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THE
CANAA
EAR BOOK
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.
CANADA
DOMINION BUREAU OF STATISTICS
THE
CANADA YEAR BOOK
1918
Published by Authority of the
Right Hon. Sir George E Foster, G.C.M.G., M.P.,
Minister of 'Trade and Commerce.
OTTAWA
J. de LABROQUERIE T ACH
PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY
1919
JUl 2 6 19
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CONTENTS.
Rtatistical Summary of the Progress of Canada. . . . . . . . _ _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Canada Year Book, 1918. ........................................ ..........
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " ... _ . . . . . . . . .. ........................................
Selection of Articles and Tables in the Canada Year Book, 1916-17, which are not repeated in the
present Issue. . _ _ .. _ . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index....... 0.... ............ 0..... 0...... 0........ _......
Erratum. _ . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . .
I. THE STORY OF CONFEDERATION.
By Sir JOSEPH POPE, K.C.M.G., CoV.O., I.S.O., Under Secretary of State for External Affairs,
Ottawa... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ .
II. CHRONOLOGICAL mSTORY OF CAN.\DA, 1197-1918.
fiI. FIFTY YEARS OF CANADIAN PROGRESS, 1867 TO 1917.
By ERNEST H. GODFREY, F.S.S., Editor, Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Ottawa.
Area and Political Boundaries, 24; Population and Immigration, 27; Agriculture, 31; Live Stock,
39; Dairying, 43; Forest Products, 46; Fisheries, 49; Minerals, 56; Manufactures, 58; Trade,
Transportation and Communications, 61; Financial and ::5ocial Statistics, 68; A Contrast:
1867 and 1917, 70; Conclusion and Future Outlook, 71.
1. Territorial Distribution of Canada, 1867-1917.................... 0.............. o'
2. Population of Canada by Provinces and Territories in the Census Years 1871 to 1911
3. Increase of Population of Canada, by Provinces from decade to decade, 1871 to 1911:
A. in Absolute Numbers; B. in Percentages. ., . ' . . . ., _ _ '. .. _ _ . _ . . _ . . . . _ . . .
t. Population of Prairie Provinces at Quinquennial Periods, 1901-1916... .... '" .. . . . . .
ã. Increase of Population of the Prairie Provinces at Quinquennial Periods, 1901-1916.
6. Number of Immigrants settling in Canada for each of the 30 years 1867 to 1896...:.
7. Immigration into Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and Other
Countries, 1897-1917......... '" . ........... .. ... . ....
8. Areas of Principal Field Crops of Canada, 1900 and 1910.... . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
9. Yields oi the Princip:ll Crops of Canada in the Census Ye3.rs 1870 to 1910...,."....
10. Areas and Yields of Field Crops of Canada, as estimated by the Census and Statis-
tics Office, 1908-1917......... ..........., .. ...................... ., . ....... .. ...
11. Percentage Distribution by Provinces of Wheat, Barley and Oats in the Census
Years 1870-1910 and in 1917,....................................................
12. Average Yield per Acre of Wheat, Oats and Barley in New Brunswick, Ontario,
Ianitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta.... '" ....... ............. .. . . .
13. Average Yield per acre of Wheat, Barley and Oats in selected Grain-producing
Countries of the World.... .. ...............0...... ... . ..... ..0.....
U. Acreage and Yield of Canadian Crops per 1,000 of the population, 1870-1917....
15. Total Areas and Values of Field Crops, 1910-1917.., ,
16. Numbers of Farm Live Stock in Census Years 1871-1911..
17. Increase in Number of Farm Live Stock, 1871-1911. . . . . . .
18. Number of Horses, all ages, by Provinces, 1901 and 1911... . . .., .. .
19. Numbers of Farm Live
tock per 1,000 of the Population, 1871-1911. . . .
20. Annual Estimate of the Numbers of Farm Animals, H07 to 1917 '
21. Values of Farm Live Stock in Canada, 1901 and 1911 and 1913-17. . . . ' . . " .... 0 "
22. Average Values per head of Horses Cattle, Sheep and Swine, 1913-1917.............
23. Production of Home-made Butter and Cheese in the Census Years 1870, 1880, 1890,
1900 and 1910,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . 0 . . . 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
2t. Prorluction and Value of Creamery Butter and Factory Cheese, 1900, 1907, 1910, and
1915-17.......... 0.......... 0....... 0.................... _.................. ..
25. Exports of Canadian Butter and Cheese to the Lnited Kingdom, to the Lnited
States, and to other countries in quinquennial avera!1:es, 1868-1917. 0 . . . . . . . . .
26. Exports of Unmanufactured Canadian Forest Produce in decennial averages, 1868-1917
27. Census Returns of Forest Products, 1871-1901. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _
28. Quantities and Values of Lumber, Shingles and Lath, 1908-1917....... .... . . . .... ..
29. Quantities and Values of Cross-ties and Poles purchased by Railway and Electric
Companies, 1908-1917. . . . ' . . ' .. .. . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . .. .
30. Consumption and Value of Pulpwood, 1908-1917 .' .. ..
31. Quantity of Wood Pulp manufactured by Proce"lses, lU08-1917.
32. Value of Sea and Lake Fisheries of Canada, 1900 and 1910..
33. Values of Fish by Principal Kinds, 1900 anrlI910.... . .. . . .. ..... . . . . . . .. . . . .
34. Quantity and Value of Chief Commercial Fishes, 1913-14-1916-17 and 1917. 0"
35. Value of Fisheries by Provinces, 1913-14-1916-17 and 1917........ .., _. ....... ..
36. Quantity and Value of all Fish caught and marketed in Canada, Calend3.r Year, 1917
37. Mineral Production of Canada, 1871, 1881 and 1901..,... _ _. _ . . _. .... . .. ..
38. Value of Mineral Production of Canada, 1900 and 1910...
39. Statistics of Canadian Manufactures, 1870, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40. Statistics of Canadian Manufactures, 1880 and 1890. . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 .
41. Statistics of Canadian Manufactures for Establishments employing five hands and
over, 1890 and 1900.,.................... ...... .......
42. Statistics of Canadian Manufactures, 1900, 1905, IPIO and 191.5
43. Increases in Absolute and Relative Figures, 1900-1915... " . . .. . .... .., ..... . ..... .
4-t. Statistics of Canadian Manufactures, including all establishments, irrespective of
the number of employees, 1905 and 1915,.....,.. .. 0'" ., . ' ....
-t5. Canadian Trade, 1868 to 1917 (1868, 1871-81-91-01-11, HH5-17)...... ..0... .,.
46. Principal Exports of Canada, by Quantities and val
es, fiscal ye'1rs 1868 to 1918...
47. Selection of Principal Imports for Home ConsumptIOn, lR74-1918. 0
48. Railway Mileage by Provinces, 1867 anrlI917..... . 0......... . .... ..,
,19. Total Number and Number per 100,000 Inhabitants of Convictions in Canada,
classified accordinf!; to the Nature of Offences, 18S0-.RI-91-1901-11-17..
50. Principal Statistics for Earliest and Latest Years aVaIlable, 1867-1917, , " ..'..'.
42387-A!
PAGE.
xiii-xv
xvi
xvii
672
673-686
686
1-13
14-23
23-72
25
27
28
29
29
30
30
32
32
33-34
35
36
37
38
38
39
39
40
40
41
42
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
48
48
49-
5()
51
52
53
53-55
57
57
58
59
59
59
60
61
61
62-64
65
61
69
70-71
iv
IV. PHYSI('oil CBAR..\CTERISTICS O}' CANADA..
Geographical Features. ................................. 0................... .
t. Drainage Basins of Canada....... .....00..... ... ...............:.:::::::::::::::
2. Lengths of Principal Rivers and Tributaries in Canada... .., ....... .......... ......
3. Area and Elevation of the Great Lakes...................... . ...................
4. Areas of Principal Canadian Lakes by Provinces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Economic Geology in Canada, 1917. By WYATT MALCOLM, Department of .Mines, Ottawa.......
v. AREA AND POPULATION.
1. Land and Water Area of Canada by Provinces and Territories......................
2. Ar
a and Population of Canada in 1911 by Provinces an.d Districts and Population
In 1901.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., ............ .....................
3. Population of Cities and Towns having over 5,000 inhabitants in 1911, cOl
p
d
ith
1871-81-91-1901. . . . . .... ., . . .... ..... ..... . - - - ' - . . .. .. ... ... ... 0... . .., .
-to rrban Population of Canada by Size Groups, 1901 and 1911... ........... .:.::::::::
ð. Rural and Urban Population of Canada in 1901 and 1911 by Provinces, and increase or
decrease in the decade. . . . . . . - .. .............. 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . .
6. Rural and Urban Population of Canada by Province:,; and Sexes, 1911... ......
7. Population of Canada by Sexes, 1901 and 1911.... . ............................ 0"
s. Ratio of Females to Males i!l Rural and Urban Divisions, 1911. ., ....... .., . .......
9. Conjugal Condition of the people of Canada, cla
:,;ified as sin
le, marripd, widowed,
divorced, legally separated and not given, by Provinces, Census of 1911.. . .......
l\1a
e Population of Canada,.18 to 45 years of age, classified according to nativity, by
sInllle years and by ProvInces, Census, H)11, , . - . . . . .. .................0.. 0 . . . . . .
Percentage Proportion by Provinces of the Male Population 18 to 45 years of aO'e,
which ",as Canadian-born, Briti:,;h-born, or Foreign-born on June 1, 1911, .. . ...
..
Percentage Distribution by Provinces of the Canadian-born, British-born and ForeiO'n-
born Male Population, 18 to 4.=J years of age on June 1, 1911.. . ., ..0.... ... ... .,. '"
Population of the Prairie Provinces, IDOl, 1906, 1911 and 1916.... .. .. . .. ... ...... ..,
Population of Prairie Provinces by 8ex at each Census Period from 1870 for Manitoba
and from 1901 for Saskatchewan and Alberta. . . . . . . . - " - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
City Population of the Prairie Provinces, 1901, HI06, 1911 and 1916..... ...... .......
Urban and Rural Population of the Prairie Provinces, 1901-1916. .... ...............
Origins of the Population of the IJrairie Provinces born in Canada, United States or
Elsev.'here, 1916..... .. .............. ...0.........................0............
Male and Female Population of the Prairie Provinces grouped by age periods, 1916. .
Conjugal Condition of the people of the Prairie Provinces, 1911 and 1916. .... .......
Proportion of Males to Females in Age Groups of Single, )Iarried, Widowed and
Divorced, HIll and 1916...... .......... ....... .. ............................
Birthplace of the People of the Prairie Provinces, 1911 and 1916........ ..... . . ......
Population of Prhirie Provinces 10 years of age and over who cannot speak English,
1916......................... ...0.0................................ 0..........
Illiteracy by Sex in the Population, 10 years of age and over, 1916.. .... o. ....
Citizenship of Foreign-born in Prairie Provinces, 1916.......... .,. ...... . .,. .,. . .0..
Number and Percentage of Foreign-born l\1ales, by Birthplaces, naturalized, 1916.
10.
11.
12.
13.
H.
15.
16.
17.
lfì.
I!}.
20.
21.
22.
23.
2-t.
')-
",a.
PAGE.
72-79
73-74
74-75
76
77-78
79-86
87
88-92
93-94
94
95
95
96-97
97
97-98
99-101
102
lù2
103
104
104
105
106
107
10S
109
110
110
111
111
112
Vital Statistics.
26. Number of Births, Marriages and Deaths, by Provinces, 1911-1916.................. 113
27. Number of Births, Marriages and Deaths, by Principal Cities, 1913-1916...... ... ... 114-118
Immigration.
28. Number of Immigrant Arrivals in Canada, 1897-1918,.... .......... .. o. ..... 0... 119
29. Arrivals at Inland anrl Ocean Ports in Canada in fi:,;cal years 1912-1918............... 120
30. Rejection of Immigrants upon arrival at Ocean Ports and Deportations after admis-
sion, by principal causes, for the fiscal years 1903-1918...... ., .............. 0..... 121
31. Number by Nationalities of Deportations after Admission, 1903-1918... ........... 121
32. Juvenile Immigrants and Applications for their Services, 1901-1918........... .. ..... 121
33. Sex, Occupation and Destination of Immigrants for the fiscal year ended March 31,
1918.. .. . .. .. ... .. .................................... -- ..................... 122
:H. Destination of Immigrants into Canada by Provinces, 1901-1918.................. o. 123
35. Record of Chinese Immigration, 1886-1918,...... ................ ..... ........... 123
36. Record of Oriental Immigration, 1901-1918..... .. _ _ .......0....................... 124
37. Expenditure on Immigration in the fiscal years 1868-1918... .,. . . .,. ..... .,. 0...... 124
YI. EDUC..\TION.
General Features of Canadian Education System... ............... .................
Higher Education in C
ada, . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 .
t. Number of Schools, Teachers and Pupils in Canada by Provinces, 1901-1917....... 0
2. Normal and Model Schooæ in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario and
Manitoba, 1901-1917....... 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' ............. 0 . . . . . . . . .
3. Number of Teachers and Pupils in :\lodel Schools, Academies and Roman Catholic
Classical Colleges in Quebec, 1901-1917. . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Collegiate Institutes and High
chools in Ontario,
1901-1918. ............................................... ........ " ......0....
5. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Continuation Schools in Ontario, 1911-1918... .., .
6. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Collegiate Institutes and High Schools in Saskat-
chev.'an, 1908-1916.. ............................................................
7. Number of Teachers and Pupils in High Schools in British Columbia, 1901-1917.....
8. Receipts and EApenditure for Public Education in Canada by Provinces, 1901-1917..
9. Average Annual Halaries of Teachers, by Provinces, 1916-1917.... ................. .
10. Universitief': of Canada: Foundation, -\ffiliation, Faculties and De
rees........ .....
125
12 f)
128-131
131-133
134
13.')
135
135
13,)
136--141
142
14
-144
v
Education-con.
11. Universities of Canada:
umber of Teaching Staff and Students... .
12. Universities of Canada: Financial Statistics, 1917. . ....... . . . . .
13. Colleges of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees.
U. Colleges of Canada: Number of Teaching Staff and Students... _. _ __
15. Colleges of Canada: Financial Statistics, 1917... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PAGE.
145
146
147-149
149-150
151-153
VII. CLUIATE AND l\IETEOROLOGY.
The Climate of Canada since Confederation, by SIR FREDERICK STUPART, Director, Dominion
Ieteorological Service, Toronto........ . . . . .... . -. ... .... ". . .......... . . . ..... ...... ..... 154-157
The '''eat her of Canada during the year 1917. Information furnished by the Dominion \Ieteoro-
logical Service, Toronto.. . . . . . . . . - . . - . . - . " .. _....... _ . . . . . . . .. . .. ..... ........... 157-163
1. Temperature of the year 1917 at Representative Stations, compared with Normal
Annual Averages for the period 18SS to 1907........... ...... . .. 163-164-
2. Precipitation of the year 1917 at Represent:ltive Stations, compared with Normal
_-\nnual Averages for the period 1888 to 1907. . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
\"111. PRODUCTION.
Agriculture.
1. Area of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1918. . _..... . . .... .. . ' . . .. . . . . .. . . .
2. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada, HH5, 1916 and 1917
3. Areas and Yields of Wheat, Oats, Barley and Flaxseed in the three Prairie Provinces,
1915-1917. . . . . . . . .. _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Total Areas and Value of Field Crops in Canada, 1912-17..................
5. Field Crops of Canada;compared as to quantity and value, 1916 and 1917...........
6. Quality of Grain Crops as indicated by Average Weight per meJ.sured bushel, 1908-17
7. Numbers of Farm Live Stock, June, 1918. . . . . .. .. ....... ... ... ... .... ... ..
s. Estimated Numbers of li"arm Live Stock, l!H3-18.. ........... .... _.............
9. Average Values of Farm Animals and of Wool, as estimated by Crop Correspondents,
1909-10, 1914-17... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '. _ _ . _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. Numbers in June and Value3 in Dacember of Farm Live Stock in Ca'larla, a"i estimated
by Crop Correspondents, 1916 and 1917. __ _....................... ...........
11. Average Values per acre of Occupierl Farm Lands in Canada, as estimated by Crop
Correspondents, 1908-1910, 1914-19lÏ... ........................ '"
12. A verage Wages of Farm Help in Canada, as estimated by Crop Correspondents,
1909-1910, 1914-1917........ ... ... ...........
Agricultural Census of the Prairie Provinces, 1916.
13. Total Area, and Area of Land in Farms, 1911 and 1916..... ...
H. Number of Farms by Provinces, 1911 and 1916,. ... _ _ _ _ _...
15. Distribution of Farms by size of Holding and Tenure, 1916....
16. Classification of Farm Lands, 1911 and 1916. ....................
17. Numbers of Farm Live Stock by Provinces and Classes, 1916. _
IS. Numbers of Farm Live Stock, 1911 and 1916,.. ........ ........... .......
19. Numbers of Pure-bred Live Stock in the Pr1.irie Province:5, 1911 anJ 1916..
20. Fruit Production of the Prairie Provinces, 1915.......... ... ....
21. Value of Farm Property, by Provinces, 1911 and 1916..,........ ..... ............
22. Values of Field and Animal Products and of all Farm Property, by Provinces, 1910
and 19l.'i .,. " . . . . . . . .. ...............................
Dairying.
23. Production and Value of Creamery Butter, by Provinces, 1915, 1916 ami 1917
2... Production and Value of Factory Chee:ie, by Pro\'inces, HH.5, hH6 amIHIl7....
2.j. Production and Value of Creamery Butter and Factory Chei'o.:e, 1900, 190ï, 1910,
1915, 1916 and 1917 ................
26. Cold Storage Warehouses in Canada, 1918...
.11 iscellaneous.
21. Production and Value of Flax Fibre in Ontario, 1915-17......
2S. Estimated Area... and Yields of Tobacc
in Call9.da, HHtì-1X
29. Allocation of Payments to Provincial Governments under the \gricultural Instruc-
tion Act, 191.1)-16 and 191
-19,..... .... . ..... ... . .. . _, _. _, . _.
30. Rtocks of Wheat in Canada on March 31, UH6 and HH7, and Marrh 30, 1918....
31. Rtocks of wheat in Can.lda on February 8, 1915, on :\hrch 31, 1916 a''I.'1 HH7, an:l O!l
larch30,1918,............. ..... ... .... . ....... ... ..
32. Stocks of Oats, Barley and Flax in Canada on
Iarch 31, 1917, a'll :\hrch 30, 191ð
Agricultural Pricrs.
33. Wee1..Iy Range of Prices of Wheat at Winnipeg and Fort William, HH ì. . .. ...... .'.
3... Monthly Range of Average Prices of Wheat at \\ïnnipc:!: and Fort William, 1!IH-l!1I7
35. Weekly Range of Prices of Oats at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1917.......... .
36. Weekly RanCTe of Prices of Barley and FLtx at Winnipeg an I Fort William, 1917 .
:n. Monthly Ra
ge of Average Pricc'! of B:uley, Oats and Flax at Winnipog and Fort
William, 1914-1917. __ ,_, .._ .'.__'_'.'. ...._... ........._,
38. Monthly Hange of Average Prices in 13riti8h Markets of Can
cli:m Wheat an I O,
t-.
1913-1917 ..
39. Value of the Annual .\gricultural Production or Canaùa, 191.5-17... ., ."
40. Annual Average Yields per acre of Field Crops, for Canada anJ by Pr.Jvmcl ,for the
tenyearsI90S-191ï.. .......... .............. ........... .......
41. Acreage and Production of Cereals and of Potatoes in Varioas CJuntrie'i of the \\orlù,
1916 and HH 7. .... .. . . .. .. .. .... ............. ... . . . .. . ..
"2. Numhers of Farm Live Stock hy Principal CountriL':-I of thl' World, 190ì nnll If116,
1138
169-178
179
179
180
181
182-184
185-186
1
7
188-189
189
190-191
192
193
193
194
194
195
196-197
In8
199
1
)9- 200
201-202
202-203
203
:!04
20>
206
206
207
20;
20,
20!l 210
211 -212
21:J-214
21-1-215
.!If) -217
:!IS-219
:!H}
20
222-224
:!!i
10
VI
Agricultural Experiment Stations of Canada.
Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43. Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations, 1918. . . - . . .
Provincial Agricultural Experiments.. ... ....... .... .... .. ....... ...
Forestry.
44. Quantities and Values of the cut of Lumber, Shingles and Lath by Province.,;, 1916
and 1917.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' ...... - . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . .
45. Total Consumption and Value of Pulpwood, 1908-17....... ...... .... . . .
46. Quantities and Values of Wood used in the manufacture of Pulp, 1915-17,., '
41. Kinds of Wood used in the manufacture of Pulp by quantities and values, 1915, 1916
and 1917.. . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48. Quantities of Wood used and of Pulp manufactured, 1914-1917. ., . .. .... . .. . . .. . . . . .
49. Quantities and Values of Cross-ties and Poles purchased by Railway and Electric
Companies, 1916 and 1!H7.. " ......... . . . ..... -............. ....... .. .
50. Exports from Canada of Wood Pulp, by Countries, in the fiscal years 1912-1917.. . . . .
51.:;"'Quantity and Value of Wood, Blocks and Other, for Pulp, exported to the United
States,1904-1917. . . ........................ ..........
Fisheries.
52. Number and Value of Fishing Vessels, Boats, Nets, Traps, etc., used in the Sea and
Inland Fisheries of Canada, 1916-1917........ ....... . ..... .-
53. Government Bounties to Fishermen in the fiscal years 1913 to 1916. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
54. Quantities and Values of all Fish marketed in Canada in 1915-16 and 1916-11.... ....
55. Quantities and Values of the catch of the Inland Fisheries of Canada, 1915-16 and
1916-17........................ ................................... .........
56. Total Value of Fisheries by Provinces in the fiscal years 1913-1917, .
57. Total Value of the Fisheries of Canada in the fiscal years 1870-1917..... ............
58. Values of Exports and Imports of Fish, 1902-1917..... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. .
59. Exports of the Fisheries, the Produce of Canada, by principal countries, in the fiscal
years 1916-1917. . .,. .. .. . . .., . . ... .. .... .... .. .. .. . . . . .. . . .. .... .. . . .. . .. .,. .
60. Fisheries of Canada, compared as to Quantities and Values, 1916 and 1917 .. (000"
omitted).. _. ..... _........... ..........................
l\linerals.
61. Quantities and Values of
Iinera]s produced in Canada, 1916 and 1917........... ... ..
62. Minerals of Canada, compared as to Quantity and Value, 1916 and 1917, ("000"
omitted). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63. Increase or Decrease in Principal Mineral Products, 1917....... .. . . .
6t. Mineral Production of Canada in the Calendar Years, 1916 and 191 ï, . . . . . .
65. Value of Mineral Production in Canada, 1886-1917. .. . ... .. .. .. ... . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
66. Value of ,Minerals produced in Canada by Provinces in the Calendar Years 1916 and
IHI7........... .. ...... .. ... ......................................,. ., .....
67. Quantity of Gold produced in Canada by Provinces during the Calendar Years 1901-
1917. " ....... .,..................... - -......................... .......... ... ' .
68. Value of Gold produced in Canada by Provinces during the Calendar Years 1901-1917
69. Quantity and Value of Silver produeeù in Canada during the Calendar Years 1887-1917
70. Quantity and Value of Silver produced in Canada by Provinces during the Calendar
Years 1901-1917. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . .' ,.
71. Quantity and Value of Copper produced in Canada by Provinces during the Calendar
Years 1901-1917..................... -...........................................
72. Quantity and Value of Nickel produced in Canada during the Calendar Years 1889-
1917............. .......................... .................................
73. Production of Principal :\'Iinerals in Canada, for the Calendar Years 1909-1917, ... .
74. Production of Asbestos and Asbestic in Canada for the Calendar years 1909-1917...
75. Production of Cement in Canada for the Calendar Years 1902-1917................
76. Character and Quantities of Ores treated in Canadian Smelters, 1911-1916. .. .
Iron Blast Furnaces in Canada in 1917. .... .... .. .... ...... . ... .. .. . . . ..,
Mines Departments of Provincial Governments......... ... -.... -. -.,
71. Value of the l\1ineral Production of Quebec, 1900-17. ..... . . " ...... . . ., .. . ....
78. Production of Silver at the Cobalt Camp, Ontario, 1904-17.. -......... .......
79. Value of Total Mineral Production of British Columbia, 1852-1917....... . .... ' .. .
80. Quantity and Value of Mineral Products in British Columbia for the Calendar Years
1915-1917...,..................................................... ..........
81. Quantity and Yalue of the World's Production of Gold and Silver for the Calendar
Years 1915 and 1916..,. .. . ., .. . . . .. .. . . . ... . . " . .. .... ... .... .. . . .... ., ... ......
82. Imports into Canada of Portland Cement, 1898-1917................ ....,..........
83. Imports into Canada of Anthracite and Bituminous Coal for home consumption during
the fiscal years 1901-1917. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . - ... ..' . . . . . . . . .
8t. Exports of Coal the produce of Canada, 1903-1917. .......... ....
!\Ianufactures.
85. Statistics of Manufactures by Provinces, 1900, 1905, 1910 and 1915. . . . .
Watrr-Powers of Canada.
Water-Powers of Canada, by J. B. CHALLIES, C.E. (Tor.), M.Can. Soc. C.E., Superintendent,
Dominion Water-Power Branch, Department of the Interior...............................
86. Water-Powers of European Countries and of the United States and Canada..... ..
87. Available and Developed \V ater- Power of Canada by Provinces. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .....
IX. TRADE AND CO'IMERCE.
1. Aggregate External Trade of Canada, 1868-1918....... ....... .., .... .... ... .. . . ....
2. Movement of Coin and Bullion, 1868-1918...... . : -. ................... - . . . . - . . . . . . .
3. Duties Collected on Exports, 1868-1892, and on Imports for Home Consumption, 1868-
1918........................... .................... ....................... .. ....
PAGE.
230-234
231
234-246
247
247
249
249
250
251
251-252
252
254
254
256-257
258
258
259
259
259
260-261
263
263-264
265
265-266
267
267
268
268
269
269
270
270
271-272
272
272
272
273
273-276
274
27.:;
277
277
278
279
279
279
280
281-283
282
283
285
286
287
Vll
Trade and Commerce-con.
4. Ratio of Exports to Imports and Value per capita of Exports, Imports and Total
Trade, 1868-1918. ........ ..... 0.... . 0 0 ......... .. .. .....................0...
5. Exports to the United Kingdom, to the United States and to Other Countries of
Merchandise the produce of Canada, 1868-1918.. .. ...00... ... . ......0... . .... . 0'.
,. Imports from the United Kingdom, from the United States and from Other Countries
of l\1erchandise entered for Home Consumption, 1868-1918..... . ....... ... .......
7. Yalues of Exports from Canada to the United Kingdom, to the United State3 to
Other Countries and to All Countries, by Classe3 of Merchandise, in five Ýear
averages and for the fiscal ye3.rs 1911-1918.... ........................0.........
8. Values of Exports to the United Kingdom, to the United States and Oto All Countries,
by Classes of Merchandise the Produce of Cana.da, 1914-19170.......... 0 . . . . . . . .
9. Value of Imports from the United Kingdom, from the United States and from All
Countries by Classes of Merchandise entered for Home Consumption, 1914-1917
10. Exports of Canada to .united Kingdom, United States and All Countrie3 in
quantities and values, by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1914-1917
11. Imports of Canada, from the United Kingdom, the United States and All Countries,
in quantities and values, by classes entered for c;:msumption in the four fiscal
years 1914-1917................................... .............. ....... .......0..
12. Values of Exports which may be classed as
lanufactures in the four fiscal years 1914-
1917........................0......................0..................... .......
13. Summary of Values of Exports to the United Kingdom, to the United States and to
Other Countries of Home Produce which may be classed as Manwactures in
the four fiscal years 1914-1917. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .
U. Values of Imports which may be classed as Manufactures in the four fiscal years 1914-
1917.....0..........................0.0...................... 0..................
15. Summary of Imports from the United Kingdom, from the United States and from
Other Countries, which may be classed as Manufactures,in the four fiscal years
1914-1917. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . 0 . . 0 . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . .
16. Values of Exports (domestic and foreign) to the British and Foreign West Indies, by
Countries, during the fiscal ye
:trs 1915-1917............ 0....... 0.................
17. Values of Imports entered by homð consumption (dutiable and free) from the
British and Foreign West Indies, by Countries, during the fiscal years 1915-1917. .
18. Value of Imports and Exports from and to British and Foreign We3t Indie3, 1901-1917
19. Percentage Proportions of Imports from United Kingdom and United States, respect-
ively, to totals of dutiable and free in the 17 fisc3.1 yeJ.rs 1901-1917. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20. Average ad valorem Rates of Duty collected On Imports from United Kingdom,
United States and All Countries in the 50 fisca.l years 1868-1917. .... ... .... ... .. .
21. Value of Imports entered for consumption at certain Ports during the fiscal year ended
Iarch 31, 1917......................... ........................... ..............
22. Value of Exports of Canadian Produce by principal Ports, during the fiscal year ende::!
l\farch 31, 1917. .......................0.0....0..................0 ..0.000.0...0
23. Value of Total Exports and Imports entered for consumption and amount of duty
collected, by ProvinceE, during tbe fiscal year ended
larch 31, 1917.. _ _ ...
2J. Imports of certain Articles of R'lw MJ.terial for home c;:msumption, 1902-1917. .... ...
25. Imports of Canada by values entered for consumption from British Empire and
Foreign Countries, under GenJral, Preferential and Treaty Rate Tariffs in the four
fiscal years 1914-1917....................................... 0 . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26. Aggregate Trade of Canada by Countries during the fiscal year ended March 31, 1918
27. Values of Exports from Canada of Home Produce to the British Empire and to
Foreign Countries in the five fisc'll ye'l.rs 1914-1918.............. 0..0... -. -.. -,
28. Values of Imports into Canada of Merchandise, entered for Consumption, from the
.British Empire and from Foreign Countries, in the five fiscal years 1914-1918;
also of Coin and Bullion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29. Value of Merchandise imported into and exported from Canada through the United
States during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1916-1917.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.
30. Quantities and Values of Selected Animal and Agricultural Food Products imported
into the United Kingdom, by Countries whence imported, during the five Calen-
dar Years, 1912-1916.... ........ 0.' 0.. .... . . ... ... ...................... 0...
31. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products exported from the "Cnited
States to Principal Countries for the years ended June 30, 1913-1917.. .......
PAGE.
288
289
290
291-293
294
295
296-321
320-355
356
357
358
359
360
360
361
361
362
363
363
361
364
365-366
367
368
369
370
371-375
376-393
Grain Statistics.
32. Number and Storage Capacity of Canadian Grain Elevators in the crop years 1901-
1918. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3g4-396
33. Quantities of Grain inspected during the fiscal years 1915-1917. 0 . . ... .. ... 3\)7-399
34. Quantities of Grain inspected during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1\)14, 1915, 1\)16
and 1917. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
35. Shipments of Grain by vessels from Fort William and Port Arthur for the navigation
seasons 1917 and 1918....0. ........... ... ..... . . ........ . . .. . . ... . .. . '... . .. . . ..0 401
36. Shipments of Grain by vessels and all-rail route from Fort William and Port Arthur
for the crop years ended August 31, 1917 and 1918. .. .,. ....... ... ....... 401
Bounties.
37. Bounties paid in Canada on Lead, 1899-1916......... .......... .... ....... ....... ... 402
38. Bounties paid in Canada on Crude Petroleum, 1905-1918....... .. .. . . . . .. 402
Patents, Copyright, Trade 'larks, Etc.
39. Number of Canadian Patentees by Province of Residence for the fiscal years 1909-1918 403
x. TRANSPORTATION AND CO)UIUNICATIONS.
Steam Railways.
1. Record of Steam Railway :\Iileage, 1835-1917......... ..... ... ..... .... .. .. . .. . . '" .
. Steam Railway Mileage by Provinces, 1911-1917...................................
3. Capital Liability of Steam Railways, 1876-1917....................................
4. Areas of Land Subsidies granted to Steam Railways by the Dominion and Provincial
Governments up to June 30, 1917...... ..........................................
å. Mileage, Capital, Earnings and Operating Expenses of Steam Railways, 1917... .....
G. Steam Railway Statistics, 1901-1917.... . . . . . . . . . . ... .............................
7. Earnin
s and Operating Expenses of Steam Railways per mile of line, 1909-1917......
1'í. Distribution of Operating Expenses of Steam Railways, 1915-1917...................
9. Aid to Railways in the form of Guarantees of Bonds, Interest, etc., by the Dominion
and Provincial Governments, 1917. .... . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., .
10. Analysis of the Total Financial Aid given to Steam Railyvays up to June 30, 1917....
11. Total Amount of Dominion Government Aid paid to Steam Railways up to June 30
of each year, 1901-1917..........................................................
12. Cost of Construction, Working Expenses and Revenue of Government Railways, 1868-
1900, and 1901-1917, and before Confederation. ....... ............................
13. Capital Expenditure by Dominion Government for construction of Government
Steam Railways to March 31, 1917.. ........................................ ....
u.
1ileage and Rolling Stock of Steam Railways, 1912-1917...........................
15. Freight hauled on Steam Railways, 1913-1917,.....................................
IG. Total :;alaries and Wages, with Ratios of same to gross Earnings and Operating
Expenses on Steam Railways, 1907-1917......... ...............................
17. Number of Steam Railway Employees and Amount of Salaries and Wages, 1911-1917
IS. Number of Passengers, Employees and Others Killed and Injured on Steam Rail-
ways, 1888-1917.... ........ .... .,. ............... .......... .... ...... ...........
19.
umber of Persons Killed and Injured on Steam Railways, 1915-1917..............
Electric Raüways.
20. Electric Railway Statistics, 1901-1917.,............................................
21. Mileage and Equipment of Electric Railways, 1915-1917.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22. Capital Liability of Electric Railways, 1908-1917....... .................... ... .....
23. Mileage, Capital, Earnings and Operating Expenses of Electric Railways, 1917.... _..
2-:1. Number of Passengers, Employees and others Killed and Injured on Electric Rail-
\\ays, 1894-1917. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .............................
lUotor Vebicles.
25. Number of ::\Iotor Vehicles registered in Canada by Provinces, 1914-1918............ 425
26. Speed Limits in miles per hour for Motor Vehicles by Provinces..................... 425
viii
Express Companies.
21. Operating )'lileage of Express Companies in Canada, 1914-1917......................
28. Operating E:1I.-penses of Express Comphl1ies, 1!H4-1917...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .
9. Business transacted by Express Companies in financial paper, 1914-1917.......... .,.
30. Earnings of Express Companies, 1914-1917..... . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Canals.
31. Canal Traffic during the Navigation Season 1917...................................
32. Distribution of Total Canal Traffic by Months, 1912-1917.......... . ., . .. . . .. . . .. . . .
:13. Distribution of Canal Traffic in Canada, 1917. . . . . . . . .. ..... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-1. Tonnage of Traffic by Canals and Classes of Products, 1916-1917......... ..........
35. Principal Articles carried through Canadian Canals during the Navigation Seasons
1916 and 1917. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36. Traffic through the Canadian Sault Ste. Marie Canal during the Navigation Seasons
1898-1917.......................................................:.............. .
37. Traffic through Canadian Canals during the Navigation Seasons 1911-1917..........
:J8. Total Expenditure and Revenue of Canals 1868-1917, and before Confederation... .,.
39. Capital EJ\.penditurefor Construction and Enlargement of Canals 1868-1917 and before
Confederation............... ............. . ............................ ..........
40. Traffic through the Panama Canal, August, 1914, to June, 1918......................
41. Traffic through the Panama Canal by Nationality of Vessels, for the fiscal years
ended June 30, 1915-1918..... ... . . . . . . . .. . .. .....................................
Shipping.
42. Sea-going Vessels (exclusive of Coasting Vessels) Entered and Cleared at Canadian
Ports during the fiscal year 1917,.,. . .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . .
43. Sea-going Vessels Entered and Cleared at the Principal Ports of Canada, 1917..... . .
41. Sea-going Vessels Entered Inwards and Outwards by Countries, 1917...............
45. Sea-going Vessels Entered and Cleared at Canadian Ports with Cargo and in Ballast
1902-1917.......... . .................... ..... .. ................ ...... ...........
46. Sea-going and Inland Vessels (exclusive of Coasting Vessels) arrived at and departed
from Canadian Ports, 1901-1917.......... ........................... .......... ..
47. British and Foreign Vessels employed in the Coasting Trade of Canada, 1913-1917..
48. Canadian and American Vessels trading on Rivers and Lakes between Canada and
United States, exclusive of ferriage, 1913-1917................... .................
49. Vessels built and registered in Canada and Vessels sold to other Countries, 1901-1917
50. Number and Net Tonnage of Vessels on the Registry of Shipping, Canada, 1913-1916.
51. Steamboat Inspection during the fiscal year 1916-1917.... ............... ...........
52. Number of Seamen Shipped and Discharged at Canadian Ports, 1908-1916.... . . . . . .
PAGE.
407
407
408
408
409-411
411
412
412
412
413
413
414
414
415
415-416
'IIC
417
417
417
418
419
419
420
420-421
422
426-427
427
428
428
430
431
431
431
432
433
433-435
43ô
437
438
439
440
441
442-443
443
444
4H-445
445-446
446
447
447-448
418
IX
Shipping-con.
53. Canadian Wrecks and Casualties, for the years ended June 30, 1870-1900 and 1901-1917.
5... Comparative Statement of Marine Danger Signals, 1907-1917....... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . .
'>5. Revenue of the Department of Marine, 1913-1917...................................
56. Expenditure ofthe Department of Marine, 1913-1917....................... ........
'>1. Total Revenue and Expenditure of the Department of Marine, 1868-1917............
58. Shipping in the United Kingdom and British Possessions, 1911-15, exclusive of Coast-
ing Trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Telegraphs and Telephones.
59. Telegraph Statistics of Chartered Companies, 1910-1917.... . . . .. ..................
60. Coast Stations for Communication by Wireless Telegraphy with Ships at Sea, fiscal
year 1917............................................. _................. ... .....
61. Canadian Governmen t Steamers equipped with the Radiotelegraph.... ..........
6
. Business and Cost of Maintenance of Radiotelegraph ::;tations for the fiscal years
1916 and 1917...................................... ... .. _. _.... ........ ....
63. Progress of Telephones in Canada, 1914-1917.......................................
61. Number of Telephone Companies reporting to the Department of Railways and
Canals, by Provinces, June 30, 1917, with totals for 1914-1916.....................
65. Telephones in use and Mileage of Wire by Provinces, June 30, 1917, with totals for
1914-15-16.................................................... '_...............
66. Wire Mileage of Telephones by Classes of Wire, June 30, 1916 and 1917..............
67. Capital Liability, Cost, Revenue and Operating Expenses of Telephones, June 30,
1917, with totals fol" 1914, 1915 and 1916..........................................
Postal Statistics.
6R. Revenue and Expenditure of the Post Office Department for quinquennial periods
1890-1910 and for the years 1911-1917...................... .... _. ........
69. Mail Subsidies and Steamship Subventions, 1915-1917............... ...............
70. Operation of the Money Order System in Canada, 1901-1917. . . . . . . . .. " .. ...
n. Money Orders by Provinces, 1913-1917......... .... .......... ....... .......... .....
72. Number and Total Values of Postal Notes, 1912-1917.... _. _ _ . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . .
73. Issue of Postage Stamps, etc., 1916-17...... . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . " ... . .. . ... .
PAGE.
448
449
449
450-451
451
4:52-45 3
454-456
4:56-457
457
458
458
458
459
459
459
460
4:60-461
462
462-463
464
4:64-465
XI. LABOUR.
1. Time Losses by Industries in Working Days, 1901-1917.. _.. . .... . .. .. .. ............ 467
2. Number of Disputes, Establishments, Employees and Time Losses, 1901-1917..... . 461
3. Disputes classified by Industries, 1901-1917. _................ ..................... 46S
4. Index Numbers of all Commodities by Groups, 1890-1917. ". '., _................. 4'i1
5. Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices by Groups of Commodities from month to
month, 1917.............................. ..... .... .. _... .. .. ....... .... ....... 472
6. Weekly Cost of a Family Budget of Staple Foods, Fuel and Lighting and Rent in
terms of the Average Prices in 60 Canadian Cities, 1900, 1905, 1910, 1915-1917...... 473
1. Weekly Cost of a Family Budget of Staple Foods, Fuel and Lighting and Rent in
terms of the Average Prices of the cities in each province of Canada,1910-14, Decem-
ber, 1914-17........................................... ............. ....... ...... 4i4
XII. FIN
-\NÇE.
Public Accounts.
1. Receipts and Expenditures on Consolidated Fund Account, 1914-1918.... ...........
2. Details of Receipts on Consolidated Fund Account, 1914-1918...... . . . . . .. . . .. . ... ..
:1. Details of Expenditure on Consolidated Fund Account, 1914-1918.. ...............
4. Population and Revenue and Expenditure per head, 1868-1918...... .................
5. Public Debt of Canada, March 31, 1914-1918.. .... ... . . ....... ... ..........
6. Assets of the Public Debt of Canada, March 31, 1914-1918......... ... ..............
7. Total Liabilities of Canada, March 31, 1914-1918. _.......... " .................
8. Funded Debt payable in London and Canada,
Iarch 31, 1917............
9. Subsidies and other Payments of Dominion to Provincial Governments, 1!H2-1917..
10. Total of Subsidy Allowances from July 1, 1867, to
Iarch 31, 1917.. ....... ...
Inland Revenue.
11. Excise and other Revenues for the fiscal years 1913-1918........... ........ _....:
12. Statistics of Distillation for the fiscal years 1914-1918............. . ................
13. Quantities of Spirits, Malt Liquor, Malt and Tobacco, taken out of Bond for Con-
sumption, 1913-1918........ _ _. ....... .... .. .... '" .......... ....... .... ... ......
14. Consumption per head of Spirits, Wine, Beer and Tobacco and amount of Excise and
Customs Duties per head, in the Fiscal Years 1911-1918.............. ..........
15. Number of Excise Licenses issued during: the Fiscal Years 1910-18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16. Number of Electric Light and Power Companies registered under the Electricity
Inspection Act in the Fiscal Years 1912-18.. ........... .... ... .... .. ....
11. Electrical Energy generated or produced for Export and for Consumption in Canada
under authority of the Electricity and Fluid Exportation Act during the Fiscal
YearsI914,1915, 1916andI917......... ...... ......... .................
Provincial Public
-\ccounts.
IS. Annual Revenue and Expenditure of the Provincial Governments, 1912-13 to 1916-17
19. Revenue and Expenditure of the Provincial Governments, 1916-1911.. ....... .......
20. Receipts and Expenditure of the Provincial Governments, 1916-1917................
21. General Statistics of Cities and Towns, 1917,................... ....................
22. Assessment and Valuation of Property of Cities and Towns, 1917....,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Receipts, Expenditure, Assets and I
iabilitics of Cities nnr! Town"', 1911.. . . . . " ...
475-476
476
477
478
479
479
47!'
480
4S1
4
1
483
484
484
484
485
485
480
4:87-4'8
4b8
488-49 Ô
497-498
4!18-500
501-502
x
Provincial Public Accounts-con.
2... Statement of Assets and Liabilities of l\Iunicipalities served by the Ontario Hydro-
Electric Power Commission for the Calendar Years 1913-16.....................
25. Financial Statistics of Electric3.1 Installations of Municipalities served by the Ontario
Hydro-Electric Power Commission, 1916.............. .........................
26. Values of Building Permits taken out in 35 Cities in 1916 and 1917... ... . .... .... . ..
Canadian Currency.
27. Coinage at the Ottawa Branch of the Royal Mint in the Calendar Years 1913-17.....
28. Gold coinages of the Ottawa Branch of the Royal Mint, 1908-1917. ................
29. Canadian Gold Reserves, December 31, 1905-17.. ................ -......
30. Silver and Bronze Currency, Canada, 1901-1917. ..................................
31. Denominations of Dominion Notes in Circulation, March 31, 1912-1917.......... ....
32. Dominion Notes Circulation and Reserves, 1890-1918..... ." ..... .. ... ...... . .., ....
33. Statistics of Bank Note Circulation, 1892-1917........... ............. ... .... .., ....
3... Circulating Medium in Hands of the Public, 1900-1917. ................. - ..,
Banking.
35. Number of Branches of Banks in Canada by Provinces, 1868, 1902, 1905, 1915, 1916
and 1917....... ..... .., . -........... . . ..... . . . .., . ..... . . . ..' . ... . ...... . .. - ...
36. Number of Branches of Chartered Banks, by Provinces, as at December 31st, 1917.
37. Assets of Chartered Banks of Canada, December 31, 1917..........................
38. Liabilities of Chartered Banks of Canada, December 31, 1917.......... ..........
39. Assets of Chartered Banks of Canada, December 31, 1918................. .... .....
40. Liabilities of Chartered Banks of Canada, December 31, 1918................ -. -"
41. General Statement of Chartered Banks for the Calendar Years 1913-1917..... ......
42. Deposits in Chartered Banks in Canada and Elsewhere for the Calendar Years 1913-
1917.................... ....................... ................ -............. ..
43. Discounts of Chartered Banks in Canada and Elsewhere, for the Calendar Years
1913-1917. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - .
u. Assets of Chartered Banks for the Calendar Years 1914-1917. ..... . -............ .,.
45. Liabilities of Chartered Banks for the Calendar Years 1914-1917... .................
46. Amount of Exchanges of the Clearing Houses of Chartered Banks, 1914-1918.
47. Rest or Reserve Fund held by Chartered Banks by months, 1908-1917. ... .......
48. Additional Bank Reserves, with Liabilities, 1892-1917... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - .. .
49. Ratio of Bank Reserves to Net Liabilities, 1892-1917................. .............
50. Business of the Post Office Savings Banks, 1913-1917...............................
51. Business of the Dominion Government S3.vin!?;s Banks, 1913-1917................,..
52. Total Business of Post Office and Dominion Government Savings Banks, fiscal years
1913-1917. .. . .................... ... ...........................................
Loan and Trust Companies.
53. Liabilities and Assets of Loan Companies, 1914-1917........ .. . -. .................
54. Liabilities and Assets of Trust Companies, 1914-1917.............. .......... ... . ...
Rural Credit in Canada.................................................
.......
Commercial Failures.
55. Commercial Failures in Canada by Provinces, for the Calendar years 1917 and 1918
56. Commercial Failures in Canada by Branches of Business, 1916-1918........... .....
57. Commercial Failures in Canada by Provinces and Classes for 1917, with totals for
1908-1916................................................................. -..
58. Commercial Failures in Canada by Provinces and Classes for 1918................
59. Commercial Failures and Business Confidence in Canada, 1900-1917 (Bradstreets)..
60. Commercial Failures and Business Confidence in Canada, 1900-1917 (Dun)........
Government Annuities.
61. Number of Immediate Annuities of each amount paid in full from September 1, 1908,
to March 31, 1918..................... -................ .................... '"
62. Number of Deierred Annuities of each amount purchased by lamp sums, lump sums
and annual payments, and periodical payments from September 1, 1908, to March
31, 1918.. . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63. Valuation on March 31, 1918, of Annuity Contracts issued pursuant to the Government
Annuities Act, 1908.......... - ....... ... .............. . ....... . ....... .,. . - -.... .
Insurance.
6-1. Fire Insurance Business transacted in Canada, 1917....... . " -.. ..... ., .... ........
65. Amounts received for Fire Insurance Premiums and paid for Losses, with percentage
of Losses to Premiums, 1869-1917...... .......... . ....... -. . .... .., .. ....... .., ..
66. Totals of Fire Insurance Premiums received and Losses paid, with percentage of
Losses to Premiums by Nationality of Companies, 1869-1917. -...... ............
67. Fire Insurance Premiums received and Losses paid by Canadian Companies doing
business in Canada and other Countries, with percentage of Losses paid to Pre-
miums received, 1878-1917......................................................
68. Amount of Fire Insurance at risk in Canada, 1869-1917...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69. Assets of Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance, or Fire Insurance and other
classes of Insurance, and Assets in Canada of Companies other than Canadian trans-
acting such business in Canada, 1913-17. .... . ....................................
70. Liabilities of Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance, or Fire Insurance and other
classes of Insurance, and Liabilities in Canada of Companies other than Canadian
transacting such business in Canada, 1913-1917.... .......................... .....
PAGE.
503
504-507
508
510-511
511
511
512
512
513
514
515
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
523
524
524
525
526
526
527
528
528
528
529
529-530
530
530-540
541
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
547
550-55 1
552
552
553
553
554
555
Xl
Insurance-con.
71.
Cash Income and Expenditure of Canadian Companies doin
Fire Insurance or Fire
Insurance and other classes of Insurance, and Cash Income and Expenditure in
Canada of Companies other than Canadian transacting such business in Canada
1913-1917.. .... ... . .. ..... .. ... ....... ..... .. .. _ , _. .. .. . ... . . . . .. . ... .. . . . .. . . .
Amount of Net Premiums written and Net Losses incurred by Provinces in Canada,
by Canadian, British and American and other Companies transacting Fire Insur-
ance, 1917...... ..... '" .. .... . " . .. ....... ... .... ..
Life Insurance in Canada, 1913-1917.... . .. .......
Insurance Death-rate in Canada, 1914-1917. .. ... '" _, _ . . ' . . , . . . , . .. . ., . . .. . . _ ..
Assets of Canadian Life Companies and Assets in Canada of Life Companies other
than Canadian Companies, 1913-1917. _ _........., . ................ ........ ...
Liabilities of Canadian Life Companies and Liabilities in Canada of Life Companies
other than Canadian Companies, 1913-1917..... .......... .......... ..........
Cash Income and Expenditure of Canadian Life Companies and Cash Income and
Expenditure in Canada of Life Companies other than Canadian Companies, 1913-
1917.. .. .............................. . _... .. . ... ""
Net Amount of Life Insurance in force in Canada, 1912-1917,. _ _.
Premium Income of Life Companies, 1912-1917........... ...............
Life Insurance on Assessment Plan, 1913-1917... _ _. .. . ....... ..
Canadian War Claims Incurred, 1914-1917......... ... . .. ..,
Insurance other than Fire and Life, 1917........ . . . . _ . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Income and Expenditure and Assets and Liabilities of Can3.dian Companies doing
Insurance Business other than Fire and Life, 1917..... .,. ..... . . . .. . . . .... ...
Income and Expenditure in Canada of Companies other than Can:1dian, doing Business
other than Fire and Life, 1917................................ '"
Dominion and Provincial Fire- Insurance in Canada, 1917. . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dominion and Provincial Insurance in Canada, other than Fire and Life, 1917.
Dominion and Provincial Insurance in Canada, other than Fire and Life, 1917,.
Dominion and Provincial Life Insurance in Canada, 1917.. _....... .. _........ . ..
Fire Insurance effected on property in Canada, under Section 129 of the Insurance Act,
1917, by Companies, Associations or Underwriters not licensed to transact business
in Canada. _ _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . .
72.
73.
74.
75.
7G.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
8G.
87.
88.
89.
Xlli. ADIUINISTRATION.
Parliament:uy Representation.
1. Representation in the House of Commons, a
cording to the Districts of the Repre-
sentation Act, 1914..... . . . . .. ..,....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Governors-General of Canada, 1867-1918.. . ..... . .. . ....... .......
3. Dominion Parliaments, 1867-1918.. .,. ..................... ... .......
4. Dominion Ministries, 1896-1918..... . . . . ' , . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .
5. Lieutenant-Governors of Provinces, 1867-1918. . . . ... .. . . . . . . .. .., _ .
Hon:1rary A1visory C3un
il for S:Üe1.tific a'1=l Ind
stri3.1 R3s3J.rch..................
PAGE.
556-557
5.')7
558-559
559
560
561
562-563
563
563
564
565
565
566
567
;>68
568
569
570
570
572-574
575
575-576
577-579
580-581
581-584
Public Lands.
G. Distribution of the Surveyed Areas of Manitoba, Saskatchew
n and Alberta, as at
January 1, 1918.... ......., .................................................... 585
7. Land Sales by Railway Companies having Government Land Grants and by the
Hudson's Bay Company in the fiscal years 1915-1917........................... 586
8. Homestead Entries in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, by
Nationalities, made during the Fiscal Years 1913-1918................. 590
9. Receipts of Patents and Homestead Entries in the fiscal years 1914-1918.... 591
Department of the Secrdary of State.
10. Number of Naturalizations in Canada by Principal Nationalities during the Calendar
Years 1908-1917.............. .................................................. 592
11. Naturalizations in Canada by Principal Nationalities, effected under the Naturaliza-
tion Act, 1914, during the Calendar Years 1915, 1916 and l!H7.. 592
Indian Affairs.
12. Indian Population in Canada, by Provinces, 1911-1917......... ' . . . . . . . . . _ , .
13. Distribution of Indian Population by Age, Sex and Province, with Births and Deaths
by Provinces, 1917.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14. Religion of Indian Population by Provinces, as at
rarch 31,1917...
15. Attendance of Pupils at Indian Schools by Provinces, 1917.........
lG. Acreage and Value of Indian Lands by Provinces, 1917..... '"
Ii. Area and Yield of Field Crops of Indians by Provinces, 1917.. ....
18. Numbers of Farm Live Stock of Indians, with Total Values by Provinces, 1917.....
19. Sources and Value of Income of Indians, 1917............ ..........
Public Works.
20. Dimensions of Graving Docks owned by the Dominion Government. . . . . . . . . . '.' '.' .
21. Dimensions and Cost of Graving Docks subsidized under the Dry Dock Subsidies
>\ct, 1910....... ..... ...." ...................................................
22. EJ\.penditure and Revenue of the Public Works Department for the fiscal years lU14-
1918. _... _'" .................................... ................. ... ......
Harbour Commissions.....................
National Gallery... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..............
Public Health and Quarantine... . " _................... .. _................. . . .....
, 59 3
594
594
593
395
595-596
596
596
598
598
599
599
600
600 601
XlI
Public Defence.
J. Expenditure and Revenue of :Militia for the Fiscal Years 1913-1917..................
24. Expenditure on Account of War Appropriation for the year ended March 31,1917.....
25. Scale of Annual Pensions granted to Dependents of Deceased Sailors and Soldiers oi
the Canadian Naval Forces and the Canadian Expeditionary Force, as amended to
January 2, 1919.... ... ...... .... ...........................................,....
26. Scale of Annual Pensions to Disabled Sailors and Soldiers of the Canadian Naval
Forces, and the Canadian EJ\.peditionary !<'orce, as amended to January 2, 1919...
Naval Service. . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . - - - ." . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Royal Naval College.................................................... ........
21. Strength and Distribution of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police on September
30, 1917. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - ...........................................
Crimilial Statistics.
28. Charges, Convictions and Percentages of Acquittals for Indictable Offences by Prov-
inces, 1915, 1916 and 191i.......................................................
29. Indictable Offences by Classes, 1916 and 1917...... . . ..... . . . . " .. ... ....... ..
30. Convictions and :3entences for all Offences, by Provinces, 1911-1917..... .. ..... .., ..
31. Juvenile Criminals convicted of Indictable Offences by Classes of Offence 1916 and
1917, with the total and yearly average for the period 1885-1916 and 1885-1917.....
32. Charges, Acquittals, Convictions and Sentences in respect of Indictable Offences,
1912-1917.................. ............................................ -.....
331 Classification of persons convicted of Indictable Offences, 1911-1917........ ... .,. . . .
34. Convictions by Classes of Offence and Proportion per cent of each class to the total,
1911-1917. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..... ....... - . . . . .
35. Convictions for Drunkenness, 1916 and 1917 -'" . . . ....... .... ....... .., ..... .. .. .
36. Convictions for Drunkenness for the five years, 1913-1917.......... ........ .. . - .. ..
Penitentiaries.
History and Progress of Canadian Penal Institutions, 1867-1718. . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37. Movement of Convicts, 1912-1917 --.... '" ... ....................................
38. Number of Deaths. Escapes, Pardons and Paroles, 1912-1917............. -..' -. -"
39. Age of Convicts, hH2-1917...... . . . . .... ... ., - -... ......... .,. .., ....... ... '"
40. Classification of Convicts, 1912-1917. . .. .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Divorce.
41. Statistics of Divorce, 186S-191i.... . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . .
Acts of Parliament and Publications.
P-\GE.
601-602
603-605
606
607-608
609
609
610
611
612
61
-614
û14-615
615
616
617
618
619
619-622
622
623
623
623-624
625
List of the Principal Acts of Parliament administered by Departments of the Government of
the Dominion of Canada, as compiled from information supplied by the respective Depart-
ments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... _ _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626-627
List of Principal Publications of Departments of the Government of the Dominion of Canada,
as compiled from information supplied by the respective Departments.... ..... . ....... ..' 627-632
List of Principal Publications of the Provincial Governments of Canada, as compiled from in-
formation supplied by the respective G
ver.:J.ments........................ ..... - ....... -633-640
XIV. LEGISLATION IN 1917 AND 1918 AND PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF THE
YEAR 1918.
Dominion Legislation, 1917. ............ ................. .,. .,. ....... .. . .. -... ............. ...
Dominion Legislation, 1918...... . ... - -" .......... .., ............. ....... ... . .. ... ......... .
Provincial Legislation, 1917 and 1918....... . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . - -- . . . . .. - .. . . . .
Principal Events of the Year 1918......... -............... ....................................
Dis9.strous Explosion at Halifax, 657; Re
:l!lstru
tion of the Parliament Buildings at Ottawa,
657-658; Canada and the Great War, 658-659; Advent of Peace, 659; Canadian Honours and
Casualties, 659; War EffortH of the People in Canada, 659-660: Canadian Contributions for
Patriotic Pur
oses, 660: Shipbuilding in Canada, 660; Imperial War Conferences, 661; War
Loans, 661; National Registration, 662-663; Food Control, 663-664; Fixation of Wheat Prices.
664; Fuel Control, 664-665; Cabinet Committees on Reconstruction and Repatriation, 665;
Canadian Trade Commissions, 665; Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-Establishment, 666-
667; :3oldier Settlement Board, 667-668; Department of Public Information, 668; Epidemic
of Spanish Influenza, 668; Obituary, 668-669.
xv. EXTRACTS FROM THE CANADA GAZETTE, 1911 AND 1918.
New Senators, Cabinet )Iinisters and other ::\lembers of the Government.......... ..' ....... ...
Judicial Appointments and Commissions.,................................. -. ........
Imperial Honours and Decorations and Official Appointments............. .......... ......
Days of General Thanksgiving....... .......... .......... ....................... .....
LIST ÒF ILLUSTRA.TIONS.
:\Iap of the Dominion of Ca?ada and Newfoundland....................... .............. . Facing
The Fathers of ConfederatIOn, 1864. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. - . . . ,Facing
Photograph of l\l
ral Bronze in the old Legislative Çouncil Chamber, Provincial Building, Char-
lottetown, Prmce Edward lsland, commemoratmg the Meeting of September 1, 1864.......
Maps showing Canada in 1867 (25), in 1873 (26), in 1905 (26) and in 1917 (27)..... ........ .. .
Pulpwood Consumption by proyinces, by species and by processes, 1917.........................
Aggregate External T
ade. of Canada, 1901-1918 (coloured diagram).............. - . . . .Facing
Course of Wholesale Pnces m Canada, 1917.. ........... ....... -... -........................
Course of Whole"ale PriCl-s in Canada, IS90-1917.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
640-64 6
645-64 9
650-65 7
657-66 9
669
tJtj9-ö70
û;0-672
672
Contents.
1
4
2.3-27
248
85
469
470
XIU
STATISTICAL SUl\ll\'1ARY OF THE PRO(iRESS OF CAXADA.
Area of the Dominion of Canada in square miles:-Land, 3,603,910: Water, 125,755: Total,3,729,665.
Items.
Estimated population. . . . . . .
Immigration. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
AJ!riculture-
Wheat.... ......... . Acres
t)ats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "
Barley. . . . . . _ . . . . . . .
Corn.. ............. "
Potatoes. . . . . . . . . . . . "
Hay and Clover. . . .
Wheat... ......... .Bush.
Oats. .............. "
Barley.. . .. . . .. . . .. . ::
Com................
Potatoes. . ... . . . . . . . "
Hay and Clover. .. Tons
Wheat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $
Oats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $
Barley. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. $
Corn. . . .. . . . . . . . .. S
Potatoes. .. .. . . . .. .. . . .. $
Hay and Clover. . . . . . .. $
1913.
7,530,000
402,432
11,015,000
10,434,000
1,613,000
278,140
473,500
8,169,000
231,717,000
404,669,000
48,319,000
16,772,600
78,554,000
10,859,000
156,462,000
128,893,OO()
20,144,000
10,784,300
38,418,000
124,696,000
1914.
7,725,000
384,878
10,293,000
10,061,500
1,495,600
256,000
475,000
7,997,000
161,280,000
313,078,000
36,201,000
13,924,000
85,672,000
10,259,000
196,418,000
151,811,000
21,557,000
9,808,000
41,598,000
145,999,000
1915.
7.928. 0ó0 1
144,789
15,109,415
11,555,681
1,718,432
253,300
485,777
7,776,995
393,542,600
464,954,400
54,017,100
14,368,000
60,353,000
10,612,000
356,816,900
171,009,100
27,985,800
10,243,000
36,459,800
152,531,600
1916.
8,140,000
15,369,709
10,996,487
1,802,996
173,000
472,992
7,821,257
262,781,000
410,211,000
42,770,000
6,282,000
63,297,000
14,527,000
344,096,400
210,957,500
35,024,000
6,747,000
50,982,300
168,54.,900
1917.
48,537
8,361,000
75,374
1918.
8,593,000
79,074
17,353,902
14,790,336
3,153,711
250,325
735,192
10,544,625
189,075,350
426,312,500
77,287,240
14,214,200
104,364,200
14,772,300
381,677,700
331,357,400
77,378,670
14,214,200
102,
35,300
241,277,300
Field Crops-
Total area. .... .. .Acres 35375,430 33,43G,675 39,140,-160 38,930,333 42,602,28
51,n1,190
Total \alue...... . . ... $ 552,771,500 638,580,300 S
5,310,600 886,491,900 1,1-1-1,636,-150 1.361,909,970
Horses.............. No.
Milch Cow
......... "
Other Cattle.. ... "
h
ep............... "
Swme...............
2,866,008
2,740,434
3,915,687
2,128,531
3,448,326
2,947,738
2,673,286
3,363,531
2,058,045
3,434,261
Horses.. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. S 420,079,250 371.430,363
Milch Cows.. ...... .. . .. S 115,369,294 153,632,637
Other Cattle............ $ 86,522,140 143,498,156
:-;heep... .... _'" .,. ., S 10,672,803 14,550,710
Swine.............. ..... S 26,664,735 42,418,325
2,996, 099 1
2,666,846
3,399,155
2,038,662
3,111,900
373,381,000 ,
163,919,000
152,461,000
16,226,000
43,653,000
Total \'alue........ ..... $ 659,308,22
725,530,191 7-19,610.000
Cheese, factory....... .lb.
Butter, creamery..... .lb.
Cheese, factory........ $
Butter, creamery....... $
Flsheries-
Total value. . . . . . . . . .. S
M!nerals-
Gold. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. oz.
Silver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "
Copper......... . . ... lb.
Lead..... ....... ... "
Nickel....... . . . . . . . "
Pig Iron.. . . . . . . . . .. Tons
Coal................ "
Cement. . .. .. . . . .. .. bbl.
Gold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $
Silver... ............... $
Copper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $
Lead................... $
Nickel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S
Pig Iron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $
Coal....... . . .. . . .. . .... $
Cement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . : .. S
33,389,161
802,973
31,845,803
76,976,925
37,662,703
49,676,772
1,128,967
15,012,178
8,658,805
16,598,923
19,040,924
11,753,606
1,754,705
14,903,032
16,540,012
37,334,940
11,019,418
33,201,7-18
773,178
28,449,821
75,735,960
36,337,765
45,517,937
783,164
13,637,529
7,172,480
15,983,007
15,593,631
10,301,606
1,627,568
13,655,381
10,002,856
33,471,801
9,187,924
83,887,837
83,99Ì ,433
27,097,lï61
24.385. 052 1
3J,26-1,631
918,056
26,625,960
100,783,150
46,316,450
68,308,657
913,775
13,267,023
5,681,032
18,977,901
13,228,842
17,410,635
2,593,721
20,492,597
11,374,1!19
32,111,182
6,977,024
Total value........... S 1-15,631,812 128,863,075 131,920,759
] Fiscal year 1916-17. 2 Calendar year 1917.
3,258,342
2,833,433
3,760,718
2,022,941
3,474,840
14,755,850
13,313,400
2,392,200
234,339
656,958
8,223,034
233,742,850
403,009,800
55,057,750
7,762,700
79,892,000
13,684,700
453,038,600
277,065,300
59,654,400
14,307,200
80,804,400
141,376,700
3,412,749
3,202,283
4,718,657
2,369,358
3,619,382
3,609,257
3,543,600
6,507,267
3,052,748
4,289,682
418,684,300 429,123,000 459,155,000
198,896,300 274,081,000 307,244,000
204,476,900 270,595,000 398,814,000
20,927,200 35,576,000 48,802,000
60,701,000 92,886,000 112,751,000
903,685,70U ' l,102,261,000 1.326766000
192,968,597 1 194,904,336
82,564,130 87,404,366
3.1,512,622 41,170,563
26,966,355 1 34,227,188
. I f39,20
,3781
3.),860,108 \ 52,312,OU-
930,492 738,831
25,459,741 22,221,274
117,150,028 109,227,332
41,497,615 32,576,281
82,95S,564 84,330,280
1.169,257 1,170,41-ì0
14,483,393 14,016,759
5,369,360 4,768,488
19,234,976
16,717,121
31,867,150
3,532,69:.'
29,035, 498 1
16'750'89
1
38,817,481
6,547,728
112,201,';3-1
I
15,272,992
18,OU1,
m5
29,6X7,989
3,628,020
33,732,112
25,025,960
43,199,831 i
7,724, 246 1
189,6-16.821
710,526
21,284,607
118,415,b29
43,S46,260
92,076,034
1,194,000
14,979,213
3,591,481
14,687,875
20,59í ,540
29,163,45
4,055,779
3fi.830,414
33,000,000
55,752,671
7,076,503
210,20J,970
XIV
STATISTICAL SL"11l\IAR y Ol
THE PROGRESS OF CANADA-con.
1918.
Items. 1913. 1914. 1915. I 1916. 1917.
lanu1actures1--
Employees. ......... .No. - - 514,883 - 693,071
Capital.. . . .. . .. . . .. . ... $ - - 1,994,103,272 - 2,772,517,680
I;alaries and wages.. ... $ - - 289,764,503 - 553,228,962
Products. . . .. . .. . . . .. . .. $ - - 1,407,137,140 - 3,015,506,869
Trade -
Exports 2 . . . . .. . . . . . ... . .. $ 377,068,355 455,437,224 461,442,509 779,300,070 1,179,211,100
Imports 3 . ....... . . . ... ... $ 670,089,066 618,457,144 455,446,312 507,817,159 845,356,306
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ I,OJ7 ,157 ,421 1,013,89J,368 916,888,821 1,281,117,229 2,02J,561,406
Coin and Bullion-
Exports........... ... S 16,163,702 23,560,704 29,366,368 103,572,432 196,547,018
Imports.............. ... $ 5,427,979 15,235,305 131,992,992 34,260,202 28,081,120
To tal.. .. .. . . . ... $ 21,591,6S1 38,796,009 161,3a9,:UiO 131,832,63:1 221,628,168
Exports, domestic-
Wheat. . . . .........Bush. 93,166,000 120,426,579 71,913,385 157,745,469 189,643,846
Wheat flour. .. . . . . .. bbl. 4,478,043 4,832,183 4,952,337 6,400,214 7,425,723
Oats.... ............ . Bush. 10,478,554 34,996,664 17,768,166 26,816,322 66,368,832
Hay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'l'ons 394,208 191,515 131,875 255,407 198,914
Bacon..... ......... lb. 36,212,180 23,859,754 76,801,419 144,918,867 207,213,267
Butter. . . . . . . . " 828,323 1,228,753 2,724,913 3,441,183 7,990,435
Cheese........... ... " 155,216,392 144,478,340 137,601,661 168,961,583 180,733,426
Wheat... . ............. $ 88,608,730 117,719,217 74,293,548 172,896,445 244,394,586
Wheat flour. . . . . . . . . . . .. S 19,970,689 20,581,079 24,610,946 35,767,044 47,473,474
Oats. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 5,067,950 13,379,849 8,961,126 14,637,849 33,918,479
Hay.................... $ 3,950,058 1,787,050 2,232,558 5,849,428 4,219,091
Bacon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 5,350,845 3,763,195 11,811,825 25,710,767 43,011,439
Butter. . . . . .... $ 223,578 309,046 639,625 1,018,769 2,491,992
Cheese. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 20,697,144 18,868,785 19,213,501 26,690,500 36,721,136
Fisheries. . . . ......... $ 16,336,721 20,623,560 19,687,068 22,377,977 24,889,253
Forest produce. . . . . . . . .. $ 43,255,060 42,792,137 42,650,683 51,271,400 55,907,209
l\Ianufactures. . . . . . . . . . . S 43,692,708 57,443,452 85,539,501 242,034,998 477,399,676
Iinerals.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 57,442,546 59,039,054 51,740,989 66,589,861 85,616,907
Gold.................. $ 11,226,573 13,326,755 15,406,510 16,8ìO,394 19,671,026
bil ver. . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. oz. 35,264,018 36,758,276 25,355,305 27,794,566 23,844,261
Copper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . lb. 83,664,420 83,250,198 62,999,718 111,046,300 126,489,800
ickel...... . " 48,168,090 50,580,536 45,412,017 70,443,000 82,620,400
Coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tons 2,055,993 1,498,820 1,512,487 1,971,124 1,899,185
Silver........ . . . . . . . . . .. $ 20,202,559 20,971 ,538 13,516,390 14,298,351 15,870,803
Copper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 9,911,542 9,489,729 6,552,005 14,670,073 22,744,825
Kickel.............. .. $ 5,045,197 5,374,738 5,063,656 7,714,769 8,925,554
Coal......... .......... $ 5,555,099 3,703,765 4,466,258 6,032,765 6,817,034
Imports for consumption-
Agricultural produce...... $ 55,391,008 53,544,539 52,449,384 54,018,369 69,768,892
Animals and their produce $ 41,088,978 29,880,211 27,873,971 37,555,794 54,929,204
Fisheries....... ............. $ 2,674,776 2,331,772 1,856,298 1,591,073 2,476,279
Forest produce. ... . . . . .. $ 20,138,388 16,789,413 9,613,891 5,240,154 6,902,193
:\lanufactures. . . . . . . . . . .' $ 456,463,594 417,555,537 286,214,321 305,474,649 468,502,848
Iinerals... . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 65,820,233 71,694,173 54,171,002 48,022,694 69,740,069
Iiscellaneous4 . . . . . . . . . .. $ 33,940,068 41,896,804 155,260,437 90,174,628 201,117,941
Steam Railways-
:\Iiles in operation . .., . No. 29,304 30,795 35,578 37,434 38,604
Capital... .. . . .. . . . . .. .. $ 1,531,830,692 1,808,820,761 1,875,810,888 1,893,125,774 1,985,119,991
Passengers .. ....... . No 46,230,765 46,702,280 46,322,035 49,027,671 53,749,680
Freight.... . . .. . . . .. . Tons 106,992,710 101,393,989 87,204,838 109,659,088 121,916,272
Earnings..... . . . .. . . . . .. $ 256,702,703 243,083,539 199,843,072 261,888,654 310,771,479
Expenses.. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. $ 182,011,690 178,975,259 147,731,099 180,542,259 222,890,637
Electric Railways-6
Iiles in operation... .No. 1,357 1,561 1,590 1,674 1,744
Capital.. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. $ 141,235,631 147,595,342 150,344,002 154,895,584 161,234,739
Passengers. ...... .., .No. 597,863,801 614,7ù9,819 562,302,373 580,094,167 629,441,997
Freight.... .., ... . Tons 1,957,930 1,845,923 1,433,602 1,936,674 2,333,539
Earnings...... . . . . . .. ... $ 28,216,111 29,691,007 26,922,900 27,416,285 30,237,664
Expenses. . ... . 5 17,765,372 19,107,818 18,131,842 18,099,906 20,098,634
1,586,169,792
962,543,746
2,548,713,538
3,491,403
12,279,173
15,110,516
150,392,037
9,931,148
54,877,882
440,368
199,957,475
4,926,154
169,530,753
366,341,565
95,896,492
37,644,293
5,073,814
57,995,116
2,000,467
36,602.504:
32,602,151
51,899,704
636,602,516
73,760,502
13,688,700
21,960,827
77,534,900
83,049,900
1,902,010
18,428,571
10,710,705
9,029,535
8,684,038
38,879
1,999,880,494
50,737,294
127,543,687
330,220,150
273,955,436
1,636
167,253,093
487,365,456
2,497,530
24,299,890
17,535,975
lJncluding all establishments, irrespective of the number of employees. 2Exports of merchandise,
domestic and foreign. 3Imports of merchandise for home consumption. 4Coin and bullion included.
"Statistics for 1918 exclusive of
Iontreal Tramwavs.
xv
STATISTICAL SUl\Il\IAR Y OF TIlE PROGRESS OF CANADA-concluded.
Total... . . . . . . . .
"
1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918.
335,799 287,326 250,836 263,648 244,919 212,143
52,053,913 37,023,237 15,198,803 23,583,491 22,238,935 18,883,619
13,575,193 14,982,393 13,132,944 12,616,927 14,789,781 -
12,655,905 14,586,093 12,269,642 12,210,723 14,477,293 -"
26,231,098 29,568,486 25,102,586 21,827,650 29,267,014 -
9,729 10,356 11,497 11 ,843 12,017 -
36,604 38,503 41,065 43,473 49,447 -
101,153,272 109,500,670 89,957,906 94,469,871 119,695,535 142,959,168
12,060,476 12,956,216 13,046,650 18,858,410 20,902,384 21,345,394
10,882,805 12,822,058 15,961,197 16,009,139 16,300,579 18,046,558
1
168,689,903 163,174,395 133,073,482 172,147,838 232,701,294 260,778,953
112,059,537 127,384,473 135,523,207 130,350,727 148,599,343 178,284,313
483,232,555 544,391,369 700,473,814 i)36,987,802 1,382,003,268 1,863,335,899
168,930,929 208,394,519 251,097,731 321,831,631 502,816,970 671,451,836
314,301,626 335,996,850 449,376,083 615,156,171 879,186,298 1,191,884,063
116,297,729 114,759,807 113,982,741 113,175,353 111,637,755 110,618,504
J ,530,093,671 1,555,676,935 1,596,424,643 1,839,286,709 2,111,559,555 2,432,331,418
.
1,287,372,534 1,309,944,006 1,353,629,123 1,596,905.337 1,866,228,236 2,184,359,820
1,126,871,523 1,144,210,363 1,198,340,315 1,418,035,429 1,643,203,020 1,909,895,780
42,728,942 41,591,287 39,99.1,406 40,008,418 42,582,479 41,283,479
14,411,541 13,976,317 14,006,157 13,520,009 13,633,610 12,177,283
40,133,551 39,110,439 37,817,474 40,405,037 44,139,978 42,000,543
- 70,58S,0
1 71,992,666 70,872,297 69,676,223 -
- 70,588,091 71,992,666 70,872,297 69,679,193 -
- 8,104,072 9,193,194 8,987,720 8,934,825 -
- 10,740,640 7,306,350 7,826,943 7,656,292 -
- 10,743,400 7,306,350 7,826.,943 7,656,292 -
3,151,930,389 3,456,019,009 3,531,620,802 3,720,058,236 3,986,197,514 -
25,745,947 27,499,158 26,474,833 27,783,852 31,246,536 -
- - - 849,915,678 891,299,821 -
- - - 3,902,504 4,081,815 -
1,168,590,027 1,242,160,478 1.311,616,677 1,422,179,632 1,585,042,563 -
38,641,206 41,094,095 45,106,678 48,093,105 54,843,609 -
- - - 348,097,229 415,870,273 -
- - - 5,311,003 7,397,193 -
Items.
Canals-
Passengers carried. . No.
Freight.. . . . . . . . . . . . Tons
Shipping (sea-going)-
Entered............. Tons
-Cleared... . . "
Telegraphs, Government,
miles of line... . .. . . . . . _ .
Telegraphs, other, miles of
line.................... .
Postal-
)Ioney orders issued..... $
Revenue...... . $
Expenditure............. $
Revenue.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $
Expenditure... . . . . . . . . . . . $
Grossdebt..... . . $
Assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $
Net debt. . . . . . . . . . . .. $
Chartered Banks-
Capital paid up. .. ....$
Assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $
Liabilities (excluding capi.
tal and reserves).. . . .. $
Deposits l . . . . . . . . . . . . . " $
Savings Banks-
Deposits in Post Office.. $
Government.. . . . . . . . . .. $
SpeciaL.. . . . . . .. . . .. . .. $
Loan Companies-
Assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. $
Liabilities.. .. .. . .. ... S
Deposits............ $
Trust Companies-
Assets, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $
Liabilities.. . .. .. . .. . $
Dominion Fire Insurance-
Amount at risk. . . . . . . " 5
Income for the year. .... $
Provincial Fire Insurance-
Amount at risk. . . . . . . " $
Income Cor the year. . " S
Dominion LiCe Insurance-
Amount at risk. . . . . . . " $
Income Cor the year.. . .. S
Provincial LiCe Insurance-
Amount at ris k. . . . . . . " S
Income for the year.. . " $
JIncluding amounts deposited elsewhere than in Canada.
NOTES.
In the Coregoing Summary the statistics oC immigration, fishf'ries, (1913-17), trade, shippin
, the
Post Office, the public debt, revenue and expenditure and the Post Office and Government Savings Banks
relate to the fiscal year ended March 31. Agricultural, dairying. fisheries (1917), mineral, manufactur-
ing, banking, insurance, loan and trust companies' statistics relate to the calendar years and railway
statistics to the years ended June 30. Canal statistiC's are thosC' oC the navigatlOn se'1sons. The telegraph
statistics relate to the fiscal years Cor Government lines and to the calemhr ye:trs Cor other lines.
XVI
THE CANADA YEAR BOOK, 1918.
In this, the Jubilee ,... olume of the Canada Year Book, are included
the principal statistics of the Donlinion up to and including 1917,
the year during "which Canada celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of
Confederation. Special articles and illustrations mark the import-
ance of this event. In other respects the work follows the lines of
previous issues, ,vith the additional features indicated in the preface
and including also as far as possible data of the year 1918. The
volulIle has been edited by Mr. ERNEST H. GODFREY, F.S.S.; and
grateful ackno,vledglllents of valuable co-operation are again tendered
to officers of the Don1Înion and Provincial Governments and of
l\1:unicipalities throughout Canada. The tables have bepn compiled
as usual by lVlr. JAMES SKEAD and Thlr. JOSEPH vV ILKINS, and the
(liagralIls have been dra,vn by l\lr. R. E. 'VATTS.
R. H. COATS,
Domin'ion Statistician.
DOMINION BUREAU OF STATISTICS,
OTTAWA, December 31, 1918.
XV 11
PREFACE.
The edition for 1918 of the Canada Year Book opens \vith an
article on the Story of Confederation and a frontispiece illu:-\tration
representing the Fathers of Confederation in 1864. A revispd
Chronological History of Canada, giving dates of leading events
since 1497, comes next, and is follo\ved by a statistical article,
entitled" Fifty Years of Canadian Progress, 1867 to 1917".
Section IV (Physical Characteristics) includes an article on the
Economic Geology of Canada in 1917. In Section 'T (Area and
Population) are given the principal results of the Census of the
Prairie Provinces, taken in 1916. In Section YII (f'liInate and
l\Ieteorology), the climatp of Canada Rince Confederation is described
by the Director of the Dominion l\leteorological Service. Section
VIII (Production), in addition to the usual agricultural features,
gives the areas of field crops and the numbers of farm live stock for
1918, as collected by ne\v methods applied throughout Canada for the
first tÏIne last June. ...-\.. description of the \vater-po\vers of Canada,
\vith refprence to those of other countries, also forms part of this
section. The comparative tables in Section XII (Finance) have
been re-arranged to allo\v of a continuous five-year record \vithout
duplication of figures over long periods as heretofore; and np\v tablps,
\vith letter-pre:-ìs explanations, have been devoted to the suhje('t
of
currency, banking and commercial failures. The section includes
also a chapter on rural credit \vhieh, during 1917, \vas the subject of
provincial legislation in several of the provinces. A de:-\criptión of
the work of the Honorary Advisory Council of t;cientific and Indus-
trial Resean'h forms part of Section XIII (Administration), and
Section XIV contains a concise record of recent Dominion and Pro-
vincial legislation and of the principal events of the year.
In alJ sf'ctions is given the latest information available up to the
time of printing, and all the tables inrlude, \vherever possible, the
figures of 1918. .A.rtielcs and tables not requiring alteration or
bringing up to date have not been repeated, but are noted for purpose::;
of reference on page 672.
ERKEST H. GODFHEY,
Editor.
42387 -B
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I.-THE STORY OF CONFEDERATION.
By SIR JOSEPH POPE, K.C.M.G., C.V.O., I.S.O., Under Secretary of State for External
Affairs, Ottawa. ·
"
r HE story of Confederation has been told so often that it
- may appear superfluous once more to travel over the
familiar ground; yet it seems fitting that this edition of
the Canada Year Book, 'which chronicles the Jubilee of
j the founding of the Dominion, should contain a concise
recital of the events culn1inating in that great epoch
which we celebrated on July 1, 1917.
The idea of uniting the British North Aluerican colonies under one
government has had many progenitors, the line extending back to the
time of "\Villiam Smith, a former Chief Justice of Canada, who in 1789
propounded to Lord Dorchester a project for the establishment of a
central legislative body consisting of a non1Ïnated council and of an
assembly, the members of which were to be chosen by the popular
branches of the provincial legislatures. The time, however, ,vas not
ripe for such a system of government, and nothing came of Smith's
plan. Twenty-five years later, another Chief Justice (Sewell) pro-
posed a somewhat similar scheme, ,vith like result. He ,vas followed
by others; but the difficulty of communication bet,veen the various
colonies, apart from all other considerations, ,vas felt to be an in-
superable bar to any union other than that involved in their common
allegiance to the British Cro,vn.
V/ith the introduction of railways, the idea appeared more
feasible. In 1850, the British America League, fonned to counteract
the annexation movement of 1849, stated in its prospectus that
the true solution of the difficulties of the time lay in the confedera-
tion of all the provinces. In the follo,ving year the Hon. Henry
Sher,vood, who had filled the offices of Attorney General for Upper
Canada and Prime l\linister, published a schen1e for the " F
derative
Union of the British North American Provinces," ,vhich provided
for t,vo elective chambers, as well as for a systeln of local legislatures,
some,vhat as it exists to-day, save that the provincial governors
were to be elective. The Fathers of Confederation seem to have
had Sherwood's draft before them ,vhen framing the British North
America Act of 1867. For example, it designates the representative
of the Sovereign as the 'Viceroy,' and this may have suggested
the name 'Viceroyalty' for the united provinces, ,vhich ,vas
under consideration at the London Conference of 18ßß. Again,
Sher\vood's draft provided for the erection of a Suprelne Court
of Appeal, as do the Quebec resolutions of 18ß4. Sherwood's schelne,
however, ,,,hile lnarking a developlnent in the idea of union,
shared the academic character of its predecessors and, like then1,
failed of result.
It ,vas not until 1858 that the question may Le said to have
entered the domain of practical politics. In that year, Ale:\ander
42387-1
2
THE STORY OF CO^
FEDERATI01\
GaIt, then Inelnber for Sherbrooke in the provincial assembly, advo-
cated, both in and out of Parliament, the confederation of all the
British North American provinces, with such effect that the Cartier-
facdonald Governlnent, formed a few months later, in 'which he
,vas included, despatched a mission to England to sound the Imperial
authorities upon the subject. They ,vere informed that only one
colony besides Canada had expressed any opinion in regard thereto,
and that until the other provinces had made kno\vn their sentiments,
Her l\fajesty's l\Iinisters would be acting prematurely in authorizing,
,,'ithout any previous kno\vledge of their vie,vs, a meeting of delegates
,vhich lnight cOlumit them to a preliminary step to,vards the settIe-
Inent of a momentous question, to the principle of ,vhich the colonies
had not signified their assent. On the return of the Canadian dele-
gates, the governlnents of the l\Iaritime Provinces \verf
put. in
possession of all the proceedings which had taken place; but a ('hange
of Ininistry in England occurring shortly afterwards, nothing lnore
,,,as heard on the subject for some years.
Gold,vin SInith haR observed, in one of those epigran1n1atic
sentences ,vith \vhich his ,vritings abound, that the pan
nt of Con-
federation ,vas deadlock, and it is not to be doubted that to the
difficulty of administration, o,ving in large measure to the sectional
antagonisln bet,veen Upper and Lo,ver Canada, is due the Ünpetus
given to the scheme of union on the defeat of the second Taché-
::\Iacdonald l\Iinistry in June, 1864. The coalition of 1854 bet,vecn
thp follo,vers of Hincks and Bald,vin, the Conservative party of
Upper Canada, and a large n1ajority of the Lo,ver Canadian
IneInbers, enabled l\Iacdonald and Cartier to carryon the government
for eight years, though \vith ever-increasing difficulty and din1inishing
support. In 1862 they fell, and for a brief period John 8andfield
l\Iacdonald reigned in their stead. His tenure ,vas still more pre-
carious than that of his predecessors, \vho two years later returned
to office, though not to power, only to suffer defeat ,vithin a fe,,,
,veeks of their accession. Thus was the impasse reached. Inas1l1uch
as t\VO general elections had taken place within three years, a further
appeal to t
people offered no prospect of relieving the deadlock
,,,hich threatened to render all government in Canada impossible.
It \vas at this crisis that George Brown, the leader of the Refor111
party in Upper Canada, patriotically offered his co-operation towards
settling forever the constitutional difficulties bet,veen Upper and
Lower Canada. He ,vas met by l\lessrs. Macdonald, Cartier and
Galt, and their deliberations resulted in a compact to form a coalition
government for the purpose of -negotiating a confederation of all the
British North American provinces, failing which they undertook to
promote the adoption of the federal principle for Canada alone, pend-
ing the accomplishment of the larger union. On that understanding
Messrs. George Brown, Oliver Mowat, and William l\IcDougall,
leading me1l1bers of the Opposition, entered the Cabinet of which Sir
Etienne Taché ,vas the head, and of ,vhich John A. l\Iacdonald and
George Cartier were leading members.
Mean,vhile, a S01l1e\vhat similar movement was taking form in
the l\laritime Provinces ,vhich, with the exception of Newfoundland,
CHARLOTTETOJFN COJ.VFERENCE OF' 1864
3
had been originally under one government-that of Nova Scotia.
In 1769 Prince Ed\vard I:sland was granted a governn1ent of its own,
and, fifteen years later, X e\v Brunswick becan1e a separate province.
FrOln tinle to tÜne thoughtful lnen d\velling by the sea had given
expression to a feeling that lvhile this
ystenl of subdivision might
tend to convenience of adn1Ïnistration by the Ilnperial authorities,
the petty jealousies and narro\vness of ",ie,v \vhich it engendered were
not favourable to the growth and development of a country ,,,hose
natural position and resourceR ,,,ere such as to qualify it to play
a leading part amonJ,!; the nations of the ,vorlù. SOlne of the bolder
spirits among them looked forward to a union \yhich should enlbracp
all British North America, although latterly the interminable post-
ponements, frequent political crises, and constant changes of policy
in the Upper Provinces had caused the people of Nova Scotia, K ew
Brunswick and Prince Edward I
land to give up hope of cOIning
to an arrangelnent \vith Canada. They resolved, therefore, to confine
their efforts to brinJ,!;ing about an alliance alnong thell1selves, and to
that end the legislatures of the ::\Iaritime Provinces authorized their
re
ppctive governll1pnts to hold a joint conference for the purpORe of
discussinJ,!; the expediency of a union of the three provÌIu'ps of X ova
Scotia, N e\v Bruns,vick and Prince Ed\vard Island under one
goveflunent and legislature. This happened nlo:st opportunely for
the ne\vly-fonned coalition govprnluent of Canada, which \vaf' ju:'\t
then casting about for the best nleans of opening negotiations with
the other British colonies looking to union. Learning of the concerted
action contemplated by thp governlnents of the Lower Province:s,
they asked and obtained permission to lay their yiew
before the
IaritÏ111e Conferènce ,vhich asselnbled at Charlottetown on Sept-
eluber 1, 1864. 1
At this conference, K ova Scotia ,vas rpprespntf'd by the Hon.
Charles Tupper, Pren1Ïer and Provincial Secretary; the Hon. "T. t À.
Henry, Attorney General; the Hon. R. B. Dickey, .L\I.L.C.; the Hon.
Jonathan l\IcCully, l\I.L.C., and Adarnf:r G. .Archibald.
N e\v Brunswick \vas represented by the Hon. 8. L. Tilley,
Pren1Ïpr and Provincial Secretary; the Hon. J.
I. Johnson, :\1.P.P.,
and Attorney-General; thf' Hon. John H. Gray, )I.P.P.; the Hon.
E. B. Chandler, l\I.L.C., and the Hon. ,Yo II. SteeveR, l\I.L.C.
Prince Edward Island was represented by Colonel the lIon. John
Hamilton Gray, l\1.P.P., President of Executive Council; the Hon.
Edward Palmer, l\I.L.U., Attorney-General; the Hon. ,Yo H. Pope,
l\1.P.P., Colonial Secretary; the Hon. George Coles, l\I.P.P., and the
Hon. A. A. l\1acdonald, M.L.C.
Canada sent a delegation of {\ight lllen1bprs of its goverlllnent
to Charlottetown: The Hon. John A. J\lacdonald,
I.P.P., ...\ttorney-
General, Upper Canada; the Hon. George E. Cartier,
r.P.P.,
Attorney-General, Lower Canada; the Hon. George Brown, )I.P.P.,
IThe illustration on page 4 reprclSents a mural bronze commemorative bb!ci. placcd in
th(' old Legislative Council Chamber, Provincial Building, C'harlottc:town, PrInCC Edward
Island, on the occasion or the fifticth annivcrsary in 1914 or thp Ill('phng held at Charlottp-
town on Septpmber 1, 1864. It is rcproduced from a photograph lent for thc purpolSc by
)Iajor A. A. Bartlctt, of Charlottetown.
42387-11
4
THE STOR}? OF CO
YFEDERA TIO
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THE FATHER8 OF CO..YFEDERATIO
Y
t)
President of the Executive Council; the Hon. Alexander T. Galt
l\1.P.P., )Iinister of Finance; the Hon. 'Yilliam
IcDougall, :\1.P.P.:
Provincial Secretary; the Hon. Thonlas Ð' Arcy )IcGee,
I.P.P.,
1inist
r . of _\griculture; the Hon. _ Alexander CanIpbell, l\I.L.C.,
CommIssIoner of Crown Lands, Ztna the Hon. Hector L. Langevin
l\1.P.P., Solicitor General of Lo\ver Canada. '
The proceedings of this conference \vere conducted behind closed
doors. No report of its proceedings has ever appeared, and it nlay
be taken for granted that none exists. The Canadian delegates,
not having been empo\yered to discuss the question of a legislative
union, \vhich the l\laritime representative::; had nlet specialJy to
consider, \vere not nlembers of the conference. They, however,
\vere invited by it to express their vie\vs, \vhich they did, and unfolded
the benefits \vhich, in their judgnlent, ".ere to be derived fronl the
larger seheme \"ith such effect that the ::\IaritiIne InenIbers, attracted
by a plan \vhich pronlised all the advantages of union \vithout involv-
ing the surrender of their o\vn legislatures and executives-a prospect
highly distasteful to nlany of dIenl-agreed to su
pend their delibera-
tions, and adjourned to Ineet at Quebec in the course of the following
month for the purpose of conferring \yith the Canadian representatives
on t
e subject of a federal union of all the British X orth Alnerican
prOVlllces.
Imnlediately on their return to Quebec-at that time the seat
of government,-the Canadian lllinister
applied thpnl:-clves to the busi-
ness of arranging for the reception of their guc
ts. On
eptenIber 23
a :i\linute of the Executive Council \YfiS pfis
cd inviting the Govern-
Inents of Nova Scotia, K ew Brluu;\viek, Prinl't' E(hvard I
land and
Ke\vfoundland, respectively, to send delegates to rcpre
Pllt their prov-
ince at a conference to lneet at Quebec on October 10 followillg. \t
the f'alne tilllC, the Hon. John À.
Iacdonald \vrote to each of the
provincial prelniers stating that a suitable
teanler had been placed
by the Canadian Governnlent at the disposal of the
IaritÏ1ne
party to bring them up to Quebet, giving the lllovelnents of the
vessel, and cl.---.tailing the arrang(,llH:nts which had been llladc on
board for their accomnlodation, all of ,vhich proved satisfactory.
The Queen 1T?'ctufia reached Quebec on the evening of Sunday,
October 9, 1864, and on the following rIlorning, at ('levcn o'clock,
the historic gathering as::;elnLlcd within the wall
of the ParJialnent
IIouse. 1
'rhof;e preS(,1l twerp: FrolH (1nnadn: 1"he H on.
ir E. P. Taché,
the Hon. John À.
Iacdonald, the 1 Ion. (
. E. Cartier, the flon.
George Bro,vn, the Hon. Oliyer
[owat, the HOll. Alpx:1ndpr '1". Galt,
the HOll. \Y.
I('Dougall, the Hon. r-r. D'...\'r('y )IcU('p, thc IrOll. \.lex.
I1'he Frontispiece to the present yolume r('pre
cnts the Fathers of ('onfpdf'l"ation as
assembled at Quebec in 1Rfi4. The original picture, whi('h was painted by
II'.
ob('rt
Harris, C.
I.G., in 1883-18R5 and acquired by the Dominion Governm('nt, hun
In the
Railway Committee Room of the House of C'ommun
until the Great I:'ir
<<}n FebrlU
ry 3,
1916, when unfortunat('ly it was (kstroye(l. .l\I r. Harfls had, howevr'!', m l
l
po
s
's
lOn a
charcoal drawing made as a study for the painting; awl after the fire thIs drawmg was
acquired by thp Dominion Guvernment. It now hang
in the Rail
\.ay Commi.tt('(' Room
at the Royal Vietoria Museum w h('re t h(' Dominion Parliamc-nt b temporarIly .h(
used.
From this charcoal drawing the frontispi('('.' Ita=-- I)('('n r('proùu('ed by
pf'(>IaI p!'rml
";lon of
the Department of Public Works.
.
6
'PRE S'PORY OF CONFEDERA'PI01V
Campbell, the Hon. J. C. Chapais, the Hon. H. L. Langevin, the
Hon. J. Cockburn. From Nova Scotia: the Hon. Charles Tupper,
the Hon. \\Tilliam A. Henry, the Hon. Jonathan McCully, the Hon.
Robert B. Dickey, Adams G. Archibald, Esquire. From Ne\v
Brunswick: The Hon. Samuel L. Tilley, the Hon. 'V. H. Steeves,
the Hon. J. 1\1. Johnson, the Hon. P. Mitchell, the Hon. E. P. Chand-
ler, Lt.-Col. the Hon. John H. Gray, the Hon. Charles Fisher. FroIl1
Ne\vfoundland: The Hon. F. B. T. Carter, the Hon. Ambrose Shea.
From Prince Ed\vard Island: Col. the Hon. J. H. Gray; the Hon. E.
Palmer, the Hon. ,Yo H. Pope, the Hon. A. A. l\1acdonald, the Hon.
G. Coles, the Hon. T. H. Haviland, the Hon. E. "Yhelan.
Sir Etienne Taché (Prime l\1inister of Canada) was cholSen as
chairman of the conference, and l\lajor Hewitt Bernard, of the Office
of the Attorney-General of Upper Canada, executive secretary. As
in Charlottetown, the proceedings were held in secret, though at
Quebec certain minutes and memoranda were kept by the secretary
and placed \vith Sir John A. Macdonald's papers, \vhere they lay
forgotten for many years. On the death of Macdonald, in 1891,
these papers \vere discovered by me and subsequently published in
a volume entitled" Confederation Documents." While incon1plete,
this record affords a fair insight into \vhat took place at the conference,
\vhich continued its sittings at Quebec until October 28, and finished
them at l\lontreal on the 29th.
At the conference questions were decided by vote, each provincp
havi
g one vote; Canada, for this purpose, being considered as t\VO
prOVInces.
One of the contemporary criticisms levelled against this gathering
was that sufficient time had not been given to its labours, and
there is no doubt that its proceedings \vere hurried towards the close.
Yet in the seventeen days it sat, many important questions
were fully discussed and determined. Upon onf' subject there \vas
complete agreement. The delegates, one and all, affirmed their
intention to maintain and perpetuate, to celnent and not to weaken,
the union with the mothf'r country. The first resolution, Inoved
by l\lacdonald and seconded by Tilley, unmistakably sets this forth.
l\lacdonald, Brown, Cartier, GaIt, Tupper, Tilley, and the rest, aJl
spoke \vith one voice in deelaring their resolve to continue unimpaired
their allegiance to the British Cro\vn. So careful were they to make
this plain that \vhen l\lacdonald moved the resolution enulnerating
the powers of the General Legislature of the United Provinces, he
added the ,vords, "saving the sovereignty of England." He also,
\vhen discussing the nan1e to be given to the popular asselnbly, said,
"I prefer the tern1 ' House of Commons,' but they do not like it
to be used eh
e\vh('re than in England as they have prescriptive
rights," and the spirit of loyalty and deference to Great Britain,
which prompted this remark, pervaded every section of the conference.
Upon other points there was not the saIne unanÏInity. l\1acdonald
and S0111e others openly a vo\ved their theoretical preference for a
legislative as opposed to a federal union; but that, for n1any reasons,
\vas felt to be impracticable. In the first place, the Canadian dele-
gates, to use a phrase much current at the present day, had no
DELIBERATIONS OF THE QUEBEC CO.YFERENCE
7
lC man
ate " to agree to anything but a federal union.! Then, Cartier
and hIS followers \vere unalterably opposed to a legislative union
and without Cartier, Confederation could not have been carried:
Bro\vn also favoured the federal principle. The l\Iaritime Provinces
like\vise were bent upon preserving their individuality, and ISO thp
idea of a legislative union never amounted to Blore than a pious
aspiration on the part of a fe\v.
There was, at the same time, a general desire to create a strong
central government, and to a::;sign to the provincial legislatures a
distinctly minor rôle. In Brown's opinion the local governmentf'
" should not be expensive, and should not take up politicallnatters."
One legislative chamber, elected for three years \vith no po\ver of
dissolution, \vas his idea, vigorously opposed by Cartier. 2 This
preference for simplicity of local administration is further. indicated
by the fact that, in the first draft of the British Korth Å.lnerica Bill,
the heads of the provincial governnlents, who in the Quebec resolutions
,vere called lieutenant-governors, are styled" superintendents."
Questions relative to the nature and cOlnposition of the Upper
Chamber provoked much dilSculSlSion. l\Iacdonald and Brown, though
differing on many points, agreed in preferring a non1inative to an
elective Senate, and their views prevailed.
The financial questions proved most difficult of adjustInent.
Sharp differences of opinion existed 'which appeared irreconcilable,
and very nearly resulted in breaking up the conference. But wiser
counsels ultimately prevailed, and at length an agreelnent was arrived
at. The result of the deliberations was elnbodied in lSeventy-t\VO
resolutions, which were laid before the Parlialnent of Canada at tlH
following session, and approved by a vote of 91 to 33 on
Iarch ll,
1865, the minority being chiefly conlpo
ed of the Lo\ver Canadian
Rouges under 1\11'. (afterwards Sir) A. .A.. Dorion, in eonjunetiol1
,vith l\Ir. John Sandfield l\lacdonald and his Upper Canadian
friends.
The Canadian Governlnent shortly afh'r\vards de
patched a
lnission, consisting of !vIessrs. l\lacdonald, Cartier, Brown and Galt,
to England with the object of conferring with Her :\Iajesty's Govern-
nlent upon certain subjeets of publi(' coneern, at the head of which
IThe Confederation compact, though loosely styleù a 'federal' union, even in the Briti:sh
X orth America Act itself, is not really a federal union, which is the result of an arrangement
by which a group of sovereign, or self-governing communities, retain certain exbting powers,
and relinquish others towards the formation of a central authority, as in the case of the
Cnited States and also of Australia. Nothing of this kind happened in Canada where the
colonies, in effect, surrendered all the powers which they had hitherto enjoyed, to tht'
overeign, who redistributed them anew between the Dominion and the newly-formerl
Province.
Lord Chancellor Haldane, in an Australian appeal before the Privy Council, (Law
Reports, Appeal Cases, 1914, Attorney General for the Commonwealth of A.ustralia
'. Culvni
"l
Sugar Refining Company, Limitcd, l)age A.C. 253,) lays this down.
ee al
o report of t.l1l8
case in the .Uontreal Star of December 3, 1913. That it was also Sir Johnl\lacdonald '8 View
may be inferred from the fact that he would never use the word 'federal' in rdation to the
Government of Canada if he could help it. Hf' prefl'rreù to say 'Canaùian Goycrnment.'
If he wanted an alternative phrase, he would use 'Dominion Guyernment,' but 'Fpùt'ral
Govey nmpnt' he avoided as far as possible.
2 "Consider how in:-;ignifieant arC' the matt<>r:; agrf'('ll at Charlottetown, to be left to
the Local Governments."
From remarks of Ron. Georgc Brown, delivered at the sessioTl uf the Qucbec C071fcrcnr(',
20th October, 1864.. Pope's '('onfederatioTl Documents,' ]W(]C 77.
8
THE I:3TORY OF CO^
FEDERA_TIOl,
stood " The proposed Confederation of the British North Anlerican
provinces, and the means ,vhereby it can be most speedily effected."
They found, or at any rate they left, the Imperial authorities most
sympathetic to the idea, and ready to promote it in every \vay in
their power.
Ieanwhile, things did not go so ,veIl in the l\faritime Provinces,
,vhere unexpected opposition to Confederation developed. In N e,v
Brunswick, the premier, 1\11'. Tilley, had judged it expedient to dissolve
his Assembly with the object of securing approval of the Confederation
scheme from a ne\vly-elected legislature. In this he failed, his policy
suffering a pronounced defeat ,vhich entailed his resignation. This
so disheartened the advocates of Confederation in Nova Scotia,
that Dr. Tupper, the leader of the government i
that province,
fell back for the time on the original proposal of a l\faritinle Union
of the Lo\ver Provinces.
In Prince Edward Island the situation 'was even more hopeless,
for the legislature, in 1865, and again in 1866, emphatically declined
even to consider a union" ,vhich it believes ,vould prove politically,
commercially, and financially disastrous to the rights and interests
of its people." So general ,vas the opposition to union, it is said,
that only ninety-three persons could be found in the ,vhole island to
declare themselves favourable thereto.
Gradually the \laritime position began to improve. The
lieutenant-governors of Nova Scotia and New Bruns\vick, ,:vho at
first did not relish the prospect of exchanging their positions as
direct representatives of the Sovereign to become deputies of the
Governor General of Canada, and \vho in consequence \vere originally
unfriendly to the schen1e, saw new light, and became its zealous
supporters.
On April 17, 1866, the House of Assembly of Nova Scotia, under
the leadership of Dr. Tupper, the great protagonist of the cause of
union in his province, passed, by a vote of 31 to 19, a short resolution,
ignoring the Quebec Conference and all that had gone before, but
authorizing the appointment of delegates to arrange with the Imperial
Government a scheme of union" ,vhich ,vill eventually insure just
provision for the rights and interests of this province."
In N e,v Bruns,vick the ne,vly-appointed ministry quarrelled
\vith the lieutenant-governor, and resigned within a year. At the
ensuing general election,
Ir. Tilley and his friends ,vere returned to
po\ver, and on June 30, 1866, passed, by a vote of 31 to 8, a resolution
similar to that adopted in Nova Scotia, accon1panied by a provision
for the immediate construction of the Intercolonial railway.
Newfoundland and Prince Ed,vard Island remained obdurate.
',,"hile the difficulties in the lVIaritime Provinces were thus
yielding to bold and vigorous statesmanship, fresh obstacles ,vere
arising in Canada. Reciprocity negotiations váth the United States
Government; the ,vithdra,val of George Bro,vn from the Coalition;
the Fenian raids; financial exigencies, and other matters of pressing
concern, engaged almost exclusively the attention of the ministry
during the latter part of 1865 and the opening months of 1866. At
length, in June of that year, Parlianlent met and passed the necessary
FIRST lrIEETING OF THE LOND01V CO"VFERElvCE 9
resolutions providing for the local constitutions of Upper and Lower
Canada, subsequently to be known as the provinces of Ontario and
Quebec.
While N e\v Brunswick had two general elections over Con-
federation, there was no reference of the question to the people of
the other provinces. In Canada, both l\lacdonald and Brown judged
a general election at the time to be unnecessary and inexpedient,
and none took place, the Parlian1ent elected in 1863 continuing
until the consummation of the union.
It had been arranged that the further Confederation negotiations
should take place in London under the Imperial ægis, and the united
delegations had arranged to sail in July, but the defeat of Lord
Russell's ministry, and an impression that it was desirable not to
complete the Confederation measure until just before the meeting
of the Imperial Parlianlent, some months ahead, formed ne\v reasons
for delay, and it was not until November that the Canadian delegates
left for England, where they \vere met by their :\Iaritime colleagues,
who sailed at the date originally agreed upon, and had been im-
patiently a\vaiting their arrival in London for many weeks.
The delegates were received by a sub-committee of the Cabinet,
headed by Lord Carnarvon, Secretary of State for the Colonies,
while Sir Frederick Rogers (after\vards Lord Blachford) his permanent
Under-Secretary, acted as intermediary bet\veen the Imperial and
Colonial statesmen. The meetings of this body \vere for the most
part confined to formal occasions, the real business being tranf'acted
by the delegates, \vho met apart in the \Vestminster Palace Hote],
London, in a room where now a tablet marks the historic event.
At the first meeting, held on December 4, 1866, there were
assem bled :-
FROM CANADA.
The Hon. JOH
\. l\IACDONALD,
" G. E. CARTIER,
" A. T. GALT,
" "T. l\lcDOUGALL,
" 'V. P. HOWLAND,
" H. L. LANGEVIN,
FROM KOV A SCOTIA.
The Hon. CHARLES TUPPER,
" \VILLIAl\l A. IIE::\UY,
" J. \V. l{ITCHIE,
" JONATHAN :l\ICC1:LLY,
" A. G. ARCHIBALD,
FROM NE'V BRUNSWICK.
The Hon. S. L. TILLEY,
" J.:\1. JOH
ðON,
" P. l\IITCIIELL,
" CHARLES FISHER,
" R. D. \YIL:\IOT,
10
'PHE STORY OF CONFEDERATION
in all, sixteen members, or fewer than one-half the number \vhich met
at Quebec in 1864. Prince Ed\vard Island and Newfoundland were
not represented.!
The first business of the Conference was to elect the Hon. John A.
Macdonald, chairnlan, and Lieut.-Co!. Hewitt Bernard, secretary.
The resolutions of the Quebec Conference were then taken up,
considered seriatinl, amended in certain particulars and adopted
anew. From these anlended reso 
