1914. January 21, death of Lord
Strathcona and Mount Royal,
aged 94. May 29, loss of the
steamship Empress of Ireland.
August 3, acquisition by
Canada of two submarines on
the Pacific Coast. War with
Germany, August 4; with
Austria-Hungary, August 12;
and with Turkey, November
5. August 18-22, special war
session of Canadian Parlia
ment. October 16, first Can
adian contingent of over33,000
troops land at Plymouth,
England. November 1, loss
of 4 Canadian midshipmen by
sinking of H.M.S. Cape of
Good Hope in action off the
coast of Chile.
1915. February, Canadian First Con
tingent land in France and
proceed to Flanders. April
22, Second Battle of Ypres;
gallantry of Canadian troops
highly eulogized by F.-M.
Sir John French. July 14,
Sir Robert Borden attends
meeting of the British Cab
inet. Oct. 30, Death of Sir
Charles Tupper, Bt. Nov.
22, issue of Canadian War
Loan of $50,000,000. Nov. 30,
War Loan increased to
$100,000,000.
32
II. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA.
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES.
General Formation. On the eastern coast of the North American
continent the Appalachian range of mountains gives shape to the
eastern coast of the United States and, extending into Canada, forms
the Gaspe peninsula and the Maritime Provinces. Around Hudson bay
is a V-shaped plateau constituting the Laurentian highland and extend
ing from Labrador down to the St. Lawrence river and thence north
westward to the Arctic ocean. In the west are the Cordillera ranges
of the Pacific coast, extending into British Columbia and the Yukon
territory. They occupy a large area in Canada, and comprise several
parallel ranges. In British Columbia they are over 400 miles in width,
and consist of the Coast range along the coast; the Rocky mountains,
properly so called, and, between them, the Selkirk, Gold, Cariboo,
Cassiar and other ranges. To the north of British Columbia lies the
Yukon territory, including a great mountain area drained by the
Yukon river and the Klondike valley, famous for its gold. West of
the Canadian Yukon lies the United States territory of Alaska. Canada
may further be conveniently divided into five sections: (1) the penin
sula which in Canada includes Gaspe and the three Maritime
provinces; (2) the lowlands of southern Ontario and southern Quebec,
with the Great Lakes and the Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers draining
the interior into the Atlantic ocean; (3) the Central plain; (4) the
Laurentian highland; (5) the western Cordillera.
Mountains. In the western Cordillera are found the highest
mountain ranges and peaks of Canada. In the Yukon territory and
forming part of the St. Elias range, is mount Logan, 19,539 feet, the
highest known point in Canada. In the Rocky mountains are many
peaks rising to heights of 11,000 or 12,000 feet, and mount Robson,
13,700 feet, in the Yellowhead pass, is the highest of that range. The
Selkirk range contains heights of from 9,000 feet to over 11,000 feet.
Waterways. The waterways of Canada constitute one of the most
remarkable of its geographical features. East of the Rocky mountains
the southern part of the Dominion slopes northeastward towards
Hudson bay; and the rivers in the south flow eastward. Thus the
Saskatchewan river, with its northern and southern branches, flows
eastward into lake Winnipeg and thence northward by the Nelson
river into Hudson bay. On the north the Great Plain has a northerly
slope, and the Mackenzie river, with its tributaries, the Slave, Liard,
Athabaska and Peace rivers, flows into the Arctic ocean. The Mac
kenzie, exclusive of its tributaries, but including the Slave, Peace and
Finlay rivers, of which it is the continuation, has a total length of 2,525
miles. The Yukon river in the Yukon territory also flows northward,
passing through Alaska into Behring strait after a course of 2,300
miles. In British Columbia, the Fraser, Columbia, Skeena and Stikine
rivers flow into the Pacific ocean.
Drainage Basins. The large drainage basins of Canada are the
Atlantic (554,000 square miles), the Hudson bay (1,486,000 square
miles), the Arctic (1,290,000 square miles), the Pacific (387,300 square
miles), and the gulf of Mexico (12,365 square miles). Table 1 gives a
list of the river drainage basins, and Table 2 gives the lengths of the
principal rivers with their tributaries and sub-tributaries.
33
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA.
1. Drainage Basins of Canada.
Drainage Basins.
Area
Drained.
|
Drainage Basins.
Area
Drained.
Atlantic Basin.
TT Q YY\ 1 1 -f rvn
3q. miles.
29,100
5,400
21,500
309,500
35,900
16,200
8,000
9,000
56,700
3,500
9,100
Pacific Basin.
Yukon
Sq. miles.
145,800
24,600
21,900
21,300
35,000
15,000
11,200
7,600
20,300
7,400
19,300
91,700
21,800
15,700
5,600
7,500
39,300
15,500
J_AU.lH.lU<Ji.JL
Porcupine
IvlirailllCIll
Qf TrVir>
Stewart
Ot. JOI111
Pelly.....
ijii. ajJAvVIcllLc
Lewes
oaguenay
Q-f IX/Tonvinfi
White
Dt. IVldUIlLc
Alsek
j 1 rencn
Taku
IN ipigoii
Stikine
\J (j la Wet
Naas
.uievre
Skeena
vjaiineau
Tntal
TTVoapf
554,000
62,400
20,000
26,300
25,500
15,700
9,800
29,800
42,100
11,300
10,600
59,800
20,700
18,700
24,100
38,600
370,800
44,000
20,600
63,400
52,600
158,800
54,700
65,500
18,300
11,100
8,900
115,500
32,700
58,500
Thompson
Hudson Bay Basin.
ISTpphaoo
Blackwater
Ohilootin
Columbia
( ior^T*o*p
Kootenay
vJCUl g,C
Big
Total
387,300
47,500
29,100
682,000
1,700
25,700
117,100
58,900
j - i & .
n/as tmam
Rrmprt
Arctic Basin.
Backs
Tifofldhaok
Tsfottawav ....
Moose
Abitibi
r^r>TyrPTmiT1P
Mackenzie
Missinaibi
Liard
Albany
Hay
Kenogami
Peace
Attawapiskat
Athabaska
vv inisK
Severn
m A. 1
1,290,000
12,365
-
Nplson . . . .
Total
Winnipeg
Plncrlish
Gulf of Mexico Basin
Red
A^siniboine . -
N Saskatchewan
S Saskatchewan
Red Deer
Row ....
Bellv
-L- CllJ
Ohiirrhill .
TCa 7^11
T")iihflwntj
Total
1,486,000
_
. :
^
are indicated by indentation of the names
34
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES.
2. Lengths of Principal Rivers and Tributaries in Canada.
Names.
Miles.
Names.
Miles.
Flowing into the Atlantic Ocean.
Hamilton (to head of Ashuanipi).
Natashkwan
Romaine
Moisie
St. Marguerite
St. John
Miramichi
St. Lawrence (to head of St.
Louis)
Manikugan
Outarde
Bersimis
Saguenay (to head of Peri-
bonka)
Peribonka
Mistassini
Ashwapmuchuan
Chaudiere
St. Maurice
Mattawin
St. Francis .
Richelieu
Ottawa
North
Rouge
North Nation
Lievre
Gatineau
Coulonge
Dumoine
South Nation
Mississippi
Madawaska
Petawawa
Moira
Trent
Grand . .
Thames
French (to head of Sturgeon) . .
Sturgeon
Spanish
Mississagi
Thessalon
Nipigon (to head of Ombabika).
Flowing into the Hudson Bay.
Nelson (to Lake Winnipeg)
Nelson (to head of Bow)
Red (to head of lake Traverse)
Red (to head of Sheyenne)
Assiniboine
Souris
Qu Appelle
350
220
270
210
130
390
135
1,900
310
270
240
405
280
185
165
120
325
100
165
210
685
70
115
60
205
240
135
80
90
105
130
95
60
150
140
135
180
110
153
140
40
130
390
,660
355
545
450
450
270
Flowing into the Hudson Bay-
concluded.
Winnipeg (to head of Firesteel)
English
Saskatchewan (to head of Bow)
North Saskatchewan
South Saskatchewan (to head
of Bow)
Bow
Belly
Red Deer
Churchill
Beaver ....
Kazan
Dubawnt
Severn
W T inisk
Attawapiskat
Albany (to head of Cat river)
Moose (to head of Mattagami).. :
Mattagami
Abitibi
Missinaibi
Harricanaw
Nottaway (to head of Waswanipi)
Waswanipi
Rupert
Eastmain
Big
Great Whale
Leaf
Koksoak (to head of Kaniapiskau)
Kaniapiskau
George
Flowing into the Pacific Ocean.
Columbia (total)
Columbia (in Canada)
Kootenay
Fraser
Thompson (to head of North
Thompson)
North Thompson
South Thompson
Chilcotin
Blackwater
Nechaco
Stuart
Skeena
Nass
Stikine
Alsek
Yukon (mouth to head of Nisutlin)
Yukon (Int. boundary to head of
Nisutlin)
I
475
330
1,205
760
865
315
180
385
,000
305
445
580
420
295
465
610
340
275
340
265
250
400
190
380
375
520
365
295
535
445
365
1,150
465
400
695
270
185
120
145
140
255
220
335
205
335
260
1,765
655
35
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA
2. Lengths of Principal Rivers and Tributaries in Canada concluded.
Names.
Miles.
Names.
Miles.
Flowing into the Pacific Ocean-
concluded.
Stewart
White...
Felly..
Macmillan
Lewes .
Flowing into the Arctic Ocean.
Mackenzie (to head of Finlay) .
Peel
Arctic Red
320
185
330
200
338
2,525
365
230
Flowing into the Arctic Ocean
concluded.
Liard
Fort Nelson
Athabaska
Pembina
Slave
Peace (to head of Finlay)
Finlay. ,
Parnsnip
Smoky
Little Smoky
Coppermine
Backs .
550
260
765
210
265
1,065
250
145
245
185
525
605
NOTE. In the above table the tributaries and sub-tributaries are indicated
by indentation of the names. Thus the Ottawa and other rivers are shown as
tributary to the St. Lawrence, and the Gatineau and other rivers as tributary to
the Ottawa.
St. Lawrence River System. Most important of the lakes and
rivers in Canada is the chain of the Great Lakes with their connecting
rivers, the St. Lawrence river and its tributaries. This cjiain is called
the St. Lawrence River System. The Great Lakes, separating the
province of Ontario from the United States and connected by a series
of artificial canals with the St. Lawrence river, allow of access from the
Atlantic ocean to the interior of the Dominion at Fort William and
Port Arthur, twin cities situated at the head of lake Superior.
The Great Lakes.- -Table 3 shows the length, breadth, areas and
elevation above sea-level of each of the Great Lakes.
3. Area and Elevation of the Great Lakes.
Lakes.
Length.
Breadth.
Area.
Elevation
above
Sea-level.
Miles.
354
Miles.
162
Sq. Miles.
31,800
Feet.
602
TVTirhi Gran
316
118
22,400
581
207
101
23,200
581
St Clair
26
24
445
575
TCrip
239
59
10,000
572
Ontario
193
53
7,260
246
Lake Superior, with its area of 31,800 square miles, is the largest
body of fresh water in the world. As the international boundary between
Canada and the United States passes through the centre of lakes
erior, Huron, Erie and Ontario, only half of the areas of
given in the above statement is Canadian. The whole of lake Michigan
is within United States territory. From the western end ot la
Superior to the mouth of the St. Lawrence there is, with 1
36
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES.
canal system, a continuous navigable waterway. The total length of
the St. Lawrence river from the head of the St. Louis river to the Pointe-
des-Monts, at the entrance to the gulf of St. Lawrence, is 1,900 miles.
The tributaries of the St. Lawrence, several of which have themselves
important tributaries, include the Ottawa river, 750 miles long; the
St. Maurice river, 400 miles long; and the Saguenay, 100 miles long.
Other Inland Waters. In addition to the Great Lakes there are
large bodies of inland water in other parts of Canada. Of these only the
following principal lakes, with their respective areas, need be mentioned
here: in Quebec, Lake Mistassini (975 square miles); in Ontario, lake
Nipigon (1,730 square miles); in Manitoba, lake Winnipeg (9,457
square miles) ; lake Winnipegosis (2,086 square miles) and lake Manitoba
(1,817 square miles); in Saskatchewan, Reindeer lake (2,437 square
miles) ; in Alberta, lake Athabaska (2,482 square miles) . All these are
within the boundaries of the provinces as at present constituted, and
are exclusive of lakes situated in the Northwest Territories, as, for in
stance, the Great Bear lake (11,821 square miles) and the Great Slave
lake (10,719 square miles) in the Mackenzie District.
Table 4 gives a list of the principal lakes of Canada by provinces,
with the area of each in square miles.
4. Areas of Principal Canadian Lakes by Provinces.
Names of Lakes.
Nova Scotia
Brasd Or
Little Bras d Or,
New Brunswick-
Grand .
Quebec
Abitibi, part
Ashuanipi
Attikonak
Aylmer
Baskatong
Burnt
Champlain, portion in Quebec
Chibouganau
Evans
Expanse . .
Gull
Grand Victoria
Ishimanikuagan
Kakabonga
Kipawa
Matapedia
Manouan
Mattagami
Areas.
Square
Miles.
230
130
360
74
25
319
331
8
171
56
3
138
231
59
125
57
87
65
117
16
113
87
Names of Lakes.
Quebec (con.)
Megantic
Melville, part
Memphremagog, portion in
Quebec
Menihek, part
Mistassini
Mistassinis
Nemiskau
Nornining
Obatogamau
Olga
Ossokmanuan
Papineau
Patamisk
Petitsikapau, part
Pipmaukin
Pletipi
Quinze, Lac des
St. Francis, Beauce county. . .
St. Francis river, St. Law
rence, part
St. John
St. Louis
St. Peter
Sandgirt, part
Simon
Timiskaming, part
Areas.
Square
Miles.
14
649
28
56
975
206
56
9
56
50
131
5
44
47
100
138
46
13
59
350
56
130
53
12
65
37
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA
4. Areas of Principal Canadian Lakes by Provinces con.
Names of Lakes.
Quebec (con.)
Temiscouata
Thirty-one Mile .
Two Mountains.
Wakonichi
Waswanipi
Whitefish.
Ontario
Abitibi
Bald
Balsam
Buckhorn
Cameron
Couchiching
Deer
Dog
Eagle ;
Erie, portion in Ontario.
George, portion in Ontario. . .
Huron, including Georgian
bay, portion in Ontario. . . .
La Croix, portion in Ontario.
Long ;
Manitou, Manitou island ....
Mille Lacs, Lac de
Mud
Muskoka
Namakau, portion in Ontario.
Nipigon
Nipissing
Ontario, portion in Ontario . .
Panache
Pigeon _
Rainy, portion in Ontario
Rice
St. Clair, portion in Ontario.
St. Francis, river St. Law
rence, part
St. Joseph, part
Saganaga, portion in Ontario
Seul, part
Simcoe
Scugog
Stony
Sturgeon, English river
Sturgeon, Victoria country .
Superior, portion in Ontario
Temagami
Timiskaming, part
Wanapitai
Woods, lake of the, part ir
Ontario
Areas.
Square
Miles.
29
23
63
44
100
19
5,480
331
2
17
14
6
19
7
61
128
5,019
11
14,331
23
75
38
104
13
54
19
1,730
330
3,727
35
15
260
27
257
24
122
21
196
271
391
19
106
18
11,178
90
52
45
1,325
40,159
Names of Lakes.
Vtanitoba
Dauphin
Dog
Ebb-and-flow
Manitoba
St. Martin.
Shoal
Swan
Waterhen
Winnipeg, part
Winnipegosis, part
Woods, lake of the, part.
Saskatchewan
Amisk
Athabaska, part
Buffalo
Candle
Chaplin
Cree
Cumberland
Dove
He a la Crosse
Johnston
Last Mountain
Little Quill
Manitou
Montreal
Nameu, part
Plonge, Lac la
Quill
Red Deer on Red Deer river.
Reindeer, part
Ronge, Lac la. . .
White Loon
Witchikan
Wollaston
Alberta
Athabaska, part
Beaver
Biche, Lac la. . .
Buffalo
Claire
Lesser Slave
Pakpwoki
Sullivan
Areas.
Square
Miles.
200
64
39
1,817
125
102
84
83
5,525
1,306
60
9,405
8,329
1,041
89
126
55
404
480
72
64
2,360
38
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
4. Areas of Principal Canadian Lakes by Provinces concluded.
Names of Lakes.
Areas.
Names of Lakes.
Areas.
British Columbia
Adams
Square
Miles.
52
Northwest Territories con.
Melville, part
Square
Miles.
649
Atlin, part
331
Menihek, part
56
Babine
306
Minto
735
Chilko
172
Mishikamau
612
Harrison
122
Mishikamats. . .
122
Kootenay
220
Moose
552
Lower Arrow
64
Nameu, part
12
Okanagan
135
Nichikun
208
Owikano
98
North Indian
184
Quesnel
147
Nueltin
306
Shuswap
124
Nutavawit
343
Stuart
220
Payne
747
Tacla
135
Pelly.
331
Tagish, part.
91
Petiesikapau, part
47
Teslin, part
123
Plavsreen .
224
Upper Arrow
99
Reed
86
2,439
Red Deer, west of lake Winni-
pegosis
86
Reindeer, part
134
Northwest Territories
Richmond
269
Aberdeen
514
St. Joseph, part
123
Apiskigamish
392
Sandgirt, part
53
Atikameg ....
90
Sandy
245
Aylmer
612
Schultz
123
Baker
1,029
Setting
58
Cedar
284
Seul, part
196
Clearwater
478
South Indian
1,531
Clinton-Golden
674
Thaolintoa
184
Cormorant
141
Todatara
208
Dubawnt
1,654
Trout English river
134
Etawney
625
Trout Severn river
233
Franklin
122
Upper Seal
270
Garry .
980
Wekusko
83
Gods
319
Winnipeg, part
3,934
Great Long
245
Winnipegosis, part
780
Gras, Lac de
674
Yathkyed
858
Great Bear
11 821
Great Slave ....
10,719
51,669
Granville
392
Indian House
306
Yukon
Island
551
Aishihik
107
Kaminuriak
368
Atlin, part
12
Kaniapiskau
441
Kluane
184
Kusawa . .
56
Kiskitto
69
Laberge .
87
Kiskittogisu
122
Marsh
32
Lansdowne
98
Tagish, part
48
Lower Seal ... .
220
Teslin, part
123
Q1 Q
JVlacdougall
olo
Maguse
490
649
Martre, Lac la
1,225
Mackay
980
Canada
120,924
39
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA.
Islands. The northern and western coasts of Canada are skirted
by clusters of islands. Those on the north are mostly within the Arctic
circle. On the west, Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands are the
largest and most important. On the east, besides the separate island
colony of Newfoundland, there are the Cape Breton Island, forming
part of the province of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, forming one
of the nine provinces of Canada, the Magdalen Islands and the island
of Anticosti. To the south of Newfoundland are the two small islands
of St. Pierre and Miquelon belonging to France. In lake Huron is
the island of Manitoulin and the so-called Thirty Thousand Islands of
Georgian Bay. In the St. Lawrence river, just below lake Ontario,
are the picturesque Thousand Islands.
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY IN CANADA, 1915.
By WYATT MALCOLM, Department of Mines, Ottawa.
The purpose of this article is to call attention to a few of the more
important matters arising in Canada during the calendar year 1915
that may be of interest to economic geologists. The limited space at
the disposal of the writer is not sufficient for a complete and compre
hensive presentation, so attention will be drawn to only a few of the
important contributions to the literature bearing on the subject of
economic geology, and to some of the newer developments in the mineral
industry.
A number of government reports appeared during the year that
contain much matter that will be welcomed by engineers and capitalists
engaged in the development and exploitation of the mineral deposits of
the country. Because of the widespread interest in petroleum and
natural gas deposits, a publication that will serve the needs of a large
public is the report by F. G. Clapp and others on Petroleum and Nat
ural Gas Resources of Canada. This was published by the Mines Branch
of the Department of Mines, Ottawa, in two illustrated volumes of
378 and 404 pages. Volume 1 describes general features pertaining to
petroleum and natural gas deposits, technology, and methods of ex
ploitation. Volume 2 treats of the various provinces of Canada in
detail. The history of prospecting and development work is given, the
geological features are described, and conclusions are drawn as to the
future prospects. In spite of certain defects, due probably to a division
of responsibility of authorship, the work is very valuable and fills a much
felt need.
To the metal miners, C. W. Drysdale s report on the Geology and
Ore Deposits of Rossland", published by the Geological Survey, is of
particular interest. On account of the importance of the Rossland
ore deposits, the Geological Survey has devoted much attention to 1
camp, and the report embodies the results of investigations carried on
by R. W. Brock and G. A. Young in 1905 and 1906 und
Drysdale in 1913 and 1914. The ore, which consists chiefly of massive
40
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY IN CANADA.
pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite with some pyrite and occasionally a little
arsenopyrite, occurs in fissures that correspond in strike and dip with
tongues of diorite porphyrite, and for long distances follow their contact
with older formations. The Centre Star-LeRoi main vein fissure
follows the contact between monzonite and augite porphyrite for a
long distance. A perusal of the report impresses one with the importance
of placing in charge of the development of bodies of ore so dependent
on geological conditions an engineer having a thorough training in
geology. The report is accompanied by numerous maps and illus
trations, of which some of the more illuminating are the stereograms
and sections showing the relation of the ore bodies to the geological
formations.
Another report well worthy of mention is the posthumous report of
A. E. Barlow on Corundum, Its Occurrence, Distribution, Exploitation
and Uses". This is probably the most complete and exhaustive treatise
that has yet been published on this subject. A brief description is
given of the general geology of the section of country in which the co
rundum deposits of Ontario occur, and very detailed information is
given regarding the geological relations and petrographic character of
the igneous rocks with which the corundum deposits are directly asso
ciated. These consist of nepheline syenite and associated alkali syenites
occurring at the junction of granite and limestone or in the limestone
near the granite contact. These syenites are the differentiated products
of one highly alkaline and aluminous magma, which in like manner js a
peripheral differentiation phase of the granite at whose contact it
occurs. After a discussion of the various hypotheses that have been
advanced to account for the origin of corundum, the author concludes
that "the simplicity and at the same time completeness of the Canadian
occurrences of corundum, combined with the fresh and unaltered char
acter of the associated minerals, at once removed all doubts as to the
pyrogenic and primary character of the mineral." Descriptions are
also given of the various known deposits of corundum throughout the
world and of their mode of occurrence.
The Report on the Non-Metallic Minerals used in the Canadian
Manufacturing Industries, by Howells Frechette, presents in a concise
form the results of investigations made in the commendable effort on
the part of the Mines Branch to lessen Canada s dependence on foreign
countries for minerals and mineral products. Mineral matter in a
crude or refined state enters into a great many manufactures. The
purpose of the report is two-fold : first, to point out to dealers in Canadian
minerals the possibility of extending the home market, and, second, to
encourage manufacturers to utilize raw materials produced at home.
These investigations should render the country more self-contained, and
redound to the mutual benefit of the mineral and manufacturing
industries.
Another report that serves a useful purpose is the compilation, by
Ernest J. Chambers, entitled " The Unexploited West." This was pub
lished by the Railway Lands Branch, Department of the Interior. It
presents in one volume of convenient size the results of the various
explorations that have been conducted in the valley of Mackenzie
41
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA.
river. For persons desiring the available information regarding the
economic resources of this little known portion of Canada, " The Unex-
ploited West " is an acceptable volume.
To review, even briefly, all the important publications that treat of
the economic geology of the country is quite beyond the scope of this
paper. Among these the following may be mentioned: (1) Report on
the Copper Deposits of the Eastern Townships of the province of Quebec,
by J. A. Bancroft; (2) Report on the Building and Ornamental Stones
of Canada, Volume 3, Province of Quebec, by W. A. Parks; (3) Pre
liminary Report on the Clay and Shale Deposits of the Province of
Quebec, by J. Keele; (4) Oil and Gas Fields of Ontario and Quebec,
by Wyatt Malcolm; (5) Rainy River District, Ontario, Surficial Geology
and Soils, by W. A. Johnston; (6) Clay and Shale Deposits of the West
ern Provinces, by Ries and Keele; (7) Preliminary Report on the Bitu
minous Sands of Northern Alberta, by S. C. Ells; (8) Coal Fields of
British Columbia, by D. B. Dowling; (9) Geology of the Cranbrook
Map-Area, British Columbia, by S. J. Schofield; (10) Geology of
Franklin Mining Camp, British Columbia, by C. W. Drysdale; (11)
Ore Deposits of the Beaverdell Map-Area, by L. Reinecke; (12) Texada
Island, B.C., by R. G. McConnell; (13) Upper White River District,
Yukon, by D. D. Cairnes; (14) A List of Canadian Mineral Occurrences,
by Robt. A. A. Johnston; (15) Report on the Salt Deposits of Canada
and the Salt Industry, by L. H. Cole. Nos. 3-6 and 8-14 were pub
lished by the Geological Survey, Nos. 2, 7, and 15 by the Mines Branch,
Ottawa, and No. 1 by the Department of Colonization, Mines and
Fisheries of Quebec.
Important contributions appear in the Summary Reports of the
Geological Survey and of the Mines Branch of the Department of Mines,
and in the publications of the Mining Departments of the various
provinces, more particularly those of Quebec, Ontario, and British
Columbia, where competent geologists and mining engineers have been
employed to carry on original investigations.
A number of short papers have been published that are worthy of
notice. The paper by Willet G. Miller and Cyril W. Knight, entitled
Metallogenetic Epochs in the Pre-Cambrian of Ontario presents an
age classification of the various ore deposits found in the Pre-Cambrian
formations of Ontario, and points out the relative importance of the
different geological epochs from the point of view of the mineral industry.
J. B. Tyrrell in his paper on the Pre-Cambrian Goldfields of Central
Canada, after describing the numerous gold deposits of the Canadian
Shield, states that the veins are pre-Huronian in age and that they are
generally associated with porphyritic rocks that may be regarded as
apophyses from batholithic granitic intrusions of Laurentian and Al-
goman age. It is believed that most, if not all, of the auriferous veins
were formed in the Algoman period. In a paper on the Oil, Gas and
Water Content of Dakota Sand in Canada and United States, L. G.
Huntley sets forth his reasons for thinking that the prospects for the
discovery of natural reservoirs of petroleum in the Dakota sandstone
are in general not good. The most promising portions of the formation
in Canada are those in which the sandstone begins to play out and
42
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY IN CANADA.
becomes discontinuous and lenticular in nature. The author directs
attention, as others have done, to the broad Battle River anticline, and
suggests that while the prospects are more favourable for the discovery
of natural gas than oil, it is not impossible that the latter may be found
in the sands occurring in the Benton or Niobrara, or higher formations.
D. B. Bowling s paper entitled Correlation and Geological Structure
of the Alberta Oil Fields gives the geological structure, in so far as it
is known, of the strata forming the foothills of Alberta, where boring
operations have been carried on.
The year 1915 witnessed some activity among prospectors at a number
of points. A large number of prospecting parties were drawn to Fond
du Lac, Lake Athabaska, by a report that an occurrence of silver ore,
similar to that at Cobalt, had been discovered. They met with dis
appointment, and a field officer of the Geological Survey, who was sent
into the district, failed to find anything that would justify such a report.
The discovery of a large body of sulphides, reported to be auriferous,
a few miles north of Athapapuskow lake near the boundary between
Manitoba and Saskatchewan attracted prospectors to that region.
Attention was also directed during the year to auriferous deposits
around Rice lake and Gold lake, to the east of Lake Winnipeg.
There was also a big rush of prospectors early in the season into the
vicinity of Kowkash, a station on the Transcontinental railway in
northern Ontario. This was caused by the discovery of a spectacular
showing of native gold in a small quartz vein. Apparently little of
economic importance has been found here. f
Aii event that it is hoped will prove to be very important is the dis
covery of phosphate rock near Banff in the Rocky Mountains park by
Frank D. Adams and W. J. Dick, of the Commission of Conservation.
A mass of phosphate rock float weighing 31 pounds was found in the
valley of Forty-mile creek opposite the southeast end of Stoney Squaw
mountain. This specimen carries 24.71 per cent of phosphoric acid
(P. 2 5 ). A loose angular mass of quartzite carrying 7.6 per cent of
phosphoric acid was also found on the southern slope of Stoney Squaw
mountain near the contact of the Rocky Mountain quartzite and the
Upper Banff limestone. Phosphate rock in place was afterwards
found by H. S. De Schmid, of the Mines Branch of the Department of
Mines, Canada, at the top of the Rocky Mountain quartzite at several
points in the vicinity of Banff. At one point the proportion of phospho
ric acid (P 2 O 5 ) is as high as 28 per cent. This discovery suggests a
possible continuation into Canada of the condition that led to the
formation of large deposits of phosphate of lime in the States to the
south. The finding and exploitation of a deposit in Canada that
could be cheaply mined would be a great boon to the agricultural
industry, phosphoric acid being used extensively as a fertilizer.
Among the investigations that the Geological Survey has recently
entered upon, the study of soils and of materials for road construction
is worthy of notice. Field work was conducted along these lines during
the season of 1915 in eastern Ontario and southwestern Quebec. The
results also of the experiment in paving made in Edmonton by the
43
FLORA OF CANADA.
Mines Branch of the Department of Mines to determine the applic
ability of the bituminous sands of northern Alberta to road construction
will be awaited with much interest.
The mineral industry of Canada partially recovered during 1915
from the set back resulting from the outbreak of the war. This was
particularly noticeable in connection with the metallic minerals. Gold
mining was carried on briskly, and the demand for metals employed in
the manufacture of munitions of war gave an impetus to the mining of
such ores as copper, nickel and zinc. The production of non-metallic
minerals, especially those used in structural work, has been adversely
affected by the war.
Embargoes and difficulties of transportation have led to an investi
gation of the possibilities of some of Canada s smaller mineral deposits.
The mining of the chromite of Quebec has been stimulated, and there has
been increased activity in the mining and development of the super-
magnesian dolomites of Grenville township, Quebec. Shipments were
made also from the hydromagnesite deposit of Atlin district, British
Columbia, and an investigation of this deposit was made by the Geo
logical Survey. The manufacture of metallic magnesium in Canada
has been started by the Shawinigan Electro-Metals Company. Interest
has also been aroused in the manganese, antimony, barite, and other
deposits of the country.
The demand for molybdenum on the part of steel manufacturers
has led to an investigation of Canada s molybdenite deposits and to
the opening of a few mines. In this connection the Mines Branch of
the Department of Mines has made an examination of many deposits
and has carried on concentration tests in the ore dressing laboratory..
FLORA OF CANADA.
By J. M. MACOUN, C.M.G., F.L.S., Assistant Botanist and Naturalist,
Department of Mines, Ottawa, and M. O. MALTE, Ph.D., Dominion
Agrostologist, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.
In order to understand the general characteristics of the Canadian
flora as we see it to-day, and to make clear and explain certain features
in the distribution of a number of species and genera, which at first may
seem perplexing or even inexplicable, we must go back to the time when
most of the Dominion was a vast glacial waste, destitute of plant life.
It is well known that the whole of Canada east of the Rocky Moun
tains was at a geologically recent period covered with glacial ice, wiiich
slowly advanced from the north and reached as far south as lat . 36-37
in Eastern North America and lat. 46 on the Pacific coast. Evident
of general glaciation are also seen in the Rocky Mountains in the form of
erratic boulders, carried there by the ice from the far north.
As the front of the continental glacier advanced southward, the
plants in its vicinity, which naturally were of an arctic type, were driven
slowly towards the south. At the same time the existing vegetation
44
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA.
in front of the glacier, being unable to survive under arctic conditions,
was also forced to move southward and to cede the ground to the invading
arctic types. When the cold reached its maximum, those parts of the
United States which now are temperate thus had a typical arctic flora,
i.e., a flora almost identical with the circumpolar flora of the present time.
With the return of a warmer climate, the arctic plants gradually retreated
northward, followed by more temperate and southern types. Generally
speaking, the Canadian plants can therefore all be looked upon as
immigrants gradually taking possession of the country after the glacial
period, the different species establishing themselves in regions where the
climatic conditions met their specific requirements.
The glacial period, furthermore, explains readily a few striking
features in the present distribution of Canadian plants, viz., the occur
rence of identical species in localities separated by hundreds or even
thousands of miles of land, across which, under present conditions,
migration is impossible. Thus, a number of species occur in the Rocky
Mountains which are identical with species living in Arctic Canada or
in Labrador and Eastern Quebec, but occurring nowhere else in the
Dominion. These facts may be explained in the words of Darwin, as
follows :
As the warmth returned (after the glaciation had reached its height)
the arctic forms would retreat northward, closely followed up in their
retreat by the productions of the more temperate regions. And as the
"snow melted from the bases of mountains, the arctic forms would seize on
the cleared and thawed ground, always ascending higher and higher, as
the warmth increased, whilst their brethren were pursuing their northern
journey. Hence, when the warmth had fully returned, the same arctic,
species, which had lately lived in a body together in the lowlands . . .,
would be left isolated on distant mountain summits (having been exter
minated on all lesser heights) and in the arctic regions. . . .
With regard to British Columbia, a few words may be said in explana
tion of the diversity of the flora. Although glaciation may not, at any
time, have been general, it is nevertheless highly probable that its flora,
at the time of the glacial period, was subjected to the necessity of migra
tion in a north and south direction. At any rate, the British Columbia
flora is most closely related to the flora south of the province, genera
and species occurring which extend as far south as to New Mexico
and California.
The most characteristic feature of the flora of British Columbia is,
however, not so much its general relationship to the flora to the south
as the existence of different floristic provinces more or less sharply
defined. The existence of different " floras is due not only to the
highly diversified climatic conditions, but perhaps still more to the
presence of mountain chains and desert-like areas which act as barriers
checking the free migration of the plants.
Arctic Zone. Botanically, the Arctic zone is the region lying
north of the tree line. In Canada it extends far to the south of the
Arctic circle, especially in the eastern parts of the Dominion. Its
southern limit is, roughly, a line running from the estuary of the Macken
zie river to the mouth of the Churchill river, on the west coast of Hudson
bay. East of Hudson bay, the tree line runs from about lat. 52 on
45
FLORA OF CANADA.
Richmond gulf to the mouth of George river on the eastern shore of
Ungava bay, and from there in a southeasterly direction along the coast
of Labrador to Hamilton inlet.
The arctic flora of Canada is very closely related to that of Europe ,
especially the Scandinavian, a very great proportion of the arctic
Canadian plants being also common in Lapland and arctic Russia. A
number of species occurring chiefly in the most western parts of arctic
Canada are of Asiatic relationship, and only very few are of American
origin. Among these may be mentioned Douglasia arctica, Cardamine
digitata, and Pleuropogon Sabini.
With regard to general characteristics, the arctic flora of Canada is
quite similar to the arctic or " circumpolar flora in general. It is
composed almost exclusively of perennial plants, which exhibit those
well known features with regard to biology and anatomical structure
which the arctic flora has in common with the flora of high alpine regions.
In the more northern parts, where the ground is physiologically more or
less dry, or where it is rocky, the growth is often very compact and
includes a great number of plants of the so-called bunch type."
Suffice it to mention Silene acaulis, Papaver radicatum, Potentilla nivea,
Saxifraga tricuspidata, S. oppositifolia, Armeria sibirica, Androsace
Chamcejasme, Melandrium apetalum, Kobresia Bellardii, Carex rupestris,
C. membranopacta, C. nardina, Poa glauca, Festuca ovina var. brevifolia,
etc. Similar growth is also encountered, though less commonly, on the
tundra, i.e., the more southerly and physiologically wetter part of the
arctic region. Among the tundra plants of the bunch type may be
mentioned: , Diapensia lapponica, Arenaria macrocarpa, A. arctica.
Compactness of growth is also displayed by a number of plants which,
though not growing in " bunches " form dense and often very extensive
mats. To this type belong Cerastium alpinum, Ranunculus hyperboreux,
Sibbaldia procumbens, Dryas integrijolia, Loiseleuria procumbens, Cassiope
tetragona, etc. Among the more conspicuous arctic herbaceous plants
which grow neither in mats nor in bunches may be mentioned: Dupontia
Fischeri, Eriophorum Scheuchzeri, E. angustifolium, Spiranthes Roman-
zoffiana, Habenaria hyperborea, Oxyria digyna, Polygonum viviparum,
Ranunculus nivalis. R. affinis, Parry a arctica, Eutrema Edwardsii,
Saxifraga flagellaris, S. hieracifolia, Pyrola grandiftora, Primula sibirica,
Pedicularis flammea, Arnica alpina, Saussurea alpina, Chrysanthemum
integrifolium.
As indicated above, the Arctic zone has no real trees. The woody
plants, characteristic to the zone in general, are either prostrate forms,
such as Salix arctica and its varieties, S. orbicularis, S. anglorum, or of a
more shrubby appearance, such as Betula nana, B. glandulosa, and Salix
Richardsonii. On the tundra, the woody plants are chiefly of the erica-
ceous family, the principal ones being Ledum palustre, Rhododendron
lapponicum, Vaccinium uliginosum, V. Oxycoccus, V. Vitis-Idcea var.
pumilum, Arctostaphylos alpina. The berries of the two latter species,
with those of Empetrum nigrum, form the chief food of the migrating
geese in the spring of the year.
Sub-arctic Forest Zone. The sub-arctic or <^ called coniferous forest
extends in the east from the Arctic zone southward to a line running from
46
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA.
Anticosti to the southern end of Lake Winnipeg. This line is practically
identical with the northern limits of the White and the Red Pine. West
of Lake Winnipeg the sub-arctic forest is bounded to the south and west
by the prairie and the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, respectively.
The Gaspe peninsula and the greater part of New Brunswick may also
be included in the sub-arctic forest.
As the name indicates, the sub-arctic forest is decidedly boreal. It is
largely coniferous in character, the only deciduous trees occurring
throughout the region being poplars and white birch. The sub-arctic
forest is as yet almost undisturbed by settlers. It forms a vast reserve
of national wealth, and is destined in the future to furnish the chief
supply of timber for the pulp and paper industries of eastern North
America, as Black and White Spruce (Picea mariana and P. canadensis)
are dominant trees. Of the other coniferous trees, the Banksian Pine
(Pinus Banksiana) is the most important. It reaches perfection in the
western part of the zone, and constitutes the chief source of supply of
lumber for the northern prairie region. The other trees characteristic of
the zone in general are Aspen Poplar (Populus tremuloides) , Balsam Poplar
(P. balsamifera) , White Birch (Betula papyri/era), Larch (Larix laricina)
and Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea). Between Lake Winnipeg and the
Gulf of St. Lawrence, White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis) , Elm (Ulmus
americana) and Ash (Fraxinus nigra, F. americana) are occasionally met
with, but cannot be considered characteristic of the sub-arctic forest.
On the whole, the sub-arctic forest covers a rolling country with
numerous bogs and lakes in the depressions. Perhaps its most striking
character is the abundance of berry shrubs, including Gooseberries (Ribes
oxyacanthoides) , Currants (R. hudsonianum, R. triste), Blueberries (Vac-
cinium canadense), Rock Cranberries (V. Vitis-Idcea), Raspberries
(Rubus strigosus), Yellow-berries (R. Chamcemorus), High-bush Cran
berries (Viburnum Opulus, V. pauciflorum) and others.
The vegetation of the bogs shows but little variation, and the species
encountered in the bogs of one part of the zone are characteristic of
practically the whole sub-arctic forest. A number of species occurring
on the tundra further north reach perfection in the bogs of this zone
forest. Among the leading bog plants may be mentioned: Ledum
groenlandicum, Kalmia polifolia, Andromeda glaucophylla, Habenaria
hyperborea, Epipactis repens var. ophioides, Menyanthes trijoliata, Utri-
cularia americana, Pedicularis groenlandica, Eriophorum and Carex
species.
On the whole, the flora of the sub-arctic forest is remarkably uniform
throughout, and hardly a species is found that does not occur in the Arctic
zone or to the south. A noteworthy exception to this general rule is
Castalia tetragona, the smallest of the water lilies, which in Canada is
found in the sub-arctic forest only.
Hardwood Forest Zone. - - The hardwood forest zone includes
all eastern Canada south of the sub-arctic forest with the exception of a
small region in southern Ontario, extending between the shore of Lake
Erie and a line running approximately from Toronto to Windsor.
There is little cultivated land in Eastern Canada north of this
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47
FLORA OF CANADA.
zone. As its name indicates, it is characterized chiefly by deciduous
trees, the principal ones being: Basswood (Tilia americana), Sugar
Maple (Acer Saccharum) , Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Black Ash (Frax-
inus nigra), White Ash (Fraxinus americana), White Elm (Ulmus ameri
cana), Yellow Birch (Betula lutea), Red Oak (Quercus rubra), Burr Oak
(Quercus macrocarpa), Beech (Fagus grandifolia). Of the coniferous
trees, the White Pine (Pinus Strobus), the Red Pine (P. resinosa), the
Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), and the White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis) ,
are the most important.
The underbrush, though very variable and made up of a great
number of species, is generally rather scanty and becomes conspicuous-
as a component of the forest only along its borders or where the woods
are very open. Among the most typical shrubs may be mentioned:
Service Berry (Amelanchier spicata), Moosewood (Dirca palustris),
Purple Flowering Raspberry (Rubus odoratus), Sumach (Rhus typhina),
Poison Ivy (Rhus Toxicodendron), and Arrow-woods (Viburnum alni-
jolium, V. acerifolium, V. cassinoides) .
As the rainfall is abundant throughout the hardwood forest zone,
the herbaceous vegetation is rich, in both species and individuals,
everywhere where light and soil conditions permit. In the woods
proper it is rather insignificant after the foliage of the trees is fully
developed. In the spring, however, it is very luxuriant, and especially
where the soil is rich and deep there is a magnificent display of beauti
fully coloured and showy forms, for instance: Trillium (Trillium
grandiflorum, T. erectum, T. undulatum), Bellwort (Uvularia perfoliata),
Dog s-Tooth Violet (Erythronium americanum), Showy Orchis (Orchis
spectabilis), Jack-in-the-Pulpit (Ariscema triphyllum), Spring Beauty
(Claytonia caroliniana) , Violets (Viola, blue, white, and yellow forms),
Hepatica (Hepatica triloba, H. acutiloba), Dutchman s Breeches
(Dicentra Cucullaria), Squirrel Corn (Dicentra canadensis), Bloodroot
(Sanguinaria canadensis), Pepper-root (Dentaria diphylla), Barren
Strawberry (Waldsteiniafragarioides), Flowering Winter-green (Poly gala
paucijolia) , Blue Phlox (Phlox divaricata) , etc. Others, less conspicuous,
but characteristic of the hard-wood spring flora, are species of Sedges
(Carex), Wild Ginger (Asarum canadense), Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum
thalictroides), False Mitrewort (Tiarella cordifolia), Mitrewort (Mitella
diphylla), Star Flower (Trientalis americana) and Showy Lady s Slipper
(Cypripedium hirsutum) .
During the summer the herbaceous vegetation is chiefly confined
to borders of woods, clearings and other places where growth is not
suppressed or kept back on account of too much shade. It is rather
inconspicuous and poor except in moist or wet situations. On moist and
low ground occur: Habenaria psy diodes, Gentiana crinita, Asclepias
incarnata, Physostegia virginiana, Chelone glabra, Lobelia cardinalis, etc.,
whilst Pogonia ophioglossoides, Calopogon pulchellus, Arethusa bulbosa,
Sarracenia purpurea and others adorn the bogs and swamps.
The autumn flowers are chiefly composites with Asters, Golden Rods
(Solidago) and Joe-Pye (Eupatorium) in the greatest profusion.
Very characteristic of the zone is the autumnal colouring of
leaves of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants. This autumnal colouring
48
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA.
lasts a comparatively long time, from about the first week of September
to the second week in October, dependent on the dryness of the season.
During that period the most splendid display of colours is exhibited,
especially in the open mixed woods where underbrush is well developed.
Every shade of yellow, golden bronze, red and scarlet is mixed in a gor
geous symphony of colours, generally most marvellously modulated by the
sombre deep dark or bluish green of the conifers, which are dotted among
the deciduous trees. No such wealth of colour is ever met with in any
other country.
Carolinian Zone. This zone is confined to. a small tract of land in
southern Ontario, bounded to the south by Lake Erie and to the north
by a line running approximately from the northern shore of Lake
Ontario to Windsor. Its flora is most typically developed in the Niagara
peninsula and on the very shore of Lake Erie. In general physiognomy it
is rather similar to the hardwood forest flora just described, but differs
greatly as far as characteristic species and even genera are concerned.
It is decidedly southern as to species, and exhibits a large number of forms
which occur nowhere else in Canada.
The most characteristic trees are the Hickories (six species), the
Oaks (ten species), the Black Walnut (Juglans nigrd), .the Chestnut (Cas-
tanea dentatd) and the Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) . Less abundant
and more local in their distribution are: Cucumber tree, (Magnolia
acuminata), Tulip tree (Liriodendron Tulipifera), Flowering Dogwood
(Cornusflorida), which all have beautiful and very conspicuous flowers,
Papaw (Asimina triloba), Red Mulberry (Morus rubra), American Crab
Apple (Pyrus coronaria), Sour Gum (Nyssa sylvatica), Sassafras (Sassa
fras variifolium) and others.
The herbaceous vegetation is very rich, at least a hundred species
occurring nowhere else in Canada being found in the zone. A few of the
most conspicuous may be mentioned, viz. : Yellow Nelumbo or Lotus
Flower" (Nelumbo lutea) ,May Apple (Podophyllum peltatum), Wild
Lupine (Lupinus perennis), Tick Trefoil (Desmodium) , Flowering Spurge
(Euphorbia corollata), Swamp Rose Mallow (Hibiscus Moscheutos),
Wild Pansy (Viola Rafinesquii) , Prickly Pear (Opuntia Rafinesquii), Poke
Milkweed (Asclepias phytolaccoides) , Wild Potato Vine (Ipomoea pan-
durata), Downy Phlox (P/itepiZosa),Waterleaf (Hydrophyllum appendicu-
latum), Bee Balm (Monarda didyma), Foxglove (Gerardia pediculana, G.
virginica), Tall Bellflower (Campanula americana), Great Lobelia (Lobelia
siphilitica), Ironweed (Vernonia altissima, V. illinoensis) , Dense Button
Snakeroot (Liatris spicata), Prairie Dock (Silphium terebinihinaceum) ,
Cup Plant (Silphium perfoliatum) , Sunflower (Helianthusdecapetalus, H.
divaricatus), Tall Coreopsis (Coreopsis tripteris), Indian Plantain (Cacaka
tuberosa), Showy Lady s Slipper (Cypripedium hirsutum), etc. Golden
Seal (Hydrastis canadensis) and Ginseng (Panax quinquefohum) were at
one time abundant but are now practically extinct.
The Prairie. Under the general term prairie is understood the
vast grass-covered area of the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and
Alberta. It is bounded in the east and north by the sub-arctic forest
and in the west by the foothills of the Rocky Mountains.
49
FLORA OF CANADA.
The prairie which begins a few miles east of Winnipeg has been sub
divided into three zones, known as the first, second and third " Prairie
Steppes."
First Prairie Steppe.- -This, as defined by Professor John Macoun,
includes " the low plain of Manitoba, bounded by a line of elevated
country, which commences at the international boundary, at a point some
distance west of Emerson, and extends northwestwardly under the names
of Pembina, Riding, Duck, Porcupine and Pas mountains."
The southeastern part of the area so defined differs from the true
prairie in that it is characterized by many woodland plants which
have their home east of the Great Lakes, but occur rarely, if at all, be
tween Lake Huron and the Manitoba border, for instance, Nettle Tree
(Celtis occidentalis) , Basswood (Tilia americana), Wild Plum (Prunus
americana), Hawthorn (Cratcegus species), Virginia Creeper (Psedera
quinquefolia) , Climbing Bitter-Sweet (Celastrus scandens), Wild Grape
(Vitis vulpina), Moonseed (Menispermum canadense) , Bloodroot (San-
(guinaria canadensis), Columbine (Aquilegia canadensis), Hog Peanut
(Amphicarpa monoica), Tick Trefoil (Desmodium canadense), " Prickly
Cucumber " (Echinocystis lobata), Gentian (Gentiana procera), Lousewort
(Pedicularis canadensis), Indian Paint Brush (Castilleja coccinea),
Ox-eye (Heliopsis scabra), Cone-flower (Rudbeckia laciniata), etc.
The prairie proper of the first prairie steppe is confined chiefly to
what is known as the " Red River Valley," i.e., the low flat plains south
and west of Winnipeg. In this region trees are met with only as forming
narrow fringes along the rivers. Elm (Ulmus americana), Oak (Quercus
macrocarpa), Poplar (Populus tremuloides, P. balsamifera) , Ashleaved
Maple (Acer Negundo) are the most abundant. Away from the imme
diate borders of the streams the prairie is treeless. It is covered with an
abundance of herbaceous plants, growing in the greatest profusion.
The most widely represented families are Compositce, Rosacece, Legum-
inosce, Graminece, and Cyperacece, but the species representing them can
not be said to be characteristic of the zone, as practically all of them are
found in suitable localities further west.
Second Prairie Steppe.- -This extends westward to a line running
approximately from the international boundary at long. 103-30 in a
northwesterly direction to Battleford. The flora of this zone is rather
diversified, and several very different types of plant associations are met
with.
In the north, where the prairie and the sub-arctic forest meet, the
flora is composed of species characteristic of both zones. This is also
true of the northern part of the third prairie steppe.
In the southwestern part of the zone, i.e., the country southwest of
Moose mountains in Saskatchewan, the vegetation is in many respect
closely related to that of the dry belt of the third prairie steppe. The
grass is very short and the vegetation in general decidedly xerophile in
character. In places, large sandy tracts exist which are covered
with a profusion of cactus (Mamillaria vivipara), and in others there is no
vegetation except that peculiar to arid soil.
50
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA.
Extending from the bases of the hills forming the boundary between
the first and second prairie steppes there is much broken or parklike
country. This is also met with in the Qu Appelle river valley and in
other parts of the zone. Poplar and Oak are the chief trees of the bluffs,
and the herbaceous vegetation, as might be expected, is made up of a
mixture of prairie and woodland forms.
The greater part of the second prairie steppe is true prairie, where no
trees are met with except in the river valleys. Shrubs occur, generally
forming low thickets or copses, and very frequently small clumps com
posed of a single species. On the exposed prairie their growth is always
stunted. Snowberry (Symphoricarpus occidentalis) , Silver berry (Elceag-
nus argentea), Buffalo berry (She pherdia argentea), Saskatoon berry
(Amelanchier) and Roses of which there are several species, are the most
important. In damper situations, Meadow Sweet (Spiroea salicifolia)
occurs, and in wet places, such as borders of ponds and marshes, willows
are abundant. The herbaceous vegetation varies somewhat with soil con
ditions. The following species may, however, be mentioned as representing
the typical prairie flora 1 : Stipa viridula, Spartina gracilis, Avena Hookeri,
Poa crocata, Calamovilfa longifolia, Elymus Macounii, Agropyrum Smithii,
A.tenerum, A. Richardsonii, many species of Carex,Alliumcernuum,Lilium
philadelphicum, Smiladna stellata, Rumex persicarioides, Lychnis Drum-
mondii, Anemone hirsutissima, Ranunculus rhomboideus, Lesquerella argen
tea, Sisymbrium incisum, Cleome serrulata, Potentilla arguta, P. pennsyl-
vanica, P. bipinnatiflda, P. camporum, P. effusa, P. plattensis, P. pulcher-
rima, P. viridescens, Geum triflorum, Thermopsis rhombifolia, Astragalus
caryocarpus, A. hypoglottis, A. adsurgens, A. bisulcatus, A. pectinatus, A.
missouriensis, Psoralea esculenta, P. argentea, Glycyrrhiza lepidota,
Petalostemum candidum, P. purpureum, Hedysarum boreale, Zizia cordata,
Lomatium macrocarpum, Musineum divaricatum, Asclepias ovalifolia,
Acerates viridiflora, Phlox Hoodii, Agastache Foeniculum, Physostegia
parviflora, Monarda mollis, Pentstemon gracilis, Orthocarpus luteus,
Lobelia spicata, Liatris scariosa, Grindelia squarrosa, Aster multiflorus, A.
loevis, Erigeron glabellus, E. philadelphicus, Antennaria campestris, Ambro
sia trifida, Lepachys columnaris, Helianthus rhomboideus, Helenium
autumnale, Artemisia biennis, Senecio palustris, S.^eremophilus, Cirsium
undulatum, Agoseris glauca.
Third Prairie Steppe.- -This steppe includes the rest of the prairie
up to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. In its northern parts, i.e.,
north of lat. 52, the flora is very similar to that of the second prairie
steppe. The southern part of the region, however, is of an altogether
different type. The rivers and even creeks are flowing in deep narrow
valleys, and the country in general is broken by coulees and low hills. The
precipitation is scant, and, as a result, the vegetation is xerophile and
often desert-like in character. Except on Wood Mountain and Cypress
1 For these and for other plants in the West only the Latin names are given,
the reason being that the majority of the species characteristic of Western
Canada have no generally recognized common names.
51
FLORA OF CANADA.
Hills no trees occur, unless along the borders of the streams in the
valleys. The ponds, marshes and lakes a,re not even fringed with
shrubs.
Large districts, especially in the Coteau de Missouri belt, are char
acterized by the absence of drainage valleys, the result being that the
water in the lakes and ponds is generally saline, and that numerous
alkali flats occur. The vegetation in such situations is very sparse and
of course halophyte in character, the typical plants being Distichlis
spicata, Hordeum jubatum, Pucdnellia airoides, Corispermum hyssopi-
folium, Atriplex and Chenopodium species, Salicornia prostrata, Suceda
depressa, Salsola Kali, Rumex mexicanus. Ranunculus Cymbalaria,
Plantago eriopoda, Heliotropium curassavicum, Pleurogyne fontana,
Crepis runcinata. In the saline ponds themselves, Ruppia maritima
is common.
As mentioned above, the vegetation of the southern part of the
third prairie steppe is decidedly xerophile. As a result, a number of
species occur which approach desert types in being, in some way or other,
protected against rapid transpiration. Such plants are: Eriogonum
fiavum, Eurotia lanata, Opuntia polyacantha, Mamillaria vivipara, Potentilla
Hippiana, Oxytropis splendens, Linum rigidum, Plantago Purshii, Aplo-
pappus spinulosus, Artemisia frigida, A. cana, A. Ludoviciana, Senedo
canus, Iva axillaris, Lygodesmia juncea, and others.
Of other plants, characteristic of the southern part of the third
prairie steppe, the following may be mentioned : Bouteloua oligostachya,
Munroa squarrosa, Schedonnardus paniculatus, Oryzopsis hymenoides,
Stipa spartea, S. comata, Sporobolus Richardsonii, Calamagrostis americana,
Danthonia intermedia, Agropyron dasystachyum, Zygadenus chloranthus,
Rumex venosus, Oxybaphus hirsutus, Ranunculus cardiophyllus, Polanisia
trachysperma, Chamwrhodos erecta, Oxytropis Lambertii, Hedysarum
Mackenzii, Potentilla flabelliformis, Heuchera hispida, Linum Lewisii,
Malvastrum coccineum, Oenothera triloba, 0. serrulata, 0. pallida, Gaura
coccinea, Solanum triflorum, Pentstemon acuminatus, P. procerus, Oro-
banche fasciculata, Liatris punctata, Gutierrezia Sarothrce, Chrysopsis
villosa, Solidago missouriensis, S. rigida, Aplopappus lanceolata, A.
acaulis, Townsendia exscapa, Aster angustus, Erigeron ccespitosus, E. pumil-
us, Antennaria aprica, Helianthus petiolaris, H. giganteus, Gaillardia
aristata, Arnica pedunculata, Senecio integerrimus, Cirsium Drummondii t
Lactuca pulchella.
Rocky Mountain Foothills. A great number of prairie species
reach a considerable altitude in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains.
On the other hand, a number of sub-alpine forms descend practically
to the prairie, the result being that at the base of the foothills,
where the two types of floras intermingle, the vegetation is very rich
in species. As the foothills are ascended the prairie forms gradually
disappear and are replaced by mountain species. The vegetation in
general becomes more luxuriant in appearance, the herbaceous plants
grow taller, shrubs begin to form an important feature in the flora and
real forests are established. Besides typical mountain and prairie forms,
the following species may be considered as characteristic of the foothills :
Stipa Richardsonii, Avena striata, Bromus Porteri, Elymus dasystachys,
52
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA.
Eriogonum subalpinum, Arenaria capillaris, Aquilegia brevistyla, Delph
inium glaucum, D. Menziesii, Thalictrum * occidentale, Actcea arguta,
Parnassia montanensis, Spircea lucida, Oxytropis viscidulus, Hedysarum
sulphur escens, Geranium Richardsonii, G. incisum, Epilobium latifolium,
Angelica Dawsoni, A. Lyallii, Carum Gairdneri, Primula americana,
Lappula floribunda, Castilleja species j Lonicera glaucescens, Aster
conspicuus, Erigeron speciosus, Artemisia discolor, Arnica foliosa, Senecio
lugens.
Rocky Mountains Proper. The lower parts of the mountains are
covered with forest, composed chiefly of coniferous trees, viz.: Pinus
albicaulis, P. Murray ana, Pseudotsuga mucronata, Abies lasiocarpa.
In these woods, only a small number of shrubs occur, the most typical
ones being Pachystima Myrsinites, Rhododendron albiflorum, Men-
ziesia ferruginea, and, in open and springy places, Salix commutata, S.
Barclayi. Except along the edges, in open spaces and along brooks and
rivulets, the herbaceous vegetation of the Rocky Mountain forest is
rather scant. The principal species typical of the forest are : Clintonia
uniflora, Corallorhiza species, Epipactis Menziesii, Rubus pedatus, Pyrola
species and other members of the ericaceous family. .
On the grassy slopes above the tree-line the vegetation is very rich
in species, exhibiting the general characteristics of alpine vegetation.
As typical species may be mentioned: Phleum alpinum, Calamagrostis
purpurascens, Deschampsia atropurpurea, Poa paddensis, Poa Wheeleri
and other grasses, Erythronium grandiflorum, Claytonia lanceolata, Caltha
leptosepala, Aquilegia flavescens, Ranunculus Eschscholtzii, Leplarrhena
amplexijolia, Parnassia fimbriata, Epilobium Hornemanni, Pedicularis
bracteosa, P. racemosa, Valeriana Scouleri, Aster Engelmanni, Erigeron
salsuginosus, Petasites frigida, Arnica latijolia, Senecio triangularis,
Agoseris aurantiaca.
Still higher up the alpine flora is represented by a number of species
of which the following ascend to the snow line: Juncus Mertensianus, J.
Parryi, Salix nivalis, Claytonia megarrhiza, Anemone occidentalis, Draba
crassifolia, D. lonchocarpa, Smelowskia calycina, Physaria didymocarpa,
Arabis Lyallii, Saxifraga ccespitosa, S. Lyallii, Potentilla glaucophylla, P.
dissecta, Dry as species, Astragalus alpinus, Oxytropis inflatus, Viola orbi-
culata, Phyllodoce empetriformis, Cassiope Mertensiana, Gentiana glauca,
Phacelia sericea, Myosotis alpestris, Castilleja pallida, Solidago ciliosa,
Aplopappus Lyallii, Erigeron aureus, E. jucundus, E. multifidus, Anten-
naria lanata, A. racemosa, Saussurea densa, Crepis nana, Hieracium
gracile. Here also grow a number of species which have their homes in
the Arctic zone, e.g., Festuca ovina var. brevifolia, Carex rupestris, C. nar-
dina, Kobresia Bellardi, Silene acaulis, Melandrium alpinum, Cerastium
alpinum, Draba species, Cardamine bellidifolia, Potentilla nivea, Sibbaldia
procumbens, Saxifraga oppositifolia, S. cernua, Arctostaphylos alpina,
Androsace Chamcejasme.
Selkirk Range. The Selkirks differ in many respects from the
Rockies. Whilst the latter may be characterized as a chain of isolated
mountains, the Selkirk range has more the character of a high level plateau
from which the peaks rise. For this reason there are, in the Selkirks,
real alpine meadows, whilst, in the Rockies, similar plant formations are
53
FLORA OF CANADA.
generally met with on steep slopes. With regard to the vegetation above
the tree-line, it may be said that the differences between the two moun
tain systems are chiefly due to differences in moisture supply, the Sel-
kirks being favoured with much more abundant precipitation than are the
Rockies. For this reason the alpine meadow associations of the Sel-
kirks extend almost to the snow-line and, for the same reason, a number of
the high alpine plants which, in the Rockies, are characteristic of the
bare peaks above the grassy slopes, are not met with at all in the Selkirks.
The Selkirk forest differs from that of the Rocky Mountains with
regard to composition as far as the trees are concerned, the principal
species being Thuja plicata, Pseudotsuga mucronata, Tsuga heterophylla,
T. Mertensiana and Picea Engelmanni. The undergrowth is, on the
mountains proper, very similar to that of the Rocky Mountains, and
although much more luxuriant is not represented by many species.
In the lower valleys, however, and on lower levels, where the forest
is more open in character, the shrubby as well as the herbaceous under
growth is very different. Not only is it luxuriantly developed, but the
species of which it is composed are of a different type. The Rocky
Mountain flora is disappearing, its place being taken to such an extent
by Pacific coast species that the traveller, or the casual observer, will
find it rather difficult to detect any marked differences between the flora
of the Selkirk valleys and that of the coniferous forest of the Pacific
coast.
The Coast Range. Biologically, the mountains of the Coast range,
are very similar to those of the Selkirk range. This is to a certain extent
also true from a systematic standpoint, as practically all species found in
the Selkirks also occur in the Coast range.
The Coast range, however, although having the bulk of plant species
in common with the Selkirks, may be considered a distinct botanical
province. The reasons for this are that many species occur which are
confined to the coast proper. The Coast range is the home of a number
of what may be considered truly endemic plants, which, as far as is known
at present, are very local in their distribution and are found nowhere else
in British Columbia. Among those plants may be mentioned especially
numerous species of Antennaria, Arnica, Senecio, Aster, Erigeron and
other composites.
Owing to the long growing season, the high average temperature
and the abundance of the precipitation, the vegetation in the valleys and
the lowlands of the Coast range is almost subtropical in appearance.
The trees, especially Thuja, Picea and Pseudotsuga, reach gigantic
dimensions, and the forest, no matter how dense, always possesses a very
luxuriant undergrowth. In old untouched forests, fallen trunks,
shrubs and herbs form an almost impenetrable tangle. This is especially
true where Salal (Gaultheria Shallon) or Devil s Club (Fatsia hornda)
are luxuriantly developed.
Of trees characteristic of the valleys and the lowlands may be men
tioned: Picea sitchensis, Alnus oregona, Acer macrophyllum, A
natum, Rhamnus Purshiana, and of shrubs: Sdtix lasiandra, S.sitcher. s,
S. Scouleriana, S. Hookeriana, Berberis Aquifolium, Ribes Lobbn, R. I
teosum, R. sanguineum, Rubus spectabilis, R. parviflorus, Rosa species,
54
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA.
Prunus species, Amelanchier florida, Osmaronia cerasiformis, Pyrus
diversifolia, Fatsia horrida, Gaultheria Shallon, Vaccinium parvifolium,V .
ovalifolium, Sambucus callicarpa. Although here classed as shrubs,
Prunus, Pyrus, Amelanchier and the willows often become trees near
the coast.
The herbaceous vegetation is very richly developed. Of the great
number of species characteristic of the region may be mentioned: Adian-
thum pedatum, Lomaria spicant, Asplenium cyclosorum, Polystichum
munitum, Aspidium dilatatum, Equisetum Telmateja, Agrostis exarata,
A. microphylla, Trisetum canescens, T. cernuum, Deschampsia elongata,
Poa Howellii, Glyceria pauciflora, Bromus, Festuca and Elymus species,
Carex cryptocarpa, C. dives, C. magnified, C. macrocephala, C. Mertensii,
Lysichiton camtschatcense, Fritillaria lanceolata, F. camtschatcensis,
Erythronium giganteum, Maianthemum dilatatum, Trillium ovatum,
Asarum caudatum, Nymphcea polysepala, Trautvetteria grandis, Ranun
culus occidentalis, Coptis asplenifolia, Achlys triphylla, Dicentra forrnosa,
Tiarella unifoliata, T. trifoliata, Tellima grandiflora, Leptaxis Menziesii,
Aruncus acuminatus, Oenanthe sarmentosa, Stachys ciliata.
Vancouver Island.- -The interior and also the west coast of Vancouver
island present, in general, the same botanical features as those character
istic of the Coast range just described. The southeastern part of the
Island, however, is of a quite different botanical type. Here the growth
is influenced by the comparatively small amount of precipitation and, as
a result, the flora is ecologically more or less of a " dry belt " type. In
addition, it is characterized by a number of species which belong to the
Californian flora and occur nowhere else in Canada. Among the plants
characteristic of the southeastern part of Vancouver Island may be men
tioned: Hookera hyacinthina, Camassia Leichtlinii, Olsynium grandi-
florum, Hydastylus borealis, Quercus Garryana, Dentaria macrocarpa,
Thysanocarpus curvipes, Lupinus and Trijolium species, Sidalcea Hender-
sonii, Opuntia polyacantha var. borealis, Godetia caurina, Boisduvalia densi-
flora. Gilia species, Scrophularia calif ornica, Castilleja levisecta and num
erous others.
Dry Belts of British Columbia. A few words may be said about the
most important dry belts of British Columbia, including the Okanagan
and the Kamloops districts. These regions, owing to the scant precipi
tation and to the nature of the soil, have a flora which strangely contrasts
with that of the other parts of the British Columbia mainland.
In the dry belts two floristic subdivisions may be recognized, which,
however, run more or less into each other and, for this reason, will not be
dealt with separately. The one subdivision is characterized by so called
bunch grasses, of which Agropyrum spicatum and Elymus condensatus
are the most prominent species, and is more or less destitute of forest
forming trees. The other floristic subdivision of the dry belts is more
densely wooded, the characteristic tree of the forest being the Yellow Pine
(Pinus ponder osa) . On the whole, the dry belts may be said to be park-
like in general character.
Besides the above mentioned plants the following may be noted:
Eriogonum niveum, E. heracleoides, Atriplex argentea, Thelypodium lacinia-
tum, Lesquerella Douglasii, Ribes cereum, Kuntzia tridentata, Astragalus
Fig. 1. WILLOW PTARMIGAN IN THE MOUNTAINS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.
( anuda Year Book, 1915. Photo by P. A. Taverner.
Fig. 2. GANNET OR SOLAN GOOSE.
55
FAUNAS OF CANADA.
collinus, A. convallarius, A. Purshii, Sphceralcea Munroana, Mentzelia
albicauhs, M. lavicaulis, M. integrifolia, Oenothera pallida, 0. andina,
Phlox longifolia, Gilia aggregate, G. Harknessii, G. pungens, Collomia
grandiflora, C. linearis, Pectocarya penicillata, Senecio Thomsoniensis,
Engeron concinnus, E. filifolius, Chcenactis Douglasii, Chrysothamnus
nauseosus, C. puberulus, Artemisia trifida, A. tridentuta.
CONCLUSIOX.
While it is impossible in a few pages more than to outline briefly
the general characteristics of the flora of so large a country as Canada
-a flora represented by nearly 5,000 well defined species and varieties
of flowering plants the enumeration of species representative of the
different zones will, it is hoped, serve to give a fair idea of the flora as
a whole and help a botanist unfamiliar with a particular region to
determine what he may find there. Although there is a large and
growing number of local botanists in Canada the general flora of the
country- is known to few but professional botanists, and it is chiefly
for the information of the former class, and for those who do not
reside in Canada, that this article has been written.
The writers desire to acknowledge their indebtedness for the
photographs which illustrate this article to the Geological Survey of
the Department of Mines for Figs. 1, 6 and 7, and to Mrs. Julia
Henshaw of Vancouver for Figs. 2, 3, 4 and 5, which appear in her
book entitled " Rocky Mountain Flowers."
FAUNAS OF CANADA.
By P. A. TAVERNER, Department of Mines, Ottawa.
Whether the fauna of the western hemisphere was derived from that
of the eastern, or vice versa, as is contended by various authorities, there
is a close relationship between them, and one of these contentions is
certainly true. Geological evidence shows that in previous ages the
northern circumpolar life was even more homogeneous than to-day,
and types now found in but one of the great continental circumpolar
divisions were once common to both. Old and now submerged land
connections between the continents have been postulated both from
zoological and geological evidence, and a more or less complete continuity
of land throughout the northern hemisphere, in former times, must be
acknowledged before present American biotal conditions can be thor
oughly understood. That this connection was in the far north and in
what is now arctic or sub-arctic climate did not prohibit a continual
interchange of warmth-loving species, for the presence of coal in very
high latitudes points to milder if not tropical or subtropical conditions
where now we find perpetual snow and ice. We must therefore conceive of
a pre-glacial time when tree-ferns and other luxuriant coal producing
forests occupied extreme northern lands, and such species as elephants,
horses and other warmth loving species could spread from one continent
to the other.
5b
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA.
At this time the entire northern hemisphere was probably peopled
by an essentially similar population developing along approximately
parallel lines through a more or less free interchange of individuals.
These conditions, however, were interrupted by the breaking down of
the land connecting the continental areas and the occurrence of the
glacial epochs 1 , when solid ice covered a large part of the northern
hemisphere in North America south to below the Great Lakes. Prob
ably this resulted, over the whole of Canada, in conditions closely
approximated to those at present f ouncj. in Greenland, and a temperate
climate did not occur short of the Gulf States. Though these arctic
conditions prevailed gradually they none the less inevitably blotted out
the original population of the subtropical north.
The species that were of too inflexible a nature to adapt themselves
to new conditions, or forsake their ancestral habitats, became extinct
and perished entirely; some more adaptable, while they retreated
before the face of the oncoming ice, became hardier and capable of
living in temperate or sub-arctic climates, and others more easily moved
were driven far south, perhaps into South America, where in competition
with forms already resident they either triumphed at their expense or
succumbed, as the case might be. The survivors under new and various
influences evolved into numerous new forms and differentiations more
or less distinct from the original stock. These conditions prevailed for
what can be historically regarded as great periods of time in the process
of which an originally continuous and fairly homogeneous world
population became a number of isolated units, differentiating along
independent and often divergent lines. Some forms in each hemisphere
disappeared, specializations of old ones arose, and the bases of the
peculiarly characteristic Faunas of the two great continental areas
were laid.
\
On the gradual retreat of the great ice barrier to inter-continental
communication at the beginning of the present geological era, many
descendants of the species that had been driven south gradually returned,
following as closely upon the edges of the withdrawing ice as their
natures and requirements permitted. Some were satisfied with their
acquired southern homes or were more able to retain them in competition
with their neighbours ; they remained and probably became the ancestors
of our present typically southern genera; but others seized with avidity
upon the opportunity to occupy the gradually opening countries to the
north, where competition was relaxed, and each succeeding spring
advanced as far into them as climatic conditions permitted or com
petitive necessity demanded. Thus the north again became repop-
ulated, but not with similar forms in both continents. On the contrary,
each was supplied with forms made widely dissimilar through their
enforced disconnected residence and divergent development.
though here treated for convenience and clearness as but one single occur
rence, it should be borne in mind that the glacial epochs were composed of a
number of advances and retreats, more or less complete, of the ice cap with
various intervals between. This, however, does not seriously alter the
zoological results here stated.
57
FAUNAS OF CANADA.
During this reoccupation a number of interesting things happened.
High elevation is comparable in the condition it originates to high
latitudes, and mountains, even in the tropics, if high enough, are covered
with perpetual snow. High mountain and arctic conditions are similar
and have little variety. Consequently, as the glacial ice withdrew first
from the warmer lowlands some species adapted to the colder climate,
instead of following the retreat along the valley lines northward, merely
climbed adjacent slopes and there found acceptable habitats. If the
mountains were too low to retain their arctic character in sufficient
degree, those forms perished and were replaced by the next succeeding
association until a permanent population was at last secured. If the
elevation were greater the arctic forms survived as isolated communities,
and hence to-day we sometimes find arctic forms on high table-lands
and mountain ranges separated by many hundreds of miles of warm
climate from their nearest allies.
It is obvious that these cold loving "relicts" of a previous order should,
in the natural state of things, have been the last to break their connection
with the European or Asiatic continent and the first to come again
into contact with their old allies. In some cases probably the very
hardiest never completely lost touch with each other across the frozen
wastes of separation. Arctic conditions are remarkably similar the
world over, and these forms just clinging to the edge of habitability
existed under like conditions and with far less stimulus to divergent
progress than those in the warmer and more varied south. Evolutionary
development is slower in the colder than the warm climates ; generations
are, on the average, slower of development and slight departures from a
narrow successful groove are more ruthlessly weeded out; in fact there
is less latitude between success and failure and fewer chances of depart
ures from types being beneficial. All these reasons worked to the
single end that the northern or arctic fauna was during the glacial
epoch much less differentiated in the eastern and western hemisphere,
and to-day we find that while in the extreme south the forms are now
widely divergent, those of the northern areas are remarkably similar,
and the circumpolar fauna is nearly identical throughout the circle.
So in America we have a distribution of life closely related to European
and Asiatic forms in the north, but gradually and regularly differen
tiating into peculiar and special forms as we proceed south.
Having considered the history and consequent relation of North
American life to that of the world in general we can take up the details
of its distribution on our continent. The general trend of ( <>-
graphical distribution in Canada is from southeast to north
west. Ocean currents have much to do with this. -Our east coast
is chilled by the cold arctic current coming directly down from
the polar ice fields through Davis strait, and the west coast is
warmed by the grateful temperature of the great final sweep of the
Japan current. When we realize that the barren Labrador coast of
the Gulf of St. Lawrence is in almost the same latitude as southern
British Columbia and is slightly south of the most southerly point of t he
British Isles, we can see what a great and fundamental influence
these ocean currents have on the distribution of life upon our continent.
58
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA.
The general outline of zonal life distribution is well known. All
are familiar with the fact that tropical life differs from temperate and
from arctic. Close study however shows that besides these broad and
obvious associations are minor ones. Various attempts have been made
to map them out, and perhaps the most successful and generally accepted
one for our purposes is that by Dr. C. Hart Merriam. This divides
North America into three regions, a Boreal, Austral and a Tropical one,
with the first two each divided into three life zones: the Arctic, Hud-
sonian and Canadian zones for the Boreal Region and the Transition,
and Upper and Lower Austral zones for the Austral Region. In Canada
we have five of these zones represented from the north: the Arctic,
Hudsonian, Canadian, Transition and Upper Austral. These extend
across the continent, roughly agreeing with latitude, but thrown out of
regularity, as previously indicated, by local conditions and agreeing
closely with the mid-summer isotherms or temperature belts.
The Arctic Zone is the barren land of the far north, treeless and
almost shrubless, and extends south to include all the north shore of
the continent as well as the islands above. The distinctive land mam
mals of this zone are the Polar Bear, the Musk Ox, Barren Land Caribou,
Arctic Fox, Arctic Hare and Lemming. Amongst the characteristic
birds are Snow Buntings, Ptarmigan, Longspurs, Snowy Owl and the
Gyrfalcons. This is the great nesting ground for many of our waders
and more northern ducks and geese. There are few residents, as most
forms migrate in winter.
The Hudsonian Zone is the land
of scrub forests, small stunted
trees, mostly coniferous, and scat
tered dwarf willows and poplars.
The southern boundary of this
zone extends from the north shore
of the Gulf of St. Lawrence near
the mouth of James Bay, thence
in a wavy curve to Great Slave
Lake where it drops south sud
denly to a latitude about on line
with the lower point of the Alaska
Pan-handle, and thence to near
the coast. It thus includes the
southern Ungava peninsula, a
narrow belt extending northwest
from James Bay, the Yukon,
northern British Columbia and
southern Alaska. It is penetrated
from the north by the Arctic Zone
which persists on the mountains
of the Yukon and from the south
by the Canadian Zone which
follows up the valleys of the Mac
kenzie and Peace rivers. It is shut
off from the sea on the Pacific
Photo, by Harlan I. Smith,
Fig. 3. Moose in the Rocky Mountain National
Park, Banff.
59
FAUNAS OF CANADA.
side by the Alaska Pan-handle which has an intrusive Canadian fauna.
On the other hand, it works down the Rocky mountains in a narrow band
and scattered isolated spots to across the United States boundary. This
zone can be considered more as a transition between the Canadian and
Arctic zones than a primary division itself. It contains species whose
centres of abundance are on either hand and a few peculiar to it. Musk
Oxen, Caribou and Ptarmigan range into it in winter from the north, and
it forms the extreme northern distribution of Wolverine, Woodland
Caribou and Moose. Its most characteristic birds are the Rough-
legged Hawk, Great-gray Owl, Northern Shrike, Pine Grosbeak, White-
winged Cross-bill and Fox Sparrow.
The Canadian Zone occupies the greater area of Canada and can be
roughly defined as the heavy coniferous forest belt. It includes
practically all the remainder of the Dominion except the inner shores of
the Nova Scotia peninsula, southern Ontario and Quebec in a narrow strip
from about Montreal to just below Georgian bay on Lake Huron, the
prairies, a small irregular fringe along the Pacific coast opposite
Vancouver Island and a few mountain valleys penetrating the southern
boundary of British Columbia. Beyond our borders it extends irreg
ularly south on the mountains and high land near both coasts, including
the south shores of Lake Superior, and penetrates the Hudsonian Zone
on the north along the valleys of the Mackenzie and Peace rivers and
runs up most of the Alaska Pan-handle. This is the first land fit for
systematic cultivation. The characteristic life is more numerous than
in the preceding zones and includes the Moose, Woodland Caribou,
Lynx, Marten, Porcupine, Varying Hare, White-throated Sparrow,
numerous warblers, Olive-backed Thrush, Three-toed Woodpeckers,
Pileated Woodpecker, Spruce Grouse and Canada Jay.
The Transition Zone is agricul
turally the most important Canadian
faunal division. It lies just along the
southern border, including most of
both shores of the Bay of Fundy,
Quebec below the Gulf of St. Law
rence, a narrow belt following the
north shores of Lakes Ontario and
Erie, all of the western prairies and
intrusive valleys into the south of
British Columbia and the shores of
the Strait of Georgia. The name
Transition well describes this fauna.
It contains comparatively few dis
tinctive species, but is where many northern and southern forms
meet. Except in the prairies it is the country of the hardwood
where many of the temperate and hardier fruits, vegetables and
cereals reach their highest perfection and is the northern limit of some
of the tenderer ones. Its southern limit lies in the United States below,
striking almost squarely across the continent on a line with the lower
points of the Great Lakes, with excursions southward along the moun
tain ranges east and west and penetrated by extensions of the Jpper
Photo, by P. A. Taverner.
Fig. 4. Canada Porcupine.
60
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA.
Austral fauna along warm lowland valleys in the west. It forms the
northern limit of range of the Cotton-tail and Jack-Rabbits and the
American Elk, and is just touched upon by the Varying Hare from the
north ; the Common Mole of the south meets the Star-nosed and Brewers
Mole of the north and the Wild Cat partially replaces the Canada
Lynx. Amongst birds, the Wild Turkey, Bob-white, two Cuckoos,
Towhee, Wood Thrush and Yellow- Vireo are at the northern limit of their
ranges, and the Baltimore Oriole, Bluebird, Catbird and Bobolink
overlap the solitary Vireo and Wilsons Thrush.
The Upper Austral Zone in Canada is small in area but important
in production. It just crosses our borders in a narrow shore belt along
Lake Erie extending to the south side of Lake Ontario including
the Niagara Peninsula. It forms the famous Ontario fruit belt and is
comparatively strongly marked by quite a number of characteristic
forms especially amongst plants. It extends south as far as the northern
borders of the Gulf States, variously dotted and cut into by intrusive
branches of the neighbouring faunas from either side, especially in the
broken country of the west.
There are not many peculiar mammals that are well known to the
general public, and perhaps the Opossum is the most distinctive. Among
birds we have the Yellow-breasted Chat, Mockingbird, Carolina Wren,
Carolina Chickadee, Orchard Oriole, Barn Owl, a number of distinc
tive southern warblers and southern subspecific forms allied to more
northern variations.
These make the latitudinal or
thermal divisions of our faunal life.
Outside of the species mentioned are
numerous forms that extend over the
whole area, but show in different
zones variations recognizable to the
expert but stopping short of specific
distinction. A good example is the
Hairy Woodpecker. This bird breeds
over all the wooded parts of North
America, but the birds from the
Lower Austral zone are quite separ-
able by the trained eye from those
t of the Upper Austral and Tran
sition and these from the large northern form of the Hudsonian.
This is but one case of many where a northern and a southern race exist
in the same species and which we designate subspecies. Some of these
geographical races are so slightly differentiated as to require an expert
to separate them while others are marked and striking. The critical
difference between a full species and a subspecies is the fact that the
latter intergrade and blend into each other gradually. With species
the break between is sudden, and intermediates do not occur.
With this zonal distribution and a variation of life groups depend
ing basically upon temperature, we have another system of distribution
east and west, depending largely upon physical conditions of habitat-
the arrangement of land and water or mountain ranges forming barriers
Fig. 5. chipmunk.
61
FAUNAS OF CANADA.
or highways of migration and leading certain forms in certain directions
while barring them from others and the comparative rainfall and humid
ity of climate. This has a primary direct influence upon the forms of
we are considering, as well as a secondary and indirect one
through the plants and insects which give them food or shelter.
The principal divisions east and west are divided by the Rocky
mountains, which successfully cut the Pacific coast off from close
contact with eastern forms. This great backbone of the continent
extends in a northwesterly direction and forms the political boundary
between Alberta and British Columbia. An extension of this line until
it strikes the centre of the main Alaska- Yukon boundary roughly
approximates the dividing line of the east and west faunas, leaving a
triangular patch to the west including British Columbia, southern
Yukon and southern Alaska as the western or mountain fauna,
and cutting through three of the trans-continental zones, the Transition^
Canadian and Hudsonian with fragments of the arctic on the higher
elevations to the north.
The mountain district is characterized by an abundant rainfall,
a high average humidity and a greatly diversified and rugged topography,
forming a succession of mountain ranges with deep valleys between,
paralleling the coast, facilitating intercommunication in this direction
but obstructing it from east to west. These topographical conditions
continue to the south well into Mexico and enforce migration routes and
conditions and associations more or less isolated. The marked humidity
of the climate, especially near the coast, also causes or encourages
special physiological changes in numerous organisms tending as a rule to
produce larger size and browner or richer colouration. These differences
in physical conditions and the isolation formed by the barrier mountains
have produced a great number of forms peculiar to the trans-mountain
district. In fact, comparatively few species, either of birds or animals,
extend across the mountains from the east unmodified, and the native
population can be divided into three heads: subspecific variations of
eastern forms, species confined to the area and forms of evident moun
tain origin but spreading from them a certain distance eastward.
Typical amongst the first may be mentioned the Moose and Woodland -
Caribou, the Oregon subspecies of the Ruffed Grouse, Harris , Rocky-
Mountain and Gairdner s Woodpeckers, Northwest Flicker, Dusky and
Streaked Horned Larks, many forms of the warblers and sparrows and
others.
Of full species confined to this fauna are: Douglas Squirrel, Black-
tailed Deer, Pica, Yellow-bellied Marmot, Bushy-tailed Wood Rat,
Little Stripped Skunk or Spilogale, Blue and Franklin s Grouse, Band-
tailed Pigeon, Red-breasted and Williamson s Sapsucker, Stellar s Jay,
Black and Vaux Swift, Black-chinned and Rufus Hummingbirds, Clark s
Nutcraker, Northwestern Crow, Dipper, Chestnut-backed Chickadee,
Varied Thrush and others. Of forms typical of the mountains but
spreading a little way east are: Hoary Marmot, Mule Deer, Grizzly
Bear, Red-naped Sapsucker, Lewis s Woodpecker, Red-shafted Flicker,
Hamm6nd s and Wright s Flycatcher, Black headed Grosbeak and many
more.
62
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA.
The Eastern fauna is compara
tively homogeneous across the con
tinent in a diagonal direction from
the Atlantic coast to Alaska, with
but slight variation in physical as
pect, except in the prairie region of
the central west. It is a country
of low, even topography with good
rainfall and covered with a uniform
forest of little variety except such
as is due to latitude and zonal dis
tribution, but into it project the
upper limits of the Great Plains
characterized by great dryness,.
near-desert conditions and almost
an entire absence of trees. This
penetrates the moist continental
fauna as a semicircular extension
of the Transition Zone, its chord
on the international boundary ex
tending from the eastern Manito-
ban line to the mountains and
north to Edmonton and Prince
Albert.
The general tendency of this
prairie fauna is towards small size
and pale bleached colouration. Such species as are characteristic of it are
those like the Prong-Horn Antelope, Bison, Coyote, Gopher, Prairie
Chicken, Sage Hen, Burrowing Owl, Leconte s Sparrow^, and Lark
Bunting whose open country requirements debar them from wooded
land. The remainder of its fauna is similar to that of the eastern
country but generally subspecifically differentiated from it through the
dryer climate and desert-like conditions. Some species that can be
exampled under this division are Western Horned Owl, Say s Phoebe^
Desert Horned Lark, Pale Goldfinch, Western Clay-coloured Sparrow,
Dacotah Song Sparrow, Prairie Marsh Wren, etc.
The true Eastern fauna, though generally similar from the far north
west to the Altantic coast, does show a slight tendency to variation
north of these plains, but the influence is slight and in broad treatment
can be disregarded. Many species extend unmodified throughout the
area, or when modification occurs it can usually be attributed to either
thermal differences or the influence of the closely allied neighbouring
prairie forms it comes into contact with in migration or on its edges.
In general, most of the subspecific forms mentioned as prairie or western
are represented by type subspecies in this great eastern fauna, which
is perhaps the typical fauna of Canada and which gives distinctive
character to our biotal resources.
Photo by P. A. Taverner.
Fig. 6. American Sparrow Hawk (female).
63
FAUNAS OF CANADA.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
The illustrations of the preceding article are from photographs furnished
by the Geological Survey of the Department of Mines, Ottawa. Fig. Willow
Ptarmigan in the Mountains of British Columbia, is a species representative of
extreme arctic conditions extending south from the mountain tops Fig
*annet or Solan Goose is a maritime species illustrating the close relationship
between Europe and America; it inhabits both sides of the North Atlantic
Moose m the Rocky Mountain National Park, Banff, is a species illus
trating the life of the woodland areas of the Canadian Zone from New Brunswick
in the east to the interior of Alaska. Fig. 4, Canadian Porcupine, is a large
rodent of the Canadian Zone woodlands. Its quills are much used by the
Indians m embroidery of birch bark and other crafts. Fig. 5, Chipmunk is a
.common rodent of the eastern Transition and Canadian Zones and southward,
the west it is replaced by closely allied forms. Fig. 6, American Sparrow
tiawk (female), is a common species ranging right across the continent through
out the wooded and prairie areas and southward.
III. AREA AND POPULATION.
Area by Provinces and Territories. Table 1 shows the total area
<of the Dominion in land and water and the distribution into provinces
and territories:
1. Land and Water Area of Canada by Provinces and Territories.
Provinces.
Land.
Water.
Total Land
and water.
Prince Edward Island
sq. miles.
2,184
21,068
27,911
690,865
365,880
231,926
243,382
252,925
353,416
206,427
1,207,926
sq., miles.
360
74
15,969
41,382
19,906
8,318
2,360
2,439
649
34,298
sq. miles.
2,184
21,428
27,985
706,834
407,262
251,832
251,700
255,285
355,855
207,076
1,242,224
Nova Scotia
New Brunswick
Quebec
Ontario
Manitoba
Saskatchewan
Alberta
British Columbia
Yukon
Northwest Territories
Total
3,603,910
125,755
3,729,665
The water area is exclusive of Hudson Bay, Ungava Bay, the Bay
of Fundy, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and all other tidal waters, except
ing that portion of the River St. Lawrence which is between Point c-
des-Monts in Saguenay and the foot of Lake St. Peter in Quebec.
Increase of Population. According to the corrected returns of the
fifth Census, the total population on June 1, 1911, was 7,206,643,
representing an increase of 1,835,328 since the previous Census of
April 1, 1901. For the period covered, the rate of increase, viz.,
34.17 p.c., is the largest in the world, and is due to the heavy tide of
immigration which set in with the beginning of the present century.
The countries next in order, in respect of the percentage rates of in
crease during the same decade, are: New Zealand 30.5, the United
64
AREA AND POPULATION.
States 21, Germany 15.2, Holland 14.8, Switzerland 13.2, Denmark
12.6, Belgium 10.9, Austria 9.3, United Kingdom 9.1, Hungary 8.5,
Sweden 7.5, Italy and Norway 6.8 and France 1.6. Ontario and
Quebec continue to be the most largely populated of the nine provinces,
the former having 2,523,274 and the latter 2,003,232 inhabitants.
None of the other provinces has yet reached half a million; but Sask
atchewan has the third largest population with 492,432. All the
provinces show an increase since 1901, excepting Prince Edward Island,
where the population has decreased by 9,531, or 9.23 p.c. The Yukon
and Northwest Territories, with relatively sparse populations, show
decreases as compared with 1901. The greatest relative increase is in
the western provinces, especially in Saskatchewan and Alberta. The
population of Saskatchewan, 492,432, as compared with 91,279 in 1901,
shows an increase of 401,153, or over 439 p.c. Alberta has grown from
73,022 in 1901 to 374,663 in 1911, an increase of 301,641, or 413 p.c.
Manitoba, 455,614, shows an increase of 200,403 from 255,211, or
78.5 p.c., and British Columbia one of 213,823, or over 119 p.c., the
population having grown from 178,657 in 1901 to 392,480 in 1911.
Average Density. The average density of the population works
out to 1.93 per square mile, calculated upon the total of 3,729,665
square miles, as shown in Table 1. This figure may be compared
with the density per square mile of other new countries, as, for in
stance, the United States 30.69, the Argentine Republic 5.99, the
Commonwealth of Australia 1.53, the Dominion of New Zealand 9.63
and Newfoundland 1.47. Prince Edward Island has a density of
42.91, Nova Scotia of 22.98, New Brunswick of 12.61, Ontario of
9.67, Manitoba of 6.18 and Quebec of 5.69. The other three prov
inces, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, are each below
2 per square mile.
2. Population of Canada by Provinces and Territories in the years 1871-81-91-
1901-11.
Provinces.
1871.
1881.
1891.
1901.
1911.
Prince Edward Island
Nova Scotia
94,021
387,800
108,891
440,572
109,078
450,396
103,259
459,574
93,728
492,338
New Brunswick
285,594
321,233
321,263
331,120
351,889
Quebec
1,191,516
1,359,027
1,488,535
1,648,898
2,003,232
Ontario
1,620,851
1,926,922
2,114,321
2,182,947
2,523,274
Manitoba
25,228
62,260
152,506
255,211
455,614
Saskatchewan
91,279
492,432
Alberta
_
_
73,022
374,663
British Columbia
36,247
49,459
98,173
178,657
392,480
Yukon
27,219
8,512
Northwest Territories
48,000
56,446
98,967
20,129
18,481
Totals for Canada
3,689,257
4,324,810
4,833,239
5,371,315
7,206,643
65
POPULATION .
3. Population of Canada by Provinces and Territories in 1871 and 1911 and increase
in each decade from 1871 to 1911.
Provinces.
Popula
tion
in
1871.
Increase in each decade 1871 to 1911.
Popula
tion
in
1911.
Increase
1871
to
1911.
1871
to
1881.
1881
to
1891.
1891
to
1901.
1901
to
1911.
Pr. Ed. Island.
Nova Scotia. . .
New Brunswick
Quebec
94,021
387,800
285,594
1,191,516
1,620,851
25,228
36,247
48,000
14,870
52,772
35,639
167,511
306,071
37,032
13,212
8,446
187
9,824
30
129,508
187,399
90,246
48,714
42,521
-5,819
9,178
9,857
160,363
68,626
102,705
91,279
73,022
80,484
27,219
-78,838
-9,531
32,764
20,769
354,334
340,327
200,403
401,153
301,641
213,823
-18,707
-1,648
93,728
492,338
351,889
2,003,232
2,523,274
455,614
492,432
374,663
392,480
8,512
18,481
-293
104,538
66,295
811,716
902,423
430,386
492,432
374,663
356,233
8,512
-29,519
Ontario
Manitoba
Saskatchewan..
Alberta
Brit. Columbia.
Yukon
Northwest
Territories. . .
Totals
3,689,257
635,553
508,429
538,076
1,835,328
7,206,643
3,517,386
4. Population of Canada by Provinces and Territories, 1901 and 1911.
Provinces.
1901.
1911.
Increase.
Increase,
p.c.
Prince Edward Island
103,259
93,728
-9,531
-9.23
Nova Scotia
459,574
492,338
32,764
7.13
NPW Brunswick
331,120
351,889
20,769
6.27
Quebec
1,648,898
2,003,232
354,334
21.49
Ontario
2,182,947
2,523,274
340,327
15.58
Manitoba
2.55,211
455,614
200,403
78.52
91,279
492,432
401,153
439.48
Albprta
73,022
374,663
301,641
413.08
British Oolurnbia
178,657
392,480
213,823
119.68
Yukon
27,219
8,512
-18,707
-68 73
Northwest Territories
20,129
18,481
-1,648
-8.18
Totals for Canada
5,371,315
7,206,643
1,835,328
34 17
5. Area and Population of
Canada in 1911 by Provinces and Districts and
Population in 1901.
POPULATION IN 1911.
Provinces and
Districts.
Area
in acres.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Pei-
square
Popula
tion in
mile.
il.
CANADA
2,386,985,395*
3,821,995
3,384,648
7,206,643
1.93
5,371,315
Prince Edward
Island.
Kincrs
1, 397,991
410,355
47,069
11,598
46,659
11,038
93,728
212,636
42 91
36.31
103,259
24
* AA
Prince
498,065
16,551
16,22s
32,779
42.12
400
Queens
489,571
18,920
19,393
38,313
) - W
481 13 ~
NoTE.-The totals of areas for Canada i
measured by a planimeter on the map, and embrace land and water, while^
listricts are the totals of their respective subdistncts, and are land areas nl>
exceptSg as may be indicated by footnotes, where large areas are unsurveyed and
unoccupied.
NOTE. The sign ( ) denotes a decrease,
map measurement*
66
AREA AND POPULATION.
5. Area and Population of Canada in 1911 by Provinces and Districts and
Population in 1901 con.
Provinces and
Districts.
Area
in acres.
POPULATION IN 1911.
Popula
tion in
1901.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Per
square
mile.
Nova Scotia.
Annapolis . . .
ISJIS^O 1
847,280
355,840
867,264
462,016
928,640
1,077,120
640,000
1,059,840
1,358,960
786,560
910,600
552,960
769,280
719,360
312,960
1,294,387
549,604
17,910,400
838,785
821,376
1,196,676
1,137,931
1,345,110
3,033,985
2,092,595
394,163
1,618,742
2,153,549
922,993
2,307,367
225,198,561 J
501,355
221,530
1,210,266
94,105
417,690
1,403,359
2,216,550
312,422
215,680
6,353,248
1,455,034
169,779
87.795.034
251,019
9,374
5,915
15,435
28,853
11,746
20,708
10,206
8,858
40,061
10,016
13,079
10,995
17,121
18,213
6,828
12,261
11,350
179,867
11,034
10,774
16,588
12,435
15,470
16,150
8,434
26,082
8,986
15,086
22,703
16,125
1,011,502
8,657
9,135
26,035
10,640
10,632
9,950
14,379
6,871
14,327
23,293
10,649
6,647
32.729
241,319
9,207
6,047
14,453
24,499
11,918
19,835
9,961
8,190
40,196
9,687
12,492
10,785
16,139
17,645
6,445
11,950
11,870
172,022
10,412
10,373
16,074
11,941
14,815
15,044
7,253
27,490
8,130
13,136
21,918
15,436
991,730
8,109
9,071
25,364
10,162
10,509
9,922
13,731
6,345
14,388
19,465
9,988
6,675
30.612
492,338
18,581
11,962
29,888
53,352
23,664
40,543
20,167
17,048
80,257
19,703
25,571
21,780
33,260
35,858
13,273
24,211
23,220
351,889
21,446
21,147
32,662
24,376
30,285
31,194
15,687
53,572
17,116
28,222
44,621
13,561
2,003,232
16,766
18,206
51,399
20,802
21,141
19,872
28,110
13,216
28,715
42,758
20,637
13,322
63.341
22 98
14.04
21.51
22.06
73.90
16.31
24.09
20.17
10.29
37.80
16.03
18.15
25.21
27.67
31.90
27.14
11.97
27.04
12 61
16.36
16.48
17.47
13.71
14.41
6.58
4.80
86.98
6.77
8.39
30.94
8.75
5.69
21.43
52.60
27.18
141.47
32.39
9.06
8.12
27.07
85.21
4.31
9.08
50.22
0.46
459,574
18,842
13,617
24,650
35,087
24,900
36,168
20,322
18,320
74,662
20,056
24,353
21,937
32,389
33,459
13,515
24,428
22,869
331,120
21,621
22,415
27,936
23,958
32,580
28,548
10,536
51,759
16,906
21,136
42,060
31,620
1,648,898
16,407
18,181
43,129
21,732
18,706
19,980
24,495
13,397
24,318
32,015
19,334
13,583
48.291
Antigonish
Cape Breton N.and
Victoria
Cape Breton S . . . .
Colchester
Cumberland
Digbv
Guysborough
Halifax City and
County . .
Hants
Inverness
Kings
Lunenburg
Pictou
Richmond
Shelburne & Queens
Yarmouth
New Brunswick..
Carleton
Charlotte
Gloucester
Kent
Kings and Albert . .
Northumberland.. .
Restigouche
.St. John City and
Countv .
Sunbury and Queens
Victoria and Mada-
waska
Westmorland
York
Quebec.
Argenteuil
Bagot
Beauce
Beauharnois
Bellechasse
Berthier . . .
Bonaventure ... .
Brome
Chambly and Ver-
cheres
Champlain
Charlevoix
Chateauguay
Chicoutimi and
Saeuenav .
l By map measurement.
67
POPULATION.
5. Area and Population of Canada in 1911 by Provinces and Districts and
Population in 1901 con.
Provinces and
Districts.
Area
in acres.
POPULATION IN 1911.
Popula
tion in
1901.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Per
square
mile.
Quebec con.
Compton
920,986
602,624
766,607
2,912,941
1,784
231,200
73,803
1,928,640
664,006
2,456,052
204,288
157,854
95,287
173,977
494,596
464,895
6,338
1,881,600
499,304
240,140
2,698,120
403,286
1,367,654
829
1,062
438
544
621
400.690
12,747,098
952,832
824
594
503
1,746,239
141,602
783,565
3,574,468
155,505
177,671
257,934
363,008
152,064
87,111
15,655
12,930
21,233
18,195
36,707
6,707
32,737
11,841
10,619
21,131
9,937
7,577
15,370
14,319
8,538
11,144
85,577
8,265
16,439
8,893
7,066
8,729
6,606
11,402
23,709
22,028
27,637
27,282
15,077
15,634
15,336
9,522
22,457
4,370
12,858
10,332
20,230
26,491
6,00!)
10,633
11,062
12,145
11,648
4,640
13,975
12,166
20,357
16,806
38,342
6,533
32,286
12,070
10,269
19,220
9,398
7,587
14,607
14,594
7,897
11,014
85,401
8,244
14,875
8,573
6,796
8,627
6,609
10,274
24,929
22,029
28,223
27,628
14,978
13,782
15,193
12,141
24,972
5,248
12,986
10,354
19,261
21,999
6,522
11,709
10,820
11,831
11,563
4,760
29,63C
25,096
41,590
35,001
75,049
13,240
65,023
23,911
20,888
40,351
19,335
15,164
29,977
28,913
16,435
22,158
170,978
16,509
31,314
17.466
13,862
17,356
13,215
21,676
48,638
44,057
55,860
54,910
30,055
29,416
30,529
21,663
47,429
9,618
25.844
20,686
39,491
51,490
13,131
22,342
21,882
23,976
23,211
9,400
20. 5S
26.65
34.72
7.69
26,918.58
36.65
563.86
7.93
20.13
10.52
60.57
61.48
201.34
106.35
21.27
30.50
17,265.27
5.62
40.14
46.55
3.30
27.54
6.18
16,738.22
29,317.66
64.410.82
65,717.65
56,608 .2;.
is 01
1.48
20.51
16,793.02
51,108.83
12/JM.6-1
9.48
93 51)
32 _><;
9.22
54.12
so is
51 29
rj -27
97.69
69.06
26,460
21,007
38,999
30,683
56,919
13,979
26,168
22,255
19,099
32.901
19,633
13.995
19,743
26,210
14.439
20.039
65,178
15,813
23,878
17.339
13.001
14,757
12,311
23,368
47,653
42,618
18,808
W,631
27,209
25,722
27,159
20,
39,325
9,149
22,101
19,518
34,137
40,157
13,407
21,543
20,(
23,<
18,428
9,928
Dorchester
Drummond and Ar
thabaska
Gaspe
Hochelaga
Huntingdon
Jacques-Cartier. . .
Joliette
Kamouraska
Labelle
Laprairie and
Napierville ....
L Assomption. . . .
Laval
Levis
L Islet
Lotbiniere
Maisonneuve
M askinonge
Megantic
Missisquoi
Montcalm. ........
Montmaeny .
Montmorency ....
Montreal-Ste. Anne
Montreal-
St. Antoine
Montreal-
St. Jacques
Montreal-
St. Laurent
Montreal-
Ste. Marie . ...
Nicolet
Pontiac
Portneuf
Quebec Centre ....
Quebec East
Quebec West
Quebec County ....
Richelieu
Richmond and
Wolfe
Rimouski
Rouville
St. Hyacinthe
St. John and Iber-
ville
Sheff ord
Sherbrooke
Soulanges
68
AREA AND POPULATION.
5. Area and Population of Canada in 1911 by Provinces and Districts and
Population in 1901 con.
Provinces and
Districts.
Area
in acres.
POPULATION IN 1911.
Popula
tion in
1901.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Per
square
mile.
Quebec con.
Stanstead
276,786
1,155,961
500,366
1,643,552
178,725
128,414
1,553,711
233,578
166,951 ,636!
31,433,370
14,248,389
213,905
55,592
175,919
608,608
447,655
416,558
356,248
245,199
402,549
232,014
228,849
153,133
299,222
1,021,380
305,660
296,209
440,356
286,784
365,885
313,203
232,120
1,724
2,266
826,504
660,205
274,073
298,535
256,455
265,336
321,963
2,266
351,140
368,363
362,641
365,666
399,876
748,654
10,301
18,650
14,592
18,203
7,002
5,585
24,771
9,805
1,332
1,299,290
28,938
17,948
9,735
13,750
8,990
12,166
13,284
14,762
9,229
9,048
13,617
9,002
13,469
19,497
15,070
11,492
10,608
8,479
10,145
13,778
9,725
11,045
11,535
20,989
18,644
13,075
15,437
8;090
9,764
8,452
12,137
16,414
9,825
11,267
14,901
7,018
9,904
9,157
10,131
10,464
17,780
14,426
17,950
6,866
5,454
23,561
9,706
734
1,223,984
15,690
10,804
9,524
12,867
9,541
11,617
12,965
13,644
8,511
9,117
12,794
8,595
13,246
18,509
14,471
10,452
10,651
9,066
9,505
13,213
9,525
10,517
10,673
18,804
18,635
11,903
15,388
8,199
9,744
8,734
11,561
15,883
10,835
10,956
14,208
7,606
9,847
9,065
10,255
20,765
36,430
29,018
36,153
13,868
11,039
48,332
19,511
2,066
2,523,274
44,628
28,752
19,259
26,617
18,531
23,783
26,249
28,406
17,740
18,165
26,411
17,597
26,715
38,006
29,541
21,944
21,259
17,545
19,650
26,991
19,250
21,562
22,208
39,793
37,279
24,978
30,825
16,289
19,508
17,186
23,698
32,297
20,660
22,223
29,109
14,624
19,751
18,222
20,386
48.03
20.17
37.12
14.08
49.66
55.02
19.91
53.46
9.67
0.91
1.29
57.62
306.44
67.42
25.00
37 53
43.64
31.87
47.43
42.00
48.54
74.72
158.84
63.18
13.75
44.51
37.91
28.57
60.23
33.67
44.18
61.23
14,792.94
1,053.08
19.34
29.89
38.04
41.82
42.88
57.16
64.21
5,836.16
40.51
50.58
25.82
34.57
29.14
17.42
18,998
29,185
26,816
29,311
14,438
10,445
42,830
20,564
2,405
2,182,947
25,211
17,894
18,273
19,867
18,721
27,424
31,596
24,380
21,036
19,757
27,570
17,901
25,685
28,789
29,955
24,746
22,131
21,021
23,663
24,874
21,053
21,233
19,545
24,000
28,634
27,943
31,348
19,227
22,881
19,712
25,328
31,866
19,788
26,919
29,723
17,236
19,996
19,254
23,346
Temiscouata
Terrebbnne
Three Rivers and
St. Maurice
Two Mountains
Vaudreuil
Wright
Yamaska
Quebecunorganized
Ontario
Algoma E
Algoma W
Brant
Brantf ord
Brockville
Bruce N
Bruce S
Carleton
Duff erin
Dun das
Durham
Elgin E
Elgin W.
Essex N
Essex S
Frontenac
Glengarry.
Grenville
Grey E .
GreyN
Grey S..
Haldimand
Halton
Hamilton E
Hamilton W
Hastings E. . . .
Hastings W
Huron E
Huron S
Huron W. . . .
Kent E
Kent W
Kingston
Lambton E
Lambton W
Lanark, N
Lanark S
Leeds
Lennox and Adding
ton
*By map measurement.
69
POPULATION.
5. Area and Population of Canada in 1911 by Provinces and Districts and
Population in 1901 con.
Provinces and
Districts.
Area
in acres.
POPULATION IN 1911.
Popula
tion in
1901.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Per
square
mile.
Ontario con.
Lincoln
212,739
4,252
264,718
279,332
242,994
1,014,650
20,206,767
405,927
280,737
170,007
323,086
222,523
3,043
262,756
226,554
2,514,109
299,849
275,051
262,281
570,479
354,437
316,344
249,853
676,998
1,052,770
447,152
338,805
367,917
357,508
263,890
46,450,167
651
2,198
1,867
2,917
3,144
1,813,908
174,849
155,271
247,849
371,496
280,882
289,257
213,586
275,554
69,745
47,188,29s 1
1,864,902 2
13,193,249 2
1,093, 197 2
17,902
21,901
10,666
7,011
8,164
11,204
43,284
13,702
10,307
6,356
8,797
12,263
34,790
12,691
11,355
14,460
11,644
15,241
9,677
8,028
12,936
13,669
8,448
12,091
14,209
20,188
18,324
12,664
12,621
12,273
42,293
27,550
33,888
24,499
24,312
51,593
19,068
16,616
14,475
22,272
11,366
16,265
17,724
13,827
11,456
34,703
250,056
22,127
24,384
12,304
17,527
24,399
10,148
6,726
8,050
10,029
30,846
13,408
9,620
6,609
8,344
11,602
38,403
12,386
10,939
12,087
10,458
14,994
9,270
7,471
13,215
13,299
8,702
11,526
13,643
19,246
16,970
12,035
12,439
12,502
24,956
25,575
35,024
31,970
19,644
53,698
17,431
17,003
14,513
19,891
10,926
15,935
16,910
12,221
10,959
33,315
205,558
17,607
19,616
11,197
35,429
46,300
20,814
13,737
16,214
21,233
74,130
27,110
19,927
12,965
17,141
23,865
73,193
25,077
22,294
26,547
22,102
30,235
18,947
15,499
26,151
26,968
17,150
23,617
27,852
39,434
35,294
24,699
25,060
24,775
67,249
53,125
68,912
56,469
43,956
105,291
3<i,499
33,619
28,988
42,163
22,L > >L >
32,200
34,<;;u
26,048
22,415
68,018
455,614
39,734
44,000
23.501
106.58
6,962.41
50.32
31.47
42.70
13.39
2.35
42.74
45.44
48.80
33.95
68.64
15,396.21
61.08
62.98
6.76
47.18
70.35
46.23
17.39
47.23
54.46
43.93
22.32
16.93
56.44
66.67
42.96
44.86
60.10
0.93
52,083.33
20,090.97
19,338.70
9,639.17
21,444. LM
12.89
123.01)
119.47
108.87
38.40
75.36
76.63
78.05
52.05
(V24.13
6.18
13. tit
2.14
13.76
30,552
37,976
20,228
16,419
18,079
20,901
28,349
29,177
20,495
13,055
18,390
22,018
57,640
25,644
22,760
24,936
21,475
29,256
20,615
16,291
29,704
27,035
17,864
24,556
27,676
35,166
29,845
26,071
26,399
27,042
28,987
43,861
40,194
40,886
38,ius
44,991
38,511
27,121
25,470
31,588
,120
29,526
26,818
21,505
20,699
-..1.211
J->,047
22,631
24,736
London
Middlesex E
Middlesex N
Middlesex W
Muskoka
Nipissing
Norfolk
NorthumberlandE.
Nor thumber land W .
Ontario N
Ontario S
Ottawa City
Oxford N
Oxford S
Parrv Sound
Peel"
Perth N
Perth S
Peterborough E . . .
Peterborough W. . .
Prescott
Prince Edward ....
Renfrew N
Renfrew S
Russell
Simcoe E
Simcoe N
Simcoe S
Stormont
Thunder Bay and
Rainy River ....
Toronto Centre
Toronto E
Toronto N
Toronto S
Toronto W
Victoria
Waterloo N
Waterloo S
W T elland
Wellington N
Wellington S
W^entworth
York Centre
York N
York S
Manitoba.
Brandon
Dauphin
Lisgar
7
By map measurement. 2 Total land area.
70
AREA AND POPULATION.
5. Area and Population of Canada in 1911 by Provinces and Districts and
Population in 1901 concluded.
Provinces and
Districts.
Area
in acres.
POPULATION IN 1911.
Popula
tion in
1901.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Per
square
mile.
Manitoba con.
Macdonald
2,392,612 2
3,333,889 2
1,754,456 2
3,610,628 2
11,444,171 2
2,469,244 2
12,750
161,088,000
4,803,514
34,889,994
7,489, 869 2
5,404,839 2
21,664, 196 2
66,087,803 2
3,429,965 2
5,075,695 2
2,687,635 2
4,230,970 2
163,382,400!
3,671, 520 2
78,034,886 2
6,020, 634 2
16,396,476 2
13,977,487 2
6,880, 155 2
36,890,843 2
227,747,200!
91,680,886 2
17,290,420 2
1,738,880 2
3,100,480 2
417,280 2
1,894 2
111,956,530-
132,528,640
1,229,878,400!
19,984
18,829
15,565
21,732
28,879
16,142
70,110
291,730
24,619
28,734
30,405
22,204
55,101
20,847
20,053
44,478
16,019
29,270
223,989
36,991
34,567
20,516
43,724
37,085
28,536
22,570
251,619
30,969
33,974
20,124
35,906
74,390
19,089
37,167
6,508
9,346
15,857
14,769
12,385
18,961
24,212
12,907
58,047
200,702
17,937
18,341
21,790
18,354
32,624
15,472
15,555
26,078
12,676
21,875
150,674
23,511
22,478
13,988
26,882
24,287
20,937
18,591
140,861
11,294
16,798
11,698
19,773
49,512
12,571
19,215
2,004
9,135
35,841
33,598
27,950
40,693
53,091
29,049
128,157
492,432
42,556
47,075
52,195
40,558
87,725
36,319
35,608
70,556
28,695
51,145
374^663
60,502
57,045
34,504
70,606
61,372
49,473
41,161
392,480
42,263
50,772
31,822
55,679
123,902
31,660
56,382
8,512
18,481
9.59
6.45
10.20
7.21
2.97
7.53
6,432.94
1 95
5.67
0.86
4.45
4.80
2.59
0.35
6.64
8.90
6.83
7.74
1.47
10.55
0.46
3.66
2.75
2.81
4.62
0.71
1.09
0.30
1.88
11.71
11.50
190.03
10,695.95
0.32
041
010
23,866
20,431
23,483
24,434
24,021
24,222
42,340
91,279
9,332
6,171
2,166
13,537
5,761
12,795
17,178
7,703
9,479
7,157
73,002
8,362
12,823
7,856
10,804
10,314
12,345
10,518
178,657
21,457
31,962
22,293
23,976
28,895
20,919
29,155
27,219
20,129
Marquette
Portage la Prairie .
Provencher
Selkirk
Souris
Winnipeg City
Saskatchewan.
Assiniboia
Battlef ord
Humboldt
Mackenzie
Moosejaw
Prince Albert .....
Qu Appelle
Regina
Saltcoats
Saskatoon
Alberta.
Calgary.
Edmonton
MacLeod
Medicine Hat
Red Deer
Strathcona
Victoria
British Columbia.
Comox-Atlin
Kootenay
Nanaimo
New Westminster
Vancouver City . . .
Victoria City
Yale and Cariboo. .
Yukon.
N.W. Territories.
Distribution of Urban Population. In Tables 6-8 is shown the
distribution of the urban population into cities, towns, and villages.
There are now four cities in Canada with an aggregate population
exceeding 100,000: Montreal (470,480), Toronto (376,538), Winnipeg
(136,035) and Vancouver (100,401), as compared with only two in
1901: Montreal (267,730) and Toronto (208,040). There are three
[ By map measurement. 2 Total land area.
71
POPULATION.
cities with populations in 1911 exceeding 50,000: Ottawa (87,062),
Hamilton (81,969) and Quebec (78,710). Two towns with a popula
tion in 1911 exceeding 5,000, viz., North Vancouver, B.C. (8,196),
and Cobalt, Ont. (5,638), were not in existence in 1901, whilst 14
other towns had no existence in 1891, viz., Regina (30,213), Edmon
ton (24,900), Maisonneuve (18,684), Fort William (16,499), Moosejaw
(13,823), Saskatoon (12,004), Port Arthur (11,220), Lethbridge
(8,050), North Bay (7,737), Thetford Mines (7,261), Prince Albert
(6,254), Medicine Hat (5,608), Strathcona (5,579) and North Toronto
(5,362).
Division of the population into urban and rural gives 3,280,964 of
the former and 3,925,679 of the latter. The increase in the urban
population is indeed one of the most striking facts revealed by the
Census of 1911. Whilst during the decade 1901 to 1911 the rural
population increased by 576,163, or 17.20 p.c., the increase in the
urban population was 1,259,165, or at the rate of 62.28 p.c. In the
Maritime Provinces and in Ontario the urban population increased at
the expense of the rural, for the latter has actually declined since
1901, in Prince Edward Island by 10.81 p.c., in Nova Scotia by 7.26 p.c.,
in New Brunswick by 0.58 p.c. and in Ontario by 4.18 p.c. The urban
population of these provinces increased during the same period by the
following percentage ratios: Prince Edward Island 0.1, Nova Scotia
45.43, New Brunswick 28.81 and Ontario 41.93.
Table 8 analyses the urban population of Canada for each of the
census years 1901 and 1911. It shows that, in 1911, of the total popu
lation of 7,206,643, not less than 2,354,131, or 32.70 p.c., were dwelling
in cities or towns with a population exceeding 5,000, the total urban
population being 3,280,964, or 45.53 p.c. of the entire population.
6. Population of Cities and Towns having over 5,000 inhabitants in 1911,
compared with 1871-81-91-1901.
Cities and Towns.
Provinces.
POPULATION.
1871.
1881.
1891.
1901.
L911.
IVTontrpfll 1
Quebec
115,000
59,000
24]
in, 141
- (i,880
:><),699
29,582
18,000
!!.:;_>:>
155,238
96,196
7,985
:5 1,307
:;c>,66i
62,446
36,100
26,266
41,353
219,616
181,215
25,639
13,709
14, 154
48,9:>9
63,090
38.-I37
31,977
3,876
39.17 .
267,730
208,040
42,340
27,010
59,928
52,634
68
40
37,976
1,392
40,711
1,480
:576, 538
136,035
100,401
87,062
si
7s. 710
16.6 p.t
46
13,704
12,511
T AT nntn 1
Ontario
\\ inmnpfl
Manitoba
Vancouver 1
British Columbia..
Ontario
Ottawa 1
TT & m lit ATI 1
a
OnptSpp
Quebec
Halifax
Nova Scotia
T nnrlnn
Ontario
(^ol nrn rv
Alberta
St John
New Brunswick. . .
Population of the city municipality.
ro/ v
B
72
AREA AND POPULATION.
6. Population of Cities and Towns having over 5,000 inhabitants in 1911,
compared with 1871-81-91-1901 con.
Cities and Towns.
Provinces.
POPULATION.
1871.
1881.
1891.
1901.
1911.
Victoria
British Columbia..
Saskatchewan
3,270
8,107
12,407
4,611
3,800
4,253
4,432
2,743
6,878
200
2,197
7,570
4,313
3,369
7,864
600
8,807
879
5,873
1,696
3,827
2,929
7,305
3,746
1,800
5,102
3,982
5,636
6,691
3,185
6,006
5,925
9,616
14,091
6,812
6,890
6,561
1,480
7,227
4,054
9,890
884
8,367
8,670
1,500
8,239
4,426
9,631
5,032
11,485
780
7,873
2,406
5,187
3,874
9,516
5,321
3,906
7,609
5,373
2,347
2,274
5,791
1,645
1,283
2,340
7,597
3,992
6,218
16,841
12,753
19,263
9,717
11,264
10,322
2,427
2,459
10,110
7,425
10,537
3,076
10,366
3,778
8,334
6,678
9,500
7,497
9,170
296
8,762
11,373
2,414
9,052
3,761
7,535
6,692
9,916
7,016
5,515
8,791
8,612
3,349
3,781
6,669
4,595
1,553
2,442
7,301
4,066
- 6,502
20,919
2,249
2,626
16,619
17,961
3,958
11,239
13,993
12,153
9,009
6,945
3,633
11,765
9,747
11,496
8,856
11,485
5,620
1,558
9,981
6,499
9,959
8,776
9,946
113
1,898
9,026
3,214
12,080
7,169
9,068
5,561
7,866
8,176
9,117
9,210
11,055
8,940
8,833
5,702
4,964
7,057
6,130
2,072
2,530
2,019
3,191
7,783
4,394
3,256
7,117
31,660
30,213
24,900
23,132
18,874
18,684
18,360
18,222
17,829
17,723
16,562
16,499
16,405
15,196
15,175
14,579
14,054
13,839
13,823
13,691
13,199
12,946
12,558
12,484
12,004
11,629
11,345
11,220
11,198
10,984
10,770
10,699
10,299
9,947
9,876
9,797
9,449
9,374
9,320
9,248
8,973
8,420
8,306
8,196
8,050
7,737
7,483
7,470
7,452
7,436
7,261
7,208
Regina . ...
Edmonton
Alberta :.....
Brantford
Ontario
Kingston
H
Maisonneuve
Quebec
Peterborough. . . .
Ontario
Hull
Quebec
Windsor
Ontario
Sydney
Nova Scotia
Glace Bay
Fort William
Ontario
Sherbrooke
Quebec
Berlin
Ontario
Guelph .
a
W estmount
Quebec
St. Thomas
Ontario
Brandon
Manitoba
Moosejaw
Saskatchewan
Three Rivers .
Quebec
New Westminster
Stratford
Brit. Columbia
Ontario
Owen Sound
H
St. Catharines ....
Saskatoon
It
Saskatchewan
Quebec
Verdun
Moncton
New Brunswick . . .
Ontario
Port Arthur
Charlottetown
Sault Ste. Marie.
Chatham
P. E. Island
Ontario
a
Lachine
Quebec
Gait . .
Ontario
Sarnia
Belleville
a
St. Hyacinthe. . . .
Valleyfield
Quebec
a
Brockville
Ontario
Woodstock
Niagara Falls ....
Amherst .......
(I
Nova Scotia
Sorel
Quebec
Nanaimo
Brit. Columbia . . .
a
North Vancouver.
Lethbridge
Alberta
North Bay
Ontario
St. Boniface
Manitoba
Sydney Mines ....
Levis
Nova Scotia
Quebec
Oshawa.
Ontario
Thetford Mines. . .
Fredericton
Quebec
New Brunswick. . .
73
POPULATION .
6. Population of Cities and Towns having over 5,000 inhabitants in 1911,
compared with 1871-81-91-1901 concluded.
Cities and Towns.
Provinces.
POPULATION.
1871.
1881.
1891.
1901.
1911.
Collingwood
Ontario
2,829
4,049
1,322
1,541
2,500
2,033
3,398
1,150
3,047
3,022
1,393
1,508
1,110
5,114
4,442
4,445
5,080
2,911
2,291
3,485
4,468
4,854
2,595
2,087
3,268
3,461
4,314
1,935
900
2,820
1,520
1,870
5,581
4,957
3,78
4,939
6,081
4,752
4,175
6,089
6,805
5,550
3,776
3,864
3,347
1,806
5,102
4,722
3,363
2,277
4,813
4,401
2,513
2,035
5,042
4,829
6,252
5,755
7,003
4,907
4,569
6,430
6,704
5,949
4,447
5,155
4,220
1,785
5,232
5,993
4,030
3,901
3,826
5,178
5,156
1,570
1,550
4,646
1,852
1,863
4,188
4,239
4,806
7,090
6,964
6,828
6,774
6,600
6,598
6,420
6,383
6,370
6,346
6,254
6,158
6,107
5,903
5,892
5,880
5,713
5,638
5,626
5,608
5,579
5,418
5,362
5,318
5,092
5,074
5,058
Lindsay
it
Orillia
a
Fraserville ... .
Quebec
Y armout h
Nova Scotia
Cornwall
Ontario
Barrie
New Glasgow ....
Smiths Falls
Nova Scotia ....
Ontario
Toilette
Quebec
Prince Albert ....
TCpnora
Saskatchewan
Ontario
Truro . .
Nova Scotia
St Johns
Quebec
Portage la Prairie
Chipontimi
Manitoba
Quebec
Snrino T
Nova Scotia
Cobalt
Ontario
Ppmhrolcp
M
Medicine Hat . . .
Strathoona
Alberta
a
North Sydney . . .
North Toronto . .
Wplland
Nova Scotia
Ontario .
"Port Hone
f^oboiirfr
a
"Dartmouth
Nova Scotia
7 .Population of Incorporated Towns and Villages having 1,000 to 5,000
inhabitants in 1911 and corresponding figures for 1901.
Towns and Villages.
POPULATION.
Towns and Villages.
POPULATION.
1901.
1911.
1901.
1911.
Prince Edward
Island.
2,875
1,140
3,417
2,335
3,398
2,678
1,089
4,471
3,910
3,452
Nova Scotia
con.
Pictou
3,235
391
2,303
2,91(
1,541
1,731
1,937
3,179
_>,S56
77.-.
2,71 .)
2,681
,589
2,304
2,109
Summerside
Parrsboro
Nova Scotia.
Bridgewater
T jiinpnhurff
Dominion
\\estville
C!4-<i11 <-> r-t r\r\
Kentville
otenarijon
Windsor
Liverpool
74
AREA AND POPULATION.
7. Population of Incorporated Towns and Villages having 1,000 to 5,000
inhabitants in 1911 and corresponding figures for 1901 con.
Towns and Villages.
POPULATION.
Towns and Villages.
POPULATION.
1901.
1911.
1901.
1911.
Nova Scotia con.
Antigonish
1,838
1,274
1,479
1,412
1,445
1,285
1,026
1,150
550
1,019
1,046
4,868
3,644
2,652
2,507
2,840
1,444
1,398
1,892
444
2,044
862
1,075
644
1,246
1,148
2,511
3,773
2,768
3,416
3,516
2,835
2,936
3,114
3,619
1,362
2,880
2,291
1,804
1,693
1,316
1,919
2,225
2,022
1,883
1,451
1,787
1,749
1,617
1,458
1,435
1,392
1,392
1,247
1,078
1,019
1,006
4,666
3,856
3,817
2,945
2,836
2,039
1,906
1,837
1,821
1,804
1,650
1,442
1,280
1,080
4,820
4,783
4,750
4,265
3,978
3,978
3,972
3,854
3,560
3,473
3,344
3,165
3,109
3,097
3,028
2,934
2,645
2,617
2,593
2,407
2,399
2,388
Quebec con.
Jonquieres
2,149
783
505
2,057
822
1,541
847
1,176
1,073
1,976
1,822
1,512
1,797
1,390
1,408
1,583
1,605
1,248
1,450
1,565
1,272
1,018
1,199
1,555
1,306
1,586
702
1,462
1,154
994
826
1,117
991
1,364
1,343
647
544
1,175
495
1,108
1,364
1,017
920
1,122
1,120
1,213
2,354
2,233
2,224
2,201
2,175
2,141
2,120
2,066
2,056
2,020
2,015
1,990
1,905
1,886
1,860
1,857
1,751
1,747
1,737
1,725
1,717
1,677
1,675
1,653
1,606
1,602
1,588
1,587
1,559
1,501
1,492
1,480
1,458
1,449
1,440
1,438
1,432
1,416
1,416
1,410
1,402
1,383
1,363
1,355
1,335
1,331
1,311
1,265
1,239
1,211
1,171
1,167
1,161
Trenton
Windsor Mills
Canso
Asbestos
Wolf ville
St. Pierre aux Liens
Shelburne . . ...
Richmond
Oxford
Mont Joli
Wedgeport
Ste. Therese
Digby
Ste. Anne de Beaupre. . . .
St. Jerome de Matane. . .
Ste. Agathe
Port Hood
Annapolis Royal
Louisburg
Beauharnois
New Brunswick.
Chatham
Terrebonne
Iberville
Waterloo
St. Laurent
Woodstock
Bale St. Paul
Campbellton
Pointe Gatineau
Newcastle
L Assomption
St Stephen
Roberval
Sackville ....
Drummondville
Sussex
Montmorency
Marysville
Beauceville
Edmundston
Louiseville
Milltown
St. Raymond
Dalhousie
D ; Israeli
Shediac
St. Gabriel de Brandon. .
Lorette
Grand Falls . ...
Dorchester . .
Marieville
Quebec.
Outremont
Plessisville
Beloeil
St. Vincent de Paul
Ste. Rose
Grand Mere
Arthabaskaville
Granby
Malbaie
Shawinigan Falls
St. Joseph (Beauce)
Lauzon . . .
St. Tite
Magog .
Bedford
Longueuil
Ste. Anne de Bellevue. . .
St. Joseph (Richelieu) . . .
St. George
Buckingham
Farnham
St. Jerome
Acton Vale
St. Lambert
Grenville
Coaticook
Pierre ville
Aylmer
Grande Baie
Rimouski
Berthier
Victoriaville
Danville
La Tuque .
Sault au Recollet
Black Lake
Huntingdon
Montmagny . .
Brompton ville
Nicolet
Lennoxville
Lachute ...
Lac au Saumon
Lake Megantic
Pointe aux Trembles ....
Deschaillons.
Laorairie .
POPULATION.
7. Population of Incorporated Towns and Villages having 1,000 to 5,000
inhabitants in 1911 and corresponding figures for 1901 con.
Towns and Villages.
POPULATION.
Towns and Villages.
POPULATION.
1901.
1911.
1901.
1911.
Quebec con.
Laurentides
934
940
576
1,012
1,080
772
507
481
851
4,573
3,174
4,158
4,152
4,150
3,537
3,173
2,027
3,229
4,217
2,308
3,153
3,526
4,059
3,588
2,422
3,698
4,135
2,763
2,884
2.748
1,998
3,384
1,579
2,627
776
2,500
2.485
2,125
2,105
2,933
2,731
1 ,016
3,143
3,019
2,479
2,241
1,128
1,097
1,070
1,054
1,034
1,024
1,021
1,015
1,011
1 ,005
1,004
4,763
4,663
4,522
4,405
4,400
4,359
4,299
4,150
4,098
3,988
3,936
3,883
3,874
3,846
3,804
3,621
3,588
3,568
3,564
3,518
3,438
3,429
3,412
3,397
3,388
3,302
3,227
3,169
3,082
3,051
2,996
2,861
2,823
2,814
2,811
2,807
2.S )1
2,776
2,758
Ontario con.
Leamington . . ....
2,451
2,971
2.222
2,656
3,023
1,643
2,457
2,152
1,392
2,511
1,911
1,450
2.693
1,979
2,443
2,547
2,110
2,392
1,418
2,204
3,527
2,245
2,077
2,405
1,205
1,590
1,083
2,019
1,119
1,827
1,060
1,358
1,945
1,734
1,484
1,6
1,6!
1,71(1
1,001
1,8 . )
1 .372
2,1 1 .1
1,253
697
1,313
1 , 12-2
1,674
1,792
1,613
2,652
2,601
2,560
2,558
2,452
2,372
2,368
2,358
2,342
2,340
2,323
2,302
2,289
2,273
2,266
2,254
2,248
2,23S
2. 199
2,108
2, 102
2.013
1,983
1,956
1.954
1,945
1 ,901
1,875
1,839
1,831
1,786
1,782
1,770
1,766
1,734
1,720
1,715
1,696
1,685
1,670
1,669
1,665
1,654
1,624
1,624
1,616
1,611
1,5
1,581
1,578
1,577
1 ,.">.").")
1,551
Boucherville
Walkerton
Amqui
Amherstburg
Waterville
Blind River.
Masson
Almonte
Bale de Shawinigan
Oakville
St Remi
Hespeler
Papineau
Huntsville
Bagotville
Hanover
Dorval
Orange ville
Bienville
Alexandria
Ontario.
In^ersoll
Sandwich
Listowel
Thorold
Wiarton
Midland
Clinton
Croderifh
Whitby
Arnprior
Wingham
Ha wkesburv
Sturgeon Falls
Waterloo
New Liskeard
Diindas
Av liner.
Sudbiirv
%j
Deseronto
Paris
Seaforth
Trenton
Kincardine
Steelton
Ridgetown
"PrpsitifYn
Thessalon
T~T a i IP vh i 1 r v
Aurora
T? pnf rp\v
Weston
O f\ n f\ TI o n u P
Mount Forest
r^flrlpfion Plflf p
Burlington
Perth
Portsmouth
T^oT^of" Q n on 11 <5 nPTiP
Elmira
T^i pfnn
Bridgeburg
T^/i-f r*r\ 1 1 O
Mitchell
\Vn 11 n pphiiro"
Chesley
T^Q T*FV SsOllTlf 1
Acton
T-ir*o TYiT^ fn n
Cochrane
T? o P K 1 in n
Morrislmrg
St A/Tnrvc:
Southampton
Merritton
V V d,llvt;i vlllc
( irimsby
QllIH_/*Jo
TT Q ct \7l ^TX7
Palmerston
Milton /
VyOppGi v^llll
( Iravcuhurst
VvlIIi|JUt/lHVJI LI
Newmarket
Port Colborne
Virtnri-i H irbour
Dunnville
Fort Frances
^Itvo tlivr^Ar
OLltltlllUj
Georgetown
1_>O Wllltlll V11113
Durham
IVltJtliUIvl
Rainy River
JLi d|j<lllct3
T^T*ocpr*t i"
Vankleek Hill
Fxotcr
jjraceijriQgc
Tilsonburg
Dresden
76
AREA AND POPULATION.
7. Population of Incorporated Towns and Villages having 1,000 to 5,000
inhabitants in 1911 and corresponding figures for 1901 con.
Towns and Villages.
POPULATION.
Towns and Villages.
POPULATION.
1901.
1911.
1901.
1911.
Ontario con.
Fergus
1,396
1,400
1,637
1,208
1,553
984
1,657
1,537
1,244
1,653
403
1,012
1,168
1,391
1,026
1,378
1,258
1,430
1,256
1,156
1,313
728
1,187
1,523
1,107
1,125
1,465
890
1,101
1,177
1,188
1,269
1,378
1,020
1,285
832
1,279
1,122
1,157
1,132
1,225
1,223
855
914
2,188
1,135
1,418
839
901
1,052
1,534
1,524
1,491
1,484
1,445
1,436
1,433
1,427
1,397
1,387
1,373
1,368
1,368
1,353
1,347
1,320
1,318
1,289
1,279
1,242
1,235
1,208
1,197
1,192
1,189
1,152
1,148
1,146
1,143
1,138
1,113
1,112
1,111
1,106
1,102
1,096
1,092
1,083
1,058
1,053
1,039
1,034
1,015
1,000
2,977
2,815
1,864
1,854
1,550
1,483
Manitoba con.
Carman
1,439
1,522
840
585
589
700
113
181
121
609
768
415
868
550
323
796
639
153
239
499
335
5,273
1,594
-746
1,640
1,196
1,600
6,156
802
261
277
1,012
1,360
732
9,142
1,271
1.130
1,043
1,010
1,005
2,309
2,210
2,105
1,981
1,852
1,816
1,335
1,285
1,172
1,143
2,411
2,118
1,844
1,659
1,586
1,557
1,465
1,444
1,400
1,207
1,182
1,137
1,029
1,029
1,027
4,476
4,184
3,772
3,295
3,146
3,090
3,017
2,826
2,671
1,663
1,657
1,577
1,460
1,237
3,103
Mattawa
Morden . ....
Harriston
Emerson
New Hamburg
Killarney /
Forest
Stonewall
Havelock
Saskatchewan.
Yorkton
Uxbridge
Kingsville
Lakefield
Weyburn . .
Blenhein
North Battlef ord
Mimico
Estevan
Tilbury
Swift Current
Tweed
Melville .
Essex
Battlef ord
L Orignal
Indian Head
Brighton
Rosthern
Niagara
Moosomin
Parkhill
Alberta.
Wetaskiwin (city)
Alliston
Keewatin
Port Elgin
Red Deer
Little Current
Macleod
Elora
Castor
Kemptville
Camrose
Eganville
Coleman
Port Dalhousie
Raymond
Port Perry
Stettler
Fort Erie
Taber
Winchester
Cardston
Port Dover
High River . .....
Shelburne
Blairmore
Norwich
Lacombe
Cardinal
Vegre ville
Hagarsville
Pincher Creek
Arthur
British Columbia.
Nelson (city)
Beamsville
Watford
Waterf ord
Prince Rupert (city) ....
Kamloops
Ladysmith ....
Fernie
Cranbrook ....
Revelstoke ....
Rossland ....
Vernon ....
Kelowna " ....
Chilliwack . " ....
Grand Forks
Trail
Cumberland ....
Yukon.
Dawson Citv.
Madoc
Fenelon Falls
Stayner
Stouff ville
Beaverton
Bobcaygeon
Manitoba.
Selkirk
Dauphin
Neepawa
Souris
Virden
Minnedosa .
77
POPULATION.
8. Urban Population of Canada by Size Groups, 1901 and 1911.
190
1.
191
1.
-ill v^ltlcb dJlQ A OWJQ.B
of
Num-
Popula
Per c
ent. of
Num
Per c<
snt. of
oer 01
ber of
Popula
Places
tion.
Urban
Total
Places
tion.
Urban
i Total
Pop.
Pop.
Pop.
Pop.
Over 400,000
Between
470,480
.34
6.53
300,000 and 400,000
200,000 and 300,000
2
475,770
23.53
8.86
1
376,538
11.48
_
5.22
100,000 and 200,000
50,000 and 100,000
25,000 and 50,000
15,000 and 25,000
10,000 and 15,000
5,000 and 10,000
3,000 and 5,000
3
5
3
8
37
50
181,402
188,869
55,499
95,266
275,919
190,789
8.97
9.34
2.75
4.71
13.65
9.44
3.38
3.52
1.03
1.77
5.14
3.55
2
3
6
13
18
46
60
236,436
247,741
241,007
237,551
221,322
323,056
226,212
7.21
7.55
7.35
7.24
6.74
9.85
6.89
3.28
3.44
3.34
3.30
3.07
4.48
3.14
1,000 and 3,000
187
320,433
15.85
5.97
251
429,553
13.09
5.97
500 and 1,000
Under 500
179
130,238
107,614
6.44
5.32
2.42
2.00
247
180,784
90,284
5.51
2.75i
i
2.51
1.25
Total
2,021 799
100 00
_ ..
5KMJ Q-I
inn AA
A K CO
Ivv.Ul/
45.OO
9. Rural and Urban Population of Canada in 1901 and 1911 by Provinces, and
increase or decrease in the decade.
Provinces.
POPULATION 1901.
POPULATION 1911.
INCREASE OR
DECREASE.
Rural.
Urban.
Rural.
Urban.
Rural.
Urban.
Prince Edward Island.
Nova Scotia
88,304
330,191
253,835
992,667
1,246,969
184,738
73,729
52,399
88,478
18,077
20,129
14,955
129,383
77,285
656,231
935,978
70,473
17,550
20,623
90,179
9,142
78,758
306,210
252,342
1,032,618
1,194,785
255,249
361,067
232,726
188,796
4,647
18,481
14,970
186,128
99,547
970,614
1,328,489
200,365
131,365
141,937
203,684
3,865
9,546
23,981
1,493
39,951
52,184
70,511
287,338
180,327
100,318
13,430
1,648
15
56,745
22,262
314,383
392,511
129,892
113,815
121,314
113,505
5,277
New Brunswick..
Quebec
Ontario
Manitoba
Saskatchewan
Alberta
British Columbia
Yukon
Northwest Territories
Canada
3,349,516
2,021,799
3,925,679
3,280,964
576,163
1,259,165
NOTE. The sign minus (-) denotes a decrease.
78
AREA AND POPULATION.
10. Rural and Urban Population of Canada by Provinces and Sexes, 1911,
Provinces.
MALES.
FEMALES.
Rural.
Urban.
Total.
Excess
of
Rural
over
Urban.
Rural.
Urban.
Total.
Excess
of
Rural
over
Urban,
PrinceEdw d
Island
Nova Scotia.
New Bruns
wick
40,192
157,878
131,599
533,117
639,850
141,912
212,522
140,781
128,242
3,634
9,346
6,877
93,141
48,268
478,385
659,440
108,144
79,208
83,208
123,377
2,874
47,069
251,019
179,867
1,011,502
1,299,290
250,056
291,730
223,989
251,619
6,508
9,346
33,315
64,737
83,331
54,732
-19,590
33,768
133,314
57,573
4,865
760
9,346
38,566
148,332
120,743
499,501
554,935
113,337
148,545
91,945
60,554
1,013
9,135
8,093
92,987
51,279
492,229
669,049
92,221
52,157
58,729
80,307
991
46,659
241,319
172,022
991,730
1,223,984
205^58
200,702
150,674
140,861
2,004
9,135
30,473
55,345
69,464
7,272
-114,114
21,116
96,388
33,216
-19,753
22
9,135
Quebec
Ontario
Manitoba . . .
Saskatchewan
Alberta
British
Columbia..
Yukon
Northwest
Territories
Canada. .
2,139,073
1,682,922
3,821,995
456,151
1,786,606
1,598,042
3,384,648
188,564
NOTE. The sign minus (-) denotes a decrease.
Sex Ratios.- -The male population of Canada was returned as
3,821,995 and the female as 3,384,648; so that the excess of males over
females is 437,347, which is in the ratio of 1.13: 1, an excess per
centage of 13, or of 130 males per 1,000 females. Reciprocally the
number of females per 1,000 males is 886, the deficiency of females as
compared with males being greater in Canada than probably in any
other country. Amongst other countries showing a similar female
deficiency per 1,000 males are Ceylon (888), the Dominion of New
Zealand (896), the Commonwealth of Australia (926), the Union of
South Africa (941) , the United States (943) and India (953). Except
ing India and Ceylon, where female infanticide has prevailed, the
countries named are new, and the proportions are affected by immi
gration in which the male element predominates. In England and
Wales the number of females per 1,000 males was 1,068 both in 1911
and 1901, and only Norway shows a greater proportion, viz., 1,069.
Jn other European countries the number of females per 1,000 males is:
-Scotland 1,063, Denmark 1,061, Sweden 1,046, Austria 1,036, France
1,033 (in 1901), Switzerland 1,031, Germany 1,026, Holland 1,021,
Hungary 1,019, Belgium 1,017, Italy 1,010 (in 1901) and Ireland 1,004.
The proportions by provinces in Canada are shown in Table 11
for the two census years 1901 and 1911. For the latter year the number
79
POPULATION.
of females per 1,000 males for each province was: British Columbia
560, Manitoba 622, Alberta 673, Saskatchewan 688, Ontario 942,
New Brunswick 956, Nova Scotia 961, Quebec 980 and Prince Edward
Island 991. It will be seen that the disparity is especially marked in.
the western provinces.
Table 12 shows the percentage proportion of females to males in-
the rural and urban divisions of the population, respectively, for the
census year 1911. Amongst the rural population the female element
is in defect for Canada by 16.48 p. c., but amongst the urban population
it is so by only 5.05 p.c. The defect is most marked in the western
provinces. Of the urban population, in two out of the three Maritime
provinces, in Quebec and in Ontario, there is actually an excess of the
female population, such excess being as high as 17.68 p.c. in Prince
Edward Island. But in the west the female deficiency is again apparent,
though (except as regards Saskatchewan) not to the same extent as in
the rural population.
11. Population of Canada by Sexes, 1901 and 1911.
1901.
1911.
Provinces.
Males.
Females.
Excess
of
Males.
Males.
Females.
Excess
of
Males.
Prince Edward Island...
Nova Scotia
51,959
233,642
51,300
225,932
659
7,710
47,069
251,019
46,659
241,319
410
9,700
New Brunswick
168,639
162,481
6,158
179,867
172,022
7,845
Quebec
824,454
824,444
10
1,011,502
991,730
19,772
Ontario
1,096,640
1,086,307
10,333
1,299,290
1,223,984
75,306
Manitoba
138,504
116,707
21,797
250,056
205,558
44,498
Saskatchewan
49,431
41,848
7,583
291,730
200,702
91.02S
\lberta
41,019
32,003
9,016
223,989
150,674
73,315
British Columbia
Yukon
114,160
23,084
64,497
4,135
49,663
18,949
251,619
6,508
140,861
2,004
110,758-
4,504
Northwest Territories . .
10,176
9,953
223
9,346
9,135
21 1
Canada
2,751,708
2,619,607
132,101
3,821,995
3,384,648
437,347
NUMBER OF FEMALES PER 1,000 MALES.*
Provinces.
1901.
1911.
Provinces.
1901.
1911.
Prince Edward Island
987
967
963
1,000
990
643
991
961
956
980
942
622
Saskatchewan
847
780
565
17< >
.I7S
liSS
673
560
308
.177
Alberta
-LNOVtl OCULld
"NToTXT 1 "Rvi TnQTX7i plr
British Columbia
-LNcVV J->1 LUIS W 1L,JV
Yukon
v^ueueo
Ontario
Northwest Territories
Canada
Manitoba
952
886
80
AREA AND POPULATION.
12. Ratio of Females to Males in Rural and Urban Divisions, 1911.
Provinces.
Rural.
Urban.
Provinces.
Rural.
Urban.
Prmrp Edward Island
p.c.
95 95
p.c.
117 68
Saskatchewan
p.c.
69.90
p.c.
65.85
IVnvfl Scotia
93 95
99 84
Alberta
65.31
70.58
New Brunswick ....
91.75
106.24
British Columbia
47.22
65.00
Quebec
93.69
102.89
Yukon
30.35
34.48
Ontario
86.73
101.46
Northwest Territories. .
97.74
7Q S.R
or OQ
]Vlanitoba
It) . OO
oO . Zo
Canada .
83 52
94 95
13. Conjugal Condition of the people of Canada, classified as single, married,
widowed, divorced, legally separated and not given, by Provinces, Census of 1911.
MALES.
Provinces.
Single.
Married.
Widow
ed.
Divorc
ed.
Legally
separ
ated.
Not
Given.
Total.
Prince Edward Isl d .
Nova Scotia
30,216
156,643
15,266
86,277
1,513
6,891
7
38
5
37
62
1,133
47,069
251,019
New Brunswick ....
113,015
61,131
4,978
51
40
652
179,867
Quebec
637,113
342,933
26,064
134
401
4,857
1,011,502
Ontario
762,330
492,650
33,564
189
539
10,018
1,299,290
Manitoba
160,159
83,897
3,926
50
50
1,884
250,056
Saskatchewan ....
192,352
90,765
4,291
85
82
4,155
291,730
Alberta
147,587
70,706
3,385
106
53
2,152
223,989
British Columbia . . .
Yukon
160,218
4,672
83,096
1,623
4,079
169
145
31
70
7
4,011
6
251,619
6,508
N. W. Territories. . .
5,461
3,419
294
3
2
167
9,346
Canada . ...
2,369,766
1,331,853
89,154
839
1,286
29,097
3,821,995
FEMALES.
Provinces.
Single.
Married.
Widow
ed.
Divorc
ed.
Legally
separ
ated.
Not
Given.
Total.
Prince Edward Isl d.
Nova Scotia
28,162
139,958
15,138
84,008
3,279
16,440
8
36
10
55
62
822
46,659
241,319
New Brunswick
Quebec
101,288
608,366
60,069
334,564
10,380
46,658
37
169
42
511
206
1,462
172,022
991,730
Ontario
672,923
468,186
78,407
227
693
3,548
1,223,984
Manitoba
118,669
78,751
7,260
38
82
758
205,558
Saskatchewan
112,387
82,189
5,556
34
55
481
200,702
Alberta
83,026
62,710
4,509
37
60
332
150,674
British Columbia . . .
Yukon
71,585
834
61,359
1,012
6,178
135
87
18
69
4
1,583
1
140,861
2,004
N. W. Territories. . .
4,688
3,482
854
3
108
9,135
Canada
1,941,886
1,251,468
179,656
691
1,584
9,363
3,384,648
81
POPULATION.
Foreign -born Population. A special report issued by the Census
and Statistics Office in 1915 gives the foreign-born population of
Canada in 1911 as 752,732, which is 10.4 p. c. of the total population
of 7,206,643. The report possessed special interest in consequence of
the war, and Table 14, which is constructed from data contained therein,
shows how the foreign-born population in Canada was distributed as
between the present hostile, allied and neutral countries.
Tables 15 to 19 show the numbers of the foreign-born population
of Canada in 1911 under a variety of classifications as to sex, year of
arrival, province, birth-place and citizenship. Table 20 shows the
numbers of the foreign-born population in cities of 15,000 and over.
Although numerically the numbers of the foreign-born in Montreal
and Toronto are greater than in any of the western cities, yet the pro
portions are considerably smaller, being 9-2 p.c. for Montreal and
8-8 p.c. for Toronto, as compared with 27-6 p.c. for Vancouver, 24-2
p.c. for Winnipeg, 22-6 p.c. for Regina, 22-5 p.c. for Edmonton and
over 20 p.c. for Calgary and Victoria.
14. Distribution of Foreign-born Population as between Hostile, Allied and Neutral
Countries, 1911.
Hostile countries.
Allied countries.
Neutral countries.
Austria-Hungary .
Oprmanv
121,430
39,577
4,768
1,666
Belgium. . .
7,975
17,619
34,739
8,425
89,984
10,987
7,991
China
27.083
4,937
7,109
49,194
303,680
15,568
France
Denmark
Iceland
Turkey and Syria
Riilnrflria,
Italy
Japan
Norway and
Sweden
Total
Russia
Finland
United States.. . .
Other countries . .
Total
Rumania
Total
167,441
177,720
407.571
The immigration records show that for the fiscal years 1912 to
1915 78,999 Austro-Hungarians and 17,626 Germans have entered
the country. No statistics of departures are available. Of the total
of 752,732 foreign-born persons in Canada, in 1911, 470,927, or 62-6
p.c., were males and 281,805, or 37-4 p.c., were females, the males
amongst the foreign-born of hostile countries being for Austria-!
gary 77,562, for Germany 39,577 and for Turkey and Syria 3,52
The total number of foreign-born who have become naturalized British
subjects in Canada is 344,557, or nearly 46 p.c. of the total foreign-
born. Persons born in the enemy countries, but who have become
naturalized in Canada, number for Austria-Hungary 60,949, or 50 p.c.,
for Germany 23,283, or 59 p.c., and for Turkey and Syria 1,889, or ; ) p.c.
Of the total foreign-born population, 303,680 were born in i Jmted
States. Of this number 152,308 were naturalized and 151,372 were
still alien Of the immigrant population born in the Uminl States
136 720 were of British, 1,804 were of Austro-Hungarian and 45,374 wciv
of German origin. Of these numbers, 70,527 of British origin, SI
Austro-Hungarian origin, and 21,362 of German origin were natural]
82
AREA AND POPULATION.
15. Foreign-born Males, 21 years of age and over, by Citizenship and by Provinces,
1911.
Provinces.
Total
males
foreign-
born.
Aggregate.
Naturalized.
Alien.
Num
ber.
Per
cent
of
total
males.
Num
ber.
Per
cent
of
total
males.
Per
cent
of
males
21 and
over.
Num
ber.
Per
cent
of
total
males.
Per
cent
of
males
21 and
over.
Prince Edward
Island
473
6,679
4,396
42,647
94,952
54,027
96,781
87,780
80,500
161
4,451
2,755
29,822
74,026
38,679
65,345
59,799
68,963
34.04
66.64
62.67
69.93
77.96
71.59
67.52
68.12
85.67
101
1,518
1,255
13,042
21,022
21,831
33,518
26,787
12,188
21.35
22.72
28.55
30.58
22.14
40.41
34.63
30.52
15.14
62.73
34.10
45.55
43.73
28.40
56.44
51.2.9
44.79
17.67
i
60
2,933
1,500
16,780
53,004
16,848
31,827
33,012
56,775
12.69
43.92
34.12
39.35
55.82
31.18
32.89
37.60
70.53
37.27
65.90
54.45
56.27
71.60
43.56
48.71
55.21
82.33
Nova Scotia. . . .
New Brunswick.
Quebec
Ontario
Manitoba
Saskatchewan.. .
Alberta
British Columbia
Total 1
461,235
344,001
73.48
131,262
28: 03
38 . 16
212,739
45 45
6i:84
Exclusive of Yukon and Northwest Territories with total males (2,692) of
unreported years of immigration of whom 2,522 were 21 years of age and over. Of
the latter only 27 were reported naturalized.
16. Foreign-born Male Population of Canada, 21 Years of Age and over, by Birth
place and Citizenship, 1911.
Country of
Birth.
Males 21 years of age
and over.
Country of
Birth.
Males 21 years of age
and over.
Na
tural
ized.
Alien.
Total.
Na
tural
ized.
Alien.
Total.
Europe
Austria-
Hungary ....
Belgium
23,846
1,674
1,400
4,023
4,624
12,001
353
536
4,232
11,722
18,478
1,008
33,904
2,451
3,201
2,199
4,607
8,632
1,628
1,230
20,141
17,930
27,540
2,509
57,750
4,125
4,601
6,222
9,231
20,633
1,981
1,766
24,373
29,652
46,018
3,517
Asia
China
2,144
1,491
1,074
76
21,442
5,208
1,813
212
23.586
6,699
2,887
288
Japan
Turkey
Bulgaria and
Rumania ....
Denmark
France
Germany
Other
Total, Asia. .
United States.. .
Other Countries.
Total, Foreign
born 21 years
and over
4,785
28,675
33,460
42,131
476
59,636
951
101,767
1,427
Greece
Holland
Italv
131,289
215,234
s
346,523
Norway and
Sweden
Russia and
Finland
Other
Total, Europe
83,897
125,972
209,869
83
POPULATION
17. Foreign-born Population of Canada by Sex and Year of Arrival, 1911,
Year of Arrival.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
iqnQ June 1911
Xo.
202,159
No.
136,000
No.
66,159
p.c.
67.3
p.c.
32 7
1908
46,952
30,790
16,162
65.5
34.5
1907
55.947
35,768
20,179
63.9
36 1
1906
55,466
34,649
20,817
62.5
37 5
1901-1905
167,542
102,125
65,417
60.9
39.1
1896-1900
71,739
42,421
29,318
59.1
40.9
1H91-1895
27,793
16,344
11,449
58.8
41.2
1890 and before
61,571
34,867
26,704
56.6
43.4
Tntil with vear renorted.
689,169
432.964
256,205
62.8
47.2
Tntal with vpflr not reoortecl
63.563
37,963
25,600
59.7
40.3
Totel for all vears
752,732
470,927
281,805
62.6
37 4
18. Foreign-born Population of Canada by Provinces, 1911, with year of Arrival,
Provinces.
Total
foreign
born,
June,
1911.
932
10,972
8,134
74,421
148,764
95,688
162,610
142,711
105,097
3,316
87
Year of Arrival.
1906-
June,
1911..
364
4,435
2,077
27,849
71,239
35,040
83,560
80,509
55. i. i
Year
Year
1901-
1905.
1891-
1S95.
1896-
1 ..00.
L890
and
before.
Year
1 n-
;no\\n.
170
2,754
2.880
14,095
11,155
4,963
10.-155
6,919
6,769
3,316
87
(J3,5(i3
17!)
1,819
1,026
15,072
23,752
27,920
44,105
35,836
17,842
of arriv
of arriv
40
408
328
3,344
5,552
1.792
1,277
3,950
5,102
al not
al not
SI
802
548
6,602
9,449
14,166
15,353
12,729
12,009
record
record
107
754
1,275
7,459
27,617
8,807
1,860
2,768
7. . Ji
ed.
ed.
Prince Edward Island.
Nova Scotia
NPW Rfirnswick
Qllpbee
On t f\ r i o ....
ATnnitoba
Saskatchewan
A IKpvt M
"Rriti?h ( Columbia.
Vulcon
Northwest Territories. .
Total
7r>2,732
360,524
167,542
27,7i?3
.1 -
71,739
.. - i . -
61,">71
84
AREA AND POPULATION.
19. Foreign -born Population of Canada by Country of Birth and by Provinces, 191L
Country of Birth.
Prince
Edward
Island.
Nova
Scotia.
New
Bruns
wick.
Mari
time
Prov
inces.
Quebec.
Ontario.
All foreign-born
932
79
8
7
11
12
23
18
19
6
13
829
5
10,972
5,217
1,252
571
46
47
12
380
549
56
24
5
711
227
1,250
19
68
540
125
1
393
21
4,802
413
8,134
2,052
91
76
99
249
17
158
150
24
32
282
281
558
12
23
257
91
159
7
5,766
59
20,038
7,545
1,343
647
145
296
29
,546
706
80
67
5
1.005
531
1,826
31
91
816
222
1
565
28
11,397
477
74,421
41,191
3,860
1,468
216
195
209
5,928
1,897
545
174
5
6,386
800
15,233
3,697
578
2,844
1,536
29
1,132
147
29,842
544
148,764
86,967
15,555
480
1,020
670
6,871
1,879
15,010
1,119
687
145
16,411
5,294
19,418
1,220
1,188
5,388
2,717
108
2,297
266
55,674
735
Europe.
Austria-Hungary
Belgium
Bulgaria
Denmark
Finland
Fran ce
Germany. . . .
Greece
Holland
Iceland
Italy. .
Norway and Sweden
Russia
Rumania
Other
Asia
China
Japan. . . .
Turkey and Syria
Other 1
United States
Other Countries 2 .
1
Country of Birth.
Mani
toba.
Saskat
chewan
Alberta
British
Colum
bia.
West
ern
Prov
inces.
Yukon
and
North
west
Terri
tories.
Can
ada.
AH foreign-born
95,688
78,051
37,731
2,284
6
593
159
3,146
4,294
64
730
5,135
687
5,292
16,375
777
778
1,099
844
19
174
62
16,326
212
162,610
91,104
35,482
1,271
107
982
537
2,940
8,300
40
628
1,337
266
13,834
23,084
1,798
498
1,519
1,160
58
266
35
69,628
359
142,711
58,771
21,112
1,007
65
1,380
1,019
1,843
6,102
97
1,136
235
1,825
12,106
10,011
337
496
2,216
1,784
244
95
93
81,357
367
105,097
40,131
6,220
803
105
763
2,103
1.246
3,054
683
379
247
8,107
10,850
3,976
119
1,476
26,988
18,819
7,894
237
38
37,548
430
506,106
268,057
100,545
5,365
283
3,718
3,818
9,175
21,750
884
2,873
6,954
10,885
42,082
53,446
3,031
3,248
31,822
22,607
8,215
772
228
204,859
1,368
3,403
1,378
127
15
2
58
60
91
214
12
7
52
487
61
12
180
76
1
72
2
1
1,908
41
752,732
404,941
121,430
7,975
1,666
4,937
10,987
17,619
39,577
2,640
3,808
7,109
34,739
49,194
89,984
7,991
5,285
40,946
27,083
8,425
4,768
670
303,680
3.165
Europe
Austria-Hungarv
Belgium
Bulgaria
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Holland. ...
Iceland
Italy .
Norway and Sweden. . .
Russia
Rumania
Other
Asia
China
Japan
Turkey and Syria
Other 1
United States
Other Countries 2 . .
Includes East Indies.
includes West Indies.
85
POPULATION.
20. Foreign-born Population in Cities of 15,000 and over, 1911.
Cities.
Popu
lation
June,
1911.
Num
ber.
Per
cent
of
total.
Cities.
Popu
lation
June,
1911.
Num
ber.
Per
cent
of
total.
Montreal
470,480
43,188
9 2
Victoria
31 660
6 6*32
90 Q
Toronto
376,538
33,131
8.8
Regina
30 213
6 830
\) .\)
22 6
Winnipeg .
136,035
32,959
24 2
Edmonton
24 900
5 5Q8
oo ^
Vancouver
100,401
27,713
27 6
Brantford
23 132
2 020
A& . O
8 7
Ottawa
87,062
5,243
6.0
Windsor
17 829
2 022
O.I
11 3
Hamilton
81,969
7,693
9.4
Sydney
17 723
2 1^4
12
London
46,300
2,316
5
Fort William
16 499
.1., _L~-
4 746
98 7
Calgary .
43,704
9,030
20.6
Berlin
15 196
2 07
14 5
Population of Military Age. Tables 21 to 23, compiled from the
census records of 1911, relate to the male population of military age
in Canada (excluding the Yukon and Northwest Territories); that
is to say, of all ages from 18 to 45, both years included. Table 22,
read horizontally, shows the percentage proportions for Canada and
by provinces of the male population of military age that on June 1,
1911, were Canadian-born, British-born or foreign-born. The Canadian-
born were 98-37 p.c. in Prince Edward Island, 93-42 p.c. in New
Brunswick, 87-22 p.c. in Nova Scotia, or over 90 p.c. for the Maritime
provinces as a whole. In Quebec the Canadian-born represents 87-44
p.c., in Ontario 70-57 p.c. In all the Western provinces the Canadmn-
born constitute less than one-half, being 40-62 p.c. in Manitoba, 38-51
p.c. in Saskatchewan, 30-46 p.c. in Alberta and 26.23 p.c. in British
Columbia. British-born males are 18-38 p.c. of the total in Ontario,
and from 24 to 34J p.c. in the provinces west of the Great Lakes.
Foreign-born males constitute the largest proportion in Alberta and
British Columbia.
Table 23, read vertically, shows the percentage distribution by
provinces of the Canadian-born, British-born and foreign-born males
of military age. Of the Canadian-born population, Quebec contained
30-81 p.c. and Ontario 37.04 p.c. Of the British-born, Ontario con
tained nearly 35 p.c. and the four western provinces nearly 54 p.c. Of
the foreign-born, 21-15 p.c. were in Ontario, 20-39 p.c. in British
Columbia and over 47 p.c. in the middle west.
Table 21 gives in absolute numbers the male population of military
age, classified according to nativity, by single years and by provinces.
86
AREA AND POPULATION.
21. Male Population of Canada 18 to 45 years of age, classified according to Nativity
by Single Years and by Provinces, Census, 1911.
Ages.
Total
18 to 45
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
CANADA 1
Canadian-born
1,720,070
1,109,383
73,369
56 285
70,055
52 470
74,569
52 869
77,237
53 458
77,964
5J 6QO
76,056
4Q ?34
78,92
40 9fi
79,81
4.7 ^1
76,416
A nftl
British-born
306 377
6 847
7 575
9 256
11 39Q
10 Qn
1Q 17C
11 899
i ft <v>n
4t>,OOl
1 H i"*O
Foreign-born
304,310
10 237
10 010
12 444
19 450
13 905
13 644
14 QQO
10,UZU
IR 97
10,7 <<:
1 ^ fiC*?
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
-*
Canadian-born
16,868
16 592
1,089
1 073
937
992
897
883
851
83Q
783
779
703
AQS
72
700
10, H
65
RAA
10,Uoo
664
( K
British-born
157
6
10
o
c
A
Ot<t
000
Foreign-born
119
10
c
fi
j
|
9
!
NOVA SCOTIA
Canadian-born
98,493
85 909
5,091
4 673
4,751
4 336
4,697
4 234
4,466
3 991
5,535
4 041
4,161
3 fi72
4,2r
Q fJ49
4,152
q eru
3,820
39^fi
British-born
8 437
239
262
311
309
OOP
327
367
404
,ZOO
Q<;A
Foreign-born
4 147
179
153
152
166
159
162
208
914.
oOU
91 i
NEW BRUNSWICK . .
68 710
3 906
3 551
3 513
3 100
3 030
2 827
9 Q19
o 704
tit
2 Til
Canadian-born
64 188
3 692
3 350
3 340
2 933
2 856
2 656
2 717
9 f;.Q
,/ Ul
o c-17
British-born
2 371
113
111
80
78
100
94
94
qi
71
Foreign-born
2,151
101
90
93
89
74
77
101
100
on
QUEBEC
Canadian-born
390,897
341 783
20,182
18 681
18,496
17 047
18,937
17 288
18,292
16 681
18,679
16 R83
17,682
15 754
17,341
15 232
17,104
Hcfi
15,835
to 71 c
British-born
23 066
566
587
638
736
852
882
972
1111
i nil
Foreign-born
26 048
935
862
1 Oil
875
1 144
1 046
1 137
1 427
1 1A
ONTARIO
p
Canadian-born
582,246
410 896
25,399
20 319
24,550
19 286
24,983
18 775
26,482
19 886
25,498
18 357
24,796
17 558
25,951
17 769
25,623
16 950
24,811
If? KQ^
British-born
105 997
2 829
2 996
3 451
4 012
4 093
4 372
4 887
r; in*
K Af)
Foreign-born ... . .
64 353
2 251
2 9g8
2 757
2 584
3 048
2 866
3 295
Q CJAQ
Q 97f)
MANITOBA
Canadian-born
122,762
49 868
4,862
2 664
4,529
2 410
5,308
2 515
5,555
2 659
5,659
2 457
5,725
2 434
5,963
2 297
6,364
2 413
5,939
9 (4<;
British-born
39,806
867
993
1 365
1 581
1 768
1 887
9 116
2 290
9 9fi]
Foreign-born
33,088
1,331
1 126
1,428
1 315
1 434
1 404
1 550
1 661
1 533
SASKATCHEWAN
Canadian-born
158,907
61,193
5,380
2,254
5,520
2 266
6,620
2 594
7,426
2 975
7,719
3 046
7,857
2 982
8,368
3 329
8,575
3 247
8,313
3 129
British-born
38,871
847
1,010
1,289
1 682
1 767
1,890
2 115
2 154
2 233
Foreign-born
58,843
2,279
2,244
2,737
2,769
2 906
2,985
2 924
3 174
2 951
ALBERTA
Canadian-born
122,915
37,446
3,947
1,323
3,996
1,284
4,822
1 546
5,527
1 707
5,771
1 700
5,891
1,786
6,024
1,746
6,389
1 826
6,282
1 800
British-born .
31 954
653
743
918
1 291
1 444
1 584
1 689
1 789
1 847
Foreign-born
53 515
1 971
1 969
2 358
2 529
2 627
2,521
2,589
2 774
2 635
BRITISH COLUMBIA
Canadian-born
158,272
41,508
3,513
1,606
3,725
1,569
4,792
1 694
5,538
1 787
6,290
1,778
6,414
1,697
7,427
1,822
8,230
1 836
8,051
1 779
British-born
54,718
727
863
1 196
1 636
2 005
2 136
2 577
3 037
2 98
Foreign-born .
62 046
1 180
1 293
1 902
2 115
2 507
2 581
3 02S
3 357
Q 9QO
Exclusive ol Yukon and Northwest Territories.
87
POPULATION.
21. Male Population of Canada 18 to 45 years of age, classified according to Nativity
by Single Years and by Provinces, Census, 1911 con.
Ages.
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
51,160
32,998
9,451
9,161
460
449
5
6
2,952
2,534
136
2.037
1,903
77
57
11,508
9,984
721
803
17.841
12,631
m
1,814
3,4i
1 .353
1.117
1
4,608
> 1,171
> 1.6M
[ :
3 1
2 1
8 J.082
3 1,32*
8 1.7M
7 1.9W
.
CANADA 1
Canadian-born ...
72,579
43,330.
15,004
14,245
566
557
7
2
3,780
3,239
36
179
2,483
2,319
90
74
15,422
13,261
1,052
1,109
23,758
15,664
4,987
3,107
5,447
2,011
2,015
1,421
7,88!
3,04^
2,00!
2,83!
5,83
1,61
77,034
45,210
16,346
15,478
599
591
6
2
3,911
3,268
424
219
2,849
2,627
124
89
16,212
13,773
1,216
1,223
24,857
16,058
5,313
3,486
5,872
2,110
2,174
1,588
, 8,151
! 3,0(V
> 2,191
i 2,95
5 6,28
5 1,90
4 1,80
6 2,57
3 8,29
2 1,87
2 3,09
9 3,32
63,275
37,526
14,081
11,668
569
563
3
3
3,240
2,742-
324
174
2,140
1,978
94
68
13,376
11,346
97
1,05
20,80
13,68
4,70
2,41
4,675
1.70C
1,854
1,115
6,70;
[ 2,56i
) 1,981
r 2,15
7 5,09,
[) 1,47
9 1,52
8 2,09
6 6,67
9 1,47
2,60
7 2.5S
_
82,855
47,094
18,264
17,497
658
648
3
7
4,335
3,622
452
261
3,013
2,732
112
169
16,907
13,998
1,386
1,523
26,556
16,600
6,011
3,945
6,542
2,145
2,427
1,97(
. 8,56!
5 3,191
) 2,361
\ 3,001
5 6,84
1 2,02
7 1,97
4 2,84
9,43
1 2,12
9 3,53
3,77
55,941
33,915
12,093
9,933
472
468
2
2
2,728
2,365
276
87
1,919
1,787
80
52
11,762
10,079
847
836
18,534
12,639
3,954
1,941
4,104
1,533
1,560
1,011
, 5,91-
[ 2,261
J 1,711
I 1,931
1 4,38
9 1,35
8 1,24
1,78
2 6,11
9 1,42
2 2,40
1 2,28
.-
63,004
38,720
12,589
11,695
524
522
.
3,483
3,008
314
161
2,286
2,149
81
56
13,640
11,570
986
1,084
20,752
14,230
4,169
2,353
4,562
1,736
1,621
1,205
6,15-
2,46-!
) 1,605
I 2,091
i 4,831
7 1,50
G 1,30
4 L ,02
8 6,77
1,53
9 2,51
9 2,72
53,781
34,449
9,840
9,492
439
432
6
1
2,967
2,560
269
138
2,056
1,918
73
65
12,943
11,289
709
945
17,768
12,422
3,415
1,931
3,830
1,549
i;j7(
1,005
4,93?
\ !,!<: ,<
> 1,21
I 1,785
) 3,76!
1 1,16
3 1,03
3 1,56
5,07
7 1,17
3 1.S3
2,06
_
53,398
34,423
10,029
8,946
508
494
9
5
3,067
2,699
261
107
2,096
1,955
67
74
12,009
10,430
780
799
18,250
12,918
3,529
1,803
3,698
1,545
1,222
931
4.68J
1 1,87(
- l.-_ :;i
! 1,581
> 3,851
3 1,21
i 1,02
2 l.fil
7 5,22
5 1,29
9 1,90
-
63,822
39,058
12,273
12,491
563
550
6
7
3,549
3,019
341
189
2,472
2,258
99
115
13,682
11.451
1,023
1,208
21,499
14,669
4,128
2,702
4,583
1,747
1,302
5,872
, -2.M
) 1,44.
! 2,221
> 4,74-
> 1.45
s 1 .2
; I .n-J
5 6.85
1 1,71
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
NOVA SCOTIA
Tlriti<*h-hnm
NEW BRUNSWICK
Canadian-born
"Rritish-horn
QUEBEC
British-born
ONTARIO
Canadian-born
T^riti^h-Horn .......
MANITOBA
r^TiftHinn-born
Ri if i<3Vi-Vir>rn , . . . .
SASKATCHEWAN
Tlriti^V-Hom
ALBIRTA
. 1J1
. 2,50
BRITISH COLUMBIA
7,40
1,62
. 2,77
. 3.0C
.
.
iBwlusive of Yukon and Northwest Territoriee.
88
AREA AND POPULATION.
21. Male Population of Canada 18 to 45 years of age, classified according to Nativity
by Single Years and by Provinces, Census, 1911 concluded.
Ages.
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
CANADA 1
Canadian-born
45,873
30,225
52,869
34,396
42,356
28,224
60,509
37,808
35,947
23 930
44,063
29,521
35,361
24,433
35,856
25,097
45,530
30,677
British-born
7,895
9,290
7,585
11,029
6 477
7,754
5,881
5,694
7,634
Foreign-born
7,753
9,183
6,547
11,672
5 540
6,788
5,047
5,065
7,219
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Canadian-born
467
454
502
492
432
426
603
590
398
389
474
466
391
384
428
422
514
503
British-born
9
7
3
7
5
6
5
5
5
Foreign-born
4
3
3
6
4
2
2
1
6
NOVA SCOTIA
Canadian-born
2,733
2 410
3,224
2 819
2,702
2,385
3,648
3,133
2,170
1 871
2,740
2,361
2,177
1 922
2,304
2,059
2,893
2,544
British-born
230
276
219
348
040
271
185
194
235
Foreign-born
93
129
98
167
50
108
70
51
114
NEW BRUNSWICK
Canadian-born
1,894
1 767
2,248
2 102
1,829
1,696
2,530
2,354
1,436
1 191
1,882
1,767
1,574
1 467
1,535
1,434
.2,167
2,030
British-born
63
83
67
86
67
69
60
57
87
Foreign-born
64
63
66
90
48
46
47
44
50
QUEBEC
Canadian- born
10,735
Q 41 9
12,201
10 402
9,813
8,620
13,183
10 914
7,854
R <W
10,298
9,014
8,256
7 366
8,478
7,629
10,070
8,665
British-born
628
831
629
1 071
4.7A
709
481
440
746
Foreign-born
695
968
564
1 198
44 ">
575
409
409
659
ONTARIO
Canadian-born
15,915
11 508
18,567
13 282
15,049
10,779
20,908
14399
13,247
q 77fi
16,169
11,802
13,214
9,864
13,615
10,233
16,849
12,343
British-born
2 838
3450
2,959
4,069
9 473
3,015
2,361
2,431
3,044
Foreign-born
1 569
1 835
1,311
2,440
1 ft?8
1,352
989
951
1,462
MANITOBA
Canadian-born
3,000
1 166
3,537
1,393
2,715
1,099
4,220
1,611
2,42"
1 00^
2,762
1,112
2,268
1,00
2,209
92
2,917
1,132
British-born
924
1,09(
890
1,204
762
876
64
639
841
Foreign-born
910
1 048
726
1 405
662
774
620
649
944
SASKATCHEWAN
Canadian-born
3,905
1 464
4,17
1,52
3,180
1,25^
4,860
1,813
2,63
Q5
3,060
1,110
2,43
92
2,22
83
3,175
1,208
British-born
996
1,019
75
1,08
68
76
55
46
627
Foreign-born
1 445
1,63
1,17
1,96
1 00
1,18
95
92
1,340
ALBERTA
Canadian -born
2,974
938
3.48
1,08
2,79
90
3,99
1,24
2,39
764
2,64
81
2,00
62
2,06
67
2,651
887
British-born
755
87
72
98
58
64
48
47
622
Foreign-born
1,281
1,52
1,16
1,76
1 04
1,17
89
90
1,142
BRITISH COLUMBIA
Canadian-born
4,25C
1 10f
4,93
1,30
3,84
1,05
6,56
1,75
3,38
96
4.03
1,07
3,04
87
3,00
88
4,294
1,365
British-born
1 45$
1,65
1,33
2,17
1,18
1,39
1,10
98
1,427
Foreign-born
1,69;
1,98
1,44
2,63
1,24
1,57
1,06
1,13
1,502
Exclusive of Yukon and Northwest Territories.
89
POPULATION.
22. Percentage Proportion by Provinces of the Male Population 18 to 45 years of age
which was Canadian -born, British-born or Foreign-born on June 1, 1911.
Province.
Canadian-
born.
British-
born.
Foreign-
born.
Total.
Prince Edward Island
98 37
93
0.70
100.00
Nova Scotia
87.22
8.57
4.21
100.00
New Brunswick
93 42
3 45
3.13
100 00
Quebec
87.44
5.90
6.66
100.00
Ontario . .
70.57
18.38
11.05
100.00
Manitoba
40.62
32.43
26.95
100.00
Saskatchewan
38.51
24.46
37.03
100.00
Alberta .
30.46
26.00
43.54
100.00
British Columbia
26.23
34.57
39.20
100.00
Canada
64 49
17 82
17 69
100.00
23. Percentage Distribution by Provinces of the Canadian-born, British-born and
Foreign-born Male Population, 18 to 45 years of age on June 1, 1911.
Province.
f .
Canadian-
.born.
British-
born.
Foreign-
born.
Prince Edward Island
1.50
0.05
0.03
Nova Scotia
7.74
2.75
1.36
New Brunswick
5.79
0.77
0.71
Quebec
30.81
7.53
8.56
Ontario
37.04
34.93
21.15
Manitoba
4.49
12.99
10.87
Saskatchewan
5.51
12.69
19.34
A.lberta,
3.38
10.43
17.59
British Columbia
3.74
17.86
20.39
Canada
100.00
100 00
100.00
Occupations of the People of Canada. Tables 24 to 31 are taken
from Vol. VI (Occupations) of the Report on the Census of
was published in 1915. In these tables, unless otherwise indicated, the
figures relate to the population of ten years of age and over.
The report shows that out of a total population in Canada in
1911 of 7,179,650 (excluding 26,993, the population of the Yukon and
Northwest Territories), the occupation was recorded
representing nearly 38 p.c. of the total population, and p.c. of
population of 10 years and over. Of the total engaged in
occupations in 1911 2,358,813, or 79.5 p.c., were males and
or 14-3 pc., were females. It is also stated that in the thirty
1881 to 1911 the increase in the number of agricultural prodi
did not keep pace with the increase in population. In the 1
15-4 p.c. of the total population were engaged m agriculture,
the proportion (15-3 p.c.) was practically the same; in 1901
tion dropped to 13-5 p.c. and in 1911 to 13 p.c. From 1891 to
the increase in the total population within the present limits of
provinces was 49-5 p.c. During the same period there was an men
of 27 p c in the number employed in agricultural pursuits. U
must not be overlooked that the increase in time- and labour-saving
90
AREA AND POPULATION.
vices on the farm has been so extensive as to compensate to a large de
gree for the fact that the population employed in the primary production
of foods has not kept pace with the increase in population. The in
crease in the number employed in the various manufacturing industries
was 264,262, or better than 116 p.c. in the same period, The distri
bution of commodities, wholesale and retail, required more than 2J times
as many persons in 1911 as were needed in 1891, while the transporta
tion demands of the country (land and water) required the services
of three men in 1911 where one person sufficed ten years previously.
24. Population by Age-Periods and Sex with Percentages for Census Years 1881-1911.
Sex and
Census
Year.
Total 1
popu-
ulation.
10 to 14
years.
15 years
and
over.
i
Total
popu
lation
10 years
and over.
Percent of pop
ulation 10
years and over.
Percent of
total pop
ulation.
10 to 14
years.
15
years
and
over.
Under
10
years.
10
years
and
over.
Males.
1881
No.
2,179,703
2,444,312
2,715,436
3,806,141
2,126,415
2,356,759
2,603,170
3,373,509
4,306,118
4,801,071
5,318,606
7.179.650
No.
258,920
279,790
294,783
353,876
247,531
269,199
283,911
344,500
506,451
548,989
578,694
698.376
No.
1,340,109
1,561,215
1,787,370
2,611,769
1,315,562
1,501,678
1,697,879
2,204,243
2,655,671
3,062,893
3,485,249
4.816.012
No.
.1,599,029
1,841,005
2,082,153
2,965,645
1,563,093
1,770,877
1,981,790
2,548,743
3,162,122
3,611,882
4,063.943
5.514.388
p.c.
15.19
15,20
14.16
11.93
15.84
15.20
14.33
13.52
16.02
15.20
14.23
12.66
p.c.
84.81
84.80
85.84
88.07
84.16
84.80
85.67
86.48
83.98
84.80
85.77
87.34
p.c.
26.64
24.68
24.32
23.33
26.49
24.86
23.87
24.45
26.57
24.77
23.59
23.19
p.c.
73.36
75.32
75.68
76.67
73.51
75.14
76.13
75.55
73.43
75.23
76.41
76.81
1891
1901
1911
Females.
1881
1891
1901
1911
Total.
1881
189]
1901
1911.
Exclusive of the Yukon and Northwest Territories.
25. Workers by Sex and Province for Census Years 1881-1911.
1881 i.
181
)1.
19
01.
19
11.
Provinces.
Male &
Female.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Prince Edward
Island
34,094
31,673
4,030
30,113
3,494
27,956
3,950
Nova Scotia
141,526
134,859
22,595
137,566
18,448
148,991
24,370
New Brunswick. . . .
Quebec
105,289
425,947
94,261
397,438
13,456
53,066
98,058
434,720
13,807
77,245
103,275
552,140
16,491
101,101
Ontario
625 591
635 765
94460
645,322
108,625
836,135
154,878
Manitoba
23,162
50,669
4 315
77,418
8,575
155,900
22,206
Saskatchewan }
Alberta /
3,993
20,759
994
45,145
2,993J
195,247
149,687
13,275
11,923
British Columbia. .
17,983
44,955
3,074
76,541
4,762
189,482
16,627
Total.
1,377.585
1.410,379
195,990
1,544,883
237,949
2,358,813
364,821
Occupations not classified by sex in 1881.
91
POPULATION.
26. Workers by Industries for Census Years 1881-1911
Industries.
1881.
1891.
1901.
1911.
Agriculture
662,266
230,873
90,085
7,938
28,500
8,116
161,535
7,160
13,005
48,461
78,905
40,741
i
735,207
185,599
139,929
18,672
30,045
12,812
227,080
16,127
62,623
109,632
69,048
716,860
213,307
163,670
17,306
27,225
16,764
274,175
28,650
490
83,219
160 ; 410
80,756
933,735
246,201
214,012
70.604
34,812
42.914
491,342
02,707
120.010
2*3,087
217,544
Building trades
Domestic and personal service . .
Civil and municipal government
Fishing and hunting; .
Forestry . ,
Manufactures
Mining
Miscellaneous
Professional
Trade and merchandising .
Transportations
Total
1,377,585
1,606,369
1,782,832
2,723,634
27 .Workers by Industries and Sex for Census Years 1891-1911.
18
91.
19
H.
191
11.
lllQUblTieS.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Agriculture
723,013
12 194
707 924
8 936
917 Ms
15 sx;
Building trades
185,599
213 l> 04
43
"45 <MKI
"1 1
Domestic and personal
service
38,275
101,654
52,473
111 197
75 \ ,\ ,\
I:N s7 .
Civil and municipal
government
17,500
767
16,414
892
72 5:;i
4
Fishing and hunting
Forestrv
29,841
12.812
204
27,197
16,764
_>s
34,547
42,901
265
13
Manufactures ...
174.829
52,251
213,956
60,219
392,781
561
Mining
16,124
3
28,646
4
62,706
01
Miscellaneous ...
t. .l
:><)
Professional
42,572
20.051
14,899
38,320
62,781
57
Trade and merchandising
Transportation
101,714
68,100
7,918
948
143,248
7!. 017
17,162
L109
240,903
210,692
42,184
6,852
Total
1,410,379
195,990
1,544,883
237,949
2,3:>S,M3
:j<;i>2i
92
AREA AND POPULATION.
28. Workers by Industries and of Canadian or non-Canadian Birth, 1911.
Industries.
Total.
Of Canadian
Birth.
Of non-Canadian
Birth.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Agriculture
917,848
245,990
75,133
72,531
34,547
42,901
392,781
62,706
62,781
240,903
210,692
15,887
211
138,879
4,073
265
13
98,561
61
57,835
42,184
6 ; 852
667,207
157,274
38,597
40,356
31,601
31,403
253,882
29,890
43,811
167,289
115,143
11,954
176
90,904
3,522
258
8
81,240
51
49,862
34,471
5,539
250,641
88,716
36,536
32,175
2,946
11,498
138,899
32,816
18,970
73,614
95,549
3,933
35
47,975
551
7
5
17,321
10
7,973
7,713
1,313
Building trades
Domestic and personal
service
Civil and municipal
government
Fishing and hunting
Forestry
Manufactures
Mining -.
Professional
Trade and merchandising
Transportation
Total
2,358,813
364,821
1,576,453
277,985
782,360
86,836
29. Workers by Age-Periods, 1911.
Age Periods .
Total.
Male.
Total.
Female.
No.
p.c.
No.
p.c.
10 to 14 years
353.876
735,071
1,682,522
194,176
17,376
620,972
1,619.885
100^80
4.91
84.48
96.28
51.80
344,500
647,874
1,384,228
172,141
7,777
179,992
168,034
9,018
2.26
27.78
12.14
5.24
15 to 24 vears
25 to 64 vears
65 vears and over
Total .
2,965,645
2,358,813
79.54
2,548,743
364,821
14.31
30. Percentage Distribution of Workers by Industries, Sex and Age-Periods, 1911
Industries.
Male.
Female.
10 to
14
years
15 to
24
years
25 to
64
years
65
years
and
over
All
ages
10 to
14
years
15 to
24
years
25 to
64
years
65
years
and
over
All
ages.
Agriculture
p.c.
.59
.51
1.41
.47
1.10
.45
1.23
65
p.c.
27-. 32
23.02
23.85
20.37
24.69
33.34
27.52
25.79
p.c.
65.75
72.52
71.84
73.24
68.98
64.73
68.66
71.99
78.34
68.49
71.34
p.c.
6.34
3.95
2.90
5.92
5.23
1.48
2.59
1.57
4.15
2.86
1.47
p.c.
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
p.c.
.14
8.06
3 . 14
.84
.38
2.80
.14
1.09
.69
p.c.
2.68
53.55
46.42
35.40
15.09
38.46
55.46
44.26
51.12
57.52
72.72
p.c.
77.35
36.97
47.74
60.67
75.85
61.54
40.81
55.74
47.75
40.34
26.25
p.c.
19.83
1.42
2.70
3.09
8.68
.93
.99
1.05
.34
p.c.
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Building trades
Domestic and personal
service
Civil and municipal
government
Fishing and hunting
Forestry
Manufactures
Mining .
Professional
- .12
1.12
.35
17.39
27.53
26.84
Trade and merchandi
sing
Transportation
All Industries..
74
26.32
68.68
4.26
100
2 13
49 34
46.06
2 47
100
93
POPULATION.
31 . Workers by Detailed Classification of Industries and by Sex for Census Years
1901 and 1911.
Industries.
1901.
1911.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
female.
Total.
All Occupations.
Agriculture
1,544,883
237,949
1,782,832
2,358,813
364,821
2,723,634
707,924
8,936
716,860
917,848
15,887
933,735
Dairymen
1,143
82
425,005
184,446
8,114
4,162
84,972
213,264
32
8,421
188
41
254
43
1,175
82
433,426
184,446
8,302
4,203
85,226
213,307
523
618
653,619
103,074
11,040
4,960
144,014
245,990
35
2
15,094
593
99
64
211
558
620
668,713
103,074
11,633
5,059
144,078
246,201
Ditching and irrigation
works.
Farmers, general. .
Farmers sons
Gardeners, florists,
nurserymen and fruit
growers
Ranchers and stock
raisers
Labourers
Building Trades
Builders and contrac
tors
6,901
45,132
13.058
442
12,352
2,272
0.709
3.094
120,304
52,473
2
23
16
2
111,197
6,903
45,132
13,058
442
12,375
2,272
9.72.-,
3,096
129.304
163,670
16,360
60,203
18,661
5.527
19,865
5,815
11,244
4,414
15,973
383
87,51.-)
f m * 1 *> *!
/5,13d
43
168
138,879
16,360
60,203
18,661
5,527
19,908
5,815
11,244
1.414
15,973
551
s7,545
214,012
Carpenters . . . <
Masons and stone cut
ters
Metal workers and
roofers
Painters and decora
tors
Plasterers
Plumbers and steam
fitters . . .
Other building trades .
Labourers, building
trades
Office employees
Labourers, general,
n. o. s
Domestic and Persona]
Service
Barbers and hairdres
sers
5,238
3,838
11,184
1,135
676
3,605
72
695
15,855
490
733
8,952
115
417
7,572
54
2,794
5,354
177
9,722
76,139
t
3
8,844
5,353
3,838
11,601
8,707
730
6,399
5,426
872
9,722
91,994
49<j
736
17,796
8,936
4,91
6,97(
3,271
7,831
2,23
27,467
1,450
1,028
11,03
54
3,si:
6,762
:;i:
8,267
3,14
4i;t
i.s7-
94,96
19,171
8,990
1,910
10,821
762
589
1C., 098
111
700
1 ,874
122,451
1,450
1,022
30,201
Coachmen and grooms
Hotel and boarding
house keepers
TToiisekpeners
Janitors and caretakers
Launderers and laun
dresses
Xurses and nursemaids
Restaurant keepers . . .
Spamstrf sses
Servants
Spvtons
t ndprtflkers
Other domestic anc
personal service
XOTB. n.o.s. = NTot otherwise specified: n.e.s.=Not elsewhere specified.
94
AREA AND POPULATION.
31. Workers by Detailed Classification of Industries and by Sex for Census Years
1901 and 1911 con.
1901.
1911.
Industries.
Male.
Female.
Total.
/
Male.
Female.
Total.
Civil and Municipal
Government
16,414
892
17,306
72,531
4,073
76,604
Officials and clerks
Policemen and detec
tives .
8,066
2,411
471
8,537
2,411
34,055
3,718
3,827
16
37,882
3.734
Labourers
5,837
421
6,258
34,758
230
34,988
Fishing and Hunting ....
27,197
28
27,225
34,547
265
34,812
Fishermen
25,014
14
25,028
28,184
143
28,325
Hunters and trappers..
Forestry
2,183
16,764
14
2,197
16,764
6,363
42,901
122
13
6.485
42,914
All occupations
16,764
16,764
42,658
42,658
Office employees
==
243
13
256
Manufacturers
213,956
60,219
274,175
392,781
98,561
491,342
Chemicals, drugs and
allied products:
Drugs and chemicals
Dyers, bleachers and
cleaners
1,219
216
436
152
22
26
1,371
238
462
3,057
820
479
956
216
185
4,013
1.036
664
Powder & explosives.
Soap and candle
makers
48
171
5
31
53
202
395
309
119
111
514
420
Other chemical pro
ducts
348
68
416
1,054
325
1,379
Clay, glass and cement
Brick, tile and ce
ment makers
Pottery, glass and
china makers
4,109
2,813
1,296
53
53
4,162
2,813
1,349
5,173
3,209
1,964
76
76
5,249
3,209
2.040
Clothing and allied
products
Button makers
11,706
90
37,847
110
49,553
200
22,420
171
56,861
153
79,281
324
Clothing factories
(all) .
285
151
436
3,066
3,757
6.823
Dressmakers
22,343
22,343
54
27,693
27.747
Hats, caps and gloves,
makers
579
490
1,069
1,090
111
1,867
Hosiery and knitted
goods makers
346
636
982
711
1,843
2,554
Milliners
25
4,360
4,385
403
10,016
10.419
Shirts, collars and
cuffs, makers . .
233
901
1,134
631
1,612
2,243
Tailors and tailor-
esses
10,062
8,362
18,424
14,572
7,578
22,150
Various. . .
86
494
580
1,722
3,432
5,154
Factorv n. o. s
32,170
7,268
39,438
17,498
7,364
24,862
NOTE. n. o. s. = Not otherwise specified; n. e. s.=Not elsewhere specified.
95
POPULATION.
31. Workers by Detailed Classification of Industries and by Sex for Census Years
1901 and 1911 con.
1901.
1911.
Industries.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Manufactures con.
Food and allied pro
ducts
Bakers
22,313
6,291
2,611
79
24,924
6 370
29,742
8 352
7,759
379
37,501
8 731
Biscuit and confec
tionery makers. . . .
Canners
1,686
2,835
831
203
2,517
3038
2,647
4099
2,273
2 199
4,920
6 298
Milk and cream pro
ducts
3,951
19
3 970
4 899
129
5 028
M illers
3,815
1
3 816
3 887
46
3 933
Sugar refiners
190
2
192
524
51
575
Tobacco and cigars..
Various food pro
ducts
3,326
219
1,397
79
4,723
298
4,055
1 279
2,392
290
6,447
1 569
Gold, silver and fancy
goods
Gold and silver
smiths
3,541
314
80
10
3,621
324
2,294
975
570
109
2,864
1,084
Watch, clock and
jewellery makers
and repairs
3,210
48
3,258
901
97
998
Fancy goods and
notions ....
17
22
39
418
364
782
Iron and steel-
Blacksmiths ....
45,229
18,513
148
45,377
18 513
58,976
16 660
426
59,400
16,660
Boilermakers
1,576
_
1 576
1 770
_
1,77
Iron and steel works
n. o. s
11,072
105
11 177
6 104
53
6,157
Machinists
13,177
12
13,189
14 058
14,058
Tools arid cutlery. . .
Other iron and steel.
Leather / and rubber
goods-
Boot and shoe ma
kers
368
523
18,363
12,747
31
1,970
1,291
368
554
20,333
14.038
1.134
19,250
19,347
13,331
34
339
3,908
2,696
1,168
19,589
23,255
16,027
Harness makers. . . .
3,852
15
3^867
4,004
58
4,062
Other leather goods,
rubber clothing and
shoes, makers
1,764
664
2,428
2,012
1,154
3,166
Liquors and beverages
(all)..
1,456
54
1,510
2,356
150
2,506
Materials general and
undefined
6,764
299
7,063
14,921
1,027
15,948
Agricultural imple
ments makers
Metalworkers, n.o.s.
Model and pattern
makers
99
3,873
586
204
1
99
4,077
587
3,635
4,817
439
23
208
21
3,658
5,025
460
Musical instrument
makers
1,519
10
1,529
2,975
142
3,117
Platers and polishers
Trunk makers
381
306
5
79
386
385
607
457
57
67
664
524
Various
1,991
509
2,500
NOTE. n. o. s.=Not otherwise specified; n. e. s.- Not elsewhere specified.
96
AREA AND POPULATION.
31. Workers by Detailed Classification of Industries and by Sex for Census Years
1901 and 1911. con.
1901.
1911.
Industries.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Manufactures con.
Pulp and paper-
Paper box and bag
makers
1,698
89
374
216
2,072
305
2,806
322
1,059
430
3,865
752
Pulp and paper ma
kers
1,609
158
1,767
2.484
629
3,113
Textiles
Bag and sack makers
Carpets and rugs
makers
7,949
218
6,785
81
14,734
299
8,247
87
559
9,201
121
261
17,448
208
820
Cordage and twine
makers
232
38
270
228
119
347
Cotton mills
2,337
2,345
4,682
4,335
4,959
9,294
Woollen mills
1,489
1,477
2,966
2,501
2,918
5,419
Various textiles,
n.e.s
3,673
2,844
6,517
537
823
1,360
Various manufactures-
Awning and tent ma
kers
27,350
259
1,659
14
29,009
273
30,503
227
3,898
101
34,401
328
Basket, broom and
brush makers
.475
65
540
823
291
1,114
Electricity and gas
works
541
29
570
7,323
7,323
Engineers and fire
men, n.o.s
13,887
13,887
2,826
2,826
Printers and engra
vers
9,429
1.519
10,948
14,938
2,889
17,827
Tanners and curriers.
Other various 1 . . . .
2,667
92
13
19
2,680
111
2,988
1,378
617
2,988
1,995
Vehicles for land trans
portation
Carri age building anc
repairing
5,082
3,831
7
4
5,089
3,835
21,312
5,629
63
44
21,375
5,673
Other vehicles for
land transportation
Vehicles for water
transportation
Ship building
1,251
2,156
1,696
3
1,254
2,156
1,696
15,683
3,225
1.927
19
7
4
15,702
3,232
1,931
Other vehicles for
water transporta
tion
460
460
1,298
3
1,301
Wood, Manufactures
of
Box and fruit baskel
makers
22,851
1,008
912
708
23,763
1,716
35,829
2,029
1,593
1,237
37,422
3,266
Cabinet and furniture
makers
4,252
58
4,310
9,594
210
9,804
Coopers and stave
makers
2,567
4
2,571
1,949
_
1,949
Sash and door makers
336
336
1,312
1,312
Includes for 1901 mattress and hammock makers; for 1911 abrasive goods,
asbestos, mica, bridge and elevator workers and makers of surgical instruments,
mattresses and hammocks.
NOTE. n. o. s. =Not otherwise specified; n. e. s. =Not elsewhere specified.
97
POPULATION.
31. Workers by Detailed Classification of Industries and by Sex for Census Years
1901 and 1911 con.
1901.
1911.
Industries.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Manufactures con.
Wood, Manufactures of
con.
Saw and shingle mill
operatives .
10448
1
10 449
17 427
28
17 4^
Wood workers and
turners
2,865
45
2 910
2 710
54
2 764
Various
1,375
96
1 471
808
64
872
Office employees in
manufactures
Labourers in manu
factures
19
79
98
5,672
109403
3,643
9,315
109 403
Mining Metalliferous
ores, fuel, salt and stone
28,646
4
28,650
62,706
61
62,767
Drillers and borers. .
Operators and offi
cials
250
1,113
1
1
251
1 114
952
5353
3
952
5 356
Miners and labourers
Quarrymen
25,816
1 252
2
25,818
1 252
47,478
7 548
47,478
, 7 54
Oil wells and works
operatives
215
-
215
907
907
Salt wells and works,
operatives
166
10
Office employees in
mining
30?
48
350
Miscellaneous
451
39
490
Various miscellane
ous pursuits
451
39
490
Professional
44,899
38,320
83,219
62,781
57,835
120,616
Art, music and drama .
Actors and theatrical
employees
5,429
831
3,127
105
8-, 556
936
9,114
2,410
4,653
432
13,767
2,842
Architects
589
1
590
1,332
1,332
Designers, sculptors
and draughtsmen. .
Musicians and teach
ers of music
434
1,393
15
2,575
449
3,968
827
2,001
5
3,574
832
5,575
Painters and artists..
Photographers
752
1,430
288
143
1,040
1,573
629
1,915
340
302
969
2,217
Educational
Professors
9,598
810
30,951
47
40,549
857
10,898
2,645
34,377
307
45,275
2,952
Teachers
8,728
30,863
39,591
8,223
34,063
42,286
Other educational. . .
Engineers and survey
ors
60
2 544
41
101
2,544
30
7,339
7
37
7,339
NOTE. n. o. s. = Not otherwise specified; n. e. s. = Not elsewhere specified.
98
AREA AND POPULATION.
31. Workers by Detailed Classification of Industries and by Sex for Census Years
1901 and 1911 con.
1901.
1911.
Industries.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Profess ional con .
Lawyers and notaries. .
Medical
Dentists
4,957
7,559
1,287
10
357
23
4,967
7,916
1 310
5,372
10,505
2 016
9
5,839
167
5,381
16,344
2 183
Nurses
280
280
124
5,476
5600
Physicians and sur
geons
5,388
54
5442
7 215
196
7411
Veterinary surgeons.
Religious workers
Various professional-
Accountants
884
8,857
5,955
3,501
170
3,705
62
884
9,027
9,660
3 563
1,150
11,116
8,437
2 600
656
12,301
97
1,150
11,772
20,738
2 697
Journalists, editors
and reporters
1,254
52
1,306
939
69
1,008
Literary and scien
tific .
38
15
53
386
48
434
Professional pursuits
n. e. s
278
136
414
676
185
861
Office employees in
professional
884
3,440
4,324
3,836
11,902
15,738
Trade and Merchandising
143,248
17,162
160,410
240,903
42,184
283,087
Auctioneers and com
mission men
1,167
6
1,173
2,166
21
2,187
Bank officials
1,170
1
1,171
2,893
4
2,897
Brokers
1,218
2
1,220
2,820
11
2,831
Hucksters and peddlers
Insurance company
employees
1,881
2,937
99
14
1,980
2,951
3,135
6,094
113
60
3,248
6,154
Loan, trust and real
estate
744
3
747
9,002
49
9,051
Wholesale and retail
trade
Proprietors, mana
gers and supts
107,172
91,067
11,775
9,023
118,947
100,090
184,417
76,871
28,390
4,069
212,807
80,940
Salesmen and sales
women
14,947
2,729
17,676
89,131
24,321
113,452
Labourers & drivers.
Various trade and mer
chandising
1,158
66
23
1,181
66
18,415
570
18,415
570
Office employees in
trade
26,893
5,262
32,155
29,806
13,536
43,342
Transportation
79,647
1,109
80,756
210,692
6,852
217,544
(Land transportation)
Cab, express and deliv
ery.
24,965
8
24,973
33,106
84
33,190
Cab, garage and livery
Express and delivery .
Steam railway employ
ees. . .
2,549
22,416
28399
4
4
31
2,553
22,420
28,430
6,469
26,637
86,116
6
78
190
6,475
26,715
86,306
Street railway employ
ees.
3.153
5
3,158
10,532
16
10,548
NOTE, n. o. s. = Not otherwise specified; n. e. s. = Not elsewhere specified.
99
POPULATION.
31. Workers by Detailed Classification of Industries and by Sex for Census Years
1901 and 1911 concluded.
1901.
1911.
Industries.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Transportati on c on .
(Water transportation)
Sail and steamship. . . .
17,004
4
17,008
24,367
115
24,482
Boat and canalmen. .
860
3
863
1,647
1,647
Sailors and seamen. .
14,411
1
14,412
16,347
16,347
Stevedores and long
7
shoremen
1,733
1 733
4 318
4 318
Other employees ....
-L j 1 V ->
i jt-J-LO
2,055
115
2^170
Various allied to trans
portation-
4,296
1,014
5,310
49,757
5,132
54,889
Telegraph and tele
7
7
phone employees.. .
3,872
995
4,867
9,731
5,114
14,845
Various and not spe
cified
424
19
443
40 026
18
40 044
j j-t7
J-\J m \J^J\J
-IO
TTW * -/T.J.
Office employees in
transportation .
1.830
47
1.877
fi 814
1 31*
8 19Q
Other Census Tables. Tables relating to the population of cities
and towns by birthplace; the source of the population by province
of residence; the native population by province of residence; the
distribution in western Canada of natives of the eastern provinces;
the foreign-born population and the British- and foreign-born male
population of 21 years and over were published in the Canada Year
Book, 1913. (Tables 20-25, pp. 75-80.) Tables relating to dwellings
and families; origins of the people; religions of the people; birthplace
and citizenship; population by age-periods and infirmities were
published in the Canada Year Book, 1914. (Tables 14-26, pp, 59-74.)
Area and Population of British and Foreign Countries.- -Table 32
gives the area and population of the United Kingdom and British
Possessions, and Table 33 the area and population of the principal
foreign countries of the world. The first-named table is taken from the
Statistical Abstract for the British Self-governing Dominions, etc., 1913
[Cd. 7,786], and does not therefore include Egypt, which was declared
a British Protectorate on December 18, 1914. By adding the area
(347,490 square miles) and the population (11,287,359) of Egypt and the
area (984,362 square miles) and the population (2,600,000) of the
Anglo-Egyptian Soudan, the total area and population of the British
Empire, as given in Table 32, are raised to -12,605,102 square miles
(area) and 431,156,792 (population). The area of Egypt, however,,
includes the deserts. According to the Statesman s Year Book hte
cultivated and settled area of the Nile Valley and Delta is not more
than 12,226 square miles. In other respects Tables 32 and 33 do not
take into account changes due to the war.
100
AREA AND POPULATION.
32. Area and Population of the United Kingdom and British Possessions, 1911.
[From the British Statistical Abstract Self-Governing Dominions, Colonies,
Possessions and Protectorates, 1913.]
Countries.
Area.
Males.
Females.
Total.
Females
per 1000
males.
Persons
per
sq. mile.
England & Wales .
Scotland
Sq. Miles.
58,340
30,405
No.
17,445,608
2, 308, 39
No.
18,624,884
2,452,065
No.
36,070,492
4,760,904
No.
1,067.6
1,062.0
No.
618.28
156.53
Ireland
32,586
2,192,048
2,198,171
4,390,219
1,003.8
134.72
Islands
302
70,166
78,749
148,915
1,122.3
493.09
Total, United
Kingdom"
121,633
22,016,661
23,353,869
45,370,530
1,060.9
373.01
India British . . .
Native States . .
1,092,994
709,118
124,842,401
36,452,419
119,378,976
34,412,576
244,221,377
70,864,995
956.2
944.0
223.44
99.93
Total, India....
1,802,112
161,294,820
153,791,552
315,086,372
953.4
174.84
Aden, including
Perim
80
31,290
14,875
46,165
475.4
577.06
Socotra
1,382
12,000!
8.68
StraitsSettlements
Labuan
1,572
28
471,212
3,662
244,317
2,884
715,529
6,456
518.5
787.6
455.17
262.40
Ceylon 2 .
25,481
2,175,030
1,931,320
4,106,350
887.9
161.15
Mauritius
720
194,095
174,696
368,791
900.1
512.20
Dependencies of
Seychelles
89
156
3,620
11,557
3,070
11,134
6,690
22,691
848.1
963.4
75.17
145.45
Hong Kong 3 . . 1
/ 249,675
116,470
366,145
466.5
-i o^ *7O
New Territories 4 /
Wei-Hai-Wei 4 ....
404
285
\ 46,476
77,860
44,118
69,273
90,594
147,133
949.3
889.7
/ 127.73
516.25
Australia, Com
monwealth of
New South Wales .
Federal Capital
Territory ....
Victoria
309,460
912
87,884
857,698
992
655,591
789,036
722
659,960
1,646,734
1,714
1,315,551
919.9
727.8
1,006.7
5.32
1.88
14.97
South Australia
Northern Terr y
West nAustralia
Tasmania
380,070
523,620
975,920
26,215
207,358
2,734
161,565
97,591
201,200
576
120,549
93,620
408,558
3,310
282,114
191,211
970.3
210.7
746.1
959.3
1.07
0.01
0.29
7.29
Queensland
670,500
329,506
276,307
605,813
838.6
0.90
Total, Common
wealth 5
2,974,581
2,313,035
2,141,970
4,455,005
926.0
1.50
Territory of Papua
Dominion of
New Zealand.
Fiji.
90,540
104,751
7,435
531,910
80,008
476,558
59,533
380,000!
1,008,468
139,541
895.9
743.4
4.20
9.62
18.74
Falkland Islands .
7,500
2,370
905
3,275
381.9
0.44
For the notes relating to this table see page 102.
101
POPULATION.
32. Area and Population in the United Kingdom and British Possessions, 1911
con.
Countries.
Area.
Males.
Females
Total.
Female
per 100C
males.
Persons
per sq.
mile.
Union of S. Africa-
Natal
Sq. miles
35 371
No.
564 648
No.
629 395
No.
1 1 94 043
No.
11147
No.
QQ 7fi
Cape of Good Hope .
Orange Free State ....
Transvaal
276,995
50,392
110 426
1,255,671
277,518
971 555
1,309,294
250,656
m657
2,564,965
528,174
1 686 21 2
1,042.7
903.2
7^ fi
OO . 1 U
9.26
10.48
i z. 97
1 UtJ.U
Ml . -~t
Total, Union of
S. Africa
473,184
3,069 392
2 904 002
5 973 394
946 1
12 62
i
Swaziland
6,536
44805
55 154
99 959
1 239
15 29
Basutoland
11 716
184 102
220 405
404 507
1 197 ^
34 52
Bechuanaland Prot ....
Rhodesia, Southern. . . .
Rhodesia, Northern
Nyasaland Protect ....
Uganda Protect
275,000
148,575
291,000
39,315
121,437 b
62,712
406,069
429,652
62,638
365,008
540,778
125,350
771,077
822,482
970,430
2 843 325
998.8
898.6
1,258.6
0.45
5.19
2.82
24.68
23 41
East Africa Protect. . . .
Somaliland Protect . . . .
St. Helena 2
247,600
68,000
47
1,615
1 862
2,402,863
344,323
3 477
1 152 9
9.70
5.06
73 98
Ascension
34
400
11 77
West Africa
Nigeria, Northern
Protectorate of. ...
Nigeria, Southern
and Colony of 8 . . . .
256,200
79,880
3,435,743
5,833,257
9,269,000
7,857 983
1,697.8
36.18
98 36
Gold Coast
80,235
755,446
746,347
1,501,793
988.0
18 73
Sierra Leone 8
24,908
363,197
472,374
1,403 132 9
1,300 6
56 33
Gambia 8
3,619
73,792
72,309
146,101
979.9
40 37
Total, West Africa...
444,842
-
-
20,178,009
45.36
North America
Dom. of Canada
3,729,665
3,821,995
3,384,648
7,260,643
885.6
1.93
Newfoundland
42,734
122,253
116,417
238,670
952.2
5.59
Labrador
120,000
2,052
1,897
3,949
924.4
0.03
Total, North
America
3,892,399
3,946,300
3,502,962
7,449,262
887.7
1.91
For the notes relating to this table see page 102.
102
AREA AND POPULATION.
32. Area and Population in the United Kingdom and British Possessions, 1911-
c on eluded.
Countries.
Area.
Males.
Females.
Total.
Females
per 1000
males.
Persons
per sq.
mile.
West India Islands
Bahamas
Sq. miles.
4,404
No.
24,975
No.
30,969
No.
55 944
No.
1,240.0
No.
12.70
Turk s and Caicos
Islands
166
2,505
3,110
5,615
1,241.5
33.83
Jamaica
4,207
397,439
433,944
831 383
1,091.9
197 . 62
Cayman Islands
89
2,427
3,137
5 564
1,292.5
62.52
Windward Islands
St. Lucia
233
22,336
26,301
48,637
1,177.5
208.74
St. Vincent
140
18,345
23,532
41,877
1,282.2
299.12
Barbados
166
70,240
101,743
171,983
1,447.8
1,036.04
Grenada
133
30,398
36,352
66,750
1,195.8
501.84
Leeward Islands
Virgin Islands
58
2,608
2,949
5,557
1,130.7
95.81
St. Christopher
65
10,969
15,314
26,283
1,396.1
404.35
Nevis
50
5,521
7,424
12,945
1,344.7
258.90
Anquilla
35
1,562
2,513
4,075
1,608.8
116.43
Antigua, including
Barbuda
170
13,985
18,280
32,265
1,307.1
189.80
Montserrat, including
Redonda
32
5,363
6,953
12,316
1,296.5
384.87
Dominica . . .
305
15,231
18,632
33,863
1,223.3
111.02
Trinidad
1,860
164,427
148,376
312,803
902.4
168.17
Tobago .
114
9,922
10,827
20,749
1,091.2
182.01
-
Total, W. Indies
12,227
798,253
890,356
1,688,609
1,115.4
138.10
Bermuda 3
19
9,070
9,924
18,994
999.68
British Honduras
8,598
20,374
20,084
40,458
985.7
4.71
British Guiana 3
90,500
153,717
142,324
296,041
925.9
3.27
Gibraltar 2
IK
8,786
10,334
19,120
1,176.2
10,445.87
Malta 3
117
105,601
105,963
211,564
1,003.4
1,808.24
Cyprus 3 .
3,354
139,248
134,716
273,964
967.4
76.44
Grand Total
11,273,250
417,269,433
NOTES RELATING TO TABLE 32 ON PAGES 100, 101, 102.
1 Estimated population 1910. Excluding the military and persons on ships
in harbours. 3 The population is exclusive of the military. 4 The New Territories
and Wei-Hai-Wei were leased to the British Government in 1898. In 1904 a part of
the New Territories (New Kowloon) was placed under the jurisdiction of the Hong
Kong SanitaryBoard, and since that date the area (13 sq. miles) and the population
(13,693 persons at the Census of 1911 ) have been included in the figures of H^ng Kong.
5 The population stated for Australia is exclusive of full-blooded aborigines, esti
mated at 100,000 in 1911. including the area of the lakes and river Nile within the
territorial limits of the Uganda Protectorate. Tartly estimated, a census of
natives not being available. Including the Protectorate districts. Including
567,561 children sex not stated.
103
POPULATION.
33.-Area and Population of the Principal Foreign Countries of the World [From the
Annuaire International de Statistique Agricole, 1913 et 1914].
EUROPE.
Country.
Area.
Date of
Census (C)
or
Estimate (E)
Population
Persons
per
square
mile.
Austria-Hungary :
Austria
Square
Miles.
115,832
19,768
125,641
11,371
44,015
15,046
540
40,457
207,129
208,825
24,964
21,390
110,660
999
3,506
1,969
13,199
124,675
35,499
50,715
1,997,224
144,249
18,649
15,058
173,008
194,794
15,945
10,077
1911
1910
1910
1912
1913
1911
1911
1910
1912
1914
1907
1913
1913
1910
1913
1913 v
1912
1914
1911
1913
1913
1913
1911
1914
1910
1912
1910
E
C
C
E
E
C
E
E
C
E
E
C
E
E
E
E
C
C
E
E
E
E
C
E
E
No.
28,763,214
1,898,044
20,886,487
7,571,387
4,742,000
2,757,076
18,000
85,188
39,629,000
67,812,000
2,631,952
2,030,419
35,238,997
259,891
285,000
150,000
6,114,302
2,479,330
5,960,056
7,234,919
143,114,900
3,196,700
2,957,207
5,679,607
19,562,568
3,831,220
1,891,000
No.
248.3
96.1
166.3
665.8
107.7
183.4
33.4
. 2.1
191.3
324.7
105.4
94.9
313.1
260.3
81.3
76.2
463.2
19.9
167.9
142.7
71.7
22.2
158.6
32.8
100.5
240.3
187.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina. .
Hungary
Belgium
Bulgaria
Denmark
Faroe Isles
Iceland
France
Germany
Greece, old territories. . .
Greece, new territories. . .
Italy
Luxemburg
Montenegro, old territories. . .
Montenegro, new territories ....
Netherlands
Norway .
Portugal
Rumania
Russia-in-Europe
Finland
Serbia, old territories
Serbia, new territories
Sweden
Spain
Switzerland
Turkev-in-Europe
ASIA.
Afghanistan
215,444
20,000
4,277,988
147,650
13,840
84,102
1,304
13,154
54,054
74,981
635,135
6,293,854
231,660
682,161
198
310,060
213
4
1,470
1911
1914
1914
1914
1913
1914
1911
1913
1910-11
1910
1911
1911
1913
1910
1910
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
C
E
E
E
E
C
C
E
5,000,000
250,000
430,000,000
53,596,858
3,612,184
15,508,872
517,147
49,463
5,639,092
500,000
4 to 9 mill s
27,788,000
8,149,487
18,709,000
282,472
16,990,229
190,000
74,866
604,930
23.3
12.4
100.5
363.0
261.0
184.4
396.6
3.8
104.3
6.7
4.4
35.1
27.4
1,426.1
54.9
892.0
19,390.3
411.6
Bhutan
China
Japan
Formosa
Korea
Kouang-Toung
Sakhaline Island (part of) ....
Nepal
Oman
Persia
Russia-in-Asia
Siam
Turkey-in-Asia
French India (France)
Indo-China and Kouang,
Tcheou-Ouan (France)
Kio Tcheou (Germany)
Macao (Portugal)
Portuguese India (Portugal)
104
AREA AND POPULATION.
33. Area and Population of the Principal Foreign Countries of the World [From the
Annuaire International de Statistique Agricole, 1913 et 1914] con.
AFRICA.
Country.
Area.
Date of
Census (C)
or
Estimate (E)
Population
Persons
per
square
mile.
Abyssinia
Square
Miles.
432,586
347,490
36,834
913,127
222,119
561,346
226,074
837
193,050
927
924,401
46,332
48,313
1,510,906
384,170
322,432
305,730
33,668
45,946
137,838
573,057
484,855
1,516
13,948
293,436
364
813
10,039
11,197
121,374
984.362
1913
1911
1911
1911
1911
1911
1911
1911
1911
1913
1913
1913
1911
1913
1905
1913
1910
1908
1909
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
C
E
C
C
E
C
E
E
E
E
C
C
E
E
E
E
E
No.
8,000,000
12,335,000
1,500,000
15,000,000
5,563,828
9,000,000
3,153,511
94,384
5,000,000
173,822
450,000
213,000
1,929,000
11,344,076
7,661,000
84,000
2,651,000
1,000,000
1,032,000
278,893
300,000
900,000
4,200,000
142,552
820,000
3,150,000
68,221
14,611
140,000
404,000
30,000
2.587,684
No.
18.4
35.4
40.7
16.3
25.1
16.1
14.0
112.7
25.9
187.5
0.5
4.5
39.9
7.5
19.9
0.3
\ 11.9
30.7
6.0
2.1
1.6
8.7
94.0
58.8
10.7
187.4
18.0
14.0
36.1
0.2
2.6
Egypt
Liberia
Congo (Belgium) .
Algeria (France)
Congo (France)
Madagascar (France)
Mayotte and Comoro Islands
(France)
Morocco (France)
Reunion (France)
Sahara (France)
Somali Coast (France)
Tunis (France)
West Africa (France)
East Africa (Germany)
Southwest Africa (Germany) ....
Kamerun 1 (Germany) \
Kamerun 2 (Germany) ... /
Togo (Germany)
Eritrea (Italy)
Somaliland (Italy)
Tripoli and Cyrenica (Italy) ....
Angola (Portugal)
Cape Verde Islands (Portugal) . .
Guinea (Portugal)
Mozambique (Portugal)
St. Thomas and Prince Islands
(Portugal) .
Fernando Po and Dependencies
(Spain)
Guinea. . (Spain)
Morocco (Spain)
Rio de Oro, etc (Spain)
Soudan (Anelo-Eevotian) .
AMERICA.
Argentina
1,153,417
1913
E
7,988,383
6.9
Bolivia
510,829
1912
E
2,088,000
4.1
Brazil
3,112,452
1913
E
22,294,021
7.2
Chili
292,419
1912
E
3,505,317
12.0
Costa Rica
20,849
1913
E
410,981
19.7
Cuba
44 218
1907
C
2,048,980
46.4
Dominica
18,756
1912
E
724,500
38.6
Ecuador
297,297
1911
E
2,000,000
6.7
Guatemala .
43.641
1903
C
1.842,134
42.2
l Old Territory.
2 New Territory.
105
POPULATION.
33. Area and Population of the Principal Foreign Countries of the World [From the
Annuaire International de Statistique Agricole, 1913 et 1914] concluded.
AMERICA concluded.
Country.
Area. .
Date (
Census
or
Estimate
Df
(C)
J(E).
Population.
Persons
per
square
mile.
Haiti
Square
Miles.
11,072
1912
E
No.
2 500,000
No.
225 8
Honduras
44,274
1911
C
566,017
12 8
Mexico
767,258
1912
E
15,445,787
20 2
Nicaragua
58,169
1906
c
600 000
10 4
Panama
33,776
1911
E
386,745
11 5
Paraguay . ,
97,722
1912
1,000,000
10 2
Peru . . . .
533,911
1906
C
4,609,999
8 5
San Salvador
13,176
1911
E
1,133,000
86
U.S. of Colombia
465,714
1911
5,072,613
10 9
United States
3,026,805
1914
E
98,781,324
32 6
Alaska
590,887
1914
E
64,680
0.1
Panama (Zone of Canal)
448
1913
E
57,400
128.1
Porto Rico
3,435
1914
E
1,184,489
344.8
Uruguay .
72,172
1914
E
1,315,714
18 2
Venezuela
393,976
1913
E
2,755,685
7.0
West Indies (Denmark)
139
1911
27,086
196.1
Greenland (Denmark)
34,015
1911
_
13,459
0.5
Guadeloupe and Dependencies
(France)
687
1911
C
212,430
309.0
Guiana (France)
35,231
1911
c
49,009
1.3
Martinique (France)
381
1911
c
185,385
486.4
St. Pierre & Miquelon (France) .
Curasao and Dependencies
(Netherlands)
93
436
1911
1911
c
E
4,209
55,160
45.3
126.5
Dutch Guiana (Netherlands)...
49,846
1911
E
94,992
1.9
OCEANIA.
United States Colonies:
Guam
210
1910
C
12,240
58.2
Hawaii
6,449
1914
C
208,063
32.3
Philippines
115,027
1914
C
8,650,937
75.2
Samoa and Tutuila
77
1912
E
7,251
94.2
German Colonies:
Caroline, Palau, Marianne and
Marshall Islands
956
1911
E
55,000
57.8
New Guinea
92,664
1911
E
531,000
5.7
Samoa
993
1913
E
38,000
38.3
French Colonies:
French Establishments in
Oceania
1,183
1906
C
30,563
25.9
New Caledonia and Depend
encies ...
7,202
1911
50,500
7.0
Portuguese Colonies:
Timon and Kambing
7,332
1902.
E
150,299
20.5
Dutch Colonies:
Dutch Indies
739,544
1905
C
37,717,377
51.0
106
AREA AND POPULATION.
VITAL STATISTICS.
Vital Statistics by Provinces. In Canada the registration of births,
marriages and deaths is under provincial control, and at present diver
gent methods, with, in New Brunswick, entire lack of statistics, render
impossible the deduction for any series of years of annual birth-,
marriage and death-rates for the Dominion as a whole.
Table 34 shows, however, by provinces (New Brunswick excepted)
the number of births, marriages and deaths in each of the years 1911 to
1914, according to the latest returns of the provincial registrars. Using
the census figures of population for 1911, and estimates of the Census
and Statistics Office for 1912, 1913, and 1914, crude birth-, marriage-,
and death-rates per 1,000 of the population living have been calculated
for each year, as well as the excess of births over deaths. For Prince
Edward Island no data for the year 1912 are available. The figures
by provinces in this table are not strictly comparable, owing to the
diversity of practice which at present prevails as between the
different provincial registrars. Not only is the statistical year not
uniform for all the provinces, but there is no uniformity in the practice
as regards the inclusion or exclusion of still-births. Thus, in Nova
Scotia, Quebec and Ontario still-births are eliminated from the calcula
tions; but in Prince Edward Island, the Northwest provinces and British
Columbia they are included, and for these provinces the numbers of
still-births, which are too small to affect materially the birth- and death-
rates calculated, are given in a note at the foot of the table.
Vital Statistics of Cities. Table 35 records the number of births,
marriages and deaths by principal cities for the years 1913 and 1914 in
continuation of the tables given in previous editions. In this table the
natural increase per 1,000 of the population is based upon the locally
estimated population in all cases where given.
34. Number of Births, Marriages and Deaths, by Provinces, 1911-1914.
Provinces.
Births.
Birth
rate per
1,000
living.
Mar
riages.
Mar
riage-
rate per
1,000
living.
Deaths.
Death-
rate per
1,000
living.
Excess
ofBirths
over
Deaths.
P. E. Island 1 ... 1911
1912
1913
1914
Nova Scotia. . .1911
1912
1913
1914
Quebec 1911
1,497
1,628
1,511
12,322
12,681
12,553
12,771
74,475
15.97
17.37
16.12
25.03
25.52
25.22
25.46
37.18
470
(not pub
478
544
3,004
2,937
3,259
3,643
15,254
5.01
lished in
5.10
5.80
6.10
5.91
6.55
7.26
7.61
1,114
1912.)
983
l ,012
8,237
7,126
7,225
7,527
35,904
11.89
10.46
10.80
16.73
14.34
14.52
15.01
17.92
383
645
499
4,085
5,555
5,328
5,244
38,571
1912
1913
1914
76,647
79,089
80,361
37.53
37.70
38.00
16,055
17,253
16,121
7.86
8.13
7.62
32,980
36,200
36,002
16.15
17.33
17.02
43,667
42,889
44,359
Including still-births as follows: 4 in 1911, 1 in 1913, 3 in 1914.
107
VITAL STATISTICS.
34. Number of Births, Marriages and Deaths, by Provinces, 1911-1914 concluded.
Provinces.
Births.
Birth
rate per
1,000
living.
Mar
riages.
Mar
riage-
rate per
1,000
living.
Deaths.
Death-
rate per
1,000
living.
Excess
ofBirths
over
Deaths.
Ontario... ..-..1911
56,096
22.23
25,807
10.23
31,878
12.63
24,218
1912
1913
1914
Manitoba 1 1911
58,870
64,516
66,225
13,407
23.00
24.00
24.21
29.43
28,845
26,998
24,245
5,177
11.27
10.00
9.22
11.36
32,150
34,317
32,440
5,481
12.56
12.70
12.35
12.03
26,720
30,199
33,785
7,926
1912
1913
1914
Saskatchewan 1 . 1911
1912
1913
1914
Alberta 1 1911
14,666
16,424
17,449
8,745
11,479
13,200
16,489
8,813
30.32
36.34
33.50
17.76
20.24
20.94
22.83
23.52
6,095
5,985
5,667
3,511
4,651
4,990
5,014
3,630
12.60
13.24
10.88
7.13
8.20
7.92
6.94
9.69
6,084
5,919
5,617
2,727
3,567
4,150
3,950
3,618
12.58
13.10
10.78
5.54
6.29
6.58
5.47
9.69
8,582
10,505
11,832
6,018
7,912
9,050
12,529
5,195
1912
1913
1914
B. Columbia 1 .. 1911
1912
1913
1914
Yukon 1911
10,284
11,871
13,685
5,841
8,008
9,199
8,754
48
23.60
24.34
24.25
14.88
18.85
18.58
17.93
5.64
4,429
5,053
4,623
4,509
5,235
5,012
4,296
41
10.16
10.36
8.19
11.49
12.33
10.12
8.80
4.82
4,232
4,432
4,147
3,660
4,313
4,619
3,974
87
9.71
9.09
7.35
9.32
10.15
9.33
8.14
10.22
6,052
7,439
9,538
2,181
3,695
4,580
4,780
39
1912
1914 3
61 2
66
7.17
7.75
48
41
5.64
4.82
58
50
6.81
5.87
3
16
Including still-births as follows: Manitoba 243 in 1911, 316 in 1912; Saskat
chewan 48 in 1911, 170 in 1912, 134 in 1913, 182 in 1914; Alberta 160 in 1911, 230 in
1912, 250 in 1913, in 1914, 315 are not included; British Columbia 191 in 1911, 240
in 1912, 279 in 1913, 235 in 1914; Yukon 3 in 1914. In Manitoba in 1913 and 1914
still-births are excluded.
Incomplete.
3 11 months.
35. Number ofBirths, Marriages and Deaths, by Principal Cities, 1913 and 1914.
Excess
Natural
Cities.
Year.
Popula
tion.
Births.
Mar
riages.
Deaths.
of
Births
over
Increase
per 1,000
of Popu
Deaths.
lation.
P. E. Island-
Charlottetown
1913
183
not given
128
58
1914
46 2
188
Nova Scotia
Halifax
1913
1,402
tt
912
490
1914
47,109
1,464
u
1,031
433
9.19
Sydney .
1913
641
a
368
273
1914
17,996
544
u
349
195
10.84
Glace Bay
1913
455
u
276
179
1914
16,741
531
u
271
260
15.53
Incomplete.
108
AREA AND POPULATION.
35. Number of Births, Marriages and Deaths, by Principal Cities, 1913 and 1914
continued.
Cities.
Year.
Popula
tion.
Births.
Mar
riages.
Deaths.
Excess
of
Births
over
Deaths.
Natural
Increase
per 1,000
of Popu
lation.
Quebec
Montreal
1913
20,490
6,280
12,299
8,191
Quebec
1914
1913
20,386
3,096
5,781
638
11,721
1,668
8,665
1,428
Maisonneuve
1914
1913
3,136
835 2
612
147 2
1,784
403
1,352
Hull
1914
1913
743 2
655 2
131 2
124
460
204
Sherbrooke
1914
1913
879 2
704 2
137 2
137 2
211
337
Westmount
1914
1913
673 2
138 2
107 2
24*
374
89
Three Rivers
1914
1913
162 2
656
48 2
133
94
343
313
Verdun
1914
1913
660
505 2
120
69 2
275
347
385
Lachine
1914
1913
582 2
396 2
75 2
65 2
345
233
St. Hyacinthe
1914
1913
422 2
325
54 2
106 2
241
220
105
Ontario
Toronto
1914
1913
454,000
342
13,722
99 2
6,381
221
6,223
121
7,499
16.52
Ottawa
1914
1913
475,000
96,350
13,949
2,482
5,964
1,044
5,602
1,767
8,347
715
17.57
7.42
Hamilton
1914
1913
97,900
100,650
2,592
2,706
1,072
1,395
1,697
1,211
895
1,495
9.14
14.85
London
1914
1913
101,190
52,940
2,845
1,203
1,163
605
1,158
854
1,687
349
16.67
6.59
Brantford. .
1914
1913
54,220
26,100
1,200
742
607
323
802
369
398
373
7.34
14.29
Kingston
1914
1913
26,100
21,010
808
523
296
268
281
439
527
84
20.19
4.00
Peterborough
1914
1913
21,260
19,170
517
470
287
232
372
268
145
202
6.82
10.54
Windsor
1914
1913
19,650
21,610
476
511
207
1,423
254
327
222
184
11.30
8.51
Fort William
1914
1913
22,500
24,070
626
866
622
309
316
390
310
476
13.78
19.78
Berlin
1914
1913
27,180
18,500
956
506
254
202
311
245
645
261
23.73
14.11
vruelph
1914
1913
18,880
16,320
531
394
222
175
211
220
320
174
16.95
10.66
St. Thomas
1914
1913
16,800
14,520
353
318
145
205
209
178
144
140
8.57
9.64
Stratford
1914
1913
15,490
14,570
340
337
186
141
218
192
122
145
7.88
9.95
Owen Sound
1914
1913
14,570
12,790
357
329
139
127
165
178
192
151
13.18
11.81
t
St. Catharines
1914
1913
12,560
15,080
342
420
125
194
138
242
204
178
16.24
11.80
Port Arthur
1914
1913
15,860
18,030
500
706
238
249
243
294
257
412
16.20
22.85
Sault Ste. Marie.. . .
1914
1913
1914
18,320
12,290
13,200
702
306
279
210
157
180
215
236
198
487
70
81
26.58
5.70
6.14
2 Incomplete.
109
VITAL STATISTICS.
35. Number of Births, Marriages and Deaths, by Principal Cities, 1913 and 1914
concluded.
Cities.
Year.
Popula
tion.
Births.
Mar
riages.
Deaths.
Excess
of
Births
over
Deaths.
Natural
Increase
per 1,000
of Popu
lation,
Ontario con.
Chatham
1913
12,390
260
207
207
53
4 98
Gait
1914
1913
12,830
11,930
250
280
194
150
230
156
20
rr . *O
1.56
10 3Q
Sarnia
1914
1913
12,020
11,550
323
258
132
184
139
149
184
109
-LW . Oi7
15 31
Q 44
Belleville
1914
1913
12,090
10,600
270
258
179
138
156
187
114
71
17 . T
9.43
A 7f>
Brockville
1914
1913
11,230
9,675
240
225
130
127
149
186
91
39
U . 1 \j
8.10
4 03
Woodstock
1914
1913
9,275
9,485
228
223
85
106
173
143
55
80
5.93
8 43
Niagara Falls
1914
1913
9,600
12,020
203
267
131
492
124
79
136
8.23
11 31
North Bay
1914
1913
11,650
9,490
294
340
291
124
140
144
154
196
13.22
20 6^
Manitoba
Winnipeg
1914
1913
10,980
184,730
406
5,577
121
3,404
146
2204
260
3 373
23.68
18 26
Brandon
1914
1913
203,255
15,911
5,789
680
3,070
296
1,955
279
3,834
401
18.86
9^ 20
St. Boniface
1914
1913
17,177
11,405
641
327
277
109
229
389
412
23.99
Portage la Prairie. .
Saskatchewan
Regina
1914
1913
1914
1913
12,025
6,343
6,500
421
231
204
845
119
97
85
528
302
118
126
486
119
113
78
359
9.90
17.81
12.00
Moosejaw
1914
1913
50,000
1,006
515
493
484
298
284
708
231
14.16
Saskatoon
1914
1913
30,000
607
856
400
576
210
426
397
427
13.23
North Battleford. . .
Prince Albert
1914
1913
1914
1913
30,OOC
6,000
914
239
198
310
433
74
92
178
265
67
46
172
649
172
152
138
21 63
25.33
Swift Current
1914
1913
10,000
274
144
123
151
15.10
Weyburn
1914
1913
6,000
159
141
49
110
18.33
Alberta
Calgary..
1914
1913
5,343
165
2,278
114
1,379
48
878
117
1,400
21.90
Edmonton
1914
1913
2,354
1,365
1,121
986
685
778
1,669
587
-
Lethbridge
1914
1913
1,824
241
1.009
242
652
166
1,172
75
-
Medicine Hat
1914
1913
247
328
221
264
138
215
109
113
British Columbia-
Vancouver
1914
1913
114,220
419
4,115
179
2,485
162
1,799
257
2,316
20.28
Victoria
1914
1913
106,110
2,425
986
1,717
851
1,178
569
1,247
417
11.75
New Westminster. .
Nanaimo
1914
1913
1914
1913
17,198
15,000
8,000
111
855
536
318
770
378
222
120
459
491
302
149
313
364
234
169
21.16
15.60
21.12
1914
8,500
340
98
133
207
24.35
110
AREA AND POPULATION.
IMMIGRATION.
Immigrant Arrivals in 1915. Immigration into Canada continues
to be affected by the European war, the number of immigrants in 1915
showing a further marked decline. For the fiscal year ended March
31, 1916, the number of immigrant arrivals was 48,537, as compared
with 144,789 in 1915 and 384,878 in 1914, the year before the war broke
out. Of the total number of immigrants in 1915-16, 8,664, or 18 p.c.,
came from the United Kingdom, 36,937, or 76 p.c., came from the
United States and 2,936, or 6 p.c., came from other countries. For
the calendar year 1915 the total number of immigrant arrivals was
48,466, including 9,606 from the United Kingdom, 36,098 from the
United States and 2,762 from other countries.
Juvenile Immigration.- -The Chief Inspector of British Immigrant
Children and Receiving Homes reports that in 1915-16, 821 children
were received in Canada through 10 different agencies and were placed
in foster homes or situations. Applications for the services of these
children remain largely in excess of the supply, as appears from Table
40. This shows the number of British Juvenile immigrants not
members of families and the number of applications for their services
received by the various agencies during the fiscal years 1901 to 1916.
Altogether about 77,800 children have been placed out in Canada since
the organization of this class of immigration began in 1868. Of the
total, about 26,300 have come from the Dr. Barnardo Homes..
Oriental Immigration.- -Tables 43 and 44 relate to Chinese im
migration and give a record of such immigration since 1886 and the
number of Chinese in Canada at the Censuses of 1901 and 1911. In
1885, owing to the heavy influx of Chinese into Canada, legislation
(48-49 Viet. c. 71) was passed providing that thereafter Chinese of the
labouring classes be required as a condition of their entry into the
Dominion to pay a head tax of $50 each; on January 1, 1901 (63-64
Viet. 1900, c. 32), this amount was increased to $100 and on January 1,
1904 (3 Edw. VII, 1903, c. 8), to $500. The exempt classes have
varied slightly from time to time; but, generally speaking, have in
cluded consular officers, their wives, children and suites, Chinese mer
chants, their wives and children, and Chinese belonging to the learned
professions. Practically all of those who have been admitted as exempt
have been merchants and members of merchants families. Chinese
are allowed under the Act to register out of Canada for absence abroad
for a period of twelve months, which registration allows them the
privilege of free return within the period specified. For each of these
registrations a fee of $1 is charged. The total revenue under the
Chinese Immigration Act is made up of head taxes, registration fees
for leave of absence and fines collected for infringements of the Act.
From 1886 to 1902 one quarter of the net proceeds of the revenues
under the Chinese Immigration Act was paid to the provinces wherein
they were collected. From 1903 the proportion so paid to the provinces
Ill
IMMIGRATION.
has been one-half, in accordance with an amending Act of 1902 (2
Edw. VII, c. 5). Table 45 shows the total number of oriental im
migrants arriving in Canada since 1901.
Immigration Expenditure and Revenue.- -Table 46 shows the
annual expenditure for immigration purposes for each fiscal year since
1868. For the year ended March 31, 1915, the amount was $1,658,182.
On the other side of the account there is the revenue derived from the
payments of the Chinese as recorded in Table 43. For the year ended
March 31, 1915, the revenue from this source amounted to $588,124,
of which $252,634 was paid to the provinces; so that the Dominion
expenditure on immigration in the year 1914-15 exceeded the Dominion
revenue from immigration by $1,322,692. For the year ended March
31, 1914, the expenditure was $1,893,298 and the revenue $2,644,593,
of which $1,284,652 was paid to the provinces ; so that for the year
1913-14 the Dominion immigration revenue exceeded the Dominion
immigration expenditure by $533,357.
36. Number of Immigrant Arrivals in Canada, 1897-1916.
Fiscal
Years.
Immigrant
Arrivals from
Total.
Fiscal
Years.
Immigrant
Arrivals from
Total.
United
King
dom.
United
States.
Other
Coun
tries.
United
King
dom.
United
States.
Other
Coun
tries.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
1897 1
11,383
2,412
7,921
21,716
1907 3
55,791
34,659
34,217
124,667
1898 1
11,173
9,119
11,608
31,900
1908
120,182
58,312
83,975
262,469
18991
10,660
11,945
21,938
44,543
1909
52,901
59,832
34,175
146,908
1900 2
5,141
8,543
10,211
23,895
1910
59,790
103,798
45,206
208,794
1901
11,810
17,987
19,352
49,149
1911
123,013
121,451
C6,62C
311,084
1902
17,259
26,388
23,732
67,379
1912
138,121
133,710
82,406
354,237
1903
41,792
49,473
37,099
128,364
1913
150,542
139,009
112,881
402,432
1904
50,374
45,171
34,786
130,331
1914
142,622
107,530
134,726
384,878
1905
65,359
43,543
37,364
146,266
1915
43,276
59,779
41,734
144,789
1906
86,796
57,796
44,472
189,064
1916
8,664
36,937
2,936
48,537
Calendar year,
ended March 31.
2 Six months, January to June, inclusive. 3 Nine months
112
AREA AND POPULATION.
37. Arrivals at Inland and Ocean Ports in Canada in fiscal years 1910-1916.
Nationalities.
1910.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
1916.
English
No.
40,416
No.
84,707
No.
95,107
No.
108,082
No.
102,122
No.
30 807
No.
5 857
Irish
3,940
6,877
8,327
9,706
9 585
3 525
818
Scotch
14,706
29,924
32,988
30,735
29,128
8 346
1 887
Welsh
728
1,505
1,699
2,019
1 787
598
102
Total for U.K
59,790
123,013
138,121
150,542
142,622
43,276
8 664
Armenian
75
20
60
100
139
36
Australian
203
266
184
106
106
51
32
Austrian
4,195
7,891
4,871
1,050
3 147
502
15
Belgian
910
1,563
1,601
1,826
2,651
1 149
Bukowinian
725
700
328
687
1,549
72
Bulgarian
557
1,068
3,295
4,616
1,727
4,048
1
Chinese
2,156
5,278
6,247
7,445
5,512
1,258
88
Danish
300
535
628
798
871
326
167
Dutch
741
931
1,077
1,524
1,506
605
186
Finnish
1,457
2,132
1,646
2,391
3,183
459
139
French
1,727
2,041
2,094
2,755
2,683
1 206
180
Galician .
3,368
3,553
1,594
497
1,698
36
German, n.e.s.
1,516
2,530
4,645
4,938
5,525
2 470
27
Greek
452
777
693
1,390
1,102
1,147
145
Hebrew, Austrian
56
248
269
392
728
160
1
Hebrew, German
10
19
4
16
20
1
Hebrew, Polish
28
85
52
26
22
6
_
Hebrew, Russian
2,745
4,188
4,460
6,304
9,622
2,674
46
Hebrew, n.e.s
343
606
537
649
860
266
18
Hindu
10
5
3
5
88
1
Hungarian
621
756
482
578
833
218
Icelandic
95
250
205
231
292
145
15
Italian
7,118
8,359
7,590
16,601
24,722
6,228
388
Japanese
271
437
765
724
856
592
401
Newfoundland
3,372
2,229
2,598
1,036
496
338
255
New Zealand
82
116
61
39
24
21
18
Norwegian
1,370
2,169
1,692
1,832
1,647
788
232
Polish, Austrian
483
1,065
2,773
4,462
4,310
1,272
Polish, German
12
43
21
29
46
7
_
Polish, Russian
738
800
1,624
4,488
4,507
544
7
Polish, n.e.s
174
269
642
966
930
153
1
Rumanian
293
511
793
1,116
1,504
361
4
Russian, n.e.s.
4,564
6,621
9,805
18,623
24,485
5,201
40
Ruthenian
568
2,869
13,346
17,420
18,372
5,830
Servian
76
50
209
366
193
220
6
Swedish
2,017
3,213
2,394
2,477
2,435
916
177
Swiss
211
270
230
246
269
209
42
Syrian
195
124
144
232
278
79
3
Turkish
517
469
632
770
187
33
U.S. (via ocean ports). . .
186
203
143
121
121
41
15
United States
103,798
121,451
133,710
139,009
107,530
59,779
36,937
West Indies
146
398
314
398
474
356
38
Other nationalities
523
963
1,655
2,611
5,006
1,710
76
Total
149,004
188,071
216,116
251,890
242,256
101,513
39,873
Grand total
208,794
311,084
354,237
402,432
384,878
144,789
48,537
NOTE. "n.e.s." signifies "not elsewhere specified. 1
113
IMMIGRATION.
38. Rejection of Immigrants upon arrival at Ocean Ports and Deportations after admission,
by principal causes, for the fiscal years 1903-1916.
Principal Causes.
REJECTIONS AT OCEAN PORTS.
.Principal (Jauses.
1903
-6
1907
9m.
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
Totals
Medical Causes:
Insanity
No.
18
No.
7
No.
19
No.
13
No.
IPJ
No.
r.
No.
1 C
No.
99
No.
i ^
No.
No.
No.
1 Af\
Mentally deficient .
Tuberculosis
12
8
2
8
9
11
27
11
24
11
j
22
2fi
10
25
91
fttt
21
10
22
1A
50
7
5
140
219
1 CO
Trachoma . . ...
1,244
358
Q4
400
<6vJ
QOA
til
100
79
ofl
I
1 QQ
loo
3r\co
Hernia
1
4
g
a
11
O^U
on
-Iv/L
tft
1Q
QQ
loo
1 Q
,0b&
Other Medical
Causes
104
32
53
41
67
fnj
120
o
fi1
lo
107
oo
OS
lo
AH
i Q
7KA
Accompanying
patients
68
21
58
60
42
104
UJ.
53
1U/
00
yo
7fi
DU
KO
lo
/OD
C7O
Contract Labour ....
Criminality
7
7
23
17
6
33
28
10
3
fio
4
i \j
OO
Of
87
7/t
Defective Sight
3
14
12
17
2
1^
Q
*
q
O
A
1
<4
CO
Immorality
3
10
12
22
35
16
if;
U
Q1
1
on
A
oZ
17Q
Indirect passage. .
4
20
2^
4^
Oi
KC
OU
}
1
7
I/O
01 o
Infirmity
17
11
7
3
13
7
g
MO
z
OO
9fi
OO
c
1
1
OlZ
1OQ
Lack of funds
1
85
67
34
1 038
246
204
iAj
Q04
O
4.KO
1
.S
lUo
31 fyj
Likely to become a
public charge
178
57
292
66
681
274
164
56
V*F
76
TJ.6i
71
oo
KK
jioy
1 Q7O
Poor physique.
7
5
31
6
13
41
10
64
30
i
QC
OO
1,7<U
94 s *
Stowaway
4?<
148
74
74
85
86
63
67
23
c
fnu
fi70
Other Causes
14
51
31
5
6
29
36
17
134
10
O
O
u u
^J.9
J.U
J7
O i t
Totals
1,682
440
1,172
509
1 515
2 210
972
756
1 827
OOQ
ICO
10 M.I
7/O
100
1^,^44
DEPORTATIONS AFTER ADMISSION.
Medical Causes:
Epilepsy. .
18
6
15
22
8
10
10
8
19
13
12
141
Insanity
23
53
110
113
95
121
133
220
207
144
62
1 281
Mental Weakness . .
Tuberculosis
34
35
20
13
43
67
1
54
9
30
17
33
9
39
10
61
15
139
10
82
4
47
172
600
Rheumatism
32
10
29
15
8
2
7
12
42
27
17
201
General debility . .
Other Causes
40
63
14
60
45
97
95
27
28
1
36
1
24
50
133
101
54
226
643
Accompanying
patients
12
35
26
?1
18
17
16
10
34
5
194
Criminality
10
12
68
115
130
172
4?
334
376
404
329
2 192
Infirmity
33
10
15
64
3
4
2
1
8
140
Likely to become a
public charge
70
?8
309
1,074
348
289
343
392
715
789
635
4 992
Vagrancy .
2
21
56
29
61
84
107
97
77
44
578
Other Causes.
3
_
17
?,1
19
24
46
71
79
52
26
358
Totals
375
201
825
1,748
734
784
959
1,281
1,834
1,734
1 243
11.718
114
AREA AND POPULATION.
39. Number by Nationalities of Deportations after Admission, 1903-1916.
Nationalities.
DEPORTATIONS AFTER ADMISSION.
1903
-6
1907
9m.
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
Total
One
in
ev y
153
208
223
186
English .....
No.
260
6
32
7
No.
130
2
26
10
No.
513
2
61
31
No.
1,081
1
119
34
No.
355
5
89
37
No.
342
3
90
23
No.
406
4
89
41
No.
387
7
118
47
No.
693
10
184
65
No.
699
11
119
48
No.
473
12
79
38
No.
5,339
63
1,006
381
Welsh
Scotch
Irish
Total British
305
9
1
1
6
5
2
1
10
6
12
1
2
7
2
5
168
5
2
1
1
3
1
4
1
1
1
1
4
8
607
27
65
1
6
10
2
4
8
9
13
4
9
2
9
9
37
3
1,235
42
2
74
1
4
12
3
18
7
32
45
24
13
2
3
42
49
7
20
98
3
12
486
22
8
1
2
3
4
11
17
2
4
1
15
3
4
3
5
6
119
1
17
458
29
6
2
3
2
4
12
10
11
9
1
13
12
5
2
5
8
169
6
17
540
40
6
6
2
1
3
22
6
2
2
2
12
5
,8
4
16
12
1
256
3
10
559
54
4
2
16
5
13
14
26
25
2
16
1
17
21
22
4
29
20
2
377
26
26
952
167
3
1
18
2
5
11
24
38
2
42
35
13
11
5
54
10
1
405
19
16
877
91
7
3
33
7
8
5
9
13
5
18
2
66
10
11
3
27
11
461
46
21
602
5
1
27
4
1
4
1
2
4
75
17
1
11
9
437
15
27
6,789
486
44
146
107
38
58
52
135
127
58
159
35
266
100
76
67
206
103
24
2,369
119
154
168
382
355
124
298
159
168
372
180
289
142
477
151
417
187
471
119
454
255
168
444
30
402
255
Austro-Hun-
garian
Belgian
Bulgarian
Chinese
Danish
Dutch
Finnish
French
German
Greek
Hebrew
Hindu
Italian
Norwegian
Polish
Rumanian
Russian
Swedish
Turkish
United States
West Indian
Other
Total
375
201
825
1,748
734
784
959
1,281
1,834
1,734
1,243
11,718
40. Juvenile Immigrants and Applications for their Services, 1901-1916.
Fiscal
Year.
Juvenile
immigrants.
Applications
for their
services.
Fiscal
Year.
Juvenile
immigrants.
Applications
for their
services.
No.
No.
No.
No.
1901
977
5,783
1909
2,424
15,417
1902
1,540
8,587
1910
2,422
18,477
1903
1,979
14.219
1911
2,524
21,768
1904
2,212
16,573
1912
2,689
31,040
1905
2,814
17,833
1913
2 ; 642
33,493
1906
3,258
19,374
1914
2,318
32,417
1907 1
1,455
15,800
1915
1,899
30,854
1908
2 ; 375
17,239
1916
821
31,725
Total. .
34.349
330.599
NOTE. The above are included in the total number of immigrants recorded else
where. : Nine months.
115
IMMIGRATION
41. Sex, Occupation and Destination of Immigrants for the fiscal year ended March
31, 1915.
Sex.
Males.
Females.
Children.
Totals.
Via ocean ports
No.
43,005
No.
25 430
No.
16 575
No.
85 010
From the United States
31,138
16 560
12 081
5Q 77Q
Totals
74.143
41 .990
2S.fi5fi
Id4 7SQ
Occupations.
i. ocean ports
From the United States
Totals.
FARMERS OR FARM LABOURERS
Males.
No.
10,742
12,780
23,522
Females.
No.
3,499
4,321
7,820
Children.
No.
4,172
4,718
8,890
GENERAL LABOURERS.
Males.
No.
22,493
5,913
28,406
Females.
No.
3,380
1,850
5,230
Children.
No.
3,239
1,515
4,754
Occupations.
MECHANICS.
Males.
Via ocean ports
From the United States
Totals.
No.
4,684
8,061
12,745
Females.
No.
4,169
2,604
6,773
Children.
No.
3,664
1,873
5,537
CLERKS, TRADES, ETC.
Males.
No.
1,986
1,394
3,380
Females.
No.
1,401
693
2,094
Children.
No.
788
294
1,082
Occupations.
ocean ports . .
From the United
States .
Totals
MINERS.
Males.
No.
761
504
1,265
Females,
No.
292
62
354
Children
No.
409
52
461
Female
ser
vants.
No.
8,239
2,371
NOT CLASSIFIED.
Males.
No.
2,339
2,486
Females. Children
No.
4,450
4,659
10,610 4,825 9,109 7,932
No.
4,303
3,629
Destination.
Maritime
provinces .
Quebec.
Ontario.
Manitoba.
Via ocean ports
No.
4,011
No.
18,718
No.
32,875
No.
9,429
From the United States
7,093
12,335
11,998
3,767
Totals, 1915 . . .
11,104
31,053
44,873
13,196
Totals, 1916
5,981
8,274
14,743
3,487
Destination.
Saskat
chewan.
Alberta.
British
Columbia.
Yukon.
Vi& ocean ports
No.
6,918
No.
6,506
No.
6,549
No.
4
From the United States
9,255
11,757
3,574
Totals, 1915
16,173
18,263
10,123
4
Totals, 1916 .
6.001
7.215
2.836
i
Included in British Columbia.
116
AREA AND POPULATION.
42. Destination of Immigrants into Canada by Provinces, 1901-1916.
Fiscal
Year.
Mari
time
Prov.
Que
bec.
On
tario.
Mani
toba.
Sas
katch
ewan.
Al
berta.
British
Colum
bia.
Not
shown
Totals.
1901
No.
2,144
2,312
5,821
5,448
4,128
6,381
6,510
10,360
6,517
10,644
13,236
15,973
19,806
16,730
11,104
5,981
No.
10,216
8,817
17,040
20,222
23,666
25,212
18,319
44,157
19,733
28,524
42,914
50,602
64,835
80,368
31,053
8,274
No.
6,208
9,798
14,854
21,266
35,811
52,746
32,654
75,133
29,265
46,129
80,035
100,227
122,798
123,792
44,873
14,743
No.
11,254
17,422
39,535
34,911
35,387
35,648
20,273
39,789
19,702
21,049
34,653
43,477
43,813
41,640
13,196
3,487
No. I
No.
No.
2,600
3,483
5,378
6,994
6,008
12,406
13,650
30,768
21,862
30,721
54,701
51,843
57,960
37,608
10,127
2,836
No.
2,567
3,348
1,838
1,093
1,977
1,766
395
195
32
No.
49,149
67,37
128,364
130,331
146,266
189,064
124,667
262,469
146,908
208,794
311,084
354,237
402,432
384,878
144,789
48,537
14
22
43
40
39
28,728
15,307
30,590
22,146
29,218
40,763
46,158
45,147
40,999
16,173
6,001
,160
,199
,898
,397
,289
26,177
17,559
31,477
27,651
42,509
44,782
45,957
48,073
43,741
18,263
7,215
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907 (9m.)
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
Totals . .
143,095
493,952
-810,332
455,236
834,577
348,945
13,211
3,099,348
43. Record of Chinese Immigration, 1886-1915.
Fiscal Year.
Paying
tax.
Ex
empt
from
tax.
Percentage
of total
arrivals
admitted
exempt
from tax.
Registra
tion for
leave.
Total
Revenue.
Paid to
Provinces.
1886-88
No.
625
No.
1
P.C.
0.17
No.
2,431
$
34,813
$
7 563
1889
782
112
12.51
1,322
40,808
9 600
1890
1,069
97
8.32
1,671
56,258
13,250
1891
2,114
12
0.56
1,617
107,785
26,275
1892
3,276
6
0.18
2,168
166,503
40 663
1893
2,244
14
0.62
1,277
113,491
27,388
1894
2,087
22
1.04
666
105,021
25,438
1895
1,440
22
1.50
473
72,475
17,200
1896
1,762
24
1.34
697
88,800
21,312
1897
2,447
24
0.97
768
123,119
29,900
1898
2,175
17
0.78
802
109,754
26,400
1899
4,385
17
0.39
859
220,310
53,262
1900
4,231
26
0.61
1,102
215,102
55,462
1901
2,518
26
1.02
1,204
178,704
43,500
1902
3,525
62
1.73
1,922
364,972
87,687
1903
5,245
84
1.58
2,044
526,744
261,450
1904
4,719
128
2.64
1,920
474,420
231,000
1905
8
69
89.61
2,080
6,080
1906
22
146
86.90
2,421
13,521
I 25,550
1907 1
91
200
68.73
2,594
48,094
1908
1,482
752
33.67
3,535
746,535
365,750
1909.
1,411
695
33.00
3,731
713,131
318,750
1910
1,614
688
29.89
4,002
813,003
382,450
1911
4,515
805
15.13
3,956
2,262,056
1,122,750
1912
6,083
498
7.57
4,322
3,049,722
1,497,452
1913
7,078
367
4.93
3,742
3,549,242
1,741,776
1914
5,274
238
4.32
5,450
2,644,593
1,284,652
1915
1,155
103
8.19
4,373
588,124
252,634
Totals....
73,377
5,255
6.68
61,149
17,433,180
7,969,114
J Nine months.
117
IMMIGRATION.
-Number of Chinese in Canada by Provinces, according to the Censuses of 1901
and 1911.
Provinces.
1901.
1911.
In
crease
Provinces.
1901.
1911.
In
crease
Prince Edward IsPd
No.
4
No.
6
No.
2
Saskatchewan
No.
41
No.
957
No.
916
Nova Scotia
106
134
28
Alberta
935
1 787
1 KKO
New Brunswick
Quebec
59
1,037
93
1 578
34
541
British Columbia..,
Northwpst, Tprritn-
14,885
19,568
1 ,<JJZi
4,683
Ontario
732
2,766
2,034
ries
Manitoba
206
885
679
Yukon Tprrifnrv
7
7
i
i
Totals for Canada . .
17,312
27,774
10,462
45. Record of Oriental Immigration, 1901-1916.
Fiscal
Year.
Chi
nese.
Japa
nese.
Hin
doos.
Total.
Fiscal
Year.
Chi
nese.
Japa
nese.
Hin
doos.
Total.
1901
No.
i-r
t
No.
6
No.
No.
13
1909
No.
1 887
No.
495
No.
A
No.
2 "388
1902
2
_
2
1910
2 156
271
10
9 437
1903
_
1911
5 278
437
^ 720
1904
^_
_
1912
6 247
765
J
3
j, i &\)
7 01 ^
1905
^ ^
354
45
399
1913
7 445
724
K
8 174
1906
18
1,922
387
2,327
1914
5 512
856
88
fi 4^6
1907 ....
1908
92
1,884
2,042
7,601
2,124
2,623
4,258
12,108
1915....
1916
1,258
88
592
401
1
1,850
490
Total..
31,874
16,466
5,297
53,637
46. Expenditure on Immigration in the fiscal years 1868-1915.
Year.
Year.
$
Year.
$
Year.
$
1868
36,050
1880
161,213
1892 ..
177,605
1904
744,788
1869
26,952
1881.. ..
214,251
1893
180,677
1905
972,357
1870
55,966
1882
215,339
1894
202,235
1906
842,668
1871
54,004
1883
373,958
1895
195,653
1907 1
611,201
1872. . .>. .
109,954
1884
511,209
1896
120,199
1908
1,074,697
1873
265,718
1885
423,861
1897
127,438
1909
979,326
1874
291,297
1886.. ..
257,355
1898
261,195
1910
960,676
1875
278,777
1887
341,236
1899
255,879
1911
1,079,130
1876. ..
338,179
1888
244,789
1900 . ..
434,563
1912
1,365,000
1877
309,353
1889
202,499
1901
444,730
1913
1,427,112
1878
154,351
1890
110,092
1902
494,842
1914
1,893,298
1879. ...
186,403
1891
181,045
1903
642,914
1915
1,658,182
Total...
22,490,216
1 Nine months.
118
IV. EDUCATION.
General Features of Canadian Education System. Under the
British North America Act, 1867, the right to legislate on matters
respecting education was exclusively reserved to the provincial legis
latures, subject to the maintenance of the rights and privileges of the
denominational and separate schools as existing at the time of union
or admission of provinces. In general there are two fundamental
systems of education throughout Canada, one that of the Protestant
communities, free from the control of religious bodies, and the other
that of the Roman Catholic French and Irish communities in which
education is united with the religious teaching of the Roman Catholic
Church. In Ontario, Roman Catholics have the right to form what
are known as " Separate Schools " for elementary education, the local
rates for the support of these schools being separately levied and applied.
In Quebec, Saskatchewan and Alberta similar provisions apply.
In all the provinces the cost of education is defrayed from the
public revenues, provincial and local, and public elementary education
is free to parents or guardians, except for certain small fees which are
payable in parts of the province of Quebec. With the exception of
Quebec all the provinces have laws of compulsory education, but under
conditions that differ as between one province and another. In general
the provincial laws provide for uniformity in the training of teachers,
the use of text books and the grading of pupils. Secondary schools
or departments, and colleges or universities for higher education, exist
under government control in all the provinces, and the three classes of
teaching institutions are more or less co-ordinated to allow of natural
transition from the lower to the higher. School terms and holidays
are arranged to suit climatic and other local conditions; so that it is
frequently possible for students to work their own way through college
and the university. Arrangements for the superannuation of teachers
are applied in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario.
Recent movements in the direction of nature study, manual instruc
tion, school gardens, agriculture, domestic science and technical educa
tion are all energetically in progress, and in the more progressive
provinces the higher education of women is an important feature of
university life.
A more detailed description of the Canadian system of public
education, as organized in each province, was published in the Year
Book of 1914, pages 94 to 116.
Education Statistics of Canada.- -There being at present no effective
co-ordination of education statistics it is difficult to construct compar
ative tables for Canada. In the first place, the year to which the
statistics relate differs according to province. Thus the school year
ended June 30 is adopted for statistical purposes by Prince Edward
Island, New Brunswick, Quebec, Manitoba and British Columbia;
the education year for Nova Scotia ends on July 31; and the calendar
year ended December 31 is selected by Ontario, Saskatchewan and
Alberta. In the tables numbered 1 to 5 an attempt is, however, made
119
EDUCATION
to bring together by provinces (1) the number of elementary schools
teachers and pupils, with the average attendance of the pupils; (2) the
number of teachers and pupils in normal and model schools for the
training of teachers; (3) statistics of secondary schools so far as they
are separately given and (4) the amount of public expenditure for
education under the school law of each province.
In Table 1 the number of schools, teachers and pupils in the three
Maritime provinces (Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick) includes both elementary and secondary schools or grades;
in Nova Scotia the term " school has a technical signification, being
applied to a class with one teacher, irrespective of the number of classes
in a school building. In Quebec and Ontario the statistics in Table 1
apply only to elementary schools; but again in the Northwest provinces
and in British Columbia no line is drawn between the elementary and
secondary grades. In Manitoba the sex of the pupils is not separately
distinguished. Statistics of secondary education are only separately
available for Quebec and Ontario. They are given in Tables 3 and 4.
The model schools of Quebec are generally similar to the collegiate
institutes and high schools in Ontario, except that the higher grades of
the Quebec model schools do not prepare students for university
matriculation, who enter from the academies.
Probably the most remarkable feature of these statistics is the
extraordinary growth during the present century of the expenditure
upon public education. In 1901, the first year of the century, the
total expenditure for the purposes of public education in Canada was
$11,589,410; in 1914, the latest year for which complete figures for
all the provinces are available, it was $53,610,661. an increase of
$42,021,251, or 362 p.c.
1. Number of Schools, Teachers and Pupils in Canada by Provinces, 1901-1915.
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND (Year ended June 30).
Year.
Schools
Teachers.
Pupils enrolled.
Average
Attendance
of pupils.
Male.
Female
Total.
Boys.
Girls.
Total.
No.
Per
cent.
50.34
61.93
60.69
61.59
60.33
62.69
60.63
64.66
63.86
64.86
60.40
63.91
62.67
61.81
63.54
1901.
474
474
480
480
475
478
479
476
479
478
478
474
475
474
477
299
293
274
268
246
246
227
205
200
188
178
162
161
162
152
290
295
298
294
324
327
345
375
395
403
413
428
422
426
434
589
588
572
562
570
573
572
580
595
591
591
590
583
588
586
11,319
11,271
10,845
10,259
10,427
10,196
10,213
9,449
9,578
9,573
9,152
8,995
9,186
9,514
9.714
9,460
9,532
9,111
8,772
8,845
8,790
8,823
8,563
8,495
8,359
8,245
8,083
8,369
8,555
8.688
20,779
20,803
19,956
19,031
19,272
18,986
19,036
18,012
18,073
17,932
17,397
17,078
17,555
18,069
18.402
12,330
12,884
12,112
11,722
11,627
11,903
11,543
11,647
11,543
11,632
10,511
10,916
11,003
11,170
11.694
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908. . .
1909....
1910
1911
1912. . .
1913 ....
1914
1915. .
120
EDUCATION.
1. Number of Schools, Teachers and Pupils in Canada by Provinces,
1901-1915 con.
NOVA SCOTIA (Year ended July 31).
Year.
Schools
Teachers.
Pupils enrolled.
Average
Attendance
of pupils.
Male.
Female
Total.
Boys.
Girls.
Total.
No.
Per
cent.
54.5
55.9
55.9
55.8
56.3
58.9
57.1
58.2
60.7
64.3
59.5
61.2
62.4
62.6
65.3
1901
2,387
2,394
2,395
2,331
2,429
2,446
2,465
2,516
2,577
2,579
2,639
2,662
2,692
2,724
2.795
540
485
441
388
386
366
354
355
352
339
331
293
278
272
256
1,952
2,007
2,053
2,053
2,180
2,212
2,272
2,309
2,342
2,384
2,468
2,511
2,583
2,620
2.689
2,492
2,492
2,494
2,441
2,566
2,578
2,626
2,664
2,694
2,723
2,799
2,804
2,861
2,892
2.945
40,768
50,247
49,789
48,536
50,465
50,198
49,849
49,906
50,758
50,918
50,985
51,498
52,105
52,656
53.649
48,642
48,812
48,979
48,350
49,787
50,134
50,158
50,199
50,922
51,117
51,925
52,486
53,164
53,695
54.119
98,410
99,059
98,768
96,886
100,252
100,332
100,007
100,105
101,680
102,035
102,910
103,984
105,269
106,351
107,768
53,643
55,438
55,213
54,000
56,342
59,165
57,173
58,343
61,787
65,630
61,250
63,640
65,686
66.599
70.361
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906. . . .
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913. . . .
1914. . . .
1915. ,
NEW BRUNSWICK (Year ended June 30).
(For second term ended June 30.)
1901
1,741
353
1,488
1,841
30,870
29,550
60,420
37,717
58.34
1902
1,736
348
1,477
1,825
30,767
29,710
60,477
38,736
59.62
1903
1,726
341
1,474
1,815
30,172
29,141
59,313
37,552
58.79
1904. . . .
1,722
313
1,503
1,816
29,892
28,867
58,759
36,920
58.50
1905
1,750
304
1,562
1,866
30,854
29,546
60,400
35,675
59.60
1906
1,762
302
1,577
1,879
30,913
29,768
60,681
37,540
61.86
1907
1,766
253
1,621
1,874
30,289
29,262
59,551
35,367
59.38
1908. . . .
1,767
259
1,602
1,861
30,600
29,795
60,395
36,972
61.22
1909
1,854
251
1,691
1,942
31,489
30,448
61,937
38,731
62.53
1910
1,860
233
1,741
1,974
31,933
31,061
62,994
39,822
63.21
1911
1,885
221
1,754
1,975
31,871
31,202
63,073
39,215
62.17
1912
1,906
201
1,811
2,012
32,062
31,502
63,564
40,612
63.89
1913. . . .
1,897
193
1,809
2,002
31,924
31,656
63,580
41,276
64.91
1914
1,922
201
1,831
2,032
32,244
32,066
64,310
40,882
63.57
1915
1.964
184
1.922
2.106
33,437
33,068
66,505
44,683
67.18
QUEBEC (Year ended June 30).
1901
5,245
185
5.911
6,096
99,440
101,684
201,124
138,787
69 01
1902
5,298
127
5,935
6,062
100,332
102,634
202,966
140,005
68.98
1903...,.
1904
5,379
5,461
196
114
6,105
6,248
6,301
6,362
101,532
100,456
103,525
105,681
205,057
206,137
143,044
145,063
69.76
70 37
1905. . . .
5,517
128
6,334
6,462
101,777
107,936
209,713
151,156
72.08
1906
5,573
150
6,423
6,573
102,358
108,044
210,402
154,022
73 20
1907. ...
5,592
160
6,479
6,639
101,981
107,899
209,880
152,764
72.79
1908
5,594
183
6,485
6,668
102,556
107,987
210,543
153,162
72 75
1909
5,648
169
6,601
6,770
106,011
110,781
216,792
160,096
73.85
1910
5,720
172
6,729
6,901
106,862
112,052
218,914
162,928
74 42
1911
5,905
203
6,931
7,134
111,458
114,980
226,438
167,168
73 82
1912
5,789
207
7,001
7,208
111,887
117,347
229,234
171,816
74.95
1913
5,827
213
7,182
7,395
129,052
105,208
-234,260
176,438
75.32
1914..
5.880
232
7.523
7.755
119.244
125.363
244.607
185,102
75.67
121
EDUCATION STATISTICS OF CANADA.
1. Number of Schools, Teachers and Pupils in Canada by Provinces,
1901-1915 con.
ONTARIO (Year ended December 31).
Year.
Schools
Teachers.
Pupils Enrolled.
Average
Attendance
of pupils.
Male.
Female
Total.
Boys.
Girls.
Total.
No.
Per
cent.
1901 ....
6,035
6,062
6,146
6,177
6,221
6,240
6,268
6,334
6,380
6,408
6,416
6,452
6,484
6,550
6,600
2,437
2,294
2,160
2,075
1,950
1,863
1,783
1,842
1,747
1,696
1,499
1,511
1,000
1,628
1,685
6,784
7,073
7,296
7,479
7,699
7,899
8,110
8,243
8,527
8,822
9,043
9,246
9,575
9,918
10,165
9,221
9,367
9,456
9,554
9,649
9,762
9,893
10,085
10,274
10,518
10.542
10,757
11,175
11,546
11,850
236,482
232,880
230,630
227,596
229,026
230,236
229,794
233,301
234.876
235; 131
236,147
239,187
245,436
252,202
258,000
222,124
221,208
219,648
217,025
217,468
218,756
218,424
219,920
221,426
224,014
223,801
227,835
234,807
241,636
247,074
458,606
454,088
450,278
444,621
446,494
448,992
448,218
453,221
456,302
459,145
459,948
467,022
480,243
493,838
505,074
262,010
261,480
260,268
257,085
264,107
267,252
266,503
272,190
274,561
279,358
281,984
291.210
305,640
319,337
336,860
57.00
57.58
57.80
57.82
59.15
59.52
59.45
60.05
GO. 17
60.84
61.30
62.35
63.64
64.66
66.69
1902
1903 .
1904. .
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911 . .
1912. ...
1913
1914
1915.
MANITOBA (Year ended June 30).
NOTE. The Manitoba school year from 1901 to 1911 ended December 31st.
Owing to a change in the date of the school year no report was issued for 1912.
1901.
1,416
618
1,051
1,669
51,888
27,550
53.1
1902
1,488
629
1,220
1,849
_
_
54,056
28,306
52.4
1903
1,584
628
1,466
2,094
57,409
36,479
03 . 5
1904
1,669
682
1,536
2,218
58,574
31,326
53.4
1905
1,761
597
1,675
2,272
^.
63,287
33,794
53.4
1906
1907
1,847
1,943
596
595
1,769
1,885
2,365
2,480
-
-
64,123
67,144
34,947
37,279
54.5
55.5
1908
2,014
598
1,928
2,526
__
__
71.031
40,691
57.3
1909
1910
1911
1913
2,105
2,227
2,341
2,430
637
621
651
500
2,025
2,153
2,217
2,464
2,662
2,774
2,868
2,964
73,044
76,247
80,848
83,679
41,405
43,885
45,303
48, 163
56.7
57.6
56.0
57.5
1914
1915
2,688
2,727
474
598
2,390
2,378
2,864
2,976
-
93,954
100,963
58,778
68,250
62.6
67.6
SASKATCHEWAN (Year ended December 31).
1906. . . .
873
563
732
1,296
16,376
14,899
31,275
15,770
50.31
1907
1,101
1,470
19,454
18,168
37,622
19,841
52.48
1908
1909
1,410
1,692
959
1,335
2,157
2,294
24,773
28,426
22,313
25,543
47,086
53,969
26,081
28,202
55.00
52 . 25
1910
1911
1912
1,912
2,110
2,444
1,074
1,316
1,245
1,598
2,175
2,122
2,672
3,491
3,367
33,356
36,926
41,495
30,608
33,641
38,387
63,964
70,567
79,882
33,731
37,701
48,282
52.80
53.00
60.31
1913
2,747
1,413
2,739
4,152
51,651
47,458
99,109
54,684
55.10
1914
3,055
1,552
2,949
4,501
58,036
53,023
111,059
63.328
7T.02
122
EDUCATION.
1. Number of Schools, Teachers and Pupils in Canada by Provinces,
1901 -1915 concluded.
ALBERTA (Year ended December 31).
Year.
Schools
Teachers.
Pupils Enrolled.
Average
Attendance
of pupils.
Male.
Female
Total.
Boys.
Girls.
Total.
No.
Per
cent.
1906.
570
694
851
970
1,195
1,392
1,600
1,705
2,027
2.138
280
318
435
570
716
867
956
980
1,375
1.418
644
892
1,033
1,245
1,501
1,784
2,098
2,314
2,603
2.800
92
1,210
1,468
1,815
2,217
2,651
3,054
3,294
3,978
4.218
14,701
17,707
19,516
23,701
28,406
31,753
36,717
41,449
46,769
50.140
14,083
16,631
20,137
22,347
26,901
29,907
34,327
38,460
43,141
47.146
28,784
34,338
39,653
46,048
55,307
61,660
71,044
79,909
89,910
97.286
14,782
17,310
18,923
22,225
29,611
32,556
39,226
45,888
54,582
61.112
51.00
54.00
48.00
48.24
53.54
52.08
55.21
57.41
60.71
62,81
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915..
BRITISH COLUMBIA (Year ended June 30).
1901
313
185
343
528
11,854
11,177
23,031
14,962
64.96
1902
330
194
355
549
11,941
11,176
23,117
15,244
65.94
1903
338
189
391
580
12,243
11,400
23,643
16,000
67.67
1904
339
182
413
595
12,949
11,857
24,806
16,386
66.06
1905
348
177
452
629
13,671
12,593
26,264
18,037
68.67
1906
361
176
477
653
14,051
13,235
27,286
18,886
69.21
1907
376
163
530
693
14,815
13,869
28,684
19,483
69.18
1908. ...
399
181
576
757
16,498
15,255
31,753
22,349
70.38
1909
429
213
628
841
17,770
16,519
34,289
24,221
70.64
1910
476
231
727
958
19,432
18,197
37,629
26,874
71.42
1911
1912
510
550
249
256
843
1,004
1,092
1,260
22,222
24,761
20,735
23,056
42,957
47,817
30,984
35,739
72.13
74,74
1913....
614
307
1,179
1,486
28,312
26,392
54,704
40,963
74.88
1914
682
394
1,339
1,733
30,476
28,474
. 58,950
46,555
78.97
1915..
730
412
1.403
1.815
31,215
29,137
60.352
49.162
81.46
SUMMARY FOR CANADA (1901 to 1914).
1901
17,611
4,617
17,819
22,436
439}733
422,637
914,258
546,999
59.83
1902
17,782
4,370
18,362
22,732
437,438
423,072
914,566
552,093
60 37
1903
18,048
4,229
19,083
23,312
435,211
421,804
914,424
560,668
61 31
1904. . . .
18,179
4,022
19,526
23,548
429,688
420,552
908,814
552,502
60 79
1905
18,501
3,788
20,226
24,014
436,220
4W,175
925,682
570,738
61 66
1906
1907
20,150
20,684
4,542
8,853
22,061
22,134
26,603
27,457
469,029
474,102
457,709
463,234
990,861
1,004,480
614,267
617,263
61.99
61.45
1908
21,361
4,058
22,551
28,766
486,599
474,169
1,031,799
640,358
62.06
1909
22,134
5,098
24,789
29,887
502,609
486,481
1,062,134
662,771
62.40
1910
22,855
5,270
26,058
31,328
515,611
502,309
1,094,167
693,471
63.38
1911
23,676
5,515
27,628
33,143
530,514
614,436
1,125,798
706,672
62.77
1912
1913
21,877
24,871
4,831
5,645
26,221
30,267
31,052
35,912
546,602
589,115
533,023
545,514
1,079,625
1,218,308
701,441
789,741
64.97
64.82
1914..
26.000
6.290
31.599
37.889
601. 1U
585.953
1,281,048
852,333
66.53
NOTE. From 1902 to 1905, inclusive, the Summary for Canada comprised the
seven provinces of Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec,
Ontario, Manitoba and British Columbia. The two provinces of Saskatchewan
and Alberta were formed in 1905, and from 1906 all the nine provinces are
included, with the exception of Manitoba for 1912, when no Education Report was
issued by that province. In 1907 and 1908 the sex of the teachers in Saskatchewan
was not given, and in Manitoba the sex of the pupils was not given for any of the
years. In the Summary, therefore, these defects are indicated by printing the
totals in italics.
123.
EDUCATION STATISTICS OF CANADA.
2. Normal and Model Schools in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario
and Manitoba, 1901-1915.
NOVA SCOTIA.
Number of Pupils in the Provincial Normal College.
Year.
No. of
Pupils.
Year.
INo. of
Pupils.
Year.
No. of
Pupils.
Year.
No. of
Pupils.
1901.
1902
1903
240
182
145
1905
1906
1907
148
154
142
1909
1910
1911
215
260
9fi8
1913
1914
1Q1 f^
302
318
ore
1904
191
1908
161
1912
293
iyio
OOO
NEW BRUNSWICK.
Number of Teachers and Pupils in the Normal School and Model Department.
Year.
Teachers.
Pupils i]
Q Norma
1 School.
Pupils i
a Model
ment.
Depart-
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
1901.
11
41
155
196
81
1Q9
1902
14
68
201
269
72
118
iati
ion
1903
16
35
189
224
73
104
iiJ\J
1904
19
35
253
288
74
102
176
1905
54
231
285
86
104
inn
1906
16
44
263
307
85
95
180
1907
18
45
315
360
74
91
165
1908
18
35
299
334
90
92
182
1909
18
53
290
343
93
94
187
1910
15
63
295
358
91
100
1911....
16
46
324
370
88
99
187
1912
16
46
330
376
91
100
191
1913
18
53
305
358
92
98
190
1914
16
45
312
357
88
99
187
1915..
16
52
299
351
101
88
189
QUEBEC.
Number of Teachers and Pupils in Normal Schools, and Schools annexed to
Normal Schools .
NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1902-1914.
Year.
Schools.
Teachers.
Pupil enrolled. .
Aver
age
atten
dance.
Per
cent.
Male.
Fe
male.
Total.
Boys.
Girls.
Total.
1901.
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
7
10
11
11
11
13
14
31
31
31
30
32
35
34
39
58
53
50
43
50
48
27
30
30
31
30
27
38
27
59
75
79
77
86
98
58
61
61
61
62
62
72
66
117
128
129
120
136
146
97
130
138
151
142
143
159
165
182
177
174
160
175
189
256
290
322
241
274
280
308
361
533
610
666
676
913
1,081
353
420
460
392
416
423
467
526
715
787
840
836
1,088
1,270
345
415
455
388
410
420
462
524
710
780
835
97.73
98.81
98.91
98.98
98.56
99.29
98.93
99.62
99.30
99.11
99.40
1902
1903
1904....
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909...
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914..
124
EDUCATION.
2. Normal and Model Schools in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario
and Manitoba, 1901-1915 con.
QUEBEC concluded.
Number of Teachers and Pupils in Normal Schools, and Schools annexed to Normal
Schools concluded.
SCHOOLS ANNEXED TO NORMAL SCHOOLS, 1901-1912.
Year.
Schools
Teachers.
Pupils enrolled.
Average
attend
ance.
Per
cent.
Male.
Female
Total.
Boys.
Girls.
Total.
1901.
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
9
11
11
11
7
6
7
7
8
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
24
24
25
24
24
27
28
23
31
38
40
44
31
30
32
31
32
34
35
30
38
45
48
52
404
343
404
460
464
422
425
236
257
279
290
215
604
594
584
615
541
542
578
463
739
967
979
1,203
1,008
937
988
1,075
1,005
964
1,003
699
996
1,246
1,269
1,418
769
694
747
837
764
874
820
553
741
954
1,044
76.29
74.06
75.61
77.86
76.02
90.66
81.75
79.11
74.40
76.56
82.27
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909.. .
1910
1911
1912
NOTE. The statistics of these schools are now included with those of the
elementary schools.
ONTARIO.
Number of Teachers, Students and Pupils in Provincial Normal and Normal
Model Schools.
Year.
Provincia
1 Normal.
Year.
Normal
Model.
Teachers.
Students.
Teachers. 1
Pupils.
1901 . .
No.
14
No.
613
1901
No.
28
No.
9^1
1902
16
619
1902
31
958
1903
25
586
1903
36
1 067
1904
25
304
1904
36
982
1905
27
306
1905
36
1,023
1906
27
345
1906
36
990
1907-8
35
428
1907
38
979
1908-9
62
1,149
1908
37
925
1909-10
68
1 235
1909
37
903
1910-11
68
1 266
1910
38
952
1911-12
69
1,064
1911
38
916
1912-13
69
986
1912
38
914
1913-14
70
1 201
1913
38
959
1914-15
71
1,160
1914
38
978
1915-16.
77
1.609
1915
40
962
Includes Kindergarten.
125
EDUCATION STATISTICS OF CANADA.
2. Normal and Model Schools in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario
and Manitoba, 1901-1915 concluded.
MANITOBA.
Number of Teachers and Students in Normal Schools.
Year.
Teachers.
Students at
Year.
Teachers.
Students at
Pro
vin
cial
Normal.
Local
Normal.
Long
Ses
sions.
Short
Ses
sions.
Pro
vin
cial
Normal.
Local
Normal.
Long
Ses
sions.
Short
Ses
sions.
1901
7
7
7
7
8
6
5
13
14
14
14
18
14
11
90
86
82
129
171
148
128
161
234
237
261
320
328
272
1908. . .
1909...
1910...
1911...
1912...
1913...
1914...
1915...
5
5
5
6
School
6
6
6
10
10
10
11
year
11
1C
14
131
136
122
126
chang
139
180
206
279
312
381
502
ed
390
401
466
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
NOTE. The above figures are also included with the public schools in Table 1.
3. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Model Schools, Academies and Roman
Catholic Classical Colleges in Quebec, 1901-1914.
MODEL SCHOOLS.
Year.
Schools
Teachers.
Pupils enrolled.
Average
attend
ance.
Per
cent.
Male.
Female
Total.
Boys.
Girls.
Total.
1901.
1902
557
568
555
572
587
598
627
640
660
661
671
683
698
718
655
612
618
673
690
709
753
767
750
801
851
913
912
904
1,800
1,923
1,805
1,824
1,876
1,907
2,045
2,147
2,216
2,187
2,335
2,314
2,345
2,517
2,455
2,535
2,423
2,497
2,566
2,616
2,798
2,914
2,966
2,988
3,186
3,227
3,257
3,421
39,260
39,816
40,587
43,055
44,120
46,227
47,307
48,831
50,064
51,165
53,175
55,108
56,109
59,019
41,979
42,286
41,205
41,712
41,654
42,611
45,609
48,201
48,574
49,327
53,211
52,667
53,544
55,719
81,239
82,102
81,792
84,767
85,774
88,838
92,916
97,032
98,638
100,492
106,386
107,775
109,653
114,738
65,872
66,109
66,327
68,349
69,640
72,732
75,433
79,226
81,038
82,514
86,758
88,301
89,777
94,255
81.09
80.52
81.10
80.63
81.19
81.87
81.18
81.65
82.16
82.11
81.55
81.93
81.88
82.15
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
ACADEMIES.
1901.
168
428
1,213
1,641
15,101
17,417
32,518
27,596
84.87
1902
166
497
1,225
1,722
16,156
20,064
36,220
30,810
85.12
1903
1904
178
179
513
517
1,316
1,361
1,829
1,878
16,868
16,503
22,466
22,259
39,334
38,762
33,752
32,907
85.81
84.90
1905
184
523
1,397
1.920
17,085
23,196
40,281
34,624
85.96
1906
193
566
1,449
2,015
18,382
24,186
42,568
36,357
85.41
1907
198
607
1,526
2,133
20,905
23,913
44,818
38,313
S5.49
1908
2G1
632
1,560
2,192
20,084
25,285
45,369
38,631
85.15
1909
1910
217
236
686
735
1,709
1,756
2,395
2,491
23,071
24,404
28,511
30,737
51,582
55,141
44,595
47,953
86.45
86.31
1911
1912
223
248
734
758
1,838
2,017
2,572
2,775
24,483
26,268
31,816
36,759
56,299
63,027
47,752
54,403
84.82
86.31
1913
1914
273
296
827
916
2,122
2,227
2,949
3,143
28,078
32.674
39,793
43,876
67,871
76,550
58,232
65.190
85.79
85.16
126
EDUCATION.
3. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Model Schools, Academies and Roman
Catholic Classical Colleges in Quebec, 1901-1914 concluded.
ROMAN CATHOLIC CLASSICAL COLLEGES.
Year.
Number of
Average
Attend
ance.
Year.
Number of
Average
attend
ance.
Col
leges.
Profes
sors.
Pupils
enrolled.
Col
leges.
Profes
sors.
Pupils
enrolled.
1901.
1902. . . .
1903. . . .
1904. . . .
1905....
1906. . . .
1907....
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
549
562
559
590
621
621
624
5,915
6,096
6,174
6,265
6,269
6,318
6,268
5,468
5,698
5,694
5,758
5,772
5,895
5,796
1908.
1909...
1910...
1911...
1912...
1913...
1914...
19
18
19
19
21
21
21
624
609
642
642
662
687
726
6,274
6,397
6,599
7,140
7,818
8,189
8,444
5,709
5,872
6,053
6,521
7,280
7,677
7,841
4. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Collegiate Institutes and High Schools
in Ontario, 1901-1915.
Year.
Schools.
No.
Teachers
No.
Pupils enrolled.
Average
attend
ance.
Per
cent.
Boys.
No.
Girls.
No.
Total.
No.
1901.
131
134
135
138
140
142
143
145
145
145
148
148
161
160
160
579
593
619
661
689
719
750
795
820
853
898
917
970
1,023
1.020
10,869
11,629
11,988
12,718
13,035
13,336
13,799
14,731
15,776
15,196
14,679
14,846
15,489
17,001
17.705
11,654
12,843
13,734
14,991
15,626
16,056
16,532
17,181
17,325
17,416
17,548
17,427
18,257
19,465
20.721
22,523
24,472
25,722
27,709
28,661
29,392
30,331
31,912
33,101
32,612
32,227
32,273
33,746
36,466
38.426
13,224
14,430
15,317
16,730
17,567
18,078
18,485
19,862
20,791
20,389
20,177
20,268
21,448
23,360
24.825
58.71
58.97
59.55
60. 3&
61.29
61.50
60.94
62.23
62.81
62.52
62.60
62.80
63.55
64.06
64.60
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915..
5. Expenditure for Public Education in Canada by Provinces, 1901-1915.
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.
Year.
Govern
ment .
Grant.
Local
Assess
ment.
Total.
Year.
Govern
ment
Grant.
Local
Assess
ment.
Total.
1901....
$
128,288
$
36,647
$
164,935
1909 . .
$
129,179
$
54,027
$
183,206
1902
127,495
38 827
166,322
1910
127,548
53,924
181,472
1903
123,919
42,698
166,617
1911 . . .
126,438
54,738
181,176
1904
121,696
47,069
168,765
1912 2
179,956
81,685
261,641
1905
122,897
45,695
168,592
1913 . .
150,732
56,874
207,606
1906 1
91,946
34,763
126,709
1914
156,503
61,490
217,993
1907
123,898
46,429
170,327
1915
168,413
91,258
259,671
1908
127,092
49,874
176,966
^ine i
months. ;
Eighteen
months.
127
EDUCATION STATISTICS OF CANADA.
5. Expenditure for Public Education in Canada by Provinces, 1901-1915 con.
NOVA SCOTIA.
Year.
Govern
ment
Grant.
Munici
pal
Funds.
Local
Assess
ment.
Total.
1901
$
254,778
257,615
263,092
268,904
271,657
270,926
277,415
305,612
307,990
317,499
324,728
328,107
337,888
342,132
358,125
$
119,876
117,376
121,016
146,382
146,430
147,089
146,959
147,130
147,400
146,936
146,822
147,170
156,864
164,980
168,009
$
470,108
538,850
552,350
569,745
576,560
655,705
616,431
666,590
711,428
761,014
804,125
859,284
944,992
1,002,967
1,066,892
$
844,762
913,841
936,458
985,031
994,647
1,073,720
1,040,805
1,119,332
1,166,818
1,225,449
1,275,675
1,334,561
1,439,744
1,510.079
1,593^26
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
NEW BRUNSWICK.
1901
163,225
162,227
160,825
156,982
159,741
160,957
160,553
182,453
190,854
195,363
196,082
196,958
196,320
195,261
200,635
90,492
92,095
94,969
94,835
91,947
91,718
91,429
91,620
91,235
90,454
90,193
93,783
97,404
96,946
97,423
346,623
341,475
374,196
380,000
387,200
No r
Nor
494,947
539,002
580,069
593,073
632,384
648,479
704,476
761,753
600,340
595,797
629,990
631,817
638,988
ecord
ecord
769,020
821,091
865,886
879,348
923,125
942,203
996,683
1,059,811
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
QUEBEC.
Year.
Government Grants to
Local Expenditure for
Total.
Elementary
Schools.
Other
Schools.
Elementary
Schools.
Superior
Schools.
1901.
235,000
235,000
235,000
235,000
235,000
285,000
285,000
335,000
386,000
418,000
462,572
532,000
658,823
658,306
662,097
218,950
325,450
248,964
234,280
245,760
251,150
334,850
348,350
451,450
490,391
602,657
670,029
752,593
1,065,803
1,120,320
1,688,743
1,770,906
1,935,113
2,005,542
2,199,371
2,374,657
2,532,900
2,870,244
3,031,072
3,494,499
3,702,297
4,188,225
4,188,225
5,797,799
1,311,061
1,280,203
1,298,961
1,341,573
1,404,387
1,427,745
1,517,841
1,595,293
1,649,344
1,807,640
2,026,807
2,024,215
2,024,215
1,375,080
3,453,754
3,611,559
3,718,038
3,816,395
4,084,518
4,338,552
4,670,591
5,148,887
5,517,866
6,210,530
6,794,333
7,414,469
7,623,856
8,896,988
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
128
EDUCATION.
5. Expenditure for Public Education in Canada by Provinces, 1901-1915 con.
ONTARIO (Elementary Schools).
Year.
Receipts.
Total
Expenditure,
Government
Grants.
Local
Assessments.
Clergy Re
serve Fund
and other
sources.
Total.
1901.
$
377,308
383,666
390,156
405,362
414,004
509,795
655,239
770,426
810,595
805,635
892,377
842,278
778,150
760,845
849.872
$
3,784,070
3,959,912
4,263,983
4,464,227
4,928,790
5,529,496
6,146,825
6,581,232
6,574,372
7,334,458
7,826,083
9,478,887
9,856,380
12,608,865
11.810.023
$
1,468,678
1,422,924
1,406,957
1,600,982
1,886,400
1,883,394
2,455,864
2,620,523
3,013,501
3,573,507
3,778,183
3,936,887
4,025,284
4,069,565
4.089.210
$
5,630,056
5,766,502
6,061,006
6,470,571
7,229,194
7,922,685
9,257,928
9,972,181
10,398,468
11,713,600
12,496,643
14,258,052
14,659,814
17,439,275
16.749.105
$
4,720,310
4,825,160
5,077,869
5,459,493
6,161,236
6,403,206
7,556,179
7,943,826
8,141,423
9,343,102
9,904,284
11,273,960
12,325,907
14,850,968
14.267.476
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912 .
1913
1914
1915.
MANITOBA.
Year.
Receipts.
Expenditure.
Govern
ment
Grants.
Local
Assess
ments.
Total.
Teachers
Salaries.
Build
ings,
etc.
Fuel,
Repairs,
etc.
Total.
1901
$
175,933
181,098
191,991
176,297
214,796
208,787
242,383
267,645
282,200
296,115
325,410
351,745
390,582
468,335
$
653,359
611,312
796,065
894,570
951,911
1,087,821
1,223,336
1,475,473
1,539,047
1,682,238
1,847,380
2,198,459
2,673,449
3,047,670
$
1,310,805
1,526,171
1,588,954
1,894,953
2,277,855
2,358,888
2,840,694
3,342,033
3,478,729
4,184,768
5,241,808
5,013,566
7,674,549
7,916,139
$
582,325
625,829
697,996
785,100
840,354
910,086
1,009,224
1,103,990
1,203,232
1,327,010
1,452,630
1,734,854
1,861,809
2,066,440
$
148,987
180,979
214,481
259,893
412,206
409,266
460,260
582,034
641,900
830,432
1,199,288
1,420,882
1,426,758
1,358,533
$
101,762
109,866
128,310
134,907
140,860
152,473
206,179
216,709
213,342
235,934
277,034
232,140
388,934
489,367
$
1,272,617
1,455,051
1,509,276=
1,786,311
2,170,207
2,249,558
2,729,917
3,229,767
3,337,500
4,000,671
5,023,891
5,036,795
6,079,720
7,116,898
1902
1903
1901
1905
1906
1907 . .
1908
1909.. .
1910
1911
1912 1
1913...
1914
1915
J Owing to change of year, no figures were published for 1912.
129
EDUCATION STATISTICS OF CANADA.
5. Expenditure for Public Education in Canada by Provinces, 1901-1915 concluded.
SASKATCHEWAN.
Year.
Receipts.
Expend
iture.
Govern
ment
Grants.
Local
Assess
ments.
Proceeds
of Deben
tures.
Borrowed
by Note.
Total.
1906
$
174,218
218,385
402,028
513,604
557,299
555,438
622,088
722,002
867,590
$
602,624
707,835
992,157
1,249,192
1,369,531
1,519,528
1,929,345
2,913,135
4,451,326
$
360,206
507,006
651,828
584,873
524,741
659,270
1,430,603
2,075,375
1,037,587
$
298,686
474,324
507,522
667,549
921,841
1,204,322
1,936,450
2,470,834
2,002,997
$
1,465,361
1,957,472
2,783,153
3,192,271
3,672,582
4,029,792
6,030,613
8,360,421
8,536,577
$
1,448,915
2,000,675
2,679,373
3,032,999
3,655,428
3,989,036
5,931,844
8,327,178
8,588.462
1907
1908 ,
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
ALBERTA.
Year.
Receipts.
Expend
iture.
Govern
ment
Grants.
Local
Assess
ments.
Proceeds
of Deben
tures.
Borrowed
by Note.
Total.
1906.
$
142,836
197,768
220,712
307,186
301,239
432,877
414,116
461,289
507,682
540,235
$
416,344
544,716
917,515
961,959
1,278,013
1,575,412
1,793,480
2,901,214
3,028,776
3,733,323
$
297,158
442,431
764,069
992,516
673,333
1,481,173
1,491,498
3,497,863
966,350
951,205
$
292,786
431,561
539,939
535,896
848,625
1,461,208
2,665,063
1,959,495
2,771,380
2,473,976
$
1,289,921
1,776,700
2,548,617
3,031,997
3,187,365
5,071,033
6,626,918
9,048,511
7,553,512
7,698,739.
$
1,259,107
1,793,953
2,393,682
2,735,858
3,362,394
5,025,773
6,667,282
8,684,186
7,834,891
7,965,470
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915 .
BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Year.
Provincial
Govern
ment.
Cities,
Municipal
ities,
Rural and
Assisted
Schools.
Total.
Year.
Provincial
Govern
ments.
Cities,
Municipal
ities,
Rural and
Assisted
Schools.
Total.
1901.
$
350,532
$
182 160
$
532 692
1909
$
626,074
$
921,626
$
1,547,700
1902
438 086
150 482
588 568
1910
818 576
1,098 660
1 917 236
1903
473,802
130 556
604 358
1911
1,001,808
1,639,714
2,641,522
1904. . . .
453 313
144 451
597 764
1912
1 151 715
2 730 773
3 882 488
1905
479,158
249 891
729 049
1913
1,663,003
2,995,892
4,658,895
1906
444,543
244,198
688,741
1914 .
1,885,654
2,749,223
4,634,877
1907
474,608
390 163
864 771
1915
1,607,651
2,309,795
3,917,446
1908
544,672
675,838
1,220,510
130
EDUCATION.
Higher Education in Canada. Higher education in Canada is
provided for by a number of universities and colleges, statistical partic
ulars respecting which are summarized in Tables 6-11 from information
furnished by each of the institutions mentioned. Of the universities,
Toronto and McGill (Montreal) are the largest, and with Queen s
University (Kingston, Ont.) take national rank. The oldest university
in Canada, viz., King s College, Windsor, Nova Scotia, dates from 1789,
and claims to be also the oldest university in His Majesty s Overseas
Dominions. Several of the universities are affiliated to the older
universities of the Mother Country, viz., Oxford, Cambridge and
Dublin, whilst some of the smaller Canadian universities, as well as most
of the colleges, are affiliated to either Toronto or McGill. In the West,
provincial universities have been established for Manitoba at Winnipeg
(1877), Saskatchewan at Saskatoon (1907), Alberta at Edmonton
(1906) and British Columbia at Vancouver (1907).
Some of the universities and colleges are under the control of
religious denominations as follows:
. " %,
Anglican or Church of England in Canada.
King s College, Windsor, N.S.; University of Bishop s College,
Lennoxville, Quebec; University of Trinity College, Toronto; Wycliffe
College, Toronto; and Emmanuel College, Saskatoon.
Roman Catholic Church,
University of St. Francis Xavier s College, Antigonish, N.S.; Laval
University, Quebec; Laval University, Montreal; University of Ottawa;
St. Michael s College, Toronto.
Other Denominations.
Knox College, Toronto (Presbyterian) ; Mount Allison University,
Sackville, N.B.; Victoria University, Toronto; and Wesley College,
Winnipeg (Methodist) ; Acadian University, Wolfville, N.S.; McMaster
University, Toronto; and Woodstock College, Woodstock, Ontario
(Baptist).
For the 22 universities comprised in Table 7 the total teaching
staff numbers 1,646, including 58 females, and the number of students
is 16,545, of whom 3,744 are females.
The total value of the endowments for 15 of the universities in
Table 8 amounts to $18,492,407, and for 17 of the universities the total
value of property in land and buildings amounts to $25,918,245. It is
apparent, however, that in furnishing the information requested, the
line was not very clearly drawn between endowments and other property
(land and buildings). In some cases the same figures appear to have
been furnished under both headings. For 19 of the universities the
total income amounts to $3,785,580, of which $769,537 are derived from
investments, $1,333,786 from government grants, $860,976 from fees
and $564,231 from other sources. The total expenditure of the same
universities amounts to $3,603,565.
131
UNIVERSITIES OF CANADA.
6. Universities of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees.
Dal
:e of
Name and Address
Affiliation.
Faculties.
Degrees.
Original
Present
Founda
Charter.
tion.
University of
1789
1802
Oxford.
Arts, Law,
B.A.,M.A.,B.Eng.,
King s College,
Science, Div
M.Eng., B.Sc.,
Windsor, N.S.
inity.
D. Sc., M.Sc.,
B.C.L., D.C.L.,
B.D., D.D.
Dalhousie Univer
1818
1863
Non-sectar
Arts, Science,
B.A., M.A., D.Sc.,
sity, Halifax, N.S.
ian.
Law, Medicine
M.Sc., B.Mus.,
and Dentistry.
Phm.B., LL.B.,
M.D., C.M.,
D.D.S., LL.D.
(Hon.).
Acadia University,
1838
1891
Oxford, Dal-
Divinity, Law,
B.A., B.Sc., B.Th.
Wolfville, N.S.
Amended
housieLaw
Science, Liter
and M.A.
1905
School and
ature.
McGill.
University of St.
1855
1909
Roman
Arts, Science,
B.A., M.A., B.Sc.
Francis Xavier,
Catholic.
Engineering,
Antigonish, N.S.
Law.
University of New
1800
1859
Arts, Science,
B.A., M.A., B.Sc.,
Brunswick, Fre-
Partial Course
D.Sc.
dericton, N.B.
in Law.
Mount Allison Uni
1858
1886-1913
Methodist.
Arts, Theology,
B.A., M.A.
versity, Sack-
Engineering.
ville, N.B.
McGill University,
1821
1851
_ _
Arts, Applied
B.A.,M.A.,B.C.L.,
Montreal, Que.
Science, Law,
D.C.L., LL.D.,
Medicine, Agri
B.Sc., D.Sc.,
culture.
D.D.S., M.Sc.,
B.Mus., D.Mus.,
.
B.Arch., M.D.,
D.Litt., Ph.D.
University of Bish
1843
1853
Oxford and
Arts, Divinity,
B.A., M.A., B.D.,
op s College, Len-
Cambridge.
Medicine and
D.D., D.C.L.,
noxville, Que.
Anglican.
Law.
Mus.Bac., Mus.
Doc., L.S.T.
Laval University,
1852
1852
Roman
Theology, Law,
Bachelor, Licen-
Quebec, Que.
Catholic.
Medicine, Arts.
ciate, Doctor.
Laval University,
1878
1852
Roman
Theology, Law,
Bachelor, Licen-
Montreal, Que.
Catholic.
Medicine, Arts.
ciate, Doctor.
University of Tor
1827
Act
Oxford, Cam
Arts, Medicine,
B.A., M.A. .Ph.D.,
onto, Toronto,
1906
bridge and
Science, Engi
LL.B., LL.M.,
Ont.
Dublin.
neering, Agri
LL.D., Mus.Bac.,
culture, For
Mus. Doc., M.B.,
estry.
M.D., B.A. Sc.,
M.Sc.,C.E.,E.E.,
M.E., B. Pad.,
D. Peed., B.S.A.,
B.Sc. (Agr.),
B. Sc.F., F. E.,
D.D.S., Phm.B.,
B.V.Sc., D.V.Sc.
132
EDUCATION.
6. Universities of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees-
concluded.
s
Dai
e of
Name and Address
Original
Founda
tion.
Present
Charter .
Affiliation.
Faculties.
Degrees.
Victoria Univer
sity, Toronto,
University of Trin
ity College, Tor
onto, Ont.
Western Univer
sity, London,
Ont.
1836
1851
1878
1836
1852
1908
Toronto.
Toronto.
Non-sectar
ian.
Arts and Theo
logy.
Arts and Divin
ity.
Arts, Medicine
and Public
Health.
B.D., D.D.
L.Th., B.D., D.D.
B.A., M.A., M.D.,
LL.D., D.Sc.
Queen s Univer
sity, Kingston,
Ont.
1841
1841
Arts, Science,
Medicine, Edu
cation.
B.A.,M.A., B.Sc.,
D.Sc., M.Sc.,
M.D., C.M.,
Ph.D., B. Peed.,
D. Paid.
University of Ot
tawa, Ottawa,
Ont.
1849
1866
Roman
Catholic.
Theology, Phi
losophy, Law,
Arts and Com
mercial.
LL.D., D.D.,
B.Ph.,D.Ph.,
B.A.,M.A.
McMaster Univer
sity, Toronto,
Ont.
1857
1887
Baptist.
Arts, Theology,
i
B.A., M.A., B.Sc,,
B.Sc. (Agr.),
B.Th., B.D.
University of Man
itoba, Winnipeg,
Man.
1877
1877
Arts, Science,
Law,Medicipy,
Engineering
B.A., M.A., B.Sc.,
M.D., C.M.,
B.C.E., B.E.E.,
Architecture,
Pharmacy, Ag
riculture.
M.C.E., N.E.E.,
B.M.E., B.Arch.,
Phm.B., B.S.A.
University of Sas
katchewan, Sas
katoon, Sask. .
1907
1907
Arts, Science,
Law, Agricul
ture, Engineer
ing, Pharmacy.
B.A.,B.Sc.,B.S.A.,
B.E., LL.B.,
M.A.
EmmanuelCollege,
Saskatoon, Sask.
1879
1883
University
of Saskat
chewan.
Divinity.
L.Th., B.D., D.D.
University of Al
berta, Edmonton,
Alta.
1906
1907
McGill and
Toronto.
Arts, Science,
Applied Science
Agriculture,
Law.
B.A., B.Sc., M.A.,
M.Sc., LL.B.,
Phm.B., B.D.,
LL.D.
University of
British Colum
bia, Vancouver.
B.C.
1907
1908
Arts, Applied
Science and
Agriculture.
B.A.
133
UNIVERSITIES OF CANADA.
7. Universities of Canada: Number of Teaching Staff and Students.
Name and Address.
Number of Teaching
Staff.
Number of Students.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
University of King s College,
Windsor, N.S
11
73
18
20
13
23
240
9
70
267
386
27
17
105
55
45
21
46
52
4
49
37
1
6
20
15
1
3
3
1
5
2
1
11
73
19
20
13
23
246
9
70
287
401
28
20
105
58
45
21
47
57
4
51
38
75
248
137
180
90
158
1,110
42
368
2,411
2,968
497
49
1,653
122
750
209
752
353
40
361
228
10
91
72
40
22
75
223
10
604
1,460
188
50
356
70
59
153
53
57
151
85
339
209
220
112
233
1,333
52
368
3,015
4,428
685
99
2,009
192
750
268
905
406
40
418
379
Dalhousie University, Hali
fax, N.S
Acadia University, Wolfville,
N.S...
University of St. Francis
Xavier, Antigonish, N.S. . .
University of New Brans-
wick, Fredericton, N.B. . .
Mount Allison University,
Sackville, N.B
McGill University,Montreal,
Que. .
University of Bishop s Col
lege, Lennoxville, Que
Laval University, Quebec,
Que.
Laval University, Montreal,
Que
University of Toronto, Tor
onto, Ont
VictoriaUniversity, Toronto,
Ont .
University of TrinityCollege,
Toronto, Ont
Queen s University, Kings
ton, Ont
Western University, London,
Ont
University of Ottawa, Ot
tawa, Ont
McMaster University, Tor
onto, Ont.
University of Manitoba, Win
nipeg, Man
University of Saskatchewan,
Saskatoon, Sask
University of Emmanuel Col
lege, Saskatoon, Sask
University of Alberta, Ed
monton, Alta
University of British Col
umbia, Vancouver, B.C... .
134
EDUCATION.
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135
COLLEGES OF CANADA.
9. Colleges of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees.
Name and Address
Date of
Affiliation.
Faculties.
Degrees.
Original
Founda
tion.
Present
Charter.
Macdonald College
1907
McGill Uni
Agriculture.
B.S.A.
Ste-Anne de
versity.
Bellevue, Que.
Wycliffe College,
1877
1916
University
Divinity.
Theology.
Toronto, Ont.
of Toronto.
Knox College,
1844
University
Theology.
B.D., D.D.
Toronto, Ont.
ofToronto.
Ontario Agricul
1873
1873
University
Agriculture,
B.S.A.
tural College,
ofToronto.
Household ,
Guelph, Ont.
Science.
Ontario College of
1912
1912
Diploma.
Art l , Toronto,
Ont.
Ontario College of
1871
1884
University
Pharmacy.
2
Pharmacy, Tor
ofToronto.
onto, Ont.
Royal College of
1868
1911 3
University
Dentistry.
L.D.S. 4
Dental Surgeons
ofToronto.
of Ontario, Tor
onto, Ont.
Wesley College,
1877
1877
University
Arts, Theology,
B.D., D.D. 5
Winnipeg, Man.
of Mani
Matriculation .
toba.
i
Woodstock College
1857
1887
Baptist.
-
Woodstock, Ont.
Succeeding Ontario School of Art founded in 1876.
The University of Toronto grants the degree Phm.B.
4 The degree of D.D.S. by University of Toronto.
5 The degree B.A. by the University of Manitoba.
3 Last Revision.
10. Colleges of Canada: Number of Teaching Staff and Students.
Xame and Address.
Number of Teaching
Staff.
Number of Students.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Macdonald College, Ste-
Anne de Bellevue, Que. . . .
Wycliffe College, Toronto,
Ont
40
9
10
45
6
5
30
16
9
20
1
/
10
4
2
60
10.
10
55
10
5
30
18
. 9
156
100
130
868
50
75
320
214
86
313
32
316
350
3
2
63
469
100
162
1,184
400
78
322
277
86
Knox College, Toronto, Ont.
Ontario Agricultural College,
Guelph, Ont
Ontario College of Art, Tor
onto, Ont
Ontario College of Pharmacy,
Toronto, Ont
Royal College of Dental Sur-
3ons of Ontario, Toronto,
nt
Wesley College, Winnipeg,
Man
Woodstock College, Wood
stock, Ont
136
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120
pRECIPITATlo N
DURING
APRIL TO AUGUST
INCLUSIVE
1915.
115
8 K A
110
105
90 85 80 75 70 65 - 60
7O C
9O
65 (
137
V. CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY.
THE WEATHER OF CANADA DURING THE YEAR 1915.
From the Monthly Weather Map of the Dominion Meteorological Service, Toronto.
JANUARY.
Temperature. The mean temperature of the month was above the normal
over the whole of the Dominion, except in the peninsula of Ontario, where the neg
ative departure was from one to three degrees. The greatest positive depart
ures were from four to six degrees in some sections of Saskatchewan and Alberta,
also in Quebec and New Brunswick. From Lake Superior westward to the moun
tains, the precipitation was very light, and, with a few local exceptions, considerably
below normal. From the Great Lakes eastward, departures from average were
not as a rule pronounced, and were in some parts a little in excess, and at others
there was a deficiency.
Precipitation. Perhaps the most notable feature was the unusually heavy snow
fall in the Ontario peninsula. From Port Arthur westward to the Rocky mountains
the depth of snow on the ground at the close of the month ranged between four and
eight inches, while over the greater part of Ontario it was from 10 inches to two
feet in depth. In Quebec and northern New Brunswick the depth was from seven to
18 inches, and in southern New Brunswick and Nova Scotia the covering was not
more than one or two inches.
FEBRUARY.
Temperature. The mean temperature of the month was considerably above
the normal in all parts of the Dominion. From Lake Superior westward to the
Rockies the positive departures, with the exception of northern Alberta, ranged
between 10 and 17 degrees. In the vicinity of Edmonton and in British Columbia,
the excess was from three to four degrees, and from the Great Lakes to the Maritime
provinces from two to eight degrees.
Precipitation. In British Columbia and over the greater part of the western
provinces the precipitation was considerably below the normal, and in man> sections
of the prairies it was extremely light. In Ontario and Quebec departures from
average were nowhere large, and were positive in some localities and negative in
others. In the Maritime provinces, while the total amount was not particularly
light, it was below the average in nearly all districts. In the western provinces,
while bare ground was visible in some places at the close of the month, most of the
country had a thin covering of snow, and in southern Alberta a depth of 10 to 12
inches was reported, with a crusted surface in some sections. In southern Ontario
the fields were practically bare and only drifts remained; but in the eastern part of
the province there was a covering in most places of two to eight inches. In the
Georgian bay region and northern districts, however, the snow ranged from six
inches to two feet in depth. In Quebec the depth was from one inch to eight inches
in the western part of the province, and from 14 to 36 inches farther east. Snow was
fairly deep in the interior of New Brunwick, but in the southern part of that province
and in Nova Scotia the ground was practically bare.
MARCH.
Temperature. The mean temperature was considerably above average in the
western provinces, and particularly so in the more northern districts, where in
Saskatchewan and Alberta the positive departure exceeded 10 degrees. From Lake
Huron eastward the departures from average were quite small, with a tendency
towards being positive in the more northern parts, and negative in the south.
Precipitation. There was a marked deficiency of precipitation in all parts of
the Dominion, except Cape Breton and apparently the north Pacific coast, and most
of that which occurred was in the form of snow, except at low levels in British
Columbia. At the close of the month, in the northern districts of British Columbia
and on the higher levels throughout the province, there was considerable snow
on the ground, while the valleys in the southern part of the province were bare the
greater part of the month. The western provinces were quite bare of snow, as
were also southern and eastern Ontario, and the greater portion of the Maritime
provinces. In New Ontario and in northern and eastern Quebec, the snow was still
quite deep, and in northern New Brunswick there was a covering of several inches.
138
CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY.
APRIL.
Temperature. The mean temperature of April was higher than the average
throughout the Dominion, except in the southern parts of the Maritime provinces.
The widest positive departure occurred in the western provinces, where in Saskat
chewan it was 12 degrees, and in Manitoba 10 degrees, whence eastward it dimin
ished to between five degrees and eight degrees in Ontario, and to one degree in
northern New Brunswick, and to degree or one degree negative in more
southern portions of the Maritime provinces. In British Columbia a positive
departure of seven degrees in the upper mainland diminished to about one degree
near the coast.
Precipitation. The precipitation was leste than average in nearly all parts of
the Dominion, except New Brunswick, central Nova Scotia and the more northern
districts of Alberta and Saskatchewan. The deficiency was greatest in the west,
between Swift Current and Medicine Hat, where there was neither rain nor snow,
and the largest excess occurred in the Maritime provinces between St. John and
Halifax; on the 29th rain began in the latter district and continued to the end of the
month.
MAY.
Temperature. The temperature was a little above the average from the
Pacific coast to the eastern limit of the province of Manitoba, and below the average
from Ontario to the Maritime provinces, the deficiency being well marked every
where. The chief positive departures were two degrees at Barkerville, Medicine
Hat, Battleford and Prince Albert, and the chief negative departures four degrees
at White River, Ottawa, Father Point, Chatham, N.B., and Charlottetown, and
three degrees at Southampton, Port Stanley, Kingston and Montreal.
Precipitation. In British Columbia, in Cariboo, the precipitation exceeded the
usual amount, elsewhere it did not differ much from the average quantity. In
the western provinces, in nearly all portions of Saskatchewan, also in the extreme
southern part of Alberta, it was well above the normal, but in Alberta, from Calgary
northward and over Manitoba, there was quite a deficiency generally. Throughout
Ontario and in the western part of Quebec, the precipitation was light and much
below the average, whereas in eastern Quebec and the Maritime provinces it was
heavy and much above the average.
JUNE.
Temperature. The mean temperature of the month was below the normal over
the greater part of the Dominion, the only exceptions being some southern sections
of British Columbia and a few counties in the eastern portion of Quebec where the
normal was slightly exceeded. Negative departures in many places were fairly
pronounced, amounting to about six degrees in Manitoba, and ranging between one
and four degrees in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ontario and the eastern districts of the
Maritime provinces.
Precipitation. The outstanding feature of the precipitation during June was
an excessive rainfall in Alberta, and a marked deficiency in the St. Lawrence valley
&nd some small districts in Ontario near the west end of lake Ontario. In other
parts of the Dominion, departures from the normal amounts were not great.
JULY.
Temperature. The temperature was below the average in all portions of the
Dominion, except a few isolated localities in Ontario and Quebec, where the normal
was just maintained. In many portions of the country the negative departure was
pronounced; this was especially the case over the western provinces, and in the ex
treme eastern portions of the Maritime provinces, the amount varying from three
to eight degrees in the former, and from three to seven degrees in the latter districts.
Precipitation. The rainfall in British Columbia was much above the average
amount in Cariboo and inland locally, but less than the usual quantity elsewhere.
In Alberta and Saskatchewan it was above the average almost everywhere, the
excess in central and southern Alberta equalling one-third to one-half more than the
general fall. In the vicinity of Battleford it was also one-third more than usual. In
Manitoba the fall was average in the western, but only about half the normal in the
eastern portion. In Ontario it was well below the average, except in the Peninsula,
where it was above, strikingly so at Toronto. Quebec was mostly dry, being from
139
WEATHER OF CANADA DURING 1915.
two to three inches below the normal over the larger portion of the province. In
the Maritime provinces heavy rainfalls were recorded from Chatham to St. John,
including the Fredericton valley, the excess being 2.1 inches at Chatham, 1.6 inch
at St. John, and 1.5 inch at Fredericton. However, in the provinces generally, the
precipitation did not attain to the usual normal quantity, and Yarmouth recorded
a deficit of 2.6 inches.
AUGUST.
Temperature. The temperature was above the average from the British
Columbia coast line to the western portion of Lake Superior; elsewhere in the Domi
nion it was below the average, except in a small portion of Quebec and the Maritime
provinces, where it was from the average to one degree above. The chief positive
departures were eight degrees at Medicine Hat, seven at Edmonton, six at Battle-
ford, and five at Calgary and Vancouver, and the chief negative departures were
three degrees at White River, Southampton and Ottawa.
Precipitation. The rainfall for August was remarkable for the excessive amount
which fell over all portions of Ontario, except in very far northern districts. The
fall varied from five to nearly 10 inches, the record being broken in many localities.
On the other hand, outside of a rainfall much above the average quantity on the
south and east coasts of Nova Scotia, and with an amount slightly above the normal
at a few isolated places in Quebec, northern Alberta and the interior of British
Columbia, the rainfall was everywhere deficient, especially in the western provinces,
where the negative departure varied from one inch to over two inches.
SEPTEMBER.
Temperature. The mean temperature of the month was below average from
Lake Superior to the Pacific, by from one degree to four degrees, and it was above
average from Lake Huron to the Maritime provinces by approximately the same
amount. The extremes were quite pronounced in all the provinces, except British
Columbia, there having been several days with temperatures between 80 and 90
degrees, and one or more days with unusually low temperatures and early morning
frosts.
Precipitation. The rainfall was considerably in excess of the average in south
ern Alberta, southeastern Saskatchewan, over the greater part of Manitoba, and
in western and northwestern Ontario, and in all these districts rain fell on an un
usually large number of days, with the maximum number in southern Manitoba.
In Quebec, exclusive of the Ottawa valley, and in northern New Brunswick the rain
fall was also excessive, but this was due to the large fall accompanying the storm of
the 26th, rather than to wet days, which were not unusually numerous. In other
parts of the Dominion, including all British Columbia, northern Alberta and west
ern Saskatchewan, eastern Ontario and nearly all parts of the Maritime provinces,
the rainfall was less than the average amount.
OCTOBER.
Temperature. The mean temperature of the month was above average in all
parts of the Dominion, exclusive of the British Columbia coast line and the extreme
southwestern portion of Nova Scotia; also perhaps in far northern Manitoba and
Patricia. The largest positive departures from normal were from three degrees to
four degrees in eastern Ontario and Quebec, and about six degrees in the southern
parts of Alberta and Saskatchewan.
Precipitation. The rainfall was less than average throughout the western
provinces and in the more southern and eastern portion of Ontario; also in the
central portions of the Maritime provinces. Over British Columbia generally
there was a marked excess of the average, except in the normally dry belts. In
northern Ontario and over the larger part of Quebec and in southern Nova Scotia,
the rainfall was slightly in excess of the average.
NOVEMBER.
Temperature. The mean temperature of the month was above normal over the
Dominion generally, but in northern Alberta and in some sections of Manitoba it
was above average, and over the greater portion of British Columbia it was from
140
CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY.
one degree to seven degrees below. Positive departures of- three degrees to four
degrees were recorded m southern Alberta, and of two degrees to five degrees from
Lake Superior eastward.
Precipitation. The precipitation was below the normal over the larger portion
of the Dominion. On the coast of British Columbia, however, the total fall ranged
from 4. 5 inches at Victoria to nearly 12 inches at Prince Rupert, and over the
greater part of Nova Scotia it was also quite heavy, amounting to 6.6 inches at
Halifax, and 8.4 inches at Sydney, which is considerably more than the normal for
that district. In the Prairie provinces the comparatively light fall was mostly
in the form of snow, but from the Great Lakes eastward, while rain constituted the
greater portion of the precipitation, snow in varying quantities was recorded in
nearly all sections. In southern British Columbia and along the coast there was
little or no snow on the ground at the close of the month, but in some interior dis
tricts in the northern portion of the province there was a depth of 10 inches. In
southern Alberta the ground was bare, while over Saskatchewan and Manitoba,
the depth varied between one and eight inches. In the northern districts of Ontario
and Quebec there was a depth of one to six inches, and in the counties contiguous to
lake Huron there was also a thin covering. Over the greater portion of southern
and eastern Ontario, and southern Quebec, however, the ground was bare. In
New Brunswick the snow that, had fallen had disappeared before the 30th, while in
Nova Scotia little or none fell during the month.
DECEMBER.
Temperature. The mean temperature of December was above average in all
parts of the Dominion, excepting southwestern Ontario, and the larger part of
British Columbia. The widest positive departures occurred in Quebec and New
Brunswick, in many parts of which provinces the excess was between six degrees and
nine degrees, while in Alberta and western Saskatchewan the excess was from four
degrees to six degrees. The negative departures ranged between one and three
degrees in the peninsula of Ontario, and were about the same in northern British
Columbia.
Precipitation. At the close of the month the ground was covered with snow
in nearly all parts of the Dominion. In British Columbia, on the mainland, the
depth ranged from one inch in the vicinity of Vancouver to two feet in the northern
interior districts. There was little or no snow in some southern sections of Alberta,
and throughout that province the covering was quite light, but farther eastward
the depth increased to 10 or 14 inches in southeastern Saskatchewan and Manitoba.
In Ontario there was a depth of nearly two feet in some districts in the northern
part of the province, but farther southward this gradually diminished to a few
inches near Lakes Erie and Ontario. The province of Quebec had a covering of
from seven to twenty inches, while in the Maritime provinces there was a depth of
only one to five inches. There were no pronounced differences from the normal
precipitation in any of the provinces.
TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION.
TEMPERATURE. -At the Stations of the Dominion Meteorological Service the
highest and lowest temperature in each 24 hours, termed respectively the maximum
and the minimum, are recorded by self-registering thermometers. For any
month the sum of the daily maxima, divided by the number of days of the month,
is the mean maximum temperature of that month. The mean minimum temper
ature is obtained in a similar manner. The half-sum of the mean maximum and
the mean minimum is called the mean temperature. The averages of these results
for any particular month over a period of years are the average means for that
period and are used as normal means or temperatures of reference. The highest
and lowest temperatures recorded during the whole period of years are termed
the extreme maximum and extreme minimum respectively. These latter figures
are of course to be regarded as extraordinary, the more unlikely to recur the longer
the period from which they have been derived. Temperatures below zero have
the minus sign ( ) prefixed.
PRECIPITATION. Under the collective term "precipitation is included all
moisture which has been precipitated from the atmosphere upon the earth: rain,
141
TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION
1. Temperature of the year 1915 at Representative Stations, compared with
Normal Annual Averages for the period 1888 to 1907.
Station.
Degrees of temperature, F.
Hours of
sunshine.
Mean
win
ter.
Mean
sum
mer.
Low
est
in
year.
High-
est
in
year.
Mean
an
nual.
Nor
mal
annual
(1888-
1907).
1915.
Nor
mal
annual
(1888-
1907).
British Columbia
Victoria
43.5
41.9
33.7
25.3
18.9
13.8
10.4
14.8
11.5
12.4
18.6
10.0
20.9
23.4
26.8
25.0
17.3
20.6
22.3
19.7
21.2
19.4
22.7
23.5
26.8
30.5
29.0
28.6
25.7
59.9
63.6
67.8
59.4
59.3
62.8
58.6
59.1
58.8
62.0
58.4
54.4
63.1
61.1
65.6
64.8
62.7
64.7
67.2
64.2
64.1
56.1
63.0
62.7
59.2
59.0
61.3
58.6
61.2
27
23
o
24
24
38
-42
-42
-41
37
34
56
22
o
1
24
35
24
13
22
31
20
24
29
10
2
11
9
jg
88
89
95
88
87
95
86
95
90
93
89
86
87
87
87
85
90
88
90
87
88
85
88
86
80
77
87
83
82
50.8
51.4
49.4
41.8
39.2
38.6
34.8
37.6
36.1
38.5
39.0
33.7
42.8
43.5
46.8
45.4
41.0
43.6
44.9
41.5
42.8
37.4
42.1
42.8
42.9
44.4
45.0
43.5
42.8
50.3
49.1
47.7
37.4
36.7
34.4
32.1
34.5
34.1
34.9
35.7
32.3
41.3
43.8
45.5
43.7
38.5
43.0
42.3
38.7
35.1
40.3
40.5
41.6
40.2
44.3
42.4
40.2
1,964
1,644
1,996
2,205
2,236
2,203
2,001
2,090
2,056
2,126
2,043
1,713
1,758
1,729
1,489
1,822
1,815
1,868
2,101
2,178
2,048
1,989
1,874
1,805
1,762
1,978
1,896
Vancouver
Kamloops
Alberta
Calgary .
Edmonton
Saskatchewan
Battleford
Prince Albert
Qu Appelle
Manitoba
Minnedosa
Winnipeg. ,
Ontario
Port Arthur
White River
Parry Sound
Southampton . . . . ~
Toronto
Kingston
Stonecliff
Ottawa
Quebec
Montreal
Quebec
Sherbrooke
Father Point
New Brunswick
Chatham
Fredericton
St. John
Nova Scotia-
Yarmouth
Halifax
Sydney. .
Prince Edward Island
Charlottetown
snow, hail, sleet, etc. The amount of moisture is conveniently measured by deter
mining the depth to which it has accumulated upon an impervious surface, and is
always expressed in inches of depth. The total depth of snow is tabulated sepa
rately, but is added to the depth of rain after division by ten. An extended series
142
CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY.
2. Precipitation of the year 1915 at Representative Stations, compared with
Normal Annual Averages for the period 1888 to 1907.
Precipitation in inches.
Station.
1915.
Normal (1888-1907).
Rain.
Snow.
Total.
Ram.
Snow.
Total.
British Columbia
Victoria
21.71
49.63
9.81
16.31
16.09
8.07
9.17
14.68
12.74
12.66
22.82
19.94
23.47
22.89
28.33
22.95
16.44
26.84
22.65
25.36
29.97
25.01
39.02
36.70
41.93
34.30
56.76
38.88
31.60
0.2
3.0
23.9
15.4
52.5
6.2
24.5
39.9
28.2
43.1
26.1
63.1
69.5
102.4
64.1
29.8
51.8
74.9
65.8
74.2
48.8
88.8
97.9
48.1
44.6
29.7
61.0
71.5
68.7
21.73
49.93
12.20
17.85
18.64
8.69
11.62
18.67
15.56
16.97
25.43
26.25
30.42
33.13
34.74
25.93
21.62
34.33
29.23
32.78
34.85
33.89
48.81
41.51
31.41
57.88
8.00
11.70
14.18
11.05
11.62
13.44
12.79
15.62
19.01
17.36
29.38
21.64
25.28
24.01
21.69
24.70
29.37
27.17
23.21
27.65
33.73
36.68
42.46
49.43
41.10
29.97
11.6
23.2
26.2
46.0
40.2
27.4
49.8
54.0
45.7
51.9
44.5
93.5
115.6
116.0
61.0
74.8
82.6
87.0
122.7
132.9
109.6
119.9
104.6
84.3
84.2
76.7
92.8
101.8
32.57
60.20
10.62
16.30
18.20
13.79
16.60
18.84
17.36
20.81
23.46
26.71
40.94
33.24
31.38
31.49
29.95
33.40
41.64
40.46
34.17
39.64
44.19
45.11
50.88
57.10
50.38
40.15
Vancouver
-Kamloops
Alberta
Calgary
Edmonton
S askat ch e wan
Battleford
Prince Albert
Qu Appelle .
Manitoba
Minnedosa
Winnipeg
Onta rio
Port Arthur
White River
Parry Sound
Southampton
Toronto
Kingston ...........
Stonecliff
Ottawa
Quebec
Montreal
Quebec
Sherbrooke .
Father Point
New Brunswick
Chatham
Fredericton
St John
46.39
37.27
62.86
46.03
38.47
Nova Scotia
Yarmouth
Halifax
Sydney
Prince Edward Island
Charlottetown
of experiments in melting and measuring snow having been collated, the rule was
deduced that a given fall of snow will, in melting, dimmish on the average to one-
tenth of its original depth. This rule is used in practice. > All solid forms of
precipitation other than snow are included in the tables as ram.
143
VI. PRODUCTION.
In this section are included the statistics of agriculture, forestry,
fisheries, minerals and manufactures.
AGRICULTURE.
Field Crops, 1910-1915. In Table 1 are presented for Canada and
by provinces estimates of the area, yield, quality and value of the
principal field crops for each of the years 1910 to 1915, with averages
for the five years 1910 to 1914. In this table the areas for 1910 and
1911 are figures of the Census of 1911, the areas of field crops for both
1910 and 1911 having been then collected. For 1912, 1913, 1914 and
1915 the areas are estimated by application to the figures of the previous-
year in each case of average percentages compiled from the reports of
correspondents. The total yields of 1910 represent the addition of the
figures furnished to the census enumerators by individual farmers; but
for the other five years the yields are obtained by multiplication of the
areas by the average yields per acre as estimated by correspondents.
For 1910 the average yields per acre are obtained by division of the
total yields by the total acreages, the data for both factors having
been collected by the Census of 1911. For each of the other years
the yields per acre represent the averages of the figures furnished
by correspondents. The total values are derived from the averages
per unit, as furnished by correspondents, multiplied by the total
quantities. The total value of all the field crops for 1910, thus arrived
at, is considerably in excess of the total value for the same year as
returned by the Census. The two sets of figures rest, however, upon
different bases. The census figures of 1910 were collected in June,
1911, and represent the total values supplied by farmers of products,
whether sold or consumed on the farm. The estimates in Table 1
are computed from the average local market prices supplied by cor
respondents in December, 1910.
Harvest of 1915. The year 1915 will be memorable for the most
abundant grain harvest ever reaped in Canada up to that time. This
result was due to a remarkable combination of circumstances. The small
grain harvest of 1914, ripened early and expeditiously threshed and
marketed under favourable weather conditions, enabled the western
farmers to complete an unusually large proportion of fall ploughing in
readiness for the next year s crop. In Ontario the acreage sown to
fall wheat was increased by over 16 per cent, as compared with :he
previous year, and the increase of fall wheat for all Canada was over
9 per cent. A mild winter and spring brought the fall wheat crop
through with considerably less loss from killing than usual. The
spring opened early, and as a general rule the conditions for seeding
144
PRODUCTION .
were favourable. With the prospects of high prices for wheat and
other cereals, and responding to appeals for increased production on
patriotic grounds, the farmers of Canada took the fullest advantage
of their opportunities, with the result that the area sown to wheat
for the harvest of 1915 was not only the largest on record in Canada,
but exceeded the area sown in the previous year by 1,964,400 acres,
or nearly 18 per cent. Finally, the growing season was uniformly
favourable, and the average yields per acre of all the principal cereals in
Canada were higher than in any previous year on record. For wheat,
the average yield per acre was close upon 29 bushels, or eight bushels
more than the previous record of 21 bushels in 1913. Owing to the
heavy rains of August in Ontario, Quebec and the Maritime Provinces,
the yield of potatoes turned out to be very poor, the average of 130.81
bushels to the acre being lower than in any previous year except 1910,
when the average was 119.36 bushels. As shown in Table 3, the total
area estimated to be sown to field crops in Canada for 1915 was
37,063,455 acres, as compared with 35,102,175 acres, the sown area,
and 33,436,675 acres, the harvested area, in 1914.
Yield of Grain Crops. As a result of the returns of the average
yield per acre, made after threshing, the total yields of the grain crops
for the season of 1915, compared with 1914, were in bushels as follows.
Wheat, 376,303,600, as against 161,280,000 in 1914; oats, 520,103,000,
as against 313,078,000; barley, 53,331,300, as against 36,201,000; rye,
2,394,100, as against 2,016,800; peas, 3,478,850, as against 3,362,500;
beans, 723,400, as against 797,500; buckwheat, 7,865,900, as against
8,626,000; flaxseed, 10,628,000, as against 7,175,200; mixed grains,
17,523,100, as against 16,382,500 and corn for husking, 14,368,000,
as against 13,924,000 bushels. The average yields per acre in 1915
are, in bushels, as follows, the figures placed in brackets representing
the yields of 1914 for comparison: Fall wheat, 29.41 (21.41); spring
wheat, 28.93 (15.07); all wheat, 28.98 (15.67); oats, 45.76 (31.12);
barley, 35.33 (24.21); rye, 21.32 (18.12); peas, 17.73 (17.64); beans,
16.70 (18.20); buckwheat, 22.88 (24.34); flaxseed, 13.18 (6.62);
mixed grains, 37.54 (35.36); and com for husking, 56.72 (54.39).
Yield of Root and Fodder Crops. The total estimated yield of
potatoes in 1915 was 62,604,000 bushels from 478,600 acres, an average
yield per acre of 130.81 bushels. In 1914 the corresponding figures
were 85,672,000 bushels from 475,900 acres, an average yield per acre
of 180.02 bushels. In Ontario the average yield per acre was not
more than 92 . 66 bushels, almost the lowest yield of potatoes on record
for the province. In the other provinces the potato yield was also
poor, excepting in Alberta and British Columbia. In Alberta the
total yield was 5,155,000 bushels from 27,300 acres, an average of
188. 84 bushels per acre, and in British Columbia the yield was 3,956,000
bushels from 16,000 acres, an average of 247.28 bushels. In both
provinces the yield per acre was larger than in any recent year. In
Alberta the yield was 211.64 bushels in 1912, and in British Columbia
it was 252.31 bushels in 1911. Turnips and other roots for the whole
145
AGRICULTURE.
of Canada yielded 64,281,000 bushels from 172,700 acres, as compared
with 69,003,000 bushels from 175,000 acres in 1914, the yield per acre
being 372.21 bushels in 1915, and 394.30 bushels in 1914. Of hay
and clover the yield in 1915 was 10,953,000 tons from 7,875,000 acres, or
1.39 ton per acre; in 1914 the corresponding figures were 10,259,000
tons from 7,997,000 acres, a yield per acre of 1 . 28 ton. Alfalfa yielded
261,955 tons from 92,685 acres, as compared with 218,360 tons from
90,315 acres in 1914, the average yield per acre being 2 . 83 tons, compared
with 2.42 tons. Fodder corn yielded 3,429,870 tons from 343,400
acres, as compared with 3,251,480 tons from 317,000 acres in 1910,
the average yield being 10 tons in 1915 and 10J tons, in 1914. The
yield of sugar beets was 141,000 tons from 18,000 acres, compared
with 108,600 tons from 12,100 acres, the yields per acre being 7.83
tons in 1915 and 8.98 tons in 1914.
Value of Field Crops- -The values are estimated from local market
prices as returned by the crop-reporting correspondents of the Census and
Statistics Office. For all wheat, in 1915, the average price per bushel
for the whole of Canada was 39 cents less than that of 1914 and 8 cents
more than that of the quinquennial average. The total values of the
principal grain crops of 1915 were as follows: Wheat $312,569,400,
oats $176,894,700, barley $26,704,700, rye $1,899,900, peas $5,730,700,
beans $2,206,800, buckwheat $5,913,000, flaxseed $15,965,000, mixed
grains $10,034,700, corn for husking $10,243,000. Including the root
and fodder crops, the total value of the field crops of Canada in 1915
amounted to $797,669,500, comprising grain crops $568,161,900, potatoes
and sugar beets $36,739,500 and fodder crops $192,768,100.
Quality of Grain Crops. The quality of the grain crops in 1915,
as determined by the weight in Ib. per measured bushel, was, with the
exception of one or two crops, superior to that of 1914 and was also
superior to the average of the five years 1910-1914. The weights per
bushel for 1915 were as follows: Fall wheat 59.71 Ib., spring wheat
60.31 Ib., all wheat 60.19 Ib., oats 36.61 Ib., barley 48.26 Ib., rye
56.32 Ib., peas 60.74 Ib., beans 59.61 Ib., buckwheat 48.02 Ib., flax
55.28 Ib., mixed grains 44.98 Ib. and corn for husking 56.32 Ib.
Grain Harvest in Northwest Provinces. Table 2 shows that in
the three Northwest provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta,
the production of wheat in 1915 was estimated at 342,948,000 bushels,
as compared with 140,958,000 bushels in 1914; of oats at 334,840,600
bushels, compared with 150,843,000 bushels; of barley at 35,317,200
bushels, compared with 19,535,000 bushels and of flax at 10,559,000
bushels, compared with 7,083,000 bushels. The wheat production of
1915 in Manitoba was 96,425,000 bushels from 3,342,900 acres, in
Saskatchewan 195,168,000 bushels from 6,838,100 acres and in Alberta
51,355,000 bushels from 1,563,700 acres.
146
PRODUCTION.
1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada,
1910-15.
Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total
Yield.
Weight
per
meas
ured
bush.
Aver
age
price
per
bush.
Total
Value.
Canada-
Fall wheat 1910
acres.
974,704
bush.
20.91
bush.
20,383,552
Ib.
60.11
$
0.86
$
17,564,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
1,161,205
971,000
970,000
973,300
1,208,700
1,010,000
22.23
20.99
23.29
21.41
29.41
21.78
25,814,000
20,387,000
22,592,000
20,837,000
35,551,600
22,003,000
61.12
60.21
60.25
59.61
59.71
60.26
0.83
0.84
0.80
1.05
0.90
0.81
21,458,000
17,157,000
18,185,000
21,818,000
32,001,500
19,236,000
Spring wheat 1910
7,888,447
14.16
111,665,230
59.71
0.73
81,966,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
9,939,468
10,025,700
10,045,000
9,320,600
11,777,700
9,444,000
20.64
20.32
20.81
15.07
28.93
18.42
205,110,000
203,772,000
209,125,000
140,443,000
340,752,000
174,023,000
59.21
58.90
60.37
59.16
60.31
59.47
0.62
0.60
0.66
1.24
0.83
0.74
126,665,000
121,933,000
138,277,000
174,600,000
280,567,900
128,688,000
All wheat 1910
8,863,151
14.89
132,048,782
59.77
0.75
99,530,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
11,100,673
10,996,700
11,015,OOC
10,293,900
12,986,400
10,454,000
20.80
20.38
21.04
15.67
28.98
18.75
230,924,000
224,159,000
231,717,000
161,280,000
376,303,600
196,026,000
59.42
59.20
60.36
59.49
60.19
59.61
0.64
0.62
0.67
1.22
0.83
0.75
148,123,000
139,090,000
156,462,000
196,418,000
312,569,400
147,924,000
Oats 1910
8,652,015
28.14
243,506,292
36.08
0.35
85,402,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
9,630,760
9,966,000
10,434,000
10,061,500
11,365,000
9,749,000
37.92
39.29
38.78
31.12
45.76
35.25
365,179,000
391,629,000
404,669,000
313,078,000
520,103,000
343,612,000
34.65
35.40
36.48
35.31
36.61
35.58
0.36
0.32
0.32
0.48
0.34
0.36
132,949,000
126,304,000
128,893,000
151,811,000
176,894,700
125,072,000
Barley 1910
1,286,611
22.42
28,846,425
47.69
0.48
13,976,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
1,521,694
1,581,300
1,613,000
1,495,600
1,509,350
1,500,000
29.19
31.24
29.96
24.21
35.33
27.62
44,415,000
49,398,000
48,319,000
36,201,000
53,331,300
41,436,000
46.97
47.59
48.41
47.22
48.26
47.58
0.56
0.45
0.42
0.62
0.50
0.50
24,704,000
22,354,000
20,144,000
21,557,000
26,704,700
20,547,000
Rye 1910
114,343
13.44
1,536,635
55.72
0.68
1,045,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
131,240
127,000
119,300
111,280
112,300
121,000
18.99
19.11
19.28
18.12
21.32
17.90
2,492,000
2,428,000
2,300,000
2,016,800
2,394,100
2,155,000
55.11
54.84
55.66
55.47
56.32
55.36
0.76
0.72
0.66
0.83
0.79
0.73
1,899,700
1,755,000
1,524,000
1,679,300
1,899,900
1,581,000
147
AGRICULTURE.
1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada,
1910-1915 con.
Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total
Yield.
Weight
per
meas
ured
bush.
Aver
age
price
per
bush.
Total
Value.
Canada con.
Peas 1910
acres.
355,262
bush.
13.50
bush.
4,808,145
Ib.
58.73
$
0.87
$
4,177,900
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
294,750
259,550
218,980
205,550
196,210
267,000
15.83
15.07
18.05
17.64
17.73
15.51
4,666,000
3,913,000
3,951,800
3,362,500
3,478,850
4,140,000
59.58
56.88
60.00
60.53
60.74
59.14
1.02
1.26
1.11
1.46
1.66
1.11
4,766,600
4,944,400
4,382,000
4,895,000
5,730,700
4,633,000
Beans 1910
46,149
17.89
825,648
59.81
1.72
1,417,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
52,896
52,560
46,600
43,830
43,310
48.000
19.41
17.51
17.19
18.20
16.70
18.20
1,026,800
920,500
800,900
797,500
723,400
874,000
58.30
59.05
59.70
60.21
59.61
59.41
1.93
2.18
1.88
2.31
3.05
2.00
1,979,000
2,008,000
1,505,000
1,844,300
2,206,800
1,751,000
Buckwheat .1910
361,871
19.90
7,200,284
47.83
0.57
4,095,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
371,560
398,700
380,700
354,400
343,800
375,000
22.72
26.38
21.99
24.34
22.88
23.02
8,441,000
10,517,000
8,372,000
8,626,000
7,865,900
8,631,000
47.32
47.62
50.32
48.20
48.02
48.26
0.64
0.62
0.64
0.72
0.75
0.64
5,422,000
6,544,000
5,320,000
6,213,000
5,913,000
5,519,000
Mixed grains 1910
430,703
30.59
13,176,792
45.45
0.51
6,714,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 191014
525,224
496,500
473,800
463,300
466,800
478,000
29.91
34.64
33.33
35.36
37.54
32.74
15,712,000
17,198,000
15,792,000
16,382,500
17,523,100
15,652,000
45.10
44.48
44.74
45.51
44.89
45.06
0.61
0.58
0.55
0.66
0.57
0.58
9,531,000
10,194,000
8,685,000
10,759,400
10,034,700
9,177,000
Flax. .1910
582,326
7.29
4,244,566
54.96
2.06
8,778,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
878,872
2,021,900
1,552,800
1,084,000
806,600
1,224,000
11.46
12.92
11.30
6.62
13.18
10.65
10,075,500
26,130,000
17,539,000
7,175,200
10,628,000
13,033,000
58.29
54.88
55.79
52.49
55,28
55.28
1.51
0.90
0.97
1.03
1.50
1.10
15,130,000
23,608,000
17,084,000
7,368,000
15,965,000
14,394,000
Corn for husking. . 1910
191
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
293,775
321,875
298,190
278,140
256,OOC
253,300
290,OOC
48.75
59.60
56.84
60.30
54.36
56.72
55.97
14,321,833
19,185,000
16,949,700
16,772,600
13,924,000
14,368,000
16,231,090
57.14
50.31
55.67
56.27
56.62
56.32
55.20
0.53
0.64
0.62
0.64
0.71
0.71
0.63
7,667,500
12,357,000
10,540,700
10,784,300
9,808,000
10,243,000
10,232,000
148
PRODUCTION.
1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada,
1910-1915 con.
Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total
Yield.
Weight
per
meas
ured
bush.
Aver
age
price
per
bush.
Total
Value.
Canada con.
Potatoes 1910
acres.
465,903
bush.
119.36
bush.
55,609,883
Ib.
46
$
25 832,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 191014
479,211
484,000
473,500
475,900
478,600
476,000
148.66
175.38
165.88
180.02
130.81
157.96
71,238,000
84,885,000
78,544,000
85,672,000
62,604,000
75,190,000
0.59
0.44
0.49
0.49
0.57
0.49
42,359,000
37,329,000
38,418,000
41,598,000
35,964,000
37,107,000
Turnips, mangolds,
etc 1910
177,423
290.84
51,602,057
0.23
11,697,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
207,861
198,200
186,400
175,000
172,700
189,000
377.64
403.71
358.30
394.30
372.21
366.04
78,497,000
80,016,000
66,788,000
69,003,000
64,281,000
69,181,000
0.24
0.24
0.28
0.27
0.26
0.25
19,069,000
18,924,000
18,643,000
18,934,000
16,560,000
17,453,000
Hay and clover . . 1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 191014
8,281,932
8,617,251
8,276,000
8,169,000
7,997,000
7,875,000
8,268,000
tons.
1.36
1.62
1.46
1.33
1.28
1.39
1.42
tons.
11,303,609
13,989,000
12,117,000
10,859,000
10,259,000
10,953,000
11,706,000
-
per
ton.
9.85
11.64
11.09
11.48
14.23
14.22
11.61
111,305,000
162,846,000
134,338,000
124,696,000
145,999,000
155,807,000
135,867,000
Fodder corn 1910
294,009
9.19
2,703,399
4.70
12,707,500
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
294,238
299,390
303,650
317,000
343,400
302,000
9.08
10.15
8.62
10.25
10.00
9.46
2,671,200
3,037,500
2,616,300
3,251,480
3,429,870
2,856,000
4.87
4.93
4.78
4.91
4.96
4.84
13,014,200
14,977,000
12,506,000
15,949,700
16,999,100
13,831,000
Sugar beets 1910
17,045
11.03
188,000
5.83
1,096,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
20,677
18,900
17,000
12,100
18,000
17,000
8.46
10.63
8.71
8.98
7.83
9.65
175,000
201,000
148,000
108,600
141,000
164,000
6.59
5.00
6.12
5.99
5.50
5.86
1,154,000
1,005,000
906,000
651,000
775,500
962,000
Alfalfa 1910
56,818
2.07
117,601
10.16
1,195,340
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
96,890
100,660
93,560
90,315
92,685
88,000
2.35
2.84
2.54
2.42
2.83
2.46
227,750
285,700
237,770
218,360
261,955
217,000
11.51
12.00
11.85
14.17
12.98
12.13
2,622,500
3,429,000
2,819,200
3,095,600
3,402,000
2,632,000
149
AGRICULTURE.
1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada,
1910-1915 con.
Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total
Yield.
Weight
per
meas
ured
bush.
Aver
age
price
per
bush.
Total
Value.
P. E. Island-
Spring wheat 1910
acres.
28,721
bush.
17.45
bush.
501,295
Ib.
60.00
$
0.96
$
481,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 191014
30,953
32,000
32,000
32,000
34,400
31,000
19.26
18.39
19.62
25.28
19.00
20.97
596,000
582,000
628,000
809,000
653,600
632,000
59.37
58.93
59.50
57.51
59.05
59.06
0.99
0.96
1.00
1.04
1.08
1 00
590,000
559,000
628,000
841,000
705,800
620 000
Oats 1910
181,636
28.69
5,211,588
37.20
0.37
1,928,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
179,068
180,000
180,000
183,000
196,000
181,000
29.80
40.77
34.13
41.51
34.86
34.96
5,336,000
7,358,000
6,143,000
7,596,000
6,832,500
6,329,000
34.73
37.16
36.35
37.46
36.70
36.58
0.43
0.43
0.37
0.48
0.45
0.42
2,294,000
3,164,000
2,273,000
3,646,000
3,074,600
2,661,000
Barley 1910
4,878
23.46
114,430
48.32
0.57
65,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
4,615
5,000
4,000
3,800
3,700
4,500
25.67
32.04
27.73
31.25
28.88
26.89
118,000
145,000
111,000
119,000
. 106,800
121,000
47.14
47.75
48.75
47.33
48.83
47.86
0.62
0.65
0.59
0.64
0.71
0.62
73,000
94,000
65,000
76,000
75,800
75,000
Peas 1910
35
18.49
647
59.00
0.90
600
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
86
90
80
80
70
75
20.00
22.33
20.25
40.00
15.75
25.33
2,000
2,000
1,600
3,200
1,100
1,900
56.75
59.00
58.25
60.00
61.67
58.60
1.17
1.14
1.69
2.00
2.33
1.53
2,300
2,000
3,000
6,400
2,500
2,900
Buckwheat 1910
2,436
17.90
43,600
47.33
0.60
26,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
2,765
2,700
2,700
2,600
2,600
2,640
26.75
36.83
24.00
32.91
29.00
28.03
74,000
100,000
65,000
86,000
75,400
74,000
47.78
46.55
47.67
47.33
48.15
47.33
0.61
0.64
0.64
0.70
0.75
0.64
45,000
64,000
42,000
60,000
56,500
47,000
Mixed grains 1910
6,559
34.66
227,374
44.73
0.40
91,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Averaee . .1910-14
7,569
7,700
7,800
7,860
8,000
7.500
35.29
45.83
39.50
45.75
38.65
40.40
267,000
355,000
308^000
360,000
309,200
303.000
42.15
44.35
44.47
46.04
43.00
44.35
0.50
0.49
0.48
0.56
0.55
0.50
134,000
174,000
148,000
202,000
170,000
150.000
150
PRODUCTION.
1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada,
1910-1915 con.
Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total
Yield.
Weight
per
meas
ured
bush.
Aver
age
price
per
bush.
Total
Value.
P. E. Island con.
acres.
bush.
bush.
Ib.
$
$
Potatoes 1910
30,607
137 . 30
4,202,525
_,
33
1,387,000
1911
30,642
182.15
5,581,000
0.36
2,009,000
1912
33,000
206.39
6,741,000
0.26
1,753,000
1913
32,000
194.33
6,219,000
0.28
1,741,000
1914
32,000
212.70
6,806,000
0.23
1,565,000
1915
31,000
114.78
3,558,000
0.46
1,637,000
Average 1910-14
32,000
184.69
5,910,000
0.29
1,691,000
Turnips, mangolds,
etc 1910
6,523
458.80
2,992,784
0.18
539,000
1911
7,776
477.57
3,714,000
0.21
780,000
1912
8,000
440.75
3,590,000
0.21
754,000
1913
8,000
503.04
4,024,000
0.24
966,000
1914
7,900
450.58
3,560,000
0.22
783,000
1915
7,900
449.46
3,551,000
0.26
923,000
Average .... 1910-14
7,600
470.53
3,576,000
0.21
764,000
tons.
tons.
per
ton.
Hay and clover . . . 1910
215,083
1.21
260,294
8.30
2,160,000
1911
213,193
1.39
296,000
10.68
3,161,000
1912
194,000
1.28
248,000
11.64
2,884,000
1913
190,000
1.79
340,000
10.76
3,658,000
1914
192,000
1.74
334,000
13.04
4,355,000
1915
198,000
1.77
351,000
12.18
4,275,000
Average 1910-14
201, OOQ
1.47
296,000
__
10.96
3,244,000
Fodder corn 1910
191
9.70
1,761
_
2.00
r 3^500
1911
283
10.12
3,000
3.00
9,000
1912
300
6.00
1,600
4.00
6,000
1913
300
11.20
3,400
2.50
8,500
1914
270
9.00
2,400
4.00
9,600
1915
260
13.00
3,400
3.00
10,200
Average 1910-14
270
8.88
2,400
3.04
7,300
Alfalfa 1910
2
2.00
4
_
10.80
40
1911
85
2.50
200
10.00
2,000
1912
90
2.63
220
10.00
2,000
1913
90
3.00
270
11.00
3,000
1914
1915
55
3.00
165
14.00
2,300
Average 1910-14
67
2.61
175
10.06
1,760
Nova Scotia
bush.
bush.
per
bush.
Spring wheat 1910
12,152
18.29
222,285
59.75
1.12
249,000
1911
13,409
21.05
282,000
58.00
1.10
310,000
1912
13,000
20.19
265,000
58.82
1.08
286,000
1913
13,000
20.50
267,000
59.04
1.14
304,000
1914
12,000
21.87
262,000
59.81
1.25
328,000
1915
13,300
18.57
247,000
59.26
1.21
298,700
Averaee.. .1910-14
12,700
20.47
260,000
59.08
1.13
295,000
AGRICULTURE.
1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada,
1910-1915 con.
Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total
Yield.
Weight
per
meas
ured
bush.
Aver
age
price
per
bush.
Total
Value.
Nova Scotia con.
Oats . - 1910
acres.
96,177
bush.
30.92
bush.
2,973,769
Ib.
35.03
$
0.49
$
1,457,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
101,000
100,000
101,500
101,800
112,000
100,000
29.24
32.53
32.42
34.00
31.14
30.89
2,454,000
3,267,000
3,291,000
3,461,000
3,487,700
3,089,000
33.24
33.41
34.68
35.07
34.18
34.28
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.61
o.5f
0.54
1,301,000
1,732,000
1,747,000
2,111,000
2,057,700
1,670,000
Barley . . 1910
5,348
26.59
142,223
48.67
0.77
110,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 191014
5,551
5,000
5,000
4,800
4,900
5,140
25.77
27.22
26.89
28.72
26.20
27.25
143,000
143,000
134,000
138,000
128,400
140,100
47.75
48.06
48.59
47.90
48.39
48.19
0.7
0.77
0.75
0.84
0.80
0.78
109,000
110,000
101,000
116,000
102,700
109,000
Rye . 1910
349
15.37
5,367
56.50
0.93
5,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
315
300
300
280
300
310
16.00
16.40
27.00
17.67
15.00
18.30
5,000
5,000
8,000
5,000
4,500
5,675
54.00
55.20
58.33
56.00
56.00
56.00
0.93
0.82
0.97
1.05
1.08
0.95
4,700
4,000
8.000
5,300
4,900
5,400
Peas 1910
106
17.66
1,873
60.13
1.58
3,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
210
200
200
190
190
180
23.40
25.50
33.25
22.23
18.66
25.30
5,000
5,000
6,700
4,200
3,550
4,555
58.62
60.43
59.36
60.20
59.00
59.74
1.45
1.82
1.85
2.04
2.01
1.75
7,300
9,000
12,000
8,600
7,100
7,980
Beans 191C
730
16.78
12,251
59.60
2.29
28,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
945
900
900
840
840
865
21.90
26.95
24.93
22.00
17.50
22.66
21,000
24,000
22,000
18,500
14,700
19,600
58.49
59.73
59.69
59.77
59.83
59.33
2.03
2.51
2.40
2.99
3.87
2.45
43,000
60,000
53.000
55,000
56,800
48,OCO
Buckwheat 1910
9,536
21.60
206,005
47.85
0.64
132,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
11,811
11,000
11,000
10,000
10,200
11,000
21.81
26.27
25.21
25.94
21.72
23.54
258,000
296,000
277,000
259,00(
221,500
259,000
45.60
47.72
46.83
48.05
47.45
47.21
0.65
0.65
0.66
0.72
0.72
0.66
168,000
192,000
183,000
186,000
159,500
172,000
152
PRODUCTION.
1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada,
1910-1915 con.
Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total
Yield.
Weight
per
meas
ured
bush.
Aver
age
price
per
bush.
Total
Value.
Nova Scotia con.
acres.
bush.
bush.
Ib.
$
Mixed grains 1910
2,420
32.38
78,369
44 32
60
47 000
\J \J\s
JLt y \J\-f\J
1911
4,359
29.34
128,000
43.96
0.67
86,000
1912
4,000
34.70
150,000
44.10
0.68
102,000
1913
4,000
35.65
143,000
43.35
0.65
93,000
1914
3,900
37.18
145,000
43.45
0.71
103,000
1915
4,100
34.16
140,000
43.05
0.71
99,400
Average 1910-14
4,000
32.25
129,000
43.83
0.66
86,000
Corn for husking.. 1910
64
41.93
2,684
50.33
0.69
2,000
1911
137
35.00
5,000
54.66
0.66
3,300
1912
130
58.50
7,000
58.33
0.84
6,000
1913
100
27.50
3,000
55.00
0.69
2 ; 000
1914
1915
-
-
Average 191014
85
47.06
4,000
43.66
0.75
3,000
Potatoes 1910
30,802
116.30
3,581,757
0.40
1,433,000
1911
30,686
183.83
5,641,000
0.50
2,821,000
1912
32,000
298.57
9,447,000
0.47
4,440,000
1913
32,000
167.79
5,369,000
0.52
2,792,000
1914
32,500
220.45
7,165,000
0.49
3,511,000
1915
33,700
141.23
4,759,000
0.58
2,760,000
Average 1910-14
32,000
195.03
6,241,000
0.48
2,999,000
Turnips, mangolds,
etc 1910
9,526
365.15
3,478,442
_^
0.26
904,000
1911
11,757
426.06
5,010,000
0.33
1,653,000
1912
12,000
475.54
5,606,000
0.34
1,906,000
1913
12,000
390.06
4,681,000
0.36
1,685,000
1914
9,000
387.42
3,487,000
0.38
1,325,000
1915
9,200
390.02
3,589,000
0.34
1,223,000
Average 1910-14
11,000
404.82
4,453,000
0.34
1,495,000
per
tons.
tons.
ton.
Hay and clover . . . 1910
542,007
1.34
724,393
9.70
7,027,000
1911
528,838
1.71
904,000
11.77
10,640,000
1912
521,000
1.58
823,000
12.82
10,545,000
1913
531,000
1.65
876,000
11.57
10,135,000
1914
518,000
1.89
979,000
14.50
14,196,000
1915
538,000
1.78
958,000
13.33
12,770,000
Average 1910-14
528,000
1.63
861,000
-
12.21
10,509,000
Fodder corn 1910
561
9 28
5,205
_
6.33
33,000
1911
644
6.02
4,000
6.80
27,200
1912
600
8.58
5,300
-
5.00
27,000
1913
600
6.32
4,000
4.88
19,500
1914
520
7.67
4,000
-
6.00
24,000
1915
500
4.64
2,300
7.00
16,000
Average 1910-14
585
8.55
5,000
5.20
26,000
153
AGRICULTURE.
1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada,
1910-1915 con.
Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total
Yield.
Weight
per
meas
ured
bush.
Aver
age
price
per
ton.
Total
Value.
Nova Scotia con.
Alfalfa . 1910
acres.
10
tons.
2.50
tons.
25
Ib.
$
9.76
$
300
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
New Brunswick
Spring wheat 1910
31
30
30
30
30
25
13,384
3.00
3.50
3.75
2.00
2.30
3.00
bush.
15.19
100
100
100
60
70
75
bush.
203,355
59.56
10.00
12.00
14.00
14.00
13.00
12.00
per
bush.
1.13
1,000
1,000
1,400
800
900
900
230,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 191014
13,897
13,000
13,000
12,600
14,000
13,200
20.39
18.11
20.72
18.57
19.09
18.57
283,000
236,000
269,000
234,000
267,000
245,100
59.75
56.62
59.31
59.70
56.69
58.98
1.07
0.75
1.12
1.30
1.26
1.07
303,000
177,000
301,000
304,000
335,000
263,000
Oats 1910
201,140
27.51
5,538,796
36.00
0.45
2,492,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 191014
207,408
195,000
195,000
200,000
201,000
199,700
28.86
28.81
30.49
32.44
27.66
29.61
5,986,000
5,607,000
5,946,000
6,488,000
5,559,600
5,913,000
35.91
34.20
34.43
35.48
36.33
35.20
0.50
0.53
0.51
0.59
0.55
0.52
2,993,000
2,972,000
3,032,000
3,828,000
3,058,000
3,063,000
Barley 1910
2,603
21.80
56,758
48.78
0.67
38,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
2,791
2,700
2,500
2,400
2,100
2,600
28.16
27.42
29.64
26.81
22.96
26.77
79,000
74,000
74,000
64,000
48,000
69,600
46.30
46.88
48.21
47.95
48.85
47.62
0.41
0.66
0.69
1.14
0.85
0.70
32,000
49,000
51,000
73,000
40,800
49,000
Peas 1910
429
15.31
6,569
57.86
1.26
8,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
Beans 1910
701
600
500
460
420
540
250
24.00
16.14
21.30
20.70
17.08
20.37
18.05
17,000
10,000
11,000
10,000
6,700
11,000
4,514
59.15
53.88
59.46
59.85
60.27
58.04
59.08
1.39
1.53
1.49
1.36
2.52
1.40
2.36
24,000
15,000
16,000
14,000
16,900
15,400
11,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
366
300
300
290
270
300
21.75
19.25
14.33
20.82
21.37
19.67
8,000
6,500
4,300
6,000
5,700
5,900
58.42
58.14
59.67
59.55
60.71
58.97
2.33
2.84
2.46
2.89
4.03
2.59
19,000
18,000
11,000
17,300
23,000
15,300
154
PRODUCTION.
1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada,
1910-1915 con.
Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total
Yield.
Weight
per
meas
ured
bush.
Aver
age
price
per
bush.
Total
Value.
New Brunswick con.
Buckwheat 1910
acres.
58,366
bush.
19.70
bush.
1,149,984
Ib.
47.94
$
0.53
$
609,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average . . . . 191014
65,491
64,000
64,000
63,800
58,000
63,000
26.44
24.36
27.85
26.43
22.68
25.13
1,732,000
1,563,000
1,782,000
1,686,000
1,315,000
1,583,000
47.67
47.14
48.10
47.76
47.51
47.72
0.57
0.62
0.54
0.61
0.73
0.58
987,000
969,000
962,000
1,028,000
960,000
911,000
Mixed grains 1910
724
28.21
20,426
46.15
0.57
12,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
1,129
1,000
1,000
950
900
960
30.66
27.36
30.30
30.33
31.50
29.17
35,000
28,000
30,000
29,000
28,400
28,000
45.18
43.67
42.30
40.92
45.80
43.64
0.59
0.73
0.59
0.65
0.71
0.64
21,000
21,000
18,000
19,000
20,000
18,000
Corn for husking. . 1910
1911
1912
1913
Average 1910-13
63
75
60
40
50
24.92
13.00
12.00
39.50
19.40
1,524
1,000
700
1,600
970
0.97
0.65
1.00
0.80
0.87
1,500
700
700
1,300
840
Potatoes 1910
40,319
129.67
5,228,269
0.44
2,300,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
41,147
43,000
43,500
43,900
40,000
42,000
214.49
174.64
244.35
239.96
144.31
203.69
8,826,000
7,558,000
10,629,000
10,534,000
5,772,000
8,555,000
0.52
0.42
0,44
0.40
0.64
0.44
4,590,000
3,174,000
4,677,000
4,214,000
3,694,000
3,791.000
Turnips, mangolds,
etc 1910
8,578
311.89
2,675,383
>
0.26
696,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
9,748
10,000
9,000
8,400
8,000
9,000
416.49
284.75
371.73
289.96
329.10
338.67
4,060,000
2,721,000
3,346,000
2,436,000
2,633,000
3,048,000
-
0.34
0.32
0.38
0.35
0.33
0.33
1,380,000
871,000
1,271,000
853,000
869,000
1,014,000
Hay and clover. . . 1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average.. .1910-14
625,911
635,446
602,000
577,000
571,000
569,000
602.000
tons.
1.07
1.42
1.48
1.21
1.36
1.39
1.31
tons.
669,528
902,000
891,000
698,000
777,000
791,000
788,000
-
per
ton.
8.56
8.13
10.12
10.91
12.47
14.00
10.00
5,731,000
7,333,000
9,018,000
7,615,000
9,689,000
11,074,000
7,878,000
155
AGRICULTURE.
1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada,
1910-1915 con.
Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total
Yield.
Weight
per
meas
ured
bush.
Aver
age
price
per
ton.
Total
Value.
New Brunswick con.
Fodder corn 1910
acres.
235
tons.
9.85
tons.
2,315
Ib.
$
4.66
$
11,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average . . . .1910-14
215
190
150
120
110
180
8.25
7.30
11.00
4.00
7.00
8.89
2,000
1,400
1,700
480
770
1,600
4.00
6.13
3.00
6.00
2.50
4.38
8,000
8,000
5,000
3,000
1,900
7,000
Alfalfa.. .1910
83
1.20
100
9.58
1,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average .... 1910-14
116
140
140
135
140
120
3.00
2.00
3.00
2.25
2.25
2.54
450
280
400
300
320
305
10.00
10.00
12.00
9.25
12.00
9.84
4,500
3,000
4,800
2,800
3,800
3,000
Quebec-
Spring wheat 1910
61,143
bush.
14.85
bush.
907,991
59.71
per
bush.
1.20
1,090,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
Oats 1910
68,999
60,000
58,000
55,000
71,000
61,000
1,387,961
17.73
16.17
18.17
18. CO
19.88
16.89
24.30
1,223,000
974,000
1,054,000
990,000
1,411,000
1,030,000
33,734,172
59.36
57.96
59.71
59.65
59.62
59.28
36.94
1.18
1.18
1.21
1.35
1.34
1.22
0.44
1,443,000
1,149,000
1,275,000
1,337,000
1,891,000
1,259,000
14,843,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
1,430,209
1,296,000
1,303,000
1,327,000
1,400,000
1,349,000
26.22
25.86
29.95
31.74
30.13
27.56
37,500,000
33,516,000
39,025,000
42,119,000
42,182,000
37,179,000
35.65
33.93
36.85
37.06
36.92
36.09
0.53
0.54
0.48
0.58
0.55
0.52
19,875,000
18,099,000
18,732,000
24,429,000
23,200,000
19,196,000
Barley 1910
101,728
23.38
2,378,372
48.17
0.71
1,689,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
99,762
94,000
89,000
85,000
85,000
94,000
22.76
23.69
25.43
26.60
26.53
24.25
2,271,000
2,226,000
2,263,000
2,261,000
2,255,000
2,280,000
47.71
46.95
48.46
48.98
48.79
48.05
0.78
0.79
0.77
0.86
0.86
0.78
1,771,000
1,759,000
1,743,000
1,944,000
1,939,000
1,781,000
Rye 1910
11,099
13.41
148,925
55.72
0.93
139,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
12,735
11,000
10,000
9,000
8,700
10,800
15.72
15.44
15.60
17.30
16.71
15.46
200,000
173,000
156,000
156,000
145,000
167,000
55.67
53.57
54.56
55.11
55.90
54.94
1.C1
0.95
1.06
1.09
1.12
1.01
202,000
164,000
165,000
170,000
162,000
168,000
156
PRODUCTION.
1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada,
1910-1915 con.
Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total
Yield.
Weight
per
meas
ured
bush.
Aver
age
price
per
bush.
Total
Value.
Quebec con.
Peas 1910
acres.
30,303
bush.
14.25
bush.
432,098
Ib.
57.37
$
1.23
$
531,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
Beans 1910
32,507
30,000
26,000
24,000
24,400
29,000
4,196
15.91
15.11
17.34
18.00
16.56
15.72
18.25
517,000
449,000
451,000
432,000
404,000
456,000
76,582
60.58
53.96
61.03
61.63
61.14
58.91
59.84
1.37
2.03
1.97
2.35
2.47
1.78
1.97
708,000
911,000
888,000
1,015,000
998,000
811,000
151,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
6,065
5,000
5,000
4,700
4,700
5,000
17.14
15.59
19.35
18.87
21.89
18.40
114,000
84,000
97,000
89,000
103,000
92,000
60.57
57.31
60.16
60.87
59.38
59.75
1.97
2.55
2.31
2.70
3.17
2.29
225,000
214,000
224,000
240,000
327,000
211,000
Buckwheat 1910
124,220
18.87
2,468,479
47.74
0.66
1,629,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 191014
112,880
117,000
110,000
102,000
104,000
113,000
22.57
26.44
23.27
24.28
24.69
23.27
2,548,000
3,094,000
2,560,000
2,477,000
2,568,000
2,629,000
47.33
47.27
47.88
48.60
48.17
47.76
0.74
0.73
0.75
0.83
0.84
0.74
1,886,000
2,259,000
1,920,000
2,056,000
2,157,000
1,950,000
Mixed grains 1910
94,237
23.26
2,192,770
46.16
0.61
1 338,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
114,347
104,000
101,000
99,000
101,000
102,500
25.58
26.74
28.39
30.00
29.67
26.83
2,925,000
2,783,000
2,867,000
2,970,000
2,997,000
2,750,000
45.74
44.21
46.56
46.95
45.44
45.92
0.69
0.67
0.66
0.77
0.73
0.68
2,018,000
1,846,000
1,892,000
2,287,000
2,188,000
1,880,000
Flax 1910
1,361
9.80
13,350
2.06
28,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
1,146
900
800
700
600
980
11.31
9.66
10.84
11.70
11.89
10.71
13,000
9,000
9,000
8,200
7,000
10,500
53.81
53.07
55.10
54.48
54.16
54.12
1.71
1.76
1.95
1.93
2.18
1.90
22,000
15,000
18,000
16,000
15,000
20,000
Corn for husking. .1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
18,802
23,473
19,000
18,000
17,000
16,300
19.300
30.60
30.30
24.47
32.58
30.24
31.17
29.69
575,360
712,000
476,000
586,000
514,000
508,000
573,000
56.34
55.13
55.71
55.88
56.65
56.85
55.94
0.90
1.01
1.03
1.00
1.08
1.12
1.00
518,000
719,000
490,000
586,000
555,000
569,000
574,000
157
1.-
AGRICULTURE.
-Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada,
1910-1915 con.
Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total
Yield.
Weight
per
meas
ured
bush.
Aver
age
price
per
bush.
Total
Value.
Quebec con.
acres.
bush.
bush.
Ib.
$
$
Potatoes 1910
124,598
124.78
15,547,671
_ ..
0.44
6,841,000
1911
124,381
126.73
15,763,000
0.67
10,561,000
1912
116,000
137.11
15,945,000
0.35
5,580,000
1913
116,000
176.76
20,504,000
0.46
9,432,000
1914
115,000
189.66
21,811,000
0.42
9,161,000
1915
117,000
149.66
17,510,000
0.55
9,631,000
Average 1910-14
119,000
150.46
17,914,000
^
0.46
8,315,000
Turnips, mangolds,
etc 1910
13,697
369.19
5,056,798
0.35
1,770,000
1911
13,543
291 . 18
3,943,000
-
0.37
1,459,000
1912
12,000
251.60
3,056,000
0.28
856,000
1913
11,000
298.56
3,284,000
0.36
1,182,000
1914
10,500
328.20
3,446,000
0.37
1,275,000
1915
10,200
308.25
3,144,000
0.36
1,132,000
Average 1910-14
12,000
313.08
3,757,000
0.35
1,308,000
per
tons.
tons.
ton.
Hay and clover . . . 1910
3,224,122
1.46
4,726,694
9.29
43,911,000
1911
3,294,230
1.90
6,260,000
10.17
63,664,000
1912
3,108,000
1.22
3,792,000
9.36
35,492,000
1913
3,014,000
1.35
4,069,000
12.08
49,154,000
1914
2,979,000
1.20
3,575,000
14.88
53,196,000
1915
2,922,000
1.26
3,682,000
15.89
58,507,000
Average 1910-14
3,124,000
1.44
4,485,000
_
10.95
49,083,000
/ 7
Fodder corn 1910
41,082
9.17
377,014
_
4.77
1,798,000
1911
37,155
8.75
325,000
4.80
1,560,000
1912
34,000
7.38
254,000
3.79
962,000
1913
34,000
7.50
255,000
5.20
1,326,000
1914
33,000
7.18
237,000
6.40
1,517,000
1915
34,000
8.61
293,000
6.39
1,872,000
Average 1910-14
36,000
8.05
290,000
_
4.94
1,433,000
/
Alfalfa 1910
4,044
1.61
6,520
_
7.45
49,000
1911
3,634
3.75
14,000
9.63
135,000
1912
3,500
2.75
9,700
9.00
87,000
1913
3,000
2.11
6,300
8.30
52,000
1914
2,950
2.06
6,000
13.43
81,000
1915
2,860
2.84
8,100
11.78
95,000
Average 1910-14
3,400
2.50
8,500
9.53
81,000
per
Ontario
bush.
bush.
bush.
Fall wheat 1910
759,916
23.50
17,863,306
59.94
0.88
15,720,000
1911
832,889
20.95
17,449,000
61.61
0.87
15,180,000
1912
735,000
20.63
15,163,000
60.53
0.92
13,950,000
1913
739,000
23.91
17,669,000
60.16
0.85
15,019,000
1914
727,400
21.51
15,646,000
59.77
1.08
16,898,000
1915
972,000
28.34
27,546,000
59.41
0.93
25,618,000
Average 1910-14
759,000
22.07
16,758,000
60.40
0.90
15,353,000
158
PRODUCTION.
1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada,
1910-1915 con.
Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total
Yield.
Weight
per
meas
ured
bush.
Aver
age
price
per
bush.
Total
Value.
Ontario con.
Spring wheat 1910
acres.
110,439
bush.
17.92
bush.
1,979,325
Ib.
59.87
$
0.89
$
1,762,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 191014
135,538
120,000
111,000
107,000
121,000
117,000
17.25
18.77
19.66
18.80
22.36
18.41
2,338,000
2,258,000
2,182,000
2,012,000
2,706,000
2,154,000
58.33
57.93
59.33
59.05
59.41
58.90
0.90
0.88
0.86
1.07
0.96
0.92
2,104,000
1,987,000
1,877,000
2,153,000
2,598,000
1,977,000
All wheat 1910
870,355
22.80
19,842,631
59.93
88
17,482,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
968,427
855,000
850,000
834,000
1,093,000
876,000
20.43
20.38
23.35
21.16
27.67
21.59
19,787,000
17,421,000
19,851,000
17,658,000
30,252,000
18,912,000
61.22
60.19
60.07
59.50
59.41
60.18
0.87
0.91
0.85
1.07
0.93
0.92
18,284,000
15,937,000
16,896,000
19,051,000
28,216,000
17,330,000
Oats 1910
2,871,288
30.97
88,946,041
34.92
36
32,021,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 191014
2,806,203
2,785,000
2,814,000
2,840,000
3,095,000
2,823,000
30.24
34.85
37.37
35.00
39.68
33.68
84,860,000
97,053,000
105,159,000
99,400,000
122,810,000
95,084,000
31.57
34.38
34.08
34.07
34.67
33.80
0.45
0.41
0.38
0.49
0.39
42
38,187,000
39,792,000
39,960,000
48,706,000
47,896,000
39,732,000
Barley 1910
503,129
27.93
14,055,327
47.89
53
7,449,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
519,967
512,000
485,000
461,000
449,000
496,000
26.39
29.49
30.08
30.34
34.23
28.81
13,722,000
15,093,000
14,589,000
13,987,000
15,369,000
14,289,000
46.18
47.45
48.08
47.83
47.83
47.49
0.70
0.61
0.56
0.64
0.56
61
9,605,000
9,207,000
8,170,000
8,952,000
8,607,000
8,677,000
Rye 1910
92,731
13.29
1,232,493
55.92
66
813,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
96,751
93,000
85,000
78,000
78,000
89,000
17.86
18. 3S
18.43
17.19
19.88
17.04
1,728,000
1,711,000
1,567,000
1,341,000
1,551,000
1,516,000
55.00
55.70
55.76
55.47
56.89
55.57
0.78
0.75
0.69
0.85
0.79
75
1,348,000
1,283,000
1,081,000
1,140,000
1,225,000
1,133,000
Peas 1910
321,996
13.38
4,311,133
59.92
83
3,578,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average . . 1910-14
258,461
226,000
190,000
179,000
169,000
235.000
15.69
14.95
18.06
16.00
17.79
15.22
4,055,000
3,374,000
3,431,000
2,864,000
3,007,000
3.607.000
55.35
58.95
59.31
59.88
59.86
58.68
0.97
1.16
0.99
1.32
1.54
1.03
3,933,000
3,914,000
3,397,000
3,780,000
4,631,000
3.720,000
159
AGRICULTURE.
1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada,
1910-1915 con.
Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total
Yield.
Weight
per
meas
ured
bush.
Aver
age
price
per
bush.
Total
Value.
Ontario con.
Beans . 1910
acres.
40,626
bush.
17.80
bush.
726,955
Ib.
60.08
$
1.67
$
1,214,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
45,130
46,000
40,000
38,000
37,500
42,000
19.40
17.57
16.74
18.00
16.00
17.90
876,000
801,000
670,000
684,000
600,000
752,000
59.48
61.27
59.17
59.88
59.76
59.97
1.91
2.13
1.79
2.24
3.05
1.95
1,673,000
1,706,000
1,199,000
1,532,000
1,800,000
1,465,000
Buckwheat 1910
167,313
19.91
3,332,216
48.05
0.51
1,699,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
178,613
204,000
193,000
176,000
169,000
184,000
21.44
26.74
19.11
23.40
21.81
22.21
3,829,000
5,464,000
3,688,000
4,118,000
3,686,000
4,086,000
47.18
48.29
47.46
47.83
48.21
47.76
0.61
0.56
0.60
0.70
0.70
0.60
2,336,000
3,060,000
2,213,000
2,883,000
2,580,000
2,438,000
Mixed grains 1910
323,329
32.75
10,590,756
44.67
0.49
5,189,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
389,366
371,000
352,000
344,000
345,000
356,000
31.04
36.54
34.37
36.66
39.91
34.23
12,086,000
13,556,000
12,098,000
12,611,000
13,769,000
12,188,000
43.17
46.96
43.53
44.58
44.76
44.58
0.59
0.58
0.53
0.63
0.54
0.57
7,131,000
7,862,000
6,412,000
7,945,000
7,435,000
6,908,000
Flax. 1910
8,780
9.43
82,901
1.64
136,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 191014
8,790
9,000
7,000
5,300
5,000
8,000
14.06
16.70
23.38
15.76
12.38
15.00
124,000
143,000
164,000
84,000
62,000
120,000
52.25
52.82
53.56
55.78
50.78
53.60
1.89
1.62
1.39
1.70
1.72
1.62
234,000
231,000
228,000
143,000
107,000
194,000
Corn for husking. . 1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
274,846
298,190
279,000
260 ,000
239,000
237,000
270,000
49.99
61.93
59.06
62.24
56.11
58.48
57.90
13,742,265
18,467,000
16,466,000
16,182,000
13,410,000
13,860,000
15,653,000
58.46
55.47
55.50
56.75
56.22
55.75
56.48
0.52
0.63
0.61
0.63
0.69
0.69
0.62
7,146,000
11,634,000
10,044,000
10,195,000
9,253,000
9,674,000
9,654,000
Potatoes 1910
158,363
109.21
17,295,370
0.46
7,956,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Averaee . . 1910-14
156,990
158,000
152,000
154,000
155,000
156.000
102.19
143.90
119.11
167.35
92.66
128.09
16,043,000
22,690,000
18,105,000
25,772,000
14,362,000
19,982,000
_
0.80
0.59
0.65
0.47
0.76
0.58
12,834,000
13,387,000
11,768,000
12,113,000
10,915,000
11,612,000
160
PRODUCTION.
1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada,
1910-1915 con.
Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total
Yield.
Weight
per
meas
ured
bush.
Aver
age
price
per
bush.
Total
Value.
Ontario con.
Turnips, mangolds,
etc 1910
acres.
132,529
bush.
267.92
bush.
35,505,868
Ib.
$
0.20
$
7,101,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
138,735
130,000
121,000
114,000
112,000
127,000
384.00
436.25
362.94
430.31
394.42
375.66
53,274,000
56,795,000
43,916,000
49,055,000
44,175,000
47,709,000
0.19
0.19
0.22
0.21
0.21
0.20
10,122,000
10,791,000
9,662,000
10,302,000
9,277,000
9,596,000
% f
Hay and clover. . .1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
3,216,154
3,445,907
3,337,000
3,312,000
3,171,000
3,082,000
3,296.000
tons.
1.37
1.37
1.62
1.19
1.14
1.32
1.34
tons.
4,418,456
4,721,000
5,406,000
3,941.000
3,615,000
4,068,000
4,420,000
per
ton.
10.21
13.99
12.04
11.07
14.91
14.06
12.38
45,112,000
66,047,000
65,088,000
43,627,000
53,900,000
57,196,000
54,755,000
Fodder corn 1910
245,048
9.37
2,296,841
4.67
10,726,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 191014
243,497
251,000
255,000
267,000
287,000
252,000
9.23
10.70
8.81
10.95
10.63
9.84
2,247,000
2,685,000
2,247,000
2,924,000
3,051,000
2,480,000
.
4.73
4.84
4.56
4.72
4.76
4.71
10,628,000
12,997,000
10,246,000
13,801,000
14,523,000
11,680,000
Sugar beets 1910
15,966
11.40
182,124
5.86
1,067,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
18,882
17,000
15,000
12,000
18,000
16,000
8.53
11.16
9.23
9.00
7.83
9.68
161,000
188,000
138,000
108,000
141,000
155,000
6.73
5.00
6.20
6.00
5.50
5.92
1,084,000
938,000
856,000
648,000
775,500
919,000
Alfalfa 1910
45,625
2.10
95,138
9.65
918,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average . . . 1910-14
75,000
76,000
69,000
61,000
60,000
65,000
2.03
2.76
2.32
2.26
2.72
2.32
152,000
211,000
160,000
138,000
163,000
151,000
11.08
11.75
12.03
15.01
13.41
12.02
1,684,000
2,478,000
1,925,000
2,071,000
2,186,000
1,185,000
Manitoba
Fall wheat 1910
4 553
bush.
18 92
bush.
86,176
per
bush.
0.83
72,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Averaee . . 1910-14
13,291
15,000
19,000
15,000
10,900
13.000
28.56
22.22
20.44
16.00
33.30
21.92
380,000
333,000
388,000
240,000
363,000
285,000
59.66
59.13
61.50
59.50
61.33
59.94
0.67
0.67
0.69
0.89
0.88
0.73
255,000
223,000
268,000
214,000
319,000
206,000
161
AGRICULTURE.
1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada,
1910-1915 con.
Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total
Yield.
Weight
per
meas
ured
bush.
Aver
age
price
per
bush.
Total
Value.
Manitoba con.
Spring wheat 1910
acres.
2,755,818
bush.
12.35
bush.
34,039,773
Ib.
59.74
$
0.80
27,232,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
3,081,542
2,824.000
2,785,000
2,601,000
3,332,000
2,809,000
20.22
22.20
19.01
14.75
28.83
17.82
62,309,000
62,684,000
52,943,000
38,365,000
96,062,000
50,068,000
59.14
60.77
60.83
59,39
61.18
59.97
0.67
0.67
0.71
1.01
0.85
0.74
41,747,000
41,998,000
37,590,000
38,749,000
81,653,000
37,463,000
All wheat 1910
2,760,371
12.36
34,125,949
0.80
27,304,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
3,094,833
2,839,000
2,804,000
2,616,000
3.,342,900
2,823,000
22.56
22.20
19.02
14.84
28.84
17.84
62,689,000
63,017,000
53,331,000
38,605.000
96,425,000
50,354,000
59.14
60.76
60.83
59,39
61.18
60.03
0.67
0.67
0.71
1.01
0.85
0.74
42,002,000
42,221,000
37,858,000
38,963,000
81,972,000
37,670,000
Oats : .1910
1,209,173
25.12
30,378,379
34.94
0.31
9,417,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
1,307,434
1,348,000
1,398,000
1,331,000
1,441,000
1,319,000
45.92
42.40
40.60
28.25
48.21
35.83
60,037,000
57,154,000
56,759,000
31,951,000
69,471,000
47,256,000
35.51
35.63
36.32
34.21
36.36
35.32
0.32
0.28
0.28
0.48
0.32
0.30
19,212,000
16,003,000
15,893,000
15,336,000
22,231,000
15,172,000
Barley 1910
416,016
15.64
6,506,634
46.61
0.39
2,538,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
448,105
481,000
496,000
468,000
490,000
462,000
33.36
32.92
28.84
21.00
36.25
26.59
14,949,000
15,826,000
14,305,000
9,828,000
17,763,000
12,283,000
47.75
47.47
47.57
46.00
47.70
47.08
0.48
0.37
0.34
0.55
0.50
0.42
7,176,000
5,855,000
4,864,000
5,405,000
8,882,000
5,168,000
Rye., .1910
2738
10 66
29,205
52.00
0.71
21,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
4,725
5,000
5,000
5,000
5,800
4,500
22.00
21.00
20.64
20.00
26.74
19.55
104,000
105,000
103,000
100,000
155,000
88,000
60.00
57.00
57.50
56.33
0.70
0.58
0.58
0.90
0.73
0.69
73,000
61,000
60,000
90,000
113,000
61,000
Peas . . 1910
298
16.31
4,863
48.00
0.60
3,000
1911
1912
Average 1910-12
414
400
370
22.00
25.00
21.50
9,000
10,000
7,955
48.00
1.26
1.50
1.22
11,000
15,000
9,670
Mixed grains 1910
473
18.54
8,772
0.44
4,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average . . 1910-14
1,541
1,500
1,500
1,490
1,550
1.300
35.00
45.00
27.17
20.25
32.50
31.07
54,000
68,000
41,000
30,000
50,000
40.400
43.00
0.44
0.45
0.29
0.48
0.41
0.42
24,000
31,000
12,000
14,400
21,000
17,100
162
PRODUCTION.
1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada,
1910-1915 con.
Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total
Yield.
Weight
per
meas
ured
bush.
Aver
age
price
per
bush.
Total
Value.
Manitoba con.
Flax 1910
acres.
34,684
bush.
5.09
bush.
176,675
Ib.
55.00
$
2 09
$
369,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
79,765
100,000
54,000
40,000
34,000
62,000
14.44
12.49
11.70
8.44
11.00
11.45
1,152,000
1,252,000
632,000
338,000
374,000
710,000
55.31
55.76
56.16
55.41
55.00
55 52
1.76
1.04
1.05
1.10
1.54
1 33
2,028,000
1,302,000
664,000
372,000
576,000
947 000
Potatoes 1910
26,210
109.34
2,865,839
0.54
1,548,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average .... 191014
26,488
27,000
26,000
26,900
28,300
26,500
207.35
231.55
196.93
117.91
109.67
172 30
5,490,000
6,182,000
5,120,000
3,172,000
3,104,000
4,566,000
0.42
0.35
0.36
0.72
0.54
44
2,306,000
2,164,000
1,843,000
2,284,000
1,676,000
2 029,000
Turnips, mangolds,
etc 1910
2,008
247.35
496,674
44
219,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
4,167
4,000
4,000
3,900
4,300
3.600
325.46
354.20
252 80
268.50
269.01
297.78
1,356,000
1,451,000
1,011,000
1,047,000
1,157,000
1,072,000
0.38
0.38
0.41
0.54
0.35
0.42
515,000
551,000
415,000
565,000
405,000
453,000
Hay and clover. . .1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
/
Average 191014
137,671
153,372
151,000
162,000
162,000
159,000
153,000
tons,
0.91
1.66
1.71
1.48
1.24
1.93
1.40
tons.
124,954
255,000
259,000
240,000
201,000
307,000
214, 000
^^
p. ton.
10.21
9.54
9.40
8.64
9.12
9.63
9.39
1,276,000
2,433,000
2,434,000
2 074,000
1,833,000
2,956,000
2,010,000
Fodder corn . ... 1910
4603
3 08
14,158
6 64
94,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average .... 191014
9,919
11,000
11,000
13,000
18,000
9,900
7.71
7.68
8.09
5.55
3.36
6 77
76,000
84,000
89,000
72,000
60,000
67,000
9.00
11.00
8.50
7.60
8.33
8.82
684,000
924,000
757,000
547,000
500,000
601,000
Alfalfa 1910
539
1 07
569
12.87
7,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Averaee . . 1910-14
3,324
3,500
4,000
4,500
4,700
3.200
2.00
2.73
2.82
2.04
2.19
2.31
7,000
9,400
11,000
9,000
10,300
7.400
12.00
9.20
10.67
13.21
11.17
11.22
84,000
86,000
117,000
119,000
115,000
83.000
163
A G R I C U L T U R E .
1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada,
1910-1915 con.
Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total
Yield.
Weigh
per
meas
ured
bush.
t Aver
age
price
per
bush.
Total
Value.
Saskatchewan
Fall wheat 191C
acres.
1,23C
2,635
3,OOC
4,000
4,300
4,100
3,000
4,226,992
5,253,836
5,579,000
5,716,000
5,344,000
6,834,000
5,224,000
4,228,222
5,256,474
5,582,000
5,720,000
5,348,300
6,838,100
5,227,000
1,888,359
2,332,912
2,556,000
2,755,000
2,520,000
2,937,000
2,410,000
129,621
273,988
292,000
332,000
290,000
287,000
264,000
754
2,271
2,700
3,000
2.600
2,700
2.200
bush.
> 11.6
. 22. OC
21.56
23.57
15.50
30.76
20.00
15.84
20.75
19.16
21.35
13.74
28.54
18.30
15.84
20.75
19.16
21.25
13.74
28.54
18.30
31.20
46.12
45.99
41.42
24.53
53.67
38.17
23.61
31.61
32.87
31.39
16.90
36.83
27.76
15.43
27.00
21.00
22.67
20.90
28.00
22 73
bush.
14,34^
58,OOC
65,000
94,OOC
67^ 000
126,000
60,000
66,964,653
109,017,000
106,895,000
121,465,000
73,427,000
195,042,000
95,554,000
66,978,996
109,075,000
106,960,000
121,559,000
73,494,000
195,168,000
95,613,000
58,922,791
107,594,000
117,537,000
114,112,000
61,816,000
157,628,600
91,996,000
3,061,007
8,661,000
9,595,000
10,421,000
4,901,000
10,570,200
7,328,000
11,639
61,000
57,000
68,000
54,000
75,600
50000
Ib.
I 59. OC
59. 5C
59. 72
60.33
59.65
59.60
59.98
59.63
61.23
59.04
60.75
59.89
59.98
59.63
61.23
59.07
59.97
36.27
35.69
36.64
37.78
33.71
37.48
36.01
46.59
46.52
48.15
48.86
43.87
47.54
46.79
54.66
58.50
55.17
5fi SR
$
0.7,6
1 0.5S
I 0.7
0.71
0.99
0.81
0.75
0.69
0.58
0.56
0.64
1.48
0.81
0.74
0.69
0.58
0.56
0.64
1.48
0.81
0.74
0.29
0.29
0.23
0.25
0.45
0.28
0.29
0.36
0.47
0.33
0.30
0.50
0.43
0.38
0.50
0.53
0.56
0.40
0.67
0.75
S4
$
11,000
34,000
49,000
67,000
66,000
102,000
45,000
46,206,000
63,230,000
59,861,000
77,738.000
108,672,000
157,984,000
71,141,000
46,217,000
63,264,000
59,910,000
77,805,000
108,738,000
158,086,000
71,187,000
17,088,000
31,202,000
27,033,000
28,528,000
27,817,000
44,136,000
26,334,000
1,102,000
4,071,000
3,166,000
3,126,000
2,451,000
4,545,000
2,783,000
6,000
32,000
32,000
27,000
36,000
57,000
97 om
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
Spring wheat . . . 1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average . . 1910-14
All wheat 1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average ... . 1910-14
Oats 1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
Barley 1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
Rye 1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average. .1910-14
164
PRODUCTION.
1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada,
1910-1915 con.
Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total
Yield.
Weight
per
meas
ured
bush.
Aver
age
price
per
bush.
Total
Value.
Saskatchewan con.
Peas 1910
acres.
236
bush.
11.06
bush.
2,612
Ib.
$
1.27
$
3,300
1911
1912
1913
1915
Average 1910-13
389
400
400
400
355
20.00
28.00
17.50
23.00
20.00
8,000
11,000
7,000
9,200
7,100
61.00
1.10
1.00
0.85
1.40
1.03
9,000
11,000
6,000
13,000
7,300
Mixed grains 1910
637
14.07
8,967
C.53
5,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
1,876
2,000
2,000
1,900
1,950
1,600
35.00
36.40
38.40
15.50
30.00
31.25
66,000
73,000
77,000
29,500
58,500
51,000
48.33
0.53
0.60
0.40
0.51
0.45
0.51
35,000
44,000
31,000
15,000
26,300
26,000
Flax. .1910
506,425
7.68
3,893,160
55.24
2.08
8,098,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
682,000
1,780,000
1,386,000
958,000
697,000
1,062,000
11.25
12.94
11.24
6.40
13.00
10.60
7,672,500
23,033,000
15,579,000
6,131,000
9,061,000
11,262,000
53.89
55.32
56.04
51.02
55.89
54.30
1.50
0.89
0.95
1.01
1.50
1.09
11,509,000
20,503,000
14,800,000
6,192,000
13,592,000
12,220,000
Potatoes 1910
24,046
121.32
2,917,340
0.59
1,721,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-1^
30,040
31,000
31,000
30,600
30,300
29,000
183.43
209.70
165.74
133.51
146.15
166.90
5,510,000
6,552,000
5,138,000
4,085,000
4,428,000
4,840,000
0.51
0.40
0,47
1.05
C.49
0.57
2,810,000
2,621,000
2,415,000
4,289,000
2,170,000
2,771,000
Turnips, mangolds,
etc . . .1910
990
177.21
175,436
0.43
75,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 191014
13,907
14,000
13,000
12,900
12,400
11,000
285.25
304.47
254.24
248.91
236.75
269.45
3,966,000
4,165,000
3,305,000
3,211,000
2,936,000
2,964,000
0.43
0.42
0.50
0.71
0.52
0.50
1,705,000
1,749,000
1,653,000
2,280,000
1,527,000
1,492,000
Hay and clover. . .1910
191
191
191
191
191
Average 1910-14
37,694
47,720
53,000
62,000
70,000
67,000
54,000
tons.
1.19
1.50
1.70
1.84
1.74
1.41
1.65
tons.
45,129
72,000
90,000
114,000
122,000
94,000
89,000
per
ton.
9.56
9.73
7.71
7.38
6.84
6.96
7.87
431,000
701,000
693,000
841,000
834,000
654,000
700,000
165
AGRICULTURE.
1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada,
1910-1915 con.
Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total
Yield.
Weight
per
meas
ured
bush.
Aver
age
price
per
ton.
sr
Total
Value.
Saskatchewan con.
acres.
tons.
tons.
Ib.
$
$
Fodder corn 1910
675
1.44
977
6.34
6,000
1911
1,357
7.00
9,500
6.50
62,000
1912
1,300
1.50
2,000
8.00
16,000
1913
1,600
7.0C
11,000
8.00
88,000
1914
1,900
3.66
7,000
3.50
24,500
1915
2,000
4.16
8,300
3.00
25,000
Average 1910-14
1,400
4.29
6,000
_
6.50
39,000
Alfalfa 1910
182
1.09
199
_
13.55
3,000
1911
1,168
1.50
2,000
13.00
26,000
1912
1,400
2.19
3,000
11.66
35,000
1913
1,600
2.27
3,700
15.25
56,000
1914
1,800
2.59
5,000
-
15.00
75,000
1915
1,800
1.71
3,000
14.50
44,000
Average . . . .191014
1,200
2.25
2,700
_
14.44
39,000
/
Alberta
bush.
bush.
per
bush.
Fall wheat 1910
204,636
11.35
2,323,530
60.48
0.72
1,673,000
1911
305,788
25.28
7,730,000
59.46
0.75
5,798,000
1912
212,000
21.83
4,628,000
59.63
0.59
2,731,000
1913
202,000
21.00
4,242,000
60.96
0.62
2,630,000
1914
221,100
21.30
4,709,000
58.26
0.94
4,426,000
1915
215,700
33.92
7,316,000
61.32
0.79
5,780,000
Average 1910-14
229,000
20.64
4,727,000
59.75
0.73
3,452,000
f t
Spring wheat 1910
674,665
9.98
6,736,680
59.64
0.68
4,581,000
1911
1,334,186
21.64
28,872,000
58.90
0.58
16,746,000
1912
1,378,000
21.54
29,675,000
58.01
0.53
15,728,000
1913
1,310,000
23.00
30,130,000
61.12
0.61
18,379,000
1914
1,150,000
21.00
24,150,000
60.75
0.91
21,977,000
1915
1,348,000
32.67
44,039,000
61.57
0.79
34,791,000
Average . . . .191014
1,169,000
20.46
23,913,000
59.68
0.65
15,482,000
7 /
All wheat 1910
879,301
10.30
9,060-,210
59.86
0.69
6,254,000
1911
1,639,974
22.32
36,602,000
59.02
0.62
22,544,000
1912
1,590,000
21.57
34,303,000
58.23
0.54
18,459,000
1913
1,512,000
22.73
34,372,000
61.10
0.61
21,009,000
1914
1,371,100
21.05
28,859,000
60.17
0.91
26,403,000
1915
1,563,700
32.84
51,355,000
61.52
0.79
40,571,000
Average 1910-14
1,398,000
20.49
28,639,000
59.67
0.66
18,934,000
/ ?
Oats 1910
783,072
20.56
16,099,223
38.05
0.32
5,152,000
1911
1,221,217
48.34
59,034,000
37.34
0.28
16,530,000
1912
1,461,000
46.30
67,630,000
38.94
0.24
16,231,000
1913
1,639,000
43.65
71,542,000
38.67
0.24
17,170,000
1914
1,502,000
38.00
57,076,000
38.01
0.42
23,972,000
1915
1,912,000
56.35
107,741,000
39.76
0.27
29,090,000
Average 1910-14
1,321,000
41.09
54,276,000
38.20
0.29
15,811,000
166
PRODUCTION.
1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada,
1910-1915 con.
Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total
Yield.
Weight
per
meas
ured
bush.
Aver
age
price
per
bush.
Total
Value.
Alberta con.
Barley 1910
acres.
121,435
bush.
20.42
bush.
2,480,165
Ib.
47.92
$
0.38
$
942,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 191014
164,132
187,000
197,000
178,000
185,000
170,000
26.54
33.05
32.15
27.00
37.75
28.30
4,356,000
6,179,000
6,334,000
4,806,000
6,984,000
4,811,000
46.84
48.12
49.00
48.87
49.57
48.07
0.41
0.33
0.31
0.51
0.35
0.38
1,786,000
2,039,000
1,964,000
2,451,000
2,444,000
1,836,000
Rye 1910
6,672
16.33
109,006
56.22
0.56
61,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
14,443
15,000
16,000
16,400
16,800
14,000
27.30
25.56
24.89
22.00
28.61
23 43
394,000
377,000
398,000
360,000
463,000
328,000
55.27
54.00
57.07
55.83
56.63
55.67
0.61
0.56
0.46
0.66
0.73
0.57
240,000
211,000
183,000
238,000
338,000
187,000
Peas 1910
287
15.23
4,371
1.29
7,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
493
460
500
470
430
440
16.00
18.50
17.00
17.25
20.00
17.26
8,000
9,000
8,500
8,100
8,600
7,595
58.66
62.00
58.66
1.10
0.93
0.85
1.47
1.65
1.14
9,000
8,400
7,000
12,000
14,200
8,680
Mixed grains 1910
1,798
20 33
36,556
0.47
17,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
2,789
2,800
2,000
1,800
1,700
2,260
30.00
34.50
36.67
40.00
39.17
32.30
84,000
97,000
73,000
72,000
67,000
73,000
47.20
0.42
0.40
0.34
0.47
0.34
0.41
35,000
39,000
25,000
34,000
23,000
30,000
Flax 1910
31,076
2.53
78,480
54.93
1.87
147,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 191014
107,171
132,000
105,000
80,000
70,000
91,000
10.39
12.83
11.00
7.67
16.05
10.23
1,114,000
1,693,000
1,155,000
614,000
1,124,000
931,000
53.43
54.76
56.26
55.78
56.37
55.03
1.20
0.92
1.19
1.05
1.49
1.09
1,337,000
1,557,000
1,374,000
645,000
1,675,000
1,012,000
Potatoes 1910
20,086
116.49
2,339,901
0.64
1,498,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Averaee . . 1910-14
23,863
27,000
26,000
26,300
27,300
25.000
193.03
211.64
167.32
138.86
188.84
165.80
4,606,000
5,775,000
4,350,000
3,652,000
5,155,000
4.145.000
0.42
0.39
0.39
0.65
0.33
0.47
1,935,000
2,252,000
1,697,000
2,374,000
1,701,000
1,951,000
167
AGRICULTURE .
1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada,
1910-1915 con.
. Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total
Yield.
Weight
per
meas
ured
bush.
Aver
age
price
per
bush.
Total
Value.
Alberta con.
Turnips, mangolds, 1910
etc. 1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
acres.
1,333
4,828
5,000
5,000
4,900
4,900
4,200
bush.
177.18
300.61
260.98
246.77
255.53
276.73
259.76
bush.
236,178
1,451,000
1,281,000
1,234,000
1,252,000
1,356,000
1,091,000
Ib.
$
0.47
0.29
0.57
0.50
0.60
0.39
0.48
$
111,000
421,000
730,000
617,000
751,000
529,000
526,000
Hay and clover. . . 1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
149,973
162,411
171,000
176,000
176,000
173,000
167,000
tons.
0.84
1.66
1.70
1.56
1.73
1.80
1.52
tons.
125,662
270,000
291,000
275,000
304,000
311,000
253,000
p. ton.
14.58
12.24
9.09
8.69
8.31
8.61
10.04
1,832,000
3,305,000
2,644,000
2,390,000
2,526,000
2,678,000
2,539,000
Fodder corn 1910
1,259
1.89
2,392
7.53
18,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
739
600
600
800
1,100
800
1.95
2.00
3.70
2.00
5.14
2.25
1,400
1,200
2,200
1,600
5,700
1,800
8.00
8.50
9.00
3.50
5.00
7.22
11,000
10,000
20,000
5,600
29,000
13,000
Sugar beets 1910
1,079
5.45
5,876
5.00
29,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average ..... 1910-14
1,795
1,900
2,000
100
1,400
8.00
7.00
5.00
6.00
6.21
14,000
13,000
10,000
600
8,700
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
70,000
67,000
50,000
3,000
44,000
Alfalfa 1910
2,592
1.98
5,133
15.94
82,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
7,890
9,300
9,000
11,400
11,000
8,000
2.62
2.56
2.77
2.77
3.06
2.62
21,000
24,000
25,000
32,000
34,000
21,000
12.00
10.70
8.25
11.41
9.31
11.05
252,000
256,000
206,000
365,000
317,000
232,000
British Columbia
Fall wheat !..1910
4,369
bush.
28.55
bush.
96,197
per
bush.
0.91
88,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average. .1910-14
6,599
6,000
6,000
5,500
6,000
5.700
29.81
33.00
33.14
31.82
33.44
30.35
197,000
198,000
199,000
175,000
200,600
173,000
61.00
58.50
59.25
60.00
60.46
59.68
0.97
1.03
1.01
1.22
0.91
1.04
191,000
204,000
201,000
214,000
182,500
180.000
168
PRODUCTION.
1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada,
1910-1915 con.
Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total
Yield.
Weight
per
meas
ured
bush.
Aver
age
price
per
bush.
Total
Value.
British Columbia con.
Spring wheat 1910
acres.
5,133
bush.
21.40
bush.
109,873
Ib.
$
1.23
$PD
135,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
7,108
6,700
7,000
7,000
10,000
6,600
26.73
30.33
26.67
27.77
32.43
26.82
190,000
203,000
187,000
194,000
324,400
177,000
57.20
60.25
60.00
59.50
.58.40
59.23
1.01
0.93
0.99
1.23
0.96
1.06
192,000
188,000
185,000
239,000
311,400
188,000
All wheat 1910
9,492
21.70
206,070
1.08
223,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
13,707
12,700
13,000
12,500
16,000
12,300
28.23
31.57
29.69
29.52
32.80
28.46
387,000
401,000
386,000
369,000
525,000
350,000
59.13
59.39
59.61
59.74
59.32
59.46
0.99
0.98
1.00
1.23
0.94
1.05
383,000
392,000
386,000
453,000
493,900
367,000
Oats 1910
33,209
51.24
1,701,533
0.59
1,004,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
45,299
45,000
48,500
56,700
71,000
46,000
52.50
56.00
55.50
55.93
61.84
54.13
2,378,000
2,507,000
2,692,000
3,171,000
4,390,600
2,490,000
35.46
35.00
40.83
35.63
36.28
36.73
0.57
0.51
0.58
0.62
0.49
0.58
1,355,000
1,278,000
1,561,000
1,966,000
2,151,400
1,433,000
Barley 1910
1,853
27.79
51,509
0.83
43,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
2,783
2,600
2,500
2,600
2,650
2,500
41.66
45.33
35.25
37.29
40.36
37.60
116,000
117,000
88,000
97,000
106,900
94,000
50.50
48.00
48.00
48.83
49.89
48.83
0.70
0.64
0.68
0.92
0.64
0.74
81,000
75,000
60,000
89,000
68,400
70,000
Peas 1910
1,572
27.97
43,979
0.99
44,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
1,489
1,400
1,300
1,350
1,300
1,500
30.25
30.66
26.67
30.00
29.75
27.73
45,000
43,000
35,000
41,000
38,700
41,600
62.50
62.50
63.00
60.00
60.00
62.00
1.40
1.38
1.50
1.45
1.24
1.35
63,000
59,000
53,000
59,000
48,000
56,000
Mixed grains 1910
526
24.33
12,802
0.84
11,000
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
Average 1910-14
2,248
2,500
2,500
2,400
2,600
2,050
30.00
35.00
62.00
56.67
40.00
44.88
67,000
88,000
155,000
136,000
104,000
92,000
48.00
48.00
0.70
0.65
0.35
1.03
0.50
0.67
47,000
57,000
54,000
140,000
52,000
61,800
169
AGRICULTURE.
1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada,
1910-1915 concluded.
Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total
Yield.
Weight
per
meas
ured
bush.
Aver
age
price
per
bush.
Total
Value.
British Columbia con.
acres.
bush.
bush.
Ib.
$
$
Potatoes 1910
10,872
150.03
1,631,211
w>
0.74
1,148,000
1911
14,974
252.31
3,778,000
0.66
2,493,000
1912
17,000
233.15
3,995,000
0.49
1,958,000
1913
15,000
207.30
3,110,000
-
0.66
2,053,000
1914
14,700
182.00
2,675,000
-
0.78
2,087,000
1915
16,000
247.28
3,956,OOC
0.45
1,780,000
Average 1910-14
14,500
209.52
3,038,000
_
0.64
1,948,000
Turnips, mangolds,
etc 1910
2,239
439". 70
984,494
0.29
282,000
1911
3,400
506.65
1,723,000
-
0.60
1,034,000
1912
3,200
415.90
1,351,000
0.53
716,000
1913
3,400
584.35
1,987,000
0.60
1,192,000
1914
3,500
431.00
1,509,000
0.53
800,000
1915
3,800
455.61
1,731,000
0.39
675,000
Average 1910-14
3,150
479.68
1,511,000
_
0.53
805,000
per
tons.
tons.
ton.
Hav and clover. . .1910
133,317
1.56
208,499
-
18.34
3,825,000
1911
136,134
2.27
309,000
18.00
5,562,000
1912
139,000
2.28
317,000
17.45
5,540,000
1913
145,000
2.11
306,000
17.00
5,202,000
1914
158,000
2.23
352,000
-
15.54
5,470,000
1915
167,000
2.34
391,000
14.57
5,697,000
Average 1910-14
142,300
2.10
298,500
_
17.15
5,120,000
Fodder corn 1910
355
7.70
2,736
6.46
7 7
18,000
1911
429
7.69
3,300
7.50
25,000
1912
400
7.50
3,000
-
9.00
27,000
1913
400
7.50
3,000
12.00
36,000
1914
390
8.00
3,000
-
6.00
18,000
1915
430
12.62
5,400
4.00
22,000
Average 1910-14
400
7.50
3,000
8.33
25,000
Alfalfa . . 1910
3,741
2.64
9,903
13.58
135,000
1911
5,642
5.50
31,000
14.00
434,000
1912
6,700
4.20
28,000
17.00
481,000
1913
6,700
4.60
31,000
-
14.66
454,000
1914
8,500
3.33
28,000
-
13.60
381,000
1915
12,100
3.52
43,000
14.84
638,000
Average 1910-14
6,300
4.13
26,000
15.39
400,000
7
170
PRODUCTION.
2. Comparative Areas and Yields of Wheat, Oats, Barley and Flaxseed in the
Northwest Provinces, 1911-1915.
AREAS.
Provinces.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
Average for
the five yrs.
1910-1914.
N.W. Provinces
Wheat
acres.
9,991,281
acres.
10,011,000
acres.
10,036,000
acres.
9,335,400
acres.
11,744,700
acres.
8,448,000
Oats
4,861,563
5,365,000
5,792,000
5,353,000
6,290,000
5,050,000
Barley
886,225
960,000
1,025,000
936,000
962,000
895,000
Flax
868,936
2,012,000
1,545,000
1,078,000
801,000
1,215,000
Manitoba-
Wheat
3,094,833
2,839,000
2,804,000
2,616,000
3,342,900
2,823,000
Oats
1,307,434
1,348,000
1,398,000
1,331,000
1,441,000
1,319,000
Barley
448,105
481,000
496,000
468,000
490,000
462,000
Flax
79,765
100,000
54,000
40,000
34,000
62,000
Saskatchewan
Wheat
5,256,474
5,582,000
5,720,000
5,348,300
6,838,100
5,227,000
Oats
2,332,912
2,556,000
2,755,000
2,520,000
2,937,000
2,410,000
Barley
273,988
292,000
332,000
290,000
287,000
264,000
Flax
682,000
1,780,000
1,386,000
958,000
697,000
1,062,000
Alberta
Wheat
1,639,974
1,590,000
1,512,000
1,371,100
1,563,700
1,398,000
Oats
1,221,217
1,461,000
1,639,000
1,502,000
1,912,000
1,321,000
Barley
164,132
187,000
197,000
178,000
185,000
170,000
Flax
107, f 71
132,000
105,000
80,000
70,000
91,000
r
YIELDS.
N.W. Provinces
Wheat
bush.
208,366,000
bush.
204,280,OOC
bush.
209,262,000
bush.
140,958,000
bush.
342,948,000
bush.
174,606,000
Oats
176,292,000
242,321, OOC
242.413.00C
150,843,000
334,840,006
183,454,000
Barley
27,966,000
31,600,000
31,060,000
19,535,000
35,317,200
24,442,000
Flax
9,938,500
25,978,000
17,366,000
7,083,000
10,559,000
12,903,000
Manitoba
Wheat
62,689,000
63,017,000
53,331,000
38,605,000
96,425,000
50,354,000
Oats
60,037,000
57,154,000
56,759,000
31,951,000
69,471,000
47,256,000
Barley
14,949,000
15,826,000
14,305,000
9,828,000
47,763,000
12,283,000
Flax
1,152,000
1,252,000
632,000
338,000
374,000
710,000
Saskatchewan
Wheat
109,075,000
106,960,006
121.559.00C
73,494,000
195,168,000
95,613,000
Oats
107,594,000
117,537,000
114,112,000
61,816,000
157,628,600
91,996,000
Barley
8,661,000
9,595,000
10,421,000
4,901,000
10,570,200
7,328,000
Flax
7,672,500
23,033,000
15,579,000
6,131,000
9,061,000
11,262,000
Alberta
Wheat
36,602,000
34,303,000
34,372,000
28,859,000
51,355,000
28,639,000
Oats
59,034,000
67,630,000
71,542,000
57,076,000
107,741,000
54,276,000
Barley
4,356,000
6,179,000
6,334,000
4,806,000
6,984,000
4,831,000
Flax
1,114,000
1,693,000
1,555,000
614,000
1,124,000
931,000
171
AGRICULTURE .
3. Total Areas and Values of Field Crops in Canada, 1911-1915.
AREAS.
Provinces.
1911.
1912. -
1913.
1914.
1915.
Canada
acres.
34,545,672
acres.
35,575,550
acres.
35,375,430
acres.
33 436,675
acres.
37,063,455
P. E. Island
477,035
462,880
456,970
461,510
481.985
Nova Scotia
709,703
700,160
711,630
693,860
727,260
New Brunswick
978,530
931,990
906,130
904,055
893,940
Quebec
5,375,066
5,010,400
4,898,800
4,863,850
4,901,760
Ontario
9,648,909
9,349,000
9,200,000
8,973,700
9,391,500
Manitoba
5,134,087
4,971,400
4,965,500
4,671,790
5,529,550
Saskatchewan
8,644,102
10,315,800
10,307,600
9,238,000
10,877,650
Alberta
3,351,745
3,603,060
3,690,100
3,369,270
3,966,930
British Columbia
226,495
230,860
238,700
260,640
292,880
VALUES.
*
Canada
$
597,926,000
9,099,300
17,174,500
17,695,200
106,248,000
195,764,000
76,548,000
115,426,000
48,475,000
11,496,000
$
557,344,100
9,456,000
19,420,000
17,295,700
69,901,000
198,715,000
71,647,000
115,813,000
44,503,400
10,593,000
$
552,771,500
9,535,500
17,132,900
17,965,100
88,589,000
167,835,000
64,557,000
129,376,000
46,712,000
11,069,000
s
638,580,300
11,544,000
21,969,700
20,045,100
99,279,000
196,220,000
65,528,400
152,751,500
59,779,600
11,463,000
$
797,669,500
10,632,700
19,556,700
20,096,400
104,683,000
207,043,500
119,447,000
224,875,300
79,409,200
11,625,700
P. E. Island
Nova Scotia
New Brunswick
Quebec . . . .
Ontario
Manitoba
Saskatchewan
Alberta
British Columbia
NOTE. In 1914 the total areas estimated to be sown to field crops amounted to 35,102,175 acres; but the
productive surface in the Northwest provinces was reduced by the following areas of crops which failed in
consequence of the drought: Wheat 728,100 acres, oats 753,000 acres, barley 102,000 acres, flax 79,000 acres
and sugar beets 2,000 acres in Alberta, and 1,400 acres in Ontario.
Farm Live Stock. Table 4 gives the numbers of each description
of farm live stock (horses, cattle, sheep and swine) for the years 1911
to 1915. For 1911, the numbers are as recorded by the Census after
compilation of returns collected from every occupier on June 1. For
the other years the figures are compiled from the returns on June 30 by
selected correspondents of estimated percentage increases or decreases
as compared with the previous year.
Values of Farm Live Stock and of Wool. Table 5 shows the average
values per head of farm animals, as estimated from the reports of
correspondents of the Census and Statistics Office for the year 1915,
as compared with the years 1908, 1909, 1910 and 1914. Horses and
cattle other than milch cows are divided according to age, and the unit
value for swine is 100 Ib. live weight. The table gives also an estimate
of the value per Ib. of unwashed and washed wool. The value of horses
is somewhat less than that of 1914; but the prices of cattle showed an
increase, especially for milch cows. Swine were appreciably dearer,
except in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, where they were about the
same as in 1914. Sheep too rose in price, and there was a notable
increase in the value of wool, the average for Canada being 28 cents
per Ib. for unwashed and 38 cents per Ib. for washed wool, as compared
with 19 and 26 cents respectively in 1914. Table 6 shows the numbers
[Continued on page 175 ]
172
P RODUCTION .
4. Numbers of Farm Live Stock by Provinces, 1911-1915.
Live Stock.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
Canada
Horses
No.
2,595,912
No.
2,692,357
No.
2,866,008
No.
2,947,738
No.
2 996 099
Milch cows
2,594,179
2,604,488
2,740,434
2,673,286
2 666 846
Other cattle
3,939,257
3,827,373
3,915,687
3,363,531
3,399 155
Sheep
2,175,302
2,082,381
2,128,531
2,058,045
2 038 662
Swine
3,610,428
3,477,310
3,448,326
3,434,261
3,111 900
Prince Edward Island
Horses
35,935
35,638
35,952
36,114
36 898
Milch cows
52,109
49,415
48,565
47,317
47,043
Other cattle
68,287
64,688
64,261
61,048
59,503
Sheep
91,232
87,793
85,660
85,351
86,640
Swine
56,377
50,463
43,762
41,718
40,792
Nova Scotia
Horses
61,355
61,735
62,550
62,581
63,244
Milch cows
129,302
130,104
130,468
128,237
128,814
Other cattle
158,122
156,051
153,726
148,269
144,458
Sheep
220,907
216,135
217,734
211,921
205,542
Swine
63,322
61,194
56,580
53,892
53,402
New Brunswick-
Horses
65,458
65,582
65,108
65,702
65,827
Milch cows
108,532
110,507
106,904
102,713
101,665
Other cattle
113,659
113,136
107,864
99,256
96,437
Sheep
158,216
148,723
135,115
211,739
111,026
Swine
87,391
85,905
77,014
73,325
72,533
Quebec
Horses
369,237
367,402
369,974
372,009
372,567
Milch cows
753,134
755,770
761,816
733,476
720,420
Other cattle
697,860
695,906
693,540
625,958
612,500
Sheep
637,062
620,881
602,751
571,287
554,491
Swine
793,348
747,254
661,768
634,569
632,729
Ontario-
Horses
811,585
805,271
902,628
904,975
903,527
Milch cows
1,032,979
1,033,392
1,141,071
1,085,843
1,077,808
Other cattle
1,471,694
1,380,890
1,460,015
970,445
935,606
Sheep
743,483
677,462
705,848
640,416
611,789
Swine
1,864,165
1,693,594
1,652,440
1,553,624
1,469,573
Manitoba
Horses
280,374
293,776
304,088
316,707
317,847
Milch cows
155,337
148,471
152,792
156,306
157,494
Other cattle
279,776
267,130
256,926
251,996
246,603
Sheep
37,322
40,800
42,840
45,303
50,880
Swine
188,416
183,370
184,745
186,276
163,308
Saskatchewan-
Horses
507,400
551,645
580,386
609,521
630,062
Milch cows
181,146
184,896
194,843
204,624
211,684
Other cattle
452,466
461,244
468,255
474,436
543,609
Sheep
114,216
114,810
115,568
126,027
133,311
Swine
286,295
344,298
386,784
454,703
411,324
Alberta
Horses
407,153
451,573
484,809
519,424
544,772
Milch cows
147,687
157,922
168,376
179,068
183,974
Other cattle
592,163
587,307
610,917
633,032
660,000
Sheep
133,592
135,075
178,015
211,001
238,579
Swine
237,510
278,747
350,692
397,123
229,696
British Columbia
Horses
57,415
59,735
60,518
60,705
61,355
Milch cows
33,953
34,011
35,599
35,702
37,944
Other cattle
105,230
101,021
100,183
99,091
100,439
Sheep
39,272
40,702
45,000
45,000
46,404
Swine
33,604
32,485
34,541
39,031
38,543
173
AGRICULTURE.
5. Average Values of Farm Animals and of Wool, as estimated by Correspondents,
1908, 1909, 1910, 1914 and 1915.
Horses.
Other horned cattle
Wool per Ib.
Provinces.
Jnder
1
1
year
to
under
3
years
and
Milch
cows
Under
1
1
year
to
under
3
years
and
Swine
per
100 Ib.
weight
Sheep
Un
washed
Washed
year
3
over
year
3
over
years
years
$
$
$
S
$
$
$
$ c.
$ c.
$ c.
$ c.
Canada . . . 1908
46
100
143
34
9
21
32
5.86
5.23
0.18
0.24
1909
49
106
150
36
10
23
33
7.90
5.89
0.17
0.24
1910
54
119
171
42
12
26
39
7.85
6.30
0.18
0.24
1914
55
114
165
57
16
37
54
7.24
7.07
0.19
0.26
1915
54
111
160
62
17
38
55
8.58
7.13
0.28
0.38
P E. Island 1908
37
75
119
29
8
17
27
5.69
4.46
0.19
-
1909
34
87
126
31
8
19
28
7.33
4.55
0.16
0.22
1910
44
102
140
32
8
19
28
6.70
5.82
0.17
0.24
1914
46
95
143
39
11
23
35
7.14
6.05
0.21
0.27
1915
42
92
136
42
11
25
37
8^02
6.97
0.32
0.40
Nova Scotia 1908
35
76
112
30
7
20
32
5.87
3.81
0.20
-
1909
40
90
133
33
9
23
37
7.26
4.13
0.19
0.24
1910
46
95
145
37
9
24
40
7.25
4.48
0.20
0.25
1914
53
116
166
40
10
25
42
7.75
4.70
0.21
0.26
1915
53
108
167
45
11
28
44
7.94
5.28
0.31
0.40
N. Brunswick.. . .1908
42
40
96
90
140
137
29
29
7
8
18
18
26
28
5.58
7.36
3.86
4.22
0.19
0.18
0.24
1909
1910
50
112
157
33
8
19
31
7.05
4.60
0.18
0.23
1914
54
123
183
40
11
24
39
8.16
4.63
0.22
0.28
1915
59
127
182
40
11
25
37
8.17
5.25
0.30
0.40
Quebec.. ..1908
41
41
97
98
140
145
32
33
8
8
17
19
26
29
6.72
9.62
4.97
5.47
0.25
0.21
0.29
1909
1910
46
103
155
39
9
21
32
8.78
5.72
0.21
0.29
1914
49
107
164
47
11
27
41
8.91
6.60
0.23
0.30
1915
48
104
159
51
12
28
42
9.81
7.48
0.33
0.43
Ontario.. ..1908
49
53
103
110
141
144
36
40
11
12
24
26
36
38
5.91
7.33
5.91
6.63
0.15
0.14
0.20
1909
1910
60
127
174
48
14
31
46
7.30
7.00
0.14
0.20
1914
54
111
152
64
20
43
62
7.74
8.70
0.19
0.25
1915
51
102
142
70
20
45
64
8.90
10.03
0.26
0.33
Manitoba.. ..1908
58
63
125
132
176
187
32
34
9
10
20
21
30
30
5.06
7.00
5.83
7.08
0.11
0.09
0.14
1909
1910
68
146
207
40
11
24
36
6.50
6.50
0.10
0.13
1914
61
126
176
62
17
38
56
6.28
8.76
0.14
0.18
1915
63
124
178
65
18
41
60
7.75
8.56
0.21
0.29
Saskatchewan 1908
1909
53
56
117
123
170
180
37
38
10
11
23
25
37
40
4.84
6.86
5.09
7.01
0.10
0.10
0.13
1910
50
137
200
41
12
27
40
7.50
7.00
0.09
0.14
1914
63
133
187
66
18
41
61
5.74
7.08
0.15
0.20
1915
64
132
150
69
20
44
62
8.26
7.97
0.20
0.24
Alberta.. ..1908
36
47
78
97
118
150
34
35
11
11
22
23
33
33
5.31
7.20
5.82
6.80
0.11
0.12
0.18
1909
1910
51
108
164
39
12
25
38
7.60
6.30
0.11
0.18
191
45
91
137
66
21
42
61
5.99
6.96
0.14
0.18
1915
47
97
142
69
22
45
64
7.70
7.57
0.23
0.25
British Columbia. .1908
1909
48
44
99
111
150
165
48
51
12
12
25
26
37
38
6.53
7.50
5.95
6.72
0.08
0.10
0.15
01 t*
1910
63
144
225
57
13
28
43
-
-
0.10
.15
191-
46
93
162
89
22
48
73
8.00
8.33
0.15
0.16
191
42
93
136
91
21
48
67
9.09
7.86
0.19
0.20
174
PRODUCTION
6. Numbers in June and Values in December of Farm Live Stock in Canada,
as estimated by Correspondents, 1914 and 1915.
Farm animals.
1914.
1915.
1914.
1915.
1914.
1815.
Canada
Horses
No.
2,947,73
No.
2,996,09
$ per
head.
126
$ per
head.
123 6
$
371 430 36
I
370 378 482
Milch cows
2,673,28
2,666,84
57.4
61 5
153,632 63
164 223 592
Other cattle
3,363,53
3,399,15
42.6
44 5
143 498 15
151 477 474
Sheep
2,058,04
2,038 66
7
7 9
14 550 71
Ifi 224 fifi?
Swine
3,434,26
3,111,90
12 3
15 54
42 418 32
48 363 34fi
Prince Edward Island-
Horses
36,11
36 89
111 1
106 2
4 013 71
3 921 I5fl
Milch cows
47,31
47,04
39.0
41.5
1,849 62
1 955 107
Other cattle
61,04
59,50
25.4
27.4
1,555,50
1 516 136
Sheep
85,35
86,640
6
6 9
516 37
603 881
Swine
41,718
40,792
14 74
12 44
614 92
507 452
Nova Scotia-
Horses
62,58
63,244
121.35
120.36
7,594,204
7 612 048
Milch cows
128,237
128,814
39.98
44.5
5,126,915
5 733,511
Other cattle
148,269
144,458
28.93
31.95
4,289,422
4 615 433
Sheep
211,921
205,542
4.70
5.28
996,029
1 085,262
Swine. ...
53,892
53,402
15.77
17 97
849,877
959 634
New Brunswick
Horses
65,702
65,827
137.90
136.39
9,060,306
8,978,145
Milch cows
102,713
101,665
40.00
39.96
4,108,520
4 062 533
Other cattle
99,256
96,437
26.75
27.92
2,655,098
2,692,521
Sheep
121,739
111,026
4.63
5.25
563,652
582,887
Swine
73,325
72,533
17.73
17.49
1,300,052
1,268,602
Quebec
Horses. ...
372,009
372,567
134.69
133.63
50,105,892
49,786,128
Milch cows
733,476
720,420
47.10
50.74
34,546,720
36,554,111
Other cattle .
625,958
612,500
39.60
40.26
24,787,937
24,659,250
Sheep
571,287
554,491
6.60
7.48
3,770,494
4,147,593
Swine
634,569
632,729
14.32
14.52
9,087,028
9,187,225
Ontario
Horses
904,975
903,527
116.46
107.75
105,393,389
97,355,034
Milch cows. . .
1,085,843
1,077,808
64.28
69.55
69,797,988
74,961,546
Other cattle.
970,445
935,606
45.30
47.26
43,961,159
44,216,740
Sheep
640,416
611,789
8.70
10.03
5,571,619
6,136,244
Swine
1,553,624
1,469,573
12.62
14.12
19,606,735
20,750,371
Manitoba
Horses
316,707
317,847
131.46
133.16
41,634,302
42,324,507
Milch cows.
156,306
157,494
61.90
65.12
9,675,341
10,256,009
Other cattle. .
251,996
246,603
41.15
43.89
10,369,635
10,823,406
Sheep
45,303
50,880
8.76
8.56
396,854
435,533
Swine
186,276
163,308
10.92
14.38
2,034,134
2,348,369
Saskatchewan-
Horses
609,521
630,062
147.70
146.79
90,026,252
92,486,801
Milch cowa . .
204,624
211,684
65.84
69.14
13,472,444
14,635,832
Other cattle
474,436
543,609
44.27
47.39
21,003,282
25,761,631
Sheep
126,027
133,311
7.08
7.97
892,271
1,062,489
Swine
454,703
411,324
9.67
23.97
4,396,978
9,859.438
Alberta
Horses
519,424
544,772
108.49
113.21
56,352,310
61,673,638
Milch cows
179,068
183,974
66.38
68.64
11,886,534
12,627,975
Other cattle..
633,032
660,000
45.78
48.81
28,980,205
32,214,600
Sheep
211,001
238,579
6.96
7.57
1,468,567
1,806,043
Swine
397,123
229,696
10.23
12.65
4,062,568
2,905,654
British Columbia
Horses
60,705
61,355
119.43
101.72
7,249,998
6,241,031
Milch cows
35,702
37,944
88.75
90.58
3,168,553
3,436,968
Other cattle
99,091
100,439
59.50
49.56
5,895,915
4,977,757
Sheep
45,000
46,404
8.33
7.86
374,850
364,735
Swine
39,031
38,543
11.94
14.96
466,030
576,603
175
AGRICULTURE.
[Continued from page 171]
in June and the values in December of farm live stock in 1914 and
1915. The figures are arrived at by multiplication of the numbers, as,
estimated in June, by the average values per head as calculated from
the returns at the end of January. They have not the exactitude of
census returns, and can only be regarded as approximate.
Values of Farm Land. Table 7 shows the average values per acre
of occupied farm lands in Canada, as estimated by correspondents in
each of years 1908, 1909, 1910, 1914 and 1915. For the whole of
Canada the average value of farm land held for agricultural purposes,
whether improved or unimproved, and including the value of dwelling
houses, farms, stables and other farm buildings, was approximately
$39 per acre. In 1914 the average value was returned as $38.41. By
provinces the averages per acre range from $22.48 in New Brunswick
to about $125 in British Columbia, the values for the other provinces
being as follows: Prince Edward Island, $37.64; Nova Scotia, $28;
Quebec, $51.36; Ontario, $52.49; Manitoba, $30.36; Saskatchewan,
$24.20 and Alberta, $23.15. In British Columbia the higher average
is due to orcharding and fruit growing.
7. Average Values per acre of Occupied Farm Lands in Canada, as estimated by
Correspondents, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1914 and 1915.
Provinces.
1908.
1909.
1910.
1914.
1915.
Canada
$
35.70
$
38.60
$
38.45
$
38.41
$
39.70
Prince Edward Island
33.70
32.07
31.24
38.65
37.64
Nova Scotia
25.00
30.50
24.72
27.99
28.00
New Brunswick
21.40
23.77
18.50
25.61
22.48
Quebec
41.90
43.37
42.50
47.00
51.36
Ontario
47.30
50.22
48.00
54.45
52.49
Manitoba ... .
27.30
28.94
28.67
31.67
30.36
Saskatchewan
20.40
21.54
22.00
23.82
24.20
Alberta
18.20
20.46
24.00
21.03
23.15
British Columbia
76.10
73.44
74.00
150.00
125.00
Wages of Farm Help in Canada.- -The wages paid for farm labour
in 1914 fell to a lower point than in any recent year. The causes for
this decrease were the small crops of 1914, for the gathering of which
fewer hands were required, the release of other labourers on the outbreak
of the war and the increased cost of board. In 1915, owing to the
abundant harvest and the effects of recruiting for the army, there was
some reaction, and the average wages paid were more than in 1914 if
not quite equal to those paid in 1910, the date of the previous inquiry.
As shown by Table 8, for the Dominion the average wages per month
during the summer, including board, were $37.10 for male and $20.20
for female help, as compared with $35.55 and $18.81 in 1914. For
the year 1915, including board, the average wages were $341 for males
and $200 for females, as compared with $323.30 and $189.35 in 1914.
The average value of board per month works out to $14.57 for males
and $11.45 for females, the corresponding figures of 1914 being $14.27
176
PRODUCTION.
and $11.24. Average wages per month were lowest in Prince Edward
Island, viz., $26.67 for males and $14.59 for females; in Nova Scotia
the averages were $32.95 and $15.85; in New Brunswick $33.73 and
$16.11; in Quebec $33.08 and $16.44; in Ontario $31.09 and $17.12;
in Manitoba $45.18 and $27.29; in Saskatchewan $42.22 and $23.81;
in Alberta $44.02 and $24.25 and in British Columbia $49.37 and $31.21.
8. Average Wages of Farm Help in Canada as estimated by Correspondents,
1909, 1910, 1914 and 1915.
Provinces.
Per month in
summer season,
including board.
Per year,
including board.
Average value
of board
per month.
males.
females.
males.
females.
males.
females.
Canada . . . . 1909
$ c.
33.69
35.15
35.55
37.10
25.27
26.60
24.71
26.67
31.20
33.70
31.20
32.95
32.59
33.90
31.93
33.73
33.33
36.40
33.56
33.08
31.52
31.40
32.09
31.09
35.95
40.00
39.13
45.18
38.30
40.00
40.51
42.22
40.08
40.00
40.26
44.02
45.50
57.40
47.85
49.37
$ c.
19.08
20.70
18.81
20.20
13.87
15.00
13.48
14.59
15.00
16.90
14.80
15.85
16.02
16.70
15.10
16.11
16.75
18.98
15.65
16.44
18.22
20.10
16.67
17.12
23.97
25.00
22.35
27.29
24.23
24.50
22.96
23.81
26.16
27.50
23.63
24.25
25.27
38.00
31.18
31.21
$ c.
336.29
347.70
323.30
341.00
226.47
244.89
220.93
237.52
310.85
321.30
301.00
309.78
239.55
289.40
301.55
307.96
330.97
313.41
296.35
301.00
331.56
335.84
297.29
304.00
365.55
400.00
364.41
390.47
389.90
402.50
365.90
386.06
421.62
416.00
364.80
404.00
428.33
459.72
463.04
$ c.
206.08
209.69
189.35
200.00
144.27
149.25
135.89
136.80
165.13
175.60
155.47
168.81
172.13
151.65
164.79
153.44
176.89
177.94
152.38
159.00
203.37
211.10
172.00
179.00
261.84
282.00
225.61
244.79
263.86
263.60
234.93
240.90
285.12
300.00
236.32
253.00
265.00
324.44
286.68
$ c
10.00
12.49
14.27
14.57
8.00
10.15
10.12
10.28
10.00
11.50
11.48
11.66
10.00
11.25
11.23
14.17
10.00
11.56
13.29
13.37
10.00
12.00
13.09
13.30
11*00
14.70
15.49
15.21
16.00
14.00
16.50
16.78
15.00
16.70
16.36
16.94
15.00
20.00
21.40
19.15
$ c.
8.00
9.56
11.24
11.45
6.00
7.60
7.62
9.44
7.00
7.90
8.11
8.36
8.00
7.50
7.76
8.48
8.00
8.00
9.37
9.60
8.00
9.60
10.43
10.58
9.00
11.30
12.98
12.75
10.00
13.00
13.96
13.97
12.00
13.90
13.91
14.17
10.00
17.00
17.58
16.00
1910
1914
1915
P. E. Island 1909
1910
1914
1915
Nova Scotia 1909
1910
1914
1915
New Brunswick... 1909
1910
1914
1915
Quebec 1909
1910
1914
1915
Ontario 1909
1910
1914
1915
Manitoba 1909
1910
1914
1915
Saskatchewan. . . .1909
1910
1914
1915
Alberta 1909
1910
1914
1915
British Columbia. 1909
1910
1914
1915
177
AGRICULTURE.
Dairy Products. Measurement of the progress of dairying in
Canada is possible by comparing the results of the census of dairy
industries taken in 1911 with those of the previous census of 1900 and
of the postal census of dairy products taken in 1907. This is done in
Table 9, which shows by provinces the number of factories and creameries
and the quantity and value of cheese and butter produced for each of
the years 1900, 1907 and 1910. But the figures in this table relate
only to the production of factories and creameries and do not include
butter and cheese made on the farm. The production of home-made
butter and cheese in Canada in the census years 1870 to 1910 is shown
in Table 10. For 1900 there is no record of the quantities of home-made
cheese, and the values of dairy products for that year, totalling
$66,470,953 and including milk and cream sold to factories and cheese
and butter, were not separately distinguished. By adding together the
quantities and values of the factory and home-made butter we get a
total butter production in Canada for 1910 of 201,808,365 Ib. (home
made butter 137,110,200 Ib. and factory butter 64,698,165 Ib.), as
compared with 141,409,815 Ib. in 1900 (home-made butter 105,343,076
Ib. and factory butter 36,066,739 Ib.), with a value in 1910 of $45,915,342
(home-made butter $30,269,497 and factory butter $15,645,845). The
increase in quantity is at the rate of 42.71 p.c. Of cheese the total
production in 1910 was 201,275,297 Ib. (factory cheese 199,904,205 Ib.
and home-made cheese 1,371,092 Ib.), the value being $21,741,212
(factory cheese $21,587,124 and home-made cheese $154,088).
9. Cheese and Butter Production in Canada, 1900, 1907 and 1910.
Provinces.
Factories
and
Cream
eries.
Cheese.
k
Butter.
Prince Edward Island. 1900
1907
1910
Nova Scotia 1900
No.
47
43
44
33
.13
16
68
53
42
1,992
2,074
2,142
1,336
1,209
1,248
69
51
42
5
7
27
Lb.
4,457,719
2,250,316
3,293,755
568,147
181,956
264,243
1,892,686
1,205,773
1,166,243
80,630,199
69,887,625
58,171,091
131,967,612
129,693,010
136,093,951
1,289,413
1,266,591
694,713
15,000
26,730
$
449,400
251,410
354,378
58,321
22,066
29,977
187,106
146,720
129,677
7,957,621
7,888,109
6,195,254
13,440,987
15,106,030
14,769,566
124,025
144,836
81,403
1,950
3,396
Lb.
562,220
358,422
670,908
334,211
198,238
354,785
287,814
969,167
849,633
24,625,000
31,056,154
41,782,678
7,559,542
8,862,618
14,085,655
1,557,010
1,561,398
2,050,487
339,014
132,803
1,548,696
$
118,402
89,339
156,478
68,686
49,047
88,481
58,589
231,102
212,205
4,916,756
7,256,629
9,961,732
1,527,935
2,120,457
3,379,063
292,247
388,427
511,972
70,037
36,599
381,809
1907
1910
New Brunswick 1900
1907
1910
Quebec 1900
1907
1910
Ontario 1900
1907
1910
Manitoba 1900
1907
1910
Saskatchewan. . . 1900
1907
1910
178
PRODUCTION.
9. Cheese and Butter Production in Canada, 1900, 1907 and 1910 con.
Provinces.
Factories
and
. Cream
eries.
Cheese.
Butter.
Alberta 1900
No.
18
53
56
-8
12
8
3,576
3,515
3,625
Lb.
27,693
197,911
193,479
90,400
220,833,269
204,788,583
199,904,205
$
3,970
24.468
23,473
12,050
22,221,430
23,597,639
21,587,124
Lb.
406,120
1,507,697
2,149,121
395,808
1,283,797
1,206,202
36,066,739
45,930,294
64,698,165
$
82,630
362,782
533,422
105,690
414,680
420,683
7,240,972
10,949,062
15,645,845
1907
1910
British Columbia 1900
1907
1910
Totals for Canada 1900
1907
1910
10. Production of Home-made Butter and Cheese in Canada, 1870, 1880, 1890,
1900 and 1910.
187
0.
188(
).
189(
).
Provinces.
Butter,
home
made.
Cheese,
home
made.
Butter,
home
made.
Cheese,
home
made.
T
Butter,
home
made.
Cheese,
home
made.
Prince Edward
Island
Lb.
Lb.
Lb.
1,688,690
Lb.
196,273
Lb.
1,969,213
Lb.
123,708
Nova Scotia
New Brunswick..
Quebec
7,161,867
5,115,947
24,289,127
884,853
154,758
512,435
7,465,285
6,527,176
30,630,397
501,655
172,144
559,278
9,011,118
7,798,268
30,113,226
589,363
39,716
4,260,941
Ontario
37,623,643
3,432,797
54,862,365
1,701,721
55,564,496
1,065,737
Manitoba
957,152
19,613
4,830,368
116,002
British Columbia
The Territories..
343,387
70,717
33,252
1,060
393,089
1,897,432
373
71,363
Total.
74,190,584
4.984,843
102,545,169
3.184,996
111,577,210
6,267,203
Provinces.
X.
1900.
1910.
Butter,
home
made.
Butter,
home-made.
Cheese,
home-made.
Prince Edward Island
Lb.
1,398,112
9,060,742
7,842,533
18,357,188
55,378,568
8,676,661
2,271,455
1,265,262
1,092,555
Lb.
2,309,691
10,978,911
9,053,394
19,585,981
63,253,444
10,937,864
12,053,201
7,689,432
1,248,282
$
469,604
2,263,879
1,900,551
4,352,299
13,743,254
2,571,053
2,749,637
1,826,280
392,940
Lb.
9,422
199,250
3,567
358.625
295 . 886
327^525
27,730
141,604
7,483
$
1,070
18,317
375
41,794
35,956
33,364
3,454
18^60
898
Nova Scotia
New Brunswick
Quebec ....
Ontario
Manitoba
Saskatchewan
Alberta. .
British Columbia
Total .
105.343.076
137.110,200
30.269.497
1,371.092
154,088
179
AGRICULTURE.
Condensed Milk. In 1900 there were four condensed milk factories:
two in Nova Scotia, one in Ontario and one in Prince Edward Island.
The value of their products was $269,520. In 1907 there were seven
of these factories, the three additional establishments being situated,
one in Ontario and two in Quebec. These produced 10,334,485 Ib. of
condensed and evaporated milk and 1,841,650 Ib. of condensed cream,
the total value of the products being $910,842. Table 11 shows by
provinces for the year 1910 the number of condensed milk factories and
the quantity and value of the products. The value of condensed milk,
etc., was thus $1,814,871 in 1910, as compared with $269,520 in 1900.
The total value of factory cheese, butter and condensed milk was
$39,047,840 in 1910, as compared with $29,731,922 in 1900, which is an
increase in the decade of 31 .33 p.c. The average selling price of cheese
in 1910 was 10.80 cents, as compared with 10.06 cents in 1900, and
of butter 24 . 18 cents, as compared with 20 . 08 cents.
11. Quantity and Value of Condensed Milk Products by Provinces, 1910.
Provinces.
Fac
tories.
Quantity.
Value.
Provinces.
Fac
tories.
Quantity.
Value.
Prince Ed
No.
Lb.
$
Ontario. . . .
No.
6
Lb.
21,552 780
$
1 335 689
ward Island
Nova Scotia.
Onpbpp
1
2
i
794,070
2,020,200
2 4fi4 54fi
50,900!
133,956
250 000
British
Columbia. .
1
1,000,000
44,326
Total .
11
27,831.596
1.814.871
Including $900 value of other products.
Cold Storage of Perishable Products. Under the Cold Storage
Act, 1907 (6-7 Edw. VII, c, 6), subsidies are granted by the Dominion
Government towards the construction and equipment of cold storage
warehouses open to the public, the Act and regulations made there
under being administered by the Department of Agriculture. 1 Table
12 gives a list of the cold storage warehouses in Canada, with refriger
ated space amounting to 24,309,372 cubic feet, of which 4,553,507
cubic feet apply to warehouses subsidized under the Act.
12. Cold Storage Warehouses in Canada, 1916.
(A) SUBSIDIZED PUBLIC WAREHOUSES.
Name.
Place.
Refrigerated
Space.
Principal
Articles Stored.
Prince Edward Island-
Island Cold Storage Co.
Nova Scotia
Lockport Cold Storage
Co .
Charlottetown . . .
Lockport
Cubic Feet.
150,000
59,940
General.
Fish and General
North Atlantic Fisheries
Port Hawkesbury
338,550
Fish and General
Canada Year Book, 1907, pp. xvi-xvii, and Bulletin 23, March, 1910, of
Dairy and Cold Storage Commissioner s Series, Department of Agriculture,
Ottawa.
180
PRODUCTION.
12. Cold Storage Warehouses in Canada/ 1916 con.
(A) SUBSIDIZED PUBLIC WAREHOUSES con.
Name.
New Brunswick
Cold Storage, Ltd ....
New Brunswick Cold
Storage Co
Quebec
Dominion Fish & Fruit
Co
J. H. Sansregret
Place.
Woodstock
St. John .
Quebec .
Joliette.
Ontario
Algoma Produce Co ....
Brantford Cold Storage
Co.
Chatham Fruit Growers
Association
Flavelles, Ltd
Gunns, Ltd
Lemon Bros
Chatham Packing Co.,
Ltd., successors to
O Keefe & Drew Abat
toir Co
Palmerston Cold Stor
age Co
Scott & Hogg
St. Lawrence Produce
GO.:
St. Thomas Cold Stor
age Co
The J. D. Moore Co. . .
Trenton Cooperage
Mills, Ltd
Whyte Packing Co ....
Morrisburg Cold Stor
age, R. H. Ashton. . . .
Windsor Ice & Coal Co.
Manitoba
Brandon Creamery &
Supply Co
Saskatchewan
City Cold Storage Co . .
Mooseiaw Cold Storage
Co
Metropolitan Cold Stor
age, Henri Gauvin. . . .
Sault Ste. Marie.
Brantford. .
Chatham . . .
Lindsay ....
Harriston. . .
Owen Sound .
Chatham
Palmerston
Peterborough. . .
Brockville.
St. Thomas.
St. Mary s..
Trenton .
Mitchell.
Morrisburg, Ont.
Windsor.
Brandon
Regina. . .
Moosejaw.
Vonda. .
Refrigerated
Space.
Cubic Feet.
37,161
744,000
225,000
23,394
55,806
36,000
50,000
131,510
57,069
66,000
144,400
169,984
90,000
106,000
174,141
105,000
166,446
30,6000
45,000
67,300
27,500
100,672
189,764
24,000
Principal
Articles Stored.
General.
General.
General.
General.
General.
General.
Fruit and General.
General.
General
General.
Meat and General.
General.
General.
General.
MeatandGeneral.
General.
Fruit.
General.
General Storage.
General Storage.
General.
General.
General.
General.
181
AGRICULTURE.
12. Cold Storage Warehouses in Canada, 1916 con.
(A) SUBSIDIZED PUBLIC WAREHOUSES con.
Name.
Alberta
Merchants Cold Stor
age
Edmonton Cold Storage
Co
British Columbia -
Canadian Fish and Cold
Storage Co
H. & K. Trading Co. . . .
The B. Wilson Co
Total
Place.
Calgary . .
Edmonton
Prince Rupert
Penticton
Victoria.
Refrigerated
Space.
Cubic Feet.
111,050
150,056
781,000
32,164
64,000
4,553,507
Principal
Articles Stored.
General.
General.
Fish and General.
General.
General.
(B) NON-SUBSIDIZED.
Nova Scotia
*Canso Cold Storage Co.
*The Halifax Cold Stor
age Co
Loggie Bros
New Brunswick
The Sussex Packing Co.,
Ltd
Quebec
Matthews Blackwell Co.
Ltd
*Canada Cold Storage
Co
*A. A. Ayer Cold Storage
Co
*Gunn, Langlois & Co ...
*The Gould Cold Storage
Co
*Matthews Blackwell Co.
Ltd
*Lovell & Christmas ....
The Win. Davies Co.,
Ltd
Wm. Clark
Montreal Abattoirs, Ltd
Montreal Abattoirs, Ltd
Societe" S. P. A
Gordon-Ironside &
Fares Co
Swift Canadian Co.,
Ltd
Masterman Packing &
Provision Co
*Alex. Ames & Sons ....
Canso
Halifax . . .
Mulgrave.
Sussex.
Hull
Montreal .
Montreal .
Montreal .
Montreal .
Montreal ,
Montreal .
Montreal .
Montreal .
Montreal .
Montreal .
Montreal .
Montreal .
Montreal .
Montreal . .
Sherbrooke
62,000
80,000
x
82,800
151,000
762,000
700,000
400,000
500,000
200,000
460,000
225,9501
Freezer Space /
75,000
270,000
203,976
11,000
19,600
47,1001
Freezer Space /
35,000
110,000
Fish only.
Fish and General.
Fish.
Meat.
Meat.
General.
Dairy Produce.
General.
General.
Meat and General .
Dairy Produce.
Meat.
Meat.
Meat.
Meat.
Meat.
Meat.
Meat.
Meat.
General.
NOTE. Those against which an asterisk (*) is placed are Public Warehouses.
182
PRODUCTION.
12. -Cold Storage Warehouses in Canada, 1916 Con.
(B) NON-SUBSIDIZED con.
Name.
Place.
Refrigerated
Space.
Principal
Articles Stored.
Ontario
Matthews Blackwell Co.
Ltd
Collingwood Packing
Co
*Long Bros
The Wm. Ryan Co., Ltd.
The Wm. Davies Co.,
Ltd
*Fearman Cold Storage &
Warehousing Co
Armour & Company. . .
Ingersoll Packing Co . .
*The London Cold Stor
age & Warehousing
Co
Dominion Abattoirs
Ltd
*McDougall Bros
*Ottawa Cold Stores ....
Matthews Blackwell Co.
Ltd
Why te Packing Co .....
*J. B. Jackson
*The Grimsby Pre-Cool-
ing & Experimental
Warehouse
(Dominion Government)
*St. Catharines Cold
Storage Co
Morgan Cold Storage. . .
Gordon-Ironside & Fares
Co
Gordon-Ironside & Fares
Co r
Gallagher, Holman &
Laf ranee
Swift Canadian Co., Ltd.
Swift Canadian Co., Ltd.
Gunns, Limited
Gunns, Limited
Gunns, Limited
*Mannings Cold Storage
Co
*Public Cold Storage &
Warehousing Co
Brantford.
Collingwood.
Collingwood .
Fergus
Harriston.
Hamilton.
Hamilton,
ingersoll. .
London.
London
Owen Sound
Ottawa. .
Peterboro
Stratford .
Simcoe.
Grimsby.
Toronto
Toronto
St. Catharines . . .
Delhi. .
Port Arthur
Fort William
Fort William
Fort William
West Toronto.. . .
West Toronto.. . .
Toronto
Toronto .
Cubic Feet.
250,000
160,000
36,000
30,000
82,504]
Freezer Space j
155,200
570,809
550,000
400,000
66,400
129,000
175,000
200,000
36,000
40,000
20,000
24,000
48,000
81,000
9,200
, 36,576\
Freezer Space /
| 763,000\
i Freezer Space /
175,000
30,000
70,000
300,000
768,000
Meat.
Meat.
General.
Meat.
Meat.
MeatandGeneral.
Meat.
Meat and Dairy
Products.
General.
Meat.
General.
General.
Meat.
Meat.
General.
Fruit.
Fruit.
Eggs.
Meat.
Meat.
Meat
Meat.
MeatandGeneral.
Meat.
Eggs and Butter.
Eggs, Butter and
Poultry.
General.
General.
NOTE Those against which an asterisk (*) is placed are Public Warehouses.
183
AGRICULTURE
12. Cold Storage Warehouses in Canada, 1916 con.
(B) NON-SUBSIDIZED con.
Name.
Ontario con.
The Wm. Davies Co.,
Ltd
Matthews Blackwell Co.
The Harris Abattoir Co.
Ltd
The Harris Abattoir Co.
Ltd
*Municipal Abattoir
W. Wight & Co
The Bowes Co., Ltd....
The James Fish Co
The Doyle Fish Co
Marshalls Limited
J. J. Fee
W. T. McDonald.
Manitoba
Manitoba Cold Storage
- Co
Swift Canadian Co., Ltd.
Swift Canadian Co., Ltd.
Gordon-Ironside & Fares
Co
Gallagher, Holman &
Lafrance
Western Packing Co. . . .
The Wm. Davies Co.,
Ltd
The W.J. Guest Fish Co.
A. McDonald Co. Ltd..
Winnipeg Fish Co
Saskatchewan
Gordon-Ironside &
Fares Co
Gordon-Ironside &
Fares Co
Gordon-Ironside &
Fares Co
Regina Storage & For
warding Co
Northern Packing Co. .
Alberta
Swift Canadian Co., Ltd
P. Burns & Co., Ltd....
Place.
Toronto .
Toronto .
Toronto .
Toronto .
Toronto .
Toronto .
Toronto .
Toronto .
Toronto ,
Toronto ,
Toronto
Toronto
Winnipeg
Winnipeg
Winnipeg. .
Winnipeg. .
Winnipeg .
Winnipeg .
Winnipeg .
Winnipeg .
Winnipeg
Winnipeg ,
Moosejaw.
Saskatoon
Regina . . .
Regina
Prince Albert.
Calgary ,
Calgary ,
Refrigerated
Space.
Cubic Feet.
244,436\
\Freezer Space /
362,000
422,400
384,000
155,904
40,000
40,000
25,000
40,000
30,000
25,000
1,500,000
87,5201
\Freezer Space /
f 71,867\
\Freezer Space /
417,000
151,810
48,000
/ 84,0001
\Freezer Space J
30,000
67,200
x
600,000
60,000
75,000
40,000
42,352
/ 33,4571
IFreezer Space J
1,337,414
Principal
Articles Stored.
Meat.
Meat.
Meat and General.
Meat and General.
Meat and General.
Meat.
General Produce.
Fish.
Fish.
General Produce.
General Produce.
General Produce.
General.
Meat.
Meat.
Meat.
Meat.
Meat.
Meat.
Fish.
Produce.
Fish.j
Meat.
Meat.
Meat.
General Storage.
Meat and General.
Storage.
Meat.
Meat and General.
NOTE Those against which an asterisk (*) is placed are Public Warehouses.
184
PRODUCTION
12. Cold Storage Warehouses in Canada, 1916 concluded.
(B) NoN-Sussip^z^D concluded.
Name.
Place.
Refrigerated
Space.
Principal
Articles Stored.
Alberta con.
Swift Canadian Co., Ltd.
P. Burns & Co., Ltd....
Gamers, Ltd
Campbell, Wilson &
Home. .
British Columbia
Wallace Bros
The Skeena River Fish
eries
*Nicola Valley Meat
Market
Standard Fish & Fertil
izer Co., Ltd
*Knight Cold Storage Co.
*Columbia Cold Storage
Co
St. Mungo Packing Co. .
Cleeve Canning & Cold
Storage Co
Vancouver Prince Rup
ert Meat Co
P. Burns & Co., Ltd....
Canadian Fishing Co. . .
* Vancouver Ice & Cold
Storage Co
Vancouver Prince Rup
ert Meat Co.
Vancouver Prince Rup
ert Meat Co
Swift Canadian Co., Ltd.
*The British Columbia
Cold Storage; Co
Vancouver Prince Rup
ert Meat Co. .
Swift Canadian Co. , Ltd.
Swift Canadian Co., Ltd.
P. Burns & Co., Ltd.. ..
Yukon Territory
*Pacific Cold Storage Co.
Edmonton
Edmonton
South Edmonton.
Lethbridge
Claxton.
Hayport.
Merritt. .
Pacofi.
Vernon
New Westminster
New Westminster
New Westminster
New Westminster
Vancouver
Vancouver. .
Vancouver.
Vancouver.
Vancouver.
Vancouver.
Victoria.
Victoria ,
Victoria ,
Nelson
Nelson
Dawson
Total (not including unreported space
marked x)
Grand total .
Cubic Feet.
408,0001
Freezer Space /
299,447
94,080
5,000
25,515
108,000
18,576
59,400
7,920
250,000
40,000
25,000
250,000
700,000
300,000
700,000
100,000
60,000
/ 110,115
\Freezer Space
35,000
50,000
18,600
Freezer Space
6,726
^Freezer Space
24,111
44,900
19,755,865
24,309,372
Meat and General.
Meat and General.
Meat.
General.
Fish only.
Fish only.
Meat.
Fish.
General.
Fish and General.
Fish.
Fish.
Meat.
Meat.
Fish only.
General.
Meat.
Meat.
Meat.
General.
Meat.
Meat.
Meat.
Meat and General
Fish.
NOTE. Those against which an asterisk (*) is placed are Public Warehouses.
185
AGRICULTURE.
Production of Flax Fibre in Ontario.- The estimated area of flax
grown for fibre in southern Ontario during 1915 was about 4,000 acres.
From this area the production of flax fibre was about 800 tons, which
at the average price of approximately 20 cents per lb., or $400 per ton,
was of the total value of $320,000. In addition, 80 tons of tow at $35
per ton realized $2,800. The same crop also produced seed at the
average rate of nearly 12 bushels per acre, or a total yield of 48,000
bushels, the value of which, at the average rate of $1.60 per bushel, was
$76,800. About 30 per cent, of the total production of fibre is shipped
to Ireland, the rest being exported to New England States.
Beetroot Sugar. It is estimated by the Census and Statistics
Office that in 1915 18,000 acres of sugar beetroots were grown for
manufacturing purposes in Canada and in the province of Ontario.
In 1914 the corresponding area was 12,100 acres, of which 12,000 acres
were in Ontario and 100 acres in Alberta. The total yield of sugar
beets in Canada in 1915 was 141,000 tons, as compared with 108,600
tons in 1914, the average yield per acre being 7.83 tons, as compared
with 8 . 98 tons in 1914. The total value of the crop in 1915 was $775,500,
as compared with $651,000 in 1914, the average price per ton being
$5.50 in 1915 and $6 in 1914. As the result of special inquiries addressed
to the three Sugar Beet factories of Canada, revised figures of the
quantities of refined sugar manufactured from Canadian grown sugar
beets during the five years 1911 to 1915 have been returned as follows :-
Ib.
1911 21,329,689
1912 26,767,287
1913 26,149,216
1914 31,314,763
1915 39,515,802
For 1912 a small part of the total production is estimated. One
of the factories did not operate during the year 1915.
Tobacco. In 1910 the total production of tobacco in Canada, as
returned by the Census of 1911, was 17,632,342 lb. from 18,928 acres.
Since this date no definite statistics of the area and yield of tobacco
in Canada have been published. The acreage and yield of tobacco in
Quebec and Ontario in 1913, 1914 and 1915 are estimated as in Table 13.
13. Estimated Areas and Yields of Tobacco in Canada, 1913-1915.
Provinces.
1913.
1914.
1915.
1913.
1914.
1915.
1913.
1914,
1915.
Quebec
acres
5,000
acres
4,750
acres
4,500
lb.
4,500,000
lb.
5,000,000
lb.
4,050,000
lb.
per
acre.
900
lb.
per
acre.
950
lb.
per
acre.
900
Ontario
6,000
5,000
4,500
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,950,000
1,300
1,200
1,100
Total
11,000
9,750
9,000
12,500,000
11,000,000
9,000,000
1,136
1,128
1,000
The season for tobacco in 1915 was rather cool and very wet,
particularly in Ontario, where the White Burley crops suffered greatly
from the Tobacco Root Rot, Thielavia basicola. However, the Virginia
186
PRODUCTION.
types, which as a rule are grown on lighter soils and on ridges, well
drained, gave better crops than in 1914. The acreage in bright tobacco
was largely increased in 1915. In Quebec the summer was a little
cooler than usual, and in some districts rather wet. The crop was about
normal in northern districts. There was a little root rot in the southern
districts, which reduced the yield materially. Both in Quebec and
Ontario the autumn was exceptionally favourable to the curing of the
tobacco crop in the barns. All the tobaccos which were harvested in
good time were practically cured by the end of October.
Consumption of Meat in Canada. In 1907 the Health of Animals
Branch of the Department of Agriculture began the organization of a
meat inspection service for Canada in accordance with the provisions
of the Meat and Canned Foods Act (6-7 Edw. VII., c. 27). Under this
Act the inspection of all meat and canned foods was made obligatory
in respect of establishments engaged in the interprovincial trade or in
exporting to foreign countries. Meats and foods other than those in
inspected establishments and consumed within the same province as that
in which the animals are slaughtered do not at present come within its
provisions. The Act has now been in operation for nine years, and
records have been annually kept of the animals slaughtered in the
establishments inspected. Table 14 indicates therefore the movement
in the production of meat in Canada during the last nine years. It
shows the number of cattle, sheep and swine slaughtered under the
Act in each year from 1907-08 to 1915-16.
14. Number of Cattle, Sheep and Swine slaughtered under the Meat and Canned
Foods Act, 1907.
Year ended March 31.
Cattle.
Sheep.
Swine.
1908 1
No.
131,660
No.
86,049
No.
861,989
1909
298,241
191,792
1,532,796
1910
384,789
257,049
1,261,496
1911.. .
411,308
329,017
1,452,237
1912
408,401
376,437
1,852,997
1913 ,.
450,390
455,647
1,607,741
1914
531,994
499,284
1,799,060
1915
530,425
447,173
2,598,338
1916
542,154
403,147
2,363,693
J Eight months.
Per Capita Consumption of Meat. It has usually been assumed that
the meat inspected under the Meat and Canned Foods Act represents
upon average about half of the total meat production of Canada; but
it would hardly be safe to accept this proportion in any endeavour to
arrive at the per capita consumption of meat. The question has been
investigated by officers of the Meat Inspection Division of the Health
of Animals Branch, and calculations, based upon the census returns of
animals slaughtered and sold off farms in 1910, upon the exports and
187
AGRICULTURE.
imports of meat for the same year and upon the meat inspection
statistics, show that in 1910 the total production of beef for consumption
in Canada was about 426,451,000 lb., of mutton 63,582,000 Ib. and of
pork 466,955,000 lb., or a total for the three descriptions of 956,988,000
lb. For an estimated population in 1910 of seven millions the per
capita consumption in Canada works out to 61 lb. of beef, 9 lb. of
mutton and 66f lb. of pork or 136f lb. of all kinds of meat.
Similar estimates are available for a few other countries, including
the United Kingdom, the United States, France and Germany, and
are given in Table 15, together with the estimates for Canada for the
census years 1900 and 1910.
15. Per Capita Consumption of Meat in the United Kingdom, the United
States, Canada, France and Germany.
Countries.
Years.
Beef and
Veal.
Mutton
and Lamb.
Pork,
including
Lard.
All kinds.
United Kingdom . .
United States
Canada
1906-08
1909
1900
1910
1904
1909
lb.
60
87|
54
61
45
43^
p.c.
50
51
50
44
56
39
lb.
26
fi 1
2
11
9
9
01
^2
p.c.
22
4
10
7
11
2
lb.
33
78
44
67
26
67
p.c.
28
45
40
49
33
59
lb.
119
172
109
137
80
113
p.c.
100
100
100
100
100
100
a
France
Germany .
The figures for France were quoted in a paper by Sir R. H. Rew,
K.C.B., Assistant Secretary of the British Board of Agriculture, 1 and
those for the United Kingdom were calculated by Mr. R. H. Hooker
of the same Board. 2 For the United States the authority is Mr. John
Roberts of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, who also quotes the
estimates of the total per capita consumption of all kinds of meat in
other countries as follows : Argentina 140 lb. ; Denmark 76 lb. ; Norway
and Sweden 74 lb.: Belgium 70 lb.; Austria-Hungary 64 lb.; Russia
50 lb. and Spain 49 lb. 3
The Canadian figures may be compared with the report of the
Labour Department on retail prices. The average per capita quantities
of meat reported as consumed by typical workmen s families of five
persons, in localities in Canada having a population of 10,000 or over,
and with an annual average income of $800 per family, amount for
the year to 52 lb. of beef, 10J lb. of mutton and 62 lb. of pork, or a
total of 124 lb. of all kinds. These figures are not far below those
Observations on the Production and Consumption of Meat and Dairy Products.
By R. H. Rew. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, London. Vol. LXVII,
1904, pp. 413-427.
2 Meat Supply of the United Kingdom. By R. H. Hooker, M.A., Journal of the
Royal Statistical Society, London, Vol. LXXII, 1909, p. 333.
Slaughter and Consumption of Food Animals in the United States for the year
1909. By John Roberts. 28th Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, 1911, pp. 253-267.
188
PRODUCTION.
given in Table 15 ; they would naturally be less, because applicable only
to families with comparatively small incomes and to small quantities
of meat, instead of to whole carcasses.
Fur Farming in Canada. An industry that has made great progress
in Canada during the last few years is that of fur farming, which is
carried on principally in the Maritime provinces, especially Prince
Edward Island. According to the Report for 1913 of the Prince
Edward Island Department of Agriculture, the number of fox ranches
in the Island in that year was 277, and the number of foxes in
captivity was 3,130. The total value of the fox-breeding industry in
the Island at December 31, 1913, was estimated at $15,186,150.
Information respecting the industry is given in Reports issued by the
Commission of Conservation, especially a Report on Fur Farming in
Canada by J. WALTER JONES, B.S.A., 2nd edition, 1914.
Agricultural Instruction Act. Under the Agricultural Instruction
Act, 1913 (3 Geo. V, c. 5), appropriations are annually payable by the
Dominion Government to each of the Provincial Governments of Canada
for the encouragement of agriculture " through education, instruction
and demonstration carried on along lines well devised and of a continuous
nature and for the purpose of assisting in the work of veterinary
colleges established in the provinces. The provincial allocation of the
payments under this Act for the four years 1913-14 to 1916-17 are
shown in Table 16. A report on the Agricultural Instruction Act for
the year 1914-15, dated December 31, 1915, was published as Sessional
Paper No. 15c, 1916.
16. Allocation of Payments to Provincial Governments under the Agricultural
Instruction Act, 1913-141916-17.
Provinces.
1913-14.
1914-15.
1915-16.
1916-17.
Prince Edward Island
$
26,529.85
$
27,832.81
$
29,138.28
$
30,443.75
Nova Scotia
54,288.45
61,144.45
68,001.87
74,859.28
New Brunswick
44,509.93
49,407.20
54,308.40
59,209.60
Quebec.
159,482.40
187,409.16
215,310.70
243,212.23
Ontario
195,733.32
230,868.83
266,013.64
301,158.45
Manitoba
51,730.05
58,075.45
64,421.31
70,767.21
Saskatchewan
54,296.29
61,152.31
68,011.04
74,869.76
Alberta
46,094.95
51,310.41
56,528.82
61,747.22
British Columbia
47,334.76
52,799.38
58,265.94
63,732.50
Veterinary Colleges
20,000.00
20,000.00
20,000.00
20,000.00
Totals
700,000.00
800,000.00
900,000.00
1,000,000.00
Stocks of Wheat in Canada. With the object of ascertaining as
accurately as possible the total quantity of wheat in Canada at the
end of March, 1916, schedules were issued by the Census and Statistics
Office to the managers of elevator, flour mill and railway companies
asking them to state the actual quantities of wheat and wheat flour
on hand or in transit on the morning of Friday, March 31, 1916. The
189
AGRICULTURE.
quantity of wheat in the terminal elevators at Fort William and Port
Arthur and at the interior terminal elevators on March 31 was furnished
by the Board of Grain Commissioners. For the quantity of wheat
estimated to be in farmers hands on March 31 use was made of the
replies to the ordinary annual schedule addressed to crop-reporting
correspondents. In Table 17 the results are given of the compilation
of the returns received, these being also compared with the results of
the special inquiry of the same kind which was carried out in 1915
as for the date of February 8, 1915.
17. Stocks of Wheat in Canada on February 8, 1915, and March 31, 1916.
Wheat in
Terminal elevators .
elevators .
elevators
Terminal elevators
Winter storage in vessels
Interior terminal elevators of the Dominion Gov
ernment:
Calgary
Moosejaw
Saskatoon
Interior terminal elevator of the C.P.R. at
elevators . . .
elevators.
Flour mills
rail
hands. .
Totals.
February 8,
1915.
bushels.
2,853,679
1,213,952
26,776,246
6,160,840
12,571,876
29,554,000
79,130,593
March 31,
1916.
bushels.
25,528,440
534,876
2,447,386
629,956
2,820,523
1,632,692
633,327
3,326,417
43,996,131
5,277,196
23,369,809
86,854,000
197,050,753
Reducing the classification in Table 17 to the simpler one of
elevators, flour mills, in transit by rail and in farmers hands, we get
the following comparison:
Description.
Elevators
Flour mills
In transit by rail .
In farmers hands.
Totals.
February 8,
1915.
bushels.
30,843,877
6,160,840
12,571,876
29,554,000
79,130,593
March 31,
1916.
bushels.
81,549,748
5,277,196
23,369,809
86,854,000
197,050,753
190
PRODUCTION.
Allowing one million bushels in both years for quantities not
included in the returns, it may be stated that in round numbers the
quantity of wheat in Canada on March 31, 1916, was about 198 million
bushels, as compared with about 80 million bushels on February 8, 1915.
Average Rate of Seeding per Acre. With a view of obtaining
definite statistical data as to the average rates of seeding employed for
the principal cereals throughout Canada, the crop-reporting cor
respondents of the Census and Statistics Office were requested to state,
to the nearest quarter fraction, the average rate of seeding adopted in
their respective districts for wheat, rye, barley, oats, peas and mixed
grains, during the season of 1915. The results are shown in Table 18.
18. Average Rate of Seeding per acre of the Principal Cereals in
Canada, 1915.
Province.
Spring
wheat.
Rye.
Barley.
Oats.
Peas.
Mixed
grains.
Prince Edward Island
bush.
2
bush.
bush.
2
bush.
3
bush.
01
bush.
3
Nova Scotia
2
2i
Si
2
3
New Brunswick
2
2*
^4
qi
2
3
Quebec
If
11
2
2*
2
93
Ontario
* 4
If
*-4
U
2
**2
21
2
2i
Manitoba
u
11
2
91
2|
2
Saskatchewan
11
U
2
2i
21
2
Alberta
u
U
2
24
H
2
British Columbia
H
U
2
21
2
2
Canada
if
U
2
2^
2
2}
For fall wheat the average rate of seeding in Ontario, as based
upon 230 replies, is If bushel, as in the case of spring wheat, and in
Alberta the average based upon 20 replies is 1J -bushel, In other
provinces, where fall wheat is grown to a less extent, the average rate
of seeding per acre, based upon fewer replies, is for Quebec If bushel, for
Manitoba 1| bushel, for Saskatchewan If bushel and for British
Columbia 1? bushel. For the whole of Canada the average rate per
acre for the seeding of fall wheat is If bushel.
AVERAGE MONTHLY PRICES PER BUSHEL OF CANADIAN WHEAT, BARLEY,
OATS AND FLAX, 1914 AND 1915.
1914- Y /P/J
Jan.BkJtiutAfT.Maij Jun. Jul ,ty.&t>t.0et. Nov. UK. Jan. Fti. Mtt. 4fK/frlJmJU Aiu.fcpc fet
UoL
J9CL.
l&O-
J6&.
140.
130-
(yVinnlpay /
120-
100.
60-
70-
OATS
(.ondo-n)5Q-
BARLEyUL
^Wtrmipea)
OATS
CtNADs
H BOOK
Z5
i
. A16
JMO
J9Q
J50
.140
.130
20
1L0
.too
90
.80
to
.30
The horizontal lines indicate prices from 130 cents to $2.16. The two higher black wheat curves
indicate the average monthly prices per bushel of wheat (No. 1 Nor.) (a) at Winnipeg and Fort William
and (b) at Mark Lane, London, England, the lower red curve of Barley (No. 3, C.W.) at Winnipeg and Fort
William, the two lower black curves of Oats (No. 2, C.W.) (a) at Winnipeg and Fort William and (b) at
Mark Lane, London, England, and the higher red cuive of Flax (No. 1, N.W.C.) at Winnipeg and Fort
William. (Wheat 60, Barley 48, Oats 34, and Flax 56 Ib. per bushel.)
191
AGRICULTURE.
Prices of Canadian Agricultural Produce.- -Tables 19-23 record the
prices quoted during 19 15 for Canadian agricultural produce. Tables
19 and 20, furnished by the Board of Grain Commissioners for Canada,
show the weekly range of the prices of different grades of wheat, barley,
oats and flax at Winnipeg and Fort William; these prices are for the
weeks ended Saturday. Table 21 gives the prices quoted for Canadian
wheat, wheat flour and oats in British markets. The prices are compiled
from the Market Supplements of the Mark Lane Express, London,
England, and represent the range at the weekly Monday market.
Tables 22 and 23 give the prices in British markets of Canadian bacon,
hams and cheese ; they are taken from the official returns of the English
and Scottish Boards of Agriculture and represent, not the range, but
the first and second qualities respectively. For the purposes of these
tables the English currency, weights and measures have been converted
into Canadian equivalent denominations.
19. Weekly Range oi Prices of Wheat at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1915.
(Per bushel of 60 Ib.)
Date.
No. 1.
No. 2.
No. 3.
No. 4.
No. 5.
No. 6.
Feed.
January 2
" 9
$ c. $ c.
1.261-1.321
$ c. $ c.
1.23|-1.29|
$ c. $ c.
1.191-1.251
$ c. $ c.
1.151-1.22
$ c. $ c.
1.11 -1.172
$ c. $ c.
1.06 -1.122
$ c. $ c.
1.02 -1.082
16
1.291-1.39
1.261-1.36
1.221-1.33
1.19 -1.29
1.15 -1.25
1.10 -1.204
1.054-1.151
" 23
1. 36|-1. 381
1.34 -1.361
1.314-1.34
1.275-1-30
1.23f-1.264
1.191-1.224
1.151-1.184
" 30
1.394-1.454
1.37 -1.441
1.352-1.414
1.304-1.37
1.264-1.33
1.23 -1.29
1.19 -1.234
Average
1.321-1.39
1 .301-1 .36
1.264-1.334
1 .234-1 .294
1.19^-1.254
1 144-1211
1.10H.164
February 6
13...,
20....
* 27....
Average
1.492-1.551
1.482-1.55
1.524-1.561
1.481-1.531
1.45 -1.55|
1.484-1.544
1.461-1.53
1.501-1.55
1.461-1.514
1.471-1.534
1.46 -1.511
1.434-1.50
1.471-1.511
1.434-1.472
1.45-1.50
1.414-1.461
1.40 -1.46
1.431-1.47
1.39 -1.43|
1 .41 -1 .451
1.371-1.411
1.36 -1.42
1.392-1. 42|
1.344-1.391
1.37 -1.414
1.321-1.371
1.32 -1.371
1.351-1.38f
1.304-1.351
1.322-1.374
1.314-1.332
1.33 -1.332
1.29 -1.31
1. 311-1.32f
March 6..
13....
" 20....
27....
Average
1.361-1.48$
1.44|-1.50f
1.511-1.54
1.461-1.514
1.444-1.511
1.342-1.464
1.43 -1.49f
1.501-1.53
1.45 -1.501
1 .431-1 .491
1.312-1.43
1.401-1.462
1.474-1.50
1.421-1.471
1 .404-1 .46}
1.271-1.381
1.354-1.414
1.42 -1.44|
1.371-1.421
1.354-1.412
1.221-1.34
1.31 -1.374
1.371-1.41
1.321-1.371
1.301-1 -374
1.181-1.30
1.27 -1.334
1.331-1.37
1.281-1.331
1 26J-1 .334
1.13f-1.25
1.22 -1.29
1.29 -1.312
1 .214-1 .28}
April 3..
10..
17....
24....
Average
1.474-1.501
1 491-1. 521
1.52 -1.58
1.57^-1.63?
1.511-1.561
1.46-J-1.501
1.484-1.511
1.511-1.571
1.524-1-621
1.491-1.551
1.44 -1.474
1.451-1.48!
1.482-1.542
1.45 -1.60
1 45f-l 521
1.381-1.424
1.401-1.44
1.431-1.54!
1.351-1.551
1.394-1 491
1.342-1. 38
1.381-1.40
1.40 -1.464
1.464-1.49
1.40-1.431
1.291-1.341
1.331-1.36
1.36 -1.424
1.424-1.45
1.351-1.394
1.251-1.29
1.28f
1.27H 29
May 1..
8....
15....
22....
29....
Average
1.611-1.63!
1.59 -1.64^
1.58|-l-62^
1.58 -1.60^
1.52|-1.58
1 .57*-l .62
1.591-1.61!
1.56 -1.62
1.551-1.591
1.55 -1.571
1.461-1.55
1 541-1 .591
1.564-1.594
1.492-1.592
1.52 -1.56
1.524-1.55
1.422-1.524
1 .504-1 .564
1.38 -1.531
1.465-1.531
1.454-1.56
1.484-1.504
1.381-1.484
1 .414-1 .52}
1.472-1.481
1.401-1.49
1.454-1.501
1.431-1.48
1.311-1.43
1 41|-1 47|
1.431-1.43^
1.351-1. 44 I
1.40 -1.451
1.39 -1.40
1.26 -1.39
1.36J-1.42I
1.301
1.35 -1-401
1.23J-1.33
1.33
1.30|-1.36f
192
PRODUCTION.
19. Weekly Range of Prices of Wheat at Winnipeg and Fort William,
1915 concluded.
(Per bushel of 60 Ib.)
Date.
No. 1.
No. 2.
No. 3.
No. 4.
No. 5.
No. 6.
Feed.
$ c. $ c.
$ c. $ c.
$ c. $ c.
$ c. $ c.
S c. $ c.
$ c. $ c.
$ c. $ c.
June 5
12....
19....
26....
Average
1.284-1.441
1.204-1.291
1.171-1.21
1.181-1.30
1.214-1.311
1.341-1.4.11
1.18 -1.271
1.181
1.16 -1.27
1 .21f-l .32
1.301-1.37!
1.15 -1.224
1.14 -1.164
l.lSf-1.224
1.181-1 24!
1.251-1.33!
1.101-1.191
1.08 -1.124
1. 091-1- 13
1.134-1 19!
1.191-1.281
1.034-1.184
1.01 -1.054
1.02}-1. 13
1.061-1.161
1.141-1.231
0.984-1.07
0.96 -0.98!
0.984
l.Olf-1.09}
1.141-1-231
1.141-1.231
July 3....
10....
17....
24....
31....
Average
1.281-1.32!
1.284-1.374
1.35f-l. 394
1.341-1.40
1.27 -1.37
1 .30|-1 .37|
1.25|-1.29f
1.254-1.35
1.32|-1.36f
1.314-1.37
1.24 -1.34
1.27|-1.344
1.214-1.251
1.21 -1.30
1.271-1.311
1.264-1.32f
1.19 -1.291
1.231-1.30
1.18 -1.194
1.17
- 1.25
1.08
1.144-1.221
1.18
- 1.18
1.10
1.10
-
August 7
14. .V.
21....
28....
Average
1.284-1-324
1.324-1.34
l.OOi-1.081
0.964-1-00
1.144-l.lSf
1.254-1.304
1.29 -1.324
0.981-1.25
0.944-0.98
1.111-1 214
1.21 -1.274
1.264-1-284
1.061-1.25
1.18 -1 27
1.11 -1.18
1.15 -1.184
1.15
1.131-1.181
1.00 -1.10
1.09 -1.10
1.044-1.10
0.98 -1.00
1.02
1 .00 -1 .00
_
September 4
11....
18....
25....
0.921-0.97
0.884-0.94
0.941-0.974
0.92 -0.941
0.901-0.95
0.864-0.914
0.921-0.954
0.904-0.924
0.894-0.92
0.834-0.884
0.881-0.91
0.89 -0.911
0.814-0.844
0. 774-0. 79^
-
-
Average
91f-0.95!
0.90 -0.931
874-0 90!
0.814-0.844
0.774-0.794
_
_ _
October 2..
9..
16..
23..
30..
0.88|-0.93|
0.93!-0.981
0.99 -1.04
0.951-1.021
0.974-1-01
0.86!-0.91i
0.88f-0. 90i
0.974-1.02
0.931-1.00
0.95 -0.984
0.86H).83!
0.851-0.93
0.944-0.99
0.901-0.961
0.911-0.94
0.79H).83f
0.80 -0.86!
0.88 -0.934
0.851-0. 91|
0.88 -0.884
0.78}
0.75 -0.81!
0.83 -0.88
0.801-0.86!
0.71 -0.741
0.78 -0.83
0.751-0.81
0.66 -0.691
0.73 -0.78
0.701-0.76}
Average
0.944-0.99!
92H>.%4
89H>.94i
0.85H> 89
791-0.854
0.74!-0.794
0.69!-0.74i
November 6
" 13....
" 20....
27....
1.024-1.041
1.021-1.06
1.01 -1.051
0. 994-1. Oli
0.994-1.014
0.994-1.03
0.981-1.024
0.974-0.991
0.95 -0.971
0.941-0.984
0.94|-0.97f
0.934-0.951
0.90 -0.921
0.891-0.93
0.89H>.924
0.881-0.90!
0.83 -0.851
0.834-0.841
0.83 -0.85
0.821-0.83
0.78 -0.80!
0.79 -0.791
0.78 -0.80
0.761-0.764
0.73 -0.751
0.74 -0.741
0.72 -0.75
Average
1 .011-1 .044
0.981-1.01}
0.94|-0 974
0.89H>-92i
-0.83-0 841
0.771-0.794
0.73 -0.74|
December 4
11....
18....
25....
1.02|-1.08i
1.05 -1.124
1.071-1.104
1.12 -1.164
0.99f-1.051
1.024-1.094
1.041-1.074
1.094-1.13!
0.94H.01!
0.99 -1.06
1.011-1.044
1.054-1.08!
0.904-0.991
0.941-1.034
0.971-1.01
1.011-1.04}
0.854
0.96 -.96!
0.804
0.88!
0.754
Average
1.061-1.12
1 .04|-1 .09
l.OOH-051
0.96-1.024
0.90!-0.96!
084|
0.754
193
AGRICULTURE.
20. Weekly Range of Prices of Barley, Oats and Flax at Winnipeg and
Fort William, 1915.
Date.
BARLEY (per bushel of
48 Ib.)
OATS (per bushel of 34 Ib.)
FLAX (per bushel of
56 Ib.)
No. 3
C.W.
No. 4.
C.W.
No. 2.
C.W.
No. 3.
C.W.
No. 1.
Feed.
No. 2.
Feed.
No. 1.
N.W.C.
No. 2.
C.W.
January 2
9
16
" 23
30
Average. .
$ c. $ c.
0.65 -0.70
0.69 -0.72
0.72 -0.77*
0.78*-0.83*
0.71*-0.75}
$ c. $ c.
0.61 -0.65
0.65 -0.67*
0.67*-0.72*
0.73*-0.77
0.661-0.70*
$ c. $ c.
0.56 -0.56*
0.55*-0.57|
0.571-0.601
0.611-0.66
0.571-0.601
S c. $ c.
0.53 -0.53*
0.53 -0.54*
0.541-0.571
0.60 -0.63}
0.55}-0.571
$ c. I c.
0.51 -0.53
0.52*-0.53|
0.531-0.57
0.58*-0.61
0.54 -0.56}
$ c. I c.
0.50*-0.52
0.51*-0.52}
0.521-0.56
0.57*-0.60
0.531-0.55}
S c. I c.
1.38 -1.50
1.49 -1.66*
1.61 -1.66
1.59 -1.65*
1 .511-1 .62
$ c. $[o.
1.35 -1.47
1.46 -1.63*
1.58 -1.63
1.56 -1.62*
1.481-1.69
February 6
13
20
27
0.84
0.83
0.79 -0.80
0.75 -0.78
0.77
0.74 -0.75
0.70 -0.72
0.65*-0.67*
0.66 -0.66i
0.651-0.65J
0.621-0.641
0.62*-0.63}
0.621-0.621
0.591-0.611
0.62*
0.61*
0.58*-0. 60
0.60*
0.60*-0.60}
0.57*-0.59
1.61*-1.63*
1.59 -1.6H
1.61 -1.61}
1.60*-1.62i
1.58*-1.60*
1.56 -1.58*
1.58 -1.58}
1.67*-1.59}
Average. .
0.801-0.79
0.731-0.73*
0.64J-0.65J
0.61*-0.62/2
0.61 -0.60
0.59*-0.59J
1.60*-1 .62}
1.57*-1.59}
March 6
13
20
27
0.75 -0.76
0.77 -0.79
0.75 -0.77
0.70 -0.71
0.72
0.69*-0.72
0.591-0.621
0.61f-0.621
0.631-0.641
0.591-0.621
0.561-0.591
0.581-0.59*
0.61*-0.62*
0.57*-0.60!
0.56* -
0.571-0.58*
0.61*-0.62*
0.56*-0.59}
0.55*
0.56*-0.57*
0.59*-0.60*
0.55*-0.58}
1 601-1.62}
1.621-1.71*
1.731-1.85
1.70- 1.74}
1.571-1.591
1.591-1.68*
1.701-1.82
1.67 -1.71}
Average. .
0.751-0.73*
0.70*-0.71*
0.601-0.63
0.58*-0.60*
0.58*-0.60}
56}-0.59
1.66J-1 73*
1.63*-1.70|
April 3
10
17
24
0.75 -0.75*
0.74
0.69*-0.70
0.67
0.601-0.61}
0.62 -0.621
0.63 -0.65|
0.64*-0.66*
0.58*-0.59*
0.59*-0.60|
0.601-0.621
0.541-0.63*
0.57*-0.58*
0.581-0.60*
0.591-0.611
0.601-0.621
0.56*-0.57*
0.57H>.58|
0.581-0.601
0.591-0.61}
1.711-1.76*
1.73*-1.76
1.74}-1.78i
1.78*-1.79}
1.681-1.721
1.70*-1.73
1.711-1.751
1.75*-1.76*
Average. .
0.74*-0.75*
0.681-0.70
0.62*-0.64f
0.581-0.61*
0.59-0.60}
0.58-0.59*
1.77J-1 77f
1.71H 74}
May 1
8
15
22
29
0.73*-0.74
0.70
0.70 -0.70*
0.70*-0.71*
0.65
0.65 -0.65*
0.65 -0.65*
0.65 -0.651
0.65 -0.65*
0.621-0.65
0.62*-0.63f
0.611-0.631
0.62 -0.63
0.62*-0.63*
0.591-0.62*
0.59*-0.60|
0.581-0.61*
0.59*-0.61
0.601-0.61*
0.581-0.60}
0.581-0.59*
0.59 -0.601
0.581-0.60
0.581-0.601
0.57*-0.59}
0.571-0.58*
0.58 -0.59
0.571-0.581
0.57J-0.59}
1.77 -1.79}
1.791-1.821
1.75*-1.82}
1.76*-1.79
1.711-1.78
1.74 -1.74}
1.751-1.78}
1.72*-1.79i
1.72*-1.76
1.681-1.75
Average. .
0.71 -0.72
0.65-0.65*
0.62*-0.63}
0.59*-0.611
0.581-0.60
0.571-0.59
.WAUOV,
1.72*-1.76}
June 5
12
19
26
1.71 -0.73
0.711-0.71}
0.65*-0.66
0.64
0.54*-0.61*
0.52f-0.55
0.53*-0.55
0.521-0.55}
0.52*-0.59*
0.511-0.531
0.52 -0.53*
0.511-0.54
-
- -
1.57 -1.65
1.50 -1.64}
1.531-1.66*
1.491-1.51
1.54 -1.62
1.47 -1.61*
1.5C1-1.53*
1.461-1.48
Average. .
0.71J-0721
0.644-0.66
0.53*-0.56}
tv- i -
0.511-0.551
-
-
1 52H .59*
1 .49f-l .56}
July 3
10
17
24
31
0.64 -0.69
0.70 -0.71
0.71*-0.72*
0.72 -0.73
0.56 -0.64
0.65 -0.67
0.67H).68
0.68 -0.68*
0.58}-0.59}
0.59 -0.59J
0.60 -0.62J
0.61*-0.631
0.56 -0.60
0.551-0.56}
0.56 -0.565
0.58 -0.591
0.58*-0.601
0.55 -0.57
0.551-0.55*
0.56 -0.58i
0.561-0.59
0.50 -0.55}
0.541-0.54*
0.55 -0.56J
0.55f-0.58
0.49 -0.541
1.501-1.55}
1.51*-1.55
1.50*-1.51*
1.43 -1.51*
1.34 -1.42
1.471-1.62}
1 48*-1.52
1.47*-1.48*
1.40 -1.48*
1.31 -1.39
Average. .
0.691-0.711
0.641-0 -66{
0.59-0.61/Q
0.56I-0.58/,
0.54*-0.57}
0.53*-0.56
1.46-1 .51 .A,
1.42}-1 .48J C
August 7
14
21
28
0.65 -0.67
0.66 -0.67
0.50}-0.60
0.47 -0.51
0.60 -0.63
0.59 -0.63
0.46J-0.59
0.43 -0.47
0.56 -0.59
0.56 -0.57
0.45
0.45 -0.47*
0.55 -0.58*
0.56 -0.57
0.44
0.44 -0.47
0.50 -0.56
0.52 -0.66
0.43
0.44 -0.441
0.49 -0.53
0.50 -0.53
0.41
0.41 -0.43
1.38*-1.46
1.411-1.47
1.37*-1.42
1.37J-1.46
1.35*-1.43
1.381-1.44
1.34*-1.30
1.34*-1.43
Average. .
0.57*-0.611
52J-0 58
0.50*-0.54*
0491-0.53*
0.471-0.52 ,
0.451-0 49 j
1.381.45}
1.35}-1. 42}
194
PRODUCTION.
20. Weekly Range of Prices of Barley, Oats and Flax at Winnipeg and
Fort William, 1915 concluded.
Date.
BARLEY (per bushel of
48 Ib.)
OATS (per bushel of 34 Ib.)
FLAX (per bushel of
56 Ib.)
No. 3
C.W.
No. 4
C.W.
No. 2
C.W.
No. 3
C.W.
No. 1
Feed.
No. 2
Feed.
No. 1
N.W.C.
No. 2
C.W.
Sept 4
11
18
25
$ c. $ c.
0.46 -0.47$
0.47 -0.601
0.53 -0.56$
0.55 -0.55|
$ c. $ c.
0.42$-0.43$
0.43 -0.47
0.49 -0.53$
0.50 -0.52
$ c. $ c.
0.35$-0.37
0.361-0.38*
0.381-0.39
0.38$-0.42
$ c. $ c.
0.33 -0.35
0.341-0.36$
0.36f-0.37$
0.37 -0.40
$ c. $ c.
0.32 -0.34
0.331-0.35
0.351-0.36
0.36 -0.38f
$ c. $ c.
0.31 -0.33
0.321-0.34
0.341-0.35
0.35 -0.37|
$ c. $ c.
1.40H.48I
1.39 -1.41$
1.421-1.46
1.431-1.54$
$ c. $ c.
1.37f-1.40}
1.36-1.38$
1.391-1.43
1.401-1.52$
Average. .
0.501-0 52$
46J-0 49
0.37i-0.39i
0.351-0 371
0.341-0.36
0.33J-0.35
1.41 $-1.46$
1.S8H .43}
October 2
9
16
23
30
0.54 -0.55
fl.54 -0.59$
0.57$-0.59
0.58^-0.65
0.65 -0.66
0.50 -0.51
0.50-0.54$
0.55$-0.57
0.56$-0.61
0.61 -0.63
0.39 -0.43
39 -0.40$
0.41$-0.43i
0.39$-0.44$
0.421-0.44
0.38 -0.42
0.37$-0 39
0.40 -0.421
0.36$-0.43$
0.391-0.41
0.36 -0.40
351-0.371
0.38$-0.40
0.351-0.40$
0.37$-0.38$
0.35 -0.39
0.34f-0. 36 }
0.38 -0.39$
0.341-0.39$
0.36$-0.37$
1.50$-1.59
1.59$-1.62$
1.62$-1.64
1.62 -1.66$
1.64$-1.66
1.471-1.56
1.56$-1.59$
1.59$-1.61
1.59 -1.63$
1.61$-1.63
Average..
0.571-0 61
0.541-0.57^
40H) 43
381-0.41$
0.36f-0.391
0.35^-0.38$
1 59|-1 65|
1 56|-1.64f
Nov. 6
13
20
27
0.65 $-0.68$
0.69 -0.71
0.63 -0.66
0.64 -0.66
0.61$-0.63$
0.64 -0.65$
0.59 -0.61
0.59 -0.61$
0.42H>.43$
0.41 -0.431
0.40i-0.41f
0.39 -0.40
0.40 -0.421
0.40 -0.42
0.371-0.40$
0.36 -0.37
0.38$-0.40|
0.38 -0.401
0.361-0.391
0.35 -0.36
0.37$-0.39i
0.37
0.371
0.34 -0.35
1.65$-1.74$
1.761-1.88
1.82|-1.89
1.79 -1.82$
1.62$-1.71$
1.73-1.85
1.79$-1.86
1.76 -1.79$
Average..
0651-0 67|
60 i-0 62|
40f-0 42|
381-040$
0.37-0 39
0.36$-0.37i
1.76 -1.83$
1.73 -1.80$
Dec. 4
11
18
25
0.65 -0.68
0.68 -0.69
0.65
0.64 -0.65
0.60 -0.63$
0.40 -0.42
0.39 -0.421
0.38H).39|
0.39$-0.40
0.37 -0.40$
0.36 -0.41f
0.351-0.36$
0.361-0.371
0.36 -0.38$
0.341-0.391
0.331-0.34
0.35|
0.35 -0.37$
0.331-0.381
0.321-0.33
0.341-0.34J
1.81$-1.84
1.78$-1.83$
1.801-1.841
1.86 -1.88
1.78$-1.81
1.75$-1.80$
1.771-1.811
1.83 -1.85
Average. .
0.65H) 67$
60-0.63$
039$-0 .40|
361-0 38^
0.341-0.371
0.33f-0 .35}
l.Slf-1 85
1.781-1.82
21. Prices in British Markets of Canadian Wheat, Wheat Flour and Oats, 1915.
Date.
WHEAT (per bushel of 60 Ib.)
WHEAT FLOUR (per 280 Ib.)
OATS.
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
Canadian
Patents.
Canadian
Straights.
Canadian
1st bakers
Canadian
2nd bakers
Per bush,
of 34 Ib.
Jan. 4
11
18
25
$ c. $ c.
1.581-1.59
1.701-1.71
1.791-1.80
1.801-1.81$
$ c. $ c.
1.551-1.56
1.67|-1.68
1.761-1.77
1.77-1-1.78$
$ c. $ c.
1.52$-1.53f
1.641-1.65
1.731-1.74
1.741-1.75$
$ c. $ c.
1.49 -1.501
1.611-1.62
1.701-1.71
1.711-1.72$
$ c. $ c.
9.37- 9.61
9.61- 9.86
10.21-10.45
10.45-10.69
$ c. $ c.
9.12- 9.37
9.37- 9.61
9.97-10.21
10.21-10.45
$ c. $ c.
8.88- 9.12
9.12- 9.37
9.74- 9.97
9.97-10.21
$ c. $ c.
8.64- 8.88
8.88- 9.12
9.49- 9.74
9.74- 9.97
$ c. $ c.
0. 761-0. 78J
0.761-0.78!
0.781-0.81$
0.86$-0-89i
Average
1.72/0-1.721
1.69-^-1.691
1.661-1-67^
1 63 -1.63J
9.91-10.15
9.67- 9.91
9.43- 9.65
9 19- 9 43
79$-0 821
Feb. 1
8
15
22
1.861-1.87
2.031-2.061
2.031-2.061
2.011-2.041
1.831-1.84
2.001-2.031
2.001-2.031
1.981-2.011
1.801-1.81
2.001-2.031
1.971-2.00
1.951-1.981
1.771-1.78$
1.981-2.011
10.57-10.81
10.94-11.18
11.18-11.42
11.30-11.54
10.33-10.57
10.69-10.94
10.94-11.18
11.06-11.30
10.09-10.33
10.45-10.69
10.69-10.94
10.81-11.06
9.86-10.09
10.21-10.45
10.45-10.69
10.57-10.81
0.86$-0.89t
0.88 -0.90$
0.88 -0.90$
0.88 -0.90$
Average
1. 98f-2.01 J e
1. 95|-1. 98 J,
1 .93|-1 951
1 881-1 901
11 00-11.24
10 76-11.00
10 51-10 76
10 27-10 51
87H> 901
March 1
8
15
" 22
" 2g
2.001-2.031
1.95i-1.98f
1.951-1.981
1.99$-2.02$
2.01 -2.04
1.971-2.001
1.921-1. 95 J
1. 92|-1. 95f
1.96$-1.99$
1.98 -2.01
1.941-1.971
1.90 -1.92-1
1.90 -1.921
1.93$-1.96$
1.95 -1.98
1.91$-1.92f
1.921-1.941
11.30-11.54
11.18-11.42
11.18-11.42
11.18-11.42
11.30-11.54
11.06-11.30
10.94-11.18
10.94-11.18
10.94-11.18
11.06-11.30
10.81-11.06
10.69-10.94
10.69-10.94
10.69-10.94
10.81-11.06
10.57-10.81
10.45-10.69
10.45-10.69
10.45-10.69
10.57-10.81
0.86$-0.891
0.851-0.88
0.85J-0.88
0.85$-0.88
0.88 -0.90$
Average
1 98$-201$
1.95H-983
1 92$-l 95|
1 92 -1 93$
11.23-11 48
11 00-11 23
10.74-10 99
10.50-1073!
86H> .88}
195
AGRICULTURE.
21. Prices in British Markets of Canadian Wheat, Wheat Flour and Oats, 1915 concluded.
Date.
WHEAT (per bushel of 60 Ib.)
WHEAT FLOUR (per 280 Ib.)
OATS.
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
Canadian
Patents.
Canadian
Straights.
Canadian
1st bakers
Canadian
2nd bakers
Per bush,
of 34 Ib.
April 5
12
19
26
$ c. $ c.
1.95 -1.98
1.95 -1.98
1.98 -2.01
2.021-2.05^
$ c. $ c.
1.92 -1.95
1.92 -1.95
1.95 -1.98
1.991-2.021
$ C. $JC.
1.891-1.92
1.891-1.92
1.92 -1.95
1.961-1.991
$ c. $ c.
1.87 -1.88i
1.87 -1.88|
1.90 -1.91-1
1. 941-1.95!
$ c. $ c.
11.18-11.42
11.18-11.42
11.42-11.66
11.66-11.91
$ c. $ c.
10.94-11.18
10.94-11.18
11.18-11.42
11.42-11.66
$ c. $ c.
10.69-10.94
10.69-10.94
10.94-11.18
11.18-11.42
$ c. $ c.
10.45-10.69
10.45-10.69
10.69-10.94
10.94-11.18
$ c. $ c.
0.88 -0.90
0.88 -0.90)
0.88 -0.90<
0.88 -0.90i
Average
1.97f-2 00|
1 94f-l .97|
1.91|-1. 941
1.89H .91
11 36-11.60
11.12-11.36
10.88-11.12
10.63-10 88
0.88-0.90
May 3
10
17
24
31
2.07 -2.10
2.121-2.151
2.131-2.16!
2.131-2.161
2.13f-2.16|
2.04 -2.07
2.091-2.121
2.10f-2.13!
2.101-2.131
2.101-2.13!
2.01 -2.04
2.061-2.091
2.07!-2.10!
2.071-2.10!
2.07f-2.10i
1.98J-2.001
2.04 -2.05*
2.05^-2.07
2.05^-2.07
2.05^-2.07
12.03-12.27
12.15-12.41
12.15-12.41
12.15-12.41
12.03-12.27
11.78-12.03
11.91-12.15
11.91-12.15
11.91-12.15
11.78-12.03
11.54-11.78
11.66-11.91
11.66-11.91
11.66-11.91
11.54-11.78
11.30-11.54
11.42-11.66
11.42-11.66
11.42-11.66
11.30-11.54
0.88 -0.90
0.891-0.91-
0.891-0.91-
0.891-0.91
0.89J-0.91-
Average
2 12J-2 .15|
2 09J-2. 12|
2 06J-2 09|
2 01 -2.051
12.10-12 35
11.86-12.10
11.61-11.86
11.37-11 61
0.89 -0 91
June 7
14
21
28
2.001-2.031
1.91*-1. 94*
1.731-1.74
1.65 -1.68
1.971-2.001
1.88*-1. 91*
1.701-1.71
1.62 -1.65
1.941-1.971
1.851-1.881
1. 67i-1.68
1.59 -1.62
1.88*-1.91*
1.82*-1.85*
1.63*-1.65
11.78-12.03
11.42-11.66
10.81-11.06
10.81-11.06
11.54-11.78
11.18-11.42
10.57-10.81
10.57-10.81
11.30-11.54
10.94-11.18
10.33-10.57
10.33-10.57
10.69-10.94
10.09-10.33
10.09-10.33
0.88 -0.90<
0.88 -0.90
0.88 -0.90
0.88 -0.90
Average
1 82H 841
1.791-1 .82
1.761-1 79!
1.78H-81
11 20-11.46
10 97-11.21
10.73-10.97
10.29-10 53
0.88 -0.90
July 5
12
19
26
1.68 -1.71
1.68 -1.71
1.71 -1.74
1.77 -1.791
1.65 -1.68
1.65 -1.68
1.68 -1.71
1.74 -1.77
1.62 -1.65
1.62 -1.65
1.65 -1.68
1.71 -1.74
1.68 -1.71
1.75*-1.77
10.57-10.81
10.57-10.81
10.33-10.57
10.69-10.94
10.33-10.57
10.33-10.57
10.09-10.33
10.45-10.69
10.08-10.33
10.08-10.33
9.86-10.09
10.21-10.45
9.86-10.09
0.891-0.911
0.891-0.90t
Average
1 71 -1.74
1 68 -1.71
1.65 -1.68
1.71H .74
10.54-10.78
10.30-10.54
10.06-10 30
9.86-10.09
891-0 91
August 2
9
16
23
30
1.77 -1.79!
1.77 -1.79!
1.77 -1.79!
1.77 -1.791
1.751-1.781
1.74 -1.77
1.74 -1.77
1.74 -1.77
1.74 -1.77
1.721-1. 75-i
1.71 -1.74
1.71 -1.74
1.71 -1.74
1.71 -1.74
1.691-1.721
1.65 -1.68
1.63*-1.66*
10.69-10.94
10.69-10.94
10.69-10.94
10.69-10.94
10.57-10.81
10.45-10.69
10.45-10.69
10.45-10.69
10.45-10.69
10.33-10.57
10.21-10.45
10.21-10.45
10.21-10.45
10.21-10.45
10.09-10.33
-
-
Average
1.76|-1 79|
1 73 -1.76f
1.701-1 .731
1 .64H .67}
10.67-10 91
10 43-10 67
10.19-10.43
-
-
Sept, 6
13
20
27
1.751-1.781
1.721-1.751
1.79J-1-821
1.691-1.721
1.74 -1.77
1.74 -1.77
1.63*-1.66*
10.21-10.45
10.21-10.45
10.09-10.33
10.09-10.33
9.97-10.21
9.97-10.21
9.97-10.03
9.97-10.03
9.74- 9.97
9.74- 9.97
9.49- 9.74
9.49- 9.74
9.49- 9.61
9.25- 9.49
9.25- 9.49
9.25- 9.49
- -
Average
1. 75*-l -781
1.76 /,;-!. 79
1.721-1 751
1.63*-1.66*
10 20-10.39
9 97-10.12
9.62-9.86
9.31- 9.52
-
Oct. 4
11
18
25
1.791-1.821
1.74 -1.77
1.74 -1.77
1.74 -1.77
- -
-
-
10.21-10.45
10.21-10.45
10.21-10.45
10.69-10.94
10.09-10.15
10.09-10.15
10.09-10.15
10.57-10.63
9.61- 9.86
9.61- 9.86
9.61- 9.86
10.09-10.33
9.37- 9.61
9.37- 9.61
9.37- 9.61
9,86-10.09
0.801-0.85$
0.75 -0.821
0.75 -0.77i
0. 771-0. 80i
Average
1.75H.78I
-
-
-
10 33-10 57
10.21-10.27
9.73- 9.98
9.49- 9 73
0.77 -0.81J
Nov. 1
8
15
22
29
1.77 -1.781
1.781-1.79!
1.81 -1.82|
1.79 -1.81
1.77 -1.77!
1.74 -1.75*
1.751-1.77
1.77M.79!
1.77 -1.78*
1.74 -1.74!
1.71 -1.72|
1.721-1.74
1.75^-1.77
1.74 -1.75*
1.71 -1.71!
1.68 -1.68!
10.69-10.94
10.69-10.94
10.94-11.18
10.94-11.18
10.57-10.63
10.57-10.63
10.81-10.87
10.81-10.87
10.09-10.33
10.09-10.33
10.33-10.57
10.33-10.57
9.86-10.09
9.86-10.06
10.09-10.33
10.09-10.33
0.851-0.88
0.82!-0.85$
0.801-0. 82J
0.80H).823
Average
1.78H 80
1.75H-77i
1.72HL74*
1.68-1.68!
10 81 11 06
10 69-10 75
10 21-10 45
9 98-10 20
0.82*-0.84j
Dec. 6
13
20
27
1.781-1.79f
1.78t-1.7M
1.81 -1.81$
1.84 -1.87|
1.751-1. 76i
1.751-1.76*
1.781-1.79*
1.81 -1.81!
1.72*-1.73*
1.72i-1.73J
1.751-1.761
1.78i-1.79t
1.691-1.70*
1.691-1.70*
1.721-1.73*
1.751-1. 76 J
-
-
-
-
0.771-0.801
Average
1.80H 81J
1. 77|-1 .78i
1. 74|-1 78
1.71H-721
-
-
-
-
0.771-0 801
196
PRODUCTION
22. Prices in British Markets of Canadian Bacon and Hams, 1915.
(Per cwt. of 100 Ib.)
BACON.
Date.
Sides.
Cumberland Cuta.
Bristol.
Liverpool.
London.
Glasgow.
Liverpool.
Glasgow.
Janiiar v 6 .
$ c. $ c.
16.51-16.08
16.95-16.29
17.16-16.51
16.95-16.51
16 89-16 35
16.95-16.51
16.73-16.08
16.08-15.64
16.08-15.43
16.46-15.92
15.86-14.99
15.86-14.99
16.08-15.21
16.08-15.21
16.08-15.21
15.99-15.121
16.29-15.43
16.73-15.86
16.95-16.08
17.38-16.51
16 84-15.97
17.81-16.95
18.24-17.38
18.69-17.81
18.91-18.02
18.41-17.54
19.56-18.69
19.56-18.91
19.13-18.47
19.13-18.47
19.13-18.47
19.30-18 60
18.91-18.24
18.91-18.24
18.91-17.81
19.13-18.24
1897-18.13
19.13-18.24
19.35-18.47
19.35-18.47
19.56-18.91
19 35-18 52
20.66-19.56
20.88-17.81
20.88-17.81
20.88-17.81
20.88-17.81
20.84-18.16
$ c. $ c.
16.29-15.43
16.51-16.08
16.73-16.29
16.95-16.51
16.62-16 08
16.73-16.08
16.29-15.43
16.08-14.77
15.64-14.55
16.19-15.21
15.64-14.55
15.64-14.55
15.86-14.55
16.08-14.99
16.51-15.21
15.95-14.77
16.51-15.21
16.51-15.43
16.95-15.43
16.95-15.64
16.73-15 43
17.81-16.29
18.24-17.60
18.91-17.81
19.35-18.69
18.58-17.60
19.35-18.91
19.35-18.69
18.91-18.24
18.69-18.24
18.47-18.02
18 95-18.42
19.13-17.60
19.13-16.73
19.13-16.51
19.13-16.73
19 13-16 89
19.13-16.95
19.13-16.95
19.13-16.95
19.78-17.60
19 29-17.11
20.44-18.02
20.44-18.02
20.66-18.69
20.66-18.69
20.66-18.91
20.57-18.47
$ c. $ c.
16.29-15.24
16.95-16.08
16.95-16.08
16.95-16.51
16.79-15 98
16.95-16.51
16.95-16.08
16.08-15.21
16.08-15.21
16.52-15.75
16.08-15.21
16.08-15.21
16.08-15.21
16.29-15.64
16.73-16.08
16 25-15.47
16.73-15.64
17.16-16.08
17.16-16.08
16.95-16.08
17.00-15.97
17.81-16.51
18.47-17.38
18.47-17.38
19.13-18.69
18.47-17.49
19.13-18.69
19.13-18.69
19.13-18.47
19.13-18.47
19.13-18.24
19.13-18.51
19.13-18.02
19.13-18.24
19.13-18.24
19.13-18.24
19.13-18 19
19.13-18.24
19.13-18.24
19.56-18.69
20.44-19.56
19 57-18 68
20.66-19.56
20.66-19.56
20.66-19.56
20.66-19.56
20.66-19.56
20.66-19.56
$ c. $ c.
17.81
18.69-18.64
18.69-18 24
19.13-18.69
18.58-18.52
19.13
19.13-18.91
19.56
18.47-18.02
18.24-18.02
18.91-18 31
19.13 -
18.91-18.69
18.91-18.69
19.13-18.69
19 02-18 69
19.13-18.69
18.91-18.69
19.13-18.69
19.56
19.18-18.69
20.66-20.44
20.66-20.22
20.66-20.22
20.66-20.22
20.66-20.22
20.66-20.26
$ c. $ c.
14.55-14.12
14.77-J4.34
14.77-14.34
14.77-14.34
14 72-14 29
14.99-14.34
15.43-14.77
14.99-14.34
14.77-13.90
15 05-14.34
14.34-13.69
14.55-13.69
14.77-13.90
14.99-14.12
15.21-14.12
14.77-13.90
15.21-14.12
15.21-14.12
15.21-14.12
14.99-14.12
15.15-14.12
15.43-14.55
16.51-15.86
17.16-16.51
17.60-16.95
16.68-15.97
17.81-17.16
18.24-17.60
18.24-17.60
18.02-17.38
17.81-17.16
18 02-17 38
17.81-17.16
17.81-17.16
17.81-17.16
17.81-17.16
17.81-17.16
17.81-17.16
17.60-16.73
17.60-16.73
17.81-16.95
17.71-16 89
17.81-16.95
18.24-16.95
18.69-16.95
19.56-17.38
19.56-17.38
18 77-17.12
$ c. $ o.
13
20
27
Average
February 3
10
17
24
Average
March 3
10
17
24
31
Average
AprU 7...
14
21
28
Average
May 5..
12
19
26
Average
June 2
9
16
23
30
Average
July 7..
14
21
28
Average
August 4
11..
18..
25
Average
September 1
8
15
22
29
Average
197
AGRICULTURE.
22. Prices in British Markets of Canadian Bacon and Hams, 1915 concluded.
(Per cwt. of 100 Ib.)
BACON.
Date.
Sides.
Cumberland Cuts.
Bristol
Liverpool.
London.
Glasgow.
Liverpool.
Glasgow.
October 6
$ c. $ c.
20.88-18.69
20.88-19.56
21.00-20.00
21.00-20.00
20 94-19.56
20.88-19.78
20.44-19.56
20.44-19.13
20.68-19.78
20.61-19.56
20.66-19.78
20.66-20.00
20.22-19.35
19.78-18.69
19.78-18.69
20 22-19 30
$ c. $ c.
20.66-19.13
20.66-19.56
21.00-20.66
21.22-20.88
20.89-20.06
20.88-20.22
20.44-19.78
20.44-19.78
20.66-20.00
20.60-19 95
20.66-20.00
20.66-20.00
20.22-19.56
19.78-19.13
19.78-19.13
20 22-19 56
$ c. $ c.
20.66-19.56
20.66-19.56
20.66-19.56
20.66-19.56
20.66-19.56
20.66-19.56
20.66-19.56
20.66-19.56
20.66-19.56
20.66-19.56
20.66-19.56
20.66-19.56
20.22-19.56
20.22-19.56
20.22-19.35
20 40-19 52
$ c. $ c,
20.66-20.44
20.66-20.44
20.88-20.44
22.98-22.54
21.30-20.97
20.88-20.44
20.66-20.44
20.66-20.44
20.66-20-44
20 72-20.44
20.66-20.22
20.66-20.44
20.22-20.00
20.22-20.00
20.44-20.22
20.44-20.18
$ c. $ c.
19.78-17.60
20.22-18.02
21.22-18.69
21.00-18.69
20.56-18.25
20.88-18.69
20.44-18.69
20.44-18.69
20.44-18.69
20.55-18.69
20.66-18.91
20.44-18.91
20.00-18.69
19.56-18.69
19.35-18.47
20.00-18.73
$ c. $c.
20 00
20.44
20.22
20.00
20.00
13
20
27
Average
November 3
" 10
17
24
Average
December 1
" 8
" 15
22
29
Average
LONG CUT HAMS.
Date.
Bristol.
Liverpool.
London.
Date.
Bristol.
Liverpool.
London.
Jan. 6
13
20
27
Average
$ c. $ c.
17.16-16.51
16.73-16.29
16.95-16.51
16.73-16.29
16 89-16 40
$ c. $ c.
16.29-15.86
16.29-15.64
16.08-15.43
15.76-15.32
16.11-15.56
$ c. $ c.
16.51-15.64
16.51-15.64
16.51-15.64
16.51-15.86
16.51-15.70
July 7
14
21
28
Average . . .
$ c. $ c.
19.13-18.24
18.91-18.02
18.91-18.02
18.91-18.02
18 97-18 08
S c. $ c.
19-13-17.38
18.47-16.29
18.47-16.29
18.47-16.29
18.64-15 56
$ c. $ c.
18.69-17.81
18.69-17.81
17.60-16.73
17.38-16.08
18 09-17.11
Feb. 3
10
* 17
24
Average ....
16.73-16.29
16.29-15.64
15.86-15.21
15.86-15.21
16.19-15.49
15.64-15.21
15.64-14.77
15.32-14.45
14.99-14.34
15 40-14 69
16.08-15.64
16.08-15.21
15.86-14.99
15.43-14.77
15 86-15 15
Aug. 4
11
18
25
Average
18.69-17.81
18.69-17.81
18.24-17.16
18.24-17.16
18 47-17 49
18.47-16.29
18.24-16.08
18.02-15.86
18.24-14.77
18 24-15 75
17.81-16.51
17.81-16.51
17.38-16.08
17.38-16.08
17 60-16 30
March 3
10
17
24
31
Average ....
15.43-14.77
15.21-14.55
15.21-14.55
14.99-14.34
14.99-14.34
15 13-14 51
14.77-14.12
14.55-14.01
14.55-14.01
14.77-14.12
14.77-14.12
14 68-14 08
14.99-14.34
14.77-13.90
14.77-13.90
14.99-13.90
14.99-13.90
14 90-13 99
Sept. 1
8
15
" 22
29
Average
18.24-17.16
18.24-17.16
18.24-17.16
18.24-17.16
18.69-17.16
18 33-17 16
17.60-15.21
18.02-15.43
18.47-16.51
18.47-16.51
18.47-16.51
18 21-16 03
17.38-16.08
17.38-16.08
17.38-16.08
19.13-17.38
19.13-17.81
18 08-16 86
April 7
14
21
28
14.99-14.34
14.99-14.34
14.99-14.34
15.21-14.55
14.77-14.12
14.77-14.12
14.77-14.12
14.77-14.12
14.99-13.90
14.77-13.90
15.21-14.34
15.43-14.55
Oct. 6
" 13
20
* 27
18.69-17.16
18.91-17.38
19.56-18.24
19.56-18.24
18.47-16.51
18.91-16.73
19.56-17.38
19.78-17.81
18.91-17.81
19.35-18.24
19.78-18.69
19.56-18.69
Average
15 05-14 39
14 77-14.12
15.10-14.17
Average
19.18-17.76
19.18-17.11
19.40-18.36
May 5
12
19
26
15.43-14.77
16.51-16.08
16.95-16.08
16.95-16.08
14.99-14.55
16.73-15.86
16.95-16.08
17.38-16.51
15.64-14.99
16.51-15.64
16.95-16.51
18.02-17.38
Nov. 3
10
17
24
19.56-18.24
20.00-18.47
20.88-20.00
19.78-17.81
19.78-18.02
21.00-19.56
20.44-19.56
20.88-19.56
21.66-20.44
22.10-20.88
Average
16.46-15.75
16 51-15 75
16 78-26.13
Average
20.14-18.90
20.18-18.46
21.27-20.11
June 2
9
16
23
30
Average
17.60-16.73
18.24-17.81
19.13-18.24
19.13-18.24
19.13-18.24
1865-17 85
18.47-18.02
19.35-18.47
19.35-18.47
19.35-18.47
19.13-17.81
19 13-18 25
19.13-18.24
19.56-18.69
19.78-19.13
19.56-19.13
19.13-18.24
19 43-18 69
Dec. 1
8
15
22
29
Average
-
-
22.32-21.66
23.42-22.10
22.54-21.66
22.54-21.66
21.66-21.00
22 10-21 62
198
PRODUCTION.
23. Prices in British Markets of Canadian Cheese, 1915.
(Per cwt. of 100 Ib.)
Date.
Bristol.
Liverpool.
London.
Glasgow.
Date.
Bristol.
Liverpool.
London.
Glasgow.
$ c. $ c.
$ c. $ c.
$ c. $ c.
$ c. $ c.
$ c. $ c.
$ c. $ c.
$ c. $ c.
$ c. $ c.
Jan. 6
" 13
" 20
27
17.38-16.95
17.60-17.16
18.24-17.81
18.69-18.24
17.38-16.84
17.38-16.95
17.81-17.38
18.47-18.02
17.16-16.51
17.16-16.51
17.60-17.16
18.69-18.24
17.81
July 7
14
21
" 28
20.00-19.35
19.35-18.69
18.24-17.38
17.81-16.95
19.35-18.69
18.69-18.24
18.02-17.60
17.49-16.84
19.56-19.13
19.13-18.24
17.81-16.95
16.51-15.64
19.02
18.24 -1
16.95-16.5
16.51
Average .
17.98-17.54
17 76-17 30
17.65-17.11
17.81
Average. .
18.85-18 09
18 39-17.84
1825-17.49
17 68-16.51
Feb. 3
10
17
24
19.13-18.69
19.56-19.13
19.56-19.35
19.56-19.35
19.02-18.69
19.35-19.13
19.67-19.46
19.56-19.35
19.56-19.13
19.56-19.13
19.56-19.13
20.00-19.35
-
Aug. 4
11
18
25
17.60-16.73
17.16-16.51
16.73-16.08
16.51-15.86
17.28-16.62
16.73-16.08
16.40-15.86
15.97-15.43
16.51-15.64
16.51-16.08
16.51-15.64
16.29-15.21
16.51-16.08
16.51
15.64 -
15.64-15.21
Average .
19.45-19.13
19.40-19.16
19 67-19.19
-
Average. .
17.00-16 30
16 60-16 00
1646-15.64
16.08-15 65
Mar. 3
10
17
24
31
19.56-19.35
20.22-19.78
20.44-20.00
20.88-20.44
21.00-20.66
19.35-19.13
20.22-19.78
20.55-20.22
20.88-20.66
20.88-20.66
20.22-19.78
20.44-20.00
20.88-20.44
20.88-20.44
20.88-20.44
-
Sept. 1
8
15
22
29
16.73-15.86
16.73-16.08
16.95-16.29
17.60-16.73
17.60-16.73
16.51-15.76
17.16-16.08
17.38-16.29
17.71-16.51
17.71-16.62
16.08-15.64
16.51-15.86
16.95-16.08
16.95-16.51
16.95-16.51
15.86-15.64
16.95-16.51
17.81-17.38
18.02-17.81
17.38-16.95
Average .
20.42-20.05
20 38-20.09
20 66-20.22
-
Average. .
17.12-16.34
17.29-16 25
16 69-16.12
17.20-16.86
April 7
14
21
28
21.22-20.88
21.22-21.00
21.22-21.00
21.22-21.00
20.88-20.66
20.88-20.66
20.88-20.66
21.22-20.44
21.22-20.44
21.22-20.44
21.22-20.44
-
Oct. 6
13
20
27
17.60-16.73
17.60-16.73
18.02-17.38
18.24-17.60
17.49-16.51
17.49-16.73
18.02-17.16
18.58-17.71
16.73-16.29
16.95-16.51
17.38-16.73
18.69-17.81
17.81-17.38
17.81-17. 60
18.69-18. 24
18.47-18.24
Average .
21 .22-20.97
20 88-20.66
21 .22-20.44
-
Average. .
17.87-17.11
17.90-17.03
17.44-16 84
18 20-17.87
May 5
12
19
26
21.22-21.00
21.22-21.00
21.22-21.00
21.22-21.00
-
21.22-20.44
21.22-20.44
21.22-20.44
21.22-20.88
-
Nov. 3
10
17
24
18.24-17.60
18.91-18.24
19.35-18.91
19.78-19.13
18.69-17.81
19.35-18.47
19.56-18.80
20.00-19.13
18.69-17.81
18.69-17.81
19.35-18.69
19.56-18.91
18.69-18.47
19.13-18.69
19.13-18.69
19.35-19.13
Average.
21.22-21.00
-
21 .22-20.55
-
Average. .
19.07-18.47
19 40-18 55
19 07-18 31
19.08-18.75
June 2
9
16
23
30
21.22-20.88
21.00-20.66
20.22-19.56
19.78-19.13
20.22-19.56
20.66-20.22
20.66-20.22
20.44-20.00
19.56-19.13
19.56-19.13
20.88-20.44
20.66-20.22
20.44-19.56
20.22-19.56
20.66
20.22
19.78
19.35
19.13
Dec. 1
8
15
22
29
20.22-19.56
20.22-19.56
20.22-19.56
20.22-19.56
20.44-19.78
20.33-19.56
20.44-19.78
20.44-19.78
20.44-19.78
20.44-19.78
20.00-19.56
20.22-19.56
20.44-19.78
20.66-20.00
20.66-20.00
20.22-20.00
20.22-20.00
20.22-20.00
20.22-20.00
20.44
Average .
20 49-19.96
20 18-19.74
20 55-19.95
19.83
Average. .
20 26-19.60
20 42-1974
20 40-19.78
20 26-20.00
Prices of English Grain, 1641-1915. Annual average prices of
English wheat are available since 1641 and of English wheat, barley
and oats from 1771. Table 24 showing the price of wheat from 1641
to 1770 is taken from Vol. 17, 1856, of the Journal of the Royal Agri
cultural Society of England, and Table 25 is from the Annual Agri
cultural Statistics of the English Board of Agriculture and Fisheries.
The quotations in both tables are given in English shillings and pence
199
AGRICULTURE.
per quarter and in Canadian equivalents of dollars and cents per bushel
of 60 Ib. Throughout the whole period covered by the tables (1641-
1914) the price of wheat was highest during the wars with Napoleon
(1793-1815), and during the first fifteen years of the nineteenth century
the annual average price never fell below $1.76 per bushel, whilst on
four occasions it exceeded $3.19. The highest point was in 1812 when %
the yearly average was $3.85. Prices fell after the conclusion of peace
in 1815; but were maintained artificially by the Corn Laws (1791-1846).
The repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846, which repeal took full effect on
February 1, 1849, reduced prices for a few years, and in 1851 wheat
was as low as $1.17 per bushel; but the Crimean war (1853-6) followed
by the Indian mutiny (1857-8) helped to maintain prices at a relatively
high level, whilst the Franco-German war (1870-1) had a similar
tendency. Periods of severe agricultural depression followed a series
of bad seasons after 1876, when short returns were accompanied by
falling prices owing to the cheap transportation of American grain.
The price of wheat reached its lowest ebb of 70 cents per bushel in 1895.
The average price for 1915 was $1.61, and the price previous to the
outbreak of the present war was $1.04 on August 1, 1914.
24. Yearly Average Prices of Wheat in England, 1641-1770.
NOTE. The quarter (qr.) = 8 Imperial bushels of 60 Ib. per bushel.
Year.
Per
qr.
Per
bush.
Year.
Per
qr.
Per
bush.
Year.
Per
qr.
Per
bush.
Year.
Per
qr.
Per
bush.
1641..
s. d.
57 1
to
1.74
1674
B. d.
61
$ c
1.86
1707. .
s. d.
25 4
Ic
0.77
1739..
s. d.
34 2
$ c.
1 04
1642
60 2
1.83
1675
57 5
1.75
1708
36 10
1.12
1740
45 1
1 37
1643
59 10
1.82
1676
33 9
1.03
1709
69 9
2.12
1741
41 5
1.26
1644
61 3
1.86
1677
37 4
1.14
1710
69 4
2.11
1742
30 2
0.92
1645
51 3
1.56
1678 .
52 5
1 59
1711
48
1 46
1743
22 1
67
1646
42 8
1.30
1679 . .
53 4
1 62
1712
41 2
1 25
1744 ..
22 1
67
1647
65 5
1.99
1680 ....
40
1 22
1713. .
45 4
1 38
1745 ..
24 5
74
1648
75 6
2.30
1681
41 5
1 26
1714 ..
44 9
1.36
1746
34 8
1 05
1649
71 1
2.16
1682
39 1
1.19
1715...
38 2
1.16
1747
30 11
0.94
1650
68 1
2 07
1683
35 6
1 08
1716
42 8
1 30
1748
32 10
1 00
1651
65 2
1 98
1684 . .
39 1
1 19
1717
40 7
1 23
1749
32 10
1 00
1652
44
1.34
1685 ....
41 5
1 26
1718
34 6
1 05
1750
28 10
88
1653
31 6
0.96
1686
30 2
0.92
1719. . .
31 1
94
1751. . . .
34 2
1 04
1654
23 1
0.70
1687
22 4
0.68
1720
32 10
1 00
1752... .
37 2
1.13
1655
29 7
0.90
1688
40 10
1.24
1721
33 4
1.01
1753
39 8
1.21
1656
38 2
1.16
1689 . .
26 8
81
1722
32
97
1754
30 9
94
1657
41 5
1.26
1690 ..
30 9
94
1723
30 10
94
1755
30 1
92
1658
57 9
1.76
1691
30 2
0.92
1724
32 10
1 00
1756
40 1
1 22
1659
58 8
1.78
1692
41 5
1.26
1725
43 1
1 31
1757
53 4
1 62
1660
50 2
1.52
1693
60 1
1.83
1726
40 10
1 24
1758 ..
44 5
1.35
1661
62 2
1 89
1694 . .
56 10
1 73
1727
37 4
1 14
1759
35 3
1 07
1662
65 9
2 00
1695
47 1
1.43
1728. .
48 5
1 47
1760
32 5
99
1663
50 8
1.54
1696
63 1
1.92
1729
41 7
1 26
1761
26 9
81
1664
36
1.09
1697
53 4
1.62
1730
32 5
99
1762 .
34 8
1 05
1665
43 10
1.33
1698
60 9
1.85
1731
29 2
89
1763
36 1
1 10
1666
32
97
1699 . .
56 10
1 73
1732
23 8
72
1764
41 5
1 26
1667
32
97
1700
35 6
1 09
1733
25 2
77
1765
48
1 46
1668
35 6
1.08
1701
33 5
1.02
1734
30 9
94
1766
43 1
1 31
1669
39 5
1.20
1702
26 2
0.80
1735. ...
38 2
1 16
1767
47 4
1 44
1670
37
1.13
1703
32
0.97
1736
35 10
1 09
1768 . .
53 9
1 63
1671
37 4
1.14
1704 ....
41 4
1 26
1737
33 9
1 03
1769
40 7
1 23
1672
36 5
1.11
1705
26 8
0.81
1738 .
31 6
96
1770
43 6
1 32
1673
41 5
1 26
1706
23 1
70
200
PRODUCTION.
25. Yearly Average Prices of Wheat, Barley and Oats in England and Wales,
1771-1915.
NOTE. The quarter (qr.) = 8 Imperial bushels of 60 Ib. per bushel for wheat,
50 Ib. for barley and 39 Ib. for oats.
Year.
Wheat.
Barley.
Oats.
Year.
Wheat.
Barley.
Oats.
per
qr.
per
bush.
per
qr.
per
bush.
per
qr.
per
bush.
per
qr.
per
bush.
per
qr.
per
bush.
per
qr.
per
bush.
1771
8. d.
48 7
52 3
52 7
54 3
49 10
39 4
46 11
43 3
34 8
36 9
46
49 3
54 3
50 4
43 1
40
42 5
46 4
52 9
54 9
48 7
43
49 3
52 3
75 2
78 7
53 9
51 10
69
113 10
119 6
69 10
58 10
62 3
89 9
79 1
75 4
81 4
97 4
106 5
95 3
126 6
109 9
74 4
65 7
78 6
96 11
86 3
74 6
67 10
56 1
44 7
53 4
63 11
68 6
58 8
58 6
60 5
66 3
64 3
66 4
58 8
52 11
46 2
39 4
48 6
55 10
64 7
70 8
66 4
64 4
57 3
50 1
$c.
1.48
1.59
1.60
1.65
1.52
1.20
1.43
1.32
1.05
1.12
1.40
1.50
1.65
1.53
1.31
1.22
1.29
1.41
1.60
1.67
1.48
1.31
1.50
1.59
2.29
2.39
1.63
1.58
2.10
3.46
3.63
2.12
1.79
1.89
2.73
2.41
2.29
2.46
2.96
3.24
2.90
3.85
3.34
2.26
1.99
2.39
2.95
2.62
2.27
2.06
1.71
1.36
1.62
f.94
2.08
1.78
1.78
1.84
2.02
1.95
2.02
1.78
1.61
1.40
1.20
1.48
1.70
1.96
2.15
2.02
1.95
1.74
1.52
s. d.
26 5
26 1
29 2
29 4
26 9
20 d
21 1
23 4
20 1
17 6
17 8
23 2
31 3
28 8
24 9
25 1
23 4
22 8
23 6
25 3
26 10
27 7
31 1
31 9
37 5
35 4
27 2
29
36 2
59 10
68 6
33 4
25 4
31
44 6
38 8
39 4
43 5
47
48 1
42 3
66 9
58 6
37 4
30 3
33 11
49 4
53 10
45 9
33 10
26
21 10
31 6
36 4
40
34 4
37 7
32 10
32 6
32 7
38
33 1
27 6
29
29 11
32 10
30 4
31 5
39 6
36 5
32 10
27 6
29 6
Jc.
0.80
0.79
0.87
0.89
0.81
0.63
0.64
0.70
0.61
0.53
0.54
0.70
0.95
0.87
0.75
0.76
0.71
0.69
0.71
0.77
0.82
0.84
0.95
0.97
1.13
1.07
0.82
0.88
1.10
1.82
2.08
1.01
0.77
0.94
1.35
1.18
1.20
1.32
1.42
1.46
1.28
2.03
1.78
1.14
0.92
1.03
1.50
1.64
1.39
1.03
79
B.d.
17 2
16 8
17 8
18 4
17
15 5
16 1
15 7
14 5
13 2
14 1
15 7
20 6
18 10
17 8
18 6
17 2
16 1
16 6
19 5
18 1
16 9
20 6
21 3
24 5
21 10
16 3
19 5
27 6
39 4
37
20 4
21 6
24 3
28 4
27 7
28 4
33 4
31 5
28 7
27 7
44 6
38 6
25 8
23 7
27 2
32 5
32 5
28 2
24 2
19 6
18 1
22 11
24 10
25 8
26 8
28 2
22 6
22 9
24 5
25 4
20 5
18 5
20 11
22
23 1
23 1
22 5
25 11
25 8
22 5
19 3
18 4
$c.
0.52
0.51
0.53
0.56
0.52
0.47
0.49
0.47
0.44
0.40
0.43
0.47
0.62
0.57
0.54
0.56
0.52
0.49
0.50
0.59
0.55
0.51
0.62
0.65
0.74
0.66
0.49
0.59
0.67
1.19
1.13
0.62
0.65
0.74
0.86
0.84
0.86
1.01
0.96
0.87
0.84
1.35
1.17
0.78
0.72
0.83
0.99
0.99
0.86
0.73
0.60
0.55
0.70
0.76
0.78
0.81
0.86
0.68
0.69
0.75
0.77
0.62
0.56
0.64
0.67
0.70
0.70
0.68
0.79
0.78
0.68
0.58
0.56
1844
s.d.
51 3
50 10
54 8
69 9
50 6
44 3
40 3
38 6
40 9
53 3
72 5
74 8
69 2
56 4
44 2
43 9
53 3
55 4
55 5
44 9
40 2
41 10
49 11
64 5
63 9
48 2
46 11
56 8
57
58 8
55 9
45 2
46 2
56 9
46 5
43 10
44 4
45 4
45 1
41 7
35 8
32 10
31
32 6
31 10
29 9
31 11
37
30 3
26 4
22 10
23 1
26 2
30 2
34
25 8
26 11
26 9
28 1
26 9
28 4
29 8
28 3
30 7
32
36 11
31 8
31 8
34 9
31 8
34 11
52 10
$c.
1.56
1.55
1.66
2.12
1.54
1.35
1.22
1.17
1.24
1.62
2.20
2.27
2.10
1.71
1.34
1.33
1.62
1.68
1.69
1.36
1.22
1.27
1.51
1.96
1.94
1.47
1.43
1.72
1.73
1.78
1.70
1.37
1.40
1.73
1.41
1.33
1.35
1.38
1.37
1.26
1.08
1.00
0.94
0.99
0.97
0.90
0.97
1.13
0.92
0.80
0.69
0.70
0.80
0.92
1.03
0.78
0.82
0.81
0.85
0.81
0.86
0.90
0.85
0.93
0.97
0.82
0.96
0.96
1.06
0.96
1.06
1.61
s.d.
33 8
31 8
32 8
44 2
31 6
27 9
23 5
24 9
28 6
33 2
36
34 9
41 1
42 1
34 8
33 6
36 7
36 1
35 1
33 11
29 11
29 9
37 5
40
43
39 5
34 7
36 2
37 4
40 5
44 11
38 5
35 2
39 8
40 2
34
33 1
31 11
31 2
31 10
30 S
30 1
28 7
25 4
27 10
25 10
28 8
28 2
26 2
25 7
24 6
21 11
22 11
23 6
27 2
25 7
24 11
25 2
25 8
22 8
22 4
24 4
24 2
25 1
25 10
26 10
23 1
27 3
30 8
27 3
27 2
37 4
$c.
1.02
0.96
0.98
1.34
0.95
0.84
0.70
0.74
0.87
1.02
1.09
1.06
1.24
1.28
1.05
1.02
1.11
1.10
1.07
1.03
0.91
0.90
1.13
1.22
1.31
1.20
1.05
1.10
1.14
1.23
1.37
1.17
1.07
1.21
1.22
1.04
1.01
0.97
0.95
0.97
0.93
0.92
0.81
0.77
0.85
0.79
0.87
0.86
0.80
0.78
0.75
0.67
0.70
0.71
0.82
0.79
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.69
0.68
0.74
0.73
0.76
0.79
0.82
0.70
0.83
0.93
0.83
0.83
1.13
s.d.
20 7
22 6
23 8
28 8
20 6
17 6
16 5
18 7
19 1
21
27 11
27 5
25 2
25
24 6
23 2
24 5
23 9
22 7
21 2
20 1
21 10
24 7
26
28 1
26
22 10
25 2
23 2
25 5
28 10
28 8
26 3
25 11
24 4
21 9
23 1
21 9
21 10
21 5
20 3
20 7
19
16 3
16 9
17 9
18 7
20
19 10
18 9
17 1
14 6
14 9
16 11
18 5
17
17 7
18 5
20 2
17 2
16 4
17 4
18 4
18 10
17 10
18 11
17 4
18 10
21 6
19 1
20 11
30 2
$c.
0.62
0.68
0.72
0.87
0.62
0.53
0.50
0.57
0.58
0.64
0.85
0.83
0.77
0.78
0.75
0.70
0.74
0.72
0.89
0.64
0.61
0.66
0.75
0.79
0.85
0.79
0.69
0.77
0.70
0.77
0.88
0.87
0.80
0.79
0.74
0.68
0.70
0.68
0.66
0.65
0.62
0.63
0.58
0.49
0.51
0.54
0.57
0.61
0.60
0.57
0.52
0.44
0.45
0.51
0.58
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.61
0.52
0.50
0.53
58
0.57
0.54
0.58
0.53
0.57
0.65
0.58
0.84
0.92
1772
1845
1773
1846
1774
1847
1775
1848
1776.
1849
1777
1850
1778
1851
1779
1852
1780
1853
1781
1854
1782
1855
1783
1856
1784
1857
1785
1858
1786
1859
1787
1860
1788 .
1861
1789.
1862
1790
1863
1791
1864
1792
1865
1793
1866-.
1794
1867
1795
1868
1796
1869
1797
1870
1798
1871
1799
1872
1800
1873
1801
1874
1802
1875
1803
1876
Ig04
1877
1805
1878
1806
1879
1807..
1880
1808. . . .
1881
1809
1882
1810
1883
1811
1884
1812. .
1885
1813.
1886
1814. ...
1887
1815.. . .
1888
1816
1889
1817
1890
1818
1891
1819.
1892
1820. . . .
1893
1821
1894
1822
0.66
0.96
1.11
1.22
1.04
1.14
1.00
0.99
0.99
1.16
1.01
0.84
0.88
0.91
1.00
0.92
0.96
1.20
1.11
1.00
0.83
0.91
1895
1896
1823
1824. ..
1897.......
1825. . ..
1898
1826
1899
1827
1900
1828. .. .
1901
1829
1902
1830
1903
1831
1904
1832
1905
1833
1906
1834 . .
1907
1835
1908
1836
1909
1837
1910
1838
1911
1839
1912
1840
1913
1841
1914
1842
1915
1843
201
AGRICULTURE.
Ocean Freight Rates for Grain. One of the effects of the war has
been a great advance in the cost of ocean freightage. This has not been
due to any appreciable extent to the risk of hostile destruction, because
the allied navies, and especially the British Navy, have been able to
secure and retain practically an absolute control over the maritime
highways. The increased cost of freightage has been rather due to
the general shortage of vessels through internment and especially the
commandeering for purposes of military transport of vessels that would
otherwise be employed in the shipping trade. In view of these con
ditions efforts have been made to collect for the purposes of statistical
record the rates ruling for the trans-Atlantic carriage of grain, and
especially of wheat, for as long a series of years as possible; and the
accompanying tables are constructed from data furnished by the Shipping
Federation of Canada and the Canadian Pacific Railway Co. (rates
from Montreal) and the New York Produce Exchange and Mr. G. J. S.
Broomhall of the Liverpool " Corn Trade News ; (rates from New
York). Table 26 shows the annual average steamship rates for heavy
grain from Montreal to Liverpool during the navigation seasons 1861
to 1915. Table 27 gives the annual average steamship freights for
wheat from New York to Liverpool for the years 1879 to 1915. Table
28 shows the average ocean rates on wheat from Montreal to Liverpool
by months during the St. Lawrence navigation season from May to
November, 1903 to 1915. Table 29 shows the rates from New York
to Liverpool by weeks for the seven years 1909 to 1915. In each case
the rates are expressed per bushel and per quarter in both Canadian
and English currency.
26. Annual Average Steamship Freight Rates for Heavy Grain from Montreal to
Liverpool for the Navigation Seasons 1861-1915.
(Data furnished by the Shipping Federation of Canada, Montreal.)
Season.
Per quarter
of4801b.
Per bushel
of 60 Ib.
Season.
Per quarter
of 480 Ib.
Per bushel
of 60 Ib.
18611. .
s. d.
7 10
10 4
6 10
5 10
4 10
5 104
7 5
5 84
6 54
5 6
7 14
6 64
9 7
5 104
6
5 5
5 84
5 2i-
5 Oi
4 7l-
2 10
2 Sir
3 Oi
2 PI J.
o -"
2 24
2 3:
1 9
1 94
I c.
1.906
2.514
1.663
1.419
1.176
1.429
1.805
1.389
1.571
1.338
1.734
1.592
2.332
1.429
1.460
1.318
1.389
1.272
1.227
1.130
0.699
0.665
0.796
0.596
0.553
0.556
0.426
0.436
s. d.
11!
1 34
101
T|
iir
8?
1 9-
1 2f
8!;!
9
8*
8A
tt
7
cents
23.8
31.4
20.8
17.7
14.7
17.9
22.6
17.4
19.6
16.7
21.7
19.9
29.2
17.9
18.3
16.5
17.4
15.9
15.3
14.1
8.7
8.2
9.9
7.5
6.7
7.0
5.3
5.4
1889
s. d.
2 8 1
1 8<
2 0;
1 9
1 8 r
1 9 J
1 11\
2 li
2 4{
1 8J
2 6
1 1J
1 3
l n
7i
1 5j
1 9
1 5j
1 9i
1 4J
1 3
1 4i
2 fr
2 7 ;
2 3
O O
,
;
-
t
$ c.
0.655
0.416
0.492
0.426
0.406
0.317
0.436
0.471
0.522
0.583
0.416
0.608
0.274
0.304
0.274
0.152
0.360
0.426
0.350
0.441
0.334
0.304
0.339
0.618
0.639
0.563
2.119
e. d.
4
cents
8.2
5.2
6.2
5.3
5.1
4.0
5.4
5.9
6.5
7.3
5.2
7.6
3.4
3.8
3.4
1.9
4.5
5.3
4.4
5.5
4.3
3.8
4.2
7.7
8.0
7.0
26.4
1862
1890 . . .
1863
1891
3
2f
24
2
2 N
3i"
Mi
2$
. 3}
IH
U
ff
2|
1864
1892
1865
1893
1866
1894
1867
1895
1868
1896
1869
1897
1870
1898
1871
1899
1872 ....
1900
1873
1901
1874
1902
1875
1903
1876
1804
1877
1905
1878
1906
1879
1907 .
1880
8
4 "-.
1908 . ...
2}
2
1881
1909
1882
4
H
21
21,
1910
11
313
rs
1 1 :<
1883
1911
1884
1912
1885
1913
1886
1914
1887
1915
1888
* A it.
Sailing vessels.
202
PRODUCTION
27. Annual Average Steamship Freight Rates for Wheat from New York to
Liverpool, 1879-1915.
(Data from the Annual Statistical Reports of the New York Produce Exchange.)
Season.
Per quarter
of 480 Ib.
Per bushel
of 60 Ib.
Season.
Per quarter
of 480 Ib.
Per bushel
of 60 Ib.
1879
s. d.
4 14
3 104
2 9
2 74
3 34
2 4
2 14
2 24
1 8
1 9
2 74
l 74
2 1
1 9
1 7
1 34
1 84
1 114
2 04
$ c.
.99
.93
.66
.63
.79
.56
.51
.53
.40
.42
.63
.39
.50
.42
.38
.31
.41
.47
.49
s. d.
ci a
y
3!?
cents
12.4
11.6
8.3
7.8
9.8
7.0
6.4
6.6
5.0
5.3
7.8
4.8
6.3
5.3
4.8
3.8
5.1
5.8
6.1
1898
8. d.
2 34
1 74
2 3
10
114
114
9
1 1
114
1 2
i 04
i i
1
1 4
2 54
1 lOf
2 6
8 94
$ c.
.55
.39
.54
.20
.23
.23
.18
.26
.23
.28
.25
.26
.24
.32
.59
.45
.60
2.10
s. d.
cents.
6.8
4.8
6.8
2.5
2.8
2.8
2.3
3.3
2.8
3.5
3.1
3.3
3.0
4.0
7.4
5.6
7.5
26.3
1880
1899
2 A
1881
1900
3!
11
JJL
ir
14
2
3W
24
3 f
1882
1901
1883
4f|
3 *
O 5
1902
1884
1903
1885 . .
1904
1886
1905
1887
w
2|
3-1
1906
1888
1907
1889
1908
1890
2 7
1809
1891
2f
2f
1 IS
1910
1892 . .
1911
1893
1912
1894
1913
1895
29
TR
1914
1896
1915
1897
28. Average Steamship Freight Rates for Wheat from Montreal to Liverpool by
months during the St. Lawrence Navigation Seasons, 1903-1915.
(Data furnished by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company.)
Season.
Per quarter
of 480 Ib.
Per bushel
of 60 Ib.
Season.
Per quarter
of 480 Ib.
Per bushel
of 601b.
1903.
May
s. d.
1
1
1
1
1
1 Of
1 01
6
51
6
6
6
6
7*
9
9
9
11}
1 21
1 9
2 21
1 3
1 3
1H
1 Of
1 5}
1 81
1 3
$ c.
.243
.243
.243
.243
.243
.258
.258
.122
.106
.122
.122
-.122
.122
.152
.183
.183
.183
.228
.289
.426
.532
.304
.304
.238
.258
.350
.435
.304
3. d.
!j
1
It
ij
Ij
1.
li
i
;
<
4
1!
It
Ij
1
l|
IT
1
2
3j
Ij
I
II
1
1
B
r,
f>
\
!.
,
1
:
r
!
i;
f
cents.
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.2
3.2
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.9
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.9
3.6
5.3
6.7
3.8
3.8
3.0
3.2
4.4
5.4
3.8
1907.
May
s. d.
1 3
1 3
1 3
1 4}
i n
1 7*
1 4}
1 4|
1
1
i a
1 3|
1 6
1 4}
1 14
1 14
1 14
1
1 74
1 4^
1 6f
1 Of
1 Of
9f
9
1 Of
1 21
1 4}
S c.
.304
.304
.304
.334
.395
.395
.334
.334
.243
.243
.274
.319
.365
.334
.274
.274
.274
.243
.395
.334
.380
.258
.258
.198
.183
.258
.289
.334
s. d.
Ij
ii
1
ts
>A
2 T 7
2&
It
14
m
2
21
2^
IH
1
ifi
14
2 A
2,V.
21
I- 9 -
1 18
1_SL
if
H
1A
U3
.6
2&
cents.
3.8
3.8
3.8
4.3
4.8
4.8
4.3
4.3
3.0
3.0
3.4
3.9
4.6
4.3
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.0
4.8
4.3
4.8
3.2
3.2
2.5
2.3
3.2
3.6
4.3
June
June
July
July
Aiipr
Aug
Sept
Sept
Oct
Oct
Nov
Nov
1904.
May
1908.
May
June
June
Julv
July
Aiicr
Aug
Sept
Sept
Opt
Oct
Nov
Nov
1905.
May
1909.
May
June
June
July
July
AuET
Aug
Sept
Sept
Oct.
Oct
Nov
Nov
1906.
May
1910.
May
June
June
July
July
AllE?
Aug..
Sept
2
2J
1-
Sept
Oct
Oct
Nov
Nov
203
AGRICULTURE.
23. Average Steamship Freight Rates for Wheat from Montreal to Liverpool by
months during the St. Lawrence Navigation Seasons, 1903-1915 concluded.
Season.
Per quarter
of 480 Ib.
Per bushel
of 60 Ib.
Season.
Per quarter
of 480 Ib.
Per bushel
of 60 Ib.
1911.
May. .
s. d.
1 3
1 3
1 3
1 3|
1 4|
1 9|
2
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 7t
2 It
2 10*
3
3
3
2 10t
2 6
$ c.
.304
.304
.304
.319
.334
.441
.487
.608
.608
.608
.639
.517
.699
.730
.730
.730
.699
.608
s. d.
U
U
If
2
2A
2|
3
3!
31
. 3f
88
3, : ; ;
4!,;
4t
ti
4i
4H
31
cents
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.9
4.3
5.5
6.3
7.6
7.6
7.6
8.0
6.5
8.7
9.1
9.1
9.1
8.7
7.6
1913.
Sept.
s. d.
2 10t
2 9
2 74
1 6
1 6
1 6
1 6
2
2 3
2 6
6
7
7
8
8
9 6
13
< c.
.699
.669
.639
.365
.365
.365
.365
.487
.548
.608
1.460
1.703
1.703
1.947
.1.947
2.312
3.163
s. d.
4tt
4t
m
21
2}
21
21
3
31
3f
9
10|
iot
1
1
1 21
1 7t
cents
7.6
8.3
8.0
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
6.3
6.9
7.6
18.3
21.3
21.3
24.3
24.3
28.9
39.5
T -^
June
Oct...
July
Nov. .
Aim
1914.
May
Sept. . .
Oct
June. .
Nov
July. .
1912.
May
Aug
Sept
June
Oct.
July
Nov.
AUK .
1915.
May
Sept
Oct
June . . .
Nov
July. .
1913.
May. .
Aug..
Sept
June
Oct
July
Nov
Aug
29. Steamship Freight Rates for Wheat from New York to Liverpool during
each week, 1909-1915.
(Data furnished by Mr. G. J. S. BROOMHALL, F.S.S., Editor, Liverpool
Trade News " and by the New York Produce Exchange).
Corn
Monday.
Per quarter.
Per bushel.
, Monday.
Per quarter.
Per bushel.
1909.
s. d.
$ c.
s. d.
cents
1910.
s. d.
$ c.
s. d.
cents
Jan. 4
i oy
0.252
If
3 15
April 18
1 OX
0.257
1$
3 21
11
i o^
0.252
li
3 15
" 25
101
0.205
u
2 56
18
1 24
0.290
11
3 63
May 2
101
C.205
u
2 56
25
1 2t
0.290
li
3 63
9
101
0.205
H
2 56
Feb. 1
1
* 16
1
0.257
U
3 21
to
} i o^
0.252
H
3 15
23
1 Qhl
0.257
If
3 21
Oct. 4
I
" 30
101
0.205
1;
2 56
Oct. 11
1 4j!,
0.329
2r l ,
4 11
June 6
101
0.205
V.
2 56
18
1 4j ()
0.329
I
*16
4 11
" 13
101
0.205
I-
2 56
25
1 4o 9 o
0.329
2A
4 11
" 20
101
0.205
2 56
Nov. 1
1 6, ,
0.372
2!
4 65
" 27
101
0.205
l<;
2 56
8
1 63,
0.372
24
4.65
July 4
101
0.205
H
2 56
15
1 84
0.410
2 t
5 13
11
1 OiS
0.257
if
3 21
22
1 84
0.410
2^
5 13
u 18
101
0.205
U
2 56
29
1 84
0.410
2l
5 13
< 25
101
0.205
U
2 56
Dec. 6
1 7tb
0.394
2t
4 92
Aug. 1
101
0.205
H
2 56
13
1 4 2 9
0.329
OJ
4 } r
4 11
8
101
0.205
H
2 56
20
i 4.;;,
0.329
2A
4 11
" 15
1 O.V
0.257
H
3 21
27
i 4, ! ;,
0.329
2-A
4 11
22
1 O.}/,
0.257
if
3 21
* 29
1 0,
0.257
if
3 21
Average. . .
i it
0.270
1JL
3 37
Sept 5
1 O 17
257
ji
S 21
* i
x LH
12
* "aC
i oj-5
0^257
if
ll M J
3 21
19
i o&
0.257
if
3 21
1910.
26
i ois
0.257
l!
3 21
Jan. 3
1 4j!,
0.329
2,V;
4 11
Oct. 3
1 4/ B
0.334
2 T l o
4 17
10
1 4.;!,
0.329
O I
1 c.
4 11
10
1 4&
0.334
2/0
4 17
17
1 4;;,
0.329
I
1 <;
4 11
* 17
1 *-/,,
0.334
2, ,,
4 17
24
i 4.;:,
0.329
9
* To
4 11
" 24
1 4^
0.334
2, ,,
4 17
31
lof
0.205
11
2 56
" 31
1 4 7
* ~ i n
0.334
2A
4 17
Feb. 7
io|
0.205
li
2 56
Nov. 7
1 4 7
* * i o
0.334
2A
4 17
14
10}
0.205
l|
2 56
* 14
2 2}
0.295
IT^O
3 69
21
8,-;,
0.166
1, -,
2 08
* 21
2 2f
0.295
ITS
3 69
" 28
o :
"to
0.166
I.. -,
2 08
28
2 2|
0.295
I, 1 !,
3 69
Mar. 7
ioi
0.205
If
2 56
Dec. 5
1 0,i T
0.257
If
3 21
14
101
0.205
if
2 56
" 12
1 6|
. 0.372
2|
4 65
21
10J
0.205
a
2 56
19
1 4J,
0.334
2A
4 17
28
10}
0.205
,i|
2 56
* 26
1 4, ,,
0.334
21
TU
4 17
April 4
101
0.205
i|
2 56
11
1 OiX
0.257
H
3 21
Average. .
1 T 7 o
0.254
1?
3 17
204
PRODUCTION
29. Steamship Freight Rates for Wheat from New York to Liverpool during
each week, 1909-1915 con.
Monday.
Per quarter.
Per bushel.
Monday.
Per quarter.
Per bushel.
1911.
s. d.
$ c.
s. d.
cents.
1912.
s. d.
$ c.
9. d.
cents.
Jan. 2
1 4 5 %
0.328
2?
4 1
Apr. 1
2 8i
0.65
4 r T
8 13
" 9
1 4^
0.32
2T 1
4 1
8
2 6 2
0.60
3|
7 59
" 16
1 4&
0.329
2f
4 1
15
2 6% 7
0.60
s|
7 59
" 23
1 4&
0.32
2T 1
4 1
22
2 4,f
0.56
3^
7 11
30
1 6|
0.372
2}
4 6
" 29
2 2}
0.53
&t
6 64
Feb. 6
1 4./o
0.32S
2^
4 1
May 6
2 Of
0.49
3 r l
6 15
* 13
1 4r/
0.329
2: 1
4 1
13
1 10k
0.45
23
5 66
" 20
1 4,
0.329
2,
4 1
20
1 10.$
0.45
21
5 66
27
1 4 2 D
0.329
2r J
4 1
27
1 lOi
0.45
21
5 66
Mar. 6
1 1$
0.339
2f
4 1
June 4
1 10J
0.45
21
5 66
* 13
1 4&
0.32
2J
4 1
11
i S
0.32
2T
4 11
20
1 2}
0.290
2*
3 6
18
1 8}
0.41
* 2f
5 13
27
1 2*
0.290
2f
3 63
25
1 8}
0.41
2f
5 13
April 3
1 Of
0.252
a
3 15
July 1
1 8^:
0.41
2f
5 13
10
1 Of
0.212
i*
2 65
8
1 8^:
0.41
21
5 13
17
1 Of
0.252
it
3 15
15
1 Sir
0.41
2f
5 13
24
1 Of
0.252
if
3 15
22
1 4 l
0.32
2 1 1
4 11
May 1
ll{
0.230
if
2 88
" 29
1 4 B "
0.32
2-i
4 11
8
1 Of
0.252
11
3 15
Aug. 5
1 4^
0.32
2T 1
4 11
B 15
111
0.230
3
2 88
12
2 Of
0.49
3 T l
6 15
* 22
1 03
0.252
if
3 15
19
2 Of
0.49
Sx 1
6 15
" 29
i ot
0.252
i
3 15
26
2 8
0.650
*L
8 13
June 5
i of
0.252
i
3 15
Sept. 2
2 8i
0.650
4i ! ,
8 13
12
1 Of
0.252
i
3 15
9
3 Oi
0.73
3
9 14
19
i o$
0.252
tj
3 15
16
3 4,v a -
0.809
M
10 11
26
1 OJ
0.205
!f>
2 56
23
2 4^
0.80
5 A
10 11
July 3
i oi
0.252
If
3 15
30
3 6i
0.85
5|
10 64
10
1 Of
0.252
If
2 15
Oct. 7
3 2f
0.770
4*
9 63
17
1 2*
0.290
2*
3 63
14
3 7
0.860
5 i
10 75
24
1 21
0.290
2f
3 63
* 21
3 6J r
0.85
5i
10 64
31
1 2|
0.290
2S
3 63
28
3 8jf
0.890
5f
11 12
Aug. 7
1 4J!
0.329
91
^Tb
4 11
Nov. 4
3 8*
0.890
5f
11 12
14
1 4
0.329
91
^Vi
4 11
" 11
3 8j
0.890
51
11 12
21
1 4&
0.329
2,1
4 11
18
3 6 1 ,,
0.851
5J
10 64
28
i 4^:
0.329
2A
4 11
25
3 4> r
0.809
5^o
10 11
Sept. 4
1 8}
0.410
2f
5 13
Dec. 2
3 4.;[
0.809
M
10 11
11
1 7
1 To
0.394
21
4 92
9
3 2i
0.770
4 !
9 63
18
1 7&
0.394
8J
4 92
* 16
3 Or
0.731
4j
9 14
25
1 67,
0.372
2|
4 65
" 23
3 Or
0.731
4f
9 14
Oct. 2
1 4.:;,
0.329
2T\
4 11
9
1 lOfs
0.453
2|
5 66
Average
2 6 5 3 r
0.603
3J
7 54
16
2 Of
0.492
&
6 15
23
1 2Sg
0.453
2i -
5 66
30
2 Of
0.492
&A
6 15
1913.
Nov. 6
2 Of
0.492
BA
6 15
13
2 Of
0.492
S
6 15
Jan. 6
2 3f
0.554
3J
6 93
20
1 lOiU-
0.453
2
5 66
13
2 3 T V
0.554
3i
6 93
27
2 Of
0.492
BA
6 15
" 20
23?
0.554
3i
6 93
Dec. 4
2 Of
0.492
12
6 15
27
2 |jr
0.650
4 7 V,
8 13
11
2 4&
0.569
if
7 11
Feb. 3
2 ;
0.492
SA
6 15
18
2 4 nr
* 3 2O
0.569
u
7 11
* 10
2 Oi
0.492
3A
6 15
25
2 2&
0.531
3*
6 64
17
1 10&
0.453
97
*a
5 66
* 24
2 IJ
0.505
3,V,
6 31
Average .
1 4/5
0.326
*A
4 08
Mar. 3
2 3 : - !
0.548
3H
6 85
" 10
2 Of
0.492
SA
6 15
" 17
2 Of
0.492
1
h .
6 15
1912.
24
2 Of
0.492
3 !
i ^
6 15
" 31
1 lOii;
0.453
21
5 66
Jan. 1
2 2&
0.531
3*
6 64
April 7
2 Of
0.492
5A
6 15
8
2 2i,\
0.531
3*
6 64
14
2 Of
0.492
3,1
6 15
15
2 4&
0.569
N
7 11
21
2 Of
0.492
3, 1 ,
6 15
22
2 Of
0.492
A
6 15
" 28
9 i
6 *fS
0.569
3-
7 11
29
2 Of
0.492
&
6 15
May 5
2 4fo
0.569
m
7 11
F b. 5
2 8i
0.650
*&
8 13
12
2 4];,
0.569
m
7 11
12
2 8*
0.650
41
,
8 13
19
2 4.j!,
0.569
> 1 1
SB
7 11
19
2 4^
0.569
3$
7 11
26
2 2.}i
0.531
s|
6 64
26
2 8*
0.650
*&
8 13
June 2
2 24 i-
0.531
3i
6 64
Mar. 4
2 7^,
0.607
3i
7 59
9
2 Of
0.492
IA
6 15
11
2 6,t
0.607
If
7 59
16
1 104(1
0.453
5 66
18
2 6^
0.607
Si
7 59
" 23
1 6f
0.372
2J
4 65
25
2 8i
0.650
4,
8 13
30
1 6f
0.372
2J
4 65
205
AGRICULTURE.
29. Steamship Freight Rates for Wheat from New York to Liverpool during
each week, 1909-1915 concluded.
Monday.
Per quarter.
Per bushel.
Monday.
Per quarter.
Per bushel.
1913.
B. d.
* c.
s. d.
cents.
1914.
s. d.
$ c.
s. d.
cents.
July 7
1 6|
0.372
2i
4 65
Oct. 26
2 10
0.64C
4
8 00
14
1 6f
0.372
2
4 65
Nov. 2
2 10
0.680
4i
850
21
1 6f
0.372
2<
4 65
9
3 6
0.840
5;
10 50
28
1 6|
0.372
2l
4 65
16
4 4
1.040
ji
13 00
Aug. 4
1 6f
0.372
2i
4 65
" 23
4 4
1 040
01 <
13 00
11
1 6|
0.372
2
4 6 U
30
4 4
1.040
6ir
13 00
18
1 Hi
0.470
2 i
5 88
Dec. 7
4 8
1.120
7
14 20
25
1 Si
0.410
2*
5 13
" 14
4 10
1.160
7i
14 50
Sept. 1
1 6i
0.365
2i
4 56
21
5 4
1.280
8
16 00
8
1 6i
0.365
2i
4 56
* 28
6 9
1.620
9
18 00
15
1 4i
0.324
2
4 05
22
1 6J
0.365
2}
4 56
Average
2 T 7 o
0.494
A
6 17
" 29
1 6i
0.385
2|
4 81
Oct. 6
1 H&
0.466
&
5 82
13
i HA
0.446
2f
5 57
1915.
20
l IH
0.446
2; ;
5 57
27
1 6J
0.365
2i-
4 56
Jan. 4
6
1.440
9
18 00
Nov. 3
1 8: :
0.405
2
5 06
11
6
1.440
9
18 00
10
1 8:
0.405
2Jr
5 06
18
6 8
1.600
10
20 00
17
1 8i-
0.405
2ir
5 06
u 25
6 8
1.600
10
20 00
24
1 4; :
0.324
2"
4 05
Feb. 1
6 8
1.600
10
20 00
Dec. 1
1 4i
0.324
2
4 05
8
7
1.680
10i
21 00
8
1 4i
0.324
2
4 05
15
7 4
1.760
11
22 00
15
1 4i
0.324
2
4 05
* 22
8 li
1.944
1
24 30
22
1 4*
0.324
2
4 05
Mar. 1
8 H
1.944
1
24 30
29
1 4t
0.324
2
4 05
8
8 H
1.944
1
24 30
* 15
8 1
1.944
1
24 30
Average.. ..
1 10 5 3 5
0.443
2}
5 54
" 22
8 It
1.944
1
24 30
" 29
8 It
1.944
1
24 30
April 5
8 li
1.944
1
24 30
1914.
12
8 It
1.944
1
24 30
" 19
7 8
1.840
lit
23 00
Jan. 5
1 8
0.400
24
5 00
" 26
7 8
1.840
III
23 00
12
1 8
0.400
2|
5 00
May 3
7 8
1.840
11 -
23 00
19
1 4
0.320
2
4 00
10
7 8
1.840
lit
23 00
26
1 4
0.320
2
4 00
17
7 8
1.840
lit
23 00
Feb. 2
1 4
0.320
2
4 00
24
8 li
1.944
1
24 30
9
1 4
0.320
2
4 00
31
8 It
1.944
1
24 30
16
1 3
0.300
U
3 75
June 7
8 li
1.944
1
24 30
23
1 3
0.300
if
3 75
14
8 It
1.944
1
24 30
Mar. 2
1
0.240
i"
3 00
21
8 It
1.944
1
24 30
9
1
0.240
M
3 00
28
7
1.680
iot
21 00
16
11
0.220
l!
2 75
July 5
7
1.680
lot
21 00
23
11
0.220
H
2 75
12
6
1.440
9
18 00
30
1
0.240
li
3 00
19
7
1.680
lot
21 00
April 6
1 3
0.300
if
3 75
26
7 4
1.760
11
22 00
13
1 3
0.300
i|
3 75
Aug. 2
7 4
1.760
11
22 00
20
1 3
0.300
IS
3 75
9
6 8
1.600
10
20 00
27
1
0.240
In
3 00
16
6 8
1.600
10
20 00
May 4
1
0.240
lj:
3 00
23
6 8
1.600
10
20 00
11
1
0.240
lit
3 00
30
7
1.680
lot
21 00
18
1
0.240
I
3 00
Sept. 6
8 It
1.944
1
24 30
25
1
0.240
I
3 00
13
8 9f
2.112
1 1
26 40
June 1
1
0.240
li
3 00
20
9 5|
2.272
1 2
28 40
8
1 3
0.300
li
3 75
27
10 If
2.432
1 3
30 40
15
1
0.240
l|
3 00
Oct. 4
13 6|
3.248
1 8
40 60
22
1 4
0.320
2
4 00
11
13 62
3.248
1 8
40 60
29
1 8
0.400
24
5 00
18
13 6?
3.248
1 8
40 60
July 6
1 8
0.400
2i
5 00
25
13 6?
3.248
1 8
40 60
13
1 8
0.400
2i
5 00
Nov. 1
13 8J5-
3.248
1 8
40 60
20
1 8
0.400
. 2t
5 00
8
13 6=
3.248
1 8
40 60
27
1 10
0.440
21
5 50
15
14 2?
3.408
1 9
42 60
Aug. 3]
22
is n
3.248
1 8
40 60
to
-
_
29
12 10
3.080
1 7
38 50
Sept; 14J
Dec. 6
12 10
3.080
1 7
38 50
f 21
2
0.480
3
6 00
13
12 10
3.080
1 7
38 50
28
-
-
_
_
" 20
12 10
3.080
1 7
38 50
Oct. 5
2 10
0.640
4
8 00
" 27
13 6
3.248
1 8
40 60
" 12
2 10
0.640
4
8 00
19
2 10
0.640
4
8 00
Average. . . .
9 OA;
2.164
1 It
27 05
206
PRODUCTION.
World s Production of Cereals and Potatoes. Table 30, repro
duced from the Bulletin of Agricultural and Commercial Statistics
of the International Agricultural Institute, but with the metric weights
and measures converted into Canadian equivalents, shows the areas
and yields of wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn and potatoes in the principal
countries of the world for the years 1914 and 1915 in the northern
hemisphere, and for the years 1914-15 and 1915-16 for the southern
hemisphere (Argentina, Australia and New Zealand). Owing to the
war, data from Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Serbia and Belgium are
missing. For European Russia the figures of 1914 relate to 54 govern
ments, but those of 1915 to 46 governments only.
30. World s Production of Cereals and Potatoes, 1914-15.
Crops and
Countries.
1914.
1915.
Per
cent,
of
1914.
1914.
1915.
Per
cent,
of
1914.
1914.
1915.
Wheat-
Denmark
000
acres.
134
000
acres.
164
p.c.
123.1
000
bush.
5,788
000
bush.
7,950
p.c.
137.4
bush,
per
acre.
43 27
bush,
per
acre.
48 33
France
14,976
14,065
93.9
282,691
237,806
84.1
18 88
16 95
Great Britain and
Ireland
1,905
2,333
122 5
62,432
74,122
118 7
32 77
31 73
Hungary
Italy. .
8,623
11,783
8,205
12,502
95.1
106.1
105,238
169,444
151,406
170,542
143.9
100.6
12.34
14 42
18.44
13 68
Rumania
5,218
4,705
90.2
46,296
89,787
193.9
8 92
19 03
Russia in Europe.
Russia in Asia . . .
Spain
61,660
14,249
9,681
64,619
14,543
10,037
102.0
103.7
573,297
179,348
116,090
653,080
143,849
139,299
80.2
120.0
9.37
12.64
12 04
9.96
13 83
Sweden
299
8,472
9,170
108.2
30 63
Switzerland
Canada
103
10,294
114
12,986
110.4
126 2
3,278
161,283
3,957
336,304
120.7
208 5
31.82
15 61
34.80
28 98
United States . . .
India
53,542
28,464
59,899
32,230
111.9
113.2
891,031
312,032
1,011,571
383,376
113.5
122.9
16.65
11.00
16.95
11 90
Japan
1,174
1,250
106.5
21,645
25,799
119.2
18.44
20 67
Eeypt. .
1.301
1,582
121.6
32,832
39,148
119.2
25.28
24.68
-"- oJ i v
Tunis
1,003
1,112
110 9
2,205
11,023
500.0
2 23
9 96
Algeria
3,368
3,209
95.3
34,655
10 85
Argentina
15,471
16,420
106.1
168,470
172651
102.5
10.85
10.56
Australia
11,804
11,500
97.4
24,844
143,002
575.6
2.08
12.49
New Zealand. . . .
Rye
Denmark
230
607
333
571
145.1
85.8
6,644
11,147
7,309
13,343
110.0
119.7
27.36
18.32
22.01
25.65
France
2,614
1,858
98.4
43,884
45,450
107.2
16.73
15.29
Ireland
8
7
98.8
222
218
98.2
29.47
29.31
Hungary .
2,761
2,596
94.0
42,410
15.29
17.52
Italy. .
303
294
97.1
5,260
4,362
82.9
17.37
14.82
Rumania
208
187
89.9
1,956
2,928
149.7
9.40
15.61
Russia in Europe.
Russia in Asia. ..
Spain
66,458
3,056
1 887
65,598
4,007
1,858
131.1
98 4
793,047
39,037
23,950
882,135
28,374
28,364
72.7
119.7
11.95
12.75
12.75
7.01
15.45
Sweden ... .
_
965
27,599
23,118
83.8
23.90
Switzerland
6
66
108.6
1,724
2,059
119.4
28.20
30.91
Canada
11
112
100 9
2,017
2,394
118.7
18.16
21.32
United States . . .
Argentina .
2,54
228
2,856
212
112.4
92.7
42,779
1.811
49,190
2.008
115.0
110 9
16.89
7.97
17.21
9 56
207
AGRICULTURE.
30. World s Production of Cereals and Potatoes, 1914-15. con.
Crops and
Countries.
1914.
1915.
Per
cent,
of
1914.
1914.
1915.
Per
cent,
of
1914.
1914
1915.
Barley
Denmark
000
acres.
596
000
acres.
643
p.c.
107.9
000
bush.
22,746
000
bush.
28,065
p.c.
123.4
bush,
per
acre.
38.10
bush,
per
acre.
43.68
France
1,780
1,712
96 2
44,819
36,113
80 6
25 09
21.19
Great Britain and
Ireland
1,871
1,523
81 4
67,214
49,103
73
35.92
32 20
Hungary .
3,518
2,796
100 7
65,266
55,511
85 1
23.42
19 89
Ita y.,
610
608
99.7
6,917
11,051
159 8
11.34
18 22
Rumania
1,405
1,371
97 6
24,647
29,031
117.8
17.47
21 19
Russia in Europe.
Russia in Asia. . .
Spain
29,906
1,159
3,404
28,428
1,624
3,786
140.1
111 2
375,896
19,796
72,272
380,793
18,056
82,764
91.2
114 5
12.64
17.10
21.19
11.15
21 93
Sweden
438
12,195
14,254
116 9
32 53
Switzerland
15
16
106 4
528
588
111 3
34.94
36 62
Canada
1,496
1,509
100 9
36 200
53,331
147 3
24 16
35 33
United States. . .
Japan
7,565
3,294
7,395
3,190
97.7
96 8
194,949
91,360
237,004
100,863
121.6
110 4
25.84
27.69
31.97
31.60
Egypt. .
398
463
116 3
11 079
13,747
124 1
27 88
29 74
Tunis
787
1,038
131 9
3,215
11,482
357 1
4.09
11 15
Algeria
3,133
2,703
86 3
39,866
14.68
New Zealand. . . .
Oats-
Denmark
18
1,059
30
1,023
162.4
96 7
622
44440
48956
110 2
33.83
41.99
47.26
France
8,873
8,451
95 2
299610
242,912
81 1
33.85
28.86
Great Britain and
Ireland
3,979
4,159
104 5
189 619
205,310
108 3
49.07
49.36
Hungary .
2,656
2,637
99 3
81 447
75404
92 6
30.70
28 60
Italy.
1, 216
1,208
99 4
25 249
29 594
117 2
20.73
24 40
Rumania . . .
1,056
1,065
100 8
23 823
28,172
118 3
22.57
26.50
Russia in Europe.
Russia in Asia . . .
Spain
40,542
6,380
1,304
38,284
7,142
1,403
111.9
107 6
680,017
153,033
29 390
725,096
130,643
34775
85.4
118 3
16.79
23.88
22 57
18.37
24 67
Sweden.
1,971
49,466
85,941
173.7
40.41
Switzerland
83
92
110 6
4,883
5,278
108.1
58.52
57.20
Canada
10,061
11,365
112 9
313 075
520,103
166.1
31.23
45.76
United States . . .
Japan
38,443
124
40,781
162
106.1
130 4
1,073,941
5,478
1,449,756
6,654
135.0
121.5
27.82
44.08
35.42
40.94
Tunis
99
148
150
648
3,242
500
6.6
21 78
Algeria
573
590
103 1
14,195
24.14
Argentina
2,869
2,565
89 4
53,884
70,853
131 5
18.89
27 55
New Zealand. . . .
Corn-
France
288
1,128
380
766
132.0
67 9
13,118
22,530
14,593
111.2
45.66
19.91
38.58
Hungary .
6,015
6,194
103
172,310
180,543
104.8
28.58
29.16
Italy. .
3,888
3,954
101 7
105,007
118 105
112 5
26 92
29 79
Rumania
5,104
5,207
102
109,550
98,421
89 8
21.51
18 96
Russia in Europe.
Russia in Asia . . .
Spain
3,194
6
1,137
4,036
17
1,152
297.6
101 3
81,105
43
30,325
63,174
322
29,096
757.6
95 9
28.36
7.33
26 77
18.64
25 33
Switzerland .
3
3
119.3
106
138
129.6
37.76
40.94
208
PRODUCTION.
30. World s Production of Cereals and Potatoes, 1914-15 concluded.
Crops and
Countries.
/
1914.
1915.
Per
cent,
of
1914.
1914.
1915.
Per
cent,
of
1914.
1914.
1915.
Corn con.
Canada . ,
000
acres.
256
103,436
141
1,763
10,386
5|
1,513
3,676
1,197
716
37
416
26
137
476
3,711
187
000
acres.
253
108,322
144
1,907
9,931
7
1,577
3,225
1,202
724
37
421
28
159
479
3,761
194
p.c.
98.8
104.7
102.1
108.2
95.6
132.0
104.2
87.7
100.4
101.0
100.3
102.0
106.9
116.4
100.6
101.3
103.9
000
bush.
13,924
2,672,782
3,753
66,745
338,238
284
195,268
440,656
279,121
61,105
5,288
92,806
2,654
22,046
85,673
409,928
25.002
000
bush.
14,368
3,054,509
3,749
213,033
332,791
281,502
56,769
6,889
87,757
38,673
62,605
359,109
25.078
p.c.
103.2
114.3
99.9
107.2
75.5
100.8
92.9
130.3
94.6
175.4
73.1
87.6
100.3
bush,
per
acre.
54.39
25.81
26.61
37.86
32.50
51.78
129.07
119.85
233.10
85.20
143.20
223.04
101.70
161.04
180.07
110.48
133. as
bush,
per
acre.
56.78
28.20
25.97
132.79
103.20
233.36
78.36
185.87
206.84
242.67
130.85
95.46
129.07
United States
Japan
Egypt. .
*- oj f " *
Argentina
New Zealand. . . .
Potatoes
Hungary
France
Great Britain and
Ireland
Italy. .
Luxemburg
Netherlands . . .
Rumania
Switzerland
Canada
United States . . .
Jaoan .
World s Statistics of Farm Live Stock. Table 31 shows the num
bers of farm live stock in the principal countries of the world, as derived
from the publications of the International Institute of Agriculture,
and especially the Institute s International Year Book of Agricultural
Statistics, 1913 and 1914, which was issued in 1915. The descriptions
of live stock included are horses, asses and mules, cattle and buffaloes,
sheep, goats and swine.
31. Numbers of Farm Live Stock by Principal Countries of the World, 1905 and 1914.
NOTE C=Census; E Estimate.
Countries.
Date nearest 1905.
Date nearest 1914.
Increase (4-)
or
decrease ( )
Actual date.
No.
Actual date.
No.
Horses
Great Britain ....
Ireland
1905
1905
1901
1904-05
1&)7
1904-05
1904
1905
1904-05
E
E
C
E
E
E
C
E
E
1,572,433
608,994
1,577,493
1,370,055
54,666
728
449,539
1,674,790
314,322
1914
1914
1911
1913-14
1913
1913-14
1911
1913
1913-14
E
E
C
E
E
E
C
E
E
1,296,188
619,345
2,595,912
1,812,710
47,911
413
714,414
2,521,983
404,284
276,245
4- 10,351
+ 1,018,419
442,655
6,755
315
4- 264,875
847,193
4- 89,962
Canada
India
Egypt .
Mauritius
South Africa
Australia
New Zealand
Total
7.623.020
.
10.013.160
4- 2.390.140
209
AGRICULTURE.
31. Numbers of Farm Live Stock by Principal Countries of the World, 1905 and 1914
con.
NOTE C = Census; E=Estimate.
1
Countries.
Date nearest 1905.
Date nearest 1914.
Increase (+)
or
decrease ( )
Actual date.
No.
Actual date.
No.
Horses con.
Austria
1900
1905
1895
1905
1903
1905
1905
1905
1900
1876
1904
1904
1907
1870
1905
1905
1905
1907
1905
1906
1905
19QO
1895
1906
1905
1906
1900
C
E
C
C
C
E
E
E
C
C
C
E
C
C
E
E
C
E
E
E
E
C
C
E
C
E
C
1,716,488
1,795,128
271,527
538,271
486,935
3,169,224
221,140
33,739
4,195,361
657,544
19,449
295,277
163,780
87,476
24,323,294
4,788,490
174,363
451,005
554,999
135,372
1,367,615
21,203,901
4,445,859
746,150
51,887
334,694
561,408
1910
1913
1910
1910
1914
1914
1912
1913
1912
1908
1910
1913
1910
1906
1912
1912
1910
1912
1913
1911
1913
1910
1912
1912-13
1914
1912
1908
C
E
C
C
C
E
E
E
C
C
G
C
E
C
E
E
C
E
E
E
E
C
E
E
C
E
C
1,802,848
2,005,019
317,080
477,733
568,240
3,230,700
221,178
37,416
4,523,059
955,878
18,625
334,445
167,714
87,765
23,860,178
6,577,693
152,523
525,853
596,136
144,128
1,582,125
23,015,902
9,427,000
553,869
52,095
560,580
556,307
+ 86,363
+ 209,891
+ 45,550
60,538
+ 81,305
-1- 61,476
+ 38
+ 3,677
+ 327,698
+ 298,334
824
-f 39,168
-f 3,934
+ 289
463,116
+ 1,789,203
21,840
+ 74,848
+ 41,137
+ 8,756
-h 214,510
+ 1,812,001
+ 4,981,141
192,281
-f 208
+ 225,886
5,101
Hungary .
Belgium
Bulgaria
Denmark
France
Algiers
Tunis
Germany
Italy .
Luxemburg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Russia in Europe .
Russia in Asia
Serbia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Japan
United States ....
Argentina
Chili
Costa Rica
Cuba
Uruguay.
Total
01905
1902-05
1904-05
1904
1904-05
E
E
E
C
E
80,413,396
274.290
1,360,471
143
276,664
448
1914
1912-14
1913-14
1911
1910-11
E
E
E
C
E
92,365,249
275,429
1,764,442
196
430.641
404
+ 11,951,853
+ 1,139
+ 403,971
-f 53
+ 153,977
44
Asses and Mules
Ireland
India
Mauritius
South Africa
New Zealand
Total
1900
1906
1895
1905
1905
1905
1905
1900
1876
1904
1870
1905
1907
C
E
C
C
E
E
E
C
C
C
C
C
E
1,912,016
66,647
14,936
6,915
136,027
564,046
451,757
199,575
7,848
968,114
22
188,640
1,986
1.584,423
1910
1913
1910
1910
1913
1912
1913
1912
1908
1910
1906
1910
1912
C
E
C
C
E
E
E
C
C
G
C
C
E
2,471,112
73,408
17,062
10,549
130,398
552,960
462,615
117,987
13,147
1,238,060
29
201,736
1,622
1758,330
+ 559,096
+ 6,761
+ 2,126
+ 3,634
5,629
11,086
+ 10,858
81,588
+ 5,299
+ 269,946
+ 7
13,096
364
-4- 173.907
Austria. . . .
Hungary .
Belgium
Bulgaria
France
Algiers. .
Tunis
Germany
Italy .
Luxemburg
Portugal
Serbia
Spain .
210
PRODUCTION.
31. Numbers of Farm Live Stock by Principal Countries of the World,
1905 and 1914 con.
NOTE C = Census; E= Estimate.
Countries.
Date nearest 1905.
Date nearest 1914.
Increase (+)
or
decrease ( )
Actual date.
No.
Actual date.
No.
Asses, and Mules-
con.
Switzerland
1906
1900
1895
1906
1905
1906
1900
E
C
C
E
C
E
C
4,832
3,548,535
483,369
83,092
3,087
47,228
22,992
1911
1910
1908
1912-13
1914
1912
1908
E
C
C
E
C
E
C
4,717
4,602,340
750,125
64,796
2,576
43,490
22,099
115
-f 1,053,805
-1- 266,756
18,296
511
i>, /Go
893
United States. . . .
Argentina
Chili
Costa Rica
Cuba
Uruguay .
Total
1905
1905
1901
1902-05
1905
1901-05
1904
1905
1904-05
E
E
C
E
E
E
C
E
E
10,296,0*7
6,987,020
4,645,215
5,576,451
85.289,297
655,156
6,722
3,500,453
8,528,331
1,736,850
1914
1914
1911
1912-14
1913
1913-14
1911
1913
1910-11
E
E
C
E
E
E
C
E
E
12,539,158
7,092,918
5,051,645
6,533,436
137,065,799
637,098
22,141
5,796,949
11,483,882
2,020,171
+ 2,243,071
-h 105,898
406,430
956,985
+ 51,776,502
18,058
+ 15,419
+ 2,296,496
4- 2,955,551
+ 283,321
Cattle-
Great Britain ....
Ireland
Canada
India
Egypt. .
Mauritius . .
South Africa
Australia. .
New Zealand. . .
Total
1900
1905
1895
1905
1903
1905
1905
1905
1900
1881
1904
1904
1907
1870
1905
1905
1905
1907
1905
1906
1905
1900
1895
1906
1905
1906
1900
C
E
C
C
C
E
E
E
C
C
C
E
C
C
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
C
C
E
C
E
C
116,925,495
9,511,170
5,371,520
1,420,978
1,695,533
1,840,466
14,315,552
1,067,404
176,883
18,939,692
4,772,162
94,707
1,600,463
1,088,635
624,577
39,453,556
5,590,248
962,503
2,212,013
2,549,928
1,498,144
1,167,610
69,335,832
21,705,526
2,674,666
308,160
2,170,606
6,827,428
1910
1913
1910
1910
1914
1914
1912
1913
1912
1908
1910
1913
1910
1906
1912
1912
1912
1913
1911
1913
1910
1912
1912-13
1914
1912
1900
C
E
C
C
c
E
E
E
C
C
C
C
E
C
E
E
E
E
E
E
C
E
E
C
E
C
175,704,039
9,160,009
6,045,184
1,879,754
1,603,182
2,462,862
13,120,649
1,106,801
217,304
20,182,021
. 6,198,861
94,183
2,096,599
1,133,613
703,198
34,547,348
6,808,962
957,105
2,561,894
2,720,741
1,443,483
1,388,708
63,782,648
29,120,000
2,083,997
336,061
2,829,553
8,192,602
+ 58,778,544
351,161
+ 673,664
+ 458,776
92.351
+ 622,396
- 1,194,90
+ 39,397
+ 40,421
+ 1,242,329
+ 1,426,699
524
-r- 406,136
-h 44,978
-1- 78,621
4,906,208
+ 1,218,714
&- 5,398
-f " 349,881
+ 170,813
54,661
+ 221,098
5,653,184
+ 7,414,474
590,669
+ 27,901
-h 658,947
4- 1,365,174
Austria
Hungary..
Belgium . . .
Bulgaria
Denmark
France ....
Algiers
Tunis
Germany
Italy
Luxemburg
Netherlands . . .
Norway. .
Portugal
Russia in Europe .
Russia in Asia... .
Serbia ....
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Japan
United States
Argentina
Chili..
Costa Rica. .. .
Cuba
Uruguay .
Total
335,991,457
398,381,361
+ 62,389,904
211
AGRICULTURE.
31. Numbers of Farm Live Stock by Principal Countries of the World,
1905 and 1914 con.
NOTE C = Census; E = Estimate.
Countries.
Date nearest 1905.
Date nearest 1914.
Increase (4)
or
decrease ( )
Actual date.
No.
Actual date.
No.
Sheep
Great Britain ....
Ireland
1905
1905
1901
1902-05
1904-05
1904
1905
1904-05
E
E
C
E
E
C
E
E
25,257,196
3,749,352
2,510,239
23,879,454
765
16,322,503
74,540,916
19,130,875
1914
1914
1914
1912-14
1913-14
1913
1913
1913-14
E
E
C
E
E
E
E
E
24,285,514
3,600,581
2,175,302
31.233,065
1,364
35,710,843
85,057,402
24,798,763
971,682
148,771
334,937
4- 7,353,611
4- 599
+ 19,388.340
4 10,516,486
4- 5,667,888
Canada
India ... ...
Mauritius
South Africa . .
Australia.
New Zealand
Total
1900
1905
1895
1905
1903
1905
1905
1905
1900
1881
1904
1904
1907
1870
1905
1905
1905
1907
1905
1906
1905
1900
1895
1906
1905
1900
C
E
C
C
C
E
E
E
C
C
C
E
C
C
E
E
C
E
E
E
E
C
C
E
C
C
165,391,300
9,692,501
6,589,063
235,722
8,130,997
876,830
17,783,209
9,062,636
890,284
9,692,501
8,596,108
8,789
606,785
1,391,168
2,977,456
53,437,512
11,260,151
3,160,166
13,727,695
1,074,386
209,997
3,590
61,735,014
74,379,562
4,528,109
250
18,608,717
1910
1913
1910
1910
1914
1914
1912
1913
1912
1908
1910
1913
1910
1906
1912
1912
1910
1912
1913
1911
1913
1910
1912
1912-13
1914
1908
C
E
C
C
C
E
E
E
C
C
c
c
E
C
E
E
C
E
E
E
E
C
E
E
C
C
206,862,834
5,803,445
6,559,858
185,373
8,632,388
514,918
14,559,586
8,338,023
728,540
5,803,445
11,162,926
5,580
842,018
1,398,383
3,072,988
42,735,567
14,519,629
3,818,997
15,829,954
988,163
161,414
2,946
52,838,748
83,546,000
4,567,194
122
26,286,296
4 41,471,534
3,889,656
29,205
50,349
4 501,391
361,912
3,223,623
724,613
161,744
3,889,056
4- 2,566,818
3,209
+ 235,233
4 7,215
4- 95,532
- 10,701,945
+ 3,259,478
4 658,831
4- 2,102,259
86,223
48,583
644
- 8,896,266
4 9,166,438
4- 39,085
128
4 7,677,579
Austria
Hungary
Belgium
Bulgaria
Denmark
France
Algiers. . ...
Tunis
Germany
Italy
Luxemburg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Russia in Europe .
Russia in Asia
Serbia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Japan
United States ....
Argentina. . . .
Chili
Costa Rica
Uruguay .
Total
1905
1902-05
1904-05
1904
E
E
E
C
484,050,498
284,069
24,802,852
5,223
9,770,545
1914
1912-14
1913-14
1913
E
E
E
E
519,765,335
242,243
30,672,585
8,925
11,520,744
4- 35,714,837
41,826
4- 5,869,733
+ 3,702
4 1,750,199
/
Goats
Great Britain and
Ireland
India
Mauritius
South Africa
Total.
_
34.862.689
42.444.497
-1- 7.581,808
212
PRODUCTION.
31. Numbers of Farm Live Stock by Principal Countries of the World,
1905 and 1914 con.
NOTE C = Census; E= Estimate.
Countries.
Date nearest 1905.
Date nearest 1914.
In crease (+)
or
decrease ( )
Actual date .
No.
Actual date.
No.
Goats con.
Austria
1900
1906
1895
1905
1903
1905
1905
1905
1900
1881
1904
1904
1907
1870
1905
1907
1905
1906
1905
1900
1895
1906
1905
1900
C
E
C
C
C
E
E
E
C
C
C
E
C
C
C
E
E
E
E
C
C
E
C
C
1,019,664
230,811
241,045
1,384,116
38,984
1,476,957
4,030,208
466,786
3,266,997
2,016,307
11,854
165,497
295,777
936,869
510,063
2,807,963
66,560
362,117
72,121
1,948,952
2,748,860
476,739
906
20,428
1910
1911
1910
1910
1914
1913
1912
1913
1912
1908
1910
1913
1910
1906
1910
1912
1913
1911
1913
1910
1908
1912-13
1914
1908
C
C
C
C
C
E
E
E
C
C
C
C
E
C
C
E
E
E
E
C
C
E
C
C
1,256,778
268,752
217,823
1,459,344
40,670
1,453,230
3,772,424
505,417
3,410,396
2,714,878
10,315
232,478
287,686
1,034,218
630,579
3,116,226
71,054
341,296
89,488
3,029,795
3,945,986
288,056
522
19,951
-f 237,114
+ 37,941
23,222
+ 75,228
+ 1,686
23,727
257,784
-f 38,631
+ 143,399
+ 698,571
1,539
+ 66,981
8,091
+ 97,349
120,516
+ 308,263
+ 4,494
20,821
+ 17,367
+ 1,080,843
+ 1,197,126
188,683
384
477
Hungary .
Belgium
Bulgaria
Denmark. ..... .
^France
Algiers
Tunis
Germany
Italy .
Luxemburg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Serbia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland 7
Japan
United States ....
Argentina
Chili
Costa Rica
Uruguay .
Total
1905
1905
1904-05
1904
1905
1904-05
E
E
E
E
E
E
59,459,270
2,424,919
1,164.316
3,831
679,084
1,014,977
225,320
1914
1914
1913-14
1913
1913
1910-11
E
E
E
E
E
E
70,641,859
2,634,249
1,305,638
7,590
1,081,600
800,505
348,754
+ 11,182,589
+ 209,330
+ 141,322
+ 3,759
+ 402,516
214,472
-f 123,434
Swine
Great Britain ....
Ireland
Mauritius
South Africa
Australia
New Zealand. . . .
Total
1900
1905
1895
1905
1903
1905
1905
1905
1900
1876
1904
1904
1907
1870
C
E
C
C
C
E
E
E
C
C
C
E
C
C
5,512,447
4,682,654
4,256,755
1,163,133
465,333
1,456,699
7,558,779
91,267
17,349
16,807,014
1,163,916
124,039
861.840
307,308
971,080
1910
1913
1910
1910
1914
1914
1912
1913
1912
1908
1910
1913
1910
1906
C
E
C
C
C
E
E
E
C
C
C
C
E
C
6,178,336
6,432,080
6,824,657
1,494,297
527,407
2,491,661
6,113,184
113,751
17,399
21,923,707
2,507,798
128,035
1,350,204
333,709
1,110,957
+ 665,889
+ 1,749,426
-h 2,567,902
+ 331,164
62,074
+ 1,034,962
1,445,595
-f 22,484
50
-f- 5,116,693
-f- 1,343,882
3,996
488,364
26,401
-f- 139,877
Austria
Hungary .
Belgium
Bulgaria
Denmark
France
Algiers. .
Tunis
Germany ....
Italy
Luxemburg
Netherlands. . . .
Norway
Portugal
213
AGRICULTURE.
31. Numbers of Farm Live Stock by Principal Countries of the World,
1905 and 1914 concluded.
NOTE C= Census; E=Estimate.
Countries.
i
Date nearest 1905.
Date nearest 1914.
-
Increase (+)
or
decrease ()
H
Actual date.
No.
Actual date.
No.
3wine con.
Russia in Europe. .
Russia in Asia
Serbia ....
1905
1905
1905
1907
1905
1906
1905
1900
1895
1906
1905
1900
E
E
C
E
E
E
E
C
C
E
C
C
12,275,731
764,766
908,108
2,031,132
829,888
548,970
228,204
64,686,155
652,766
338,993
79,730
93,923
1912
1912
1910
1912
1913
1911
1913
1910
1911
1912-13
1914
1908
E
E
C
E
E
E
E
C
E
E
C
C
11,944,568
915,051
865,769
2,571,359
967,684
570,226
309,995
59,473,636
2,900,000
184,222
63,552
180,099
331,163
+ 150,285
42,339
+ 540,227
137,796
21,256
+ 81,791
5,212,519
+ 2,247,234
154,771
16,178
+ 86,176
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Japan
United States ....
Argentina
Chili
Costa Rica
Uruguay
Total
128,877,979
138,493,343
+ 9,615,364
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF CANADA.
DOMINION EXPERIMENTAL FARMS AND STATIONS.
Central and Branch Farms. Under the Experimental Farm
Stations Act, 1886 (R. S. 1906, c. 73), were established a Central
Experimental Farm at Ottawa for Ontario and Quebec, and four branch
Farms: (1) for the Maritime provinces at Nappan, Nova Scotia; (2) for
Manitoba at Brandon; (3) for the Northwest Territories at Indian Head,
Saskatchewan; and (4) for British Columbia at Agassiz. After these
five Farms had continued in operation for 20 years, the first steps were
taken towards their extension in number by the establishment of new
Experimental Stations for Alberta, viz., one at Lethbridge in 1906 and
the other at Lacombe in 1907. Since this date development in the
number of the Farms and Stations, and in the work carried on by them,
has been rapid and continuous; and every province has now one or
more Farms or Stations. 1 In 1915, including the Central Farm at
Ottawa, there are altogether 19 Farms and Stations with a total acreage
of 8,935, as compared with the original five Farms, having a total
acreage of 3,472, as established in 1886. Table 32 shows the present
number of Farms and Stations with the acreage of each and the date
of establishment.
Farms
"
five original farms established in 1886 are known as "Experimental
those added since are styled " Experimental Stations." No distinction
in the work is expressed by these titles.
214
PRODUCTION.
32. Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations, 1915.
Farm or Station.
Central Farm, Ottawa
Charlottetown Station
Nappan Farm
Kentville Station
Fredericton Station
Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere Station.
Cap Rouge Station
Lennoxville Station
Brandon Farm
Morden Station
Indian Head Farm
Rosthern Station
Scott Station
Lacombe Station
Lethbridge Station
Invermere Station
Summerland Station
Agassiz Farm
Sidney Station, Vancouver Island
Province.
Ontario
Prince Edward Island
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia
New Brunswick
Quebec
Quebec
Quebec
Manitoba
Manitoba
Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan
Alberta
Alberta ,
British Columbia
British Columbia
British Columbia
British Columbia.
Acre
age.
467
100
300
294
520
340
326
455
625
280
680
650
520
850
400
53
550
1,400
125
Date
estab
lished.
1886
1909
1886
1912
1912
1911
1911
1914
1886
1915
1886
1908
1910
1907
1906
1912
1914
1886
1912
Range of Experiments. Ranging over the whole of the wide
fields of agriculture, arboriculture and horticulture, the work of the
Farms has included experiments and studies relating to the breeding and
feeding of farm live stock, the production of butter and cheese, field
crops, natural and artificial fertilizers, cereals, grasses and other forage
plants, fruits, vegetables, plants, trees, plant diseases and injurious
insects. The Farms are also bureaux of information to which agricul
turists resort for the solution of difficulties in farm work. The experi
ments carried out at the Central and branch Farms and Stations have
been fully described in the annual reports of the Director and of his
staff.
In addition to the farms and stations included in Table 32 there
are seven small substations at Salmon Arm, British Columbia, at
Fort Vermilion, Grouard and Grande Prairie in Alberta, and at Forts
Smith, Resolution and Providence, in the Northwest Territories.
Scientific Organization.- -The more strictly scientific side of the
work is carried on at the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa, and is
organized in thirteen divisions as follows: (1) Field Husbandry; (2)
Animal Husbandry; (3) Horticulture; (4) Cereals; (5) Chemistry;
(6) Forage Plants; (7) Botany; (8) Poultry; (9) Tobacco; (10) Economic
Fibre; (11) Illustration Stations; (12) Apiculture; (13) Extension and
Publicity. What was formerly the Entomological Division became in
1914 the separate Entomological Branch of the Department of
Agriculture.
Results Achieved. Only brief mention is possible of the more
striking results already achieved, with some indication of the work now
being carried on. In the field of general agriculture, the importance of
215
AGRICULTURE.
early sowing was demonstrated by a series of experiments which lasted
for ten years, 1890-99. Under average seasonal conditions, it is now
recognized that seeding should be completed as early as possible. As
the result of experiments on the branch Farms in the West, the practice
of summer fallowing for the conservation of moisture and the destruction
of weeds is widely followed in the Northwest provinces. Experiments
continued over 18 years, 1893-1910, have shown over large areas
in Canada the economic advantage of applying fresh as compared
with rotted farmyard manure. They indicated that a given
weight of manure taken fresh from the farmyard is equal in crop-
producing power to the same weight of rotted manure, and that fresh
manure loses in the process of rotting from 50 to 60 per cent, of its
weight. The great value of clover as a fertilizer when ploughed in has
also been demonstrated by continuous experiments lasting from 1894
to 1906. From the establishment of the Farms, free samples of pure
seed of new and tested varieties of grain and of potatoes have been
annually distributed to farmers throughout Canada, with important
results in improving the harvests of the country. In the Cereal Division,
notable work has been done in the production of new varieties of grain,
especially wheat possessing the qualities of productiveness, an early
ripening habit and good baking strength. Varieties of wheat known
as Preston, Stanley and Huron are all vigorous and productive, and
ripen early; but the variety that has achieved the greatest success is the
Marquis, which is equal to the Red Fife in baking qualities, ripens from
five to ten days earlier and is superior in productiveness. It is now
rapidly superseding the Red Fife throughout the Northwest.
Other Experiments. Experiments, carried on over a series of
years by the Field Husbandry Division, show the advisability of a
rotation which includes a cereal crop, a hay crop (including clover) and
a root crop. Experience has also shown that the shorter the rotation
the greater are the profits, and that the most profitable rotation is one
of three years: corn, or other hoed crop, grain, hay. In the Division of
Animal Husbandry extensive breeding experiments are in progress. It
has been found that nothing in this line is more profitable to a farmer
than investing in a really good pure-bred bull for the grading up of
his cattle, care being taken to adhere to one breed. This is true whether
as applied to horses, beef cattle, dairy cattle, sheep or swine. So far
as production is concerned, the well graded-up animal has been proved
to be just as profitable as the pure-bred. Important work has been
done in the demonstration of effectively ventilated stables and cow
barns. The Division of Horticulture carries out numerous experiments
with apples, plums, cherries, grapes, small fruits and vegetables. Many
varieties have in past years been tested, and promising seedlings for
different latitudes have been recommended to growers. The object
of the experiments with apples has been to obtain, by cross fertilization
and selection, new varieties that will stand the severe winters of Quebec,
of the more northern parts of Ontario and of the Northwest provinces;
also varieties of better-keeping qualities. Experiments were begun in
1915 to test the possibility of growing root and vegetable seeds in
216
PRODUCTION.
Canada instead of importing them from abroad. So far as they have
gone, the experiments have proved successful and are being continued.
In the Division of Botany, investigations of the diseases of cultivated
plants are carried on at Ottawa and at the field laboratories of
St. Catharines, Ont., Fredericton, N.B., and Charlottetown, P.E.I.
Reports are made on diseased plant specimens sent in and advice is
given as to remedial measures wherever possible. Weeds are identified
and methods of eradication recommended. Wild plants from all parts
of Canada are received for identification, and information is furnished
as to whether they are edible, medicinal or poisonous. Tests are also
made as to the suitability of the climate of Canada for the growth
of various plants of economic importance, such as fibre plants (flax,
hemp), medicinal plants (opium-poppy, anise, etc.), oil-yielding plants
(castor oil, soy bean) and miscellaneous plants (mustard, chicory, etc.).
Much has been accomplished in arboriculture not only by the. setting
apart of 65 acres at the Central Experimental Farm for the testing
of trees, and shrubs from all parts of the world, but also by the
encouragement given to tree-planting in the western provinces.
The Division of Chemistry covers a large field, and the Dominion
Chemist, who is also Assistant Director of the Farms, controls a staff
of nine fully qualified chemists. Investigations have been conducted
to determine the nutritive value of fodder plants Indian corn, grasses,
clovers, etc. by analyses at different stages of their growth. Canadian
grown cereals have been analysed to ascertain their quality and nutritive
value, and the straw has also been examined to determine its value as
fodder. Analyses have been made of soils from different parts of the
Dominion, more particularly from the large untilled virgin area of the
Northwest. Investigations have been made into the production, fer
mentation and application of farmyard manures. Many experiments
have been conducted to throw light on the factors affecting soil moisture,
and means have been suggested whereby the desired conditions of
moisture may, to a great extent, be obtained and controlled by cultural
operations. The influence of environment on the composition of wheat
has been studied since 1905. and the work has now been enlarged,
through co-operation with the Dominion Meteorological Service at
Toronto, to secure a more comprehensive and detailed study of the
relationship between weather conditions and crop growth. Analyses of
sugar beets have been useful in demonstrating the suitability of soil
and climate at widely different points of the Dominion for the growth
of roots of high sugar content and purity. Well waters from farm
homesteads have been the subject of special study. Numerous analyses
are made in conjunction with problems relating to the land, the crop
and the animal which from time to time are submitted by farmers for
solution. Analyses are also made of dye stuffs, preservatives, pickling
solutions, etc., for the Meat Inspection Division of the Health of
Animals Branch of the Department, with a view to the detection of
injurious substances. Systematic investigational work with commercial
fertilizers is now being carried on at the larger number of the branch
Farms and Stations. Owing to the scarcity of potash caused by the
European war, the preparation of a nitro-potassic fertilizer by the
217
AGRICULTURE.
drying and grinding of seaweed was undertaken at a point on the coast
of Nova Scotia. The fertilizing value of the material so prepared is
being tested in the field.
The Poultry Division undertakes experiments in the breeding,
mating, incubating, brooding, rearing, housing and feeding of farm
poultry, in the production of eggs, the preparation of poultry produce
for the market and the study of poultry diseases. Demonstrations in
poultry keeping are made at Ottawa and at the Branch Farms and
Stations, these latter being chiefly for the purpose of proving locally
that farm poultry rather than the poultry farm is profitable, and for
the distribution of improved breeding stock to farmers.
Recent Developments. Experiments in the growth of tobacco are
carried on by an expert from France at Ottawa, assisted by local
superintendents at the tobacco stations of St. Jacques 1 Achigan, and
Farnham, Quebec and Harrow, Ontario. These experiments include
the testing of different varieties to suit the Canadian soil and climate,
the best means of curing and the preparation of different kinds of
tobacco for the market. In 1912 a Division of Forage Plants was
established under the direction of a scientific officer from the Plant
Breeding Station at Svalof in Sweden. The Division has for its object
improvement in the quality and yield of grasses, clovers, alfalfas and
other forage crops grown in Canada. An Economic Fibre Division has
been established at Ottawa, for the purpose of stimulating the growth
of flax for fibre throughout Canada. In 1915 small experimental plots
were grown in different localities, and excellent samples of fibre were
produced from the straw. A flax mill has been erected at Ottawa,
and flax-pulling machines have been tested. Hemp-growing is also
being tried.
Illustration Stations were started in 1914 by the selection of small
areas at different points in Saskatchewan and Alberta, the object being
to show to farmers in the districts selected the best cultural and crop
methods. In 1915 a Division of Extension and Publicity was formed
for the purpose of making the work of the Experimental Farms more
widely known amongst the farmers of Canada. The Division issues
every four months a publication entitled " Seasonable Hints," which
gives timely notes and advice to help the farmer in his current work.
/
PROVINCIAL AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT.
NOVA SCOTIA.
College of Agriculture, Truro. About 400 acres are devoted to
general farming and gardening and to investigations, of which the
following are some of the more important. The value of ground
limestone as a means of improving soil fertility and of controlling Club
Root in turnips is being determined. .The experiment is in its third
year. The results to date, as to which details will be found in the
Report for 1915 of the Secretary of Agriculture, are extremely marked
in the case of clover, but are not so marked with other crops. During
three years, experiments have been made to ascertain the value for
silage purposes of a mixture of peas, oats and vetches, as compared
218
PRODUCTION.
X
with Indian corn, for the best growth of which the climate of Nova
Scotia is too cool. The results are decidedly in favour of the mixture,
which accordingly the College authorities are urging farmers to grow.
Tests are being made with a few of the leading varieties of oats and wheat
and with selected strains within these varieties. A comparison of basic
slag with acid phosphate is being made to determine the cheapest
source of phosphoric acid under various conditions, and especially to
determine whether a mixture of acid phosphate with ground limestone
will give returns as good as or better than the basic slag alone, a con
siderable part of the value of which is supposed to be due to the lime
it contains. In the Horticultural Department experiments are being
carried on with different varieties and methods of growing strawberries
and other plants; also a special effort is being made to develop hardy
fruit tree stock for grafting purposes. Experiments in the hill selection
of potatoes have in view the improvement of all varieties, and especially
of the Garnet Chili potato which is shipped to Bermuda for seed pur
poses. In animal husbandry the main experiments are for determina
tion of the cost of feeding various classes of animals. The use of
silage from peas, oats and vetches has proved of special value, but, as
in other Stations, outstanding results are observable in connection with
the well bred versus the poorer bred cows and other animals that are
being fed.
4
QUEBEC.
Macdonald College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue. The College is situated
about 20 miles west of Montreal and is incorporated with McGill
University. The College property comprises 786 acres divided as
follows : main farm, 584 acres; cereal husbandry plots, 75 acres; poultry
department, 17 acres; orchards, 35 acres; vegetable gardens, 25 acres;
the campus, including driveways, lawns, trees, shrubs, flowerbeds,
school garden and recreation fields for students of both sexes, 50 acres.
The following is a brief indication of the more important experiments,
as to which further information may be obtained from the College
Report of 1915-16.
Animal Husbandry. During 1915-16 it was found that distillers
and brewers dried grains, as marketed in Montreal and vicinity, are
quite equal to wheat brari when forming a part of the meal mixture for
dairy cows. They cannot be regarded as perfect substitutes for wheat
bran, but may be included with advantage in order to add variety to
the mixture and reduce the cost when the market price makes this
possible. Some work has been done with tankage in hog feeding,
the results tending to justify the use of this feed. In sheep breeding
a few flocks of Cheviot sheep have been established with a view to
obtaining by cross-breeding sheep specially suitable for Quebec.
Cereal Husbandry. --The improvement of farm crops by breeding
and selection receives close attention. This work embraces all the
principal farm crops: oats, wheat, barley, peas, rye, corn, root crops,
alfalfa, grasses and clovers. Some of the best strains are being increased
for distribution. Experiments with eight varieties of fodder corn were
carried on last summer in seven different counties, their object being
219
AGRICULTURE.
to ascertain the varieties best adapted for growing in each section. In
districts where the season is longest practically all the varieties matured
sufficiently to make good silage, but elsewhere only the earliest maturing
sorts, such as Longfellow and Golden Glow, proved satisfactory. During
1915-16 there was a very brisk demand for Quebec No. 28 corn, an
exceedingly early, heavy yielding flint corn bred up in this department
from Quebec Yellow. Root crop investigations are being carried on
throughout the province of Quebec as well as at the College. The
growing of root seed has received more attention than usual in view of
the restricted supply from European sources. The work has demon
strated that excellent seed of all the root crops can be grown at a reason
able cost by any careful farmer, and that such seed gives better results
than imported seed. In 1915-16 the College slightly extended experi
ments with alfalfa. Grimm seed was supplied to selected farmers and
instructions were given as to the handling of the crop. In a number
of cases lime or ground limestone was applied. The plots sown have
not done equally well. In some cases excellent stands were secured
and little or no winter killing resulted, while other plots were almost a
failure from the start. Among the chief causes contributing to failure
were lack of drainage, lack of lime in the soil and prevalence of grass
and weeds. Where these conditions did not obtain, and seed of a
hardy strain was sown, the results were usually satisfactory.
Other Departments. Numerous other investigations are being
made in the departments of Poultry, Chemistry, Bacteriology, Horti
culture and Physics.
School of Agriculture, Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere, Quebec. This
school which was established 56 years ago (1859) is situated on the
southern shores of the St. Lawrence river in the electoral district of
Kamouraska. Fine new buildings were completed and opened in 1912.
To the school is attached a large farm on clay land at different levels.
On most of this land ordinary crop production is practised; but a
smaller area is devoted to .experimental work with cereals, forage
crops, grasses, clovers, corn, roots and potatoes. Horticulture is
extensively practised. The experimental work also comprises under-
drainage, cattle feeding and pork production. The School was
affiliated to Laval University, Quebec. January 30, 1912.
Oka Agricultural Institute.- -This, situated on the Lake of
Two Mountains, about 20 miles from Montreal, is one of the oldest
experimental farms in Canada. A large number of dairy cattle are
kept, and experimental work is carried on with these and with swine,
poultry and bees. Horticulture is practised largely; the growth of
small fruits is a specialty and the vineyards are celebrated. The
famous Oka cheese, made at this Institute, is sold widely in North
America. The Institute was affiliated to Laval University, Montreal,
March 25, 1908.
ONTARIO.
Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm, Guelph.-
This institution was established in 1874 with the two-fold purpose of
training young farmers in the science and practice of agriculture and
of conducting agricultural experiments. The experimental grounds of
220
i
PRODUCTION.
the College consist of about 75 acres divided into upwards of 2,000
plots, on which experiments are being conducted with varieties of grain,
root, tuber, grass, clover, fodder, silage and other crops, with artificial,
green and barnyard manures, with methods of cultivation, selection of
seed, dates of seeding, mixtures of grains, pasture grasses, etc. These
experiments deal with the crops grown on fully nine-tenths of the
cultivated land of Ontario. The greater part of the land has a four
years rotation, the rotation being: 1st, grain crops; 2nd, cultivated
crops; 3rd, grain crops, and 4th, pasture. This is a special rotation,
particularly well suited to the experimental work as carried on at the
College. About one-quarter of the land is manured each year, with
twenty tons of farmyard manure per acre once every four years. Many
of the field crop varieties now most extensively grown in Ontario were
introduced by the Agricultural College, through the medium of the
Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Union, including the Siberian,
O.A.C. No. 72, and O.A.C. No. 3 varieties of oats. Next to the
American Banner variety the Siberian is now probably the most ex
tensively grown oat in Ontario, besides being quite largely grown in
other parts of Canada. The O.A.C. No. 72, which is a plant-selected
strain of the Siberian, and which has surpassed it in yield in the experi
ments at Guelph and in the co-operative experiments over Ontario, is
also very largely grown at the present time. The O.A.C. No. 3 oat,
a plant-selected strain of the Daubeney variety, is a popular early oat.
The Mandscheuri barley and the O.A.C. No. 21, both of which were
introduced by Guelph, are to-day grown on most of the barley lands
of Ontario. It is rarely that any other varieties are shown at the
present day exhibitions. The O.A.C. No. 21 is a plant-selected strain
of the Mandscheuri, and has surpassed it in yield per acre and in quality
of gram both in the comparative tests at Guelph and the co-operative
experiments over Ontario. Dawson s Golden Chaff winter wheat,
Mammoth White winter rye, O.A.C. No. 61 spring rye, Rye buckwheat,
Common Emmer, Early Britain and New Canadian peas, Pearce s Im
proved Tree beans, Salzer s North Dakota flint corn, Golden Bantam
sweet corn, Yellow Leviathan mangolds, Early Amber sugar cane,
Empire State, Davies Warrior and Extra Early Eureka potatoes,
and Ontario . Variegated and Grimm alfalfas, after being tested at
Guelph, were distributed over Ontario, and are well known and widely
grown. A considerable section of the experimental field is being
used in testing about two hundred varieties and strains of alfalfa,
fifteen strains of sweet clover, and in growing mangolds, carrots and
turnips for seed production.
The experimental work of the College and Farm is very compre
hensive, and includes, in addition to the department of field husbandry
described above, departments of animal husbandry, dairying, poultry,
agriculture, horticulture, pomology, agricultural chemistry, bacteriology,
zoology, entomology, botany and physics. The Ontario Agricultural
and Experimental Union, organized by officers of the College, conducts
annual co-operative experiments in field husbandry with farmers
throughout the province. The Union has been in existence for 38
years, and the average number of annual experimenters is about 4,500.
221
AGRICULTURE.
MANITOBA.
College of Agriculture, Winnipeg. The College has extensive
buildings, but the area of land available for agricultural experiments is
somewhat limited. Experiments are however being carried on in the
production of cereals, hoed crops and grasses. The College possesses
herds of Ayrshires, Holsteins, Jerseys, Aberdeen-Angus and Canadian
cattle. There is an experimental dairy, and attention is devoted to
horse-breeding and to sheep, swine and poultry.
SASKATCHEWAN.
College of Agriculture, Saskatoon. This College has a large farm
of about 2,500 acres on which experiments are being conducted in
cultural methods of crop production and in rotation and variety tests.
These experiments deal with questions of choice, improvement,
management, tillage, rotations and soil fertility, and are conducted by
the Department of Field Husbandry on a quarter section of land
devoted to field work. Nearly 600 improved varieties, more than
125,000 plants and 1,300 crosses have been or are still under investi
gation. Crop management includes the trial of every common crop
grown in the West under different conditions of planting, seeding and
harvesting. Tillage is studied in relation to (1) prairie and sod; (2)
stubble; (3) fallow. The rotations under trial number 120 annual
crops and 40 perennial crops, and include every possible combination
of the field crops grown in the province. The effect of each of 21
different fertilizers is being measured on the yield of various crops
over a series of years. Much attention is paid to animal husbandry,
the breeds of cattle, including Shorthorns, the Aberdeen-Angus,
Ayrshires, Holsteins and Jerseys. Other experimental work includes
beef production, the breeding of sheep and swine and the keeping
of swine on pastures. The poultry comprise turkeys and Wyandotte
and Barred Rock fowls.
ALBERTA.
Experimental Plots and Agricultural Schools. Experimental work
at each of the three provincial Schools of Agriculture at Claresholm,
Olds and Vermilion has been carried on by the Department of Agri
culture since October, 1914. The schools are attended principally by
young men and women who intend to go back to the farm. On the
experimental and investigational side the plot work has reference to
problems of successful farm practice relating to the district in which
each school is placed or to modifications in common practice suited to
the local soil and climate. A considerable part of the twenty acres
on which the schools are situated is devoted to experiments with grains,
fodders, roots, vegetables, small fruits, flowers, shrubs and trees. The
production of crops on soil prepared in different ways is fully investi
gated; e.g., summer fallow, corn or root land, stubble land, breaking,
spring and fall ploughed land, packed- and unpacked, harrowing after
seeding, etc. This is given emphasis both in relation to the success of
individual crops and to the establishment of cropping systems. Con
siderable attention is given to methods, rates, depths and dates of
seeding. An important part of the work consists in the testing of
222
PRODUCTION.
varieties. Approximately a dozen of the standard varieties of grains,
such as wheat, oats, barley, peas and corn, are sown each year and an
equal number of varieties of potatoes. The same practice is followed
in regard to garden vegetables, small fruits, ornamental shrubs and trees.
The uses of the hotbed and cold frame are illustrated. Fodder crops
are tried as to adaptability to soil and climate, as to methods and
rates of seeding, and as to seeding with or without nurse crops. Alfalfa
has been subject to experiments in relation to varieties and methods
of sowing. Grain plots serve for multiplying as well as for experimental
plots, and useful quantities of seed eligible for registration under the
Canadian Seed Growers Association rules have been produced. Trees
are cultivated and tested as to kinds and treatment for use in single
planting and in certain parts of the province for windbreaks. Important
results have already been established in the use of trees as windbreaks
for the protection of fruit and general garden plots. Extension work in
experiments is organized among students for work on their farms.
Each year allotments are made to junior students and reports made in
the following year.
Demonstration Farms Contiguous to Schools. Each School is
situated on one of the provincial Demonstration Farms, and while the
farms and schools are separate branches of departmental administration,
there are a number of points of contact between the farm and school.
The farms serve as concrete examples of properly managed and balanced
enterprises of a type suited to local conditions. The results of ex
periments on the school plots are applied on the farms. There are
seven demonstration farms, but at present only three schools.
University of Alberta. A Faculty of Agriculture has been estab
lished at the new University of Alberta, Edmonton South, and about
90 acres of land are available for future experimental work.
BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Department of Agriculture. Experiments are being carried out by
the Live Stock and Horticulture Branches. The Live Stock Branch
is conducting one experimental plot of 13 acres, eleven of from 4 to 5
acres and six one-acre alfalfa plots. In the newly-settled districts
tributary to the Grand Trunk Pacific, the work .consists largely of tests
for determining what varieties best suit local conditions. On the other
plots, aside from those devoted exclusively to the growing of alfalfa,
a rotation system suitable for the district represented is being established.
As far as possible the work is carried on in co-operation with the local
Farmers Institute. The Horticultural Branch is operating 16 demon
stration and experimental orchards of five acres each. These orchards
are planted and cared for under a co-operative arrangement by which
the owner of the land and the Department share the expense. The
agreements cover a five-year period, but in some cases further agreements
are being made. The principal object in most cases is to demonstrate
the results which may be secured in various districts by the adoption
of the best possible methods. In other cases the orchards are used for
experimental tests of varieties and experimental work with cover crops,
etc. Three five-acre experimental and demonstration plots are being
223
FORESTRY.
operated in the Northern Coast section. On these plots a wide range of
experimental work in the testing of varieties of grains, grasses, fodder
crops, vegetables, small fruits, etc., is being conducted. An Experiment
Station for small fruits and vegetables has been operated for three
years at Summerland, the owner of the property receiving a direct yearly
remuneration. This plot is partly on a commercial basis and does
experimental work with varieties, methods of culture, etc., on the
tender kinds of vegetables and on small fruits. At Chilli wack a five-
acre plot was planted with small fruits four years ago to demonstrate
the possibilities of these crops in this locality. It is operated under
a five-year co-operative agreement with the owner. A good deal of
experimental work in spraying, etc., is carried on.
University of British Columbia. On the site of the new University
at Point Grey a beginning has been made in the preparation of land
and erection of buildings for agricultural and horticultural experiments.
Ninety acres have been cleared and made ready for cropping. Of
this area, 60 acres have been sown with green manure crops to increase
the humus content of the soil. Land has also been prepared for the
transference of the provincial botanical gardens from Essondale to the
University campus. This collection includes upwards of 25,000 speci
mens of the native flora of the province, and will constitute a most
valuable reference collection, as nearly 800 species are represented.
FORESTRY.
Under the heading of forestry this year are given (a) statistics
collected by the Census of 1911 of forest products on occupied farm
lands in Canada (Tables 33-35) and (b) statistics and estimates for all
forest products in Canada, as published annually by the Forestry Branch
of the Department of the Interior (Tables 36-41).
Census Statistics of Forest Products on Farms.- -Tables 33-35 show
the quantities and values by kinds of trees or classes of products, of
square, waney or flat timber, logs for lumber and miscellaneous products,
cut on occupied farm lands in Canada in 1910. These figures cannot
be compared with the census returns of 1901, because in 1911 the
instructions related to products on occupied farm lands within the
enumerator s district, whilst in 1901 they were for all forest products
within the polling subdivision or other area, whether on crown lands,
limits or farms and no matter by whom cut. The tables give, however,
comparative figures of prices per unit for the years 1900 and 1910.
The total value of the forest products of occupied farm lands in Canada
for 1910 was $35,024,429, of which $1,029,746 related to square, waney
or flat timber, $13,907,026 to logs for lumber and $20,087,657 to
miscellaneous products.
Estimated Value of all Forest Products. Table 36 is an estimate
of the total values of the different classes of forest products for the
calendar years 1912 to 1915. The figures are rounded to hundreds of
thousands of dollars and form as reliable a summary as can be made
from the data available, which are partly actual statistics and partly
estimates of the Forestry Branch. The total value for 1915 is $172,880,000
as compared with $176,672,000 for 1914.
224
PRODUCTION.
33. Square, Waney or Flat Lumber cut on Occupied Farm Lands, 1910, with
Prices per Unit 1900 and 1910.
Kinds of Timber.
Square, Wanev or Flat
Timber, 1910.
Prices per M. Cubic Feet.
1900.
1910.
Increase
or
decrease.
Ash ..
Cub. ft.
270,783
1,114,040
865,236
594,879
186,138
825,559
3,652,438
$
35,616
146,089
137,013
82,335
30,261
126,228
472,204
$
107.09
125.69
108.61
106.84
177.55
192.42
105.25
$
131.53
131.13
158.35
138.41
162.57
152.90
129.28
p.c.
+22.82
+ 4.33
+45.79
+29.54
8.44
20.53
+22.83
Birch
Elm
Maple
Oak
Pine
All other
Total..
7.509.073
1.029.746
126.23
137 13
4-8.63
34. Logs for Lumber cut on Occupied Farm Lands, 1910, with Prices per Unit
1900 and 1910.
Kinds of Logs.
Logs for Lumber,
1910.
Prices per M. feet, Board
Measure.
1900.
1910.
Increase.
Elm -... /. .
Sq. ft.
36,290,000
997,000
110,358,000
6,965,000
127,192,000
579,558,000
435,870,000
Value.
502,342
21,207
1,160,655
137,025
1,990,499
5,396,290
4,699,008
$
8.01
11.93
5.61
14.77
10.02
7.06
6.49
$
13.84
21.27
10.51
19.67
15.65
9.31
10.78
p.c.
+72.78
+78.29
+87.34
+33.17
+56.18
+31.87
+66 . 10
Hickory
Hemlock
Oak
Pine
Spruce ....* j
All other
Total.
1,297,230.000
13.907.026
8 14
10.72
+31.69
35. Miscellaneous Forest Products cut on Occupied Farm Lands, 1910, with
Prices per Unit, 1900 and 1910.
Classes of Products.
Miscellaneous Forest
Products, 1910.
Prices per Unit.
1900.
1910.
Increase
or
decrease.
Bark for tanning
Cords.
30,984
6,902,637
672,186
No.
9,047,699
27,435
250,519
2,695,092
274,196
$
184,374
14,818,955
2,949,586
518,103
19,340
247,457
712,295
410,166
30,539
174,660
22,182
$
4.36
1.64
3.24
Each
.03
.92
.78
.17
.81
$
5.95
2.14
4.38
Each
.05
.70
.98
.26
1.50
p.c.
+36.47
+30.49
+35.18
+66.66
23.91
+25.50
+52.94
+72.84
Firewood
Wood for pulp
Fence posts
Masts and spars.. .
Piling .
Railroad ties
Poles for electric wires
Hop and hoop poles
Staves, stave bolts and head
ings. .
Pot and pearl ashes
Total.
20.087.657
,
,^
_
225
FORESTRY .
36. Estimated Values of Forest Products, 1912-1915.
Variety of Timber.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
Lumber, lath and shingles
$
84,000,000
$>
71,000,000
$
67,500,000
$
69,750,000
Firewood ...
50,000,000
55,000,000
60,500,000
60,650,000
Pulpwood
12,000,000
15,000,000
15,500,000
15,750,000
Posts and rails
10,000,000
10,000,000
9,500,000
9,000,000
Cross-ties
8,000,000
9,000,000
9,000,000
3,500,000
Square timber exported
1,900,000
500,000
400,000
480,000
Cooperage
1,700,000
1,900,000
1,900,000
1,400,000
Poles
1,200,000
1,800,000
700,000
500,000
Logs exported
1,100,000
900,000
850,000
1,325,000
Tanning materials
1,000,000
20,000
22,000
170,000
Round mining timbers
600,000
600,000
500,000
680,000
Miscellaneous exports
300,000
400,000
300,000
175,000
Miscellaneous products
10,500,000
11,000,000
10,000,000
9,500,000
Total
182.300.000
177.120.000
176.672.000
172.880.000
37. Quantities and Values of the cut of Lumber, Shingles and Lath by
Provinces, 1914 and 1915.
Province.
LUMBER.
SHINGLES.
LATH.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
1914.
Ontario
M.F.B.M
1,044,131
936,612
1,118,298
414,808
279,044
56,677
44,658
45,236
6,790
i
19,719,972
10,724,424
17,444,980
6,374,293
3,908,244
842,664
601,728
649,146
97,918
M.
94,735
1,060,272
316,390
334,003
23,660
5
1,319
13,170
$
225,094
2,054,632
634,856
706,986
39,501
10
6,569
21,098
M.
247,750
59,140
38,412
178,508
73,378
12,196
8,920
5,180
1,526
$
684,993
115,024
95,675
455,678
171,095
29,183
17,840
11,445
4,551
British Columbia. . . .
Quebec
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
Alberta
Prince Edward Island
Total
3,946,254
1,035,341
669,816
1,078,787
633,518
294,475
62,864
42,357
17,975
7,543
60,363,369
19,663,950
8,414,227
17,784,415
9,902,202
4,366,165
880,353
549,436
244,487
114,577
1,843,554
93,497
1,894,642
574,797
458,987
30,733
404
81
18,740
17,589
3,688,746
176,317
3,231,508
1,264,553
917,208
52,053
910
149
65,251
26,903
625,010
309,022
46,345
55,204
288,951
59,921
23,611
8,910
1,262
1,585,484
927,577
78,201
147,395
693,795
128.785
47^222
14,197
3,647
1915.
Ontario
British Columbia. . . .
Quebec
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
Alberta
Prince Edward Island
Total
3,842,676
61,919,806
3,089,470
5,734,852
793,226
2,040,819
NOTE. M.F.B.M. signifies 1,000 ft. board measure.
226
PRODUCTION
No. 1
PULPWOOD CONSUMPTION BY PROVINCES, 19 Id.
PROVINCES.
HUNDRED THOUSANDS OF CORDS.
Ql/CBEC
3 456789 10
1915
:
ID I9M
ONTARIO ._
915
4
!
i i9i
WEWBRUNSW/CK.
BRITISH COLUMBIA-
NOVA SCOTIA. ...
=JI9I
II
1 1015
] 1914
11915
4
915
>M
Diagram No.
PULPWOOD CONSUMPTION BY SPECIES, 1915.
SPEC/ES.
HUNDRED THOUSANDS OF CORDS.
SPRUCE
23 456789 10
1915
I K)l4-
BALSAM . .
""^"4"4 9 5
1
jiyi4
HEMUJCK
J4CKPINET_
POPLAR .,
191
ZDI9I
(915
I]!9I4
11915
] I9 4
5
\
V
Diagram No.3
PULPWOOD CONSUMPTION 8V PROCESSES, 1915.
PROCESS-
HUNDRED THOUSANDS OFCORDS.
MECH^NICAI
SULPHITE
1!
I234567S9X
?
1
5
I
i lyl^
15
pl 914
SULPHATE I
IHBI9I5
u 1914
H9 5
227
FORESTRY
38. Quantities and Values of Wood used in the manufacture of Pulp, 1913-15.
Province.
Wood
used.
Value.
Average
Value per
cord.
Pulp.
produced
Number
of firms
reporting.
1913.
Quebec
Cords.
629,934
4,107,689
$ cts.
6 52
Tons.
514,299
No.
. 26
Ontario
321,244
2,297,389
7 15
228,498
12
New Brunswick. .
53,121
342,243
6 44
29 911
4
Nova Scotia
20,562
94,829
4 61
20562
4
British Columbia
84,173
401,218
4 77
61,354
2
Total .. ...
1,109,034
7,243,368
6 53
854,624
48
1914.
Quebec
636,496
4,148,405
6 52
515,409
23
Ontario
447,751
3,172,235
7 08
325,233
15
New Brunswick .
49,339
296,769
6 01
26829
4
Nova Scotia
10,777
46,015
4 27
10,777
5
British Columbia
80,013
426,444
5.33
56,352
2
Total . . ......
1,224,376
8,089,868
6 61
934,600
49
1915
Quebec
697,962
4,277,033
6 06
561 793
24
Ontario
480,627
3,806,804
7 92
364 226
15
New Brunswick
115,842
732,521
5 32
62 093
4
Nova Scotia. ...
20,870
99050
4 75
20 870
5
British Columbia.
90,535
550 809
6 08
65 823
2
Total
1,405,836
9,416,217
6 71
1,074,805
50
39. Kinds of Wood used in the manufacture of Pulp by Quantities and Values,
1913, 1914 and 1915.
Kinds of Wood.
1913.
1914.
1915.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
Value.
Spruce. .
Cords.
754,858
283,292
47,360
4,141
19,383
$
5,104,221
1,806,911
201,480
29,081
101,675
Sets.
6.76
6.38
4.25
7.02
5.25
Cords.
836,387
314,183
45,246
3,845
24,715
$
5,605,926
2,067,434
254,576
26,170
135,762
$ cts.
6.70
6.58
5.63
6.81
5.49
Cords.
998,156
307,219
55,265
3,243
41,953
$
7,057,572
1,795,372
325,411
22,503
225,259
Sets.
H
7.07
5.84
5.89
6.94
5.37
Balsam Fir
Hemlock
Poplar .
Jack Pine. .
Total ..
1,109,034
7,243,368
6 53
1,224,376
3,089,868
6 61
1,405,836
9,426,117
6.71
228
PRODUCTION.
40. Quantities of Wood used and of Pulp manufactured, 1914 and 1915.
WOOD USED.
Mechanical . . 1914
394,321
425,626
113,006
101,225
125,384
164,811
3,785
6,300
636,496
697,962
202,715
247,825
231,754
212,802
13,282
20,000
447,751
480,627
4,319
8,344
45,020
107,498
49,339
115,842
10,777
20,870
10,777
20,870
32,692
41,111
47,321
49,424
80,013
90,535
644,824
743,776
437,101
470,949
138,666
184,811
3785
6,300
1,224,376
1,405,836
1915
Sulphite 1914
1915
Sulphate 1914
1915
Soda. . . 1914
1915
All processes 1914
1915
PULP MANUFACTURED.
Process of
Manufacture.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Mechanical 1914
394,321
425,626
56,503
50,612
62,692
82,405
1,893
3,150
515,409
561,793
202,715
247,825
115,877
106,401
6,641
10,000
325,233
364,226
4,319
8,344
21,510
53,749
1,000
26,829
62,093
10,777
20,870
10,777
20,870
32,692
41,111
23,660
24,712
56,352
65,823
644,924
743,776
217,550
235,474
70,333
92,405
1,893
3,150
934,700
1,074,805
1915
Sulphite 1914
1915
Sulphate 1914
1915
Soda 1914
1915
All processes 1914
1915
41. Quantities and Values of Cross -ties and Poles purchased by Railway
and Electric Companies, 1914 and 1915.
Purchased by
1914.
1915.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Average
Value.
Steam Railways:
Cross-ties
No.
19,196,208
186,111
207,438
97,073
19.403.646
$
8,545,057
357,159
119,857
303,103
8.664.914
$
0.45
1.92
0.58
3.12
0.45
No.
7,399,753
109,850
192,777
69,398
7.592.530
$
3,229,000
165,639
100,029
285,209
3,329.029
$
0.44
1.51
0.52
4.11
0.44
Telephone and tele
graph poles ....
Electric Railways:
Cross-ties
Telephone and tele
graph poles 1 . .
Total cross-ties.
Includes poles purchased by Power and Light Companies.
229
v FISHERIES.
Capital Invested. The estimated total capital invested in the
fisheries amounted in 1914-15 to $24,733,162, as compared with
$27,464,033 in 1913-14. Of the total for 1914-15 the sum of $22,331,072
was invested in connection with the sea fisheries and $2,402,090 in
connection with the inland fisheries. The value of the vessels and boats
is represented by $8,348,572 m 1914-15 as against $8,279,437 in 1913-14,
and the value of the fishing gear, canneries, fish-houses and other
fixtures by $16,384,590 in 1914^-15 as against $19,184,596 in 1913-14.
Table 42 shows the distribution of capital amongst the various descrip
tions of vessels, boats, nets, traps, etc., used in both sea and inland
fisheries for the fiscal year 1914-15. 1
Number of Fishermen. There were 94,513 persons employed in
the fishing industry during the year 1914r-15, as compared with 98,669
in 1913-14, a decrease of 4,156, the sea fisheries engaging 84,108 persons
and the inland fisheries 10,405. Of the total in 1914-15, 9,400 were
employed on vessels, tugs and smacks, 60,554 on boats, and 24,559 in
canneries, freezers, fish-houses, etc. 1
Fishing Bounties. Under an Act of 1882 (45 Viet., c. 18), passed
for development of the sea fisheries and encouragement of the building
of fishing vessels, provision was made for the distribution in bounties
of $150,000 annually among the owners of fishing vessels and fishermen
engaged in fishing from boats in the deep sea fisheries of Canada. An
Act of 1891 (54-55 Viet., c. 42) increased the amount to $160,000. By
Order-in-Council of January 26, 1915, made under the provisions of the
Revised Statutes of 1906, c. 46, the distribution of the appropriation
of $160,000 for the year 1914-15 was made on the following basis: $1
per registered ton to owners of vessels, $6.40 to each vessel fisherman,
$3.65 to each boat fisherman and $1 per boat to owners of fishing boats.
The number of vessels which received bounties in 1914-15 was 955,
with an aggregate tonnage of 23,811, an increase of -45 vessels and 978
tons, as compared with 1913-14. The number of boats on which
bounties were paid was 13,261, and the number of boat fishermen who
received bounties was 22,828, an increase of 638 boats and of 1,271
men as compared with 1913-14. The total number of fishermen in
vessels and boats to whom bounties were paid in 1914-15 was 28,950,
a net increase of 1,714 as compared with the previous year. The number
of claims filed in 1914-15 was 14,281, an increase of 869 over 1913-14,
and the number paid was 14,216, or 683 more than in the previous year.
The total fishing bounties paid since 1882 amount to $5,218,445.
Table 43 shows by provinces the number of fishermen who received
bounties and the amount of the bounties paid to them during each of
the fiscal years 1911-1914.
*For similar statistics of previous years, see Canada Year Book of 1911, p. 390.
Also for a description of the extent of Canadian fisheries and of the methods of
capture, see edition of 1914, page 230.
230
PRODUCTION.
42. Number and Value of Fishing Vessels, Boats, Nets, Traps, etc., used in the
Sea and Inland Fisheries of Canada, 1914-1915.
Description.
Sea Fisheries.
Inland Fisheries.
Total.
Steam fishing
vessels
No.
48
1,236
25,105
8,740
431
147,824
860
19,485
1,850
67,323
1,596,538
696
77
21
6
845
7,740
2,638
5
1
554
, 53
$
804,700
2,717,425
1,068,912
2,520,234
229,535
2,345,970
513,770
194,796
32,500
55,834
1,517,107
663,210
2,839,213
29,250
357,000
2,440,011
1,338,405
2,231,124
360,000
40,000
31,440
636
No.
177
4,737
562
53,467
188
190
8,968
633
187
146
55
164
$
639,000
180,109
188,657
966,975
48,150
308
13,777
210,300
36,655
53,980
64,000
179
No.
225
1,236
29,842
9,302
431
201,291
1,048
19,485
190
1,850
76,291
1,596,538
696
77
21
6
1,478
7,927
2,784
5
1
55
554
164
53
- $
1,443,700
2,717,425
1,249,021
2,708,891
229^535
3,312,945
561,920
194,796
308
32,500
69,611
1,517,107
663,210
2,839,213
29,250
357,000
2,650,311
1,375,060
2,285,104
360,000
40,000
64,000
31,440
179
636
Sailing and gasoline
vessels
Boats, sail and row
gasoline
Carrying smacks . .
Gill nets, seines,
trap and smelt
nets, etc
Weirs
Trawls.
Spears
Skates of gear
Hand lines
Lobster traps
canneries .
Salmon
Clam
Sardine "
Freezers and ice
houses
Smoke and fish-
houses
Fishing piers and
wharves
Whaling stations . .
Oil factories
Fishing huts and
cottages, etc
Scows, pile drivers,
etc
Eel traps
Crab traps
Total, 1914-15. .
Total, 1913-14. . . .
Number of men em
ployed on vessels.
Number of men em
ployed on boats..
Number of men em
ployed on carry
ing smacks
.
22,331,072
25,371,480
2,402,090
2,092,553
24,733,162
27,464,033
7,800
* 51,424
718
24,166
882
9,130
393
8,682
60,554
718
24,559
Number of persons
employed in fish-
houses, freezers,
canneries, etc. . . .
Total
84,108
10,405
94,513
231
FISHERIES.
43. Government Bounties to Fishermen in the fiscal years 1911 to 1914.
Province.
Number of men
who received bounties.
Value of
bounties paid.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
$
$
$
$
Prince Edward Is d
1,689
2,262
2,328
2,349
8,670
11,119
11,082
10,340
Nova Scotia
14,334
14,307
14,300
15,364
99,425
97,904
93,456
94,991
New Brunswick . . .
2,073
2,083
2,225
2,528
15,795
15,110
16,385
17,536
Quebec
7,723
7,906
8,383
8,709
36,110
35,863
37,738
36,717
Total
25,819
26,558
27,236
28,950
160,000
159,996
158,661
159,584
Inland Fish Markets. Other government assistance to the fishing
industry takes the form of encouraging the developmerit of markets
for fresh fish in the interior of the country by payment of one-third of
the ordinary express charges on shipments of fresh fish from the Atlantic
coast to points as far west as the eastern boundary of Manitoba and from
the Pacific coast as far east as that boundary. Cold storage cars by
fast freight are placed at the disposal of shippers from the Atlantic
seaboard, and aid is rendered in the building of small cold storage
establishments for the storing of bait. Fish-breeding is carried on by
the Dominion Government upon an extensive scale, the expenditure
for this service in 1914-15 amounting to $370,093. The hatcheries in
operation number altogether 64, including seven subsidiary hatcheries;
there are also retaining ponds for Atlantic salmon. The hatcheries are
situated in Prince Edward Island (3), Nova Scotia (12), New Brunswick
(11), Quebec (12), Ontario (8), Manitoba (4), Saskatchewan (1),
Alberta (1) and British Columbia (12). In addition, there is one
in British Columbia which is operated by the British Columbia Packers
Association.
Value of Fisheries. As shown in Table 44, the total marketed
value of all kinds of fish, fish products and marine animals, taken by
Canadian fishermen in both the sea and inland fisheries during the
year ended March 31, 1915, amounted to $31,264,631, as compared
with $33,207,748 in 1913-14. To the total amount in 1914-15 the sea
fisheries contributed $27,198,257 and the inland fisheries $4,066,374.*
further details respecting the Canadian fishing industry, see Annual
Reports of the Department of Marine and Fisheries, from which the statistics
in the Year Book have been compiled.
232
PRODUCTION.
44. Quantities and Values of all Fish marketed in Canada in 1913-14 and 1914-15.
Kinds of Fish.
1913-14.
Quantity.
Value.
1914-15.
Quantity .
Value.
Canada.
Alewives, fresh cwt. 18,619
Alewives, salted bbl. 14,380
Bass cwt. 3,289
Beluga skins NO. 75
Catfish cwt. 6,109
Clams, canned , cases 26,323
Clams, fresh bbl. 95,004
Cod, fresh cwt. 102,575
Cod, green, salted " 91,852
Cod, dried " 458,721
Dulse, etc " 7,473
Eels.. " 8,626
Fish glue material ton
Fish guano. ..: , " 3,122
Fish oil gal. 468,251
Flounders cwt. 8,115
Haddock, canned. cases 6,947
Haddock, fresh cwt. 146,207
Haddock, dried " 64,312
Haddock, smoked " 27,563
Hake, dried " 110,405
Hake, fresh " 22,131
Halibut " 256,096
Herring, fresh " 310,500
Herring, smoked " 116,874
Herring, pickled bbl. 131,275
Herring, dry-salted cwt. 313,178
Herring, used as bait bbl. 279,173
Herring, used as fertilizer " 226,524
Lobsters, shipped in shell cwt. 100,879
Lobsters, canned cases 165,679
Mackerel, fresh cwt. 107,339
Mackerel, salted bbl. 36,015
Maskinonge cwt. 130
Oulachans " 14,732
Oysters bbl. 29,828
Perch cwt. 14.497
Pike " 64,925
Pickerel < " 61,603
Pollock, fresh, dried and salted . . " 77,596
Salmon, fresh " 157,933
Salmon, canned cases 1,400,276
Salmon, dry salted and pickled . . cwt. 150,223
Salmon, smoked " 13,549
Sardines, fresh bbl. 124,084
Sardines, canned cases 85,700
Sealskins, fur NO. 404
Sealskins, hair " 7,560
Shad, salted bbl. 250
$
33,207,748
26,904
58,541
36,248
375
46,340
122,324
246,001
399,169
302,129
2,680,171
51,795
56,900
7,478
68,486
149,022
25,029
41,662
337,934
290,792
171,123
452,166
38,813
2,036,400
1,163,103
422,365
525,190
470,379
459,432
113,386
1,482,283
3,227,779
780,703
496,072
1,659
77,106
173,753
72,985
372,868
449,539
187,723
2,065,030
7,743,582
876,596
148,505
248,168
428.500
12^20
8,122
3,240
29,571
20,451
4,066
6,823
18,303
69,669
134,362
181,925
439,440
8,608
12,283
31
2,966
391,650
7,353
138,926
88,784
72,430
84,266
8,965
239,920
252,778
87,757
129,187
236,461
291,584
156,288
86,824
160,903
70,815
24,277
105
13,642
26,545
23,062
97,724
97,555
66,585
251,211
1,134,973
147,587
7,952
278,305
103,000
352
6,345
275
1
31,264,631
42,316
64,590
47,435
52,147
107,062
175,814
568,457
599,811
2,710,165
59,273
75,878
310
54,611
121,521
28,220
279,572
403,018
547,314
304,235
9,350
793,283
904,122
316,292
555,178
359,014
505,374
78,527
1,290,936
3,048;993
550,748
276,098
1,411
71,036
177,979
115,220
469,919
657,783
214,195
1,958,385
5,675,518
842,955
83,528
834,615
515,000
10,560
6,557
3,675
233
FISHERIES.
44. Quantities and Values of all Fish marketed in Canada in 1913-14 and 1914-15
concluded.
Kinds of Fish.
1913-14.
1914-15.
Quantity .
Value.
Quantity .
Value.
Canada con.
Shad, fresh
cwt.
4,121
88,728
216
2,197
4,811
87
13,322
73,164
19,167
4,041
20,157
452,566
137,887
$
30,541
810,392
1,080
9,187
62,490
9,093
61,140
682,619
40,440
49,811
63,910
296,169
929,962
504.924
4,684
93,771
4,824
2,719
4,871
93
4,982
67,890
20,017
1,045
50,946
926,900
159,894
$
36,509
837,682
36,648
9,954
69,847
9,417
24,780
623,504
40,007
7,565
156,529
283,154
975,685
585.350
Smelts
a
Soles
((
Squid. . .
. bbl.
Sturgeon
cwt.
Sturgeon caviare
Sword-fish
a
Trout
u
Tom cod
u
Tongues and sounds
u
Tullibee
u
Whale oil
gal.
Whitefish
cwt.
Fish, all other, etc.
45. Quantities and Values of the catch of the Inland Fisheries of Canada, 1913-14
and 1914-15.
Kinds of Fish.
1913-14.
1914-15.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity .
Value.
Salmon, fresh
cwt
2,802
131,614
6,109
137,887
68,491
61,603
64,925
14,497
5,048
3,582
20,157
835
130
3,810
848
51
99,161
85
5,089
6,721
$
33,080
569,830
46,340
929,962
631,942
449,539
372,868
72,985
32,032
45,105
63,910
10,086
1,659
7,620
4,570
255
316,629
8,561
12,721
33,606
1,637
3,110
80,636
1,202
3,089
6,823
159,894
63,340
97,555
97,724
22,718
8,520
3,634
50,946
715
105
4,374
922
45
116,105
91
9,158
7,327
27,897
$
36,070
400,681
12,020
30,890
52,147
975,685
576,758
657,783
469,919
113,156
51,258
46,111
156,529
7,521
1,411
8,748
4,610
225
375,738
9,017
9,158
14,643
55,794
502
Herring, fresh
Herring, smoked
a
Herring, pickled
bbl.
Catfish
cwt
Whitefish
M
Trout
U
Pickerel
U
Pike
u
Perch
u
Eels
u
Sturgeon
u
Tullibee
u
Bass
(I
Maskinonge
11
Alewives, fresh
(I
Shad, fresh. .
u
Shad, salted
bbl.
Mixed fish
a
Sturgeon caviare
u
Mullets
u
Gold eyes,
u
Carp. .
It
Fish, all other
If
Total
3,734,937
4,066,374
NOTE. The figures in Table 45 are also included in Table 44.
234
PRODUCTION.
46. Total Value of Fisheries by Provinces in the fiscal years 1911-1915.
Province.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
Prince Edward Island
S
1,153,708
$
1,196,396
$
1,379,905
$
1 280 447
$
1 261 666
Nova Scotia
10,119,243
9,367,550
7,384,055
8,297,626
7,730 191
New Brunswick
4,134,144
4,886,157
4,264,054
4,308,707
4 940 083
Quebec
1,692,475
1,868,136
1,988,241
1 850,427
1 924 430
Ontario
2,026,121
2,205,436
2,842,878
2,674,685
2,755,291
Manitoba
1,302,779
1,113,486
800,149
606,272
849422
Saskatchewan
172,903
139,436
111,839
148,602
132 017
Alberta
82,460
102,325
51,616
81,319
86,720
British Columbia
9,163,235
*
13,677,125
14,455,488
13,891,398
11,515,086
Yukon
118,365
111,825
111,239
68,265
69,725
Total for Canada ....
29,965,433
34,667,872
33,389,464
33,207,748
31,264,631
47. Total Value of the Fisheries of Canada in the fiscal years 1870-1915.
Years.
Value.
Years.
Value.
Years.
Value.
Years.
/
Value.
1870. . . .
$
6,577,391
1881....
$
15,817,162
1892 ....
1
18,941,171
1903....
$
23,101,878
1871. ...
7,573,199
1882 ....
16,824,092
1893....
20,686,661
1904....
23,516,439
1872. . . .
9,570,116
1883....
16,958,192
1894....
20,719,573
1905....
29,479,562
1873. . . .
10,754,997
1884....
17,766,404
1895....
20,199,338
1906....
26,279,485
1874. . . .
11,681,886
1885....
17,722,973
1896....
20,407,425
1907-08
25,499,349
1875. . . .
10,350,385
1886....
18,679,288
1897....
22,783,546
1908-09
25,451,085
1876. . . .
11,117,000
1887....
18,386,103
1898....
19,667,121
1909-10
29,629,167
1877. . . .
12,005,934
1888....
17,418,510
1899....
21,891,706
1910-11
29,965,433
1878. . . .
13,215,678
1889....
17,655,256
1900....
21,557,639
1911-12
34,667,872
1879. . . .
13,529,254
1890....
17,714,902
1901 ....
25,737,153
1912-13
33,389,464
1880. . . .
14,499,979
1891 ....
18,977,878
1902....
21,959,433
1913-14
33,207,748
1914-15
31,264,631
235
MINERALS.
Sources of Mineral Statistics. Mineral statistics are available from
various independent official sources. On July 21, 1913, the Census and
Statistics Office published as Bulletin XVI the results of the Census
of Mineral Production taken in 1911. The Mines Department of the
Dominion Government publishes an Annual Report of Mineral Pro
duction, and Annual Reports are also published by the Departments
of Mines of the Provincial Governments of Nova Scotia, New Bruns
wick, Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia. Data derived from each
of these sources were given in this section of the Year Book of 1913
(pp. 196-211), but in the present edition the statistics given are limited
to those of the Dominion and provincial Departments of Mines.
Dominion Department of Mines. According to the annual pre
liminary report of the Division of Mineral Resources and Statistics of
the Dominion Department of Mines, the metal mining industry has,
in 1915, as a result of the demand created by the war, shown the highest
production ever recorded; and notwithstanding the greatly decreased
production of materials of construction, such as cement, clay and stone
quarry products, a very large increase is still shown in the total mineral
output over that of the previous year. The total value of the metal
and mineral production in 1915, as shown in the preliminary report,
was $138,513,750, as compared with $128,863,075 in 1914 and
$145,634,812 in 1913, the latter being the highest production then
recorded. The increase in 1915 over 1914 was thus $9,650,675, or
7.49 p.c., but the output is still less than that of 1913 by $7,121,062.
The demand for the metals, copper, lead, nickel and zinc, led to great
activity in the operation of the already developed deposits of these
metals, and also, later in the year, to the opening up of old and the
exploitation of new deposits. The capacities of steel furnaces were
taxed to the utmost to meet the demand for shell steel. Amongst
non-metallic minerals the recovery of benzol and toluol in by-product
coke oven operations was a direct result of the war, as was also the
activity in the mining and shipment of magnesite and of chrome ores.
Increase or Decrease in Principal Products, 1915. It will be
observed from Table 49 that there has been an increased production in
all metals, with the exception of silver. The total value of the metallic
production in 1915 was $77,046,082, as compared with $59,386,619 in
1914, and $66,361,351 in 1913, the increase over 1914 being nearly 30 p.c.,
and over 1913, the previous highest year, about 16 p.c. The production
of nickel, copper and zinc are the highest that have been recorded in
these metals. The quantity of nickel was 50 p.c. greater than in 1914,
copper was over 35 p.c. greater, lead nearly 25 p.c. greater, gold over
18 p.c. and pig iron nearly 17 p.c. The falling off in silver was only
48,000 ounces or less than two-tenths of one per cent. Owing to the
high prices of copper and lead the total values of these metals show
increases of 72 p.c. and 56 p.c. respectively. Compared with 1914
the average price of copper shows an increase of 154 p.c., antimony
(ordinaries) an increase of 246 p.c., silver a decrease of 9.4 p.c. and
tin an increase of 12 . 2 p.c. The total value of the non-metallic produc-
236
PRODUCTION .
tion in 1915, including clay and quarry products, etc., was $61,467,668,
as against $69,476,456 in 1914 and $79,273,461 in 1913. Compared
with 1914 the decrease was $8,008,789, or 11.5 p.c., while compared
with 1913 the falling off was $17,805,793, or 22.5 p.c. It will be seen
that the largest decreases in 1915 occurred in materials of construction,
such as cement, clay products, lime, sand and gravel, and stone and
quarry products, the falling off varying from 16 to nearly 34 p.c. There
was, however, also a smaller production of coal, natural gas and gypsum.
On the other hand, there were increases in the shipments of asbestos,
chromite, graphite, magnesite, pyrites and salt.
48. Quantities and Values of Minerals produced in Canada, 1914 and 1915.
Description.
Quantities.
Values.
1914.
1915. 1
1914.
1915. 1
Metallic.
Copper. .
Ib.
oz.
ton
Ib.
u
oz.
$
75,735,960
773,178
95,174
36,337,765
45,517,937
28,449,821
f
102,612,486
916,076
158,598
45,377,065
68,077,823
28,401,735
$
10,301,606
15,983,007
1,138,912
1,627,568
13,655,381
15,593,631
1,086,514
$
17,726,307
18,936,971
1,740,808
2,541,116
20,423,348
14,088,397
1,589,135
Gold
Pig iron
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Other metallic products
Total Metallic
117.573
13,637,529
516,880
21,692,504
214,805
228,314
107,038
7,172,480
7,028,582
138,815
13,209,371
470,335
18,319,710
215,464
296,910
119,900
5,681,032
4,932,767
59,386,619
2,909,806
33,471,801
1,156,207
3,484,727
343,124
744,508
493,648
9,187,924
6,871,957
1,360,628
2,176,602
2,672,781
619,673
3,983,070
77,046,082
3,513,269
31,957,757
849,928
3,300,825
300,572
1,028,678
600,226
6,977,024
3,931,200
1,015,878
1,634,084
2,504,731
, 365,784
3,487,712
Noil-Metallic.
Asbestos and asbestic.. .
Coal
ton
u
li
CU.ft.
bbl.
ton
u
bbl.
Gypsum. .
Natural gas M.
Petroleum
Pyrites ... .
Salt
Cement
Clay products
Lime
bush.
Stone:
Granite
Limestone
Marble and sandstone
Miscellaneous non-mei
Total non -metallic. . . .
tallic.
69,476,456
59,386,619
128,863,075
61,467,668
77,046,082
138,513,750
Total metallic
Grand Total
NOTE. In Tables 48 to 61 the ton is the short ton of 2,000 Ib.
Subject to revision.
237
MINERALS.
49. Increase or Decrease in Principal Mineral Products, 1915.
Principal Products.
Increase (+) or
Decrease ( ) in
Quantity.
Increase (-}-) or
Decrease ( ) in
Value.
Copper
.. Ib.
+ 26,876,526
+ 142,898
+ 130,555
+ 9,039,300
+ 22,559,886
48,086
p.c.
35.49
18.48
16.67
24.88
49.56
0.17
$
+ 7,424,701
+ 2,953,964
+ 1,589,963
+ 914,548
+ 6,767,967
1,505,234
p.c.
72.07
18.48
15.90
56.19
49.56
9.65
Gold .
. . oz.
Pig iron. . .
. . ton
Lead. ...
.. Ib.
Nickel
u
Silver
. . oz.
Total metallic
+ 17,659,463
+ 603,463
1,514,044
306,279
183,902
42,552
+ 284,170
+ 106,578
- 2,210;900
2,940,757
344,750
406,628
964,457
29.73
20.74
4.52
26.49
5.28
12.40
38.16
21.59
24.06
32.01
33.94
16.23
17.63
Asbestos and Asbestic. .......
. . ton
+ 21,242
428,158
46,545
3,372.794
+ 659
+ 68,596
+ 12,862
1,491,448
18.07
3.14
9.90
15.09
0.31
30.04
12.02
20.79
Coal
*
Gypsum. .
ii
Natural gas
m.ft.
Petroleum
. . bbl.
Pyrites .
. . ton
Salt
u
Cement
. . bbl.
Clay products
Lime
. .bush
2,095,815
28.92
Sand and Gravel . ...
Stone
Total non-metallic .
8,008,788
11.53
Grand total
+ 9,650,675
7.49
50. Mineral Production of Canada in the Calendar Years 1914 and 1915.
Minerals.
1914.
1915. 1
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Actinolite
. . ton.
119
1,737
96,542
21,031
612
457,513,762
93,634,858
2,707,000
1,554,496
7,142,480
136
13,637,529
1,291,539
2,079,001
$
1,304
104,015
2,892,266
17,540
6,169
3,653,861
1,115,556
49,627
23,592
9,187,924
1,210
33,471,801
606,593
79,995
220
961,040
2,291 2
113,115
25,700
550
i
5,681,032
11,486
13,209,371
\ 846,186
$
2,420
192,208
141,830*
3,491,450
21,819
6,875
2,341,483
6,977,024
162,618
31,957,757
544,581
Antimony
. . . Ib.
Arsenious oxide
. . . ton
Asbestos
a
Asbestic
K
Barytes
U
Bricks, common
. . . NO.
Bricks, pressed
u
Bricks, paving
u
Bricks, other
u
Cement, Portland
...bbl.
Chromite. .
ton.
Coal
. . ton
Cobalt and nickel oxides. . .
... Ib.
Cobalt and nickel metallic.
H
For notes see foot of table on page 238.
238
PRODUCTION.
50. Mineral Production of Canada in the Calendar Years 1914 and 1915 concluded
Minerals.
Copper Ib.
Corundum ton.
Felspar
Fire clay and products $
Fire-proofing and architectural
terra-cotta "
Gold . . oz.
Graphite ton.
Grindstones
Gypsum . . . . <
Iron ore (exports) "
Kaolin ....... "
Lead Ib.
Lime bush.
Manganese ton.
Magnesite
Mica $
Mineral water "
Molybdenum ore ton.
Molybdenite Ib.
Natural gas M.CU. ft.
Nickel . ... Ib.
Ochres ton.
Peat "
Petroleum bbl.
Phosphate ton.
Pig iron from Can. ore "
Pottery ......... $
Pyrites ". ton.
Quartz . . . . "
Salt >, "
Sand and gravel . . . . $
Sand lime-brick NO.
Sewer pipes $
Silver oz.
Slate squares.
Granite ,. . . . $
Limestone "
Marble
Sandstone "
Talc ton
Tiles, drain $
Tripolite ton
Zinc ore.. "
Total.
1914.
1915.
Quantity .
Value.
Quantity .
Value.
$
$
75,735,960
10,301,606
102,612,486
17,726,307
548
72,176
262
33,138
18,060
70,824
15,455
59,124
107,568
}
405,543
[
781, 071 3
773,178
15,983,007
916,076
18,936,971
1,647
107,203
2,610
121,023
3,976
54,504
2,580
35,768
516,880
1,156,207
470,335
849,928
60,410
135,300
93,444
187,682
1,000
10,000
1,300
13,000
36,337,765
1,627,568
45,377,065
2,541,116
7,028,582
1,360,628
4,932,767
1,015,878
28
1,120
47
5,460
358
2,240
14,779
126,535
109,061
81,021
134,111
118,796
16
2,063
28 ; 600
28,460
21,692,504
3,484,727
18,319,710
3,300,825
45,517,937
13,655,381
68,077,823
20,423,348
5,890
51,725
6,248
48,353
685
2,470
300
1,050
214,805
343,124
215,464
300,572
954
7,275
217
2,502
95,744
1,138,912
158,598
1,740,808
35,371
4
228,314
744,508
296,910
1,028,678
54,148
84,583
127,108
205,153
107,038
493,648
119,900
600,226
2,505,310
2,098,683
70.650,030
609,515
23,211,802
182,651
1,104,499
795,646
28,449,821
15,593,631
28,401,735
14,088,397
1,075
4,837
397
2,039
2,176,602
1,634,084
2,672,781
2,504,731
132,533
365,784 5
487,140
6
10,808
40,418
11,885
40,554
366,340
4
650
13,000
317
12,119
10,893
262,563
15,553
636,204
128,863,075
138,513,750
Subject to revision. 2 Arsenic, white. Includes value of drain tiles and
pottery, etc. included with value of fire clay, etc. Includes sandstone.
6 Included with marble.
239
M I N E R A L S .
51. Value of Mineral Production in Canada, 1886-1915. x
Calendar
Total
Value
Calendar
Total
Value
Calendar
Total
Value
Year.
Value.
per
capita.
Year.
Value.
per
capita.
Year.
Value.
per
capita.
$
Sets.
$
$ cts.
$
Sets.
1886.
10,221,255
2.23
1896.
22,474,256
4.38
1906.
79,286,697
12.81
L887. .. .
10,321,331
2.23
1897....
28,485,023
5.49
1907....
86,865,202
13.75
1888
12,518,894
2.67
1898 ....
38,412,431
7.32
1908....
85,557,101
13.16
L889.. . .
14,013,113
2.96
1899....
49,234,005
9.27
1909. . . .
91,831,441
13.70
L890.. . .
16,763,353
3.50
1900....
64,420,877
12.04
1910....
106,823,623
15.44
1891 ....
18,976,616
3.92
1901 ....
65,797,911
12.16
1911....
103,220,994
14.42
1892....
16,623,415
3.39
1902....
63,231,836
11.36
1912....
135,048,296
18.09
1893....
20,035,082
4.04
1903....
61,740,513
10.83
1913....
145,634,812
18.77
L894
19,931,158
3.98
1904....
60;082,771
10.27
1914....
128,863,075
15.96
L895 ....
20,505,917
4.05
1905 ....
69,078,999
11.49
1915 1 ....
138,513,750
17.15
52. Value of Minerals produced in Canada by Provinces in the Calendar Years
1914 and 1915.
191^
L
1915
i
Province.
Value.
Per cent,
of total.
Value.
Per cent,
of total.
Nova Scotia
$
17,584,639
13.68
$
18,126,672
13 09
New Brunswick
1,014,570
0.79
916,329
66
Quebec
11,836,929
9 21
12,159,436
8 78
Ontario
53,034,677
41 01
61,800,178
44 62
Manitoba
2,413,489
1.88
1,351,604
97
Saskatchewan
712,313
0.55
395,728
28
Alberta
12,684,234
9 87
9,915,282
7 16
British Columbia.
24,164,039
18 80
28,932,658
20 89
Yukon Territory
5,418,185
4 21
4,915,863
3 55
/
Total..
128.863.075
100 00
138.513.750
100 00
Subject to revision.
53. Quantity of Gold produced in Canada by Provinces during the Calendar Years
1862-1915.
Years.
Nova
Scotia.
Quebec.
Ontario.
Alberta.
British
Colum
bia.
Yukon
Territory
Total.
1862-1866.
1867. . .
Ozs. fine.
86,713
25 763
Ozs. fine.
Ozs. fine.
Ozs. fine.
Ozs. fine.
796,234
120 012
Ozs. fine.
Ozs. fine.
882,947
145 775
1868
19,377
_
114 792
migq
1869 . . .
16 855
85 865
10*> 720
1870
18,740
64 675
83 415
1871.
18,139
87 048
105 187
1872
12 352
77 931
QO 28^
1873
11,180
63 166
74 346
1874 .
8 623
89 233
Q7 856
1875. .
10.576
1 1 Q 79,4
120 200
240
PRODUCTION.
53. Quantity of Gold produced in Canada by Provinces during the Calendar Years
1862-1915 concluded.
Years.
Nova
Scotia.
Quebec.
Ontario.
Alberta.
British
Columbia
Yukon
Territory.
Total.
1 . *
1876
Ozs. fine.
11,300
Ozs. fine.
Ozs. fine.
Ozs. fine.
Ozs. fine.
86,429
Ozs. fine.
Ozs. fine.
97 729
1877
15,925
583
_
_
77,796
_
94,304
1878
11,864
868
i-fc
_
61,688
_
74,420
1879 .
12,980
1,160
_
62,407
_
76,547
1880
12,472
1,605
49,044
J
63,121
1881
10,147
2,741
50,636
63,524
1882
13,307
827
^^
46,154
.
60,288
1883
14,571
860
__
38,422
53,853
1884
15,168
422
_
_
35,612
_
51,202
1885
20,945
103
m
_
34,527
)
55,575
1886
22,038
193
43,714
4,837
70,782
1887
20,009
78
327
102
33,558
3,386
57,460
1888 ....
21,137
181
58
29,834
1,935
53,145
1889
24,673
58
967
28,489
8,466
62,653
1890
22,978
65
i _
193
23,918
8,466
55,620
1891
21,841
87
97
266
20 792
1,935
45,018
1892
18,865
628
344
508
19,327
4,233
43,905
1893
18,436
759
708
466
18,360
8,514
47,243
1894
18,834
1,412
1,917
726
25,664
6,047
54,600
1895
21,919
62
3,015
2,419
61,289
12,094
100,798
1896
23,876
145
5,563
2,661
86,504
14,513
133,262
1897
27,195
44
9,157
2,419
131,805
120,937
291,557
1898
26,054
295
12,863
1,209
142,215
483,750
666,386
1899
29,876
238
20,394
726
203,295
774,000
1,028,529
1900
28,955
14,391
242
228,916
1,077,553
1,350,057
1901
26,459
145
11,844
726
257,292
870,750
1,167,216
1902
30,348
391
11,118
484
288,383
701,437
1,032,161
1903
25,533
180
9,076
48
284,108
592,594
911,539
1904
10,362
140
1,935
24
275,975
507,938
796,374
1905
13,707
191
4,402
121
285,529
381,001
684,951
1906. .
12,223
165
3,202
39
269,886
270,900
556,415
1907
13,675
3,212
33
236,216
152,381
405,517
1908 ....
11,842
___
3,212
50
286,858
174,150
476,112
1909
10,193
193
1,569
25
250,320
191,565
453,865
1910
7,928
124
3,089
89
261,386
221,091
493,707
1911
7,781
613
2,062
10
236,496
224,197
473,159
1912
4,385
642
86,523
73
251,815
268,447
611,885
1913
2,174
701
219,801
297,459
282,838
802,973
1914
2,904
1,292
268,264
48
252,730
247,940
773,178
1915 1
6,636
1,093
405,719
268
272,302
230,058
916,076
^Subject to revision.
241
MINERALS.
54. Value of Gold produced in Canada by Provinces during the Calendar Years
1862-1915
Years.
Nova
Scotia.
Quebec.
Ontario.
Alberta.
British
Columbia.
Yukon
Territory.
Total.
1862-1866
1867
$
1,792,516
532,563
$
$
$
$
16,459,627
2,480,868
$
$
18,252,143
3,013,431
1868
400,555
2,372,972
2,773,527
1869
348,427
1,774,978
2,123,405
1870. . . .
387,392
1,336,956
1,724,348
1871.
1872
374,972
255,349
1,799,440
1,610,972
2,174,412
1,866,321
1873
1874 . .
231,122
178,244
1,305,749
1,844,618
1,536,871
2,022,862
1875. . .
218,629
f _
2,474,904
2,693,533
1876 . .
233,585
_
1,786,648
2,020,233
1877. . . .
329,205
12,057
_
1,608,182
1,949,444
1878
245,253
17,937
mm
1,275,204
1,538,394
1879
268,328
23,972
1,290,058
1,582,358
1880
257,823
33,174
1,013,827
1,304,824
1881
209,755
56,661
1,046,737
_^
1,313,153
1882
275,090
17,093
954,085
1,246,268
1883
301,207
17,787
794,252
1,113,246
1884
313,554
8,720
_
736,165
1,058,439
1885
432,971
2,120
713,738
}
1,148,829
1886.
455,564
3,981
903,651
| 100,000
1,463,196
1887
413,631
1,604
6,760
2,100
693,709
70,000
1,187,804
1888. . . .
436,939
3,740
1,200
616,731
40,000
1,098,610
1889
510,029
1,207
20,000
588,923
175,000
1,295,159
1890
474,990
1,350
mm
4,000
494,436
175,000
1,149,776
1891
451,503
1,800
2,000
5,500
429,881
40,000
930,614
1892
389,965
12,987
7,118
10,506
399,525
87,500
907,601
1893
1894
381,095
389,338
15,696
29,196
14,637
39,624
9,640
15,000
379,535
530,530
176,000
125,000
976,603
1,128,688
1895
453,119
1,281
62,320
50,000
1,266,954
250,000
2,083,674
1896 . . .
493,568
3,000
115,000
55,000
1,788,206
300,000
2,754,774
1897
562,165
900
189,294
50,000
2,724,657
2,500,000
6,027,016
1898
538,590
6,089
265,889
25,000
2,939,852
10,000,000
13,775,420
1899
617,604
4.916
421,591
15,000
4,202,473
16,000,000
21,261,584
1900 ....
1901
598,553
546,963
3,000
297,495
244,837
5,000
15,000
4,732,105
5,318.703
22,275,000
18,000,000
27,908,153
24,128,503
1902
627,357
8,073
229,828
10.000
5,961,409
14,500,000
21,336,667
1903
527,806
3,712
188,036
i;ooo
5,873,036
12,250,000
18,843,590
1904. .
214,209
2.90C
40,000
500
5,704,908
10,500,000
16,462,517
1905. . .
283,353
3,940
91,000
2,500
5,902,402
7,876,000
14,159,195
1906.
252,676
3,412
66,193
800
5,579,039
5,600,000
11,502,120
1907
282,686
66,399
675
4,883,020
3,150,000
8,382,780
1908 .
244,799
__
66,389
1,037
5,929,880
3,600,000
9,842,105
1909
210,711
3,990
32,425
525
5,174,579
3,960,000
9,382,230
1910
163,891
2,565
63,849
1,850
5,403,318
4,570,362
10,205,835
1911
160,854
12,672
42,625
207
4,930,145
4,634,574
9,781,077
1912. . .
90,638
13,270
1,788,596
1,509
5,205,485
5,549,296
12,648,794
1913
44,935
14,491
4,543,690
6,149,027
5,846,780
16,598,923
1914
60,031
26,708
5,545,509
992
5,224,393
5,125,374
15,983,007
1915 1 . ...
137,178
22,594
8,386,956
5,540
5,628,982
4,755,721
18,936,971
Subject to revision.
242
PRODUCTION.
55. Quantity and Value of Silver produced in Canada during the Calendar
Years 1887-1915.
Years
Oz.
Value.
Years
Oz.
Value.
Years
Oz.
Value.
$
$
$
1887..
355,083
347,271
1897
5,558,456
3,323,395
1906
8,473,379
5,659,455
1888...
437,232
410,998
1898
4,452,333
2,593.929
1907
12.779.799
8,348,659
1889...
383,318
358,785
1899
3.411,644
2,032,658
1908
22,108,233
11,686,239
1890...
400,687
419,118
1900
4,488,225
2,740,362
1909
27,529,473
14,178,504
1891...
414,523
409,549
1901
5,539.192
3,265,354
1910
32,869,264
17,580,455
1892...
310,651
272,130
1902
4,291,317
2,238,351
1911
32,559,044
17,355.272
1893..
330,128
1903
3,198,581
1,709,642
1912
31,955,560
19,440,165
1894...
847,697
534,049
1904
3,577,526
2,047,095
1913
31,845,803
19,040,924
1895...
1,578,275
1,030,299
1905
6,000,023
3,621,133
1914
28,449,821
15,593,631
1896...
3,205,343
2,149,503
1915 1
28,401.735
14,088,397
Subject to revision.
56. Quantity and Value of Silver produced in Canada, by Provinces, during
the Calendar Years 1887-1915.
Years.
Ontario.
Quebec.
British
Columbia.
Yukon
Territory
Oz.
$
Oz.
$
Oz.
$
Oz.
8
1887 .
190,495
186,304
146,898
143,666
17,690
17,301
_
1888 ....
208,064
195,580
149,388
140,425
79.780
74,993
-
1889
181,609
169,986
148:517
139,012
53,192
49,787
, -
-
1890
158,715
166,016
171.545
179,436
70,427
73,66e
-
1891
225,638
222,92(1
185,584
183,357
3,306
3,26e
1892
41,581
36,425
191,910
168,113
77,160
67,592
-
-
1893. ...
8,689
126,439
195,000
1894 ....
101.318
63,830
746,379
470,219
1895 ....
81,753
53,369
1,496,522
976,930
-
1893 ....
70,000
46,942
3,135,343
2,102,561
1897 ....
5, GOO
2,990
80,475
48,116
5,472,971
3,272,289
-
-
1898 ....
85,000
49,521
74,932
43,655
4,292,401
2,500,753
1899 ....
202,000
120.352
40,231
23,970
2,939,413
1,751,302
230,000
137,034
1900 ....
161,650
99,140
58,400
35,817
3,958.175
2,427,548
290,000
177,857
1901 ...
151,400
89,250
41,459
24,440
5,151,333
3,036,711
195,000
114,953
1902 ...
145,000
75,632
42,500
22,168
3,917,917
2,043,586
185,900
96,985
1903 ....
17,777
9.502
28,600
15,287
2,996,204
1,601,471
156,000
83,362
.1904 ....
206.875
118,376
15,000
8,583
3,222,481
1,843,935
133,170
76,201
1905
2,451,356
1,479,442
19,620
11,841
3,439,417
2,075,757
89,630
54,093
1906 ....
5,401,766
3,607,894
17,686
11,813
2,990,262
1,997,226
63,665
42,522
1907 ....
9,982,363
6,521,178
16,000
10,452
2,745,448
1,793,519
35,988
23,510
1908. . . .
19,398,545
10^254.847
13,299
7,030
2,631,389
1,391,058
63,000
33,304
1909 ....
24,822,099
12,784,126
13,233
6,815
2,649,141
1,364,387
45,000
23,176
1910. . . .
30,366,366
16,241,755
7,593
4,061
2,407,887
1,287,883
87,418
46,756
1911
30,540,754
16,279,443
18,435
9,827
1,887,147
1,005,924
112,708
60,078
1912. . ..
29,214,025
17,772,352
9,465
5,758
2,651,002
1.612,737
81,068
49,318
1913. . ..
28,411,261
16,987,377
34,573
20,672
3,312,343
1 ,980,483
87,626
52,392
1914. . ..
25,139,214
13,779,055
57,737
31,646
3,159,897
1^31,971
92,973
50,959
1915 1 . ..
24,653,057
12,228.902
61.569
30.541
3,628,727
1,799,994
,58,382
28,960
1 8iibject to revision.
243
MINERALS.
57. Quantity and Value of Copper produced in Canada, by Provinces, during the
Calendar Years, 1886-1915.
Year
Ontario.
Quebec.
British Columbia.
Total.
Lb.
$
Lb.
$
Lb.
s
Lb.
$
1886
165,000
18,150
3,340,000
367,400
r ^_
_
3,505,000
385,550
1837
322,524
36,284
2,937,900
330,514
3,260,424
366,798
1888
nil.
nil.
5,562,864
927,107
5,562,864
927,107
1889
1,466,752
201,678
5,315,000
730,813
6,781,752
932,491
1890
1,303,065
205,233
4,710,606
741,920
*
6,01.3,671
947,153
1891
4,127,697
531,234
5,401,704
395,469
,
9,529,401
1.226,703
1892
2,203,795
254,538
4,883,480
564,042
7,087,275
818,580
1893
3,641,504
391,461
4,468,352
480,348
8,109,856
871,809
1894
5,207,679
497,854
2,176,430
208,067
324,680
31,039
7,708,789
736,960
1895
4,576,337
492,414
2,242,462
241,288
952,840
102,526
7,771,639
836,228
1896
3,167,256
344,598
2.407,200
261,903
3,818,556
415,459
9,393,012
1,021,960
1897
5,500,652
621,023
2,474,970
279,424
5,325,180
601,213
13,300,802
1,501,660
1898
8,375,223
1,007,539
2,100,235
252,658
7,271,678
874,783
17,747,136
2,134,980
1899
5,723,324
1,007,877
1,632.560
287,494
7,722,591
1,359,948
15,078,475
2,655,319
1900
6,740,058
1,091,215
2,220,000
359,418
9 : 977,080
1,615,289
18,937,138
3,065,922
1901
8,695,831
1,401,507
1,527.442
246,178
27,603,746
4,448,896
37,827,019
6,096,581
1902
7,408,202
861,278
1,640,000
190,666
29,636,057
3,445,488
38,684,259
4,497.432
1903
7,172.533
949,285
1,152,000
152,467
34,359,921
4,547,735
42,684,454
5,649,487
1904
4,913,594
630,070
760,000
97.455
35,710,128
4,579,110
41,383,722
5,306,635
1905
8,779,259
1,368,686
1,621,243
252,752
37,692.251
5,876,222
48.092,753
7,497,660
1903
10,638,231
2.050.838
1.981,169
381,930
42,990,488
8,287,706
55,609,888
10,720,474
1907
14,104,337
2,821,432
1,517,990
303,659
40,832.720
8,168,177
56,455,047
11,293,268
1908
15,005,171
1,981,883
1,282,024
169,330
47,274,614
6,244,031
63,561,809
8,395,244
1909
15,746,699
2,044,237
1,088,212
141,272
35,658,952
4,629,245
52,493,863
6,814,754
1910
19,259,016
2,453,213
877,347
111,757
35,270,006
4,492,693
55,692,369!
7,094, 094 1
1911
17,932,263
2,219,297
2,436,190
301,503
35.279.558
4,366,198
55,648,011
6,886,998
1912
22,250,601
3,635,971
3,282,210
536,346
50,526,656
8,256,561
77,832, 127 2
12,718,548 2
1913
25,885,929
3,952,522
3,455,887
527,679
15,791,579
6,991,916
76,976,925 3
11,753,606
1914
28,948,211
3,937,535
4,201,497
571,488
41,221,628
5,606,966
75,738,386*
10,301,935*
1915 6
39,303,279
3,082.003
56,692,988
102,612,486
5 17,726,307
Includes 286,000 lb., valued at $36,431, produced in Nova Scotia and Yukon
Territory, not given separately.
Includes 1,772,660 lb., valued at $289,670, product of Yukon Territory.
Includes 1,843,530 lb., valued at $281,489, product of Yukon Territory.
Includes 1,367,050 lb., valued at $185,946, product of Yukon Territory.
5 lncludes 534,216 lb., product of Yukon Territory.
^Subject to revision.
244
PRODUCTION.
58. Quantity and Value of Nickel produced in Canada during the Calendar Years
1889-1915.
Years.
Quantity.
Value.
Years.
Quantity.
Value. Years.
Quantity.
Value.
Lb.
$
Lb.
$
Lb.
$
1889
830,477
498,286
1898
5,517,690
1,820,838 1907
21,189,793
9,535,407
1890
1,435,742
933,232
1899
5,744,000
2,067,840 1908
19,143,111
8,231,538
1891
4,035,347
2,421 ;208
1900
7,080,227
3,327,707i 1909
26,282,991
9,461,877
1892
2,413,717
1,399,956
1901
9,189,047
4,594,523i 1910
37,271,033
11,181,310
1893
3,982,982
2,071,151
1902
10,693,410
5,025,903 i 1911
34,098,744
10,229,623
1894
4,907,430
1,870,958
1903
12,505,510
5,002,2041 1912
44,841,542
13,452,463
1895
3,888,525
1,360,984
1904
10,547,883
4,219,153! 1913
49,676,772
14,903,032
1896
3,397,113
1,188,990
1905
18,876,315
7,550,526! 1914
45,517.937
13,655,381
1897
3,997,647
1,399,176
1906
21,490,955
8,948,8341 1915 1
68,077,823
20,423,348
Subject to revision.
59. Production of principal Minerals in Canada for the Calendar Years 1909-1915.
Years.
Le?
id. 3
Iroi
i Ore.
Zinc (
Dre.
1908.
Lb.
43,195,733
*
1,814,221
Ton.
238,082
1
568,189
rii
JLon.
452
$
3,215
1909 :.
45,857,424
1,692,139
268,043
659,316
18,371-
242,699
1910. V
32,987,508
1,216,249
259,418
574,362
5,063
120,003
1911
23.784,969
827,717
210,344
522,319
2,59C
101,072
1912
35,763,476
1,597,554
215,883
523,315
6,415
215,149
1913
37,662,703
1,754,705
307,634
629,843
7,889
186,827
1914
36,337,765
1,627,568
60,410
135,300
10,893
262,563
1915 1 . .
45,377,065
2,541,116
93,444
187,682
15,553
636,204
Subject to revision.
in British Columbia.
Includes 7,424 tons shipped in 1908. 3 A11 produced
PIG IRON.
Years
Nova Scotia.
Quebec.
Ontario.
Totals.
Tons.
$
Tons.
$
Tons.
$
Tons.
$
1909
345,380
3,453,800
4,770
125,623
407,012
6,002,441
757,162
9,581,864
1910
- 350,287
4,203,444
3,237
85,255
447,273
6,956,923
800,797
11,245.622
1911
390,242
4,682,904
658
17,282
526,635
7,606,939
917,535
12,307,125
1912
424,994
6,374,910
589,593
8,176,089
1,014,587
14,550,999
1913
480,068
7,201,020
648,899
9,338,992
1,128,967
16,540,012
1914
227,052
2,951,676
556,112
7,051,180
783,164
10,002,856
1915 1
420.219
5.462,847
493,500
6,129,972
913,719
11,592,819
COAL.
Year.
Nova
Scotia.
New
Bruns
wick
Saskat
chewan.
Alberta.
British
Columbia
Yukor
Terri
tory.
Total
produc
tion.
Value.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
Tons.
1
1909
5,652,089
49,029
192,125
1,994,741
2,606,127
7,364
10,501,475
24,781,236
1910
6,431,142
55,455
181,156
2,894,469
3,330,745
16,185
12,909,152
30,909,779
1911
7,004,420
55,781
206,779
1,511,036
2,542,532
2,840
11,323,388"
26,467,646
1912
7,783,888
44,780
225,342
3,240,577
3.208,997
9,245
14,512,829
36,019,044
1913
7,980,073
70,311
212,897
4,014,755
2,714,420
19,722
15,012,178
37,334,940
1914
7,370,924
98,849
232,299
3,683,015
2,239,799
13,443
13,637,529
33,471.801
1915 1
7,429,888
122,422
236,940
3,320,431
2,089,966
9,724)
13,209,371
31,957,757
245
MINERALS.
59 .Production of principal Minerals in Canada for the Calendar Years
1909-1915 concluded.
Years.
Asbestos.
Asbestic.
Total.
1909
Tons.
63,349
77,508
101,393
111,561
136,951
96,542
113,115
$
2,284,587
2,555,974
2,922,062
3,117,572
3,830,909
2,892,266
3,491,450
Tons.
23,951
24,707
26,021
27,740
24,135
21,031
25,700
$
17,188
17,629
21,046
19,707
19,016
17,540
21,819
Tons.
87,300
102,215
127,414
136,301
161,086
117,573
138.815
S
2,301,775
2,573,603
2,943,108
3,137,279
3,849,925
2,909,806
3,513,269
.1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
19151
60. Production of Cement in Canada for the Calendar Years 1902-1915.
Years.
Natural rock cement.
Portland cement.
Total cement.
1902
bbl.
127,931
92,252
56,814
14,184
8,610
5,775
1,044
8
98,932
74.655
50^47
10,274
6,052
4.043
815
bbl.
594,594
627,741
910,358
1,346,548
2,119,764
2,436,093
2,665,289
4.067,709
4,753,975
5,692.915
7,132,732
8,658,805
7,172,480
5,681,032
$
1,028,618
1,150 ; 592
1,287,992
1,913,740
3,164,807
3,777,328
3,709,139
5,345,802
6,412,215
7,644,537
9,106,556
11.019,418
9^87,924
6,977.024
bbl.
722,525
719,993
967,172
1,360,732
2,128,374
2,441,868
2,666,333
4,067,709
4,753,975
5,692,915
7,132,732
8,658,805
7,172,480
5,681,032
$
1,127,550
1,225,247
1,338,239
1,924,014
3,170,859
3,781,371
3,709,954
5,345,802
6,412,215
7,644,537
9,106;556
11,019,418
9.187,924
6 ,977,024
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915 1 . .
Smelter Production. Table 61 shows the character and quantities
of the ores treated in Canadian smelters. The figures do not represent
the total production from smelting ores mined in Canada, since con
siderable quantities of copper and silver ores are shipped to smelters
outside of Canada.
61. Character and Quantities of Ores treated in Canadian Smelters, 1910-1915.
Ores.
1910.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
Nickel, Copper
Tons.
628,947
Tons.
610,834
Tons.
725,065
Tons.
823,403
Tons.
947,053
Tons.
1,272.283
Silver, Cobalt-Nickel,
Arsenic
9,466
9,330
8,097
6,124
5,681
7,526
Lead and other ores
treated in lead fur
naces
57,549
55,408
59,932
88,100
71,224
99,528
Copper, Gold, Silver..
1,987,752
1,517,981
2,212,316
2,119,754
1,626,197
2,245,245
Totals. .
2.683.714
2.193.553
3,005.410
3.037.381
2.650.155
3.624.582
Subject to revision.
246
PRODUCTION.
Iron Blast Furnaces in Canada in 1915. Of 22 completed furnaces
13 were in blast in 1915 for varying periods of time. The total daily
capacity of the 22 furnaces is about 4,470 tons. The operating com
panies, with numbers and capacities of furnaces, were as follows:
DOMINION IRON & STEEL Co., Sydney, C.B.: Six completed furnaces of 280
tons capacity each per day; two operated throughout 1915, one for 36 da\s and one
for 179 days; and one for 348 days ; one furnace idle throughout the year.
NOVA SCOTIA STEEL & COAL Co., LIMITED, New Glasgow, N.S.: One furnace
at Sydney Mines, C.B., of 280 tons capacity; operated throughout 1915.
LONDONDERRY IRON & MINING Co., LIMITED, Londonderry, N.S.: One furnace
of 100 tons capacity, idle throughout the year.
CANADA IRON FOUNDRIES, LIMITED, Montreal, Que. : Two small furnaces
of seven and eight tons capacity, at Drummondville, Que.; one furnace of 24 -tons
daily capacity, at Radnor Forges, Que.; two furnaces of 125 tons and 250 tons
at Midland, Ont.; all idle throughout the year.
STANDARD IRON Co. OF CANADA, LIMITED, Deseronto, Ont.: One furnace at
Deseronto with a daily capacity of 65 tons, operated for 235 days during the year
1915; one furnace of 65 tons at Parry Sound, idle throughout the year.
THE STEEL Co. OF CANADA, LIMITED, Hamilton, Ont.: Two furnaces, one of
260 tons capacity, operated for 52 days in 1915, a second furnace of 430 tons capa
city, operated throughout the year.
ALGOMA STEEL Co., LIMITED, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont.: Three furnaces at
Steelton, near Sault Ste. Marie, two of 280 tons capacity each, and one of 500 tons
capacity, operated throughout the year.
THE ATIKOKAN IRON Co., LIMITED, Port Arthur, Ont.: One furnace of 100
tons capacity, idle throughout the year.
THE CANADIAN FURNACE Co., LIMITED. Port Colborne, Ont.: One furnace,
of 325 tons capacity, operated 262 days in 1915.
Mines Departments of Provincial Governments. In addition to
the Mines Department of the Dominion Government, from whose
reports the foregoing tables and information have been compiled, there
are Departments of Mines of the Provincial Governments of Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia.
Nova Scotia. In Nova Scotia the principal product is coal; and,
according to the Report of the Provincial Department, the quantity
of coal raised in the year ended September 30, 1915, was 7,379,464
long tons, as compared with 7,005,464 tons in 1914. The production
of other minerals in 1915 was, in short tons, as follows, the corresponding
figures of 1914 being given within round brackets: pig iron, 295,868
(281,428); steel ingots, 369,310 (341,818); limestone, 353,412 (335,515);
coke, 452,099 (467,730); gypsum, 230,216 (283,340). The number of
bricks made was 1,922,100 as against 14,543,608 in 1914 and the pro
duction of drain pipe tile was 1,022,470 feet as against 1,592,875 feet
in 1914. The production of gold was 7,216 oz., as against 3,158 oz.
in 1914. Regulations for the installation and use of electricity in the
coal mines of Nova Scotia were approved by Order-in-Council of
August 21, 1915. They are included in the Annual Report for 1915
of the Department of Public Works and Mines.
New Brunswick.- The Annual Report for the year ended October
31, 1915, of the Minister of Lands and Mines, states that the mining
industries of the province include three commercially successful branches,
247
M I N E R A L S .
viz., gypsum, coal and oil with natural gas. The production of gypsum
was hampered by the large falling off in building operations, gypsum
being made into wall plaster; and in 1915 about 72,000 tons of gypsum
rock were quarried, of which 52,000 tons were exported to the United
States and the balance was manufactured into about 120,000 barrels of
wall plaster. For the season of 1914 the total output of gypsum was
74,762 tons. Royalties were paid in 1915 on 118,953 tons of coal, as
compared with 96,577 tons in 1914. Of natural gas the production
in 1915 was 305,673,200 cubic feet, of which 1,576,200 cubic feet were
used by the producers for light, heat or power and 304,097,000 cubic
feet were sold for distribution in Moncton and Hillsborough. The oil
sold from January 1 to September. 30, 1915, amounted to 27,606 gallons.
Quebec.- -The Annual Report of the Quebec Superintendent of
Mines shows that the value of the mineral production of the province
for the calendar year 1915 amounted to $11,465,873, as compared with
$11,732,783 in 1914 and $13,119,811 in 1913. The falling off during
the past two years is due to abnormal conditions caused by the war.
Of the value of total production in 1915, viz., $11,465,873, the sum of
$5,223,639 for mine products represents an increase of 32 p.c. and the
sum of $6,242,234 for structural materials represents a decrease of
20 p.c., as compared with 1914.
Ontario. The preliminary Report of the Bureau of Mines, Depart
ment of Lands, Forests and Mines shows that the total value of the
mineral production of Ontario in the calendar year 1915 was $57,856,375,
as compared with $46,295,959 in 1914 and $53,232,311 in 1913. The
increase in 1915 over 1914 due largely, as explained below, to an
increased valuation of nickel and copper, is 25 p.c., and the de
crease in 1914, compared with 1913, was 13 p.c. The rapid growth
which marked the mineral production of Ontario for a decade prior
to 1914 received a severe check in 1914, owing in part to busi
ness depression, but chiefly to the outbreak of the war and the
consequent disturbances in industrial and financial conditions. In
1915 there was a turn in the tide with an increase over 1914. Gold
exhibits a large advance, offset to some extent by a decrease in silver
production. Nickel and copper show what would in times of peace be
considered abnormal increases. The demand for these metals for
munition purposes has been great, and increased prices have stimulated
production to the maximum capacity of the mines. Of the total value
in 1915, $47,721,180 represents the value of the metallic and $10,135,195
the value of the non-metallic production. The principal metals are
gold, silver, copper, nickel, iron and cobalt. The quantity of gold
produced was 411,588 oz. of the value of $8,501,391, as compared with
268,942 oz. of the value of $5,529,767 in 1914. The total dividends
paid by gold mining companies in Ontario to December 31, 1915,
amount to over $5,000,000. The production of silver was 23,730,839
oz., of the value of $11,742,463, as compared with 25,217,994 oz. of
the value of $12,795,214 in 1914. In 1915 the dividends paid by Cobalt
silver mines amounted to $4,441,948, the total return to shareholders
to the end of 1915 being $59,660,912. Of nickel the production was
34,039 short tons, valued (in the matte) at $17,019,500, as compared
248
PRODUCTION
with 22,760 tons valued at $5,109,088 in 1914. The production* of
copper in matte was 19,608 tons, value $3,921,600, as compared with
14,453 tons, value $2,081,332, in 1914. Of the increase in value, as
compared with 1914, amounting to $11,236,885, the sum of $10,588,756
represents the increase in valuation placed upon the nickel and copper
contents of the Sudbury mattes. Even on the low basis of the valua
tion the figures for 1915 record a total increase in production over
1914 of $648,129.
British Columbia. According to the Annual Report of the Pro
vincial Mineralogist the total mineral production for the calendar year
1915 was of the value of $29,447,508, as compared with $26,388,825
in 1914, an inprease of $3,058,683, or about 12 p.c. The principal
mineral products of British Columbia are gold, lead, copper and coal.
Table 62 shows the quantity and value of the mineral production of
British Columbia for the three calendar years 1913-15.
62. Quantity and Value of Mineral Products in British Columbia for the Calendar
Years 1913-1915.
Products.
19
13.
19
14.
19
15.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Gold, placer.oz.
" lode... "
Silver "
272,254
3,465,856
$
510,000
5,627,490
1,968,608
247,170
3,602,180
$
565,000
5,109,004
1,876,736
38,500
250,021
3,366,506
$
770,000
5,167,934
1,588 991
Lead Ib.
55,364,677
2,175,832
50,625,048
1,771,877
46,503,590
1,939,200
Copper "
46,460,305
7,094,489
45,009,699
6,121,319
56,918,405
9,835,500
Zinc ".
6,758,768
324,421
7,866,467
346,125
12,982,440
1,460,524
Coal 1 ton
2,137,483
7-481,190
1,810,967
6,338,385
1,611,129
5,638,952
Coke 1 "
286,045
1J16,270
234,577
1,407,462
245,871
1,475/226
Miscellaneous
products
3,398,100
2,852,917
1,571,181
Total.
30.296.398
26.388.825
j
29.447.508
l Long tons of 2,240 Ib.
MANUFACTURES.
Table 63 gives the principal statistics of manufactures for the census
years 1900 and 1910, together with the total increase and the increase
p.c., and Table 64 gives records for 1900, 1905, and 1910 by provinces,
as taken in 1901, 1906 and 1911. (See Year Book 1913, pp. 215-225.)
63. Statistics of Manufactures of Canada, 1900 and 1910.
Items.
1900.
1910.
Increase.
Increase
p.c.
Establishments No .
14,650
19,218
4,568
31.18
Capital .... $
446,916,487
1,247,583,609
800,667,122
179 15
Employees on salaries No.
30,691
44,077
13,386
43.61
Salaries $
23,676,146
43,779,715
20,103,569
84.91
Employees on wages No.
308,482
471,126
162,644
52.72
Wages . . . . N . $
89,573,204
197,228,701
107,655,497
120 . 19
Raw and partly manufactured
materials $
266,527,858
601,509,018
334,981,160
125.68
Products. . $
481.053.375
1.165.975,639
684.922.264
142.38
249
MANUFACTURES.
64 .Statistics of Manufactures by Provinces, 1900, 1905 and 1910.
Province.
Estab
lish
ments.
Capital.
Em-
)loyees .
Salaries
and wages.
Raw and
partly mfd.
materials.
Value of
products.
1900.
Canada
No.
14,650
$
446,916,487
No.
339,173
$
113,249,350
$
i
266,527,858
$
481,053,375
P. E. Island..
Nova Scotia. .
N. Brunswick.
Quebec
334
1,188
919
4,845
2,081,766
34,586,416
20,741,170
142,403,407
3,804
23,284
22,158
110,329
445,998
5,613,571
5,748,990
36,550,655
1,319,058
13,161,077
10,814,014
86,679,779
2,326,708
23,592,513
20,972,470
158,287,994
Ontario
6,543
214,972,275
161,757
56,548,286
138,230,400
241,533,486
Manitoba
Alberta and
Saskatch w n
Br. Columbia.
324
105
392
7,539,691
1,689,870
22,901,892
5,219
1,168
11,454
2,419,549
465,763
5,456,538
7,955,504
1,121,342
7,246,684
12,927,439
1,964,987
19,447,778
1905.
Canada
15,796
846,585,023
392,530
165,100,011
718,352,603
P.E. Island. . .
Nova Scotia. .
N. Brunswick.
Quebec
285
909
628
4,965
1,680,541
75,089,191
26,792,698
255,479,662
2,919
24,237
19,426
119,008
445,676
9,284,864
6,581,411
47,160,452
1,851,615
32,574,323
22,133,951
219,861,648
Ontario
7,996
397,484,705
189,370
82,415,520
_
367,850,002
Manitoba
Saskatchewan
Alber.ta
354
80
120
27,517,297
3,973,075
5,545,821
10,333
1,444
2,045
5,909,791
721,875
1,167,107
28,155,732
2,520,172
5,116,782
Br. Columbia.
459
53,022,033
23,748
11,413,315
*
38,288,378
1910.
Canada
19,218
1,247,583,609
515,203
241,008,416
601,509,018
1,165,975,639
P.E. Island. . .
Nova Scotia. .
N. Brunswick
Quebec. ..."..
442
1,480
1,158
6,584
2,013,365
79,596,341
36,125,012
326,946,925
3,762
28,795
24,755
158,207
531,017
10,628,955
8,314,212
69,432,967
1,816,804
26,058,315
18,516,096
184,374,053
3,136,470
52,706,184
35,422,302
350,901,656
Ontario.. . .
8,001
595,394,608
238,817
117,645,784
297,580,125
579,810,225
Manitoba.. . .
Saskatchewan
Alberta. . . .
439
173
290
47,941,540
7,019,951
29,518,346
17,325
3,250
6,980
10,912,866
1,936,284
4,365,661
30,499,829
2,747,266
9,998,777
53,673,609
6,332,132
18,788,825
Br. Columbia
651
123,027,521
33,312
17,240,670
29,917,753
65,204,236
250
VII. TRADE AND COMMERCE.
Included in this section are tables showing the exports and im
ports of Canada in different categories and for varying periods. These
are followed by grain statistics and statistics relating to bounties, patents
and copyrights, trade marks, etc.
Aggregate External Trade. Exclusive of coin and bullion, the
aggregate external trade of Canada for the year ended March 31, 1916,
was of the value of $1,309,545,664, as compared with $958,894,411 in
1914-15 and $1,090,948,716 in 1913-14. The increase in. 1915-16,
as compared with 1914-15, is $350,651,253, or 36.6 p.c., and as com
pared with 1913-14 it is $218,596,948, or 20 p.c. A considerable pro
portion of the increased value of Canadian exports during the last two
years has been due directly to the war, large increases being shown for
grain, hay, boots and shoes, cartridges, explosives and fulminates,
metals, minerals, iron, steel and manufactures thereof. In 1915-16
the total trade of the Dominion with the United Kingdom was
$540,057,644, as compared with $302,112,198 in 1914-15. With the
United States it was $610,083,822 in 1915-16, as compared with
$495,014,031 in 1914-15, while the trade with countries other than
these two was $159,404,198 in 1915-16 as compared with $161,768,182
in 1914-15.
Trade of Calendar Year 1915. For the calendar year 1915 the
total value of Canadian trade with other countries amounted to $1,123,-
909,477, exclusive of coin and bullion, as compared with $938,862,810
in 1914, an increase of $185,046,667, or 19.7 p.c. Exports in 1915
amounted to $653,488,412, as compared with $416,237,098 in 1914,
and imports to $470,421,065, as compared with $522,625,712 in 1914.
Trade with the United Kingdom reached a total value of $435,544,589,
as compared with $283,284,831 in 1914. Exports to the United King
dom in 1915 were $361,486,588, as compared with $184,222,774, and
imports from the United Kingdon in 1915 were $74,058,001, as compared
with $99,062,057. Trade with the United States reached the total
value of $543,711,316, as compared with $508,789,359 in 1914 Exports
to the United States were $204,708,903, as compared with $160,938,979
in 1914, and imports from the United States were $339,002,413, as
compared with $347,850,380 in 1914.
Trade Fluctuations by Quantities and Values. It is evident that
values alone cannot give a true measurement of the increase or decrease
of trade from year to year, because such increase or decrease depends
upon the double factors of price and volume. The increase or decrease
in the value of articles imported into and exported from Canada that
may be due (a) to higher or lower prices and (b) larger or smaller
quantities, as between the fiscal years 1914 and 1915, has been carefully
calculated in the Census and Statistics Office for a large number of
separate articles; but there is not space in this edition of the Year Book
for more than a summary by leading classes of products, which accord
ingly is given in Table 43. The principle of calculation followed is
that of the British Board of Trade. For all articles of which quantities
as well as values are recorded in the trade returns, it is easy to ascertain
the differences due to each by direct calculation; but where values alone
251
AGGREGATE EXTERNAL TRADE.
are recorded and not quantities, it is necessary to proceed by estimate.
And the method adopted is to group such articles with the classes to
which they properly belong and assume that the variation due to
volume has been in the same proportion as other articles in the class
for which quantities are given. Inasmuch as the articles for which only
values are given are relatively few and unimportant, the results are
not greatly influenced by the amount of estimation necessary. The
table shows that in 1915 the total value of exports the produce of Canada
(exclusive of coin and bullion) was in round figures $409,419,000, as
compared with $431,588,000 in 1914. The decrease is made up of
increases in values due to higher prices, which amount to $19,495,000,
or 5 p.c., and of decreases in value due to smaller quantities (partly
estimated) amounting to $41,664,000, or 9.6 p.p.: so that the net
decrease in value due to variations both of price and quantity is
$22,169,000, or 5.1 p.c. Similarly, in the case of imports for home
consumption, the total value in 1915 was $455,445,000, as compared
with $618,457,000 in 1914, the decrease of $163,012,000, or 26.4 p.c.,
being made up of $19,715,000, or 4.1 p.c., due to lower prices and
$143,297,000, or 23.2 p c. due to smaller quantities. Taking the total
trade (exports and imports) this was of the value of $864,864,000 in 1915,
as compared with $1,050,045,000 in 1914, a decrease of $185,181,000,
or 17.6 p.c., and made up of $220,000 due to the decrease of value by
the net lowering of price and of $184,961,000, or 17 . 6 p.c., due to decrease
of value by the net smaller quantity. The table further shows the
classes of produce that are affected by differences in price and volume.
In the section for total trade the values in the classes for agricultural,
animal, fisheries and miscellaneous produce are affected by higher
prices, but only the class for animal produce shows an increase in value
due to larger quantities. The period covered by the table is for the fiscal
year ended March 31, 1915, as compared with 1914. Therefore it in
cludes the trade that was most violently affected by the sudden out
break of the war in July and August, 1914.
1. Aggregate External Trade of Canada, fiscal years 1868-1916.
Years.
Total
Exports.
Total
Imports.
Aggregate
trade of
Canada.
T r i Ratio of
Value per capita. ExDOrts
Exports.
Imports.
Total to
Trade. Imports.
1868
$
57,567,888
60,474,781
73,573,490
74.173,618
82,639,663
89,789,922
89,351,928
77,886,979
80,966,435
75,875,393
79,323,667
71,491,255
87.911.458
$
73,459,644
70,415,165
74,814,339
96,092,971
111,430,527
128,011,281
128,213,582
123,070,283
93,210,346
99,327,962
93,081,787
81,964,427
86.489.747
$
131,027,532
130,889,946
148,387,829
170,266,589
194,070,190
217,801,203
217,565,510
200,957,262
174,176,781
175,203,355
172,405,454
153,455,682
174.401.205
$ cts.
17.07
17.72
21.29
21.08
22.88
24.48
23.36
20,04
20.50
18.90
19.44
17.24
20.85
$ cts.
21.78
20.63
21.66
27.31
30.86
34.89
33.52
31.66
23.60
24.75
22.82
19.77
20.52
$ cts. p.c.
38.85 78.37
38.35 85.88
42.95 98.34
48.39 77.19
53.74 74.16
59.37 70.14
56.88 69.69
51.70 93.26
44.10 86.86
43.65 76.39
42.26 85.22
37.01; 87.17
41.37 101.64
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880..
252
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
1. Aggregate External Trade of Canada, fiscal years 1868-1916 concluded.
Years.
Total
Exports.
Total
Imports.
Aggregate
trade of
Canada.
Value per capita.
Ratio of
Exports
to
Imports.
Exports. Imports.
Total
Trade.
1881
$
98,290,823
102,137,203
89,085,804
91,406,496
89,238,361
85,251,314
89,515,811
90,203,000
89,189,167
96,749,149
98,417,296
113,963,375
118,564,352
117,524,949
113,638,803
121,013,852
137,950,253
164,152,683
158,896,905
191,894,723
196,487,632
211,640,286
225,849,724
213,521,235
203,316,872
256,586,630
205,277,197
280,006,606
261,512,159
301,358,529
297,196,365
315,317,250
393,232,057
478,997,928
490,808,877
882,872.502
*
105,330,840
119,419,500
132,254,022
116,397,043
108,941,486
104,424,561
112,892,236
110,894,630
115,224,931
121,858,241
119,967,638
127,406,068
129,074,268
123,474,940
110,781,682
118,011,508
119,218,609
140,323,053
162,764,308
189,622,513
190,415,525
212,270,158
241,214,961
259,211,803
266,834,417
294,286,015
259,786,007
370,786,525
309,756,608
391,852,692
472,247,540
559,320,544
692,032,392
650,746,797
629,444,894
564,505,796
1
203,621,663
221,556,703
230,339,826
207,803,539
198,179,847
189,675,875
202,408,047
201,097,630
204,414,098
218,607,390
218,384,934
241,369,443;
247,638,620!
240,999,889
224,420,4851
239,025,360
257,168,862
304,475,736;
321,661,213|
381,517,236
386,903,157
423,910,444
467,064,685
472,733,038
470,151,289
550,872,645
465,063,204
650,793,131
571,268,767
693,211,221
769,443,905
874,637,794
1,085,264,449
1,129,744,725
1,120,253,771
1,447,378,298
$ cts.i $ ctff.
22.67 24.29
23.30 27.24
22.13 29.84
20.39 25.96
19.67 24.01
.
18.59 22.77
19.31 24.35
19.25 23.67
18.83 24.33
20.20 25.45
20.32 24.76
23.31 26.06
24.02 26.15
23.58 24.78
22.57 22.01
23.79 23.20
26.83 23.18
31.57 26.99i
30.21 30.95
36.05 35.63
1
36.37 35.24 :
38.26 38.37
39.81 42.52
36.66 44.50
33.93 44.53
41.58 47.69
32.57 41.22
43.14 57.12
39.06 46.27
43.57 56.65i
41.52 65.97 1
42.23 74.91
50.69 89.19
59.32 80.59
60.33; 77.36
$ cts.
46.96
50.54
51.97
46.35
43.68
41.36
43.66
42.92
43.16
45.65
45.08
49.37
50.17
48.36
44.58
46.99
50.01
58.56
61.16
71.68
71.61
76.63
82.33
81.16
78.46
89.27
73.79
100.26
85.33
100.22
107.49
117.14
139.88
139.91
137.69
$ cts.
93.27
85.53
74.16
78.53
81.91.
81.64
79.29
81.34
77.40
79.40
82.04
89.45
91.85
95.18
102.58
102.54
115.71
116.98
97.62
101.20
103.19
99.70
93.63
82.37
76.20
87.19
79.02
75.52
84.42
76.91
62.93
56.38
56.83
73.60
77.97
156.40
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886....
1887
1888....
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893.
1894
1895
1896...
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901...
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906....
1907 1
1908
1909
1910
1911...
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
i
x Nine months only.
NOTE. The aggregate trade includes the exports and imports of coin and
bullion. In 1915, the imports of coin and bullion amounted to $131,992,992, most of
which was transferred from the United States to Canada as a depositary for Great
Britain. In 1916.the exports of coin and bullion amounted to $103,572,432.
253
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
2. Exports to the United Kingdom, to the United States and to Other Countries of
Merchandise the produce of Canada, 1868-1916.
Fiscal Years.
United
Kingdom.
United
States.
Other
Countries.
Totals.
1868
$
17,905,808
$
. 22,387,846
$
5,249,523
$
45,543,177
1869
20,486,389
23,640,188
5,196,727
49,323,304
1870.
22,512,991
27,398,930
6,169,271
56,081,192
1871
21,733,556
26,715,690
6,732,110
55,181,356
1872
25,223,785
29,984,440
7,735,802
62,944,027
1873
31,402,234
33,421,725
8,421,647
73,245,606
1874
35,769,190
30,380,556
7,777,002
73,926,748
1875
34,199,134
25,683,818
7,607,941
67,490,893
1876
34,379,005
27,451,150
8,031,694
-69,861,849
1877
35,491,671
22,160,666
8,212,543
65,864,880
1878
35,861,110
22,131,343
7,747,681
65,740,134
1879
29,393,424
23,149,909
7,546,245
60,089,578
1880.
35,208,031
26,762,705
8,125,455
70,096,191
1881
42,637,219
31,015,109
7,269,051
80,921,379
1882
39,816,813
41,687,638
8,538,260
90,042,711
1883
39,&8,067
36,096,501
8,651,139
84,285,707
1884
37,410,870
31,631,622
8,089,587
77,132,079
1885 "...
36,479,051
32,618,593
7,085,874
76,183,518
1886
36,694,263
31,503,292
6,777,951
74,975,506
1887
38,714,331
32,273,033
6,976,656
77,964,020
1888 . .
33,648,284
37,323,161
7,326,305
78,297,750
1889
33,504,281
36,449,288
7,248,235
77,201,804
1890
41,499,149
33,291,207
7,545,158
82,335,514
1891
43,243,784
34,829,436
7,684,524
85,757,744
1892
45,949,055
31,317,857
9,417,341
95,684,253
1893
58,409,606
33,813,802
9,783,082
102,006,490
1894
60,878,056
29,297,598
10,411,199
100,586,853
1895
57,903,564
32,303,773
9,321,014
99,528,351
1896
62,717,941
34,460,428
9,200,383
106,378,752
1897
69,533,852
39,717,057
10,434,501
119,685,410
1898
93,065,019
34,361,795
12,494,118
139,920,930
1899
85,113,681
34,766,955
12,920,626
132,801,262
1900
96,562,875
52,534,977
14,412,938
163,510,790
1901
92,857,525
67,983,673
16,590,188
177,431,386
1902
109,347,345
66,567,784
20,104,634
196,019,763
1903
125,199,980
67,766,367
21,435,327
214,401,674
1904
110,120,892
66,856,885
21,436,662
198,414,439
1905
97,114,867
70,426,765
23,313,314
190,854,946
1906
127,456,465
83,546,306
24,481,185
235,483,956
1907 (9 months) . .
98,691,186
62,257,299
19,596,821
180,545,306
1908
126,194,124
90,814,871
29,951,973
246,960,968
1909
126,384,724
85,334,806
30,884,054
242,603,584
1910
139,482,945
104,199,675
35,564,931
279,247,551
1911.
132,156,924
104,115,823
38,043,806
274,316,553
1912
147,240,413
102 041 222
40 942 222
290,223,857
1913
170,161,903
139,725,953
45,866 744
355,745,600
1914
215,253,969
163,372,825
52,961,645
431,588,439
1915
186,668,554
173,320,216
49,430,066
409,418,836
1916.
451.852.399
201.106.488
88.651.751
741.610.638
254
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
3. Imports from the United Kingdom, from the United States and from Other
Countries of Merchandise entered for Home Consumption, 1868-1916, excluding
Coin and Bullion.
Fiscal Years.
United
Kingdom.
United
States.
Other
Countries.
Totals.
1868
$
37,617,325
$
22,660,132
$
6,812,702
$
67,090,159
1869
35,496,764
21,497,380
6,160,797
63,154,941
1870
37,537,095
21,697,237
7,667,742
66,902,074
1871 :
48,498,202
27,185,586
8,530,600
84,214,388
1872
62,299,254
33,741,995
9,004,118
104,955,367
1873
67,996,945
45,189,110
11,323,074
124,509.129
1874
61,424,407
51,706,906
10,049,574
123,180,887
1875
60,009,084
48,930,358
8,469,126
117,408.568
1876
40,479,253
44,099,880
7,933,974
92,513,107
1877
39,331,621
49,376,008
5,418,765
94,126.394
1878
37,252,769
48,002,875
5,140,207
90,395,851
1879
30,967,778
42, 170 306
5,564,435
78,702,519
1880
33,764,439
28,193,783
7,942,320
69,900,542
1881
42,885,142
36 338 701
11,264,486
90,488,329
1882
50,356,268
47,052,935
13,735,981
111,145,184
1883
51,679,762
55,147,243
15,034,491
121,861,496
1884
41,925 121
49 785 888
14,261,969
105,972,978
1885
40,031,448
45,576,510
14,147,817
99,755,775
1886
39,033,000
42,818,651
14,140,486
95,992,137
1887
44 741,356
44 795 908
15,569,946
105,107,210
1888
39,167,644
46 440 296
15,063,688
100,671,628
1889
42,251,189
50,029,419
16,817,588
109,098,196
1890
43,277,009
51,365,661
17,039,903
111,682,573
1891.
42,018,943
52,033,477
17,481,534
111,533,954
1892
41,063,711
51,742,132
22,354,570
115,160,413
1893
42,529,340
52,339,796
20,301,694
115,170,830
1894
37,035,963
50,746,091
21,288,857
109,070,911
1895
31,059,332
50,179,004
19,437,555
100,675,891
1896
32,824,505
53,529,390
19,007,266
105,361,161
1897
29,401,188
57,023,342
20,193,297
106,617,827
1898
32,043,461
74,824,923
19,438,778
126,307,162
1899
36,931,323
88,467,173
23,947,963
149,346,459
1900
44,279,983
102,080,177
26,146,718
172,506,878
1901.
42,819,995
107,149,325
27,731,374
177,700,694
1902
49,022,726
114,744,696
32,712,768
196,480,190
1903
58,793,038
128,790,237
37,230,444
224,813,719
1904
61,724,616
143,010,578
38,854,825
243,590,019
1905
60,342,704
152,431,626
38,842,789
251,617,119
1906
69,183,915
168,798,376
45,299,913
283,282,204
1907 (9 months)
64,415,415
148,598,061
36,724,398
249,737,874
1908
94,417,314
204,648,885
52,813,756
351,879,955
1909
70,682,101
170,056,178
47,479,236
288,217,515
1910
95,336,427
217,502,415
56,976,585
369,815,427
1911
109,934,665
274,844,858
66,965,585
451,745,108
1912
*116,906,212
330,428,502
74,113,595
521,448,309
1913
138,742,767
435,769,050
95,577,249
670,089,066
1914
132,070,362
395,565,328
90,821,454
618,457,144
1915
90,083,178
296,632,812
68,655,381
455,371,371
1916.
77.404.361
370.497.867
59.914,931
507 817,159
255
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
4. Aggregate Trade of Canada by Countries during the fiscal year ended March 31,
1915, including Coin and Bullion.
Countries.
Total
Exports.
Total
Imports.
Total Trade.
British Empire- $ $
United Kingdom 211,758,863 90,358,287
Australia 5,552,686 385,474
Bermuda 368,263 23,914
British East and West Africa 100,765 22,727
British South Africa 4,645,589 315,135
British East Indies, all other 23,905 1,685,064
British West Indies 4,366,792 6,039,595
British Guiana , 678,797 2,923,115
Straits Settlements 245,456 994,602
Hong Kong 655,053 1,268,760
India ; 415,680 4,136,402
Newfoundland 4,481,176 1,245,680
New Zealand 2,623,855 3,906,462
Other British Possessions j 1,641,824 2,577,737
Total British Empire 237,558,704 115,882,954
Foreign countries-
Alaska 323,877 130,126
Argentina 639,469 3,364,787
Austria-Hungary 279,788 613,171
Belgium 3,259,359 1,855,567
Brazil 542,515 1,153,977
Central American States 72,817 118,185
Chile 55,347 190
China 339,039 1,124,981
Cuba 1,479,355 1,704,204
Denmark 717,238 44,132
Danish West Indies 16,253 117,687
Dutch East Indies 25,927 128,589
Dutch Guiana 40,948 203,898
Egypt and Soudan 26,484 29,665
France 14,595,705 8,251,610
French Africa 4,102 8,694
Germany 2,162,010 4,909,855
Greece 87,485 416,131
Hawaii 71,423 31,501
Holland 5,254,829 1,924,828
Italy 1,840,910 1,507,548
Japan 1,037,001 2,812,620
Mexico 18,551 1,326,233
Norway 1,000,790 388,809
Panama 129,036
Peru 13,141 1,446,636
Philippines 41,574 5,375
Porto Rico 468,698
Portugal 788,485 219,249
Russia 1,331,191 103,954-
Santo Domingo 3,938 3,464,512
St. Pierre and Miquelon 155,332 42,286
Spain 489,680 979,005
Sweden 173,296 546,700
Switzerland 16,445 4,002,782
Turkey 5,961 295,497
Uruguay 52,820 12,762
United States 215,409,326 469,722,066
Venezuela 56,196 211,982
Other Foreign countries 223,831 342, 146
Total foreign countries 253,250,173 | 513,561,940
Total imports and exports 490,808,877 629,444,894
302,117,150
5,938,160
392,177
123,492
4,960,724
1,708,969
10,406,387
3,601,912
1,240,058
1,923,813
4,552,082
5,726,856
6,530,317
4,219,561
353,441,658
454,003
4,004,256
892,959
5,114,926
1,696,492
191,002
55,537
1,464,020
3,183,559
761,370
133,944
154,516
244,846
56,149
22,847,315
12,797
7,071,865
503,616
102,924
7,179,657
3,348,458
3,849,621
1,344,784
1,389,599
129,036
1,459,777
46,949
468,698
1,007,734
1,435,145
3,468,450
197,618
1,468,685
1,719,996
4,019,227
301,458
65,582
685,131,392
268,178
565,977
766,812,113
1,120,253,771
256
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
5. Exports from Canada of Home and Foreign Produce by values, 1868-1916, with
Duties collected on Exports, 1868-1892.
Fiscal Years.
Merchandise.
Coin and
Bullion.
Total
Exports.
Duties
collected
on
Exports.
Home.
Foreign.
1868
$
45,543,177
49,323,304
56,081,192
55,181,356
62,944,027
73,245,606
73,926,748
67,490,893
69,861,849
65,864,880
65,740,134
60,089,578
70,096,191
80,921,379
90,042,711
84,285,707
77,132,079
76,183,518
74,975,506
77,964,020
78,297,750
77,201,8Q4
82,335,514
85,757,744
95,684,253
102,006,490
100,586,853
99,528,351
106,378,752
119,685,410
139,920,932
132,801,262
163,510,790
177,431,386
196,019,763
214,401,674
198,414,439
190,854,946
235,483,956
180,545,306
246,960,968
242,603,584
279,247,551
274,316,553
290,223,857
355,754,600
431,588,439
409,418,836
741,610,638
$
4,196,821
3,855,801
6,527,622
9,853,244
12,798,182
9,405,910
10,614,096
7,137,319
7,234,961
7,111,108
11,164,878
8,355,644
13,240,006
13,375,117
7,628,453
9,751,773
9,389,106
8,079,646
7,438,079
8,549,333
8,803,394
6,938,455
9,051,781
8,798,631
13,121,791
8,941,856
11,833,805
6,485,043
6,606,738
10,825,163
14,980,883
17,520,088
14,265,254
17,077,757
13,951,101
10,828,087
12,641,239
10,617,115
11,173,846
11,541,927
16,407,984
17,318,782
19,516,442
15,683,657
17,492,294
21,313,755
23,848,785
52,023,673
37,689,432
$
4,866, 168j
4,218,208
8,002,278
6,690,350
4,010,398
3,845,987
1,995,835
1,039,837
1,240,037
733,739
168,989
704,586
1,771,755
971,005
371,093
631,600
2,184,292
2,026,980
56,531
5,569
17,534
1,978,256
2,439,782
946,927
1,809,118
4,133,698
1,839,380
4,325,319
4,699,309
3,492,550
4,623,138
4,016,025
8,657,168
1,978,489
1,669,422
619,963
2,465,557
1,844,811
9,928,828
13,189,964
16,637,654
1,589,793
2,594,536
7,196,155
7,601,099
16,163,702
23,560,704
29,366,368
103,572,432
$ $
54,606,166 17,986
57,397,313 14,403
70,611,092 37,912
71,724,950 36,066
79,752,607 24,809
86,497,503 20,152
86,536,679 14,565
75,668,049 7,243
78,336,847 4,500
73,709,727 4,103
77,074,001 4,161
69,149,808 4,272
85,107,952 8,896
95,267,501 8,141
98,042,257 8,810
94,669,080 9,756
88,705,477 8,515
86,290,144 12,305
82,470,116 20,726
85,518,922 31,397
87,118,678 21,772
86,118,515 42,207
93,827,077 93,674
95,503,302 64,808
110,615,162 10&
115,082,044
114,260,038
110,338,713
117,684,799
134,003,123
159.524,953
154,337,375
186,433,212
196,487,632
211,640,286
225,849,724
213,521,235
203,316,872
256,586,630
205,277,197
280,006,606
261,512,159
301,358,529
297,196,365
315,317,250
393,232,057
478,997,928
490,808,877
882,872,502
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884 .
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904 .
1905
1906
1907 (9 months).
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
NOTE. The home and total exports in this table are exclusive of exports to the
United States estimated "short in the years 1868-1900.
257
IMPORTS OF CANADA.
6. Imports into Canada entered for Consumption by values with Duties on Imports,
1868-1916.
Fiscal Years.
Merchandise.
Coin and
Bullion.
Total
Imports.
Duties
collected
on Imports.
Dutiable.
Free.
1868
$
43,655,696
41,069,342
45,127,422
60,094,362
68,276,157
71,198,176
76,232,530
78,138,511
60,238,297
60,916,770
59,773,039
55,426,836
54,182,967
71,620,725
85,757,433
91,588,339
80,010,498
73,269,618
70,658,819
78,120,679
69,645,824
74,475,139
77,106,286
74,536,036
69,160,737
69,873,571
62,779,182
58,557,655
67,239,759
66,220,765
74,625,088
89,433,172
104,346,795
105,969,756
118,657,496
136,796,065
148,909,576
150,928,787
173,046,109
152,065,529
218,160,047
175,014,160
227,264,346
282,723,812
335,304,060
441,606,885
410,258,744
279,792,195
289.332.729
$
23,434,463
22,085,599
21,774,652
24,120,026
36,679,210
53,310,953
46,948,357
39,270,057
32,274,810
33,209,624
30,622,812
23,275,683
15,717,575
18,867,604
25,337,751
30,273,157
25,962,480
26,486,157
25,333,318
26,986,531
31,025,804
34,623,057
34,576,287
36,997,918
45,999,676
45,297,259
46,291,729
42,118,236
38,121,402
40,397,062
51,682,074
59,913,287
68,16Q,083
71,730,938
77,822,694
88,017,654
94,680,443
100,688,332
110,236,095
97,672,345
133,719,908
113,203,355
142,551,081
169,021,296
186,144,249
228,482,181
208,198,400
175,654,117
218.450.632
$
4,895,147
4,247,229
4,335,529
2,733,094
2,753,749
3,005,465
4,223,282
2,210,089
2,220,111
2,174,089
803,726
1,639,089
1,881,807
1,123,275
1,503,743
1,275,523
2,207,666
2,954,244
3,610,557
532,218
2,175,472
575,251
1,083,011
1,811,170
1,818,530
6,534,200
4,023,072
4,576,620
5,226,319
4,676,194
4,390,844
4,705,134
8,297,438
3,537,294
6,311,405
8,976,797
7,874,313
10,308,435
7,078,603
7,517,008
6,548,661
9,988,442
6,017,589
10,206,210
26,033,881
5,427,979
15,235,305
131,992,992
34.260.202
$
71,985,306
67,402,170
71,237,603
86,947,482
107,709,116
127,514,594
127,404,169
119,618,657
94,733,218
96,300,483
91,199,577
80,341,608
71,782,349
91,611,604
112,648,927
123,137,019
108,180,644
102,710,019
99,602,694
105,639,428
102,847,100
109,673,447
112,765,584
113,345,124
116,978,943
121,705,030
113,093,983
105,252,511
110,587,480
111,294,021
130,698,006
154,051,593
180,804,316
181,237,988
202,791,595
233,790,516
251,464,332
261,925,554
290,360,807
257,254,882
358,428,616
298,205,957
375,833,016
461,951,318
547,482,190
, 675,517,045
633,692,449
587,439,304
542.043.563
$
8,801,446
8,284,507
9,425,028
11,807,590
13,020,684
12,997,578
14,407,318
15,354,139
12,828,614
12,544,348
12,791,532
12,935,269
14,129,953
18,492,645
21,700,028
23,162,553
20,156,448
19,121,254
19,427,398
22,438,309
22,187,869
23,742,317
23,921,234
23,416,266
20,550,474
21,161,711
19,379,822
17,887,269
20,219,037
19,891,997
22,157,788
25,734,229
28,889,110
29,106,980
32,425,532
37,110,355
40,954,349
42,024,340
46,671,101
40,290,172
58,331,074
48,059,792
61,024,239
73,312,368
87,576,037
115,063,688
107,180,578
79,205,910!
103.929.426
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896 \.
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907 (9 months)..
1908
1909
1910
1911.
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916.
Includes $2,638,473 war tax
258
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
7. Values of Exports from Canada to the United Kingdom, to the United States
and to Other Countries by classes of Merchandise the Produce of Canada in
five-year averages and for the fiscal years 1911-1916.
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE.
Five year averages
and Fiscal Years.
United
Kingdom.
United
States.
Other
Countries.
Totals.
1868-1870 (3 years)
$
4,351,631
6,671,196
9,384,915
7,940,534
5,759,239
11,732,535
18,185,661
25,133,710
51,527,333
61,393,720
81,784,731
106,537,156
146,230,104
95,834,460
196,077,876
$
7,882,788
7,447,890
8,687,568
11,341,045
8,734,096
4,498,334
1,995,339
3,648,626
4,690,418
10,385,705
11,685,611
27,215,879
32,506,548
19,405,521
18,620,236
$
675,706
896,245
1,079,634
1,126,160
954,168
2,014,413
2,938,763
5,955,968
7,466,218
10,821,859
13,673,033
16,392,626
19,483,377
19,506,069
34,963,082
$
12,910,125
15,015,331
19,152,117
20,407,739
15,447,503
18,245,282
23,119,763
34,738,304
63,683,969
82,601,284
107,143,375
150,145,661
198,220,029
134,746,050
249,661,194
1871-1875
1876-1880
1881-1885
1886-1890
1891-1895
1896-1900
1901-1905
1906-1910
1911 ..."
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
ANIMALS AND THEIR PRODUCE.
1868-1870 (3 years)
3,470,524
6,755,882
9,237,142
15,177,091
16,501,400
26,223,970
39,469,536
55,778,082
47,453,100
40,636,575
36,923,024
30,335,784
26,735,114
38,222,698
67,821,789
5,377,809
6,128,055
4,908,570
6,372,773
6,946,676
3,6,45,801
4,514,262
5,182,806
7,803,531
10,063,544
9,864,524
12,866,948
24,728,798
t 34,186,056
29,051,195
418,579
503,696
566,933
526,642
558,598
643,996
605,462
1,363,839
1,194,545
1,544,055
1,423,106
1,581,647
1,885,207
1,981,989
6,009,292
9,266,912
13,387,633
14,712,645
22,076,506
24,006,674
30,513,767
44,589,260
62,324,727
56,451,176
52,244,174
48,210,654
44,784,379
53,349,119
74,390,743
102,882,276
1871-1875
1876-1880
1881-1885
1886-1890
1891-1895
1896-1900
1901-1905
1906-1910
1911
1912 .
1913
1914
1915
1916
FISHERIES PRODUCE.
1868-1870 (3 years)
261,397
513,070
1,037,612
1,838,937
1,758,642
3,366,495
4,266,576
3,800,480
4,153,822
4,435,891
5,132,047
3,946,471
7,008,888
5,448,902
6,731 794
985,197
1,269,409
1,759,661
3,005,591
2,823,884
3,409,915
3,229,683
4,197,481
4,437,372
4,980,741
5,378,664
5,747,688
6,852,009
8,521,901
8,867,139
2,156,329
2,984.053
3,550,1297
3,137,585
2,854,773
3,209,347
3,166,240
3,709,474
5,256,441
6,258,912
6,193,967
6,642,562
6,762,663
5,716,265
6,779,044
3,402,923
4,766,532
6,347,570
7,982,113
7,437,299
9,985,757
10,662,499
11,707,435
13,847,635
15,675,544
16,704,678
16,336,721
20,623,560
19,687,068
22,377,977
1871-1875 .
1876-1880
1881-1885
1886-1890 .
1891-1895 . .
1896-1900
1901-1905
1906-1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
259
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
7. Values of Exports from Canada to the United Kingdom, to the United States and
to Other Countries, by classes of Merchandise the Produce of Canada in five-year
averages and for the fiscal years 1911-1916 con.
FOREST PRODUCE.
Five year averages and
Fiscal Years.
United
Kingdom.
United
States.
Other
Countries.
Totals.
1868-1870 (3 years)
$
10,368,800
$
8,094,241
$
1,770,228
$
20 233 269
1871-1875
13,872,407
9,423,951
2,529,683
25,826,041
1876-1880
12,007,936
4,912,106
1,674,162
18,594,204
1881-1885
12,491,267
9,539 660
2,193 604
24 224 531
1886-1890
10,714,758
9,962,383
1,731,722
22,408 863
1891-1895
10,574 531
12 577 298
1 482 227
24 634 056
1896-1900
14,544,194
12,205 380
1,776 656
28 526 230
1901-1905
14,747,317
15,506,453
2,714,811
32,968 581
1906-1910
11,400,778
25,442,049
3,888,204
40,731,031
1911...
11,965,131
28,785,427
4,688,499
45 439,057
1912
10 950 840
25 483 532
4 458 302
40 892 674
1913
10,103 469
29 951 880
3 199 711
43 255 060
1914
10,647,123
29 304 546
2 840 468
42 792 137
1915
9,914,548
31,030 873
1,705 262
42 650 683
1916.
14.147.250
34.619.722
2.504 428
51.271.400
MANUFACTURES.
1868-1870 (3 years)
1,167,472
829,903
360,405
2,357,780
1871-1875
1,221,958
1,238 702
486 204
2,946 864
1876-1880
1,956,514
1,036,740
871,601
3 864 855
1881-1885 ...
1,320 117
1 330 968
682 305
3 333 390
1886-1890
1,511,085
1,723 732
813 488
4 048 305
1891-1895
2,677,734
3,011 203
1,609,628
7 298 565
1896-1900
4 683 367
3 516 510
2 899 465
11 099 342
1901-1905
6 662 550
6,984 218
5 584 337
19 231 105
1906-1910
6,875,522
11,436 443
8 209 673
26 521 638
1911.
6,973 820
16 524 005
11 785 293
35 283 118
1912
6,852 710
16 312 751
12,670 823
35 836 284
1913
7 158 746
21 321 458
15 212 504
43 692 708
1914
8 583 540
30 391 764
18 468 148
57 443 452
1915
24,848 359
42 164 753
18 526 389
85 539 501
1916..
148.477.303
58.202.141
35.355.554
242.034.998
MINERAL PRODUCE.
1868-1870 (3 years) 666,335
1,004,320
132,730
1,803,385
1871-1875 582,829
3,366 538
226 395
4 175 762
1876-1880 409727
2 637 275
183 491
3 230 493
1881-1885 375996
2 500 124
251 663
3 127 783
1886-1890 519,797
3,451 809
256 988
4 228 594
1891-1895 485094
5 113 029
362 825
5 960 948
1896-1900 216,096
13 638 433
497 518
14 354 047
1901-1905 782159
32 367 609
1 238 069
34 387 837
1906-1910 2,194298
31 381 056
2 061 333
35 636 687
1911 6726015
33 129 505
2 932 041
42 787 561
1912 5,555 599
33 259 580
2 509 337
41 324 516
1913 12066622
42 541 751
2 834 173
57 442 546
1914 . 16 027 128
39 491 127
3 520 799
59 039 054
1915 12219937
37 558 209
1 962 843
51 740 989
1916. . 12.425.248
51.425.708
2.738.905
6fi. 589.861
NOTE. The statistics of this table are exclusive of coin and bullion, and of
exports to the United States estimated " short " for the years 1868-1900.
260
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
7. Values of Exports from Canada to the United Kingdom, to the United States and
to Other Countries, by classes of Merchandise the Produce of Canada in five-year
averages and for the fiscal years 1911-1916 concluded.
MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCE.
Five year averages and
Fiscal Years :
United
Kingdom.
United
States.
Other
Countries.
Totals.
1868-1870 (3 years) ....
$
15,569
48,238
32,802
32,460
47,141
16,454
31,243
28,823
37,035
25,772
41,462
13,655
22,072
179,650
6.171.139
$
301,398
362,699
389,236
519,732
525,417
56,913
68,635
33,102
39,723
246,896
56,560
80,349
98,033
453,173
320.347
$
24,530
28,625
6,604
8,823
5,123
995
8,410
9,526
19,378
13,147
13,654
3,307
983
30,979
301 .446
$
341,497
439,562
428,642
561,015
577,681
74,362
108,288
66,451
96,136
285,815
111,676
97,311
121,088
663,802
fi.7ft2.932
1871-1875
1876-1880
1881-1885
1886-1890
1891-1895
1896-1900
1901-1905
1906-1910
1911.
1912....
1913
1914
1915
1916..
TOTAL MERCHANDISE THE PRODUCE OF CANADA.
1868-1870 (3 years)
20,301,729
24 475 655
5 538 507
50 315 891
1871-1875
29,665,580
29 237 246
7 654 900
66 557 726
1876-1880
34,066,648
24,331,155
7 932 723
66 330 526
1881-1885
39 176 404
34 609 893
7 926 782
81 713 079
1886-1890
36,812,062
34,167,996
7 174 861
78 154 919
1891-1895..,
55,076,813
32,312 493
9 323 432
96 712 738
1896-1900
81,398,674
39,168242
11 892 513
m459 429
1901-1905
106,928,122
67,920,295
20 576 025
195 424 442
1906-1910
123,641,889
85,230,591
28 095 793
236 968 273
1911.
132,156,924
104,115 823
38 043 806
274 316 553
1912
147,240,413
102,041,222
40 942 222
290 223 857
1913
170,161,903
139,725,953
45 866 744
355 754 600
1914
215,253,969
163,372,825
52,961 645
431 588 439
1915
186,668,554
173,320,216
49,430,066
409,418 836
1916.,
451.852.399
201.106.488
88.651.751
741.610.638
8. Values of Domestic and Foreign Exports from Canada to All Countries by Classes
of Merchandise, 1905-1916.
Fiscal
Years.
Canadian
Produce.
Foreign
Produce.
Total
Exports.
Canadian
Produce.
Foreign
Produce.
Total
Exports.
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE.
s.
MANUFACTURES .
1905
29,994,150
54,062,337
35,856,616
66,069,939
71,997,207
90,433,747
82,601,284
107,143,375
150,145,661
198,220,029
134,746,050
249.661.194
$
4,146,259
6,153,398
7,274,792
9,478,996
10,746,719
11,913,947
7,457,829
8,311,111
8,810,034
8,595,689
35,604,014
17.213.996
$
34,140,409
60,215,735
43,131,408
75,548,935
82,743,926
102,347,694
90,059,113
115,454,486
158,955,695
206,815,718
170,350,064
266.875.190
$
21,191,333
24,561,112
19,087,988
28,507,124
28,957,050
31,494,916
35,283,118
35,836,284
43,692,708
57,443,452
85,539,501
242.034.998
$
3,451,701
3,089,166
2,407,013
4,562,344
3,997,139
4,458,445
5,149,408
6,672,701
8,832,374
10,158,786
9,529,024
8.017.225
$
24,643,034
27,650,278
21,495,001
33,069,468
32,954,189
35,953,361
40,432,526
42,508,985
52,525,092
67,602,238
95,068,525
250.052.223
1906
1907 (9 mos.)
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916.
261
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
8. Values of Domestic and Foreign Exports from Canada to All Countries by Classes
of Merchandise, 1905-1916 concluded.
Fiscal
Years.
Canadian
Produce.
Foreign
Produce.
Total
Exports.
Canadian
Produce.
Foreign
Produce.
Total
Exports.
1905
ANIMALS AND THEIR PRODUCE.
MINERAL PRODUCE.
$
63,337,458
66,455,960
55,422,499
55,101,260
51,349,646
53,926,515
52,244,174
48,210,654
44,784,593
53,349,119
74,390,743
102,882,276
$
643,461
730,215
631,119
812,522
677,064
770,115
809,663
1,010,243
988,634
1,262,953
2,565,259
2,936,914
$
63,980,919
67,186,175
56,053,618
55,913,782
52,026,710
54,696,630
53,053,837
49,220,897
45,773,227
54,612,072
76,956,002
105,819,190
$
31,932,329
35,469,631
26,191,955
39,177,133
37,257,699
40,087,017
42,787,561
41,324,516
57,442,546
59,039,054
51,740,989
66,589,861
$
259,741
236,399
164,327
383,479
306,169
443,826
290,879
186,066
140,484
194,852
325,548
7,329,537
a>
32,192,070
35,706,030
26,356,282
39,560,612
37,563,868
40,530,843
43,078,440
41,510,582
57,583,030
59,233,906
52,066,537
73,919,398
1906
1907 (9 mos.)
1908. .. ;
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1905
FISHERIES PRODUCE.
MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCE.
11,114,318
16,025,840
10,362,142
13,867,368
13,319,664
15,663,162
15,675,544
16,704,678
16,336,721
20,623,560
19,687,068
22377,977
30,580
23,554
34,776
39,199
28,314
97,229
114,315
110,514
106,101
111,289
131,669
213,307
11,144,898
16,049,394
10,396,918
13,906,567
13,347,978
15,760,391
15,789,859
16,815,192
16,442,822
20,734,849
19,818,737
22,591,284
49,675
84,906
148,008
67,674
54,931
125,161
285,815
111,676
97,311
121,088
663,802
6,792,932
1,959,003
789,741
918,524
797,543
1,337,414
1,661,657
1,703,021
989,446
2,011,565
2,931,266
3,382,061
1,551,569
2,008,678
874,647
1,066,532
865,217
1,392,345
1,786,818
1,988,836
1,101,122
2,108,876
3,052,354
4,045,863
8,344,501
1906
1907 (9 mos.)
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1905
FOREST PRODUCE.
TOTAL CANADIAN AND FOREIGN
PRODUCE.
33,235,683
38,824,170
33,476,098
44,170,470
39,667,387
47,517,033
45,439,057
40,892,674
43,255,060
42,792,137
42,650,683
51,271,400
126,370
151,373
111,376
333,901
225,963
171,223
158,452
212,213
424,563
593,950
486,098
426,884
33,362,053
38,975,543
33,587,474
44,504,371
39,893,350
47,688,256
45,597,599
41,104,887
43,679,623
43,386,087
43,136,781
51,698,284
190,854,946
235,483,956
180,545,306
246,960,968
242,603,584
279,247,551
274,316,553
290,223,857
355,754,600
431,588,439
409,418,836
741,610,638
10,617,115
11,173,846
11,541,927
16,407,984
17,318,782
19,516,442
15,683,657
17,492,294
21,313,755
23,848,785
52,023,673
37,689,432
201,472,061
246,657,802
192,087,233
263,368,952
259,922,366
298,763,993
290,000,210
307,716,151
377,068,355
455,437,224
461,442,509
779,300,070
1906
1907 (9 mos.)
1908...
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914...
1915
1916
262
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
9. Values of Exports from Canada of Home Produce to the British Empire and to
Foreign Countries in the five fiscal years 1911-1915.
Countries.
!
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
British Empire total. .
United Kingdom. . . .
Australia and Tas
mania
$ r
148,967,442
132,156,924
3,900,212
999,277
467,596
2,329,260
614,070
9,673
57,612
67,955
6,611
3,991,490
115,388
513,372
3,714,332
23,670
125,349,111
439,064
3,021,537
152,463
1,908,357
1,032,829
102,446
232,502
525,477
443,035
2,551
14,044
2,535,304
29,921
2,028,649
4,921
142,677
1,008,049
374,470
616,230
1,267,568
412,915
34,466
58,305
88,088
1,175,444
142,687
27,580
108,623
r
165,242,001
147,240,413
3,924,023
1,330,762
526,517
2,488,145
576,365
9,063
156,335
131,647
19,675
3,967,748
125,615
564,729
4,131,602
49,362
124,981,856
335,887
2,975,908
55,662
2,851,044
760,910
126,439
175,253
413,889
605,609
7,001
5,904
2,048,768
223,521
3,577,847
8,644
133,147
1,434,379
282,225
486,441
494,723
618,738
12,825
22,431
70,390
1,241,438
138,035
114,546
129,309
$
190,181,667
170,161,903
3,954,481
1,694,408
414,644
3,465,892
627,244
10,252
226,184
228,606
7,243
3,915,172
144,898
774,954
4,472,717
83,069
165,572,933
345,140
2,251,855
154,165
4,241,568
974,462
103,480
136,107
740,690
785,606
11,578
35,947
2,357,154
65,409
3,049,105
65,658
76,498
2,380,983
328,148
1,137,867
218,371
673,304
11,120
75,404
49,142
2,145,211
155,927
48,628
121,582
$
238,642,721
215,254,023
4,673,997
1,933,698
383,151
3,927,384
649,675
9,298
416,373
230,455
39,496
4,469,329
118,441
1,879,261
4,508,240
149,900
192,946,937
134,238
2,134,522
368,425
4,269,394
767,858
113,482
134,457
473,074
637,286
20,366
62,677
3,632,444
57,105
4,044,019
11,934
29,672
3,985,987
514,660
1,587,467
51,747
845,331
11,817
60,806
55,481
1,368,939
114,827
63,995
177,313
$
210,550,854
186,668,599
5,522,594
2,619,556
357,712
4,686,556
670,660
9,450
415,105
245,355
23,905
4,333,095
112,355
653,878
3,976,160
250,874
198,868,649
297,282
634,387
220,654
2,220,709
541,998
72,760
55,302
294,251
529,690
25,927
26,484
10,499,680
4,170
1,447,391
87,485
70,591
1,623,405
521,802
963,631
18,551
1,000,715
13,141
41,574
25,206
1,270,941
141,097
243,001
172,796
New Zealand ....
Bermuda
British Africa
British Guiana
British Honduras. . .
British India
Straits Settlements .
East Indies, all othei
British West Indies .
Fiji
Hong Kong
Newfoundland
All other
Foreign countries total
Alaska
Argentina
Austria-Hungary. . .
Belgium
Brazil
Central Am. States..
Chile
China
Denmark
Dutch East Indies. .
Egypt and Soudan. .
France
French Africa
Germany
Greece
Hawaii
Holland
Italy.
Japan
Mexico
Norway
Peru
Philippines
Portugal
Russia in Europe . . .
St. Pierre
Spain
Sweden
263
EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF CANADA.
9 . Values of Exports from Canada of Home Produce to the British Empire and to
Foreign Countries in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 concluded.
Countries.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
Foreign Countries-con.
Switzerland
$
17,545
$
16,329
$
7,599
21,439
$
11,853
Turkey in Asia
7,449
8,453
11,588
3,979
United States
104,115,823
102,041,222
139,725,952
163,373,840
173,320,798
Uruguay .
77,010
191,642
160,636
90,615
52,820
Venezuela
32,995
22,982
65,892
139,264
56,196
West Indies Cuba .
Danish W. Indies .
Porto Rico
1,761,882
16,854
504,005
2,024,617
11,489
689,424
1,496,857
17,870
609,375
1,815,414
15,207
542,962
1,482,649
13,536
468,698
San Domingo
31,335
29,254
53,050
59,721
3,938
Other West Indies
All other
53,769
800,242
39,284
564,700
67,083
620,056
60,934
1,086,630
43,489
346,072
10. Values of Imports into Canada of Merchandise entered for Consumption from
the British Empire and from Foreign Countries in the five fiscal years 1911-1915;
also of Coin and Bullion.
Countries.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
British Empire total. .
$
129,467,559
$
137,982,614
$
162,541,284
$
154,526,802
$
115,342,706
United Kingdom. . . .
109,934,665
116,906,212
138,742,767
132,070,362
90,158,119
Australia and Tas
mania
511,350
431,701
443,381
713,111
412,205
New Zealand
907,104
1,331,341
3,066,699
3,192,900
3,908,616
Bermuda
9,025
8,987
34,724
7,539
23,923
British Africa
704,860
384,544
272,199
522,916
338,403
British Guiana
3,392,116
5,325,727
3,550,765
3,179,112
2,993,534
British Honduras. . .
85
114
296,122
155,396
497,786
British India
2,779,256
2,836,205
4,653,244
5,006,309
4,133,847
Straits Settlements.
222,173
425,465
519,624
565,843
775,716
East Indies, all other
1,369,016
1,745,887
1,725,588
1,646,835
1,637,985
British West Indies.
6,867,295
5,747,077
5,982,406
4,347,310
6,162,338
Fiji.
355,243
192,984
271,919
240 719
1 780 368
Hong Kong.
591,328
788,474
894,550
1,010,021
1,248,575
Newfoundland
1,817,485
1,841,887
2,056,174
-1,840,523
1,242,800
All other
6,558
16,009
31,122
27,906
28 491
264
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
10. Values of Imports into Canada of Merchandise entered for Consumption from
the British Empire and from Foreign Countries in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 ;
also of Coin and Bullion concluded.
Countries.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
Foreign Countries-total
Alaska
$
322,277,549
140,116
$
383,465,695
61,372
$
507,547,782
46,577
f
463,930,342
66,470
$
340,103,606
38,292
Argentina
2,304,932
3,007,569
4,166,895
2,603,128
3,364,787
Austria-Hungary. . .
Belgium
1,319,129
3,614,354
1,538,521
3,686,419
1,700,429
4,020,178
1,773,021
4,490,476
642,182
1,875,963
Brazil
925,331
1,097,980
1,295,521
1,163,785
1,149,551
Central Am. States.
Chile
105,011
418,967
174,514
305,655
182,497
625,021
163,483
767,289
118,017
190
China
683,092
597,947
752,768
913,262
1,042,383
Denmark
88,807
48,364
117,078
112,629
44,344
Dutch East Indies. .
Egypt and Soudan. .
France
1,464,319
33,066
11,563,677
1,825,578
44,092
11.744,664
3,209,394
51,640
15,375,848
976,090
49,064
14,276,535
197,742
30,482
8,449,186
French Africa
3,828
9,180
5,429
41,505
8,361
Germany
10,047,340
11,089,998
14,214,547
14,586,223
5,086,986
Greece
456,367
552,265
545,595
445,036
417,911
Hawaii
25,599
30,314
44,689
61,365
32,655
Holland
1,820,578
2,423,902
3,109,554
3,015,456
1,769,256
Italy.
962,148
1,146,822
1,713,585
2,090,387
1,472,799
Japan
2,422,346
2,511,875
3,503,533
2,604,216
2,783,465
Mexico
495,219
1,009,557
3,104,072
1,471,182
1,229,977
Norway
427,857
316,759
488,139
486,379
385,647
Peru
67,639
167,136
314,686
748,546
1,494,046
Philippines
37,004
70,846
23,640
5,715
6,204
Portugal
186,380
259,542
343,249
277,381
215,608
Russia in Europe . . .
St. Pierre
263,120
3,782
335,782
11,909
924,223
4,068
482,809
6,068
105,455
4,244
Spain
1,154,747
1,273,211
1,258,970
1,352,133
977,448
Sweden
278,715
329,734
472,378
603,401
545,835
Switzerland
3,102,910
3,458,006
4,296,702
4,314,805
3,979,256
Turkey in Asia
553,770
461,492
521,509
479,269
323,227
United States
274,844,858
330,428,502
435,769,050
395,565,328
296,632,506
Uruguay
6,300
314,511
160,642
55,726
12,781
Venezuela
90,839
148,002
202,750
133,243
209,626
West Indies Cuba .
Danish W. Indies.
Porto Rico
1,281,637
144,184
204
1,488,800
76,579
833
2,549,673
240,687
99
3,952,887
259,368
1,613
1,617,291
115,469
San Domingo
Other West Indies
All other
733,094
9,449
196,834
1,176,567
1,022
239,874
1,803,963
138
388,366
2,942,333
473
592,263
3,193,796
530,638
Coin and Bullion . . .
10,206,210
26,033,881
5,427,979
15,235,305
131,992,992
265
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF CANADA.
11. Value of Merchandise imported into and exported from Canada through the
United States during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1914-1915.
Countries whence imported and
to which exported.
Merchandise imported
through United States.
1914.
1915.
Merchandise exported
through United States.
1914.
1915.
United Kingdom 7,472,044 4,853,119
Australia and Tasmania 138,464 16,790
British Africa 419,011 293,435
British India 1,458,267 1,257,848
British East Indies 959,832! 960,383
British Guiana ! 1,318,449 735,390
British West Indies I 142,015 784,811
New Zealand 39,620 95,520
Other British Possessions 101,478 159,819
Total British Empire 12,049,1801 9,157,115
Argentina 1,303,744; 1,500,270
Austria-Hungary 219,136, 28,835
Belgium V. 249,807 134,711
Brazil 451,890 631,306
Central American States 22,676 9,272
Chile 190
China 87,323 534,678
Cuba 1,684,072 372,421
Denmark 28,296 10,448
Danish West Indies 18,886 69
Dutch East Indies 51,601 37,300
Dutch Guiana 164,451 68,809
French West Indies
Egypt and Soudan 9,031 19,526
France 687,905 672,859
French Africa 31,728 7,155
Germany 2,425,897 818,240
Greece 62,722 96,403
Hayti I
Holland 405,718 326,382
Italy 349,156 555,965
Japan 42,023 130,996
Mexico 244,993 206,554
Norway 27,330 33,567
Panama -
Peru , -
Philippines 762
Porto Rico 1,561
Portugal 17,988 29,069
Rumania 270 90
Russia in Europe 95,171 26,104
San Domingo 1,651,025 524,694
Spain 92,038 147,929
Sweden 49,149 155,861
Switzerland 49,126 173,926
Turkey 78,347 128,802
U. S. of Columbia 68,686 96,989
Uruguay 11,415 6,152
Venezuela 44,753 45,566
Other Countries. 21,174 106,418
Total foreign countries 10,749,088 7,638,338
Grand Total .. 22,798,268 16,795,453
98,046,253
1,825,234
362,523
371,412,
37,390
134,032
1,722,812
329, 590^
301,199
103,130,445
1,274,407
211,245
273,101
311,365
112,832
56,852
1,685
662,865
380,355
13,266
976,
42,438
20.862
24,262
1,298,709
53,800
2,477,774
11,665
19,833
1,325,343
228,370
3,937
30,040
627,098
186,044
11,242
731
316,070
1,788
69,800
1,235,631
46,542
56,958
58,808
6,151
74,275
23,240
35,578
131,959
145,824
11,863,721
114,994,166
60,433,803
1,322,414
492,514
289,373
19,262
103,576
1,346,956
260,815
282,599
64,551,312
328,489
34,658
67,860
258,041
70,552
43,653
9,054
465,028
391,054
13,549
9,660
32,958
32,479
6,940
3,059,963
4,170
505,597
84,469
3,815
807,386
507,199
114,962
16,306
856,890
100,517
12,506
828
251,601
6,688
3,150
121,673
2,791
46,647
111,053
9,740
1,757
23,785
19,338
54,058
89,654
8,580,518
73,131,830
266
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes of
home produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915.
Principal articles by
(
QUANTITIES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
I. Agricultural produce.
Balsam
Cider gal.
180,468
204,764
185,828
150,683
85,362
Flax cwt .
197
446
120
1,110
Fruits
Apples, dried Ib.
268,390
178,744
121,180
424,200
2,307,481
Apples, greenor ripe, bbl.
Berries, all kinds
476,190
1,481,485
1,245,100
858,413
1,041,913
Canned or preserved. . .
All other
, .
Total fruits
-
_
mm
Grain and products of
Barley bush.
1,116,116
921,757
5,556,090
10,905,712
4,388,577
Beans
153
22
530
Buckwheat "
174,767
35,334
103,024
16,093
225,309
Indian corn "
17,132
7,280
17,421
139,511
Oats "
4,028,746
7,014,645
7,293,004
13,903,389
8,537,236
Peas, whole "
60,391
38,676
22,420
12,187
25,587
Peas, split "
2,688
700
644
Rye "
25,544
95,413
87,282
Wheat "
43,637,625
60,343,037
77,722,465
108,574,397
64,301,202
Other grains "
3,250
Total grains "
49,037,618
68,357,421
90,729,827
133,525,256
77,705,234
Bran cwt.
123,316
144,184
97,822
28,717
77,986
Cereal foods
Flour of wheat. ...... bbl.
1,884,655
2,338,851
2,880,157
2,794,657
3,137,146
Indian meal "
141
430
Oatmeal "
122,124
205,111
187,506
108,138
57,505
Meal, all other "
1,044
3,368
2,989
30
Malt bush.
10,375
Total flour, meal and malt
Hay ton.
112,529
104,817
62,871
26,916
6,411
Hemp cwt.
Hops Ib.
156,679
16,454
182,625
248,660
167,935
Maple sugar "
21,866
24,786
37,328
38,726
80,029
Maple syrup. . gal.
1,694
1,891
1,915
2,880
2,216
Seeds
Clover bush.
26,781
19,463
26,750
24,226
18,485
Flaxseed "
1,019,057
495,496
2,536,336
8,579,713
675,318
Grass "
1,132
1,989
8,592
7,268
5,499
All other seeds
Total seeds
_
_
Straw ton.
618
975
52
24
Tobacco leaf Ib.
876
3,142
4,220
1,419
Trees, shrubs and plants.. .
Vegetables
Canned or preserved
Potatoes bush.
283
1,182
8
20
102,090
All other
Total vegetables
_ _
.
All other agricultural pro
ducts
,
_
*
signify "not elsewhere specified
" " not otherwise provided for."
NOTE. The letters "n.e.s."
letters "n.o.p.
and the
267
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes of
home produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915.
Principal articles by
VALUES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
I.Agricultur lproduce, totals
Balsam
$
61,393,720
2,269
$
81,784,731
2,695
$
106,537,156
186
$
146,230,104
4,536
$
5,834,460
2,878
Cider
26,556
35,708
22,014
19,580
15,169
Flax
1,694
1,920
1,250
7,022
Fruits-
Apples, dried
16,013
6,232
7,837
25,877
138,048
Apples, green or ripe ....
Berries, all kinds
1,598,359
3
4,678,245
12
3,804,967
3,137,267
2,460,413
Canned or preserved ....
All other
200,034
35,993
229,250
54,466
216,589
35,978
375,913
110,695
433,146
41,962
Total fruits
1,850,402
4,968,205
4,065,371
3,649,752
3,073,569
Grain and products of
Barley
576,902
607,933
3,315,172
5,514,016
2,520,084
Beans
205
65
1,030
Buckwheat
87,753
20,432
53,432
9,653
176,845
Indian corn
10,279
4,077
13,937
106,848
Oats
1.540,119
2,903,708
3,592,237
5,644,951
4,067,540
Peas, whole
94,095
58,776
43,299
27,538
66,013
Peas, split
3,224
1,000
1,486
Rye
14,305
64,393
93,291
Wheat
43,335,569
58,677,160
74,978,155
106,696,231
66,363,044
Other grains
2,110
Total grains
45,648,146
62,271,184
82,000,687
117,972,205
73,394,695
Bran
125,146
124,677
92,221
25,355
53,042
Cereal foods
1,323,104
1,482,058
1,382,331
1,408,413
1,474,907
Flour of wheat
8,189,837
9,732,708
12,442,479
11,584,843
15,901,713
Indian meal
482
2,400
Oatmeal
501,223
878,743
830,417
473,220
275,786
Meal, all other
3,962
11,006
11,956
150
Malt
11,308
Total flour, meal and malt
Hay.
8,695,504
1,152,629
10,633,765
1,027,995
13,284,852
759,241
12,060,613
296,331
16,177,499
88,813
Hemp
Hops
19,740
1,857
33,645
56,802
35,430
Maple sugar
2,393
2,353
3,869
3,862
6,670
Maple syrup
1,641
2,039
2,105
2,769
2,389
Seeds
Clover
230,981
189,289
310,629
226,222
152,848
Flaxseed
2,285,411
1,004,888
4,537,360
10,482,556
928,346
Grass
2,948
9,629
11,854
8,816
6,461
All other
390
153
777
1,644
73
Total seeds
2,519,730
1,203,959
4,860,620
10,719,238
1,087,728
Straw
3,910
6,861
374
194
Tobacco leaf
1,320
450
429
624
Trees, shrubs and plants.. .
Vegetables-
Canned or preserved
Potatoes
1,291
15,119
132
3,637
10,203
525
701
20,329
6
860
7,194
13
18
262,918
71,447
All other
43
46
96
195
73,970
Total vegetables
15,294
10,774
20,431
7,402
408,335
All other agricultural
products
4,271
3,724
6,808
1,957
5,478
268
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes of
home produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
(
QUANTITIES
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
II. Animalsand theirproduce
Animals, living
Cattle, over one
year old NO.
113,795
47,868
12069
9 778
/
Horses, over one
year old
197
138
74
34
7 736
Sheep, over one year
old "
430
928
500
Poultry and other n.e.s. .
Total animals, living. . .
Animal products
Meats, viz.
Bacon Ib.
55,971,989
58,351,392
35,963,906
23 620 861
72 036 025
Beef "
482,371
274,419
782,920
190 787
1 330 282
Hams a
3,782,939
2,998,850
2,432,074
1 664,787
9 198 208
Pork "
96,931
43,004
4,065
54,784
5 849,254
Poultry, dressed and
undressed
Game, dressed and un
dressed
Tongues Ib.
53
11,026
3,258
_
12,272
Canned "
393,999
191,454
244,732
279,922
6,039,495
All other, n.e.s. .. "
Total meats
2,088,493
10,524,966
2,581,026
955,290
1,011,256
Other animal products
Bones cwt.
318
63
171
Butter Ib.
1,733,060
7,458,936
681
138,349
585,605
Cheese u
180,658,059
162,395,097
153,886,884
142,138,799
135,900,614
Eggs . . doz.
7,067
129,830
51,295
3,100,247
Furs, dressed
__
Furs, undressed
^^
_
M1 __
_
_
Grease and grease
scraps Ib.
58,836
34,542
26,791
512,750
83,623
Glue stock
Hair
^^
,
_
Hides and skins, other
than fur
Horns and hoofs
__
^
_
Honey Ib.
738
165
40
1,140
101
Lard "
168,838
181,558
34,500
36,046
1,807,146
Milk and cream, con
densed "
93,128
155,088
30
208,073
Oil, Neat s foot and
other gal.
93
1,050
3,086
51
35,488
Sausage casings
Sheep pelts
^_
_
__
-
Tallow Ib.
5,795
927,470
890,037
1,485,576
10,000
Wool "
780,024
299,167
697,390
448,957
560
All other
Total other animal
products
269
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes of
home produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
VALUES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
II. Animalsand their produce
Totals
$
40,636,575
$
36,923,024
$
30,335,784
$
26,735,114
$
38,222,698
Animals, living
Cattle, over one year old .
Horses, over one year old
Sheep, over one year old.
Poultry and other n.e.s . .
Total animals, living. . .
Animal products
Meats, viz.
Bacon
7,942,144
36,072
2,611
995
7,981,822
8,005,071
3,343,625
35,650
6,421
2,360
3,388,056
7,437,526
913,954
14,400
4,438
932,792
5,313,711
697,807
8,670
4,000
2,185
712,662
3,717,266
1,382,345
10,760
1,393,105
11,080,424
Beef
43,886
28,641
71,896
13,077
179,998
Hams
503,327
383,720
316,047
236,468
1,376,151
Pork
12,627
5,101
462
9,257
781,643
Poultry, dressed and
undressed
968
1,264
5,365
514
64,791
Game, dressed and un
dressed
21
14
10
Tongues . ,
65
1,315
488
_
2,369
Canned
52,211
19,204
25,788
31,518
1,627,964
All other, n.e.s
195,691
1,124,583
265,209
95,297
96,862
Total meats
8,813,867
9,001,368
5,998,976
4,103,397
15,210,202
Other animal products-
Bones
300
34
500
Butter
401,621
1,769,510
173
31,950
150,612
Cheese
20,577,542
20,733,064
20,497,195
18,533,880
18,936,704
Eggs. ,
2,428
37,800
9,224
850,808
Furs, dressed
1,827
10,147
2,018
1,261
6,300
Furs, undressed
2,436,304
1,717,365
2,628,994
3,059,305
1,297,702
Grease and grease scraps .
Glue stock
1,996
3,712
1,626
1,900
22,059
3,889
341
Hair
3,616
8,239
7,367
7,084
6,210
Hides and skins, other
than fur
135,570
39,351
314
6,408
7,634
Horns and hoofs
3,200
262
75
Honev
117
23
6
211
14
Lard
21,134
20,832
4,080
2,705
213,207
Milk and cream, con
densed
7,583
14,047
3
12,075
Oil, Neat s foot and other
Sausage casings .
93
444
57,042
3,513
45 544
44
32,972
40,146
91,121
Sheep pelts
L
3,278
Tallow
400
60,216
55,689
102,419
700
Wool
159,147
50,238
123,087
93,330
125
All other
88,008
9,648
24,909
21,574
1,803
Total other animal pro
ducts
23,840,886
24,533,600
23 404,016
21,919,055
21,619,391
270
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes of
home produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
(
QUANTITIES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
III. Fisheries produce.
Codfish, etc., fresh. Ib.
Codfish, dry, salted cwt .
Codfish, wet, salted and
pickled cwt.
38,611
7
14,725
38,479
1,220
21,158
1,193
25,073
300
12,411
14360
Total codfish
_
Halibut, fresh Ib.
3,001
..
200
326,410
194,000
Halibut, pickled bbl.
Herring, canned. ... Ib.
Herring, fresh "
4
10,000
4
59,046
Herring, pickled. . . . bbl .
Herring, smoked. . . Ib.
Total herring
218
7,400
14
41,186
209
29,130
1,499
29,460
30,651
4,950
Lobsters, fresh bbl.
260
__
162
.
_
Lobsters, canned. . . Ib.
Total lobsters
3,064,737
3,108,550
2,824,057
2,875,206
2,796,102
Oysters bbl .
35
40
43
36
14
Salmon, fresh Ib.
436,494
417,090
658,550
1,095,924
854,429
Salmon, smoked .... "
Salmon, canned .... "
Salmon, pickled .... bbl .
Total salmon
150
19,659,947
1
22,989.444
3
15,999,137
220
38,496
48,862,562
66
100
25,385,101
43
Sea fish, other, fresh Ib.
Sea fish, other, pkld.bbl.
Sea fish, other, pre
served Ib .
3,800
18,720
23,556
229,657
1,800
261
115,150
Total sea fish, other..
Fish bait and clams. bbl.
Fish,all other, pkld.bbl.
Fish oil, cod gal .
13
44,506
12
27,089
8,629
18
28,734
250
4,248
Fish oil, seal "
14,923
8,625
28,448
3,120
Fish oil, whale "
735,597
1,837,688
600,481
427,571
2.5,633
Fish oil, other "
10,050
18,627
13,710
100,683
35,795
Total fish oil.... "
Furs or skins the produce
of fish or marine animals
Other articles of the fish
eries
805,076
1,892,029
651,268
55fc,88
68,7^6
IV. Forest produce.
Ashes, pot and pearl. bbl.
Logs-
Elm M. ft.
656
483
668
416
465
457
403
436
Pine . ." "
12
12
Spruce "
*=
r-
10
,
All other "
704
1,344
4,019
__
_
Total logs "
1,187
1,772
4,498
Lumber
Basswood M. ft.
331
659
340
117
197
Battens
271
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes of
home produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
VALUES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
III. Fisheries produce totals
Codfish, etc., fresh
$
4,435,891
$
5,132,047
300
$
3,946,471
$
7,008,888
$
5,448,902
9
Codfish, dry salted
121,862
131,998
72 698
92,511
54 134
Codfish, wet salted and
pickled
42
5,490
3,205
54,000
Total codfish
121,904
137 788
75 903
92,511
108 143
Halibut, fresh
240
10
18,802
14 300
Halibut, pickled
34
20
Herring, canned
_
8,500
Herring, fresh
_
100
L
Herring, pickled
858
61
1 427
6,704
30 656
Herring, smoked
148
1 180
905
768
256
Total herring
1,006
1 241
2,432
7,472
39 412
Lobsters, fresh
7,818
3,150
Lobsters, canned
908,273
1,078,898
883,120
1,010,367
1,123,691
Total lobsters
916,091
1,078,898
886,270
1,010,367
1,123,691
Oysters
348
431
504
421
194
Salmon, fresh
57,390
46806
58,934
127,356
92 023
Salmon, smoked
11
6,416
10
Salmon, canned
2,936,305
2,918,585
2,605,344
5,436,727
4,018,304
Salmon, pickled
10
47
4,400
1,063
471
Total salmon . .
2,993,716
2,965,438
2,668 678
5,571 562
4,110 808
Sea fish, other, fresh ....
Sea fish, other, pickled . .
Sea fish, other, preserved
Total sea fish, other. . .
Fish bait and clams
Fish, all other, pickled . .
Fish oil, cod
426
426
53
14,703
1,093
1,093
156
11,331
2,854
2,854
3,652
23,358
23,358
112
9,531
36
979
22,968
23,983
1,750
1,275
Fish oil, seal
4,908
4,120
10,385
312
Fish oil, whale
138,207
774,395
243,604
198,169
8,934
Fish oil, other
4,960
10,627
5,337
32 770
8 572
Total fish oil
162,778
800,473
262,978
240 470
19 093
Furs or skins, the produce
of fish or marine animals
Other articles of the fish
eries
237,493
1,836
52,000
94,495
13,302
33,540
42,029
1,764
7,528
IV. Forest produce totals .
Ashes, pot and pearl
Logs-
Elm
11,965,131
30,229
10,877
10,950,840
28,998
5,940
10,103,469
21,617
9,515
10,647,123
17,965
31 211
9,914,548
22,081
8 132
Pine
138
270
Spruce
_
108
All other
15,812
21,362
64,510
76 525
17 953
Total logs
26,689
27,440
74,403
107 736
26 085
Lumber
Basswood
11,755
24,303
9 418
3 187
7 195
Battens
34,396
3 542
4 379
272
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes of
home produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
classes.
QUANTITIES.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
IV. Forest produce con.
Lumber con.
Deals, pine st. hund.
Deals, spruce and
other "
21,704
148,651
7,244
15,637
528
4,186
79,778
35,584
228
8,931
5,606
5,920
18,996
917
40,598
767
20
1,375
726
1,570
340
/
338
16,671
137,456
6,672
25,844
60
1,263
96,769
29,222
64
13,079
3,241
7,591
1,631
20,831
1,452
47,889
892
28
1,532
1,046
291
729
410
25
17,507
114,790
4,403
7,939
80
7,517
81,616
24,142
82
64
18,098
3,040
907
1,866
26,199
1,125
51,299
1,747
103
1,998
596
226
131
471
21
19,000
136,147
6,179
2,863
55
74,571
27,282
52
626
878
10
2,278
621
721
572
421
13,318
126,417
5,767
777
68,348
25,817
782
748
1,258
4
1,442
502
380
317
183
578
Deal ends "
Laths M.
Palings "
Pickets "
Planks and boards M. ft.
Scantling "
Shingles M.
Shooks, box and other .
Staves and headings . . .
All other lumber, n.e.s.
Total lumber
Match blocks
Poles, hop, hoop, tele
graph and other
Sleepers and railroad
ties
Timber, square-
Ash ton.
Birch "
Elm
Maple "
Oak "
Pine, red "
Pine, white "
All other.., "
Total sq. timber "
Other articles of the forest
V. Manufactures.
Agricultural implements,
viz.
Drills NO.
Mowing Machines "
Reapers "
Harvesters "
Ploughs . . "
Harrows > . . "
Hay rakes "
Cultivators "
All other
Parts of
Total
Asbestos, mfs. of
Books, pamphlets, maps,
etc
Biscuits and bread . . cwt
273
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes of
home produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
VALUES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
IV. Forest produce con.
Lumber con.
Deals, pine
$
1,406,444
$
1,331,006
$
1,285,863
$
1,322,326
$
1,073,420
Deals, spruce and other
Deal ends
6,471,153
310,295
5,309,113
281,978
4,683,821
176,449
5,947,348
249,088
5,829,977
241,310
Laths
37,558
58,285
21,261
8,055
2,104
Palings
10,290
604
805
654
Pickets
21,196
18,211
29,735
15,196
25,153
Planks and boards
1,659,701
1,962,877
1,825,549
1,772,005
1,580,251
Scantling
434,534
358,009
278,306
367,335
381,730
Shingles
160
292
2,475
Shooks, box and other. .
Staves and headings . . .
All other lumber, n.e.s.
Total lumber
231,703
24,904
174,248
10,828,177
116,881
30,014
152,356
9,643,637
167,887
19,272
168,082
8,666,608
121,781
12,956
187,930
10,011,695
85,618
18,106
89,662
9,341,380
Match blocks
56,706
364
2,847
923
Poles, hop, hoop, tele
graph and other
750
1,347
Sleepers and railroad ties
Timber, square-
Ash
3,779
1,067
1,327
3,146
4,542
1,086
Birch ....
112,651
156,395
221,658
122,904
113,874
Elm
155,554
118,018
76,481
73,997
95,965
Maple
Oak
143,021
134,829
24,541
71,835
71,578
Pine, red
39,578
64,144
12,150
Pine, white
597,121
783,588
937,076
204,482
236,656
All other
11,204
16,806
12,017
19,053
75
Total, sq. timber. . . .
Other articles of the
forest
1,023,330
1,250,281
120
1,337,244
507,567
813
519,234
303
V. Manufactures totals.
Agricultural implements
viz.
Drills
6,973,820
6,852,710
7,158,746
8,583,540
34,781
24,848,359
36,642
Mowing Machines ....
Reapers. . . ...
26,928
1,216
30,914
1,619
60,291
6,070
30,270
660
42,885
220
Harvesters
141,799
159,054
209,289
233,131
146,059
Ploughs
12,353
15,959
20,017
8,400
9,766
Harrows
8,580
3,437
2,564
8,345
4,738
Hay rakes . .
10,663
20,180
2,914
13,402
6,427
Cultivators
8,583
9,141
10,526
4,641
All other
83,852
105,242
79,280
71,505
49,982
Parts of
140,005
110,704
47,440
77,347
53,524
Total
425,396
455,692
437,006
488,367
354,884
Asbestos, mfs. of
7,256
37,169
Books, pamphlets, maps
etc
143,309
84,831
148,086
208,247
133,971
Biscuits and bread.
1,584
214
138
4,430
274
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes of
home produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
QUANTITIES
.
classes
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
V. Manufactures con.
Binder twine Ib.
200,260
2,240
j
9 020
11 550 610
Bricks M.
4
Brooms and whisks
_
Buttons
_
Cartridges, gun, rifle, etc.
Charcoal
,
-
-
-
Cement
_
_
Clay, manufactures of ...
Clothing and wearing ap
parel
Cordage, rope and twine .
Cotton fabrics yd.
52,704
72 649
10 722
8 260
813 894
Cottons, other
Cotton waste Ib.
48,721
100,467
249 353
!3 661
231 625
Drugs, chemicals, and
medicines, n.e.s
Dye stuffs
w-
_
^ _
Electrical apparatus
Electrotypes
-
-
-
-
-
Extract of hemlock
bark bbl.
3,634
2,535
\
1,544
1 267
2,371
Explosives and ful
minates, n.e.s. ... Ib.
Fertilizers
30,247
58,370
18,853
;
Fur, manufactures of ....
Glass and glassware, n.e.s.
Grindstones, manufactu d
Guns, rifles, etc
-
-
-
_
-
Gypsum or plaster,
ground
Hats and caps
. . __
_
m __
___
Household effects, n.e.s..
India rubber, mfs. of. ...
India rubber, waste. Ib.
Iron and steel and mfs. of-
Buoys, gas, and parts of
Castings, n.e.s
-
127,495
-
Ferro silicon and ferro
compounds ton.
39
Hardware and tools ....
Machinery, n.e.s
Pig iron ton.
146
168
76
99
_
Scrap iron or steel, cwt.
Sewing machines. NO.
Stoves "
3,764
132
95
17,190
2,049
19
5,747
110
15
21,714
19
11
17,206
163
38
Typewriters "
3,058
3,428
2,053i
2,147
1,857
Wire and wire nails cwt.
All other, n.e.s
266,919
Total
__
_
_
Jewellers sweepings
275
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes of
home produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
classes.
VALUES.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914. 1915.
V. Manufactures con.
Binder twine
$
13,742
55
184
16,266
165
125
39,645
1,291
11,090
2,994
1,598
448,044
3,210
453
43,596
4,831
725
14,438
3,879
8,009
1,254
133,563
47,544
5,345
32,871
50,923
4,200
2,414
3,179
2,237
207,748
148,158
457,075
28,157
$
123
15,439
334
8,771
592
60
2
49,109
2,916
16,684
3,261
1,994
420,167
70
9,886
1,234
30,328
13,457
19,426
2,456
434
4,179
1,634
140,698
38,743
7,196
1,968
31,529
57,652
6,070
10,146
27,091
959
217,293
95,402
455,306
32,212
$
7,717
23
6,768
100
59,447
2,675
3,511
9,107
521,566
8,488
477
16,520
5,387
25,441
25,266
5,135
332
7,667
744
199,759
16,665
16,014
788
30,979
46,191
1,860
2,582
2,263
537
152,555
76,506
330,275
42,511
$
735
5
4,680
80
7,432
7,350
99,019
1,129
876
6,000
289
440,082
25,183
64
15,170
7,900
1,405
21,597
8,819
10,218
1,270
264,047
18,778
6,874
2,000
1,654
29,868
50,494
2,665
15,940
800
427
142,042
195,162
441,052
26,899
$
105,611
1,271
5
116,014
77
6,288,694
1,220
158,6*49
33,275
12,403
463,427
17,012
66
28,512
51,543
877
17,097
14,016
153,224
216
917
356,918
182,843
1,850
127,522
1,900
141,323
55,477
6,864
4,988
1,488
119,825
543,451
4,442,511
5,447,199
29,661
Bricks
Brooms and whisks
Buttons . ....
Cartridges, gun, rifle, etc.
Charcoal .
Cement
Clay, manufactures of ...
Clothing and wearing ap
parel
Cordage, rope and twine.
Cotton fabrics
Cottons, other
Cotton waste
Drugs, chemicals and
medicines, n.e.s
Dye stuffs
Electrical apparatus
Electrotypes
Extract of hemlock bark.
Explosives and fulmin
ates, n.e.s
Fertilizers
Fur, manufactures of . . . .
Glass and glassware, n.e.s.
Grindstones, manufac d. .
Guns, rifles, etc
Gypsum or plaster,
ground
Hats and caps
Household effects,. n.e.s..
India rubber, mfs. of . . . .
India rubber, waste . . .
Iron and steel and mfs. of-
Buoys, gas, and parts of
Castings, n.e.s
Ferro silicon and ferro
compounds
Hardware and tools
Machinery, n.e.s
Pig iron
Scrap iron or steel
Sewing machines
Stoves
Typewriters
Wire and wire nails
All other, n.e.s
Total
Jewellers sweepings
276
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes of
home produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915. con.
Principal articles by
QUANTITIES
CiaSbCfa.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
V. Manufactures con.
Jewellery, all kinds
Junk cwt.
55,125
75,618
79 122
9 032 1
167 1
Lamps and lanterns
Leather
Boots and shoes
Harness and saddlery. .
Leather, n.e.s. ... Ib.
Sole...., "
606,677
6,006,291
808,093
5,819,090
1,040,331
3,067,085
1,429,401
4,674 579
418,275
7 544 817
Upper "
639,679
776,446
356 799
129 068
896 389
Other manufactures of..
Total leather
Liquors
Ale and beer gal.
150
3
53
36
Gin "
_
538
Whiskey "
9,206
9 628
7 955
10 329
7 385
Wines "
153
154
481
429
568
Wood alcohol "
219,030
366,998
462,213
155 524
125 405
Other spirits "
Total liquors "
Metals
Aluminum in bars,
blocks, etc cwt.
17
228,556
21,649
3,840
380,623
19,395
470,649
41,979
166,873
43,214
133,394
51,755
Aluminum, mfs. of
Brass, old and
scrap cwt.
6,561
5,041
Copper, old and
scrap "
6,391
3,655
Metallic shingles and
laths and corrugated
roofing
Metals, n.o.p
___
__ 1
_
_
r _ r
Musical instruments
Organs NO.
1,222
1,603
1,726
1,581
699
Pianos "
17
20
49
41
41
Other instruments
Total
Oil cake cwt.
201,833
182,456
324,136
322,350
158,720
Oil, n.e.s gal.
11,549
577
17,805
16,602
4,121
Paper, viz:
Paper, wall roll.
1,113
480
1,000
Paper, felt "
288
170
127
368
8,715
Paper, wrapping . . Ib.
Paper, printing ... "
Paper, n.e.s
15,200
5,010
10,167,560
37,269
5,969,300
102,260
8,925,200
Total
__
_.
Paints and varnishes ....
Paintings of all kinds ....
Plumbago, mfs. of
mm
"
"
Photographs
_._
__
Rags Ib.
4,477,329
4,677,169
4,589,800
4,546,500
5,201,800
l Not including metallic and rubber.
277
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes of
home produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915. con.
Principal articles by
VALUES.
ciabses.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
V. Manufactures con.
Jewellery, all kinds
$
$
23,462
$
24 335
$
26 772
. $
13 811
Junk
201,334
351,915
337 796
19 048
408 l
Lamps and lanterns
3,796
3,699
3 509
3 101
5 211
Leather
Boots and shoes
5,653
2,412
1 733
3 064
39 725
Harness and saddlery . .
Leather, n.e.s
323
97,356
547
132,660
735
239 575
1,702
318 796
1,651,562
m796
Sole
1,445,587
1,346,864
823 050
1 387 792
2 294 902
Upper . .
169,075
142,009
82 814
32 378
531 927
Other manufactures of..
Total leather
6,422
1,724,416
4,717
1,629,209
3,114
1,151 021
3,015
1,746 747
33,768
4 669 680
Liquors
Ale and beer
125
5
30
16
Gin
562
Whiskey
26,540
36,197
24,383
29 719
22 142
Wines
180
192
499
529
392
Wood alcohol
75,745
151,071
132 737
77 330
74 828
Other spirits, n.e.s
42
1,010
Total liquors
102,632
188,475
157 619
108 170
97 378
Metals
Aluminum in bars,
blocks, etc
324,244
256,561
459 150
605 862
810 227
Aluminum, mfs. of
17
448 127
Brass, old and scrap . . .
Copper, old and scrap. .
Metallic shingles and
laths and corrugated
roofing
67,380
87,307
113 221
54,282
45,258
54 308
Metals, n.o.p
28,272
42,482
62,375
172944
157 350
Musical instruments
Organs
86,579
119,879
114 677
91 236
39 484
Pianos
6,161
5,796
13,420
13 428
14 828
Other instruments
967
1,110
3,624
58 239
66 771
Total
93,707
126,785
131 721
162 903
m083
Oil cake
278 819
286,337
509 509
444 349
221 482
Oil, n.e.s
6,964
355
15 454
10 ? 347
1 608
Paper, viz.:
Paper, wall
171
155
200
Paper, felt.
352
138
148
499
22 725
Paper, wrapping.
800
183
1 053
2 792
Paper, printing .
306,248
254,962
202,215
122207
180 598
Paper, n.e.s
532,790
345,568
381 905
381 717
386 923
Total
840,361
600,851
584 423
505 676
593 038
Paints and varnishes ....
Paintings of all kinds ....
Plumbago, mfs. of
4,641
4,039
6,990
16,087
2,006
30,533
23,466
3 227
22,371
71,733
7 210
70,287
13,924
8 378
Photographs
1,730
1,698
778
1 396
1 117
Rags
251,792
237,937
256 637
287 837
388 611
*Not including metallic and rubber.
278
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes of
home produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
classes.
QUANTITIES.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
V. Manufactures con.
Soap Ib.
21,836
176,220
292
311
4
25
3,304
27,889
873
23
8
1
9
219
962,878
12,325
45,140
2
45,774
2,496
3,440
18
3
2
25
554
1,296,183
20,435
20,235
15
2
10,942
4,244
955
25
10
1
11
325
1,434,971
/
92,545
132,828
4
15,040
705
291
16
1
23
177
1,866,470
151,080
58,340
76,718
1
118
4,391
23
1
4
2,053
21
69
2,195,486
Starch "
Stationery
Stone, granite, marble,
etc., dressed
Sugar, all kinds, n.e.s. Ib.
Sugar-house syrup . . gal.
Tar
Tin, manufactures of ....
Tobacco
Cigars M.
Cigarettes "
Stems and cuttings Ib.
All other, n.e.s. . . "
Total tobacco
Tow cwt.
Vehicles
Automobiles NO.
Automobiles, parts of...
Carriages NO.
Carriages, parts of . . .
Carts NO.
Wagons . "
Bicycles "
Bicycles, parts of
Other vehicles
Wood-
Barrels, empty . . . NO.
Household furniture
Doors, sashes and
blinds
Matches and match
splints
Mouldings, trimmings
and other household
furnishings
Pails, tubs, churns and
other hollow wooden-
ware
Spool wood and spools.
Wood pulp cwt.
Other manufactures of. .
Total wood and man
ufactures of
Woollens
Other articles of mfs. . .
279
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes of
home produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
classes.
VALUES.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
V. Manufactures con.
Soap
$
1,037
9,390
2,280
50
16
147
150
1,552
178
219
449
12,183
13,029
1,922
73,860
1,207
2,129
385
394
1,700
10,379
140
24,200
9,696
83,611
i
2,438
94,602
496,928
237,050
948,665
7,896
178,663
$
630
1,788
3,789
585
3,183
33
5,293
910
6,236
7,732
51,450
15,721
760
275
160
2,745
4,096
2,242
541
44,273
13,462
10,332
506
782
53,825
674,361
208,993
1,007,075
9,199
149,943
$
1,030
781
17,044
1
2,898
567
30
1,074
1,710
3,381
3,720
74,424
9,279
1,453
426
50
1,605
983
608
629
23,746
6,693
164
230
57,118
828,133
225,278
1,141,991
19,795
246,913
$
9,513
6,577
12,326
550
42
1,815
220
1,326
663
2,209
320,407
1,895
2,042
14
100
3,145
527
1,400
493
35,572
13,400
378
31
26,152
1,167,882
217,513
1,461,421
26,542
147,801
$
13,927
1,555
15,262
11,582
15
79,733
25
1,351
4,185
5,561
76,050
130,001
96
14,808
240
309,595
2,405
78
15,009
439
30,076
4,975
12,893
35
516
87,479
1,496,321
192,091
1,824,825
113,629
447,219
Starch
Stationery
Stone, granite, marble,
etc., dressed
Sugar, all kinds, n.e.s
Sugar-house syrup
Tar
Tin, manufactures of. ...
Tobacco
Cigars .
Cigarettes
Stems and cuttings ....
All other
Total tobacco
Tow
Vehicles
Automobiles
Automobiles, parts of. .
Carriages
Carriages, part of
Carts
Wagons
Bicycles
Bicycles, parts of
Other vehicles
Wood-
Barrels, empty
Household furniture
Doors, sashes and
blinds
Matches and match
splints
Mouldings, trimmings
and other household
furnishings
Pails, tubs, churns and
other hollow wooden-
ware
Spool wood and spools . .
Wood pulp
Other manufactures of.
Total wood and mfs.
of
Woollens
Other articles of mfs ....
280
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes of
home produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915. concluded.
Principal articles by
C
QUANTITIES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
VI. Mineral produce.
Arsenic Ib.
560
309,674
Asbestos ton.
6,843
7,314
8,802
7,937
14,726
Asbestos sand "
1,024
967
Coal "
5,683
33,976
39,705
18,549
28,663
Feldspar "
22
Gold-bearing quartz,
dust nuggets, etc
Metals
Copper, fine, contained
in ore, matte, regulus,
etc Ib.
5,665,188
5,238,110
5,385,527
6,805,093
11,062,501
Nickel, fine, con
tained in matte,
ore, or speiss "
Silver, metallic,
contained in ore,
concentrates,
etc oz.
4,948,231
10,032,147
5,156,464
7,664,301
4,826,783
17,926,748
6,479,250
24,260,358
10,838,477
16,533,652
Mica Ib.
188,377
133,733
149,774
144,900
126,397
Mineral pigments,
iron oxides, ochres
etc "
2,051,480
2,248,600
1,406,000
1,655,700
982,500
Mineral water gal.
5,425
1,398
324
800
Ores
-
Antimony ton.
245
332
Corundum "
211
235
150
142
Iron
11,927
16,800
11,800
Other "
863
155
162
180
112
Total ores u
13,035
366
17,197
12,130
586
Plumbago, crude ore
and concentrates., cwt.
Salt Ib.
4,467
2,700
30,000
604
1,540
1,500
Other articles of the mine
VII. Miscellaneous produce
Coffee Ib.
9,454
6,000
Dried fruits, n.e.s. .
Rice meal u
710
1,376,200
4,500
3,229,360
858,000
1,110
946,400
Other miscellaneous ar
ticles
_
Coin
Gold and Silver
281
EXPORTS OF-CANADA.
12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes of
home produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 concluded.
Principal articles by
VALUES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
VI. Mineral produce-totals.
Arsenic
$
6,726,015
200
$
5,555,599
5,661
$
12,066,622
$
16,027,128
$
12,219,937
Asbestos
208,499
168,424
211,450
255,067
513,877
Asbestos sand
11,234
12,223
Coal
18,262
130,995
120,305
61,604
96,834
Feldspar.
_
176
Gold-bearing quartz,
dust nuggets, etc
1,025
21,010
57,034
3,381
105,324
Metals
Copper, fine, contained
in ore, matte, regulus,
etc
433,853
396,955
403,851
512,093
853,900
Nickel, fine, contained
in ore, matte or speiss
Silver, metallic, con
tained in ore, concen
trates, etc
750,135
5,081,196
768,232
3,916,586
718,141
10,318,158
960,621
13,925,884
1,601,251
8,848,064
Mica
60,824
39,608
34,912
35,563
31,856
Mineral pigments, iron
oxides, ochres, etc
9,997
12,086
7,110
6,417
5,940
Mineral water
1,654
892
218
40
Ores-
Antimony
17,173
18,285
Corundum
21,900
29,920
20,927
14,970
Iron
41,693
64,712
45,312
Other
77,496
34,909
61,108
178,995
113,249
Total ore
136,362
56,809
155,740
245,234
146,504
Plumbago, crude ore and
concentrates
16,453
8,250
2,065
6,730
Salt
720
15
Other articles of the mine
VII. Miscellaneous produce
totals
Coffee
7,555
25,772
29,371
41,462
37,638
13,655
3,300
22,072
2,231
3,933
179,650
1,440
Dried fruits, n.e.s
83
365
__
102
Rice meal
13,625
40,007
12,660
7,817
__
Other miscellaneous ar
ticles
12,064
1,090
995
11,922
178,210
Coin
Gold and silver
54
45
282
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
13. Exports of Canada to United States in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915.
Principal articles by
(
QUANTITIES
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
I. Agricultural produce.
Balsam
Cider gal
276
38
158
40
Q 27K
Flax cwt.
11,642
6 510
2 230
6 065
OfAf U
5 61 Q
Fruits-
Apples, dried Ib.
317 596
105 873
186 116
376 466
170 810
Apples, green orripebbl.
Berries, all kinds
16,923
10,590
9 ; 366
18,230
27,520
Canned or preserved . . .
All other
.
Total fruits
_
Grain and products of-
Barley bush.
86,295
919,967
773 281
1 584 851
366 101
Beans "
22 277
2 666
2 128
8 737
12 526
Buckwheat u
74033
45 790
53 387
138 707
115 531
Indian corn "
2,192
4078
13 419
11 095
69 068
Oats
128,538
203,560
1,726 580
18 928 221
8 825 549
Peas, whole ... "
206 887
263 741
49 730
82 424
213 224
Peas, split "
22 362
19 378
4
11 647
13 885
Rye "
71 908
11 670
616
16 978
146 055
Wheat "
242,660
997 662
9,834 530
7 522 027
4 092 026
Other grains "
493
442
101,170
Total grains. ... "
Bran. cwt.
857,645
1,503 900
2,468,954
603 304
12,554,845
1)019 766
28,304,687
1 806 242
8,853,965
871 358
Cereal foods
Flour of wheat bbl.
25,967
58,403
29,983
19 436
52429
Indian meal "
610
1,268
200
6
Oatmeal "
440
888
1
2 035
1 025
Meal, all other "
827
899
465
1 933
90
Malt bush
120
1 600
Total flour, meal and
malt
Hay ton.
204,416
668,013
316,521
154 337
59,964
Hemp cwt.
758
Hops Ib.
_
176
19,758
892
1,211
Maple sugar "
1,353,289
1,311,305
1,116,972
1,883,878
1,381,590
Maple syrup gal.
1,380
2,623
1,670
1,732
3,598
Seeds
Clover bush.
154,601
65,906
30,513
86,458
19,650
Flaxseed "
1,677,062
991,802
7,561,004
10,164,536
7,006,249
Grass "
72,071
105,043
91,876
76,850
63,140
All other
Total seeds
L _
_!__!_
_
_
^ ^
Straw ton.
3,788
7,477
5,410
4,948
4,816
Tobacco leaf Ib.
55,243
40,856
62,767
163,122
28,724
Trees, shrubs and plants .
Vegetables
Canned or preserved . . .
Potatoes bush.
22,271
27,286
152,557
1,001,287
89,610
Turnips "
1,464,856
1,455,562
1,318,655
1,684,961
2,138,701
All other
Total vegetables
All other agricultural pro
ducts .
~~
"*
mm
M
283
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
13. Exports of Canada to United States in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915.
Principal articles by
VALUES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
I. Agricultural produce-
totals
Balsam
$
10,385,705
11,851
$
11,685,611
3,702
$
27,215,879
6,086
$
32,506,548
17,591
$
19,405,251
20,526
Cider
129
4
17
10
528
Flax
123,508
70,266
22,926
46,369
27,208
Fruits-
Apples, dried
20,033
10,158
10,609
24,035
9,796
Apples, green or ripe . . .
Berries, all kinds
50,149
82,814
21,459
106,280
22,898
99,965
62,431
91,705
61,445
106,412
Canned or preserved . . .
All other
12,541
28,106
24,149
33,404
3,336
15,136
14,546
40,673
31,243
12,915
Total fruits
193,643
195,450
151,944
233,390
221,811
Grain and products of
Barley
49,361
558,026
440,468
709,092
203,118
Beans
40,024
5,874
6,182
23,011
32,773
Buckwheat
38,012
25,115
28,686
100,959
93,696
Indian corn
2,043
4,674
10,510
7,580
50,945
Oats
47,466
90,920
739,357
6,802,403
1,536,465
Peas, whole
303,199
328,583
116,538
162,020
417,331
Peas, split
31,035
26,252
7
8,327
39,483
Rye
45,309
7,685
603
11,473
138,855
Wheat
236,256
811,503
8,352,983
6,891,624
4,223,505
Other grains
572
420
45,048
Total grains
793,277
1,859,052
9,740,382
14,716,489
6,736,171
Bran
1,467,077
443,078
888,432
1,509,595
778,626
Cereal foods
8,834
112,657
34,275
25,120
24,559
Flour of wheat
114,669
243,934
134,743
85,745
232,967
Indian meal
1,476
3,708
400
25
Oatmeal
2,002
3,650
6
9,085
3,928
Meal, all other
2,074
2,797
1,488
7,096
337
Malt
120
1,536
Total flour, meal and
malt
120,221
254,089
136,357
102,326
238,793
Hay.
1,449,990
5,186,016
2,978,682
1,358,621
629,728
Hemp
3,136
Hops ... .
_...
97
4,133
303
242
Maple sugar
114,709
107,975
100,419
155,476
124,704
Maple syrup
1,437
2,945
1,785
1,893
3,944
Seeds
Clover
01,169,709
575,899
292,801
798,771
167,370
Flaxseed
3,859,211
1,802,894
11,885,186
11,910,681
9,420,263
Grass ...
191,490
172,236
84,854
67,598
53,598
All other
43,977
99,435
43,426
48,973
4,651
Total seeds
5,264,387
2,650,464
12,306,267
12,826,023
9,645,882
Straw
14,465
33,695
27,872
27,578
28,502
Tobacco leaf. . . .
26,606
22,521
19,406
54,022
18,336
Trees, shrubs and plants
Vegetables
Canned or preserved. . .
Potatoes
12,071
4,515
13,835
19,938
2,844
19,286
23,532
655
128,211
31,839
3,708
434,956
20,748
11,627
34,765
Turnips
206,263
245,648
157,322
304,711
284,171
All other
233,068
152,728
62,512
107,703
129,124
Total vegetables
457,681
420,506
348,700
851,078
459,687
All other agricultural pro
ducts .
325,819
300.020
424.664
548,825
425,256
284
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
13. Exports of Canada to United States in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
classes.
QUANTITIES.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
II. Animals and their pro
duce.
Animals, living
Cattle, one year old
or less NO.
552
7,024
13
2,023
2,773
9,421
32,640
81,857
1,957
651
2,592
31,190
9,408
266,257
58,364
471,846
285,469
24,688
558,598
5,421
227
143,577
1,881,923
41
153
9,654
18
1,410
195
5,889
10,940
590,810
5,711
31,504
31,993
21,235
6,465
419,815
39,453
630,480
1,021,197
167,591
17,403
1,921,543
3,713
290
34,168
893,945
5,309
22,959
11
1,770
88
5,340
6,122
151,182
19,474
3,455
34,340
57,411
2,661
343,642
43,910
304,503
349,865
261,682
9,852
3,^47,823
4,987
2,475
35,105
828,299
6,080
20,685
185,761
82
3,245
27,688
13,237
4,441
214,897
12,637,839
220,695
53,751
1,512,688
170,564
1,641,171
65,012
500,623
270,486
1,346,128
62,273
3,460,104
14,032
69,603
5,573,737
1,631,097
3,495
34,048
149,604
16
2,513
243,031
35,293
6,349
4,606,235
17,036,698
8,744,079
1,029,021
15,178,341
178,897
260,075
3,107,698
71,060
1,367,171
230,045
253,809
436,569
2,268,909
6,728
795,029
15,455,340
2,373,267
64,213
Cattle, over one year
old "
Horses 1 yr. old or less "
Horses, over 1 yr. old "
Hoes . "
Sheep, one year old
or less "
Sheep, over 1 yr. old "
Poultry and other, n.e.s..
Total animals, living
Animal products
Meats, viz:
Bacon Ib.
Beef "
Hams "
Mutton "
Pork
Poultry, dressed and
undressed
Game, dressed and
undressed
Tongues )b.
Canned "
All other, n.e.s. "
Total meats
Other animal products
Bones cwt.
Butter Ib.
Casein. . "
Cheese "
Eegs. . doz.
Furs, dressed
Furs, undressed
Grease and grease
scraps Ib.
Glue stock
Hair
Hides and skins other
than fur
Horns and hoofs
Honey Ib.
Lard "
Milk and cream,
condensed "
Milk and cream,
fresh gal.
Oil, Neat s foot
and other "
285
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
13. Exports of Canada to United States in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
VALUES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
II. Animals and their pro
duce totals
$
10,063,544
$
9,864,524
$
12,866,948
$
24,728,798
$
34,186,056
Animals, living
Cattle, one year old or
less
14,812
2,840
52,566
251 047
415 889
Cattle, over one year
old
450,267
612,559
.1,064,357
6 792 039
8 736 700
Horses, 1 yr. old or less
Horses, over 1 yr. old
Hoes. .
1,550
497,566
45,526
1,075
311,564
3,843
2,360
470,665
1,415
4,067
741,311
442 199
1,272
438,652
3 114 437
Sheep, one year or less
Sheep, over one year old
Poultry and other,n.e.s.
Total animals, living
Animal products
Meats, viz.:
Bacon
47,354
214,496
117,574
1,389,145
11,943
26,949
70,164
88,391
1,117,385
78,058
29,982
38,600
86,117
1,746,062
23,796
70,309
38,147
178,983
8,518,102
41 704
211,714
68,320
400,174
13,387,158
707 334
Beef
204
487
1,912
1 085 102
1 761 145
Hams
137
4,183
552
32 570
1 273 810
Mutton
319
2,517
5 545
9 471
119 911
Pork
7,225
3,509
7,021
170 961
1 791 592
Poultry, dressed and
undressed
9,777
6,597
5,190
59 425
138 614
Game, dressed and
undressed
3,993
3,141
3 097
4 596
2 143
Tongues
22 074
Canned
1,625
950
355
24958
39 826
All other, n.e.s
44,251
53,220
38 367
132 184
198 625
Total meats
79,474
152,662
85 835
1 560 971
6 055 074
Other animal products-
Bones
69,431
52 442
64 241
94 086
93 448
Butter
91,313
103,819
75 192
111 894
268 541
Casein
38,302
15 342
11 071
13 923
Cheese
36,034
31,653
41 366
187 335
39 461
Eggs. .
6,927
4,527
2,574
19 60?
98 271
Furs, dressed
21,340
30,022
11,420
10 035
19 506
Furs, undressed
1,635,995
2,019,296
2,184 275
2 139 228
1 320 887
Grease and grease
scraps
25,610
41,730
80,943
88 250
71 255
Glue stock
4,474
8,637
27 472
26 719
41 009
Hair
158,088
157,847
196,400
225 302
276 061
Hides and skins other
than fur
4,459,862
4,999,491
7,162 287
9 062 045
7 420 149
Horns and hoofs
8,078
17,100
25,553
14 252
14 243
Honey
680
569
592
1 554
762
Lard
24
34
369
6 546
83 523
Milk and cream, con
densed ....
11,474
3,983
5 107
301 177
945 189
Milk and cream, fresh.
Oil, Neat s foot and
other . .
1,719,919
20
793,570
752,535
5 638
1,337,300
3 090
1,904,211
67 536
286
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
13. Exports of Canada to United States in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
(
QUANTITIES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
II. Animals and their pro
duce con.
Other animal products-
con.
Sausage casings
\
.
Sheep pelts . NO.
52,401
40,007
43,075
.
_
Tallow Ib.
6,306
156,449
721,960
664,993
946,410
Wool "
416,166
442,653
278,342
2,382,803
5,657 123
All other
Total other animal pro
ducts
III. Fisheries produce.
Codfish, including had
dock, ling and pollock,
fresh Ib.
585,651
1,268,245
307,367
2,052,064
3,402,657
Codfish, dry salted, cwt.
Codfish, wet salted
and pickled . cwt.
95,274
15,688
97,214
11,578
128,582
11,152
198,833
16,828
244,334
82,681
Codfish tongues and
sounds bbl.
1,458
1,681
2,073
197,10s 1
137,723 L
Total codfish
Halibut, fresh Ib.
2,594,850
2,326,142
2,901,727
4,278,312
7,071,875
Halibut, pickled bbl.
Total halibut
1
163
Herring, fresh or frozen Ib.
Herring, pickled. . . . bbl.
Herring, canned. ... Ib.
Herring, smoked ... "
Total herring
10,408,084
29,962
99,696
705,574
33,437,708
35,099
131,348
1,047,053
27,169,886
42,096
34,383
1,407,576
10,283,574
57,960
32,450
2,339,120
29,735,473
45,508
405
3,811,052
Lobsters, fresh bbl.
35,681
44,181
39,178
4,943,930!
5,500,586!
Lobsters, canned. . . Ib.
Total lobsters
2,985,687
2,776,897
2,415,505
2,273,849
2,268,838
Mackerel, fresh .... Ib.
Mackerel, pickled. . bbl.
Total mackerel
1,420,882
5,847
1,031,143
6,232
3,118,541
9,210
4,023,944
22,728
3,229,558
19,691
Oysters
/
_
_
_
Salmon, fresh Ib.
1,267,050
1,485,409
1,762,523
3,148,401
4,688,580
Salmon, smoked. ... "
Salmon, canned .... "
Salmon, dog "
148
148,712
293
123,902
46,711
1,781
11,221
510,918
5,954
1,181,205
238,702
1,852
274,745
5,528,710
Salmon, pickled. . . . bbl.
Total salmon
4,920
4,075
1,343
4,149
8,126
Salmon or lake trout Ib.
Sea fish, other, fresh "
Sea fish, other,pickledbbl.
Sea fish, other, pres. Ib.
Total sea fish, other. . .
Smelts Ib.
558,213
7,554,147
11,164
973,521
243,383
7,894,854
4,353
1,292,348
264,771
8,306,442
3,124
1,522,022
711,000
1,953,457
10,173
2,356,346
6,028,034
1,360,875
1,615,684
2,336
1,566,140
7,073,036
Lb.
287
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
13 .Exports of Canada to United States in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
VALUES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
II. Animals and their pro
duce con.
Other animal products
con.
Sausage casings
$
$
87,662
$
153,427
$
181,488
$
294,450
Sheep pelts
34,186
25,415
43,812
134,410
265,332
Tallow
480
10,978
44,192
43,891
59,794
Wool
98,414
96,822
70,168
552,610
1,359,003
Ml other
212,576
70,578
72,146
97,840
87,270
Total other animal pro
ducts
8,594,925
8,594,477
11,035,051
14,649,725
14,743,824
III. Fisheries produce-
totals
Codfish, including had
dock, ling and pollock,
fresh
4,980,741
16,167
5,378,664
47,125
5,747,688
14,419
6,852,009
66,149
8,521,901
110,984
Codfish, dry salted
510,975
602,252
784,653
1,131,347
1,357,079
Codfish, wet salted and
pickled
60,792
49,308
41,955
66,252
314,200
Codfish, tongues and
sounds .
37,352
32,651
53,283
34,772
30,725
Total codfish
625,286
731,336
894,310
1,298,520
1,812,988
Halibut
138,891
129,645
147,297
262,939
437,148
Halibut, pickled
3
4
2,296
Total halibut
138,891
129,648
147,297
262,943
439,444
Herring, fresh or frozen. .
Herring, pickled
141,798
59,360
300,617
70,980
201,406
89,041
141,146
144,964
492,896
167,131
Herring, canned
4,915
1,553
1,728
1,815
17
Herring, smoked
22,801
27,524
36,928
54,337
129,079
Total herring
228,874
400,674
329,103
342,262
789,123
Lobsters, fresh
521,559
566,946
625,881
707,486
849,368
Lobsters, canned
770,109
895,961
852,993
808,296
892,442
Total lobsters
1,291,668
1,462,907
1,478,874
1,515,782
1,741,810
Mackerel, fresh
89,730
68,175
175,488
216,307
156.487
Mackerel, pickled
84,137
99,372
123,204
272,665
219,967
Total mackerel
173,867
167,547
298,692
488,972
376,454
Oysters.
1,827
5,213
5,761
3,516
6,511
Salmon, fresh
129,234
139,313
171,581
219,994
292,559
Salmon, smoked
15
33
202
615
271
Salmon, canned
21,OQ8
18,597
1,964
115,360
17,216
Salmon, dog
1,649
8,679
3,805
44,638
Salmon, pickled
70,032
89,566
26,131
90,376
163,196
Total salmon
220,289
249,158
208,557
430,150
517,880
Salmon or lake trout ....
Sea fish, other, fresh. . . .
Sea fish, other, pickled. .
Sea fish, other, preserved
Total sea fish, other. . .
Smelts
29,724
400,143
26,588
45,499
472,230
14,678
453,828
26,301
40,301
520,430
14,614
486,257
17,597
73,979
577,833
38,982
95,819
62,443
107,510
265,772
332,792
76,947
81,579
20,656
92,145
194,380
427,873
288
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
13. Exports of Canada to United States in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
<
QUANTITIES
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
III. Fisheries produce
con.
Fish, bait and clams bbl.
Fish, all other, fresh
41,745
54,201
67,347
85,849
28,894
Fish,all other, pickled bbl.
Fish oil, cod gal.
1,618
80,638
2,443
100 297
1,239
102 926
561
335 177
4,396
581 928
Fish oil, seal "
1,708
1 282
858
6 566
Fish oil, whale .... "
616 656
585 029
1 017 846
234 880
172 870
Fish oil, other "
78 383
37 809
80 435
29 095
M741
Total fish oil "
777 385
724 417
1 201 207
600 010
776 105
Furs or skins the produce
of fish or marine ani
mals
Other articles of the
fisheries
IV. Forest produce.
Ashes, pot and pearl bbl.
Ashes, other
17
44
44
. 15
1
Total ashes. ...
Bark for tanning . . . cord
Firewood "
12,949
19,304
7,909
17 593
5,802
16 434
4,833
16 308
5,675
23 133
Knees and futtocks . NO.
Lath wood cord
4,772
400
7,845
324
14,139
895
30,526
72
11,344
12
Logs-
Elm M. ft.
1,201
526
404
Hemlock "
778
1,959
918
_
_
Oak "
17
_
Pine "
4,726
7,955
1,555
_
_
Spruce "
13,760
8,644
4,027
_
All other "
102,397
65,174
89,687
_ _
_
Total logs "
122,862
84,275
96,591
J[ _ J
. .
Lumber
Basswood M. ft.
3,514
1,252
581
510
926
Battens
Deals, pine st. hund.
Deals, spruce and
other
1,932
5,291
816
11,494
1,956
18,115
1,061
11,876
873
10,988
Deal ends "
245
684
1,080
536
301
Laths M.
667,603
638,545
680,372
597,420
629,357
Palings "
4,586
2,854
Pickets "
27,176
28,220
31,482
Planks and boards M. ft.
Scantling "
847,948
41,532
776,991
47,953
926,538
76,875
802,685
56,628
831,319
50,029
Shingles M.
711,624
577,167
542,311
662,512
1,333,165
Shooks, box and other .
Staves and headings . . .
All other lumber, n.e.s.
Total lumber
Match blocks
_.
.
__
_
_
Masts and spars. . . . NO.
Piling. .
148
360
91
57
63
289
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
13. Exports of Canada to United States in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
VALUES.
*
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
III. Fisheries produce
con.
Fish, bait and clams
$ j
115,693
. $
102 475
$
94,451
$
140,452
$
65,316
Fish, all other, fresh ....
Fish, all other, pickled . .
Fish oil, cod
1,343,296
17,448
27,273
1,284,826
22,152
43,738
1,318,868
13,287
33,290
1,476,666
6,436
100,457
1,735,943
18,770
185,478
Fish oil, seal
717
545
269
2,114
Fish oil, whale
236,195
213,740
288,792
95,725
70,717
Fish oil, other
26,122
17,139
27,724
8,029
4,342
Total fish oil . ,
290 307
275 162
349 806
204 480
262 651
Furs or skins the produce
of fish or marine animals
Other articles of the fish
eries
6,521
24,820
4,850
7,608
10,267
5,968
3,174
41 110
5,042
50,769
IV. Forest produce totals.
Ashes, pot and pearl
28,785,427
604
25,483,532
1 398
29,951,880
1 976
29,304,546
553
31,030,873
47
Ashes, other
61,120
42,767
36703
29 644
34,359
Total ashes . .
61 724
44 165
38 679
30 197
34406
Bark for tanning
78 138
46 708
29 842
25 577
42 370
Firewood
45,965
57 936
48 523
49 272
80 257
Knees and futtocks
3,068
6 631
20 597
33 404
15844
Lath wood
1,600
1,134
3 392
258
42
Logs
Elm
13,106
6 999
5 125
2 510
5626
Hemlock
6,946
17,339
7 404
11 276
63 822
Oak
401
811
238
Pine
26,610
69 287
24 101
62 743
100 715
Spruce
152,327
72708
45 260
95 483
490 738
All other
962,834
571 422
868740
537 683
571 238
Total logs
1,161,823
738,156
950 630
710 506
1 232 377
Lumber
Basswood
75,844
33 361
12 074
9 345
24514
Battens
3 713
Deals, pine
115,529
46 248
78 355
61 616
55 951
Deals, spruce and other
Deal ends
247,708
6,888
491,544
19,567
743,561
30 141
513,883
30408
507,388
11,041
Laths
1,627,818
1 654 822
1 743 248
1 669 547
1 785 507
Palings
12 016
20003
Pickets
148 290
154 680
171 782
177 361
83 100
Planks and boards
Scantling
15,948,790
571,723
13,634,083
641 156
16,247,450
1 079 107
15,249,032
847 290
15,978,499
802 338
Shingles
1,648,448
1,451,878
1,374,569
1,738 879
2 945,159
Shocks, box and other .
Staves and headings . . .
All other lumber, n.e.s.
Total lumber
8,323
46,250
195,303
20,640,914
12,388
35,483
90,235
18,281,174
19,768
20,128
76,474
21,596 657
22,908
36,511
71,573
20 448 356
21,550
45,688
19,156
22 279 891
Match blocks
6,095
2,263
1 710
6 739
4 267
Masts and spars
456
1,881
462
455
535
Piling
170,734
202,374
127 062
175 509
mill
290
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
13. Exports of Canada to United States in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
classes.
QUANTITIES.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
IV. Forest produce con.
Poles, hop, hoop, tele
graph and other ... .
10,894
1,049,272
98
306
34
225
663
936,791
53
12
527
23
65
1
1
"""
45
9,343,950
297
9,799
801,832
60
111
4
46
568
729
879,775
12
1
67
358
39
101
4
1
13
200
12,921,840
251
7,853
562,175
130
162
67
8
433
800
1,003,594
2
47
211
67
30
70
79
*
376
9,698,561
663
13,582
t
1,089,384
13
3
2
360
195
332
3,641,850
1,032
<
7,744
1,010,914
39
3
2
59
532
584
197
10
285
210
370
9,440,818
1,431
Posts, cedar, tamarac and
other
Shingle bolts, pine or
cedar cord.
Sleepers and railroad
ties NO.
Stave bolts cord.
Timber, square
Ash ton.
Birch.. "
Elm "
Oak "
Pine, white
All other "
Total timber, sq. "
Wood, blocks and other,
for pulp cord .
Other articles of the forest
V. Manufactures.
Agricultural implements,
viz.:
Drills NO.
Mowing machines
Reapers
Harvesters "
Ploughs "
Harrows
Hay rakes "
Seeders. . . . "
Threshing machines "
Cultivators "
All other
Parts of
Total
Asbestos, mfs. of
Books, pamphlets, maps,
etc.
Biscuits and bread., cwt.
Binder twine Ib.
Bricks M.
Brooms and whisks
Buttons
Cartridges, gun, rifle, etc.
Charcoal
Cement
Clay, manufactures of ...
291
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
13. Exports of Canada to United States in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
classes.
VALUES.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
IV. Forest produce con.
Poles, hop, hoop, tele
graph and other
$
78,055
34,228
37,002
356,701
2,141
6,463
560
2,772
11,936
6,092,715
4,273
16,524,005
1,805
800
90,794
329
1,311
50
500
54,878
6,768
157,235
162,942
561
692,072
1,968
352
7,975
3,045
708
1,352
$
74,190
30,229
31,875
232,167
679
1,928
90
749
7,952
10,719
5,697,901
23,350
16,312,751
307
48
6,777
25,726
609
3,554
140
600
418
11,801
19,147
69,127
166,296
1,317
858,232
1,830
. 75
368
3,753
3,889
1,791
1,889
$
65,148
23,887
27,769
195,901
2,363
1,571
1,285
125
5,853
11,197
6,806,445
3,979
21,321,458
80
1,831
11,437
750
1,110
7,040
2,001
13,344
16,494
54,087
191,413
684
831,510
8,762
334
513
1,708
4,970
1,306
3,764
$
120,750
47,132
247,996
780
572
644
624
9,304
11,924
7,388,770
7,701
30,391,764
760
140
380
9,062
5,585
1,140
4,643
32,050
39,289
93,049
14,754
232,061
1,989
364,204
8,172
211
746
4,094
3,073
1,061
24,874
$
160,611
24,705
148,812
732
603
1,673
2,938
5,946
6,817,311
13,388
42,164,753
2,704
195
111
7,312
15,987
18,993
9,867
659
321,611
6,023
78,232
51,891
513,585
13,254
237,915
2,805
872,592
11,542
339
97,718
1,991
445
17,319
Posts, cedar, tamarac and
other
Shingle bolts,pine or cedar
Sleepers and railroad ties.
Stave bolts
Timber, square-
Ash
Birch
Elm
Oak
Pine, white
All other
Total timber, sq
Wood, blocks and other
for pulp
Other articles of the forest
V. Manufactures totals
Agricultural implements,
viz.:
Drills
Mowing machines
Reapers
Harvesters
Ploughs
Harrows
Hay rakes
Seeders
Threshing machines . . .
Cultivators
All other
Parts of
Total
Asbestos, mfs. of
Books, pamphlets, maps
etc
Biscuits and bread
Binder twine
Bricks
Brooms and whisks
Buttons
Cartridges, gun, rifle, etc.
Charcoal
Cement
Clay, manufactures of ...
292
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
13. Exports of Canada to United States in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
(
QUANTITIES
i
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
V. Manufactures con.
Clothing and wearing ap~
parel
Coke ton.
59 905
15 067
61 990
73 285
52874
Cordage, rope and twine
Cotton fabrics yd.
52,781
50948
10,553
118,192
14442
Cottons, other
Cotton waste Ib.
1,523 016
667 429
876 273
482 251
1 369 448
Drugs, chemicals and
medicines, n.e^s
Dye stuffs
_
_
^^
Electrical apparatus
Electrotypes
Extract of hemlock
bark bbl.
11
8
Explosives and ful
minates, n.e.s. ... Ib.
Fertilizers
331,914
119,616
101,985
Fur, manufactures of. ...
Glass and glassware,n.e.s.
Grindstones, manufc d. . .
Guns, rifles, etc
Gypsum or plaster, ground
Hats and caps
-
-
.
-
Household effects, n.e.s..
Ice
-
-
-
India rubber, mf s. of ....
India rubber, waste. Ib.
Iron and steel and mfs. of-
Buoys, gas and parts of .
Castings, n.e.s
* -j_ -
,___
j_ -
4,931,964
4,221,476
Ferro silicon and ferro
compounds ton.
6,631
Hardware and tools
Machinery, n.e.s
Pig iron ton.
8,319
5,332
6,399
8,562
8,664
Scrap iron or steel cwt.
Sewing machines. . NO.
Stoves "
139,038
695
197
79,276
975
122
478,692
508
119
802,499
488
127
831,208
2,522
3,151
Typewriters "
127
170
127
186
156
Wire and wire
rails cwt.
4,880
All other, n.e.s
_
[ __ 1
T _
__
Total
Jewellery, all kinds
_^
_
__
_
_
Jewellers sweepings
Junk cwt.
255,589
268,346
321,066
89,714!
77,25s 1
Lamps and lanterns
Leather
Boots and shoes
Harness and saddlery. .
Leather, n.e.s. . . . Ib.
50,242
112,525
119,364
1,061,503
2,535,302
*Not including metallic and rubber.
293
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
13. Exports of Canada to United States in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
VALUES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
V. Manufactures con.
Clothing and wearing ap
parel
$
73,784
, $
88,938
$
140,677
$
150,952
$
120,752
Coke
255,791
65,518
269,133
332 620
240,818
Cordage, rope and twine.
Cotton fabrics
8,006
8,196
15,412
8,467
7,112
2,032
9,807
7 870
16,530
3,972
Cottons, other
13,973
38,694
12,179
8329
69,799
Cotton, waste
42,033
25,584
25,849
21 356
60,132
Drugs, chemicals and
medicines, n.e.s
1,002,071
648,822
542,179
619 066
2,446,363
Dye stuffs
638
1,887
10,791
2 629
21,609
Electrical apparatus
34,767
29,220
40,178
66 849
49,417
Electrotypes
3,286
10,446
3,077
4,344
6,080
Extract of hemlock bark.
Explosives and fulminates
Fertilizers
210,193
379 721
56,385
797 190
27,383
1,592 185
309
96,492
2 436 765
248
158,293
1 996 591
Fur, manufactures of ....
Glass and glassware,n.e.s.
Grindstones, manufc d. . .
Guns rifles, etc
14,582
6,250
22,514
5 676
9,412
8,938
26,821
8,468
35,207
8,668
24,454
6821
23,992
13,586
54,103
11 550
8,537
15,332
45,515
32 321
Gypsum or plaster, ground
Hats and caps
4,727
1,751
3,400
2,849
7,125
3,310
12,763
3 353
24,039
1,947
Household effects, n.e.s. .
Ice
1,748,494
6,665
1,702,272
6,686
1,940,713
7,407
2,480,156
15 497
3,211,798
7,240
India rubber, mfs. of. ...
India rubber waste
40,774
31,556
89,784
52,295
406 718
106,830
276 128
Iron and steel and mfs. of-
Buoys, gas and parts of .
Castings, n.e.s
21,420
6,583
20,127
303
33,446
236
39 664
1,700
17,356
Ferro silicon and ferro
compounds
377,637
Hardware and tools
Machinery, n.e.s
38,878
206,013
31,371
187,032
45,853
267,382
83,024
200 542
139,267
193,299
Pig iron
279,935
250,605
313,761
326 982
104,444
Scrap iron or steel
113,298
46,500
232,773
423 001
522 548
Sewing machines
17 977
18,467
14,649
13 953
24351
Stoves
2,333
1,714
1,975
3 884
8,656
Typewriters
6,009
7,092
5,600
10 794
8,443
Wire and wire nails
All other, n.e.s
208,229
227,476
339,518
233 385
9,684
614,977
Total
894,092
796,967
1,255,260
1,335 465
2,022,362
Jewellers sweepings
Jewellery, all kinds
78,588
85,089
17,887
30,960
121,783
15,865
156 353
34,493
140 826
Junk
533,477
654,746
1,348,675
m825 1
159 809 1
Lamps and lanterns
2,824
1,993
1,616
3 131
7,081
Leather
Boots and shoe.s
17,439
14,655
15,611
60378
104,188
Harness and saddlery . .
Leather, n.e.s.
9,041
14.128
7,462
22.240
5,819
21.047
16,966
266.211
123,523
872.725
J Not including metallic and rubber.
294
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
13. Exports of Canada to United States in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
C
QUANTITIES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
V. Manufactures con.
Leather con.
Sole Ib.
65,277
26,006
197,537
2,884,422
5,932,825
Upper . . u
16,053
51,255
2,780
209,426
1,195,390
Other manufactures of.
Total leather
Lime
.___
__
__
_
_
Liquors
Ale and beer. . . . gal.
1,581
1,362
2,313
9,631
4,951
Gin "
144
79
23
2,550
43
Whiskey "
243,651
244,725
266,690
273,153
234,535
Wines "
8,235
2,047
808
5,512
1,058
Wood alcohol "
625
550
238
221,831
Other spirits, n.e.s. "
Total liquors ... "
Metals
Aluminum in bars,
blocks, etc.. . . cwt.
627
254,853
31,841
2,545
251,308
72,656
3,613
273,685
78,634
438
291,284
55,974
952
463,370
73,350
Aluminum, mfs. of
Brass, old and
scrap cwt.
33,566
22,301
Copper, old and
scrap u
22,141
16,948
Metallic shingles and
laths and corrugated
roofing .
Metals, n.o.p
_.
_
_
_
Musical instruments
Organs NO.
65
109
28
34
32
Pianos "
167
150
148
114
156
Other instruments
Total
Oil cake cwt.
4,505
2,046
7,630
42,792
25,248
Oil, n.e.s.. gal.
2,291,528
1,181,034
1,445,977
1,324,016
981,789
Paper, viz.:
Paper, wall . . . roll
8,719
53,163
54,119
3,850
24,936
Paper, felt "
7,976
15,316
8,595
8,688
25,484
Paper, wrapping. . Ib.
Paper, printing ... "
Paper, n.e.s
35,606
2,864,733
217,606,801
17,202,643
506,124,800
9,200,553
628,953,000
Total
_
_
Paints and varnishes ....
Paintings, all kinds
Plumbago, manfs. of
Photographs
-
-
Rags Ib.
31,760,863
37,665,697
41,899,400
49,749,000
60,418,500
Ships sold to other
countries ton.
35
40
374
13,237
Soap Ib.
8,592
29,014
16,413
7,423
5,853
Starch "
27
400
860
5,650
Stationery
-
295
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
13. Exports of Canada to United States in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
VALUES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
V. Manufactures con.
Leather con.
*
Sole -.
$
17,137
. $
6,661
$
53,307
$
817,116
$
1 701 704
Upper
4,895
8 603
3 046
71 843
851 625
Other mfs. of
5,042
3 880
4302
36 169
40 445
Total leather
67,682
63,501
103,132
1,268 683
3 694 210
Lime
39 442
39 183
21 438
24 502
11 202
Liquors
Ale and beer
666
868
1 039
3 227
1 707
Gin
261
181
50
1,943
61
Whiskey
775,037
759,089
833 636
841 043
709 036
Wines
7,000
4,843
2,933
3 095
1 995
Wood alcohol
402
115
110
58 568
Other spirits, n.e.s
1,600
24,996
4,693
787
1,506
Total liquors
784,966
790,092
842 461
850 095
772 873
Metals-
Aluminum in bars,
blocks, etc
476,703
933,726
844,663
821,448
1 264 109
Aluminum, mfs. of. ...
Brass, old and scrap . . .
Copper, old and scrap. .
Metallic shingles and
laths and corrugated
roofing .
931
1,847
14,365
6,167
303,439
283,127
537
4,581
204,249
189,793
1 489
Metals, n.o.p : .
23,870
53 826
45744
169 676
218 686
Musical instruments
Organs . .
12,496
20,951
12,405
16 393
1 810
Pianos
38,541
33 846
34895
28 280
37 329
Other instruments
2,201
2,673
3 411
8 703
19 209
Total
53,238
57,470
50711
53 376
58 348
Oil cake
7,487
3,237
12,781
54 140
36 334
Oil, n.e.s
169,922
75 522
144576
m292
117 741
Paper, viz.:
Paper, wall
1,966
5083
6 615
622
2 486
Paper, felt
2,171
5,233
3 240
13 221
15 113
Paper, wrapping.
1,167
96 922
578 595
279 111
Paper, printing
1,961,358
1,982,830
4,242,298
9 818 539
12 126 982
Paper, n.e.s
74,202
59,575
18 006
149 087
429 793
Total
2,040,864
2,052,721
4,367 081
10 560 064
12 853 485
Paints and varnishes ....
Paintings, all kinds
3,656
6,226
24,488
12,228
133 992
14,960
58 488
20,705
50 858
Plumbago, mfs. of
67,233
23,367
40 984
32 088
51 960
Photographs
4,610
4,794
9 097
7 026
8 643
Rags
276,790
314 622
410 403
514 179
680 969
Ships sold to other
countries
8,585
4350
21 050
391 500
Soap
658
671
1 437
646
4Q2
Starch
1
21
56
224
Stationery .
9.673
10.609
12.594
13.476
1478fi
296
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
13. Exports of Canada to United States in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
QUANTITIES
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
V. Manufactures con.
Stone, granite ; marble,
etc., dressed
Sugar, all kinds, n.e.s Ib.
Sugar-house syrup . . gal.
Tar
24
41,837
9,630
127,020
450
183,449
1,477
153,520
9,270
58,190
Tin, manufactures of. ...
Tobacco
Cigars M.
43
47
45
*
2
Cigarettes
3
92
22
46
7
Stems and cuttings Ib.
All other "
359,300
5,223
228,904
7,098
434,963
34,754
383,201
5,753
69,018
7,344
Total tobacco
Tow cwt.
2,785
1,944
730
1,275
1,356
Vehicles
Automobiles NO.
61
89
122
81
76
Automobiles, parts of . .
Carriages NO.
108
56
92
73
26
Carriages, parts of
Carts . . NO.
15
102
32
26
7
Wagons "
176
125
94
159
78
Bicycles "
58
67
64
70
91
Bicycles, parts of
Other vehicles
_
_
Vinegar. . . gal.
__
20
_
Wood-
Barrels, empty . . . NO.
Household furniture
Doors, sashes and blinds
Matches and match
splints
9,246
25,526
16,665
7,713
7,724
Mouldings, trimmings
and other house hole
furnishings
/
Pails, tubs, churns anc
other hollow wooden-
ware
Spool wood and spools
Wood pulp cwt
5,390,349
4,562,624
4,369,330
4,289,488
6,144,927
Other manufactures of
Total wood and mfs
of
Woollens
_
Other articles of manu
factures
_
VI. Mineral produce.
Arsenic Ib.
2,813,627
4,060,403
3,492,209
2,948,700
3,265,50C
Asbestos ton.
56,036
63,353
72,570
78,650
51,447
Asbestos sand "
26,772
18,72
297
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
13. Exports of Canada to United States in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years, 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
VALUES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
V. Manufactures con.
Stone, granite, marble,
etc., dressed
$
1,370
$
557
$
2,736
$
5,454
$
1,713
Sugar, all kinds, n.e.s
Sugar-house syrup
2
5,468
419
9,474
27
13 238
106
10,779
453
5 193
Tar
15,912
32,589
19,171
28,515
36063
Tin, manufactures of. ...
Tobacco
Cigars .
10,508
845
34,563
1,105
51,253
1 948
46,374
12,656
33
Cigarettes
23
563
187
172
68
Stems and cuttings ....
All other
10,431
3,238
11,051
4,729
14,873
8,209
15,256
4,450
6,120
3,602
Total tobacco
14,537
17,448
25 217
19 878
9 823
Tow
11,392
11,554
4892
3,267
1 947
Vehicles
Automobiles
99,868
196,984
190 070
138 978
97 013
Automobiles, parts of. .
Carriages
6 973
54,971
2 860
13,564
5 343
36,341
7 784
35,558
1 721
Carriages, parts of
10,149
3 015
1 458
1 466
1 223
Carts
509
3 989
1 029
780
275
Wagons .
9,614
6,539
5 142
8 649
3 144
Bicycles
2,034
3 232
6 484
4 805
7 987
Bicycles, parts of
205
4,710
171
1,382
407
Other vehicles
283,621
226 320
47 916
27 188
13 095
Vinegar . .
5
Wood-
Barrels, empty
7,284
15 562
19 008
8 941
8 848
Household furniture
Doors, sashes and blinds
Matches and match
splints
22,952
2,694
297
26,276
685
83
26,111
1,096
1 587
69,319
2,019
85,789
497
Mouldings, trimmings,
and other household
furnishings
7
9
1 057
3 068
Pails, tubs, churns and
other hollow wooden-
ware
926
102
725
808
514
Spool wood and spools .
Wood pulp
450
5,094,589
321
4,419 944
255
4 576 279
904
4 913 634
10,707
7 443 814
Other manufactures of .
Total wood and mfs.
of
78,952
5,208,151
91,086
4,554 068
. 81,094
4 706 155
83,331
5 080 013
97,366
7 650 603
Woollens
24,704
30,597
23 401
27 800
67 455
Other articles of manu
factures
361,594
410,741
478 524
441 362
516 820
VI. Mineral produce totals
Arsenic
33,129,505
69,181
33,259,580
76,573
42,541,751
108 305
39,491,127
m497
37,558,209
120 242
Asbestos
1,548,456
1,772 474
1 965 246
2 087 750
1 437 653
Asbestos sand
145 289
98 314
298
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
13. Exports of Canada to United States in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
<
QUANTITIES
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
VI. Mineral produce con.
Coal ton.
1,866,742
991,558
1,630,468
1,166,608
1,189,234
Chromite (chromic
iron) "
15
79
Feldspar "
15,964
16,639
13,376
18,898
13,627
Gold-bearingquartz,
dust, nuggets, etc.
Gypsum or plaster
crude ton.
359,271
355,962
379,393
395,952
322,680
Metals
Copper , fine, con
tained in ore,
matte, regulus,
etc Ib.
49,258,368
51,188,770
75,561,692
76,443,805
51.614,537
Copper, black or
coarse, cement
copper and cop
per in pigs "
79,656
2,681,201
9,861,780
Lead,metallic,con-
tained in ore, etc.
Lead, pig
36,800
113,C40
71,961
305,600
L74,760
723,100
12,203
Nickel, fine, con
tained in ore,
matte or speiss . . "
Platinum, contain
ed in concen-
trates or other
forms oz.
29,819,292
84
28,074,244
44
43,341,307
89
43,989,648
153
34,394,086
46
Silver, metallic,
contained in ore,
concentrates, etc. "
Mica Ib.
22,054,239
617,597
21,901,141
629,070
15,600,586
751,636
9,729,445
517,045
8,106,728
717,221
Mineral pigments,
ii on oxides, ochres
etc "
795,023
2,380,750
1,964,890
1,204,200
1,198,100
Mineral water gal.
Oil, mineral, coal and
kerosene, refined.. "
Oil, mineral, coal and
kerosene, crude.. . "
Ores
Antimony ton.
11,178
245
15,978
1
2,867
157
18,500
84
18,876
3,650
181
17,120
5
Corundum "
798
1,393
673
717
Ir;n "
92,880
37,657
113,037
95,150
130,496
Manganese
2
12
8
90
Other "
8,580
7,167
15,580
10,991
12,549
Total ores "
101,462
45,635
130,018
106,814
143,857
Phosphates
187
60
Plumbago, crude oie
and concentrates., cwt.
Pyrites ton.
3,299
35,710
25,798
27,865
33,800
3,427
28,496
46,293
9,388
95,901
Salt Ib.
225,920
126,000
191,700
147,300
408,000
Sand and gravel .... ton.
582,042
585,350
646,285
685,143
959.039
299
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
13. Exports of Canada to United States in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
classes.
VALUES.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
VI. Mineral produce con.
Coal
$
4,427,606
150
50,572
5,342,55C
427,903
5,133,003
7,955
1,308
3,092,197
2,311
11,317,731
246,103
17,286
3,859
52
263,025
51
501,504
764,580
14,827
118,962
1,100
401,183
$
2,653,214
58,160
7,132,546
420,529
5,249,246
3,151
2,806
2,975,688
2,478
11,316,409
217,868
18.630
10,091
133
81,744
133,361
461
338,394
554,093
53,105
110,109
3,038
415,289
$
4,130,435
45,737
11,169,239
439,488
9,148.048
356,043
8,442
4,327,056
3,519
8,828,897
282,062
12,781
2,093
24
3,964
150,463
339,841
303
428,090
918,697
75,680
7,C07
1,150
443,618
$
2,653,206
75,988
13,322,654
480,779
8,977,486
7,562
4,398,920
7,784
5,406,172
156,097
8,351
21
2,725
379
77,707
326,983
292,113
696,803
497
73,569
212,220
1,084
485,578
$
3,360,887
878
56,492
15,294,355
378,648
5,319,457
1,371,889
12,534
483
3,439,539
2,171
4,274,734
184,082
10,422
42
_
1,177
1,484
60,023
345,119
1,950
400,421
808,997
180
21,490
393,085
1,847
808,012
Chromite (chromic iron)
Feldspar
Gold-bearing quartz,
dust,- nuggets, etc..
t
Gypsum or plasteivcrude
Metals
Copper, fine, contained
in ore, matte, regulus,
etc
Copper, black or coarse,
cement copper and
copper in pigs . .
Lead, metallic, contain
ed in ore, etc
Lead, pig.
Nickel, fine, contained
in ore, matte or speiss.
Platinum, contained in
concentrates or other
forms
Silver, metallic, con
tained in ore, con
centrates, etc
Mica
Mineral pigments, iron
oxides, ochres, etc
Mineral water
Oil, mineral, coal, and
kerosene, refined
Oil, mineral, coal and
kerosene, crude
Ores
Antimony
Corundum
Iron
Manganese
Other
Total ores
Phosphates
Plumbago, crude ore and
concentrates
Pyrites
Salt
Sand and gravel 3
300
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
13. Exports of Canada to United States in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 concluded.
Principal articles by
(
QUANTITIES
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
VI. Mineral produce con.
Stone, ornamental, gran
ite, marble, etc., un-
wrought ton.
319
132
2,524
160
95
Stone, building, free
stone, limestone, etc. "
Stone, crushed
61,715
85,480
114,685
192,327
62,600
28,995
Stone for manufacture
of grindstones, rough "
Total stone "
62,034
15
85,627
117,209
192,487
54
91,744
Other articles of the mine
VII. Miscellaneous produce
Contractors outfits
Coffee Ib.
7,957
81,096
84,540
53,478
90,401
Dried fruits, n.e.s. . "
Rice "
2,007
688,240
5,539
40,000
1,880
100
3,154
1,915,108
Rice meal "
890,000
140,188
120,000
1,667,400
4,310,910
Other miscellaneous ar
ticles
Coin
Gold and silver. .
14. Exports of Canada to AH Countries in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915.
I. Agricultural produce.
Balsam
Cider gal.
184,792
206,792
187,219
151,073
88,736
Flax cwt.
11,839
6,958
2,350
6,065
6,729
Fruits
Apples, dried Ib.
2,844,267
3,149,620
3,199,539
6,082,476
4,488,050
Apples, green or
ripe bbl.
523,658
1,664,165
1,324,769
947,382
1,117,336
Berries, all kinds
Canned or preserved. . .
All other
Total fruits
_
Grain and products of
Barley bush.
1,545,253
2,061,667
6,455,975
13,032,369
5,576,646
Beans "
27,129
10,821
3,759
11,377
28,661
Buckwheat "
463,735
104,658
223,833
172,802
343,349
Indian corn "
21,517
4,264
21,301
30,813
376,663
Oats "
5,431,662
8,880,675
10,478,554
34,996,664
17,768,166
Peas, whole "
314,147
341,661
87,694
121,359
261,354
Peas, split "
161,008
115,247
6,852
21,371
41,624
Rye "
73,513
11,670
26,160
112,436
263,422
Wheat "
45,802,115
64,466,286
93,166,009
120,426,579
71,913,385
Other grains "
1,053
3,712
101,170
3,610
Total grains .... "
Bran cwt.
53,841,132
1,872,089
76,000,661
1,595,950
110,571,307
1,662,338
168,929,380
2,077,713
96,573,270
1,038,134
Cereal foods
301
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
Exports of Canada to United States in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 concluded.
Principal articles by
VALUES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
VI. Mineral produce con.
Stone, ornamental, gran
ite, marble, etc., un-
wrought
$ :
2,533
$
1,590
$
1,889
$
5,396
$
399
Stone, building, freestone,
limestone, etc
20,009
24,996
29,110
93,007
45,950
Stone, crushed
20,080
Stone for manufacture of
grindstones, rough. . . .
22
294
Total stone
22,542
26,608
30,999
98,403
66,723
Other articles of the mine
VII. Miscellaneous produce
totals
Contractors outfits
118,088
246,896
187,475
56,560
233,221
80,349
74,313
98,033
93,876
453,173
167,191
Coffee
1,337
14,106
11,247
8,342
17,041
Dried fruits, n.e.s
45
433
216
81
Rice
11,486
960
_
3
76,154
Rice meal
13,342
1,904
2,670
38,059
109,242
Other miscellaneous ar
ticles
220,686
39,157
66,432
51,413
83,464
Coin
Gold and silver . .
1,015
582
14. Exports of Canada to All Countries in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915.
I. Agricultural produce-
totals.
Balsam
$
82,601,284
14,170
$
107,143,375
6,997
$
150,145,661
7,377
$
198,220,029
22,617
$
134,746,050
23,954
Cider
27,707
36,308
22,266
19,737
15,715
Flax
125,202
72,191
24,176
46,369
34,230
Fruits
Apples, dried
184,707
248,035
213,831
411,789
276,060
Apples, green or ripe . . .
Berries, all kinds
1,756,884
82,921
5,104,107
106,486
4,047,806
100,019
3,465,475
91,935
2,657,115
106,545
Canned or preserved. . .
All other
220,157
136,177
257,590
159,293
220,786
96,741
394,719
220,147
476,497
80,804
Total fruits
2,380,846
5,875,5-11
4,679,183
4,584,065
3,597,021
Grain and products of
Barlev.
831,195
1,324,300
3,851,660
6,513,557
3,262,025
Beans
47,828
22,110
9,826
28,850
73,508
Buckwheat
238,923
62,306
118,575
120,353
272,516
Indian corn
13,872
4,869
15,075
23,542
256,090
Oats
2,144,846
3,819,642
5,067,950
13,379,849
8,961,126
Peas, whole
490,595
446,430
199,125
240,274
532,171
Peas, split
200,898
147,477
10,447
22,971
107,677
Rye
46,416
7,685
14,908
75,888
259,622
Wheat
45,521,134
62,590,563
88,608,730
117,719,217
74,293,548
Other grains
601
2,550
45,048
4,760
Total grains
49,536,308
68,427,932
97,941,344
138,129,261
88,018,283
Bran
1,850,219
1,499,447
1,603,003
1,789,939
946,331
Cereal foods .
1,830.146
2.309.989
2.015.675
2.166.330
1.970.402
302
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
14. Exports of Canada to AH Countries in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years, 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
(
QUANTITIES
/ CldbsCb.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
I. Agricultural produce
con.
Flour of wheat bbl.
3,049,046
3,738,836
4,478,043
4,832,183
4,952,337
Indian meal "
1,475
1,584
2,239
3,939
2,560
Oatmeal
126,240
209,679
188,987
111,527
60,320
Meal, all other "
3,331
6,142
5,153
2,042
432
Malt bush.
11,995
17,383
23,006
4,337
4,481
Total, flour, meal and
malt
Hay ton.
326,132
784.864
394,208
192,515
131,875
Hemp cwt.
1
758
200
Hops lb.
156,679
17,962
223,625
252,692
170,226
Maple sugar "
1,376,191
1,336.698
1,154,635
1,925,343
1,462,416
Maple syrup gal.
3,612
4,831
3,846
5,205
6,165
Seeds
Clover bush.
211,118
93,976
69,149
118,601
44,735
Flaxseed "
2,696,119
1,504,528
10,123,693
20,647,327
7,689,525
Grass
78,586
111,247
117,621
110,873
73,806
All other
Total seeds
__
fm
_ .
^,
_
Straw ton.
45,512
8,629
5,574
5,118
4,962
Tobacco leaf lb.
133,621
58,809
90,382
196,524
36 ; 445
Trees, shrubs and plants .
Vegetables
Canned or preserved . . .
Potatoes bush.
994,348
744,726
1,019,716
1,980,844
1,192,258
Turnips "
1,447,994
1,467,877
1,353,810
1,707,062
2,150,399
All other
Total vegetables
_
_
_
_
All other agricultural pro
ducts
II. Animals and their pro
duce.
Animals, living
Cattle, one year old or
less NO.
670
232
5,409
20,782
34,082
Cattle, over 1 yr. old"
Horses, 1 vr. old or
less.... "
124,253
13
61,285
18
38,887
11
198,147
82
151,821
16
Horses, over lyr. old "
Hogs
Sheep, 1 yr. old or
less "
2,768
3,335
9,672
1,798
1,358
5,950
2,145
654
5,356
3,486
28,207
13,324
10,398
243,311
35,293
Sheep, over 1 yr. old "
Poultry and other n.e.s.
Total animals, living.
36,925
15,468
8,404
7,219
7,539
303
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
14. Exports of Canada to All Countries in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
VALUES.
classes.
1911.
1912,
1913.
1914.
1915.
I. Agricultural produce
con.
Flour of wheat
$
13,854,790
$
16,034,064
$
19,970,689
$
20,581,079
$
24,610,946
Indian meal
4,517
4,740
- 7,767
14,639
9,549
Oatmeal
518,032
897,739
837,079
488,589
287,844
Meal al^ other ....
9,659
20,327
17,836
7,534
1,616
Malt
10,888
18,915
15,723
4,256
4,141
Total flour, meal and
malt
14,397,886
16,975,785
20,849,094
21,096,097
24,914,096
Hav
2,723,291
6,373,590
3,950,058
1,787,050
2,232,558
Hemp
13
3,136
190
Hops
19,740
2,129
42,407
57,890
35,892
Maple sugar
117,202
110,400
104,324
159,619
131,477
Maple syrup
3,366
5,291
4,151
5,284
6,687
Seeds
Clover
1,656,815
839,633
738,377
1,094,330
375,205
Flaxseed
6,144,622
2,842,242
16,448,899
24,816,333
10,359,703
Grass
213,158
205,917
124,949
106,708
69,118
All other
44,788
112,231
44,831
58,631
5,755
Total seeds
8,059,383
4,000,023
17,357,056
26,076,002
10,809,781
Straw
19,225
41,775
29,170
28,964
29,618
Tobacco leaf
37,401
25,944
24,410
66,126
21,644
Trees, shrubs and plants.
Vegetables
Canned or preserved . . .
Potatoes
13,860
28,797
622,592
25,140
27,049
573,810
24,905
24,959
749,363
34,224
17,655
1,127,541
22,538
299,412
696,783
Turnips
208,611
248,855
164,565
309,582
286,461
All other . .
243 193
165,046
85,223
123,479
217,627
Total vegetables. . .
1,103 193
1,014,760
1,024,110
1,578,257
1,500,283
All other agricultural
products
342 126
337,027
442,952
572,008
435.540
II. Animals and their pro
duce totals
Animals, living
Cattle, one year old or
less
52,244,174
15 494
48,210,654
3,116
44,784,593
53,824
53,349,119
252,078
74,390,743
416,038
Cattle, over one yr. old.
Horses, one year old or
less
8,521,979
1 550
4,095,063
1,075
2,183,311
2,360
7,654,716
4,067
8,851,496
1,272
Horses, over one yr. old
Hogs.-.
599,736
49 403
390,524
10,028
526,685
5,162
779,564
446,430
1,841,095
3,117,005
Sheep, 1 yr. old or less. .
Sheep, over one yr. old.
Poultry and other, n.e.s
Total animals, living.
48,287
238,550
123,880
9,598,885
27,276
95,203
97,628
4,719,913
30,078
51,175
97,082
2,949,677
70,719
57,774
189,735
9,455,083
211,714
74,898
417,474
14,930,992
304
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
14. Exports of Canada to All Countries in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
(
QUANTITIES
i
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
II. Animals and their
produce con.
Animal products
Meats, viz.
Bacon Ib.
56 068 607
58 979 963
36 212 190
23 859 754
76 801 419
Beef "
974,411
948 771
1 570 979
13 133 205
18 828 257
Hams "
3,805,918
3,124 595
2 476 654
1 890 182
17 958 874
Mutton "
17 865
49 107
45 914
65 167
1 064 963
Pork "
417 577
434 480
521 533
1 811 204
21 288 226
Poultry, dressed
or undressed
Game, dressed or
undressed
Tongues Ib.
23,435
11,026
6098
192 469
Canned "
418;745
238,403
254,937
638 583
9 882 662
All other, n.e.s. . . "
Total meats
2,482,183
11,263,905
3,126,799
2,849,082
4,403,437
Other animal products
Bones cwt.
58,682
40,099
44,085
65,183
72,790
Butter Ib.
3,142,682
8,844,402
828,32
31,228,750
2,724,913
Casein u
1,021,197
349,865
270,483
230,045
Cheese "
181,895,724
163,450,684
155,216,392
144,478,346
137,601,661
Eggs doz.
92,164
203,231
147,419
124,002
3,592,899
Furs, dressed
Furs, undressed
m _ i ^
Grease and grease
scraps Ib.
1,254,183
2,152,044
4,302,192
4,088,872
2,411,238
Glue stock
Hair
,__
_
Hides and skins, other
than fur .
Horns and hoofs
.
__
__
Honey Ib.
6,284
3,878
5,027
16,069
6,929
Lardf "
179,159
199,044
46,638
125,619
2,689,036
Milk and cream, con
densed "
6,584,828
4,389.350
335,849
9,339,382
18,355,975
Milk and cream,
fresh gal.
1,881,923
894,037
828,299
1,631,117
2,373,267
Oils, Neat s foot and
other "
36,684
131,277
194,525
240,358
228,126
Sausage casings
_
Sheep pelts NO.
52,401
40,007
43,075
_
Tallow Ib.
29,613
1,617,985
1,995,433
2,348,750
1,039,872
Wool "
1,196,924
747,336
976,606
2,841,184
5,659,970
All other, . .
Total other animal
products
III. Fisheries produce.
Codfish, including had
dock, ling and pollock,
fresh Ib.
585,951
1,282,970
309,367
2,052,064
3,403,157
Codfish, dry salted, cwt.
773,401
658,624
705,246
746,482
659,903
305
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
14. Exports of Canada to All Countries in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years, 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
VALUES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
II. Animals and their
produce con.
Animal products
Meats, viz.
Bacon
$
8 019 454
$
7 520 362
$
5 350 845
$
3 763,195
$
11 811 825
Beef
91,884
86 596
135,111
1 127,908
1 988 489
Hams .
506,978
399,329
322,669
269,911
2 652 917
Mutton
2,134
4,178
6,742
10,804
124,087
Pork
46 087
49 301
57 960
202,391
2 599 844
Poultry, dressed or
undressed
21,044
13,420
20,867
73,972
212 992
Game, dressed or un
dressed ...
4,018
3,169
3 139
4,831
2 340
Tongues
1,781
1,315
914
24703
Canned
56,152
24,312
26,718
94,961
2 340 081
All other, n.e.s
252,027
1,210,856
338,971
266,879
310 663
Total meats
9,001,559
9,312,838
6,263,936
5,814,852
22,067 941
Other animal products
Bones
69,731
53,276
64,503
94,586
95 665
Butter
744,288
2,077,916
223,578
309,046
639 625
Casein
38,302
15,342
11,071
13,923
Cheese
20,739,507
20,888,818
20,697,144
18,868,785
19,213,501
Eggs . .
24,676
56,724
35,519
37,150
965 640
Furs, dressed
24,576
43,107
15,306
11,550
29 862
Furs, undressed
4,253,168
3,798,406
5,150,833
5,557,926
2,726 961
Grease and grease scraps .
Glue stock
92,799
4,474
65,656
10,421
116,172
27,472
116,116
26,719
77,947
41 350
Hair
165,728
171,432
205,999
237,100
283 191
Hides and skins, other
than fur
4,607,545
5,064,472
7,196,250
9 090,687
7 434 210
Horns and hoofs
12,973
20,057
26,976
16,634
16 186
Honey
816
592
598
1,842
792
Lard ...
22,414
23,105
5,517
11 519
305 933
Milk and cream, con
densed
469,406
305,678
25,554
666,941
1 181 300
Milk and cream, fresh . . .
Oil, Neat s foot and other
Sausage casings
1,719,919
33,929
793,662
118,655
269,558
752,535
222,746
324,805
1,337,325
247,143
366,931
1,904,211
239,638
441 587
Sheep pelts
34,186
25,415
43 812
137 688
265 332
Tallow
1,996
109,466
123 424
157 987
64 842
Wool
257,776
148,418
193,500
648 675
1 359 741
All other
363,823
94,767
103 395
125 763
90 373
Total other animal
products
33,643,730
34,177,903
35,570,980
38 079 184
37 391 810
III.Fisheries produce, totals
Codfish, including had
dock, ling and pollock,
fresh
15,675,544
16,176
16,704,678
47,425
16,336,721
14 509
20,623,560
66 149
19,687,068
m004
Codfish, dry salted.
4.274.329
4.135.532
4.301.644
4.564.731
4.121.962
306
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
14. Exports of Canada to All Countries in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
classes.
QUANTITIES.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
III. Fisheries produce-con
Codfish, wet, salted
and pickled cwt.
15,701
1,463
2,597,581
10,539,295
189,783
99,776
1,696,724
35,941
9,609,874
1,420,982
864
9,281
2,406,818
10,531
25,635,892
25,893
558,213
7,625,897
; 41,271
1,908,106
41,745
1,841
133,123
16,631
1,352,253
88,433
1,590,440
12,952
1,690
2,328,290
14
33,437,708
167,154
131,348
2,668,679
44,181
9,928,948
1,031,143
9,443
2,053,275
1,118
30,192,923
54,136
16,612
243,383
7,894,854
10,485
2,519,551
54,201
7,201
130,211
9,907
2,422,845
56,436
2,619,399
12,701
2,078
2,902,899
27,572,036
231,430
34,653
3,258,231
39,340
9,249,796
3,118,541
13,867
2,637,166
1,881
23,001,532
8,017,075
7,860
264,771
8,306,622
14,739
2,602,586
67,352
1,297
150,358
30,148
1,618,327
94,145
1,892,978
18,854
198,535
4,610,345
c
10,662,576
342,147
32,640
3,606;225
4,943,930
8,271,662
4,047,121
29,444
4,432,562
45,100
61,097,424
3,403,658
48,058
712,045
1,960,857
21,598
3,088,747
6,028,034
85,868
700
373,517
858
662,451
129,778
1,166,604
101,603
138,723!
7,270,514
163
30,725,723
331,056
619,934
4,193,419
5,500,586!
7,518,741
3,229,558
27,776
5,569,545
2,160
34,655,108
6,312,230
40,692
1,360,875
1,619,084
11,867
1,726,892
7,073,036
29,382
4,441
596,137
9,686
334,223
50,636
990,682
Codfish tongues and
sounds bbl.
Total codfish
Halibut, fresh Ib.
Halibut, pickled bbl.
Total halibut
Herring, fresh or
frozen Ib.
Herring, pickled bbl.
Herring, canned. ... Ib.
Herring, smoked ... "
Total herring
Lobsters, fresh bbl.
Lobsters, canned. .. Ib.
Total lobsters
Mackerel, fresh .... Ib.
Mackerel, canned. . "
Mackerel, pickled . . bbl.
Total mackerel
Oysters
Salmon, fresh Ib.
Salmon, smoked. ... "
Salmon, canned .... "
Salmon, dog "
Salmon, pickled. . . . bbl.
Total salmon
Salmon or lake trout Ib.
Sea fish, other, fresh "
Sea fish, other, pick
led bbl.
Sea fish, other, pre
served Ib.
Total sea fish, other..
Smelts Ib.
Fish bait and clams. bbl.
Fish, all other, fresh. . . .
Fish, all other, pick
led bbl.
Fish oil, cod gal.
Fish oil, seal "
Fish oil, whale "
Fish oil, other "
Total fish oil. ... "
Furs or skins, the produce
of fish or marine ani
mals
Other articles of the fish
eries .
307
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
14. Exports of Canada to All Countries in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
VALUES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
III. Fisheries produce-con.
Codfish, wet salted and
pickled
$
61,276
$
55,082
$
47,118
$
76,350
$
397,886
Codfish tongues and
sounds
37,374
32,687
53,350
34,872
30,786
Total codfish
4,389,155
4,270,726
4,416,621
4,742,102
4,661,638
Halibut, fresh
139,131
129,761
147,343
282,304
451,912
Halibut pickled
137
24
2,296
Total halibut
139,131
129,898
147,343
282,328
454,208
Herring, fresh or frozen. .
Herring, pickled
142,879
489,174
300,617
495,200
204,571
610,291
143,116
793,401
506,536
821,252
Herring, canned
4,923
1,553
1,755
1,834
53,338
Herring, smoked
45,494
60,791
91,846
89,931
141,963
Total herring
682,470
858,161
908,463
1,028,282
1,523,089
Lobsters, fresh
529,377
566,946
629,031
707,486
849,368
Lobsters, canned
2,735,917
3,080,578
3,048,798
2,983,987
3,013,782
Total lobsters
3,265,294
3,647,524
3,677,829
3,691,473
3,863,150
Mackerel, fresh
89,730
68,175
175,488
216,516
156,487
Mackerel, canned
108
Mackerel, pickled
136,838
136,550
177,276
343,692
299,208
Total mackerel
226,676
204,725
352,764
560,208
455,695
Oysters
2,301
5,854
6,457
4,060
6,915
Salmon, fresh
214,466
200,053
250,200
364,564
387,543
Salmon, smoked
704
158
216
7,116
313
Salmon, canned
3,668,584
3,830,178
3,484,110
6,631,437
4,948,723
Salmon, dog
1,780
120,125
42,193
53,667
Salmon, pickled
208,156
280,290
173,326
372;019
306,438
Total salmon
4,091,910
4,312,459
4,027,977
7,417,329
5,696,684
Salmon or lake trout ....
Sea fish, other, fresh ....
Sea fish, other, pickled . .
Sea fish, other, preserved
Total sea fish, other. .
Smelts
29,724
401,577
129,878
72,379
603,834
14,678
453,828
65,732
62,754
582,314
14,614
486,284
70,491
102,983
659,758
39,035
96,109
113,642
145,144
354,895
332,792
76,947
81,684
68,058
118,284
268,026
427,873
Fish bait and clams
115,693
102,475
94,486
140,567
67,733
Fish, all other, fresh ....
Fish, all other, pickled. .
Fish oil, cod
1,344,049
18,850
44,557
1,285,017
48,557
55,681
1,318,868
13,962
51,813
1,477,027
8,381
112,790
1,735,943
19,058
188,798
Fish oil, seal
5,625
4,665
10,885
269
2,426
Fish oil, whale
374,402
988,189
532,396
293,894
144,388
Fish oil, other
31,082
27,766
33,061
40,799
12,994
Total fish oil
455,666
1,076,301
628,155
447,752
348,606
Furs or skins the produce
of fish or marine ani
mals
244,029
56,850
28,044
45,203
12,574
Other articles of the fish
eries
66,762
109 139
41,380
52,126
68,947
308
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
14. Exports of Canada to AH Countries in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
I
QUANTITIES
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
IV. Forest produce.
Ashes, pot and pearl, bbl.
Ashes, other
747
754
550
434
453
Total ashes
^^
_
Bark for tanning. . . . cord
Firewood
12,949
19,446
7,909
17,793
5,802
16,700
4,833
16,403
5,675
23 296
Knees and futtocks.. NO.
Lathwood cord
4,772
400
7,845
324
14,139
895
30,526
72
11,364
12
Logs
Elm M. ft.
1,684
942
861
Hemlock "
905
1,959
922
Oak "
17
Pine "
4,726
7,967
1,567
__
_
Spruce
13,760
8,644
4,066
a _.
All other "
103,441
66,591
93,802
^
Total logs "
124,516
86,120
101,218
_
Lumber
Basswood M. ft.
4,010
2,051
1,009
687
1,283
Battens
Deals, pine..std. hund.
Deals, spruce and
other
24,232
158,535
18,148
154,262
19,956
134,835
20,382
149,638
14,399
138,500
Deal ends
8,291
7,749
6,086
7,124
6,582
Laths M.
700,041
671,092
700,789
608,921
635,974
Palings "
4,308
4,646
80
2,909
Pickets "
35,053
30,859
39,722
_
Planks and boards M. ft.
Scantling
1,127,723
88,902
1,056,440
87,848
1,148,940
106,312
999,079
87,233
975,420
76,565
Shingles M.
735,557
598,475
564,019
689,150
1,359,069
Shocks, box and other. .
Staves and headings
All other lumber, n.e.s.
Total lumber
Match blocks
Masts and spars NO.
Piling..
481
727
319
299
168
Poles, hop, hoop, tele
graph and other
Post, cedar, tamarac and
other
Shingle bolts, pine or ce
dar cord
10,894
9,799
7,853
13,582
7,769
Sleepers and railroad
ties NO.
1,051,272
801,837
562,175
Stave bolts cord
60
__
309
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
. *
14. Exports of Canada to All Countries in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
VALUES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
IV. Forest produce totals
Ashes, pot and pearl
$
45,439,057
33,998
$
40,892,674
32,102
$
43,255,060
25,437
$
42,792,137
19,218
$
42,650,683
22,685
Ashes, other
61,124
42,767
36,7C3
29,644
34,359
Total ashes
95,122
74,869
62,140
48,862
57,044
Bark for tanning
78,138
46,708
29,842
25,577
42,370
Firewood
46,366
58,633
49,419
49,608
80,776
Knees and futtocks
3,068
6,631
20,597
33,404
15,877
Lathwood
1,600
1,134
3,392
258
42
Logs-
Elm
23,983
12,939
14,640
33,721
13,758
Hemlock
7,581
17,339
7,539
11,276
63,822
Oak
401
811
238
Pine
26,610
69,425
24,371
62,743
100,715
Spruce
152,327
72,708
45,874
95,483
491,209
All other
982,750
594,680
936,032
614,355
589,191
Total logs
1,193,251
767,492
1,028,456
818,389
1,258,933
Lumber
Basswood
93,444
62,888
24,595
14,992
38,C53
Battens
39,297
17,625
5,426
4,379
Deals, pine
1,564,518
1,416,909
1,386,708
1,408,709
1,148,738
Deals, spruce and other
Deal ends
6,939,010
344,211
6,013,051
314,095
5,513,543
228,399
6,547,854
94,195
6,393,420
269,849
Laths
1,706,035
1,732,294
1,789,969
1,699,221
1,798,219
Palings
73,232
12,620
805
20,657
Pickets
191,993
184,247
214,355
206,573
114,122
Planks and boards
21,509,769
19,339,728
20,839,098
19,514,128
18,921,445
Scantling
1,202,832
1,180,905
1,454,238
1,264,881
1,196,559
Shingles
1,685,761
1,481,488
1,409,116
1,775,619
2,987,764
Shocks, box and other . .
Staves and headings . . .
All other lumber, n.e.s.
Total lumber
289,074
104,933
391,864
36,135,97?
243,103
85,534
282,177
32,366,664
265,C42
57,707
249,514
33,433,089
189,777
70,249
260,595
33,272,876
158,397
77,762
108,818
33,217,525
Match blocks
62,801
2,727
4,557
6,739
5,190
Masts and spars
3,960
6,138
4,624
3,499
2,416
Piling..
171,748
202,754
130,600
176,959
171,758
Poles, hop, hoop, tele
graph and other
78,085
74,150
66,908
127,354
162,153
Posts, cedar, tamarac
and other . . ,
34,228
30,229
24,142
Shingle bolts, pine or ce
dar
37,002
31,875
27,769
47,132
24,780
Sleepers and railroad ties
Stave bolts
357,261
232,169
679
195,901
247,996
247,862
310
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
14. Exports of Canada to All Countries in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con. .
Principal articles by
(
QUANTITIES
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
IV. Forest produce con.
Timber, square
Ash ton.
247
64
104
*
Birch "
9,185
13 516
18 698
Elm
5,673
3 295
3 225
Oak "
6307
7 659
974
PiDe, red "
3
1 631
1 856
Pine, white "
19,055
20894
26 289
All other "
1,198
2020
1 766
Total timber, sq. "
Wood, blocks and
other, for pulp. . . . cord
Other articles of the
forest
41,668
936,791
49,079
879,775
52,912
1,003,597
1,089,384
1,010,914
V. Manufactures.
Agricultural implements,
viz. :
Drills NO.
10,904
3 996
Mowing machines. "
Reapers "
22,449
7,606
18,923
6,659
18,935
4215
26,503
5 293
7,512
902
Harvesters "
16,475
13,826
16024
29,276
6799
Ploughs. "
17,637
20,079
15,197
14,331
13 573
Harrows "
9,453
5,917
4,247
7,329
6 164
Hay rakes "
11,610
10,438
6 155
9,764
2 055
Seeders ... . . "
181
100
70
21
11
Threshing machines "
Cultivators "
29
386
6,897
714
5,342
1,928
7,180
2,043
15 831
All other
m _ im
Parts of
_
_
Total
^__^
_
_
_
Asbestos, mfs. of
Books, pamphlets, maps,
etc
Biscuits and bread . . cwt.
Binder twine Ib.
2,294
10,806,024
2,902
14,605,180
2,296
10,248,031
2,029
4,690,820
3,032
12,281,708
Bricks M.
502
290
706
1,048
1,482
Brooms and whisks
Buttons
L ___
I _^
_ L1
_
Cartridges, gun, rifle, etc.
Charcoal
Cement
_ __i
_
^
MM
Clay, manufactures of . . .
Clothing and wearing
apparel
*
"
~~
Coke ton.
59,943
15,072
62,028
73,299
52,874
Cordage, rope and twine
Cotton fabrics yd.
707,699
* _
621,249
264,328
356,081
1,222,964
311
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
14. Exports of Canada to x AH Countries in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
VALUES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
IV. Forest produce con.
Timber, square
Ash
I
4,169
$
1,067
$
2,205
$
3,414
$
1,086
Birch
117,006
162,657
231,182
133,805
119,386
Elm
157,996
119,638
78,827
78,742
98,988
Oak
151,229
135,683
25,826
72,479
73,251
Pine, red
33
39,578
64,144
12,150
Pine, white
598,774
784,930
940,894
205,106
237,220
All other
14,259
24,758
20,122
30,499
3,024
Total timber, square .
Wood, blocks and other,
for pulp
1,043,466
6,092,715
1,268,311
5,697,901
1,363,200
6,806,445
536,195
7,388,770
532,955-
6,817,311
Other articles of the
forest
4,273
23,570
3,979
8,519
13,691
V. Manufactures totals...
Agricultural implements,
viz.:
Drills
35,283,118
35,836,284
43,692,708
57,443,452
663,437
85,539,501
260,318
Mowing machines
766,146
649,630
665,551
903,889
260,709
Reapers
448,888
418,634
247,304
301,610
48,301
Harvesters
1,694,600
1,433,377
1,718,052
3,068,797
695,858
Ploughs .
557,731
511,716
479,828
408,883
339,301
Harrows
124,513
96,670
104,022
126,853
92,691
Hay rakes
363,538
316,953
137,150
293,788
47,773
Seeders 1
14,714
8,402
7,040
1,140
670
Threshing machines
Cultivators . .
8,576
93,676
160,475
213,265
111,091
712,270
182,953
866,993
143,807
All other
1,271,047
1,350,903
2,022,981
388,956
263,776
Parts of
662,022
751,777
659,540
879,214
648,892
Total
5,911,775
5,792,213
6,365,824
7,931,790
3,669,089
Asbestos, mfs. of
98,274
78,329
Books, pamphlets, maps,
etc
343,589
300,653
377,686
496.579
420,026
Biscuits and bread
20,135
21,704
14,996
16,227
26,452
Binder twine
787,251
964,689
869,028
453;530
1,077,021
Bricks
4,364
2,478
9,251
8,454
12,020
Brooms and whisks
60,144
38,348
16,989
14,471
Buttons
586
778
536
1,144
394
Cartridges, gun, rifle, etc.
Charcoal
49,928
6,095
24,223
8,231
11,239
11,338
13,353
3,073
221,137
3,878
Cement
2,571
3,742
2,861
2,393
1,065
Clay, manufactures of ...
Clothing and wearing ap
parel
1,477
251,679
1,891
247,907
3,864
316,709
36,628
446,524
17,396
7,344,388
Coke
255,981
65,532
269,383
332,685
240,818
Cordage, rope and twine.
Cotton fabrics
73,236
134,990
57,224
104,044
31,282
53,883
60,127
82,636
47,180
282,828
312
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
14. Exports of Canada to All Countries in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
classes.
QUANTITIES.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
V. Manufactures con.
Cottons, othei
1,695,701
4,094
1,136,365
8,976
144,570
21,882
1,115
5,378
346,472
1,042,063
2,995
1,173,996
5,716
99,287
14,459
1,195
4,856
380,197
1,724,713
2,409
601,168
6,994
486,391
22,532
1,465
3,647
423,457
511,399
1,969
5,061,919
9,310
851,279
7,055
1,265
3,126
99,523
1,606,881
2,550
4,221,476
6,901
10,477
858,855
3,026
4,225
2,674
446,909
78,50s 1
Cotton waste Ib.
Drugs, chemicals and
medicines, n.e.s
Dye stuffs
Electrical apparatus
Electrotypes
Extract of hemlock bark
bbl.
Explosives and fulminates
n.e.s Ib.
Fertilizers
Fur, manufactures of
Glass and glassware, n.e.s.
Grindstones, manufac
tured
Guns, rifles, etc
Gypsum or plaster,
ground .
Hats and caps
Household effects^ n.e.s..
Ice
India rubber, mfs. of
India rubber waste.. .Ib.
Iron and steel and mfs. of
Castings, n.e.s
Ferro silicon and ferro
compounds ton
Gas buoys and parts of
Hardware and tools.. . .
Machinery
Pig iron ton
Scrap iron or steel. cwt.
Sewing machines. . NO.
Stoves "
Typewriters. . "
Wire and wire nails, cwt.
All others, n.e.s
Total
Jewellers sweepings
Jewellery of all kinds. . . .
Junk cwt.
Lamps and lanterns
Leather
Boots and shoes
Harness and saddlery. .
l Not including metallic and rubber.
313
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
14. Exports of Canada to AH Countries in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
VALUES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
V. Manufactures con.
Cottons, other
$
32,877
$
73,620
$
23,675
$
24,591
$
151,343
Cotton waste
49,727
35,507
46,993
22,969
72,736
Drugs, chemicals and
medicines
1,854,136
1,597,792
1,746,528
1,688,778
3,474,232
Dye stuffs
3,455
5,394
14,087
6,583
24,734
Electrical apparatus
50,578
48,897
62,756
106,816
97,890
Electrotypes
4,139
11,811
3,774
4,719
6,287
Exlract of hemlock bark
Explosives and fulminates
n e.s...
49,012
308,048
35,728
163,646
24,480
101,090
23,771
228,312
30,812
265,578
Fertilizers
456,827
944,980
1,677,703
2,539,789
2,163,917
Fur, manufactures of. ...
Glass and glassware, n.e.s
Grindstones, manufac
tured
32,366
19,663
23,914
38,189
20,894
28,127
69,768
25,013
27,118
53,070
32,453
54,584
29,808
55,553
45,889
Guns, rifles, etc
17,976
18,476
26,387
130,568
211,324
Gypsum or plaster,
ground
12,514
4,151
7,552
14,225
31,878
Hats and caps
11,881
17,129
20,633
21,521
16,203
Household effects, n.e.s..
Ice
1,962,627
7,068
1,903,290
6,729
2,212,633
7,797
2,841,408
15,922
3,681,709
7,515
India rubber, mfs. of
216,003
270,500
272,346
272,278
446,777
India rubber waste
413,953
276,128
Iron and steel and mfs. of
Castings, n.e.s
49,363
31,890
40,608
46,648
148,145
Ferro silicon and ferro
compounds
398,488
Gas buoys and parts of
Hardware and tools.. . .
Machinery..
142,091
371,626
83,411
130,479
394,598
87,916
144,405
535,442
18,832
201,319
444,456
20,080
369,714
351,067
Pig iron.
298,346
262,393
330,002
347,347
126,975
Scrap iron or steel
Sewing machines
117,095
239,114
58,351
162,947
236,181
249,971
458,800
98,648
534,946
33,244
Stoves
18,161
18,989
24,963
20,618
24,708
Typewriters
371,473
311,771
261,671
204,502
173,211
Wire and wire nails . . .
All other, n.e.s
1,038,106
769,250
933,754
968,074
870,318
7,111,528
Total
2,645,375
2,224,079
2,844,913
2,809,244
10,162,426
Jewellers sweepings
Jewellery of all kinds. . .
Junk
106,745
774,092
117,621
98,120
1,036,911
164,294
117,391
1,706,787
185,081
113,589
203,302
170,72C
80,714
161,221 ]
Lamps and lanterns
Leather
Boots and shoes
16,420
45,046
10,132
36,841
10,737
42,177
11,268
82,529
14,294
188,084
Harness and saddlery.
14,778
17,937
13,259
21,288
3,981,95?
L Not including metallic and rubber.
314
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
14. Exports of Canada to All Countries in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
QUANTITIES
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
V. Manufactures. con.
Leather con.
Leather, n.e.s. ... Ib.
Sole "
674,147
6,507,606
979,071
6,165,246
1,203,641
3 589 599
2,600,577
7 973 368
3,013,799
1 3 758 727
Upper . . "
777 ,945
896,216
417 004
367 197
2 17Q 021
Other manufactures of..
Total leather
Lime
_
_
Liquors
Ale and beer gal.
1,932
1,593
2 470
10 287
11 215
Gin
154
79
23
3 091
147
Whiskey "
314,076
298 434
329 387
337 357
282 8fi7
Wines "
19,533
4,207
3 782
6 985
2 779
Wood alcohol "
475,700
477,537
839 493
457 757
500 338
Other spirits, n.e.s. "
Total liquors ... "
Metals
Aluminum in bais,
blocks, etc cwt.
7,557
818,952
60,558
7,211
789,061
104,429
3,728
1,178,886
150,227
438
815,915
130 845
985
798,331
140 441
Aluminum, mfs. of
Brass, old and scrap cwt.
Copper, old & scrap "
Metallic shingles and
laths and corrugated
roofing .
-
40,204
29,001
27,342
21,119
Metals, n.o.p
_
_
Musical instruments
Organs NO.
2,507
2,940
2,794
2 212
1 093
Pianos "
246
219
237
196
239
Other and parts of
Total
Oil cake cwt.
375,440
419,873
691 280
604 670
279 334
Oil, n.e.s gal.
2,701,983
1,441,257
1 741,621
1 617 537
1 095 044
Paper, viz.:
Paper, wall roll.
604,428
826,126
746,075
550,433
783 895
Paper, felt "
50,959
49,466
54 126
49 301
78 793
Paper, wrapping. . Ib.
Paper, printing. . . "
Paper, n.e.s
Total paper
285,864
152,969
2,965,043
293,583,303
18,252,017
585,157,900
13,539,646
729,204,700
Paints and varnishes ....
Paintings, all kinds
Plumbago, mfs. of
Photographs
Rags Ib.
36 313,700
42 566 097
46 602 000
54 774 900
65 992 200
Ships sold to other
countries ton
1,039
1,908
2 825
6080
14 303
Soap Ib.
584,006
545 212
559 646
445 814
584 337
Starch "
184,367
133 540
28 797
160 473
76 158
Stationery
Stone, granite marble,
etc., dressed
315
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
14. Exports of Canada to All Countries in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
VALUES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
V. Manufactures con.
Leather con.
Leather, n.e.s
$
122,461
$
171,186
$
276,107
$
617,179
$
1,014,490
Sole
1,582,394
1,441,585
974,497
2,336,491
4,096,081
Upper
210,424
170,138
102,869
113,916
1,450,910
Other manufactures of .
Total leather
23,852
1,998,955
12,775
1,850,462
14,674
1,423,583
42,538
3,213,941
75,765
10,807,289
Lime
40,479
42,337
29,999
28,610
17,137
Liquors
Ale and beer
935
1,014
1,095
3,530
4,401
Gin
275
181
50
2,507
133
Whiskey
988,753
929,763
1,026,920
1,038,365
860,932
Wines
13,104
6,493
6,075
4,408
3,298
Wood alcohol
188,461
200,310
309,625
256,869
231,283
Other spirits, n.e.s
5,886
28,266
4,881
787
1,566
Total liquors
1,197,414
1,166,027
1,348,646
1,306,466
l,101,6ia
Metals-
Aluminum in bars,
blocks, etc
906,976
1,356,807
1,631,287
1,885,074
2,318,800
Aluminum, mf s. of
931
1,847
14,365
6,599
452,708
Brass, old and scrap. . .
Copper, old and scrap. .
Metallic shingles and
laths and corrugated
roofing
371,549
377,012
161,404
258,531
241,050
88,348
Metals, n.o.p
145,345
228,100
215,467
454,318
402,906
Musical instruments
Organs
162,270
224,601
189,824
144,620
63,199
Pianos
59,954
51,280
56,283
51,408
61,547
Other and parts of
4,138
4,095
7,905
86,679
100,829
Total
226,362
279,976
254,012
282,707
225,575
Oil cake
540,119
659,431
1,074,701
832,394
392,330
Oil, n.e.s
238,289
114,477
215,202
237,854
156,091
Paper, viz.:
Paper, wall
42,626
62,185
59,174
45,328
53,916
Paper, felt
40,180
35,065
38,052
50,131
85,066
Paper, wrapping
6,689
7,308
100,612
615,310
408,360
Paper, printing
3,092,437
3,291,926
5,692,126
11,386,845
14,091,662
Paper, n.e.s
. 730,264
470,635
434,846
577,422
839,334
Total, paper
3,912,196
3,867,119
6,324,810
12,675,036
15,478,338
Paints and varnishes ....
Paintings of all kinds ....
Plumbago, mfs. of
69,266
71,413
73,958
47,766
26,978
128,520
162,878
52,403
133,356
134,006
40,076
169,454
66,346
62,138
Photographs
6,450
6,648
10,053
8,806
10,137
Rags . .v
534, 25S
561,943
675,068
820,644
1,080,769
Ships sold to other coun
tries
55,185
56,000
107,850
128,493
448,900
Soap
25,125
23,955
23,947
27,400
34,118
Starch
9,845
3,223
1,282
7,927
2,439
Stationery
31,358
40,320
70,046
67,211
63,780
Stone, granite, marble,
etc., dressed
2,760
1,232
3,407
7,179
1,832
316
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
14. Exports of Canada to All Countries in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
(
QUANTITIES
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
V. Manufactures con.
Sugar, all kinds. ... Ib.
Sugar-house syrup .. gal.
Tar
29,025
43,124
290,185
127,020
71,236
183,759
1,909
153,520
12,550
134,908
Tin, manufactures of. ...
Tobacco
Cigars M.
57
130
61
32
18
Cigarettes "
28
86
34
51
185
Stems and cuttings Ib.
All other, n.e.s. . . "
Total tobacco
538,394
46,889
518,154
10,658
770,290
45,495
767,626
10,267
293,963
13,293
Tow cwt.
3,658
6,526
1,685
1 275
1 356
Vehicles
Automobiles NO.
627
1 891
3 766
6 306
5 238
Automobiles, parts of. .
Carriages NO.
952
1,064
1 138
544
59
Carriages, parts of
Carts NO.
498
1,061
383
1,692
598
Wagons "
212
152
119
177
2 142
Bicycles "
78
99
92
97
118
Bicycles, parts of
Other vehicles
_
_
_
Vinegar gal.
325
239
170
330
20
Wood-
Barrels, empty . . . NO.
Household furniture
Doors, sashes and
blinds
16,091
27,914
23,493
12,405
14,330
Matches, and match
splints
Mouldings, trimmings
and other household
furnishings
Pails, tubs, churns and
other hollow wooden-
ware
Spool wood and spools .
Wood pulp cwt.
6,588,655
5,858,807
5,862,176
6,331,803
8,588,030
Other manufactures of .
Total wood and mfs.
of
Woollens
^^
Other articles of manu
factures . ...
317
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
14. Exports of Canada to All Countries in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
VALUES. .
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
V. Manufactures con.
Sugar, all kinds, n.e.s
Sugar-house syrup
f
1,525
6,112
$
9,580
9,474
$
2,631
13,338
$
126
10,779
$
640
16,775
Tar
58,422
41,775
69,969
35,827
41,736
Tin, manufactures of ....
Tobacco
Cigars .
18,626
1,330
43,256
2,582
62,100
2,538
53,683
1,373
98,870
762
Cigarettes
242
604
302
203
1,754
Stems and cuttings ....
All other, n.e.s
28,217
18,860
41,579
5,866
52,514
15,859
55,685
7,773
27,515
8,308
Total tobacco
48,649
50,631
71,213
65,034
38,339
Tow
13,314
30,455
8,612
3,267
1,947
Vehicles
Automobiles
595,746
1,443,911
2,284,820
3,571,862
2,645,824
Automobiles, parts of . .
Carriages
52,745
82,092
54,291
99,709
57,146
235,857
37,232
408,629
4,438
Carriages, parts of
91,362
54,140
64,121
34,687
43,527
Carts
25,499
39,073
11,003
51,093
15,769
Wagons .
12,280
7,855
6,184
9,406
313,174
Bicycles
2,919
6,372
9,124
8,255
10,648
Bicycles, parts of
64,137
57,197
39,768
10,236
3,226
Other vehicles
306,504
230,256
51,855
55,945
52,535
Vinegar
116
54
35
82
5
Wood-
Barrels, emptv
15,703
18,100
28,903
14,228
16,913
x */
Household furniture-. . . .
Doors, sashes and
blinds
252,336
20,326
335,354
22,176
381,506
11,283
411,074
20,699
299,679
12,440
Matches and match
splints
85,663
10,679
2,436
334
13,363
Mouldings, trimmings,
and other householc
furnishings
1,786
2,817
1,767
5,601
4,731
Pails, tubs, churns anc
other hollow wooden-
ware
15,050
7,316
6,865
4,553
4,046
Spool wood and spools .
Wood pulp
95,052
5,715,532
54,146
5,094,305
57,373
5,509,544
27,056
6,364,824
98,247
9,266,161
Other manufactures of .
Total wood and mfs
of
459,858
6,661,306
477,924
6,022,817
426,596
6,426,273
396,842
7,245,211
360,372
10,075,952
Woollens
43,614
59,955
69,439
81,555
1,301,671
Other articles of manu
factures
768,416
817,318
987,159
906,053
1,448,987
318
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
14. Exports of Canada to All Countries in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
classes.
QUANTITIES.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
VI. Mineral produce.
Arsenic Ib.
2,814,187
69,829
2,315,171
15
15,964
359,217
54,925,686
79,656
36,80C
3,161,247
34,767,523
84
33,731,010
815,301
3,549,028
18,761
1,493
1,493
245
104,807
2
9,914
114,968
4,370,07"
76,316
1,494,756
16,639
357,502
54,426,980
113,940
71,961
33,230,708
48
30,882,716
765,830
5,503,150
19,985
1,934
1,934
]
1,227
37,657
12
7,629
46,576
3
3,492,209
91,820
2,055,993
13,376
Q7Q ^QQ
2,948,700
105,97
28,433
1,498,820
18,898
395,952
83,250,198
274,760
50,580,536
153
36,758,276
707,934
3,951 ,900
1,757
3,650
21,793
25,443
831
113,650
11,437
125,918
187
3,265,500
74,904
19,928
1,512,487
79
13,649
322,680
62,677,038
9,861,780
723.100
2,534^02
45,412,017
46
25,355,305
852,752
3,276,700
981
17,120
1,256
18,376
337
933
130,496
90
12,764
144,620
60
Asbestos ton.
Asbestos sand. . "
Coal ton
Chromite (chr. iron) "
Feldspar "
Gold - bearing quartz
dust, nuggets, etc. .
Gypsum or plaster,
crude . . . ton
Metals
Copper, fine, containec
in ore, matte, regulus
etc Ib
80,947,219
2,717,201
305,600
48,168,090
89
35,264,018
906,912
4,866,890
10,931
18,500
40,641
59,141
1,813
135,587
8
15,976
153,384
Copper, black or coarse,
cement copper and
coppei in pigs. . . Ib.
Lead, metallic, contain
ed in ore, etc. . . Ib.
Lead, pig. . "
Nickel, fine, contained
in ore matte or
speiss Ib.
Platinum, contained in
concentrates or other
forms oz.
Silver, metallic, con
tained in ore, concen
trates, etc oz.
Mica Ib.
Mineral pigments, iron
oxides, ochres, etc. Ib.
Mineral water. . . . gal.
Oils, mineral, coal and
kerosene, crude. . . gal.
Oils, mineral, coal and
kerosene, refined . gal.
Total oils. ... "
Ores
Antimony ton
Corundum "
Iron "
Manganese "
Other "
Total ores. "
Phosphates "
319
EXPORTS OF CANADA.
14. Exports of Canada to All Countries in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
VALUES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
VI. Mineral produce totals
Arsenic
$
42,787,561
69,381
$
41,324,516
82,234
$
57,442,546
108,305
$
59,039,054
117,497
$
51,740,989
120,242
Asbestos
2,076,477
2,097,814
2,486,769
2,891,669
2,227,387
Asbestos sand
162,767
111,727
Coal..
6,014,095
4,338,128
5,555,099
3,703,765
4,466,258
Chromite (chromic iron) .
Feldspar
150
50,572
58,160
45,737
75,988
878
56,668
Gold -- bearing quartz,
dust, nuggets, etc
5,344,465
7,193,392
11,226,573
13,326,755
15,406,510
Gypsum or piaster, crude.
Metals
Copper, fine, contained
in ore, matte, regulus,
etc
427,903
5,567,078
422,506
5,646,206
439,488
9,551,899
480,779
9,489,729
378,648
6,173,357
Copper, black or coarse ;
cement copper and
copper in pigs. .
7,995
359,643
1,371,889
Lead, metallic, contain
ed in ore, etc
1,308
3,151
8,442
7,562
12,534
Lead, pig. ,
99,625
2,806
97,286
Nickel, fine, contained
in ore, matte, or
speiss
3,842,332
3,743,920
5,045,197
5,374,738
5,063,656
Platinum, contained in
concentrates or other
forms
2,311
2,578
3,519
7,784
2,171
Silver, metallic, con
tained in ore, concen
trates, etc
17,269,168
15,908,409
20,202,559
20,971,538
13,516,390
Mica
308,851
258,329
319,444
208,526
217,800
Mineral pigments, iron
oxides, ochres, etc
31,131
35,148
27,109
19,638
20,744
Mineral water
6,062
11,712
3,991
610
82
Oils, mineral, coal, and
kerosene, crude
3,964
379
1,177
Oils, mineral, coal and
kerosene, refined
241
156
6,723
3,119
235
Total oils
241
156
10,687
3,498
1,412
Ores
Antimony
17,173
133
19,769
Corundum
130,844
196,013
99,744
82,358
Iron
304,718
133,361
426,633
398,023
345,119
Manganese
51
474
303
1,950
Other
634,816
388,484
568,198
734,993
645,873
Total ores
956,758
653,296
1,191,147
1,232,760
1,095,069
Phosphates
100
497
180
320
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
14. Exports of Canada to All Countries in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 concluded.
Principal articles by
(
QUANTITIES
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
Plumbago, crude ore and
concentrates cwt.
7,937
30,755
34 664
30 127
9 944
Pyrites ton
35,710
27,865
3 427
46 293
95 901
Salt Ib.
397 500
307 300
375 650
369 900
Q51 QOO
Sand and gravel .... ton
Stone, ornamental, gran
ite, marble, etc., un-
wrought ton
582,042
319
585,362
132
646,345
2.524
685,143
160
959,039
95
Stone, building, freestone,
limestone, etc .... ton
Stone, crushed "
61,725
85,481
114,685
192,327
62,600
28 995
Stone for manufacture of
grindstones, rough, ton
Total, stone . ... "
Other articles of the mine
VII. Miscellaneous produce.
Coffee Ib.
62,044
10,181
15
85,628
86,323
117,209
87 070
192,487
66933
54
91,744
107 397
Contractors outfits
Dried fruits, n.e.s . . Ib.
Rice "
2,727
700,190
16,438
40,000
5,589
3,380
100
3,329
2 207 680
Rice meal . u
2,266,200
3,369,548
978 000
2 613 800
4 310,910
Other miscellaneous
articles
Coin
Gold and silver . .
15. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes
entered for consumption in the five fiscal years 1911-1915.
[. Agricultural produce.
Bamboo reeds cut to
length .
Breadstuffs, etc., viz.:
Biscuits, all kinds Ib .
Macaroni and vermi
celli Ib.
1,420,734
81,935
1,690,063
84,264
1,810,780
110,791
2,275,872
214,376
1,659,902
122,836
Rice, all kinds "
Rice and sago flour "
Other breadstuff s. "
Total breadstuffs "
Grain and products of
Beans bush.
5,303,262
399,583
1,009,875
8,215,389
6,362
6,202,981
167,696
1,244,348
9,389,352
11,175
6,996,981
744,453
1,078,359
10,741,364
83,963
7,270,434
76,792
77,175
9,914,649
30,494
6,539,662
144,156
92,410
8,558,966
27,409
Indian corn "
2
4,034
6
15
Indian corn for
distillation pur
poses. . . . "
1,000
Oats . "
4.190
5.523
3.574
2.707
2.282
321
EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF CANADA.
14. Exports of Canada to All Countries in quantities and values by classes of home
produce in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 concluded.
Principal articles by
-
VALUES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
Plumbago, crude ore and
concentrates
$
32,380
$
66,477
$
79,045
$
81,209
$
24,120
Pyrites .
118,962
110,109
7,007
212,220
393,085
Salt
3,419
5,411
3,358
2,140
5,509
Sand and gravel
401,183
415,304
443,638
485,578
808 012
Stone, ornamental, gran
ite, marble, etc., un-
wrought
2,533
1,590
1,889
5,396
399
Stone, building, freestone,
limestone, etc
20,083
24,999
29,110
93,007
45,950
Stone, crushed
250,080
Stone for manufacture of
grindstones, rough
22
\
294
Total stone
22,616
26,611
30,999
98,403
66,723
Other articles of the mine
VII.Miscellaneous produce
totals
Coffee
133,098
285,815
1,992
242,559
111,676
15,385
292,891
97,311
11,935
83,404
121,088
11,517
102,652
663,802
21,117
Contractors outfits ... .
186,831
Dried fruits, n.e.s
129
1,177
410
352
105
Rice
11,802
960
3
84,498
Rice meal
26,967
41,911
15,330
45,876
109,242
Other miscellaneous
articles
244,925
52,243
69,636
63,340
262 009
Coin
Gold and silver..
1.219
667
15. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes
entered for consumption in the five fiscal years 1911-1915.
I. Agricultural produce-
totals
Bamboo reeds, cut to
length
$
2,443,802
5
$
3,253,791
41
$
3,033,820
94
$
2,644,109
479
$
1,951,276
121
Breadstuff s, etc., viz.:
Biscuit s, all kinds
163,797
184,580
221,402
299,103
211,043
Macaroni and vermi
celli
3,947
4,538
4,849
9 924
7 281
Rice, all kinds
127,325
164,531
218,217
227,799
184,502
Rice and sago flour ....
Other breadstuff s
10,270
24,987
4,274
47,864
16,242
40,047
2,447
4764
4,802
4669
Total breadstuff s
Gram and products of
Beans
330,326
11,440
405,787
24 580
500,757
161 103
544,037
60 114
412,297
49 825
Indian corn
18
3,838
12
66
Indian corn for distilla
tion purposes
600
Oats
3,122
3 578
2 553
2 668
2 167
322
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
15. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes
entered for consumption in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
(
QUANTITIES
i
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
I. Agricultural produce
con.
Grain and products of
con.
Peas bush.
2,330
3,908
36,577
25,886
4,130
Wheat "
4
91
10
140
Other grains "
17
311
130
47
10
Total grains .... "
Bran, mill feed, etc ....
Cereal foods, prepared .
Indian or corn meal bbl.
Oatmeal Ib.
12,903
25
7,820
21,010
12,124
128,288
24,564
59,280
30,346
34,846
25,201
Wheat flour bbl.
6
21
28
23
38
Other grain products. . .
Total grain products .
Grand total bread-
stuffs
Broom corn
_
__
_
Cane and rattans, not
manufactured
*
Cider gal.
383
810
991
1,823
1,484
Cocoa beans, not roasted,
crushed or ground Ib,
Cocoanuts NO.
457,753
200
560,067
47,900
917,339
80,200
759,129
931,500
Cotton wool or raw
cotton Ib.
46,890
21,341
1.016
Fibre, Mexican, istle
or tampico cwt.
354
306
100
209
47
Fibre, vegetables, n.e.s."
Florists stock
1,514
1,769
1,822
1,315
754
Fruits, dried, including
nuts
Currants Ib.
257,888
544,446
132,308
193,705
88,273
Dates "
291,507
152,746
318,960
452,861
309,949
Figs . "
679,128
667,561
317,176
245,795
158,709
Prunes and plums
Raisins "
18,715
232,315
32,987
419,137
338
341,762
23,693
586,629
23,408
226,734
Other dried fruit./ *
Nuts, all kinds ... "
Total dried fruits "
Fruits, green-
Grapes Ib.
4,280
454,455
1,938,288
994,627
9,374
1,081,882
2,908,133
1,311,187
15,098
689,633
1;815,275
948,188
332,033
917,659
2,752,375
1,443,156
330
639,235
1,446,638
635,276
Oranges, lemons, limes,
etc
Pineapples
_
__
. .
All other
_
ri ^
_
rif
__
Total fruits, green. . .
Fruits, preserved
-
-
Hemp, dressed or
undressed. . cwt.
25.617
29.547
18.825
7.391
3.057
323
IMPORTS OF CANADA.
15. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes
entered for consumption in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
VALUES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
I. Agricultural produce
con.
Grain and products of
con.
Peas
$
7,968
$
14,940
$
54,542
$
51,986
$
8,138
Wheat
6
93
13
260
Other grains
17
508
173
80
22
Total grains .
22,553
43,717
222,222
115,120
60,818
Bran, mill feed, etc ....
Cereal foods, prepared.
Indian or corn meal ....
Oatmeal
3,321
12,109
85
348
5,271
30,757
548
53,269
28,498
1,226
10,456
25,399
1,475
5,565
16,040
1,465
Wheat flour
38
115
165
124
211
Other grain products. . .
Total grain products
Grand total bread-
stuffs
25,500
41,401
394,280
35,685
72,376
521,880
70,810
153,968
876,947
140,028
177,482
836,639
85,205
108,486
581,601
Broom corn
2,520
1,166
61
Cane and rattans, not
manufactured
3,042
1,768
1,333
2,343
2,582
Cider
343
887
1,045
1,820
1,301
Cocoa beans, not roasted,
crushed or ground
65,479
79,874
132,200
110,540
126,195
Cocoanuts
8
1,151
2,076
Cotton wool-or raw cotton
Fibre, Mexican, istle or
tampico
7,803
3,420
2,387
3,272
1,412
2,395
183
588
Fibre, vegetable, n.e.s. . .
Florists stock
13,926
10,177
12,194
8,918
15,346
17,109
13,062
15,379
7,691
12,878
Fruits, dried, including
nuts
Currants
12,964
30,830
7,508
9,030
4,519
Dates
8,922
6,453
10,445
15,801
9,616
Figs ,
22,458
20,293
13,335
9,677
7,867
Prunes and plums
1,143
3 672
63
969
1,321
Raisins
14,072
27,389
24,923
30,546
11,659
Other dried fruits
189
954
1,887
22,010
37
Nuts, all kinds
55,030
106,051
82,504
100,782
72,425
Total dried fruits ....
Fruits, green
Grapes
114,778
79,192
195,642
106,729
140,665
78,463
188,815
117,429
107,444
48,086
Oranges, lemons, limes,
etc . . . ...
156,615
110,827
107,120
118,560
44,383
Pineapples .
All other
198
1,928
1,750
1,397
120
Total fruits, green. .
Fruits, preserved
236,005
60,643
219,484
116,804
187,333
151,429
237,386
69,456
92,589
62,661
Hemp, dressed or un
dressed
139,396
156,990
112,389
56,489
24,522
324
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
15. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes
entered for consumption in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
\
Principal articles by
(
QUANTITIES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
I. Agricultural produce con.
Hops . Ib.
158,346
203002
107,291
117942
137,673
Malt bush.
56
707
26,706
5,475
3,830
Manila grass cwt.
15,770
13,401
14,606
9,956
4,534
Oils, vegetable gal.
308,459
229,489
238,651
196,129
150,028
Oils, vegetable Ib.
3,373,561
4,379,122
825,930
187,645
154,337
Pickles gal.
288,613
322,636
350,214
313,154
204,171
Plants aud trees
Seeds, garden, field, etc..
Seed, flax bush.
118,621
56,973
2
39
-
Seeds, all other
__
Total seeds
_
B
^_ M
^n^
Sugar, maple and
maple syrup Ib.
175
350
Tobacco, unmanufac
tured "
58,357
359,584
120,035
97,806
124,419
Vegetables
Other agricultural pro
ducts
II. Animals and their pro
duce.
Animals, living
Cattle NO.
247
154
304
174
47
Dogs. . "
115
159
194
211
113
Fowls, domestic,
pure bred "
378
693
994
1,613
492
Hogs.. "
8
36
3
Horses
1,722
1,635
2,126
1,519
178
Sheep "
198
65
14
176
280
Other animals
Total animals, living.
Bones, crude, bone
dust, etc cwt.
6,984
9,446
24,141
;
16,106
40,273
Bristles Ib.
90,967
113,711
95,999
111,983
70,790
Eees. . doz.
12,040
26
6,035
790
1,143
Feathers
Fur skins, not dressed . .
Fur skins, wholly or par
tially dressed
*
*
Grease and degras. . Ib.
Grease, rough "
342,769
138,583
402,599
17,692
503,182
5,367
442,201
402,862
364,981
2,653
Hair, cleaned or un-
cleaned "
20,181
33,050
8,389
Hair, horse "
16,383
30,425
42,461
31,470
15,984
Hatters furs
Hides and skins, raw Ib,
Honey . "
4,328,067
16,633
4,828,235
52,497
6,897,460
71,174
3,302,408
16,201
3,636,412
10,902
Milk, condensed. . . .
Oils, animal. . gal.
10,691
1,409
9,954
2,398
22,327
6,103
85,079
5,537
15,095
6,293
325
IMPORTS OF CANADA.
15. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes
entered for consumption in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
VALUES.
classes.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
I. Agricultural produce con.
Hops ... ....
$
49580
$
87 205
$
40501
$
44663
$
31 973
Malt
55
891
26 673
6 507
4090
Manila grass
104,928
73,358
94003
71 882
24947
Oils, vegetable
221,892
161,732
180 802
175 145
129558
Oils, vegetable
294,169
407,602
70,676
13,297
10,074
Pickles
241,118
283 806
296 386
292 525
201 997
Plants and trees
11,979
10,345
15683
18283
14713
Seeds, garden, field, etc..
Seed, flax
34,318
241,270
291,721
125,624
132,519
7
83,482
50
210,043
Seeds, all other
37288
56 609
118 121
130 614
139582
Total seeds
312,876
473 954
250647
214 146
349 625
Sugar, maple and maple
syrup.
17
35
Tobacco, unmanufactured
Vegetables
24,601
120,250
124,571
280,915
38,905
337,215
29,641
214 332
30,226
142 106
Other agricultural pro
ducts
13,049
25 583
41 750
28885
21 550
II. Animals and their pro
duce totals
3,177,213
i
3,718,703
4,833,470
3,579,810
2.874 649
Animals, living
Cattle
21,660
21,763
41 278
28 225
10 125
Dogs. .
6675
12 394
10279
12 123
6911
Fowls, domestic, pure
bred
2,684
4,029
4 583
4417
3 087
Hoes. .
340
1 550
150
Horses
552,732
615,899
613,288
344 900
52 656
Sheep
7,189
760
550
5 722
3 924
Other animals
3,479
913
2872
3 974
2 413
Total animals, living .
Bones, crude, bone dusf,
etc
594,759
20288
655,758
22437
672,850
57 599
400,911
56 935
79,266
97 204
Bristles
71,312
89 349
82 895
102 427
61 019
Eggs
2,128
72
1 597
211
337
Feathers
39,196
49,302
106 048
49491
15 575
Fur skins, not dressed . . .
Fur skins, wholly or par
tially dressed
183,944
322,093
202,314
279,587
379,194
384094
250,269
153 711
68,239
62 583
Grease and degras
6,771
13 884
15 264
15 377
10 682
Grease, rough
7,090
565
379
24 810
198
Hair, cleaned or uncleaned
Hair, horse
23,582
13,926
15,812
30,721
9,210
42 403
9,104
26 865
5,746
17 323
Hatters furs
23,101
30,840
10,022
12 675
11 616
Hides and skins, raw
Honey.
704,630
1 205
763,604
4 120
1,227,044
5 969
706,690
1 53Q
753,856
1 3^1
Milk, condensed
1,243
1,388
2,583
5 320
1 515
Oils, animal. .
781
469
3 265
2 691
2 328
326
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
15. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes
entered for consumption in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
classes.
T
QUANTITIES.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
II. Animals and their pro
duce con.
Provisions, viz.:
Butter Ib.
29,252
48,547
588,251
3,649
7,902
298,662
47,693
55,879
292
3,142,209
1,633,694
304
758,767
7,504
410
3,088
19,104
210
3,579
307
4,096
700,900
58,395
138,923
11,576
22,040
1,067,619
60,172
25,348
5,726
3,962,722
1,634,333
839,056
9,004
19,172
62,089
12
646
144
802
767,131
69,911
368,291
46,203
12,500
1,098,790
10,246
32,283
8,022
4,573,672
1,481,866
63,654
1,075,773
6,266
3,847
113,709
3,153
140
3,293
91,900
49,472
310,726
48,153
2,740
1,523,044
251,287
3,829
1,046
3,929,650
1,314,273
28,780
1,417,096
948
6,600
1,000
62,116
379
2,131
6,975
9,485
66,259
35,628
575,362
13,227
5,861
1,010,340
I 6,850
9,931
3,795,798
1,002,129
112
1,495,059
360
240 1
64,144
90
1,186
11,529
12,805
Cheese "
Lard and lard com
pound, etc "
Meats, viz.:
Bacon and hams, shoul
ders and sides.. . Ib.
Beef, salted "
Canned meats and can
ned p oultry and
game Ib.
Extracts of meat, fluid
beef, etc
Mutton and lamb,
fresh... . Ib.
Pork "
Poultry and game
Other meats Ib.
Total meats
Rennet
Sausage casings
Silk, raw, etc
Wax, bees Ib.
Wool... "
Other articles
III. Fisheries produce.
Anchovies and sar
dines boxes
Cod, haddock, ling and
pollock, all kinds . Ib.
Herring. ... "
Lobsters "
Mackerel "
Oysters "
Salmon "
Sea fish, other "
Other fish, fresh pickled,
smoked, etc
Total fish
Fish oil
Cod. . . gal
Cod-liver. . "
Other "
Total fish oil.... "
Other articles of the fish
eries
J Cans.
327
IMPORTS OF CANADA.
15. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes
entered for consumption in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
classes.
VALUES.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
II. Animals and their pro
duce con.
Provisions, viz.:
Butter
$
6,945
10,809
68,058
921
702
56,891
57,403
6,252
10,484
4,654
137,307
2,029
32,702
4,944
90
736,663
161,617
206,544
85,834
32
29,510
381
33
151
1,581
83,872
201,394
243
3,995
77
4,315
835
$
201,219
13,904
13,008
1,891
1,790
147,445
134,203
5,440
7,863
3,124
301,756
4,419
31,364
6,657
1,627
856,073
128,454
224,641
85,272
34,182
456
198
1,307
7,916
93,541
222,872
17
717
146
880
889
$
200,389
14,688
40,141
9,086
1,013
201,995
96,381
956
9,969
5,126
324,526
3,584
46,637
10,473
1,555
1,081,706
109,355
247,971
82,977
3,839
44,823
325
851
359
13,717
95,820
242,711
1,903
94
1,997
3,263
$
24,322
12,066
40,417
10,767
220
276,086
212,347
25,151
414
14,144
7,661
546,790
2,306
68,131
19,653
379
1,014,157
32,563
246,858
73,205
1,880
66,952
220
320
75
7,774
89,879
240,305
397
1,188
3,845
5,430
1,123
$
16,949
8,366
51,939
2,875
517
173,600
182,604
693
7,164
4,110
371,563
5,266
82,571
22,192
4,001
1,108,157
14,807
207,930
56,591
8
64,883
28
21
28
6,230
72,311
200,100
92
879
6,285
7,256
574
Cheese
Lard and lard com
pound, etc
Meats, viz. :
Bacon and hams, shoul
ders and sides
Beef, salted
Canned meats and can
ned poultry and game
Extracts of meat, fluid
beef, etc
Mutton and lamb, fresh
Pork
Poultry and game
Other meats
Total meats
Rennet
Sausage casings ...
Silk, raw, etc
Wax, bees
Wool
Other articles
III.Fisheriesproduce totals
Anchovies and sardines . .
Cod, haddock, ling and
pollock, all kinds. .....
Herring
Lobsters
Mackerel
Oysters
Salmon
Seafish, other.
Other fish, fresh, pickled,
smoked, etc
Total fish. ...
Fish oil-
Cod
Cod-liver. . . .
Other
Total fish oil
Other articles of the
fisheries
328
TRADE AND COMMERCE.
15. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom in quantities and values by classes
entered for consumption in the five fiscal years 1911-1915 con.
Principal articles by
classes.
QUANTITIES.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
IV. Forest produce.
Corkwood
2
218
15
4,368
304,153
8,655
6,509
108
163,230
4
301
1,158
400,032
146
6,506
258
95,500
45
398
2
800
495,058
1,613
18,453
301
138,144
219
408
34
920
138
62
281,653
3,705
8,389
134
1,009,890
D shovel handles
Hickory billets
Hubs for wheels, etc
Ivory nuts, vegetable
Logs and round unmanu
factured timber
Lumber and timber,
planks and boards, etc.,
viz. :
Boards, planks, deals,
etc M. ft.
Cherry, chestnut, etc . .
Mahogany M. ft
Oak
Timber, hewn and sawed
Walnut ft.
Other lumber and tim
ber
: 467,506
15,598
7,717
293
1,120
Total lumber and
timber
Other articles of the
forest
V. Manufactures.
Ale, beer and porter, gal.
Ale, ginger. .
Antiseptic surgical dress
ing. .
Asphaltum or
asphalt cwt.
Baking powder Ib.
Balls, cues and racks for
bagatelle tables
Baskets
Belting, all kinds, except
rubber and leather
Belts, surgical, trusses and
suspensory bandages. . .
Belts, all kinds, n.e.s. . . .
Bells
Billiard tables NO.
Binder 
