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THE
CANADA
YEAR BOOK 1916-17
Published by Authority of the Right Hon. Sir George E. Foster,
K.C.M.G., M.P., Minister of Trade and Commerce.
OTTA'VA
J. DE L. T ACHÉ, PRINTER TO
THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT l\IAJESTY
1917
L
H D 5 0 N
.....
A YmlØ1"
IB'I!
kII8
WIll
La..
t/: "ntal Immigration, 1901-1917.. . .. .... .. . ..., ....... ....... ........... 117
35. Expenditure on Immigration in the fiscal years 1868-1917. . . . . ........ .... .. . . .. " .. . 117
IV
IV. EDUCATION.
General Features of Canadian Education System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Provincial Powers under the British North America Act.......................................
Religious Instruction and Exercises in the Public Schools..............................
........
Elementary and Secondary Education, by Provinces. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .
Higher Education in Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. Number of Schools, Teachers and Pupils in Canada by Provinces, 1901-1916. ........
2. Normal and Model Schools in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario and
Manitoba, 1901-1916. .............................................................
3. N umber of Teachers and Pupils in Model Schools, Academies and Roman Catholic
Classical Colleges in Quebec, 1901-1915............................................
4. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Collegiate Institutes and High Schools in Ontario,
1901-1916. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Continuation Schools in Ontario, 1911-1916........
6. Number of Teachers and Pupils in High Schools in British Columbia, 1901-1916.....
7. Receipts and Expenditure for Public Education in Canada by Provinces, 1901-1916....
8. Average Annual Salaries of Teachers, by Provinces, 1915-1916.......................
9. Universities of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees..............
10, Universities of Canada: Number of Teaching Staff and Students.... . . . . . . .. . . ... . . . .
11. Universities of Canada: Financial Statistics, 1916.. . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. ... . . . .. . . . . .
12. Colleges of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees...., . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13. Colleges of Canada: Number of Teaching Staff and Students........................
14. Colleges of Canada: Financial Statistics, 1916......... .. ... . " . ... .. . . .. . . . . ., .. .. .. .
V. CLIMATE AND l\tIETEOROLOGY.
PAGE.
118-119
119-120
120-123
123-113
143-148
149-152
153-154
155
156
156
156
157-162
163
164-165
166
167
168-170
171-172
173-175
The Weather of Canada during the year 1916. Information furnished by the Dominion Meteoro-
logical Service, Toronto. . .................. ............................................ ... 176-181
I. Temperature of the year 1916 at R.epresentative Stations, compared with Normal
Annual Averages for the period 1888 to 1907. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
2. Precipitation of the year 1916 at Representative Stations, compared with Normal
Annual Averages for the period 1888 to 1907... . ... ,...... .......... ....... ........ 183
VI. PRODUCTION.
Agriculture.
I. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada, 1915 and 1916......
2. Areas and Yields of Wheat, Oats, Barley and Flaxseed in the three Prairie Provinces,
1915 and 1916. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . .
3. Total Areas and Value of Field Crops in Canada, 1911-16............................
4. Numbers of Farm Live Stock by Provinces, 1911-1917...............................
5. Average Values of Farm Animals and of Wool, as estimated by Correspondents, 1909,
1910, 1914, 1915 and 1916. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .
6. Numbers in June and Values in December of Farm Live Stock in Canada, as estimated
by Correspondents, 1915 and 1916. . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . . . . .. .. .
7. Average Values per acre of Occupied Farm Lands in Canada, as estimated by Corres-
pondents, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1914, 1915 and 1916......................................
8. Average Wages of Farm Help in Canada, as estimated by Correspondents, 1909, 1910,
1914, 1915 and 1916.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
9. Production of Creamery Butter and Factory Cheese, by Quantities and Values, 1915
and 1916....... .................. .. .............. .............. ... .............. ..
10. Production and Value of Creamery Butter and Factory Cheese, 1900-07-10-15-16....
11. Estimated Yield of Milk and Distribution of Dairy Products, 1915 and 1916. . . . . . . . .
12. Cold Storage Warehouses in Canada, 1917. ......... ....... . ...... ...................
13. Estimated Areas and Yields of Tobacco in Canada, 1914-1916..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14. Allocation of Payments to Provincial Governments under the Agricultural Instruction
Act, 1914-15-1917-18...............................................................
15. Stocks of Wheat in Canada on March 31, 1916 and 1917... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .
16. Stocks of Wheat in Canada on February 8, 1915, and on March 31, 191IJ and 1917......
17. Stocks of Oats, Barley and Flax in Canada on March 31, 1917........................
18. Weekly Range of Prices of Wheat at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1916.. . . , . . . . .. . . . . .
19. Monthly Range of Average Prices of Wheat at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1914-1916.
20. Weekly Range of Prices of Oats at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1916..................
21. Weekly Range of Prices of Barley and Flax at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1916.......
22. Monthly Range of Average Prices of Barley, Oats and Flax at Winnipeg and Fort
William, 1914-1916...........:....................................................
23. Prices in British Markets of Canadian Wheat, Wheat Flour and Oats, 1916...........
24. Monthly Range of Average Prices in British Markets of Canadian Wheat, Wheat
Flour and Oats, 1913-1916.. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25. Prices in British Markets of Canadian Bacon and IIams, 1916........................
26. Monthly Range of Average Prices in British Markets of Canadian Bacon and Hams,
1913-16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
27. Prices in British Markets of Canadian Cheese, 1916.............................,....
28. Average Monthly Prices of Canadian Cheese in British Markets, 1913-1916...........
29. World's Acreage and Production of Cereals and of Potatoes, 1915-16. . . .... ... . . . . .. . . .
Agricultural Experiment Stations in Canada.
Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30. Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations, 1916...........................,.......
Provincial Agricultural Experiments. . . . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. .. .
187-195
195
196
197-198
199
200
201
202
204
205
206
208-212
213
214
215
215
216
217-218
219
220-221
221-222
223
224-225
225-226
226-228
228-230
230
231
233-235
236-240
236
240-249
v
Forestry.
Estimated Values of Forest Products, 1913-1916.. . . . . .. ... ... . .... ... .... . . .... ... ..
Quantities and Values of the cut of Lumber, Shin
des and Lath by Provinces, 1915
and 1916... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
Total Consumption and Value of Pulpwood, 1908-16. . . ..::.:..::::::::::::::::::::::
Q
ntities and Values .of Wood used in the manufacture of Pulp, 1914-16..............
Kinds of Wood used In the manufacture of Pulp by Quantities and values, 1914, 1915
and 1916. . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Quantities of Wood used and of Pulp manufactured, 1914.-1916. . : : . .: : : :: :
:
::
: :: ::
Quantities and Values of Cross-ties and Poles purchased by Railway and Electric
Companies, 1915 and 1916.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
Exports from Canada of Wood Pulp, by Countries, in the fiscal years 1911-1916.......
Quantity and Value of Wood, Blocks and other, for Pulp, exported to the United-
States, 1904-1916 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fisheries.
40. Number and Value of Fishing Vessels, Boats, Nets, Traps, etc., used in the Sea and
Inland Fisheries of Canada, 1915-1916. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . ... ... ... .. ... . ..
41. Government Bounties to Fishermen in the fiscal years 1912 to 1915.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42. Quantities and Values of all Fish marketed in Canada in 1914-15, and 1915.-16. . . .....
43. Quantities and Values of the catch of the Inland Fisheries of Canada, 1914-15 and
1915--16.. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . .. . '" . .. " . ....
44. Total Value of Fisheries by Provinces in the fiscal years 1912-1916.. ,.., .............
45. Total Value of the Fisheries of Canada in the fiscal years 1870-1916...........,......
46. Values of Exports and Imports of Fish, 1902-1916.......... ..... _.....................
47. Exports of the Fisheries, the Produce of Canada, by principal countries, in the fiscal
years 1915-1916... ................. ... ....... ... .................................
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
31.
38.
39.
Minerals.
48. Quantities and Values of Minerals produced in Canada, 1915 and 1916... . . . . .. . " . .. . .
49. Increase or Decrease in Principal Mineral Products, 1916. " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50. Mineral Production of Canada in the Calendar Years, 1915 and 1916..................
51. Value of Mineral Production in Canada, 1886-1916........................ ....... .....
52. Value of Minerals produced in Canada by Proyinces in the Calendar Years 1915 and
1916.,..... ........................................................................
53. Quantity of Gold produced in Canada by Provinces during the Calendar Years 1862-
1916........................................................... .................
54. Value of Gold produced in Canada by Provinces during the Calendar Years 1862-1916..
55. Quantity and Value of Silver produced in Canada during the Calendar Years 1887-
1916. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .
56. Quantity and Value of Silver produced in Canada by Provinces during the Calendar
Years 1887-1916.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57. Quantity and Value of Copper produced in Canada by Provinces during the Calendar
Years 1886-1916...................... .............................................
58. Quantity and Value of Nickel produced in Canada during the Calendar Years 1889-
1916................................................... ..........................
59. Production of principall\Iinerals in Canada for the Calendar Years 1909-1916.........
60. Production of Cement in Canada for the Calendar Years 1902-1916...................
61. Character and Quantities of Ores treated in Canadian Smelters, 1911-1916..,........
Iron Blast Furnaces in Canada in 1916.. .. . . . . . . .. .. . ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .
Mines Departments of Provincial Governments.. . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62. Production of Silver at the Cobalt Camp, Ontario, 1904-16. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
63. Value of Total Mineral Production of British Columbia, 1852-1916. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .
64. Quantity and Value of Mineral Products in British Columbia, for the Calendar Years
1914-1916. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . .
65. Quantity and Value of the World's Production of Gold and Silver for the Calendar
Years 1914 and 1915.... ...... .. ........................ ...........................
66. Imports into Canada of Portland Cement, 1808-1916..............................,..
67. Imports into Canada of Anthracite and Bituminous Coal !ar- home consumption during
the fiscal years 1901-1916. . . '" .... .... . . .... .... ... .... ..................... .....
68. Exports of Coal the produce of Canada, 1903-1916....... ....... ....... ......, ....... .
IVlanufactures.
69. StatistiC's of Manufactures of Canada, 1905 and 1915......., ..........................
70. Statistics of Manufactures of Canada, 1910 and 1915. .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .... .. . ... .. ...
71. Statistics of Manufactures by Provinces, 1900, 1905, 1910 and 1915......... ....... ,...
72. Statistics of Manufactures, 1915. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " _. , . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . .
73. War Trade in Manufactures, 1915... .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. .. . . , . . .. . .. .. . . . . .
VII. TRADE AND COI\rIMERCE.
PAGE.
250
250
251
251
253
253-254
254
255
256
257
258
259-260
260
261
261
262
262
265
266
266-267
268
268
268-269
270
271
271
272
273
273-274
274
274
275
275-278
278
279
279
280
281
281
281
283
283
284
285-293
294
1. Aggregate External Trade of Canada, 1868-1917. . . ...... ....... ........... ,......... 297
2. Movement of Coin and Bullion, 1868-1917...................................:........ 298
3. Duties Collected on Exports, 1868-1892, and on Imports for Home Consumption, 1868-
1917................................ .... ............ ....................... 299
4. Ratio of Exports to Imports and Value per capita of Exports, Imports and Total Trade.
1868-1917............................ ............................................. 300
5. Exports to the United Kingdom, to the United States and to Other Countries of
Merchandise the produce of Canada, 1868-1917.... . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. .. .. . . '.' . 301
6. Imports from the United Kingdom, from the Pnited States and from Other Countnes
of Merchandise entered for Home Consumption, 1868-1917. ........................ 302
vi
Trade and Commerce-con.
7. Values of Exports from Canada to the United Kingdom, to the United States, to
Other Countries and to All Countries, by Classes of Merchandise, in five year ave-
rages and for the fiscal years 1911-1917. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .
8. Value of Exports of Merchandise the Produce of Canada, with Percentage Ratios of
Totals, to the United Kingdom, to the United States and to all Countries, by Classes,
1913-1916. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . .
9. Value of Imports from the United Kingdom, from the United States and from all
Countries by classes of Merchandise entered for Home Consumption, 1913-1916........
10. Exports of Canada to the United Kingdom, United States and All Countries in quan-
tities and values, by classes of Home Produce in the four fiscal years 1913-1916. .... . . .
11. Imports of Canada, from the United Kingdom, the United States and All Countries, in
quantities and values, by Classes entered for Home Consumption in the four fiscal
years 1913-1916. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . , . .
12. Values of Exports which may be classed as Manufactures in the four fiscal years 1913-
1916............................................ ..................................
13. Summary of Values of Exports to the United Kingdom, to the United States and to
Other Countries of Home Produce, which may be classed as Manufactures in the
four fiscal years 1913-19]6.........................................................
14. Values of Imports which may be classed as Manufactures in the four fiscal years 1913-
1916......................................,...................................... .
15. Summary of Imports from the Cnited Kingdom, from the United States and from
Other Countries, which may be classed as Manufactures, in the four fiscal years
1913-1916.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . " . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16. Values of Exports (domestic and foreign) to the British and Foreign West Indies, by
Countries during the fiscal years 1914-1916... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17. Values of Total Imports (dutiable and free) from the British and Foreign West Indies,
by Countries during the fiscal years 1914-1916.....................................
18. Value of Imports and Exports from and to British and Foreign West Indies, 1901-1916..
19. Percentage Proportions of Imports from United Kingdom and United States, respect-
ively, to totals of dutiable and free in the 49 fiscal years 1868-1916. ......... ........
20. Average ad valorem Rates of Duty collected on Imports from United Kingdom,
United States and All Countries in the 49 fiscal years 1868-1916. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21. Value of Imports entered for consumption at certain Ports during the fiscal year ended
March 31, 1916..... . . . . . . . . . . . . ., ................,.................... _ . . . " ....
22. Value of Exports of Canadian Produce by principal ports, during the fiscal year ended
March 31, 1916.. .., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23. Value of Total Exports and Imports, Imports entered Cor consumption and amount of
duty collected, by Provinces, during the fiscal year ended March 31, 1916. . . . . . . . . .
24. Imports of certain Articles of Raw Material for Home Consumption, 1902-1916.. ...
25. Imports of Canada by values entered for consumption from Britsh Empire and Foreign
Countries, under General Preferential and Treaty Rate Tariffs in the four fiscal
years 1913-1916........ ......... ... .... . ... .... '" ....... .......... ....... . .......
26. Trade of Canada, by Classes of Produce, compared as to Quantity and Value for
1915 and 1916. . . . . . . . : . . . .. ... _ .' . - ............................... ............
27. Aggregate Trade of Canada by Countries during the fiscal year ended March 31, 1916..
28. Aggregate Trade of Canada by Countries during the fiscal year ended March 31, 1917.. .
29. Values of Exports from Canada of Horüe Produce to the British Empire and to Foreign
Countries, in the five fiscal years 1913-1917........................................
30. Values of Imports into Canada of Merchandise, entered for Consumption, from the
British Empire and from Foreign Countries, in the five fiscal years 1913-1917; also
of Coin and Bullion.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31. Value of Merchandise imported into and exported from Canada through the United
States during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1915-1916.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
P AGI:.
303-305
306
307
308-342
342-397
398
399
400
401
402
402
403
403-404
405
406
406
4.06
407
408-409
410
411
412
413-414
414-415
416
Grain Statistics.
32. Number and Storage Capacity of Canadian Grain Elevat..ors in the crop years 1901-
1917............................. .... .................... .......... .............. 417-419
33. Quantities of Grain inspected during the fiscal years 1914-1916. . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419-421
34. Quantities of Grain inspected during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1914, 1915 and
1916. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . 422
35. Shipments of Grain, by vessels from Fort William and Port Arthur, for the navigation
seasons 1915 and 1916. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 423
36. Shipments of Grain, by vessels and all rail route, from Fort William and Port Arthur,
for the crop years ended August 31. 1915 and 1916.... ......... . ....... .., ....... ... 423
Bounti es.
37. Bounties paid in Canada on Lead, 1899-1916. . . _ . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . .. . . . . . . . 424
38. Bounties paid in Canada on Crude Petroleum, 1905-1916. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Patents, Copyright, Trade l\/(arks, Etc.
39. Number of Canadian Patentees by Province of Residence for the fisC'al years 1908-1916 425
VIII. TRANSPORTATION AND COl\fMUNICATIONS.
Steam Railways.
1. Record of Steam Railway Mileage, 1835-1916. .... . .. . .. .. .. . .. . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . .. .. .. . 428
2. Steam Railway Mileage by Province
, 1910-1916. . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
3. Capital Uability of Steam Railways, 1876-1916. . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
4. Areas of Land Subsidies granted to Steam Railways by the Dominion and Provincial
Governments up to June 30, 1916. .................................... ............. 430
VII
Steam Railways-con.
5. Mileage, Capital, Earnings and Operating Expenses of Steam Railways, 1916. . . . . . , . .
6. Steam Railway StatistiC's, 1875-1916....................... ................. ....
7. EarniJ1gs and Operating Expenses of Steam Railways per mile of line, 1908-1916.......
. Distribution of Operating Expenses of Steam Railways, 1914-1915....................
9. Aid to Railways in the form of Guarantees of Bonds, Interest, etc., by the Dominion
and Provincial Governments. 1916. . ............................. ,................
10. Analysis of the Total Financial Aid to Steam Railways up to June 30,1916........,..
11. Total Amount of Dominion Government Aid paid to Steam Railways up to June 30
of each year 1875-1916......................... ........................ ... ......
12. Cost of Construction, Working Expensps and Revenue of Government Railways, 1868-
1916, and before Confederation. - . .. .. - - .. .. .. .. .... .. .... .. ............ ...........
13. Capital Expenditure by Dominion Government for construction of Government Steam
Railways to March 31, 1916. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
14. Mileage and Rolling Stock of Steam Railways, 1911-1916.......... "...
15. Freight hauled on Steam Railways, 1912-1916.... .... . ... .......... ..... . . ......, ...
16. Total Salaries and Wages, with Ratio of same to gross Earnings and Operating ex-
penses on Steam Railways, HJ07-1916.... . . . " ..............,.....................
17. Distribution of Salaries and Wages and number of Employees on Steam Railways,
1915-1!H6.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18. Number of Employees by Groups and Classes with Number of Days worked ond
Amount of Salaries and Wages Paid on Steam Railways, 1916........ . . . . . . . . . . .
19. Number of Passengers, Employees and Others Killed and Injured on Steam Railways,
1888-1916. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ..... - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. ..........
20. Number of Persons Killed and Injured on Steam Railways, 1914-1916............
Electric Railways.
21. Electric Railway Statistics, 1901-1916........ .. ...... .. ...... ...
22. Mileage and Equipment of Electric Railways, 1914-1916. ........................,...
23. Capitftl Liability of Electric Railways, 1908-1916... . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .... .. . . .. .......
24. Mileage, Capital, Earnings and Operating Expenses of Electric RailwaYE, 1916........
25. Number of Passengers, Employees and others Killed and Injured on Electric Rail-
ways, 1894-1916...., '" ......, ." ...... ... .. ....... ....
Motor Vehicles.
PAGE.
430-433
434
435
435
435
435
436
437
438
438
439-440
440
440
441-442
443
444
445
445
445
446-447
447
26. Number of Motor Vehicles registered in Canada by Provinces, 1914-1916......... ..... 451
27. Speed Limits in miles per hour, for Motor Vehicles, by Provinces..... ,...... ....... , 451
Express Companies.
28. Operating Mileage of Express Companies in Canada, 1913, 1914, 1915 and 1916.. . . .. . . . 452
29. Operating Expenses of Express Companies, ]913-1916...................... 453
30. Business transacted by Express Companies in financial paper, 1913-1916. 453
31. Earnings oC Express Companies, 1913-1916. ........... 454
Canals.
32. Canal Traffic during the Navigation Season 1916.... ... . ..
33. Distribution of Total Canal Traffic by Months, 19J2-1916.
34. Distribution of Canal Traffic in Canada, 1916... . . _ .
35. Tonnage of Traffic by Canals and Classes of Products, 1915-1916. . .... .. .. ...
36. Principal Articles carried through Canadian Canals during the Navigation Seasons,
l
n5 and 1916..... ... .... ....... ... .... .. ..... .. .. ... ....... ....... .. ....
37. Traffic through the Canadian Sault Ste. Marie Canal during the Navigation Seasons,
1897-1916.. _ . . . . .. ... . . . _ _ .. .. . . . . . .. . .. ............ .............. ...
38. Traffic through Canadian Canals during the Navigation Seasons of 1910-1916........
39. Total Expenditure and Revenue of Canals 1868-1916, and before Confederation. '" ..
40. Capital Expenditure for Construction and Enlargement of Canals, 1868-1916, and before
Confederation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4]. Traffic through the Panama Canal, August, ]914, to February, 1917.. ..........
42. Traffic through the Panama Canal by Nationality of Vessels, for the fiscal years
ended June 3D, 1915 and 1916. . , . .. .., .. . . .
Shipping.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
Sea-going Vessels (exclusive of Coasting Vessels) Entered and Cleared at Canadian
Ports during the fiscal year 1916. . . .. ...... .. ..... .. . ..... ...........
Sea-going Vessels Entered and Cleared at the Principal Ports of Canada, 19]6....
Sea-going Vessels Entered Inwards and Outwards by Countries, 19]6. ." ...........
Sea-going Vessels Entered and Cleared at Canadian Ports with Cargo and in Ballast
1902-1916........................................ ................. ...... ..
Sea-going and Inland Vessels (exclusÌye of Coasting Yessels) arrived at and departed
from Canadian Ports, 1901-1916............ .... .. .............. ...... ...... - - -..
British and Foreign Vessels employed in the Coasting Trade of Canada, 1912-1916....
Canadian and AmE'rican Vesf'els trading on Rivers and Lakes bctween Canada and
United States, exclusive of ferriage, 1912-1916. - -. .. .. - . ... '" .... ....... ....
Vessels built and registered in Canada and Vessels sold to other Countries, 1001-1916.
Number and Net Tonnage of Vessels on the Registry of Shipping, Canada, 1912-1915.
Steamboat Inspection during the fiscal year 1915-1916... .... .:.....:......
Number of Seamen Shipped and Discharged at Canadian Ports, 1908-1915. ....
Canadian Wrecks and Casualties, for the years ended June 30, ]901-1916... -..........
456-457
457
.157
458
458-459
459
460-461
462
463
464-4t\5
466
467
468
4t>9-470
470
471
471-472
472-473
473
474
474-475
475
475
viii
Shipping-con.
55. Comparative Statement of Marine Danger Signals, 1906-1916.........................
56. Revenue of the Department of Marine, 1912-1916. ................, ..................
57. Expenditure of the Department of Marine, 1912-1916.................................
58. Total Revenue and Expenditure oC the Department of Marine, 1868-1916. ... .. .......
59. Shipping in the United Kingdom and British Possessions, 1910-14, exclusive of Coasting
Trade.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PAGE.
476
476
477-478
478
479-480
Telegraphs and Telephones.
60. Telegraph Statistics of Chartered Companies, 1910-1916. ............ ................ 481-483
61. Coast Stations for Communication by Wireless Telegraphy with Ships at Sea, fiscal
year 1916.. ., . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... .. . .... . . 483-484
62. Canadian Government Steamers, equipped with the Radiotelegraph... . ... . . . ... . .. . 484
63. Business and Cost of Maintenance of Radiotelegraph Stations for the fiscal years
1915 and 1916. . . . . . . .. ........................................................... 485
64. Progress of Telephone
in Canada, 1913-1916..... . . . . . . . . . . . " . , . . .. " . . .. .. .... . . . . . 485
65. Number of Telephone Companies reporting to the Department of Railways and
Canals, by Provinces, June 30, 1916, with totals for 1913-14-15. . . .................. 485
66. Telephones in use and Mileage of Wire by Provinces, June 30, 1916, with totals for
1913-14-15........................................................................ 486
67. Wire Mileage of Telephones by Classes of Wire, June 30, 1015 and 1916................ 486
68. Capital Liability, Cost, Revenue and Operating Expenses of Telephones, June 30,
1916, with totals for 1913, 1914 and 1915..... ...................................... 486
Postal Statistics.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
Revenue and Expenditure of the Post Office Department for quinquennial periods
1890-1910 and for the years 1911-16.... .. .... .... '" '" .......... ................,
Mail Subsidies and Steamship Subventions, 1914-1916. . . ........., ................. .
Operation of the Money Order System in Canada, 1901-1916.........................
Money Orders by Provinces, 1912-1916. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . ..... .. .. . . .. . .. .. . .
Number and Total Values of Postal Notes, 1911-1916................................
Issue of Postage Stamps, etc., 1916. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . .
IX. LABOUR.
487
487-489
'89
490-491
491
492
I. Time Losses by Industries in Working Days, 1901-1916....... ....................,... 495
2. Number of Disputes, Establishment!>, Employees and Time Lossf"s, 1901-1916..., .. _ 497
3. Disputes classified by Industries, 1901-1916........ . " .............. ................ . 497
4. Index Numbers of all Commodities by Groups, 1890-1916.......... _.... ............. 501
5. Index Numbers by Groups of Commodities from month to month, 1916....... . . . . .. . 502
G. Weekly Cost of a Family Budget of Staple Foods, Fuel and Lighting and Rent in
terms of the Average Prices in 60 Canadian Cities, "1900, 1905, 1915 and 1916...... _ . 503
7. Weekly Cost of a Family Budget of Staple Foods, Fuel and Lighting and Rent in terms
of the Average Prices of the cities in each province of Canada 1910-15, December
1914-16.. . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
X. FINANCE.
Public Accounts.,
1. Receipts and Expenditures on Consolidated Fund Account, 1914-1917... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Receipts on Consolidated Fund Account, 1868-1917. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ _ _ . , . .
3. Detaiis of Receipts on Consolidated Fund Account, 1901-1917.................. ......
4. Details of Expenditure on Consolidated Fund Account, 1901-1917..... ................
5. Expenditure of Consolidated Fund Account, 1868-1917. . .. ..................... ......
6. Total Expenditure of Canada, 1868-1917.............................................
7. Total Receipts of Canada, 1868-1917. . . .............. ................... ........., ..
8. Population and Revenue and Expenditure per head, 1871-1917........................
'9. Public Debt of Canada, July 1, 1867, to MarC'h 31, 1917. . . . .. ........ ......, .........
10. Assets of the Public Debt of Canada, July 1, lR67, to March 31, 1917.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11. Total Liabilities of Canada, July 1, 1867, to March 31, 1917 ..........................
12. Funded Dept payable in London and Canada, March 31, 1916........................
13. Subsidies and other Payments of Dominion to ProvinC'ial Governments, 1911-1916....
14. Totals of Subsidy AJlowances from July 1, 1867, to
farch 31, 1916. . . .... ....... .. .,
15. Coinage at the Ottawa Branch of the Royal Mint in the Calendar Years 1913-1916. ..
Inland Revenue.
506
506-507
508-510
510-514
514-515
516
517-518
518
519
520
521-522
523
524
524
525
16. Excise and other Uevenues for the fiscal years 1911-1916............. ................ 527
17. Statistics of Distillation for the fiscal years 1912-1916.............................. .. 527
18. Quantities of Spirits, Malt Uquor, Malt and Tobacoo, taken out of Bond for Con-
sumption, 1868-1916...... ...... . ...... . .......... " ............... .............. .. 528-
19. Consumption per head of Spirits, Wine, Beer and Tobacco and amount of Excise and
Customs Duties per head, 1869-1916..... . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. ..... . .. .. .. . .. . . 529
20. Number of Excise LiC'enses issued during the Fiscal Years 1909-16..............,.... 530
21. Number of Electric Light and Power Companies registered under the Electricity
Inspection Act in the Fiscal Years 1910-16........ .'................................ 530
22. Electrical Energy generated or produced for Export and for Consumption in Canada
under authority of the Electricity and Fluid Exportation Act during the Fiscal
Years 1913, 1914, 1915 and 1916.................................................... 531
ix
Provincial Public Accounts.
.23. Annual Revenue and Expenditure of the Provincial Governments. 1911-12 to 1915-16.
24. Revenue and Expenditure of the Provincial Governments, 1915-1916. . . . .. . . .. _ .
25. Receipts and Expenditure of the Provincial Governments, 1915-16....... ....... ....
26. General Statistics of Cities and Towns, 1916... . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . . . .. . _. _ .. . . . . .. . . .
27. Assessment and Valuation of Property of Cities and TOV"'IIS. 1916.....................
28. Receipts. Expenditure, Assets and Liabilities of Cities and Towns. 1
16. . ............
29. Financial Statis
ics of Electrical. I
stallations of Municipalities served by the Ontario
Hydro-ElectrIc Power CommIssIOn. 1915..... ....... _. .........................
30. Statement of Assets and Liabilities of Municipalities. c:erved by the Ontario Hydro-
Electric Commisf;ion for the Calendar Years 1913-1915. . . . . . . ... . . ... . . . . . .. .. . . " .
31. Values of Building Permits taken out in 35 Cities in 1915 and 1916.. '. .. . .... . . . . . . . ,
P AGIC.
532-533
533
533-540
541-542
543-545
546-517
548-551
552
553-554
Banking.
32. Number of Branches of Banks. by Provinces. 1868. 1902. 1905, 1015 and 1916......... 554
33. Number of Branches cf Chartered Banks, by Provinces. as at December 31st, 1916. . 555
34. Assets of Chal'tered Banks of Canada, December 31, 1915..... .. . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 556
35. I"iabilities of Chartered Banks of Canada. December 31, 1916.... .. . . . .. ............ 557
36. General Statement of Chartered Bank
, 1868-1916.. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . . 558
37. Deposits in Chartered Banks in Canada and elsewhere, 1901-1916.................... 559
38. Discounts of Chartered Banks in Canada and elsewhere. 1901-1916........... _ _ _" _ 559
39. Assets of Chartered Banks for the Calendar Years 1913-1916.. . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
40. Liabilities of Chartered Banks for the Calendar Years 1913-1916......... _ _ . _..... 561
41. Average :Monthly Circulation of Dominion Note..<; by Denominations, 1897-1916. .... 562
42. Amount of Exchanges of the Clearing HouRes of Chartered Banks. 1912-1916. . . . ..... 562
43. Rest or Reserve Fund held by Chartered Banks by months, 1907-1916.. ........ 563
44. Average Circulation of Bank Notes and Government Notes by five-year and annual
periods. 1874-1916............... .... ... . . .. .. ........ ....... '" .... ..... . .. _. 563
45. Total amount of Issue and Redemption of Dominion Note.;; from July 1.1878, to March
31. 1916...................... .. -... . ... .. .. ... ... ., ........... ... ....... .... 564
46. Business of the Post Office Savings Banks, 1868-1916..... . _ . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
47. Business of the Dominion Government Savings Banks. 1868-1916. . . .. .............. 566
48. Total Business of Post Office and Dominion Government Savings Banks. 1868-1916... 567
49. Value of Dominion Notes and of Bank Notes in Circulation. and amount of Gold held
by the Receiver General. 1882-1916. , .. . . . . .. . . _ . . . . . . . . . . .... .. . . . 568
Loan and Trust Companies.
50. Liabilities and Assets ûf Loan Companies. 1914-1915....... ... .... ... ....... .... ..... 569
51. Liabilities and Assets of Trust Companies. 1914-191.5. . . . .. .... .. _ 570
Commercial Failures.
52. Commercial Failures in Canada by Provinces. for the Calendar years 1915 and 1916.. 570
53. Commercial Failures in Canada by Branches of Business. 1914-1916. .. ...... ....... 571
54. Commercial Failures in Canada by Provinces and Classes for 1916. with totals for
1
07-1915. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . _ . _ . 572
Governm
nt Annuities.
.55. Number of Immediate Annuities of each amount paid in full from September 1, 1908.
to I\larch 31. 1917................................ ........... . ,..... ... 573
56. Number of Deferred Annuities of each amount purchased by lump sums, lump sums
and annual payments. and periodical payments from September 1. 1908, to March
31, 1917.,......................................................................... 574
57. Valuation on March 31. 1917. of Annuity Contracts issued pursuant to the Government
Annuities Act. 1208. . ............ ...... .... ....... ... .... ...... . ....... ....... .... 574
Insurance.
58. Fire Insurance Business transacted in Canada. l!H5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578-580
59. Fire Insurance Business transacted in Canada. 1916. . ... . . . .. . .. . . .. ... . ...... ...... 581-583
'60. Amounts received for Fire Insurance Premiums and paid for Losses. with percentage
of Losses to Premiums, 1869-1916. . .. .. ..... ..... ............. .. 584
,61. Totals of Fire Insurance Premiums received and Losse
paid. with percentage of Losses
to Premiums by Nationality of Companies. 1869-1916. . . ..... ....... ....... 584
'62. Fire Insurance Premiums received and Losses paid by Canadian Companies doing
business in Canada and other Countries, with percentage of Losses paid to Premiums
received, 1878-1916. . . .. ..... . . ... . .. " . . .. . . . . . . . . ....... ... 585
63. Amount of Fire Insurance at risk in Canada. lfì69-1916.. .. . . .. _ . _ _ ... 5R5
64. Assets of Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance. or Fire Insurance nnd other
classes of Insurance. and Assets in Canada of Companies other than Canadian trans-
acting business in Canada, 1912-16.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .... .. . . 586
65. Liabilities cC Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance. or Fire Insurance and other
classes of Insurance, and Liabilities in Canada of Companies other than Canadian
transacting business in Canada. 1912-1916..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... 587
66. Cash Income and Expenditure of Canadian Companies doin
Fire Insurance. or Fire
Insurance and other classes of Insurance. and Cash InC'ome and Expenditure in Can-
ada of Companies other than Canadian. transacting such business in Cunada. 1912-
1916. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... .. . . ' . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 5ð8-589
,67. Amount of Net Premiums written and Net Losses incurred by Provinces in Canada, by
Canadian, British and American and other Companies transacting Fire Insur3.ßC'c.
1916. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , , . , . . .589
x
Insurance-con.
68. Life Insurance in Canada, 1912-1916. . .. . . . .. .. .. . .... .. .. .. .. . .. ... .. ... .., .. .. .. .. .
69. Insurance Death-rate in Canada, 1912-1915. . ......................... ..............-
70. Assets of Canadian Life Companies and Assets in Canada of Life Companies other
than Canadian Companies, 1912-1916.... , . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. .
71. Liabilities of Canadian Life Companies and Liabilities in Canada of Life Companies
other than Canadian Companies, 1912-1916. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . .. . .
72. Cash Income and Expenditure of Canadian Life Companies and Cash Income and
Expenditure in Canada of Life Companies other than Canadian Companies. 1912-
1916. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
73. Net Amount of Life Insurance in force in Canada, 1901-1916................. -...... ..
74. Premium Income of Life Companies, 1901-1916. ...................... ... ....... .....
75. Life Insurance on Assessment Plan, 1912-1916... . . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
76. Insurance other than Fire and !.ife, 1915... ....... ...................................
77. Insurance other than Fire and Life, 1916... . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .
78. Income and Expenditure and Assets and Liabilities of Canadian Companies doing
Insurance Business other than Fire and Life, 1915..................................
';9. Income and Expenditure and Assets and Liabilities of Canadian C.mpanies doing
Insurance Business other than Fire and Life, 1916.. .... ......................... .....
80. Income and Expenditure in Canada of Companies other than Canadian doing Business
other than Fire and Life. 1915.... .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. .. ... .. .. .. .. . . .. . . . . .. .. .
81. Income and Expenditure in Canada of Companies other than Canadian doing Business
other than Fire and Life, 1916.... . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .
82. Dominion and Provincial Fire Insurance in Canada. 1916..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
83. Dominion and Provincial Insurance in Canada. other than Fire and Life, 1916........
84. Dominion and Provincial Insurance in Canada, other than Fire and Life. 1916...... -.
85. Dominion and Provincial Ufe Insurance in Canada, 1916.............................
86. Fire Insurance effect.ed on property in Canada, under Section 139 of the Insurance Act
1910, by Companies, Associations or Underwriters not licensed to transact buöiness
in Canada. . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
XI. AD
IINISTRATION.
Parliamentary Representation.
1. Representation in the House of Commons, according to the Districts of the Representa-
tion Act, 1914.... _.. .. ..... .....................................................
2. Governors-General of Canada, 1867-1917........ .....................................
3. Dominion Parliaments, 1867-1917. . .. ....... .., ... -... ... ..........................
4. Dominion Ministries, 1896-1917. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . .. .. . .... .. ... . . . . .. .
5. Lieutenant-Governors of Provinces, 1867-1917. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . - . . .
Honorary Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in Canada. . . . . . . .
Public Lands.
PAGE.
590-591
592
592-593
594
595-596
596
597
597-598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
605
606
607
607-608
610-612
613
613-614
615-617
618-619
619-623
6. Land Sales by Railway Companies having Government Land Grants and by the
Hudson's Bay Company in the fiscal years 1914-1916.............................. 624
7. Homestead Entries in
Ianitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, by
Nationalities. made during the Fiscal Years 1911-1916............................. 628
8. Receipts of Patents and Homestead Entries in the fiscal years 1912-1916. . .. . . . - - . 629
De
artment of the Secretary of State.
9. 1\umber of Naturalizations in Canada by Principal Nationalities during the Calendar
Years Iv07-1915... ............. ............................ ........... 630-631
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Indian Affairs.
Indian Population in Canada by Provinces, 1911-1917........... .... -. ... - ..........
Distribution of Indian Population by Age, Sex and Province, with Births and Deaths -
by Provinces, 1916,...... .... . . . . .... ...........................................
Religion of Indian Population by Provinces as at March 31. 1916. ..... .......... .... .
Attendance of Pupils at Indian Schools, by Provinces, 1916. . ......... ........ .. .....
Literacy of Indian Population by Provinces, 1916. .. .. . .. ...... . . .. . . . . .. . .. . , .. .. ..
Acreage and Value of Indian Lands by Provinces, 1916...............................
umbers of Indian Population enga
ed in Agriculture. Stock-raising and other occupa-
tions, by Provinces, 1916..... . .. . .. .. ...... ... .............,.....,...............
Area and Yield of Field Crops of Indians, by Provinces, 1916.................... ....
Numbers of Farm Live Stock of Indians with Total Values, by Provinces, 1916.. - - - .
Sources and Yalue of Income of Indians, 1916. -................. .................... .
Public Works.
632
632
633
633
633
634
634
634-635
635
635
20. Dimensions of Graving Docks owned by the Dominion Government.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
21. Dimensions and Cost of Graving Docks subsidized under the Dry Dock Subsidies
Act, 1910..... ............ ........ ............................,................ 637
22. Expenditure and Revenue of the Public Worke Department for the fiscal years 1912-1916 638
Harbour Commissions. . .. . . .... ... ....... .., .................................... 638
Public Health and Quarantine. . .. . ... ... . . .... ... ........... ................ ..... . 639-
Xl
Public Defence.
23. Expenditure and Revenue of Militia for the Fiscal Years 1912-1916................,..
24. Expenditure on account of War Appropriation for the year ended March 31, 1916. , ....
25. Scale of Annual Pensions granted to Dependents of Deceased Sailors and Soldiers of
the Canadian Naval Forces and the Canadian Expeditionary Force, as amended to
October 22, 1917. ...... . . .. ... ...........................,.......................
26. Scale of Annual Pensions to Disabled Sailors and Soldiers of the Canadian Naval
Forces, and the Canadian Expeditionary Force, as amended to October 22, 1917 _ . . .
27. Strength and Distribution of the Royal l\orthwest Mounted Police on September
30, 1916. _. .. ........................................ ........ - . . . . . . . . . . .
Criminal Statistics and Penitentiaries.
28. Charges, Convictions and Percentages of Acquittals for Indictable Offences by Prov-
inces, 1914 and 1915.... .... .......... .. .. .. . -. ..... ... ... .. _.......,
29. Indictable Offences by Classes, 1914 and 1915..... .. .. .... ...... .............. .......
30. Convictions and Sentences for all Offences by Provinces, 193;)-1915. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31. Juvenile Criminals convicted of Indictable Offences by Classes of Offences, 1915, with
the total and yearly average for the period 1885-1915. . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . ..
32. Charges, Acquittals, Convictions and Sentences in respect oC Indictable Offences,
1910-1915.... ... ....... " ..... ..... ................... ................. ....... ....
33. Classification oC persons convicted or Indictable Offences, 1910-1915. ...... '" ....... .
34. Convictions by Classes of Offences and Proportion per cen
. of each class to the total.
1909-1915.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
35. Movement oC Convicts, }911-1916. . . '" ...... .... ...... ............. ........... ___
36. Number oC Deaths, Escapes, Pardons and Paroles, 1911-1916. ...............,.......
37. Age of Convicts, 1911-1916... . ......... .......... .... ...............................
38. ClaEsification of Convicts, 1911-1916.. ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .
PAGE.
640-641
642-643
644
645-646
648
649
650
650-652
653
653
654
655
656
657
657
657-658
Divorce.
39. Statistics of Divorce, 1868-1916, .................................................... 659
Acts of Parliament and Publications.
List of the Principal Acts of Parliament administered by Departments of the Government of
the Dominion of Canada, as compiled from information supplied by the respective Depart-
ments.................. .............. _... _ _. _..... _..... _ -.. _...... _........... _.......... 660-661
I_iet of Principal Publicaticns of Departments of the Government of the Dominion of Canada,
8.R compiled from information supplied by the respective Departments........... ........... 661-666
List of Principal Publications of the Provincial GovernmE'ntR of Canada, as compiled from in-
formation c:upplied by the reEpective Governments...................... ................... 667-674
XII. LEGISLATION AND PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF THE YEARS
1916 AND 1917.
Dominion Legislation. 1916.. . .. .. ... . ... . ............ ...... .............. ......... .
Dominion Legislation. 1917.. .. _.. ... ..... ... . _. .... _ _... . _. .... _. ... ...................
Provincial Legislation. 19]6 and 1917.. . .,. . . .. ... . .., ... . .. . .... . . . ... .,. ... .... ... ..........
Principal Events of the Years 19Hi and 1917.. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. ... . .... ..... . .. .. ..
The Governor General, 6<36-7; C3.n2da and the Europe.:m War, 687; Canadian Contri-
butions for Patriotic Purposes, 688; Military Hospitals Commission, 690; Military
Organization, 691 ; Vi::::its tú C
n
da. of Australian, French and British Statesmen, 692;
Visit!' to England of Canadian Cabinet Mini;;ters, 692 ; Compuisory Military Service,
693: W&.r Loans, 693; Food Control, 693; De'5truction of Houses of P::lrliament, 694;
Jubilee of Confederation, 6r,5; Quebec Bridge, 696: BiIingual Controversy in Ontario, 697;
Census (,f the Prairie Provinces, 1916. 697; Dominion.
Royal Commission, {;97; Obituary,
69S; General Thanksgiving, 699.
674-677
777-679
679-686
686-699
XIII. EXTRACTS FROIV[ THE CANADA GAZETTE, 1916 AND 1917.
Privy Councillors, LieutE'nf.nt-Governors, new Eenators, Cabinet Ministers and other Members
of tbe Government.. . . . . . . .. ............... .... .... ... . .. .. . ..... . . ... ,........, ......... 699-701
Iudicial AppointmentR ['nd Commissions. . . . . .. ............................................. 701-702
Imperial Honours r.nd Decorations and Offici3.1 Appointments.. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702-706
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Map of the Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland. ... .............. ....... . Facing Contents
Natural Resources of the Dominion of Canada.... .. _ _ _.... .. _........... .... ....... 6-35
Fig. 1. Chaudière Falls, Chaudière RivE'r, Province of Quebec, 6. Fig. 2. Farm in Prince
Edward Island. Hi. Fig. 3. Fruit Farm at Grimsby, Southern Ontario. ............. . Faci1Jg 17
:Fie;. 4. Pi('king Peaches in Southern Ontario, 17. Fig. 5. Prairie Wheat Farm near Edmonton,
Alberta. 22. Fig. 6. Young Apple Tree, VaHey olthc Skeena River, Northern B.C., 26. Fig.7.
Starting a Farm on Lake Kathlyn, Northern B.C., 27. Fig. 8. Forest Scene in Briti!'h Col-
urn bia: Douglas Fir 300 to 400 years old. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . ., ..... Facing 31
:Fig. 9. Stand of Douglas Fir (Pseudo-lsuga pliwta taxifolia) in British Columbia. Facing 33
Fig. to. Prince Edward Island Black I.ox.... ... . .. . ... ....... ....... ....... 35
Monthly Precipitation during the Year 1916. . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . _ . 181
A verage Monthly Prices per bushel of Canadian Wheat,Barley, Oats and Flax, 1915 and 1916 Facing 217
Pulpwood Consumption, by provinces, by species and by processes, 1916... . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Strikes and Lockouts in Canada 1901-1906: Number (Jf Strikes and Lockouts; Number of Em-
ployees involved: Time Losses in Number of Working Days.............................. 496
Cour
e 01 Wholesale Prices in Canada, 1890-1916. . . . .... ... ... .... . _ . _., .. . .. ,... 499
Course of WholeFale Prices in Canada, 1916. . . . ....... ........ .............. _.................. ðOO
xu
STATISTICAL SUl\IMARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA.
Area of the Dominion of Canada in square miles:-Land, 3,603,910; Water, 125,755; Total, 3,729,665.
Items. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916.
Population-
?tlales. . . . . . . . . . . 3,821,995 - - - - -
Females.. . . . . . . . 3,384,648 - - - - -
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,206,643 7,343,000 7,530,00{) 7,725,000 7,928,000 8.140,000
Immigration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311,084 354,237 402,432 384,878 144,789 48,537
Agriculture-
Wheat.. .......... .. . Acres 8,863,151 10,996,700 11,015,000 10,293,000 15.109,415 15,369,709
Oats. . . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . " 8,652,015 9,966,000 10,434,000 10,061,500 11,555,681 10,996,487
Barley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 1,286,611 1,581,300 1,613,000 1,495,600 1,718,432 1,802,996
Corn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 293,775 298,190 278,140 256,000 253,300 173,000
Potatoes. . . . . . . . . . . . . " 465,903 484,000 473,500 475,000 4':'5,777 472,9c)2
Hay and Clover...... " 8,281,932 8,276,000 8,169,000 7,997,000 7,77f),995 7,821,257
Wheat.... ........ . Bushels 132,048,782 224,159,000 231,717,000 161,280,000 393,542,600 262,781,000
Oats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 243,506,292 391,629,000 404,669,000 313,078,000 464,954,400 410,211,000
Barley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 28,846,425 49,398,000 48,319,000 36,201,000 51,017,100 42,770,OeO
Corn.. . . .. . . .. .. .. .. . " 14,321,833 16,949,700 16,772,600 13,924,000 14,368,000 6,282,000
Potatoes. .. . .. ... . . . . " 55,609,883 84,885,000 78,544,000 85,672,000 60.353,000 63,297,000
Hay and Clover. . . . . . Tons 11,303,609 12,117,000 10,859.000 10,259,000 10,612,000 14,527,000
Wheat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 148,123,000 139,090,000 156,462,000 196,418,000 356,816,900 344,096,400
Oats. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. $ 132,949,000 126,304,000 128,893,000 151,811,000 171,Om,lOO 210,957,500
Barley. . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . .. S 24,704,000 22,354,000 20,144,000 21,557,000 27,985,R
0 3i,024,000
Corn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 12,357,000 10,540,700 10,784,300 9,808,000 10,243,000 6,747,000
Potatoes. . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. $ 42,359,000 37,329,000 38,418,000 41,598,000 36,459,800 50,982,300
Hay and Clover. . . . . . . .' S 162,846,000 134,338,000 124,696,000 145,999,000 152,531,600 168,547,900
Horses.......... ..... No. 2,595,912 2,692,357 2,866,008 2,947,000 2,996,09!\ 3,2
8,342
Milch Cows. ......... " 2,594,179 2,604,488 2,740,434 2,673,286 2,666,846 2,833.433
Other Cattle......... " 3,939,257 3,827,373 3,915,687 3,363,531 3,399,155 3,760,718
Sheep. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 2,175,302 2,082,381 2,128,531 2,058,045 2,038,662 2,022,941
Swine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 3,610,428 3.447,310 3,448,326 3,434,261 3,111,900 3,474,840
Horses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 381,915,505 - 420,079,250 371,430,363 373,381,000 418,684,300
Milch Cows.. . .. . .. .. ... S 109,575,526 - 115,369,294 153,632,637 16:
,919,000 198,896,300
Other Cattle. ... . .. . . . .. S 86,278,490
- 86,522,140 143,498,156 152,461.000 204,476,900
Sheep.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... $ 10,701,691 - 10,672,803 14,550,710 16,226,000 20,927,200
Swine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 26,986,621 - 26,664,735 42,418,325 43,653,000 60,701.000
Totahalue. . . .. . .. .. . ... S 615,457,833 - 659,308,222 725,530,191 749,640.000 903,685,700
Cheese, home-made.. lb. 1,371,092 - - - - -
" factory...... . " 199,904,205 - - - 8
,887,837 192,968,597
Butter, home-made.. " 137,110,200 - - - - -
. factory.... .. . " 64,489,398 - - - 83,991,453 82,564.130
Cheese, home-made.... $ 15t.03E - - - - -
" factory. . . . .. . ., $ 21,587,124 - - - 27,097 176 35,512.622
Butter, home-made. .... $ 30.269,497 - - - - -
" factory. . . . . .. .. $ 15,645,845 - - - 24,
85,052 26,966,355
Field Crops-
Total area..... .. . . Acres 34,545,672 35,575.550 35,375,430 33,436,675 39, 140,4iO 38,930,333
Total value........ .... S 597,926.000 557,344,100 552.711.500 638.580,300 825,370,600 886,494,900
F isheries-
'Iotahalue. . ... ...... S 29.965,433 3",667,872 33.389.464 33,207.748 31,264,631 35,860,708
Minerals-
Gold.... .. . . . . . . . . . .. oz. 473,159 611,885 802,973 773,178 918,056 930,492
Silver... . . . . . . .. .. .. . " 32,559,044 31,955,560 31.845.803 28,449,821 26,625,Ç.60 25.459,741
Copper. .. .. . . . .. . .... lb. 55,648,011 77.832,127 76,976,925 75.735,960 lüO,785,150 117,150,028
Lead.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 23,784,969 35,763,476 37.662,703 36.337.765 46,316,450 41,593,680
N ickeI. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . " 34,098.744 44,841.542 49,676.772 45,517.937 68,a08,657 82,958,564
Pig Iron......... ., ... Tons 917,535 1,014,587 1,128,967 783,164 913,775 1,169,257
COal................. " 11,323,388 14,512,829 15,012,178 13,637.529 13,267,023 14,461,678
Cement. . . . . . . . . . . ... bbI. 5,692,915 7.132,732 8.658,805 7,172.480 5,681,032 5.859.050
Gold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 9,781,077 12,684,794 16,598,923 15,983.007 18,977,901 19,234,Q76
Silver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 17.355,272 19,440,165 19,040,924 15.593.631 13,228,M2 16,717,121
Copper.................. $ 6,886,998 12,718,548 11,753,606 10,301,606 17,410,635 31.867,150
Lead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 827,717 1,597,554 1,754,705 1,627.568 2,593,721 3,540,870
Nickel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 10,229,623 13,452,463 14,903,032 13,655.381 20,492,597 29,035,498
Pig Iron..... . . . .... . . . .. S 12,307,125 14,550,999 16,540,012 10.002,856 11,374,199 16.750.903
Coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 26,467,646 36,019,044 37,334,940 33,471,801 32,111,182 38,857,557
Cement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 7,644,537 9,106,556 11,019,418 9,187,924 6,977,024 6,529.861
Total value. .. . . . . .. . ., S 103.220.994 135,048,296 145,634.812 128.863.075 137,920,759 177,357,454
xiii
STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA-con.
Items. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914. 1915_ 1916.
Manufactures 1 -
Employees........... No. 515,203 - - - - -
Capital. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. $ 1,247,583,609 - - - - 1,958,705,230
Salaries and wages. . . . .. S 241,008,416 - - - - 283,311,505
Products. . .. . . . .. .. . . . .. S 1,165,975,639 - - - - 1,381,547,225
Trade-
Exports 2 . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. $ 290,OM,210 307,716,151 377,068,355 455.437,224 461,442,509 779,300,070
Imports'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 451,745,108 5'31,448,309 670,089,066 618,457,144 455,446,312 507,817,159
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 741,745,318 829.164,460 1.047.157.421 1.073.894.368 916.888.821 1.287.117.229
Coin and Bullion-
Exports . . . . . . . . . , . . . . .. S 7,196,155 7,601,mm ]13,163,702 23,560,704 29,366,368 103,572,432
Imports........... _.... S 10,206,210 26,033,881 5,427,979 15,235,305 131,992,992 34,260,202
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 17.402.365 33.634.980 21.591.681 38.796.009 161.359.360 137.832.634
Exports, domestic-
Wheat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bush. 45,802,115 64,466,286 93,166,000 120,426,579 71,913,385 157,745,469
Wheat flour..... .. . .. bbl. 3,049,046 3,738,836 4,478,043 4,832,183 4,952,337 6,400,214
Oats. . . . ... ...... .. . Bush. 5,431,662 8,880,675 10,478,554 34,996,664 17,768,166 26,816,322
Hay.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tons 326,132 784,864 394,208 191,515 131,875 255,407
Bacon.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. lb. 56,068,607 58,979,963 36,212,180 23,859,754 76,801,419 144,918,867
Butter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 3,142,682 8,844,402 828,323 1,228,753 2,724,913 3.441.183
Cheese. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181,895,724 163,450,684 155,216,392 144,478,340 137,601,661 168,961,583
Wheat. . . .. " ..... .... . .. S 45,521,134 62,590,563 88,608,730 117,719,217 74,293,548 172,891>,445
Wheat flour. .. . . . .. . . . .. S 13,854,790 16,034.064 19,970,689 20,581,079 24,610,946 35,767,044
Oats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 2,144,846 3,819,642 5,067,950 13,379,849 8,961,126 14,637,849
Hay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 2,723,291 6,373,590 3,950,058 1,787,050 2,232,558 5,R49,428
Bacon.... .. .. .. .... . . . .. S 8,019,454 7,520,362 5,350,845 3,763,195 11,811,825 25,710,767
Butter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 744,288 2,077,916 223,578 309,046 639,625 1,018,769
Cheese. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 20,739,507 20,888,818 20,697,144 18,868,785 19,213,501 26,690,500
Fisheries. . . . . . . . . . .. . ... S 15,675,544 16,704,678 16,336,721 20,623,560 19,687,068 22,377,977
Forest produce.......... S 45,439,057 40,892,674 43,255,060 42,792,137 42,650,683 51,271,400
Manufactures. . . . . . . . . . .. $ 35,283,118 35,836,284 43,692,708 57,443,452 85,539,501 242,034,998
Minerals. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. S 42,787,561 41,324,516 57,442,546 59,039,054 51,740,989 66,589,861
Gold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 5,344,465 7,193,392 11,226,573 13,326,755 15,406,510 16,870,394
Silver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. oz. 33,731,010 30,882,716 35,264,018 36,758,276 25,355,305 27,79.1,566
Copper.. . . . . .. .. .. . .. lb. 55,005,342 56,426,980 83,664,420 83,250,198 62,999,718 111,046,300
Nickel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 34,767,523 33,230,708 48,168,090 50,580,536 45,412,017 70,443,000
Coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tons 2,315,171 1,494,756 2,055,993 1,498,820 1,512,487 1,971,124-
Silver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 17,269,168 15,908,409 20,202,559 20,971,538 13,516,390 14,298,351
Copper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 5,575,033 5,646,206 9,911,542 9,489,729 6,552,005 14,670,073
Nickel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 3,842,332 3,743,920 5,045,197 5,374,738 5,063,656 7,714,769
Coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 6,014,095 4,338,128 5,555,099 3,703,765 4,466,258 6,032,765
Imports for consumption-
Agricultural produce.. . .. $ 47,061,788 51,869,087 55,391,008 53,544,539 52,449,384 54,018,369
Animals and their produce $ 23,258,364 29,499,117 41,088,978 29,880,211 27,873,97] 37,555,794
Fisheries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 1,995,091 2,409,618 2,674,776 2,331,772 1,856,298 ] ,591,073
Forest produce. . . . . . . . .. S 12,873,875 15,201,526 20,138,388 16,789,413 9,613,89] 5,2-10,154
Manufactures... ...... ... $ 298,757,039 340,573,248 456,463,594 417,555,537 286,214,32] 305,474,649
Minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 44,020,074 54,935,717 65,820,233 71,694,173 54,171,002 48,02
,6P4
Miscellaneous 4 .... .... . .. S 33,985,087 52,993,823 33,940,068 41,896,804 155,260,437 90,174,628
Steam Railways- 37,434
Miles in operation......... 25,400 26,727 29,304 30,795 35,578
Capital.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 1,528,689,201 1,588,937,526 1,531,830,692 1,808,820,761 1,875,810,888 1,893,125,774
Passengers carried. . .. No. 37,097,718 41,]24,18] 46,230,765 46,702,280 46,322.035 49,G27,671
Freight............ .. . Tons 79,884,282 89,444,331 106,992,710 101,393,989 87,204,838 1O!), G5!1 ,OR8
Earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 188,733,494 219,403,753 256,702,703 243,083,539 199,843,072 261,888,654
Expenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 131,033,785 150,726,540 182,011,690 178,975,259 147,731,099 180,542,259
Electric Railways- 1,590 1,674
Miles in operation. . . ..... . 1,224 1,308 1,357 1.561
Capital.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 111,532,347 122,841,946 141,235,631 147,595,342 150.344,002 154,8!15,584
Passengers carried. . .. No_ 426,296,792 488,865,682 597,863,801 614,709,819 562,302,373 580,004,167
Freight.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tons 1.228' 362 1 1,435,525 1,957,930 1,845,923 1,433,602 1,936,674
Earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I 20,356,952 23,499,250 28,216,111 29,691,007 26,922,000 20,402,761
Expenses. .. . . .. .. .. . . ... $ 12,096,134 14,266,675 17,765,372 19,107,818 18,131,842 18,099,906
ISee under notes at foot of page xiv. 2Imports of merchandise for home consumption
'Exports of merchandise, domestic and foreign. .Coin and bullion included.
XIV
STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA-concluded.
Items. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916.
Canals-
Passengers carried.... No. 304,904 292,267 335,799 287,326 250,836 263,648
Freight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tons 38,030,353 47,587,245 52,053,913 37,023,237 15,198,803 23,583,491
Shipping (sea-going)-
Entered............. .Tons 11,919,339 12,768,191 13,575,193 14,982,393 13,132,044 12,616,927
Cleared. .. .. .. . . .. ... " 10,377,847 11,821,414 12,655,905 14,586,093 12,269,642 12,210,723
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . " 22,297,186 2i,589,605 26,231,098 29,568,486 25,402,586 24,827,650
Telegraphs, Government,
miles of line. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,446 8,639 9,729 10,356 11,497 11,843
Telegraphs, other, miles of
line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,905 34,841 36,604 38,503 41,065 43,473
Postal-
Money orders issued... .. S 70,614,862 84,065,891 101,153,272 109,500,670 89,957,906 94,469,871
Revenue................ S 9,146,952 10,482,255 12,060,476 12,956,216 13,046,650 18,858,410
Expenditure. . . . . . . . . . . .. S 7,9M,223 9,172,035 10,882,805 12,822,058 15,961,197 16,009,139
Revenue. . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . .. S 117,780,410 136,108,217 168,689,903 163,174,395 133,073,482 172,147,838
Expenditure. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 87,774,198 98,161,441 112.059,537 127,384.473 135,523.207 130,350,727
Gross debt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 474,941,487 508,338,592 483,232,555 544,391,369 700,473,814 936,987,802
Assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S 134,899,435 168,419,131 168,930,929 208,394,519 251,097,731 321,831 ,631
Net debt.. .. . . . . . . . . .. S 340,042,052 339,919,461 314,301,626 335,996,850 449,376,083 615,156,171
Chartered Banks-
Capital paid up. . . . . . . . .. $ 103,009,256 112,730,943 116,297,729 114,759,807 113,982,741 113,175,353
Assets........ .. . .,. .. ... S 1,303,131,260 1,470,065,478 1,530,093,671 1,555,676 395 1,596,424,643 1,839,286,709
Liabilities (excluding capi- '
tal and reserves). ..... $ 1,097,661,393 1,240,124,354 1,287,372,534 1,309,944,006 1,353,62:},123 1,596,
05,33ï
Deposits 1 . . . . .. .. .. .. .., S 980,433,788 1,102,910,383 1,126,871,523 1,144,210,363 1,198,340,315 1,418,035,429
Savings Banks-
Deposits in Post Office.. S 43,330,579 43,563,764 42,728,942 41,591,287 39,995,406 40,008,418
Government. . . . . . . . . . .. $ 14,763,752 14,655,564 14,411,541 13,976,317 14,006,157 13,520,009
Special. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 34,770,386 39,526,755 40,133,551 39,110,439 37,817,474 40,405,037
Loan and Trust Companies-
Assets................... S 389,701,988 395,652,787 478,658,228'
Liabilities.. . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 389,701,988 395,652,ï87 478,658,228
Deposits. . . . . . . " . . . . . .. S 33,742,513 33,235,992 32,681,806
Fire Insurance- 2
Amount at risk.......... $ 2,279,868,346 2,684,355,895 3,151,930,389 3,456,019,009 3.531,620,802 3,720,05
,236
Income for the year..... S 20,575,255 23,194,521 25,745,947 27,499,158 26,474,833 27,783,852
Fire Insurnace- s
Amount at risk.. , . . . . .. S
Income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $
P.49,915,678
3,902,504
Life Insurance- t
Amount at risk.......... S 950,220,7711,070,308,6691,168,590,027 1,242,160,478 1,311,6lfì,677 1,402,466,288
Income for the year..... S 31,619,626 35,709,516 38,641,206 41,094,095 45,106,678 48,237,493
Life Insurance-II
Amount at risk. . . . . . . .. S
Income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. s
348,097,229
5,311,003
IIncluding amounts deposited elsewhere than in Canada. 2Fire insurance transacted under Dominion
License. aFire insurance transacted under Provincial License. tLife insurance transacted under Dominion
License. IILife insurance transacted under Provincial License.
NOTES.
The statistics of manufactures in 1911 and 1916 are for works employin
five hands and over, except
in the case of butter and cheese factories, flour and grist mills, electric light plants, lumber, lath and shingle
mills, lime kilns, brick and tile works and fish preserved.
In the foregoing Summary the statistics of immigration, fisheries, trade, shipping, the Post Office,
the public debt, revenue and expenditure and the Post Office and Government Savings banks relate to the
fiscal year ended March 31 in 1911-16. Mineral, banking;, insurance and loan companies' statistics relate
to the calendar years and railway statistics to the years ended June 30. The statistics of population,
agriculture, dairying industries and manufactures are either those of the Census of 1911, or are estimates
based thereon for 1912 to 1916. Canal statistics are- those of the navigation seasons. The telegraph
statistics relate to the fiscal years for Government lines and to the calenda.r years for othe- lines.
xv
THE CANADA. YEAR BOOK, 1916-17.
In order that the date of the ).,. ear Book may in future be that of
the actual year of issue, the present edition appears as " The Canada
Y par Book, 1916-17," and it includes, as far as possible, data of the
year 1917, as well as of the year 1916. In other respects the 'work
follo,,-s the lines of previous issues, \yith the additional features indicated
in the preface. The volume has been edited by 1\lr. ERNEST H.
GODFREY, F.S.S., and grateful 3.ckno,,-ledgments of valuable co-oper-
ation are again tendered to officers of the Dominion and Provincial
Governments and of 1\1 unicipalities throughout Canada. The tables
have been compiled as usual by l\lr. JAl\:1:ES SKEAD and :\Ir. JOSEPH
WILKINS, and the diagrams have been draw'u by l\Ir. R. E. 'YATTS.
R. H. COA" TS,
Dominion Statistician and
COl1trollpr of \en8u
.
Census and Statistics Office,
Otta'wa, October 31, 1 g] ';".
xvi
PREFACE.
The present edition of the Canada Year Book opens with an.
illustrated article on the Natural Resources of the Dominion of Canaåa1"
and includes also an article on the Economic Geology of Canada in
1916.
FollO'wing the rule previously adopted, articles and table
not
requiring alteration or bringing up to date have been omitted: A
selected list of articles and tables in previous issues is given on pages
706-708. .
In Section III (Area and Population) are new tables sho,ying
the principal results of the Census of l\lanitoba, Saskatche,van and
Alberta, as taken in 1916. Section IV (Education) has been revised
and brought up to date 'with the assistance of the Provincial Deputy
Ministers and Superintendents of Education. I t includes a conl-
prehensive description of the public educational systen1 of Canada,
from the elementary schools to the universities, and statistical tables
dating from the beginning of the century. In Section VI (Production)
the statistics and estimates of the areas, yields and values of field crops,
and of the nun1bers and values of fam1 live stock, have been revised
to agree with the finally ascertained results of the Census of the Prairie
Provinces for 1915 and 1916. Tables have been compiled froll1 previous
issues to compare the average monthly prices of agricultural produce
for recent years. The description given last year of the Don1Ïnion
and Provincial Agricultural Experin1ent Stations has been revised and
brought up to date. Tables of the \vodd's production of gold and silver
have been added to the statistics of Canadian Inineral production. In
this Section are also included the principal results of the Census of
l\1anufactures, taken in 1916 for the year 1915. Section'VII (Trade and
Commerce) has been re-arranged in to three divisions consisting of (1)
historical tables of imports and exports over a long series of years,
mostly from Confederation; (2) main tables sho"ing the current trend of
trade "Tith the United Kingdon1, the United States and All Countries.
so printed as to effect a considerable saving of space, combined ,vith
greater convenience of comparison; and (3) analytical tables sho\ving
the trade of Canada \vith particular countries and for particular articles.
To Section VIII (Transportation and Communications) have been added
a digest of the provincialla\vs relating to n10tor vehicles, ,vith statistics
of their registration in recent years, and Tables of British Shipping.
In Section X (Finance) the statistics of fire and life insurance have
been expanded to include companies doing business under provincial
license. A description of the new Honorary Advisory Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research is given in Section XI (Administra-
tion) .
In all sections is given the latest information available up to the
time of printing, and all the tables include, wherever possible, the figures
of 1917 as wen as those of 1916.
ERNEST H. GODFREY,
Editor.
I.-NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
By \V ATSON GRIFFIN, Department of Trade and Commerce. Ottawa.
INTRODUCTION. .. . .. . . . '" ..,
'THE LAND OF \VATER'VAYS.. . .
\VATER-POWEHS . . . .. . . .... . .
CLIMATE AND FAU:\I PRODUCTS. .
FOREST \YEALTH. . . . . . . .. ...
\V ILD A NE\I ALS. . . . . . . . . .
FISHERIES OF CAN.-\D.L. .
:\hNEHAL RESOURCES. . . . .
GOLD. . '" .,. .._
SILVER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ELECTRO-PLATING WITH COBALT
SILVEH-LEAD ORES. . . . . . . . .
ZINC AND LEAD DEPOSITS.._
NICKEL l\'IINES. . . . . . . . .
COPPER. .. ..
-\SBESTOS. . .
COAl. FIELDS. . .
CONTENTS.
PAGE
1
4
5
12
2
33
36
40
40
41
4
42
43
43
44
-16
47
PAGE
:\lINERAL RESOURCEs-con.
IRON ORES. . . . _ _ . . . . . . . 49
MOLYBDENUM AND TUNGSTEN. 54
FELDSPAR AND FLUORSPAR.. " 55
I(AOLIN OR CHINA CL\Y. 55
:YIAGNESITE. . . . . . . . 55
A:\IBER l\IICA.. . . . . . .. ....... 55
Gn.APHITE. . . . .. " , . . 55
CHROMITE.... . .. " ......... 56
lVIANGANE
E. . . . . " ...... ... 56
lINERAL PIGMENTS. . . . . . . . .. 56
1-'IN . . . . . . . . . . . . .. '" ...... 56
GYPSUM. . . . _ '" " ., ... 56
SALT. . . . . . . . . . . . " ... '" .. 57
NATURAL GAS AND OIL. 57
ANTIMONY. . .. '" 59
OrHER
hNEn.ALS. 59
INTRODUCTION.
II HE natural resources of Canada lnay be said to include all
those endowments of Nature which can be utilized by man
for sustenance and the creation of wealth. In describing
theln \ve must take into consideration the clinutte and soil,
the reservoirs of water, the 'waterfalls, ,vater,vays and
harbours, the forests, ,vild animals, fisheries and minerals of a country
fronting on the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic oceans and having an
area of over 3,729,000 square n1iles, or about the same size as the
continent of Europe.
As the agricultural, horticultural and forest products and even the
animal life of a country depend as much upon the clÌInate as upon the
soil, it is necessary to kno,v something about the physical character-
istics, the latitudes and altitudes and other conditions affecting the
climate in order to estÏInate the natural re:5ources.
Prince Ed ,yard Island, the snlallest province of the DOll1Ïnion, lies
at the south of the gulf of St. La\vrence and is separated from the
mainland of N e\v Bruns,vick and Nova Scotia by Northumberland
strait. It is 130 n1Ìles in length, varies in ,yidth froIn 4 to 30 miles,
and has an area of 2,184 square miles. As an illustration of the
difference bet,veen natural resources undeveloped and natural resources
developed, 'we lnay con1pare Prince Ed,vard Island ,vith the islands of
Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel, ,vhich have together
almost exactly the same population as the smallest Canadian provinc{\,
although their area is only ß9! square miles. Prince Ed,vard Island,
with over thirty-one tin1es the area of Jersey and Guernspy, ,vith nearly
the \vhole of its area yery fertile, \vith a clinlate most favourable to
2
NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
human life and to all kinds of live stock, with fish in abundance in the
surrounding sea and all the bays and river mouths, might have a popu-
lation 0
over 3,000,000 and yet be less densely populated than the
Channel Islands.
The province of N ova Scotia is 386 miles in length by from 50
to 100 miles in width, with a land area of 21,068 square miles, and
extends from the 43rd to the 47th parallel of latitude. It consists of the
peninsula of Nova Scotia, connected with New Brunswick by the
isthn1us of Chignecto and the island of Cape Breton, which is separated
from the mainland of the province by the narrow strait of Canso.
Cape Breton Island has an extreme length from north to south of 110
miles, its greatest breadth being 87 n1iles and its area 3,120 square
miles. Cape Breton is not only surrounded by the sea, but has the
sea inside of it, for the beautiful salt-water lakes of Bras d'Or n1ay be
regarded as merely arn1S of the sea, with which they are connected at
the northeast by two natural channels, while at the south, St. Peter's
ship canal connects them with St. Peter's bay. Nova Scotia is
aln10st as large as Belgium and Holland combined, which together
have over 12,000,000 people. As regards clin1ate, natural resources
and accessibility Nova Scotia compares very favourably with Holland
and Belgium.
The province of New Brunswick, with a land area of 27,911 square
miles, n1ay be compared with Scotland, which has a land area of 29,797
square miles. It is not a mountainous country, but is full of lo,v hills
and valleys, with a few high hills. New Brunswick does not come so
near to being an island as Nova Scotia, but, with the bay of Chaleur
at the north, the gulf of St. Lawrence and N orthun1berland strait at
the east, the bay of Fundy at the south and Passan1aquoddy bay at the
southwest, it has a very extensive sea coast. Although larger than Nova
Scotia the province of New Brunswick does not cover so many degrees
of latitude. I ts most southern point is a little south of 45 0 N. latitude
and its most northern point a little north of 48 0 N. To the southwest
of the n1ainland of New Brunswick is a group of small islands belonging
to the province, the n10st important being Campobello with an area of
115,000 acres, Grand Manan with an area of 37,000 acres and the West
Isles having an area of 8,000 acres. The soil of these islands is
generally fertile, but only a sn1al' proportion of it is under cultivation.
All three of the Maritin1e Provinces are well provided with fine
harbours. The number of bays along their coasts is extraordinary,
and the length of the coast line in proportion to the area is remarkable.
The province of Quebec n1ight with accuracy be included among
the Maritin1e Provinces, for the gulf of St. Lawrence is really a part of
the Atlantic, and salt water washes the coasts of the province for many
miles. Then the territory of Ungava, which has recently been added
to Quebec province, has a very long coast line on Hudson bay, Hudson
strait and Ungava bay. Before Ungava was placed under the juris-
diction of Quebec the total area of the province ,vas 351,873 square
miles. Now it is 706,834 square miles-aln1ost double its former area.
Its most southern point is in latitude N. 45 0 , and its most northern point
is in.Jatitude N. 62 0 39'. Including Ungava, Quebec province is larger
3
INTRODUCTION.
than Belgiuln, Holland, Gern1any, Denn1ark, Sweden, Austria-Hungary
and Bulgaria combined, 'which had a population of over 140,000,000
before the great '\var began. Without Ungava, Quebec is as large as
Gerrnany, Holland, Belgium and Italy combined.
The province of Ontario is the section of the Dominion lying betw'een
the great international lakes and Hudson bay, its most southern point
being in latitude N. 42 0 16', and its most northern point in latitude
N. 56 0 48'.. It extends from the western boundary of Quebec to the
eastern boundary of Manitoba and has an area of 365,880 square miles
of land and 41,382 square n1iles of water, a total of 407,262 square n1iles.
I t is nearly as large as Germany and France combined. The part of
the province south of the French river and Georgian bay, which is
popularly called Old Ontario or Southern Ontario as distinguished from
New Ontario or Northern Ontario, is almost exactly the same size as
England.
The part of Canada extending from the western boundary of
Ontario to the Rocky Mountains and fron1 the United States boundary
to the Arctic ocean may be appropriat
ly called the '\Vestern Plain of
Canada. Politically it has been subdivided into the three prairie
provinces, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, and the Northwest
Territories. Each of the prairie provinces extends fron1 the United
States boundary to the 60th parallel of latitude, while the Northwest
Territories include the whole of the Western Plain north of the 60th
parallel of latitude. Manitoba has a total area of 251,832 square miles,
Saskatchewan 251,700 square miles and Alberta 255,285 square miles,
a total of 758,817 square miles. Manitoba is larger than Gern1any,
Belgium, Holland and S'\vitzerland con1bined; an area as great as
Austria-Hungary could be taken out of Saskatchewan and 10,400
square n1iles would ren1ain; Alberta could give away 8,485 square miles
and still have an area as large as Italy, Greece, Montenegro, Servia,
Run1ania and Bulgaria combined.
The province of British Colun1bia is the wonderland of Canada.
Within its boundaries are reproduced all the varied clin1ates of the
Dominion, and almost every natural feature, '\vhile there are some
local varieties of clin1ate and landscape that cannot be found else'\vhere.
Its lofty snow-capped n1ountains, lovely valleys, pretty lakes and n1uch
indented coast combine to make it n10st attractive to tourists, and its
natural resources offer great inducen1ents to capitalists, while for
ordinary settlers with little or no capital there are endless opportunities.
Extending fron1 the Western Plain of Canada to the Pacific ocean, and
from the United States boundary to the 60th parallel of latitude, it is
bounded on the north by the Yukon Territory of Canada. A narrow
strip of northern coast extending as far south as latitude N. 54 0 57'
belongs to Alaska, and is knO'\Vll as the Alaskan Panhandle. The
area of British Columbia is 355 855 square miles. Thirty-seven thousand
square miles n1ight be taken
way from it and it woul
still b
lar
er
than the three Pacific coast states of the American Unlon-Cahforn13"
. Oregon and '\Vashington. The Yukon Territory belongs to the
:tlnn
geographical division of Canada as British Colun1bia. Combined
hey
have an area of 562,931 square miles, and are equaJ to the combIned
-!
NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE DOMINIOK OF CANADA.
area of the United Kingdom, Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany,
Denn1ark and Sweden, having together a population of over 135,000,000.
There are a great number of islands off the coast of British Columbia
included in the province. The most important are Vancouver island
and the Queen Charlotte islands. Vancouver island extends fron1
latitude N. 48 0 20' to 51 0 N. It is 285 miles long and fron1 40 to 80
miles ,vide, having an area of about 20,000 square miles. Queen Char-
lotte islands extend from latitude N. 51 0 55' to latitude N. 54 0 8';
having an area of 3,780 square miles. Texada, Princess Royal,
Pitt, Banks, Porcher, Goschen, McCauley, Hunter, Aristazable and
Hawkesbury islands are of respectable size, and there are many others.
The combined area of all the British Columbia islands ,vould be great
enough to n1ake an important province even if there were no n1ainland.
Vancouver island alone is more than nine tin1es as large as the province
of Prince Edward Island, and n10re than sixteen tin1es as large as the
state of Rhode Island.
THE LAND OF WATERWAYS.
Anyone looking at the map of Canada n1ust be impressed with
the extraordinary natural facilities for water communication. The
Dominion might appropriately be called the land of water,vays. The
Maritime Provinces are aln10st surrounded by deep water and their
coasts are indented 'with a great nun1ber of fine harbours. In New
Brunswick great navigable rivers connect the interior 'with the sea.
The St. Lawrence river and the Great Lakes give comn1unication in
sumn1er between the sea and the central provinces, while the '\Vest can
be reached by way of Hudson strait and the vast interior waters of
Hudson bay, although navigation of the strait is obstructed by floating
ice for the greater part of the year. There are great lakes and riven::
in the West which afford means of internal communication in sunlmer
for a vast area of country, while British Columbia has also a number of
navigable rivers, and its extensive coast abounds in great harbours. A
great part of the Arctic coast is usually obstructed by ice, but there is
reason to believe that communication could be maintained bet\veen the
mouth of the Mackenzie river and the Pacific ocean by way of Behring
strait for a considerable portion of the year. Navigation on the interior
\vaterways is obstructed in many places by waterfalls, but short canals
Ðvercome the difficulty, and the waterfalls afford electric pOl\'er for
lighting, traction and manufacturing purposes. Canada already has
an extensive systen1 of canals, and others are projected. Nature did
n1uch in providing waterways and waterfalls, but left to the Canadian
people the task of connecting the waterways and developing water
powers.
In both Quebec and Ontario the land slopes up gradually from the
north shore of the river St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes to the
elevation known as the Height of Land, which forms the watershed
between the rivers flowing into James bay and Hudson bay and those
that empty into the St. Lawrence system. One of the most not.Able
5
W A TER-PO\VERS.
features of Canada is its system of river reservoirs in the forn1 of lakes
and this is strikingly exemplified in the Great Lakes, which form tb
southern boundary of the province of Ontario and have their outlet in
the St. Lawrence river. Nearly all the rivers tributary to the St.
La,vrence system repeat the same system of reservoirs on a smaller
scale. North of the Height of Land also the rivers nearly all have their
lake reservoirs, and the rivers of the Western Plain store their ,vaters in
this way. Some of the mountain rivers of British Columbia have the
same characteristic, and illustrations can be found in the Maritime
Provinces. Thus there are aln10st innumerable lakes scattered all over
Canada. These bodies of water have a moderating influence upon the
climate.
W A TER.POWERS.
A complete enumeration of the water-powers of Canada has never
been made, but the Dominion Water-Power Branch of the Department
of the Interior and the Dominion Conservation Con1mission have
issued a nun1ber of valuable reports which, while not all-embracing,
give an approximate estin1ate of the water-power resources. A great
deal of valuable infonnation is also obtainable fron1 the annual reports
of the Hydro-Electric Power Con1n1ission of the Province of Ontario,
and from the reports of the International Joint Comn1ission which
represents the interests of Canada and the United States in the water-
ways and water-powers along the frontier.
In many cases the estin1ates are very exact, but in some cases
they are only approximate. Care has been taken in estimating to
take into consideration only the n1inimum flow of water. In many
cases the minin1um flow of water is for a very brief period of the year,
and for nearly the whole year much greater power is available; so that
a statement of the minin1um po,ver underestin1ates the real power
possibilities; but it is considered best in this article to accept minimum
calculations rather than risk exaggeration. In son1e cases the storage
conditions may be greatly improved and the discharge controlled during
the period of high water. For instance, the power possibilities of the
slope between the Height of Land and James bay, in the province of
Ontario, are estin1ated at 400,000 H.-P., but it is calculated that under
discharge control over 2,000,000 H.-P. could be developed on the Jan1es
bay slope. In the statement of the power possibilities of the Winnipeg
river system the minimum power available under natural conditions
of water-flow is estin1ated to be 280,300 H.-P. in Manitoba, and 203,838
H.-P. in Ontario, a total of 484,138 H.-P. at the lowest stage of the
water-flow; but it is calculated that if the discharge of water \vere
controlled by dams at Lake of the Woods, Rainy Jake, lake Seul and
other lakes along this river system this could be increased to nearly
1,000,000 H.-P. The po,ver estimates for the Ottawa river are base
on
present conditions. If the Ottawa and Georgian Bay Canal project
is carried out the power conditions will be completely changed, and
n1any new water-po,vers "Till be created.
{)
NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
Owing to the wonderful systen1 of lake reservoirs the variations
of water-flow on the Niagara river and the St. Lawrence river are
remarkably small. They are believed to be less than on any other
river system in the world.. Referring to this natural regulation of water-
flow, the International Waterways Comn1issioners in their report for
the year 1910 said: "No work of n1an ever approached or ever ,vill
approach this perfection of regulation."
As n1ight be expected, more exact information is obtainable regard-
ing the large water-powers than about the small water-powers. In
the older settled parts of the eastern provinces n10st of the small water-
powers ,vere utilized from the earliest days of settlement to run saw
'-
, '
,:"" . '..
. \.
.. \\
"\.
.. ,
1>1" .. .-
f , .. "
L
w;.
,.
/1'>-'
.'.
.L,...
FIG. 1. CHAUDIÈRE FALLS, CHAUDIÈRE RIVER, PROVINCE OF QUEBEC.
mills, grist n1ills and woollen factories. The n1ethods adopted for the
utilization of the water-powers were primitive, and in n1any cases little
or no alteration has been n1ade. The est. mates regarding n10st of
these sn1all water-powers are based on the development under such
conditions. It is probable that, in the future, modern engineering skill
will be en1ployed in reconstruction work at son1e of these sn1all water-
powers, and that the power developed will be considerably increased.
On the other hand at some of these sInall water-powers the full power
already developed is not available at lowest water, and in some cases
no power at all is available at certain seasons of the year. But the
little water-powers form a very sn1all proportion of the total.
7
W A TER..POWERS.
In a statement issued by the Dominion Water-Power Branch
in T1915, the developed power was stated to be 1,712,193 twenty-fou;
hour H.-P., distributed as follows:
Province.
H.-P.
Developed.
21,412
13,390
500
520,000
789,466
56,730
Province.
H.-P.
Developed.
N ova Scotia. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
New Brunswick. . . . . . . . . . .
Prince Edward Island. . . . .
Quebec. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ontario. . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
l\1anitoba. . " .............
Saskatchewan. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alberta. . . . . . . . . . . . ,. ....
British Columbia. . . . . . . . .
Yukon. . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . .
Total. . . . . . . .
45
33,305
265,345
12,000
1,712,193
The same statement estimated that, within areas that may reason-
ably be expected to be populated in the near future, there were
water-power possibilities aggregating 17,764,000 twenty - four hour
H.-P.; that is, more than t.en times as much as was developed in 1915.
If 80 p.c. of this possible power were developed and used con-
stantly twenty-four hours daily, it would be equivalent to 341,068,000
H.-P. daily. At certain hours of the night very little power is
used, and there ,vill occasionally be loss from stoppages during ordinary
working hours; but there is reason to expect great developments in hydro-
electric chemical and metallurgical industries that will use power all
night. If, on the average, the power were used only twelve hours per
day for 300 days in the year, it would be equivalent to over
51,000,000,000 H.-P. It will be interesting to consider what amount
of coal would be required to produce this amount of power with steam
plants. The amount of bituminous coal required to produce one H.P.
for one hour depends upon the character of the plant and the efficiency
of operation. Competent authorities have expressed the opinion that
six pounds would be a fair average, although at large well-equipped
and economically operated plants the average would not exceed four
pounds, and in some cases the quantity is a great deal less than four
pounds, while in other cases it is eight pounds and even higher. Accept-
ing six pounds of coal as the average requirement it would take over
153,000,000 tons of coal, or nearly six times the quantity of coal now
consumed in Canada for all purposes, including coal produced in the
country and imported coal.
In any review of the water-powers of Canada, the Niagara power
demands first attention. The amount of water that can be diverted
for power on the Canadian and American sides of the Niagara river
above the falls has bepn settled by an international agreement which
takes into consideration the fact that more water passes over the Cana-
dian falls than over the American falls, and also makes aEowance for the
diversion of 10,000 cubic feet of water from the international lakes by
the Chicago drainage canal. This agreement is intended to presprve
the scenic beauty of the Niagara waterfall and protect navigation
interests allowing reasonable use of the water for power purposes. It
provides that 36,000 cubic feet of water per second above the fall may
be diverted for power purposes on the Canadian side and 20,000 cubic
8
ÑATURAL RESOURCES OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
feet on the American side. Investigations made by the United States
Government at existing power plants at Niagara Falls sho,v that it takes
about 0.075 of a cubic foot of water per second actually to develop one
H.-P. per hour. On this basis 36,000 cubic feet of water per second
would .yi.eld 480,000 H.-P. A yield of 450,000 H.-P. may be e.ccepted
as a mInImum.
The International Waterways Commission has reported that
40,000 cubic feet of water per second can be diverted for power pur-
poses at the rapids below the falls without injury to the scenic beauty
of the rapids, and if this were divided equally between Canada and the
United States it has been estimated that 215,000 H.-P. ,could be pro-
duced on the Canadian side, but it might be somewhat less. The
conditions regarding head of water below the falls being different
from those above the falls, an estimate cannot be made on the same
basis. Ho\vever, a minimum of 150,000 H.-P. below the falls is prob-
ably an inside estimate. We may therefore assume that 600,000 H.-P.
can be produced above and below the falls on the Canàdian side. How-
ever, as the Canadian Government permits the exportation to the
United States of a portion of the power generated on the Canadian
side, the amount of power available for Canadian home consumption
is somewhat less. On the other hand, part of the power produced on
the United States side of the upper St. Lawrence river may be exported
to Canada. Recently a proposal has been made in the United States
that a great dam should be constructed across the Niagara river
below the falls, creating a new waterfall.' It is stated that in this way
two million H.-P. could be generated and that capital will be available
for the enterprise if the Governments of Canada and the United States
consent.
The available water-po,vers of Ontario and Quebec for which
est
mates have been made are distributed as follows:
Niagara falls and rapids. . . . . . . . . . . .. . _ . _ _ .. ... _ _ . . . .
DeCew falls.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ............. ...,............
Well and river and canal developed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .......... ..
St. Lawrence canals in Ontario developed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rapids of St. Lawrence river in Onta,rio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ontario tributaries of the St. Lawrence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
Tributaries of lake Ontario, including Trent Valley powers. . . . . . . .. .
Tributaries of lake Erie and lake St. Clair.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ .
Tributaries of lake Huron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tributaries of Georgian bay on the south and west.. .. ... . . _ ...
Tributaries of north side Georgian bay and lake Huron... .... .. .,. " .
Sault Ste. Marie.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . _ _ . . .
Nipi
o
r
ve
an
tributaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . .. ....
KamlnlstlkwIa river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other tributaries of lake Superior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Winnipeg and English river system in Ontario.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
James bay slope under natural flow.. . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ontario tributaries of the Ottawa river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ottawa river from its mouth to lake Timiskaming. . . . .
Quèbec tributaries of the Ottawa... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.pp
o
imate
mInImum
24-hour H.-P.
available.
600,000
50,000
8,830
8,263
1,028,000
1,565
102,062
7,873
8,112
-4:3,828
92,006
98,200
79,340
31,265
62,532
203,838
&x>,000
87,920
422,162
-4:'33,490
Approximate
minimum
24-hour H.-P.
available.
St. Lawrence river in Quebec, above lVlontreal, including Lachine
Coteau , Cedar and Cascades ra p ids and Beauharnois canal. . . . . . . ' 1 900 135
,Û(JO ,
Sout
of S
. Lawrence below Lachine rapids and above Chaudière
rIver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South of St. Lawrence from Chaudière river to Rivière du Loup" :: : : :
South of St. Lawrence below Rivière du Loup... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .
North side St. Lawrence between Ottawa river and St. Maurice river.
St. l\Iaurice river basin............................................
North shore of St. Lawrence between St. lVlaurice and Saguenay rivers,
Saguenay River basin allowing about 60 p.c. of approximate estimate
of 1 1 003,760 I-1.- P.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
X orth sldo of St. Lawrence, below Saguenay, including Hamilton river,
allowing about 60 p.c. of approximate estimate of 1,229,540 H.-P.
James bay slope in Quebec, .. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
\V ATE R-POWERS.
61,430
10,260
53,260
21,842
358,450
30,736
602,000
737,000
971,500
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,4()3,899
N OTH.-As doubt is expressed in the Conservation Commission Report
regarding estimates for some of the water-powers of the Saguenay river basin and
rivers below the Saguenay, especially the Hamilton river, only 00 p.c. of the esti-
mates is allowed in the above tables.
Thus Ontario and Quebec have available approximately 8,400,000
t\venty-four-hour H.-P., and by controlling the discharge of waters on
rivers where the difference between high and low water is great this
could be enormously increased. Some allowance should be made
for Niagara po\ver exported to the United States, but it may be safely
said that Ontario and Quebec have available for home consumption,
when developed, a minimum of 8,200,000 twenty-four hour H.-P.
All parts of the lVIaritime Provinces are so near to the great coal
fields of Nova Scotia that water-power is not a matter of such great
im portance to them as it is to some of the other provinces.
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia ha ve been estimated to ha ve
385,307 twenty-four hour H.-P. available for eight months of the year.
1"here is no estimate of the amount of pO'\ver available for the remaining
four months in those provinces. In some cases there would be very
little power available for those months.
In Nova Scotia there are no large rivers or large lakes, but there
are many small rivers with numerous small waterfalls, and there are a
nUlnber of small lakes which serve as reservoirs. The natural storage
facilities could be improved easily in many cases. The rainfall of this
province is heavy. Thus, while there are no great water-powers, there
are many small ones. The rivers of New Brunswick are larger and
there are greater water-powers than in Nova Scotia, but there are not
so many of them.
In view of the fact that some of the small. water-po\vers can be
utilized for only eight months of the year it should be noted that at
such water-powers it is customary to have a supplementary stcan1
plant \vhich can be utilized for the production of po\ver 'when \vater-
po\ver is not available.
10
NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
The water-powers of Prince Edward Island are hardly worthy of
mention, although there are a few small water-powers on the little
rivers at which, during certain seasons of the year, from five to fifty
H.-P. is developed.
The water-powers of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia for 'which
approximate estimates have been made are distributed as follo,vs:
App
o
imate
mInImum
24-hour H.-P.
for 8 months.
Three water-powers on St. John river, in New Brunswick. . . . . . . . . . . . . 162,000
Thirteen water-powers on St. Croix river, in New Brunswick. . . . . . , . . 35,380
Six water-powers on Nipisquit river, in New Brunswick. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,795
One water-power on the Aroostook river in New Brunswick. . . . . . . . . . . 13,000
Three water-powers on Tobique river, in New Brunswick............. 7,600
Two water-powers on southwest branch Miramichi river, in N ew r:..
Brunswick. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,000
One þundred and thirteen water-powers on other New Brunswick
rl verso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Twelve water-powers on Liverpool river, in Nova Scotia. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eleven water-powers on the Lahave river, in Nova Scotia......... .. .
Nine water-powers on Weymouth river, in Nova Scotia. . .. ..........
Ten water-powers on Port Medway river, in Nova Scotia. . . . . . . . . . . . .
One
undred and sixty-nine small water-powers on other Nova Scotia
rIvers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,884
There are a number of small ,vater-powers for which no estimate
has been made.
In Manitoba the water-powers that have been most carefullyesti-
mated are those on the Winnipeg river, about 78 miles from the city of
Winnipeg. Under natural flow, the minimum power available is 280,300
H.-P., of which 45,700 H.-P. has already been developed by the city of
Winnipeg and 26,500 H.-P. by the Winnipeg Electric Railway. It is
estimated that with control of the discharge of water the power
available would be over 509,900 H.-P.
On the Pigeon river, Berens river, Poplar river and Big Black
river, flowing into the southeast side of lake Winnipeg, probably within
transmission distance of the city of Winnipeg, there are water-powers,
aggregating 72,225 H.-P. twenty-four hours daily, eight months of
the year. No estimate has been made for the remaining four months.
Other water-powers vlÎthin transmission distance of the city of
Winnipeg are those on the Mossy, Dauphin, 'tVaterhen and Fairford
rivers, which make connections between lake Dauphin, lake Manitoba,
lake Winnipegosis and lake Winnipeg. Theoretically these rivers
would furnish a minimum of 27,860 H.-P. twenty-four hours daily
throughout the year, and it may be assumed that a minimum of at
least 65 p.c. of that could be developed. With control of the
discharge of waters this could be considerably increased. The water-
power at the Grand falls of the Saskatchewan may also be regarded
as within transmission distance of the city of Winnipeg. The estimate
from May to November is a minimum of 45,000 H.-P. for twenty-four
hours daily, and, while no estimate for the whole year has been made,
the power available throughout the year would probably not be much
leStS.
54,363
14,995
8,430
6,160
6,120
11
W A TER-PO\VERS.
There are small water-powers available on the Assiniboine, Little
Saskatchewan and other small rivers for at least seven months of the year.
The water-powers of the Nelson and Hayes rivers are too far from
the present settlements for transmisf3ion of electric energy, but the
construction of the Hudson Bay Railway from Pas to Port Nelson
will probably bring about the settlement of the Nelson river valley.
Estimates have been made regarding twenty-five water-powers on the
Nelson river aggregating a minimum of 2,930,800 H.-P. for twenty-
four hours daily and twenty water-powers on the Hayes river aggregating
28,460 H.-P. While the estimates are only for seven months it is
believed that the minimum for the year would be very little less than
this for the Nelson river.
As Manitoba is even farther from the sources of coal supply than
Ontario the abundance of water-power is of very great importance.
On the main Saskatchewan river in the province of Saskatchewan
it is estimated that about 24,000 H.-P. daily for twenty-four hours
would be available for seven months of the year, on the South Sask-
atchewan 1,700 H.-P. and on the North Saskatchewan 10,000 H.-P. At
the Rocky rapid of the North Saskatchewan in Alberta above Edmonton
it is estimated that 28,000 H.-P. could be developed by controlling the
discharge of waters.
In southern Alberta it is estimated that 60,000 H.-P. can be ob-
tained from the Bow river, within fifty miles of Calgary, by controlling
the discharge of waters. The Calgary Power Company has already
developed 19,500 H.-P. at the Horseshoe fall of the Bow river and
12,000 H.-P. at the Kananaskis fall. There are also small \vater-po,vers
available on the Elbow river, McLeod river, Belly river and other small
river3 in southern Alberta.
The information regarding water-powers in Manitoba, Saskatch-
ewan and Alberta north of the Nelson and Saskatchewan river systems
is not complete, but there are known to be many important water-
powers, and the aggregate is immense.
British Columbia is splendidly endowed with water-powers, and,
although the province has immense quantities of coal, rapid progress
is being made in hydro-electric development. At many points to \vhich
the cost of transporting coal over mountain roads is excessive hydro-
electric power can be cheaply transmitted, and even in districts close to
coal mines the competition of hydro-electric power \vill regulate the price
of coal.
lVIr. G. R. G. Conway, Consulting Engineer of the British Columbia
Electric Railway, says, in his monograph on the water-powers of British
Columbia: "Within reasonable distance of the cities of Vancouver and
Victoria there are possibilities of the economic development of. ,vater-
powers aggregating 750,000 H.-P. These ,vater-po,vers are a.ll sItuated
within an area of 20,000 square miles. Outside of this area a ro
gh
estimate of the water-power possibilitie
of the province ,vould brIng
this figure up to 3,000,000 H.-P."
12
NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
CLIMATE AND FARM PRODUCTS.
There is great diversity in the farm products of the different parts
of Canada o'\ving to variations in climatic conditions. There are
districts of Ontario and British Columbia where delicate fruits such as
peaches of the highest quality and the finer varieties of grapes grow to
perfection, while there are extensiye areas of fertile land in the Western
Plain which, although producing the highest grades of hard '\vheat,
will not grow even hardy apples. The wheat grown in the eastern
provinces is of quite differ
nt character from that grown on the '\vestern
prairies. Thus, while the hard wheat flour of the West makes bread of
superior quality, it cannot be used for making biscuits, shredded wheat
and some other breakfast foods. The biscuit manufacturers of Winnipeg
have to send to Ontario or Quebec for flour made from soft wheat.
The conditions affecting the production of food products can best be
understood by describing the climate and farm productions of each of
the great divisions of Canada separately.
The Maritime Provinces of Canada come under 
