CANADA
DOMINION BUREAU OF STATISTICS
THE
*
CANADA YEAR BOOK
1919
Published by Authority of the
Right Hon. Sir George E. Foster, G.C.M.G., M.P.,
Minister of Trade and Commerce.
OTTAWA
THOMAS MULVEY
PRINTER TO THE KING S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY
1920
><*.
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BJfc f . /f
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NION OF CANADA
AND
EWFOUNDLAND
STATUTE MH.ES
150 200 26O 300 35O 4OO 450 50O
-. I ! - j_- _ I li
KILOMETERS
00 300 400 500 600 700 80O
_-, i I i i i__
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CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Krnitum. . . . .
Retroepectivfl Index ... ...............................................
ar Book, 1919..
.stical Summary of the Progress of Canada . SUS?
Index ........
I. HISTORY OF TIIK CiRKAT WAR, 19M-1918.
By Brig - General K V. CauiKSHANK, LL.D , F.R S .( , Director of the Historical Section,
General Start , Department of Militia and Defence, Ottawa. ... ....................
Al l llNDICl
I A wards of the VICTORIA ) ..... ..... 66 ~ 67
II Sriti-tical V number of Military II. .ii .urs and Decorations conferred upon
ttbers ol ladian Expeditions
n. C HRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CANADA, 1497-1119. 74-84
HI. PHYSIC VL CHARACTERISTIC S OF CANADA.
Geographical l-Vatures. . . *hjjj
1. Drainage B ( anad
2. ].,. Principal Rivers and Iributanes in Canada ......
3. tionoftl <kes
4. ,. l-rincipal ( anadiau ! kea by Provinces. . .
Economic Geology of Canad,1018. Hy \\ Lucoui, Department of Mines, C ., ......
IV. ARKA AND POPCLATION.
1. Land ami \Vatt-r Are:i ,,f ( anu.la l,y Tr..viiir.-s :in<lTi-n -it.. ---
2 PoDulation of Canada t>y I n.vincc^ and Territories in the iw 1871 to II
:{! \iva ami I npiilaii.m of Canada in lull by Province! and District* and Population
| n ]i)i)| ......... L-
4. p upll ] , ities and Tuun> huvincr () ver r.,000 inhabitants in 1911, compared with
Hi i;io| ........................... ............ IWr-
5. Urban! nadabi :,.ups, 1 ( .)01 and 1911. . 107
6. Huralun.l rrb:inl > Mml:itumofC:inu.hiinl ( JOlHndl911by Provinces, and increase or
do
7. l{r:il ami rrb:m Population of Canada by Provinces and !--xi-s, 1911 ...............
x. Population of Canada 1 OlandlWl..
!). K-atioof Females to Mal.-s in Rural and 1 rban Divisions, 1 II ....... ...... ...
10. ( ..niii- nl Cdnditi.m of tl- pi-opK- of Canada, daswfied as sm- le, married, widowed,
,ii , [y separated and not given, by Proving us of 1911 ..........
11. Population of irie ProvinoeB, 1901, 1906, mil ami 1916 ,._,....,"
!> Population of Prairie Provinces by Sei ( ,.,,-ns Period from 1870 for Manitoba
! from 1001 for Saskatchewan and Alberta..
i:j. C ity Population of the Prairie Provinces, 1901, 1906, 1911 and
Vital Statistics.
14. Number of Birth,. I -.ml Death-, by Provinces 1911-1918
l.>. Number of Births, MarriaKi-s and Deaths, by Principal Cities, 1
Immigration.
IK. \umber of Immi-rant Arrivals in Canada, 1897-1919.
17. Arrivals at Fnland and Ocean Porte in < anada in fiaoal years 1913-1 19. ..... ..-;
lx. Kecctumsof Inn,: .pon arrivals at Ocean Ports and Deportations after ad-
ji< ,n. by principal causes, for the Bscal years 1903 L9. . .. . . . . . . ............... **
19. Number by Xati.malities of 1 )ep..rtations after Admission, 1 ^
?0. Juvenile Immigrants and Applications for their Services 1901-1 19. .... ;;:
>1. Set, * iccupationand I )cst mat ion of Immigrants for the fiscal year ended March 31,
* f\ < jv ..................................... A*rftl l\l
??. Destination of Immigrants into Canada by Provinces, 1901-1919. .
r?. Record of Chinese Immigration, 1886-1919 ...................................... 127
I. Record of Oriental Immigration, ,1901-1919 ..... .. ... Q -. .................. 12g
J.">. Expenditure on Immigration in the fiscal years 1868-
V. EDUCATION.
128
General Features of Canadian Education System ....................... 129
Higher I "ducat ion in Canada .......................................... 130
Education Statetice of C-ada... v: - mi -m*.:: 131-134
-.,
fc Normal ami Model Schools in Nova Scotia : , Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario and
3. ,,ffl4ffi2^^ 13 7-138
4. Noaensu^ 13g
5. Numoe^of Teachers and PupilsjnContinuat^n Schools hi OgMfeM^gl^
6. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Collegiate Institutes and 139
7. NumlSf SS and Pupils in High Schools m British C^uinbi, 1901-1918^ ... }|9
8. General Summary of Elementary and Secondary Schools under public co ol, 1
68708
IV
Education- con.
PAGE.
9. Receipts and Expenditure for Public Education in Canada by Provinces, 1901-1918. . 141-146
10. Average Annual Salaries of School Teachers, by Provinces, 1917-1918
11. Universities of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees 148-149
12. Universities of Canada: Number of Teaching Staff and Students m.the various
Faculties, 1918-19 150-153
13. Universities of Canada: Financial Statistics, 1918-19 154-155
14. Colleges of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees 156-153
15. Colleges of Canada: Number of Teaching Staff and Students, 1918-19 158-159
16. Colleges of Canada: Financial Statistics, 1918 160-161
VI. CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY.
The Weather of Canada during the year 1918. Information furnished by the Dominion Meteoro
logical Service, Toronto 162-165
1. Temperature of the year 1918 at Representative Stations, compared with Normal
Annual Averages for the period 1888 to 1907 166
Precipitation of the year 1918 at Repesentative Stations, compared with Normal
Annual Averages for the period 1888 to 1907 167
VII. PRODUCTION.
Agriculture.
1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of principal Field Crops in Canada, 1915-1919 171-184
2. Annual Average Yields per acre of Field Crops for Canada and by Provinces from
1915 to 1919, with Decennial Averages for the years 1909-18 and 1910-19. . 185-187
3. Areas and Yields of Wheat, Oats, Barley and Flaxseed in the three Prairie Provinces,
1917-1919 187
4. Total Areas and Values of Field Crops in Canada , 1914-19,
5. Field Crops of Canada, compared as to Quantity and Value, 1918 and 1919 189
6. Quality of Grain Crops as indicated by Average Weight per measured bushel, 1910-19 190
7. Numbers of Farm Live Stock in Canada, by Provinces, 1918 and 1919 191-193
8. Estimated Numbers of Farm Live Stock, 1914-1919 193-195
9. Average Values of Farm Animals and of Wool, as estimated by Crop Correspondents,
1914-19 ; - 196
10. Numbers in June and Values in December of Farm Live Stock in Canada as estim
ated by Crop Correspondents, 1918 and 1919 197-198
11. Estimated Total Values of Farm Live Stock in Canada, by Provinces, 1914-19 198-199
12. Average Values per acre of Occupied Farm Lands in Canada, as estimated by Crop
Correspondents, 1910, 1914-1919 200
13. Average Wages of Farm Help in Canada, as estimated by Crop Correspondents,
1914-1919 201-202
Dairying.
14. Production and Value of Creamery Butter, by Provinces, 1916, 1917 and 1918 203
15. Production and Value of Factory Cheese, by Provinces, 1916, 1917 and 1918 203-204
16. Production and Value of Creamery Butter and Factory Cheese, 1900, 1907, 1910,
and 1915-1918 205
17. Cold Storage Warehouses in Canada, 1919 205-206
Agricultural Prices.
18. Weekly Range of Prices of Wheat at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1918 and 1919 210
19. Monthly Range of Average Prices of Wheat at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1914-1919 207-209
20. Weekly Range of Prices of Oats at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1918 210-211
21. Weekly Range of Prices of Oats at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1919 212-213
22. Weekly Range of Prices of Barley and Flax at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1918 213-214
23. Weekly Range of Prices of Barley and Flax at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1919 214-215
24. Monthly Range of Average Prices of Barley, Oats and Flax at Winnipeg and Fort
William, 1914-1919 . . 216-218
25. Monthly Range of Average Prices in British Markets of Canadian Wheat and Oats,
1913-1919 219-220
Miscellaneous.
26. Production and Value of Flax Fibre in Ontario, 1915-18 221
27. Estimated Areas and Yields of Tobacco in Canada, 1917-19 222
28. Estimated Production and Value of Wool in Canada, 1915-1919 ._ 222
29. Allocation of Payments to Provincial Governments under the Agricultural Instruc
tion Act, 1916-171919-20 223
30. Stocks of Wheat in Canada at the end of March, 1916-20 223
31. Stocks of wheat in Canada at the end of March, 1916-20 summary statement 224
32. Stocks of Oats, Barley and Flax in Canada on March 31, 1919 and 1920 224
33. Value of the Annual Agricultural Production of Canada, 1915-19 225
34. Acreage and Production of Cereals and of Potatoes in various Countries of the
World, 1917 and 1918 227-230
Agricultural Experiment Stations of Canada.
Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations 231-234
35. Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations, 1919 231
Provincial Agricultural Experiments 234-238
Forestry.
31. Quantities ami Values .>f t!ie cut of Lumber, Shingles and Lath by Provinces 1917
ami l!H.x 239
\1. Total Consumption and Value of Pulpwood, 190S-IS. 241
:tV (Quantities and Values of Wood used in the manufacture of Pulp, UH6-18.
39. Kinds of Wood used in the manufacture of Pulp by <|uantities and values 1916 1917
and I .Ms 241
40. Quantities of Wood used and of Pulp manufactured, 1H14 1918.
41. Production of Paper by Provinces, 1917 and 1018 243
42. Kxports from ( anada of \\ oocl Pulp, by ( oimtries, in the fiscal years 1914-1919
43. (Quantity and Value of Wood, Blocks and Other, for Pulp, exported to the United
States. 1004 -I . 244
Fisheries.
44. Number and Capital Value of Fishing Vessels, Boats, Nets, Traps, etc., used in the
1 isheries ,,f ( anada., 1<U7 and 1918 245-246
4.5. Number of Persons Kmployed inth,- Fisheries of Canada. l!>17and 1918. 246
48. < iovernmenf Bounties to Fishermen in the fiscal years 1915 to 1918 247
47. Quantities and Values of Sea Fi-h marketed in Canada during the calendar years
1917 an. I t .Mx 247-249
I*. Quantities and Values ( ,f Inland Fish marketed in Canada during the calendar years
1!M7 and l!!s 250
49. (Quantify and Value of Chief Commercial Fishes, 1914-15 to 1916-17 and 1917 ami 1018. 250-251
50. Total ValtM of Fisheries by Provinces in the fiscal years 191/i-1917 and calendar years
i .u7. HMX 251
51. Total Value of the Fishe; mada in the fiscal years 1870-1918 252
52. Values of Export* and Imports of Fish, 1902-1418 252
53. Exports of the Fisheri.^, the Product- of C mada, by principal countries, in the fiscal
I . ls and I .ll .i 252
.. Exports of t he Fisheries, compared as to Quantities and Values. 1D17 and 1918 ( OOO"
omitte i 253
Minerals.
55. Quantities and Values ,,t Minerals produced in Canada, calendar years 1917 and 1918.. 255-256
58. Increase or I >e<-roase in Quantities and Values of Principal Mineral Products, for the
dendar Year 1918, as compared with 1917 256
>",. Quantities and Values of Minerals produced in Canada, Calendar Year 1919 . 257
to. . ise or 1 .n Quantities and Values of Principal Mineral Products for the
( alendur Year 1919 as compared with 1918 258
59. Mineral production of Canada, compared as to Quantity and Value, for Calendar
Years I .UT and 1918 258-259
6!>. Value of Mineral Production in Canada, 18S i-1919 259
61. Value of Minerals produced in Canada by Provinces in the Calendar Years 1917,
1918 and 1019 260
62. Quantity of Cold produced in Canada by Provinces durfng the Calendar Years
1901-1919 . 260
63. Value of Gold produced in Canada by Provinces during the Calendar Years 190i-l 919 260-261
64. Quantity and Value of Silver produced in Canada during the Calendar Years 1887-
1919 261
65. Quantity and Value of Silver produced in Canada bv Provinces during the Calendar
Yean HIOI-IDK* ,. 261
66. Quantity and Value of Copper produced in Canada by Provinces during the Calendar
Years 1901-1919 262
67. Quantity and Value of Nickel produced in Canada during the Calendar Years 1889-
1919 262
68. Production of Principal Minerals in Canada, for the Calendar Years 1909-1919 263
B. Production of Ubestot and Asbestk in Canada for the Calendar Years 1909-1919, . . 264
70. Production of ( Vment in Canada for the Calendar Years 1902-1919 264
Iron Blast Furnaces in Canada in 1918 264
Electric Furnace Plants in Canada in 1918 265
Mines Departments of Provincial Governments . . 265-268
71. Value of the Mineral Production of Quebec, 1900-18 266
72. Production of Silver at the Cobalt Camp, Ontario. 1904-18 267
73. Value of Total Mineral Production of British Columbia, 1852-1918 268
74. Quantity and Value of Mineral Products in British Columbia for the Calendar Years
HMH-191S 268
7 >. Quantity and Value of the World s Production of Gold and Silver for the Calendar
\ ears 1917 and 1918 269-270
76. Imports into Canada of Portland Cement, 1898-1919 270
77. Imports into Canada of Anthracite and Bituminous Coal for home consumption
during the fiscal years 1901-1919 271
78. Exports of Coal the produce of Canada, 1903-1919 271
79. Exports of Mineral Products, compared as to Quantity and Value, for the fiscal
years ended Mar. 31, 1918 and 1919
271-272
Manufactures.
80. Statistics of Manufactures of Canada, 1915 and 1917, all Establishments, Irrespective
of Number of Employees 275
51. Statistics of Manufactures by Provinces, 1915 and 1917 ...... 275
o5* Statistics of Manufactures by Provinces, 1900, 1905, 1910, 1915 and 1917... . 276
o3. Statistics of Manufactures, 1917 277-283
VI
Manufactures con.
PAGE. 1
84. Establishments and Total Production by Group Values 1915 and 1917 .
85. Male and Female Employees, on Salaries and Wages, by Provinces, 1917
86. Number of Employees by Weekly Wage Groups, 1917 284
87. Wage Earners classified by Groups of Industries and of Wages, 1917
Wafer Powers of Canada.
By J B CHALLIES, C. E. (Tor.), M.E.I.C., Director of Water Power, Department of the Interior,
Ottawa ;-i"v/.-: ". If
88. Water Powers of the British Empire OCR oa?
89. Water Powers of Foreign Countries . . . 907
90. Water Powers in Canada by Provinces, 1919
VHI. TRADE AND COMMERCE.
1. Aggregate External Trade of Canada, 1868-1920 290
2. Movement of Coin and Bullion, 1 868-191 8. .
3. Duties Collected on Exports, 1868-1892, and on Imports for Home Consumption,
1868-1920
4. Ratio of Exports to Imports and Value per capita of Exports, Imports and Total
TVnrlp 1868-1919 29o
5. Exports to the United Kingdom, to the United States and to Other Countries of
Merchandise the produce of Canada, 1868-1920.
6. Imports from the United Kingdom, irom the United States and from Other Countries
of Merchandise entered for Home Consumption, 1868-1920
7 Values of Exports from Canada to the United Kingdom, to the United States, to
Other Countries and to All Countries, by Classes of Merchandise, in five year
averages and for the fiscal years 1911-1919 :>. . ...... - - - - .... 296-298
8. Values of Exports to the United Kingdom, to the United States and to All Countries,
by Classes of Merchandise the Produce of Canada, 1916-1919
9. Value of Imports from the United Kingdom, from the United States and from All
Countries by Classes of Merchandise entered for Home Consumption, 1916-1919. . .
10. Value of Canadian Merchandise Exported to the United Kingdom, United States
and other Countries by Classes, during the fiscal years 1918 and 1919
11. Value of Merchandise Imported for Home Consumption from the United Kingdom,
United States and other Countries, by Classes, during the fiscal years 1918 and
1919 ; v . 301
12. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom , United States and All Countries in quantities
and values, by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1915-1913 .,02-327
13. Imports of Canada, from the United Kingdom, the United States and All Countries,
in quantities and values, by classes entered for consumption in the four fiscal
years 1915-1918 /,-: 327 - 361
14. Quantities and Values of Principal Articles Imported into and Exported from Canada
during the fiscal year ended March 31, 1919 362-368
15. Values of Exports which may be classed as Manufactures in the four fiscal years 1915-
igig 368-369
16. Summary of Values of Exports to the United Kingdom, to the United States and to
Other Countries of Home Produce which may be classed as Manufactures in the
four fiscal years 1915-1918
17. Values of Imports which may be classed as Manufactures in the four fiscal years 1915-
1913 370
18. Summary of Imports from the United Kingdom, from the United States and from
Other Countries, which may be classed as Manufactures, in the four fiscal years
1915-1918 371
19. Values of Exports (domestic and foreign) to the British and Foreign West Indies, by
Countries, during the fiscal years 1917-1919 .- ; 372
20. Values of Imports entered for home consumption (dutiable and free> from the British
and Foreign West Indies, by Countries, during the fiscal years 1917-1919.
21. Value of Imports and Exports from and to British and Foreign West Indies, 1901-1919. 373
22. Percentage Proportions of Imports from United Kingdom and United States, respect
ively, to totals of dutiable and free in the 19 fiscal years 1901-1919. . 373
23. Average ad valorem Rates of Duty collected on Imports from United Kingdom,
United States and All Countries in the 52 fiscal years 1868-1919 374
24. Value of Total Exports and Imports entered for home consumption.and the duty collect
ed thereon, at certain Ports, during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1918 and 1919. 374-375
25. Imports of certain Articles of Raw Material for home consumption, 1902-1919 376
26. Imports of Canada by values entered for consumption from British Empire and
Foreign Countries, under the General, Preferential, and Treaty Rate Tariffs in the
four fiscal years 1916-1919 377-378
27. Aggregate Trade of Canada by Countries for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1919. . . 378-379
28. Values of Exports from Canada of Home Produce to the British Empire and to
Foreign Countries in the five fiscal years 1915-1919 380
29. Values of Imports into Canada of Merchandise entered for Consumption, from the
British Empire and from Foreign Countries, in the five fiscal years 1915-1919:
also of Coin and Bullion ; . . . 381
30. Value of Merchandise imported into and exported from Canada through the United
States during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1917-1918 ;
31. Quantities and Values of Selected Animal and Agricultural Food Products imported
into the United Kingdom, by Countries whence imported, during the five calendar
years, 1914-1918 383-387
32. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products, exported from the
United States to Principal Countries for the years ended June 30, 1914-1918 388-405
VII
(.rain Statistics.
33. Number :i.,,l Storage Capacity of Canadian Qnfa Btov^On in the crop years 1901-
31. Quantiti<>s of Grain m*p-t-d during the Ban! y-ars 1917-1919
} Quantities of Gram mspeoted durinn the fiscal years .-nded March
S1 S 1W8 19 S "" m F(>rt Willi:u " aml P rt Arthur for avigation
37. Shipments of Grain bx an- 1 all-rail rout, from Fort William and Port Arthii
for the crop years ended August :u, 1918 and 1919
.......... 413
Bounties.
38. Bounties paid in Canada on I.-.-ni
3$. Bounties paid in Canada on Crude Petroleum. I M):> 1919
Patents, Copyright, Trade Marks, Ktc.
41. Number of Canadian Patent,-,-, by EWim of K^idence, for the fiscal years 1910-
415
IX. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS.
Si earn Railways.
1. Record of Steam Railway Mileage, 1835-1918 .
2. bteam Railway Mileage by Provinces, 1911-1918 Ton
3. Capital Liability of Steam Railways, 1S76-1918 ?9,
^e rn^
: sr^K!!;^ " ^
7. Karninus and ( )penitm Expenses of Steam Railways per mile of line, 1909-1918
8. Dtttnbatioa of ( grating Expenses of Steam Railways, 1916-1918 1%
t. Aid to Railways in the form of Guarantees of Bonds, Interest, etc., by the Dominion
and Provincial Governments, up to June 30, 1918 40 =
1J. Analysis of the Total Financial Aid given to Steam Railways up to June 30, 1918
clfea^y Sr imfm Goveniment Aid P aidto Steam Railwaya up to June 30
W - C ^SlSS?8^d^S^^^
" EUb * Construction of Government
14. Mileage and Rolling Stock of Steam Railways, 1913-1918 498
12 mg , h ^ b ^ d]ed b y St eara Railways, 1914-1918. . 428-42Q
It. Total Salaries and Wages, with Ratios of same to gross Earnings and Operating
Expenses on Steam Railways, 1907-1918... . 430
i . N umber of Steam Railway Employees and Amount of Salaries and Wages, 1911-1918
18. Number of Passengers, Employees and Others Killed and Injured on Steam Rail-
^ wiij S* iot>o"iyio ..................... J.QA
15. Xumber of Persons Killed and Injured on Steam Raiiwaya, 1916-1918 . . . .. 431
Electric Railways.
?. Electric Railway Statistics, 1901-1918 439
81. Mileage and Equipment of Electric Railways, 1916-1918
7Z. Capital Liability of Electric Railways, 1908-1918.
23. M ileage, Capital, Earnings and Operating Expenses of Electric Railways^ 1918 433-434
,4. -N umber of Passengers, Employees and others Killed and Injured on Electric Rail
ways, 1894-1918 ..................................... 405
Motor Vehicles.
25. Number of Motor Vehicles registered in Canada by Provinces, 1914-1919 438
26. fopeed Limits in miles per hour for Motor Vehicles by Provinces ................ 438
Express Companies.
27. Operating Mileage of Express Companies in Canada, 1916-1919 . 439-440
A. Operating Expenses of Express Companies, 1915-1918 ...... 440
Z8B. Operating Expenses of Express Companies, 1919 .................. . . 441
W. Business transacted by Express Companies in financial paper, 1916-1919 441
I0A. Earnings of Express Companies, 1915-1918 ...................... 441-442
30B. Earnings of Express Companies, 1919 .................... . . . 442
Canals.
31. Canal Traffic during the Navigation Season 1918. . 444
32. Distribution of Total Canal Traffic by Months, 1913-1918 444
33. Distribution of Canal Traffic in Canada, 1918 .................. 444
34. Tonnage of Traffic by Canals and Classes of Products, 1917-1918 . . . 445
35. Principal Articles carried through Canadian canals during the Navigation Seasons
1917 and 1918 ................................................. 445-446
3. Traffic through the Canadian Sault Ste. Marie Canal during the Navigation Seasons
1898-1918 ................................. . ............... 44g
2c* ^ raffic through Canadian Canals during the Navigation Seasons 1911-1918. . 446-448
w. 1 otal Expenditure and Revenue of Canals 1868-1918, and before Confederation . . 449
vm
Canals con.
PAGE.
39. Capital Expenditure for Construction and Enlargement of Canals 1868-1918 and before
Confederation 450
40. Traffic through the Panama Canal, August, 1914, to June, 1919 451
41. Traffic through the Panama Canal by Nationality of Vessels, for the fiscal years
ended June 30, 1916-1919 452
Shipping.
42. Sea-going Vessels (exclusive of Coasting Vessels) Entered and Cleared at Canadian
Ports during the fiscal years 1918 and 1919 453
43. Sea-going Vessels Entered and Cleared at the Principal Ports of Canada, 1918 454
44. Sea-going Vessels Entered Inwards and Outwards by Countries, 1918 455-456
45. Sea-going Vessels Entered and Cleared at Canadian Ports with Cargo and in Ballast,
1902-1919 456
46. Sea-going and Inland Vessels (exclusive of Coasting Vessels) arrived at and departed
from Canadian Ports, 1906-1919 457
47. British and Foreign Vessels employed in the Coasting Trade of Canada, 1914-1918. . 457-458
48. Canadian and American Vessels trading on Rivers and Lakes between Canada and
United States, exclusive of ferriage, 1914-1918 458
49. Vessels built and registered in Canada and Vessels sold to other Countries, 1901-1919 459
50. Number and Net Tonnage of Vessels on the Registry of Shipping, Canada, 1914-1917
51. Steamboat Inspection during the fiscal year 1917-1918 460
52. Number of Seamen Shipped and Discharged at Canadian Ports, 1908-1917 460
53. Canadian Wrecks and Casualties, for the years ended June 30, 1870-1900 and 1901-1918 461
54. Comparative Statement of Marine Danger Signals, 1908-1918 461
55. Revenue of the Department of Marine, 1914-1918 461
56. Expenditure of the Department of Marine, 1914-1918 462
57. Total Revenue and Expenditure of the Department of Marine, 1868-1918 463
Telegraphs and Telephones.
58. Telegraph Statistics of Chartered Companies, 1910-1919 464-465
59. Coast Stations for Communication by Wireless Telegraphy with Ships at Sea, fiscal
year 1919-20 .. , 466-467
60. Canadian Government Steamers equipped with the Radiotelegraph 468
61. Business and Cost of Maintenance of Radiotelegraph Stations for the fiscal years
1917-1918 and 1918-1919 468
62. Progress of Telephones in Canada, 1916-1919 469
63. Number of Telephone Companies reporting to the Department of Railways and
Canals, by Provinces, June 30, 1918 and 1919, with totals for 1914-15-16-17 469
64. Telephones in use and Mileage of Wire by Provinces, June 30, 1918 and 1919, with
totals for 1914-15-16-17 470
65. Wire Mileage of Telephones by Classes of Wire, June 30, 1918 and 1919 470
66. Capital Liability, Cost, Revenue and Operating Expenses of Telephones, June 30,
1918 and 1919, with totals for 1914-1915-1916-1917 471-472
Postal Statistics.
67. Revenue and Expenditure of the Post Office Department for the quinquennial years
1890-1910 and for the years 1911-1919 471-472
68. Mail Subsidies and Steamship Subventions, 1917-1919 472-473
69. Operation of the Money Order System in Canada, 1901-1919 473
70. Money Orders by Provinces, 1915-1919
71. Number and Total Values of Postal Notes, 1914-1919 475
72. Issue of Postage Stamps, etc., 1918-19 475-476
X. LABOUR.
1. Time Losses by Industries in Working Days, 1901-1918 478
2. Number of Disputes, Establishments, Employees and Time Losses, 1901-1918
3. Disputes Classified by Industries, 1901-1918
4. Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices by Groups of Commodities, 1918
5. Index Numbers of all Commodities by Groups, 1891-1918 483
6. Weekly Cost of a Family Budget of Staple Foods, Fuel and Lighting and Rent in
terms of the Average Prices in 60 Canadian Cities, 1900, 1905, 1910, 1915-1917 484
7. Weekly Cost of a Family Budget of Staple Foods, Fuel and Lighting and Rent in
terms of the Average Prices of the cities in each province of Canada, 1910-14, Decem
ber, 1914-18 _ 485
8. Number of Regular and Casual Placements through the Employment Service of
Canada, March 1, 1919, to January 3, 1920 486
XI. FINANCE.
Public Accounts.
1. Receipts and Expenditures on Consolidated Fund Account, 1915-1919 488
2. Detailed Receipts on Consolidated Fund Account, 1915-1919 488-489
3. Detailed Expenditure on Consolidated Fund Account, 1915-1919 489-49C
4. War Tax Revenue during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1915-19 490
5. War Tax Revenue collected by the Inland Revenue Department by Provinces, dur
ing the fiscal year ended March 31, 1919 490-491
6. Population and Revenue and Expenditure per head, 1868-1919
7. Public Debt of Canada, March 31, 1915-1919 492
8. Assets of the Public Debt of Canada, March 31, 1915-1919 492
9. Total Liabilities of Canada, March 31, 1915-1919
10. Funded Debt payable in London and Canada, March 31, 1919
11. Subsidies and other Payments of Dominion to Provincial Governments, 1914-1919. .
12. Total of Subsidy Allowances from July 1, 1867, to March 31, 1919 494
IX
Inland Revenue.
13. I A. iae and other Revenues for the fiscal years MM4-MH9 G *
14. statistics of Distillation for the fiscal years 1915-1019
!. . (famines of Spirits, Mult Liquor, Malt and Tobacco, taken out of Bond for Con
sumption. MM 4 MlM>
16. Consumption p<-r head of Spirits, Wine, Beer and Tobacco, and amount of Excise and
Cu>toms Duties per bead] in the Fiscal years HI 12-1 .MM 497
17. Number of Kvi.se Licenses issued durinu the Fiscal Years 1911-1919.. 493
18. Number of Klectnc Linht and Power Companies registered under the Electricity
Inspection Act in tin- Fiscal Years MM2 MI 4gg
If. Klectrical Knemy generated or produced for Kxport and for Consumption in Canada
under the authority of tin- Electricity and Fluid Kxportation Act during the Fiscal
1 > ears MM .V MI IS 499
Provincial Public Accounts.
20. Annual Revenue and Kxpenditure of the Provincial Governments, 1916-1918.. 501
21. Classified Summary Statement of Ordinary Receipts of Provincial Governments
for their respective fiscal years MHi-17 Is 502-503
22. Cla.-sitied Summary of Ordinary Kxpenditurc of Provincial Governments, 19164918 502-505
23. Statement of Assets :md I (abilities of Klectnc I )epartmcnts of Municipalities .served
hy the Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission for the Calendar Years 1914-17 505-506
24. Statement of Faming and Operating Kxpenses of Klectric Departments of Munici
palities served by the Ontario Hydroelectric Commission for the Calendar
i> MM I 1917 507
25. Financial Statistics of Klectrical Installations of .Municipalities .served by the Ontario
Hydro-Electric Power Commission, MM7. 500-511
26. Values of Boildiltf Permits taken out in 35 Cities in 1917, 1918 and 1919 512
Currency and Banking.
27. Coinage at th" < >ttawa Branch of the Royal .Mint in the Calendar Years 1917-19.. 514
28. Gold Coin-uses of the Ottawa Branch of the Royal Mint, 1908-1919 515
29. Canadian ( .old Reserves, ] Vcember 31, 1905-1919 515
30. Circulation in ( anada of Silver and Bronze Coin, 1901-1919 515
31. Denominations of Dominion Notes in Circulation, March 31, 1914-1919 516
32. Statistics of Bank Note Circulation, 1892- MM 9 516
33. Dominion Notes Circulation and Reserves at June 30, 1890-1919 517
34. Circulating Medium in hands of the Public, 1900-1919 518
35. Number of Branches of Banks in Canada, by Provinces, 1868, 1902, 1905, 1915, 1916,
1917. and MMS 520
38. Number of Branches of Chartered Banks ,by Provinces, as at December 31, 1918. . . 521
37. Assets of Chartered Banks of Canada, December 31, 1919 522
:?x Liabilities of Chartered Banns of ( anada, December 31, 1919 523
39. General Statement of Chartered Banks for the Calendar Years 1915-1919 524
40. Deposits in ( hnrtered Banks in Canada and Klsewhere for the Calendar Years 1915-
1919 524
41. Discounts of Chartered Banks in Canada and Klsewhere, for the Calendar Years
1915-1919. 525
42. of Chartered Banks for the Calendar Years 1916-1919. . 525
43. Liabilities of Chartered Banks for the Calendar Years 1916-1919 526
44. Amount of Kxcharmes of the Clearing Houses of Chartered Banks, 1915-1919 527
45. Reserve or Rest Fond held by Chartered Banks, by months, 1910-1919 527
4. Additional Bank Reserves, with Liabilities, 1892-1919. ... 528
47. Ratio of Bank Reserves to Net I.iabilitie- 529
v Bur-ines- of the Post Office Savings Banks, fiscal years 1915-1919 529
19. Business of the Dominion Government Savings Banks, fiscal years 1915-1919 529
59. Total Business of Post Office and Dominion Government Savings Banks, fiscal years
1915-1919 530
Loan and Trust Companies.
51. Liabilities and Assets of Loan Companies, 1914-1918 530
52. Liabilities and Assets of Trust Companies, 1914-1918 531
53. Invest ments on Trust Account 531
Rural Credit in Canada 532-542
Commercial Fatlu r es.
54. Commercial Failures in Canada, by Provinces, for the Calendar years 1918 and 1919 542
55. Commercial Failures in Canada, by Branches cf Business, 1917-1919 543
5*. Commercial Failures in Canada, by Provinces and Classes for 1919, with totals for
1908-1918. . 544-545
57. Commercial Failures and Business Confidence in Canada, 1900-1919 (Bradstreet) 546
58. Commercial Failures and Business Confidence in Canada, 1900-1919 (Dun) 547
Government Annuities.
59. Number of Immediate Annuities of each amount paid in full from September 1, 1908,
to March 31, 1919 548
W. Number of Deferred Annuities of each amount purchased by lump sums, lump sums
and annual payments, and periodical payments, from September 1, 1908, to March
31, 1919 549
1. Valuation on March 31, 191 9, of Annuity Contracts issued pursuant to the Government
Annuities Act, 1908 549
insurance. PAGE.
62. Fire Insurance Business transacted in Canada, 1918 552-554
63. Amounts received for Fire Insurance Premiums and paid for Losses, with percentage
of Losses to Premiums, 1869-1918 555
64. Totals of Fire Insurance Premiums received and Losses paid, with percentage of
Losses to Premiums by Nationality of Companies, 1869-1918 555
65. Fire Insurance Premiums received and Losses paid by Canadian Companies doing
business in Canada and other Countries, with percentage of Losses paid to Pre
miums received, 1878-1918 556
66. Amount of Fire Insurance at risk in Canada, 1869-1918 556
67. Assets of Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance, or Fire Insurance and other
classes of Insurance, and Assets in Canada of Companies other than Canadian
transacting such business in Canada, 1914-1918 557
68. Liabilities of Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance, or Fire Insurance and other
classes of Insurance, and Liabilities in Canada of Companies other than Canadian
transacting such business in Canada, 1914-1918 558
69. Cash Income and Expenditure of Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance or Fire
Insurance and other classes of Insurance, and Cash Income and Expenditure in
Canada of Companies other than Canadian transacting such business in Canada
1914-1918 559-560
70. Amount of Net Premiums written and Net Losses incurred by Provinces in Canada,
by Canadian, British and American and other Companies transacting Fire Insur
ance, 1918 560
71. Life Insurance in Canada, 1914-1918 561-562
72. Insurance Death-rate in Canada, 1915-1918 562
73. Assets of Canadian Life Companies and Assets in Canada of Life Companies other
than Canadian Companies, 1914-1918 . ;.;..., 563
74. Liabilities of Canadian Life Companies and Liabilities in Canada of Life Companies
other than Canadian Companies, 1914-1918 \ 564
75. Cash Income and Expenditure of Canadian Life Companies and Cash Income and
Expenditure in Canada of Life Companies other than Canadian Companies, 1914-
1918 565-568
76. Net Amount of Life Insurance in force in Canada, 1913-1918 566
77. Premium Income of Life Companies, 1913-1918 566
78. Life Insurance on Assessment Plan, 1914-1918 567
79. Canadian War Claims Incurred, 1914-1918 568
80. Insurance other than Fire and Life, 1918 568
81. Income and Expenditure and Assets and Liabilities of Canadian Companies doing
Insurance Business other than Fire and Life, 1918 569
82. Income and Expenditure in Canada of Companies other than Canadian, doing Business
other than Fire and Life, 1918 569-570
83. Dominion and Provincial Fire Insurance in Canada ,1918 570
84. Dominion and Provincial Insurance in Canada, other than Fire and Life, 1918 571
85. Dominion and Provincial Insurance in Canada, other than Fire and Life, 1918 571-572
86. Dominion and Provincial Life Insurance in Canada, 1918 572
87. Fire Insurance effected on property in Canada, under Section 129 of the Insurance Act,
1917, by Companies, Associations or Underwriters not licensed to transact business
in Canada 573
XII. ADMINISTRATION.
Parliamentary Representation.
1. Representation in the House of Commons, according to the Districts of the Repre
sentation Act, 1914 575-577
2. Governors-General of Canada, 1867-1919 577
3. Dominion Parliaments, 1867-1919 578-579
4. Dominion Ministries, 1896-1919 579-582
5. Lieutenant-Governors of Provinces, 1867-1919 582-583
Honorary Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 584-587
Public Lands.
6. Distribution of the Surveyed Areas in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, as at
January 1, 1919 588
7. Land Sales by Railway Companies having Government Land Grants, and by the
Hudson s Bay Company, in the fiscal years 1917-1919 589
8. Homestead entries in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia, by
Nationalities, made during the fiscal years 1914-1919 592-593
9. Receipts of Patents and Homestead Entries in the fiscal years 1915-1919 593
Department of the Secretary of State.
10. Naturalizations in Canada by Principal Nationalities during the Calendar Years
1908-1917. 594
11. Naturalizations in Canada bv Principal Nationalities effected under the Naturaliza
tion Act, 1914, during the Calendar Years 1915-1918 595
Indian Affairs.
12. Indian Population in Canada, by Provinces, 1911-1917 596
13. Distribution of Indian Population by Age, Sex and Province, with Births and Deaths
by Provinces, 191 7 596
14. Religion of Indian Population, by Provinces, as at March 31, 1917 597
15. Attendance of Pupils at Indian Schools, by Provinces, 1918 597
16. Acreage and Value of Indian Lands, by Provinces, 1918 597
17. Area and Yield of Field Crops of Indians, by Provinces, 1918 598
18. Numbers of Farm Live Stock of Indians, with Total Values, by Provinces, 1918 598
19. Sources and Value of Income of Indians, 1918 599
XI
Public >Vork>. ,,
?0. hmensioai of Graving Docks owned l.y the Dominion Government
, !. Dimensioni and Cost of C mwin^ DocJu subsidized under tho Dry Dock Subsidies
Art, 11)10. ... finn
> i. Expenditure and Revenue of the Public Works Department for the fiscal years
i J I o~ 1 f 1 . ( * n 1
Harbour Commissions, 601-602; National Gallery,
Public Dffence.
IM. Expenditure and Revenue of Militia for the Fiscal Ye.-trs. 1914-1918. . . . 603-604
- Dditure on Arcount of War Appropriation for the year ended March 31, 1918
-. ... Scale of Annual 1 ,-nsion.s granted to Dependent- of I >ereased Sailors and Soldiers of
the Canadian Naval Foroea and the Canadian Expeditionary Force, as effective
on September 1, nil it ^
2. Scale of \nnual Pensions to Di-abl.-d Sailors and Soldiers of the Canadian Naval
Forces, and the Canadian Expeditionary Force, as effective on September 1, 1919. 608-609
?/. Number of Pensions in force on March 31, 1919, and the Yearly Liability incurred
thereon g,Q
Royal Military College, 610; Naval Service, 611; Royal Naval College, 61L
. th and Distribution of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police on September
30, 1918 gi9
Criminal statistics and Penitentiaries.
29. ( barges, Convictions and Percentages of Acquittals for Indictable Offences by Prov
inces. I .ili;, 11H7 and I .Ms ... g!3
.10. Indictable ( MTences by Classes, 1917 and 1 614
U. Convictions and Sentences for all ( >fTences, hv Province^ 1912-1918! 614-615
T, . Juvenile Criminals convicted of Indictable < HTences by Classes of Offence, 1918, with
the total and yearly aver.-ez - for the period lss:> 1918 g}g
M - Chan initials, Convictions and Sentences in respect of Indictable Offences^
1918. ... gig
:U. ( la>si(ic;ition of persons convicted of Indictable < )iTen. --.-. 1912-1918 617
k). Con victions by Classes of Offe>o0, I Hi -i .HX 618-619
36. Convictions for Drunkenness for the five years, 1914-1918 620
37. Population of Penal Institutions, 1917-1918. ... 620
58. Movement of Convicts, 1914-1919. . g2j
39. Number of Deaths, Escapes, Pardons and Paroles, 1-.U4-1919 621
l. Me of Coovieta, 1914-1919 622
41. Classification of Convicts, 1914-1919 622-623
Divorce.
4 !. Statistics of Divorce, 1868-1918 623-624
Organization of Canadian Official Statistics .^ .".. ... 625-627
Acts of Parliament and Publications.
List of the Principal Acts of Parliament administered by Departments of the Government of the
Jomimon of Canada, as compiled from information supplied by the respective Departments. 627-629
rmcipal Publications of Departments of the Government of the Dominion of Canada,
as compiled from information supplied by the respective Departments 629-637
I. ist of Principal Publications of the Provincial Governments of Canada, as compiled from in
formation supplied by the respective Governments 637-644
Xin. LEGISLATION AND PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF THE YEAE 1919.
Dominion Legislation, 1919 644-652
Provincial Legislation, 1919. 652-665
Principal Events of the Year 1919 665-678
Visit of the Prince of Wales, 665; Other Distinguished Visitors. 665; Canada at the Peace Con
ferences, 666; Anniversary of the Armistice of 1918, 667; Provincial General Elections, 667;
High Cost of Living, 668; Industrial Unrest, 668; Western Interprovincial Labour Confer
ence, 668: The Winnipeg Strike, 669; Royal Commission on Industrial Relations, 670;
National Industrial Conference, 670; Trades and Labour Congress, 670; ^International Labour
Conference at Washington, 671; Department of Soldiers Civil Re-Establishment, 671; Land
Settlement of Returned Soldiers, 672; War Service Gratuities, 673; National Education
Conference, 674; National Conference of Wom^n, 674; Social Service Movement, 675; Inter-
provincial Conference on Water Power, 676; Control of Wheat Marketing, 677; Cessation of
Food and Fuel Control, 677; Reconstruction of the Parliament Buildings, Ottawa, 677; The
late Sir Wilfrid Laurier, 678; Obituary, 678.
XIV. EXTRACTS FROM THE CANADA GAZETTE, 1919.
Privy Councillors, 679; Lieutenant-Governors, 679; New Senators, 679; New Members of the
House of Con mons, 679; Cabinet Ministers and other Members of the Government, 680;
Judicial Appointments, 680; Commissions, 680; Imperial Honours and Decorations, 681;
Imperial Service Medal, 681; Official Appointments, 681; Days of General Thanksgiving, 682.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Map of the Dominion of Canada Facing Contents,
Landing of the First Canadian Division at St. Nazaire, France, 1915. (From the painting by
EDGAR BUXDY, A. R.A.) Facing 1
Second Battle of Ypres, 1915. (From the painting by R. JACK, A. R.A.) Facing 14
Taking of Vimy Ridge. 1917. (From the painting by R. JACK, A. R.A.) Facing
Maps of the Eastern, Western. Italian, Balkan, Palestine and Mesopotamia^ Fronts Facing 16
Survivors of the Squadron of the Fort Garry Horse returning to the Canadian Lines Facing 29
War in the Air. (From the painting by C. R. W. XEVIXSOX) Facing 41
Canadian Troops entering Mons at the close of the War Facing 52
Diagrams illustrating the Paper-making Industry : Pulpwood Consumption by Provinces, 1917-18;
Pulp manufactured by Provinces, 1917-18; Paoer produced by Provinces, 1917-18
Aggregate External Trade of Canada, 1901-1919 (Coloured Diagram) Facing
Course of Wholesale Prices in Canada, 1918 480
Course of Wholesale Prices in Canada, 1890-1918 481
Diagram showing Organization of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics 626
RATUM: In line 4 on page 63, for " June 29 " read " June 28."
Xll
RETROSPECTIVE INDEX.
SPECIAL ARTICLES IN CANADA YEAR BOOK 1913-1918. YEAR BOOK. PAGE.
History of Canada. Prepared under the direction of ARTHUR G. DOUGHTY, C.M.G.,
LL.D., Deputy Minister, Public Archives of Canada. With 18 illustrations 1913 1-29
Constitution and Government of Canada. By THOMAS BARNARD FLINT, M.A., LL.D.,
D.C.L., Clerk of the House of Commons of Canada, Ottawa. With 8 illustrations. 1914 1-17
Local Government of Canada: Maritime Provinces. By THOMAS BARNARD FLINT,
M.A., LL.D., D.C.L., Clerk of the House of Commons of Canada, Ottawa 1915 1- 7
Quebec. By C. J. MAGNAN, Inspector General of Roman Catholic Schools, Quebec.. 1915 8-10
Ontario. By ERNEST H. GODFREY, F.S.S., Editor, Census and StatisticsOffice, Ottawa 1915 11-14
Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. By the REV. CAPTAIN EDMUND H. OLIVER,
Ph.D., Principal of the Presbyterian Theological College, Saskatoon, Saskatche
wan, and Chaplain of the 196th (Western Universities) Overseas Battalion 1915 14-23
British Columbia. By S. D. SCOTT, Vancouver, B.C 1915 23-26
Geology and Economic Minerals. By R. W. BROCK, M.A., F.G.S., Deputy Minister
of Mines, Ottawa. With 5 illustratioas 1913 41-46
Geology in Relation to Agriculture in Canada. By WYATT MALCOLM, Department of
Mines, Ottawa. With 4 illustrations 1914 34-38
Flora of Canada. By J. M. MACOUN, C.M.G., F.L.S., Assistant Botanist and Natural
ist, Department of Mines.Ottawa, and M. O. MALTE, Ph.D., Dominion Agrostolo-
gist, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. With 7 illustrations 1915 43-55
Faunas 9f Canada. By P. A. TAVERNER, Department of Mines, Ottawa. With 6 illus
trations 1915 55-63
Climate and Meteorology. By A. J. CONNOR, M.A., Climatologist of the Meteoro
logical Service of Canada 1913 113-122
General Survey of the Climate of Canada. By R. F. STUPART, F.R.S.C., Director
of the Meteorological Service of Canada, Toronto 1914 128-139
Natural Resources of the Dominion of Canada. By WATSON GRIFFIN, Department
of Trade and Commerce, Ottawa. With 10 illustrations 1916-17 1-61
The Story of Confederation. By SIR JOSEPH POPE, K.C.M.G., C.V.O., I.S.O., Under
Secretary of State for External A ffairs, Ottawa. With 2 illustrations 1918 1- 13
Fifty Years of Canadian Progress, 1867 to 1917. By ERNEST H. GODFREY, F.S.S.,
Editor, Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Ottawa 1918 23-72
The Climate of Canada since Confederation. By SIR FREDERICK STTTPART, Director,
Dominion Meteorological Service, Toronto 1918 154-157
Water-Powers of Canada. By J. B. CHALLTE=, C.E.fTor.), M.Can. Soc. C.E., Super
intendent, Water Power Branch, Department of the Interior, Ottawa 1918 281-283
TABLES IN CANADA YEAR BOOK, 1918.
TABLE Area and Population. PAGE.
10. Male Population of Canada 18 to 45 years of age, classified according to Nativity by Single
Years and by Provinces, Census, 1911 99-101
11. Percentage Proportion by Provinces of the Male Population, 18 to 45 years of age, which was
Canadian-born or Foreign-born on June 1, 1911 102
12. Percentage Distribution by Provinces of the Canadian-born, British-born and Foreign-born
Male Population, 18 to 45 years of age on June 1, 1911 102
Population Census of Prairie Provinces, 1916.
16. Urban and Rural Population of the Prairie Provinces, 1901-1916 105
17. Origins of the Population of the Prairie Provinces, born in Canada, United States, or else
where, 1916 106
18. Male and Female Population of the Prairie Provinces grouped by age periods, 1916 107
19. Conjugal Condition of the Prairie Provinces, 191 1 and 1916 . 108
20. Proportion of Males to Females in Age Groups of Single, Married, Widowed and Divorced,
191 1 and 1916 , 109
21. Birthplace of the People of the Prairie Provinces, 1911-1916 110
22. Population of Prairie Provinces, 10 years of age and over, who cannot speak English, 1916. . 110
23. [literacy by Sex in the Population, 10 years of age and over, 1916 Ill
Z4. Citizenship of Foreign-born in Prairie Provinces, 1916 Ill
25. Number and Percentage of Foreign-born Males, by Birthplaces, naturalized, 1916 112
Production.
Agricultural Census of the Prairie Provinces, 1916.
18. Total Area and Area of Land in Farms, 1911 and 1916 192
14. Number of Farms, by Provinces, 191 1 and 1916 193
15. Distribution of Farms by Size of Holding and Tenure, 1916 193
16. Classification of Farm Lands, 1911 and 1916 194
17. Numbers of Farm Live Stock by Provinces and Classes, 1916 . 194
18. Numbers of Farm Live Stock, 1911 and 1916 195
19. Numbers of Pure-bred Live Stock in the Prairie Provinces, 1911 and 1916 196-197
20. Fruit Production of the Prairie Provinces, 1915 198
M. Value of Farm Property, by Province?, 1911 and 1916 199
22. Values of Field and Animal Products and of all Farm Property, by Provinces, 1910 and 1915 199
World s Statistics of Farm Live Stock.
42. Numbers of Farm Live Stock by Principal Countries of the World, 1907 and 1916 225-230
Finance.
21. General Statistics of Cities and Towns, 1917 497-498
J2. Assessment and Valuation of Property of Cities and Towns, 1917 498-500
23. Receipts. Expenditure, Assets and Liabilities of Cities and Towns, 1917 501-502
N.B. For Similar Selections in previous issues, see 1914, p. vii; 1915, pp. 694-5; 1916-17, pp. 706-8; 1918,
o. 6/2
X ll
THE CANADA YEAR BOOK, 1919.
The special feature <f the Canada Year Book of 1919 is an
illustrated History of tin- Great War, 1914-1918, with appendices
showing the number of rewards tor gallantry and honourable service
granted to members of the Canadian Kxpcditionary Force.
A reorganisation of the official statistics of Canada, which is
now in progress by tin- Dominion Bun-ail ,,f Statistics, is reflected
by improvements in variou> sections, including especially those of
Education Section V , ; Trade and Commerce (Sect ion VIII) ; Trans-
portation and Communications (Section IX); and Finance (Section
XI In tll(1 1:lsl named section the Provincial Public Accounts,
after exhaustive analysis, have been redassified to permit of true
comparability as between province and province and as between
one year and another.
In all sections is giv ( . n the latest information available up to
the time of printing, and all the tables include, wherever possible,
the figures of 1919. Articles and tables not requiring alteration or
bringing up to date have not been repeated, but are noted for purposes
of reference in the Retrospective Index on page xii.
The volume has been edited by Mr. EBXKST H. GODFREY, F.S.S.,
with the assistance of Mr. S. A. CUDMORE, B.A. (Oxon.) Grateful
acknowledgments of valuable co-operation are again tendered to
officers of the Dominion and Provincial Governments throughout
Canada, including Mr. R. E. GOSNELL, of the Department of Public
Information, for assistance in compiling the record of principal
events and legislation. The tables have been compiled by Mr.
JAMES SKEAD and Mr. JOSEPH WILKIXS, and the diagrams have
been drawn by Mi-. R. E. WATTS.
R. H. COATS,
Dominion Statistician.
DOMINION BUREAU OF STATISTICS,
OTTAWA, June 30, 1920.
XIV
STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA.
Area of the Dominion of Canada in square miles: Land, 3,603,910: Water, 125,755: Total, 3,729,665.
Items.
1914.
1915.
1916.
1917.
1918.
1919.
Estimated population. . . No.
Immigration No
7,725,000
384,878
7,928,000
144,789
8,140,000
48,537
8,361,000
75,374
8,593,000
79,074
8,835,000
57,702
Agriculture
Wheat Acres
10,293,000
15,109,415
15,369,709
14,755,850
17,353,902
19,125,968
Oats "
10,061,500
11,555,681
10,996,487
13,313,400
14,790,336
14,952,114
Barley "
1,495,600
1,718,432
1,802,996
2,392,200
3,153,711
2,645,509
Corn
256,000
253,300
173,000
234,339
250,325
264,607
Potatoes
475,000
485,777
472,992
656,958
735,192
818,767
Hay and Clover "
Wheat Bush.
7,997,000
161,280,000
7,776,995
393,542,600
7,821,257
262,781,000
8,225,034
233,742,850
10,544,625
189,075,350
10,595,383
193,260,400
Oats "
313,078,000
464,954,400
410,211,000
403,009,800
426,312,500
394,387,000
Barley "
36,201,000
54,017,100
42,770,000
55,057,750
77,287,240
56,389,400
Corn "
13,924,000
14,368,000
6,282,000
7,762,700
14,214,200
16,940,500
Potatoes "
85,672,000
60,353,000
63,297,000
79,892,000
104,364,200
125,574,900
Hay and Clover Tons
Wheat $
10,259,000
196,418.000
10,612,000
356,816,900
14,527,000
344,096,400
13,684,700
453,038,600
14,772,300
381,677,700
16,348,000
364,857,000
Oats $
151,811,000
171,009,100
210,957,500
277,065,300
331,357,400
317,097,000
21,557,000
27,985,800
35,024,000
59,654,400
77,378,670
77,462,700
9,808,000
10,243,000
6,747,000
14,307,200
14,214,200
22,080,000
Potatoes $
41,598,000
36,459,800
50,982,300
80,804,400
102,235,300
118,894,200
Hay and Clover $
145,999,000
152,531,600
168,547,900
141,376,700
241,277,300
338,713,200
Field Crops
Total area Acres
33,436,675
39,140,460
38,930,333
42,602,288
51,427,190
53,049,640
Total value $
638,580,300
825,370,600
886,494,900
1,144,636,450
1,367,909,970
1,452,437,500
Live Stock
Horses No.
2,947,738
2,996,099
3,258,342
3,412,749
3,609,257
3,667,369
Milch Cows "
2,673,286
2,666,846
2,833,433
3,202,283
3,538,600
3,548,437
Other Cattle "
3,363,531
3,399,155
3,760,718
4,718,657
6,507,267
6,536,574
Sheep "
2,058,045
2,038,662
2,022,941
2,369,358
3,052,748
3,421,958
Swine "
3,434,261
3,111,900
3,474,840
3,619,382
4,289,682
4,040,070
Horses $
371.430,363
373,381,000
418,684,300
429,123,000
459,155,005
435,070,000
Milch Cows $
153,632,637
163,919,000
198,896,300
274,081,000
307,244,000
327,814,000
Other Cattle $
143,498,156
152,461,000
204,476,900
270,595,000
398,814,000
381,007,000
Sheep $
14,550,710
16,226,000
20,927,200
35,576,000
48,802,000
50,402,000
Swine $
42,418,325
43,653,000
60,701,000
92,886,000
112,751,000
102,309,000
Total value $
725,530,191
749,640,000
903,685,700
1,102,231,000
1,326 766 000
1,296,602,000
Dairying 1
Cheese factorv lb .
183,887,837
192,968,597
194,904,336
174,878,313
167,734,982
Butter, creamery lb.
_
83,991,453
82,564,130
87,526,939
93,298,348
101,554,131
Cheese, factory $
_
27,097,176
35,512,622
41,180,623
39,456,532
44,805,794
Butter, creamery $
24,385,052
26,966,355
34,274,218
41,859,156
55,182,422
Miscellaneous dairy
products $
18,424,485
26,025,162
33,665,277
Total value dairy pro
ducts .. $
93,879,326
107,340,850
133,653,493
Fisheries
Total value $
33,207,748
31,264,631
35,860,708
/39,208,3782
Minerals 1
Gold oz .
773,178
918,056
930,492
\5/,Jl^,044 i
738,831
W,.iO.{,0~
710,526
767,167
Silver "
28,449,821
26,625,960
25,459,741
22,221,274
21,284,607
15,675,134
Copper lb.
75,735,960
100,785,150
117,150,028
109,227,332
118,415,829
74,124,653
Lead "
36,337,765
46,316,450
41,497,615
32,576,281
43,846,260
43,895,888
Nickel "
45,517,937
68,308,657
82,958,564
84,330,280
92,076,034
44,542,953
Pig Iron Tons
783,164
913,775
1,169,257
1,170,480
1,194,000
38,457
Coal "
13,637,529
13,267,023
14,483,395
14,046,759
14,979,213
13,586,300
Cement . bbl.
7,172,480
5,681,032
5,369,560
4,768,488
3,591,481
4,991,340
Gold $
15,983,007
18,977,901
19,234,976
15,272,992
14,687,875
15,858,749
Silver $
15,593,631
13,228,842
16,717,121
18,091,895
20,597,540
17,418,522
CoDDer . $
10,301,606
17,410,635
31,867,150
29,687,989
29,163,458
14,041,549
Lead $
1,627,568
2,593,721
3,532,692
3,628,020
4,055,779
3,057,788
Nickel $
13,655,381
20,492,597
29,035,498
33,732,112
36.830,414
17,817,181
Pig Iron $
10,002,856
11,374,199
16,750,898
25,025,960
33,000,000
899,406
Coal $
33,471,801
32,111,182
38,817,481
43,199,831
55,752,671
54,051,720
Cement $
9,187,924
6,977,024
6,547,728
7,724,246
7,076,503
9,783,393
Total value. . . $
128,863,075
137,920,759
177,201,534
189,646,821
210,204,970
173,075,913
1 The figures for 1919 are subject to revision.
4 Calendar year 1918.
2 Fiscal year 1916-17.
3 Calendar year 1917.
XV
STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA-coi
Items.
1914.
1915.
-
1916.
1917.
_
1918.
=====
1919.
Manufactures
Employees No
i
$
i
1 431,588,43
1 618,457,14
514,88
1,994,103,27
289,764,50
1,407,137,14
9 409,418,83
I 455,446,31.
3
23,070.1.
3 (i:
} 3,451,584,04
8 741,610,63
2 507,817,15
8 692,06
2,786,649,72
5 553,305,67
3,015,577,94
3 1,151,375,76
) 845,356,30
7 680,23
73,070,105,73
5 628,659,60
3,451,584,04
8 1,540,027,78
3 962,543,74
8
5
8 1,216,443,806
3 916,429,335
Capital
-ries and wages. . . .
Products
Trade
Exports*
Imports 3
Total ,
Coin and Bullion
Erports 1
- Utfl,t45,58,
1 23,560,70 !
t 15,235,30^
I 864,865,141
I 29,366,36?
> 131,!"
J 1,249,427,79
J 103,572,431
! 34,260,20;
1 1,996,732,07
! 196,547,04;
! 28,081, 12(
I 2,502,571,53
3,491,40;
> 12.279.17J
2,132,873,141
_
Imports i
Total J
Erports, domestic
\\ln-iit Bush
38,796,005
120,426,578
34,996,664
191,515
23.S
1.23
144,478,340
117,719,21
20,581,07
13,379,84
1,787,05
3,763,19
309,04
18,868,785
20,623,560
41 , 792,13
57,443, -I:.
59,039,054
13,326,755
36,758,276
83,250,198
50,580,536
1,498,820
20,971,538
9.4S
5,374,738
3,703,765
53,544,539
29,880,211
2,331,772
16,789,413
417,55 ).
71,694,173
41,896,804
30,795
,808,820,761
46,702,280
101,393,989
243,083,539
178,975,259
1,561
147,595,342
614,709,819
1,845,923
29,691,007
19,107,818
1(1,359,364
71,913,385
17,768,166
131
76,801,419
24,913
137,601,661
7 J, 293,548
24,610,946
8,961,126
2,232,558
11,811,825
639,625
19,213,501
19,687,068
85,539,501
51,740,989
15,406,510
25,355,305
62,999,718
45,412,017
1,512,487
13,516,390
6,552,005
5,063,656
4,466,258
52,449,384
.S73.971
1,856,298
9,613,891
286,214,321
54,171,002
155,260,437
35,578
,875,810,888 1
46,322,035
87,204,838
199,843,072
147,731,099
1,590
150,344,002
562,302,373
1,433,602
26,922,900
18,131,842
1 137,832,634
157,745,465
100,21
26,816,32
255,40
144,918,86
3,441,183
168,961,583
172,896,445
35,767,044
14,637,849
5,84<M2s
25,710,767
1,018,769
26,690,500
22,377,977
51,271,400
212,034,998
66,589,861
16,870,394
27,794,566
111,046,300
70,443,000
1,971,124
14,298,351
14,670,073
7,714,769
6,032,765
54,018,369
37,555,794
1,591,073
5,240,154
305,474,649
48,022,694
90,174,628
37,434
,893,125,774 1
49,027,671
109,659,088
261,888,654
180,542,259
1,674
154,895,584
580,094,167
1,936,674
27,416,285
18,099,906
1 224,628,16*
189,643,84
7,-!-
66,368,832
198,914
207,213,267
7,990,435
180,733,426
244,394,586
47,473,474
33,918,479
4,219,091
43,011,439
2,491,992
36,721,136
24,889,253
55,907,209
477,399,676
85,616,907
19,671,026
23,844,261
126,489,800
82,620,400
1,899,185
15,870,803
22,744,825
8,925,554
6,817,034
69,768,892
54.929,204
2,476,279
6,902,193
468,502,848
69,740,069
201,117,941
38,604
,985,119,991 1
53,749,680
121,916,272
310,771,479
222,890,637
1,744
161,234,739
629,441,997
2,333,539
30,237,664
20,098,634
15,770,57<
150.392.03/
9,931, 14E
54,877,882
440,368
199,957,475
4,926,154
169,530,753
366,341,565
95,896,492
37,644,293
5,073,814
57,995,116
2,000,467
36,602.504
32,602,151
51,899,704
636,602,516
73,760,502
13,688,700
21,960,827
77,534,900
83,049,900
1,902,010
18,428,571
10,710,705
9,029,535
8,684,038
91,932,169
53,026,776
2,923,626
9,751,171
531,745,562
112,212,829
160,951,523
38,879
,999,880,494 2
50,737,294
127,543,687
330,220,150
273,955,436
1,616
167,253,093
487,365,456
2,497,530
24,299,890
17,535,975
_
41,808,897
9,205,439
17,879,783
492,208
120,622,092
13,659,157
152,207,037
96,985,056
99,931,659
15,193,527
7,666,491
39,046,058
6,140,864
35,223,983
37,137,072
70,551,901
555,429,130
77,514,508
9,202,033
19,758,478
65,612,400
79,164,400
1,826,639
19,519,642
8,684,191
11,170,359
10,169,722
38,896
,009,909,510
78,371,716
116,699,572
382,976,901
341,866,509
1,696
171,894,556
686,124,263
2,474,892
35,696,532
26,839,070
\\ heat flour. bbl
Oats Bush
Hay Tons
Bacon lb
Butter "
Wheat..
Wheat flour
Oats
Hay
Bacon
Butter
Cheese
Fisheries
Forest produce
Manufactures...
Minerals.
Gold*. . .
Silver 6 oz
Copper lb
Nickel
Coal Tons
Silver $
Copper |
Nickel.... x
Coal
Imports for consumption
icultural produce $
Animalsand their produce $
Fisheries $
Forest produce $
Manufactures $
Minerals |
Miscellaneous* $
Steam Railways
Miles in operation v
Capital $ ]
Passengers No
Freight Tons
Earnings. . . $
Expenses . .
Electric Railways 7
Miles in operation No.
Capital $
Passengers No
Freight Tons
Earnings f
Expenses. .
^ The figures fnrTqtQ
matte rSis Ptl
TramwIjJ
6 r
A the numb % of . employees; employees include outside
For 1918 the figures are preliminary and do not include outside piece
mercl * d l se f onJ Y 3 Imjx>rt8 of merchandise for home consumption.
- /Tf n ooun *n e9 onlv - 5 Copper, fine, contained in ore,
mcluded - 7 Statistics for 1918 do not include Montreal
XVI
STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA concluded.
Items.
1914.
1915.
1918.
1917.
1918.
1919.
Canals
Passengers carried. .No.
Freight Tons.
287,326
37,023,237
250,836
15,198,803
263,648
23,583,491
244,919
22,238,935
212,143
18,883,619
-
Shipping (sea-going)
Entered Tons
14,982,393
13,132,944
12,616,927
14,789,781
15,780,160
11,694,613
Cleared "
14,586,093
12,269,642
12,210,723
14,477,293
17,006,967
13,566,780
Total "
W,58,486
35,402,586
94,827,650
2,2C?,074
32,7S7,12?
25,261,393
Telegraphs, Government,
miles of line
9,933
10,488
10,699
10,924
10,950
11,428
Telegraphs, other, miles of
line
35,128
36,484
38,552
39,196
39,438
37,771
Postal-
Money orders issued 3
Revenue $
109,500,670
12,956,216
89,957,906
13,046,650
94,469,871
18,858,410
119,695,535
20,902,384
142,959,168
21,345,394
142,375,809
21,602,713
Expenditure $
12,822,058
15,961,197
16,009,139
16,300,579
18,046,558
19,273,584
Revenue $
163,174,395
133,073,482
172,147,838
232,701,294
260,778,953
312,946,747
Expenditure $
127,384,473
135,523,207
130,350,727
148,599,343
178,284,313
232,731,283
Gross debt $
544,391,369
700,473,814
936,987,802
1,382,003,268
1,863,335,899
2,676,635,725
Assets 5
208,394,519
251,097,731
321,831,631
502,816,970
671,451,836
1,102,104,692
Net debt $
335,996,850
449,376,083
615,156,171
879,186,298
1,191,884,063
1,574,531,032
Chartered Banks
Capital paid up $
114,759,807
113,982,741
113,175,353
111,637,755
110,618,504
115,004,960
Assets $
1,555,676,935
1,596,424,643
1,839,286,709
2,111,559,555
2,432,331,418
2,754,568,118
Liabilities (excluding capi
tal and reserves) $
1,309,944,006
1,353,629,123
1,596,905,337
1,866,228,236
2,184,359,820
2,495,582,568
Deposits 1 $
1,144,210,363
1,198,340,315
1,418,035,429
1,643,203,020
1,909,895,780
2,189,428,885
Savings Banks
Deposits in Post Office. . $
Government $
41,591,287
13,976,317
39,995,406
14,006,157
40,008,418
13,520,009
42,582,479
13,633,610
41,283,479
12,177,283
41,654,920
11,402,098
Special $
39,110,439
37,817,474
40,405,037
44,139,978
42,000,543
46,799,877
Loan Companies-
Assets $
70,588,091
71,992,666
70,872,297
69,676,223
69,995,036
Liabilities $
70,588,091
71,992,666
70,872,297
69,679,193
69,995,224
Deposits $
8,104,072
9,193,194
8,987,720
8,934,825
7,802,539
-
Trust Companies
Assets $
10,740,640
7,306,350
7,826,943
7,656,292
8,836,137
Liabilities $
10,743,400
7,306,350
7,826,943
7,656,292
8,836,137
_
Dominion Fire Insurance
Amount at risk Dec. 31. $
Premium income for year $
Provincial Fire Insurance
Amount at risk Dec. 31. .$
Premium income for year $
Dominion Life Insurance
Amount at risk Dec. 31 . . $
Premium income for year $
Provincial Life Insurance
Amount at risk Dec. 31 . . $
Premium income for year $
3,456,019,009
27,499,158
1,242,160,478
41,094,095
3,531,620,802
26,474,833
1,311,616,677
45,106,678
3,720,058,236
27,783,852
849,915,678
3,902,504
1,422,179,632
48,093,105
348,097,229
5,311,003
3,986,197,514
31,246,536
891,299,821
4,081,815
1,585,042,563
54,843,609
415,870,273
7,397,193
4,523,514,841
35,954,408
1,000,541,101
4,185,851
1,785,061,273
61,641,047
239,126,190
4,821,839
\
Including amounts deposited elsewhere than in Canada.
NOTE.
In the foregoing Summary the statistics of immigration, fisheries, (1914-17), trade, shipping, the
Post Office, the public debt, revenue and expenditure and the Poet Office and G3vernment Savings Banks
relate to the fiscal year ended March 31. Agricultural, dairying, fisheries (1917-18), mineral, manufactur
ing, banking, insurance, loan and trust companies statistics relate to the calendar years and railway
statistics to the years ended June 30. Canal statistics are those of the navigation seasons. The telegraph
statistics relate to the fiscal years for Government lines and to the calendar years for other lines.
z
o
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u
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O
2
-
Q
2
s
L HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR, 1914-1918.
By Brig.-Genoral I]. A.j u, *:, U..I ).. I . R S.< !., Dictorof tha Historical Section
.ml Staff, Department .t Militia ami IVfence, Ottawa.
sr\r.MAKY OF coxTKxi-
>IU<;i\ OF THE W.VI.
OnRAnOMI ON THE WESTERN FROM, |-i|l
< >[>K RATIONS ON THK ,1, I .tll
\ VVAL AND COLONIAL W.uu i
- ON THE WESTERN FRONT, i
< I KRVTIONS ON STEKN FRONT, 1915
IIVI.IAN FRONT, 191"
Co MF SKRBIV, 191J
CAMPAIGN vr I)\RI>
- .! MESOPOTAMIA. l\n ,
ST or GEKV IHWKM
1915 ..........................
\AVA1, WARFARE, 1915...
PARTICIPATION IN THK WAR OK THI: Bi.
OviRSEASDoMI N OS, 1915
ECONOMY 1- ,.i- THE WAI:
I KRVTloss ON THE \\ > -
- o\ IHK Il\UAN FRONT. 1<116 ____
OPERATIONS ON IHK H. ,\,\
THK UAR IN THE C i)
MIV, 1916
THK WAK IN Ana. \
\\VAL WARKARI
PABTXOPATION OF THK He
MIM >NS \Nl> ( i)LONU !
1
3
7
8
11
13
13
14
14
1.-.
Iti
18
19
21
22
23
KmxTS OF THE WAR, 1916
Ol KKvriONS ON- THE WESTERN FRONT, 1917 "
THE ITALIAN FRONT, 1917
OpKHvriONS ,i\ IHK Kl -SSUN AND Rc.MVMvN
1 1917
SKRBIVN \ND (iiiEEK FRONTS, 1917. .
THK WAR iv MnoPOTAMIA AND ASIA, 1917
IHK WAR IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA, 1917
XAVKL WARFARE, 1917
i(Y INTO THE WAR OF THE UNITED STATED
1 Jl t
PABTKZPAIIOM OF THE BRITISH OVERSEAS DO
MINIONS AND COLONIES, 1917
ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE WAR, 1917
OH THK WKSTERN FRONT, 1918
ON THE ITALIAN FRONT, 1918.
"N THK BALKAN- FRONT, 1918
I HK WVR IN ASIA, 1918
ON THK !; \STKRN FRONT, 1918
Wut AT SE\, 191S
PARTI. IPATION or THE UNITED STATES AND THE
BRITISH <>VKKSK\S DOMINIONS IN THE
WVR, 1918
MS OF PEACE IMPOSED BY THE ALLIES, 1919
TOLL OF THE WAR, 1914-18..
PAGE.
24
25
30
Ml
33
33
34
34
35
37
53
54
54
55
57
60
61
64
ORIGIN OF THK WAK.
UK news nf the munltT of the Austrian Heir Apparent, and
Ins wife, in the stnvt> of Serajevo, the capital of the
province of Bosnia, on .June 28, 1914, came upon the
world like a thunderbolt from a l>lue sky. Demon-
rations of popular indignation and hostility to Serbia
followed in Vienna and other Austrian cities. The
government press in Austria and Germany at once
adopted the theory that the murder was the result of a wide-spread
conspiracy in that country, although the assassin declared that he
alone was responsible for the deed. Three weeks of ominous silence
followed. On July 23, Austria presented an ultimatum to Serbia which
it w r as impossible for that country to accept and remain an independ
ent state, and to which was attached a peremptory demand for its entire
acceptance in forty-eight hours. Within the period named, Serbia,
with Russian approval, announced her willingness to accede to all
the Austrian demands except two, which she desired should be
referred to the Hague Tribunal.
At noon, on July 28, Austria declared war by an open telegram,
and on the following night, the Austrian batteries on the left bank of
the Danube, and their gun boats in the river, began a bombardment
of Belgrade, the Serbian capital. An invasion of that country followed
at once.
Meanwhile, the British Foreign Secretary, Sir Edward Grey,
made strenuous efforts to maintain peace. He proposed a European
687081
HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
conference to meet in London. France and Italy accepted without
delay. The German Government replied on July 27 that it would
accept mediation "in principle," reserving its right to assist Austria
if attacked. On July 30, Russia ordered a general mobilization of its
army. At midnight of July 31 the German Ambassador at St. Peters
burg (now Petrograd) presented an ultimatum from his government,
requiring Russia to begin demobilization within twelve hours, or
before noon on the following day. As soon as the limit named in the
ultimatum had expired, both the German and Austrian Governments
ordered a general mobilization of their armies and navies, and at
seven o clock. that evening Russia was informed that a state of war
existed between Germany and that country. On the same day, the
President of the French Republic signed a decree for general mobiliza
tion, after receiving information that Germany had presented an
ultimatum to Russia, and was beginning to mobilize, thus declaring
the intention of France to stand by its ally. Sir Edward Grey had
already instructed the British Ambassadors at Berlin and Paris to
ask whether the neutrality of Belgium, in the event of war, would be
respected by Germany and France. The French Government replied
promptly in the affirmative, except in the event of some other power
violating that neutrality, when France might find herself compelled
in self-defence to act otherwise. On August 2 the German Government
required Belgium to take up an attitude of friendly neutrality by
permitting German troops to pass through her territory for the
invasion of France, granting a time limit of twelve hours in which to
make a reply. On the night of August 1 German troops invaded
Luxemburg and during the following day, overran the entire Duchy
and entered French territory near Longwy. On August 3 France in
formed Germany that a state of war existed between them in conse
quence of this invasion. Next day the British Government sent an
ultimatum to Germany requiring that country to respect the neu
trality of Belgium, which the German chancellor had already declared
it would be necessary to violate. Before this was received, the
German troops had entered Belgian territory in force and attempted
next day, to capture Liege, its chief industrial city, by direct assault.
Having undervalued the efficiency of the garrison, they attacked in
close formation and were repelled with heavy loss. On August 5,
in consequence, the British Government declared the existence of a
state of war between Great Britain and Germany, as having
begun at eleven p.m. on the preceding day. It is worthy of remark
that all belligerents sedulously abstained from making a distinct
declaration of war. Italy announced its intention of remaining
neutral on the ground that the war undertaken by Austria was an
aggressive conflict.
For many years the governing classes in Germany had been
schooled in the belief that this gigantic struggle between the great
powers of Europe was inevitable and must result in "world power or
downfall" for Germany. They had diligently prepared for it by taking
every measure which the resources of the country would permit to
increase its military and naval strength. The deepening of the Kiel
canal had been accomplished. This gave the navy a safe harbour
ulfH;l\ ni 777 /; It. I/,
of refuge with outlet- at (Mice into the Baltic ami the North sea.
It has been aptly compared to a " fox s earth with a double entrance."
The law for the immense increase of the army had not yet come into
full effect, and the projected preparations for offensive warfare were
not entirely complete* 1. Every conceivable plan for the invasion of
France as the most redoubtable adversary had been critically con-
-ideivd. There were three possible routes for this invasion: one lead
ing directly from < lermany into France was barred by a chain of
great defensive fortr- with the exception of the somewhat narrow
;p of Mirecourt between Toul and Kpinal. The other two passed
through the neutral states of Luxemburg and Belgium. All of these
were eventually to be utilized. The invasion was to take the form 0f
a great tidal wave sweeping irresistibly across the frontier on the
broadest front, and ultimately enveloping and destroying the French
field army and dictat ing terms in the capital. Success must be gained
by the utmost swiftness and ruthless energy in execution, combined
with a decided numerical superiority. Owing to the great extent of
the country, the incompleteness of its railway .system and presumed
inefficiency of its government, it was considered improbable that the
mobilization of the Russian army could be effected in less than six
weeks. In France, the mobilization period was two days longer
than in Germany; consequently it seemed possible that the German
army might overwhelm France and be in a position to turn effectively
upon the Russians afterwards.
The course that would be pursued by Great Britain was a matter
of vital importance to both countries. The German chancellor frankly
thought it incredible that Great Britain would risk the existence of
her empire for the sake of a mere " scrap of paper 7 as he scornfully
described the treaty for the maintenance of Belgian neutrality. If
Great Britain remained neutral, the superiority of the German and
Austrian fleets was so great as to insure them naval supremacy. The
French feared that British assistance, if given at all, would come so
late as to be of small avail. The declaration of August 5 was made
promptly as to relieve them from their worst apprehensions in
that respect.
OPERATIONS ON THE WESTERN FRONT, 1914.
On August 6 the Germans brought up their heavy howitzers, and
in the course of the day, to the amazement of the soldiers of other
nations, drove the Belgians out of two of their strongest forts at
Liege. Still the Belgian resistance was obstinate and the Germans lost
precious time in their advance. Some of the forts held out for many
days, and as long as this continued, it was impossible for them to
utilize the railways to pass the city in great force, and supply their
troops. This delay enabled the French and British armies to advance
and meet them on the frontier between France and Belgium.
As a diversion in favour of the Belgians the first French army
made a premature inroad into Alsace. A force based upon Belfort
crossed the frontier and occupied Altkirch on A ugust 7, and took
possession of the large industrial city of Mulhausen next day. On
the 9th, however, this force was attacked from two directions and
68708 1J
HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
driven out. It was strongly reinforced and again advanced. There
was hard fighting on the march, but on August 19, Mulhausen was
again taken with several batteries of German field guns and many
prisoners. The whole of Upper Alsace was apparently evacuated by
the Germans and the French advanced to the Rhine.
The German mobilization was completed on August 14, and on
August 19, the Belgian army was defeated at Lou vain and driven into
Antwerp. On August 20 the Germans occupied Brussels and levied
a huge war contribution. Their armies, estimated at nearly a million
of men, were rapidly advancing against the allied forces assembling-
near the Franco-Belgian frontier. The French mobilization was
completed on August 17, and on the same day it was announced that
a British expeditionary force, consisting of five infantry divisions and
five cavalry brigades had actually landed in France. The movement
of these troops, which began seven days before, had been kept a
profound secret. The main body of the French army had in the first
instance occupied a defensive position extending from Belfort to
Mezieres near the Belgian frontier, some seventy -five miles southeast
of Brussels. This had recently been extended westward by the
movement of French troops and the British army to a line reaching
from Namur through Charleroi to Mons, the British army being on
the extreme left near Mons. Another French army was placed under
orders to come up on the left of the British extending the line to the
fortress of Lille. It was confidently expected that the ring of forts
surrounding Namur and strongly garrisoned would delay the German
advance for a considerable period. The bombardment of these forts
by heavy howitzers began on the morning of August 22. They were
completely wrecked and surrendered on the afternoon of the 24th.
The fall of this town exposed the left flank of the allied army to an
enveloping movement which the Germans were not slow to undertake.
The Second French Army had forced the passes of the Vosges
mountains and advanced into Lorraine. Their success in several small
engagements induced them to make an ill advised attack on a strongly
prepared position at Morhange which was repelled with heavy loss
in men and guns. They were closely pursued across the frontier and
retreated to the south of Luneville, whicji was occupied by the Ger
mans. This entailed the retreat of the First Army from Alsace, and
a large portion of it was immediately sent by rail to the extreme left
of the allied line to form a part of the new Sixth French Army which
was being organized near Amiens. Of twenty-five army corps of the
first line troops in the German army, all but four were now massed
for operations in France with the intention of making a rapid and
irresistible onslaught upon the allied armies, which it was intended to
envelop by a double flanking movement in the hope of bringing about
another and greater Sedan. August 23 was a bad day for the allies.
One French army was defeated at Charleroi; another at Virton, in
advance of Nancy. The Sixth French Army failed to come up on the
left of the British, who had held their position near Mons with great
difficulty and heavy losses. Consequently, they were compelled to
retreat to avoid being turned on both flanks. Lille surrendered and
(H l-IHATIOXS 0.\ Tin- WESTERN //. "AT,
a general retreat of the whole allied let t , from Verdun westward
began toward Paris. On August 1M, a flood of Uhlans swept throng!)
the north of Fram They occupied Valenciennes, IVnaiii and many
other towns. The First German Army under ( leneral von Kluck
rontinued its advance at top speed, trying to outflank the British in
their retirement and drive them towards Maubeuge. The obvious
purpose of its wide sweep westward was at once to turn the successive
.arpments which form the natural defences of Paris to the eastward
and envelop the opposing forces. Hot fighting took place at Landre-
eies on August 2f>. and next day at Le Cateau. The losses on both
-ides were severe, but the British were obliged to abandon many guns
"ii continuing their retreat. Fighting took place that day on a front
of almost one hundred miles. A very fierce assault by the Germans
in the neighbourhood of Nancy was repelled with great loss.
Mzieres was abandoned by the French. The allied forces were
pushed back all along the line on their left. On August 27 the old
frontier fortress of Longwy surrendered after a bombardment of
vend days. Maubeuge was invested. The Germans advanced to
the forest of the Argonne. The French Cabinet resigned and was
placed immediately by a stronger one, General Gallieni was
appointed Governor of Paris. Arrangements were made for the
removal of the French ministry to Bordeaux.
Large Russian armies had entered Eastern Prussia and Galicia,
where they had gained important victories. The inhabitants were
flying before them in terror. Three German army corps were promptly
nt eastward by rail to oppose the invaders. The German operations
in France were driven forward with furious energy and speed, regard
less of losses and the exhaustion of the troops, in the hope of winning-
decisive victory before turning against their eastern enemy. The
tired men were ruthlessly spurred onward and reminded of the military
maxim that "sweat saves blood." As their mobilization was more
effective than that of the allies, they still greatly outnumbered them
in the decisive theatre of war, west of Verdun. The British army was
ain outflanked and driven from Cambrai on August 26, and from
. Quentin on the 28th. On the 29th it was directed to fall back
to a selected position behind the Marne, on a line extending from
Compiegne to Soissons. Amiens, Laon and Reims were abandoned.
The Fifth French Army on the British right made a fierce counter-
offensive at Guise with some success, but its left attack failed and the
line of the Somme was abandoned. The Sixth French Army, however,
was hastily forming up on the British left, but retired toward Paris.
The bridges crossing the Marne and other rivers were everywhere
destroyed in the retreat. On September 3, the French Government
removed to Bordeaux. General JofYre advised Sir John French to
retire behind the Seine which he did, and the Germans crossed the
Marne. It was no longer possible for them to outflank the allied left
which then rested securely on the great fortress of Paris garrisoned by
half a million men. Their whole enveloping movement had therefore
failed. Their losses had been very great, not only in battle but on
the march, owing to the feverish haste of their movements. Their
First Army which had been moving directly upon Paris, swerved
6 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
sharply to its left and marched eastward, thus presenting its right
flank to an allied attack. The German line of communication extended
back nearly two hundred miles through Belgium, to their own
country, and the railways in many places were destroyed and bridges
broken. In this perilous situation, the fateful decision was taken to
withdraw six additional army corps and send them eastward for the
protection of East Prussia and the support of the Austrian Army,
which had been badly beaten in Galicia. After their departure, the
advantage of numbers was considerably on the side of the allies.
On September 5 representatives of Great Britain, France and
Russia signed an agreement binding each power not to conclude a
separate peace, nor discuss conditions of peace without the consent of
the others. General Joffre issued an order of the day, directing a
general offensive to begin next morning. In the evening a sortie
from the garrison of Verdun captured a large provision train on its
way to the army of the German Crown Prince. The battle of the
Marne began at sunrise on September 6, and continued for seven days.
The right of the allies rested on Verdun, their left on Paris. The front
of battle covered one hundred and fifty miles, and it is estimated that
two and a half millions of men were engaged. By noon of the first
day, von Kluck discovered the danger of his position and commenced
a hurried retreat covering the movement of his columns by strong
rear guards. His retirement exposed the flank of the armies on his left
which in turn, were forced to retire. Maubeuge, however, surrendered
on the 7th, with its garrison of forty thousand men, having endured
a fierce bombardment for twelve days. The besieging force was
liberated to strengthen other German armies. After retiring across
the Marne, the Germans turned at bay and fought desperately to
hold their ground. On September 11, the army of the Crown Prince
launched a general attack on the French positions at the Grand
Couronne de Nancy, which failed with great loss. On the following-
day, however, the Germans succeeded in taking the forts of Troyon
and Camp des Remains on the Meuse and crossed that river at St.
Mihiel. The German armies on their right retired across the river
Aisne. Amiens, Reims, Chalons sur Marne were evacuated by them.
Many prisoners and guns were lost in their retreat. The victors
themselves were so amazed at their success, that it became popularly
known in France as "the miracle of the Marne." Foremost among the
contributory causes of the German defeat, were the physical exhaus
tion of their troops, the breakdown of their transport service and the
withdrawal of nine army corps at the critical moment to the eastern
front.
They had already prepared a strong defensive position on the
plateau north of the Aisne, with its right resting on the wooded hills
near Noyon, and destroyed the bridges in their front. Four lines of
railways leading from Belgium were available for their supply, and
another connecting these, ran from east to west, close in rear. Their
operations at first were wholly defensive, but were followed later by
occasional counter-attacks. The allies prolonged their line steadily
to their left in the hope of turning the German position, and striking
their communications. The Germans responded by a similar extension
ol /:/. . 1 7 /n.V.S CW 77/ WESTERN FRONT, 1914
of their lines northward, and at the end of (he third week of the
fighting on the Ai.Mie. the lines held by the opposing forces reaehed
La Bassee, within ten miles of the Belgian frontier.
Antwerp, the new seat of the Belgian Government, had been
besieged by the German-. Their bombardment began on September
_> The protecting t nrts were soon reduced to silence. A consider
able body of British troops and marines had arrived for the assistance
of the garrison, but on October ."i. the >it nation was definitely pro
nounced hopele>>. and the evacuation of the city began. Four day-
later, the Germans took poe>sion.
A meat force of cavalry followed by two newly organized German
armies, began its advance on the roads leading to Dunkirk and
Calai-. Lille and the manufacturing towns in its vicinity were soon
occupied by them without resistance. The British army had been
reinforced from England, and by a strong contingent from India,
which landed at Marx-illes. and it was hastily moved from its position
on the Ai>ne to a new line extending from La Bassee to Ypres.
French and Belgian troops continued the line to the North Sea at
Dixmude. In the middle of October, the Germans began a great
attack near Ypres. making desperate efforts to force their
way io Calais and Dunkirk. This lasted almost without inter
mission until November 5, when its failure was tacitly confessed.
The allies acting on the defensive had lost one hundred thousand men
while the loss of the Germans was undoubtedly much greater. At
its conclusion, four millions of men faced each other in parallel lines
of entrenchments, extending from the North sea to the Swiss frontier.
a distance in a direct line of three hundred and fifty miles, but follow
ing the sinuous battle front, measuring more than five hundred.
During the remainder of the year, these lines practically remained
stationary, with little gain or loss of ground on either side.
OPERATIONS OX THE EASTERN FRONT, 1914.
The Russian advance against East Prussia and Galicia began on
August 16. Two large armies were directed upon the former province.
The first of these, known as the army of the Niemen, defeated a
Geiman corps in a lear guard action at Gumbinnen, and threatened
Ku tiigsberg, the great frontier fortress. The other, called the army
of the Narew, advanced successfully in the region of the Masurian
lakes and occupied Allenstein. On August 22, General Paul von
Hindenburg was placed in command of the German armies on this
front. By a skilful use of railways and mechanical transport, and
taking advantage of the natural features of the country he enveloped
and practically annihilated the army of the Narew near Tannenberg
on August 30 and 31. Having been strongly reinforced from the
western front, he turned swiftly against the army of the Niemen and
drove it across the frontier with heavy loss. He next invaded and
overran the greater part of the province of Suwalki. The Russians
took up a position behind the Niemen, which Hindenburg failed to
cross. He was subsequently worsted in a series of actions near
Augustowo, September 28-October 3, and forced to retire into East
Prussia. Having been strongly reinforced from the west, the Germans
S HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
again advanced and captured the great industrial city of Lodz. They
then marched against Warsaw but were checked before reaching that
city.
The Russian invasion of Galicia was more fortunate. After some
minor successes, they won a very great victory over an Austrian army
near Lemberg on September 2. They drove the Austrians across the
river San, captured Jaroslav,and besieged the great fortress of Przemysl.
They then advanced upon Cracow. The Austrian army was heavily
reinforced by Germans and the Russians retired to the line of the
Vistula to protect Warsaw. Here they were attacked and succeeded
in holding their ground in a battle of six days duration, when a strong
force of cavalry enveloped the German left wing and forced them to
make a long and costly retreat. Early in December, the Russians
renewed the siege of Przemysl and again advanced towards Cracow.
The Austrian invasions of Serbia had been repelled with severe
loss and a Serbian army invaded Bosnia and besieged Serajevo. In
November, the Austrian army was reinforced, drove out the Serbians
and pursued them into their own country. Belgrade was bombarded
and laid in ruins. On December 5, the Serbian army defeated the
invaders and recaptured Belgrade on the 14th.
Montenegro declared war on Austria on August 7, and assisted
the Serbians in their invasion of Bosnia. On October 31, diplomatic
relations between Turkey and the Allies were broken off. Follow
ing upon a Germano-Turkish attack upon the Russian Black Sea coast,
Great Britain declared war against Turkey and annexed Cyprus on Nov
ember 5, and France declared war next day. A Holy War against the
Allies was proclaimed by the Sultan on November 25. The allied
fleet bombarded the forts at the Dardanelles. The Turks invaded
the Caucasian frontier of Russia, but were almost immediately driven
out. Troops from India landed at the head of the Persian Gulf,
and occupied the port of Basra on November 21. The Turks were
defeated by this force at Kurna on the Tigris on December 8, and the
richest part of the Delta was occupied by the victorious troops.
NAVAL AND COLONIAL WARFARE, 1914.
With the entry of Great Britain into the war, the command of
the seas passed into the hands of the Allies. It became no longer
possible for the reservists of Germany and Austria to return from
beyond the seas, and the conquest of the German colonies was an
easy matter. About half of the German shipping at the declaration
of war was on the high seas or in foreign and colonial ports. The
destruction of German commerce and the close blockade of her ports
must eventually accomplish her ruin. Her fleet, however, still com
manded the Baltic and enabled her to carry on a prosperous trade
with Scandinavia, and the outer world through Scandinavian ports.
The main task of the British Grand Feet in the North sea was to
prevent German squadrons or single ships from reaching the Atlantic
or from remaining at sea any length of time without meeting a superior
British force. The first encounter of any magnitude took place in
the Bight of Heligoland on August 28. Three German cruisers and
two torpedo boats were destroyed.
XAVAL A\D COWMM. HM /> / ,! / /;. W <)
Small German squadrons made flying raids upon the English
ports on two occasions. Appearing off Yarmouth on November 3,
they caused some damage, and on December 1(1, the ports of Scar
borough, Hartlepool and Whit by were bombarded and many inhabi
tants killed or wounded. The German cruisers, which were then
at sea, wen 1 able to inflict considerable damage on British and allied
-hipping. The most successful of these were the Karlsruhe, theEmden
and theKcenmslx" The Kmden was finally destroyed by the Austra
lian cruiser "Sydney" at the ( ocns islands on November 9, and
the Kcenigsberg was bottled up in the Ruflgi river in German East
Africa, where she was subsequently destroyed. On November 3, a
British squadron of three cruisers encountered a German squadron
of much superior force off the harbour of < orotiel in Chile. The
German Admiral von Spec -kilfully taking advantage of weather
conditions, succeeded in sinking the Monmouth and Good Hope,
while 4 tin 1 third Brit ish vessel escaped. When this event became known
to the Admiralty, another squadron of superior strength was secretly
equipped and despatched under Admiral Sturdee in search of the
victors. On the morning of December .">, the German squadron of
five ships was sighted off the Falkland islands and four of them were
quickly destroyed. They were gallantly fought to the last.
Several British cruisers and destroyers were sunk by submarines,
and on October 27 the "Audacious," a now super-dreadnought, was
>uiik by a mine off the north coast of Ireland. German merchant
-hipping was quickly swept from the face of the ocean, being cap
tured or interned in neutral ports.
The war against the Gorman overseas possessions was vigor
ously prosecuted. The German colony in Samoa was taken by an
expedition from New Zealand on August 29. The Bismarck Archi
pelago was captured by the Australians on September 12, and King
William s Land, and Yap in the Caroline islands were occupied by
them in the latter part of the same month. The colonial forces of
British South Africa invaded German South West Africa. Japan
declared war against ( lermany on August 23. In September, a Japan
ese army, joined by a small British force, besieged the fortress of Tsing-
tau which surrendered on November 7. The Marshall islands were
occupied by the Japanese on October 6.
An insurrection in South Africa headed by Generals de Wet and
Beyers was quickly suppressed by the colonial forces.
A Canadian expeditionary force was rapidly assembled in August,
1914, at the training camp of Yalcartier, near Quebec, where it re
mained until transportation and a sufficient escort of ships of war
could be provided late in the following month; and on October 14,
this force consisting of approximately 32,000 men arrived at Plymouth.
Contingents from Australia and New Zealand were transported to
Egypt. A large force of British territorial troops was despatched to
India, liberating an expeditionary force of British and Indian troops
for service in France. The French Nineteenth Army Corps from
Algeria was conveyed across the Mediterranean unmolested, and
great numbers of native troops were recruited for service in the
French dominions of Africa and Asia, and brought to France. Such
10 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
movements of troops would not have been practicable without
absolute control of the sea.
At the end of the, year, Germany had signally failed in her main
purpose of destroying the French and British armies, and afterwards
in a very desperate effort to reach the Channel ports. She had,
however, overrun Belgium and remained in possession of a tenth of
the soil of France containing its most valuable mines of coal and iron,
and several of its greatest industrial towns. Austrian armies had
been soundly beaten by the Russians and Serbians, and the province
of Galicia had been lost.
OPERATIONS ON THE WESTERN FRONT, 1915.
In January the Allies made three determined efforts to pierce
the German lines in Alsace, in Champagne, and at Souchez, north of
Arras. A French force crossed the Aisne near Soissons and gained a
precarious foothold north of the river. The stream rose in flood during
the night and carried away most of the bridges, thus isolating the
force on the north side. It was attacked by greatly superior numbers
on the 13th and driven across the river with heavy loss. On the morn
ing of March 13, a formidable offensive began on the British front at
Neuve Chapelle, ten miles west of Lille. The German entrenchments
were levelled by a well directed artillery fire and carried by the
infantry without much difficulty. The advance was continued as far
as the second line, where the assaulting troops were compelled to
halt through disorganization. The artillery was unable to continue
its barrage from want of ammunition and the expected reinforcements
did not come up. The position won was maintained and German
counter-attacks were repelled with great loss. Neuve Chapelle has
been aptly described as a victory that "halted half way through lack
of prompt support and co-ordination." On March 14, the Germans
commenced a terrific bombardment of the British lines at St. Eloi.
Shortly after, they sprang an immense mine and blew up part of the
British entrenchments which were then carried by assault. Next day
the British counter-attacked and retook most of the lost ground. On
April 17, the British sprang a mine under Hill 60, three miles south
east of Ypres, and carried the German works by assault. Fierce
fighting followed during the next five days. On the evening of the
22nd the Germans discharged a great volume of poisonous gas
against the French trenches north of Ypres, which was carried toward
them by a favourable wind. The French African troops holding this
line were surprised and became panic-stricken. A whole division was
nearly destroyed in consequence. The Germans poured into the gap
and began to cross the canal. At the same time, they attempted to
use gas against the Third Canadian Infantry Brigade, on the French
right. Here the direction of the wind was not so propitious and the
Canadians firmly held their lines and repelled the attack. which was
renewed against the Second Canadian Brigade on the following
afternoon with no better success. These assaults with gas continued
intermittently until the middle of May. Within two weeks, the
allied troops were supplied with gas helmets and respirators and the
temporary advantage of the Germans was at an end. They had forced
(>/ /; AM 77o \N ON THE WESTKi;\ /7,v/.\y, t916 11
the Allies to shorten their lines at Ypivs, hut failed to take the city
and were ultimately driven back across the canal.
The month ol April was also marked by a resolute effort on the
part of the French to expel the Germans from their foothold across
the Meuse at St. Mihiel. They made limit e.d progress on the flanks of
the German salient, hut failed to carry the main position. Their
looses were severe. To relieve the British and assist the Russians in
their operation neral Foch began a great offensive on a front of
twenty miles north of Arras on May Id. The first line of German
trenches was overwhelmed by a terrific storm of shells and carried
with little difficulty. The < iermans were well prepared in their
alternative lines of defence, and succeeded in holding their positions,
although these attacks were continued with little relaxation for the
next three months. The British attacked La Bassee. and gained
some ground, but eventually failed again from want of art illery ammu
nition. On ,Iulv o(). the Germans retook some trenches they had lost
.
near Hooge by making use of flame projectors for the first time.
The Allies began a prolonged bombardment on September
J. which lasted for twenty-five days, preparatory to an advance
on a wide front. The British attacked near La Bassee, and pene
trated the German lines to a depth of two mil The French gained
some Around on the British right, and in Champagne pierced the
German lines on a front of fifteen miles. Nearly 30,000 prisoners
were taken, but the Allies failed to break the German third line.
Troops were swiftly brought from the Russian front, yet subsequent
counter-attacks made by the Germans in the months of October and
November did not recover much of their lost ground and proved very
costly. For the remainder of the year, operations on this front were
of a local and unimportant nature.
OPERATIONS ON THE EASTERN FRONT, 1915.
At the beginning of the year, Warsaw was still the chief objective
of the German movements. Their attacks upon the Russian positions
in January and February in western Poland were generally unsuccess
ful. A great army was collected in East Prussia which began its
advance on July 7, and drove the Russian forces across the Niemen.
At the same time, a formidable Austro-German offensive started in
the Carpathians with the purpose of relieving Przemysl. This force
was beaten in a great battle near Halicz on March 11; Przemysl sur
rendered with its garrison of 120,000 men on March 22. The battle
in the Carpathians continued until. the middle of April when the
roads became impassable by continuous rains. The German offensive
was afterwards resumed by a skilful attack under the command of
Field -Marshal von Mackensen. After a terrific artillery preparation
on May 2, the Germans succeeded in piercing the Russian positions at
Gorlice and forced retreat to the line of the river San. Here the
Russians were again attacked and, after a battle which lasted for two
weeks, were forced to retire; and Przemysl was retaken. Another
battle began for the possession of Lemberg, which was captured by the
Austrians on June 22. In the middle of July, a gigantic offensive
12 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
commenced all along the eastern front. The Germans forced the
passage of the Narew, and advanced against Warsaw. Libau was
taken on August 1; Ivangorod fell on August 4, and Warsaw was
occupied on the 5th. The Russian armies were pursued with great
energy, but succeeded in effecting their retreat without suffering a
decisive overthrow. The remainder of their frontier fortresses were
taken in rapid succession, or evacuated, and the remnant of their
troops retired beyond the river Dvina where they were rallied and
received strong reinforcements. In September, they once more
assumed the offensive and gained a considerable success south of the
Pripet marshes.
During the whole of this period, their well organized network of
military railways enabled the Germans to concentrate large masses
of troops at almost any point in the theatre of war. Whole armies
were conveyed rapidly by this means from front to front and flank to
flank.
THE ITALIAN FRONT, 1915.
Italy declared war on Austria on May 23, 1915. Next day>
Italian troops invaded Austrian territory on all adjacent fronts.
The cities of Trent and Trieste were their main objectives. The block
ade of the Austro-Hungarian ports was taken over by the Italian
navy. Owing to the great natural strength of the Austrian positions,
and their careful fortification, the advance of the invaders was slow
and costly. On July 25, they gained a foothold on the Carso plateau
on the road to Trieste, but were subsequently obliged to retire by
the overwhelming fire of the Austrian artillery. This year terminated
without any further advance. The natural obstacles of a mountainous
country proved well nigh insuperable and could only be overcome by
immense exertions and great engineering skill. In many instances
batteries, constructed at a height of nine or ten thousand feet above
the sea level, were firing at targets above the clouds. An accumulation
of water was usually as urgent as a supply of ammunition.
CONQUEST OF SERBIA, 1915.
In the end of September, 1915, a large German army under the
command of von Mackensen was concentrated on the northern
frontier of Serbia. A week later the Bulgarians definitely entered
into the war as allies of the central powers. The Austro-German
armies crossed the frontier on October 6 in great force. Their advance
was very slow but quite irresistible. The Serbian army was driven
steadily before them, and the country overrun. By the beginning
of December its remnants were driven into the mountains of Monte
negro and Albania, where many perished from disease and privation.
French and British troops had occupied the Greek port of Salonik.
on October 5, and moved northward along the railway into southern .
Serbia, where they occupied an extensive intrenched position. Here
they were attacked by the Bulgarians on December 6, and after nine
days severe fighting compelled to retire to Saloniki.
CAMI M<r\ AT TIH-: DARDANELLES, 1916 13
( VMPAKiN AT THE DARDANELLES, 1915.
Aftrr clo-ely blockading the entrance to these straits for <ome
months, a powerful British and French fleet was assembled for a
naval attack in February. 1915. The coast defences had meanwhile
been greatly strengthened, and a powerful army assembled for their
protection under the direction of German officer-. The bombardment
began on February 1H. and was continued at intervals until the
evening of March 12. Several of the forts were silenced and greatly
damaged. On March JO. the attack W&B renewed. Three battle
ships of the allied squadron were sunk during the day by mines or
gun lire. This wa- a serious reverse.
A military expedition under the command of Sir Ian Hamilton
had already been organized to attack these defences in the rear.
It con-i-ted of a British, an Australian-New Zealand and a French
army corps, numbering 120.000 men. A much larger force of Turkish
troop-, with a considerable number of (let-man officers and soldi"
had been assembled to oppose the inva>ion. A landing was effected
on April 2-"). with -erious losses. A limited foothold was secured on
the peninsula but after most per-i-tent efforts, the troops failed to
curry the height.- dominating their position. Siege operation- wen-
then undertaken, which continued in the face of insuperable difficultly
until the end of the year, when the undertaking was reluctantly
abandoned, and the allied troops wen withdrawn, after months of
incredible efforts in which they had displayed indomitable courage and
tenacity.
OPERATIONS IX EGYPT AM) MESOPOTAMIA, 1915.
The British garri.-on in Fgypt had been strongly reinforced the
year before. The Sue/ canal wa- fortified and guarded by strong
garrisons. An advance of the Turks from Syria was repelled in the
first week of February, 191"). Subsequent small raids were easily
repulsed. In April the British-Indian force in Mesopotamia wa-
reinforced by a second division, and General Sir John Nixon took
command. The Turks were defeated at Shaiba on April 12, and again
at Nasiriyeh on the Euphrates about ninety miles above on July 24.
They were again defeated at Kut-el-Amara, on the Tigris on Septem
ber 28, and closely pursued by a British division under General
Townshend. They were driven from a fortified position in Ctesiphon,
twenty miles from Bagdad, on November 22. Afterwards they were
greatly reinforced and Townshend was obliged in turn to retire to
Kut-el-Amara, where he was surrounded and besieged.
A formidable attempt of the Turks to invade Russian territory
in the Caucasus was defeated. One Turkish army corps was forced to
surrender and two others were entirely routed. The Russians
gained ground slowly in Armenia and Persia.
CONQUEST OF GERMAN SOUTHWEST AFRICA, 1915.
The rebellion in South Africa terminated on February 3, with
the surrender of the last rebel leader. The colonial forces under the
command of General Louis Botha, the premier of the Union, under-
14 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
took the invasion of German South West Africa. The principal port
had already been occupied by a small British force. Two divisions of
the colonial forces entered the colony and marched upon Windhoek,
the capital, which was occupied on May 12. The German governor
surrendered on July 9 with the remnant of his force.
NAVAL WARFARE, 1915.
At the beginning of the year only four German cruisers were
still at sea. Two of these sought refuge at ports in the United States
in the month of April and were interned. The Dresden, sole survivor
of the battle at the Falkland islands, was overtaken by a small
squadron at Juan Fernandez, on March 14, and sunk. The Karlsruhe
is stated to have been destroyed by accident. The Kcenigsberg,
blockaded in the Rufigi river in German East Africa, jwas destroyed
by two British monitors on July 11. On January 24, a German
squadron, apparently on its way to attack some British port, was
encountered by a British squadron of superior force about thirty
miles from the coast of England. In the action which followed, the
German cruiser Bliicher was sunk and the remainder driven off in a
damaged condition. The British battle cruiser, Lion, and the des
troyer, Meteor, were temporarily disabled, but the losses of the crews
were small. On February 4, a proclamation was issued by the
German Admiralty, declaring all the waters surrounding Great
Britain and Ireland as a war zone after the 18th of that month, in
which every hostile ship would be destroyed by their submarines.
Many vessels were destroyed in pursuance of this policy, with the loss
of thousands of lives. The sinking of the Cunard liner "Lusitania,"
the largest British ship in the Atlantic service, on May 7, by which
1,153 persons perished, caused a tremendous outburst of indignation
in all neutral countries, as well as among the allied nations. The
submarine campaign, however, absolutely failed in interrupting
commerce between the British Isles and the rest of the world, or in
interfering materially with the transport of troops and supplies into
the several theatres of war. British submarines on the other hand
succeeded in entering the Baltic and the Sea of Marmora, where
many hostile vessels were destroyed by them. Allied commerce on
the high seas was protected and the commerce of their enemies
completely stopped.
PARTICIPATION IN THE WAR OF THE BRITISH OVERSEAS DOMINIONS
AND COLONIES, 1915.
The First Canadian Division had trained at Salisbury Plain
during the fall and winter, and crossed to France toward the end
of February, 1915. The frontispiece to this volume facing page 1,
represents the landing of the Canadian troops at St. Nazaire.
They were engaged with distinction at Ypres, Festubert, Givenchy
and Neuve Chapelle. Sir John French reported that at Ypres, in
April, 1915, they "held their ground with a magnificent display of
tenacity and courage," and that they " averted a disaster which might
have been attended with the most serious consequences." (See the
Heliotype Co., Ltd., Ottawa R. Jack, A.R.A., pinxt.
SECOND BATTLE OF YPRES, 1915
Canada Year Book, 1919
Heliotype Co., Ltd., Ottawa
Canada Year Book, 1919
R. Jack, A.R.A., pinxt.
TAKING OF VIMY RIDGE, 1917
PARTICIPATION OF DOMINIONS A\l> COWNIES, IQU 15
illustration facing; page ll|r) A second division arrived in England
early in the summer, and in November a third division was organized.
On September 14. a Canadian Corps of two divisions was formed
in France with Lieut .-< ieneral E. H. Aldersoii in command. The
total number of troops recruited for service in Canada by the end
of the year was officially reported as amounting to 212, (MO. In a
New Year s message published on the last day of the year, the Prime
Minister stated that the military force contributed by Canada
would be increased to half a million of men. Subscriptions to the
various war fund- were augmented by many millions of dollars.
The support afforded by Australia wa- equally cordial both in
troops and money. At the beginning <>f November, it was officially
Mated that D J.OOO men from Australia had actually been despatched
to the theatre of war. At the same time New Zealand had sent
!?.").( MM) men tot he front . and t he Tnion of South Africa, besides supply
ing large contingents of t roop> for service in South, West, East and
( Vntral Africa, had furni>hed (>.">()() men for service in Europe. New
foundland had supplied l.liOO men for service on hud besides sending
many men to the navy. Hie British colonies in the West Indies -ent
two thousand men, and -mailer c.mtingents were furnished by Ceylon
and Fiji.
< o\o>ii( RKsri/rs OF THE WAR, 1915.
Early in the year MM.") it became apparent that the German
authorities were seriously alarmed by the tightening of the British
blockade. The entire control of provisions nnd all military supplies
was taken by the Imperial (iovernment, and decrees were enacted for
fixing prices. All stocks of certain metals were reserved for military
use. Before the end of the year, it was confessed that the scarcity
of food was bearing very heavily upon the poorer classes, for whom
only a sufficient supply of grain and potatoes could be provided.
This difficult situation had been alleviated to a certain extent by the
occupation of Belgium and the great industrial districts of northern
France and Poland, with their valuable mines of coal and iron, numer
ous blast furnaces and textile factories. Every effort was made to
turn these to the best account. It was admitted that on several
occasions, the ( ierman armies had been placed in a critical situation
by a shortage of artillery ammunition late in the autumn of 1914, and
again in the summer of 1915.
The chief object of the campaign against Serbia was to establish
an overland communication with Turkey, and obtain supplies from
that source. The importation of raw materials, food stuffs and certain
manufactures, and the export of her own industrial products, had
become vital conditions of the economic life of Germany. Con
sequently, the sinister effects of the blockade were felt more and more
daily as the war continued. In Austria-Hungary, a general seizure
of ail grain and flour was decreed on February 26, and a system of
per capita distribution inaugurated in the large cities next month.
The prices of food rose enormously, and in the autumn entailed great
suffering upon the working classes.
16 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
French commerce was seriously affected by the war. Exports
were diminished by one half, while imports increased in value by
ten per cent. Strong measures were adopted in June to increase the
supply of munitions. Skilled mechanics taken from the factories on
mobilization were recalled with that object. By the middle of the
month 650,000 persons were engaged in producing munitions.
Imports into Great Britain greatly increased, but there was
a considerable reduction in exports. A Ministry of Munitions was
established in June, and a great campaign inaugurated to increase the
output of shells and artillery. A Munitions Bill, which placed the
government in nearly as complete control of the persons employed in
work shops and ammunition factories as it had over the troops in
the field, was quickly enacted.
A National Registration Bill was passed in July; in November the
system of recruiting was re-organized, and before the end of the year
the government reluctantly decided to adopt a modified form of
conscription.
OPERATIONS ON THE WESTERN FRONT, 1916.
In December, 1915, General Joffre was appointed to command
all the French armies, and was succeeded by General de Castelnau
in command of the French troops engaged in France. Sir Douglas
Haig succeeded Sir John French in command of the British forces
in France, and late in December, 1915, the Indian army corps was
transferred to Mesopotamia. At the commencement of the year,
the German forces were probably much outnumbered on the western
front, but they held dominating positions which were not easily
attacked. In the month of January, their armies on that front
were heavily reinforced and resumed the offensive at several points,
apparently to test the strength of the allied positions and keep them
in uncertainty as to their future intentions. On the morning of
February 21, a tremendous artillery preparation began in the sector
of Verdun, followed by a fierce Infantry attack in the afternoon,
which carried several of the French first line positions. Their assaults
were continued on the two following days, and by the night of the
24th they had captured the whole of the first line of the French
intrenchments on the right bank of the Meuse, and taken several
thousand prisoners at the cost of terrible losses. The French garrison
was continually reinforced, and kept well supplied with ammunition.
It is stated that four thousand motor trucks were constantly employed
on this service, and two hundred thousand men brought up to hold
the defences. The struggle continued with a dreadful sacrifice of
life on both sides, with little intermission until March 22. The fort
of Douaumont, a very commanding position, was taken by the
Germans, but otherwise their gains were insignificant. A lull in the
fighting occurred between the 22nd and the 28th of March, when the
attacks were renewed on both banks of the river, and continued
until April 25. Three fortified villages which had been converted by
an intense bombardment into shapeless heaps of ruins were taken,
but a great final assault utterly failed, and the assailants never
succeeded in really approaching the main defences of the place.
MAP OF THE EASTERN FRONT
EASTERN FRONT
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Canada Year Book, 1919
COPYRIGHT, 1919, BY THE J. N. MATTHEWS CO., BUFFALO. N.Y.
HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
WESTERN FRONT
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Principal Railroads
Principal Canals
COPYRIGHT, 1919, BY THE J. N. MATTHEWS CO., BUFFALO, N.Y
THE M. N. WORKS, BUFFALO, N.Y
MAP OF THE WESTERN FRONT
WESTERN FRONT
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HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
ITALIAN, BALKAN, PALESTINE AND MESOPOTAMIAN FRONTS
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COPYRIGHT, 1919, BY J.N. MATTHEWS CO. BUFFALO, N.Y.
Ori-:ii.\TlONS ON THE WESTERN f h <>.\T, 1916 17
lighting I M -.miii again during the first week in May and lasted on the
[eft hank of the Meii-r. until the first of .Inly. Fort Vaux \vas taken
on .June (I, anil mi .Inne <) one hundred thousand men were employed
on a front of only three miles in a desperate assault on the heights of
Thianmont which they eventually carried. The British offensive
on the Somme caused a great diversion of troops in that direction
and compelled the Germans thenceforth to remain on the defensive
in this sector,
The long delayed allied attack on that part of the (ierman lines
\\a- preceded by a tremendous bombardment lasting continuously
for five days on a broad front, by frequent raids at night with small
parties to a-eertain it- results, and by successful assaults on the
(ierman aircraft. Many of their observation balloons were brought
down, and allied a foplanes bombed divisional headquarters and the
principal railway -tat ions in rear. Decisive ascendancy in the air
wa- -eeiired in the -ector selected for the main offensive, and t he con
centration of troops \va> carried out with all possible secrecy. The
British forces had been heavily reinforced and two new armie-
formed. A large additional frontage wa> taken over by them from the
French on the Somme. The time for t he a-sault was fixed for 7.30 a.m.
on July 1. Sir Henry Rawlinsoii commanded the British troops allot
ted for the attack, which wa> math 1 on a front of twenty miles against
the Thiepval ridge, while the French attacked on an eight mile front
on both sides of the river Somme. to their right, under the orders of
General Foch. The British attack failed on the extreme left, owing
to insufficient preparation, but the (ierman first line was pierce* I
on a front of sixteen miles in the face of an obstinate resistan-
chiefly from machine guns concealed in positions where they could
not be reached by artillery fire. The French were successful all
along their front, a> an attack there seem,; to have been somewhat
unexpected. The advance was continued on July 2 and 3. On the
following day. operations were delayed by heavy thunderstorms, but
the French continued to gain ground. Heavy reinforcements had
been received by the German^ who began violent counter-attacks
upon the British.
On the 7th a division of the Pruian guard made a desperate
attack on the British position near Contalmaison, which was repelled
with great loss, many prisoners being taken. Fighting continued day
after day with great fury, and the Germans were driven from a
large portion of their second line by the end of the month. Numeron>
desperate struggles took place for small positions. The fighting in
the month of August continued daily with slow but steady gains of
ground on the part of the Allies, yet at no point did they succeed in
breaking through. The artillery bombardment was continued with
unprecedented energy. On some occasions, ninety thousand shells
were fired within an hour by the allied guns, and in certain instances,
more than a million inside of twenty-four hours. A great force of
cavalry and horse artillery was held in readiness close in rear, with the
intention of taking advantage of a breach in the enemy s position.
A great joint attack was delivered with considerable success on a front
of forty miles on September 3, in which twenty-eight allied divisions
687082
18 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
were engaged. On September 14 and 15, the British assaulted the
German positions near Courcelette, which was carried by the Second
Canadian Division. Many heavy armoured landships or " Tanks >;
were first brought into action on this occasion with great success,
and the German losses were extremely heavy, as they had massed
troops for a counter attack in their front trenches. On September 26,
the First Canadian Division captured the Hessian trench and other
British troops carried the great Hohenzollern redoubt, noted for its
elaborate system of defences and deemed impregnable. Next day
they carried the Stuff redoubt and two thousand yards of adjacent
trenches, and on the 28th the Schwaben redoubt which commanded
the valley of the Ancre river. During the first week of October,
operations were greatly impeded by heavy rains, but on the 7th the
British made an advance of twelve hundred yards on an eight mile
front. The French undertook a vigorous and skilfully prepared
offensive near Verdun on October 24, when they recaptured Douau-
mont, and in a few hours regained nearly all the ground they had lost
on the east side of the Meuse since the beginning of the German
offensive, taking several thousand unwounded prisoners. Operations
were then begun against Fort Vaux, which was evacuated by the
Germans on November 2, as a result of a furious bombardment.
The weather during November was highly unfavourable for operations
on the entire western front owing to incessant rains which soon con
verted the country into a sea of mud; still on November 12, the French
captured Saillisel, a strong position north of the Somme and pierced
the German fourth line. Next day the British attacked on both sides
of the river, favoured by a dense mist, and penetrated the German
intrenchments to a depth of a mile on a front of three thousand yards,
taking five thousand prisoners. Many heavy bombardments and
trench raids took place during the remainder of the year without
appreciable gain on either side.
After several days artillery preparation, the French executed a
successful attack on the German lines east of the Meuse, near Verdun,
and carried their intrenchments on a front of six miles, taking nearly
twelve thousand prisoners and many guns on December 15.
The German offensive at Verdun had failed disastrously. The
allied offensive had also fallen far short of the objectives in view.
Both operations entailed immense sacrifices in life and enormous
expenditures of ammunition.
OPERATIONS ON THE ITALIAN FRONT, 1916.
The weather prevented active operations on this front during the
early months. The snow was deep, and misty weather interfered
with the effective use of artillery. The rugged character of the
country made supply of the opposing forces a task of extreme diffi
culty. Continuous preparations had been carried on by the Austrians
during the winter and early spring for an offensive on a great scale
in the Trentino, when the weather became favourable. In March all
their main positions were fiercely bombarded to prevent reinforce
ments from being sent to the French front. The Austrians had brought
OPERATION S ".V THE ITALIAN FKOXT, 1916 l i
large Bodies of men from the Russian front, and had conducted all
their operations with such profound secrecy that when their principal
attack commenced, the Italians were ill prepared to oppose it. On
May 14 the Austrian* began a violent bombardment of the Italian
positions on a front of many miles. They employed upwards of two
thousand guns, of which eight hundred were of very large calibre,
among them forty howitzers of the largest class. The force assembled
this attack numbered 350,000. The infantry assault began on
May IS. and continued to gain ground in the valleys of Adige and
Brent a until June 2, when it was checked upon a new line many miles
in rear. The Austrians reported the capture of thirty thousand
prisoners and three hundred guns. For the next two weeks they
continued to attack the new Italian positions from day to day on
various parts of the line, and on one occasion along its whole front,
but failed to make any important advance. Three divisions were then
hastily withdrawn to oppose the Hns-ian offensive in Galicia. On
June 25, the Austrian retreat began to a selected position protected
by strong rear guards, but was not effected without serious losses.
An Italian offensive had been planned to take place on the
Isonzo, simultaneously with the allied attack on the Somme and the
Russian invasion of Galicia, having Gorizia as its main objective.
This had been postponed on account of the Austrian advance in the
Trent ino. The attack began on August 6, and Gorizia was taken
three days later. The advance was continued successfully until
August 1 7. when it was checked. Their offensive on this front was not
resumed until October 11. Several lines of trenches were captured
on that and the following day. On the Carso plateau, a further
advance was made on November 1 and 2. when a portion of Austrian
intrenchments was carried and many prisoners taken. Further
live operations were prevented by bad weather.
OPERATIONS ON THE R I SSI AN FRONT, 1916.
At the beginning of the year the Russians still occupied a defen
sive line in front of their railway, extending from the gulf of Riga to
the frontier of Rumania, over seven hundred miles in length. Here
they repelled every attempt of the enemy to pierce their positions
and reach the railway. On December 23, 1915, they commenced an
offensive to divert attention from their projected operations in the
Caucasus. Fierce fighting continued until the middle of January,
1916, along the Strypa and Styr rivers without any important
success on either side. On March 16 the Russians advanced towards
Vilna to relieve the pressure at Verdun and possibly to anticipate a
German offensive in the vicinity of Riga. Little progress was made
before a thaw put an end to operations at the end of the month.
Another great offensive on their part began in June, with three army
groups acting under the immediate direction of the Czar with General
Alexieff as chief of staff. This movement opened with simultaneous
attacks on selected portions of the Austrian line, south of the Pripet
marshes on June 4. Both the opposing Austrian armies were forced
back with heavy loss in prisoners, chiefly of discontented soldiers who
68708 2J
20 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
voluntarily surrendered by entire units. Lutsk was taken on June 6
and Dubno on the 8th. The Austrians were then heavily reinforced
by troops from the line north of the marshes and by some German
troops from Verdun and Austrians from the Trentino, who were hur
ried across from the other fronts by railway. The Russians reported
the capture of nearly two hundred thousand prisoners and more than
two hundred guns. It was believed that the principal Austrian armies
had been reduced to half their former strength. The Austro-German
forces commenced their counter-offensive on June 16, and continued
it until the end of the first week in July, driving back the Russians
for many miles. The Russians renewed their advance on July 4 with
considerable success. On July 16 they again attacked and advanced
on the city of Brody, which was taken on the 28th. Their other
operations farther south were also successful, and they cut the railway
leading from Galicia into Transylvania. On August 2 von Hinden-
burg was given supreme command of the Austrian and German
armies on the entire eastern front, and under his able direction a
vigorous effort was made to check their further progress. Indecisive
fighting continued with little interruption during the remainder of
that month.
On August 27 Rumania published a declaration of war upon
Austria-Hungary, and made a surprise attack upon the troops
guarding the passes of the mountains on the Transylvanian frontier.
This step was undoubtedly accelerated by the recent Russian successes.
Two days later, the Russian army of the Danube began its march
southward through Rumania and crossed the Danube. On the same
day Field Marshal von Hindenburg was appointed chief of staff of
the German army in place of General von Falkenhayn, who took
command of the Austrian and German forces assembling for opera
tions against Rumania. The Rumanian army invaded Transylvania,
and in five days advanced fifty miles. It occupied Kronstadt, the
commercial capital of the province, and several other large towns.
An army of Bulgarians, Germans and Turks under von Mackensen,
entered the Rumanian province south of the Danube, and gained a
considerable success by the capture of the fortress of Turtukai and
the occupation of Silistria. Mackensen was afterwards unsuccessful
in a battle lasting for five days commencing on September 16, and was
compelled to retire some distance. In the beginning of October the
Rumanians were expelled from Transylvania, and forced to retire
into their own country. On October 23 Mackensen captured Con-
stanza, the chief Rumanian port on the Black Sea, and advanced upon
the great bridge over the Danube, at Cernavoda, which was destroyed
by the Rumanians. In the middle of November von Falkenhayn s
army forced the mountain passes and advanced upon Bucharest.
Mackensen s troops crossed the Danube and formed a junction with
the army under Falkenhayn. The Rumanians were decisively
defeated in a battle on the Arges river, a few miles southwest of
Bucharest on December 3. That city was occupied by the Germans
three days afterwards. The remnant of the Rumanian army joined
the Russian troops which had entered eastern Rumania, and took up
strong defensive positions along the Sereth river.
OPERATIONS "\ THE RUSSIAN FROXT, 1916 21
The Italians bad landed two divisions in Albania in December,
). and advanced as far as Durazzo, which they held until February.
An Austrian army invaded Montenegro in the beginning of the year,
and captured CVttinje. the capital, on January 13. Ten days later
they took Scutari, and advanced towards Durazzo, which was evacu
ated by the Italians and occupied by the Austrians on February 26.
At a conference of the Allies it had been decided that Saloniki
should be retained as an indispensable base for future operations,
and a strong defensive position was prepared far in advance for the
protection of the city. A large part of the allied armies engaged in
the Gallipoli peninsula were after its evacuation transferred to Saloniki.
The remnants of the Serbian army were taken to the island of Corfu
for a long period of rest and recuperation after t he privations and
Bufferings of their terrible retreat. These troops, numbering in all
upwards >f 100. 000 effective men, were then transported to Saloniki,
to reinforce the allied armies there. The \\\\c< began a vigorous
offensive early in September on a front of one hundred and twenty-
five miles, and the Bulgarians were steadily driven back in the direc
tion of Monastir. Fighting continued with little intermission until
November M>. when that town was taken by the Allies and proclaimed
the temporary capital of Serbia.
T1IK WAR IN IMF ( Al ( ASl S AM) MESOPOTAMIA, 1916.
The IJussian army in the ( aucasus W88 -trongly reinforced in
December, 1 ( .>1.">. and January, MMti. Its offensive operations were
nsiderably hastened by the evacuation of the ( iallipoli peninsula by
the allied British and French armies, by which a large Turkish force
would be released for >ervice el-ewhere. In the midst of severe
winter weather an advance was commenced upon Erzerum, the
principal Turkish fort res- in Armenia. The Turkish army assembled
for its protection was routed on . January IS. and the fortress evacuated
by the Turks on February Hi. Another army supported by a fleet
on the Black sea took Trebi/ond on April 18, and the conquest of
Turkish Armenia was practically completed by the end of August.
The British division commanded by General Townshend had
been besieged at Kut-el-Amara since December 3, 1915. Several
determined attacks were repulsed, and the Turks then decided to
reduce the garrison by starvation. A relieving column commanded
by General Aylmer, after advancing a considerable distance and
driving a covering force from several positions, was finally checked on
April 23. On April 25 Townshend s division, which was reduced to
less than 9,000 troops, was obliged to surrender.
The effective defence of the Suez canal was an object of great
importance to the Allies. Garrisons had been established at posts
several miles east of the canal to keep hostile forces at a distance.
Some of these w^ere unsuccessfully attacked in the early part of the
year and again in August. The British troops then began a system
atic advance along the coast, building a railway and constructing a
pipe line for the conveyance of water as they went. A commanding
position was occupied in the heart of the Sinai peninsula, and British
22 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
aircraft bombed several Turkish military posts on the frontier of
Palestine.
THE WAR IN AFRICA, 1916.
Early in February a considerable German force was driven from
Cameroon into Spanish Guinea, where it was interned. The conquest
of the province was completed by the surrender of the last German
garrison on February 18. General Smuts, in command of the British
forces in German East Africa, continued his advance with success.
Another British force entered that country from Rhodesia. The
Germans were defeated in several small engagements, and the seat of
government surrendered on September 4. At the end of the year,
only about one quarter of the province still remained in the hands
of the Germans.
NAVAL WARFARE, 1916.
The command of the sea had passed absolutely into the hands of
the Allies. No German merchant ship ventured to make its appear
ance on the high seas. The German efforts to destroy the commerce of
the Allies were limited to the activity of a single light cruiser and to
submarine attacks. The British Grand Fleet, having its base in the
magnificent harbour of Scapa Flow, encircled by the Orkney islands,
kept undisputed possession of the North sea. The lesser channels
into this fine sheet of water were blocked with impassable obstacles,
the two large entrances guarded by batteries of heavy guns and a
double barrier of steel nets provided with gates to admit the passage
of ships. A ring of observation balloons constantly hovered over the
islands. Many hundreds of mine sweepers and destroyers kept
constant watch and ward without. From this secure lair, thronged
with countless colliers, tenders, and store ships of all kinds, squadrons
of cruisers, battle cruisers and battle ships attended by aircraft
went forth periodically to scour the sea. Communication between all
parts of the Grand Fleet was maintained by wireless telegraphy.
On the afternoon of May 31, the battle cruiser division of the
fleet, under Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty, consisting of six ships,
sighted a squadron of five similar German vessels, which retired
southeastward toward the main body of the German fleet, then out
of sight. Beatty gave chase at once. It was about 2.30 p.m. Rather
more than an hour later, the action began at a range of 18,500 yards.
A few minutes afterwards a vast column of black smoke shot into the
air to a great height from the " Indefatigable ", the rear ship of
Beatty s squadron. When it cleared away that vessel had disappeared.
Only two men of its crew of nine hundred were picked up. Shortly
afterwards some ships of the fifth British battle squadron came up
and opened fire at a range of 20,000 yards, and the third ship in the
German line was soon seen to be on fire. A little later the British
battle cruiser, " Queen Mary ", blew up from the explosion of her
magazine, and only twenty of her crew of one thousand persons were
saved. The action had continued on parallel courses for about an
hour when three divisions of the German battle fleet were descried
approaching. The British squadrons then stood away on a north
westerly course, which would bring them closer to the remainder of
XAVAL WARFARE, 19l>; 23
their fieri, known to be coming up rapidly. As the surviving battle
cruisers were ships of great speed, they easily ran ahead and crossed
the course of the German fleet, with the intention of leaving a clear
field of fire for their own battle ships and then striking in between
the Germans and their base. The fifth battle squadron consequently
had to sustain for some time the fire of four German cruisers and
veral of their battleships. One of the German cruisers however
soon tell out of the line and took no further part in the battle. At
(i 20 p.m., the third British battle cruiser squadron, commanded by
Rear Admiral Hood, came in sight and rashly approached within
8,000 yards of the German battle ship-. The " Invincible ", Hood s
flag ship, was soon sunk by a shell, and all but six of the crew perished.
Sir John Jellicoe then appeared with the two remaining squadrons of
battle ships which formed into line and chased the German fleet from
the scene of action. Ha/,e, mist, and dense artificial clouds of smoke
assisted their e-eape as evening fell. During the night the German
fleet was overt a ken by British light cruisers and destroyers which attack
ed them fiercely and inflicted heavy losses in ships. These losses were
carefully concealed at the time, and have never been accurately
ascertained. The British battle ship " Marlborough " was struck by
a torpedo, but succeeded in returning to port. Besides the ships
already named, three armoured cruisers and eight British destroyers
were sunk. Three German battle ships were seen to sink, and a
fourth was subsequently added to the number on good authority.
The next morning found the British fleet in undisputed possession of
the scene of action, and the German fleet never afterwards ventured
forth, except on one occasion, when it quickly retired again into port
on the approach of its opponeir
The submarine activity of the Germans increased in vigour and
ferocity. Thousands of small auxiliary vessels were employed in
conjunction with the British fleet in detecting and chasing them, and
many were destroyed. A French transport was sunk in the Mediter
ranean and upwards of 3,000 men perished. Two British battleships
and one light cruiser were destroyed by mines or torpedoes, and on
June 6, the cruiser " Hampshire ", with Field-Marshal Earl Kitche
ner, the Secretary of War, and his staff on board on their way to
Russia, was sunk west of the Orkney isles, and only a single petty
officer and eleven seamen were saved out of the entire crew. The
destruction of merchant shipping belonging to the Allies and neutral
countries by mines and submarines attained serious proportions.
PARTICIPATION OF THE BRITISH OVERSEAS DOMINIONS
AND COLONIES, 1916.
In Canada, an Order in Council passed on January 12, authorized
an increase of the Canadian military forces to half a million. Great
but fruitless efforts were made to reach that number by voluntary
enlistment. An official statement published at the end of the year
showed that the number of recruits obtained since the beginning of the
war, up to November 30, 1916, aggregated 381,438 of all ranks and
branches of the service. The volume of contributions for the different
patriotic funds was doubled.
24 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
On November 11 Sir Sam Hughes, Minister of Militia and
Defence, whose activity and energy had greatly stimulated recruiting
and organization, tendered his resignation, at the request of the Prime
-Minister, as a result of serious differences of opinion in matters of
administration. He was replaced by the Hon. A. E. Kemp, already
a member of the Cabinet without portfolio. A National Service
Board was established for the purpose of increasing enlistments with
out interfering with important industries. The Canadian troops in
France were increased to three complete divisions and formed into
an army corps under the command of Sir Julian Byng. Large con
tingents of Canadian Railway and Forestry troops were also sent to
Europe. Many men enlisted for special service in mechanical trans
port and inland navigation. A Canadian cavalry brigade was formed
and, with several batteries of horse artillery, was attached to the
Fifteenth British Army corps. Garrisons of Canadian troops were
maintained in Bermuda and Santa Lucia.
An official document, published by the Government of Australia,
stated that 103,000 men had been recruited by voluntary enlistment
in that Commonwealth and sent into the field, and that 100,000
more would be required to replace prospective casualties before
July 1, 1917. A bill proposing conscription was submitted to a vote
of the electors in October, but defeated by a small majority.
The Union of South Africa continued with success the task it
had undertaken of expelling the Germans from that continent.
The troops from New Zealand in Mesopotamia and France were
kept up to strength by voluntary enlistment.
Mr. Bonar Law, in a speech in September, made the statement
that a larger number of men in proportion to its population had
enlisted in the army and navy from Newfoundland than from any
other part of the British Empire. The colony contributed, according
to information furnished by the Newfoundland Department of Militia,
12,132 men out of a population of 256,290; 7,312 others volunteered
their services, but were rejected.
Besides an entire army corps despatched to Mesopotamia to
accomplish the relief of Kut, troops from India were sent to Egypt
for the defence of the Suez canal, to East Africa, Cameroon, and
southern Persia, and garrisons were furnished for Mauritius and
Singapore, as well as for the defence of Aden and the new posts on
the Afghan frontier. Large contributions to patriotic funds and the
military services were made by native rulers and nobles.
ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE WAR, 1916.
The great shortage and high price of food in Austria caused
serious discontent. A more stringent system of government control of
provisions was established with three meatless days a week. In
Germany a Food Regulation Board was appointed with extensive
powers. Meat cards were made compulsory and a maximum ration
of meat was established. Reports of food riots became frequent. A
Munitions Department was created at the end of October, and a man
power bill enacted making all able-bodied males between the ages
of eighteen and sixty subject to industrial or military service.
ECONOMI AT/-7-.V y.s OF THE MM A . 1916
In France the cabinet was reorganized and the war services con
centrated in the hands of a war council of five members. The post
of Commander in Chief of the armies was abolished, General Joffre
was appointed technical adviser to the government, but retired soon
afterwards. ( ieneral Nivelle was selected to command all the armies in
France on December p_>. and (Ieneral Sarra.il. in command of the army
at Saloniki. was placed directly under the Minister of \Yar. A law
was passed offering bounties for the encouragement of wheat growing.
A conscription bill was passed by the parliament of Great Britain
on .January 21th. after a short debate. Ireland was excluded from
the provisions of this bill. Afl a result t hree-quarters of a million
of single mm \\vre added to the military fore.
The number of war workers had increased by July 1, 1916, to
three and one-half millions, of whom <>()(),()()() were women, and 4,000
factories, controlled by government . were producing munitions.
An economic conference of the Allied Governments was held at
Paris in June, which framed many drastic proposals.
On (iood Friday, April 21, a < iennan submarine landed Sir
l\ogvr Casement, with a few companions and a small consignment
of arms on the coast <>t Kerry, in Ireland. Casement was arrested
shortly afterward-, and no body of men assembled to meet him or
make use of these arm-. On April 24. however, a -erious insurrection
took place in Dublin. ( >rgani/ed bodies of insurgents took possession
of the post office, law court-, railway stations, and several adjacent
hous. Fighting continued for several days before the rebels were
subdued. Less important risings occurred at >ome small towns
elsewhere in Ireland, which were soon put down. A number of
prisoners were tried and executed by sentence of court martial.
Casement was hanged in London on August . >.
The British Cabinet was re-organized in December, when the
Pught Hon. David Lloyd ( leorge became Premier. A war council
of rive members was then formed with him at its head.
On February 2o. Portugd ^eized many German merchant ships
which had remained in Portuguese ports since the beginning of the
war. Four days later ( lermany protested against this action, and
on March 9 declared war on Portugal. The Portuguese Government
announced that its action had been taken " as a result of our long-
landing alliance with Fngland, an alliance that has stood unbroken
the strain of five hundred years." A Portuguese force co-operated
with British troops from Rhodesia in driving the Germans out of
the southern portion of the German colony in East Africa. A division
of Portuguese troop- was despatched to France to act with the
British Expeditionary Force.
OPERATIONS ON THE WESTERN FRONT, 1917.
The removal of large bodies of their troops to the Russian and
Rumanian fronts had been one of the contributory causes which
compelled the Germans to revert to a defensive attitude in the
autumn of 1916. The month of January, 1917, was mild and the
ground soft with rain, interfering materially with military operations
on a large scale. Minor operations continued in several portions of
26 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
the line. A new sector on the Somme salient between Bapaume and
Peronne was taken over by the British, extending their front to one
hundred miles. February began with remarkably cold weather,
which delayed their contemplated offensive. An attack beginning
on February 17, opposite Miraumont on both sides of the Ancre river,
was successful. Serre, a position of some importance, was taken on
February 25, and three days later the British advanced posts were
within two miles of Bapaume. On March 9 Irles near Peronne was
taken with little resistance, and it became apparent that the Germans
were slowly retiring in a methodical manner. Bapaume was occupied
on March 16, and Peronne and Chaulnes were taken on the 18th.
The German rear guards were in some degree harassed by the British
cavalry, but they effectively destroyed the roads, buildings, trees, and
property of all kinds as they retired. Their new line ran through
Cambrai, St. Quentin, and Laon. It was twenty-five miles shorter
than the old and much stronger. They had evacuated an area of
six hundred square miles, including some important towns. The
Canadian cavalry brigade, with three batteries of Royal Canadian
Horse Artillery, attached to the Fifteenth British corps, won much
distinction in this fighting. The Germans frankly announced that
the chief object of their retirement was to upset the allied plans for
acting on the offensive, and they carried out the devastation of the
country evacuated with such systematic and ruthless thoroughness
that any advance across must be very slow and difficult. The next
attacks of the Allies were directed at the supporting points between
which this retirement had been made. The principal objectives
selected for the British Armies were Arras and Lens, while the French
directed their attack upon Laon. On the morning of April 9, after
two days intense bombardment, the British delivered an attack on
a front of eleven miles extending far south of Arras. The German
front lines were taken with small loss. On the same day the Canadian
corps attacked and carried the commanding position on Vimy Ridge
near Lens, which had successfully resisted two former assaults,
and was deemed impregnable by the Germans. (See the illustration
facing page H)r) The defenders clung desperately to several strong points
until the llth, when the Canadians gained the summit at the north
end of the ridge and advanced gradually down the eastern slope. At
the same time other British troops continued their advance along
the road from Bapaume towards Cambrai, driving German rear-guards
before them. Another attack near Arras on April 23 also succeeded.
Considerable ground was gained and 3,000 prisoners were taken.
The French carried the German positions on a front of twenty-
five miles between Soissons and Reims on April 16, penetrating to
a depth of two miles and taking 10,000 prisoners and many guns.
They continued their advance on the two following days and repelled
all counter attacks. On April 23 the British attacked on an eight-
mile front between Vimy and Croisilles, and gained ground at all
points, although opposed by seven German divisions. The French
attack was resumed on May 4 and 5, upon the German positions along
the Chemin-des-Dames, or Ladies Road, on the high ground north
of the Aisne. The town of Craonne was taken but the southern
OPERAT1<>\$ OX THE WKSTKHX VKOXT, 1917 27
attack tailed with severe loss. Between April 9 and May 12 the
Allies reported the capture of fifty thousand prisoners and four
hundred and forty-four guns with nearly one thousand machine guns
and many trench mortars. On May 15 General Petain, who had w r on
renown by his successful defence of Verdun, was appointed commander
in chief of the French armies in France in place of General Nivelle,
who took command of a group of jinnies under him. General Foch,
who had been in partial retirement for six months, succeeded General
Petain as chief of staff. Hard fighting continued near Arras where
the German- made violent counter-attacks on the British troops.
An Australian division carried the salient near Bullecourt on the
night of May .), but was partially driven out next day. The position
was finally taken by them on tin- 17th. The change of command of
the French armies encouraged the Germans to assault their newly
won line along the Ladies Road, but they failed to gain much ground,
and were eventually expelled from the heights overlooking the valley
of the Ailette. Early on the morning of June 7 an attack was made
on the salient south of Ypres on a front of nine miles by the British.
The ridge between Messines and \\ yt schaete had been strongly
fortified with three lines of intrenchments protected by broad belts of
wire entanglements and many concrete emplacements for machine
guns. Nineteen deep mines had been excavated beneath this ridge
from the British trenches and loaded with many hundreds of tons of
high explosives. For two weeks preceding the attack an overwhelming
fire of artillery directed from aircraft had been maintained against
the German works, and nearly succeeded in silencing their fire. The
mines were exploded simultaneously with a concussion that was felt
in London and formed craters some of which w r ere eighty feet deep and
of great width. The infantry advanced at once under cover of the
-moke and carried the front line in a few minutes, then moving forward
against the second line. The garrisons of the two villages continued
to resist obstinately until the afternoon, but the remainder of the
position was taken shortly after daylight when the assailants again
pressed on and penetrated the third line. Violent counter assaults
were repelled during the following night, and trenches on a two mile
front were captured near Souchez. More than 7,000 prisoners and
twenty guns were taken.
The Allies had secured a decided ascendency in the air and
adopted a settled policy of harassing and wearing dow r n the German
resistance by continual raids and surprise attacks on different
parts of their line. A great force of British artillery was
concentrated near Lens on a narrow front and a violent bombardment
continued for the remainder of the month of June. Constant small
gains of ground were made, but the Germans resisted stubbornly
from concealed positions among the mounds of slag and refuse from
the mines, which are such a striking feature of the country in that
locality. The British had also taken over the sector next the coast,
but a heavy bombardment seriously damaged their trenches and
destroyed the bridges they had thrown across the river Yser. An
attack by a superior force succeeded in overwhelming a body of troops
on the further side of the river whose retreat had thus been cut off. A
28 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
sudden attack by the Canadian Corps carried the trenches on a six
hundred yard front south of Lens on July 22. In the latter part of
the month of July the Germans assumed the offensive on the French
front along the Chemin-des-Dames, employing specially selected
and trained " shock troops" who gained some ground from which
they were eventually expelled. On July 31 a combined attack by
French and British troops began on a front of twenty miles, preceded
by a tremendous bombardment and followed by the use of gas-shells
on a large scale. The German front lines were rendered untenable
but their troops promptly took refuge in shell craters and prepared
positions for machine guns, from which they made a desperate
resistance. The greater part of their second line was carried, how
ever, and the third line penetrated. Determined counter-attacks
recovered some of the lost ground. Heavy rains then seriously
interfered with further operations. Fresh gains were made by the
Canadian Corps near Lens. On August 15, advancing on a front of
two miles, the First and Second Canadian Divisions captured Hill 70
and gained ground in some places to a depth of two miles. Violent
counter-attacks were repelled and they continued to close in upon
that town, a place of great importance as a great coal-mining centre
from which the Germans had extracted large supplies of fuel. Several
of its suburbs were evacuated by the Germans and occupied by
British advanced posts. An allied attack near Ypres, preceded by a
large number of tanks, was also successful and substantial advances
were made. Heavy rains inundated the low country in that vicinity
in the latter part of August, and delayed further active operations.
The offensive was resumed by the British near St. Julien on Septem
ber 18, after a prolonged bombardment. Under the protection of a
devastating curtain of fire, sweeping along in front of the advancing
infantry, several strong German positions were easily taken and organ
ized for defence. Counter-attacks on these trenches were repelled
a few days later. Another offensive on a front of nine miles gained
further ground in the direction of the Passchendaele ridge on Octo
ber 4, and five days afterwards a joint attack with the French gained
ground to the west of this point. The French resumed their offensive
in the vicinity of Laon on October 23, taking fort Malmaison and
several neighbouring fortified villages and quarries with eight thousand
prisoners. Important artillery positions were gained here and guns
brought up to them, from which an enfilading fire was directed on
other German intrenchments which were abandoned a few days later
when they retreated across the Ailette, destroying the bridges behind
them.
Sir Julian Byng was appointed to command the Third British
Army, and Sir Arthur Currie succeeded him in command of the
Canadian Corps on June 9.
The Canadian Corps took over the Passchendaele sector from the
Australian and New Zealand divisions which had previously held it.
With the usual preparation of a violent bombardment successful
assaults were made on the German positions on October 26 and 30
by the Third and Fourth Divisions, and on November 6 and 10 by
the First and Second Canadian Divisions, the last of which carried
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the high ground northeast of the village of I asschendaele. Th
kinfi were not made without desperate tight in"- "m which the Canadian
troop- engaged lust nearly fifteen thousand men.
Suddenly t ran-ferring a large striking force to his right, the
British general began a surprise attack on the renowned I linden burg
Line near Cambrai. (Ireat bodies of troops were secretly moved into
an advanced position by night. No preparation by* an artillery
bombardment or by trench raids was made. The movement of seven
infantry division- was preceded by the advance of three hundred and
\ty tanks, which took place shortly after daybreak on November 21.
Tliex- powerful machine- tore their way through the German entangle
ment- and crawled over their trenches before artillery fire could be
>u< ully directed against them. They paved the way for the
advance of the infantry and cleared out many machine gun position-
by an enfilading tire. Two lines of German works were carried along
front of ten miles to a depth of tive miles in several places. Nearly
ten thousand prisoners and more than one hundred field and heavy
gun- wen- taken. Next morning the ( Jermans recovered Bourlon
\Vood, the mo-t advanced position taken by the British in the
direction of Cambrai. where the tree- greatly interfered with the
siicc. ful operation of the tanks. ( )n the three following days the
lireater part of this forest and the neighbouring village were taken
by the British, but they were unable to make further progress as the
enemy had brought up a superior force of artillery and infantry which
eventually compelled them to abandon the village.
Two division- of British cavalry and two brigades of Indian
cavalry with many horse artillery batteries had been massed in
rear of the infantry, with instructions that if the last trench line
beyond the Scheldt canal between Marcoing and Masnieres was
carried, they were to push forward through the gap and sweep around
Cambrai on both Hanks. One squadron, of the Fort Garry Horse
actually passed the canal on a temporary bridge under machine gun
fire near Ma-nieres before it was known that the infantry had not
succeeded in carrying the heights beyond. They charged and took
a German field battery and came under heavy machine gun fire by
which a number of officers and men were killed or wounded. It was
then growing dark and they sought shelter in a sunken road until
it became evident that they were unsupported. The horses were
turned loose and the remnant of the squadron made their way back
on foot. Lieutenant H. Strachan and forty-three other ranks suc
ceeded in regaining their lines bringing with them a few prisoners
out of a total of one hundred and twenty-three who rode off. During
this retreat they were obliged to fight their way most of the time,
with rifle and bayonet, dispersing several bodies of the enemy whom
the} encountered. For his gallantry and leadership on this occasion
Lieutenant Strachan was awarded the Victoria Cross.
The remainder of the cavalry were held back and the projected
dash forward was never attempted. After the failure of their last
counter-attacks near Bourlon the Germans made a sudden and
much more successful effort on a front of seven miles in the bend of
the river between Masnieres and Villers-Guislain, where it had not
30 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
been expected. Here a strongly-organized front line was weakly
held and strong masses of infantry broke through on a front of three
miles. They pushed rapidly forward, seized a portion of the railway
and occupied the villages of Villers-Guislain, Gouzeaucourt and
Gonnelieu. The British and Indian cavalry and horse artillery were
brought forward in great haste and checked the German advance.
The Germans made frequent desperate assaults on these troops who
were soon supported by infantry and succeeded in repelling them.
Gouzeaucourt and Gonnelieu were retaken, but on December 1
the British withdrew to a stronger position behind the Scheldt at
Masnieres. Fighting continued in this area until the middle of
December without much gain or loss of ground on either side. The
Germans announced the capture of six thousand prisoners and sixty
guns in this offensive, and recovered about one third of the ground
they had lost. On November 25 the French attacked and gained
considerable ground north of Verdun. The important successes of
the Austrians and Germans on the Italian frontier caused the transfer
of large bodies of British and French troops to that theatre of war.
Offensive operations on their part terminated in consequence, and
the arrival of reinforcements for the Germans late in the year seemed
to portend an attack.
THE ITALIAN FRONT, 1917.
An Italian offensive on March 3 in the Trentino resulted in
small gains. They began a bombardment on a front of thirty miles
in the vicinity of Gorizia on May 12. Five days fighting ended in
the capture of several strong Austrian positions with nearly 7,000
prisoners. In this operation the Italians were powerfully assisted
by British heavy artillery. On May 24 they carried another series of
trenches on the Carso plateau, taking nine thousand prisoners.
In conclusive fighting continued for several days, but on June 5 the
Austrians made successful counter-attacks south of Jamiano taking
nearly ten thousand prisoners. Another Austrian attack east of
Gorizia on July 14 was repelled with heavy loss, and a lull in operations
followed for several weeks. The Italians began another formidable
offensive on the upper Isonzo on August 19, assisted by the fire of
not less than two thousand guns distributed along a front of thirty-
seven miles. Taking advantage of a dense fog bridges were thrown
over the river at several points and crossings effected. Many squad
rons of aeroplanes numbering in all two hundred and fifty machines,
flew over the Austrian lines and bombed the troops massed in reserve.
The first line of trenches was carried, and in two days fighting the
Italians took thirteen thousand prisoners. Several strong positions
were subsequently evacuated by the Austrians, but they obstinately
retained their ground facing Gorizia. Several German and Turkish
divisions then arrived to their assistance and by counter-attacks
succeeded in recovering much of the lost ground. During the first
and second weeks in September an extremely numerous and well
organized force was concentrated for a renewal of this offensive,
containing ten divisions of veteran German troops. At the same
time a very subtle and successful propaganda was carried on among
THE IT .\l.l.\\ FKOXT, 1917 31
disaffected troops in the Italian army. After a short but very
destructive bombardment of the Italian possessions, the attack was
.rried out on a front of nineteen miles and the Italians were forced
to retire precipitately across the Isonzo with a loss of 10,000 prisoners.
The pursuit was pressed with great energy and success, and the new
talian position was outflanked and threatened with envelopment.
Gorizia was retaken on October 28. The Italian armies were con
stantly outflanked, and they were forced out of successive strong
positions in which they attempted to retard the enemy s advance.
The frontier was crossed and the invaders occupied Udine on October
J!>. while the disorganized Italian armies retired behind the Taglia-
nieiito. This position wa- field for five days when their bridge-heads
were destroyed by a fierce bombardment and the Austro-German
troops crossed the river. The Italians fell back behind the Livenza,
another parallel stream, and thence to the line of the Piave. The
capture of one hundred and eighty thou>ind prisoners and fifteen
hundred guns XV as announced from Berlin in these operations which
became known a- the battle of Caporett
<>n November i_M the Austrian* gained another considerable
success on the upper Piave in the vicinity of Belluno, where they
cut oil and raptured a body of fourteen thousand Italians. General
( adorna was replaced as commander in chief by General Diaz, and
a war board, composed of < ienerals Cadorna, Foch and Sir H. H.
\ViIson, w !al)lished. British and French troops speedily arrived
from France bringing with them a great force of artillery, and a strong
line of defence was m-gani/cd behind the Piave. Repeated efforts
to cross that river were repelled and some troops who had succeeded
in getting over were driven back with severe loss. British gunboats
destroyed bridges on the Austrian line of communication in the
Piave Delta. On December ~> the German troops resumed their
efforts to turn the Italian line from the north and carried several
rong positions taking a considerable number of prisoners. Repeated
Austrian attacks between the Brenta and Piave failed with heavy
loss and although they made considerable advances on other fronts
they were unable to reach the Italian plain and turn the line of the
Piave.
OPERATIONS ON THE RUSSIAN AND RUMANIAN FRONTS, 1917.
General von Mackensen continued his advance driving the
Russian and Rumanian forces over the Sereth and Danube with
heavy losses, and captured Focsani on "January 8. Other fortified
positions in that vicinity were taken by his army a few days later.
The Rumanian army had been practically destroyed and the coun
try conquered.
Desultory fighting continued along the river Aa and the marshy
country near Riga, during the entire month of January, and the
Austro-German forces displayed considerable activity in Galicia
and Volhynia.
On March 15 a despatch from Petrograd announced the fall of
the Imperial Government and the substitution of a provisional
revolutionary authority. A German attack on the bridge-head of
32 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
Toboly was successful on April 6; the fortress of Brody was bom
barded a week later, and the Russians retired across the Styr,
destroying all bridges over that stream. The Germans then suspended
operations and attempted to enter into friendly relations with the
Russian troops with the object of concluding a separate peace. The
Russian officers found great difficulty in maintaining even a semblance
of discipline. By special orders from the revolutionary government,
soldiers were instructed to cease saluting their officers and to decide
by voting whether they would execute the orders they received.
Three generals of great distinction resigned as a protest against the
interference of the Council of Workmen and Soldiers with military
operations. In June, Kerensky, the new Minister of War, visited
the troops at the front, and after hearing his address, they voted
for a resumption of hostilities. On July 1 Russian troops began
an advance from Tarnopol in the direction of Lemberg, forcing back
the Austro-German army and taking many prisoners. Halicz was
taken by them on July 10, but heavy rains prevented effective pursuit
of the Austrian garrison who retired behind the Lomnica river. A
vigorous Austro-German counter-offensive began on July 9, which
was completely successful, as many regiments of Russian troops
retreated without fighting or refused to obey orders. Tarnopol was
captured by the Austrians on July 24, and they crossed the Sereth
without opposition. The Russian government restored the death
penalty for desertion and took other drastic measures for re-estab
lishing discipline. On August 3 the Russians evacuated Czernowitz
and entirely withdrew from the province of Bukowina.
The Dvina was crossed by the Germans on September 2, when
the Russian garrison evacuated Riga and retreated along the coast
of the Baltic. The German fleet co-operated in the pursuit and much
war material was taken from the retiring forces. General Korniloff,
who was in command of one of the Russian armies, marched in the
direction of Petrograd, with the declared intention of overthrowing
the government. This movement failed and he was made prisoner.
A Russian republic was proclaimed on September 14, with Kerensky
as Prime Minister, but this government was overthrown on November
8, by the Bolshevists, who had pronounced in favour of an armistice
and a separate peace with Germany. Meanwhile the Germans had
taken Jacobstadt on September 21, and occupied the islands at the
entrance of the Gulf of Riga on October 12 and 13. The new Russian
government shortly after its establishment opened negotiations with
the Central Powers by requesting an armistice.
THE SERBIAN AND GREEK FRONTS, 1917.
During the early months of the year the allied fleets maintained
a close blockade of the Greek ports. Military operations of slight
importance were carried on in Macedonia and Serbia. The Italians
gained ground in Albania and occupied the capital on June 10. Two
days later the abdication of King Constantine of Greece, in favour of
his second son, who had declared for the Allies, was announced.
Soon afterwards Athens and other Greek cities were occupied by
THE SEKBrAN AND GRKl- .K I ROXTS, 1917 33
allied troo; A French commission was appointed to aid in organ
izing and training the Greek army for active participation in the
war.
THE WAR IN MESOPOTAMIA AM) ASIA, 1917.
A British army corps continued its advance up the Tigris with
Bagdad as an immediate objective. The Turks were compelled to
abandon Kut on February 24 and were hotly pursued by the British
and Indian cavalry who took many prisoners and guns. A great
quantity of materials shipped from Germany for the construction
of the Bagdad railway was also taken. General F. S. Maude, who
had taken command of the British force in succession to Sir Percy
Lake, advanced up the river with great rapidity, defeating the Turks
in several rear-guard actions. Bagdad was taken on March 11, with
the greater part of the Turkish artillery. At the same time a Russian
force advanced west ward through Persia to co-operate. The eight
eenth Turkish corps was defeated by General Maude and the end of
the railway line was occupied on April 23. Hot weather then made
further operations almost impracticable. A division of Australian
troops advancing from the Sinai peninsula entered Palestine early
in March, and on April 22, had arrived in front of a strong Turkish
position covering (ia/a. where they remained stationary for the
next two month In the beginning of July General Sir E. H.
Allenby took command of this force. Turkish cavalry were defeated
near Beersheba on July 19. That place was not captured until the
end of October when operations were renewed with great vigour.
The Turkish position at Gaza was turned by cavalry on the night of
November 7. and the British army advanced in two columns, one
following the coast line of the Mediterranean, the other moving
forward from Beersheha. Joppa was taken by the Australians on
November 17. A Turkish position within five miles of Jerusalem
was carried by assault three days later. The city was gradually
invested and compelled to surrender on December 9. The moral
effect of those operations upon the Mohammedan population was very
great, and all danger of an attack upon the Suez canal was effectually
removed.
THE WAR IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA, 1917.
A division of Indian troops landed in German East Africa on
June 10, and took part in the operations in that colony during the
remainder of the year. Early in December General Vandeventer
commanding the British troops reported that the conquest of the
colony was complete, the remnant of the German forces, having
retreated into the adjacent Portuguese territory, where he was
making active preparations to pursue.
NAVAL WARFARE, 1917.
The German High Seas Fleet remained at anchor under the
protection of their strong defensive works at the Kiel canal. The few
naval actions which took place occurred between light vessels engaged
in patrolling or making raids. German submarines showed increased
activity and did great damage. The policy of unrestricted submar-
687083
34 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
ine warfare by which the Germans still hoped to secure the ultimate
victory which they had not succeeded in gaining on land, was brought
into effect on February 1. Ten vessels were sunk on that day.
During the course of the year, one British and one Russian battleship,
several British cruisers, destroyers, hospital ships, troop ships and a
very large number of merchantmen were sunk by them. An immense
number of small armed vessels of various descriptions was constantly
engaged in detecting and hunting them down and many were des
troyed, although the particulars of their actual destruction were not
made public. One German surface cruiser succeeded in returning
to her base after destroying several vessels. On May 12 a British
squadron bombarded Zeebrugge and another bombarded the docks
and harbour of Ostend on September 22. Two German destroyers
were sunk on April 21 in an unsuccessful raid against Dover. A
German submarine shelled Scarborough on September 4 and evaded
pursuit.
THE ENTRY INTO THE WAR OF THE UNITED STATES, 1917.
The announcement by the German Government of the adoption
of unrestricted submarine warfare on February 1 , caused an immediate
crisis in its relations with the United States. The German Ambassa
dor was given his passports next day. All diplomatic relations were
severed, and the President addressed the Congress on the situation
with convincing force. On April 6 Congress formally adopted a
resolution declaring the existence of war with Germany. The ports
of the United States were thrown open to the allied fleets and the
naval forces of the country placed upon a war footing. All interned
German ships were seized. On April 14 Congress voted a war
credit of seven billions of dollars and authorized loans of three billions
to the allied nations. An act for raising troops by a select draft
was passed and received the President s signature on May 18, by which
all men between the ages of twenty-one and thirty were required
to register by June 5. Arrangements were immediately made for
recruiting and training a million of men and great camps for their
accommodation were swiftly formed. The visit of British and French
missions resulted in a declaration that a division of the regular army
would be sent to France at an early date. The safe arrival of these
troops was announced on June 22. Other contingents followed in
rapid succession, and the movement of troops belonging to the
National Guard began on October 15, and continued during the
remainder of the year. Some battalions of United States infantry
entered the French front-line trenches for training about the end of
October. Their first casualties were reported to have occurred in
an attack by German "shock-troops" on November 3.
PARTICIPATION OF THE BRITISH OVERSEAS DOMINIONS
AND COLONIES, 1917.
Hitherto the four divisions of the Canadian Expeditionary
Force serving in the field had been maintained at full strength by
voluntary enlistment without much difficulty. Recruiting declined,
and early in the year it became evident that the maintenance of the
PAKT1CIPA 770A OF 1)OM1M<>\* AM) COLONIES, Wl?
rce in the field by that means could no longer be relied on with
certainty. In addition to the array corps and troops training in
England, as reinforcements, several battalions of railway and forestry
ops had leen organized, who were employed under the orders of
General Headquarters, Many British reservist > living in Canada
had rejoined their regiments at the beginning of the war. and a large
number of Canadians had enlisted in the British Royal Flying Corps,
the Royal Naval Aviation Service and the Auxiliary Motor Boat
Patrol Service. A return completed to November 15. showed that
the total number of persons \ v ho had joined the Canadian Expedi
tionary Force since the beginning of the war was 1U.862. A Bill
providing for compulsory military service was introduced in Parlia
ment on June 11, and became law on August 2V. It provided for
ising 100,000 men. and the first drafts were to report on January 3,
1918. A war income tax was also imposed. The Ministry was
reorganized as a Union (iovernment on October 12, and a general
election, held on December 17. resulted in favour of t he new adminis
tration by a large majority. The contributions for patriotic purposes
greatly increased during the year. The appointment of a food
nt roller was made on June 2 1 , and regulations were adopted for
the sale and distribution of various food product- Prices for wheat
were fixed to the end of the crop year, August o 1 , 1918. An Order in
( ouncil under the War Mea>ures Act was passed on December 22,
prohibiting the importation into Canada of intoxicating liquor on
and after December lM. 1!>17.
The Imperial Expeditionary Force> from Australia and New
Zealand were maintained by voluntary enlistment by the most
-trenuous effort Various methods of indirect pressure were adopted
to promote recruit i: In Australia a single men s tax was introduced
TO compel single men and widowers without children of military age
who had not enlisted to contribute ten per cent of their taxable income
in addition to the ordinary income tax. A war profits tax was also
imposed by the Federal Parliament. The Government of India
maintained its expeditionary force at full strength and made a contri
bution of one hundred million pounds towards the cost of the war.
Many of the ruling princes and chiefs gave further liberal gifts of
money.
ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF THE WAR, 1917.
In Austria-Hungary the shortage of food caused extreme discon
tent and much suffering. In Bohemia and Hungary demonstrations
by noisy crowds culminated in rioting and bloodshed.
The German Chancellor was forced to resign and with him
retired the Imperial Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Prussian
Minister of War. A reduction of the bread ration of the people
caused bitter discontent followed by violent demonstrations. A
strike of seventeen thousand workmen took place at the Krupp works
at Essen and many others occurred at other industrial centres. Food
riots were reported from Berlin. The chief Socialist newspaper
printed a statement in December that forty millions of people were
6870831
36 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
on the verge of starvation and that a general collapse might be expected
at any moment.
The French Ministry was twice reorganized, and on November
15 Dr. Georges Clemenceau became premier for a second time and
succeeded in forming a strong Cabinet. The privations of the people
from want of food increased but were generally endured with patience.
A serious strike occurred in the large steel works at Harfleur and
similar strikes on a smaller scale occurred elsewhere.
The lack of food in Italy also caused adverse criticism and dis
content. The defeat of the Italian army followed by an alarming
invasion of Italian territory brought about the defeat of the Ministry.
The adjustment of the supply of food to the needs of the people
became the problem of chief importance in Great Britain. Stringent
regulations were enforced respecting the manufacture of flour and use
of sugar. Before the end of the year the control of all principal
articles of food was taken over, and maximum prices fixed for most of
them. The shortage of tea and sugar was severely felt.
The premiers of all overseas dominions had been invited at the
end of the preceding year to attend meetings of the Imperial War
Cabinet. Its first meeting was held at Westminster on March 20.
All overseas dominions except Australia were represented.
Fourteen meetings were held at which the overseas members were
furnished with all information respecting the prosecution of the war
in possession of the British Government.
The high cost of food and restrictions on personal liberty intro
duced under the War Measures Act caused considerable discontent
and restlessness among the working classes. Little economic disturb
ance, however, was occasioned by strikes among workmen.
OPERATIONS ON THE WESTERN FRONT, 1918.
The conclusion of an armistice with the Russian Soviet Republic
on December 15, 1917, left Germany at liberty to transfer to this
front a force estimated to amount to more than a million of men with
artillery in proportion, and the German army there was consequently
increased from one hundred and fifty divisions in November, 1917, to
one hundred and ninety-six in March, 1918. A considerable numerical
preponderance was accordingly regained and combined with the
enormous advantage of the unified command of a homogeneous force
acting upon interior and therefore shorter lines. A deficiency in the
necessaries of life had however produced serious discontent and
suffering among the people, and the conviction was growing daily
stronger that decisive success was no longer possible; still it was
decided by the governing authorities to make a final desperate effort
to gain a favourable decision by an offensive on a greater scale than
had yet been attempted. Preparations for this were carried on with
great secrecy for many weeks, by the concentration of troops in
reserve positions, the accumulation of munitions and special training
of " storm troops in the new methods of attack that had recently
been developed with marked success on the eastern front by General
von Hutier. As the number of American troops in France was
OPERATIONS ON mi-: u /->T /;/> \ //, o.vv\ mis .sz
Meadily increasing, and would increase still more rapidly when spring 1
returned, this blow must be delivered at the earliest moment that
operations became practicable. The point of junction between the
British and French armies was naturally selected for the main attack
with the intention of separating them and driving the British armies
into the restricted area north of the Somme, where they would be
hampered by want of room for manoeuvre. Forty divisions were
brought forward by night marches with the utmost secrecy and held
in positions concealed as far as practicable during daylight. Preceded
by a short but very heavy bombardment and favoured by dull foggy
weather, this attack began on a fifty-mile front extending from Arras
TO La Fere. The German soldiers had been assured that this would
he the last battle and that a decisive victory would certainly bring
peace. Emerging in dense masses from the fog which had screened
them on leaving their reserve positions they Hung themselves upon
the British trenches with irresistible fury. They were preceded by a
rolling barrage fire leaping forward at ten-minute intervals in which
poisonous gas shells were mingled with shrapnel. The troops holding
the advance positions wen- nearly annihilated and the few survivors
-ily overwhelmed by the rush of their assailants. The German
infantry were accompanied with light cannon, portable trench mortars,
a great number of machine guns and a few tanks of a cumbrous type.
The two lines of defence, which had been so carefully prepared and
were deemed practically impregnable, were soon pierced in four places.
Both faces of the Cambrai salient were penetrated. The whole of
the British Fifth Army was compelled to fall back, fighting desper
ately on all parts of their line where resistance seemed possible.
The pursuit was carried on at first with tremendous energy, and many
supporting batteries were taken or driven out of action. The retreat
ing troops lost touch next day with the French on their right, and
with the Third Army on their left. After being rallied on a second
position several miles in rear, this line was broken and a further
disorderly retreat took place. The Third Arm}* had lost some ground
on its right in the first attack. It was then obliged to retreat still
further in the hope of maintaining contact with the Fifth Army, by
whose hurried retreat a gap of eight miles was opened. This gap
was hastily filled by an extemporized force of engineers, army service
corps men and other details who took their place in the line at this
critical moment. Peronne was evacuated on March 23 and Bapaume
next day. The French were driven from Roye on March 27, and after-
wards withdrew from Xoyon, but continued to extend their line to
the left in a vain effort to keep contact with the British Fifth Army.
General von Hutier continued to press his advantage on the 27th by
advancing more than ten miles and reaching Montdidier, an important
railway junction. His onslaught had then spent its force and he was
unable to gain further ground. To the northward the Germans
regained the positions abandoned in 1916, occupying Albert on March
27. They had then advanced within fourteen miles of Amiens which
thenceforth became one of their chief objectives. This great disaster
convinced the Allies of the necessity of unity in command. Contro
versies and rivalry ceased for the moment. On March 31 it was
38 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
announced that the Allied War Council had entrusted the supreme
command to Marshal Ferdinand Foch, and that the entire American
force had been placed at his disposal.
The Germans had solved the problem of breaking through a
strongly intrenched front, but they had accomplished it at an enor
mous cost and the force of the blow was exhausted until they could
reorganize their forces and prepare for the delivery of another. A
pause of a week then ensued. On March 23 Paris had been bom
barded at intervals by a high velocity gun which opened fire at a
range of more than seventy miles. The material damage occasioned
was not great, until Good Friday, March 29, when a church was
wrecked by a shell and many of the congregation killed or injured.
The Germans crossed the Oise on April 5, and gained considerable
ground at the expense of heavy losses. The French retired behind
the river Ailette. The Germans forced the passage of this river on
April 8, and made some further progress. Their main attack was
then suddenly shifted to Flanders, where the first British army
occupied the sector of the line between Arras and Ypres. After
another short, but destructive artillery bombardment, an assault
was made on a front of twenty miles between Givenchy and Ypres,
having Hazebrouck as its chief objective. A Portuguese division in
the front line was driven out with heavy loss, and a breach made on
a front of nearly ten miles. The British position at Armentieres was
turned on both flanks and abandoned during the night of April 10-11.
Neighbouring intrenchments were lost and retaken several times,
but the British line from Bethune to Arras was eventually maintained.
The German advance along the Lys continued; they reached the
railway and approached within five miles of Hazebrouck. The situ
ation had become so extremely critical that on April 12 Marshal
Haig published a general order calling upon his troops to " die where
they stood, fighting with their backs to the wall." The German
assaults were renewed with unremitting fury. Bailleul and Wyts-
chaete were both taken on April 16, with the entire adjacent line of
heights captured by the British the year before. Fierce fighting with
varying success, in which these positions twice changed hands, con
tinued for two days. Reinforcements of British and French troops
had then come up and some American battalions were brigaded with
the British. A violent attack was repulsed that day, and a pause
followed which lasted for a week. The Germans were reinforced
by specially trained " shock " and Alpine troops, and began another
attack on April 25, after a very severe bombardment on a front of
seven miles in the vicinity of Mount Kemmel. Here a section of
five miles of the front line had been taken over from another area by
veteran French troops, against whom the whole force of the onset
was directed. Mount Kemmel and the adjacent villages were event
ually taken after a stubborn defence and this compelled a considerable
withdrawal from the line south of Ypres. All attempts to pursue,
however, were checked with great loss. Subsequent attacks on the
new British position were repelled and the German troops occupying
Mount Kemmel were subjected to a destructive and continuous
artillery fire. The German advance in Flanders had then been
OPERATIONS ON Till: H A .sTA A .Y /- A O.YV, Hits 39
brought to ;i definite halt. On April 2 A another offensive in the
direction of Amiens made some progress, but in most places the
a-sailants were repulsed or driven back by counter-attacks.
Finding that their etTorts to force a passage to the Channel were
unsuccessful and that a great body of troops had been assembled to
resist them, the Germans then prepared to deliver a great attack on
the French front in the direction of Paris. Twenty fresh divisions
of veteran troops were brought forward by night marches with great
n cy. This attack was made along the Aisne on a front of thirty-
tive miles opposite Soissons and Reims. An artillery bombardment
of terrific violence began at one o clock on the morning of Alay 27,
which continued for two hours and a half. Preceded by the usual
barrage of gafl shells and shrapnel, the German "storm troops,"
accompanied by many tank-, -wept over the front line trenche-
Their sue. greatest on a part of the line west of ( Yaonne,
where the defenders were driven aCTOSfl the Aisne. then across the
\ < sle, and nearly annihilated. Four British divisions, which had
been worn out by hard lighting elsewhere and sent to this part of the
line for rot were forced to retreat in the direction of Reims. The
(ierman advance continued until the French had retired beyond the
Marne. where they organi/ed a fresh position and held their ground
Stubbornly. German attacks in the vicinity of Soissons and Keim-
met with little BUCC6E Inside of a week this offensive had lost it-
driving power. It had, however, been still more damaging than
those preceding it, as a wide pocket was opened in the French front
extending from the Aisne to the Marne, bringing the enemy appre
ciably nearer to Paris. The general situation had grown distinctly
more serious for the Allie-.
As a result of their costly experience, in attempting to resist
these tremendous onslaughts on their advanced lines and in bringing
up supporting troops through an exterminating barrage fire, it was
decided by the Allied commanders to adopt a system of elastic
defence," which had already indeed been successfully practised by
the enemy on several occasions. Secret instructions were accordingly
issued to army commanders directing them no longer to hold their
first positions at all costs as heretofore, but to retire to a main line
of resistance a considerable distance in rear, by which great losses
from gas shells and barrage fire might be avoided. This was sub
stantially a reversion to the old doctrine by which the line of sup
ports was made the line of resistance.
On June 9 the Germans launched another attack on a front of
twenty miles between Noyon and Montdidier, pushing forward in
great force on both sides of the river Oise in the direction of Com-
piegne. They penetrated the French position to a depth of three
miles and made further advances the next day. The French retired
gradually to their main line of resistance among the hills south of
the river Matz. The evident intention of the Germans on this oc
casion was to unite the two pockets they had previously formed and
secure a new base of operations from which they might accomplish
an effective bombardment of Paris and render that great city un
tenable. They failed to break through, although they used forty
40 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
divisions in this offensive and suffered enormous losses. An attack
on a large scale in the vicinity of Reims on June 18 also failed with
A^ery heavy loss. A pause in operations then occurred during which
a great number of British and American troops arrived in France
and careful preparations were made for a counter-offensive on a grand
scale.
The German artillery preparation for their fifth and last effort
began at midnight, July 14-15, on a front extending for nearly sixty
miles from Chateau Thierry to the western edge of the Argonne
forest. Their fire was to a great extent wasted upon positions which
the French had already determined to abandon, and when the
infantry advanced at daybreak they were opposed by a mere curtain
of troops, who retired rapidly before them. As they followed in
pursuit, they were overwhelmed by the fire of batteries securely
posted in the rear of the main line of defence. By using canvas
boats they succeeded in crossing the Marne at several points and
then establishing pontoon bridges. Their progress was definitely
checked on July 16, and a vigorous counter-offensive began two days
later against the exposed right flank of the German salient on the
Marne. One of the secret preparations made for this counter-
offensive was the construction of a very large number of light tanks
on the Renault model, armed with small guns to accompany the
infantry in their advance. Rain was falling heavily on the morning
of July 18, when the French counter-offensive began in the region
between Villers Cotterets and Soissons by an army commanded by
General Mangin, whose troops had been discreetly hidden in the
wooded valleys among the hills. There was no preliminary bombard
ment. The infantry advanced at dawn under cover of a rolling
barrage, directed by the map, and accompanied by eight hundred
swift mosquito tanks." The German front line was taken by
surprise and gave way. On the left the French advanced until they
reached the hills overlooking Soissons, and in some places the French
cavalry pressed through the gaps thus created and took part in the
pursuit. When night fell the Allies were able to report that twenty
thousand prisoners and three hundred and sixty guns had been taken.
Three British divisions and many British tanks took part in this
attack near Reims. Several divisions of United States troops also
co-operated in the vicinity of Chateau Thierry, where they fought
stoutly. The pressure of the Allies continued with encouraging
success, driving the Germans steadily before them until they were
forced to recross the Marne, and part of their troops were withdrawn
to the Aisne. These advances had the effect of materially shortening
the allied front, and removing the "menace against Paris. Large
masses of troops assembled as reserves for a projected offensive against
the British front under Prince Ruprecht of Bavaria were drawn
away to resist this attack and the contemplated operation was con
sequently abandoned.
On July 23, a secret conference was held of the allied commanders
at which the methods for developing the advantages of the success
already gained were discussed at considerable length. The commanders
of the British, French and American armies were required to pre-
Heliotype Co., Ltd., Ottawa
Canada Year Book, 1919
C. R. W. Nevinson, pinxt.
WAR IN THE AIR
ri-:h .\Ttn\S <>\ THE ]\ />"/ /://. V /-WAT, 1918 41
pare plan> for local offensives to be undertaken at an early date with
definite limited objectives. The first great objective proposed on
the British front was the liberation of the Amiens-Paris railway which
had been rendered unworkable by the enemy s tire for several weeks.
The British forces had been greatly diminished by casualties
during the two great offensives directed against them in March and
April. Kight divisions had then been reduced to mere skeletons and
no longer could be regarded as fighting formations. Two others which
still continued in the line were greatly weakened. There had been
immense losses of artillery and military stores, including two hundred
tanks, material for light railways, rolling stock and motor carriages.
Two months of comparative quiet had brought about a great improve
ment. The gaps in the ranks were more than filled by drafts from
Kngland and reinforcements from other fronts. The number of
infantry divisions had been increased from forty-five to fifty-two, and
the total strength of British troops employed in France was not less
than 1,700,000. All losses of material had been more than replaced.
The artillery was Mronger than ever before and a stock of thirty-five
million shells had been accumulated for its use. New lines of railway
had been built and additional tracks laid on old lines in many places,
totalling a length of two hundred miles. Xe\v defensive lines of great
strength and remarkable complexity had been constructed which
included five thousand miles of trenches. By the end of July, the
British forces were wholly reorganized in France and prepared to
undertake the great task imposed upon them. Reserves amounting
to more than a million of men were under training in England from
whom losses could be readily replaced. A decided supremacy had been
secured in aerial warfare. To enable this attack to be made with
sufficient force, it was decided to transfer the Canadian Corps from
the area occupied by the First British Army to that held by the
Fourth Army. In order to deceive the enemy as regards this move,
two battalions were placed in the line in the Kemmel hill sector and
wireless message- purpoely sent to be intercepted, worded in such a
way as to indicate the presence of Canadians in this part of the front.
It was freely announced that the corps would move in the direction
of Ypres, where the Second Army expected an attack. Many tanks
were ostentatiously paraded near St. Pol. The transfer began on
July 30, and the movement into battle-assembly positions was
completed on the night of August 7-8. The concentration area lay
to the southwest of Amiens, a distance of forty miles from the battle-
assembly position. Every precaution was taken to conduct these
movements with the greatest secrecy. The troops moved by railway,
motor bus and route march, entraining and detraining being accom
plished during hours of darkness. The area chosen for concentration
was heavily wooded and well adapted for concealing the presence of
troops. The advance of the infantry to the position of assembly
was accomplished in motor lorries and buses during the night.
Here woods, villages and sunken roads afforded considerable cover
from overhead observation. The extensive wood of Gentelles was
largely used to conceal the assembly of many tanks. Cloudy and
foggy weather greatly favoured secrecy and the movement of these
troops seems to have been unobserved by the enemy.
42 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
The front of attack covered twenty thousand yards. The First
French Army, acting under the orders of the Commander-in-Chief of
the British Army, was to attack on the right, the Canadian Corps in
the centre, the Australian Corps on its left and the Third British
Corps on the left of the latter. The intention was to push forward
rapidly in the direction of the railway leading from Roye to Chaulnes.
A large number of officers from the Australian and Canadian Corps
were sent to observe demonstrations of co-operation between tanks
and infantry at the training school to familiarize them with the
combined tactics of these troops. After a brief bombardment on the
morning of August 8 four hundred and fifteen heavy and light tanks
advanced, followed by strong columns of infantry, the number of
tanks allotted to each division ranging from twenty-four to thirty-
six according to the nature of the ground. This movement was fav
oured by heavy fog which screened them from view until close to the
German positions. The ground was broken and interspersed with
many compact villages surrounded with gardens and orchards, and
here and there small woods and copses. The German defences
consisted largely of disconnected trenches with many machine gun
emplacements scattered about. Their defenders were surprised and
the advance was extremely rapid at first. The German positions
were penetrated to a depth of more than eight miles and many
villages captured. In an official report the defeat of the German
Second Army on this occasion was attributed to the fact that "the
troops were surprised by the massed attack of the tanks and lost their
heads when the tanks suddenly appeared behind them, having broken
through under the protection of natural and artificial fog." The
attack was resumed on the morning of the 9th and rapid progress
a,gain made all along its front, in some places to a depth of more than
six miles. During the day the resistance perceptibly stiffened and the
Germans brought up fresh troops supported by a few huge tanks.
The movement of the French First Army had been restricted to a
demonstration in force on the 8th followed on the morning of the
9th by a heavy artillery bombardment which was discontinued about
noon-day. The Germans were thrown off their guard and relaxed
their vigilance in the course of the afternoon. At five o clock when
they were engaged in preparing their evening meal, the French began
their principal infantry attack, moving swiftly against the German
line of retreat, eastward, and ultimately surrounding the town of
Montdidier which was taken about noon on the 10th. The German
reserves had been moved to protect the important railway junction
at Chaulnes from the British attack. Counter-attacks were repelled
on August 11 and 12, and the French continued their advance all
along their front from Montdidier as far as the Oise. They crossed
the Matz and recaptured several villages on the further bank. Farther
to the south and east other advances were made. This success brought
the allied troops into the old trenches occupied by them in 1916, and
the pressure of strong German reserves supported by many batteries
of artillery made a further advance inexpedient. Thirteen British
infantry divisions and three cavalry divisions had been engaged and
in the course of four days they had captured 21,850 prisoners and four
Ol Klf. \Tlu\s OX THE WESTERN /- A OAT. uns [: ,
hundred guns. Twenty (ierman divisions were identified among the
prisoner
The French army commanded l>y ( leneral Mangin begun a for
ward movement east of the river Oise on August 18. Attacking on a
nine-mile front, with a large number of light tanks which enabled
him to break up the ( iennan machine gun positions very easily, he
made rapid progre . Resuming his advance on August 20, on a
wider front, he took ten thousand prisoners and gained the line of the
Ailette on August 2 2.
The British attack was then transferred to the north. The
Canadian Corps and the Second American Corps were moved in that
direction by night in railway train- and motor transport vehicles.
On August 22 the Third Army under Sir Julian Byng, reinforced by
these two corp>. attacked in the direction of Bapaume and reached
the Arras-Albert railway. The point of attack then shifted to the
south of Albert. That town was captured and the assailants crossed
the river Aneiv. ( ierman reserves, hurried up to oppose this attack,
were defeated. Montauban was taken on the 2(ith and on the follow
ing day the New Zealand division entered Bapaume. On August 2 .\
another advance began from Arras along t he Scarpe. which was equally
successful in spite uf obstinate resistance. The town of Bray was
taken by another British force on August 2-1. On August 26 the
Canadian Corps co-operating with the Seventeenth British Corp>
carried the (Ierman positions at Monchy-le-Preux, Wancourt and
Roeux. German reserves thrown in on the following day were
repulsed and a further gain of ground made. Southward of this the
Australians made a swift advance in the direction of Peronne which
they carried by assault on the :*lst. after severe fighting from house
to house, taking many prisoner-. By these operations the flank of
the German positions on the Somme was turned, and they were
compelled to withdraw to the east bank of that river. Twenty-three
divisions were engaged on the part of the Allies, and during the
ten last days of August, they took 34,250 prisoners and 270 guns.
They had been opposed by thirty-five German divisions.
French troops, who had been released by the shortening of their
front after the success of their recent operations, moved northward
and took over part of the line from the British. A successful attack
was made by them on August 1 ). On August 27 they took Roye
and next day captured Chaulnes. The Germans withdrew from
Xoyon on August 29 and the French pursued them closely. On
September 4 Mangin commenced a new offensive in which he suc
ceeded in crossing the Aisne near Vailly. This compelled a further
retirement of the German line in that region. They fell back to their
old defensive positions in advance of Douai, Cambrai, St. Quentin,
and Laon. The First British Army striking eastward from Arras
had made slow progress against very stubborn opposition. Experience
gained in the operations near Amiens indicated that tanks should
follow rather than precede the infantry. An attack was launched
early on the morning of September 2 by the Canadian Corps and
17th British Corps against the Drocourt-Queant system of defence
Preceded by an effective barrage and followed by a large fleet of tanks
44 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
the infantry advanced on both sides of the Arras-Cambrai national
road and carried the German intrenchments on a front of eight miles,,
in the face of a most resolute resistance by ten German divisions,
holding a very strongly prepared position. This was one of the most
remarkable exploits during the war. Almost 10,000 prisoners were
taken and an advance made of five miles. Further progress was
made next day and on September 4 the British advanced within
seven miles of Cambrai. The Germans were forced to fall back on
the outer defences of the Hindenburg line. As a result of these
operations the Lys salient was evacuated by them. Lens, Bailleul
and Kemmel Hill were abandoned and the important railway centre
at Hazebrouck was freed from any further menace. Seven British
divisions were engaged in this operation. Between August 26 and
September 3 they took 8,850 prisoners belonging to thirteen German
divisions, and 200 guns.
By the night of September 8 the Germans had retired to the
general line. Vermand-Epehy-Havrincourt, and thence running north
ward along the east bank of the Canal du Nord. From Havrincourt
southward, their main line of resistance was the system of defences
known as the Hindenburg line which ran southeastward of the
Scheldt canal at Bantouzelle, thence following the line of that canal
to St. Quentin. In front of this main line strong detachments held
well prepared advance positions about Havrincourt and Epehy,
which must be taken before a final attack could be made on the
Hindenburg line. On September 12 two corps of the Third British
Army attacked on a front of five miles at Havrincourt, employing the
New Zealand and three British divisions. These positions were
carried and the line advanced. On September 17 the Ninth British
and the Australian Corps captured Holnon village and a neighbouring
wood. Next day, early in the morning, the Third and Fourth Armies,
attacked in the midst of a heavy rain on a front of seventeen miles-
extending from Holnon to Gouzeaucourt, accompanied by a small
number of tanks. The First French Army and two American divi-
/
sions co-operated south of Holnon. The British troops advanced to
a depth of three miles as far as a strongly organized belt of defences
formed of the old British and German lines of 1917. They were
stubbornly opposed and had severe losses. Fourteen British divisions
were engaged and captured 11,750 prisoners among whom fifteen
German divisions were identified, and took one hundred guns. All
the positions required for an attack on the main Hindenburg line
were then secured. The French army had also advanced steadily on
their right and on September 20 reached the Oise near VendeuiL
The fort of that name was taken by them on September 22.
The First American Army was organized in the latter part of
August by the withdrawal of divisions hitherto serving with other
allied armies. General Pershing was placed in command and took
over a sector of the front extending from Port-Sur-Seille to Verdun,
where he began independent operations. After a very fierce artillery
preparation lasting for four hours in the early morning of September
12 the seven leading divisions assisted on the left by French troops
advanced at daybreak against the German salient at St. Mihiel,
OPERATIONS ON THE WESTERS FA OAT, 1918 4.1
preceded by a number of tanks whose crews \vere provided with wire
cutting torpedoes and other instruments for demolition of entangle
ment This movement was made on a front of ten miles, and by
noon some of the outer positions were taken. During the afternoon
the advance was continued, and at daybreak on the following morning
the retreat of a considerable body of the defenders was intercepted.
Violent counter-attacks enabled a portion of the German forces to
withdraw, but 1>,(M)0 prisoners and H:> gu.is were taken. All the
"round necessary as a starting point for the projected advance down
the Mense was carried.
This series of operations is a notable example of well co-ordinated
effort. It was only made possible by unity of command and a
highly efficient -ervice of supply and transport. An immense army
of railway const ruction troops, foresters, artificers, and labourers of
all descriptions wa< constantly employed on the lines of communica
tion behind the advancing troops. Several hundred thousand
unskilled labourer- had been recruited in the African and Asiatic
possessions of Great Britain and France and in China. The losses of
the fighting troops had been severe, but they were rapidly replaced
from the large reserves constantly pouring into France from England
and the United State-. The French had likewise organized and
brought in from their African dominions fighting troops numbering
nearly a million men.
It was next decided, after a careful discussion between the allied
commanders, that four convergent and simultaneous offensives should
be undertaken. These were as follows: by the Americans west of the
Meuse in the direction of Me/ien-s : 1 >y the French west of the Argonne
in close co-operation with the American attack and having the same
ueral objective; by the British on the St. Quentin-Cambrai front in
the general direction of Maubeuge: by Belgian and other allied troops
in Flanders in the direction of Ghent. It was anticipated that if
these operations were successful the German forces opposed to the
French and Americans would be forced back into the difficult hilly
region of the Ardennes, while the British advance would strike at
their chief lines of communication. In Flanders it was expected that
the gradual weakening of the German forces would enable the Allies
to clear the Belgian coast by a surprise attack. Much depended upon
the success of the British advance in the centre, as the German
system of defence was there most strongly developed and if it was
once broken, their lines of lateral communication would be vitally
menaced.
By launching these attacks in rapid succession along a front of
one hundred and twenty miles, the enemy would be unable to shift
about his reserves on interior lines of communication as he had done
so frequently in the past with success. His troops would be nailed
to their positions and if the Hindenburg line was once penetrated he
would be driven from a defensive position where he had probably
planned to remain during the winter.
As these operations were to commence from the right, the whole
of the First American Army was transferred to the area behind the
sector of the line between the Meuse and the western edge of the
46 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
Argonne forest which had been quiet for many months and was thinly
held by both the opposing forces. In rear of their front lines, the
Germans had, however, constructed three strongly fortified alternative
positions. On the morning of September 26, the First American and
Fourth French Army accordingly attacked on both sides of the
Argonne between the Meuse and Suippe rivers. The right flank of
the American army was covered by the Meuse; its left wing was,
however, obliged to force its way through a region of hills, ravines
and thick woods, obstructed by numerous entanglements and trenches.
Although this movement appears to have taken the Germans by sur
prise to some extent, reserves were soon brought and the advance was
checked. On the right the first and second lines of defence were
taken with several thousand prisoners. West of the Argonne the
French penetrated to the German second line, where they were
held up.
The British First and Third Armies, on the evening of September
26, occupied a front extending from the village of Selency, west of
St. Quentin, through Gouzeaucourt and Havrincourt to the marshy
and inundated country on the banks of the Sensee river at Ecourt
St. Quentin.
Between St. Quentin and Bantouzelle the main defences of the
Hindenburg line lay generally on the east side of the Scheldt canal
and were sited with great skill to prevent the occupation of suitable
artillery positions for their attack. The canal itself was utilized to
furnish cover for troops in reserve or rest and for the garrisons of
the main trenches during a bombardment. Deep cuttings were
numerous, being in some places sixty feet in depth, and in one case the
canal passed through a tunnel for a distance of three and one-half
miles. This tunnel was used to provide quarters for troops and was
connected by shafts with trenches above. In the sides of the cuttings
many tunnelled dug-outs and shelters of concrete had been con
structed. Along the crest of the bank were numerous concealed
machine gun emplacements. On the western side of the canal two
well-organized lines of trenches ran parallel to it south of Bellicourt,
where the canal cutting became shallow. They were protected by
wide belts of wire entanglements. Many other trenches, switch lines
and communication trenches, in most cases strongly wired, were
constructed to strengthen weak points or gain desirable fields of fire.
The entire defensive system, with numerous fortified villages, occupied
a belt of country varying in width from seven to ten thousand yards,
thoroughly organized with every device, revealed by four years
experience in active warfare. The northern portion of the canal was
deemed too formidable an obstacle to attempt its passage in the face
of the enemy. The extraordinary strength of the position made a
prolonged artillery preparation necessary. This began during the
night of September 26-27, along the whole front of all three armies,
with the intention of deceiving the enemy as to the main point of
an attack to be delivered by the First and Third Armies only. At
5.20 a.m. on September 27 the Canadian and three British corps
began their advance in the direction of Cambrai, on a front of thirteen
miles, extending from Gouzeaucourt northward. Assisted by sixty-
OPERATIONS OX THE \\ E8TER.\ FRONT, uns 47
five tanks the infantry soon penetrated deeply into the German
position, in the face of stubborn resistance. The passage of the
canal was forced at several points and the slopes on the farther bank
-ccured. Bridges were then quickly constructed and the leading
divisions paxed over. At the end of the day a substantial advance
had been made all along the front of attack. Ten thousand prisoners
and two hundred guns were taken. Next day the movement was
continued and several fortified villages carried by assault. The
bombardment begun on the morning of September 27 had been
maintained along the whole front of the Fourth Army for forty-eight
hours without intermission. During that day alone the British
artillery fired 943,837 shells, weighing 10,000 tons. This was a
greater expenditure of ammunition than had been made in the entire
South African war lasting three years. The troops in the German
front line were driven by this intense lire into their deep dugouts and
tunnels and their provision parties uere unable to bring up food and
ammunition.
On the morning of September 2<) an attack was made on a
front of twelve mil- \tending northward from Holnon by two
British and one American corps, aided by a large fleet of tanks. On
the right of the Fourth Army the French First Army continued the
attack in the sector of St. Quentin, while on its left two corps of
the Third Army also attacked. One division of the Fourth British
Army stormed the village of Bellenglise on the eastern side of the
canal, some troops crossing the canal on foot bridges which the
enemy had not been allowed time to destroy, others equipped with
life-belts and carrying mats, rafts, and scaling ladders dropped down
the <teep sides of the canal and swam or waded across. The German
trenches with their posts in the great tunnel were carried and the
garrison of the village surrounded and taken. The 4(>th Midland
division alone took Lb OO prisoners and more than a thousand ma
chine gun-. The -econd American corps further north was obstin
ately opposed, but succeeded in carrying the main points of resist
ance. The Third Army captured Masnieres and secured the crossings
of the canal on the outskirts of Cambrai. The Canadian Corps
gained ground to the northwest of that town, taking two villages.
Attacks continued on all these fronts for the next two days. On
September . >() the gap iii the Hindenburg line was considerably en
larged. The Germans abandoned two of their main positions on
the west side of the canal and retired behind it. Next day the First
French Army attacked from the west, taking the greater part of
St. Quentin, driving the enemy from house to house, while the
Australian Corps and a British division attacked on their left,
reaching the railway beyond the canal. Wet weather accompanied
by high winds drenched the troops and soaked the fields, but did not
stop the advance. On October 2 the French took the remainder of
St. Quentin and their lines south of the town were advanced to the
river Oise. South of Cambrai the New Zealand division and one
British division took two fortified villages, while north of that town
the Canadian corps cleared the high ground. The fighting here was
extremely severe, as in the course of five days the Germans employed
48 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
eleven divisions in succession in their frantic efforts to check this
attack. The advance was continued along the whole front with slow
but steady success until October 8, when the Canadian Corps carried
the canal crossings near Ramillies, northeast of Cambrai, making that
town untenable. The Germans consequently abandoned it and fell
back on the line of the river Selle. On the night of October 9 Cambrai
was occupied by British and Canadian troops. In ten days of vic
torious fighting the last and strongest German line had been effectually
smashed and the way opened for a war of movement and a thrust
against their railway communications. This may be regarded as
one of the most decisive operations of the war. Between September
27 and October 10 thirty-five British infantry , three British cavalry,
X ^ / %f> /
and two American infantry divisions engaged forty-five German
infantry divisions, from whom they took twelve thousand prisoners
and two hundred and fifty guns. The moral effect of so damaging
a defeat was of still greater importance.
Arrangements for the development of offensive operations on
the Flanders front were settled at a conference held by Marshal Foch
at Cassel on September 9. The large force assigned for these oper
ations was placed under the command of the King of the Belgians.
It was composed of the Belgian Army, two corps of the British
Second Army, several French divisions, and two American divisions
transferred from the Meuse. Without any preliminary bombardment
the two British corps attacked on a front of five miles and easily
carried the whole of the high ground east of Ypres, which had been
so fiercely fought over the year before. The Belgian attack was
made on an eight mile front from Dixmude to the north of Ypres
and made an advance of about three miles. Next day, the British
crossed the Lys and advanced upon Roulers, which the Belgians
were likewise approaching. The Germans commenced to withdraw
from La Basse"e and from Armentieres and Lens. A salient was
driven into their lines which greatly endangered their positions on
the Belgian coast. During its advance on September 28-29 the
Second British Army took 4,800 prisoners and one hundred guns.
The second and final phase of the British offensive then began,
having the capture of Maubeuge and the disruption of the main
lateral system of the German railway communications as its chief
objectives. The Fourth and Third British Armies, and the right of
the First Army advanced with the left flank resting on the canal
running from Cambrai to Mons and its right covered by the First
French Army. North and south of the Aisne the French armies,
assisted by some Italian troops, continued their forward movement.
On October 8 the First French Army advanced along the Oise to
the southward of St. Quentin, and French and American troops
attacked in Champagne and east of the Meuse, and made important
progress. The Third and Fourth British Armies advanced on a
front of seventeen miles in the direction of Le Cateau, assisted by
one American division. The German positions were penetrated after
severe fighting to a depth of between three and four miles. Their
unfinished trenches were quickly carried, and they were driven into
the open country beyond. The enemy s resistance fairly broke
OPERAT1ONS_O^ Till-: WESTER^ FRONT, 1918 4<
down; hi> infantry became disorganized and retired eastward.
British :tir-scouts reported that the roads converging on LeC ateau
were jammed with retreating infantry and transport vehicles. Next
morning the advance was resumed and the British cavalry engaged
in the pursuit. When night came the advanced troops were within
two miles of Le( atean and the Germans had lieen prevented from
completing the destruction of the railway. On October 10 progiv--
continued, hut the German resistance perceptibly stiffened, and
attempts of the British cavalry to pass the Selle were unsuccessful.
The French First Army made a substantial advance east of St.
Quentin. In this operation twenty British infantry, and two British
cavalry divisions, and one American infantry division drove before them
twenty-four < ierman divisions and took from them I J, ()()() prisoner-
and 2")() gui Full possession W&B liained of the ini])ortant double-
tracked line of railway from St. (Client in to ( ambrai. running through
Busigny. By October li> the British armies had advanced to the
river Selle and established bridge-heads ;,t several plan Another
dee]) pocket had been driven into the ( Jerman ])osition. French and
American troop- had pushed forward steadily on both sides of the
Argonne. The entire ridge of the ( hemin des Dames was occupie<l
by them on October II and 12. La IV-iv and l.aon were entered on
< etober 1H without opposition. The key of the old German line in
France was abandoned.
At daybreak on October 14 the allied forces commanded by
the King of the Belgians resumed the offensive on the whole front
extending from the river Ly> at ( omine- to Dixmnde. This attack
was attended by complete BUCC688. Koulers was taken, and on
October Hi and 17 the allied troops entered Menin and ( ourtrai.
The defences of Lille were turned on both Hank-. The German-
removed their supplies and abandoned that city on October 1C), when
it was entered by the British troops. Ostend was evacuated on
October 17, with the important submarine bases on the Belgian coast.
The next (ierman line of defence was established on the Selle and
Si-heldt river-.
The advance of the American forces on the right was slow and
difficult, owing to the hilly nature of the country, the stubborn
resistance of the enemy, and to some extent to a breakdown of their
transport services, which had been encumbered with an undue
amount of baggage. Their staff was inexperienced and had not the
advantage of satisfactory railway lines of communication. On
October 4 the First American Army renewed its attack along its
entire front, advancing on both banks of the Meuse and along the
winding valley of the Aire, w r here the wooded hills of the Argonne
had been skilfully fortified. Its losses w r ere severe, but the casualties
were rapidly replaced. Not until October 16, however, did this
force succeed in gaining a foothold in the German third line of defence,
taking the town of Grandpre, an important road junction. Here it
halted for the purpose of re-organization for an effective attack on
the Freya position, the last German line south of Sedan, which was
its prospective objective. On the American left the French advanced
on the same day. crossed the river Aisne and took the German
87084
50 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
positions on the right bank. General Gouraud then moved along
the Aisne, taking Neufchatel and other towns. Vouziers was cap
tured on October 12, and a further advance made in the direction of
Rethel. The German retreat on that part of the line had become
general, but was accomplished in good order.
The communications on the British front were rapidly improved
and it was soon possible to undertake further important operations.
On October 17 the Fourth Army attacked on a front of ten miles
from Le Gateau with two British and one American corps, acting in
conjunction with the First French Army on its right. The Germans
held a line running through a wooded undulating country in great
strength, and were well supported by their artillery. Their resistance
was obstinate, but by the night of October 19 they were driven
across the Sambre and Oise canal at nearly all points south of Catillon.
This success was followed up at two o clock next morning by the
advance of six divisions of the Third British Army and one division
of the First Army along the line of the Selle river north of Le Gateau.
Supported by a number of tanks, which succeeded in crossing the
river, the infantry overcame a very stubborn resistance and repelled
vigorous counter-attacks. The objectives on the high ground east
of the Selle were gained while the other troops of the First Army
advanced on both sides of the Scheldt canal and occupied Denain.
Another large operation was undertaken on a front of fifteen
miles shortly after midnight on the morning of October 23, in which
four divisions of the Fourth and the same number from the Third
British Army were engaged. Next day three divisions of the First
Army extended the line of attack for five miles further northward to
the Scheldt. Unfavourable weather had made it difficult to locate
the enemy s batteries, and their fire was heavy and well directed;
still, in the course of two days fighting, an advance of six miles was
made through difficult country. Many woods and villages were
stubbornly held by the opposing troops, and one of the latter was
not taken until the afternoon of October 24, by an enveloping attack
of two divisions. The western outskirts of the Mormal forest were
reached and in the course of minor operations in the three following
days, a large section of the railway running from Valenciennes to
Le Quesnoy was seized. In the course of the fighting between
October 17 and 25 twenty-four British and two American divisions
had engaged thirty-one German divisions, from whom they took
twenty-one thousand prisoners and four hundred and fifty guns, and
carried their objectives at all points. It became apparent that the
German infantry and machine gun troops were no longer reliable,
and in several instances they retired in front of the British artillery
barrage without fighting. The difficulty of replacing their heavy
losses in guns, machine guns, and ammunition had enormously
increased, and the German reserves of men were almost exhausted.
The capitulation of Turkey and Bulgaria and the approaching col
lapse of Austria rendered their military situation desperate and their
troops had become thoroughly disheartened. It still seemed possible
that if their armies were allowed to withdraw to shorter lines near
their own frontier, they might protract the contest during the winter.
OTEKATIOXS OX THE WESTERX WAT. 1918 51
To anticipate this another general forward movement was under
taken on the whole allied front.
( m October 9 a second American army was formed and took
OV6I a sector of the front in the Wcevre. Twenty-one American
divisions were then in the field, numbering with other army troops
i million men. The American First Army continued its
advance slowly down the left bank of the Meuse, overcoming stubborn
Distance. On November 2 it had advanced as far as Buzancy and
cleared the Germans out of the Argonne. The Third Army Corps
forced the passage of the Meuse at two points on November 4 and 5,
and gained a footing on the right bank. On November 6, the first
rps reached the river opposite Sedan, which it entered in conjunction
with French troops next day. On November 8 other troops of the
me army advanced to Montmedy and occupied Stenay on Novem-
her 10.
After the rapture of Vouziers, the French army moved against
that portion of the Argonne lying north of Grandpre, which they
leared of the Germans after several days severe fighting. Another
iunin of the same army occupied Hirson on November 9, and ad
vanced to the Belgian frontier. Between the Aisne and Meuse,
< .ouraud s army advanced without opposition until it arrived on the
Meuse between Sedan and Mezieres, where it crossed the river and
retook the latter town. Mangin s army reached the north bank of
the Serre on October 25, and crossed the Aisne at various points
between Rethel and Attigny on November 5. The First French
Army commanded by General Debeney advanced along the Oise.
They were strongly opposed at Guise which was resolutely held by
the Germans until October 23.
Early on the morning of November 1, the Seventeenth Corps of
the British Third Army, and the Twenty-second and Canadian Corps
belonging to the First Army attacked on a front of six miles south of
Valenciennes. In the course of two days bitter fighting the Germans
were expelled from their positions, and the Fourth Canadian Division
ptured Valenciennes and advanced beyond that town. On Novem
ber 3, the Germans withdrew and the line w r as further advanced. As
information was then secured that a further retirement was under
contemplation, the principal attack was accelerated. This was
launched by the Fourth, Third and First British armies on November
4, upon a front of thirty miles, extending from the Sambre north of
Cisy to Valenciennes. The character of the country made this an
extremely difficult operation. The river had to be crossed at the
start and in the centre the great forest of Mormal, obstructed by the
debris of German forestry operations, presented a formidable obstacle.
Further northward several streams running parallel to the line of
advance must be passed and the fortified town of Le Quesnoy had to
be taken. Preceded by a most effective artillery barrage the German
positions were soon penetrated along the whole front, and by nightfall
an advance of five miles was accomplished. The Sambre was crossed
by rafts and the town of Landrecies was taken. Before dawn on
November 5 fighting was resumed and the eastern edge of the forest
was reached. Le Quesnoy was surrounded by the New Zealand
68708 4*
52 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
division, and the German garrison surrendered in the afternoon. On
the British right the French First Army continued the line of attack
southward to the vicinity of Guise, taking many prisoners and guns.
By these operations the German resistance was finally broken.
During the night they fell back on nearly their whole front, and on
the three following days, in the midst of continuous rain, the victorious
troops continued to press forward almost without opposition. The
roads packed with the enemy s troops and carriages presented
favourable targets for the airmen of the allies, who made effective use
of their opportunities in spite of the weather. Many guns and
vehicles were abandoned by the retreating forces. On November 8
the British troops entered the outskirts of Maubeuge, and that
fortress was occupied next day. The First, Fifth and Second British
Armies crossed the Scheldt in several column^. On November 10
the advance of all five British Armies continued with cavalry and
cyclists operating in front of the infantry. Little opposition was
encountered except in the neighbourhood of Mons, and in the early
morning of November 11 that town was captured by the Third
Canadian Division with small loss. (See the illustration facing
page 52). The whole of its defenders were killed or taken prisoners.
The great disorder of the retiring troops, the number of the aban
doned trains and stores of all kinds indicated that their defeat had
been decisive. At eleven a.m. on November 11, in pursuance of
instructions from the Commander in Chief of the allied armies,
hostilities were suspended in consequence of the conclusion of an
armistice. The right of the Fourth Army had then crossed the
Franco-Belgian frontier.
During this last phase of the operations which has received the
name of the battle of Maubeuge, extending from November 1 to
November 11, twenty-six British divisions were engaged with thirty-
two German divisions from whom they took 19,000 prisoners and 460
guns. The enemy s last great line of lateral communications was
broken. His positions on the Scheldt were turned and his forces
separated into two distinct groups by the great natural barrier of the
Ardennes.
During this long period of uniformly successful offensive enter
prises beginning on July 18, the British armies had taken 188,700
prisoners and 2,480 guns, the capture of 31,537 prisoners and 623
guns being credited to the Canadian Corps; French armies had taken
139,000 prisoners and 1,880 guns; the American armies had taken
43,300 prisoners and 1,421 guns; Belgian armies had taken 14,500
prisoners and 474 guns.
The terms of the armistice provided for the evacuation by the
German armies of the countries on the left bank of the Rhine, and the
occupation of these territories by allied and American garrisons
holding the principal crossings of the Rhine at Mayence, Coblenz,
and Cologne with bridge-heads at those points having a radius of
thirty kilometres on the right bank. This evacuation was to be
completed in thirty-one days after the signing of the armistice. In
conformity with these arrangements, it was decided that the First and
Fourth British Armies should advance to the Rhine and that the
H
O 50
r o
o o
C/3 HD
Pi w
o PI
n
-I
<>\ TllK ITALIAN n).\T.
< anadian Corp- should form part of the Second army. This move
ment bewail on November 17. each army advancing with two corps in
front, marching in several nearly parallel column This long march
wa> conducted by easy stag* The (Jcrman frontier was crossed on
December 1, and Cologne reaehe<l by the leading t roo])s on December
10. The bridge-head at Mayenee was occupied by French troo]>s and
that at ( oblen/. by Americans.
OPERATIONS ON ITALIAN FRONT, 191H.
During the early part of the year there were few engagements of
much importance on this front. Austrian attempts to cross the lower
Piave failed without exception.
(>n .June b") their long expected offensive commenced on a front
of ninety miles, extending from the Asiago plateau to the shores of
the Adriatic. In the -ector of the Brenta they succeeded in pene
trating the first three line- of Italian int rencliment s taking many
pri-one! Their advance was finally checked on the 17th. Else
where after cro--ing the river they were held up close to its banks.
The Austrian* reported the capture of 30,000 prisoners and 120 guns,
and the Italian- Mated that they had taken !>,000 Austrians. Very
heavy rains then came to the assistance of the Italians, causing a
complete suspension of operations. The Piave river rose rapidly and
carried away several bridges, leaving large bodies of Austrian troops
on the right bank, separated from their reserves and supplies. The
situation of these force- became very perilous, but they succeeded in
retiring across the river on the night of June 22. at most points, not
without heavy lo.--. In a -cries of successful operations on June
21 and 2"> the Italians reported the rapture of 18.000 prisoners.
On July (i the Austrians were forced out of positions near the mouth
of the Piave which they had held -ince November, HH7. In October
the situation on the \\.-tern front had become so promising that
Marshal Koch directed a general Italian offensive on the Upper Piave
by which he anticipated that the Austrian forces might be separated
and defeated in detail. The main attack began on the night of
October 26-27, in which the Tenth British army under Lord Cavan
participated in conjunction with two Italian armies. The passage
of the river was forced, and after two days hard fighting, the Austrians
were driven from their main positions. On October 31 the allied
armies reached the line of the Livenza, advancing on a very wide
front. Then the Austrians requested an armistice which was refused.
They were rapidly driven across that river and their retreat practically
became a rout. I dine and Belluno were retaken, and the Taglia-
mento wa- crossed on November 2 so quickly as to prevent the
Austrians from taking up a new position behind that river. An
armistice was concluded on November 3, by which the total demobili
zation of the whole Austro-Hungarian army and the evacuation of
all territories invaded by them was agreed upon. During their
advance the allied armies had taken three hundred thousand prisoners
and five thousand guns. The overthrow of Austria as a military
power was complete.
54 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
OPERATIONS ON THE BALKAN FRONT, 1918.
French and Italian troops began a series of offensive operations
in Albania early in June which met with considerable success. The
Greek army had been thoroughly re-organized and trained by French
officers with the intention of co-operating in the recovery of Serbia,
by a general attack on the Bulgarian army in the vicinity of Lake
Doiran and the region of Kavadar. British, Greek, French, and
Serbian troops took part in these operations, which began by a general
attack on September 15. The Bulgarian lines were pierced and their
forces separated and driven back on divergent roads. The pursuit
was vigorously pressed, and by September 23 the Bulgarian troops
became thoroughly disorganized, abandoning their trains and throwing
away their arms. The victorious forces marched at once upon the
capital, and the Bulgarian Government requested an armistice on
September 26, which was granted on terms practically amounting to
an unconditional surrender. All fighting ceased at noon on September
30. The defeat of the Bulgarians left the Austro-German forces in
Serbia and Albania in such an exposed situation that a rapid retreat
became inevitable. Durazzo was taken by Italian troops on October
14, and on November 3, after the conclusion of the armistice with
Austria, allied forces were landed at Scutari for the occupation of the
country until a treaty of peace was signed.
THE WAR IN ASIA, 1918.
After taking Jerusalem General Sir E. H. Allenby advanced
slowly northward, with a view of preventing any movement against
General Marshall s army in Mesopotamia by the large Turkish army
assembled at Aleppo, under von Falkenhayn. An irregular force of
Arabs, organized by the king of the Hedjaz, assisted him by co-operat
ing on the east side of the Jordan. Jericho was taken on February 21,
and the Turks retreated beyond the Jordan. Early in March British
troops advanced in Mesopotamia, defeating an opposing force on two
occasions.
The Russian army of occupation in Armenia began its evacuation
of the country early "in February, followed by the Turks who re-
occupied Trebizond and Erzerum, and took Batum on April 16. A
small British column, pushing swiftly forward from Mesopotamia,
after a very difficult and trying march of nearly seven hundred miles,
took possession of Baku, a city of great importance on account of its
large production of mineral oil. Late in the year, when menaced
by an attack from a much superior force of German and Bolshevist
troops, this detachment was withdrawn. During the hot season, while
active operations were suspended, General Allenby held a line extend
ing from the Mediterranean coast to the Jordan, some fifteen miles in
advance of Jerusalem, while a Turkish force exceeding 100,000 men
occupied the hills of Samaria on his front. A military railway had been
completed connecting Jerusalem with Cairo, and a pipe line was laid
for the conveyance of water from the Nile. The Turkish position was
naturally very strong and had been carefully prepared for defence.
Their troops were supplied by two short railway spurs from the
U AK L\ ASIA, 1918 55
Damascus line, while the main highway from Jerusalem to Damascus
ran directly through their position and would form their natural line
of retreat. A series of demonstrations and limited attacks was
planned upon the left of their main position lying between the high
road and the Jordan river to attract their attention to that part of
their line while the main attack was launched to their right near the
sea coast. If this succeeded in effecting a breach the whole of the
cavalry were to pour through it and endeavour to cut their lines of
communication and pursue the defeated troops. A vigorous holding
attack was made on the Turkish left on September 19, with the antici
pated result. Next morning the main attack was launched by a very
strong force of Australian, British, and French troops on a front of
sixteen miles with its centre opposite (lil^al. After some hours of
stubborn resistance the Turkish troops on the extreme right gave way
and in the course of a vigorous pursuit were completely routed and
dispersed. The whole of the allied cavalry rapidly advanced across
the plain of Sharon in two columns, one of them turning immediately
eastward to intercept the retreat of the remainder of the Turkish
army by seizing the Damascus road and railways while the other
pursued the routed enemy to Nazareth and thence turned eastward
toward the Jordan. British infantry advanced by forced marches
and seized the fords of that river while the Arabian auxiliaries cut the
enemy s railways by a series of attacks at the same time. Seventy-five
thousand prisoners and seven hundred guns were taken in this decisive
victory. The Seventh and Eighth Turkish Armies ceased to exist.
A cavalry column advancing from Nazareth on September 23
occupied Haifa and Acre and the country around Lake Tiberias.
Allenby then advanced northward meeting with very slight opposi
tion. His cavalry entered Damascus on October 1, taking 7,000
prisoners while a French force occupied Beirut. The junction of
the Palestine railway and the main line to Aleppo was reached on
October 5. Tripoli was taken on October 13, Horns on October 15,
and Aleppo, the enemy s base and great railway centre, was occupied
on October 26, the insignificant remnant of the Turkish army retiring
without any resistance. The Turkish forces in Mesopotamia were
entirely cut off from their supplies. General Marshall resumed his
advance upon Mosul on October 24. Conscious of its weakness, the
Turkish government despatched General Townshend, whom they still
held as a prisoner of war, to the British Admiral in command m the
Aegean Sea to sue for peace. The terms offered and eventually
accepted were equivalent to unconditional submission. A fleet of
British and French destroyers entered the Dardanelles on November 9,
and British troops took possession of the forts at Constantinople.
A large allied fleet arrived on November 13, with the intention of
beginning active operations against the German fleet on the Black
Sea, which were only prevented by the conclusion of the armistice
with Germany.
EVENTS ON THE EASTERN FRONT, 1918.
After the conclusion of the armistice with the Central Powers at
Brest-Litovsk, the Bolshevist Government at Petrograd was still
56 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
engaged in waging war with the new republics of Finland, the Ukraine,
and the Cossacks of the Don. Negotiations with Germany were
resumed on January 7, 1918, at Brest-Litovsk, and as the Ukraine
republic was then represented by delegates, a peace acceptable to the
Germans was concluded. The Bolshevist Government at once ordered
the demobilization of all armies under their control and proclaimed
that the war was over. Before these orders could be carried out a
Bolshevist force had captured Kief, the capital of the Ukraine.
Alleging that the Bolshevists had failed to comply with the terms of
peace and that their demobilization had not been sufficiently carried
into effect, Austrian and German forces swiftly advanced to the
assistance of their new allies in the Ukraine. One army crossed the
Dvina on February 18, and took the important town of Dvinsk;
another force marching from Kovel occupied the fortress of Lutsk.
A third advanced from Riga along the Baltic coast, following the rail
way towards Petrograd. Kief was taken by them on March 1, but
no further advance then made beyond a line extending from that city
northward through Vitebsk to the Baltic near Reval. All the terms
proposed were submissively accepted by the Bolshevist Government,
and a treaty signed on March 3, 1918. German troops, however,
continued to move southward. Odessa was taken by them with the
whole of the Black Sea fleet and a force advanced eastward into the
Crimea. German troops were also despatched into Finland and the
Ukraine with the avowed intention of enforcing the economic provis
ions of the treaty of peace, particularly the shipment of food to
Austria and Germany.
A remnant of the Rumanian army had been forced to retire
into Bessarabia. The Allies were unable to give that force any
assistance. After the conclusion of the armistice in the fall of 1917,
the Rumanian Government had firmly declined to submit to the
German terms of peace. It was now helpless, and on May 6, 1918,
a treaty was signed between Rumania and the Central Powers by
which a large cession of territory was made, the payment of a large
indemnity agreed to, and a free passage guaranteed for German troops
advancing into Russia. After the collapse of Bulgarian opposition
allied troops crossed the Danube, and the German army retired
before them. Upon the conclusion of the armistice the German
forces still commanded by Field Marshal von Mackensen attempted
to retire, but were interned in Hungary at the demand of the Allies.
Allied troops entered Bucharest on November 17, and a British
force occupied Constanza, the great Rumanian port on the Black
Sea.
British and French troops and marines were landed from allied
vessels at Murmansk on July 15, and at Archangel on August 4, for
the purpose of assisting the local Russian garrisons in the defence
of those ports, and for the protection of large quantities of military
stores and other supplies landed there for the former Russian Govern
ment. A column advanced southward from Archangel and ascended
the Dvina, where they were attacked by Bolshevist troops. This
column was reinforced by an American brigade in September.
EVENTS <>\ 7 ///-; EASTERN FRONT, 1918 :,7
An allied force composed of American. British. French, and
Japanese troops, landed at Vladivostok on August -1 for the protec
tion of that port and the valuable supplies deposited there. At the
Major-General .). II . Elmsley. A body of Czecho-Slovak troops,
formerly belonging to the Austrian army, had voluntarily surrendered
to the Rus-ian- and had taken service in the Russian army under the
auspices of the Kei eiisky ( iovt rnment . They were quartered near
Kief when the ( iermans invaded the I kraine. but retired along the
line of raihvay from the Don to Vladivostok, after which they co
operated effectively in t he r operations against the Bolshevist for-
in Siberia.
TIIK WAR AT SKA, 19 Is.
The British ( .rand Fleet continued to maintain and even streng
then its effective blockade of the ports of the Central Powers. The
Ta>k of detecting and hunting down hostile submarines was pursued
with greater vigour and success than ever, and alt hough the incursions
of (ienuan submarines were fitfully extended to the coasts of the
I nited States and Nova Scotia during the summer and a number of
-mall vessel- destroyed by them or by mines they had laid, these
raids had not the .-lightest effect in delaying the continuous move
ment of troops and supplies across the Atlantic. A few unimportant
attacks by destroyer- or submarines were also made on some British
and French coast towns, in which little damage was done, as the
-ailants after firing a few shots took to flight. Four British
hospital ships returning to Kngland with wounded were sunk with
heavy loss of life, although all of them were plainly marked to indicate
their character. The ( Jerman High Seas Meet was unable to put to
sea for a great battle, owing to the demoralization of the seamen
which had set in immediately after the battle of Jutland. A serious
mutiny occurred among them on November I), which seems to have
developed into a general revolutionary movement and accelerated
the signing of the armistice, by the terms of which the surrender of
the most efficient ships and all the submarines of the German navy
was exacted. It had. however, already ceased to exist as an effective
fighting force. It was officially announced by the British Admiralty
that one hundred and fifty (lerman and seven Austrian submarines
had been sunk during the war up to August, 1918. Subsequent
information shows that this estimate was considerably under the truth
and that the number taken or destroyed exceeded two hundred.
A formidable base for submarine activities had been established
by the (Iermans at the ports of Zeebrugge and Ostend on the Belgian
coast soon after their occupation. From its position and comparative
security from attack it had become a serious menace to the sea com
munications of the British army in France and the seaborne commerce
of the country generally. An attack on these ports on April 13 had
failed with some loss. A second enterprise on a larger scale was then
carefully organized and reinforced from the French navy. Its objects
58 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
were to block the Bruges ship canal at its entrance into the harbour
of Zeebrugge; to block the entrance fromOstend harbour to the sea;
and to inflict as much damage as possible upon these two ports.
Five obsolete cruisers were filled with concrete to be used as blocking
ships. The expedition started from its secret point of concentration,
sixty-three miles distant, on the afternoon of April 22, and under a
cover of artificial screens of smoke and mist the vessels employed
boldly entered the channels and at midnight succeeded in running
alongside of the mole at Zeebrugge, where a storming party of
marines and sailors was successfully landed. As a diversion to
enable the blocking ships to enter the harbour, this attack was en
tirely successful; those vessels proceeded to their allotted stations
and four of them were sunk in accordance with the plan. The
entrance of the Bruges ship canal was completely blocked. The
viaduct was blown up by the storming party, but the damage to the
mole was not as complete as had been planned. The entrance of
the Ostend channel was only partially blocked, but a second attempt
made on May 9 was more successful. The old cruiser " Vindictive
was filled with concrete for the purpose and sunk in such a position
as to block the entrance entirely. These daring enterprises and the
establishment of an immense mine field in the North Sea extending
from the Orkneys to the coast of Norway, a distance of two hundred
and thirty miles, mainly carried out by the navy of the United States,
contributed greatly to the defeat of the enemy s submarine campaign.
British war ships attacked the Turkish cruisers, formerly the
"Goeben : and " Breslau of the German navy, at the mouth of
the Dardanelles on January 20. The "Breslau was sunk in this
action and the "Goeben seriously damaged and driven ashore.
The British lost two light monitors.
Another squadron of monitors shelled Ostend on March 22.
On May 14 Italian torpedo boats entered the harbour of Pola,
and after destroying a dreadnought succeeded in making their escape.
Other vessels of the same class attacked a squadron of battleships
on June 10. One battleship was sunk and another seriously damaged.
Still another successful attack was made in the harbour of Durazzo
on October 2.
Three Russian battleships with a number of Russian and British
submarines frozen up in the Baltic ports were destroyed on the
approach of the Germans in April, but the remainder of the Russian
fleet in that sea succeeded in escaping to Kronstadt. The whole of
the Russian Black Sea Fleet was taken possession of by the Germans
in June, but surrendered to the Allies on November 27. The first
division of the German High Seas Fleet, in accordance with the
terms of the armistice, was delivered to an allied fleet, commanded
by Admiral Sir David Beatty, off the Firth of Forth. German sub
marines numbering one hundred and twenty-two, among them several
of the largest cruiser type, were surrendered to a British squadron
at Harwich.
The following table of the naval war losses of the Allies and
Central Powers, although not official, has been derived from an
authoritative source. All vessels lost through accident are included,
777 A H .W/ .17 >7-.M,
59
as well as those destroyed by hostile action. The comparatively
iall losses of the German navy, particularly in large vessels, are
due to the fact that the greater part of her fleet remained in port
during the war and as she had no mercantile marine at sea the service
of scouting vessels and patrol boats to protect her shipping was
unnecessary.
Description of vessel.
Great
Britain.
France.
Italy.
Japan.
United
States.
Battleships . ....
13
4
1
Battle crui.- -r -
( ruisers
3
_ .-.
5
2
4
1
Monitors
6
1
Destroyers
14
10
3
2
Torpedo boat -
Submarines. .
Small craft . . .
10
50
27
8
14
9
5
8
1
1
Total tonnage ....
550,000
110,000
76,000
50,000
17,000
Total for the Allies 803,000 tons.
Enemv losses were as follow-:
Description of Vessel.
Germany.
Austria-Hungary.
Battleships. .
Battle cruisers
Cruisers
1
1
24
3
2
Monitors
3
i royers
72
~i
Torpedo boats. . . .
51
4
Submarines ....
205
8
Total tonnage . ....
350,000
65.000
Totalfor the Central Powers 415,000 t<
The total loss of the British merchant tonnage was stated by the
Admiralty to amount to 15,053. :M . gross tons, valued at $3,000,000,-
000. According to this official statement 2,475 British ships were
sunk with their crews and 3,147 sunk and their crews set adrift, and
(570 fishing boats were destroyed. The total number of lives lost by
the warfare waged against the British merchant marine exceeded
15,000.
Early in the year 1918 the demand that American troops should
be rapidly transported to France became so urgent that a large
number of British fast vessels were detailed for this service. Beiween
May 1 and November 1 the number of troops transported across the
Atlantic amounted to 1,673,000, of whom the greater part were
embarked in British vessels and in many cases escorted by British
cruisers and destroyers.
The action of the British fleet was unquestionably one of the
most decisive factors in the war, as the blockade had brought the
Central Powers to the verge of famine and deprived them of the most
essential supplies for a continuation of hostilities.
60 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
It had also kept the seas absolutely free for the transportation
of troops to every important theatre of war.
PARTICIPATION OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE BRITISH
OVERSEAS DOMINIONS IN THE WAR, 1918.
The mobilization of the forces of the United States for active
employment in the war was conducted with great energy and ability.
Between the date of the declaration of war on April 7, 1917, and the
conclusion of the armistice on November 11, 1918, the army of the
United States was expanded from 190,000 to 3,665,000 men, of whom
1,993,000 had been actually embarked for the theatre of war.
Shortly before the re-organization of the Government of Canada
on the basis of a union of political parties, Major General S. C.
Mewburn became Minister of Militia in Canada in succession to
Sir A. E. Kemp, who had been appointed Overseas Minister for the
same Department. At a secret session of both Houses of Parliament
held on April 17, the Prime Minister gave an explanation of the
extreme gravity of the military situation in consequence of the marked
success of the great German offensives on the western front and
emphasized the necessity that every possible effort should be made
to maintain the troops in the field at full strength, and increase the
production of food as well as that of munitions of war. An Order in
Council was passed taking the widest powers in dealing with all cases
of exemption, and on April 20 all men between the ages of twenty
and twenty-three were called to the colours. By the operation of the
Military Service Act, large reinforcements were sent at once to the
reserve battalions in England, enabling them to maintain the Canadian
Corps at full strength and to augment all infantry battalions by one
hundred men and add several pioneer battalions, field companies,
forestry companies and other units, thereby increasing the strength
of the troops in the field by nearly 19,000 of all ranks. Notwith
standing the severe losses sustained in subsequent operations, the
forces engaged were constantly kept up to strength, or nearly so.
Before the conclusion of the armistice, the number of troops sent
overseas reached 418,052 of all ranks. The total casualties reported
up to December 31, 1918, numbered 9,989 officers and 204,397 other
ranks, besides 3,575 prisoners of war. The total number of deaths in
service in Canada during the same period numbered 2,221 of all ranks.
The total number of enlistments up to November 15, 1918, were
officially reported to number 595,441. More than 350,000 men,
women and children were employed in munition factories in Canada,
and the value of contributions for war purposes and to patriotic funds
was estimated to exceed $90,000,000, or more than eleven dollars per
head for the total population. Opposition to the Military Service
Act in the city of Quebec culminated in disturbances in which a few
lives were lost. These were promptly suppressed and the premier of
the province and the leader of the opposition in the Federal Parlia
ment strongly discountenanced all unconstitutional opposition to
this measure. These wise counsels soon had the desired effect.
STATES .\M> Hliirisil 1)(>MI \lo.\s til
In .lune tlir Imperial \Var Cabinet and an Imperial War ( on-
ference met in London and Merc attended by the Canadian Prime
Minister and two members of his cabinet.
In Australia the result of the referendum showed that a majority
of the people were opposed to the principle of compulsion. The
government of Mr. Hughes consequently resigned, but as it immedi
ately became evident that no administration headed by another had
any chance of remaining in power, he was asked to form a new cabinet
in which he succeeded and a vote of no confidence was promptly
defeated by a decisive majority. A recruiting conference was con
vened in April, presided over by the ( lovernor-( ieneral, at which
many labour delegate- were present . As a result of its deliberations,
and the BUCCeSfi of the ( iermans on the western front, a vigorous
recruiting campaign wa- started with great effect, and in the end the
Australian troops in the field did not suffer materially for want of
reinforcements. Australia was represented at the war conference by
Mr. Hughes and Sir Joseph ( ook. and the former remained in Kngland
to represent Aust ralia.
Reinforcements for the New Zealand division in the field were
also maintained by voluntary recruitment until late in the summer.
In South Africa, a republican agitation became bolder and more out-.
spoken until in March there was serious apprehension of another
rising. In May. after making repeated appeals to the Nationalist >
for moderation. ( ieneral Botha announced that the government would
take the most energetic mra>ures to suppress -edition. In July plots
were discovered which made military measures indispensable. Order
was quickly restored, (ieneral Smuts remained in England to assist
in the vigorous prosecution of the war and. with Mr. Burton, repre
sented the union at the Imperial War ( abinet.
India promptly re-ponded to a stirring appeal from the Prime
Minister. A war conference at Delhi was attended by representa
tives of all shades of popular opinion, and it was decided to take
measure.- to rai.-e another half million men within twelve month.-.
The non-official members of the Viceregal Legislature approved a
proposal by the Finance Minister that India should pay the expense
of maintaining a much larger proportion of her troops. T-he force-
in Mesopotamia, Syria and Palestine were strongly reinforced and
losses quickly replaced.
TERMS OF PEACE IMPOSED BY THE ALLIES, 1919.
In the conference held at Versailles which continued to sit for
nearly five months, thirty-two allied countries were represented by
official delegates. The five great allied nations, Great Britain, France,
Italy, Japan and the United States, were each represented by five
delegates, while the other nations and Overseas Dominions of Great
Britain, ranking as such, were represented by delegates varying in
number from one to three. Dr. Georges Clemenceau, the French
Prime Minister, was elected Chairman of the Conference. A Supreme
< ouncil of ten members was appointed, consisting of two delegates
from each of the five great nations already mentioned. Subsequently
62 HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
this council was divided and an executive council established, con
sisting of the Prime Ministers of France, Great Britain and Italy, and
the President of the United States. The council of allied delegates met
officially on January 18, 1919, to consider the terms to be submitted
to the German delegation.
One of the first steps taken by this conference was to invite the
representatives from the contending Russian factions to meet on
Prince s Island in the Bosporus to debate a pacific settlement of their
internecine warfare. This plan was positively rejected by the Bolshe
viks and met with opposition from other Russian parties. On January
24, the conference adopted a plan for the organization of a League of
Nations and a committee was appointed to draft a covenant. On
January 30, a plan of governing the conquered German colonies and
other territories, inhabited by unprogressive races, through mandat
ories granted to various nations subject to the direction and approval
of the League, was formally adopted. The terms of the covenant
were completed on February 14. A few days later, President Wilson
sailed for the United States, and an unsuccessful attempt was made
to assassinate Dr. Clemenceau.
A report from the International Labour Committee of the con
ference was adopted on April 11. Three days afterwards formal
demands for reparation from Germany were approved.
The German Government was invited to send delegates to
Versailles for the acceptance of the treaty. The terms of the treaty
with Austria were next considered. The Italian delegates demanded
the cession of the city of Fiume. In accordance with the provisions
of a secret agreement between Italy and other powers before the
entr}^ of the United States into the war, Italy had been promised
accessions of territories in Dalmatia in which Fiume was not included.
President Wilson firmly opposed a cession of that city to Italy. The
Italian delegates returned to Rome on April 24, as a protest of their
dissatisfaction and did not come back to Versailles until May 7.
On April 28, a revised form of covenant for the League of Nations
was presented in which the Monroe Doctrine was formally incorpor
ated.
The German delegates, headed by Baron von Brockdorff-Rantzau,
presented their credentials on May 1. The treaty of peace was
presented to them on May 7 at Versailles, that date being purposely
selected in commemoration of the anniversary of the sinking of the
Lusitania. It was announced at the same time that Great Britain
and the United States had entered into a solemn agreement to assist
France whenever attacked by Germany at any time in the future.
The German delegates and other leading men declared that the
treaty would not be signed, and the German Government formally
proclaimed a week of mourning. From time to time notes were
presented by the German delegates to the supreme council of the
four great powers requesting concessions and objecting to the terms
proposed. On May 16 it was announced that the treaty would become
effective when ratified by Germany and three of the allied nations.
On May 28, the German reply to the terms offered was presented and
this was followed by several alternative proposals from the German
TERMS Oh PEACE IM/ nSEl) BY Till- ALLIES, 1918 63
delegnt* On June 2, the Austrian delegates arrived and were
with the allied terms four days afterwards.
The treaty was reluctantly signed by the German delegates on
June 29, and the Turkish delegates were directed to return to their
own country, as it was hopeless for them to expect to save their empire
from dissolution in consequence of the frightful atrocities committed
by their troops during the war. The Nations concerned in the
treaties of peace and the dates on which they entered the war are as
follows :
AI.III Portugal M.-tr.. 1!H6 < iuatt-mala April 24, 1918 .
bia July L s. l .M4 Rumania. AUK.. 1916. ( -ta Rica April 27, 1918.
Russia AUK- l.l . H. rnit-<I Statoof Nicaragua May 8, 1918.
H.-ljiium Auu. 2,1914, America April 6, 1917 Hayti July 15, 1918.
Fr Au. 8, 1914. Cuba April 7, 1917 Honduras July 19, 1918.
(in-lit Britain. AUK- 4. H l-l. 1 anaina April 10, HU7 KNKMY.
Moiiti-m-Kri VUK-. 1914. <in- June :>0, 1917. Au>tria-
rapaa Aug. 23, 1914. Siam July -J2. 1<U7 Hungary July 28, 1914.
Italy May. 191.V LiU-ria.. \Ug. 8, 1917. ( .rrinany Aug. 1, 1914.
Albania Jmn., 191 duna lug. 16, 1917. Turkey Nov., 1914.
lil o.-t . L 7. I M 7. Bulgaria Oct., 1915.
The treaty \va- divided into fifteen sections. The first contained
the covenant of the League of Nations. The second described the
new geographical frontiers of ( lermany. The third section, consisting
of twelve clauses, bound the ( lennans to accept the political changes
made by the treaty in Kurope. It established two new States,
( zecho-Slovakia and Poland it revised the basis of Belgian sovereignty
and altered the boundaries of that country it set up new systems of
government in Luxemburg and the basin of the river Saar. Alsace-
Lorraine was restored to France. Germany was bound by it to
recognize the independence of German-Austria and accept certain
conditions respecting the new States created by the revolutionary
movement in Russia. By the fourth section Germany abandoned her
possessions and rights abroad. Her colonies were ceded to the
Allies, together with certain rights obtained by various international
conventions for regulating European influence in tropical Africa.
The British Protectorate in Egypt was recognized, and the treaty of
Algeciras annulled. The military, naval, and air conditions of peace
were embodied in the* fifth section, which limited the size of the
German army and navy and abolished compulsory military service in
Germany. The sixth section obliged all powers concerned to maintain
the graves of soldiers who had died in the war and dealt with the
release of prisoners. The seventh section dealt with responsibilities
and punishment, and provided for the trial of the former German
emperor. The eighth section stated the terms of reparation and
restitution required from Germany. The ninth contained financial
clauses relating to the previous section. The tenth dealt with economic
conditions and renewed former political international treaties and
conventions relating to the postal and telegraph services and sanita
tion. The eleventh section dealt with aerial navigation. The twelfth
section contained clauses dealing with the international control of
ports, canals, rivers and railways, with special provisions for the
control of the Kiel canal. The labour convention was embodied in
the thirteenth section. Guarantees for the execution of the treaty
HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
were included in the fourteenth. The fifteenth contained a number of
miscellaneous clauses, including the recognition of other subsequent
treaties of peace and confirmed the decisions of prize courts. Its final
clauses dealt with the ratification of the treaty and fixed a date for
it to come into force.
Prussia was deprived of territory containing an area of 30,000
square miles and a population of 6,674,000, and the future fate of
other Prussian territories, containing an area of 8,600 square miles
and a population of 1,000,000, was to be determined by a plebiscite.
The following disposition of the former German Colonies was adopted.
German East Africa the mandate will be held by Great Britain.
German Southwest Africa the mandate will be held by the Union
of South Africa. The German Samoan Islands the mandate will
be held by New Zealand. Other Pacific possessions, those south of
the equator (excluding the German Samoan Islands and Nauru)-
the mandate will be held by Australia. Nauru the mandate will
be held by Great Britain. Pacific islands north of the equator the
mandate will be held by Japan. Togoland and Cameroon France
and Great Britain will make a joint recommendation as to their
disposition.
THE TOLL OF THE WAR.
The loss of human life resulting from the war was truly appalling.
An official estimate of the total British casualties has been submitted
to parliament. Those in the Royal Navy were as follows:-
Killed.
Wounded .
Untraced Missing.
Officers.
2,061
Men.
20,197
Officers.
813
Men.
4,081
Officers.
15
Men.
8
These figures do not include the casualties of the Royal Naval
Division, but do include those of the Royal Naval Air Service to
April 1, 1918, when it was transferred to the Royal Air Force.
The whole number of casualties among all military forces and in
all theatres of war was as follows:
Killed.
Wounded.
British
Officers.
30,807
7,602
Other Ranks.
466,831
168,703
Officers.
76,132
17,125
Other Ranks.
1,532,552
421,402
Colonials and Indians. .
Total
38,409
635,534
93,257
1,953,954
673,943
2,047,211
Killed as per above table 673 , 94.
Add deaths presumed through lapse of time 97,000
Missing, at present unaccounted for 64,800
Total presumed deaths including died from wounds and died from
other causes 835,743
Till-: TOLL OF THK }YAR
65
These inures include the losses of the Royal Naval Division and
of the Koyul Flying ( orps up to April 1, 1918, making a grand total
of casualties from all causes of 2,882,954.
The number of casualties in the Royal Air Force between April 1,
1D18, and the date of the Armistice, was reported as follows:
Killed.
Wounded.
M is>ing
Interned.
(including prisoners).
Officf
Other
Hanks.
Officers Other
lf llMll^. | 1
Ranks.
Officers.
Other
Ranks.
Officers.
Other
Ranks.
1,551
1,1 LM
::>7 ti:;i
1,612
225
45
39
The casualties (including members of His Majesty s Forces) due
to hostile air raids and bombardments were as follows :-
Killed. 1,:>70. Injured, 4,041.
The French naval losses were officially reported as numbering
5,4 L> I killed, :>,L>1 1 mining.
The French Army is reported to have lost 1,089,700 killed and
265,000 missing, or 1(3.2 per cent of the immense mobilized force of
8,410,000. No report of the number of wounded in the French Army
or navy has been made public; the number of prisoners was officially
stated afi 146,300. Italian casualties as presented in an official
statement to the reparation commissioners of the Peace Conference
were as follows:
Killed
Army.
1*12,391
Navy.
3 169
Wounded
953,886
5,252
Half of the wounded men belonging to the army were stated to
be permanently disabled; the total number rendered unfit for
service was 4,385,487, which included 2.400,000 sick.
The Russian casualties were estimated to amount to 1,700,000
killed, 4,050,000 wounded, 2,500,000 prisoners, making a total of
9,150,000. The American losses were: dead, 53,169; wounded,
179,625; prisoners, 2,163; missing, 1,160; total, 236,117. German
casualties were stated to amount to: dead, 1,600,000; missing,
103,000; prisoners, 618,000; wounded, 4,064,000; total, 6,385,000.
The Austrian losses in killed and wounded were stated to amount
to 4,000,000, of whom 800,000 were killed. Official reports of the
losses of other nations have not been made public.
The material losses of the countries involved practically defy com
putation. A statement, presented for the information of the Budget
Committee of the French Chamber of Deputies, shows that the loss
suffered by that country amounted to a total of 119,801,000,000 francs,
made up as follow>: -Damages to landed property, 35,446,000,000
f.; loss of household effects, material, cattle, securities, etc.,
32,352,000,000 f.; raw materials and provisions, 28,861,000,000 f.;
loss to revenue or trade, 23,242,000,000 f.
68708-5
66
HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
APPENDICES.
I. Awards of THE VICTORIA GROSS (V.G.)
No.
i
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
59
60
61
62
63
64
ALGIE, Wallace Lloyd
BARKER, William George (D.S.O.,
M.C.)
BARRON, Colin
BELLOW, Edward Donald
BISHOP, William Avery (D.S.O..M.C.,
D.F.C.)
SRERETON, Alexander
BRILLAKT, John (M.C.).
BROWN,
Name.
, Hugh (D.C.M.)..
CAMPBELL, Frederick William . .
?LARK, Leonard
CLARKE-KENNEDY, William H.
(C.M.G., D.S.O.).
yOMBE, Robert Grierson
^OPPINS, Frederick George
}ROAK, John Bernard
DINESEN, Thomas
FISHER, Frederick
FLOWERDEW, Gordon M
GOOD, Herman James
Milton Fowler (M.C.).
HALL, Frederick William .
HANNA, Robert.
HARVEY, Frederick M. W.
HOBSON, Frederick
HONEY, Samuel Lewis (D.C.M.,M.M.)
HTJTCHESON, Bellenden Seymour
KAEBLE, Joseph (M.M.).
KERR,
Fraser
KERR, John Chipman
KINROSS, Cecil John
KNIGHT, Arthur George
KONOWAL, Filip.
LEARMONTH, O Kill Massey (M.C.). . .
LYALL, Graham Thompson
MACGREGOR, John (M.C., D.C.M.)...
MACDOWELL, Thain Wendell (D.S.O.)
McKEAN, George Burdon (M.C..M.M.)
MCKENZIE, Hugh (D.C.M.)
McLEOD, Allan Arnett.
.William (M.M.).
METCALF, William Henry (M.M.)
MILNE, William Johnstone
MINER, Harry G. B
MITCHELL, Coulson Norman (M.C.)...
(M.M.)
Number.
404017
830651
226353
472168
73132
1987
445312
2075467
24066
445120
1539
75361
57113
838301
889958
101465
437793
426402
144039
, J. P. (D.C.M.).
NUNNEY,
O KELLY, Christopher Patrick John
(M.C.)..
O RouRKE, Michael James (M.M.) . . .
PATTISON, John George
PEARKES, George R. (D.S.O. , M.C.)..
J.S.O.).
RAYFIELD, Walter Leigh.
RICHARDSON, James
ROBERTSON, James Peter
RUTHERFORD, Charles Smith
SCRIM GER, Francis Alexander Caron. .
HANKLAND, Robert (D.C.M.)
SIFTON, Ellis Wellwood
STRACHAN, Harcus (M.C.)
(M.C
JNG, John
ZENGEL, Raphael Louis (M.M.).
8000
22614
427586
823028
51339
410935
428545
808887
2204279
28930
552665
53730
475212
177239
424252
Acting Corporal.
lieutenant
rivate
Mvate
ieutenant
Acting Corporal .
Lieut. -Col. .
ieutenant
lorporal
3 ri vate
Private
ance-Corporal
ieutenant
iprporal
ieutenant
lolour-Sergeant
Jompany Sergeant-
Major.
Lieutenant
Sergeant
Private
Rank.
ieutenant .
Major
"orporal . .
/an tain
aeut.-Col.
Lieutenant .
aptain
prporal
Lieutenant
Private
Private
Acting Sergeant
Acting Corporal
"aptain," Acting Major.
Lieutenant
aptain
iaptain, Acting Major.
Lieutenant
Lieutenant
2nd Lieutenant
Sergeant
Private .
Corporal .
Sergeant .
Private..
Private.
Private.
Major...
Lieut-Colonel .
Private
Piper
Private
Lieutenant . .
Captain .
Lieutenant
Lance-Sergeant.
Sergeant
Lieutenant.
Lieutenant .
Private
Sergeant . . .
Unit.
20th Battalion
Royal Air Force, formerly
Canadian Mounted Rifles
3rd Battalion
th Battalion
Royal Air Force, formerly
Canadian Light Horse.
8th Battalion
22nd Battalion
10th Battalion
t6th Battalion
1st Battalion
2nd Battalion
24th Battalion
27th Battalion
?th Battalion
13th Battalion
42nd Battalion
13th Battalion
Lord Strathcona s Horse..
13th Battalion
Royal Canadian Regiment
8th Battalion
29th Battalion
Lord Strathcona s Horse..
20th Battalion
4th Canadian Mounted
Rifles.
78th Battalion
75th Battalion (Medical
Officer).
22nd Battalion
3rd Battalion
49th Battalion
49th Battalion
10th Battalion
47th Battalion
2nd Battalion
102nd Battalion
2nd Canadian Mounted
Rifles.
38th Battalion
14th Battalion
7th Machine Gun Company
Royal Air Force
4th Battalion, Canadian
Engineers.
16th Battalion
16th Battalion
58th Battalion
4th Battalion
Princess Patricia s Cana
dian Light Infantry. . . .
38th Battalion
52nd Battalion
7th Battalion
50th Battalion
5th Canadian Mounted
Rifles.
16th Battalion
7th Battalion
16th Battalion
27th Battalion
5th Canadian Mounted
Rifles.
14th Battalion (Medica 1
Officer).
43rd Battalion
18th Battalion
Princess Patricia s Cana
dian Light Infantry
Fort Garry Horse
78th Battalion
87th Battalion
5th Battalion
67
APPENDICES.
For conspicuous bravery, instituted January 29, 1856.
Deed.
Gazet
Casualty
Date.
Where Won.
No.
11, 191
101
... I .n
Jan. 31, 191
V,v. 2 ). I .U
Jan. 11. I M
Killed in act ion
Oct. 11, 191
nhrai.
l-oivr do Monual.
Passchendaele Ridge
1
2
3
il 21. l-.il
i:,. I .u
Ypres
4
Aug. 11. I .U
r ( ambrai
^
Aug. 9, 191
Sept. 27. I .U
___
_
of A in ions
5
Ai. I .U
Sepl
i of wounds
is, 1!U>
of Meharicourt
7
Aia-. K>. I HI
Oct. 17. I .U
Killed in action
17, 11U7
Hill 70 near Loos
B
\ 1, 11U
Jan HI, I .U
1 >i. il of wounds
Nov. 2, I .ib
\ aloneionnes
()
Juno I. ), I .U
AUK -: ,, i-.u
1 )ied of woir
June 1"), I .U;
Givenchy
to
Sept. ID, 11H
.. I .U
Died of wom.
] !. I .Ul
Near Pozieres. .
1 \
Au 1 U
Arras
12
Mav 3, I ll
June 27. I M
Killed in action
3. 11117
Mrville
13
Aug. I . l
Sept. 27. I .U
Meaufort Wood..
14
8, I .U
Sept. 27, I .U
Killed in action
Aug. 8, 1918
\inien-
!
Aug. 12. I M
Oct. 2ti, I .U
I arvilli-rs
lli
April 23, I M
June 22, I .U
Killed in action
April -J3. I .U:,
St . Julien
17
M:.i :ui. I M
Ami. 8, l!U
1. I .U
April 24, I .U
s.pt. 27, 1 U
Ian. 6, 1 U
Northeast of Bois do Morouil
Hansard \\ood.
Caml>rai
is
1!
2(>
April 24, I!M.
lune 22, I M.
Killed in action
April 24, llii:,
Ypres .
21
Aug. 21, Hll
Nov. S, 1J r
I .ens
<>>
Mar 17, I .U
June 8, 191"
_
mrt ....
23
AUK- 15, i .it
17. I .r
Killed in action
Aug. 18, 1917
if Lens
24
Del I .ir
Jan. 11, 1918
2")
Sept. 29, 1918
Ian. I .U!
Died of wounds. .
Sept. 30, 1918
Hourlon Wood.
*>rt
1918
JU!1
14, I .lls
<ept. lii. 1 Us
Died oi \\ound--
June 9, I .U.s
.nt-Dnnvmrt Line
N ouvillo-Yitasse..
27
8
>t. 27. iiu.s
Ian. 1!U!
_
Hourlon Wood
o)
it. I i. I .Ui
I .IK
( olinvlrtto
30
v 10-11,1!)!,
Ian. 11, llU.s
hondaele Ridge
31
it. -2. 1918
! u:
i:.. I .U.s
mi:
Killed in
t, 1918
Villers,-loz-Cagnicourt
32
3 5
Aug. 18, I .U 7
S. 11U7
Died of wounds
Aug. 19, 1917
34
1918
14, lltls
Bourlon Wood
35
3, 1918
Jan. mil
Camtirai
36
April 9-13, 1917
April 27-2S.11US
une S. I .U 7
unc 2s, I .Us
\ iiuy Ridge
Cavrelle Sector
37
38
< tot. 3d. 1:117
1:;, I .ils
Mav 1, I .US
Killed in action .
Oct. 30, 1917
cheele Spur ne.ir Passchendaele.
Mi)
40
1, lUlx
an. 6, 1!M!
__
Abancourt
41
Sept. 4, 1918
Nov. 15, 1918
Arras
42
April 9, 1917
une 8, 11U7
villcd in action . .
V.pril 9. 11U7
Thelus
43
Aim. 8, 1918
>et. 2ti, I .US
)ied of wound.-
Aug. 8, I TS
Demuin
44
(ict. 9,l!Us
an. 31, IIUH
Canal tie 1 Escaut (Cambrai) . . .
45
<>ct. 30,1917
an. 11, 1918
-
Passchendaele
46
2, 1918
Dec. 14, I .Us
Qu6ant-Drocourt Line ... .
47
Oct. Ui. 1917
an. 11, 1918
_^,
Southwest of Passchendaele
48
Aug.15-17, 1917
Nov. 8, 11U7
Hill 60 near Lens
49
April 10, 1917
Aug. 2, 11U7
villed in action . . .
une 3, 1917
Vimv Ridge . . ...
50
Oct. 30-31, 1917
an. 11, 1918
Near Passchendasle
51
Sept.. 2, 1918
Nov. 15, 1918
Cagnicourt
52
Sept. 2,1918
Dec. 14, 1918
Arras
53
Oct. 8, 1916
Oct. 22, 1918
villed in action. . .
Oct. 9, 1916
Regina Trench
54
Nov. 6, 1917
Nov. 11, 1918
Killed in action .
Nov. 6, 1917
Passchendaele
55
Aug. 26, 1918
Nov. 15, 1918
VIonchv-le-Preux
56
Mar. 25, 1915
une 23, 1915
Sf ear Ypres
57
Oct. 26, 1917
Dec. 18, 1017
3 asschendaele
58
April 9, 1917
une 8, 1917
villed in action
\pril 9, 1917 ]
Veuville St. Vaast
59
Aug. 12-13, 1918
Oct. 26, 1918
Killed in action . . .
\ug. 13, 1918 1
- arvillers
60
Nov. 20, 1917
Dec. 18, 1917
_ . i
klasnieres
61
Aug. 8-11, 1918
ept. 27, 1918
billed in action
ug. 11, 1918 i
Amiens
62
Sept. 2, 1918
Dec. 14, 1918
^.rras .
63
Aug. 9, 1918
ept 27, 1918
I
5ast of Warvillers
64
68708 5i
68
HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
II. Statistical Abstract, showing Number of Military Honours and Decorations
conferred upon Members of the Canadian Expeditionary Force.
1. VICTORIA CROSS (V.C.).
Rank.
No.
Lieutenant-Colonel
3
Major
2
Captain
8
Lieutenant
17
Sergeant
10
Corporal
10
Private
14
Total
64
2. THE MOST HONOURABLE ORDER OF
THE BATH.
(Instituted 1399.)
KNIGHT COMMANDER (K.C.B.).
Lieutenant-General
3
Major-General
5
Total
8
COMPANION (C.B.).
Major-General
4
Brigadier-General
29
Colonel
10
Total
43
3. THE MOST DISTINGUISHED ORDER OF
ST. MICHAEL AND ST. GEORGE. (In
stituted 1818).
KNIGHT GRAND CROSS (G.C.M.G.).
Lieutenant-General
KNIGHT COMMANDER (K.C.M.G.).
Major-General .
COMPANION (C.M.G.).
Major-General
Brigadier-General . .
Surgeon-General . . .
Colonel
Lieutenant-Colonel .
Major
Chaplain
Total,
9
38
1
38
74
5
4
169
4. THE ROYAL VICTORIAN ORDER.
(Instituted 1896.)
MEMBER (M.V.O.).
Lieutenant-Co
Captain
lonel
1
1
Total.
2
5. THE MOST EXCELLENT ORDER OF
THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
(Instituted 1917.)
COMMANDER (C.B.E.).
Colonel
19
Lieutenant-Colonel
26
Major
1
Chaplain
1
Matron
1
Total
48
OFFICER (O.B.E.).
Colonel
1
Lieutenant-Colonel
77
Major
105
Captain
60
Lieutenant :
2
Chaplain
7
Matron
1
Total
253
MEMBER (M.B.E.).
Lieutenant-Colonel
6
Major
12
Captain
29
Lieutenant
43
Regimental Sergeant-Major
2
Company Sergeant-Major
1
Staff Quartermaster-Sergeant
2
Sergeant Major
2
Total
97
6. DISTINGUISHED SERVICE ORDER
(D.S.O. with Bars).
(Instituted 1886.)
Rank.
Bars.
No.
Major-General
1
Brigadier-General
6
4
Colonel
6
Lieutenant-Colonel
68
?m
Major
26
399
Captain
1
55
Lieutenant
1
32
Chaplain
7
Total
103
705
APPENDICES
69
II. statistical Abstract, showing Number of Military Honours and Decorations
conferred upon Members of the Canadian Expeditionary Force con.
7 MILITARY CROSS M.C.) With Bars.
(Instituted 1915.)
Rank.
Bars.
\I -i ii > r
27
95
Captain
I.irutonant
( haplain
146
136
2
1,807
25
Con i pan v StTjjL iint -ICftjOC
44
Total
310
2,867
12. MILITARY MEDAL WITH BARS (M.M.).
(Instituted 1916.)
Rank.
Bars.
No.
Lieutenant
2
21
in
1
Nursing Sister ...
8
.
Corporal
Private
318
194
359
3,062
2,984
6,149
Total .
873
12,225
HSTING1 ISHKD \ \ \ [NG CB
(D.I C With B:r
Instituted 1918.)
Rank.
:
ior
_
1
Captain
Lieutenant
1
3
18
20
Total .
4
39
JB FORCE CRI >8S \ F.C.).
(Instituted 1918.)
Major
Captain
Lieutenant. . .
Total
~
I
16
10. DISTINGI I>HKI> FLYING MKDAI.
(D.r M
(Instituted 1918.)
Corporal
11. DISTINGUISHED CONDUCT MEDAL
(D.C.M.) With Bars.
(Instituted 1862.)
Rank.
Bars.
No.
Captain
1
Lieutenant ....
-
10
Sergeant-Major
9
340
Sergeant
19
726
Corporal
5
394
Private
5
448
Total
38
1,919
13. ROYAL RED CROSS (R.R.C.) with Bars.
(Instituted 1909.)
Rank.
Bars.
No.
Matron
3
39
Nursing Sister
273
*Total
3
312
14. KING S POLICE MEDAL.
Instituted 1909.)
S. -meant.
MERITORIOUS SERVICE MEDAL.
Instituted 1845.)
Lieutenant
4
901
168
Private
193
Total
1,266
16. MENTIONED IN DISPATCHES.
Rank.
No.
Lieutenant-General
2
\Eajor-General
48
Tlrio a.flipr-fTpnpral
18
Colonel
56
T.ipntpnAnt-CJolonpl
378
\T iinr
648
Captain *
676
645
Chaplain
16
15
"^iirQiiur fti^fpr
117
1 125
Corporal
345
412
Total
4,501
70
HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
II. Statistical Abstract, showing Number
conferred upon Members of the Cai
17. FOREIGN ORDERS AND DECORA
TIONS.
FRENCH
LEGIOX D HOXNEUR^-CROIX DE COMMAXDEUR.
of Military Honours and Decorations
ladian Expeditionary Force con.
FOREIGN ORDERS AND DECORATIONS-
continued.
CROIX DE GUERRE. (Belgian and French.)
Rank.
No.
Rank.
No.
Lieutenant-General
1
5
12
5
37
54
51
58
241
86
158
Lieutenant-General
2
1
2
1
2
Major-General
Major-General
Colonel
Brigadier-General
Surgeon-General
Lieutenant-Colonel
Captain
Total
8
Lieutenant
Corporal
LEGION D HOXNEUR CROIX D OFFICIER.
Private
Total
708
Rank.
No.
MEDAILLE D HONXEUR AVEC GLAIVES.
(en Vermeil.)
Major-General ....
2
6
2
2
5
Brigadier-General
Surgeon-General
Colonel
Rank.
No.
Lieutenant-Colonel
Total
17
Sergeant
2
1
Private
LEGIOX D HOXXEUR CROIX DE CHEVALIER.
Total
3
(en Argent.)
Rank.
No.
Brigadier-General
1
3
9
11
6
2
Rank.
No.
Colonel
Lieutenant-Colonel
Major
Sergeant
3
4
Captain
Corporal
Lieutenant
Total
Total
7
32
(en Bronze.)
MEDAILLE MILITAIRE.
Rank.
No.
Rank.
No.
Corporal
3
12
Sergeant
27
12
11
Private
Corporal
Total
Private
15
Total
50
MEDAILLE DBS ]PIDEMIES.
(en Argent.)
DECORATIOX MILITAIRE.
Rank.
No.
Rank.
No.
Sergeant
6
1
1
Major
1
2
1
Corporal
Nursing Sister
Private
Quartermaster Sergeant
Total
Total
8
4
APPENDICES
71
II. Statistical Abstract, showing Number of Military Honours and Decorations
conferred upon Members of the Canadian Expeditionary Forca con.
SIGN ORDE 1, S \ \ D DECORATIONS
continui-il
(en Veniu-il.)
I "KKX1X ounr.KS AND DECORATIONS
continued
ORDRE DE LA COURONNE OFFICIEH.
nk.
Lieutenant-General
1
Xu.
1
Lieutenant -Colonel
2
Total
3
ORDRE n 1 MK> lier.
Rank.
No.
Lieutenant -( olonel ....
3
Maj >r
2
( :iptam
I.ieutenvii
1
1
.........
7
ORDRE DE LA COURONNE CHEVALIER.
Rank.
No.
Lieutenant
1
MKDULLE DE LA RKINE ELIZABETH.
.MEDAILLE DE L \ nBCUNNAJBBANCK. \,ftl
(en Bronze.)
Rank.
No.
Mat run .......
1
I { ink
No
Xursing Sister .
2
I leut enant -C \>1< >nel
1
Total
3
Lieutenant
1
2
LGIAN
ORDRE DE LEOPOLD CONIVVM-
Rank.
No.
Major-General
1
ORDRE DE LEOPOLD OFTICIER.
Lieutenant-Colonel .
ORDRE DE LEOPOLD CHEVALIER.
Lieutenant-Colonel
1
Major
2
Sergeant
1
Not stated
1
Total
5
RUSSIAN
ORDER OF ST. STAXIM.X.-.
ORDER OF ST. ANNE.
Rank.
No.
M.ijor-General
Brigadier-General
1
2
Lieutenant-Colonel
3
^lajor
8
Captain
9
Lieutenant
8
Total
31
Rank.
No.
f~*nlfYTipl .....
1
Lieutenant-Colonel .
5
Major
8
Captain
3
T ipiitpnjint,
2
Total*
19
72
HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR
H.-Statistical Abstract, showing Number of Military Honours and Decorations
conferred upon Members of the Canadian Expeditionary Force con.
FOREIGN ORDERS AND DECORATIONS-
continued
CROSS OF ST. GEORGE.
Rank.
No.
Lieutenant
3
Sergeant
14
Corporal
7
Private
79
Total
103
MEDAL OF ST. GEORGE.
Rank.
No.
Sergeant
g
Corporal
7
Private
12
Total
25
ORDER OF ST. VLADIMIR.
Rank.
No.
Lieutenant- Co
Major
lonel
1
1
Total .
2
ITALIAN
ORDER OF THE CROWN OF ITALY.
Rank.
No.
Lieutenant-Colonel
1
ORDER OF ST. MAURICE AND ST. LAZARUS.
Rank.
No.
Brigadier-General
1
Lieutenant-Colonel
2
Total
3
SILVER MEDAL FOR MILITARY VALOUR.
Rank.
No.
Captain
3
Lieutenant
1
Total
4
FOREIGN ORDERS AND DECORATIONS-
continued
BRONZE MEDAL FOR MILITARY VALOUR.
Rank.
No.
Captain
1
Lieutenant
Sergeant
q
Corporal
4
Private
Total
22
SERBIAN
ORDER OF THE WHITE EAGLE.
Rank.
No.
Lieutenant-General
1
Lieutenant-Colonel
1
Major
Total
4
ORDER OF ST. SAVA.
Rank.
No.
Major-General
2
Colonel
1
Captain
2
Total
5
GOLD MEDAL FOR ZEALOUS SERVICE.
Rank.
No.
Private
1
MONTENEGRIN
ORDER OF DANILO.
Rank.
No.
Brigadier-General
2
Colonel
1
Lieutenant-Colonel
1
Major
2
Lieutenant
2
Total
8
APPENDICES
73
II. Statistical Abstract showing Number of Military Honours and Decorations
conferred upon Members of the Canadian Expeditionary Force concluded.
REIGN t Knr.Rr- AND DECORATION FOREIGN ORDERS AND DECORATIONS
continued concluded
SILVER MEDAL FOR BRAVERY.
MEDALLLE BARBATIE si CREDINTA.
Rank.
Rank.
No.
Private
2
-cant . .
3
Private
3
Total
6
PORTUGl I .>i:
MILITARY ORDER or AM<
< >HDER OF RiX;iXA MARIA.
Rank.
\..
Rank.
No.
n J- r> 1
1
3
Hngadier-ljrenerai
Colonel
Total..
Lieut cnant-Colonel
1
4
RUMANIAN
OHDER or THE STAR or RUMANIA.
KVALIER.
Rank.
No
Lieutenant -Colonel
Lieutenant
1
1
Total
2
ORDER or THE CROWN or RUMANIA.
CHEVALIER.
Rank.
No.
Lieutenant-Colonel
Lieutenant
1
1
Total...
2
DE VlRTUTE MlLITARA.
Rank.
No.
Sergeant
4
AMERICAN
:\.i I>HEI> SKKVICE MEDAL.
Rank.
No.
I.u-utrnant-Ge
Major
neral
1
1
Total
2
18. SUMMARY OF ALL ORDERS AND
DECORATIONS, BY RANKS.
Rank.
Bars.
No.
Lieutenant-General
_
9
M ijor-General
1
35
Brigadier-General
6
98
Surgeon-General
4
Colonel
_
90
Lieutenant-Colonel
68
464
Major
53
713
Captain
147
1,151
Lieutenant
140
2,044
Chaplain
2
44
Matron
3
33
Nursing Sister
_
286
Regimental Sergeant-Major
f^nmnanv Spr0 r f*ant,-\Ia.lor
2
45
Staff Quartermaster-Sergeant..
^prtrpRnt -\Taior
9
3
342
Sergeant
337
5,006
Corporal
199
3,681
Private
364
7,088
^ot stated
_
1
Total
1,329
21,139
II. CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CANADA
1497 TO 1919.
1497. June 24, Eastern coast of North
America discovered by John
Cabot.
1498. Cabot discovers Hudson Strait.
1524. Verrazano explores the Coast of
Nova Scotia.
1534. June 21, Landing of Jacques
Cartier at Esquimaux Bay.
1535. Cartier s second voyage. He as
cends the St. Lawrence to Stada-
cona (Quebec) (Sept. 14) and
Hochelaga (Montreal) (Oct. 2).
1541. Cartier s third voyage.
1542-3. De Roberval and his party
winter at Cap Rouge, and are
rescued by Cartier on his fourth
voyage.
1557. Sept. 1, Death of Cartier at St.
Malo, France.
1592. Straits of Juan de Fuca discovered
by de Fuca.
1603. June 22, Champlain s first landing
in Canada, at Quebec.
1605. Founding of Port Royal (Anna
polis, N.S.)
1608. Champlain s second visit. July 3,
Founding of Quebec.
1609. July, Champlain discovers Lake
Champlain.
1610-11. Hudson explores Hudson Bay
and James Bay.
1611. Brule ascends the Ottawa River.
1612. Oct. 15, Champlain made Lieu
tenant-General of New France.
1613. June, Champlain ascends the
Ottawa River.
1615. Champlain explores Lakes Nipis-
sing, Huron and Ontario. (Dis
covered by Brule and Le Caron.)
1616. First schools opened at Three
Rivers and Tadoussac.
1620. Population of Quebec, 60 persons.
1621. Code of laws issued, and register
of births, deaths and marriages
opened in Quebec.
1622. Lake Superior discovered by Brule.
1623. First British settlement of Nova
Scotia.
1627. New France and Acadia granted to
the Company of 100 Associates.
1628. Port Royal taken by Sir David
Kirke.
1629. April 24, Treaty of Susa between
France and England, July 20,
Quebec taken by Sir David
Kirke.
1632. March 29, Canada and Acadia
restored to France by the Treaty
of St. Germain-en-Laye.
74
1633. May 23, Champlain made first
Governor of New France.
1634. July 4, Foundation of Three
Rivers.
1634-35. Exploration of the great lakes
by Nicolet.
1635. Dec. 25, Death of Champlain at
Quebec.
1636. March 10, De Montmagny ap
pointed Governor.
1638. June 11, First recorded earth
quake in Canada.
1640. Discovery of Lake Erie by Chau-
monot and Brebeuf.
1641. Resident population of New
France, 240.
1642. May 17, founding of Ville-Marie
(Montreal).
1646. Exploration of the Saguenay by
Dablon.
1647. Lake St. John discovered by de
Quen.
1648. March 5, Council of New France
created. Aug. 20, D Ailleboust
de Coulonges, governor.
1649. March 16-17, Murder of Fathers
Brebeuf and Lalemant by In
dians.
1651. Jan. 17, de Lauzon governor.
1654. Aug., Acadia taken by an expe
dition from New England.
1556. Nov. 13, Acadia restored to
France by the Treaty of West
minster.
1657. Jan. 26, Vicomte d Argenson gov
ernor.
1659. June 16, Frangois de Laval arrives
in Canada as Vicar- Apostolic.
1660. May 21, Dollard des Ormeaux and
sixteen companions killed at the
Long Sault, Ottawa River.
1661. Baron d Avaugour governor.
1663. Company of 100 Associates dis
solved. Feb. 5, severe earth
quake. April, Sovereign Council
of New France established. May
1, Saffray de Mezy governor.
Population of New France 2,500,
of whom 800 were in Quebec.
1664. May, Company of the West Indies
founded.
1665. March 23, de Courcelle governor.
Population of New France, 3,215.
1667. July 21, Acadia restored to France
by the Treaty of Breda. White
population of New France, 3,918.
1668. Mission at Sault Ste. Marie
founded by Marquette.
CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY or CANADA
75
U>70 May F!. charter of the Hudson s
Kay ( ompany.
h )7l. I opulaiioii of Acadia, Ml. 1720
h .T J. Population of New France, C>,705.
April C>. ( omte (Ic Frontenac
governor
li>7:; .luii i:;. ( ataraqui (Kingston)
founded. 17_>1
IC7F Oct. 1. Faval become** first Bishop
of Qiicb. I7i>.-,.
1675. Population of New France. 7,832. 17 Jti
167s. Nia. alls visited by Hennepin.
1679. Ship L< (t rttfott huilt on Niagara 1727.
river above the Falls by I. a Salle. 172s.
Population of New France. .. ion;
of Acadia, 515. 17:;i .
- . May 1, de la Barn- governor.
Frontenac recalled. 17:; 1.
his:;. Population of New France, 10, 251.
It s."). Jan. 1 Martinis <le Denonville
governor Card money issued. 17
168t-. Population of New France, 12.::.
of Acadi:
Itis7. March Is. Fa Salle : Mated. 17
his 1 .) .(um> 7. Frontenac n-appoin; 17
vernor. Aug. 5. Ma
whites by Indians at Fachine. 1747
1690. May 2F Sir William Phipps
captures Port Koyal, but i-
repulsed in an attack on Quebec
(Oct. 16-21 171-
1691. Kelsey of the Hudson s Bay Co.,
be Rocky Mountains.
1692. Population of New France. 12,131. 171"
Oct. --, Defence of Yerdu
against Indian?- by Ma^deleine
de \ < T< )i<" l
L093. Population ot Acadia, 1,<)0 ( .>.
lti ( .)7. Sept. JO, by the Treaty of Kys- 1750.
wick, places taken during the
war are mutually ored.
D Iberville defeats the Hudson s 17.V2.
Bay Co. s ships on Hudson Bay.
169s Nov. i>s. death of Frontenac.
Population of New France, F~>,o55.
Hj .i .t. Ai>ril lit), de Calliere governor.
170:5. .Juno Hi. Sovereign Council of
C:Miada becomes Superior Coun
cil and member-hip increased 1754.
from 7 to 12. 1755.
1705. Aug. 1, Marquis de Vaudreuil
governor.
1706. Population of New France, 16,417.
1709. British invasion of Canada. 1756.
1710. Oct. 13, Port Royal taken by
Nicholson. 1758.
1711. Sept. 1, Part of Sir H. Walker s
fleet, proceeding against Quebec
wrecked off the Seven Islands.
1713. April 11, Treaty of Utrecht. Hud- 1759.
son Bay, Acadia and Newfound
land ceded to Great Britain.
Aug.. Loiiisbourg founded by the
French. Population of New
France. IS, 110.
Population of New France, 24,234,
of Isle St. .lean (P.K.I.), about
100. April 25, (lovernor and
Council of Nova Scotia ap
pointed.
.lime 19, burning of about one half
of Montreal.
Oct. 10. death of Vaudreuil.
bine 11, Martinis de Beauhar-
nois, goverr
Population of N \\ Fi-.mv, :{0.(ii:5.
Population of Mr St., Jean (P.E.I.)
,0.
PMpula ion of the North of the
Peninsula of Acadia, C>, ()()().
Koad opened from Quebec to
Montreal. Population of New
Prance, :;7.7ic,.
Iron smelted at St. Maurice.
French population of the North of
the Acadia peninsula, 7,59s.
Population of New France. 12,701.
.June 17, taking of Louisbourg by
Pepperell and Warren.
Marquis dc Fa .lonquiere ap
pointed govrnor, captured at
i bv the English, took office
Aug. 15. 171 .
Oct. is. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
Louisbourg restored to I Vance in
lange tor Madra>.
.Inn- _ l. . ounding of Halifax.
British immigrants brought to
Nova Scotia by Governor Corn-
wallis. -,~> \\ persons. Fort
Kouille (Toronto! built.
St. Paul s Church, Halifax (oldest
Anglican church in Canada),
built.
March 25, K-ue of the Halifax
"Gazette/ First paper in Can
ada. British and Cerman popu
lation of Nova Scotia, 4,203.
May 17, Death of La Jonquiere.
July, Marquis Duquesne de Men-
neville governor.
Population of New France, 55,009.
July 10, Marquis de Vaudreuil-
Cavagnal governor. Sept. 10,
Expulsion of the Acadians from
Nova Scotia.
War (Seven Years ) between
Great Britain and France.
July 26, Final capture of Louis-
bourg by the British. Oct. 7,
First meeting of the Legislature
of Nova Scotia.
July 25, Taking of F6rt Niagara
by the British. July 26, Begin
ning of the Siege of Quebec . July
31, French victory at Beauport
76
CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CANADA
Flats. Sept, 13, Defeat of the 1776.
French on the Plains of Abraham.
Death of Wolfe. Sept. 14, Death 1777.
of Montcalm. Sept. 18, Sur
render of Quebec. 1778.
1760. April 28, Victory of the French
under Le>is at Ste. Foy. Sept. 8,
Surrender of Montreal. Military
rule set up in Canada. Popula
tion of New France, 70,000. 1783.
1762. British population of Nova Scotia,
8,104. First British settlement
in New Brunswick.
1763. Feb. 10, Treaty of Paris by which
Canada and its dependencies are
ceded to the British. May,
Rising of Indians under Pontiac, 1784.
who take a number of forts and
defeat the British at Bloody Run
(July 31). Oct. 7, Civil govern
ment proclaimed. Cape Breton
and Isle St. Jean annexed to
Nova Scotia, Labrador, Anticosti
and Magdalen Islands to New- 1785.
foundland. Nov. 21, General
Jas. Murray appointed governor 1786.
in chief. First Canadian post
offices established at Montreal,
Three Rivers and Quebec.
1764. June 21, First issue of the Que- 1787.
bee " Gazette." Aug. 13, Civil
government established.
1765. Publication of the first book 1788.
printed in Canada, "Catechisme
du Diocese de Sens." May 18,
Montreal nearly destroyed by
fire. Population of Canada, 69,- 1789.
810.
1766. July 24, Peace made with Pontiac 1790.
at Oswego.
1768. Charlottetown, P.E.I., founded.
April 11, Great fire at Montreal.
April 12, Sir Guy Carleton (Lord
Dorchester), governor in chief.
1769. Isle St. Jean (Prince Edward Is- 1791.
land) separated from Nova Sco
tia, with governor and council.
1770-72. Hearne s journey to the Cop
permine and Slave Rivers and
Great Slave Lake.
1773. Suppression of the order of Jesuits
in Canada and escheat of their 1700
estates.
1774. June 22, The Quebec Act passed.
1775. May 1, The Quebec Act comes
into force. Outbreak of the
American Revolution. Mont
gomery and Arnold invade Can
ada. Nov. 12, Montgomery
takes Montreal; Dec. 31, is 1793.
defeated and killed in an attack
on Quebec.
The Americans are defeated and
driven from Canada by Carleton.
Sept. 18, General Frederick Haldi-
mand governor in chief.
Captain Jas. Cook explores Noot-
ka Sound and claims the north
west coast of America for Great
Britain. June 3, First issue of
the Montreal " Gazette."
Sept. 3, Treaty of Versailles,
recognizing the independence of
the United States. Organization
of the Northwest Company at
Montreal. Kingston, Ont., and
St. John, N.B., founded by
United Empire Loyalists.
Population of Canada, 113,012.
United Empire Loyalists settle in
Upper Canada and found Fred-
ericton, N.B. Aug. 16, New
Brunswick and (Aug. 26) Cape
Breton separated from Nova
Scotia.
May 18, Incorporation of Parr-
town (St. John, N.B.).
April 22, Lord Dorchester gover
nor in chief. Oct. 23, Govern
ment of New Brunswick moved
from St. John to Fredericton.
C. Inglis appointed Anglican Bis
hop of Nova Scotia first colonial
bishopric in the British Empire.
King s College, Windsor, N.S.,
opened. Sailing packet service
established between Great Brit
ain and Halifax.
Quebec and Halifax Agricultural
Societies established.
Spain surrenders her exclusive
rights on the Pacific Coast. Pop
ulation of Canada, 161,311. (This
census does not include what
becomes in the next year Upper
Canada.)
The Constitutional Act divides
the province of Quebec into
Upper and Lower Canada, each
with a Lieutenant-Governor and
Legislature. The Act goes into
force Dec. 26. Sept. 12, Colonel
J. G. Simcoe Lieutenant-Gover
nor of Upper Canada.
July 8, Simcoe sworn in at King
ston. Sept. 17, First Legislature
of Upper Canada opened at
Newark (Niagara). Dec. 17,
First Legislature of Lower Can
ada opened at Quebec. Vancou
ver Island circumnavigated by
Vancouver.
April 18, First issue of the "Upper
Canada "Gazette." June 28,
Jacob Mountain appointed first
CHRONOLOGICAL ItlsTdin <>F CANADA
77
L816.
Anglican Bishop of Quebec. July
Importation of slaves into
Upper Canada forbidden. Rocky
Mountains CfOflBed l>y Sir) Alex
ander Mackenzie. York (Toron-
fonnded by Simcoe.
17 .M. Nov. 19. .lay s Treaty between
Great Britain and the I nited
17 . .".. Pacific Coast of Canada finally
given up by the Spaniards.
17%. Dec. 1."), General Robert Prescott 1811.
governor in chief. Government
of Upper Canada moved from
Niagara to York ; Toronto).
1798. St. John - Hand (population
l..~)00) re-named Prince Fdward
Island.
1799. April 10, Lieut, (icm-ral Peter
Hunter Lieutenant-Governor of
Upper Canada.
1800. Foundation of New Brunswick
College, Fredericton > now 1 ni-
ver.-ity of N.B.i. The Rocky
Moun tains crossed by David 181 .">.
Thompson.
1803. Settler- sent by I.onl Selkirk to
Prince Edward I-land.
180(1. .Ian. 22. Franci- Core, Lieut. -
Governor of t pprr Canada.
Nov. 22. l.-ue of "Le Caiiadien"
first wholly French newspaper.
Population Fpper Canada,
70.71s; Lower Canada. 2/iO.OOO;
New Brunswick. 35,000; I .K.L,
9,67f>. 1817.
1807. Aug. 29, Sir Jam.- Craig Gover
nor in Chief. Simon Fra-
:he Fraser River. Fsti-
mated population of Nova Scotia,
66,000.
1809. Nov. 4, Fir>t Canadian ste-amer
runs from Montreal to Quebec. IMv
1811. Lord Selkirk - R.-d River Settle
ment on land grant el by the
Hudson s Bay Company. Oct.
21, Sir George Prevost, Governor
in Chief.
1812. June 18, Declaration of War by the
I nited States. July 12, Ameri
cans under Hull cross the Detroit
River. Aug. 16, Detroit sur- 1819
rendered by Hull to Brock.
Oct. 13, Defeat of the Americans 1819-
at Queenston Heights and death
of Gen. Brock. 1820
1813. Jan. 22, British victory at French-
town. April 27, York (Toronto)
taken and burned by the Ameri
cans. June 5, British victory at 1821
Stoney Creek. June 24, British,
warned by Laura Secord, captured
an American force at Beaver
Dams. Sept. 10, Commodore Per
ry destroys the British flotilla on
lake Erie. Oct. 5, Americans un
der Harrison defeat the British at
Moravian town. Tecumseh killed.
Oct. 26, Victory of French-Cana
dian troops under de Salaberry
at Chateauguay. Nov. 11,
Defeat of the Americans at
Crysler s Farm. British storm
Fort Niagara and burn Buffalo.
March :>(). Americans repulsed at
La Colle. May 6, Capture of
Oswego by the British. July 5,
American victory at Chippawa.
July 25, British victory at Lun-
dy s Lane. July, British from
Nova Scotia invade and occupy
Northern Maine. Sept. 11,
British defeat at Plattsburg on
lake Champlain. Dec. 24,
Treaty of Ghent ends the war.
Population Fpper Canada,
<|.->,<)(K>; Lower Canada, 335,000.
July 3, Treaty of London regu
lates trade with the I nited
State-. The Red River Settle
ment destroyed by the North
west Company but restored by
Governor Semple.
Mar. 2">, Sir John Sherbrooke,
< lovernor in ( hief. June 19,
Governor Semple killed. The
Red River Settlement again
destroyed.
July 18, First treaty with the
Northwest Indians. Lord Sel
kirk restores the Red River Set
tlement. Opening of the Bank of
Montreal; first note issued Oct.l.
Population of Nova Scotia,
81,351.
Jan. 6, Major-General Sir Pere
grine Maitland Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor of Upper Canada. May 8,
the Duke of Richmond Governor
in Chief. Oct. 20, Convention of
London regulating North Ameri
can fisheries. Dalhousie College,
Halifax, founded. Bank of
Quebec founded.
, Aug. 28, Death of the Duke of
Richmond.
-22. Franklin s overland Arctic ex
pedition.
. April 12, The Earl of Dalhousie
Governor in Chief. Oct. 16,
Cape Breton re-annexed to Nova
Scotia.
. March 26, The Northwest Com
pany absorbed by the Hudson s
Bay Company. Charter given
to McGill College.
78
CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CANADA
1822.
1824.
1825.
1826.
1827.
1828.
1829.
1830.
1831.
1832.
1833
1834
Population of Lower Canada,
427,465.
Population of Upper Canada,
150,066; of New Brunswick,
74,176.
Oct. 6, Great fire in the Mira-
michi district, N.B. Opening of
the Lachine Canal. Population
of Lower Canada, 479,288.
Founding of Bytown (Ottawa) .
Sept. 29, Convention of London
relating to the territory west of
the Rocky mountains. Popula
tion of Nova Scotia, including
Cape Breton, 123,630.
Aug. 23, Major-General Sir John
Colborne Lieutenant-Governor
of Upper Canada. The Metho
dist Church of Upper Canada
separated from that of the
United States.
Nov. 27, First Welland Canal
opened. Upper Canada College
founded.
Nov. 24, Lord Aylmer Governor
in Chief.
June 1, The North Magnetic Pole
discovered by (Sir) James Ross.
Population Upper Canada,
236,702; Lower Canada, 553,131;
Assiniboia, 2,390.
Outbreak of cholera in Canada.
Incorporation of Quebec and
Montreal. Bank of Nova Scotia
founded. May 30, Opening of
the Rideau Canal.
Aug. 18, The Steamer Royal Wil
liam, built at Quebec, leaves
Pictou for England.
Feb. 21, The Ninety-two Resolu
tions on public grievances passed
by the Assembly of Lower Can
ada. Mar. 6, Incorporation of
Toronto. Population of Upper
Canada, 321,145; of New Bruns
wick, 119,457; of Assiniboia,
3,356.
1835. July 1, Lord Gosford Governor
in Chief. Nov. 30, Sir Francis
Bond Head Lieutenant-Governor
of Upper Canada.
1836. July 21, Opening of the first rail
way in Canada from Laprairie to
St. John s, Que. Victoria Uni
versity, opened at Cobourg (after
wards moved to Toronto).
1837. Report of the Canada Commis
sioners. Rebellions in Lower
Canada (Papineau) and Uppe.
Canada (W. L. Mackenzie). Nov.
23, Gas lighting first used in
Montreal. Dec. 22, Major-
General Sir G. Arthur Lieuten
ant-Governor of Upper Canada.
1838. Feb. 10, Constitution of Lower
Canada suspended, and Special
Council created. March 30, The
Earl of Durham Governor in
Chief. April 27, Martial law
revoked. June 28, Amnesty to
political prisoners proclaimed.
Nov. 1, Lord Durham, censured
by British parliament, resigns.
Dec. 13, Sir John Colborne,
Governor in Chief.* Population
Upper Canada, 399,422; Assini
boia, 3,966; Nova Scotia, 202,-
575.
1839. Feb. 11, Lord Durham s report
submitted to parliament. Sept.
6, C. Poulett Thomson (Lord
Sydenham) Governor in Chief.
John Strachan made first Angli
can Bishop of Toronto.
1840. July 23, Passing of the Act of
Union. First ship of the Cunard
line arrives at Halifax. July 28,
death of Lord Durham.
1841. Feb. 10, Union of the two prov
inces as the province of Canada,
with Kingston as capital. Feb.
13, Draper-Ogden Administra
tion . April 10, Halifax in corpor-
ated. June 13, meeting of first
united Parliament. Sept. 19,
Death of Lord Sydenham. Oct.
7, Sir Charles Bagot Governor in
Chief. Population of Upper
Canada, 455,688; of P.E.I.,
47,042.
1842. March 10, Opening of Queen s
University, Kingston. Aug. 9,
The Ashburton Treaty. Sept. 16,
Baldwin-La Fontaine Adminis
tration.
1843. Feb. 24, Sir Charles Metcalfe
Governor in Chief. June 4,
Victoria, B.C., founded. Dec. 12,
Draper - Viger Administration.
King s (now University) College,
Toronto, opened.
1844. May 10, Capital moved from
Kingston to Montreal. Knox
College, Toronto, founded. Popu
lation of Lower Canada, 697,084.
1845. May 28 and June 28, Great fires
at Quebec. Franklin starts on
his last Arctic expedition.
1846. March 16, Earl Cathcart Gover
nor in Chief. May 18, Kingston
incorporated. June 15, Oregon
Boundary Treaty. June 18,
Draper-Papineau Administration.
Oct. 1, The Earl of Elgin Gover
nor in Chief.
CHRONOLOGICAL llisroin or CANADA
79
isis
lst<t.
ls."l.
is 17. May 29, Sherwood-Papineau Ad- 1857
ministration. Klectric telegraph
opened: Aug. 3, Montreal to
Toronto; Oct. 2, Montreal to
Queb, Nov. 25, Montreal- 1858,
Laehine railway opened.
March 11, La Fontaine-Baldwin
Administration. May ) >(), Fred-
ericton incorporated. Respon
sible Government granted to
Nova Scot ia and NV\\ Brunswick.
April 2f>, Signing of the Rebellion
Losses Act, rioting in Montreal
and burning of the Parliament
building Nov. 14, Toronto
made the Capital. \aiicouver
Island granted to (lie Hudson s
Hay Company. Population of |,s.~)<i.
As<iniboia. .~i..", ( .ll.
April 6, Transfer of the postal
lem from the Hritish to the I860.
Provincial Government ; uniform
rate of postage introduced. April
23, Post;, Mled. Aug.
2, [noorporatiOD of Trinity Col
lege. Toronto. Sept. 22. Quebec
becomes the Capital. ( >ct 28,
llincks-Morin Administration. 18o l.
b espotisible Government granted
to Prince Ldward land.
Population I pper Canada,
!):>2.0<M; Lower Canada. so.2<;i :
\v Brunswick. 1 .:;. s H ); Nova
Scotia. 27i.s.-)4.
July 8, Great fire at Montreal.
Dec. 8, Laval I niversity, Quebec,
opened. The Grand Trunk Rail
way chartered.
June ."). Reciprocity Treaty with
tlie I nited Sta- Sept.. 11,
Macnab-Morin ministry. Sept.
20, Sir Kdmuml \V. Head
Governor in Chief. Seigrieurial
tenure in Lower Canada abol
ished. Secularization of the
Clergy Reserv
Jan. 1, Incorporation of Ottawa.
Jan. 27, Macnab-Tache Admin
istration. March 9, Opening of 1865.
the Niagara Suspension Bridge.
April 17, Incorporation of Char-
lottetown. Oct. 20, Govern
ment moved to Toronto.
ls.16. The Legislative Council of Can
ada is made elective. First
meeting of the Legislature of
Vancouver Island. May 24, 1866.
Tache-J. A. Macdonald Admin
istration. Oct. 27, Opening of
the Grand Trunk Railway from
Montreal to Toronto. Popula
tion of Assiniboia, 6,691.
1852.
1854.
1862.
1863.
1864.
Nov. 26, J. A. Macdonald-( artier
Administration. Dec. 31,
Ottawa chosen by Queen Victoria
as future Capital of ( anada.
*eb., Discovery of gold in Fraser
River valley. July 1, Intro
duction of Canadian decimal
currency. Aug. 2, Brown-Dorion
Administration. Aug. 5, Com
pletion of the Atlantic cable;
first message sent. Aug. 6,
Cartier-J. A. Macdonald Admin
istration. Aug. 20, Colony of
Hritish Columbia established.
Control of Vancouver Island
surrendered by the Hudson s
Bay Company.
Jan., Canadian silver coinage
issued. Sept. 24, Government
moved to Quebec.
Aug. S, The Prince of Wales
King Kdward VII) arrives at
Quebec. Sept. 1, Laying of the
corner stone of the Parliament
building at Ottawa by the Prince
of Wai- Prince of Wales
College, ( harlot tet own, founded.
Aug. 1 1. Great flood at Montreal.
Sept. 10, Meeting of the first
Anglican Provincial Synod. Nov.
2, Viscount Monk Governor in
Chief. Population, I pper Can
ada, 1,396,091; Lower Canada,
1 . 1 1 1,566; New Brunswick, 252,-
U17; Nova Scotia, 330,857; Prince
Edward Island, 80,857.
May 24, Sandfield Macdonald-
Sicotte Administration. Aug. 2,
Victoria, B. C., incorporated.
May lo. Sandfield Macdonald-
Dorion Administration.
March 30, Tach6-J. A. Macdonald
Administration. Conferences on
Confederation of British North
America: Sept. 1, at Charlotte-
town; Oct. 10-29, at Quebec.
Oct. 19, Raid of American Con
federates from Canada on St.
Albans, Vermont.
Feb. 3, The Canadian Legislature
resolves on an address to the
Queen praying for Union of the
provinces of British North
America. Aug. 7, Belleau-J. A.
Macdonald Administration. Oct.
20, Proclamation fixing the seat
of Government at Ottawa.
Mar. 17, Termination of the Reci
procity Treaty by the United
States. May 31, Raid of
Fenians from the United States
into Canada; they are defeated
at Ridgeway (June 2) and retreat
80
CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CANADA
across the border (June 3).
June 8, First meeting at Ottawa
of the Canadian Legislature.
Nov. 17, Proclamation of the
union of Vancouver Island to
British Columbia.
1867. March 29, Royal assent given to
the British North America Act.
July 1, The Act comes into force;
Union of the provinces of
Canada, Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick as the Dominion of
Canada; Upper and Lower
Canada made separate provinces
as Ontario and Quebec ; Viscount
Monck first Governor General,
Sir John A. Macdonald premier.
Nov. 6, Meeting of the first
Dominion Parliament.
1868. April 7, Murder of D Arcy McGee
at Ottawa. July 31, The
Rupert s Land Act authorizes
the acquisition by the Dominion
of the Northwest Territories.
Dec. 29, Sir John Young (Lord
Lisgar) Governor General.
1869. June 22, Act providing for the
government of the Northwest
Territories. Nov. 19, Deed of
surrender to the Crown of the
Hudson s Bay Company s terri
torial rights in the Northwest.
Outbreak of the Red River
Rebellion under Riel.
1870. May 12, Act to establish the
province of Manitoba. July 15,
Northwest Territories transferred
to the Dominion and Manitoba
admitted into Confederation.
Sept. 24, Wolseley s expedition
reaches Fort Garry (Winnipeg);
end of the rebellion.
1871. April 2, First Dominion census
(populations at this and succeed
ing enumerations given in tabular
form on page 101). April 14, Act
establishing uniform currency in
the Dominion. May 8, Treaty of
Washington, dealing with ques
tions outstanding between the
United Kingdom and United
States. July 20, British Colum
bia enters Confederation.
1872. May 22, The Earl of Dufferin
Governor General.
1873. March 5, Opening of the Second
Dominion Parliament. May 23,
Act establishing the Northwest,
Mounted Police. July 1, Prince
Edward Island enters Confedera
tion. Nov. 7, Alexander Mac
kenzie premier. Nov. 8, Incor
poration of Winnipeg.
1874. March 26, Opening of the third
Dominion Parliament. May, On
tario Agricultural College, Guelph,
opened.
1875. April 8, The Northwest Territories
Act establishes a Lieutenant-
Governor and Council of the
Northwest Territories. June 15,
Formation of the Presbyterian
Church of Canada.
1876. June 1, Opening of the Royal
Military College, Kingston. June
5, First sitting otf the Supreme
Court of Canada. July 3, Open
ing of the Intercolonial Railway
from Quebec to Halifax.
1877. June 20, Great fire at St. John,
N.B. Oct., First exportation of
wheat from Manitoba to the
United Kingdom. Founding of
the University of Manitoba.
1878. July 1, Canada joins the Inter
national Postal Union. Oct. 5,
The Marquis of Lome Governor
General. Oct. 17, Sir J. A. Mac
donald premier.
1879. Feb. 13, Opening of the fourth
Dominion Parliament. May 15,
Adoption of a protective tariff
("The National Policy").
1880. Royal Canadian Academy of Arts
founded, first meeting and exhi
bition, March 6. May 11, Sir
A. T. Gait appointed first Cana
dian High Commissioner in Lon
don. Sept. 1, All British posses
sions in North* America and
adjacent islands, except New
foundland and its dependencies,
annexed to Canada by Imperial
Order in Council of July 31. Oct.
21, Signing of the contract for
the construction of the Canadian
Pacific Railway.
1881. April 4, Second Dominion census.
May 2, First sod turned of the
Canadian Pacific Railway.
1882. May 8, Provisional Districts of
Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Atha
basca and Alberta formed. May
25, First meeting of the Royal
Society of Canada. Aug. 23,
Regina established as seat of
Government of Northwest Terri
tories.
1883. Feb. 1, Opening of the fifth Dom
inion Parliament. Aug. 18,
The Marquis of Lansdowne
Governor General. Sept. 5,
Formation of the Methodist
Church in Canada; United Con
ference.
CHRONOLOGICAL I/fsro/n or CANADA
81
. M a \ _ I . Si r Charles Tupper, High 1895
Commissioner in London. Aug.
11, Order in Council settling the
boundary of Ontario and Mani-
tob
L885. Marcli -jr.. Outbreak of Kiel s 1896
second rebellion in the Xorth-
Weet. April 21, Kngagemenf at
Fi-h Creek. May 2, Engage
ment at Cut Knife. rj,
king of Bafoche. May hi.
Surrender of Rid. Aug. 24,
Fir.-t census of tlie Northwest
Territories. Nor. It ., Fxecution 1897.
of Kiel.
ISM *. April ). Incorporation of Yan-
couver. June 7. Archbishop I 1898.
chereail Of Quebec made ti:
< anadian Cardinal. June 13,
Vancouver destroyed by fire.
bine Js, First through train on
the Canadian 1 aciiic Railway
from Montreal to X ancouver.
July 31. First quinquennial cen
sus of Manitol-
1887. Intel-provincial Conference at
Quebec. April I. Fir>t Inter
colonial Conference in London.
April lo. ( )pening of tlie sixth
Dominion Parliament. 1899.
1888. Feb. 15. Signing of Fishery
Treaty between Cnited Kingdom
and I nited States at Washington.
May 1. Lord Stanley Governor
General. Aug.. Rejection of
Fishery Treaty by Fnited States 1900.
"
1890. March 31, The Manitoba School
Act abolishes separate schools. 1901.
1891. April 5, Third Dominion census.
April 29, Opening of the seventh
Dominion Parliament, June 6,
Death of Sir J. A. Macdonald.
June 15, Sir John Abbott premier.
1892. Feb. 29, Washington Treaty, pro
viding for arbitration of the
Hehring Sea Seal Fisheries ques
tion. July 22, Boundary con
vention between Canada and the
1 nited Sta Nov. 25, Sir
John Thompson premier. 1902.
1893. April 4, First sit 1 ing of the Behring
i Arbitration Court. May 22
The Earl of Aberdeen Governor
General. Dec. 18, Archbishop 1903.
Machray, of Rupert s Land,
elected first Anglican Primate of
all Canada.
1894. June 28, Colonial Conference at
Ottawa, Dec. 12, Death of Sir 1904.
John Thompson at Windsor
Castle. Dec. 21, (Sin Mackenzie
Bowell premier.
87086
. Sept. 10, Opening of new Sault Ste.
Marie canal. Oct. 2, Proclama
tion naming the Ungava, Frank
lin. Mackenzie and Yukon Dis
tricts of Northwest Territories.
April 24, Sir Donald Smith (Lord
Strathcona) High Commissioner
in London. April 27, Sir Charles
fupper premier. July 11, (Sir)
Wilfrid Laurier premier. Aug.,
Gold discovered in the Klondyke.
Aug. 19, Opening of the eighth
Dominion Parliament.
July, Third Colonial Conference
in London. Dec. 17, Award of
the Behring Sea Arbitration.
June 13, The Yukon District
ablished as a separate Terri
tory by Act of Parliament. July
30, The Karl of Minto Governor-
General. Aug. 1, The British-
Preferential Tariff of Canada
goes into force. Aug. 23, Meet
ing at Quebec of the Joint High
Commission for the settlement of
questions between Canada and
the I nited St.-n Dec. 25,
British Imperial Penny (2 cent)
Postage introduced.
Oct. 11, Beginning of the South
African War. Oct. 14, Canadian
Government decides to send
troops to South Africa. Oct. 29,
First Canadian contingent leaves
Quebec for South Africa.
Feb. 27, Battle of Paardeberg.
April 26, Great fire at Ottawa and
Hull.
Jan. 22, Death of Queen Victoria
and accession of King Edward
VII. Feb. 6, Opening of the
ninth Dominion Parliament.
April 1, Census of the British
Empire, total population, 397,-
659,316; Canada (Fourth Do
minion census), 5,371,315. Sept.
16-Oct. 21, Visit to Canada of
the Duke and Duchess of Corn
wall and York (King George V
and Queen Mary).
May 31, End of South African
War, peace signed at Vereeniging.
June 30, Meeting of fourth
Colonial Conference in London.
Jan. 24, Signing of the Alaska
Boundary Convention. June 19,
Incorporation of Regina. Oct.
20, Award of the Alaskan Bound
ary Commission.
Feb. 1, Dominion Railway Com
mission established under the
Railway Act of 1903. April 19,
Great fire in Toronto. Sept. 26,
82
CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CANADA
Earl Grey Governor-General. Oct.
8, Incorporation of Edmonton.
1905. Jan. 11, Opening of the tenth
Dominion Parliament. Sept. 1,
Creation of the provinces of
Alberta and Saskatchewan.
1906. University of Alberta founded.
Oct. 8, Interprovincial Confer
ence at Ottawa.
1907. March 22, Industrial Disputes
Investigation Act passed. April
15-May 14, Fifth Colonial Con
ference in London. Adjustment
of Parliamentary representation
in Saskatchewan and Alberta.
New Customs Tariff, including
introduction of Intermediate
Tariff. Aug. 29, Collapse of
Quebec Bridge. Sept. 19, new
Commercial Convention with
France signed at Paris. Oct. 17,
First message by wireless tele
graphy between Canada and the
United Kingdom. University of
Saskatchewan founded.
1908. Jan. 2, Establishment of Ottawa
Branch of Royal Mint. April 11,
Arbitration treaty between
United Kingdom and United
States. May 4, Ratification of
Treaty for demarcation of bound
ary between Canada and United
States. June 21-23, Bicentenary
of Bishop Laval celebrated at
Quebec. July 20-31, Quebec
Tercentenary Celebrations: visit
to Quebec of Prince of Wales,
representing the King. Aug. 2,
Great fire in Kootenay Valley,
B.C. University of British
Columbia founded.
1909. Jan. 11, Signing of International
Boundary. Waters Convention
between Canada and United
States. Jan. 20, opening of llth
Dominion Parliament. Jan. 27,
Agreement between United King
dom and United States to submit
North Atlantic Coast Fisheries
Question to the Hague Tribunal.
May 19, Appointment of Cana
dian Commission of Conservation.
July 28, Conference on Imperial
Defence in London.
1910. Feb. 1, Ratification of Commer
cial Treaty with France. Feb. 1,
International Opium Commis
sion met at Shanghai. May 4,
Passing of Naval Service Bill.
May 6, Death of King Edward
VII and accession of King George
V. June 7, Death of Goldwin
Smith. Sept. 7, North Atlantic
Coast Fisheries Arbitration award
of the Hague Tribunal, New
trade agreement made with Ger
many, Belgium, Holland and
Italy.
1911. Jan. 21, Proposals for reciprocity
with United States submitted to
the Canadian Parliament. Mar.
21, Duke of Connaught ap
pointed Governor General of
Canada. May 23-June 20, Im
perial Conference in London.
June 1, Fifth Dominion census.
July 11, Disastrous forest fires in
Porcupine mining districts. Sept.
21, General election of Dominion
Parliament. Oct. 10 (Sir) R. L.
Borden, premier. Oct. 11, In
auguration at Kitchener of On
tario Hydro - Electric Power
Transmission System. Oct. 13,
The Duke and Duchess of
Connaught land at Quebec.
Nov. 15, Opening of 12th
Dominion Parliament.
1912. April 15, Loss of the steamship
Titanic. April 15, Appointment
of Dominions Royal Commission.
May 15, Extension of the bound
aries of Quebec, Ontario and
Manitoba. June 17, Judgment
delivered by the Imperial Privy
Council on the marriage question
raised by the Ne Temere Decree.
1913. April 10, Japanese Treaty Act
assented to. June 2, Trade
agreement with West Indies
came into force. July 26, King s
Prize at Bisley won by Canadian.
September 1-3, Visit to Montreal
of British Lord Chancellor (Vis
count Haldane). Oct. 4, New
Customs tariff of United States
goes into force.
1914. Jan. 21 , Death of Lord Strathcona
and Mount Royal, aged 94. May
29, Loss of the steamship Empress
of Ireland. Aug. 3, Acquisition
by Canada of two submarines on
the Pacific Coast. War with
Germany, Aug. 4; with Austria-
Hungary, Aug. 12; and with
Turkey, Nov. 5. Aug. 18-22,
special war session of Canadian
Parliament. Oct. 16, First Cana
dian Contingent of over 33,000
troops land at Plymouth, Eng.
Nov. 1, Loss of four Canadian
midshipmen by sinking of H.M.S.
Cape of Good Hope in action off
the coast of Chile.
CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF ( .\\.\DA
83
191."). Feb.. Canadian First Contingent
land in Trance and proceed to
Flanders. April 2 2, Second bat
tle of Y: Vpril 24, Battle of
St. Julien. May 20-Jii. Battle of
Festubert. June 15, Battle of
Givenchy: gallantry of Canadian
troops highly eulogized by F.-M.
Sir John French. July 14, Sir
Robert Horden attends i.ieeting
of the British Cabinet. Oct. 30,
Death of Sir Charles Tupper, Bt.
Nov. 2 2. Issue of Canadian War
Loan of s.-,< ).()()( ),()()(). Nov. 30,
War Loan increased to $100,000,-
000.
1<)H . .Ian. 12, Order in Council author
izing increase in number of ( ana-
dian troops to 500,01)0. Feb. 3,
Destruction of the Houses of
Parliament at Ottawa by fire.
April M- JO, Battle of St ! Kloi.
.June 1, Census of Prairie Pro
vinces. June 1-3, Battle of Sanc
tuary Wood. June 3, Order in
Council establishing Board of
Pension Commission. -pt . 1,
Cornerstone of ne\v Houses of
Parliament laid by Duke of
Connaught. Sept., Issue of
ond War Loan, $100,000,000.
Oct. 10, Duke of Connaught left
Canada on completion of term
of office as Governor General.
Nov. 11, Duke of Devonshire
(appointed Aug. 19), sworn in at
Halifax, N.> Governor
General.
1917. Feb. 12-May l.V Visit to England
of Prime Minister and colleagues
for Imperial Conferences. Feb.
_M, Final Report of Dominions
Royal Commission. March,
Third war loan, $150,000,000.
March 14, Death of Duchess of
Connaught. March 20-May 2,
Meetings in London of Imperial
War Cabinet. March 21-April
27, Imperial War Conference.
March 31, Canadian patriotic
contributions amount to $49,-
271,012. April 5, Declaration of
war against Germany by United
States. April 9, Capture of
Vimy Ridge. April 16, Wheat
placed on free list. June 11,
Appointment of Board of Grain
Supervisors with power to fix
grain prices. June 21, Appoint
ment of Food Controller under
Order in Council of June 16.
July 1, Jubilee of Confederation,
1867. Aug. 15, Battle of Loos,
68708 6i
capture of Hill 70. Aug. 29.
Passing of Military Service Act.
Sept. 20, Completion of structure
of Quebec bridge. Sept. 20, Par
liamentary franchise extended to
women ; Dominion Government
authorized to purchase 600,000
shares of C.N.R. Oct. 4, Battle
of Passchendaele. Oct. 6, Dis
solution of 12th Parliament.
Nov. 12, Fourth War Loan
(Victory Bonds). Dec. 6, Disas
trous explosion at Halifax, N.S.,
caused by collision between the
I mo and the Mont Blanc, laden
with powerful explosives. Dec.
17, General Flection and Union
( iovernment sustained.
1918. Feb. 23, Appointment of Canada
!! -gist ration Board. Mar. 18,
Opening of first session of 13th
Parliament. Mar. 21, Germans
launch critical offensive on West
Front. Mar. 30, Gen. Foch
appointed Generalissimo. Mar.-
April, Second battle of the Somme.
April 17, Secret session of Par
liament. May 23, Parliament
i prorogued. June-July, Prime
Minister and colleagues attend
Imperial W r ar Conferences in
London. July 18, Allies assume
successful offensive on W T est Front.
Aug. 12, Battle of Amiens. Aug.
-MV-28, Capture of Monchy le
Preux. Sept. 2-4, Breaking of
Drocourt-Que ant line. Sept. 16,
Austrian Peace Note. Sept. 19,
tablishment of Khaki Univer
sity of Canada. Sept. 27-29,
Crossing of Canal du Nord and
capture of Bpurlon Wood. Sept.
30, Bulgaria surrenders and
signs armistice. Oct. 1-9, Cap
ture of Cambrai. Oct. 5, Epi
demic of Spanish Influenza
causes closing of churches and
abandonment of public meetings.
Oct. 6, First German Peace Note.
Oct. 20, Capture of Denain.
Oct. 21, Appointment of Siberian
Economic Commission. Oct.
25-Nov. 2, Capture of Valen
ciennes. Oct. 28, Issue of Fifth
War Loan for $300,000,000 in
the form of Victory Bonds.
Oct. 31, Turkey surrenders and
signs armistice. Nov. 4, Aus
tria-Hungary surrenders and
signs armistice. Nov. 10, Flight
into Holland of German Emperor.
Capture of Mons. Nov. 11,
Germany surrenders and signs
84
CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CANADA
armistice. Spontaneous rejoic
ings throughout the Empire at
the prospect of victorious peace.
Dec. 1, National Thanksgiving
Services for victory and peace.
1919. Feb. 17, Death of Sir Wilfrid
Laurier. Feb. 20- July 7, Second
Session of 13th Parliament of
Canada. Mar. 7, Appointment
of Government Receiver of the
Grand Trunk Pacific Railway.
May 1-June 15, Great Strike at
Winnipeg and strikes in other
Western cities. May 26, Return
to Canada of Prime Minister
from Peace Conference. June 23,
General Election in Quebec, re
sulting in retention of Liberal
Administration. June 28, Signa
ture at Versailles of Peace Treaty
and Protocol; Canadian Pleni
potentiaries: the Hon. Charles
J. D. Doherty and the Hon.
Arthur L. Sifton. July 24,
General Election in Prince Ed
ward Island, resulting in defeat
of Conservative administration.
Aug. 5-7, Meeting at Ottawa of
Liberal convention and election.
of the Hon. W. L. Mackenzie
King as leader of Liberal party.
Aug. 15, Arrival at St. John,
N.B., of H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales for official tour in Canada.
Aug. 22, Formal opening of
Quebec Bridge by H.R.H. the
Prince of Wales. Sept. 1, H.R.H..
the Prince of Wales lays founda
tion stone of tower of new Par
liament Buildings at Ottawa.
Sept. 1-Nov. 10, Third or Special
Peace Session of 13th Parliament
of Canada. Sept. 15, Opening at
Ottawa of the National Indus
trial Conference. Oct. 20, Gen
eral Election in Ontario, result
ing in defeat of Conservative
administration and formation of
Ministry by E. C. Drury, United
Farmers Organization. Issue of
Sixth War Loan for $300,000,000
in the form of Victory Bonds.
Nov. 25, H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales sails from Halifax, N.S.,
on completion of visit to Canada.
Dec. 20, Organization of "Cana
dian National Railways by
Order in Council.
III. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA.
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES.
General Formation. On the eastern coast of the North
American continent the Appalachian range of mountains gives shape
to the eastern coast of the United States and, extending into Canada,
forms the Gaspe peninsula and the Maritime Provinces. Around
Hudson bay is a V-shaped plateau constituting the Laurentian high
land and extending from Labrador down to the St. Lawrence river
and thence northwestward to the Arctic ocean. In the west are the
Cordillera ranges of the Pacific coast, extending into British Columbia
and the Yukon territory. They occupy a large area in Canada, and
comprise several parallel ranges. In British Columbia they are over
400 miles in width, and consist of the coast range along the coast;
the Rocky mountains, properly so called, and, between them, the
Selkirk, Gold, Cariboo, Cassiar and other ranges. To the north of
British Columbia lies the Yukon territory, including a great moun
tain area drained by the Yukon river and the Klondike valley,
famous for its gold. West of the Canadian Yukon lies the United
States territory of Alaska. Canada may further be conveniently
divided into five sections: (1) the peninsula which in Canada includes
Gaspe and the three Maritime Provinces; (2) the lowlands of southern
Ontario and southern Quebec, with the Great Lakes and the Ottawa
and St. Lawrence rivers draining the interior into the Atlantic ocean;
PHYSICAL
<)!< ( AXADA
85
(3) the Central plain; (4) the Laurentian highland; (5) the western
< lordillera.
Mountains. In the western Cordillera are found the highest
mountain ranges and peaks of Canada. In the Yukon territory, and
forming part of the St. Elias range, is mount Logan, 19,539 feet, the
highest known point in Canada. In the Rocky mountains are many
peak i rising to heights of 11,000 or 12,000 feet, and mount Robson,
13,700 feet, in the Yellowhead pass, is the highest of that range. The
-"Ikirk range contains heights of from 9,000 feet to over 11000
feet.
Waterways.- -The waterways of Canada constitute one of the
most remarkable of its geographical features. East of the Rocky
mountains the southern part of the Dominion slopes northeastward
towards Hudson bay; and the rivers in the south flow eastward.
rhus the Saskatchewan river, with it snort hern and southern branches,
flows eastward into lake \\iunipeg and thence northward by the
Nelson river into Hudson bay. On the north the Great Plain has a
northerly slope, and the Mackenzie river, with its tributaries, the
Slave. Liard, Athabaska, and Peace rivers, flows into the Arctic
ocean. The Macken/ie. exclusive of its tributaries, but including
the Slave. Peace and Finlav rivers, of which it is the continuation,
has a total length of 2..">L>r> miles. The Yukon river in the Yukon
territory also flows northward, passing through Alaska into Behring
strait after a course of 2,300 miles. In British Columbia, the Fraser,
Columbia, Skeena and Stikine rivers flow into the Pacific ocean.
Drainage Basins.- -The large drainage basins of Canada are the
Atlantic (554,000 square miles), the Hudson bay (1,486,000 square
miles), the Arctic (1,290,000 >quar<> miles), the Pacific (387,300 square
miles) and the gulf of Mexico (12,365 square miles). Table 1 gives a
list of the river drainage basins, and Table 2 gives the lengths of the
principal rivers with their tributaries and sub-tributaries.
1. Drainage Basins of Canada.
Drainage Basins.
Area
Drained.
Drainage Basins.
Area
Drained.
Atlantic Basin.
Hamilton
Sq. miles.
29,100
Hudson Bay Basin con.
East main .
25 500
Miramichi
5,400
Rupert
15 700
31 John
21,500
Broadback
9 800
l.u .vivnce
309, 500
Xottaway
29 800
Saguenay
35,900
Moose
42 100
St. Maurice
16, 200
Abitibi
11 300
French
8,000
Missinaibi
10 600
Xipigon
9,000
Albany
59 800
Ottawa
56,700
Kenogami
20 700
Lievre
3,500
Attawapiskat
18 700
Gatineau
9,100
Winisk
24, 100
Severn
38 600
Total
554,000
Nelson
370,800
Winnipeg
44,000
Hudson Bay Basin.
Sq. miles.
English
20,600
Koksoak
62,400
Red
63,400
George
20,000
Assiniboine
52,600
Big .
26.300
Saskatchewan. .
158.800
86
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA
1. Drainage Basins of Canada concluded.
Drainage Basins.
" Area
Drained.
Drainage Basins.
Area
Drained.
Hudson Bay Basin con.
N. Saskatchewan
54,700
Pacific Basin con.
Fraser
91,700
S. Saskatchewan
65,500
Thompson
21,800
Red Deer
18,300
Nechako
15,700
Bow
11,100
Blackwater
5,600
Belly
8,900
Chilcotin
7,500
Churchill
115,500
Columbia
39,300
Kazan . .
32,700
Kootenay
15,500
Dubawnt
58 500
Total
387 300
Total
1,486,000
Pacific Basin.
Arctic Basin.
Backs
47,500
Yukon
145,800
Coppermine
29,100
Porcupine
24,600
Mackenzie
682 000
Stewart.
21,900
Liard
1 700
Pelly
21,300
Hay..
25,700
Lewes
35,000
Peace
117 100
White
15,000
Athabaska
58,900
Alriek . .
11,200
Taku
7,600
Total
1,290,000
Stikine. ...
20,300
Naas
7,400
Gulf of Mexico Basin . .
12,365
Skeena. .
19.300
NOTE. Owing to overlapping
addition of the drainage areas as
indentation of the names.
, the totals of each drainage basin do not represent an
given. Tributaries and sub-tributaries are indicated by
2. Lengths of Principal Rivers and Tributaries in Canada.
Names.
Miles.
Names.
Miles.
Flowing into the Atlantic Ocean.
Hamilton (to head of Ashuanipi)...
Natashkwan
Romaine
Moisie
St. Marguerite
St. John.
Miramichi
St. Lawrence (to head of St. Louis)
Manikugan
Outarde
Bersimis
Saguenay (to head of Peribonka) ,
Peribonka
Mistassini
Ashwapmuchuan
Chaudiere
St. Maurice
Mattawin
St. Francis
Richelieu
Ottawa
North
Rouge
North Nation
Lieyre
Gatineau....
350
220
270
210
130
390
135
1,900
310
270
240
405
280
185
165
120
325
100
165
210
685
70
115
60
205
240
Flowing into the Atlantic Ocean
concluded.
Coulonge
Dumoine
South Nation
Mississippi
Madawaska
Petawawa
Moira
Trent
Grand
Thames
French (to head of Sturgeon)
Sturgeon
Spanish
Mississagi
Thessalon
Nipigon (to head of Ombabika) . . .
Flowing into the Hudson Bay.
Nelson (to Lake Winnipeg)
Nelson (to head of Bow) ,
Red (to head of Lake Traverse)
Red (to head of Sheyenne)
Assiniboine
Souris
Qu Appelle
135
80
90
105
130
95
60
150
140
135
180
110
153
140
40
130
390
1,660
355
545
450
450
270
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA
87
2. Lengths of Principal Rivers and Tributaries in Canada concluded.
Names.
Flowing into the Atlantic Ocean
conclude 1 .
Winnipeg (to head of Firesteel). .
English
Saskatchewan (to head of Bow)..
North Saskatchewan
South Saskatchewan (to head of
Bov.
Bow
Belly
K.-.l 1 -., r
Churchill.
Beaver
Kazan
Dubawnt
:
Wini-k
Attawapi-kar
Albany (to hra<l of ( at river)
Moose (to hi ;ul of Matt ana mi )
Marrairami
Abitil.i .
Missinaibi
Harricanaw
.\otta\vay to head vanipi) .
Wa-\vanipi
Rupert
Eastmain.
Big. . .
Great Whale
Leaf
Koksoak (to head of Kaniapiskau).
Kanuipi>ku.u
George
Flowing into the Pacific Ocean.
Columbia (total)
Columbia (in Canada)
Kootenay
Fraser . .
Miles.
475
330
1,206
760
865
315
180
385
1,000
305
446
580
420
465
610
340
340
250
400
190
380
375
520
305
295
535
445
365
1,150
465
400
695
Names.
Flowing into the Pacific Ocean
concluded.
Thompson (to head of North
Thompson)
North Thompson
South Thompson
Chilcotin
Blaokwater
Nechako
Stuart
Skeena
Nass
Stikine
Alsek
Yukon (mouth to head of >Jisutlin).
Yukon (Int. boundary to head of
Nisutlin)
Stewart
White....
IVlly
Macmillan
Lewes. .
Flowing into the Arctic Ocean.
Mackenzie (to head of Finlay) .
Peel
Arctic Red
Liard
Fort Nelson
Athabaska
Pembina
Slave
Peace (to head of Finlay)
Finlay
Parsnip
Smoky
Little Smoky
Coppermine
Backs
Miles.
270
185
120
145
140
255
220
335
205
335
260
1,765
655
320
185
330
200
!38
2,525
365
230
550
260
765
210
265
1,065
250
145
245
185
525
605
NOTE. In the above table the tributaries and sub-tributaries are indicated by inden
tation of the names. Thus the Ottawa and other rivers are shown as tributary to the
St. Lawrence, and the Gatineau and other rivers as tributary to the Ottawa.
St. Lawrence River System. Most important of the lakes and
rivers in Canada is the chain of the Great Lakes with their connecting
rivers, the St. Lawrence river and its tributaries. This chain is called
the St. Lawrence River System. The Great Lakes, separating the
province of Ontario from the United States and connected by a series
of artificial canals with the St. Lawrence river, allow of access from
the Atlantic ocean to the interior of the Dominion at Fort William
and Port Arthur, twin cities situated at the head of lake Superior.
The Great Lakes.- -Table 3 shows the length, breadth, areas
and elevation above sea-level of each of the Great Lakes.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA
3. Area and Elevation of the Great Lakes.
Lakes.
Length.
Breadth.
Area.
Elevation
above
Sea-level.
Suoprior
Miles.
354
Miles.
162
Sq. Miles.
31,800
Feet.
602
316
118
22,400
581
Huron
207
101
23,200
581
St Clair
26
24
445
575
Erie
239
59
10,000
572
Ontario
193
53
7,260
246
Lake Superior, with its area of 31,800 square miles, is the largest
body of fresh water in the world. As the international boundary
between Canada and the United States passes through the centre of
lakes Superior, Huron, Erie and Ontario, only half of the areas of
these lakes given in the above statement is Canadian. The whole of
lake Michigan is within United States territory. From the western
end of lake Superior to the mouth of the St. Lawrence there is, with
the aid of the canal system, a continuous navigable waterway. The
total length of the St. Lawrence river from the head of the St. Louis
river to the Pointe-des-Monts, at the entrance of the gulf of St.
Lawrence, is 1,900 miles. The tributaries of the St. Lawrence,
several of which have themselves important tributaries, include the
Ottawa river, 685 miles long; the St. Maurice river, 325 miles long;
and the Saguenay (to head of Peribonka), 405 miles long.
Other Inland Waters. In addition to the Great Lakes there
are large bodies of inland water in other parts of Canada. Of these
only the following principal lakes, with their respective areas, need
be mentioned here : in Quebec, lake Mistassini (975 square miles) ; in
Ontario, lake Nipigon (1,730 square miles) ; in Manitoba lake Winnipeg
(9,457 square miles); lake Winnipegosis (2,086 square miles) and lake
Manitoba (1,817 square miles) ; in Saskatchewan, Reindeer lake (2,437
square miles); in Alberta, lake Athabaska (2,482 square miles). All
these are within the boundaries of the provinces as at present con
stituted, and are exclusive of lakes situated in the Northwest Terri
tories, as, for instance, the Great Bear lake (11,821 square miles)
and the Great Slave lake (10,719 square miles) in the Mackenzie
District.
Table 4 gives a list of the principal lakes of Canada by provinces,
with the area of each in square miles. The table corresponds with
the constitution of the provinces as altered by the Boundary Extension
Act, 1912 (2 Geo. V, cc. 32, 40 and 45).
OEOORAPHH A L I-}-: A 77 RES
89
4. Areas of Principal Canadian Lakes by Provinces.
i us of Lakes.
a Scotia
Hras d Or
Little Brasd Or.
\t-\v Bnm>\vick
< rand . .
Areas.
(Quebec
Abitibi. part .....................
Apiskigamish ....................
A-huanipi .......................
Aitikonuk .......................
Aylmer ..........................
Baskatong .......................
Burnt. . . ......
< hamplain, portion in Quebec
( hibouganau. .
< learuater ............
Evans ....................
Expanse .......
Gull ...............
Grand Victoria ..................
Great Long ......................
Indian House ...... .......
[shimanikuacan .......
Kakabon:/ ;
niapiskau .............
Kipawa .....................
Matapedia .................
Manotian ........................
Mattagami. .
Meganlie .......................
.Melville ...................
Memphremagog, portion in Que-
i)ee ........................
Menihek ...............
Minto .....................
Mi^hikamau ...................
.M ishikamats ....................
M i>tassini .....................
Bfistasainia ................
:niskau .................
Xichikun
Xomining
Obatogamau ......
Ossokmanuan ....................
Papineau ........................
Patamisk ...............
Payne ...........................
Petitsikapau .....................
Pipmaukin .........
Pletipi ...........................
Quinze, Lac des ..................
Richmond .......................
St. Francis, Beauce county .......
S . Francis river, St. Lawrence,
^ part ...........................
St. John .........................
St. Louis. ......
Peter ........................
Sandgirt .........................
Simon ...........................
Timiskaming, part ...............
Temiscouata. .
Square
Mil
330
130
360
74
392
319
331
8
17
138
17s
231
125
245
306
87
65
441
117
L8
113
87
14
1,298
112
612
122
07.-.
206
56
208
9
56
50
131
5
44
747
94
100
138
46
269
13
59
350
56
130
106
12
65
29
Xames; of Lakes.
Quebec con.
Thirty-one Mile.
Two Mountains.
I pper Seal
\\ iikonichi
Ua-\v;tnipi
Whitefish..
Ontario
Abitibi
Balsam
Buckhorn
Cameron
ichidiing
Deer
Areas.
bay,
.
Eagle .......................
Krie, portion in Ontario .....
rue, portion in Ontario. .
Huron, including Georgian
portion in Ontario
I -a ( roix, portion in Ontario ......
Lanadowne ......................
Long ............................
Man i tou, Manitou island .........
Mille Lacs, Lac de..
Mud ...................... .......
Muskoka ........................
Xamakau, portion in Ontario .....
Xipigon .........................
Xipissing ........................
Ontario, portion in Ontario .......
I anache .........................
Pigeon ...........................
Rainy, portion in Ontario ........
Rice .............................
St. ( lair, portion in Ontario ......
St. Francis, river St. Lawrence,
^ part ...........................
9 . Joseph .......................
.ranaga, portion in Ontario .....
Sandy .....................
ul .............................
Sillicoe .......................
Scugog ....................
Stony ........................
Sturgeon, English river .......
Sturgeon, Victoria county .....
Superior, portion in Ontario. . .
Temagami ...................
Timiskaming, part ............
Trout English river ...........
Trout Severn river ............
Wanapitei ....................
Woods, lake of the, part in Ontario
Square
Miles.
23
63
270
44
100
19
Manitoba
Atikameg. .
Cedar
Cormorant .
Dauphin. . .
Dog
11,110
331
2
17
14
6
19
7
61
128
5,019
11
14,331
23
98
75
38
104
13
54
19
1,730
330
3,727
35
15
260
27
257
24
245
21
245
392
271
39
19
106
18
178
90
52
134
233
45
1,325
11
41,188
90
284
141
200
64
90
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA
4. Areas of Principal Canadian Lakes by Provinces concluded.
Names of Lakes.
Areas.
Names of Lakes.
Areas.
Manitoba con.
Ebb-and-flow
Square
Miles.
39
Alberta con.
Lesser Slave
Square
Miles.
Etawney
625
Pakowki
79
Gods
319
Sullivan
ta
Granville
392
94
Island
2O/"l
Kiskitto
69
British Columbia
,ooO
Kiskittogisu
122
Adams . .
_ 2
Manitoba
1,817
Atlin, part
OQ1
Moose
552
Babine
ooi
one
Nameu, part
12
Chilko
oUD
North Indian
184
Harrison %
Neultin, part
76
Kootenay
990
Playgreen
224
Lower Arrow
Reed
86
Okana"an
1 ?3
Red Deer, west of lake Winnipeg-
Owikano
98
osis
86
Quesnel
14.7
Reindeer, part
134
Shuswap. . . .
St. Martin
125
Stuart.
990
Setting
58
Tacla
Shoal
102
Ta^ish part
Q1
South Indian
1,531
Teslin, part
y i
Swan
84
Upper Arrow
QQ
Todatara, part
156
yy
Waterhen
83
9 4.3Q
Wekusko
83
Northwest Territories
ir, toy
Winnipeg
9 459
Aberdeen
_ 1 .
Winnipegosis
2 086
Aylmer.
612
Woods, lake of the, part
60
Baker
1 029
Clinton-Golden
674
19,894
Dubawnt...
1 654
Franklin
122
Saskatchewan
Garry
980
Amisk
111
Gras, Lac de
674
Athabaska, part
1 801
Great Bear . . .
11 821
Buffalo
281
Great Slave
10 719
Candle
150
Kaminuriak
368
Chaplin
66
Lower Seal . . .
220
Cree
406
Macdougall
318
Cumberland
166
Maguse
490
Dove
242
Martre, Lac la
1 225
Ile-a-la-Crosse
187
Mackay. .
980
Johnston
131
Nueltin, part. . . .
930
Last Mountain
98
Nutarawit .
343
Little Quill
70
Pelly... .
331
Manitou
67
Schultz
123
Montreal
138
Thaolintoa
184
Nameu, part
54
Todatara, part
52
Plonge, Lac la
383
Yathkyed.. ..
858
Quill
163
Red Deer on Red Deer river ....
Reindeer, part
97
2,302
Yukon
34,521
Ronge, Lac la
343
Aishihik
107
White Loon
97
Atlin, part. . .
12
Witchikan
70
Kluane . .
184
Wollaston
906
Kusawa
56
Laberge
87
8,329
Marsh
32
Alberta
Tagish, part
48
Athabaska, part
1,041
Teslin, part
123
Beaver ... ...
89
Biche, Lac la
125
649
Buffalo
55
Claire
404
Canada
120 924
!:<> \QMIC GEOLOGY OF CANADA. n>18 91
Islands.- -The northern and western coasts of Canada are
skirt ed by clusters of islands. Those on the north are mostly within
the Arctic circle. On the west, Vancouver and Queen Charlotte
Islands are the largest and most important. On the east, besides the
separate island colony of Newfoundland, there are the Cape Breton
Island, forming part of the province of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward
Island, forming one of the nine provinces of Canada, the Magdalen
Islands and the island of Anticosti. To the south of Newfoundland
ure the two small islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon belonging to
France. In lake Huron is the island of Manitoulin and the so-called
Thirty Thousand Islands of Georgian Bay. In the St. Lawrence
river, just below lake Ontario, are the picturesque Thousand Islands.
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF CANADA, 1918.
By WYATT MALCOLM, Geological Survey, Ottawa.
The purpose of this paper is to present a brief review of the most
important articles treating of the economic geology of Canada
published during the year 1918. References are made by numbers
throughout the paper to the publishers, of whom a list is given at
the end.
Bituminous sands. An enormous deposit of bituminous sand
occurs in northern Alberta and is exposed along the banks of Atha-
baska river and its tributaries. S. C. ELLS, who surveyed the out
crops nio>t favourable for commercial exploitation and earned on
laboratory investigations to ascertain the best methods of utilizing
the deposits, presents in concise form (6) certain interesting results.
To test its use for street paving it was found impossible to secure
satisfactory material from any single outcrop. However, by com
bining the bituminous sands from two separate outcrops in proper
proportion a product was obtained that gave satisfactory results.
Freight charges would, however, be a serious handicap in the applica
tion of this material to road construction, as from 85 to 88 p.c. con
sists of sand. Experiments made by Mr. ELLS at the Mellon Institute
of Industrial Research at Pittsburg on the best method of extracting
the bitumen from the sand led to the conclusion that separation by
water afforded the most promising chances of success and that the
temperature for most efficiently treating the Alberta material lay
between 315 and 330 F.
Building Stones. A report by W. A. PARKS (2) on the building
and ornamental stones of British Columbia points out that commer
cial production is confined to the sandstones of the islands, the granites
of the Coast range, Okanagan lake and the Nelson districts and to
the marbles of Kootenay lake, Texada island, and Nootka sound.
The sandstone is normally of a greyish-blue colour, but it alters
rapidly to buff. The granites of the Coast range vary greatly in
mineral composition, colour and grain. The most important quarries,
which are on the islands off the mouth of Jervis inlet, are in a medium-
grained grey stone. The Nelson granites are lighter in colour than
those of the Coast range and are usually coarser in grain. The Okan
agan granites are of medium grain and pinkish colour; they have
92 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA
been quarried to a small extent for local use. A white and blue-
banded marble is quarried north of Kootenay lake and a very similar
stone has been procured from Nootka sound. Dark basic rocks of
Rossland and Ymir have been mentioned as sources of monumental
stone. Sodalite and sodalite-bearing syenite from Ice river, slates
from Queen Charlotte islands and basic rocks of the Coast range are
of possible value for decorative purposes.
Clays and Shales.- -The results of tests made by JOSEPH KEELE
(2) show that the china clay produced at St. Remi, Quebec, is of high
grade, comparing favourably with the standard brands on the market,
and that the silica found associated with the kaolin is, when washed
free from the latter, suitable for the manufacture of acid refractory
brick of the gannister type. Valuable notes are given by Mr. KEELE
on deposits of materials in Canada suitable for the manufacture of
refractory goods. He also presents the results of laboratory tests
made on samples of clays collected at many points, among the most
interesting of which are fire clays from Missinaibi and Mattagami
rivers, Ontario. A report by N. B. DAVIS (2) presents the results
of field work in southern Saskatchewan and of laboratory investiga
tions of the samples of clays collected. Clays of very fine quality
are found. Very excellent grades of brick are made and material is
shipped to Medicine Hat for the manufacture of sewerpipe and stone
ware pottery. A first class refractory clay is also found that should
produce firebrick equal to the standard firebrick imported from the
United States. Mr. DAVIS has a paper (6) also setting forth the
occurrence, properties and uses of refractory materials found through
out Canada. A deposit of semi-refractory clay occurring in Swan
river, Manitoba, is described by W. A. JOHNSTON (1).
Coal. BRUCE ROSE (1) describes the Crowsnest and Flathead
coal fields of British Columbia. The coal occurs in the Kootenay
formation. Sections measured on the west side of the Fernie basin
of the Crowsnest fields show that at Morrissey there are 23 seams
with an aggregate thickness of 216 feet of coal, and at Fernie 23 seams
with an aggregate thickness of 172 feet of coal. A. MACLEAN (1)
gives a section of the lignite-bearing formations of southeastern
Saskatchewan. Analyses of Canadian coals have been compiled by
EDGAR STANSFIELD and J. H. H. NICOLLS (2). The results of experi
ments on the carbonizing of lignites are described by EDGAR STANS
FIELD and Ross E. GILMORE in the Canadian Chemical Journal,
volume 2, and in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada,
volume 11.
Copper.- -The discovery of copper deposits in northern Manitoba
has attracted a great deal of attention to the possibilities of large
mineral resources in that part of Canada. A deposit of chalcopyrite
on Schist lake was found to be rich enough to yield a profit after
paying for difficult transportation to the railway and a long rail haul
to the smelter at Trail. An enormous body of low-grade ore at
Flinflon lake has been proved by diamond drilling. These deposits
are described by E. L. BRUCE (1 and 6). They occur in a highly
metamorphosed series of volcanic rocks and are genetically related
to granitic intrusions.
KCOXOMIC GKOLOGY OF CAXADA, 1918 93
A number of copper deposits lying north of Lake Huron are
briefly described by \V. H. COLLINS (1).
Copper deposits on Indian river near Vancouver and in the
Hazelton district are described by CHARLES CAMSELL (1) and J. J.
O NEILL (1), respectively. The origin of the Hazelton deposits is
discussed by V. DOLMAGE in a paper published in Economic Geology,
volume 13. Notes on many of the copper deposits of British Colum
bia are given by the Resident Engineers of the Mineral Survey
District- 5
Gold.--H. C. COOKE (1) and A. G. BURROWS (3) describe the
geology of areas in the vicinity of Fort Matachewan on Montreal
river, Ontario, where development work has been done on gold
rliiin. On one of the two most important claims gold occurs in a
body of porphyritic syenite which is cut by a network of veinlets of
quart/: the gold is usually found in or near these veinlets. On the
other claim gold is found both in the porphyry and intruded schist.
Description- are given by A. G. BIHHOWS (3) of gold discoveries in
[Sennit and (lauthier townships, northern Ontario, and by M. B.
BAKER (3) of the general geology of Long Lake gold mine and vicinity,
southwest of Sud bury. The Long Lake ore consists of quartzite
impregnated with arsenopyrite and iron pyrites with minor amounts
of pyrrhotite. galena, and copper pyrites. The gold is associated
chiefly with the arsenopyrite, but the iron pyrites carries a small
amount. More detailed information about the Kowkash gold area
is given this year by P. E. HOPKINS (3). Numerous quartz veins
carrying low gold values occur in the schist in many parts of the
area. \V. H. COLLINS (1) describes veins of quartz and ankerite
carrying arsenopyrite and free gold lying north of lake Huron near
the Algnma Eastern railway.
The geology and gold deposits of Wekusko lake area, Manitoba,
are described by F. .). ALCOCK (1). The six most important deposits
of the Wekusko lake area lie near the contact between an intrusive
uranite stock and earlier schists. Mr. ALCOCK and R. C. WALLACE
both discuss the question of the origin of the gold (6). The results
of investigations in an area east of lake Winnipeg and in the Star
lake area of southeastern Manitoba are presented by J. R. MAR
SHALL (1).
W. E. COCKFIELD describes the gold placers of Sixtymile river
valley, Yukon. The gold deposits of the Lardeau and Slocan areas,
British Columbia, are described by M. F. BANCROFT (1), and CHARLES
CAMSELL (1) gives notes on the occurrence of gold, silver and copper
ores in the vicinity of the Pacific Great Eastern railway. Consider
able information regarding the gold mines of British Columbia is
contained in the reports of the Resident Engineers of the Mineral
Survey Districts (5).
Graphite.- -The Port Elmsley graphite deposit, Ontario, is one
that was reopened during the war owing to the increased demand for
the Canadian product. According to M. E. WILSON (1) the graphite
ore of this deposit is merely silicated Grenville limestone in which
graphite is disseminated. Low grade ores consist mainly of calcite
in which silicate minerals are disseminated, and carry 4 to 6 p.c. of
94 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA
graphite; high grade ores consist almost entirely of silicates carrying
15 to 20 p.c. of graphite. Short notes on graphite in Canada are
presented by HUGH S. SPENCE (2).
Iron.- -Volume 2 of a report by E. LINDEMAN and L. L. BOLTON
(2) on the iron ore occurrences in Canada gives a succinct description
of the known occurrences of iron ore throughout Canada. Many of
these are without doubt of no economic value, but there are many
that merit further investigation. Volume 1, previously published,
contains descriptions of the principal iron mines of Canada. In a
paper published in the Journal of Geology, volume 26, E. S. MOORE
describes the geology of Belcher islands. Iron formation forms part
of a thick series of sediments consisting of limestones, shales, quartzites
and graywackes, and this series is intruded by sills and overlain by
flows of diabase and basalt. The iron formation consists of jasper,
chert, hematite, magnetite, siderite and green granules regarded as
the iron silicate, greenalite. A. H. A. ROBINSON (2) gives the results
of examinations made of a number of deposits of iron ore in Ontario.
Analyses of samples taken and observations regarding the extent of
the deposits are given. Investigations were made in the townships of
Levant, Lount and Snowdon and on Seine bay and Bad Vermilion
lake. T. L. TANTON (1) gives brief notes on iron ore deposits lying
east of lake Nipigon.
Limestone. Samples have been taken from the limestone
quarries and many of the principal limestone outcrops of Ontario by
Ho WELLS FRECHETTE. Analyses were made to determine the per
centage of calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, alumina, ferric
oxide and insoluble mineral matter. The results (2) show that some
of the geological formations are decidedly dolomitic and that others
are very pure limestone. Great numbers of samples were found to
carry over ninety p.c. of calcium carbonate and several exceeded
ninety-five per cent. The results of a few analyses follow: the upper
10 feet of the 16-foot face of the quarry of H. ROBILLARD and Son
on lot 22, concession 1, Gloucester township, carried 95-80 p.c. of
calcium carbonate and the lower 6 feet 97 p.c.; the 30-foot face of the
western pit of the Standard White Lime Company at Beachville,
Oxford county, carried 96-37 p.c. of calcium carbonate; the lower
part of the quarries of the Solvay Process Company near Amherst-
burg, Essex county, carried 97-08 p.c.; and brecciated limestone of
lot 8, concession A, Carrick township, Bruce county, carried 97-08 p.c.
calcium carbonate.
Magnesium Sulphate.- -There are two small lakes on Kruger
mountain from which in recent years large quantities of magnesium
sulphate have been recovered. One of these lies on the British
Columbia side of the International Boundary and has an area of
about 70 acres. OLAF P. JENKINS in describing this lake in the
American Journal of Science, volume 46, says that the brine at the
time of his visit was so strong that it was heavy and slimy like the
white of an egg. In the latter part of the summer the solution of
epsomite is so concentrated that during the cool nights the salt
crystallizes out.
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF CANADA, 1918 95
Manganese.- -Manganese minerals both primary and secondary
occur on the northeast side of the valley of Kaslo creek in the Ains-
\\orth mining division, British Columbia. A vein carrying rhodonite
cuts the group of rocks known as the Kaslo volcanics. The secondary
deposits are found on valley terraces and slopes. They consist of
wad of very good grade. M. F. BANCROFT (1) describes four different
types: (a) Unconsolidated wad forming the surface soil, in places
covered by a thin layer^of wood ashes from forest fires; (b) Layers
of partly consolidated wad associated with other deposits derived
by chemical precipitation from mineral-bearing solutions; (c)
Hummock-like deposits, found near mineral springs and having
abrupt lateral limits; (d) Concentrating or lumpy ore consisting
of nodules and concretions of wad in beds of unconsolidated detrital
material.
Mineral Springs.- -The results of investigations of the mineral
-j >rings of Canada were published in 1918. JOHN SATTERLY and R. T.
ELWORTHY (2) report on the radioactivity of the springs and R. T.
ELWORTHY (2) reports on their chemical composition. The radio
activity of all the Canadian springs examined is lower on the average
than that of the greater proportion of European springs that are
celebrated for their curative properties. Until considerable experi
mental work has been done on the therapeutic value of waters of low
radioactivity, it is difficult to estimate the precise value of most
Canadian springs from a radio-therapeutic standpoint. Many are
undoubtedly valuable, however, on account of their mineral con
stituents. Papers by JOHN SATTERLY and R. T. ELWORTHY on
mineral springs were also published in volume 11 of the Transactions
of the Royal Society of ( anada.
Molybdenite.- Molybdenite occurs in the vicinity of Big
Squaw lake, Huddersfield township, Quebec. J. AUSTEN BANCROFT
(4) finds that the occurrences were developed under the influence of
intense contact metamorphism. They are the result of mineralizing
fluids and probably gases which emanated from a cooling granitoid
magma and permeated crystallizing sedimentary rocks. The deposits
are extremely irregular and erratic. E. L. BRUCE (1) describes
molybdenite deposits found near Falcon lake, Manitoba. These
occur in pegmatite dykes, in equigranular granitic dykes and in
quartz veins. Information regarding the known molybdenite deposits
of Ontario is presented by A. L. PARSONS (3). Many of these were
examined personally and are described. As a guide to prospectors
it is pointed out that the most favourable locations are near the
borders of granite masses, particularly when these are in intrusive
contact with crystalline limestone. A study of the modes of occur
rence of molybdenite deposits was made by E. THOMSON and the
results are presented in Economic Geology, volume 18. Three types
are recognized:
1. Associated with slightly more basic segregations in the
granites, syenites, or gneisses of the Laurentian. #
2. In intimate association with pyroxene in the contact
pyroxenite" of the Grenville series, or in the partially digested
rock of this process of silicification.
96 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA
3. In pegmatite dykes.
The molybdenite deposits of the Quyon district, Quebec, are
described by M. E. WILSON in the Canadian Mining Journal, volume
39.
Moulding Sand. Among the sand deposits investigated by
L. H. COLE (2 and 6) was a deposit of moulding sand occurring near
Brockville. The results of laboratory tests and of practical tests
made in foundries showed that the Brockville sand is a suitable
moulding sand for stove plate and similar light work in iron, but
although the heavier castings made in it were all right, it would not
be advisable to use it on very heavy work, as the possibility of its
failure would be greater than the coarse sands in general use, owing
to the fineness of its texture, with the resultant tendency to sinter
when exposed repeatedly to the molten metal. It appears to answer
all requirements for use in the general run of brass foundry work.
With a little care in selection and grading at the pit, several grades
uniform in texture could be obtained.
Notes are given by Mr. COLE on the methods of testing moulding
sand and the qualities in a sand necessary to render it suitable for
foundry work. Other uses of sand, particularly that consisting of
nearly pure silica, are given. Very pure material is required for the
manufacture of glass, carborundum, ferro-silicon and refractory
brick.
Nickel. In an interesting paper published in the Transactions
of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, volume 59, HUGH
M. ROBERTS and ROBERT DAVIS LONGYEAR describe the discovery
by drilling of a large body of nickel ore concealed under a great
thickness of unconsolidated material in the township of Falconbridge.
With regard to the origin of this and other Sudbury deposits it is
thought that the sulphides were carried downward with the norite
differentiate of a magma intruded as a laccolith along a plane of
unconformity beneath the Animikie sediments. As the norite
consolidated the sulphides remained in solution and with an acid
component of the magma made their way to the base of the norite.
The sulphides were finally precipitated along the contact and the
acid component solidified into granite. The paper was discussed at
some length by geologists of repute.
A contribution to the discussion of the origin of the Sudbury
deposits was made by W. H. GOODCHILD in Economic Geology,
volume 13. GOODCHILD also contributed a series of articles to Mining
Magazine, volumes 18 and 19, entitled "The Evolution of Ore De
posits from igneous magmas." " These articles are remarkable in
many ways. They not only introduce an entirely new aspect of the
problems of ore genesis, but they develop many interesting physical
and molecular relationships and reactions in connection with mineral
and rock formation. Of these reactions, the most important in their
influence are the changes in volume following chemical combination
or dissociation and allotropic modifications."
The geological relations of the Alexo nickel deposit of Dundonald
and Clergue townships are described by M. B. BAKER (3). The ore
lies at the contact of peridotite with lavas of earlier age and consists
ECOXo.MK OSOLOGY OF CANADA, 1918 97
for the most part of pyrrhotite and pentlandite with traces of chah
COpyrite and pyrite.
Peridot. This is a beautiful green transparent form of the
mineral chrysolite, which, when cut and polished, forms a semi
precious gem. JOHN 1). GALLOWAY (5) describes the occurrence of
this variety of the mineral on Timothy mountain, British Columbia -
Petroleum and Natural Gas.- ( hving to the increasing demand
toi dene and the prospects ,,f a still greater demand in the future
much attention has been given in recent years to the oil possibilities
of Canada, particularly of the Cretaceous formations of Alberta,
which have not yet been thoroughly prospected.
Among the most important of recent investigations are those
made and reported on by S. E, SLIPPER and J . A. ALLAN (1). These
show that the Belly Kiver series .f sediments extends northwest to
beyond North Saskatchewan river, that from Xorth Saskatchewan
river southeast at least to the South Saskatchewan the series does
>j form a broad anticline as was formerly supposed, and that the
geological sections from west to east show the formations in regular
ion from the Paskapoo down to the Lower Pierre.
D. B. Dowu\<; in a short paper published in the Transactions
of the Hoyal Society of Canada, volume 12, describes the broad
<M ii,Tal structure of the Cretaceous sediments of Manitoba, Saskat
chewan and Alberta, and directs attention to the areas of greatest
promise. In another article (1) he calls attention to a favourable
terrace-like structure underlying a belt extending from Saskatchewan
by way of Viking northwest to Athabaska river near Athabaska and
to Peace river below the town of Peace River.
A section of the Cretaceous sediments exposed along Peace river
is described by F. H. M< TKAKX (1), who also gives notes on the oil
prospecting below Peace river. A. E. CAMKKON (1) describes the
sedimentary formations exposed along Hay river and around the
western end of Great Slave lake.
The oil fields of Ontario are being carefully studied for evidences
of structure that indicate where further explorations might be carried
on with a prospect of success. M. Y. WILLIAMS (1 and 6) describes
the Bothwell-Thamesville and Mosa oil fields and gives the results
of a number of borings carried into the Trenton formation in Dover
township. A consideration of the method of estimating gas reserves
and of the exhaustion of gas fields is presented by G. R. MICKLE (3).
Analyses of samples of Canadian petroleum and natural gas have
been made and the results compiled by EDGAR STANSFIELD and J.
H. H. NICOLLS (2).
Phosphate Rock. A bed of phosphate averaging 12 inches in
thickness is found in the Rocky Mountain quartzite in Sundance
canyon and at other points near Banff in the Rocky Mountain park.
This bed has been traced southward by HUGH S. DESCHMID (2) as far
as Tent mountain, south of Crowsnest. Outcrops were observed
at the end of Goat range, Spray lakes about 20 miles south of Banff;
on Kananaskis range, Highwood pass; on Brule creek 8 miles above
its junction with Elk river; at Crowsnest a quarter of a mile west of
the railway station; on Tent mountain 7 miles south of Crowsnest;
687087
98 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA.
and on Livingstone range, 1 mile east of Lille. The phosphate bed
becomes thinner and poorer in phosphoric acid the farther south it
is traced, and changes from a more or less massive form to an agglom
eration of small nodules of phosphate in a sandy or quartzitic matrix.
On Tent mountain it is 3 inches thick and nodular, and the purest
material runs only 47 per cent tricalcic phosphate.
Radium -bearing Minerals. Euxenite, a radioactive mineral
that, if found in sufficient quantities, should be of value as a source
of radium and uranium, occurs in South Sherbrooke, Ontario.
WILLET G. MILLER and CYRIL W. KNIGHT (3) describe it as occurring
in a granite-pegmatite dyke cutting banded gneiss of Pre-Cambrian
age. The euxenite is sparsely disseminated through the dyke, but
is found more concentrated near the middle.
Road Materials. The results of field and laboratory investiga
tions of road materials have been presented as follows: between
Ottawa and Prescott and between Hull and Grenville, by L. REINECKE
(1); in a portion of Vaudreuil county, Quebec, and along the St.
Lawrence river from the Quebec boundary to Cardinal, Ontario, by
R. H. PICHER (1). K. A. CLARK presents the results of laboratory
tests made of samples of road materials collected from quarries in
the city of Montreal, from other parts of the province of Quebec
and from different points in Ontario. A paper by L. REINECKE in
Economic Geology, volume 13, describes the methods of carrying
out investigations of non-bituminous materials for road construction
and the laboratory tests to which such materials should be subjected
to determine their relative suitability.
Silver. In a discussion of a paper by E. S. BASTIN entitled
Significant mineralogical relations of the silver ores of Cobalt 1
J. A. REID points out in Economic Geology, volume 13, that the
solutions from which the minerals were deposited were deep seated,
probably had their origin in the diabase magma, and were probably
alkaline in reaction. The observed evidence is against enrichment
by descending solutions; there is slight apparent relation of the
ore bodies to the surface, either past or present. KIRBY THOMAS
in the Mining and Scientific Press, volume 117, points to the need
of more intensive exploratory work in the outlying parts of what
is commonly known as the Cobalt mining district.
A brief description is given by M. F. BANCROFT (1) of the geology
of the Lardeau district, where silver-bearing lead-zinc ores form the
most conspicuous and characteristic deposits, and by J. J. O NEILL
(1) of the argentiferous lead-zinc deposits of the Hazelton district.
Notes on the silver deposits of British Columbia are found in the
annual reports of the Resident Engineers of the Mineral Survey
Districts (5).
Tungsten. A description is given by J. S. DELURY in the
Canadian Mining Journal, volume 39, of scheelite deposits found near
Falcon lake in southeastern Manitoba. The ore occurs in lenses in a
schist that has been intruded by granite and probably had its genesis
in the granitic magma.
Miscellaneous. A description is given by A. MAILHIOT (4)
of a zinc-lead deposit of the interior of Gaspe county, Quebec, that
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF CANADA, 1918 99
may prove to be of considerable economic value. Mr. MAILHIOT (4)
occurrence of stilmite in Bon a venture countv
Quebec.
A number of papers wen- published during the year setting
forth the fuel situation in Canada and giving short descriptions of
the various fuel resources of the country. Among the most important
of these were papers by JAMBS WHITE in the publications of the
unmission of Conservation, by B. F. HAANEL in the Canadian
igineer, volume S4, by \\ . ,}. I)K- K (6), and by D. B. BOWLING (6).
Papers on the peat resources of Canada and their fuel possibilities
are presented by EUGENE HAANEL in the publications of the Com
mission of Conservation and by B. F. HAANKL in the Canadian
Jhemical Journal, volume l>. Nfote <M investigations of peat bo<rs in
(Quebec. Xew Brunswick and Ontario are given by A. AN HEP (2).
A description is given by W. A. JOHNSTON (1) of the super
ficial deposits and soils along the Hudson May railroad from Pas to
Lime-tone river. Of this distance swamp soils occur along approxi
mately ls:> miles; boulder clay soils, 27 miles; lake (stone-loss) clay
soils, 10.") miles; esker and beach sand soils. 3-5 miles; and bedrock
outcrop. i?x mile-. Mr. JOHNSTON (1) also describes the occurrence
on Swan river. Manitoba, of quartz sand composed of 96-42 p.c. of
silica and carrying only 0-17 p.c. of iron.
A paper by STEPHEN TABER in the Transactions of the American
Institute of Mining Kngineers, volume f>7, deals with the genesis of
ashe>ios and asbeMiform minerals. The theori t forth by Mr.
T.VKKK are discussed by .1. C. MKANNKH. JOHN A. DRESSER, R. P. D.
MIA.M and GEORGE P. MERRILL. The results of a careful study
of the mineralogy of the serpentine belt of the Black Lake area are
presented by EUGENE POITKVIN and R. P. D. GRAHAM (1).
Tho development of the ( Canadian magnesite industry is described
by HAROLD J. ROAST (6) and information is given regarding the
use> made of magnesite. The occurrences of magnesite and diato-
maceous earth in the valley of Fraser river are briefly described by
CHARLES C 1 AM SELL (1).
Brief note- are presented by W. H. COLLINS (1) on mica and
feldspar in the Lake Huron area, Ontario, by ROBERT HARVIE (1)
on the mode of occurrence of chromite in the Thetford-Black Lake
area, Quebec, and by J. STANSFIELD (1) on the soils and water supply
of southeastern Saskatchewan; the use of pyrite in the sulphite mill
is discussed by A. W. G. WILSON in the Canadian Chemical Journal,
volume 2; and C. W. DRURY (6) makes a careful survey of the
known and possible sources of potash.
SOURCE OF REPORTS AND ARTICLES REFERRED TO IN TEXT.
(1) Geological Survey, Ottawa. (2) Mines Branch, Department of Mines, Ottawa.
Bureau of Mines, Toronto, Ontario. (4) Mines Branch, Department of Colonization,
Mines and Fisheries, Quebec, Que. (5) Department of Mines, Victoria, B.C. (6) Canadian
Mining Institute, Drummond Building, Montreal.
68708 7*
100
AREA AND POPULATION
IV. AREA AND POPULATION.
Area by Provinces and Territories. Table 1 shows the total
area of the Dominion in land and water and the distribution into
provinces and territories.
1. Land and Water Area of Canada by Provinces and Territories as in 1919.
Provinces.
Land.
Water.
Total
Land and
Water.
Prince Edward Island
sq. miles.
2,184
sq. miles.
sq. miles.
2,184
Nova Scotia
21,068
360
21 428
New Brunswick
27,911
74
27,985
Quebec
690,865
15,969
706,834
Ontario
365,880
41,382
407,262
Manitoba
231,926
19,906
251,832
Saskatchewan
243,382
8,318
251,700
Alberta
252,925
2,360
255,285
British Columbia
353,416
2,439
355,855
Yukon ...
206 427
649
207 076
Northwest Territories
1,207,926
34,298
1,242,224
Total
3,663,910
125,755
3,729,665
The water area is exclusive of Hudson bay, Ungava bay, the bay
of Fundy, the gulf of St. Lawrence, and all other tidal waters, except
ing that portion of the river St. Lawrence which is between Pointe-
des-Monts in Saguenay and the foot of lake St. Peter in Quebec.
Increase of Population. According to the corrected returns of
the fifth Census, the total population on June 1, 1911, was 7,206,643,
representing an increase of 1,835,328 since the previous Census of
April 1, 1901. For the period covered, the rate of increase, viz.,
34 . 17 p.c., was the largest in the world, and was due to the heavy tide
of immigration which set in with the beginning of the present century.
The countries next in order, in respect of the percentage rates of increase
during the same decade, were : New Zealand 30 . 5, the United States 21,
Australia 18, Germany 15.2, Holland 14.8, Switzerland 13.2, Denmark
12.6, Belgium 10.9, Austria 9.3, United Kingdom 9.1, Hungary 8.5,
Sweden 7.5, Italy and Norway 6.8 and* France 1.6. Ontario and
Quebec continued to be the most largely populated of the nine
provinces, the former having 2,523,274 and the latter 2,003,232
inhabitants. None of the other provinces had in 1911 reached half
a million; but Saskatchewan had the third largest population with
492,432. All the provinces showed an increase since 1901, excepting
Prince Edward Island, where the population had decreased by 9,531,
or 9.23 p.c. The Yukon and Northwest Territories, with relatively
sparse populations, showed decreases as compared with 1901. The
greatest relative increase was in the western provinces, especially in
Saskatchewan and Alberta.
Table 2 shows by provinces and territories the population of
Canada, as returned by each decennial census from 1871, the first
taken since Confederation, to the last decennial census of 1911.
Ah I-:.\ AND POPULATION
101
Population of Canada by Provinces and Territories in the Census years 1871 to
LI*
Provin
1871.
L881.
IL
1901.
lull.
rincr Kthvard I-hmd
94,021
.SOO
108,891
440
109,078
450,396
103,259
459,574
93,728
492,338
Brunswick. , .
285
[,191,516
321
1,359,027
321,263
1,488,535
331.1 I D
1,648,89s
:;r,l ,889
2,003,232
1,620,851
1,926,922
2,114,321
2,182,947
2,523,274
boba.
1.-)L .506
255,211
91,279
022
455,614
492,432
374, (id: .
Vukon Territory
4s, 000
49
98,173
98,967
178,657
219
20,129
392 ,4X0
8,512
18,481
Total
4,3 4,S10 4,s:M, >:W .>,37 1,315 7,306,643
3 - Vrea and Population of Canada in 1911 by Provinces and Districts and
Population In 1901.
Provii
and
Districts.
rea
in
act
POPULATION IN 1911.
Popula
tion in
1901.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Per
square
mile.
CANADA
Prince Kdward
Island.
[vincrg
3,3*6,9*5,393-
1,397,991
410,355
498,065
489,571
13,713,93ft 2
847,280
355,840
867,264
462,016
928,640
1,077,120
640,000
1,059,840
3,821,995
47,069
11,598
16,551
18,920
251,019
9,374
5,915
15,435
28,853
11,746
20,708
10,206
8,858
3,384,648
46,659
11,038
16
19,393
241,319
9,207
6,047
14,453
24,499
11,918
19,835
9,961
8,190
7,206,643
93,728
22,636
32,779
38,313
492,338
18,581
11,962
29,888
53,352
23,664
40,543
20,167
. 17,048
1.93
42.91
35.31
42.12
50.09
22.98
14.04
21.51
22.06
73.90
16.31
24.09
20.17
10.2S
5,371,31c
103,25!
24,72^
35,401
43,13-
459,57
18,84
13,61
24,65
35,08
24,90
36,16
20,32
18,32
Prince
r\S
Xova Scotia.
Annapolis
Vntigonish
Cape Breton N. anc
Victoria
Cape Breton S
Colchester
Cumberland
Diebv. .
Guysborough
XoxE.-The totals of areas for Canada and the provinces and territories are a
by a planimeter on the map, and embrace land and water; while ^ow tor distrwts are
totals of their respective subdistricts, and are land areas only, excepting, as may be indi
by footnotes, where large areas are unsurveyed and unoccupied.
iThe population of the Prairie Provinces, according to the Census of 916, is give
page 112.
2 By map measurement.
102
AREA AND POPULATION
3. Area and Population of Canada in 1911 by Provinces and Districts and
Population in 1901 con.
Provinces
and
Districts.
Area
in
acres.
POPULATION IN 1911.
1
Popula
tion in
1901.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Per
square
mile.
Nova Scotia con.
Halifax City and
County
1,358,960
786,560
910,600
552,960
769,280
719,360
312,960
1,294,387
549,604
17,910,400
838,785
821,376
1,196,676
1,137,931
1,345,110
3,033,985
2,092,595
394,163
1,618,742
2,153,549
922,993
2,307,367
225,198,561*
501,355
221,530
1,210,266
94,105
417,690
1,403,359
2,216,550
312,422
215,680
6,353,248
1,455,034
169,779
87,795,034
920,986
602,624
766,607
2,912,941
1,784
231,200
73803
1,928,640
664,006
2,456,052
204,288
157,854
95,287
173.977
40,061
10,016
13,079
10,995
17,121
18,213
6,828
12,261
11,350
179,867
11,034
10,774
16,588
12,435
15,470
16,150
8,434
26,082
8,986
15,086
22,703
16,125
1,011,502
8,657
9,135
26,035
10,640
10,632
9,950
14,379
6,871
14,327
23,293
10,649
6,647
32,729
15,655
12,930
21,233
18,195
36,707
6,707
32,737
11,841
10,619
21,131
9,937
7,577
15,370
14,319
40,196
9,687
12,492
10,785
16,139
17,645
6,445
11,950
11,870
172,022
10,412
10,373
16,074
11,941
14,815
15,044
7,253
27,490
8,130
13,136
21,918
15,436
991,730
8,109
9,071
25,364
10,162
10,509
9,922
13,731
6,345
14,388
19,465
9,988
6,675
30,612
13,975
12,166
20,357
16,806
38,342
6,533
32,286
12,070
10,269
19,220
9,398
7,587
14,607
14,594
80,257
19,703
25,571
21,780
33,260
35,858
13,273
24,211
23,220
351,889
21,446
21,147
32,662
24,376
30,285
31,194
15,687
53,572
17,116
28,222
44,621
31,561
2,003,232
16,766
18,206
51,399
20,802
21,141
19,872
28,110
13,216
28,715
42,758
20,637
13,322
63,341
29,630
25,096
41,590
35,001
75,049
13,240
65,023
23,911
20,888
40,351
19,335
15,164
29,977
28,913
37.80
16.03
18.15
25.21
27.67
31.90
27.14
11.97
27.04
12.61
16.36
16.48
17.47
13.71
14.41
6.58
4.80
86.98
6.77
8.39
30.94
8.75
5.69
21.43
52.60
27.18
141.47
32.39
9.06
8.12
27.07
85.21
4.31
9.08
50.22
0.46
20.59
26.65
34.72
7.69
26,918.58
36.65
563.86
7.93
20.13
10.52
60.57
61.48
201.34
106.35
74,662
20,056
24,353
21,937
32,389
33,459
13,515
24,428
22,869
331,120
21,621
22,415
27,936
23,958
32,580
28,543
10,586
51,759
16,906
21,136
42,060
31,620
1,648,898
16,407
18,181
43,129
21,732
18,706
19,980
24,495
13,397
24,318
32,015
19,334
13,583
48,291
26,460
21,007
38,999
30,683
56,919
13,979
26,168
22,255
19,099
32,901
19,633
13,995
19,748
26,210
Hants
Inverness
Kings. .
Lunenburg
Pictou
Richmond
Shelburne & Queens. .
Yarmouth
New Brunswick.
Carleton
Charlotte
Gloucester. . :
Kent
Kings and Albert
Northumberland
Restigouche
St. John City and
County
Sunbury and Queens. .
Victoria and Mada-
waska
Westmorland ....
York
Quebec.
Argenteuil
Bagot
Beauce
Beauharnois
Bellechasse
Berthier
Bonaventure
Brome
Chambly and Ver-
cheres
Champlain
Charlevoix
Chateauguay
Chicoutimi and
Saguenay
Compton
Dorchester
Drummond and Ar-
thabaska
Gaspe
Hochelaga
Huntingdon
Jacques-Cartier
Joliette
Kamouraska
Labelle
Laprairie and Napier-
ville
L Assomption
Laval
Levis. .
*By map measurement.
.1 /, /:. I .\M) POPULATION
103
3. Area and Population of Canada in 1911 by Provinces and Districts and
Population in 1901 con.
Provinces
and
Districts.
Area
in
acres.
POPULATION IN 1911.
Popula
tion in
1901.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Per
square
mile.
Quebec con.
L Islet
494,596
464,895
6,388
1,881,600
499,304
240,140
2,698,120
403,286
1,367,654
1,062
438
544
621
400,690
12,747,098
952,832
H
594
503
1,746,239
141,602
783,565
3,574,468
155,505
177,671
-.934
363,008
152,064
87,111
276,786
1,155,961
500,366
1,643,552
178,725
128,414
1,553,711
233,578
166,951,636
31,433,370
14,248,389
213,905
55,592
175,919
608,608
447,655
416,558
356,248
245,199
402,549
232,014
228,849
153,133
299,222
1,021,380
305,660
8,538
11,144
85,577
8,265
16,439
.v
7,oee
8,.
11.
,709
22,028
27,637
27,
15,077
15,634
15,336
9,522
22,457
4,370
12,858
10,332
20.
26,491
6,609
10,633
11,062
12,145
11,648
4,640
10,301
18,650
14,592
18,203
7,002
5,585
24,771
9,805
1,332
1,299,290
28,938
17,948
9,735
13,750
8,990
12,166
13,284
14,762
9,229
9,048
13,617
9,002
13,469
19,497
15,070
11,492
10,608
7,897
11,014
85,401
8,244
14,875
8,573
6,796
8,627
6,609
10,274
24,929
22,029
28,223
27,628
14,978
13,782
15,193
12,141
24,972
5,248
12,986
10,354
19,261
24,999
6,522
11,709
10,820
11,831
11,563
4,760
10,464
17,780
14,426
17,950
6,866
5,454
23,561
9,706
734
1,223,984
15,690
10,804
9,524
12,867
9,541
11,617
12.965
13,644
8,511
9,117
12,794
8,595
13,246
18,509
14,471
10,452
10,651
16,435
22,158
170,978
16,509
31,314
17,466
13,862
17,356
13,215
21,676
48,638
44,057
55,860
54,910
30,055
29,416
30,529
21,663
47,429
9,618
25,844
20,686
39,491
51,490
13,131
22,342
21,882
23,976
23,211
9,400
20,765
36,430
29,018
36,153
13,868
11,039
48,332
19,511
2,066
2,523,274
44,628
28,752
19,259
26,617
18,531
23,783
26,249
28,406
17,740
18,165
26,411
17,597
26,715
38,006
29,541
21,944
21,259
21.27
30.50
17,265.27
5.62
40.14
46.55
3.30
27.54
6.18
16,738.22
29,317.66
64,410.82
65,717.65
56,608.25
48.01
1.48
20.51
16,793.02
51,108.83
12,236.64
9.48
93.50
32.26
9.22
54.12
80.48
54.29
42.27
97.69
69.06
48.03
20.17
37.12
14.08
49.66
55.02
19.91
53.46
9.67
0.91
1.29
57.62
306.44
67.42
25.00
37.53
43.64
31.87
47.43
42.00
48.54
74.72
158.84
63.18
13.75
44.51
14,439
20,039
65,178
15,813
23,878
17,339
13,001
14,757
12,311
23,368
47,653
42,618
48,808
40,631
27,209
25,722
27,159
20,366
39,325
9,149
22,101
19,518
34,137
40,157
13,407
21,543
20,679
23,628
18,426
9,928
18,998
29,185
26,816
29,311
14,438
10,445
42,830
20,564
2,405
2,182,947
25,211
17,894
18,273
19,867
18,721
27,424
31,596
24,380
21,036
19,757
27,570
17,901
25,685
28,789
29,955
24,746
22,131
Lotbiniere
Mai^onncuve
Maskinonge
intic
M i^sisquoi
Montcalni ... ....
Montmagny
Montmorency
Montreal-Ste. Anne. . .
Montreal-St. Antoine.
Montrcal-St. Jacques.
Montreal-St. Laurent.
Montreal-Ste. Marie. .
Nicolet
Pontiac
Portnouf
Quebec Centre
Quebec East
Quebec West
Quebec County
Richelieu
Richmond and Wolfe.
Rimouski
Rouville
St. Hvacinthe
St. John and Iberville
Shefford
Sherbrooke
Soulanges
Stanstead
Temiscouata
Terrebonne
Three Rivers and St.
Maurice
Two Mountains
Vaudreuil
Wright
Yamaska
Quebec, unorganized. .
Ontario.
Algoma E
Algoma W
Brant
Brantford
Brockville
Bruce N
Bruce S
Carleton
Dufferin
Dundas
Durham
Elgin E
Elgin W r
Essex N
Essex S
Frontenac
Glengarry . .
*By map measurement.
104
AREA AND POPULATION
3. Area and Population of Canada in 1911 by Provinces and Districts and
Population in 1*01 con.
Provinces
and
Districts.
Area
in
acres.
POPULATION IN 1911.
Popula
tion in
1901.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Per
square
mile.
Ontario con.
Grenville
296,209
440,356
286,784
365,885
313,203
232,120
1,724
2,266
826,504
660,205
274,073
298,535
256,455
265,336
321,963
2,266
351,140
368,363
362,641
365,666
399,876
748,654
212,739
4,252
264,718
279,332
242,994
1,014,650
20,206,767
405,927
280,737
170,007
323,086
222,523
3,043
262,756
226,554
2,514,109
299,849
275,051
262,281
570,479
354,437
316,344-
249,853
676,998
1,052,770
447,152
338,805
367,917
357,508
263,890
46,450,167
651
2,198
1,867
2,917
3,144
1,813,908
174,849
8,479
10,145
13,778
9,725
11,045
11,535
20,989
18,644
13,075
15,437
8,090
9,764
8,452
12,137
16,414
9,825
11,267
14,901
7,018
9,904
9,157
10,131
17,902
21,901
10,666
7,011
8,164
11,204
43,284
13,702
10,307
6,356
8,797
12,263
34,790
12,691
11,355
14,460
11,644
15,241
9,677
8,028
12,936
13,669
8,448
12,091
14,209
20,188
18,324
12,664
12,621
12,273
42,293
27,550
33,888
24,499
24,312
51,593
19,068
16.616
9,066
9,505
13,213
9,525
10,517
10,673
18,804
18,635
11,903
15,388
8,199
9,744
8,734
11,561
15,883
10,835
10,956
14,208
7,606
9,847
9,065
10,255
17,527
24,399
10,148
6,726
8,050
10,029
30,846
13,408
9,620
6,609
8,344
11,602
38,403
12,386
10,939
12,087
10,458
14,994
9,270
7,471
13,215
13,299
8,702
11,526
13,643
19,246
16,970
12,035
12,439
12,502
24,956
25,575
35,024
31,970
19,644
53,698
17,431
17.003
17,545
19,650
26,991
19,250
21,562
22,208
39,793
37,279
24,978
30,825
16,289
19,508
17,186
23,698
32,297
20,660
22,223
29,109
14,624
19,751
18,222
20,386
35,429
46,300
20,814
13,737
16,214
21,233
74,130
27,110
19,927
12,965
17,141
23,865
73,193
25,077
22,294
26,547
22,102
30,235
18,947
15,499
26,151
26,968
17,150
23,617
27,852
39,434
35,294
24,699
25,060
24,775
67,249
53,125
68,912
56,469
43,956
105,291
36,499
33.619
37.91
28.57
60.23
33.67
44.18
61.23
14,792.94
1,053.08
19.34
29.89
38.04
41.82
42.88
57.16
64.21
5,836.16
40.51
50.58
25.82
34.57
29.14
17.42
106.58
6,962.41
50.32
31.47
42.70
13.39
2.35
42.74
45.44
48.80
33.95
68.64
15,396.21
61.08
62.98
6.76
47.18
70.35
46.23
17.39
47.23
54.56
43.93
22.32
16.93
56.44
66.67
42.96
44.86
60.10
0.93
52,083.33
20,090.97
19,338.70
9,639.47
21,444.20
12.89
123.06
21,021
23,663
24,874
21,053
21,233
19,545
24,000
28,634
27,943
31,348
19,227
22,881
19,712
25,328
31,866
19,788
26,919
29,723
17,236
19,996
19,254
23,346
30,552
37,976
20,228
16,419
18,079
20,971
28,309
29,147
20,495
13,055
18,390
22,018
57,640
25,644
22,760
24,936
21,475
29,256
20,615
16,291
20,704
27,035
17,864
24,556
27,676
35,166
29,845
26,071
26,399
27,042
28,987
43,861
40,194
40,886
38,108
44,991
38,511
27,124
Grey E
Grey N
Grey S
Haldimand
Hal ton
Hamilton E . ....
Hamilton W
Hastings E
Hastings W
Huron E
Huron S
Huron W
KentE
Kent W
Kingston
Lambton E
Lambton W
Lanark , N
Lanark S
Leeds
Lennox and Addington
Lincoln
London
Middlesex E
Middlesex N
Middlesex W
Muskoka
Nipissirig
Norfolk
Northumberland E.. .
Northumberland W . .
Ontario N
Ontario S
Ottawa City
Oxford N
Oxford S
Parry Sound . .
Peel
Perth N
Perth S
Peterborough E
Peterborough W
Prescott
Prince Edward
Renfrew N
Renfrew S
Russell
Simcoe E
Simcoe N
Simcoe S
Stormont
Thunder Bay and
Rainy River
Toronto Centre
Toronto E
Toronto N
Toronto S
Toronto W
Victoria
Waterloo N.,
AREA AND l>(>ri L.\Tlu.\
105
.{.Area and Population of Canada in 1911 by Provinces and Districts and
Population in 1901 concluded.
Provinces
and
Distri
POPULATIOK IN 1911.
Popula
tion in
1901.
Area
in
acres.
Mule.
Female.
Total.
Per
square
mile.
Ontario con.
Waterloo S
271
247
213,686
17.1vs,29K
1,8
13,r.,249-
1,093,197 s
3,333,^
1,7
3,610,
11,444,171-
2 14-
12,
161,088,000
514
IS9.869 2
5,404,S39 2
21,664
66.087.803 2
3,429,965 2
5,075, 695 2
187.635 2
4,230,970*
163,382,400!
3.671.520 2
78.034.886 2
6,020,634*
16,396,476
13,977,487*
6,880,155*
36,890,843*
227,747,200!
i)l. 680,886*
17. 290,420 s
1,738,880 s
3.100.480 2
417.280 2
1,894 2
111,956,530
132,528,640
1,229,878,400
14,475
,272
11,366
10,265
17
13,827
11,456
,703
MM**
127
24,384
12,304
111,984
18,829
15,565
21,732
879
Id, 142
70,110
291,730
24,1
30,405
55,101
20.
44,478
16,019
29
223,989
36,991
34,567
20,516
43,724
37,085
28,536
22,570
251,619
30,969
33,974
20,124
35,906
74,390
19,089
37,167
6,508
9,346
14,513
19,891
10,926
15,935
16,910
12,221
10.
33,315
205,558
17,607
19,616
11,197
15,857
14,769
12,385
18,961
24,212
12,907
58,047
200,702
17,937
18,341
21,790
18,354
32
15,472
15,555
26,078
12,676
21,875
150,674
23,511
,478
13,988
26,882
24,287
20,937
18,591
140,861
11,294
16,798
11,698
19,773
49,512
12,571
19,215
2,004
9,135
28,988
42,163
22.
32,200
34,634
26,048
,415
68,018
455,614
39,734
44,000
,501
35,841
33,598
27,950
40,693
53,091
29,049
128,157
492,432
42,556
47,075
52,195
40,558
87,725
36,319
35,608
70,556
28,695
51,145
374,663
60,502
57,045
34,504
70,606
61,372
49,473
41,161
392,480
42.263
50,772
31,822
55,679
123,902
31,660
56,382
8,512
18,481
119.47
108.87
38.40
75.36
76.63
78.05
52.05
624.13
6 18
13.64
2.14
13.76
9.59
6.45
10.20
7.21
2.97
7.53
6,432.94
1.95
5.67
0.86
4.45
4.80
2.59
0.35
6.64
8.90
6.83
7.74
1.47
10.55
0.46
3.66
2.75
2.81
4.62
0.71
1.09
0.30
1.88
11.71
11.50
190.03
10,695.95
0.32
0.041
0.010
25,470
31,588
26,120
29,526
26,818
21,505
22,419
20,699
255,211
25,047
22,631
24,736
23,866
20,431
23,483
24,434
24,021
24,222
42,340
91,279
9,332
6,171
2,166
13,537
5,761
12,795
17,178
7,703
9,479
7,157
73,022
8,362
12,823
7,856
10,804
10,314
12,345
10,518
178,657
21,457
31,962
22,293
23,976
28,895
20,919
29,155
27,219
20,129
Welland . .
Wellington X
Wellington S
Wentworth ....
York Centre
York X
York S
Manitoba.
Dauphin . .
Lisgar. ....
lonald
MarquetU
Portage la Prairi<
Provencher
Selkirk
Souris
Winnipeg City. . . .
viskatchewan.
niboia
Battleford
Humbolclt
Mackenzie
Moosejaw
Prince Albert
Qu Appelle
Regina
Saltcoats
Saskatoon
Alberta.
Calgary. .
Edmonton
MacLeod
Medicine Hat
Red Deer
Strathcona. . .
Victoria
British Columbia.
Comox-Atlin
Kootenay ....
Xanaimo ...
Xew Westminster. . . .
Vancouver City
Victoria City
Yale and Cariboo
Yukon.
X.W. Territories.
map measurement. 2 Total land area.
106
AREA AND POPULATION
4. Population of Cities and Towns having over 5,000 inhabitants in 1911,
compared with 1871-81-91-1901.
NOTE. The cities and towns in which a Board of Trade exists are indicated by an asterisk (*).
Cities and Towns.
Provinces.
POPULATION.
1871.
1881. i
1891.
1901.
1911.
*Montreal 1
Quebec
115,000
59,000
241
24,141
26,880
59,699
29,582
18,000
41,325
3,270
8,107
12,407
4,611
3,800
4,253
4,432
2,743
6,878
200
2,197
7,570
4,313
3,369
7,864
600
8,807
879
5,873
1,696
3,827
2,929
7,305
3,746
1,800
5,102
3,982
5,636
6,691
3,185
155,238
96,196
7,985
31,307
36,661
62,446
36,100
26,266
41,353
5,925
9,616
14,091
6,812
6,890
6,561
1,480
7,227
4,054
9,890
884
8,367
8,670
1,500
8,239
4,426
9,631
5,032
11,485
780
7,873
2,406
5,187
3,874
9,516
5,321
3,906
7,609
5,373
2,347
2,274
5,791
1,645
1,283
2,340
7,597
3,992
219,616
181,215
25,639
13,709
44,154
48,959
63,090
38,437
31,977
3,876
39,179
16,841
12,753
19,263
9,717
11,264
10,322
2,427
2,459
10,110
7,425
10,537
3,076
10,366
3,778
8,334
6,678
9,500
7,497
9,170
296
8,762
11,373
2,414
9,052
3,761
7,535
6,692
9,916
7,016
5,515
8,791
8,612
3,349
3,781
6,669
4,595
1,553
2,442
7,301
4,066
267,730
208,040
42,340
27,010
59,928
52,634
68,840
40,832
37,976
4,392
40,711
20,919
2,249
2,626
16,619
17,961
3,958
11,239
13,993
12,153
9,009
6,945
3,633
11,765
9,747
11,496
8,856
11,485
5,620
1,558
9,981
6,499
9,959
8,776
9,946
113
1,898
9,026
3,214
12,080
7,169
9,068
5,561
7,866
8,176
9,117
9,210
11,055
8,940
8,833
5,702
4,964
7,057
6,130
2,072
2,530
2,019
3,191
7,783
4,394
470,480
376,538
136,035
100,401
87,062
81,969
78,710
46,619
46,300
43,704
42,511
31,660
30,213
24,900
23,132
18,874
18,684
18,360
18,222
17,829
17,723
16,562
16,499
16,405
15,196
15,175
14,579
14,054
13,839
13,823
13,691
13,199
12,946
12,558
12,484
12,004
11,629
11,345
11,220
11,198
10,984
10,770
10,699
10,299
9,947
9,876
9,797
9,449
9,374
9,320
9,248
8,973
8,420
8,306
8,196
8,050
7,737
7,483
7,470
7,452
7,436
"Toronto 1
Ontario
* Winnipeg 1
Manitoba
* Vancouver 1
British Columbia. . .
Ontario
"Ottawa 1
*Hamilton 1
ft
*Quebec
Quebec
Halifax
Nova Scotia
*London
Ontario
*Calgary
Alberta
*St. John
New Brunswick. . . .
* Victoria
British Columbia. . .
Saskatchewan
*Regina
*Edmonton
Alberta
*Brantford
Ontario
Kingston
u
Maisonneuve
Quebec
*Peterborough
Ontario
"Hull . ..
Quebec
*Windsor
Ontario
*Sydney
Nova Scotia
*Glace Bay . .
n
*Fort William
Ontario
*Sherbrooke
Quebec
*Kitchener. . . . .
Ontario
Guelph
u
Westmount
Quebec
St. Thomas
Ontario
*Brandon
Manitoba
*Moosejaw
Saskatchewan
Three Rivers . .
Quebec
*New Westminster
British Columbia. . .
Ontario
Stratford
*Owen Sound
St. Catharines
*Saskatoon
Saskatchewan
Verdun
Quebec
*Moncton
New Brunswick
Ontario
*Port Arthur
*Charlottetown.. .
P. E. Island
*Sault Ste. Marie
Ontario
^Chatham
u
*Lachine
Quebec
*Galt
Ontario
*Sarnia
*Belleville
*St. Hyacinthe
Quebec
*Valleyfield
u
*Brockville
Ontario
*Woodstock
u
* Niagara Falls
11
*Amherst
Nova Scotia ....
*Sorel
Quebec
*Nanaimo
British Columbia. . .
(i
Alberta
* North Vancouver
*Lethbridge
*NorthBay.. . .
Ontario
*St. Boniface
Manitoba
Sydney Mines
Nova Scotia
Levis
Quebec
*Oshawa. ,
Ontario..
Population of the city municipality.
POPULATION
107
4. Population of Cities and Towns having over 5,000 inhabitants In 1911
compared with 1871-81-91-1901 concluded.
Cities and Towns.
Provinces.
POPULATION.
1871.
1881.
1891.
1901.
1911.
Thetford Mines
Quebec
6,006
2,829
4,049
1,322
1,541
2,500
2,033
3,398
1,150
3,047
3,022
1,393
1,508
1,110
5,114
4,442
6,218
4,445
5,080
2,911
2,291
3,485
4,468
4,854
2,595
2,087
3,268
3,461
4,314
1,935
900
2,820
1,520
1,870
5,581
4,957
3,786
6,502
4,939
6,081
4,752
4,175
6,089
6,805
5,550
3,776
3,864
3,347
1,806
5,102
4,722
3,363
2,277
4,813
4,401
2,513
2,035
5,042
4,829
6,252
3,256
7,117
5,755
7,003
4,907
4,569
6,430
6,704
5,949
4,447
5,155
4,220
1,785
5,202
5,993
4,030
3,901
3,826
5,178
5,156
1,570
1,550
4,646
1,852
1,863
4,188
4,239
4,806
7,261
7,208
7,090
6,964
6,828
6,774
6,600
6,598
6,420
6,383
6,370
6,346
6,254
6,158
6,107
5,903
5,892
5,880
5,713
5,638
5,626
5,608
5,579
5,418
5,362
5,318
5,092
5,074
5,058
*Fredericton
v Hrunswick
Ontario . .
*Colling\vood
*Lindsav
liu
ville
Quebec. . .
Yarmouth
Nova Scotia
"Cornwall
Ontario . . .
*Barrie
_:<>\v
Nova Scotia.
tlis Falls
Ontario. . .
*Joliette
Quebec. . .
*Prince Albert
Saskatchewan .
"Kenora
< Ontario
"Truro
N i >va Scotia
*St. Johns
Quebec. . .
*Portage la Prairie
Manitoba
*Chicoutimi
Quebec.
Spring Hill
Nova Scotia. .
Cobalt
Ontario. . .
Pembroke
M dicine Hat
Alberta. . .
*Strathcona
North Sydney
Nova Scotia . .
North Toronto. .
Ontario. . . .
;and
*Port Hope
a
*Cobourg
u
*Dartmouth
Nova Scotia. .
5. Urban Population of Canada by Size Groups, 1901 and 1911.
In Cities and Towns
of
1901.
1911.
Num
ber
of
Places.
Popula
tion.
Per cent, of
Num
ber
of
Places.
Popula
tion.
Per cent, of
Urban
Pop.
Total
Pop.
Urban
Pop.
Total
Pop.
6.53
5.22
3.28
3.44
3.34
3.30
3.07
4.48
3.14
5.97
2.51
1.25
Over 400,000
2
3
5
3
8
37
50
187
179
475,770
181,402
188,869
55,499
95,266
275,919
190,789
320,433
130,238
107,614
23.53
8.97
9.34
2.75
4.71
13.65
9.44
15.85
6.44
5.32
8.86
3.38
3.52
1.03
1.77
5.14
3.55
5.97
2.42
2.00
1
1
2
3
6
13
18
46
60
251
247
470,480
376,538
236,436
247,741
241,007
237,551
221,322
323,056
226,212
429,553
180,784
90,284
14.34
11.48
7.21
7.55
7.35
7.24
6.74
9.85
6.89
13.09
5.51
2.75
Between
300,000 and 400,000
200,000 and 300,000 . .
100,000 and 200,000
50,000 and 100,000
25,000 and 50,000
15,000 and 25,000
10,000 and 15,000
5,000 and 10,000
3,000 and 5,000
1,000 and 3,000
500 and 1,000
Under 500
Total
-
2,021,799
100 00
37.64
-
3,280,964
100.00
45.58
108
AREA AND POPULATION
6. Rural and Urban Population of Canada in 1901 and 1911 by Provinces, and
increase (+) or decrease (-) in the decade.
Provinces.
POPULATION 1901.
POPULATION 1911.
INCBEASB
OR
DECREASE.
Rural.
Urban.
Rural.
Urban.
Rural.
Urban.
Prince Edward Island
Nova Scotia
88,304
330,191
253,835
992,667
1,246,969
184,738
73,729
52,399
88,478
18,077
20,129
14,955
129,383
77,285
656,231
935,978
70,473
17,550
20,623
90,179
9,142
78,758
306,210
252,342
1,032,618
1,194,785
255,249
361,067
232,726
188,796
4,647
18,481
14,970
186,128
99,547
970,614
1,328,489
200,365
131,365
141,937
203,684
3,865
- 9,546
- 23,981
- 1,493
+ 39,951
- 52,184
+ 70,511
+287,338
+ 180,327
+ 100,318
- 13,430
- 1,648
+ 15
+ 56,745
+ 22,262
+314,383
+392,511
+129,892
+113,815
+ 121,314
+ 113,505
- 5,277
New Brunswick
Quebec
Ontario
Manitoba
Saskatchewan
Alberta
British Columbia
Yukon
Northwest Territories. . . .
Canada
3,349,516
2,021,799
3,925,679
3,280,964
+576,163
11,259,165
7. Rural and Urban Population of Canada by Provinces and Sexes, 1911.
Provinces.
MALES.
FEMALES.
Rural,
Urban.
Total.
Excess
of
Rural
over
Urban.
Rural.
Urban.
i
Total.
Excess
of
Rural
over
Urban.
Prince Edward
Island
40,192
157,878
131,599
533,117
639,850
141,912
212,522
140,781
128,242
3,634
9,346
6,877
93,141
48,268
478,385
659,440
108,144
79,208
83,208
123,377
2,874
47,069
251,019
179,867
1,011,502
1,299,290
250,056
291,730
223,989
251,619
6,508
9,346
33,315
64,737
83,331
54,732
- 19,590
33,768
133,314
57,573
4,865
760
9,346
38,566
148,332
120,743
499,501
554,935
113,337
148,545
91,945
60,554
1,013
9,135
8,093
92,987
51,279
492,229
669.049
92,221
52,157
58,729
80,307
991
46,659
241,319
172,022
991,730
1,223,984
205,558
200,702
150,674
140,861
2,004
9,135
30,473
55,345
69,464
7,272
-114,114
21,116
96,388
33,216
- 19,753
22
9,135
Nova Scotia...
New Bruns
wick
Quebec
Ontario
Manitoba
Saskatchewan.
Alberta
British
Columbia. . .
Yukon
Northwest
Territories..
Canada...
2,139,073
1,682,922
3,821,995
456,151
1,786,606
1,598,042
3,384,648
188,564
NOTE. The sign minus ( ) denotes a decrease.
Sex Ratios. The male population of Canada was returned as
3,821,995 and the female as 3,384,648; so that the excess of males over
females is 437,347 an excess percentage of 13, or of 130 males per
1,000 females. Reciprocally the number of females per 1,000 males is
886, the deficiency of females as compared with males being greater in
Canada than probably in any other country. Amongst other coun
tries showing a similar female deficiency per 1,000 males are Ceylon
POPULATION
109
(888), the Dominion of New Zealand (896), the Commonwealth of
Australia (926), the Union of South Africa (941), the United States
ml India (953). Excepting India and Ceylon, where female
infanticide has prevailed, the countries named are new, and the pro
portions are affected by immigration in which the male element
predominate In England and Wales the number of females per
1.000 males waa 1.068 both in 1911 and 1901, and only Norway
shows a greater proportion, viz., 1,069. In other European countries
the number of females per 1,000 males is: Scotland 1.063, Denmark
l.Oiil, Sweden 1,046, Italy 1,037, Austria 1,036, France 1,035
Switzerland 1,031, Germany 1,0 Jt), Holland 1,021,- Hungary 1,019
Belgium 1,017 and Ireland 1,004.
The proportions by provinces in Canada are shown in Table 8
for the two census years 1901 and 1911. For the latter year the
number of females per 1,000 males for each province was: British
Columbia M), Manitoba (iiTJ, Alberta 673, Saskatchewan 688, Ontario
!U2, New Brunswick <):>>, Nova Scotia 961, Quebec 980 and Prince
Kdward Island 991. It will be seen that the disparity is especially
marked in the western provinces.
Table 9 shows the percentage proportion of females to males in
the rural and urban divisions of the population, respectively, for the
census year 1911. Amongst the rural population the female element
is in defect for Canada by 16.48 p.c., but amongst the urban popu
lation it is so by only 5.05 p.c. The defect is most marked in the
western provinces. Of the urban population, in two out of the
three Maritime Provinces, in Quebec and in Ontario, there is actually
an excess of the female population, such excess being as high as 17.68
p.c. in Prince Edward Island. But in the west the female deficiency
is again apparent, though (except as regards Saskatchewan) not to
the same extent as in the rural population.
8. Population of Canada by Sexes, 11 and 1911.
1901.
1911.
Provinces.
Males.
Females.
Excess
of
Males.
Males.
Females.
Excess
of
Males.
Prince Edward Island
51,959
51,300
659
47 069
46 659
410
Xova Scotia
233,642
225,932
7 710
251 019
241 319
9 700
New Brunswick
168,639
162,481
6,158
179,867
172 022
7 845
Quebec
824,454
824,444
10
1 Oil 502
991 730
19 772
Ontario
1,096,640
1,086,307
10,333
1 299 290
1 223 984
75 306
Manitoba
138,504
116,707
21,797
250 056
205 558
44 498
Saskatchewan
49,431
41,848
7,583
291 730
200 702
91 028
Alberta
41,019
32,003
9,016
223 989
150 674
73 315
British Columbia
114,160
64,497
49,663
251 619
140 861
110 758
Yukon
23,084
4,135
18,949
6 508
2 004
4 504
Northwest Territories
10,176
9,953
223
9,346
9,135
211
Canada
2,751,708
2,C19,W7
132, 191
3,821,995
3,384,648
437,347
110
AREA AND POPULATION
8. Population of Canada by Sexes, 1901 and 1911 concluded.
NUMBER OF FEMALES PER 1,000 MALES.
Provinces.
1901.
1911.
Provinces.
1901.
1911.
Prince Edward Island
987
991
Saskatchewan
847
688
Nova Scotia
967
961
Alberta
780
673
New Brunswick
963
956
British Columbia
565
560
Quebec
1,000
980
Yukon
179
308
Ontario
990
942
Northwest Territories
978
977
Manitoba. ....
643
622
Canada
952
886
9. Ratio of Females to Males In Rural and Urban Divisions, 1911.
Provinces.
Rural.
Urban.
Provinces.
Rural.
Urban.
Prince Edward Island
p.c.
95.95
p.c.
117.68
Saskatchewan
p.c.
69.90
p.c.
65 85
Nova Scotia
93.95
99.84
Alberta
65 31
70 58
New Brunswick
91.75
106 . 24
British Columbia. .. .
47 22
65 00
Quebec
93.69
102.89
Yukon . . .
30 35
34 48
Ontario
86.73
101.46
Northwest Territories .
97 74
Manitoba
79 86
85 28
Canada
83 52
94 95
10. Conjugal Condition of the people of Canada, classified as single, married,
widowed, divorced, legally separated and not given, by Provinces, Census of 1 Hi.
MALES.
JL 1 v/ V 1 -LH~- 1, D
Single.
Married.
Widow
ed.
Divorc
ed.
Legally
separ
ated.
Not
given.
Total.
Prince Edward Island . .
Nova Scotia
30,216
156,643
15,266
86,277
1,513
6,891
7
38
5
37
62
1,133
47,069
251,019
New Brunswick
113,015
61,131
4,978
51
40
652
179,867
Quebec
637,113
342,933
26,064
134
401
4,857
1,011,502
Ontario
762,330
492,650
33,564
189
539
10,018
1,299,290
Manitoba
160,159
83,987
3,926
50
50
1,884
250,056
Saskatchewan
192,352
90,765
4,291
85
82
4,155
291,730
Alberta
147,587
70,706
3,385
106
53
2,152
223,989
British Columbia
160,218
83,096
4,079
145
70
4,011
251,619
Yukon
4,672
1,623
169
3r
7
6
6,508
N. W. Territories
5,461
3,419
294
3
2
167
9,346
Canada
2,369,766
1,331,853
89,154
839
1,286
29,097
3,821,995
POPULATION
111
li._ Conjugal Condition of the people of Canada, classified as single, married,
widowed, divorced, legally separated and not given, by Provinces, Census of 1911
concluded.
lYovin
Femal
Single.
Married.
\Yido\v-
ed.
Divorc
ed.
Lc^ally
aepar-
ated.
Not
Riven.
Total.
Trincr Kd\v:ird I>land. .
\ i .\ ( S r( it ];i ...
L62
L39
101,288
118
112,387
026
71
4/
15,138
008
.1st;
.:>!
189
710
1,012
3-482
. 79
16,440
10,380
46,
78,407
7,280
4.509
6,178
854
8
36
37
169
227
38
: -4
18
10
55
42
511
693
55
60
ii!i
4
3
62
822
206
1,462
3.54S
758
481
332
1,583
1
108
46,659
241,319
172,022
991,730
1,223,984
205,558
200.702
150,674
140,861
2,004
9,13o
v Brunswick
( >muri>.
M;i!Htoli:i
rvutrlirwan
Alberta
Briti.-li ( <>lumhi:i
Yukon
\ \\ Territ"
( anada
1,541,884
1,251,468
179,656
691
1,584
9,363
3,384,648
IMH l LATION OF THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES.
Tin* Census and Statistic- Act. 1 ( .M).">, provided for the taking
of a census <>f population and agriculture in Manitoba, Saskatchewan
and Albert a in 1 <)()(> and in every tenth year thereafter, thus insti
tuting, in connection with the general decennial census for all Canada,
a quinquennial census of population and agriculture for the three
Prairie Provinc. The quinquennial census of Manitoba, Saskat
chewan and Alberta was therefore taken as for June 1, 1916, and
the complete results were published in a Report dated January 12,
1918. A summary of the principal data was published in the Year
Book for 1918, pages 105-112.
Total Population of Prairie Provinces.- -The male and
female population of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta (a) by
provinces; (b) by the electoral districts constituted by the Repre
sentation Act, 1914 (4-5 Geo. V, c. 51); and (c) by cities, towns and
villages, as compared with the population by sex for 1911 and by
totals for 1901 arid 1906, was published in the Year Book of 1916-17
(pp. 95-105). The total population of the three Prairie Provinces
in 1916 was returned as 1,698,220, compared with 1,328,725 in 1911,
808,863 in 1906 and 419,512 in 1901. Thus the population m the
three provinces has increased by 1,278,708, or 305 p.c., since the
beginning of the century; by 889,357, or 110 p.c., during the last
ten years; and by 369,495, or 28 p.c., during the five years ended
1916. Table 11 shows the population of the Prairie Provinces for
1901, 1906, 1911 and 1916, the population being distinguished by
sex for 1911 and 1916.
112
AREA AND POPULATION
11. Population of the Prairie Provinces, 1901, 1986, 1911 and 1918.
1901.
1906.
1911
.
1916.
Total.
Total.
Males.
Females
Total.
Males.
Females
Total.
Manitoba
255,211
365,688
253,056
208,574
461,630
294,609
259 251
553 860
Saskatchewan. . .
Alberta
91,279
73,022
257,763
185,412
291,730
223,989
200,702
150,674
492,432
374,663
363,787
277 256
284,048
219 269
647,835
496 525
Total
419,512
898,863
768,775
559,950
1,328,725
935,652
762,588
1.698 22 1>
Population by Sex.- -Table 12 gives the population by sex
from 1870 for Manitoba and from 1901 for Saskatchewan and Alberta,
with absolute and relative comparisons. For the three provinces as
a whole, males increased by 103-6 p.c. and females by 79-8 p.c. from
1901 to 1906. At the end of the next five years (1911) the ratio of
increase for both sexes was nearly equal, being 64-88 p.c. for males
and 63-44 p.c. for females, whereas in the last Census (1916) females
gave, for the three provinces as a whole, an increase of 202,618, as
against 166,877 for males, being a gain in five years of 36-19 p.c.
for the former, as compared with 21-71 p.c. for the latter. The
records of 1916 show that this feature of population increase was
common to each of the three provinces, The increase per cent in
Alberta was: females 45-53; males 23-78; Saskatchewan, females
41-52, males 24-70; Manitoba, females 24-30, males 16-42.
Population of Principal Cities.- -Table 13 gives the population
of the cities of the Prairie Provinces for 1901, 1906, 1911 and 1916,
with distinction by sex for 1911 and 1916. Winnipeg remains the
only city in the Prairie Provinces that has a population exceeding
100,000, and this city has grown from 136,035 in 1911 to 163,000 in
1916. Two cities have, however, risen to the category exceeding
50,000, viz., Calgary and Edmonton in Alberta. In 1916 Calgary
is shown to have 56,514 inhabitants, as compared with 43,704 in
1911, and Edmonton 53,846, as compared with 30,479 in 1911. In
the case of Edmonton, however, the increased population includes
Strathcona, now forming part of the city of Edmonton South. Two
cities exceed 20,000, viz., Regina (26,127) and Saskatoon (21,048).
The former has receded from a population of 30,213 in 1911, and the
latter has increased from 12,004 in 1911. Of the remaining twelve
cities, three exceed 10,000, viz., Moosejaw, in Saskatchewan, with
16,934; Brandon, Manitoba, with 15,215; and St. Boniface, Manitoba,
with 11,021.
POPULATION
I. Population of Prairie Provinces by Sex at each Census Period from 1879 for
Manitoba and from 1S91 for Saskatchewan and Alberta.
Provinces
mul >
i ULATIOX.
INCK>:\SK OVER PRECEDING CEXSUS.
Males.
tale;
Females
Total.
>!:. ,! . . i
IN?"
No.
6,317
84,342
i
13S
;.n.-)t
291
36:,
41
108,283
L 77
76.S
935
No.
5,911
27,137
044
68, Mt
i
116,7ii7
.:,o:
2US.574
41,848
101
1,702
32.003
77.11 !)
L50
190,558
:< 12,606
.V; -
782
No.
12
62
108
i.~)2, .><)(>
i,42S
255,211
365
461,630
91
tit 7, 835
022
185,111
374
490
419,512
.,
No.
28,806
24,471
24,748
54,162
tii,
47,873
41,553
103,360
138
72,057
67
115
267
",303
302,518
166,877
p.c.
456-01
69-67
41-53
48-14
16-42
203-10
90-93
24-70
163-98
106-86
103-64
64-88
21-71
No.
21,226
21,909
19,118
48,543
43,798
48,069
50,
63,124
83,346
45,126
7:;.:.}:,
68,595
152,048
217
202,618
p.c.
359-10
80-73
38-98
71-22
37-53
29-95
24-30
150-84
91-20
41-52
141-00
95-35
45-53
79-79
63-44
36-19
No.
50,032
46,380
43,866
40,919
102,705
110,477
,942
92,230
166,484
234,669
155,403
112,390
189,251
121,862
389,351
519,862
369,495
p.c.
409-16
74-49
40-37
26-83
67-34
43-29
19-98
182-39
91-05
31-55
153-91
102-07
32-53
92-81
64-27
27-81
ISM
IS .M ...
1 till-
liiOG
1911.
L6
%.att-he\van
1
lull
1911
Alberta
I .MH ..
1906
r.tii
1916
Prairie Provin
1901. .
1906
1
16
In Iv.nj the Census consisted of a count of population only.
2 Ton-year inc.- !io\vn.
13. City Population of the Prairie Provinces, 1901, 1986, 1911 and 1911.
Provinces.
Manitoba
Brandon
Portage la Prairie
Honiface
Winnipeg
katchewan
Moosejaw
North Battleford
Prince Albert
Regina
Saskatoon
Swift Current
Weyburn
Alberta
Calgary
Edmonton
Lethbridge.. .
Medicine Hat.
Red Deer
Wetaskiwin . .
1901.
1906.
1911.
1916.
Total.
Total.
M;i
1 eniales
Total.
Males.
Females
Total.
.20
10,
,62
6,477
13,839
7,697
7,518
15,215
>01
5,106
3,118
2,774
5,892
2,978
2,901
5,879
2.019
5,119
4,1
154
183
5,488
5,533
11,021
42,340
90,153
74,406
61,629
136,035
82,227
80,773
163,000
1,8
6,249
8,964
4,853
13,823
9,007
7,927
16,934
-
824
1,258
847
2,105
1,679
1,466
3,145
1,785
3,005
3,727
2,527
6,254
3,397
3,039
6,436
2,249
6,169
19,767
10,446
30,213
13,655
12,472
26,127
113
3,011
7,217
4,787
12,004
10,719
10,329
21,048
121
554
1,036
756
1,852
1,681
1,500
3,181
113
966
1,302
908
2,210
1,574
1,476
3,050
4,392
13,573
26,565
17,139
43,704
29,278
27,236
56,514
4,176
14,088
17,054
13,425
30,479
27,462
26,384
53,846
2,072
2,313
4,462
3,588
8,050
4,896
4,540
9,436
1,570
3,020
3,207
2.401
5,608
4,781
4,491
9,272
323
1,418
1,213
905
2,118
1,127
1,076
2,203
550
1,652
1,264
1,147
2,411
1,047
1,001
2,048
687088
114
AREA AND POPULATION
VITAL STATISTICS.
Vital Statistics by Provinces.- -Table 14 shows by provinces
(New Brunswick excepted) the number of births, marriages and
deaths in each of the years 1911 to 1918, according to the latest
returns of the provincial registrars. Using the census figures of
population for 1911, and estimates of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics
for the years 1912 to 1918 (the census figures of 1916 for the three
Prairie Provinces), crude birth-, marriage-, and death-rates per 1,000
of the population living have been calculated for each year, as well as
the excess of births over deaths. For Prince Edward Island no data for
the year 1912 are available. The figures by provinces in this table
are not strictly comparable, owing to the diversity of practice which
at present prevails as between the different provincial registrars.
Not only is the statistical year not uniform for all the provinces, but
there is no uniformity in the practice as regards the inclusion or
exclusion of still-births. Thus, in Nova Scotia, Quebec and Ontario
still-births are eliminated from the calculations; but in Prince Edward
Island, the Prairie Provinces and British Columbia they are included,
and for these provinces the numbers of still-births, which are too small
to affect materially the birth- and death-rates calculated, are given
in a note at the foot of the table.
Vital Statistics of Cities. Table 15 records the number of
births, marriages and deaths by principal cities for the years 1913 to
1918 in continuation of the tables given in previous editions. In
this table the natural increase per 1,000 of the population is based
upon the locally estimated population in all cases where given.
14. Number of Births, Marriages and Deaths, by Provinces, 1911-1918.
Provinces.
Births.
Birth
rate per
1,000
living.
Mar
riages.
Mar
riage-
rate per
1,000
living.
Deaths.
Death-
rate per
1,000
living.
Excess
of
Births
over
Deaths.
P. E. Island 1 1911
1,497
15.97
470
5.01
1,114
11.89
383
1912
(not pub
lished in
1912.)
1913
1,628
17.37
478
5.10
983
10.49
645
1914
1,511
16.12
544
5.80
1,012
10.80
499
1915
1,743
18.59
530
5.65
1,085
11.57
658
1916
1,598
17.04
534
5.69
1,084
11.57
514
1917
1,389
14-82
488
5-21
940
10-03
444
1918
1,297
13-84
510
5-44
1,059
11-30
238
Nova Scotia 1911
12,322
25.03
3,004
6.10
8,237
16.73
4,085
1912
12,681
25.52
2,937
5.91
7,126
14.34
5,555
1913
12,553
25.22
3,259
6.55
7,225
14.52
5,328
1914
12,771
25.46
3,643
7.26
7,527
15.01
5,244
1915
13,171
26.08
3,384
6.70
7,675
15.20
5,496
1916
12,770
25.12
3,726
7.33
8,052
15.84
4,718
1917
12,382
24-19
3,421
6-68
7,583
14-82
4,799
1918
12,421
24-11
3,611
7-01
9,125
17-71
3,296
Quebec 1911
74,475
37.18
15,254
7.61
35,904
17.92
38,571
1912
76,647
37.53
16,055
7.86
32,980
16.15
43,667
1913
79,089
37.70
17,253
8.13
36,200
17.33
42,889
1914
80,361
38.00
16,121
7.62
36,002
17.02
44,359
1915
83,274
38.64
15,437
7.16
35,933
16.67
47,341
1916
80,327
37-93
16,643
7-58
38,206
17-39
42,121
1917
80.381
35-90
16,936
7-56
35,501
15-86
44,880
VITAL STATISTICS
llfi
11. Number of Birth*, Marriages and Deaths, by Provinces, 1911-1918 conclude 1.
Provii;
BirthB.
Kirth-
1,000
living.
Ma
nages.
Mar-
rim-
per
1.000
living.
Deaths.
th-
fafr per
1,000
living.
( SB
of
Birl
over
hs.
Ontario 1911
56,036
22
.807
10.23
31,878
12.63
21,218
1012
1913
1914
1015
1916
1917
1918
Manitoba 1 .. 1911
58,870
1)4,516
66,225
67.
65,264
64
13,4f>7
23.00
24.00
-21
25.15
24. 14
I- 12
28,845
_v>,998
24
23,506
23,401
21
19
5,177
11.27
Id
8.82
8.66
6-97
11
32,150
34.317
,440
33
35
43,038
5,481
12
12.70
12.35
12
13.16
12-14
15
12
26,720
30,199
:,785
33,738
^.684
29
21,691
7,926
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
Saskatchewan 1 1911
14,666
16.
17.
17,832
17,645
14
15,817
8,:
36
3:<
33 :.7
3M
25 74
17 7i .
667
4,049
3,743
3,511
12.60
13
10
9.53
10
7 Ox
6-29
7.13
6,084
5,919
5,617
5,379
5,141
12
13.10
10.78
10.12
9.86
8-96
11
5.54
S.I
10,505
11,832
12,458
12,504
9,618
- -
6,018
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
Alberta 1 1911
11
13,200
16,489
17
19
L n
Jl.686
8,813
20.24
2d
- 83
29.10
29.70
29-08
28
4,990
4,581
5,
5,105
4,591
3,630
8.20
6.94
7.61
7.81
7-14
9.69
3,567
4,150
3,950
-
5,061
9,782
3,618
6 58
5.47
6.68
7 81
7-44
13
9.69
7,912
050
12,529
13,505
14,182
15
11,904
5,195
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
British Columbia 1 . 1911
10
11,871
13
13,331
13,576
5,841
1.60
24
24
27.36
26.85
26-00
14 88
4,429
4.230
4,270
4,509
Id
10.36
8.19
8.55
8.52
8-12
11 49
4,432
4,147
3,588
4,058
4,047
3,660
9.71
9.09
8.17
9.32
6,052
7,439
9,538
- *
9,273
2,181
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1947
Yukon 1911
-
9,199
8,754
8,558
7,475
6,994
;
18.85
IS
17.93
16
13.12
13-36
5 64
5,235
5,012
4,296
3,393
3,169
2,861
41
12.33
10.12
8.80
6.43
5.56
4 82
4,313
4,619
3,974
3,832
-;
3,896
87
10.15
9.33
8.14
7.26
6.82
6-33
10.22
4,580
4,780
4,726
3,588
3,098
-39
1912
1914 3
1915
1916
1917<
1918
61
66
51
48
32
51
7.17
7.75
5.99
5.64
3-76
5-99
48
41
39
38
15
10
5.64
4.82
4.58
4.46
1-76
1-18
50
74
82
57
55
6.81
5.87
8.69
9.63
6-70
6-46
3
16
-23
-34
-25
- 4
including still-births as follows: P. E. Island, 4 in 1911, 1 in 1913, 3 in 1914, 12 in 1915,
10 in 1916, 4 in 1917; Manitoba 243 in 1911, 316 in 1912; Saskatchewan 48 in 1911, 170 in 1912,
134 in 1913, 182 in 1914, 251 in 1915, 285 in 1916; Alberta 160 in 1911, 230 in 1912, 250 in 1913
(in 1914, 1915, 1916 and 1917, 315, 307, 305 and 325 still-births are excluded); British Columbia
191 in 1911, 240 in 1912, 279 in 1913, 235 in 1914, 246 in 1915, 201 in 1916, 175 in 1917; Yukon
I in 1914, 2 in 1916, 1 in 1917. In Manitoba in 1913 and 1914 still-births are excluded.
* Incomplete. * 11 months. 4 9 months.
68708 8*
116
AREA AND POPULATION
15. Number of Births, Marriages and Deaths, by Principal Cities, 1913-1918.
Cities.
Year.
Popula
tion.
Births.
Mar
riages.
Deaths.
Excess
of
Births
over
Deaths.
Natural
Increase
per 1,000
of Popu
lation.
P. E. Island-
Charlottetown
1913
183
not
given
128
55
Nova Scotia
Halifax
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1913
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
46 2
197 2
401
285
227
1,402
n
u
If
(I
it
it
188
253
251
259
311
912
150
26
- 84
490
12-50
2-17
- 7-00
Svdnev. .
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1913
47,109
55,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
1,464
1,492
1,614
1,600
1,465
641
it
tt
tt
it
it
tt
1,031
1,128
1,103
991
989 1
368
433
364
511
609
476
273
9-19
6-62
10-22
12-18
9-52
Glace Bay
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1913
17,996
18,338
18,527
18,527
18,987
544
588
527
618
626
455
tt
tt
a
it
it
349
246
338
335
330
276
195
342
189
283
296
179
10-84
18-65
10-20
15-28
18-59
Quebec
Montreal
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1913
16,741
16,975
17,142
17,142
17,297
531
528
436
384
371
20,490
tt
it
tt
tt
a
6,280
271
294
269
280
216
12,299
260
234
167
104
155
8,191
15-53
13-78
9-74
6-07
8-96
Quebec
1914
1915
1916
1917
1913
575,000
590,000
20,386
20,692
19,759
19,664
3,096
5,781
4,603
5,190
5,306
638
11,721
10,988
11,119
11,394
1,668
8,665
9,704
8,640
8,270
1,428
15-03
14-00
Maisonneuve
1914
1915
191o
1917
1913
93,000
103,000
3,136
3,417
3,688
3,514
835 2
612
679
727
769
147 2
1,784
2,145
2,226
1,858
403
1,352
1,272
1,462
1,656
15-72
16-08
Sherbrooke
1914
1915
1916
1917
1913
33,000
30,000
743 2
768 2
855
1,010
704 2
131 2
107
192
183
137 2
460
402
383
296
337
472
714
23-80
Hull
1914
1915
1917
1913
-
673 2
650 2
785
655 2
107 2
151 2
1932
124
374
299
407
204
378
-
Three Rivers
1914
1915
1917
1913
-
879 2
1,140 2
1,010
656
137 2
133
211
182
281
343
729
313
-
1914
1915
1916
1917
20,000
20,000
21,000
660
677
647
673
120
133
136
149
275
364
401
390
385
313
246
283
13-48
1 Omitting 1,635 deaths, persons who lost their lives in Halifax disaster, Dec. 6, 1917.
2 Incomplete.
VITAL STAT1STK
117
1.-,. NiiinhiT of Births. Marriai:i>s and Deaths, by Principal < itit s, 1913-1918- .-on.
Natural
IllCl-
Popula
Mirth.-.
M
hs.
Mirth-
>.-r 1,000
tion.
over
if Popu
bhs.
lation.
con.
\\ i---t mount
89
-
-
124
305
-
-
41!
124
nlun
505 Z
69*
i<i4
5822
-
-
-
-
_
1017
-
714
402
312
hinc
_
396 2
65*
233
1914
-
54
241
-
-
_
147
-
-
1916
_
510
JJ
182
-
1H7
-
598
LSI
417
intlic
1913
325
106 2
220
105
_
1914
99*
12!
-
11,886
192
17."
-
151
-
1917
-
51
Ontario
Toronto
1913
1,000
7,499
16
1914
475,000
17
1915
12
7,258
15
470.00C
12
13-97
1917
12,111
.VI 2<
13-71
1918
i.OOO
11
4,990
:
4.114
8 45
Otta\\ : .
1913
96
2,482
1,044
1,767
71.-
7 42
1914
. 7.900
1,072
895
9-14
1915
1,051
1,662
1916
96
1,057
1,742
7i)i
1917
97
1,551
8-77
1918
100,030
6-77
Hamilton
1913
100.65C
1,395
1,211
1 .4 .).-
14-85
1914
101.1 K
2,845
1,183
1 . 1 .>
1,687
16
100,311
2,771
1,151
1,197
1,574
l.->-69
1916
10!
1.147
1.241
1,647
15-79
1917
104,330
1,075
1,252
1 .4 ( .tr
14-33
1918
109.071
2,770
1,003
!.::>
1,014
9-30
London. .
1913
!I4(
1,203
605
854
349
6-59
1914
54
1,200
607
802
398
7-34
1915
55,860
1 . 1 v>
710
837
348
6-23
1916
55,244
1,284
631
....
352
6-37
1917
55.13C
l.KHi
559
918
182
3-30
1918
56,210
1,188
555
1,151
37
0-65
1913
10(
742
323
369
373
14-29
1914
26, IOC
808
296
281
527
20-19
1915
25.180
636
209
306
330
13-10
1916
26,350
709
289
377
332
12-60
1917
27,411
695
292
440
255
9-30
1918
28,460
701
233
576
125
4-39
- Incomplete.
118
AREA AND POPULATION
15. Number of Births, Marriages and Deaths, by Principal Cities, 1913-1918 con.
Cities.
Year
Popula
tion.
Births
Mar
riages.
Deaths
Excess
of
Births
over
Deaths
Natural
Increase
per 1,000
of Popu
lation.
Ontario con.
Kingston
1913
21 010
523
268
4QQ
84
A .no
Peterborough
1914
1915
1916
L917
1918
1913
21,260
21,330
22,270
23,020
23,740
19 170
517
522
591
579
633
470
287
291
264
297
307
232
372
405
500
450
582
268
oi
145
117
91
129
51
902
t uu
6-82
5-48
4-09
5-60
2-15
10 -fid.
Windsor
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1913
19,650
19,430
18,950
19,600
19,890
21,610
476
482
448
457
443
511
207
223
215
263
193
1 423
254
277
324
331
332
327
222
205
124
126
111
184
11-30
10-55
6-54
6-42
5-58
8-51
Fort William
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1913
22,500
23,640
23,640
23,705
28,710
24 070
626
632
714
758
807
866
622
529
614
484
287
309
316
293
370
387
486
390
310
339
344
371
321
476
13-78
14-34
14-55
15-65
11-18
1Q-78
Kitchener
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1913
27,180
20,850
18,850
18,850
19,520
18 500
956
1,009
815
672
724
506
254
199
202
150
151
202
311
258
288
223
300
245
645
751
527
449
424
261
23-73
36-02
27-96
23-82
21-72
H-ll
Guelph
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1913
18,880
19,090
19,200
19,200
19.580
16 320
531
534
569
494
488
394
222
191
184
175
159
175
211
200
227
195
324
220
320
334
342
299
164
16-95
17-49
17-81
15-57
8-38
10-66
A
St. Thomas
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1913
16,800
16,740
16,020
16,020
16,970
14 520
353
366
362
413
370
318
145
184
152
131
142
205
209
214
244
211
262
178
144
152
118
202
108
140
8-57
9-08
7-37
12-61
6-36
9-64
Stratford
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1913
15,490
15,840
15,840
15,880
15,810
14 570
340
362
324
334
325
337
186
169
161
147
142
218
188
216
192
279
192
122
174
108
142
46
145
7-88
10-98
6-82
8-94
2-91
q 95
Owen Sound
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1913
14,570
15,150
16,410
15,450
15,450
12 790
357
378
367
335
320
329
139
156
162
108
93
127
165
185
204
158
242
178
192
193
163
177
78
13.18
12.74
9.93
11-46
5-05
11 81
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
12,560
12,380
12,080
11,650
12,270
342
312
344
312
297
125
112
139
120
9S 1
138
140
202
151
174
204
172
142
161
123
16.24
13.89
11.75
13-82
10-02
VITAL STATISTICS
119
15. Number of Births, Marriages and Deaths, by Principal Cities, 1913-1918.
f*f\n
con.
C it
Popula
tion.
Births.
Mar-
riaji
hs
of
Births
over
hs
Natural
[ncn
1000
of Popu
lation.
OB.
Catharines
1913
15,080
420
194
242
178
11.80
Port Arthur
1914
1916
1<U7
I .M:;
15,860
10,660
16,690
17,760
17
18,030
500
587
554
5U
706
238
257
250
152
166
249
255
286
227
:; i::
294
257
332
268
347
173
412
16.20
19.92
16.06
r.<
22.85
Sault Ste Marie
L914
1915
I .M:
1918
1913
18,320
14,310
15,220
I. .
15,100
12,290
702
533
516
306
210
138
141
147
136
157
215
163
157
192
221
236
487
426
376
278
70
26.58
29.77
24.70
21
H-28
5.70
Chatham
1914
1915
1916
L917
lit is
1913
13,200
12,590
1L>
13.
19
12,390
288
271
354
260
180
168
133
133
170
207
198
180
196
2 it;
403
207
81
108
75
138
112
53
6.14
8.58
5.80
10
8 72
4.28
Gait
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1913
12,830
13,090
13,
14.35U
15, IK
11,930
250
256
280
194
179
192
202
121
150
230
189
230
156
20
67
26
34
-16
124
1.56
5.11
1.96
2-37
-1-05
10.39
%
Sarnia
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1913
12,020
11,810
11,880
ll.SXO
12
11,550
323
298
279
275
258
132
108
116
103
118
184
139
144
143
175
149
184
154
136
100
13
109
15.31
13.04
11.45
1-04
9.44
Belleville
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1913
12,090
12,140
12,280
12,960
12
10,600
270
295
292
. 71
258
179
128
165
126
117
138
156
164
198
lt>9
187
114
131
94
102
51
71
9.43
10.79
7.65
3-98
6.70
Brock ville
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1913
11,230
11,940
11,610
11,430
11
9,675
240
260
255
208
292
225
130
124
136
133
12
127
149
172
204
165
186
91
88
51
43
58
39
8.10
7.37
4.39
3-76
5-11
4.03
Woodstock
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1913
9,275
9,460
9,510
9,580
9,450
9,485
228
236
241
221
237
223
85
106
119
122
121
106
173
193
165
181
252
143
55
43
76
43
-15
80
5.93
4.55
7.99
4-49
-1-58
8.43
1914
1915
1916
1917
L918
9,600
9,600
9,520
9,600
9,600
203
210
206
L73
189
131
111
135
101
77
124
110
132
116
131
79
100
74
57
8.23
10.41
7.77
5 94
6-04
120
AREA AND POPULATION
15. Number of Births, Marriages and Deaths, by Principal Cities, 1913-1918 con .
Cities.
Year
Popula
tion.
Births.
Mar
riages.
Deaths
Excess
of
Births
over
Deaths
Natural
Increase
per 1,000
of Popu
lation.
Ontario con.
Niagara Falls
1913
12,020
267
492
13
13f
11 31
North Bay
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1913
11,650
11,450
12,030
12,030
12,770
9 490
294
263
275
289
316
340
291
292
294
225
21:
140
133
145
137
247
144
154
130
130
152
69
IQfi
13.22
11.35
10.81
12-64
5-74
9ft fi 1 ^
Manitoba
Winnipeg
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1913
10,980
8,935
8,750
8,750
8.53C
184 730
406
416
406
345
343
5 577
121
91
103
103
55
3 404
146
128
107
101
177
2 204
260
288
299
244
166
3 373
23.68
32.23
34.17
27-89
19-46
1C O
Brandon
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1913
203,255
212,889
201,981
201,981
182,848
15 911
5,789
5,823
6,233
5,638
5,848
680
3,070
2,766
2,663
2,358
2,700
296
1,955
1,763
2,039
1,726
2,061
279
3,834
4,060
4,194
3912
3,787
401
18.86
19.07
20.76
19-37
20 71
25 20
St. Boniface
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1913
17,177
17,200
18,048
18,018
15,699
11 405
641
625
621
5S6
471
327
277
279
263
198
150
109
229
287
248
212
224
389
412
338
373
354
247
62
23.99
19 06
20.72
19-61
15-73
5-43
Portage la Prairie
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1913
12,025
12,307
11,581
11,581
11,600
6 343
421
354
334
350
334
231
119
81
130
93
69
97
302
268
280
257
526
118
119
86
54
93
-192
HQ
9.90
6-98
4-66
8-03
-16-55
17 Q1
Saskatchewan
Regina
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1913
6,500
6,300
5,832
5,832
5,832
204
200
197
188
192
845
85
88
88
75
57
528
126
125
119
134
148
486
78
75
78
54
44
359
12.00
10.31
13.37
9 25
7-54
Moosejaw
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1913
50,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
1,006
1,010
956
1,053
930
515
493
428
452
470
499
484
298
288
362
484
597
284
708
722
614
569
333
231
14.16
18-00
15-30
14-20
8-30
Saskatoon
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1913
30,000
24.00C
20,000
20,000
20,000
607
604
562
716
552
856
400
382
451
429
392
576
210
188
213
158
378
429
397
416
348
558
174
427
13.23
17-30
17-40
27-90
8-70
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
30,000
25,000
21,054
21,054
21,054
914
799
748
814
734
433
445
509
536
490
265
210
267
431
437
649
586
481
383
297
21.63
23-50
23-30
18-20
14-10
VITAL STATISTICS
121
.Number of Births. Marrlapes and Deaths, by Principal C itios, 1913-19 is
uula-
tion.
Birth-
Mar-
1 >i-atli>.
of
Uinlis
I ) ath.-
Natural
Inn
1,000
i>f Popu
lation.
katchewan con.
North Battleford
1913
_
239
74
67
17"
lull
6,000
198
M
\J 9
46
152
25.33
148
71
1!
14M
10
1917
148
107
41
11-70
L918
18-50
Prince Albert
1913
310
178
17
1QO
10
274
A I \J
144
&f 4
12
too
151
15.10
L915
10
IOC
LO
1916
10-00
1917
113
13
212
125
149
7-40
ift Current
1913
1914
6,000
150
141
49
110
18.33
1915
118
111
30
88
17
47
12-20
1917
4,001
1918
ill
151
63
12-00
Wo vburn
1913
5,343
165
114
48
117
21.90
n;
llfi
41
74
50
1917
4
119
77
17
1918
4
71
7<
Alberta
C algarv. .
1913
_
2 278
1 379
878
i d.nn
- -
JLyVf 9
O i O
l. iUU
11)14
-
1,121
685
1,669
_
1915
-
1,0
636
1,526
__
1916
56,514
1.949
975
641
1,308
23.14
1917
414
067
1,468
2:
Imonton
1913
1 365
QfiA
778
esj7
A 1*J\JU
/ i a
1 .
1914
-
: 324
1,1
1,172
_
1915
-
1,9
976
612
1,297
mm
1916
53,846
1,
848
612
987
18.33
1917
53,846
1
541
1,008
18-72
I.i thbridtro
_
241
166
75
-
247
221
138
109
_
-
277
105
172
_
1916
338
197
140
198
20-98
1917
136
333
216
148
185
19-61
Medicine Hat
1913
264
215
113
_
1914
-
419
179
162
257
1915
-
171
1(14
268
_
1916
9,J
123
274
29-55
1917
452
247
138
314
33-87
Briti.-h ( olumbia
Vancouver
1913
114 "- I!
4 1 H
K"i
i -(1(1
201 p
on oo
i A r , _ i
* 1 .1 J
-
i .
,olO
/U ~o
1914
106,110
1,717
1,178
1,247
11-75
1915
100,000
2,311
1,274
1.127
1,184
11-84
1916
100, ()()(!
1.
1.252
1.240
752
7-52
1917
102..V.O
2,008
1,191
1,307
701
6-84
122
AREA AND POPULATION
15. Number of Births, Marriages and Deaths, by Principal Cities, 1913-1918.
concluded.
Excess
Natural
of
Increase
Cities.
Year.
Popula
Births.
Mar
Deaths.
Births
per 1,000
tion.
riages.
over
of Popu
Deaths.
lation.
British Columbia con.
Victoria
1913
_
986
851
569
417
1914
772
770
459
313
1915
50,000
820
480
464
356
7-12
1916
50,000
836
420
533
303
6-06
1917
55,000
744
38-2
476
268
4-87
New Westminster
1913
17,198
855
378
491
364
21-16
1914
15,000
536
222
302
234
15-60
1915
15,000
289
173
225
64
4-26
1916
15,000
304
167
212
92
6-13
1917
15,000
322
164
243
79
5-27
Nanaimo
1913
8,000
318
120
149
169
21-12
1914
8,500
340
98
133
207
24-35
1915
8,500
304
88
162
142
16-70
1916
8,500
261
72
114
147
17-29
1917
8,500
220
63
99
121
14-24
IMMIGRATION.
Immigrant Arrivals. For the fiscal year ended March 31,
1919, the number of immigrant arrivals in Canada was 57,702, as
compared with 79,074 in 1918, 75,374 in 1917, 48,537 in 1916, 144,789
in 1915, and 384,878 in 1914, the year before the war broke out.
Of the total who arrived in 1918-19, 9,914, or 17 p.c., came from the
United Kingdom, 40,715, or 70 p.c., came from the United States,
and 7,073, or 13 p.c., came from other countries. As shown by
Table 16, the decrease in the number of immigrants in 1918-19 was
entirely due to the falling off in arrivals from the United States, the
number of United States immigrants being 40,715, as against 71,314
in 1917-18. The arrivals from the United Kingdom and from " Other
Countries both show an increasse. Table 18 records the rejections
and deportations of immigrant arrivals by principal causes for the
years 1903 to 1919.
Chinese Immigration.- -The conditions under which Chinese
immigrants have been allowed to enter Canada have been described
in previous issues of the Year Book (see edition for 1915, page 110).
The number of Chinese who entered Canada during the three fiscal
years ended March 31, 1919, has been much reduced owing to the
operation of the Order in Council (renewed every six months since
December 8, 1913), under which the landing in British Columbia of
skilled and unskilled artisans and labourers is prohibited. In 1918-19
the number of Chinese immigrants who paid head tax was 4,066, as
compared with 650 in 1917-18, 272 in 1916-17, 20 in 1915-16, and
1,155 in 1914-15. A record of Chinese immigration from 1886 to
1919 is given as Table 23.
IMMIGRATION
123
!. Number of Immigrant Arrivals in Canada, 1S97-1919.
al
IMMU.KAN r An RIVALS
ntou
Total.
1 i-cal
I M M Hi HAM .\H RIVALS
VBOM
Total.
United
KinK-
dom.
I nited
her
un-
tri
United
King
dom.
United
other
( oun-
trii
No.
11,383
11.17::
10, litiO
5,141
1 1 .810
17,259
41,7!IL>
50,374
65
701
120,182
No.
Hi
L19
11
17
171
57
:;i
312
No.
7,021
11,608
L l
10,211
19,
44,472
M 7
_ 1 i
("",
OO , . ( . )
No.
31J900
44,543
23,
10,149
ti7
UN
130,331
IK.
189,064
iL 4.i;r,7
No.
62,001
700
123,013
123
150,542
43]276
8,1
8
-
178
9,914
No.
")H
103,798
121,451
7in
139
107
ii 1.389
71,314
40,715
No.
84,175
15,206
66,620
106
112,881
41J34
I
7.117::
No.
i n;, .ins
20
311,084
-to:
384
144
48
7.-,
70,074
57,702
IViv ....
1910
I .Ul
\\n-2 ..
mi:; ..
1914
1!I5 . .
1016
U 17
11)18
l 19
ls t 1 1
IS ill-
l!(l)l
1002
1903
t
1905
l(lf>
11I07- 1
1908
1 Calendar year.
March :;i.
\ months, .January t<> .June, inclusive.
Nine ni .nths ended
)7. Arrivals at Inland and Ocean Ports In Canada in Fiscal YoaM 1913-1919.
National!;
1913.
1914.
1915.
1911
1 . 17.
1918.
L919.
Knjilish. ...
Xo.
Xo.
ID" r>"
No.
30 M 7
No.
5 857
No.
5 174
No.
2 477
No.
7 Q<il
Irish
585
3 525
174
/ ,i7l>*
>)*
Sri itch
30 735
"i 128
8 :.
1 887
> ()fi9
-17X
JOO
1 =il
Welsh
2 019
1 7^7
102
88
1 , 1 o
irut
Total for I .K
156,5 1*
8 (64
3 ITS
9911
Armenian
100
139
36
?
o
,Vl-i
Aust ralian
Austrian. ..
Belgian
Bukowinian. ...
L06
1.050
1,8
687
106
3,147
,->!
1 .">49
51
502
1,1
73
32
15
171
18
1
126
34
19
35
48
Bulgarian. . . .
4 616
1 727
4 048
1
Chinese
7 445
5 512
1 258
88
QQQ
7M
A Q99
Danish
708
871
326
167
145
74
i,o<)u
AA
Dutch
Finnish .
1,524
2,391
1,506
3,1
605
459
186
139
151
1 1 1
94
t^t
59
o
French
2 755
2 683
1 06
180
iqq
999
Galician.
497
1 698
36
ffi
German, n.e.s
( ireek
4,938
1,390
5,525
1 102
2,470
1 147
27
145
9
9 Jfi
1
4*>
1
A
Hebrew, Austrian
Hebrew, German..
392
16
728
20
160
1
1
Hebrew, Polish. . . .
26
22
6
Hebrew, Russian. .
6,304
9 622
2 674
46
108
W
7
Hebrew, n.e.s
Hindu.
649
5
860
88
266
18
i
28
2
I
15
Hungarian
578
833
218
Icelandic
231
292
145
IT
q
Q
19
Italian
16 601
4 722
6 228
388
758
18Q
4.Q
Japanese . . .
794
850
509
401
fU
88?
M
1 178
Newfoundland. . . .
1,036
496
338
255
1 243
i iqq
1 ,1 I O
519
New Zealand
39
24
21
18
12
iQ
1 5
Norwegian..
1.832
1.647
788
232
303
235
Q1
124
AREA AND POPULATION
17. Arrivals at Inland and Ocean Ports in Canada in Fiscal Years 1913-1919 con.
Nationalities.
1913.
1914.
1915.
1916.
1917.
1918.
1919.
Polish Austrian
No
4,462
No
4,310
No
1,272
No
No
8
No
No
Polish German
29
46
7
-
-
Polish Russian
4,488
4,507
544
7
3
1
Polish n e s
966
930
153
1
1
-
3
Rumanian
1,116
1,504
361
4
4
-
Russian n e.s
18,623
24,485
5,201
40
25
42
42
Ruthenian
17,420
18,372
5,830
1
-
-
Serbian
366
193
220
6
1
1
Swedish
2,477
2,435
916
177
332
156
101
Swiss
246
269
209
42
30
12
11
Svrian
232
278
79
3
9
2
-
Turkish
770
187
33
5
-
-
U S (via ocean ports)
121
121
41
15
20
28
21
United States
139,009
107,530
59,779
36,937
61,389
71,314
40,715
\Vpcf TnHies
398
474
356
38
293
273
220
Other nationalities. . .
2,611
5,006
1,710
76
310
250
44
Total
251,890
242,256
101,513
39,873
67,092
75,896
47,788
Grand total
402,432
384,878
144,789
48,537
75,374
79,074
57,702
NOTE. "n.e.s." signifies "not elsewhere specified."
18. Rejections of Immigrants upon arrival at Ocean Ports and Deportations after
admission, by principal causes, 1903-1919.
Principal Causes.
Rejections at Ocean Ports.
1903-
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
Totals
Accompanying patients. .
Bad character
No.
207
342
23
37
153
593
2,408
40
No.
42
98
33
9
34
681
585
33
No.
104
122
28
10
1,038
274
585
48
1
No.
53
112
3
5
6
246
164
256
119
8
No.
28
80
4
204
56
328
55
1
No.
76
102
3
994
76
398
178
No.
58
56
2
452
71
319
40
No.
4
17
4
38
55
34
11
No.
8
4
55
55
30
22
No.
1
11
1
19
19
12
8
No.
2
4
1
10
27
19
7
No.
581
946
91
76
6
3,243
2,071
4,974
561
10
Contract labour
Criminality
Head tax
Lack of funds
Likely to become a pub
lic charge
Medical causes
Not complying with
regulations
Previously rejected
Totals
3,803
1,515
2,210
972
756
1,827
998
163
174
71
70
12,559
Principal Causes.
Deportations after Admission.
Accompanying patients. .
Bad character
94
106
205
1,263
1,481
44
130
212
348
18
71
172
222
12
289
17
120
242
229
8
343
16
165
334
370
4
392
10
159
376
570
4
715
34
128
404
379
789
5
68
329
206
635
9
60
277
98
161
39
84
274
39
91
10
35
236
70
103
252
1,040
2,979
3,658
28
5,347
Criminality ....
Medical causes
Not complying with
regulations
Public charges
Totals
3,149
734
784
959
1,281
1,834
1,734
1,243
605
527
454
13,304
IMMIGRATION
125
. Niimhir l>> Nationalities of Deportations after Admission, 1903-1919.
ion.
i-Xtll lOIKUILltBJ.
1909
1011
I .Ml 1
l .M7
1918
1919
British
1 4. )
LID
No.
No.
No.
461
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
7,110
3,379
689
477
396
84
76
Totals
3,149
734
784
958
1,781
1,834
1,734
1,243
Ml
527
m
13,304
2t. Juvenile Immigrants and Applications for their Services, 1901-1919.
al
\ * ;ir.
Juvenile
immiurant>.
Appli<
for their
sen i
^i ;ir.
Juvenile
immigran
\pplic;it i
their
I .MH
H77
1,8
587
11*11
1912
2,524
21,
:;i 040
14
1913
r*
Hint
ML
1H
1 4
[18
117
1905
2 M4
17
115
i -
s-, i
258
in
19
821
:;i ,
r.Hi;i
l!IIIS
1,4
175
17
117
1918
251
190
17 in;
> ;
1 .") 4 1 7
1171s
ioin
2 4
;~7
Total
:;i,oo
389,223
The a!ove are included in the total number of iiuin; \vhere.
1 Nine months.
. Sc\, Occupation, and Destination of Immigrants for tiie fiscal year ended
March 31, 1919.
-
M;>
Fenia.
Children.
Total*.
Via ocean ports.
ti 111
597
B87
From the Unit
11 315
9 ,
40 7 1 )
Totals. .
25. i
18.591
13.266
57.702
Occupations.
r Farm I.alioun
ierul I.alioiif
Males.
< hildren.
Ma!
( hildren.
Via ocean norr-;
No.
9,553
Xo.
U3
141
4,780
No.
48
No.
110
7:u
60
From the United -
Totals. .
10.136
3.M8
4.921
3.445
844
55
Occupatii
lfechani(
>rks, Trades ];tc.
Male.-.
duldren.
Ma!
( hildren.
Via ocean p> ....
From the Unh
Totals
No.
3,7
No.
1,205
No.
1,120
No.
457
1,078
No.
1 55
640
No.
35
254
i 119
i i?n
i vit
i at*
TQ<;
9WQ
126
AREA AND POPULATION
21. Sex, Occupation, and Destination of Immigrants for the fiscal year ended
March 31, 1919 concluded.
Occupations.
Miners.
Female
ser
vants.
Not Classified.
Males.
Females.
Children
Males.
Females.
Children
Via ocean ports
No.
15
273
No.
15
53
No.
18
48
No.
508
1,188
No.
3,925
2,401
No.
5,971
4,082
No.
3,190
2,932
From the United States
Tnfale
288
ftg
ttfi
1.69K
fcJtSI
1fi.fl.1S
fi.122
Destination.
Maritime
provinces.
Quebec.
Ontario.
Manitoba.
Via ocean ports
No.
1,325
No.
1,566
No.
4,988
No.
1,141
From the United States
2,535
5,206
8,838
3,721
Totals, 1919
3,860
6,772
13,826
4,862
Totals. 1918
5.247
9.059
23,754
6,252
Destination.
Saskat
chewan.
Alberta.
British
Columbia.
Yukon.
Via ocean ports.
No.
1,126
No.
1,275
No.
5,565
No.
1
From the United States
7,426
10,365
2,525
99
Totals, 1919
8,552
11,640
8,090
100
Totals, 1918
12,382
16,821
5,332
237
22. Destination of Immigrants into Canada, by Provinces, 1901-1919.
Fiscal
Year.
Mari
time
Prov.
Quebec.
. f
Ontario.
Mani
toba.
Sas
katch
ewan.
Alberta.
British
Colum
bia and
Yukon
Terr y-
Not
shown.
Totals.
1901
No.
2,144
2,312
5,821
5,448
4,128
6,381
6,510
10,360
6,517
10,644
13,236
15,973
19,806
16,730
11,104
5,981
5,710
5,247
3,860
No.
10,216
8,817
17,040
20,222
23,666
25,212
18,319
44,157
19,733
28,524
42,914
50,602
64,835
80,368
31,053
8,274
10,930
9,059
6,772
No.
6,208
9,798
14,854
21,266
35,811
52,746
32,654
75,133
29,265
46,129
80,035
100,227
122,798
123,792
44,873
14,743
26,078
23,754
13,826
No.
11,254
17,422
39,535
34,911
35,387
35,648
20,273
39,789
19,702
21,049
34,653
43,477
43,813
41,640
13,196
3,487
5,247
6,252
4,862
No.
14
22
43
40
39
28,728
15,307
30,590
22,146
29,218
40,763
46,158
45,147
40,999
16,173
6,001
9,874
12,382
8,552
No.
160
199
898
,397
,289
26,177
17,559
31,477
27,651
42,509
44,782
45,957
48,073
43,741
18,263
7,215
12,418
16,821
11,640
No.
2,600
3,483
5,378
6,994
6,008
12,406
13,650
30,768
21,862
30,721
54,701
51,843
57,960
37,608
10,127
2,836
5,117
5,559
8,190
No.
2,567
3,348
1,838
1,093
1,977
1,766
395
195
32
No.
49,149
67,379
128,364
130,331
146,266
189,064
124,667
262,469
146,908
208,794
311,084
354,237
402,432
384,878
144,789
48,537
75,374
79,074
57,702
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907 (9m)..
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
Totals. . .
157,912
520,713
873,990
471,597
906,264
367,811
13,211
3,311,498
lMMl<;itATI<>\
127
?3.~ -Record of Chinese Immigration. 1KH6-191I.
I i-ral Yi-ar.
I a v inn
tax.
Exempt
from
! iv. nt:mr of
total arn .
admitted
v"Uipt
from i
Elegta
tioii for
lea 1
Total
hV venue.
1886-91
1892
No.
WO
t44
087
1,440
1,762
147
2,1
.:* 1
is
>25
i:,
19
8
0]
1,1
1.411
1,614
(15
6,083
7,0;
74
1,1
20
650
4,086
No.
6
14
24
17
17
L28
146
200
.,
121
11!)
267
4-iil
0-18
0-1
1-04
l-.-)0
1
0-78
0-61
!(
1 :
1
2-
89-61
86
68
33
00
15-13
4
4
8- 1 ( .
77
78
15 47
6
No.
7,041
2,108
1,277
47:;
697
^
1,103
1,204
!.
14
120
2,(
i-Jl
2,5<4
3,;,
;:u
4,002
3,966
2-2
74-J
3,1
4,373
4,0(14
(12
<<07
844
$
23<),r,.;4
166,503
113,491
105,021
7l .47. r ,
BOO
123,119
1011,7:.}
220,310
215,102
178
364,972
i 711
474,420
080
13,521
18,094
7-1
713,131
813,oo:-!
-V.-J.056
3,049,722
549,242
2,644,593
588.1-J-l
389
140
j:.7
2,069,669
1897
1899
11)00
MM)!
1902
l!io:{
1!)04
l!lll. r .
I .io.;
i ( .)o;i
I .HK ;
ItIO!)
1<)10
1!H1 .. .
I .ML
l<ii::
UM4
l!)l. r )
1916
1917
1918
Totals
78,385
5,831
I-M
7Ui7<i
19,998,981
1 Xiue months.
24. Record of Oriental Immigration, 1991-1919.
Fiscal
;ir.
Chi
nese.
Japa
nese.
Hin
doos.
Total.
Fiscal
Year.
Chi-
ni se.
Japa-
se.
Hin
doos.
Total.
1901
Xo.
7
Xo.
6
No.
Xo.
13
101 1
No.
70
No.
4.37
No.
No.
5790
1902
1963
2
-
1912
1913
J , - / O
6,247
7 14^
4i5/
765
724
3
, 1 \J
7,015
8 174.
1904
1914
T T12
S ifi
88
fi A*ifi
1905
354
45
399
1915
1 0( i8
OQO
W9
oo
\J,-<J\J
1 8^0
1906
18
1,922
387
9 307
IQlfi
8
A.OI
1
4QO
1907 1
92
2,042
2,124
4 258
1917
QQQ
t\ji
fi4S
1
1 041
1908
1,884
7,601
2,623
12 108
1918
7fiQ
SS3
1 !^0
1909
1,887
495
6
2 388
1919
4. ^3
1 178
J ^1 1
1 , 1 1 O
o, uii
1910
2,156
271
10
9 137
,V)4
Total...
37,369
19,175
5,297
Cl,841
1 Xine months.
12S
EDUCATION
25. Expenditure on Immigration in the fiscal years 1868-1919.
Year.
$
Year.
$
Year.
$
Year.
$
1868
36 050
1882
215,339
1896
120,199
1910
960,676
1869
26,952
1883
373,958
1897
127,438
1911
1,079,130
1870
55 966
18S4
511,209
1898
261,195
1912
1,365,000
1871
54,004
1885
423,861
1899
255,879
1913
1,427,112
1872
109 954
1886
257,355
1900
434,563
1914
1,893,298
1873
265,718
1887
341,236
1901
444,730
1915
1,658,182
1874
291 297
1888
244,789
1902
494,842
1916
1,307,480
1875
278 777
1889
202,499
1903
642,914
1917
1,181,991
1876
338,179
1890
110,092
1904
744,788
1918
1,211,954
1877
309,353
1891
181,045
1905
972,357
19L9
1,112,079
1878
154 351
1892
177,605
1906
842,668
Total
27,303,720
1879
186,403
1893 ....
180,677
1907 1
611,201
1880
161,213
1894. ;..
202,235
1908
1,074,697
1881.
214,251
1895..
195,653
1909..
979,326
1 Nine months.
V. EDUCATION. ~
GENERAL FEATURES OF CANADIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM.
Under the British North America Act, 1867, the right to legislate
on matters respecting education was reserved exclusively to the pro
vincial legislatures, subject to the maintenance of the rights and
privileges of the denominational and separate schools as existing at
the time of union or admission of provinces. In general there are
two fundamental systems of education throughout Canada, one that
of the Protestant communities, free from the control of religious
bodies, and the other that of the Roman Catholic French and Irish
communities in which education is united with the religious teaching
of the Roman Catholic Church. In Ontario, Roman Catholics,
Protestants and coloured people have each the right to establish
" Separate Schools" for elementary education, the local rates for the
support of these schools being separately levied and applied. In
Quebec, the religious minority in any municipality, whether Roman
Catholic or Protestant (the Jews being "Protestants" for^all the
purposes of the School Law), may dissent and maintain its own
elementary and model schools and academies or high s chools, the taxa
tion of the minority being separate from that of the majority for the
1 A full description, by provinces, of the Education System of Canada was included
in the Canada Year Book of 1916-17, passes 118-175. A summary of the statistics of illiteracy
and school attendance in Canada for 1910, as returned by the Census of 1911, was published
in the Year Book of 1914, pages 92-93.
HKillER EDUCATION IN CANADA. 129
three classes of school. That is to say, the separate system is com
plete. In Saskatchewan and Alberta a separate school may be
established by the minority, whether Protestant or Roman Catholic,
subject, however, to identical regulations as to courses, certificates,
inspection, etc. In the remaining provinces there are special provi-
sions for the education of Roman Catholics in the larger cities and
towns.
In all the provinces the cost of education is defrayed from the
public revenues, provincial and local, and public elementary education
is free to parents or guardians, except for certain small fees which are
payable in parts of the province of Quebec. With the exception of
Quebec all the provinces have laws of compulsory education, but
under conditions that differ as between one province and another.
As a rule, the provincial laws provide for uniformity in the training
of teachers, the use of text books and the grading of pupils. Second
ary schools or departments, and colleges or universities for higher
education, exist under government control in all the provinces, and
the three classes of teaching institution are more or less co-ordinated
to allow of natural transition from the lower to the higher. School
terms and holidays are arranged to suit climatic and other local
conditions; and it is frequently possible for students to work their
own way through college and university. Arrangements for the
superannuation of teachers are applied in Nova Scotia, New Bruns
wick, Quebec and Ontario.
Recent movements in the direction of nature study, manual
instruction, school gardens, agriculture, domestic science and technical
education are all energetically in progress, and in the more progressive
provinces the higher education of women is an important feature of
university life.
HIGHER EDUCATION IN CANADA.
Higher education in Canada is provided for by a number of
universities and colleges. Of the universities, Toronto, McGill
(Montreal), and the University of Montreal, are the largest, and with
Queen s University (Kingston, Ont.) and Dalhousie University
(Halifax, N.S.) take national rank. The oldest university in Canada,
viz., King s College, Windsor, Nova Scotia, dates from 1789, and
claims to be also the oldest university in His Majesty s Overseas
Dominions. Several of the universities are affiliated to the older
universities of the mother country, viz., Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin,
whilst some of the smaller Canadian universities, as well as most of
the colleges, are affiliated to either Toronto or McGill. In the West,
provincial universities have been established for Manitoba at Winnipeg
(1877), Saskatchewan at Saskatoon (1907), Alberta at Edmonton
(1906) and British Columbia at Vancouver (1907).
687089
130 EDUCATION
Some of the universities and colleges are under the control of
religious denominations as follows:-
Anglican or Church of England in Canada: King s College,
Windsor, N.S.; University of Bishop s College, Lennoxville, Quebec;
University of Trinity College, Toronto; Wycliffe College, Toronto;
and Emmanuel College, Saskatoon.
Roman Catholic Church: University of St. Francis Xavier s
College, Antigonish, N.S.; University of St. Joseph s College, St.
Joseph, N.B.; Laval University, Quebec; University of Montreal,
Montreal; University of Ottawa; St. Michael s College, Toronto.
Other Denominations: Knox College, Toronto (Presbyterian);
Mount Allison University, Sackville, N.B., Victoria University,
Toronto, and Wesley College, Winnipeg (Methodist); Acadia Uni
versity, Wolfville, N.S., McMaster University, Toronto, and Brandon
College, Brandon, Manitoba (Baptist).
EDUCATION STATISTICS OF CANADA.
There being at present no effective co-ordination of education
statistics it is difficult to construct comparative tables for Canada.
In the first place, the year to which the statistics relate differs accord
ing to province. Thus the school year ended June 30 is adopted for
statistical purposes by New Brunswick, Quebec, Manitoba and
British Columbia; the education year for Nova Scotia ends on July
31; and the calendar year ended December 31 is selected by Prince
Edward Island, Ontario, Saskatchewan and Alberta.
Statistics of Public Schools. In the tables numbered 1 to 10
an attempt is, however, made to bring together by provinces (1) the
number of publicly controlled schools, teachers and pupils, with the
average attendance of the pupils; (2) the number of teachers and
pupils in normal and model schools for the training of teachers; (3)
statistics of secondary schools so far as they are separately given; (4)
the amount of receipts and expenditure for public education under
the school law of each province and (5) the average annual salaries
of teachers by provinces.
In Table 1 the number of schools, teachers and pupils in the
three Atlantic provinces (Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and
New Brunswick) includes both elementary and secondary schools or
grades; in Nova Scotia the term "school" has a technical significance,
being applied to a class with one teacher, irrespective of the number
of classes in a school building. In Quebec and Ontario the statistics
in Table 1 apply only to elementary schools; but again in Manitoba
and in Alberta no line is drawn between the elementary and
secondary Schools. In Manitoba the sex of the pupils is not
separately distinguished. Statistics of secondary education are
separately available for Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia, and
EDUCATION STATISTICS <>F CANADA
131
partially so for Saskatchewan. They are iiiven in Tables 3, 4, 5, 6
and 7. The academics of Quebec are i:enerally similar to the collegiate
institutes and high schools in Ontario, and the Quebec model schools
are intermediate between the elementary school and the academy.
Growth of Expenditure on Public Education. Probably the
most remarkable feature of these statistics i< the extraordinary
growth during the present century of the expenditure upon public
education. In HMU, the first year of the century, the total expen
diture for the purposes of public education in ( anada was Si 1 .7">1 ,(i2f);
in HU8. the latest year for which complete figures for all the provin*
are available, it wa >1, 533, 520, an increase of s I .i.Ts 1 .895, or
4LM p.C.
Statistics of Higher Education. In Tables 11 16 are pre-
:iteil statistical particulars relating to the universities and colleges of
Canada, which are summarized from information furnished by each of
the institutions mentioned. Table- 11 and 14 give the dates of
foundation, the affiliation, the faculties and degree-; TablT>s 12 and
15, the number of teaching staff and students, and Tables 13 and 16,
itistics of property, income and expenditure. For 19 of the 22
universities in Table 13 the total value of the endowment- and pro
perty in land, buildings, equipment, etc., amounts to S50. 553,186.
For these 19 universities the total income amount- to Sl.:i24,012,
of which $898,336 are derived from fees and s:i. i _>:,. (17 6 from invest
ments, government grants and other source-. The total expenditure of
the same universities amounts to s-l.o28,27(i.
1. Number of Schools, Teachers and Pupils In Canada by Provinces, 1901-1918.
PRIM K KDWARD ISLAND (All publicly controlled schools except Prince of Wales College
for year ended June
Year
SrVi ool s
Teachers.
Pupils Enrolled.
Average
Attendance
of Pupil*.
1 11 \J\J lijt
Per
Mule.
Female.
Total.
Boy>.
. GirN.
Total.
No.
cent.
1901.
474
299
290
589
11,319
9,460
20,779
12,330
50-34
1902.
474
293
295
588
11,271
9,532
20,803
12,884
61-93
1903.
480
274
298
572
10,845
9,111
19,956
12,112
60-69
1904.
480
268
294
562
10,259
8,772
19,031
11,722
61-59
1905.
475
246
324
570
10,427
8,845
19,272
11,627
60-33
1906.
478
246
327
573
10,196
8,790
18,986
11,903
62 -6&
1907.
479
227
345
572
10,213
8,823
19,036
11,543
60-63
1908.
476
205
375
580
9,449
8,563
18,012
11,647
64-66-
1909
479
200
395
595
9,578
8,495
18,073
11,543
63-86
1910.
478
188
403
591
9,573
8,359
17,932
11,632
64-86
1911.
478
178
413
591
9,152
8,245
17,397
10,511
60-40
1912.
474
162
428
590
8,995
8,083
17,078
10,916
63-91
1913.
475
161
422
583
9,186
8,369
17,555
11,003
62-67
1914.
474
162
426
588
9,514
8,555
18,069
11,170
61-81
1915.
477
152
434
586
9,714
8,688
18,402
11,694
63-54
1916.
476
138
457
595
9,565
8,797
18,362
11,347
61-79
1917.
473
110
491
601
9,291
8,899
18,190
11,319
62-22
1918
468
100
497
597
9,101
8,760
17,861
11,334
63-50
687089*
132
EDUCATION
1. Number of Schools, Teachers and Pupils in Canada by Provinces,
1901-1918 con.
NOVA SCOTIA (All publicly controlled schools for year ended July 31).
Average
Teachers.
Pupils Enrolled.
Attendance
of Pupils.
Per
Male.
Female.
Total.
Boys.
Girls.
Total.
No.
cent.
1901.
2,387
540
1,952
2,492
49,768
48,642
98,410
53,643
54-5
1902..
2,394
485
2,007
2,492
50,247
48,812
99,059
55,438
55-9
1903..
2,395
441
2,053
2,494
49,789
48,979
98,768
55,213
55-9
1904..
2,331
388
2,053
2,441
48,536
48,350
96,886
54,000
55-8
1905..
2,429
386
2,180
2,566
50,465
49,787
100,252
56,342
56-3
1906..
2,446
366
2,212
2,578
50,198
50,134
100,332
59,165
58-9
1907..
2,465
354
2,272
2,626
49,849
50,158
100,007
57,173
57-1
1908..
2,516
355
2,309
2,664
49,906
50,199
100,105
58,343
58-2
1909..
2,577
352
2,342
2,694
50,758
50,922
101,680
61,787
60-7
1910..
2,579
339
2,384
2,723
50,918
51,117
102,035
65,630
64-3
1911..
2,639
331
2,468
2,799
. 50,985
51,925
102,910
61,250
59-5
1912..
2,662
293
2,511
2,804
51,498
52,486
103,984
63,640
61-2
1913 . .
2,692
278
2,583
2,861
52,105
53,164
105,269
65,686
62-4
1914..
2,724
272
2,620
2,892
52,656
53,695
106,351
66,599
62-6
1915..
2,795
256
2,689
2,945
53,649
54,119
107,768
70,361
65-3
1916..
2,837
246
2,773
3,019
53,944
55,245
109,189
69,227
63-4
1917..
2,856
198
2,847
3,045
53,560
55,472
109,032
70,118
64-3
1918..
2,859
185
2,852
3,037
52,731
55,361
108,094
67,883
62-8
NEW BRUNSWICK (Year ended June 30).
(All publicly controlled schools for second term ended June 30).
1901 . .
1,741
353
1,488
1,841
30,870
29,550
60,420
37,717
1902..
1,736
348
1,477
1,825
30,767
29,710
60,477
38,736
1903 . .
1,726
341
1,474
1,815
30,172
29,141
59,313
37,552
1904..
1,722
313
1,503
1,816
29,892
28,867
58,759
36,920
1905..
1,750
304
1,562
1,866
30,854
29,546
60,400
35,675
1906..
1,762
302
1,577
1,879
30,913
29,768
60,681
37,540
1907..
1,766
253
1,621
1,874
30,289
29,262
59,551
35,367
1908..
1,767
259
1,602
1,861
30,600
29,795
60,395
36,972
1909..
1,854
251
1,691
1,942
31,489
30,448
61,937
38,731
1910..
1,860
233
1,741
1,974
31,933
31,061
62,994
39,822
1911..
1,885
221
1,754
1,975
31,871
31,202
63,073
39,215
1912..
1,906
201
1,811
2,012
32,062
31,502
63,564
40,612
1913..
1,897
193
1,809
2,002
31,924
31,656
63,580
41,276
1914..
1,922
201
1,831
2,032
32,244
32,066
64,310
40,882
1915..
1,964
184
1,922
2,106
33,437
33,068
66,505
44,683
1916..
1,996
196
1,965
2,161
33,089
33,459
66,548
43,914
1917..
1,981
167
1,962
2,129
32,025
32,751
64,776
42,884
1918..
1,986
157
1,973
2,130
31,858
32,990
64,848
44,970
QUEBEC (Elementary publicly controlled schools for year ended June 30).
1901 . .
5,245
185 I
5,911
6,096
99,440
101,684
201,124
138,787
1902..
5,298
127
5,935
6,062
100,332
102,634
202,966
140,005
1903..
5,379
196
6,105
6,301
101,532
103,525
205,057
143,044
1904..
5,461
114
6,248
6,362
100,456
105,681
206,137
145,063
1905..
5,517
128
6,334
6,462
101,777
107,936
209,713
151,156
1906. .
5,573
150
6,423
6,573
102,358
108,044
210,402
154,022
1907..
5,592
160
6,479
6,639
101,981
107,899
209,880
152,764
1908..
5,594
183
6,485
6,668
102,556
107,987
210,543
153,162
1909..
5,648
169
6,601
6,770
106,011
110,781
216,792
160,096
1910..
5,720
172
6,729
6,901
106,862
112,052
218,914
162,928
1911..
5,905
203
6,931
7,134
111,458
114,980
226,438
167,168
1912..
5,789
207
7,001
7,208
111,887
117,347
229,234
171,816
1913..
5,827
213
7,182
7,395
129,052
105,208
234,260
176,418
1914..
5,947
232
7,523
7,755
119,244
125,363
244,607
185,102
1915..
5,998
267
7,715
7,982
122,730
128,762
251,492
195,473
1916..
6,008
239
7,802
8,041
123,641
131,650
255,291
197,237
1917..
6,081
236
7,944
8,180
122,338
130,399
252,737
193,114
1918..
6,103
212
7,977
8,189
119,628
127,903
247,531
188,319
I-:i)CC.\TI(>.\ STATISTIC* OF CANADA
13;*
1. Number of Schools, Teachers and Pupils in Canada by Provinces,
1991-1918 con.
ONTARIO (Elementary publicly controlled schools for year ended December 31).
Average
Teachers.
Pupils Enrolled.
Attendance
of Pupil-.
Year.
Schools.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Boys.
Girls.
Total.
No.
Per
rent.
1901.
6,035
2,437
6,784
9,221
236,482
222,124
458,606
262,010
57-00
1902
6,062
2,294
7,073
9,367
232,880
221,208
454,088
2(11,480
57-58
1903 .
6,146
2,160
7,296
9,456
,630
219,648
450
260
57-80
11)04
177
2,075
7,479
9,554
227,596
217,025
444,1121
257,085
:.7 M.
1905
6,221
1,950
7,699
9,649
22 .,026
217,468
446,494
264,107
59*10
6,240
1,863
7,899
9,762
230
218, 7. Vi
448,992
267,252
1907
6,268
1,783
8,110
9,893
229,794
218
448,218
266
5) -45
1906
6,334
1,843
8,243
10,085
301
219,920
453,221
272,190
60-05
1909
6,380
1,747
8,527
10,274
-.876
221,426
456,:;i2
274 ,:.tll
(10-17
1910. .
6,408
1,696
8, Si .
10,518
,131
224,014
459,14.-,
279,358
60-84
1911
6,416
1,499
9,043
10,542
147
223,801
159
281,984
61-30
1912
6,452
1511
9,246
10,757
239,187
227
467,022
291,210
1913 .
6,484
1,600
9,678
11,175
MIT
305,640
63-64
11114
6,550
1,628
9,918
11,540
252,202
241,636
319,337
64-66
1915.
6,600
1,685
10, if,:,
11,850
258,000
247.074
:>o:> ,074
336,860
66-09
1916..
6,630
1,386
10,708
12,094
259,358
24 ,t,617
508,975
328 B46
64-61
1917
6,651
1,316
11,446
12,762
261,409
527,664
342,571
64-92
MANITOBA (All publicly controlled schools for year ended June 30).
1901..
1,416
618
1,051
1,669
1902..
1,488
629
1,220
1,849
1903..
1,584
628
1,466
2,094
1904..
1,669
682
1,536
2,218
1905..
1,761
597
1,675
2,272
1906..
1,847
B06
1,769
2,365
1907..
1,943
595
1,885
2,480
1908..
2,014
598
1,928
2,526
1909..
2,105
637
2,025
2,6(12
1910
2,227
621
153
2,774
1911..
2,341
651
2,217
2,868
1913..
2,430
500
2,4(14
2,964
1914..
2,688
474
2,390
2,864
1915..
2,727
598
2,378
2,976
1916..
2,888
491
2,500
2,991
1917..
3,043
530
2,494
3,024
1918..
3,089
524
2,573
3,097
51,888
27,550
53-1
54,056
28,306
52-4
57,409
36,479
63-5
58,574
31,326
53-4
63,287
33,794
53-4
64,123
34,947
54-5
67,144
279
55-5
71,031
40,691
57-3
73,044
41,405
56-7
76,247
43,885
57-6
80,848
45,303
56-0
83,679
48,163
57-5
93,954
58,778
62-6
100,963
68,250
67-6
103,796
66,561
64-1
106,588
69,209
64-9
109,925
69,968
63-65
NOTE. The Manitoba school year from 1901 to 1911 ended December 31st. Owing to
a change in the date of the school year no report was issued for 1912.
SASKATCHEWAN (Elementary publicly controlled schools for year ended December 31).
1906..
873
563 ]
733
1,296
16,376
14,899
31,275
15,770
50-31
1907..
1,101
1,470
19,454
18,168
37,622
19,841
52-48
1908..
1,410
2,157
24,773
22,313
47,086
26,081
55-00
1909..
1,692
959
1,335
2,294
28,426
25,543
53,969
28,202
52-25
1910..
1,912
1,074
1,598
2,672
33,356
30,608
63,964
33,731
52-80
1911..
2,110
1,316
2,175
3,491
36,926
33,641
70,567
37,701
53-00
1912..
2,444
1,245
2,122
3,367
41,495
38,387
79,882
48,282
60-31
1913.
2,747
1,413
2,739
4,152
51,651
47,458
99,109
54,684
55-10
1914.
3,055
1,552
2,949
4,501
58,036
53,023
111,059
63,328
57-02
1915..
3,367
1,609
3,340
4,949
62,165
67,114
119,279
70,024
58-70
1916..
3,608
1,490
4,187
5,677
64,931
60,659
125,590
69,455
55-30
1917..
3,794
1,304
4,430
5,734
71,246
67,485
138,731
86,575
62-40
1918..
3,941
1,015
5,047
6,062
75,363
71,869
147,232
88,883
60-37
134
EDUCATION
1. Number of Schools, Teachers and Pupils in Canada, by Provinces,
1901-1918 concluded.
ALBERTA (All publicly controlled schools for year ended December 31).
Average
Teachers.
Pupils Enrolled.
Attendance
Elemen
of Pupils.
Year.
tary
Schools.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Boys.
Girls.
Total.
No.
Per
cent.
1906. .
570
280
644
924
14,701
14,083
28,784
14,782
51-00
1907..
694
318
892
1,210
17,707
16,631
34,338
17,310
54-00
1908..
851
435
1,033
1,468
19,516
20,137
39,653
18,923
48-00
1909..
970
570
1,245
1,815
23,701
22,347
46,048
22,225
48-24
1910..
1,195
716
1,501
2,217
28,406
26,901
55,307
29,611
53-54
1911..
1,392
867
1,784
2,651
31,753
29,907
61,660
32,556
52-08
1912..
1,600
956
2,098
3,054
36,717
34,327
71,044
39,226
55-21
1913..
1,705
980
2,314
3,294
41,449
38,460
79,909
45,888
57-41
1914..
2,027
1,375
2,603
3,978
46,769
43,141
89,910
54,582
60-71
1915..
2,138
1,418
2,800
4, 18
50,140
47,146
97,286
61,112
62-81
1916..
2,170
1,355
3,252
4,607
50,375
48,826
99,201
60,271
60-75
1917..
2,321
1,267
3,866
5,133
54,446
53,281
107,727
65,374
60-68
1918..
2,766
1,090
4,565
5,655
56,011
55,098
111,109
68,489
61-64
BRITISH COLUMBIA (Elementary publicly controlled schools for year ended June 30).
1901 . .
313
185
343
528
11,854 11,177
23,031
14,962
64-96
1902..
330
194
355
549
11,941
11,176
23,117
15,244
65-94
1903 . .
338
189
391
580
12,243
11,400
23,643
16,000
67-67
1904..
339
182
413
595
12,949
11,857
24,806
16,386
66-06
1905..
348
177
452
629
13,671
12,593
26,264
18,037
68-67
1906..
361
176
477
653
14,051
13,235
27,286
18,886
69-21
1907..
376
163
530
693
14,815
13,869
28,684
19,483
69-18
1908 . .
399
181
576
757
16,498
15,255
31,753
22,349
70-38
1909..
429
213
628
841
17,770
16,519
34,289
24,221
70-64
1910..
476
231
727
958
19,432
18,197
37,629
26,874
71-42
1911..
510
249
843
1,092
22,222
20,735
42,957
30,984
72-13
1912..
550
256
1,004
1,260
24,761
23,056
47,817
35,739
74-74
1913..
614
307
1,179
1,486
28,312
26,392
54,704
40,963
74-88
1914..
682
394
1,339
1,733
30,476
28,474
58,950
46,555
78-97
1915..
730
412
1,403
1,815
31,215
29,137
60,352
49,162
81-46
1916..
770
416
1,486
1,902
30,614
29,186
59,800
47,054
78-69
1917..
807
362
1,593
1,955
30,406
29,871
60,277
48,578
80-59
1918..
812
328
1,734
2,062
31,389
30,977
62,366
50,547
81-49
SUMMARY FOR CANADA (1901-1917).
._.. 17,611
!902. . 17,782
1903.. 18,048
1904.. 18,179
1905.. 18,501
1906.. 20,150
1907.. 20,684
1908.. 21,361
1909.. 22,134
1910.. 22,855
1911.. 23,676
1912.. 21,877
1913.. 24,871
1914.. 26,069
1915.. 26,796
1916.. 27,383
1917.. 28,007
NOTE. From 1901 to 1905, inclusive, the Summary for Canada comprised the seven
provinces of Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Mani
toba and British Columbia. The two provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta were formed
in 1905, and from 1906 all the nine provinces are included, with the exception of Manitoba for
1912, when no Education Report was issued by that province. In 1907 and 1908 the sex of
the teachers in Saskatchewan was not given, and in Manitoba the sex of the pupils was not
given for any of the years. In the Summary, therefore, these defects are indicated by
printing the totals in italics. A general summary for 1918 for all elementary and secondary
schools under public control is given in Table 8, page 140.
4,617
17,819
22,436
439,733
422,637
914,258
546,999
59-83
4,370
18,362
22,732
437,438
423,072
914,566
552,093
60-37
4,229
19,083
23,312
485,211
421 ,804
914,421
560,668
61-31
4,022
19,526
23,548
429,688
420,552
908,814
552,502
60-79
3,788
20226
24,014
436,220
426,175
925,682
570,738
61-66
4,542
22,061
26,603
469,029
457,709
990,861
614,267
61-99
3,853
22,134
27,457
474,102
463,234
1,004,480
617,263
61-45
4,058
22,551
28,766
486,599
474,169
1,031,799
640,358
62-06
5,098
24,789
29,887
502,609
486,481
1,062,134
662,771
62-40
5,270
26,058
31,328
515,611
502,309
1,094,167
693,471
63-38
5,515
27,628
33,143
530,514
514,436
1,125,798
706,672
62-77
4,831
26,221
31,052
546,602
533,023
1,079,625
701,441
64-97
5,645
30,267
35,912
589,115
545,514
1,218,308
789,741
64-82
6,290
31,599
37,889
601,141
585,953
1,281,048
852,333
66-53
6,581
32,846
39,427
621,050
601,108
1,327,121
907,619
68-39
5,957
35,130
41,087
625,517
617,439
1,346,752
893,912
66-38
5,490
37,073
42,563
639,567
639,439
1,385,722
1,029,74;
67-09
h l)l CATK).\ STATISTICS <>! CANADA
135
2 Normal and Model Schools In Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario,
and Manitoba, 1901-1*18, Saskatchewan and Alberta, 1906-1918.
NOV \ S< OTIA.
\umoir of Pupil* in th> Prorincuil \ormal College.
\ ear.
Pupils.
Year.
Pupils.
^ ear.
Pupils.
Year.
Pupils
MIDI
040
1906
154
I M 1
288
1915..
355
lyui
1 002
L82
1907
141
11)12
HMti ....
388
i lit".
14")
1908
161
HU3.
302
MM 7
I MU
1909
216
1U4
318
1918
260
1905
148
1910
260
NK\\ Hui \^\\ i k.
untlii r of Twht-r* it ml Pupil* in the \ormnl School and Model 1)> -p<t> tment.
\ ear.
Teaehers.
PriMi.-iN \MHMAi, SCHOOL
Pi HI.- IN MUDKI. DKI ART-
MKN I.
Male.
1 cmale.
tal.
Male.
1 Vmale.
Total.
1<M)1
11
H
16
19
16
L8
18
18
15
16
16
18
16
16
19
18
20
41
68
:,i
44
45
35
53
46
46
53
48
52
45
41
29
155
201
189
263
231
263
315
299
2QO
296
330
312
299
327
331
258
196
>-
:;.-,!
287
81
72
73
74
86
85
~\
90
93
91
88
91
92
-
101
85
86
93
Ill
118
104
102
104
91
100
100
98
M
88
101
100
192
190
177
176
190
180
166
182
187
191
187
191
190
187
189
178
187
193
1903
1904..
IDii.-)..
1906..
1907
11XIS..
11HI1I..
1910...
1911
i<tr>.
1913
1914..
llil.)..
I .Hti..
]1H7 .
1918
QTTBBBC.
of Teacher* and Pupil* in Xorrrxd School*.
NORMAL SCHOOLS 1901-1918.
Y>ar.
Schools.
TKAI IIK.H-.
PUPILS UNROLLED.
Average
attend
ance.
Per
cent.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
1901.
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
7
10
11
11
11
13
14
14
14
14
14
31
31
31
30
32
35
34
39
58
53
50
43
50
48
54
52
52
52
27
30
30
31
30
27
38
27
59
75
79
77
86
98
131
144
144
153
58
61
61
61
62
62
72
66
117
128
129
120
136
146
185
196
196
205
97
130
138
151
142
143
159
)65
182
177
174
160
175
189
191
191
180
180
256
290
241
274
280
308
361
533
610
666
676
913
1,081
1,121
1,166
1,181
1,159
353
420
460
392
416
423
467
526
715
787
840
836
1,088
1,270
1,312
1,357
1,361
1,339
345
415
4.",
388
410
420
462
524
710
780
835
1,357
1,361
1,339
97-73
98-81
98-91
98-98
98-56
99-29
98-93
99-62
99-30
99-11
99-40
100-00
100-00
100-00
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
136
EDUCATION
2. Normal and Model Schools in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario,
and Manitoba, 1901-1918, Saskatchewan and Alberta, 19*6-1918. continued.
ONTARIO.
Number of Teachers, Students and Pupils in Provincial Normal and Normal Model Schools
PHOT. INCIA
L NORMAL.
NORMAL
MODEL.
X tkll .
Teachers.
Students.
X cell .
Teachers 1
Pupils 1 .
1901
14
613
1901 ....
28
921
1902..
6
619
1902 . ....
31
958
1903
25
5S6
1903
36
1,067
1904
25
304
1994
36
982
1905
27
306
1905
36
1,023
1906
27
r-45
1906
36
990
1907-8
35
428
1907
38
979
190-09
62
1,149
1908
37
925
1909-10
68
1,235
1909
37
903
1910-11
68
1,266
1910
38
952
1911 12
69
1,064
1911
38
916
1912-13.. . .
69
986
1912
38
914
1913-14
70
1,201
1913
38
959
1914-15
71
1,160
1914
38
978
1915-16..
77
1,609
1915
40
962
1916-17
78
1,293
1916
43
971
1917-18
78
1,494
1917
43
938
1918-19..
79
1,082
1918..
41
916
includes Kindergarten.
MANITOBA.
Number of Teachers and Students in Normal Schools.
Year.
TEACHERS.
STUDENTS AT
Year.
TEACHERS.
STUDENTS AT
Pro
vin
cial
Normal
Local
Normal
2nd
class
ses
sions.
3rd
class
ses
sions.
Pro
vin
cial
Normal
Local
Normal
2nd
class
ses
sions.
3rd
class
ses
sions.
1901
7
7
7
7
8
6
5
5
5
13
14
14
14
18
14
11
10
10
90
86
82
129
171
148
128
131
136
161
234
237
261
320
328
272
279
312
1910....
5
6
School
6
6
6
14
13
10
10
11
year
11
10
14
12
11
7
122
126
changed
139
180
206
331
309
388
381
502
390
401
466
406
290
225
1902
1911
1903
1912
1904 .
1913
1905
1914
1906
1915
1907 . .
1916
1908
1917...
1909
1918
SASKATCHEWAN.
Teachers trained from 1906 to 1918 inclusive.
.First
Glass.
Second
Class.
Third
Class.
To
tal.
Grand
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Male.
Female.
Total.
1906
17
15
46
98
2
10
65
123
188
1907
6
14
33
72
7
39
93
132
1908
13
13
35
45
20
103
68
161
229
1909
5
3
12
41
115
235
132
279
411
1910
4
11
32
78
94
228
130
317
447
1911
28
104
18
91
46
195
241
1912
14
51
29
90
92
304
135
445
580
1913
32
57
20
118
83
333
135
508
643
1914
46
72
22
97
196
453
264
622
886
1915
68
93
43
180
248
590
359
863
1,222
1916
40
76
48
242
149
356
237
674
911
1917 . . -.
26
66
38
287
89
575
153
928
1,081
1918 .
15
91
35
382
14
83
64
556
620
Totals. .
286
562
421
1,834
1,120
3,368
1,827
5,764
7,591
EDUCATION STATISTICS OF CANADA
137
?.- Normal and Model Schools in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario
and Manitoba, 1991-1918, Saskatchewan and Alberta, 1998-1918 conclude!.
ALBERTA.
Ti nchers trained at Calgary and Camrose Normal Schools from 1906 to 1918 inclu-
\
Fir-t ( hiss.
>nd ( lass.
Total.
Grand
Total.
Special
( la
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
FeJlia e.
Total.
Male.
Female.
1906
19
24
a
58
31
30
36
31
47
7-
83
88
121
55
81
82
111
114
17s
146
85
151
47
42
U3
94
116
150
152
200
217
>
77
68
127
163
167
196
LSI
400
816
27
44
:>2
71
7.;
78
88
208
124
00
7.
74
96
130
147
172
200
230
870
291
271
407
102
97
140
182
218
248
27s
415
7
23
24
21
1907
1DOS
1909
I .MO ...
1911
1!H2
1913
1914
I M.")
1916
1917
1918
Totals 2
401
657
l,tlg
411
1,880
2,456
976
2,732
3,708
98
1 These elates an- de-i<rn- d principally for the purpns- of giving tvadiers from the
United Kingdom and I nit.-d - hort p-iiod of training in the special requirements
of the Alberta Department of Education. In 1!)1X a cla-.- \va- added for the purpose of
enabling second da-- teachers to train for a higher professional certifieate.
The italics indicate partial totals.
3. Number of Teachers and Pupils In Model Schools, Academies and Roman Catholic
Classical Colleges in Quebec, 1901- 19 is.
MODEL SCHOOLS.
Year.
Schools.
Teacher-.
Pupils Enrolled.
Average
attend
ance.
Per
cent.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Boys
Girls.
Total.
1901
557
655
1,800
2,455
39,260
41,979
81,239
65,872
81.09
1902..
568
612
1,923
2,535
39,816
42,286
82,102
66,109
80-52
1903..
555
618
1,805
2,423
40,587
41,205
81,792
66,327
81-10
1904 .
572
673
1,824
2,497
43,055
41,712
84,767
68,349
80-63
1905..
587
690
1,876
2,566
44,120
41,654
85,774
69,640
81-19
1906..
598
709
1,907
2,616
46,227
42,611
88,838
72,732
81-87
1907.
627
753
2,045
2,798
47,307
45,609
92,916
75,433
81-18
1908..
640
767
2,147
2,914
48,831
48,201
97,032
79,226
81-65
1909..
660
750
2,216
2,966
50,064
48,574
98,638
81,038
82-16
1910..
661
801
2,187
2,988
51,165
49,327
100,492
82,514
82-11
1911..
671
851
2,335
3,186
53,175
53,211
106,386
86,758
81-55
1912..
683
913
2,314
3,227
55,108
52,667
107,775
88,301
81-93
1913..
698
912
2,345
3,257
56,109
53,544
109,653
89,777
82-88
1914..
718
904
2,517
3,421
59,019
55,719
114,738
94,255
82-15
1915..
721
809
2,547
3,356
56,146
53,686
109,832
91,910
83-68
1916..
738
838
2,637
3,475
59,910
53,981
113,891
94,063
82-59
1917..
743
734
2,577
3,311
54,565
53,266
107,831
87,298
80-96
1918..
751
763
2,662
3,425
54,500
55,003
109,503
87,453
79-86
138
EDUCATION
3. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Model Schools, Academies and Roman Catholic
Classical Colleges in Quebec, 1901-1918. Concluded.
ACADEMIES.
[Year.
Schools
Teachers.
Pupils Enrolled.
Average
attend
ance.
Per
cent.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Boys.
Girls.
Total.
1901.
168
428
1,213
1,641
15,101
17,417
32,518
27,596
84-87
1902..
166
497
1,225
1,722
16,156
20,064
36,220
30,810
85-12
1903 . .
178
513
1,316
1,829
16,868
22,466
39,334
33,752
85-81
1904..
179
517
1,361
1,878
16,503
22,259
38,762
32,907
84-90
1905 . .
184
523
1.397
1,920
17,085
23,196
40,281
31,624
85-96
1906..
193
566
1,449
2,015
18,382
24,186
42,568
36,357
85-41
1997..
198
607
1,526
2,133
^0,905
23,913
44,818
38,313
85-49
1908..
201
632
1,560
2,192
20,084
25,285
45,369
38,631
85-15
1909..
217
686
1,709
2,395
23,071
28,511
51,582
44,595
86-45
1910..
236
735
1,756
2,491
24,404
30,737
55,141
47,953
86-31
1911..
223
734
1,838
2,572
24,483
31,816
56,299
47,752
84-82
1912..
248
758
2,017
2,775
26,268
36,759
63,027
54,403
86-31
1913..
273
827
2,122
2,949
28,078
39,793
67,871
58,232
85-79
1914..
296
916
2,227
3,143
32,674
43,876
76,550
65,190
85-16
1915..
321
1,104
2,350
3,454
38,784
47,979
86,763
73,514
84-47
1916..
349
1,186
2,644
3,830
41,874
53,391
95,265
82,064
86-14
1917..
371
1,295
2,852
4,147
46,459
56,363
102,822
87,056
84-67
1918..
401
1,419
3,161
4,580
50,120
60,354
110,474
93,285
84-44
ROMAN CATHOLIC CLASSICAL COLLEGES.
Year.
Number of
Average
Attend
ance.
Year.
Number of
Average
attend
ance.
Col
leges.
Profes
sors.
Pupils
enrolled.
Col
leges.
Profes
sors.
Pupils
enrolled.
1901.
1902....
1903 ....
1904....
1905....
1906....
1907....
1908....
1909....
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
18
549
562
559
590
621
621
624
624
609
5,915
6,096
6,174
6,265
6,269
6,318
6,268
6,274
6,397
5,468
5,693
5,694
5,758
5,772
5,895
5,796
5,709
5,872
1910...
1911.. .
1912...
1913...
1914...
1915...
1916...
1917...
1918...
19
19
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
642
642
662
687
726
754
704
747
747
6,599
7,140
7,818
8,189
8,444
8,251
7,696
8,128
7,622
6,053
6,521
7,280
7,677
7,841
7,664
6,602
6,790
6,956
4. Number of Teachers and Pupils In Collegiate Institutes and High Schools
in Ontario, 1901-1918.
Year.
Schools.
Teachers.
Pupils Enrolled.
Average
attend
ance.
Per
cent
Boys.
Girls.
Total.
1901.
131
134
135
138
140
142
143
145
145
145
148
148
161
160
160
161
162
579
593
619
661
689
719
750
795
820
853
898
917
970
1,023
1,020
1,038
1,051
10,869
11,629
11,988
12,718
13,035
13,336
13,799
14,731
15,776
15,196
14,679
14,846
15,489
17,001
17,705
12,339
12,353
11,654
12,843
13,734
14,991
15,626
16,056
16,532
17,181
17,325
17,416
17,548
17,427
18,257
19,465
20,721
16,494
16,744
22,523
24,472
25,722
27,709
28,661
29,392
30,331
31,912
33,101
32,612
32,227
32,273
33,746
36,466
38,426
28,833
29,097
13,224
14,430
15,317
16,730
17,567
18,078
18,485
19,862
20,791
20,389
20,177
20,268
21,448
23,360
24,825
22,781
22,740
58-71
58-97
59-55
60-38
61-29
61-50
60-94
62-23
62-81
62-52
62-60
62-80
63-55
64-06
64-60
79-01
78-15
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916-17
1917-18
EDUCATION STATISTICS or c \.VADA
139
5. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Continuation Schools in Ontario, 1911-1918.
Previously to 1911 the statistics of these . Junior High Schools are included with the
Klementary School*.
Pupils Enrolled.
Average
Y>
Schools.
attend-
Per
Bo
Girls.
Total.
aii
cent.
1911 .
129
.Ms
i;
359
5,7
1x7
60-61
1912
138
226
199
196
(1.094
:;,777
61-97
1913
125
218
2,1
515
5,544
-
61-07
1914
131
;74
595
6,090
3,812
1915
132
2,803
3,997
sOO
4,274
62-85
I9ir. 17..
132
1,979
3,108
162
;_",
1917 1.x
137
241
1,989
nr,
5,104
;;;4
73-15
. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Collegiate Institutes and High. Schools in
Saskatchewan, 19*8-19 is.
\ car.
( .H.I.KliUTK 1 - IKS.
HK.H S. no. n..*.
boola.
Teacher-
Pupils.
boob.
Tearher-
Pupils.
1908
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
19
26
38
40
47
68
63
77
81
72
95
864
1,080
1 .27M
L.508
1.S71
2,179
_ ..-).-, l
2,782
781
2
6
6
6
8
9
11
14
14
15
15
4
15
16
16
20
1 ii
52
57
47
66
383
578
747
1,032
1,087
1,105
1,094
1909...
1910..
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915...
l .Mi
1917
191s
7. Number of Teachers and Pupils in High Schools in British Columbia. 1901-1918
year.
Schools.
Teach
ers.
Pupils Enrolled.
Average
attend
ance.
Per
cent.
Bo
(iirls.
Total.
1901....
5
7
8
10
12
13
15
16
18
21
23
24
30
34
37
40
41
43
15
21
27
29
34
37
42
49
59
66
71
77
96
110
132
162
169
184
215
313
316
381
433
473
432
613
812
919
940
973
1,232
1,414
1,844
2,260
2,074
2,151
369
471
540
600
657
763
823
857
997
1,122
1,048
1,178
1,448
1,593
2,068
2,510
2,767
2,999
584
784
856
981
1,090
1,236
1,355
1,470
1,809
2,041
1,988
2,151
2,680
3,007
3,912
4,770
4,841
5,150
373
564
627
685
834
923
976
1,124
1,441
1,549
1,533
1,645
2,109
2,535
3,332
3,816
3,999
4,201
as- 87
71-94
73 25
69-83
76-51
74-68
72-03
76-46
79-66
75-89
77-11
76-48
78-69
84-30
85-17
80-00
82-61
81 57
1902....
1903
1904....
1905....
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1
,5
I
i
a
|
I
*
1
*
i.
*
^
^
-
%
-^.
*
i
i
V
^
^
^
^
J
*
^
^
^
|
*
- ^
"
S
^
*
i
.
i
*
J
%
*
*
i
:
^
*
-
*"
a!
TV _-
I
*
r
i
*
.1
8 f^f
s
-
* *
\
*
U
^
3t
8
* *
H :
1
His
i
3t -
1
? ^-
*
^Xi
m
JS
i
|
*
;
^
"5
"
iS
s
C-
1
.*"
IS
-
>^
1
- ;
i"
IK
I
^ ^^^T3C
?
:
>
"=" ^BHBJF 1
r-^
S
-
.
EDI < L770A SI [TISTIi 6 Ok IAD \
I II
f. Receipts and I.XJM iiditiirrs fur Public I dm ,i( ion in < .m.ida h> I rovlnns,
1H1-191V
I lUM K K|.\V \I(D I-I.\ M).
^ . :ir.
rn-
IIM lit
lilt.
i .. ill
\ - .,..-..
in- nt .
Total
^ -ar.
nt
tat,
iii -nt .
:il .
1901
$
$
c>47
$
n,i
1QH)
$
127
$
$
181,472
1
I .M 1
17ti
919
617
1912
I .M 14
1906 1 .
1907..
121
122
91
127
I7H
17i,
I .M
I .lli
1911
L910
L917
150
113
17! ,
.,1
91
70, (ill)
21-
1918
.\m< month.-. 1 n iiioi:
; i\.
^ -ar.
Mil-lit
mt.
MUMP
Local
A.isesa-
MH-Ilt .
S
$
$
1901.
2.54
11 .
470,106
L902
117
121,016
1904
14*.
1905.
271
14. -,,627
576,560
I .MM;
270,926
147
655,7(1.-,
277
146
616,431
305,612
147,130
S66 NO
1906
147,400
711,428
1910.
317,499
1 1 1,936
761,014
1911.
324,728
1 i 1,822
804,125
1912
32*,107
147,170
1913
I", 1 1,864
944,992
1914
342,132
104
1 ,002,967
1915
,125
168,009
1,066,892
1916
370,146
168 114
1 037 302
1917
375 051
* r , J 1 T
X f\/*J f ,> *.
i 157 Q07
1918
./ *J )\t*M 1
373.196
163! 904
A | AW 1 f
1.280 965
NOTE. Not indudii, -liturc for technical education.
NK\V HHUNSWICK.
l.-t.-il.
$
844
t 1
1,04<)
1,118
1,166,818
1,225,449
1,275,675
1,331
1.439,744
1.. 1 10, 079
1,593,026
5,562
i 806^9
1,818,155
$
S
$
$
1901.
163,225
90,492
346,623
600,340
1902.
162,227
92,095
341,475
595,797
1903.
160,825
94,969
374,196
629,990
1904. i:.i,982
94,835
380,000
631,817
I .M).-)
159,741
91,947
387,200
1906.
160,957
91,718
No record.
1907.
160,553
91,429
No record.
1906
182,453
91,620
494,947 769.020
190<J. 190,854
91,235
539,002
821.091
1910. 195,303
90.454
580,069
,,886
IWl... 196,082
90,193
593,073
879,348
1912
196,958
93,783
632,384
923,125
1 "" 196,320
97,404
648,479
942,203
1914. 195,261
96,946
704,476
.) .) 1,683
1915. 200,635
97,423
761,753
1,059,811
206
96,141
844,256
1,140,883
1917. 204.7.-4
97,284
843,357
1,145,395
1918. .
286,949
97,230
930,r,i7
1,314,746
142
EDUCATION
9. Receipts and Expenditure for Public Education in Canada by Provinces,
1901-1918. con.
QUEBEC.
Year.
GOVERNMENT GRANTS TO
LOCAL EXPENDITURE FOR
Total.
Elementary
Schools.
Other
Schools.
Elementary
Schools.
Superior
Schools.
1901....
$
235,000
235,000
235,000
235,000
235,000
285,000
285,000
335,000
386,000
418,000
462,572
532,000
658,823
658,306
629,000
629,000
618,000
629,000
$
218,950
325,450
248,964
234,280
245,760
251,150
334,850
348,350
451,450
490,391
602,657
670,029
752,593
1,065,803
1,153,417
1,253,838
1,450,766
1,447,193
$
1,688,743
1,770,906
1,935,113
2,005,542
2,199,371
2,374,657
2,532,900
2,870,244
3,031,072
3,494,499
3,702,297
4,188,225
4,188,225
5,797,799
5,993,837
6,427,947
6,963,472
7,208,942
$
1,311,061
1,280,203
1,298,961
1,341,573
1,404,387
1,427,745
1,517,841
1,595,293
1,649,344
1,807,640
2,026,807
2,024,215
2,024,215
1,375,080
3,687,369
4,105,822
4,805,862
5,196,359
$
3,453,754
3,611,559
3,718,038
3,816,395
4,084,518
4,338,552
4,670,591
5,148,887
5,517,866
6,210,530
6,794,333
7,414,469
7,623,856
8,896,988
11,463,623
12,416,607
13,838,100
14,481,494
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915...
1916
1917
1918
ONTARIO (Elementary Schools).
RECEIPTS.
Year.
Government
Grants.
Local
Assessments
Clergy Re
serve Fund
and other
sources.
Total.
1901
$
377,308
$
3,784,070
$
1 468 678
1
5 630 056
1902
383,666
3,959,912
1,422,924
5,766,502
1903
390,156
4,263,893
1,406,957
6,061,006
1904 . .
405,362
4,464,227
1,600,982
6,470,571
1905
414,004
4,928,790
1,886,400
7,229,194
1906 ,
509,795
5,529,496
1,883,394
7,922,685
1907
655,239
6,146,825
2,455,864
9,257,928
1908
770,426
6,581,232
2,620,523
9,972,181
1909
810,595
6,574,372
3,013,501
10,398,468
1910
805,635
7,334,458
3,573,507
11,713,600
1911
892,377
7,826,083
3,778,183
12,496,643
1912
842,278
9,478,887
3,936,887
14,258,052
1913
778,150
9,856,380
4,025,284
14,659,814
1914
760,845
12,608,865
4,069,565
17,439,275
1915
849,872
11,810,023
4,089,210
16,749,105
1916
831,988
11,010,356
4,237,738
16,080,082
1917
907,846
12,193,439
4,168,000
17,269,285
EDUCATION STATISTICS or CANADA
143
f. Receipts and Kxpcnditiirc tor Public Education in ( anada, by Provinces,
1901-1918. con.
<>vru<to ( Klcincntarv Srhoc MI.
l \rKM)H
"i ear.
Teach
Si
and
building
liool-
bonai
Map-,
apparatus,
prizes. etO.
Rent,
repaii
fuel
and other
e\pell-
Total.
|901..
1IMI2
1903
1904
$
3,055,321
3,198,132
109,993
710
$
531,072
432
817
%
71
097
$
1,052,232
1,107,552
\.-:
1 :;i!t.i:;i)
$
1,720,310
325,160
5,077,869
:.v.i in:;
1905
137
>09
1 4: ,4.670
6,lil L>.S6
1906
380,548
His.:, 17
1,559,659
6,4o:{.L oi
1907
524
1,220,820
213,096
1,732,
7..Viti.l79
1!H)S
4,643,571
1,419,754
139
1,741,17!
7,!M:: SL ;
1909
HMO
108,542
1.1WJ89
2,140,200
136
131,171
1.731,1
1,761,792
8,141,423
9,346,202
1911 .....
810,213
2J
1.990.J
9,904,284
I ll 2
f,. l(i!t.:>} 7
2,7
167
n.i 73 !Hii)
1913
48,255
2,8
14 .ur,7
12,:^ ") 907
l .U4
7,203,034
1,026,030
167
2,85 UiLM
14,850,968
1915
7,614.110
S61.951
177
114,377
14,L ) f;7,476
1916 .
7 ! 2 M .t(l
LM 32 no
l!<2 I ll
13 3.51 905
1917
8,398,450
1,987,644
290,207
14,111,835
1918
M \\ITOBA.
RECEIPTS.
Year.
Li^is-
lativc
grant.
Muni
cipal
taxes.
Deben
tures.
Prom-
>ry
nor
Sundries.
Balance
from
pre
vious
years.
Total.
1907
$
242,383
$
1,223,336
$
315,271
$
802.574
$
141,452
1
115,677
$
2,840,693
1908
267,645
1.475,473
285,091
777,417
424,666
111,741
3,342,033
1909
282,200
1,539,047
356,962
905,717
274,803
119,970
3,478,729
1910
296,115
1,682,238
425,320
1,336,370
281,988
162,736
4,184,767
1911
325,410
1,847,380
1,318,068
1,275,239
76,172
399 539
5,241,808
1913
351,745
2,198,459
987,457
960.215
213,283
302,407
5,013,566
1914 . . .
390,582
2,673,449
1,545,042
396,459
150,429
518,388
5,674,349
1915
468,335
3,047,670
1,738,926
2,071,397
122,974
466 837
7,916,139
1916
503,774
3,296,667
344,673
2,080,204
239,176
609 982
7,074,476
1917....
522,293
3,445,239
321.370
947,486
108 046
376 318
5,720,752
1918
616,977
3,736,452
240 855
1,142,289
133 111
416 194
6,285,878
144
EDUCATION
9. Receipts and Expenditure for Public Education in Canada by Provinces,
1901-1918 con.
MANITOBA con.
EXPENDITURE.
Year.
Teachers
Salaries.
Building,
etc.
Fuel.
Repairs
and
caretaking.
Salary
of
Sec.-Treas.
1907....
$
1,009,224
$
460,260
$
79,963
$
126,216
$
23,420
1908
1,103,990
582,034
89,756
126,952
25,656
1909
1,203,232
641,900
80,921
132,421
26,174
1910
1,237,010
830,432
87,002
148,932
28,689
1911
1,452,630
1,199,288
109,299
167,734
29,218
1913
1,734,854
1,420,882
99,918
132,222
32,493
1914
1,861,809
1,426,758
146,664
242,270
37,684
1915
2,066,440
1,358,533
110,049
379,318
65,025
1916
2,195,226
823,266
165,697
358,315
41,530
1917
2,314,006
382,988
171,462
385,226
19,806
1918
2,382,840
440,211
197,258
418,660
46,249
Year.
Principal
of
Debentures.
Interest
on
Debentures.
Promissory
notes.
Sundries
and trans
portation.
Total.
1907. .
$
81,795
$
80,392
$
667,791
$
200,856
$
2,729,917
1908
190,893
93,246
863,334
141,905
3,229,766
1909
111,295
244,596
757,200
137,770
3,335,500
1910 ..
269,660
127,589
1,013,076
163,281
4,000,671
1911 .
131,975
144,735
1,530,565
199,446
5,024,890
1913
294,030
96,979
838,162
387,255
5,036,795
1914
230,523
250,392
1,412,515
471,105
6,079,720
1915
184,910
344,476
2,260,906
347,241
7,116,898
1916
194,257
409,193
2,132,286
338,459
6,658,229
1917
241,223
155,619
1,196,806
466,166
5,333,302
1918 .
360,134
357,409
1,055,581
663,106
5,921,458
NOTE. For a summary of the principal items of Receipts and Expenditure from 1901
to 1906, see Year Book of 1915, page 128. From 1907 the items are given in greater detail,
as above. Owing to change of year, no figures were published for 1912.
SASKATCHEWAN (Elementary Schools).
RECEIPTS.
Year.
Govern
ment
Grants.
Local
Assess
ments.
Proceeds
of
Debentures.
Other
Sources.
Total.
1906..
$
174,218
$
602,624
$
360,206
$
328,313
$
1,465,361
1907
218,385
707,835
507,006
524,246
1,957,472
1908
402,028
992,157
651,828
737,140
2,783,153
1909
513,604
1,249,192
584,873
844,602
3,192,271
1910
557,299
1,369,531
524,741
1,221,011
3,672,582
1911
555,438
1,519,528
659,270
1,295,556
4,029,792
1912
622,088
1,929,345
1,430,603
2,048,577
6,030,613
1913
722,002
2,913,135
2,075,375
2,649,910
8,360,422
1914
867,590
4,451,326
1,037,587
2,180,074
8,536,577
1915
980,296
3,997,392
1,009,025
2,441,780
8,428,493
1916
969,709
4,694,242
649,300
2,9 9,443
9,312,694
1917
1,104,156
4,954,200
4,213,371
10,271,727
1918
1,162,490
5,618,192
455,777
1,874,459
9,110,925
EDUCATION STATISTICS <>t- CANADA
1 1.-,
f.-KM-i|>ts and t:\peiiditure for Public Education In < anada by Provinces
1961-191* ooo.
BASKATCBBWAN KXITMHH KK Kl.-m.-nt.-iry Schoo
5
Teach*
Salai i
Officials
Safari
I aiil on
1 >!), -n-
tui
Paid on
Nol
renewal!
and
interei
School
buildiim>
and
repaii
( !are-
taking
:uid fuel.
Total
1 Aprixli-
turc.
19(X)
$
471,736
$
$
11:5.958
S
S
.933
S
251
$
1,448,915
44.047
14 .t.:;<>l
717
530
M
2,000,675
190*
831,842
lltti
907
608.5I5
:7;
762
2-
1900
1,044.011
117
TOO
519
i:;o,558
3,032
1910
1.208,651
83.
^77."7^
740
144.206
3,655
1911
t,298,i
1.596 016
84,603
369. .C)!
4 V>
1.D7I.;
1 SOO ?n~i
619,601
114/1 nott
172.993
3.
1918
2,059,456
130
678,430
1 . ^_". I
.-..280
, 14V,W
1,898,101
- <L ..).!1
710
.).!::!
179
1914
S8.669
2,817 41
169,491
975,508
2,317,1
1,429,1
1i w
Mi2
-)6,666
-
._ .)... i ^,
1.10.-). 7
.
8, ID:;
9,211
1917
3,303,929
3 831 94
-
i ())(> Z-TA
1" X ^ , . "
1.1
10.117.71ti
...
I ."_! 1..) , -J
.4
9,1
ALBERTA :
> ar.
< iovi-rn-
mrnt
Gram
Local
A
Ilir:
Proceeds
t)f I )cl.rll-
tur
Morrowed
by
Note.
Other
Sources.
Total.
1906
$
142,836
197,768
220,712
307,186
301,239
432,877
414,116
461,289
507,682
540,235
553,141
652,557
625,830
$
410,344
.".44.716
917,516
961,959
1,278,013
1,575,412
1.793,480
2,901,214
3,028,776
3,733,323
3,749,007
3,657,510
5,132,232
$
M58
442,431
71)4.069
992,516
1.4S 1.173
1.491,498
3.497.863
966. :;. )()
951,205
155,883
268,102
433,126
$
292
431.M]
539,939
.896
848
1.461.208
2.665 .063
1,959,495
2.771.380
2.473,976
1,105,538
1,4.51,229
1,173,546
$
140,797
1 ti(). 224
106.382
234,440
86.1.-).-)
120.363
262,761
22S,650
279,:!24
865
1,203,814
497,479
195,990
S
1,770.700
2,548,617
::. 03 1,997
3,187.36/i
5,071,033
6,626,918
9,048.511
7,553,512
7,957,604
6,767,383
6,526,878
7,560,724
1907
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913... .
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
146
EDUCATION
9. Receipts and Expenditure for Public Education in Canada, by Provinces,
1901-191& concluded.
ALBERTA : EXPENDITURE.
Year.
Teachers
Salaries.
Officials
Salaries.
Paid on
Deben
tures.
Paid on
Notes
(renewals
and
interest).
School
buildings
and
repairs.
Other
Expen
diture.
Total
Expen
diture.
1906
$
386,108
$
23,796
$
94,947
$
298,984
$
274,525
$
180,747
$
1,259,107
1907
497,746
36,755
131,488
295,517
486,824
345,623
1,793,953
1908
592,223
39,974
207,775
639,459
607,635
306,616
2,393,682
1909
758,816
52,785
244,185
574,725
638,065
467,282
2,735,858
1910
908,045
64,241
347,220
653,987
862,295
526,606
3,362,394
1911
1,144,584
87,409
408,442
1,309,134
1,223,142
853,062
5,025,773
1912
1,411,201
114,382
482,906
2,021,030
1,526,001
1,111,762
6,667,282
1913
1,672,526
180,165
594,051
3,160,030
1,816,203
1,261,211
8,684,186
1914
2,050,697
179,453
815,062
2,350,462
1,324,470
1,114,747
7,834,891
1915
2,244,964
185,616
1,065,437
2,731,279
443,641
1,294,533
7,965,470
1916
2,421,404
230,931
956,563
1,266,884
325,297
920,535
6,121,614
1917
2,620,085
193,484
1,100,181
1,068,058
414,105
1,199,649
6,595,562
1918
2,860,352
198,870
1,054,044
1,598,757
604,891
1,179,777
7,496,691
BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Cities,
Cities,
Provincial
Municipal
Provincial
Municipal
Year.
Govern
ities,
Total.
Year.
Govern
ities,
Total.
ment.
Rural and
ment.
Rural and
Assisted
Assisted
Schools.
Schools.
$
$
$
$
$
$
1901 . . .
350,532
182,160
532,692
1910
818,576
1,098,660
1,917,236
1902
438,086
150,482
588,568
1911
1,001,808
1,639,714
2,641,522
1903 ... .
473,802
130,556
604,358
1912
1,151,715
2,730,773
3,882,488
1904 ..
453,313
144,451
597,764
1913
1,663,003
2,995,892
4,658,895
1905
479,158
249,891
729,049
1914
1,885,654
2,749,223
4,634,877
1906
444,543
244,198
688,741
1915
1,607,651
2,309,795
3,917,446
1907
474,608
390,163
864,771
1916
1,591,322
1,625,028
3,216,350
1908
544,672
675,838
1,220,510
1917
1,600,125
1,637,539
3,237,664
1909
62\074
921,626
1,547,700
1918
1,653,797
1,865,218
3,519,015
WCATION STATISTICS OF CAXADA.
147
It. Average Annual Salaries of School Teachers, by Provinces, 1917-1918.
Province and Class of
( Vrtitiratc.
Male.
malt
Province and Class of
< ertificate.
Male.
i
Fe
male.
Prince F.dward Island. 1918
Prince ( ounty
First class
1
:,oi
289
MM
708
332
302
799
417
330
286
1,034
830
457
279
1,366
1,07.5
466
339
8
1,3
1,643
890
1,548
916
562
505
1
Ml
344
228
449
421
2XS
331
277
213
420
551
432
251
915
iao
371
44
32
606
213
728
673
507
436
( Intario, l!M7-con.
Hoinan ( atholie Separate
iiools
Rural
$
590
670
511
550
3,(
*
1
1,1
(
1,027
1,002
989
1,027
1,493
l.L LM
1,113
1,080
1,236
784
929
B5fi
1,756
1,736
1,551
1,291
941
$
463
425
385
411
500
IM
tea
100
t2fl
094
851
905
940
1,003
912
879
950
940
880
869
848
1,153
1,151
1,027
902
860
ond class
Third das-.
( itie-
Drawing first class pay 1
(Jueens ( ounty
First da--.
<>nd class . ....
Third da .
I rawing first class pay 1
Kings ( ounty
First class
Second class
Third class
Drawing first class pay 1 .
Nova Scotia, 1918
( lass A
Towns
Villages.
Manitoba, 1918
Highest salary
\\erage salary for prov
ince
Average cities and towns..
Highest rural school. . . .
Average rural school.
\atehewan, 1918*
Rural sch.
First class
ond class
Third class
Pn.vi-ional.
( ities, town- and villa;:
Fir-t class
Class H
c:
Clas- I).
Academic
New Brunswick, 1918
l "irst class.
9 cond da
Third class
nd class . .
Third da--
Provisional ...
Alberta, 1918-
Fir-f class
ond class
Third class ; .
Superior schools
Grammar schools
Quebec, 1918 2
Protestant schools.
Permit
Roman Catholic school
Ontario, 1917
Public schools
First class
Specialist
British ( olumbia, 1918
Academic
First class
Second pl i- j
Second class
Third clas- and district
certificate
Third class
Temporary certificate...
According to regulations, a teacher, though holding a first class license, can draw
ofsiT Cl or S8 r. Pay r ly if , he be a Pfi" (ii Pf l1 { * first class ^>l or a vice-principal of a school
Thll departments. All other first class teachers rec ( >ive only second class pay.
s arrangement lowers considerably the average salaries of teachers of the highest class.
In the figures for Quebec lay teachers only are included.
3 In Saskatchewan only elementary school teachers are included.
68708-101
148
EDUCATION
ll._Unlversities of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties, and Degrees.
DATE OF
A fl-i 1 1 Q f ion
Name and Address
Original
Present
XXlllllCA U1U 11
to other
Faculties.
Degrees.
Founda
Charter.
Universities.
tion.
University of
King s College,
Windsor, N.S.
1789
1802
Oxford and
Cambridge.
Arts, Law,
Science, Div
inity.
B.A.,M.A.,B.Sc.,
D.Sc., M.Sc.,
B.C.L., D.C.L.,
B.D., D.D.
Dalhousie Univer
sity, Halifax,
1818
1863
Oxford and
Cambridge.
Arts and Science,
Law, Medicine
B.A.,M.A.,B.Sc.
L. Mus., M.Sc.
N.S.-
and Dentistry
B.Mus.,Phm.B.
LL.B., M.D.
C.M., D.D.S.
LL.D. (Hon.).
AcadiaUniversity,
Wolfville, N.S.
1838
1840
Oxford, Dal
housie and
Arts, Divinity,
Law, Science,
B.A.,B.Sc.,B.Th.,
and M.A.
McGill, No
Applied Sci
va Scotia
ence, Litera
Technical.
ture.
University of St.
Francis Xavier,
1855
1909
Arts, Science,
Engineering,
B.A.,M.A.,B.Sc.,
LL. D.
Antigonish, N.S.
Law.
University of New
Brunswick, Fre-
dericton, N.B.
1800
1860
Oxford, Cam
bridge, Dub
lin, McGill.
Arts, Applied
Science, Partial
Course in Law.
B.A.,M.A.,B.Sc.,
in Civil Engineer
ing, Electrical
Engineering or
Forestry, D.Sc.
Mount Allison Uni
1858
1886-1913
Dalhousie,
Arts, Theology,
B.A.,M.A.,B.Sc.,
versity, Sack-
Oxford and
Engineering.
B.D.
ville, N.B.
Cambridge.
University of St.
Joseph s College,
1864
1898
Oxford.
Arts, Science.
BA., B.S., B.L.,
B.C.S., M.A.
St. Joseph, N.B.
McGill University,
Montreal, Que.
1821
1852
Acadia, Mt.
Allison, St.
Francis-
Arts, Applied
Science, Law,
Medicine,
B.A.,M.A.,B.C.L,
D.C.L., LL.D.,
B.Sc., D .Sc.,
Xavier, Al
Agriculture.
D.DS., M.Sc.,
berta, are
Mus. Bac., Mus
affiliated to
Doc., B.S.A.,
McGill in
D.Sc., B.Arch.,
the Faculty
M.D., C.M.,
of Applied
-
D.Litt., Ph.D.,
Science.
LL.B., LL.M.,
V
B,Com.,B.H.S.
University of Bish
op s College, Len-
noxville, Que.
1843
1853
Oxford and
Cambridge.
Arts, Divinity,
Medicine and
Law.
B.A., M.A..B.D.,
D.D., D.C.L.,
Mus. Bac., Mus.
Doc., L.S.T.
Laval University,
Quebec, Que.
1852
1852
1
Theology, Law,
Medicine,
Arts.
M.A., B.A., B.S..
B.L., Ph.D.,
Ph.L., Ph.B..
M.D.,M.B.,LL.
B., LL.L., LL.
D., D.B., D.L.,
DD., C.L.B.,
C.L.L., C.L.D.
University of
Montreal, Mont
real, Que.
1878
1852
Theology, Law,
Medicine, Arts,
Domestic Sci-
-w v
Bachelor, Licenci-
ate, Doctor.
ence, Drawing,
Religious and
!
Profane Music.
or t .\\ADA
149
It. I nlterhitleh of ( anada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degree*.
concluded.
Name And Addn-v-
DATE OF
Affiliation
to other
t niversit
Faculties.
Degri
< >nginal
Inunda
tion.
Present
Charter.
1 mversity of Tor
1827
Oxford. ( arn-
Art<. Medicine,
B.A..M.A.. Ph.D.
onto, Toronto,
191
bridge and
Applied
LL.B., LI M .
Out
Dublin.
ence.I^n^ineer-
I.I..D., Mus.
inii. Agricul
Bac.. Mus. Doc.,
ture. I nrot-
M IV. M.D., B.
t\ . l.ducation.
\ 8c . M \
Household
11 M.
8 lence.
1 , B.IV.L. I).
Pa-d., P..S \ .
B.Sc.A., P
F D.I).
Phiu. B., B.
\ >, . D \ -
Victoria I niver-
1836
1836
Toronto.
Arts and Theo-
B.D., D.D.
y. Toroir
logy.
Vniver-itv of Trin
1 1852
Toronto.
Arts and Divin
I 1 h.,B.D.,D.D
ity College. Tor
ity.
onto, ( >nt .
rn I niver-
1878
1908
Arts, Medicine,
I 1 . \ M.A..M.D.,
sit London.
and Public
I.L. D., D
Ont.
Ib -alth.Mu.-ic.
D.P.H., Mus.
Bach.
Queen s I niver-
1841
1841
__
Arts-. Sciei.
B.A..M A., B.Sc.,
ty, Kingston,
pneerinc,
D Bc.,M.8c.,M..
Ont.
Medicine,
D., MB., ,LL.
lui-ation,
D..B.D., D.D.,
Theology.
B. P:ed , D.
I ad.
t liivcrMty of Ot
1849
1866
_
I heology, Phi
I ID., D.D.,
tawa. Ottawa.
losophy. I. aw.
B. Ph., D. Ph.,
Out.
Art sand Com
B.A .. M.A.
mercial.
M> Master Univer-
1857
1887
< Kford. ( am-
\rt-. Theology.
B.A..M.A.. B
sitv. Toronto,
i ridge, Lon
B.Th.. B.D.
Ont.
don.
University of Man
77
1877
\n Science,
P. A .M.A. , B
itoba, Winni:
Law. Medi
M D., C.M.,
Man.
cine, Engineer
B.C.E., B.E.E.,
ing, Architec- M.C I ;..M.E.E..
ture, Pharma-
B.M.E., B.
cy, Agricul
Arch., Phm.B. r
ture.
B.S.A., LLB.
LL.D.
University of -
1907
1907
Oxford.
\rts. Science,
B.A., B.Sc., B.S.
katchewan. B
Law, Agricul
.B.E..LL.B.
kaloon. Sask.
ture, Engineer
M.A., M.Sc.
ing, Pharmacy
Accounting,
Education,
Veterinary
Medicine.
("nivershy of Al-
rta, Edmon-
A 1
1906
1910
Oxford, Mc-
Gill and
\rt> <V Sciences,
Applied Sci
B.A.,B.Sc.,M.A.,
B.S.A., M.Sc.,
ton, Alta.
Toronto.
ence, Agricul
LL.B., Phm.B.,
ture, Medi
B.D., LL.D.
cine, Dentis
try, Law,
Schools of
Pharmacy
and Account
University of Bri
tish Columbia,
Vancouver, H
1907
1908
ancy.
Arts, Applied
Science and
Agriculture.
B.A., B.Sc.
150
EDUCATION
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alhousie University, P
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H >
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Que 1
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UNIVERSITIES n\- CANADA
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156
EDUCATION
14. Colleges of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees.
Name and Address.
DATE OF
University
Affiliation.
Faculties.
Degrees.
Original
Founda
tion.
Present
Charter.
Prince of Wales Col
1836
1860
Dalhousie
Arts.
lege, Charlotte-
Acadia,
town, P.E.I.
Mt, Allison.
Presbyterian Col
1820
Dalhousie.
Theology.
D.D.,B.D.
lege, Halifax, N.S.
College of Sainte-
1890
1892
Arts, Science.
B.A., B.Sc., M.A.
Anne, Church
Point, N.S.
Technical College,
1907
Acadia, Kings,
Engineering.
B.Sc. in M.E.. C.
Halifax, N.S.
St. Mary s,
E.,iE.E., Mch.
Dalhousie,
E.
Mt. Allison,
St. Francis
Xavier.
Agricultural College,
1888
1905
Agriculture.
Associate Diploma.
Truro, N.S.
Holy Heart Theo
1894
1906
Theology, Phi
T.B., T.L., D.D.,
logical College,
losophy.
Ph.D.
Halifax, N.S.
St. Mary s College,
1841
1841
Arts, Partial
B.A.
Halifax, N.S.
Course in En
gineering.
Macdonald College,
1907
McGill.
A g r i c u 1 t ure,
M.S.A., [B.H.S.,
Ste. Anne de Bel-
Household Sci
B.S.A., B.Sc. in
levue, Que.
ence.
Agr.
Ecole Des Hautes
1907
1907
Laval.
Commerce.
L.S.C., C.L.
Etudes Commer-
ciales, Montreal,
Que.
Stanstead Wesleyan
1872
1872
Arts, Commer
College, Stanstead,
cial, Music.
Que.
Presbyterian Col
1865
1865
McGill.
Theology.
B.D., D.D.
lege, Montreal,
Que.
Congregational Col
1839
Amended
McGill.
Theology.
B.D., D.D.
lege of Canada,
1864 &
Montreal, Que.
1889
Montreal Diocesan
1873
1879
McGill.
Divinity.
B.D., D.D.
Theological Col
lege, Montreal,
Que.
Wesleyan Theologic
1872
1879
McGill.
Theoloev.
B.D., S.T.D.,
al College, Mont
-* *-* v ^ v ^* v -^fo % 7 *
D.D.
real, Que.
W ycliffe College,
1879
1916
Toronto.
Theology.
L.Th.,B.D.,D.D.
Toronto, Ont,
Knox College, Tor
1843
1858
Toronto.
Theology.
B.D., D.D.
onto, Ont.
St. Michael s Col
1852
Toronto.
Arts.
B.A., M.A.,
lege, Toronto, Ont.
Ph. D.i
Ontario Agricultural
1874
1874
Toronto.
Agricultural ,
B.S.A.
College, Guelph,
Domestic Sci
Ont.
ence, Manual
Training.
Ontario College of
1912
1912
Diploma.
Art, 2 Toronto,
Ont,
COLLEGES OF C A \.\D.\
157
14. roller s of Canada: Foundation, Mliliat ion. Faculties and
me and Adup
Date of
Dniversil
Affiliation.
I )
< )riginal
I oiinda-
tion.
I n-srnt
( hartrr.
irio College of
1871
1884
Toronl
Pharmacy.
I
, Tonm-
< >nf.
;il ( ollege of
L868
L911
I oroii
1 )rnt ist ry .
L.D
:ral Surgeons of
foronto,
it.
\
Ontario Veterinary
1882
Tak.-n
Toronl
rinary.
V.S
Toronto,
! by
< iovern-
nient in
L908
"Ilege.
1!)11 l!liL>
\rt-. Thcolo-
H.A.. M \
Lutheran Theolog-
ical Sem ina iv .
U iterloo. ( )nt .
Huron ( ollege. I.on-
1868
1863
Western Uni
Theology.
Diploma with title
. < >nt.
versity.
L.I
rome - ( oil
18N
1866
Arts. Schoia>itc
Kitchener, < >nt .
Philosophy.
Royal Military Col-
1ST
Diploma and Dip
EC inga ton,
loma with Hon-
Oi
OU1
ollege.
1867
1884
Toronto and
M.I. A., M.E.L.
leville. Ont.
\ ictoria.
mdon College,
1899
MM i ster.
Art-. Theology.
M.A. by M.-M
Brandon, Man.
Ai adetllir.
[Jniveraity.
Bonne
Mi;
1 he Manitoba Law
1914
Ifaaito
I. a
I.I. H. by I mver-
iol. Winnipeg.
in.
*ley < ollfge,
1877
ls77
Manito
Arts. Theology.
H.D., D.D. T
Winnipeg, Man.
Matriculation
.itoba Agricul
H>03
Manitoba.
iculture.
A.
tural < ollt Kc, \Vin-
Home
nipoK. Man.
onomi
John s ( ollt ^i .
1866
Manito
B.D.
\Vinnipeg, Man.
.itoba Medical
1883
1884
Manitoba.
Medicine.
M.D.. M.
( ollcgc, Winnipeg,
Man.
f on Rjarnason Aca
1913
1915
demy, Winnipeg,
Man.
rnanucl Collc-rc.
1879
1883
rxatchewan
Divinity.
L.Th..H.I).,D.D.
\atoon. Sa.~k.
-bytcrian Theo
1911
vat<-he\van
Divinity.
B.D., D.D.
logical College,
Katoon, Sask.
Jt Chad s College,
1907
katchewan
Divinity.
Regina, Sask.
^oyal Naval Col-
1911
Midshipman,
Esquimalt,
R.C.N.
P. C.
umbia Methodist
1892
1893
Toronto.
Academic,
Diplomas.
.-He, X c \\West-
Music,
^in.ster, B.C.
Busine--
monton Jesuit
1913
1913
Laval.
Preparatory,
College, Edmon
Commercial,
ton, Alberta.
Classical.
158
EDUCATION
14. Colleges of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties, and Degrees concluded.
DATE OF
Name and Address.
Original
Present
University
Faculties.
Degrees.
Found-
Charter.
Affiliation.
tion.
Robertson College,
1910
1916
Alberta. .
Theology.
D.D.
Edmonton
(South ), Alberta.
Alberta College, Ed
1903
1911
Alberta.
Academic,
Diplomas.
monton (North),
Commercial,
Alberta.
Music.
Institute of Technol
1916
Technical
ogy and Art, Cal
Courses.
gary, Alberta.
1 Degrees conferred by the University of Toronto. - Succeeding Ontario School of Art
founded in 1876. 3 The University of Toronto grants the degree Phm.B. 4 The degree of
D.D.S. is conferred by the University of Toronto. 5 -The degrees of B.V.Sc. and D.V.Sc.
are conferred by the University of Toronto. 6 Degrees in Arts and Theology are conferred
by the Western University. 7 The degree of B.A. is conferred by the University of
Manitoba.
15. Colleges of Canada: Number of Teaching Staff and Students, 1918-19.
Name and Address.
NUMBER OF TEACHING
STAFF.
NUMBER OF STUDENTS.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female
Total..
Prince of Wales College, Charlotte-
town, P.E.I
6
4
33
107
17
7
8
50
20
7
6
3
30
20
15
9
4
33
137
17
7
8
70
20
22
6
62
31
195
68
20
182
107
171
44
164
260
19
182
7
226
31
195
2.130 1
418 2
68
20
442
126
353
51
Presbyterian College, Halifax, N.S. . .
College of Sainte-Anne, Church Point,
N.S
Technical College, Halifax, N.S
Agricultural College, Truro, N.S. .
Holy Heart, Theological College, Hali
fax, N.S
St. Mary s College, Halifax, N.S... .
Macdonald College, St. Anne de Belle-
vue, Que.
Ecole Des Hautes Etudes Commer-
ciales, Montreal, Que
Stan stead Wesley an College, Stan-
stead, Que
Presbyterian College, Montreal, Que. .
1 Including 2,100 in Extension Courses.
2 Including 114 Males and 17 Females who took " Short Courses."
< <>uj-:<;i-:s or CANADA
If; )
15. ( olleges of Canada: Number of Teaching Staff and Students, 1918-19
((included.
N:imr and Addr-
NIMBER OF TEACHING
STAFF.
NUMBER OF STUDENTS.
Male.
Female
Total.
Male.
1 male
Total.
gregational College of Canada,
Montreal. Que
4
4
-
9
14
.-,4
I
4
68
26
8
11
M
II
].-,
31
5
J
5
3
B
18
2
13
22
9
4
1
-
11
1
7
3
5
1
1
22
10
2
4
4
9
9
22
65
11
4
5
6
13
L2
16
20
1
3
5
3
5
18
2
35
22
9
14
13
14
108
<
75
Kit;
937
123
1]
47.-)
49
11
150
1 ,4."i")
113
109
115
793
25
142
31
181
31
500
148
43
29
24
1 7s
L 1
1
94
42
5
255
331
5
14
43
808
68
13
14
108
M
99
172
1 ,.535
301
33
484
Ml
49
11
150
1 .455
207
79
114
370
1,124
30
tfil
74
20
29
1S1
31
1,308
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Montreal Diocesan Theological ( <>!
lege, Mont real, (jlle.
-ieyan Theological College, Mont
real. Qlle
lifTe College. Toronto. ( >nt..
Knox < ollege, Toronto. ( )nt .
M. Michael s College. Toronto. < >nt.
Ontario Agricultural College, (iiielph.
Out
Ontario College of Art . Toronto. ( >nt
)ntario ( ollege of Pharmacy, Tor
onto. ( >nt .
Royal ( ollege of Dental Surgeoi;
( hitario, Toronto. < >nt
)ntario Veterinary ( ollege, Toronto.
Ont
erloo ( ollege, Lutheran and Theo
logical Seminary. Waterloo. Ont. .
luron ( ollege. London. ( >nt
M. .Ierome > < ollege. Kitchener. ( >Ilt..
{oval Military ( ollege, Kingston,
Ont
Ubert ( ollege. Belleville. Ont.
Brandon ( ollege, Brandon, Man...
lanitoha I.au School. Winnipeg. Man.
\i-lev ( ollege, Winnipeg. Man.
Manitoba Agricultural College. Winni
peg, Man
5t. John s College, Winnipeg, Man....
lanitoha Medical College, Winnipeg.
Man
on Bjarnason Academy. Winnipeg.
Man.
inimanuel College. Saskatoon. Sa-k.
-hyterian Theological ( ollege, Sa-
katoon, Sask
-t. Chad s College, Kegina. Sask
Idmonton Jesuit College, Edmonton.
Alherta. ,
iohertson College, Edmonton (South)
Alherta
dberta College. Edmonton North),
Alherta 1
nstitute of Technology and Art, Cal
gary, Alberta
ioyal Naval College, Esquimalt, B (
olumbian Methodist College. New
Westminster, B.C....
160
EDUCATION
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Technical College, Halifax, N.S
Agricultural College, Truro, N.S
Holy Heart Theological College, Halii
St \farir a Poll^o-P TTn.Hfq.Y N.S
Macdonald College, St. Anne de Belles
Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commercial*
Stanstead Wesleyan College, Stansteac
T rocViirt.firifiTi Poll^orp TVf on t.r Pftl . Ollf
Congregational College of Canada, Mo
Wesleyan Theological College, Montre
WirolifPo r^ollfxrp Toronto Ont
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Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph,
Ontario P,ollpcre> of Art Toronto. Ont
Ontario College of Pharmacy, Toront
COLLEGES OF CANADA
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Royal College of Dental Surgeons of Ont Mi-
Ontario Veterinary College, Toronto, Ont
Waterloo College, Lutheran and TheoN
\\ alerloo, ( >nt
Huron College, London, Ont
St. Jerome s College, Kiteheiier, Ont
"Rrvwal \iilitm-ir f**.n\}arra TCimrfon ( hit
Albert College, Belleville, Ont
Brandon ( ollege, Brandon, Man
The Manitoba Law School, \\innipeg, Ma
Weslev < ollege, Winnipeg, Man
Manitoba Agricultural ( ollege, Winnipeg,
St. John s Colleire. Winnineir. Man.
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6870811
162 CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY
VI. CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY.
THE WEATHER OF CANADA DURING THE YEAR 1918.
Information furnished by the Dominion Meteorological Service, Toronto.
JANUARY.
Temperature. In the Yukon the mean temperatures were from 5 to 9
above normal and in the greater part of British Columbia 3 to 6 above normal.
In the Prairie Provinces the mean tempsrature was 3 to 6 below normal, except
near the Hudson Bay where it was normal. In the Peninsula of Ontario the defi
ciency was 12. In Western Quebec the temperatures were 3 to 6 below normal
but on the North Shore of the Gulf were above normal.
Precipitation. Much more than the normal precipitation occurred from
Central British Columbia eastward to Manitoba. Over the greater portion of
Ontario and Western Quebec there was a deficiency of 5 to 35 per cent. In the
East Central Counties of Ontario and the Lower St. Lawrence and Gulf region
the precipitation was 40 to 50 per cent in excess. In the Maritime Provinces approx
imately two-thirds of the normal were recorded.
Winds and Bright Sunshine. On the British Columbia Coast there were
gales on 2 to 6 days and the general direction was easterly. In the Great Lakes
region there were gales on 2 to 6 days; the prevailing direction was southwesterly.
Gales occurred on 12 days in the Bay of Fundy region, and elsewhere in the
Maritime Provinces and in Quebec on 3 to 9 days, the prevailing direction west to
northwest.
In southern British Columbia the amount of bright sunshine was nearly normal
or slightly below. From Edmonton to Winnipeg less than the normal amount was
recorded, the deficiency being generally more than 10 per cent. In Ontario there
was an excess of 5 to 20 per cent, elsewhere there was generally a small deficiency.
FEBRUARY.
Temperature. In the southern districts of the Prairie Provinces the mean
temperatures were from 2 to 7 above normal. In British Columbia and the
north districts of the Praririe Provinces temperatures lower than normal were
recorded. The deficiency was especially marked from Lake Winnipeg to Port Nelson.
In Southern Ontario the difference from average was small, as was also the case
in Western Quebec. In Northwestern Ontario and Northern Quebec temperatures
lower than 7 below normal were recorded. In New Brunswick and Prince Ed
ward Island the deficiency was for the most part 3 to 6.
Precipitation. Over the greater portion of the Dominion considerably more
than the normal precipitation was recorded, the exceptions being Eastern and
Northern Quebec, New Brunswick, Manitoba and Northern Saskatchewan.
Winds and Bright Sunshine. On the coast of British Columbia gales
occurred on 3 to 6 days and the prevailing direction was east to southeast. West
and northwest winds prevailed over the remainder of the country except in
Nova Scotia, where the prevailing direction was southwest. Gales occurred in the
Great Lakes region on 3 to 6 days and in Quebec and the Maritime Provinces from
5 to 15 days. In British Columbia there was a general excess of bright sunshine
and elsewhere in the Dominion a general deficiency.
MARCH.
Temperature. In Southern British Columbia mean temperatures were 3
to 5 below normal and in Northern British Columbia and in the Yukon 7 to 13
below normal. Over the greater part of the Prairie Provinces there was a very
large excess over normal temperature amounting to 15 to 18 in Southern Mani
toba. Eastward the excess diminished to zero in Middle Quebec. In Lower Quebec
and the Maritime Provinces there was a deficiency from 3 to 6.
WEATHER OF CANADA DURING 1918 163
Precipitation. In British ( \.lumbia, Central Alberta, Northwestern Saskat
chewan and the far North of Manitoba precipitation \vas considerably in exo
From Southern Manitoba to the Atlantic Coast there was a general and consider
able deficiency.
Winds and Bright Sunshine. On the Southern British Columbian Coast
piles occurred on 4 to 7 days, in the Prairie Provinces on 1 to C> days, and in Quebec
1 the Maritime Provinces on 4 to 9 days in most districts. The prevailing direc
tion in Quebec and the Maritime Provinces was northwest, elsewhere it was very
irregular. In Alberta, We.-tern .Manitoba and the Maritime Provin.
a small excess over the normal amount of sunshine and in the . >art of
Ontario a considerable < ; elsewhere there was a small deficiency.
APRIL.
Temperature. In Southern British Columbia and Southern Alberta the
temperature was nearly normal, but in Northern British Columbia, the Southern
Yukon and the Mackenzie basin was from 2* to (i below normal. In Saskatchewan
and Manitoba, the Qu Appelle and A-iniboine and North and South Saskatchewan
recorded temperatures 12 to i higher than normal. The Nelson and Albany
basins were normal or slightly cooler. New Brunswick, the < ba>in. and the
Peninsula of Ontario were also normal, but the M tiver and the Abitibi region>
were _ to 5 warmer than normal. In Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island
the deficiency \VHS 2 to 4.
Precipitation. There was a deficiency over the m,.-t of the Dominion, which
ate marked in British Columbia and the Peace I liver region, the Ottawa
Valley and X.iva Scotia. In > -hewan there was a large excess over normal.
Winds and Bright Sunshine. -Winds . 1 the force of a gale on com-
paratiyelv few days and the prevailing direction was cither nort! >r northw.
In British Columbia and Alberta and Northern Ontario there was a considerable
excess of bright sunshine. Elsewhere tin-re was a general but small 6
MAY.
Temperature. -Temperat UP V much lower than normal wen; recorded
in the Nelson and Athabaska regions, but elsewhere west of Lake Superior the
differences trom aver, iiough negative were small. Bast of Lake Huron there
was a general excess of 2 to 4.
Precipitation. In Alberta, Saskatchewan, Southern British Columbia, the
Red River basin of Manitoba and in No i ;L there wa< a deficiency of 35 to 50
per cent of the normal. In Quebec, New Brunswick and the Dauphin district of
Manitoba there was an excess amounting to 20 to 40 per cent.
Winds and Bright Sunshine. In the St. Lawrence Region there were gales
on o to 7 days, elsewhere few or none. South and southv, mds predominated
rom Southern Ontario to the Atlantic. 1 at Victoria where the excess was
2 J P er cent of the normal there were no lar<~- differences from the normal amount
sunshine. Except in Alberta and British ( \.lumbia the differences were negative.
JUNE.
Temperature. In Southern Saskatchewan, Southern Alberta and the Lower
raser Valley temperatures were generally 3 to 6 above normal. Elsewhere the
differences from normal were negative and in the Lower Nelson and the Mackenzie
region ranged from 5 to 9.
Precipitation. In Nova Scotia the precipitation was normal; and in Quebec
and New Brunswick and locally in Ontario exceeded the normal. The excess in
3bec was large. Elsewhere in Canada there was a very general deficiency, which
iunted in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Southern Manitoba to 20 to 75 per cent.
Winds and Bright Sunshine. In Quebec and the Maritime Provinces there
were gales on 4 to 9 days. From Southern Ontario to the Atlantic the winds were
68708 11 }
164 CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY
for the most part from the southwest and in Western Canada from the northwest
except in Northern districts, where the northeast and southwest directions predomin
ated. In British Columbia and Southern Alberta there was a notable excess of bright
sunshine.
JULY.
Temperature. The temperature of July did not greatly differ from average
except in the far northern districts of the Prairie Provinces and of Ontario and
Quebec where there was a deficiency of 4 to 7. Elsewhere differences were gen
erally less than 2.
Precipitation. The deficiency of rainfall continued large over the greater
area of the Prairie Provinces and was still larger in Southern Ontario.
Winds and Bright Sunshine. There were few gales during this month and
the direction of the wind was very variable. In the interior valleys of British
Columbia, and in the Maritime Provinces there was a considerable deficiency of
bright sunshine and a less marked deficiency in Manitoba.
AUGUST.
Temperature. Locally in Southern Ontario the mean temperatures were
4 or 5 above normal. Elsewhere the differences from normal were generally less
than 2.
Precipitation. August was very wet in British Columbia and considerably
more than the normal rainfall was recorded in Manitoba, Southern Ontario and
locally in Alberta. Over a great part of Saskatchewan and in Quebec and the
Maritime Provinces there was a deficiency.
Winds and Bright Sunshine. Gales were few and of local occurrence in
August. There were no large differences from the normal amount of bright sunshine
except locally in Southern Ontario, where there were excesses of 10 to 20 per cent.
SEPTEMBER.
Temperature. In British Columbia and Western Alberta mean temperatures
were 2 to 8 above normal, the largest differences occurring in Southern British
Columbia. The basin of the Saskatchewan River was normal, but east of this temper
atures were below normal and over a great part of Ontario were 8 lower than
normal. In Quebec the deficiency was 2 to 4, while parts of Nova Scotia were
warmer than is normal.
Precipitation. In British Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan and most
of Manitoba there was a large deficiency, while from Southern Ontario to the Atlantic
there was an equally large excess.
Winds and Bright Sunshine. In the Lower St. Lawrence region and in the
Maritime Provinces gales were recorded on 3 to 6 days. In British Columbia and
Northern Alberta there was a very large excess of bright sunshine, and in Ontario,
Quebec and New Brunswick a large deficiency.
OCTOBER.
Temperature. In the James Bay region of Ontario, the basins of the Atha-
baska, Peace and Mackenzie, the mean temperatures were 2 to 5 below normal,
but elswhere in Canada they were generally in excess of the normal by the same
amount.
Precipitation. In British Columbia and the Maritime Provinces there
was a considerable excess over normal. In Alberta, Western Saskatchewan and
the Red River basin of Manitoba there was a considerable deficiency as also in the
peninsula of Ontario, and the Lower St. Lawrence and Gulf region of Quebec. In
Northern Ontario, the Ottawa and Upper St. Lawrence Valleys there was a large
excess.
Winds and Bright Sunshine. There were gales on 2 to 6 days on the British
Columbian coast and on 1 or 2 days on the Great Lakes. They were of general occur
rence on 2 to 6 days in the St. Lawrence and Maritime region and of local occurrence
more frequently. In British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick
there was a fairly general deficiency of bright sunshine.
WEATHER OF CANADA DURING 1918 165
N.I\ i MI;
Temperature. With the exception of the Maritime Provinces and Southern
British Columbia, November WaB considerably warmer than normal throughout,
the Dominion. In the Prairie Provinces and Northwestern Ontario there Were large
areas with mean temperatures S to 10 above normal ami in Southern Ontario and
rthwestern Quebec 4 to 6 above.
Precipitation. In Manitoba and the adjoinhm region of Ontario there was
a considerable excess over normal precipitation. In the Maritime Provinces tin-
normal amount was recorded. Kl>ewhere there was a fairly general deficiency.
Winds and Bright Sunshine. < Jah-s occurred <M s days on the British
.iimhian . on :! days in the Lakes region, and on \\ days on the St. Law
rence, and were "f general occurrence on the i-hh. I .Mh and iMth in the Maritime
Provinces, while local gales were recorded on several days. Bright sunshine wa> very
irregularly distributed, are,-: nd areas of deficiency occurring in all pro-
vim
DECEMBI
Temperature. From Western New Brunswick to the Uocky Mountains
temperatures were higher than normal. In the Prairie Provinces tip H was
3 to 9.
Precipitation. In mo>t districts of \\V>tern ( anada there was more than the
normal precipitation, but in Louvr^uebec and the Maritime Provinces m
districts reported a deficiency.
Winds and Bright Sunshine. ( iales occurred on the. British Columbian
Coast on _ to li days, ,, n tin- ( Ireat Lakes ,,n the 2nd and 10th. in (Quebec and New
Brunswick on the "ist and I /illi. and on three or four day- in Nova Scot i
of more local occurrence were recorded on several other days on the Atlantic Coa-t.
The amount of bright sunshine was deticient by 10 per cent locally in Alberta,
Kastern Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Prince Kdward Island, and in by
the >amc amount in Southern Vancouver I.-land and in the Lower FraSOT Valley.
i A .YD PRECIPITATION.
TEMPEKATIKK.- At ilie Stations of the Dominion Meteorological Service tin- high
and lowest temperature in each 24 hours, termed respectively the maximum and the mini
mum, are recorded by self-regi.-tering therm<>m< I "f any month the sum of tin-
daily maxima, divided by the number of days of the month, is the mean maximum tem
perature of that month. The mean minimum temperature is obtained in a similar manner.
The half sum of the mean maximum and the mean minimum is called the mean temperature.
The averages of these results for any particular month over a period of year- are the average
means for that period and are used as normal means or temperatures of reference. The
highest and lowest t"inperatures recorded during the whole period of year- are termed
the extreme maximum and extreme minimum respectively. The.-- latter figures are of
course to be regarded as extraordinary, the more unlikely to recur the longer the period
from which they have been derived. Temperatures below zero have the minus sign ( )
prefixed. The mean winter temperature is based on the records of January, February,
March, November and December, and the mean summer temperature is based on those
of June, July and August.
PRECIPITATION. Under the collective term "precipitation" is included all moisture
which has been precipitated from the atmosphere upon the earth: rain, snow, hail, sleet,
etc. The amount of moisture is conveniently measured by determining the depth to which
it has accumulated upon an impervious surface, and is always expressed in inches of depth.
The total depth of snow is tabulated separately, but is added to the depth of rain after
division by ten. An extended series of experiments in melting and measuring snow having
been collated, the rule was deduced that a given fall of snow will, in melting, diminish
on the average to one-tenth of its original depth. This rule is used in practice. All solid
forms of precipitation other than snow are included in the tables of rain.
166
CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY
WEATHER OF THE YEAR 1918.
1. Weather of the Year 1918 at Canadian Stations, compared with Normal Annual
Averages for the period 1888 to 1907.
Stations.
DEGREES or TEMPERATURE F.
HOURS
OF
SUNSHINE.
Mean
winter.
Mean
sum
mer.
Low
est
in
year.
High
est
in
year.
Mean
annual.
Nor
mal.
1918.
Nor
mal
annual.
British Columbia
Victoria
42-2
39-9
31-2
23-1
18-5
13-5
12-2
15-1
12-1
15-0
18-0
10-5
21-6
25-1
28-2
24-2
16-9
19-7
20-4
17-2
18-8
15-7
18-9
19-0
23-5
29-1
26-8
25-4
22-4
58-8
62-0
66-2
61-8
59-4
63-0
60-9
62-0
61-2
63-3
59-6
55-5
65-3
62-9
67-2
65-4
63-9
66-4
66-3
62-6
62-7
54-4
62-0
61-3
58-2
58-3
60-5
59-8
61-6
23-2
17-4
-14-5
-28-0
-43-0
-46-0
-46-0
-38-0
-43-2
-36-9
-30-0
-52-0
-37-0
-27-8
-20-2
-26-7
-36-0
-26-5
-24-5
-26-8
-35-0
-24-4
-26-0
-28-0
-14-0
- 3
-12-6
-12-5
-16-0
82-8
83-4
102-0
94-0
90-0
98-0
92-0
99-0
97-2
94-1
87-0
88-0
97-0
91-1
102-2
90-1
96-0
94-0
91-6
88-4
94-0
78-1
93-5
92-0
82-5
79-2
86-7
88-0
84-0
50-0
49-9
47-8
41-5
37-9
37-0
35-3
37-0
35-3
37-0
36-6
31-7
41-5
42-5
46-0
43-3
39-1
41-8
42-0
38-4
39-7
34-1
39-4
38-6
40-2
42-9
42-9
41-7
40-8
50-3
49-1
47-4
37-4
36-7
34-4
32-1
34-5
34-1
34-9
35-7
32-3
41-3
43-8
45-5
43-7
38-5
43-0
42-3
38-7
35-1
40-3
40-5
41-6
43-8
44-3
42-4
42-0
2,307
2,022
2,171
2,287
2,338
1,998
2,090
2,002
2,213
1,847
1,758
1,614
1,898
1,816
1,633
1,822
1,815
1,868
2,081
2,101
2,178
2,048
1,989
1,874
1,805
1,762
1,843
1,978
1,896
Vancouver
Kamloops
Alberta
Calgary
Edmonton
Saskatchewan
Battleford
Prince Albert
Qu Appelle
Manitoba
Minnedosa
Winnipeg
Ontario
Port Arthur
White River
Parry Sound
Southampton
Toronto
Kingston
Stonecliffe
Ottawa
Quebec
Montreal
Quebec
Sherbrooke
Father Point
New Brunswick-
Chatham
Fredericton
St. John
Nova Scotia-
Yarmouth
Halifax
Sydney
Prince Edward Island
Charlottetown
PRECIPITATION
167
2.- Precipitation of (he Year 1918 at Representative Station*, compared with Normal
Annual Averages for the period isss to 1907.
Precipitation in Indies.
ions.
British ( olumbia-
Victoria. . .
ncouver
Kamloope
Alberta
Oalfrary . .
Edmonton.
tleford
Prince Albert .
Qu Appell
Manitoba
Minne<lia.
Winnipeg. .
Ontario
Port Arthur. .
White River. .
Parry Sound .
Southampton.
Toronto
Kingston
Stonecliffe
Ottawa. .
Quebee
Montreal
Ouebee
Sherbrooke. .
Father Point.
New Brunswick
Chatham
Fredericton
St. John..
Nova Scotia
Yarmouth...
Halifax
Sydney
Prince Edward Island-
Charlottetown. .
191v
X..KMAL (1888-1907).
Rain.
Snow.
Total.
Rain. Snow.
Total.
51
8
41
2.x
01
68
11-09
31-41
57-88
8-00
Ll-6
2
< 2
57
60
10-62
6
11-68
61
9-12
17-86
11-70
14-18
46-0
40 2
16-30
jx 2Q
51
g
KI
42
48
9-78
13-44
i:.-53
11-06
11
13-44
27 4
49-8
:,4-0
13-79
16-60
18-84
10
14-87
31
1.". -87
19
12-77
15-02
45-7
51-9
17-36
20
17
21-96
48
24
27
28
21
29-58
23-9
63-8
10
lii-
1-2
47-6
63 \
112-3
20-24
16
27
41
33-d:.
27-62
40-81
19-01
17
21-64
25
21-01
21-60
24-7o
44 . )
9::
115-6
116-0
81-0
74-8
! ti
87-0
46
26-71
40-94
33 24
31
31-49
29-95
33-40
35-41
42-40
29-oo
83
118-3
113-9
85-3
62
47-24
53-79
38-08
30-05
29-37
27-17
27-19
23-21
122-7
132-9
116-7
109-6
41-64
40-46
3S
34-07
36-05
36-54
38-91
110-0
103-2
106-6
47-05
46-86
49-57
27-65
33-73
36-68
119-9
104-6
84-3
39-64
44-19
45-11
40-08
40-98
33-49
90-2
123-4
136-0
49-10
53-32
47-09
42-46
49-43
41-10
84-2
76-7
92-8
50-88
57-10
50-38
29-56
108-4
40-40
29-97
101-8
40-15
168 PRODUCTION.
VII. PRODUCTION.
In this section are included the statistics of agriculture, forestry,
fisheries, minerals, manufactures and water powers.
AGRICULTURE.
Field Crops, 1915-19. The agricultural statistics of 1919 for
all the nine provinces of Canada were collected in co-operation with
the Provincial Governments under the system applied for the first
time in 1917. In general, therefore, the reports of both the Dominion
and Provincial Governments on the crops of 1919 record identical
results. In Table 1 are presented for Canada and by provinces
estimates of the area, yield, quality and value of the principal field
crops for each of the five years 1915 to 1919. In consulting this
table it should be remembered that comparability is affected by the
new and improved methods applied in 1917 for the provinces of
Quebec, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, and in 1918
and 1919 for all the provinces. In many cases the areas, as estab
lished by the new method, show considerable increases, and it is not
possible to ascertain to what extent these may be due to actual
expansion. Probably the larger part of the increase shown in each
case is the result of greater accuracy in the method of collection.
Season of 1918. At first, conditions were favourable, as an
early spring and good weather enabled seeding to be completed in
excellent time, whilst the area sown to wheat, viz., 17,353,902 acres,
was the largest on record. In the West, however, May was exception
ally cold, with heavy frost retarding growth. In June, drought and
high winds caused drifting, and large areas had to be resown. The
drought in the West continued until towards the end of July, and
serious damage to wheat in the blossom stage was caused by heavy
frosts from July 23 to 25. In the Maritime, Provinces, Quebec and
Ontario, the conditions were generally favourable, and the harvest
was good. Ontario, especially, had an excellent season for the second
year in succession.
Season of 1919.- -The season opened tardily and practically no
seeding had been done in the Maritime Provinces and Quebec at the
end of April. In Ontario very little had been done, as heavy snow
falls during the last week of April had left the land too wet for tillage.
In the Prairie Provinces, although the spring opened late, about 60
p.c. of seeding was completed by May 1st. At the end of June the
condition of the principal grain crops indicated that for the fourth
successive year the yields of the Dominion Would be below the average
of the previous ten years. In Manitoba and Ontario warm rains
and generally favourable weather gave promise of a good harvest.
In the Maritime Provinces and Quebec the conditions also were
generally favourable and the harvest was good. In consequence of a
continuation of the drought throughout July the condition of the
AGRICULTURE 169
grain crops in . \lhert a and Saskatchewan was lower at the end of
July than at the end of .June. The results of harvest ing showed poor
to very poor yields in the southern parts of these province-, and poor
to good in the northern district-.
Yield of Field Crops.- The total yield of wheat for all Canada
in 1<H<) was returned as 1 93.200, -KM) bushels from l!U2.V.MiS acri
an average yield of 10 bushels per acre. In 191S the corresponding
timires were 1S9.07."). :;.")() bushels from 17. :>.":;. 902 acres, a yield pel-
acre of 11 bushels. The yield of oats in 1919 was 394,387,000
bushels from 14.9.Y2.114 acre-, an average of 2i\\ bushels, as com
pared with 42(i.ol2.~>00 bushels from 1 4. 790. : >:;() acre-, an average
of bushels per acre. Barley gave a return in 1919 of 56,389,400
bushels from 2.i }.").. ">09 acre-, an average per acre of 2\\ bushel.-, a>
compared with 77,287/210 bushels from :-;.l.~>:>.71 1 acres in 191X, an
average of 24! bushels per acre. < )f the remaining crops the total
yields in 1919 were in bushel- as follows, (the figures in 1918 being
given within brackets): Rye, 10. 207,100 (8,504,400); peas 3,406,300
i.:;i:;,100); bean- 1,388, (ioo 63,380 ; buckwheat lo.f>:>o,xoo
1,375,500); mixed -rain.- 27,851,700 35,662,300); flax 5,472,800
6,055,200); corn for husking Hi.940.:>00 i 14. 20."), 200); potai
12 .">..") 74. 900 (104,346,200); turnips, man^oliU. carrot-, etc.
112,28S,<;oo (122,699,600). In 191!) there were produced 10,^48,000
tons of hay and clover, as compared with 14.772,300 tons in 1 ( .)18.
Fodder corn gave a yield of 4.942.7UO ton- in 1919. a- against 4.7S7,500
tons in the previous year. The yield of sugar i increa.-ed from
ISO. 000 tons in 1918 to 240.000 ton The area devote^ to the
growing of alfalfa has increased from 19(1. 42s acre- in 1918 to 226,8( 9
acres in 1919 and the yield from llii.KH) ton- to 494.200 tons. The
average yield.- per acre of these crops in 1919. iwith 1918 averages
in bracket- , were, in bushels, as follows: l{y.- 1M 1 , <b">5); peas 14f
(18J); beans Hi! (15J); buckwheat 2: . ()}); mixed grains 31
(38f); flax :> 5i);corn for huskingr.i 56J ; potatoes \:M (142); tur
nips.- etc., 354 (377J). Hay in 1919 gave an average yield of 1-55 ton
per acre, fodder corn of 9-75, sugar beets of 9 -SO and alfalfa of 2-20
tons, as compared with 1 -40 ton for hay, 9-50 for fodder corn, 10 for
sugar beets and 2-2.~> tons for alfalfa in 1918. Table 2 is a statement
of the average yields per acre for each of the years 1915 to 1919,
with the decennial averages for 1909-18 and 1910-19.
Values of Field Crops.- -The average values per bushel of
grain crops at point of production, for ( anada in 1919, according to the
prices returned by crop correspondents, were as follows: Fall wheat
$1.97, as against $2.08 in the two previous years; spring wheat
88, as against $2.02 in 1918 and $1.93 in 1917; all wheat $1.89, as
compared with $2.02 in 1918 and 81.94 in 1917; oats 80 cents in
1919, 78 cents in 1918 and 69 cents in 1917; barley $1.37, as compared
with 81 and $1.08 in 1918 and 1917; rye $1.40, as compared with
si. 49 in 1918 and 81.62 in 1917; peas $2.86, as compared with $3
m 1918 and $3.54 in 1917; beans $4.48, as compared with $5.41 and
$7.45 respectively in 1918 and 1917; buckwheat $1.50, as compared
with 1.58 in 1918 and $1.46 in 1917; flax, $4.13, as against $3.13 in
170 PRODUCTION
1918 and $2.65 in 1917; and corn for husking $1.30, as against $1.75
and $1.84 in 1918 and 1917 respectively. The price per bushel of
potatoes in 1919, as returned on October 31, was 95 cents, as against
98 cents in 1918 and $1.01 in 1917; turnips, etc., are placed at 50
cents per bushel, as compared with 43 cents in 1918 and 46 cents in
1917. Hay and clover were valued at $20.72 per ton in 1919, as
against $16.25 per ton in 1918 and $10.33 in 1917; fodder corn at
$6.92 in 1919, as compared with $6.15 in 1918 and $5.14 in 1917;
sugar beets $10.86 per ton, as compared with $10.25 in 1918 and $6.75.
in 1917. The price of alfalfa in 1919 per ton is $21.85, as compared
with $17.84 in 1918 and $11.59 in 1917. The values of grain are
based upon average prices reported by crop correspondents in Decem
ber, those of potato, root and fodder crops were reported at the end
of October.
The total values on farms in 1919 of the principal field crops
were estimated as follows, the corresponding values for 1918 being
given within brackets: Wheat $364,857,000 ($381,677,700); oats
$317,097,000 ($331,357,400); barley $77,462,700 ($77,378,670);
rye $14,240,000 ($12,728,600) ; peas $9,739,300 ($12,899,100); beans
$6,214,800 ($19,283,900); buckwheat $15,831,000 ($18,018,100);
mixed grains $37,775,400 ($40,726,500); flax $22,609,500 ($18,951,-
000); corn for husking $22,080,000 ($24,902,800); potatoes $118,-
894,200 ($102,235,300); turnips, etc. $54,958,700 ($52,252,000);
hay and clover $338,713,200 ($241,277,300); fodder corn $34,179,500
($29,439,100); sugar beets $2,606,000 ($1,845,000); alfalfa $10,800,-
200 ($7,963,500).
The aggregate value of all field crops in 1919 was estimated at
$1,452,437,500, as compared with a total value of $1,372,935,970
in 1918 and of $1,144,636,450 in 1917. Both the acreage under
crops and the value of crops produced was the highest on record.
The aggregate value of all field crops exceeded that of 1918 by
$79,501,530, or 5J p.c., and that of 1917 by $307,801,050, or 27 p.c.
Wheat, Oats, Barley and Flax in the Prairie Provinces.-
In the three Prairie Provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta,
the production of wheat in 1919 was estimated at 165,544,300 bushels,
as compared with 164,436,100 bushels in 1918; of oats at 235,580,000
bushels, as compared with 222,049,500 bushels; of barley at 36,682,400
bushels, compared with 47, 607,400 bushels, and of flaxseed at 5,232,300
bushels, compared with 5,776,000 bushels. The estimated wheat
production of 1919 in Manitoba was 48,191,100 bushels from 2,983,702
acres, in Saskatchewan 117,921,300 bushels from 8,273,250 acres and
in Alberta 34,575,000 bushels from 4,282,503 acres.
AGRICULTURE
171
1. Area, Yield, Quality, and Value of Principal Field < rops in Canada, 1915-1!).
I i. Id ( r.
Ai
Yield
per
Tot
Vfeighl
per
measured
bushel.
Average
price
per
bu-hel.
Total Value.
acr
bush.
bush.
Ib.
-
Canada
1-all \vlu-:i: I .M.I
l.i).
29,320
71
0-90
27,149,700
L916
818
21-50
17,590,000
1 51
27,118,300
1017
725,300
21 -a
15,533,450
1,900
1018
416,615
19-00
7. ;
61-19
2-08
Hi, 51li. 000
L919
672,793
n;, <M >t;, ooo
61-20
MI;
81,521,000
Spring \vhraT . 1915
1 !.<!>
i.;ji
O.QI
t ,i 17 - III I
1916
14,551
ntiiooo
56-51
1 - 2!*
. f M U , _ "
::iii, .)7S,100
1917
14,030,550
15-50
218,209,400
5 .
1-93
420.701.700
1918
16
10-75
is l.i: ,2. 550
5s
2-02
365.151,700
I M!
18,4:>:;.17:>
177
L-88
6,000
All \vh.-a: 1 .(I. )
15,109,415
- .600
60- 1 )
((.in
" .I . SI A QOO
1916
17-10
\J*
57-10
1-31
OtM),O 1 ) , .Mil f
344,096,400
1917
14,755
15-75
59
1 - U4
453,038,600
1918
17,353,902
11-00
18!
59 - 4 1
2-02
381,677,700
L919
19,128
10-00
,260,400
59-12
1-89
7,000
Oati l!)i:,
11,555,681
40-24
1,400
1-61
0-36
171,009,100
1918
10,966,487
7-30
410,211.000
0-51
210,957,500
1917
13,313,400
30-25
40
0-69
277,085,300
1918
14,790
28
5-61
0-78
. ,100
1919
14,952,114
394,387,000
- n;
0-80
:; 17,097,000
Hai lev . . 1915
1.71
31-51
54.017,100
4S
52
27,985,800
1916
1,802,996
72
12,770
5 IK;
0-82
35,024,000
1917
2,392,200
;-oo
>i5, .750
97
l-os
854,400
1918
711
! 50
77
47-21
1-00
77,378,870
1919
2,1
21
.389,400
1-37
77,4.12, 700
Rye 1915
121,677
2<
0-77
1.921.900
1916
148
2,876,400
54
Ml
196,000
1917
211
1 s 25
j(Mi
44
Mi2
6,267,200
1918
5,2W
I.VL-:
504,400
51-60
1 4!)
12,728,600
1919
75:j,081
13-50
10,207. ion
-09
1-40
14,240,000
Peas 1915
196
17-67
164,250
60-74
1-65
5.724,100
1916
151,790
14-50
2,218,100
59-88
4.919,000
1917
198,881
1 :, - 25
028,340
59-81
10,724,100
1918
5,976
18 25
4.31:5.400
59-93
12.899,100
1919
230,351
14
3,406,300
59-60
2-86
9,739,300
Beans 1915
43 310
16-70
i 400
^Q.fil
.(\K.
29OR onn
^* i , t i \ i
i\J t \J
I ) , ^.\J\J
o& ui
) UO
,_Ul),oUU
1916
32.51)0
12-70
412,600
60-00;
5-40
228,000
1917
92,457
13-75
1,274,000
58-70
7-45
9,493,400
1918
228,577
15-50
3,563,380
58-67
5-41
19,2a3,900
1919
88,577
16-50
1,388,600
59-99
4-4S
6,214,800
Buckwheat 1915
343,800
22-88
7,865,900
48-02
0-75
5.913,000
1916
341,500
17-50
5. .)7fi,000
48-35
1-07
6,375,000
1917
395,977
18-00
7.149,400
46-49
1-48
10,443,400
19*18
548,097
20-75
11,375,500
47-41
1-58
18,018,100
1919
444. 7: 12
23-50
10,550,800
47-2:;
1-50
15,831,000
Mixed grains 1915
467,001
37-51
17,517,600
44-98
0-57
10,052,300
1916
412,670
25 75
10,584,800
43-13
0-88
9,300,900
1917
497.2:51;
32-50
16,157,080
44-41
1-16
18,801,750
1918
921,826
38-75
35,662,300
46-39
1-14
40,726,500
1919
901,612
31-00
27,851,700
44-83
1-36
37,775,400
172
PRODUCTION
1. Area, Yield, Quality, and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1915-19 con.
Field Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total Yield.
Weight
per
measured
bushel.
Average
price
per
bushel.
Total Value
Canada con.
acres.
bush.
bush.
Ib.
$
$
Flax 1915
463,359
13-19
6,114,000
55-28
1-51
9,210,400
1916
657,781
12-56
8,259,800
54-99
2-04
16,889,900
1917
919,500
6-50
5,934,900
54-73
2-65
15,737,000
1918
1,068,120
5-75
6,055,200
53-72
3-13
18,951,000
1919
1,093,115
5-00
5,472,800
55-14
4-13
22,609,500
Corn for husking. . 1915
253,300
56-72
14,368,000
56-32
0-71
10,243,000
1916
173,000
36-25
6,282,000
56-51
1-07
6,747,000
1917
234,339
33-00
7,762,700
56-18
1-84
14,307,200
1918
250,000
56-75
14,205,200
53-97
1-75
24,902,800
1919
264,607
64-00
16,940,500
1-30
22,080,000
Potatoes 1915
485,777
124-24
60,353,000
_
0-60
36,459,800
1916
472,992
133-82
63,297,000
0-81
50,982,300
1917
656,958
121-50
79,892,000
1-01
80,804,400
1918
735,192
142-00
104,346,200
0-98
102,235,300
1919
818,767
153-50
125,574,900
-
0-95
118,894,200
Turnips, Mangolds,
etc 1915
156,691
384-05
60,175,000
0-24
14,588,700
1916
141,839
264-24
36,921,100
0-39
14,329,000
1917
218,233
290-75
63,451,000
-
0-46
29,253,000
1918
325,037
377-50
122,699,600
-
0-43
52,252,000
1919
317,296
354-00
112,288,600
-
0-50
54,958,700
tons.
tons.
per ton.
Hay and clover.. .1915
7,776,995
1-36
10,612,000
14-37
152,531,600
1916
7,821,257
1-86
14,527,000
-
11-60
168,547,900
1917
8,225,034
1-66
13,684,700
10-33
141,376,700
1918
10,544,625
1-40
14,772,300
16-25
241,277,300
1919
10,595,383
1-55
16,348,000
20-72
338,713,200
Grain hay (B.C.). 1919
60,390
2-50
151,000
-
29-00
4,379,000
Fodder corn 1915
332,469
10-17
3,382,770
4-91
16,612,600
1916
293,058
6-65
1,997,800
4-92
9,396,000
1917
366,518
7-34
2,690,370
5-14
13,834,900
1918
502,069
9-50
4,787,500
6-15
29,439,100
1919
511,769
9-75
4,942,760
6-92
34,179,500
Sugar beets 1915
18,000
7-83
141,000
_
5-50
775,500
1916
15,000
4-75
71,000
6-20
440,000
1917
14,000
8-40
117,600
6-75
793,800
1918
18,000
10-00
180,000
10-25
1,845,000
1919
24,500
9-80
240,000
-
10-86
2,606,000
Alfalfa.. . 1915
98,488
2-65
260,970
12-68
3,309,100
1916
99,350
2-91
286,750
10-69
3,066,000
1917
109,825
2-39
262,400
11-59
3,041,300
1918
196,428
2-25
446,400
17-84
7,963,500
1919
226,869
2-20
494,200
-
21-85
10,800,200
Prince Edward Isl d-
bush.
bush.
bush.
Spring wheat 1915
34,400
19-00
653,600
59-05
1-08
705,800
1916
34,500
16-75
578,000
58-79
1-52
705,800
191"
36,000
14-50
522,000
57-63
2-09
1,091,000
1918
30,352
20-00
606,000
59-93
2-22
1,344,000
1919
35,595
17-00
624,600
59-00
2-25
1,405,000
Oats 1915
196,000
34-86
6,832,500
36-70
0-45
3,074,600
1916
199,000
37-25
7,413,000
36-93
0-6
4,522,000
1917
201,000
32-25
6,482,300
34-80
0-80
5,185,800
1918
169,729
34-50
5,839,00
36-42
0-77
4,535,000
1919
174,937
34-00
6,038,OOC
36-00
0-85
5,132,000
AGRICULTURE
173
1. Area, Yield, Quality, and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1915-1919 con.
Field ( rops.
Area.
Yield
per
MB
Total Yield.
Wright
per
Ilie;t-UIVtl
luishel.
\verage
price
per
bushel.
Total Value.
acr
hush.
bush.
11).
-
$
Prince Ed. Isld con.
Hurley 1 .!.)
3.700
28-88
10(1,800
is- 83
0-71
7.-),800
1916
3,600
21
10."). 000
47-40
0-95
100,000
1917
-/it)
99,750
40.4:,
1 22
121.700
1918
.-..672
28-60
li .2 .000
49-31
1 - 25
203,400
1919
5,686
1-00
If 14 .000
50-00
1-40
229,700
iv mi:,
70
1.V7.-.
1,100
61-67
2,600
1916
60
22 25
1,300
69-71
2-19
2,800
1917
60
14-00
60-60
2-86
2.400
1918
460
16-00
60-66
1V.IO
21.200
1919
490
10-t)i)
8,100
60-00
211,300
Buckwheat 1915
00
7:,
48-16
0-75
66,500
1916
27 26
6*
10
100
68,000
L917
i-oo
72,500
47-80
L-32
96,700
1918
2 1 7:>
122
U
1-44
17:... -,00
I .U .i
20-73
87,800
48-80
1 -.-)()
i:;2,000
Mixed grains 1915
g o
3s
1,200
: 00
0-55
170,000
1916
4!
1,000
17-60
07.-.
248,000
1917
7,800
3s
3,400
42-61
0-98
292,400
1918
13,475
44-60
ooo.ooo
16-00
1-04
.400
1919
18,900
44-00
843,400
44-00
1-22
1,039,400
Potato*-. 1!)15
:; 1.000
114-78
668,000
_
0-46
1.637,000
1916
.;i,ooo
206-00
,000
0-52
3,321,000
1917
.000
176-00
li. 125. 000
-
0-7:,
I.. -,111,000
1918
31
170-00
-
0-63
378,000
1919
iL o -00
1
0-85
3,850,000
Turnips, man- 1915
7.900
44
651,000
_
0-26
1)23.000
gold>. 1916
8,000
177-00
Nlii.OOO
-
0-28
1. 008,000
L917
8,100
50E
4.01)4,000
-
0-31
1.29,000
1918
520-60
4.292,000
0-29
1.244.700
1919
12,337
:. 18-00
596, 000
-
0-26
1,638,800
tons.
tons.
per ton
Hay and clover. .1915
198.000
1-77
:;:> 1,000
-
12-18
4.275,000
1916
199,000
1-70
^000
-
1 1 5(>
3,907,000
1917
1 .i7. 000
1-55
305.400
-
12-67
3,869,000
1918
222,691
l-:.o
1,000
14-17
4,732,800
1919
7,883
1-80
428,000
20-00
8,564,000
Fodder corn . . . 1915
260
13-00
3,400
3-00
10,200
1916
250
13-00
3,300
2-50
8,300
1917
250
7-00
1,800
5-00
9,000
1918
420
5-28
2,200
9-00
19,800
1919
522
12-00
6,260
-
8-00
50,000
per
Nova Scotia-
bush.
bush.
bush.
Spring wheat ... 1915
13,300
18-57
247,000
59-26
1-21
298,700
1916
13,400
19-50
261,000
59-95
l-7(
444,000
1917
16,200
15-75
255,150
57-93
2-34
597,000
1918
32,737
22 25
728,000
59-43
2-36
1,718,000
1919
28,931
19-50
564,003
58-32
2-33
1,314,000
Oats. 1915
112,000
31-14
3,487,700
34-18
0-59
2,057,700
1916
116,000
34-75
4,031,000
34-19
0-71
2,862,000
1917
123,000
29-25
3,597,800
32-28
0-92
3,310,000
1918
145,036
37-25
5,403,000
34-69
1-06
5,727,000
1919
158,838
36-00
5,718,000
34-54
1-14
6,519,000
174
PRODUCTION
1. Area, Yield, Quality, and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1915-19 con.
Field Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total Yield.
Weight
per
measured
bushel.
\verage
price
per
bushel.
Total Value.
Nova Scotia con.
acres.
bush.
bush.
Ib.
$
$
Barley 1915
4,900
26-20
128,400
48-39
0-80
102,700
1916
4,700
26-25
123,000
48-58
0-99
122,000
1917
4,800
24-75
118,800
46-54
1-34
159,200
1918
11,571
30-00
347,000
48-19
1-62
562,000
1919
13,894
31-25
434,000
46-97
1-77
768,000
Rye . ... 1915
300
15-00
4,500
56-00
1-08
4,900
1916
320
17-00
5,400
56-00
1-25
6,800
1917
300
15-00
4,500
54-50
. 1-67
7,500
1918
531
14-50
7,700
55-67
1-85
14,200
1919
1,046
29-50
31,000
53-00
1-55
48,000
Peas 1915
190
18-66
3,550
59-00
2-01
7,100
1916
180
17-75
3,200
59.80
2-73
8,700
1917
170
14-25
2,400
58-50
4-44
10,700
1918
1,753
18-75
33,000
59-50
3-20
106,000
1919
1,896
20-00
38,000
58-50
3-84
146,000
Beans 1915
840
17-50
14,700
59-83
3-87
56,800
1916
850
16-25
13,800
60-00
5-62
78,000
1917
1,000
17-75
17,750
59-00
7-95
141,100
1918
8,829
16-25
143,000
59-14
7-34
1,050,000
1919
6,859
12-75
87,000
57-56
6-37
554,000
Buckwheat 1915
10,200
21-72
221,500
47-45
0-72
159,500
1916
10,000
24-50
245,000
46-97
0-84
206,000
1917
10,900
21-00
228,900
46-56
1-14
261,000
1918
19,342
23-00
445,000
47-10
1-35
601,000
1919
17,384
25-25
439,000
47-23
1-55
680,000
Mixed grains 1915
4,100
34-16
140,000
43-05
0-71
99,400
1916
4,100
34-00
139,000
44-07
0-92
128,000
1917
4,000
24-00
96,000
39-91
1-24
119,000
1918
5,407
36-00
195,000
42-24
1-30
254,000
1919
8,628
37-50
218,000
47-67
1-53
334,000
Potatoes 1915
33,700
141-23
4,759,000
_
0-58
2,760,000
1916
34,500
201-00
6,935,000
_
0-69
4,785,000
1917
41,000
174-94
7,173,000
-
0-92
6,599,000
1918
51,250
190-75
9,776,000
-
0-93
9,092,000
1919
62,060
161-00
9,992,000
-
1-09
10,891,000
Turnips, man- 1915
9,200
390-02
3,589,000
_
0-34
1,223,000
golds, etc. 1916
9,000
404-00
3,636,000
-
0-42
1,527,000
1917
9,100
350-93
3,193,000
0-47
1,501,000
1918
23,823
391-25
9,320,700
0-58
5,406,000
1919
30,291
537-75
16,289,000
-
0-60
9,773,000
tons
tons
per ton
Hay and clover... 1915
538,000
1-78
958,000
13-33
12,770,000
1916
553,000
1-80
995,000
12-25
12,189,000
1917
542,000
1-65
894,000
11-83
10,580,000
1918
605,464
1-45
878,000
20-00
17,560,000
1919
678,357
2-10
1,425,000
22-34
31,835,000
Fodder corn . . . 1915
500
4-64
2,300
7-00
16,000
1916
500
8-75
4,400
_
2-50
11,000
1917
480
9-20
4,400
6-00
26,400
1918
4,644
9-50
44,000
-
9-00
396,000
1919
2,960
9-50
28,000
8-00
224,000
Alfalfa.. 1915
30
2-30
70
_
13-00
900
1916
30
5-00
150
15-00
2,300
1917
30
3-50
100
-
15-00
1,500
AGRICULTURE
17.-)
1. Arc;;, Yield, Quality, and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1915-19 con.
Field ( n>p-.
An
Yield
acre.
a Yield.
Weighl
per
nii .-i-urrd
})ii>hcl.
Avi
price
per
bushel
.1 Value.
\e\v I{riiii>\irk
aci
bush.
bush.
11..
-
Spring \vhfiit . . . l!U")
14.000
19-09
267,000
1 2.
..000
1916
14,000
17 -IT)
242,000
20
1-72
416,000
1917
16,000
12-00
192,000
.>
2-2:
432,000
1918
19-00
940,250
68
2,183,700
1919
. 141
17-50
;,ooo
til
1,444,000
Oa UM:>
201,000
27
0-55
058,000
1916
198,000
1-50
6,039,000
0-68
4,107,000
1917
190,000
22-50
75,00
0-II4
4,018,500
1918
1,442
31-50
7,051,400
0-97
>77,400
1919
30-26
.000
35-10
0-98
9,086,000
rley. l .M5
2,100
22
48,000
48
0-85
40
1916
46-71
1-0(
45,000
1917
1,800
. 00
1,600
42
l-:;r
53,900
1918
L l
.IK
47
i - :,:,
.,270
1919
10
5,000
47
!:::
385,000
i; mis
__
1.85
9,000
1919
00
56-00
14,000
Peae i<u.">
420
17-08
60 27
16,900
1916
400
16-50
1-21
2-46
16,200
1917
400
15-00
1-45
17,000
1918
4.1177
14-7.1
60,100
221,200
1919
14-7.-,
vOOO
85
3-03
209,000
1915
21
60 71
4-03
.000
15-25
3,800
60-54
(Ml
2::. ooo
1917
1"
IK)
8-75
:.1,200
1918
5,491
1.-
8-05
689,400
1919
6,409
16
106,000
58-58
>,000
Hllrk ... 1
58,000
22
1,311
47-51
0-73
.niO.000
1916
1,206,000
46-51
0-84
1,013,000
1917
57,000
19
1,111,500
15-48
1-13
1,256,000
1918
72
i 7:.
1,4
47
MM
(77,000
1919
74
2.VOO
1,000
47-74
1-36
2.547,000
M ins 1915
!(00
31-50
400
80
0-71
20,000
1916
870
.000
2:,
0-78
.000
1917
19-50
Iti
1-10
is, 000
1918
4.2 .)2
2 50
.900
42
1 2:1
175,200
1919
39
179,000
43-83
1-2:;
220,000
IV 1915
40,000
144-31
5,772,000
_
0-64
3,694,000
1916
39,000
1H2-00
7. (ss. 000
_
0-84
i,290,000
1917
46,000
149-80
391,000
_
i-13
7,787,000
1918
57,272
-50
9,077,600
_
1-00
!),077,600
1919
7. ), 573
142-75
10,790,200
-
0-97
10,466,000
Turnips, man- 1915
329-10
2,633,000
_
0-33
869,000
gold-. 1916
7.700
411-00
165,000
_
0-45
1,424,000
1917
7.700
300 -.54
2.314,000
0-61
1,412,000
1918
18,507
350-00
6,477,500
_
0-58
3,757,000
1919
24
366-50
8,898,800
-
0-58
5,155,000
ton*
tons
per ton
Hay and clover.. .1915
569,000
1-39
791,000
14-00
11,074,000
1916
574,000
1-48
850,000
_
11-27
9,563,000
1917
568,000
1-60
909,000
_
10-29
9,354,000
191* 740,637
1-50
1,111,000
_
15-30
16,998,300
191!) 786,175
1-40
1. 111,000
-
20-26
22,512,000
176
PRODUCTION
1. Area, Yield, Quality, and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1915-19 con.
Field Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total Yield.
Weight
per
measured
bushel.
Average
price
per
bushel .
Total Value.
New Brunswick con.
Fodder corn 1915
acres.
110
bush.
7-00
bush.
770
Ib.
$
2-50
$
1,900
1916
1917
1918
1919
Alfalfa 1918
100
85
3,459
5,906
1,178
10-00
9-00
4-50
5-00
1-50
1,000
770
15,600
30,000
1,800
-
4-00
6-00
10-00
8-00
9-00
4,000
4,600
156,000
240,000
16,200
Quebec-
Spring wheat. . . . 1915
71,000
19-88
1,411,000
59-62
1-34
1,891,000
1916
1917
1918
1919
Oats. , 1915
64,000
277,400
365,670
251,089
1,400,000
15-00
14-00
17-25
16-75
30-31
960,000
3,883,600
6,308,000
4,206,000
42,182,000
57-71
57-94
58-82
59-12
36-92
1-86
2-46
2-28
2-38
0-55
1,786,000
9,553,700
14,382,000
10,010,000
23,200,000
1916
1917
1918
1919
Barley 1915
1,073,000
1,492,700
1,932,720
2,141,107
85,000
22-75
21-75
27-25
26-75
26-53
24,411,000
32,466,200
52,667,000
57,275,000
2,255,000
33-55
34-34
35-98
35-47
48-79
0-77
0-92
1-00
1-06
0-86
18,796,000
29,868,900
52,667,000
60,712,000
1,939,000
1916
1917
1918
1919
Rye.. .1915
72,800
165,600
189,202
234,892
8,700
20-00
18-50
24-00
22-75
16-71
1,456,000
3,063,600
4,551,000
5,344,000
145,000
46-67
48-14
48-16
47-63
55-90
1-15
. 1-58
1-62
1-64
1-12
1,674,000
4,840,500
7,373,000
8,764,000
162,000
1916
1917
1918
1919
Peas 1915
8,300
22,450
29,063
33,481
24,400
14-25
16-75
16-25
17-25
16-56
118,000
376,000
472,000
578,000
404,000
53-97
53-36
54-78
55-87
61-14
1-40
1-78
2-10
2-00
2-47
165,000
669,300
991,000
1,156,000
998,000
1916
1917
1918
1919
fl
Beans 1915
21,600
66,457
107,386
81,642
4,700
14-00
12-00
15-50
15-00
21-89
302,000
797,500
1,664,000
1,225,000
103,000
59-95
59-75
60-26
60-14
59-38
3-22
4-51
4-14
3-62
3-17
972,000
3,596,700
6,889,000
4,435,000
327,000
1916
1917
1918
1919
Buckwheat 1915
4,400
55,157
109,803
43,202
104,000
17-75
15-00
17-00
19-75
24-69
78,000
827,400
1,867,000
853,000
2,568,000
60-18
59-90
59-45
59-81
48-17
5-56
7-77
5-72
4-52
0-84
434,000
6,428,900
10,679,000
3,856,000
2,157,000
1916
1917
1918
1919
Mixed grains 1915
101,000
163,577
227,018
170,043
101,000
19-00
16-50
20-75
24-00
29-67
1,919,000
2,699,000
4,711,000
4,081,000
2,997,000
46-35
46-55
48-20
47-72
45-44
1-21
1-73
1-77
1-70
0-73
2,322,000
4,669,300
8,338,000
6,938,000
2,188,000
1916
1917
1918
1919
Flax.. 1915
91,000
122,819
194,288
157,637
600
20-25
21-25
27-00
27-00
11-89
1,843,000
2,609,900
5,246,000
4,256,000
7,000
44-04
44-50
45-49
44-54
54-16
0-99
1-33
1-46
1-50
2-18
1,825,000
3,471,200
7,659,000
6,384,000
15,000
1916
1917
1918
1919
500
5,700
7,357
11,384
10-50
8-25
11-25
9-75
5,300
47,000
83,000
111,000
54-50
53-21
54-66
53-46
2-50
3-37
3-74
3-91
13,300
158,400
310.000
434,000
AGRICULTURE
177
1. Area, Yield, Quality, and Yalne of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1915-19- eon
Weight
A\
Yield
per
price
ea.
P T
Total Yield
. meusurec
per
Total Value.
a< |
Inishel.
bui-h-l
Quebec eon.
aci
bu-h
buah.
11,.
$
$
( orn for husking.. 1 .) 1 ."
1 6.30C
:;i i;
3,001
M:
.000
19K
i:;.oo(
24 - 7:
(KM
56-1
1 - 51
189,000
1917
71
24 2:
1. MIL . 70(1
1,056,000
191*
2 1 7.-
1.190.000 56-4
2-K
2,518,000
1918
41-01
1,788,000
1-84
:;. 290.000
Potato.- i<u:
117,001
149-66
17. 510. (MM
_
0-55
9.6:51.000
10K
112,001
131-01
14,672,001
_
14,232,000
1917
1,917
is. 15s. (MM
i-:;s
008,000
L918
(,s71
147
38,936,001
_
0-98
157,000
1911
: 5i
0-85
000
Turnip-, ii : I .U"
10
308-25
8,144,000
_
0-36
1,132,000
troid-. r.u
10.000
262
50,000
)s
1.272.000
11)17
70,192
5 1
15
0-59
000
1918
-,000
ii -.,:;
14,960,800
1919
87
317-50
27,780,000
0-53
14, 72:;. ooo
d clover.. 1915
2,922.000
ton-
I- 26
- .000
per ton
507.000
1916
185,000 1-75
000
_
11-00
57,464,000
1917
1918
2,961. 1 71
4,5 1-50
165.000
-
15 75
000
107.09S.100
1919
4,299,360
1-50
(i. 449,000
-
20
132,462,000
Fodd.T corn... I .U 5
.000
8-61
_
1 ,s72,()00
1918
1!M7
.; 1,000
8-00
-
5-00
1.426.000
134,000
1918
7 . 28
5,100
_,
4.645.700
1919
74.007
8-25
HI 1,000
-
8-41
5,139,000
Alfalfa I .U 5
S60
2-84
8,100
11-78
,000
1916
2-65
7,000
67,000
1917
-
__
72,000
1918
4.144
_
11-70
109,000
1919
488
.000
-
14
00(1
Ontario
bush.
hush.
per
1 illsll
dl wheat 1
. .000
^34
27. 540,000
59-41
1 1 U .^ I 1 .
0-93
j:>. nix, ooo
1916
774,800
21-25
16.465,000
1 - 55
21,000
1917
656,500
21-50
14.114.800
2-09
29.499.900
1918
2,616
19-50 7.054. MMI
59- Mi l>-()9
14.763.000
1919
61!
24
15,052,000
61
1-97
519,000
:-in<i wheat 1
121,000
22-36
2,706,000
59-41
0-96
2,598,000
1916
90,200
1(1
1,466,000
57
1 55
2.272.000
1917
113,000
19-50
203,500
59
2-08
4,583,300
1918
351,423
25
8, 186,21 Ml
59
2-03
16.C.3S.OOO
1919
361,150
15-60
5,646,500
58-27
1-98
11.182,000
All wheat . . 1915
1,093.000 27-67
30,252,000
59-41
0-93
28,216,000
1916
S65.000 20-73
17,9:11.000
58-79
1 55
27, 79:^, 000
1917
769,500! 21-25
16,318,300
59
2-09
34,083,200
1918
714,039 21-25
15.241.000
60
2-06
31,401,000
1919
980,644
21-20
20,698,500
59-76
1-97
40,701,000
Oats 1<U5
3,095,000
39-68
122,810,000
34 -.17
0-39
47,896,000
1916
1.99 1.000
25-50
50,771,000
30-30
0-C.4
32,493,000
1917
2.6S7.000 36-50
98,075,500
34-11
0-72
70.614,400
1918
2,924,468
45-00
131,752,600
35-58
0-78
102,212,000
1919
CO"AO 4 r
74,341
29
78,388,000
32-76
0-91
71,378,000
178
PRODUCTION
1. Area, Yield, Quality, and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1915-19 con.
Field Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total Yield.
Weight
per
measured
bushel.
Average
price
per
bushel .
Total Value.
acres.
bush.
bush.
Ib.
$
$
Ontario con.
Barley 1915
449,000
34-23
15,369,000
47-83
0-56
8,607,000
1916
326,000
23-00
7,498,000
44-94
0-99
7,422,000
1917
361,000
31-00
11,191,000
47-20
1-18
12,981,600
1918
660,404
36-75
24,247,700
48-13
1-06
25,809,000
1919
569,183
23-10
13,134,000
45-81
1-32
17,215,000
Rye . .1915
78,000
19-88
1,551,000
56-89
0-79
1,225,000
1916
69,000
17-50
1,208,000
55-20
1-17
1,413,000
1917
68,000
17-75
1,207,000
55-69
1-64
1,979,500
1918
112,726
16-00
1,813,000
55-65
1-55
2,818,400
1919
140,072
15-80
2,219,000
54-97
1-48
3,279,000
Peas.. .1915
169,000
17-79
3,007,000
59-86
1-54
4,631,000
1916
126,000
14-25
1,796,000
59-71
2-06
3,700.000
1917
126,000
16-75
2,110,500
59-88
3-21
7,674,700
1918
113,862
21-00
2,381,000
59-85
2-24
5,338,700
1919
127,253
14-30
1,816,500
59-97
2-31
4,180,000
Beans... 1915
37,500
16-00
600,000
59-76
3-05
1,800,000
1916
27,000
11-75
317,000
59-72
5-34
1,693,000
1917
36,000
11-75
423,000
59-42
6-79
2,872,200
1918
100,082
13-75
1,387,800
59-27
4-66
6,464,500
1919
22,920
12-60
288,500
61-74
3-79
1,039,000
Buckwheat 1915
169,000
21-81
3,686,000
48-21
0-70
2,580,000
1916
175,000
14-50
2,538,000
45-80
1-09
2,766,000
1917
162,000
18-75
3,037,500
46-69
1-37
4,161,400
1918
223,662
20-50
4,598,000
46-96
1-40
6,426,600
1919
178,569
22-80
4,072,000
46-71
1-36
5,534,000
Mixed grains . . . .1915
345,000
39-91
13,769,000
44-76
0-54
7,435,000
1916
296,000
26-00
7,436,000
40-77
0-89
6,618,000
1917
295,000
37-75
11,136,300
44-99
1-12
12,472,700
1918
619,389
44-25
27,462,400
46-01
1-09
29,823,900
1919
628,761
31-40
19,735,300
44-71
1-35
26,672,000
Flax.. .1915
5,000
12-38
62,000
50-78
1-72
107,000
1916
4,500
9-25
42,000
57-17
2-78
117,000
1917
4,000
13-00
52,000
55-00
3-70
192,400
1918
15,925
12-25
196,200
56-72
3-41
670,000
1919
13,717
9-40
129,500
59-86
3-48
450,500
Corn for husking.. 1915
237,000
58-48
13,860,000
55-75
0-69
9,674,000
1916
160,000
37-25
5,960,000
57-18
1-05
6,258,000
1917
160,000
37-25
5,960,000
54-58
1-72
10,251,200
1918
195,310
66-75
13,015,200
58-23
1-72
22,384,800
1919
221,004
68-60
15,152,500
-
1-24
18,790,000
Potatoes 1915
155,000
92-66
14,362,000
0-76
10,915,000
1916
133,000
61-00
8,113,000
1-28
10,385,000
1917
142,000
133 67
18,981,000
_
1-00
18,981,000
1918
166,203
116-60
19,376,000
1-26
24,413,000
1919
157,286
96-30
15,145,000
-
1-37
20,820,000
Turnips, man- 1915
112,000
394-42
44,175,000
__
0-21
9,277,000
golds, etc. 1916
97,000
211-00
20,467,000
_
0-36
7,368,000
1917
94,000
340-93
32,047,000
_
0-35
11,216,000
1918
141,001
460-25
64,896,000
_
0-32
20,767,000
1919
123,029
348-00
42,756,000
-
0-35
14,027,000
AGRICULTURE
179
1. Area, Yield, Quality, and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1915-1S con.
Weight
l- irld ( rops.
An-a.
Yield
per
Total Yield
per
measured
Average
price
.
Total Value.
acre.
bushel.
per ton
Ontario con.
con
tons
tons
Ib.
$
$
Hay and clover. ..19U
3,082,000
1-3
4,068,000
14 -Of
57,196,000
191t
3,059,000
2-00
ii. 118,000
11-9C
72,804,000
191"
2,998,000
1-7
5,097,000
_
10 -2
52,295,000
1918
:;, 470,036
1-3
4,596,900
16 -5C
75,848,000
191S
3,508,266
1-5
5,589,000
_
20-61
115,161,000
Fodder corn .... 1915
287,000
10-63
3,051,000
_
4-76
14,523,000
1916
248,000
6-50
l.>12,000
_
4-8C
7,738,000
1917
-.,000
::,
1,988,000
_
5-00
:90,000
1918
380,944
10-35
3,944,300
_
22,601.000
1919
899,549
10-05
4.014.000
6-30
25,304,000
ar beets... 1915
18,000
7-83
141,000
_
5-50
7 75. 500
1916
15,000
47.
71,000
_
140,000
1917
14.000
117,600
__
793,800
1918
18,000
10-00
IM).(KK)
_
10-25
1,845,000
1919
24,500
9-80
240,000
10-86
2,606,000
Alfalfa.. . 1915
60,000
56,000
2-72
3-00
163.000
168,000
13-41
9-75
2.186,000
1,638,000
1916
1917
.,2,000
2-74
142,500
_
10-08
1,436,000
1918
144,010
2-28
.(MM)
_
15-78
5,191,000
1919
146,790
2-14
-14,400
-
20-20
6,351,000
Manitoba-
bush.
bush.
per
bush
Fall wheat 1915
2,705
23-29
63,000
61-88
0-90
56,400
1916
3,829
15-93
til.OOO
1-40
85,400
1917
-
22-25
85,900
62-33
2-20
189^000
1918
18-00
49,000
-
2-06
101,000
Spring wheat 1915
2,797,719
24-76
69.274.000
61-18
0-90
62,606,500
1916
2,721,896
10-88
29,606,000
51
1-23
36,415,400
1917
1918
2,445,000
2,980,968
16-75
16-25
40,953,800
48,142,100
60-82
60-16
2-05
2-06
83,955,300
99,173,000
1919
2,880,301
14-25
40,975,300
57-22
1-92
78,706,000
All wheat 1915
2,800,424
24-76
69,337,000
61-18
0-90
62,662,900
1916
1917
1918
2,725,725
2,448.860
2,983,702
10-88
16-75
16-35
29,667,000
41 039,700
48,191,100
60-86
1-23
2-05
2-06
36,500,800
84,144,300
99,274,000
Oats 1915
1,317,365
38-52
50,750,000
36-36
0-35
17,912,800
1916
1917
1,443,599
1,500,000
33-55
30-25
48,439,000
4."), 375,000
33-05
27-27
0-49
0-67
23,735,100
30,401,300
1918
1919
1,714,894
1,847,267
31-75
31-25
54,473,500
57,698,000
35-21
33-42
0-71
0-72
38,676,000
41,420,000
Barlev 1915
567,080
29-38
16,658,000
47-70
0-51
8,420,400
1916
1917
687.503
708,000
19-97
22-50
13,729,000
15,930,000
42-78
46-27
0-80
1-07
10,983,200
17,045,100
1918
1,102,965
25-25
27,963,400
48-54
0-89
24,887,000
1919
893,947
19-25
17,149,400
43-90
1-17
20,137,000
Rye.. 1915
11.507
18-08
208,000
57-55
0-80
167,100
1916
30,050
18-54
.-,.-,7,000
56-50
1-06
590,400
1917
1918
1919
37,000| 17-25
240,469! 16-25
298,932 13-75
638,300
3,935,700
4,089,400
54-03
73-66
54-89
1-62
1-41
1-28
1,034,000
5,549,000
5,228,000
Peas . . iQiq
5,666 14-25
81,400
60-00
2-08
170,000
1 *7l \J
6S70S 4
180
PRODUCTION
1. Area, Yield, Quality, and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1915-19 con.
Field Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total Yield.
Weight
per
measured
bushel.
Average
price
per
bushel .
Total Value.
Manitoba con.
acres.
bush.
bush.
Ib.
$
$
Mixed grains 1915
659
33-38
22,000
43-00
0-48
10,600
1916
1,400
32-25
45,000
42-00
0-45
20,300
1917
1,400
31-00
43,400
-
1-25
54,250
1918
30,309
28-25
856,000
43-50
1-03
882,000
1919
30,355
25-00
759,000
40-56
1-40
1,063,000
Flax .1915
14,505
8-27
120,000
55-00
1-61
193,300
1916
15,684
13-38
210,000
2-13
447,300
1917
16,300
9-00
146,700
54-50
2-85
418,100
1918
107,961
10-00
1,091,000
54-72
3-15
3,437,000
1919
57,379
9-00
520,030
55-05
4-26
2,215,000
Potatoes 1915
29,878
85-85
2,565,000
_.
0-64
1,636,100
1916
31,987
147-22
4,709,000
0-61
2,872,500
1917
34,400
105-90
3,643,000
0-76
2,769,000
1918
45,000
185-00
8,325,000
0-56
4,662,000
1919
42,000
126-00
5,287,500
0-81
4,266,000
Turnips, man- 1915
2,658
250-19
665,000
0-42
282,500
golds, etc. 1916
3,118
145-00
452,000
-
0-49
221,500
1917
2,500
185-12
463,000
0-63
292,000
1918
9,910
251-75
2,494,800
0-44
1,097,700
1919
6,045
184-00
1,113,000
-
0-60
663,000
tons
tons
per ton
Hay and clover. ..1915
88,478
1-02
90,000
9-43
848,500
1916
77,642
1-83
142,000
7-80
1,107,600
1917
75,000
1-00
75,000
11-11
833,300
1918
74,000
1-00
74,000
16-00
1,184,000
1919
260,378
1-50
401,400
-
16-99
6,818,000
Fodder corn 1915
7,591
2-63
20,000
, _
6-18
123,600
1916
9,830
2-75
27,000
-
4-67
126,000
1917
9,800
4-86
47,600
-
7-50
357,000
1918
12,340
5-50
67,900
10-50
713,000
1919
16,867
6-80
114,500
13-28
1,520,000
Alfalfa. . . 1915
3,671
1-36
5,000
_
12-20
61,000
1916
4,422
2-75
12,200
11-83
144,300
1917
4,400
2-07
9,100
13-45
122,400
1918
3,600
2-25
8,100
18-00
145,800
1919
5,181
2-20
11,400
-
22-40
256,200
per
Saskatchewan-
bush.
bush.
bush.
Fall wheat . . 1915
9,968
26-28
262,000
_
0-92
240,900
1916
15,258
21-24
324,000
59-50
1-41
456,800
- 1917
10,000
17-00
170,000
60-00
2-07
351,900
Spring wheat. . . 1915
8,919,292
25-12
224,050,000
60-75
0-91
203,647,100
1916
9,016,851
16-33
147,235,000
55-18
1-28
188,460,800
1917
8,263,250
14-25
117,751,300
60-92
1-95
229,615,000
1918
9,249,260
10-00
92,493,000
60-97
1-99
184,061,000
1919
10,587,363
8-50
89,994,000
59-00
1-84
165,589,000
All wheat.. .191o
8,929,260
25-12
224,312,000
.. ,
0-91
203,888,000
1916
9,032,109
16-34
147,559,000
55-27
1-28
188,917,600
1917
8,273,250
14-25
117,921,300
60-91
1-95
229,966,900
Oats 191,
3,336,245
43-48
145,066,000
37-48
0-32
46,125,700
191
3,791,807
43-06
163,278,000
35-76
0-46
75,107,900
191
4,521,600
27-25
123,213,600
34-58
0-62
76,392,400
191
4,988,498
21-50
107,253,000
34-38
0-70
75,077,000
191
4,837,747
23 -1C
112,157,000
35-48
0-70
78,510,000
AGRICULTURE
isl
1. Area, Yield, Quality- and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1915-19 con.
Ai
Yield
per
Total Yield.
Wejiht
per
measured
hu.-hel.
A\
pn
per
hushel.
Total Value.
Saskatchewan >n.
hu>h.
hush.
Ib.
-
$
Barlev 1915
53,000
-17 :>4
0-4H
4,391,300
19U
27-00
9.9!
4(1-01
0-77
7,635,300
1917
ii ,9,900
21-00
14,067
1-00
14,067,900
1918
17-00
11,888,000
46-10
U xv
10.4(11.000
L91I
492,586
8-20
71,000
1-08
9, (1X9.000
i; i9i:
7,207
28-17
1,000
55-17
130,500
1911
22
548
55-91
I- 10
602
1917
18-75
Mi:;
1,627,400
1918
123
11-50
1,420,000
">-> 19
1 :(
1:10.000
1911
190
10-50
10.00(1
55-52
1-31
2,620,000
I .ti:
61-00
1-72
13,900
L91I
52,
60-00
117,000
1917
17 -I :,
44
60-00
4-00
179.1100
1918
> no
000
60-00
L-50
000
191!
4,853
18-00
87
60-00
4-00
.(KM)
kt
L91E
18-00
15000
DIM)
\J ^*J
\f\nt
1919
LO-00
18
60-00
4-00
72
Mixed grains. 191")
2. >
.000
48-33
0-69
41 (KM)
\J \Jf7
1 1 . < M M
1916
14,150
3;.
40-00
soo
1917
39,
00
1,264,000
50 -Of
1 - IT.
1.5MUHM)
19ls
21
.000
45-00
1-10
541,000
1919
22.017
35-00
771,000
-
1-40
1.079.000
Flax .191.-)
39:.
000
55-89
1-51
7,9i s. .}id
191(1
12
55
14,923,200
1917
.701
4.710
55
12,247,600
1918
840
000
54
036,000
1919
4-80
000
5:;
4-14
1C ^ V ( 1 ( ll IM
1 ,*) ( /! /
Potatoes 1915
34,885
lH
3,847,000
_
0-68
1 r,L>r,.900
1916
l.v
_
0-62
h.-.iVisoo
1917
.700
1 :;:! 00
9.010.000
_
0-85
7,(1.-)9,000
1918
59
11
900
_
6,672,900
1919
66,176
170-00
11,250,000
_
0-89
lo.oi:;,000
Turnips, man
golds, etc. . 1915
1 M. )
i.OOO
n.OI
til -nl
*7 1 ,^U\7
1916
1,621
252
410^000
_
0-57
.700
1917
11.104
L55
1,727,000
_
0-91
1,572,000
1918
9.7(10
". . 7 K
_ M t t O
300
_
0-91
_ . 00.-). 000
1919
13,932
257
:>9 1,000
1-12
4,022,000
ton-.
to:
per ton.
Hav and clover. . . 1915
25,113
1-39
35,000
_
8-39
.500
1916
,154
2-35
:.9,000
_
5-85
345,200
1917
260. _>7.^
1-42
369,600
_
10-12
3,740,000
1918
315,117
1-15
362,400
11-92
4.319,800
1919
265,417
1-05
279,000
-
17-00
4.743,000
Fodder corn... . 1915
1,877
2-40
4 500
1916
2,253
2-60
^ } t/v/vy
f),900
6-00
35, 400
1917
15,658
2-00
31,300
_
8-00
250,400
1918
11,186
5-65
63,20a
_
10-50
663,600
1919
6,690
12-50
84,000
-
12-50
1,050,000
Alfalfa 1915
2,620
1-83
4 800
9-48
1916
3,086
M. \JU
2-85
i j O W
8,800
t
10-25
90i200
1917
9,500
1-61
15,300
_
13-40
205,000
1918
6,943
1-40
9,700
17-50
169,800
1919
11,526
1-60
18,400
-
27-50
506,000
182
PRODUCTION
1. Area, Yield, Quality, and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1915-19 con
Field Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Total Yield.
Weight
per
measured
bushel.
Average
price
per
bushel .
Total Value.
Alberta
Fall wheat 1915
acres.
39,908
bush.
31-30
bush.
1,249,000
Ib.
61-32
$
0-84
$
1,051,900
1916
1917
1918
1919
Spring wheat 191S
18,177
51,700
44,065
40,600
2,098,123
30-20
20-50
15-00
15-75
31-12
549,000
1,059,900
661,000
640,000
65,289,000
61-19
60-53
60-00
60-80
61-57
1-39
1-98
1-92
1-95
0-88
763,100
2,098,600
1,269,000
1,248,000
57,273,700
1916
1917
1918
1919
All wheat 1915
2,586,798
2,845,600
3,848,424
4,241,903
2,138,031
24-95
18-25
6-00
8-00
31-12
64,539,000
51,932,200
23,091,000
33,935,000
66,538,000
58-00
60-86
59-94
60-07
61-52
1-33
1-73
1-92
1-83
0-88
85,836,900
89,842,700
44,335,000
62,101,000
58,325,600
1916
1917
1918
1919
Oats 1915
2,604,975
2,897,300
3,892,489
4,282,503
1,827,071
24-99
18-25
6-00
8-00
45-91
65,088,000
52,992,100
23,752,000
34,575,000
83,876,000
58-45
60-81
59-97
60-11
39-76
1-33
1-74
1-92
1-83
0-31
86,600,000
91,941,300
45,604,000
63,349,000
25,532,900
1916
1917
1918
1919
Barley. .1915
2,124,081
2,537,900
2,651,548
2,767,372
304,009
48-11
34-00
22-75
23-75
32-31
102,199,000
86,288,600
60,323,000
65,725,000
9,822,000
37-36
37-09
35-94
36-60
49-57
0-46
0-63
0-73
0-64
0-44
47,011,500
54,361,800
44,036,000
42,064,000
4,340,400
1916
1917
1918
1919
Rye.. .1915
336,586
472,100
470,073
414,212
15,963
29-04
22-00
16-50
25-50
23-47
9,774,000
10,386,200
7,756,000
10,562,000
374,726
46-18
45-16
44-17
47-00
56-63
0-71
0-98
0-97
1-86
0-62
6,939,500
10,178,500
7,523,000
19,645,000
232,400
1916
1917
1918
1919
Peas 1915
17,975
30,880
47,877
83,804
160
24-49
20-50
17-25
14-00
20-00
440,000
633,000
826,000
1,173,000
3,200
53-71
55-25
54-90
55-14
62-00
0-95
1-50
1-41
1-42
2-09
418,000
949,500
1,165,000
1,666,000
6,700
1916
1917
1918
1919
Beans 1918
650
1,851
1,994
1,603
763
20-00
17-50
18-00
18-00
18-00
13,000
32,400
36,000
29,000
14,000
57-50
60-00
66-00
60-00
60-00
2-25
2-00
1-50
3-00
6-45
29,300
64,800
54,000
87,000
90,000
1919
Mixed grains 1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
Flax . .1915
690
2,370
4,550
24,027
27,989
26,000
48,000
10-00
37-13
30-00
25-75
21-50
36-25
13-96
6,900
88,000
136,500
618,700
602,000
943,000
670,000
60-00
47-20
36-00
51-50
40-00
57-00
56-37
4-00
0-52
0-35
1-20
1-15
0-83
1-44
28,000
45,700
47,800
742,400
692,000
783,000
966,700
1916
1917
1918
1919
Potatoes 1915
95,063
139,800
95,920
80,690
28,314
13-79
7-00
5-00
2-75
142-12
1,310,500
978,600
480,000
222,000
4,024,000
55-91
54-00
55-25
55-75
1-06
2-78
3-12
4-15
0-44
1,389,100
2,720,500
1,498,000
921,000
1,779,800
1916
1917
1918
1919
29,216
48,917
44,247
45,848
163-71
151-46
70-50
179-75
4,783,000
7,409,000
3,119,400
8,241,200
-
0-53
0-76
1-11
0-83
2,535,000
5,631,000
3,462,500
6,840,200
AGRICULTURE
1. Area, Yield, Quality, and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1915-19 con.
I- ield Crop.-.
Area.
Yield
per
acre.
Pota! Yield.
Weight
pfe
[measured
bushel .
\vrage
pn
per
bushel
Total Value.
Alberta con.
aci
bush.
bush.
Ib.
-
I
Turnips, man
1,688
5-19
:; .i7,000
-
0-29
lit), 000
gold-. 1916
l.Too
279-41
.,000
-
0-61
2V>,800
1917
10,947
207
2,272,000
-
0-74
1,681,000
1918
12,506
188-50
2.:;:>7.400
-
0-66
L.555,900
1919
11,500
221-50
2,768,800
1-06
2,934,900
to:
tns.
per ton.
Huv and clover. ..1915
187
1-31
2 Hi, 000
-
7- .10
l,870.iioo
1916
173,461
L-93
1.000
-
8-62
2.s7<>.100
1917
493,522
1 is
730.4IM)
-
10 . .
7,!7<;,()00
1918
469,000
0-85
^.700
15-82
l>,: .07,400
1919
433,296
1-10
47(1,600
-
20-89
9,956,200
Fodder corn 1915
701
3-42
L .4IK)
6-18
14,700
1016
1.7<M)
9-00
15,300
1917
3,976
1-00
4,000
-
7-00
28,000
1918
5-50
LO-50
40,000
1919
900
5-58
-
10-50
52
dfa . 1915
17,207
2-15
37,000
.
7-64
282,700
L916
20, till 1
2-65
54,600
10-70
1,200
1917
31
64,400
10-73
691,000
19i8
24
2-00
4s.li(K>
21-50
1,044.900
1919
21
2-00
000
-
29-16
l.- .^.OOO
per
British Columbia
bush.
bush.
bush .
Fall wheat 1915
6,000
44
200,600
60-46
0-91
1 ^2,500
1916
6,200
30 7.-.
191,000
61-00
L".r_>,000
1917
3,240
31-7.-.
ML
60 ; 7
1-92
197,:oo
1918
7,200
24 7:.
178,000
59- 07
2-15
383,000
1919
12,699
24-75
314,000
59-50
2-40
754,000
^.>ring wheat . ..1915
10,000
32
1. 400
58-40
0-96
311,400
1916
9,800
31-00
304,000
59-55
i-;>4
468,000
1917
18,100
28 .-><!
515,80
5 .
2-00
1,0., 1.700
1918
29,000
22-00
638,000
60 -I :.
2-08
1,32; ,000
1919
31.
686,000
58
2-31
1,585,000
All wheat. .1915
K.,000
32-80
025,000
59-32
0-94
493.900
1916
16,000
30- ,4
495,000
60-16
1-54
760,000
1917
1 1,340
29-00
618,700
59-94
1-99
1.229,200
1918
36,200
22-50
816,000
59-96
2-09
1,710,000
1919
43,901
22-75
1,000,000
59-00
2-34
2,339,000
Oats ...1915
71,000
61-84
4,390,600
36-28
0-49
2.151.400
1916
60,000
60-50
3,630,000
37-15
0-64
2,323,000
1917
60,200
53-75
3,235.800
35-50
0-90
2,912,200
1918
39,000
39-75
1,550,000
34-17
1-00
1,550,000
1919
45,021
47-25
2,127,000
36-00
1-07
2,276,000
Barley 1915
2,650
40-36
106,900
49-89
0-64
68,400
1916
2,700
45-75
124,000
47-60
0-83
103,000
1917
5,500
29-25
160,900
48-67
1-28
206,000
1918
7,927
26-50
209,000
52-50
1-47
307,000
1919
10,497
33-00
346,000
47-75
1-82
630,000
Rve .1918
820
30-00
25,000
60-00
2-07
52,000
1919
4,911
22-50
110,000
54-75
2-08
229,000
46,571 acres sown to spring wheat, 33 per cent., or 15,369 acres, were used green or
turned into hay. 2 Of 90,042 acres sown to oats, 50 per cent., or 45,021 acres, were used
green or turned into hay. These two appear as "Grain hay."
184
PRODUCTION
1. Area, Yield, Quality, and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1915-19
concluded.
Weight
Average
Field Crops.
Area.
Yield
per
Total Yield
per
measurec
price
per
Total Value.
acre.
bushel.
bushel.
British Columbia con
acres.
bush.
bush.
Ib.
$
f
Peas .1915
1,300
29-75
38 700
fin.nn
1 . 9J
U*
A O An/1
OO j 1 \J\J
uu uu
1 - L t
T:O , UUU
1916
1,300
33-75
44,000
61-20
1-67
73,000
1917
1,338
23-75
31,800
59-83
2-46
78,200
1918
2,193
21-50
47,000
60-00
3-00
141,000
1919
2,251
23-00
52,000
59-00
2-60
137,000
Beans 1918
2 748
18-50
51 000
4 on
O1 A f\(\f\
-LU t/V.
t/J. y \J\J\J
zu
14, UUU
1919
1,677
17-25
29,000
60-00
3-75
109,000
Mixed grains 1915
2,600
40-00
104 000
0. rn
1916
2,600
50-00
J- V7 A j \J\J\J
130,000
52-00
(JU
1-25
163 000
1917
1,850
40-00
74,000
_
0-70
51,800
1918
3,228
21-50
69,000
1-XO
76,000
1919
4,017
36-50
147,000
50-00
1-37
201,000
Potatoes 1915
16,000
247 28
3 Q5fi 000
OAK
1 ron AAA
TL I ^ (_
<J j fJ*J\j jL/v/v/
"0
1, /oU,UUU
1916
15,300
189-00
2,892,000
_
0-70
2,024,000
1917
15,024
166-55
2,502,000
_
0-69
1,726,400
1918
15,013
228-00
3,423,000
0-97
3,320,300
1919
18,000
170-00
3,060,000
-
1-00
3,060,000
Turnips, man- 1915
3,800
455-61
1,731,000
_
0-39
675,000
golds, etc. 1916
3,700
500-00
1,850,000
_
0-50
925.000
1917
4,599
344-58
1,582,000
_
0-64
1,012,000
1918
5,758
422-00
2,429,900
_
0-60
1,457,900
1919
7,387
365-00
2,696,000
-
0-75
2,022,000
tons
tons
per ton
Hay and clover. ..1915
167,000
2-34
391,000
_
14-57
5,697,000
1916
175,000
2-67
467,000
17-75
8,289,000
1917
129,254
1-85
239,000
_
17-60
4,206,400
1918
114,414
1-90
217,400
_
33-25
7,228,600
1919
126,251
1-50
189,000
-
35-25
6,662,000
Grain hay.. 1919
60,390
2-50
1 51 000
90 nn
4070 (\f\f\
~ >J\J
A t/ JL | \J\J\J
zy -UU
,o^y,uuu
Fodder corn 1915
430
12-62
5,400
4
1916
450
10-00
4!soo
7-00
32, 000
1917
2,239
7-00
15,700
_
15-00
235,500
1918
2,016
10-10
20,400
_
10-00
204,000
1919
4,368
11-50
50,000
-
12-00
600,000
Alfalfa 1915
12,100
3-52
43 000
. 14. 4
coo nnn
1916
12,600
2-88
TIiJ ) \J\J\J
36,000
_
15-00
Doo,UUU
540,000
1917
8,681
2-58
22,400
22-92
513,400
1918
12,268
3-25
39,900
_
32-25
1,286,800
1919
13,331
3-00
40,000
37-00
1,480,000
AGRICULTURE
is;,
,. Annual Average Yields per acre of Field Crops for Canada and 1>> Provinces from
1915 to 1919, with Decennial Averages for the years 1909-18 and 1910-19.
1916.
1916.
1917
11)18
1919
Decennial
Avert
1909-18.
1910-19.
Canada
Fall whea
Spring \vh-
All \vh. v
Barlej
Rye..
Peaa .
:
bosh,
icre
26-78
L ti-00
40
81-60
20-60
17
Lfl
00
124
00
1-36
10-17
7-S
2-<
bu>h
19-00
29-00
1 :-::,
00
75
114-75
t-77
i:; oo
bush
18
31
26-25
i.voo
18-76
17
21-75
:;.}
141-25
390-00
tons
1-78
4-64
2-30
bush .
19-00
27-7. .
23-00
17-00
21-25
22-75
31-50
144-25
329-00
tons
1-39
7-00
bosh.
per acre
21
If,- 7:.
17-00
7.-.
Ifl
14
rj
17
12
1-86
6-1
4-7:.
2-1U
bush .
16-75
4 1 _:,
00
477-00
tODfl
1-70
i.;-oo
bu>h .
1U-50
7.-.
26
17-00
17
16
L l
00
201-00
404-00
t<)
1-80
8 -7r>
5-00
bush.
17-25
30-50
23-75
16-50
15-25
22-7:.
34-25
192-00
411-00
tons
1-48
10-00
bush .
L l
15
15-75
00
Is
15-25
13
is 00
00
121-60
as
1-66
7-
8
bll>h
n
14 00
11(1
175
7-00
bu>h .
15
24
1.5-00
W-25
17-75
21-00
24-00
17r, -00
351-00
tons
I ;.-)
9-20
3-50
bush .
12-00
22-50
22-00
15-00
19-50
19-50
19-50
149-75
300-50
tons
1-60
9-00
bosh.
>er acre
1!-00
LO-75
11-00
7.-,
24-60
15*25
13
15
20
38
7.-)
7.-,
142-00
50
ns
1-40
9
10-00
25
bush .
00
00
170
50
i-:,n
5
bu>h .
_ .-,
30-00
14
Is
16
00
00
190-7. )
391-1 . )
tons
1-46
9-50
bush.
19-00
31-50
24-75
14-75
15-50
20-75
32-50
158-50
350-00
tons
1-50
4-50
bu>h .
per acre
7.->
50
10-00
26
21
13
14
Hi -50
23-:.o
31-00
5
64
tons
1-55
9-7.-.
9-80
2-20
hush .
17
00
00
L6
20
44-HO
1 -2 >
00
toi
L-80
12-00
bu>h .
1!-50
00
31-25
50
20-00
12-7:,
26-25
50
Kil-00
537-75
tons
2-10
9-50
bush .
17-50
30-25
26-75
14-7.T
16-50
25-00
33-75
142-75
366-50
tons
1-40
5-00
busli .
per acre
22-50
17-7:.
Is
17
16-25
Iti- 7:,
00
10-00
7:,
149
toi
1-.
9-00
9-uo
bush .
19-00
34
21-00
40-7.-)
186-00
50
1-50
10
bu-h .
21
00
26-60
18-00
7.-,
19-7.->
75
75
190 -I :.
413-7.-)
tons
1-75
8-25
3-25
bush.
18-25
28-75
25-75
19-00
22-00
24-00
31-00
186-00
346-00
tons
1-50
7-00
bu>h .
per acre
22-50
Hi -50
Hi -7:
L .-I
_ .-, 7. r .
1C, -00
15-75
n;
7:.
146-00
IIS
1 .")()
8-85
9-10
bu>h .
75
7.-)
00
18-60
-00
4 1 7."!
171-7f)
;-so
toi
1 :,,-,
bush .
JO- 00
32-60
^
20
20-25
16-60
23-75
32-00
1X3-00
426-50
tons
1-70
8-80
3-19 1
bush.
18-00
29-25
25-75
16-00
16-50
23-75
31-50
176-25
346-00
tons
1-40
5-20
Buckwheat
M i\e<l jrruin
Fla
.11 fur husking ....
Turnip>. ci c
1 1:t\ and clover
Fodder corn
. ...
Alfalfa i
Prince Edward Island
Hprinu wheat
Oa1
....
Hllrk v.
M i\ed i r rain
Turnip- .......
Ilav and clover
Ider corn . . ....
Nova Scotia
in^ wheat.. . .
"Icy. . . .
Rye.
....
Kean>
Buckwheat
Mixed Drains
1 otat -.-
Turnips, etc
Hav and clover
Fodder corn ....
Alfalfa
New Brunswick
Spring wheat
Oats
Barley
Peas
Beans
Buckwheat
Mixed grain
Potatoes
Turnips, etc. .
Hay and clover
Fodder corn
1 Average of eight years, 1910-17.
186
PRODUCTION
2. Annual Averages Yield per acre of Field Crops for Canada and by Provinces from
1915 to 1919, with Decennial Averages for the years 1909-18 and 1910-19 con.
Crops.
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
Decennial
Averages.
1909-18.
1910-19.
Quebec-
Spring wheat
bush.
20-00
30-25
26-50
16-75
16-50
22-00
24-75
29-75
12-00
31-25
149-75
308-25
tons
1-26
8-61
2-84
bush.
28-25
22-25
27-75
39-75
34-25
20-00
17-75
16-00
21-75
40-00
12-50
58-50
92-75
394-50
tons
1-32
10-63
7-83
2-72
bush.
23-25
24-75
24-75
38-50
29-50
18-00
33-50
8 -.25
85-75
250-25
tons
1-02
2-63
1-36
bush.
25-00
43-50
31-75
28-25
15-50
25-25
13-25
110-25
233-00
bush.
15-00
22-75
20-00
14-25
14-00
17-75
19-00
20-25
10-50
24-75
131-00
265-00
tons
1-75
8-00
2-65
bush.
21-25
16-25
20-75
25-50
23-00
17-50
14-25
11-75
14-50
26-00
9-25
37-25
61-00
211-00
tons
2-00
6-50
4-75
3-00
bush.
16-00
11-00
11-00
33-50
20-00
18-50
32-25
13-75
147-25
145-00
tons
1-83
2-75
2-75
bush.
16-25
43-00
27-00
24-00
32-50
35-00
12-25
155-75
253-00
bush.
14-00
21-75
18-50
16-75
12-00
15-00
16-50
21-25
8-25
24-25
80-00
224-50
tons
1-71
8-50
2-26
bush.
21-50
19-50
21-25
36-50
31-00
17-75
16-75
11-75
18-75
37-75
13-00
37-25
133-75
341-00
tons
1-70
7-54
8-40
2-74
bush.
22-25
16-75
16-75
30-25
22-50
17-25
31-00
9-00
106-00
185-00
tons
1-00
4-86
2-07
bush.
14-25
27-25
21-00
18-75
17-25
32-00
6-25
133-00
155-50
bush.
17-25
27-25
24-00
16-25
15-50
17-00
20-75
27-00
11-25
21-75
147-00
295-50
tons
1-50
7-25
2-25
bush.
19-50
23-25
21-25
45-00
36-75
16-00
21-00
13-75
20-50
44-25
12-25
66-75
116-50
460-25
tons
1-32
10-35
10-00
2-28
bush.
18-00
16-25
16-25
31-75
25-25
16-25
28-25
10-00
185-00
251-75
tons
1-00
5-50
2-25
bush.
10-00
21-50
17-00
11-50
20-00
21-00
5-00
116-25
225-75
bush.
16-75
26-75
22-75
17-25
15-00
19-75
24-00
27-00
9-75
41-00
181-50
317-50
tons
1-50
8-25
2-35
bush.
24-30
15-60
21-20
29-30
23-10
15-80
14-30
12-60
22-80
31-40
9-40
68-60
96-30
348-00
tons
1-59
10-05
9-80
2-14
bush.
14-25
14-25
31-25
19-25
13-75
25-00
9-00
126-00
184-00
tons
1-50
6-80
2-20
bush.
8-50
23-10
18-20
10-50
18-00
35-00
4-80
170-00
257-75
bush.
16-50
26-75
23-25
16-00
12-25
17-00
22-00
26-25
10-25 i
23-50
143-50
289-00
tons
1-50
8-25
2-50
bush.
22-75
19-75
22-25
35-25
30-25
17-50
16-75
16-50
21-25
36-00
14-00 i
56-25
122-25
387-50
tons
1-50
9-50
9-00
2-50
bush.
21-00 1
17-75
17-75
35-25
25-75
17-00
29-00 1
12-00
156-75
271-75
tons
1-25
5-50 1
2-25 1
bush.
17-50
35-75
24-75
15-75
21-00 2
29-25 1
10-00
148-25
251. 2K
bush.
16-50
26-75
23-00
15-50
15-00
17-25
25-75
26-00
10-50
28-50
144-75
288-25
tons
1-50
5-95
2-40
bush.
22-75
19-00
22-25
34-75
29-50
17-00
15-75
15-50
21-00
35-50
13-25
57-00
114-75
368-00
tons
1-45
9-55
9-10
2-40
bush.
21 -OO 1
17-25
17-50 1
34-25
24-50
15-50
27-25
10-75
150-00
249-25
tons
1-40
5-75
2-25
bush.
16-00
33-25
23-75
13-25
20-00
30-25
9-30
148-25
949-25
Oats
Barley
Rve
Peas
Beans
Buckwheat
Mixed grain
Flax
Corn for husking
Potatoes
Turnips, etc
Hay and clover
Fodder corn
Alfalfa
Ontario-
Fall wheat
Spring wheat
All wheat
Oats
Barley
Rye..
Peas
Beans
Buckwheat
Mixed grain
Flax
Corn for husking.
Potatoes
Turnips, etc
Hay and clover
Fodder corn
Sugar beets
Alfalfa
Manitoba-
Fall wheat
Spring wheat
All wheat
Oats
Barley
Rye..
Mixed grain
Flax
Potatoes
Turnips, etc
Hay and clover
Fodder corn
Alfalfa
Saskatchewan
Spring wheat
Oats
Barley
Rye..
Peas
Mixed grains
Flax
Potatoes
Turnips, etc..
Average of nine years, 1910-18. 2 Average of eight years, 1911-18.
AGRICULTURE
187
2. Annual Average Yields per acre of Field Crops for Canada and by Provinces from
1915 to 1919, with Decennial Averages for the years 1909-18 and 1910-19 concluded.
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
Decennial
Average-.
1909-18.
1910-19.
Saskatchewan- urn.
Hav and clover
tons
1-39
2-40
1-83
hush.
31
31-00
31-00
00
28-50
20-00
37
14 00
112-00
235-2S
:is
1-31
3-42
a- 15
bush
33-50
32-50
:;_
61-75
40
2 . t-75
40-00
247-25
4.V") 50
tons
2-34
12
52
tons
2-35
i> 60
2-85
hush.
30 -I :,
25-00
25 00
48-00
00
24-50
20-00
30-00
18-75
163
50
tons
l <:;
2-56
2-65
l>U-h .
30 ::
31-00
31-00
60-50
45-75
75
50-00
189-00
500-00
2- ,7
10-00
2-88
ton-
1-42
00
1-61
busli
I d.. )!)
18-26
18
00
22-00
20-50
17-50
75
7 00
151-50
207-50
tons
1
1-00
2-05
busli
31
28-50
29-00
29-2:.
75
40-00
1 ilti- 50
50
ns
1-85
7-00
2*58
tons
l-i:,
:,
1-40
hush.
15-00
6-00
6-00
22-75
16-50
17- LV,
18-00
21-50
5-00
70-50
188-50
tons
0-85
5-50
2-00
hush.
24-75
22-00
22-50
75
26-50
21-50
21-50
00
422-00
tons
1-90
10-10
8-25
tons
1-05
12-50
1-60
hush.
15-75
8-00
8-00
23-75
25-50
14 00
18-00
25
2-75
179 -7:
221-50
tons
MO
5-58
2-00
bush .
24-::>
22-00
22-75
47-25
33-00
00
36-50
170-00
365-00
tons
1-50
11-50
00
tons
1-50
3-50
l-75i
bush.
21-00
19-00
19-00
36-50
26-00
21-50
17-75
25-75
9-75
147-75
234-00
tons
1-50
2-00
bush.
30-00
2H-75 1
27-75
55-00
34-50 1
28-00
40- 7") 1
208-75
451-00
ton-
8-50 1
3-50 1
tons
1-35
4-95
1-80
bush.
20-75
16 -7:
17-00
36-25
25-50
19-25
18-00
28-50
9-10
151 -50
227-25
tons
L-35
2-35
2-25
bush .
29-00
25-50
26-7.-)
54-2.-,
34-00
27-25
40-25
204-25
435-50
tons
2-10
9-70
3-40
Fodder corn
Alfalfa....
Alberta-
! 1 wheat
Spring whfat .
All wheat
Oats
Barley
R\
Peas
Mixed Drains
Flax
PCM
Turnips, etc..
Hav and clover
1 iddrr eorn. . .
Alfalfa
British Columbia-
Fall wheat
Spring wheat..
All wheat
Oats
Barley 4 . . .
Peas
Mixed grains
Potatoes .
Turnips, etc
Hav and clover
Fodder corn .
Alfalfa
i Average of nine years, 1910-18.
3.
Areas and Yields of Wheat, Oats, Barley, and Flaxseed in the three Prairie
Provinces, 1917-1919.
Provinces.
1917.
1918.
1919.
1917.
1918.
1919.
Prairie Provinces
Wheat
acr
13,619,410
8,559,500
1,850,000
909,800
2,448,860
1,500,000
708,000
16,300
8,273,250
4,521,600
669,900
753,700
2,897,300
2,537,900
472,100
139,800
acr
16,125,451
9,354,941
2,272,334
1,044,838
2,983,702
1,714,894
1,002,965
107,961
9,249,260
4,988,499
699,296
840,957
3,892,489
2,651,548
470,073
95,920
acres.
17,750,167
9,452,386
1,800,745
1,068,014
2,880,301
1,847,267
893,947
57,379
10,587,363
4,837,747
492,586
929,945
4,282,503
2,767,372
414,212
80,690
bush.
211,953,100
254,877,200
40,384,100
5,835,900
41,039,700
45,375,000
15,930,000
146,700
117,921,300
123,213,600
14,067,900
4,710,600
52,992,100
86,288,600
10,386,200
978,600
bush.
164,436,100
222,049,500
47,607,400
5,776,000
48,191,100
54,473,500
27,963,400
1,091,000
92,493,000
107,253,000
11,888,000
4,205,000
23,752,000
60,323,000
7,756,000
480,000
bush.
165,544,300
235,580,000
36,682,400
5,232,300
40,975,300
57,698,000
17,149,400
520,300
89,994,000
112,157,000
8,971,000
4,490,000
34,575,000
65,725,000
10,562,000
222,000
Oats
Barley . .
Flax
Manitoba
Wheat
Oats
Barley . .
Flax
Saskatchewan
Wheat
Oats
Barley . .
Flax
Alberta-
Wheat
Oats
Barley . .
Flax "
188
PRODUCTION.
4. Total Areas and Values of Farm Crops in Canada, 1914-19.
AKEAS.
Provinces.
1914.
1915.
1916.
1917.
1918.
1919.
( :)ilil(ln
acres.
33,436,675
acres .
39,140,460
acres.
38,930,333
acres .
42,603,288
acres .
51,427,190
acres.
53,049,640
P E Island
461,510
481,930
485,910
491,210
488,180
526,628
T^ovn Scotia
693,860
727,260
746,580
752,980
910,387
1,011,144
New Brunswick . .
Quebec
904,055
4,863,850
893,800
4,901,760
889,220
4,590,200
888,125
5,778,139
1,188,200
8,201,362
1,335,118
7,973,021
Ontario
8,973,700
9,391,500
7,637,500
8,233,500
10,000,063
9,915,884
^Manitoba
4,671,790
4,843,816
5,030,960
4,837,660
6,325,150
6,344,318
Saskatchewan.. . .
\lberta
9,238,000
3,369,270
13,036,596
4,570,918
13,850,769
5,409,544
14,678,042
6,692,616
16,332,872
7,739,391
17,430,554
8,170,971
British Columbia
260,640
292,880
289,650
250,016
"241,585
342,002
VALUES.
Canada
$
638,580,300
$
825,370,600
$
886,494,900
$
1,144,636450
S
1,372935 970
$
1,452,437500
P E Island
11,544,000
10,930,400
14,124,100
16,530,000
16,277,800
22,067,200
Nova Scotia
21,969,700
19,556,700
22,369,800
23,313,400
42,486,200
63,086,000
New Brunswick . .
Quebec
20,045,100
99,279,000
20,092,600
104,683,000
22,924,200
102,937,300
24,404,200
153,197,900
42,891,270
276,776,900
52,834,000
307,944,000
Ontario . .
196,220,000
207,043,500
190,646,000
251,095,100
384,013,900
373,507,500
Manitoba
65,528,400
92,318,800
76,749,000
137,470,750
180,507,500
162,462,200
Saskatchewan
\lberta
152,751,500
59,779,600
265,605,700
93,514,200
292,773,900
148,738,600
349,488,200
176,965,800
299,362,500
113,072,700
296,831,800
149,580,800
British Columbia
11,463,000
11,625,700
15,232,000
12,171,100
17,547,600
24,124,000
AGRICULTURE
189
Comparative Value of Field Crops, 1918 and 1919.
TaMe 5 uives the results of calculations intended to show for each
of the principal iiehl crops the increase or decrease in total value for
1!H ( . as compared with 1918 that was due to (a) difference in price
and il)> difference in quantity. Thus, for wheat, the actual value in
I .H .l WAS W> 1,857,000. If the pricea of I .US had continued to
prevail in I M .) the value would have been sWO.iiliMMM), or $25,7r>r>.(MM)
more than it actually w;< The production beinir somewhat larger
in HU1) than in 1 ( .US, tlie value from this cause was more by $8,91 4 .(MM);
so that the net decrease of value in 1 ( .U . was s 1 (i,si 1 .000. Similarly,
with regard to the total value of all the field crops, their value in
I .iM) was S1,1.Y_M:5X.(MM}. afi compared with s 1 .:*72.<>:>7.(M)0 in l!)lv
A thepricesof 1918, the value in MU 9 would have been si .:W5,842,000,
decrease of $7,085, (MM) instead of a net increase of $7 ...")l 1 ,(M)0.
Of the net difference, $86,596,000 was an increase due to higher j)rices
a id 7,085,000 was a decrease due to smaller quantities. The actual
increase was in the percentage ratio of 5-8; the increase due to higher
prices was 6-3 p.c. and the decrease due to smaller quantities was at
the rate of 0-5 p.c.
5. Field Crops of Canada, compared as to Quantity and Value, for 1918 and 1919.
(Hi" omitt
Field
Actual
Value,
193
lie
at pri.
of 1918.
Actual
Value,
1918.
In
(+
I )d
(-)
Du<
higher ( + )
or lov
(-)
prices.
I )ue to
larger ( + )
or si i Killer
(-.>.
quanti
Fall \vhrat . . .
Spring \\ IK at . .
All \vh
$
31,521
$
33,282
390, til"
-
16,516
$
+15,005
-31,816
16 811
$
-1,761
-23,994
:
$
+ 16,766
-7,822
+8 944
Barlev .
Bye.!
Beans
Buckwheat .
317,097
77.
14,240
9,7
6,215
i:> :
306.:. 1(>
156
15,277
10,176
7. :.17
16,711
77,379
12,729
12,*
19,
IN 018
-14,280
4
+1,511
-3,160
-13,0(10
+10,557
+21,007
-1
437
-1.
880
4,817
-20,923
+2
-2.
-11,767
1 307
Mixed gra:
Flax
77. .
0>> 610
31,808
17 lii
40..
Is M/il
-IV
+3 ( ,.") )
+5,967
+5 484
-8,919
1
i for husking.. . .
122.080
29,699
103
2 823
7 Til!)
+4,796
...
118,894
r . -j 040
102
+ lli (M!)
4 146
+20,805
Turnips.mangoldfi
Hav and clover
959
338,713
47.818
267,020
252
241 77
+97 4:;t;
+7,141
+71,693
-4,434
+25,743
Grain hay . . .
4 37!)
4 379
+4
+4 379
Fodder corn . . .
34,180
" 1)06
30,386
2 460
29,439
1 84. )
+4,741
+781
+3,794
+146
+947
+615
Alfalfa
10 800
8 817
7 Q(U
4-9 g36
+ 1 983
+853
Increase or decrease..
1,452,438
1,365,842
1,372,927
+79,511
p.p.
+5-8
+86,596
p.c.
+6-3
-7,085
p.c.
-0-5
190
PRODUCTION
Quality of Grain Crops, 1910-1919.- Table 6 gives the average
weight per measured bushel for each of the principal grain crops
from 1910 to 1919, with the ten-year average for the period. It
shows that for fall wheat the weight in 1918 and 1919 was about 61 .2
lb., which is above the decennial average of 60.22 Ib. For spring
wheat the average, 59.11 lb., was reached or exceeded in six years
out of the ten and for all wheat seven years out of the ten, the average
being 59.38 lb. The average of 35.17 lb. for oats was reached or
exceeded for seven years out of the ten and for barley (average 47 . 23
lb.) five years out of the ten. For the remaining crops the decennial
averages are as follows, the number of times the average was exceeded
being placed within brackets: Rye 55.22 lb. (5); peas 59.57 lb. (8);
beans 59.50 lb. (7); buckwheat 47.68 lb. (4); mixed grains 44.90 (5);
flax 55 . 03 lb. (4) ; corn for husking 56 . 00 lb. (6) .
6. Quality of Grain Crops as indicated by Average Weight per measured bushel,
1910-19.
Ten
year
aver-
Crop.
1910.
1911.
1912.
1913.
1914.
1915.
1916.
1917.
1918.
1919.
age
1910-
19.
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.
Fall wheat
60-11
61-12
60-21
60-25
59-61
59-71
59-52
59-37
61-19
61-20
60-22
Spring wheat ....
59-71
59-21
58-90
60-37
59-46
60-31
56-51
59-48
58-69
58-53
59-11
All wheat
59-81
59-65
59-23
60-34
59-49
60-19
57-10
59-46
59-44
59-12
59-38
Oats
36-08
34-65
35-40
36-48
35-31
36-61
33-86
33-55
35-61
34-16
35-17
Barley
47-69
46-97
47-59
48-41
47-22
48-26
45-66
46-97
47-24
\J^L. I \ >
46-32
\JVJ J. I
47-23
Rye
55-72
55-11
54-84
55-66
55-47
56-32
54-95
53-44
55-60
55-09
55-22
Peas
58-73
59-58
56-88
60-00
60-53
60-74
59-88
59-81
59-93
59-60
59-57
Beans
59-81
58-30
59-05
59-70
60-21
59-61
60-00
59-70
58-67
59-99
59-50
Buckwheat
47-83
47-32
47-62
50-32
48-20
48-02
46-35
46-49
47-41
v i/ v \j
47-23
47-68
Mixed grains. . .
45-45
45-10
44-48
44-74
45-51
44-98
43-13
44-41
46-39
44-83
44-90
Flax
54-96
58-29
54-88
55-79
52-49
55-28
54-99
54-73
53-72
55-14
55-03
Corn for husking.
57-14
55-29
55-67
56-27
56-62
56-32
56-51
56-18
53-97
56-00
Farm Live Stock. Statistics of the numbers of farm live stock
in Canada in 1919 were collected from individual farmers throughout
Canada in June and July last, and the replies received form the basis
for the estimation of total numbers. The schedule embraced all
descriptions of farm live stock including poultry, horses and cattle
being classified by ages. In Table 7 are given, by provinces, the
totals, as jointly estimated by the statistical authorities of the
Dominion and Provincial Governments for the year 1919, with
comparative figures of the previous year. For horses and cattle
the numbers for 1919 constitute the highest on record. Sheep show
a further very satisfactory increase since the annual decline in
numbers was arrested in 1917. This total for 1919 is the highest
on record, and compares with 3,155,509, the number recorded in
1871 by the first Census after Confederation. Swine show a decrease
of 249 ; 612, as compared with the record number of 4,289,682 in
AGRICULTURE
191
1U8. In Table 8 are given the comparative totals for horses,
cattle, sheep and swine for the six years 1914 to 1919. It should
be observed that the figures of 1917, 1918 and 1919, for the provinces
of Quebec, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, and the
figures of all the provinces for 1918 and 1919, cannot be regarded
as strictly comparable with those of previous years, owing to the
change in the methods of collection and estimation. It is not
possible to distinguish clearly between actual changes and changes
due to the statistical reform.
7. Numbers of Farm Live Stock In Canada, by Provinces, 1918 and 1919.
CLASSIFICATION. Horses: Stallions, 2 years old and over; Mares. 2 years old and over;
Geldins. 1 years old and over; ( olts and Fillies, under l? y.-ars. Cattle: Bulls for breed
ing; Milch Cows; Calves, under 1 year; Steer*. 2 y-ars old and over; all other cattle.
Province.
1918.
1919.
Province.
1918.
1919.
Canada
HOBSI
Xo.
44 979
No.
49,084
P. E. Island con.
( ATTLE:
Hulls
No.
2,675
No.
3,708
\f nrcs
1,586,888
1, r>:;>. 7 IM
Milch cows
41.429
45,662
( i ridings . .
1,366,373
I,3<)<i.r,(i7
( alves
25,296
32,589
( <1ts and Fillips
610 674
616,884
5,078
4,299
Hordes n o p
343
< Mher cattle
36,043
39,219
Total
3, 609, 2.") 7
3,667,369
Total
110,521
125,477
\f i- 1 pia
10,261
15,102
SHEEP
73,046
114,955
\TTLE:
Bulls.
298,233
300.471
SWINE
40,814
49,510
Milch cows
3,538,600
3,548,437
PofLTKV:
Calves
2,380,126
2,424,229
Hens
547,963
575,647
Steers . .
858,165
840,319
Turkeys
7,026
9,388
Other cattle
2,970,743
2,971,555
27,375
26,544
Ducks
8,249
13,134
Total
10,045,867
10,085,011
Total
590,613
624,713
SHEEP
3,052,748
3,421,958
SWINE
4,289,682
4,040,070
Nova Scotia
POULTRY
HORSKS:
Stallions
1,534
1,718
Hens. ...
31,334,498
31.785,722
Mares
35,736
35,972
Turkeys
1,061,982
839, 71 I 1
( ieldings
26,278
27,056
Geese
879,177
802,869
Colts and Fillies
6,553
4,843
Ducks.
884 034
777.692 1
Total
70,101
69,589
Total
34,159,691
34,645,238
RABBITS (British
CATTLE:
Bulls
6,339
6,806
Columbia only)..
83,050
Milch cows
157,829
162,230
Calves
87,428
82,481
P. E. Island
Steers
51,857
50,643
HORSES:
Other cattle
103,798
103,901
Stallions
73
75
Mares
16,729
17,851
Total
407,251
406,061
Geldings
11,918
12,455
Colts and Fillies
3,900
4,195
SHEEP
259,847
261,529
Total
32,620
34,576
SWINE
68,238
69,982
Not including Alberta.
7 Including 439,244 other than hens in Alberta.
192
PRODUCTION
-Numbers of Farm Live Stock in Canada, by Provinces, 1918 and 1919 con.
Province.
1918.
1919.
Province.
1918.
1919.
Nova Scotia Con.
POULTRY:
Hens
No.
825,789
No.
813,715
Ontario
HORSES:
Stallions
No.
4 201
No.
4 087
Turkeys
15,33
7,903
Mares
360 119
354 677
Geese
18,677
15,796
Geldings
273 820
269 3QO
Ducks
11,236
17,545
Colts and Fillies
94 837
91 41^
Total
871,036
854,959
Total... .
732 977
719 569
New Brunswick
HORSES:
CATTLE :
Bulls
60,563
63,189
Stallions and Geldings
28,059
32,027
Milch cows
1,097,039
1,141,016
Mares
32,448
38,685
Calves
691 441
688 850
Colts and Fillies
6,083
7,116
Steers .
257 272
260 204
Other cattle
761,407
773,932
Total
66,590
77,828
Total
2,867,722
2,927,191
CATTLE:
Bulls
9,924
12,370
SHEEP
972 341
1 101 740
Milch cows
120,123
153 058
Calves
67,298
83,857
SWINE
1 656 386
1 695 487
Steers
20,524
25 163
Other cattle
68,878
90 574
POULTRY
Hens
11,100 281
10,573,506
Total
286,747
365,022
Turkeys
m609
327 802
Geese
412,214
426,663
SHEEP
140,015
212,745
Ducks
* 392 001
377 838
SWINE
79,814
104 939
Total
12 281 105
11 705 809
POULTRY:
Hens
621,841
72Q 619
Manitoba
HORSES
Turkeys
23,395
30 627
Stallions
1 500
1 500
Geese
18,806
24 396
Mares
164 187
161 274
Ducks
10,370
12,056
Geldings
151 659
144 470
Colts and Fillies
67,426
72,112
Total
674,412
796 698
Totals
384,772
379,356
Quebec
HORSES:
Stallions
11,040
14,068
CATTLE :
Bulls.
34 271
19,021
Mares
237,816
213,192
Milch cows
225*659
227 872
Geldings
200,293
184 132
Calves
m!71
207 577
Colts and Fillies. . . .
47,662
52,510
Steers
77 348
91 065
Other cattle
237,450
236,236
Total
496,811
463 902
Total
746,899
781,771
CATTLE :
Bulls
119,388
122 232
SHEEP
136 782
167,170
Milch cows
1,163,865
1 056 347
Calves
558,650
494,060
SWINE
284 596
261,542
Steers
101,913
92 296
Other cattle
465,868
504 709
POULTRY*
Hens
2,122,928
2,429,908
Total
2,409,684
2,269,644
Turkeys
128 440
157,518
Geese .
51,103
61,025
SHEEP
959,070
1,007 425
Ducks
51 552
82,715
SWINE
997,255
935 425
Total
2 354 023
2 731,166
POULTRY:
Hens
4,944,021
3 457 480
Sas katche wan
HORSES*
Turkeys..
167,605
118,904
Stallions
13 624
15,002
Geese
157,665
124 380
Mares
400 786
476,289
Ducks
94,703
108 206
Geldings
383 377
393,802
Colts and Fillies
192,222
193,359
Total
5,3,63,994
3 808 970
Total..
990.009
1,078,452
l M!M LI VI-: STOCK
7. Numbers of Farm Live Stock in Canada, by Provinces, 1918 and 1919 -con
l rt\ ;
1!K
1919.
I rnvi:
19 j
1919.
Saskatchewan -con.
M
( \TTL,K:
Bulls
>
10,067
20
.(140
131,943
441, T.V.I
1,275,331
-.177
521
7,401
U25
113,493
187,059
8,000,369
12
320,380
184
791,246
r,670
1,691.
8,179
601,534
14
714
i:;:
47;
1,379,
146,911
8,0
17 <
112,103
144
8,515.
11
.I M
1M
80
274
!>
180.734
1.5S4.044
364
Alberta on.
PouprBT:
1 !
. . .;
Duck-
Kritish Columbia
Ho
. liona
( Idiiii:-
No.
2,701,820
118,942
3,022,333
18
17,145
7,118
44,131
1")
5,247
50
17
124
,130
291
39
97*
5,610
6,111
11
1,001,
3,987,131
1,244
4,426,375
17,154
7,001
717
1
51
41
L4S
246
44
1,1
717
11
21
1,181,021
83,050
Milch cow !
( ui
Total
-M;: - p
SwiNI
[ (>
]{ " -
( oh :iri i Filli "s ....
11 O.J)
Tui .-
1 )ii "ks . .
Total ,..
MI-LK-*
Bull-
Till
Uberta
I{i>K>
. lion*
Mih h cows
M iv< 3
( irii jinL r ^ . . . r.
Colts :ind Tillies
( > 1 1
il
9 INK
1 It ll-
Turk"\ -
....
H Mtr.! n
! ll
\TTLE:
Bu:
Milch co\vs
< "lllvi S
rs
Other cuttlo
Total
SHEEP
SWINE
8. Estimated Numbers of Farm Live stock. 1914-1919.
Live Stock. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917.
1918.
1919.
No.
Canada
Horses 2,947,75
Xo. No. Xo.
. ,996,099 3,258,342 3,412,749
.6 2,666,84 ;.3.433 3,202,283
,1 3,399,155 3,760,718 4,718,657
7 6,066,001 6,594,151 7,920,940
t ."> 2,038,662 2,022,941 2,369,358
il 3,111.900 3,474,840 3,619.382
Xo.
3,609,257
3,538,600
6,507.267
10,045,867
3,052,748
4,289,682
Xo.
3,667,369
3,548,437
6,536,574
10,085,011
3,421,958
4,040,070
Milch cowa 2,673,2
Other cattle 3,363,52
Total cattle 6,036,81
Sheep. . 2,058,04
Swine.. 3.434.2(
6870813
194
PRODUCTION
8. Estimated Numbers of Farm Live Stock, 1914-1919 con.
Live Stock.
1914.
1915.
1916.
1917.
1918.
1919.
Prince Edward Island-
Horses.
No.
36,114
No.
36,898
No.
38,562
No.
38,948
No.
32,620
No.
34,576
Milch cows . ....
47,317
47,043
46,032
46,032
41,429
45,662
Other cattle
61,048
59,503
57,260
54,970
69,092
79,815
Total cattle
108,365
106,546
103,292
101,002
110,521
125,477
Sheep
85,351
86,640
88,797
90,573
73,046
114,955
Swine
41,718
40,792
38,300
35,236
40,814
49,510
Nova Scotia-
Horses
62,581
63,244
64,193
64,193
70,101
65,589
Milch cows
128,237
128,814
130,141
131,442
157,829
162,230
Other cattle
148,269
144,458
140,673
135,046
249,422
243,831
Total cattle . .
276,506
273,272
270,814
266,488
407,251
406,061
Sheep. . .
211,921
205,542
200,979
200,979
259,847
261,529
Swine.
53,892
53,402
51,928
49,850
68,238
69,982
New Brunswick-
Horses. .
65,702
65,827
65,169
65,169
66,590
77,828
Milch cows
102,713
101,665
100.221
100,221
120,123
153,058
Other cattle
99,256
96,437
92,223
89,456
166,624
211,964
Total cattle
201,969
198,102
192,444
189,677
286,747
365,022
Sheep
121,739
111,026
105,997
103,877
140,015
212,745
Swine. ...
73,325
72,533
70,683
69,269
79,814
104,939
Quebec-
Horses.
372,009
372,567
332,628
379,276
496,811
463,902
Milch cows
733,476
720,420
639,805
911,023
1,163,865
1,056,347
Other cattle
625,958
612,500
535,693
958,010
1,245,819
1,213,297
Total cattle
1 ,359,434
1,332,920
1,175,498
1,869,033
2,409,684
2,269,644
Sheep. . . . ...
571,287
554,491
497,711
849,148
959,070
1,007,425
Swine
634,569
632,729
531,303
712,087
997,255
935,425
Ontario-
Horses. . .....
904,975
903,527
896,208
887,246
732,977
732,977
Milch cows
1,085,843
1,077,808
1,082.119
1,082,119
1,097,039
1,141,016
Other cattle
970,445
935,606
901,924
865,947
1,770,683
1,786,175
Total cattle
2,056,288
2,013,414
1,984,043
1,947,966
2,867,722
2,927,191
Sheep.
640,416
611,789
589,581
595,477
972,341
1,101,740
Swine
1,553,624
1,469,573
1,404,618
1,236,064
1,656,386
1,695,487
Manitoba
Horses
316,707
317,847
324,175
324,175
384,772
379,356
Milch cows. ... ....
156,306
157,494
196,288
202,177
225,659
227,872
Other cattle
251,996
246,603
357,870
357,870
521,240
553,899
Total cattle
408,302
404,097
554,158
560,047
746,899
781,771
Sheep
45,303
50,880
76,750
80,588
136,782
167,170
Swine
186,276
163,308
205,898
175,013
284,596
261,542
Saskatchewan
Horses .
609,521
630,062
841,907
880,301
990,009
1,078,452
Milch cows
204,624
211,684
322,185
354,403
352,989
374,062
Other cattle
474,436
543,609
689,208
856,687
926,342
1,005,501
Total cattle ....
679,060
755,293
1,011,393
1,211,090
1,279,331
1,379,563
Sheep
126,027
133,311
124,237
127,892
134,177
146,911
Swine
454,703
411,324
530,727
573,938
521,240
432,367
Alberta-
Horses
519,424
544,772
634,188
718,317
791,246
800,380
Milch cows
179,068
183,974
277,324
325,861
328,702
336,596
Other cattle
633,032
660,000
882,766
1,209,433
1,362,880
1,247,448
Total cattle . ...
812,100
843,974
1,160,090
1,535,294
1,691,582
1,584,044
Sheep
211,001
238,579
292,620
276,966
332,179
364,498
Swine. .
397.123
229,696
603,554
730,237
601,534
445,858
/ l/i .U LIVE STOCK
195
8. Estimated Numbere of Farm Live Stock, 1914-1919 <-<>n< -lud !.
I.i k.
1914.
1915.
1916.
UU7
1 IIK.
1919.
British Columbia
Horses
Milrh cows
\<>.
60,706
36,702
No.
til
No.
til. .SI 2
Ms
No.
65,124
4M (Id. )
No.
44,131
"id ( iti.")
No.
43,717
51 r )<)4
><>r i-attlt- ;.
Total ruttlr..
Sheep
:<
091
1:14
t:.(KK)
021
ion
! M
101
142.41!)
4li.
:;:
191
240,343
43.J
195,166
246,130
45,291
39,805
194
44,985
44,%()
Values of Farm Live Stock and of Wool. Table 9 shows the
;ge values per head of farm animals, as estimated from the
reports of crop correspondents of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics,
for the year 1919, as eompared with the five years 191 -\ to 191S. Hoi-
and cattle other than mileh cows are divided according to age, and
the unit value for swine is 1(10 11>. live weight. The table gives a
tin estimate of the value per Ib. of unwashed and washed wool. The
downward trend of the value of horses from the high mark of 1917
was again in evidence in the figures of 1919; the values of milch cows
continue to advance, while the value of other horned cattle. >heep
and swine, was either stationary or slightly lower. For the Dominion
a whole, the average price of horses under 1 year old was $55, as
aiiainst s:,h in 191S and s.~>7 in 1917; for hnrses f year old to under 3,
the average value per animal was S10S a> a-ainst si li> in 191s and
$116 in the previous year: for work horses the price per animal was
practically the same in 1919 as in 191s <slhl and SU>2). The con
tinued upward trend of the value of milk products was reflected in the
average price of milch cows, which was placed at $92 per head in 1919,
compared with $87 in 1918, $62 in 1915 ami S12 in 1911). The
average value of other cattle under 1 year was S2.~>. a- compared with
n <imilar figure in 1918, while those of three years old and over dropped
in value from -SSS per head in 191S to SM; p T head in 1919. Sheep
averaged 81.") as against $1(5 in 191X. Swine were valued at $20
as against $25 in 1918. Wool showed a drop of from 02 cent- per Ih.
")") cents for unwashed, and from SO cents to 70 cents for washed.
Correspondents were requested to report from the best possible infor
mation available the average value per head of each kind of farm
animal in their district, and the averages thus obtained were com
piled and employed in the calculations of total values according
to the number of farm animals as returned in June 1919 (see Table 10).
The resulting totals for the Dominion are as follows, the figures for
1918 being given in brackets: Horses, -435,070,000 ($459,155,000);
milch cows. $327.814.1)00 ($307,244,000); other cattle. $381,007,000
($398,814,000); all cattle. $708,821,000 ($706,058,000); sheep, $50,-
402,000 ($48,802,000); swine. $102,309,000 ($112,751,000). The
total value for farm live stock in Canada in 1919 is therefore estimated
at $1,296,602,000, as against $1,326,766,000 in 1918 and $1,102,261,-
000 in 1917. Table 11 shows the estimated total values of farm live
stock in Canada by provinces for each of the six years 1914 to 1919.
68708- 13*
196
PRODUCTION
9. Average Values of Farm Animals and of Wool, as estimated by
Crop Correspondents, 1914-19.
HORSES.
OTHER HORNED
CATTLE.
Swine
T"\C*T*
WOOL PER LB.
Provinces.
I year
Milch
year
|Jt>I
100 Ib.
Sheep.
to
3
cows
to
3
live
Under
under
years
Jnder
under
years
weight.
Un
Washed
1 year
3
and
year
3
and
washed.
years .
over.
years.
over .
1
$
$
$
$
$
$
$ c.
$ c.
$ c.
$ c.
Canada 1914
55
114
165
57
16
37
54
7 24
7 07
19
26
1915
54
111
160
62
17
38
55
8 58
7 96
28
38
1916
54
109
160
70
20
43
63
11 98
10 48
37
50
1917
57
116
167
84
24
52
77
17 33
14 93
59
75
1918
56
112
162
87
25
57
88
16 00
16 00
62
80
1919
55
108
161
92
25
56
83
16 00
15 00
55
70
P. E. Island 1914
46
95
143
39
11
23
35
7 14
6 05
21
27
1915
42
92
136
42
11
25
37
8 02
6 97
32
40
1916
37
76
112
52
14
31
46
12 27
9 13
37
47
1917
41
79
118
63
17
37
54
17 28
13 74
60
76
1918
43
86
131
71
17
38
60
16 00
15 00
65
83
1919
53
97
146
83
20
48
72
16 00
14 00
46
59
Nova Scotia . .1914
53
116
166
40
10
25
42
7 75
4 70
21
26
1915
53
108
167
45
11
28
44
7 94
5 28
31
40
1916
50
99
150
53
13
33
54
10 77
6 55
39
49
1917
49
101
149
63
18
41
63
16 65
8 91
61
74
1918
51
100
152
65
15
40
62
17 00
10 00
71
88
1919
55
109
167
76
17
46
75
18 00
11 00
62
76
New Brunswick. 1914
54
123
183
40
11
24
39
8 16
4 63
22
28
1915
59
127
182
40
11
25
37
8 17
5 25
30
40
1916
55
113 169
48
13
28
44
11 63
6 49
36
48
1917! 54
118
165
63
16
37
55
16 23
9 92
59
74
1918
60
125
175
65
18
38
58
17 00
12 00
71
89
1919
62
125
201
70
17
41
58
17 00
11 00
57
73
Quebec 1914
49
107
164
47
11
27
41
8 91
6 60
23
30
1915
48
104
159
51
12
28
42
9 81
7 48
33
43
1916
49
105
155
62
16
35
52
14 28
10 73
44
58
1917
53
117
171
81
19
43
67
19 60
15 00
65
83
1918
53
114
171
79
18
40
62
17 00
14 00
63
83
1919
55
120
179
84
19
42
64
17 00
13 00
57
76
Ontario . . . 1914
54
111
152
64
20
43
62
7 74
8 70
19
25
1915
51
102
142
70
20
45
64
8 90
10 03
26
33
1916! 52
105
151
76
23
51
71
12 06
12 81
34
44
1917 55
105
147
92
29
63
90
17 27
18 41
55
66
1918 54
105
146
96
29
65
94
17 00
20 00
61
76
1919
53
101
144
107
29
64
95
17 00
18 00
54
67
Manitoba 1914
61
126
176
62
17
38
56
6 28
8 76
14
18
1915
63
124
178
65
18
41
60
7 75
8 56
21
29
1916
61
123
171
74
21
47
67
10 83
11 57
31
37
1917
63
127
178
88
27
55
83
16 43
16 08
51
55
1918
65
126
182
91
28
65
93
16 00
17 00
56
67
1919
59
117
172
90
26
59
85
16 00
15 00
54
61
Saskatchewan. . . . 1914
63
133
187
66
18
41
61
.5 74
7 08
15
20
1915
64
132
150
69
20
44
62
8 26
7 97
20
24
1916
65
133
188
73
22
47
67
10 20
9 24
28
33
1917
69
137
194
85
27
58
83
15 42
14 16
50
54
1918
64
134
190
91
30
64
92
15 00
17 00
56
71
1919
56
108
162
91
27
60
86
16 00
15 00
51
62
Alberta.. ..1914
45
91
137
66
21
42
61
5 99
6 96
14
18
1915
47
97
142
69
22
45
64
7 70
7 57
23
25
1916
51
102
151
77
27
51
73
11 04
9 82
28
37
1917
55
109
161
89
33
62
87
15 74
14 62
51
55
1918
48
96
142
93
32
64
95
15 00
18 00
57
69
1919
40
82
125
89
26
57
83
16 00
14 00
52
64
British Columbia. 19 14 46
93
162
89
22
48
73
8 00
8 33
15
16
1915 42
93
136
91
21
48
67
9 09
7 86
19
20
1916
48
87
144
90
24
48
72
12 89
10 67
29
45
1917
50
101
155
103
29
62
89
17 02
13 68
46
52
1918
52
98
150
106
29
65
93
15 00
15 00
54
64
1918
63
110
167
118
35
70
102
19 00
16 00
49
58
NOTE. For corresponding averages of the years 1909 and 1910, see Canada Year Book, 1918, page 187.
/M/.M7 LIVE STOCK
197
10. Numbers in Juno and Values in December of Farm Liu- Stock in Canada, as
estimated by Crop ( orrcspondents, 1918 and 1919.
1 aim Animals. 18.
1U19.
ll18. 1919.
1918.
1910.
Canada
11
ftiilcb
Other cattle
Total cattle. ...
Sheep.
No.
267
3,.
W7.267
10,045,867
3,052,748
4. IN J. 682
41
092
110,521
40,814
70,101
157
422
407
847
88,238
ii :;
166
286.747
140,015
814
496,811
1,1
1,245,819
2,409,4
070
997
732,977
1,097,039
1,770,683
2,867, 7 2-2
972,341
1,656,386
384,772
225,659
521,240
746,899
136,782
284.596
Xo.
3,667,369
3,548,437
-.74
lo.os;,,oil
3,421,958
M>. 07(1
34,
S15
125
114
49,510
lr 52.230
831
406,0111
261
69,982
77,828
153,058
I ll, 964
365,022
212,745
104,939
463,902
1,056,347
1,213,21)7
J69.644
1,007.41 :)
934,425
719,569
1,141,016
1,786,175
2,927,191
1,101,740
1,695,487
379,356
227,872
553,899
781,771
167,170
261.542
$ per
id.
127
61
70
16
103
71
44
54
15
29
117
65
44
53
10
30
141
65
41
51
12
28
131
79
45
61
14
26
111
96
67
78
20
27
141
91
64
73
17
26
$ per
hea< 1 .
119
58
70
15
114
14
27
127
76
54
55
11
29
138
(2
53
11
31
134
84
44
61
13
24
110
107
68
83
18
25
131
90
58
67
15
27
$
::^,(m
. 44.000
N 14.000
D58.000
48,802,000
112.751.000
3,353,000
122,000
108,000
5,930,000
1,081,000
1,183,000
8,194,000
10,337,000
11,046,000
21.383,000
2,020,000
9,385,000
^10.000
770,000
14,580,000
1,642,000
2,219,000
65,082,000
91,945,000
062,000
148,007,000
13,427,000
25,929,000
81,169,000
105,515,000
118,765,000
224,280,000
19,766,000
43,896,000
54,371,000
20,622,000
33,546,000
54,168,000
2,317,000
7.517.000
$
435,070,000
.814,000
381,007,000
708,821,000
50,402.000
102.309.000
3,935,000
3,794.000
4,230,000
8,024,000
1,603,000
1,320,000
8,838,000
12,329,000
13,167,000
190,000
2,877,000
2,029,000
10,776,000
10,640,000
8,870,000
19,510,000
2,449,000
3,291,000
62,163,000
88,734,000
50,385,000
139,119,000
13,097,000
22,450,000
79,153,000
121,623,000
121,272,000
242,895,000
19,831,000
42,387,000
49,523,000
20,609,000
32,075,000
52,684,000
2,518,000
7.185.000
Su me
Prince Edward Is.
Hi >r-cs
Milch cows
:ier cattle
Total cattle
....
Nova Scotia-
Horses. ....
Milch --I >u ~
her cattle
al cattle. . . .
Sheep f
S me
New lir tins wick
Hot - ~
Milch cow-
( ther cattle
Total cuttle
>\\ !Ilc
Quebec
Hor-es
Milch cow?
Other cattle. . .
Total cattle
<-ep
Swine
Ontario-
Horses
Milch cow?. . . .
Other cattle
Total cattle
ep
Swine
Manitoba-
Horses
Milch cows
Other cattle
Total cattle ....
Sheep
Swine. .
198
PRODUCTION
10. Numbers in June and Values in December of Farm Live Stock in Canada, as
estimated by Crop Correspondents, 1918 and 1919 concluded.
Farm Animals.
1918.
1919.
1918.
1919.
1918.
1919.
Saskatchewan-
Horses
No.
990,009
No.
1,078,452
$ per
head.
149
$ per
head.
125
$
147 511 000
$
139 807 000
Milch cows. . .
352,989
374 062
91
91
32 122 000
34 040 000
Other cattle
926 342
1 005 501
66
62
61 139 000
o 741 000
Total cattle
Sheep.
1,279,331
134,177
1,379,563
146 911
73
17
70
15
93,261,000
2 281 000
96,381,000
2 904 000
Swine
521,240
432,367
28
26
14 595 000
1 1 242 000
Alberta-
Horses.
791,246
800,380
107
94
84 662 000
75 236 000
Milch cows
328,702
336 596
93
89
30 569 000
29 9^)7 000
Other cattle
1,362,880
1,247,448
70
60
95 402 000
74 847 000
Total cattle. . ..
Sheep
1,691,582
332,179
1,584,044
364 498
74
15
66
14
125,971,000
4 983 000
104,804,000
5 103 000
Swine
601,534
445,858
24
25
14 437 000
11 146 000
British Columbia-
Horses
44,131
43,717
123
1?9
5 4 ?8 000
5 639 000
Milch cows
50,965
51,594
106
118
5 402 000
6 088 000
Other cattle
195,165
194,644
67
71
13 076 000
13 8 9 000
Total cattle
Sheep
246,130
45,291
246,238
44,985
75
15
81
16
18,478,000
679 000
19,908,000
720 000
Swine
39,805
44,960
24
28
955 000
1 25Q 000
11. Estimated Total Values of Farm Live Stock in Canada, by Provinces, 1914-1919.
Province and Year.
Horses.
Cattle.
Sheep.
Swine.
Total.
Canada
$
$
$
$
$
1914
371,430,363
297,130,793
14,550,710
42,418,325
725,530,191
1915
373,381,000
316,380,000
16,226,000
43,653,000
749,640,000
1916
380,884,000
360,874,000
20,312,000
49,477,000
811,547,000
1917
429,123,000
544,676,000
35,576,000
92,886,000
1,102,261,000
1918
459,155,000
706,058,000
48,802,000
112,751,000
1,326,766,000
1919
435,070,000
708,821,000
50,402,000
102,309,000
1,296,602,000
Prince Edward Island-
1914
4,013,710
3,405,125
516,374
614,923
8,550,132
1915
3,911,000
3,588,000
606,000
510,000
8,615,000
1916
3,355,000
4,369,000
799,000
766,000
9,289,000
1917
3,408,000
4,998,000
1,245,000
947,000
10,598,000
1918
3,353,000
5,930,000
1,081,0001 1,183,000
11,547,000
1919
3,935,000
8,024,000
1,603,000
1,320,000
14,882,000
Nova Scotia
1914
7,594,204
9,416,337
996,029
849,877
18,856,447
1915
7,621,000
10,354,000
1,130,000
961,000
20,066,000
1916
6,933,000
12,172,000
1,306,000
935,000
21,346,000
1917
7,141,000
14,391,000
1,809,000
2,626,000
25,967,000
1918
8,194,000
21,383,000
1,433,000
2,020,000
33,030,000
1919
8,838,000
25,496,000
2,877,000
2,029,000
39,240,000
New Brunswick
1914
9,060,306
6,763,618
563,652
1,300,052
17,687,628
1915
9,018,000
6,767,000
555,000
1,269,000
17,609,000
1916
8,244,000
7,904,000
689,000
1,202,000
18,039,000
1917
8,244,000
9,848,000
1,039,000
1,853,000
20,984,000
1918
9,385,000
14,580,000
1,642,000
2,219,000
27,826,000
1919
10,776,000
19,510,000
2,449,000
3,291,000
36,026,000
l- Mi .M LI\ I- STOCK
190
11. Kstimated Total Value of Farm Live Stock in Canada, by Province*, 1914-1919
Province ami Yrar
Hones.
rlr.
Sh--
Ine.
Total.
$
$
$
$
I
Quefx t
*g v
L914
59.:
1
9,087.
122.29S.071
1915
41.72S.000
Hl.is7.000 4.1. )l.000
.M7:..oiMi lit). 249.000
L916
252,000
tin. 720. 000 119.230,000
1IM7
-75.000 lls.D7s.lMM) 12.737.000 20. 294. DIM) 2OD.!is 4,000
L918
000 14s. 007. 000 ..IMMI 252.445.000
1919
ooo i:; .t,ll .t.ooo
097.000
22,450,000
..829,000
Ontario-
1914
ID:
li:;.7:.!.147
5,571. til!
19
330,890
1915
los,42:;.o<M) 119.349,000
fi.llS.IMM) I D. .-.74.000
. 4(14,000
1916
112.0211. 000 MM.s66.000
7.370.000 i>.->..;sM,000
285,545,000
1917
100
11,016,000
31.211,000
296. 914.000
1918
Sl. 16 .). DIM) 224.2SO.000 19.:
43.S96.000
369,111
1919
5:;, ooo
242,895,000
19.831,000
42,387,000
266,000
Manitoba
1914
41,1
20,044,976
2.034.134
1915
71.IKKI 21O,SX.O<MI -MM) i (Ml 162,000
1916
4H.75j.oiMi 22.3r,.o<M) oiM) 2.215,ouo 65,879,000
L917
38,330,000
1,289,000 4, 157. (MM)
88,350,000
1918
54.ltis.nuu
17.0IM) 7,- 17. ODD lis.373.000
1919
49.523,000
52,684,000
2,51s..
7,185,000| 11,910,000
Saskatchewan
1914
90,026.
34.47:.. :. .
892,271
4,
129,79:
1915
40,699,000
1.0i i.niMi ;7.ooo i:;!),7:;i.ODD
1916
96.025.000 41.211.000
1,384,000
5,686,000 147,309,000
1917
121,482,000
80.321J.OOO
l.sj
14. 492. DIM) 2ls.125.000
1918
147. :)ll. ooo 9:;. 261,000
14.595.000 257.H4s.OOM
1919
000 :s 1,000
11.242.000 249.634,000
Alberta-
1914
:io 40,86ti
1,46*
4.
102,750,184
1915
til.:).-)!*, ODD 44.942.000
1,789,000
371,000
111.101.000
1916
,D(MI .000
3.658,000
127.7:1:1,000
1917
s:.r,.;5.o<M) I06.7s .t.ooo
4.01 i. 17.708.000
216,148,000
1918
84,662,000 1 . .">. !71. DOM 4.US:;
14.437.000
230.053.000
L919
7:).. ) :; i,ooo l04.sOj.DOD 5.10:1,000
11.146,000
196,289.000
British Columbia-
1914
7,24 9. 064. 468
850
466.030
17,155,346
1915
000
8,4(X3.000
" !.00) () i:,..-.s:;,000
1916
9,367,000
H) 700,000: 17,174,000
1917
6,505,000
17.4S5.000
000
791.000 25,384.000
I .Us 5.42s. DUO 18,478,000
1,000
5,000 25,540,000
1919 5,639.000 19,908,000
,000
1,259.000
27,526,000
Average Values of Farm Land.- TuM< 12 shows the
values per acre of farm lands in Canada, as estimated by crop cor
respondents in each of the years 1910 to 1919. The average value
of farm land for the Dominion, including improved and unimproved
land, together with the value of dwellings and other farm buildings,
was placed at $52 per acre, as compared with S46 in 1918, $44 in 1917,
S41 in 1916, $40 in 1915 and 838 in 1914 and 1910. This shows an
enhancement in value of farm lands of 14, or 36.8 p.c. in five years.
By provinces, the value was highest in British Columbia, being $174
compared with S149 per acre in 1917 and 1918. Ontario, with an
estimated average value of $66 per acre, and Quebec with $72 per acre,
were above the average for the Dominion. In 1918 Ontario and
Quebec gave each the average value of farm lands at $57 per acre. In
Prince Edward Island the average value of farm lands rose from $44
200
PRODUCTION
per acre, the highest previous value, to $51. Nova Scotia also shows
an increase from $36 per acre in 1918 to $41 in 1919. New Brunswick
valued its farm land at $19 per acre in 1910, $29 in 1916 and 1917,
$35 in 1918 and $32 in 1919. The value of farm lands in Manitoba,
while fluctuating between $29 in 1910 and $32 in 1918, rose to $35
per acre in 1919. In Saskatchewan farm lands were valued at $32,
as compared with $29 per acre in 1918 and $24 in 1914, and Alberta
lands increased in value from $21 per acre in 1914 to $27 in 1917 and
$29 in 1919.
12. Average Values per acre of Occupied Farm Lands in Canada, as estimated by
Crop Correspondents, 1910, 1914-1919.
Provinces.
1910.
1914.
1915.
1916.
1917
1918.
1919.
Canada
"S
38
$
38
$
40
I
41
$
44
$
46
$
52
Prince Edward Island. .
31
39
38
39
44
44
51
Nova Scotia
25
28
28
34
34
36
41
New Brunswick
19
26
22
29
29
35
32
Quebec
43
47
51
52
53
57
72
Ontario
48
54
52
53
55
57
66
Manitoba
29
32
30
32
31
32
35
Saskatchewan
22
24
24
23
26
29
32
Alberta
24
21
23
22
27
28
29
British Columbia
74
150
125
119
149
149
174
Average Wages of Farm Help.- -The average wages paid for
farm help in 1919 again showed a considerable increase. For Canada
as a whole, according to Table 13, the wages per month during sum
mer, for males, inclusive of board, was $78 and for females, $43 per
month; the value of board, $24 per month for males and $19 for
females, is included in the above estimate. In 1918, the cost of farm
help during summer months was estimated, for males, at $70, including
$21 per month for board, and for females at $38 per month, including
$17 per month for board. By the year, including board, males
received $764 in 1919, as compared with $681 in 1918 and $323 in 1914;
females received $465 in 1919, as compared with $416 in 1918 and
$189 in 1914, being an annual average increase of over 136 p.c. for men
and 146 p.c. for women from 1914 to 1919. Compared by provinces,
the average wages per month for male and female help respectively
in the summer season, including board, were in order of value in 1919
as follows: British Columbia $96 and $64, Alberta $95 and $58,
Saskatchewan $94 and $55, Manitoba $89 and $52, New Brunswick
$79 and $35, Quebec $76 and $37, Ontario $70 and $40, Nova Scotia
$69 and $34, and Prince Edward Island $51 and $28. In 1918 the
position of the provinces as regards wages of males was the same,
British Columbia coming first for both males and females and Prince
Edward Island last in both cases. The net earnings of farm help in
the summer months for females was highest in British Columbia,
$37, followed by Alberta with $34, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, $32,
Ontario and Quebec, $22, New Brunswick, $20, Nova Scotia, $18, and
Prince Edward Island, $15, while for males it was highest in Alberta
with $67 per month and Saskatchewan, $66, followed by British
Columbia $65, Manitoba $63, New Brunswick $56, Quebec $53,
Ontario $48,Nova Scotia $47 and Prince Edward Island $33 per month.
WAG1 i AM/ ///:/,/
201
IS. Average Wages of Farm Help in Canada, as estimated by Crop Correspondent*
1S1I-19.
{ rovir.
Per month in
Minini on,
including hoard.
IVr year,
including
board.
Averse value
of board
per month.
Malea.
1 in.,
M;tles.
Females
Mules.
Females.
$
$
*
1
$
$
Canada 1914
36
19
189
14
11
1915
37
90
841
15
11
1916
43
17
13
I J 17
64
611
19
15
1918
70
38
681
416
21
17
1919
78
465
24
19
P. E. Island. 1914
95
13
10
lu:> 27
15
lls
10
9
1916
31
18 301 If 17
13
9
1917
40
407
254
14
10
1918
:
15
11
L919
51
28
504
318
18
. 13
Nova Scotia 11*14
31 1. )
301
155
11
8
1915
33
310
169
12
8
1916
19
195
16
11
1917
54
296
17
12
l!Ms 60
326
19
14
1919
69 34
346
22
16
New Brunswick 1U14
32 15 302
165
11
8
1 U:, 34
16
153
14
8
UK, 36
17 32S
164
14
10
1917
57
28
18
13
1918
69
31
335
20
14
1919
79 35
804
401
23
15
Quebec 1<J14
34
16
296
152
13
9
I .U. i 33
16
301
159
13
10
191H 41
20 371
16
11
1917
59
29
. :
17
12
1918
33 317
20
13
1919
37 695
23
15
Ontario 1914
32 17
13
10
1915
31 17 304
179
J.O
13
J \J
11
1916
39 32 360
16
13
1917
59 32 561 344
18
14
1918
62 35 607
20
16
1919
70 40 691
431
22
18
Manitoba 1914
39
22 364
226
15
1Q
1915 45
27 390
A* ^.\j
245
15
JbO
13
1916
48
27 454
283
18
15
1917
68
40 689
452
21
17
1918
78
45 791
494
23
19
1919
89 52 889
557
26
20
Saskatchewan.. 1914
41 VX Sfifi
235
17
14
1915
42
24 386
241
X 1
17
JKV
14
1916
49
26 434
278
18
15
1917
73
41 734
470
23
18
1918
86
49 849
545
25
20
1919
94
55
912
598
28
23
Uberta 1914
40 24
365 93R
Ifi
1915
-XV 4.T
44 24
U\JtJ
404
*/w
253
AU
17
14
1916
52
29 501
299
20
16
1917
76
44
784
476
23
19
1918
86
50
863
569
26
22
1919 95
58
976
648
28
24
202
PRODUCTION
13. Average Wages of Farm Help in Canada, as estimated by Crop Correspondents,
1914-1919 concluded.
Per month in
Per year,
Average value
summer season,
including
of board
Provinces.
including board.
board.
per month.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females .
Males.
Females.
British Columbia. 1914
$
48
$
31
$
460
$
324
$
21
$
18
1915
49
31
463
287
19
16
1916
50
29
543
325
22
18
1917
78
48
803
481
25
21
1918
89
57
903
589
28
23
1919
96
64
1,065
715
31
27
NOTE. For corresponding averages of the years 1909 and 1910, see Canada Year Book,
1918, pp. 190 and 191.
DAIRYING.
Creameries and Cheese Factories, 1916, 1917 and 1918.-
The total number of creameries and cheese factories making returns in
Canada in 1918 was 3,373, as compared with 3,418 in 1917, and 3,446
in 1916. Of the total in 1918, 990 were creameries, 1,885 were cheese
factories, 476 were combined factories making butter and cheese, and
22 were condensed milk factories. The great majority both of
creameries and cheese factories were in Quebec and Ontario. In
Quebec there were 628 creameries, 900 cheese factories, 425 combined
factories and 1 condensed milk factory. In Ontario, creameries num
bered 164, cheese factories 910, combined factories 37 and condensed
milk factories 15. The total number of patrons (i.e., farmers sup
plying milk and cream) was 252,416 in 1918, as compared with 250,-
505 in 1917, and 221,192 in 1916. In 1918, the patrons numbered
80,011 in Quebec and 92,397 in Ontario. The total value of the
capital invested in the creameries and cheese factories of Canada in
1918 was $23,131,620. The number of employees was 10,155, and
their salaries and wages amounted to $6,221,457. The amount paid
to patrons was $83,637,391, the total expenditure was $101,364,912,
and the value of products was $107,340,850, as compared with an
expenditure of $86,488,260 and a value of products of $93,879,326 in
1917.
Production and Value of Creamery Butter.- -The total pro
duction of creamery butter in 1918 (Table 14) was 93,298,348 lb.,
value $41,859,156, as compared with 87,526,939 lb., value $34,274,-
218, in 1917, and 82,564,130 lb., value $26,966,355, in 1916. Quebec
and Ontario together produced about 71 p.c. of the total creamery
butter in Canada. The production of Quebec in 1918 was 36,761,057
lb., value $16,364,950, as compared with 34,392,562 lb., value $13,689,-
310, in 1917, and 34,323,275 lb., value $11,516,148, in 1916. Ontario
in 1918 produced 29,452,422 lb., value $13,163,938, as compared with
28,756,758 lb., value,$l 1,236,839, in 1917, 24,680,109 lb., value $8,031,-
997, in 1916. For all Canada the average wholesale price of creamery
butter worked out at 45 cents per lb. in 1918, as compared with 39
cents per lb. in 1917 and 33 cents in 1916.
DAIRY1
203
It. Production and Value
of
Creamery
Butter, by Province*, 191, 1917,
and 191*.
( KKAMKK.
.
i n<\ ii.
1916.
1917.
1918.
1916.
1917.
1918.
Ib.
Ib.
Ib.
$
t
Prince Kd\vanl Island
Nova S.-. .r ia
Brunswick
i
613.880
664,751
1,746
17:;
548
1,7
,316
184,164
..000
221.162
2o:,, 368
711
206. :,64
249,039
808
290 53 J
Quebec . 29
Mil
726,
826
30,839,505 H.H2U.I65
11
.404
13
.7
Ontario 2M
.417,
:;::
26
847
26,969,588 7.637.7% 10
l"
I It i: ;
Manitoba
Saskatchewan
6
4
,574,
,310,
669
7,050,
4,220,
92 1
758
131,962
5,009,014
!8,109 2
l.:;3s.lso i
,-.!<:>, 472
,575
3
041
,221
Alberta
4
1
,275,
,243,
760
292
4,998,
1.201.
O .ir,
J97.319 1.323.152
1.560,: 197,316
1
262
,747
2
705
797
British ( olumbia
Canada
72
.175.
719
75,245.
82,347,011 23,674.044
29
.383,912
36
923,317
( ( MHINKD I \( TOKIES.
Prince Kdward Islam!
Nova Scut ia
-
41.345
37,893
16,762
17,065
Brunswick
Queb.
,181
1,834 474
26,694
5 ) ! -)-,
15,031
1 -|\K <IW <
27,122
2.)v 1 (I"
12
Ontario.
Manitoba
Sa^katclie\\ an
1,262,732
1,694,509
l.itu). () .:,
i , i^
394,L ()i
i
,^o4,vYo
664
- ,M1 ,960
2,4
Alberta..
4 M6 O M
3 Qln y~".
O AZ.Z Q1U
IOfiA nun
IP - " 1 1
British ( olumbia.
i)<)7
., *)>. 17 IO
91 44t i
, jyo.u .M)
..)_. ._, !
1,01)1
~ i ,-t-t
10,0.9
Canada
10,388.411
11.508.286
9.628.598
3,292.311
4,559,535
4,321,899
1
Prince Kdwiinl Island
Ontario
-
42,406
:i ,
54,937
1 "
-
17,810
1 U 1
27,468
.
i-,yol
1,472
Canada . .
-
773,402
1.322.739
-
330,771
613.940
\L.
Prince I-,dward Island
\ nva Scotia
Brunswick
^Uebcc
)ntarii i
il-:.880| -)!J7.271 i41.754. 184.1f,4 1M J,940
1,586,679 1.74ti.r,r (L > (.756,905 -.().->. 000 71 i
709,932 .vi:,. ti:c.i fitio.oio ] .<:: 233
34,323,275 34,392,f Il,51i.l4.s 13,689310
24,680,109 28,714,352 8,031,997 11. "19 029
i.:,74.-)Ki 7.050.921 s S^lOQ 259547!
4.:;io.ti<i<) 4,220,758 :,.oo:).oi4 1,338,180 1,575*,965
1,784 8.943.971 9.o:,. !.2::7 i , til .), 248 3,414.541
1,243.292) 1,294.743| 1,581. 497,3ir, 594J623
293,572
3 ;.-,:,
302,818
16.364,950
13.136.470
3.S97.476
2,221.403
4,025.851
807,861
Manitoba
^a-katchewan.
Vlberta
British Columbia
Canada
82,564,130; 87.526.939i 93.298,348 26.966.355 1 34.274218
41.859.156
U.-Production and Value of Factory Cheese, by Provinces, 1116, 1917, and 1918
CHEESE FACTORIES.
Provinces.
1916.
1917.
1918.
1
1916. 1917.
1918.
} rince Edward Island.
\ova Scotia
Ib.
2.12 1,736
94.727
1,067,068
38,059,681
101,535,235
880,728
135,435
Ib.
1,599,885
67,497
1,188,296
40,024,037
114,319,617
1,003,646
104,649
35,000
Ib.
1.535.871
61,195
1,149,367
39,117,406
102,874662
657,085
13,573
184,908
230,347
$
409,495
17,051
189,618
6,873,544
18,784,018
158,931
24,728
1
333,723
14,269
245,629
8,361,081
24.318.420
199,036
22,692
10,655
$
350,606
13,897
259,431
8,776,902
23,213,520
143,696
3,257
43,431
56,076
sew Brunswick
Quebec
)ntario
Manitoba. . .
Saskatchewan
v.lberta. .
British Columbia
Canada. .
143,894,610
158.342,627
145,824.414
26,457.3851 33,505,505
32,860,816
204
PO DUCT ION
15. Production and Value of Factory Cheese, by Provinces, 1916, 1917, and 1918.
concluded.
COMBINED FACTORIES.
Provinces.
1916.
1917.
1918.
1916.
1917.
1918.
Prince Edward Island ....
Nova Scotia
Ib.
Ib.
635,100
Ib.
665,497
$
$
132,594
$
152,677
New Brunswick
118,596
55,810
35,858
21,075
12,016
8,146
Quebec
23,847,069
27,810,980
22,952,756
4,371,560
5,811,192
5,199,964
Ontario
24,480,635
6,853,469
4,839,569
4,528,917
1,453,524
1,099,436
Manitoba
500
125
Alberta
609,687
1,170,256
367,926
129,725
257,493
87,480
British Columbia
18,000
36,094
19,300
3,960
8,299
4,825
Canada
49,073,987
36,561,709
28,881,406
9,055,237
7,675,118
6,552,653
CONDENSED FACTORIES.
Ontario
-
-
Ib.
172,493
-
-
$
43,063
TOTAL.
Provinces.
1916.
1917.
1918.
1916.
1917.
1918.
Prince Edward Island ....
Nova Scotia
Ib.
2,121,736
94,727
Ib.
2,234,985
67,497
Ib.
2,201,368
61,195
$
409,495
17,051
$
466,317
14,269
$
503,283
13,897
New Brunswick
1,185,664
1,244,106
1,185,225
210,693
257,645
267,577
Quebec
61,906,750
67,835,017
62,070,162
11,245,104
14,172,213
13,976,866
Ontario
126,015870
121,173086
107,886,724
23,312,935
25,771,944
24,356,019
Manitoba
880,728
1,003,646
657,585
158,931
199,036
143,821
Saskatchewan
13,573
3,257
Alberta
745,122
1,274,905
552,834
154,453
280,185
130,911
British Columbia
18,000
71,094
249,647
3,960
18,954
60,901
Canada
192,968597
194,904,336
174,878313
35,512,622
41,180,623
39,456,532
Production and Value of Factory Cheese.- -The total pro
duction of factory cheese in 1918 (Table 15) was 174,878,313 Ib.,
value $39,456,532, as compared with 194,904,336 Ib., value $41,-
180,623, in 1917 and 192,968,597 Ib., value $35,512,622, in 1916.
Ontario and Quebec together produce 97 p.c. of the total factory-
made cheese in Canada. In Ontario the quantity produced in 1918
was 107,886,724 Ib., value $24,356,019, as compared with 121,173,086
Ib., value $25,771,944 in 1917, and 126,015,870 Ib., value $23,3 12,935,
in 1916. The average wholesale price of factory -made cheese for
Canada was, for 1918, 22.53 cents per Ib., as compared with 21.16
cents in 1917, and 18 cents in 1916. For 1918 the highest price
per Ib. was in British Columbia, 24.34 cents, and in the other provinces
the average price was close to 22 or 23 cents per Ib.
DAIItYl\<,
205
1C Production and Value of Creamery Butter and Factory Cheese, 1900, 1907, 1911,
and 1915-191S.
*
:vr.
ab-
lish.
meniB.
Cn-iimery Butt-T.
Factory C
1900
,576
515
3 nv
.373
IV).
15
,130
-
7,
[0,949,062
15,
34
i:>i
Ib.
220
204,788
199,904,205
183,88
I!): 1
194,904,336
IL .L LM
597,639
21,587,124
.177
85,512,622
41,180
I<t07
1910
1 *)!,-,
l)lti
Comparative Statistics, 1900-1918. In Table 16 the p
dud ion and value of creai; hull or and factory cheese for all
Canada is compared for the \ i .MM), 1907 and 1910 and for the
years 1 ( .H."> to 1918. For L90 d 1910 the figures shown are ihose
of the decennial census; !<>r 1007 they are those of the special postal
f that year, and for l .)F> to 1918, they are as collected by
the Domini.. n Bureau of Statistics in co-operation with the Provincial
< iovernnieni
Total Value of Dairy Products, 1918. In addition to the
value of the production of butter ;m d cheese, oilier product- were
manufactured to the value of 8 -Mi. <)_>:>, K il>; so that the total value
of the products ..f dairy factories in 191S amounted to $107,340,850.
Cold Storage of Perishable Products. -Under the Cold
Act, 1907 (6 7 Kdw. VII, c. 6), snhsidi.-s have been granted
by the Dominion ( iovermnent towards the construction and equip
ment of cold storage warehouses open to the public, the Act and
zulatinns made thereunder beini; administered by the Department
of Agriculture. Table 17 shows for 1919 the number of cold stori
uvhouses in Canada, with the refr. -d spac Thi- amounts
to 33,247,774 cubic feet, of which 4,928,304 cubic feet apply to ware
houses subsidized under the Act and 2S ; :i 19,170 cubic t tpply to
non-subsidized warehous*
17. Cold Storage Warehouses In Canada, 191S.
- HSIDIZED PUBLIC WAREHOUSES.
Provinces.
Nuinl
Ri friger-
ated
spa
Cost.
Total
Subsidy.
Prince Edward Island
1
Cubic feet.
150,000
$
50,000
15,000
Nova Scotia
3
473,490
287,237
86.171
New Brunswick
2
781,161
192,577
57,773
Quebec. .
2
248,394
245,287
73,586
Ontario .
16
1,626,196
632,547
184,514
Manitoba .
1
27,500
32,000
9,600
Saskatchewan .
4
441,868
160,707
48,212
Alberta
2
302,531
242,000
72,600
British Columbia .
3
877,164
458,000
137,400
Total subsidized
34
4,928,364
2,300,355
684,856
206
PRODUCTION
17. Cold Storage Warehouses In Canada, 1919 concluded.
SUBSIDIZED AND NON-SUBSIDIZED WAREHOUSES.
Provinces.
Prince Edward Island
Nova Scotia..
No.
New Brunswick.
Quebec
Ontario
Manitoba.
Saskatchewan.
Alberta.
British Columbia.
Yukon
Totals.
4
18
22
56
99
42
22
20
38
322
Refriger
ated
Space.
Cubic feet.
234,000
1,097,976
969,541
6,298,104
11,100,757
4,006,147
1,560,306
3,806,835
4,129,208
44,900
33,247,774
Principal Articles Stored.
1 Meat and General, 1 Eggs, 1 Bait and Fish,
1 Fox Meat and Meat.
1 Butter and Ice Cream, 1 Eggs, 1 General,
3 Fish and Meat, 1 Butter, 3 Fish, 7 Bait
and Fish, 1 Meat, Fish, Farm and Dairy
Products.
1 Meat and Poultry, 1 Cured Meats, 1 Eggs,
2 General, 18 Bait and Fish.
19 General, 10 Meats, 2 Dairy Products and
Meats, 1 Eggs, Meat and Butter, 3 Meats
and Poultry, 2 Butter and Ice Cream, 2
Fresh and Cured Meats, 1 Meat, Poultry
and Fish, 3 Dairy Products, 3 Fish, 2
Cured Meats, 4 Meats and General, 1
Meats, Poultry and General, 1 Meat and
Butter, 1 Dairy Products, Meats and
Eggs, 1 Butter.
12 General, 9 Meat, 7 Butter and Ice
Cream, 6 Eggs and General, 1 Butter,
Poultry and Eggs, 2 Meat and General,
. Butter and General, 1 Eggs, 9 Butter,
14 Meat, Poultry, Eggs and Dairy Pro
ducts, 4 Meat, Fish, Poultry, Eggs and
Dairy Products, 1 Meat and Fruit, 2
Meat, Butter and Fruit, 12 Fish, 1
Meat and Dairy Products, 2 Fruit, 1
Fruit and Fish, 1 Fresh and Cured Meats,
Fish and Meat, 2 Dairy and Farm
Products, 2 Fish and General, 1 Meat
and Cheese, 2 Eggs and Butter, 1 Meat
and Butter, 1 Meat and Provisions, 1
Meat and General, 2 Packing House Pro
ducts.
6 General, 5 Butter and Ice Cream, 6 Meat,
1 Meat and General, 15 Fish, 2 Butter,
3 Meat and Dairy Products, 1 Packing
House Products, 1 Meat and General, 1
Fish and Poultry, 1 Dairy and Veget
ables.
3 Butter, 5 Butter and Ice Cream, 5 General,
6 Meat, Fish and General, 1 Eggs and
General, 1 Meat, 1 Eggs, Butter and
Meat.
3 General, 4 Meat, 5 Meat, Poultry, Eggs,
and Butter, 5 Butter and Ice Cream, ]
Meat, Fish and General, 1 Eggs and
Fruit, 1 Butter.
9 Fish, 3 Butter, 1 Fish and Meat, 2 Meat,
2 Butter and Ice Cream, 4 Meat, Fish
and General, 4 General, 1 Fish and Gen
eral, 2 Meat and General, 1 Meat, Butter
and Eggs, 1 Butter, Eggs, Poultry and
Cheese, 1 Butter, Eggs, Meat and Cider,
2 Packing House Products, 1 Fruit,
Butter and General, 1 Meat and Butter,
1 Butter and General, 1 Meat, Fish,
Butter, Eggs and Poultry, 1 Meat, But
ter, Eggs and Poultry.
1 Fish.
(\\\M)IA\
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r i- tc t^- cc O
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208
PRODUCTION
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88 O
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I
fi
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g
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a
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1
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Month.
pi
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s
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PRICES OF CANADIAN /AM/A
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68708-14
210
PRODUCTION
PRICES OF CANADIAN GRAIN.
Tables 18 and 25 consist of records of the average prices of Cana
dian grain. From 1917, the prices of wheat at Winnipeg and Fort
William have been fixed under various Orders of the Board of Grain
Supervisors and, from July 31, 1919, under Orders of the Canadian
Wheat Board. Tables 18 and 20-24 give the weekly range of
prices of the different grades of wheat, oats, barley and flax at Winni
peg and Fort William; these prices are for the weeks ended Saturday.
Tables 19 and 24, constructed from previous records, compare the
average monthly prices for a series of years. Table 25 gives the
prices in British markets of Canadian wheat for the seven years
1913-19, the English currency, weights and measures having been
converted into Canadian equivalent denominations.
18. Weekly Range of Prices of Wheat at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1918 and 1919.
(Per bushel of 60 Ib.)
Date.
No. 1.
Northern.
No. 2.
Northern
No. 3.
Northern.
No. 4.
No. 5.
No. 6
1918.
Jan. 5 to Aug. 24
$ c.
2-21
$ c.
2.18
$ c.
2.15
$ c.
2.08
$ c.
1.96
$ c.
1.87
Aug. 31 to Dec. 28
2.24|
2.21|
2.17J
2.11J
1.99^
1.90*
1919.
Jan. 4 to Aug. 16
2.24|
2.214
2.17*
2.1H
1.99
1.90*
August 23..
2.15
2.12
2.08
August 30
2.15
2.12
2.08
,
Sept. 6 to Dec. 27
2.15
2.12
2.08
2.02
1.91
1.81
NOTE. For Table 19, see pages 207-209.
20. Weekly Range of Prices of Oats at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1918.
(Per bushel of 34 Ib.)
Date.
No. C.W.
No. 3 C.W.
No. 1 Feed
Ex.
No. 1 Feed.
No. 2 Feed.
1918.
January 5
$ c. $ c.
0-81f-0-83|
$ c. $ c.
0-77f-0.79}
$ c. $ c.
0-771-0-79}
$ c. $ c.
0-741-0-76}
$ c. $ c.
0-711-0-73}
" 12
-851-0- 87 1
0-79f-0-81f
0-791-0 -81|
0-76i-0-77}
0-731-0 -741
" 19
0-88|-0-89|
0-81f-0-83}
0-Slf-O. 82f
0-77|-0-79}
0.741-0.76}
" 26
0-85|-0.88f
0-81|-0.83|
0-81*-0.83f
0-78|-0-80f
0-75|-0.76|
Average
February 2 ....
0.85H>.87f
0-89 -0-901
79 -0 81
0. 83|-0. 84f
791-O.Slf
0-83 -0-84}
76|-0.78|
0.791-0-81}
0.731-0.75}
0-76 -0.77}
" 9
0.88f-0.90f
0. 84|-0. 85|
0.83|-0.84f
0.80 -0.81*
0.76|-0.78|
" 16
0.87f-0.90|
0.84f-0.87}
0.84i-0.86|
0.81 -0.83}
0.78 -0.80}
" 23
0.89|-0.97|
0.87}-0.95f
O.S6}-0.93|
0.83 -0.90*
0.80 -0.87|
Average
March 2
0.88f-0 92
0.95f-0.97}
0.841-4). 88
0.92!-0.94}
0.841-0. 87|
0.901-0.921
0.801-0.84
0.86}-0.89f
0.771-0.80!
0.84f-0.86}
" 9
0.971-1.00
0.941-0.96}
0.931-0.95}
0.90i-0.92f
0.861-0.881
" 16
0.92f-0.98|
0.881-0.95}
0.87^-0.94}
0.85f-0. 91|
0.801-0.87J
" 23
0.95^-0.98
0.91}-0.94
0.90}-0.93
0.88*-0.91*
0.83!-0.86
" 30
0.941-0.95}
0.90|-0.91f
0.881-0.90!
0.87i-O.S9}
0.831-0.84!
Average
95 -0 97
91 -0 94
0.90 -0 93i
0.87H> 91
0.83 -0.86
PRICESOF CANAD!.\.\ (/AM/.Y
211
20. Weekly Kaage of Prices of Oats at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1918 concluded
(Per bushel of 34 Ib.)
Da
No. 2 C.W.
Xo. 3 C.W.
No. 1 Feed E\
ISfo. 1 Fel.
No. 2 Feed.
1918
April 8...
u 13...
20...
$ c. $ c.
0-912-0.94*
0.94 -0.96
0.892-<
0.88H
0.91- 0.941
0.85}-0.87$
0.78}-0.83f
0.79}-0.84J
0.821-0.87}
0.811-0.852
0.771-0.82}
0.821-0.841
0.83H>.85J
0.85 -0.862
85 -0.85|
0.82M.84
0. 85|-0. 8ft
0.88}-0.90
0. 90}-0. 92 r
0. 89}-0. 90j
88M.90}
0.86}-0.90}
0. 891-0. 91}
0.90 -().!_ ^
0.90|-0.93|
0.84f-0.90|
87 M 911
0.842-0.85}
0. 85|-0. 86*
0.86}-0.871
0.87 -0.88
0. 851-0. 862
0.84 -0.86f
0.79 -0.82
0. 81f-0. 84f
0.86 -0.88
0.82M.85I
0.80}-0.86
0.81}-0.83
0.811-0.831
0.84 -0.86f
0.80 -0.822
0.81M.84f
0.78}-0.81f
0. 78|-0. 80*
0.75|-0.77f
0.72|-0.74|
0.76|-0.78|
$ c. $ c.
0.872-0.901
n.w\ ii B2i
0.86f-0. 90|
0.85J-0.89
0.87M.90*
0.82i-0.83|
0.75 -0.79J
0.761-0.80}
0.79i-0.84f
1.7-s o s-,
0.741-0. 79 J
" 7!)J-0.81i
0.80i-0.82J
D.SI -n ^
0.82 -0.82|
79|-0.82
0.82J-0.85J
I.87J
0.87J-0.89
0.86 -0.87f
0.85|-0.87|
0.85 0.87 J
0. 86|-0. 88i
0.861-0.88
0.88f-0.89|
0.79J-0-80i
0.8d -0.86
0.82J-0.84
0.83i-0.84
0. 82}-0. 84i
0.80J-0.81|
0.75i-0-78f
0.78i-0.80J
0.821-0.85
0.791-0. SI
0.771-0.83
0.78|-0.80
0.79 -0.8U
0.81 -0.841
0.77 -0.79f
0.78M.MA 1
0.75|-0.78f
0.75i-0.76f
0.71|-0.74|
0.69 -0.70f
0.73 -0.75
$ c. $ c.
0. 86J-0. 89i
0.89i-0 !U;
0.86^-0-90}
0.85J-0.88I
8 JM>
0.82J-0.83J
0.75 -0.791
0. 76|-0. 80J
0.79}-0.84f
0.782-0.^
0.741-0. 79 J
0.79J-0.8H
0.80j-0.82i
0.82 -0.83J
O.M. o S2t
79J-4.82
0.82f-0. 85|
0. 85|-0 .87|
0.872-0.89
0.86 -0.872
0.851-0-87*
0.841-0.87}
0.86|-0.88}
0.87 -0.882
0.881-0.892
0.79J-0.81
0.85 -0.87
0.81|-0.82|
0.81i-0.82i
0.82}-0.84
0.83^-0.84^
0.821-0.83}
0.80}-0.81|
0.75i-0.78f
0.78}-0.80^
0.82^-0.85
0.791-0. 811
0.78M>.83
0.792-0.82
0.81 -0.822
0.82 -0.85}
0.77^-0.80}
79^^ 82f
0.75}-0.78f
0.75M.76f
0.72f-0. 74|
0.69M.71i
0.73 -0.75
$ c. $ c.
0. 842-0. 87i
0.87H).89*
0.84 -0.88*
0.82^-0-86}
0.842-0.87}
0.791-0.802
0.72 -0.76}
0.731 0.77|
0.76i-0.81f
751-0.79}
0. 71|-0. 76*
0.76i-0-78i
.77,
0.79 -0.802
0.79 -0.79}
7|-0.79
0.792-0 >
0.82; 0.844
0.842-0.86
0.83 -0.84|
0.82M.84f
0.82 -0.84*
0.83|-0.85|
0. 81f-0. 83*
V
0.77
0.8M-0-83I
0.79}-0. 80f
0.791-0.80;
0.802-0.82^
0.82-0.83
0.80|-0.81f
0.78}-0.79|
0.732-0.762
0.76^-0.78}
0.80J-0.83
0.77}-0.79f
0.751-0.81
0.762-0.79
0.78 -0.79|
0.80 -0.82f
0.76 -0.782
.77J-0. 80 J
0.732-0.76}
0.741-0.76}
0.71|-0.73|
0.68^-0.71}
0,732-0.74f
$ c. $ c.
0.802-0.84
0.83}-0. sr.
0.80}-0.84f
0.791-0.82}
0.81 -0.84
0.761-0.772
0.69 -0
7( o 7i;
0.73i-0.78|
0.732-0.7t
0.681-0.73*
0.731-0
0.74; 0.7C. 1 ,
0.76 -0.77]
0.7ii 0.76}
73|-0.75
0.762-0.792
0.792-0.811
O.Sll-* 1
0.80 -O.Slf
0. 791-0. 81f
0.79 -0.81}
0.80}-^
0.8H-0.83
0.822-0.83;
0.742-0.751
0.792-0 .81 |
0.752-0.75}
" 75|-0.76}
o.77}-0.79
0.781-0.791
0.76M 77f
0.75}-0.76f
0.701-0.732
0.73}-0.75}
0.771-0.80
741-0.761
0.72}-0.78
0.73}-0.75
0.74 -0.76}
0.76}-0.791
0.72}- 0.75
0.731-0.762
0.70}-0.70f
0.691-0.712
0.662-0.681
0.64 -0.65f
671-0.69
" 27....
Average
Muy 4..
- 11. .. ,
" 18...
" 25
Average
June. 1...
" 8
" 15....
00
-
% 2U-.
Average
July 6..
13...
" 20...
" 27...
Average
August 3
10...
" 17...!
" 24..
31.. .
Average
September 7..
14..
21
28
Average
Dctober 5...
u JO
" 19...
" 26... .
Average
November 2. . .
9....
16....
23....
30....
Average
December 7..
14..
21....
28
Average
68708141
212
PRODUCTION
21. Weekly Range of Prices of Oats at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1919.
(Per bushel of 34 lb.)
Date.
No. 2 C.W.
No. 3 C.W.
No. 1 Feed Ex
No. 1 Feed.
No. 2 Feed.
1919.
January 4
$ c. $ c.
0. 74^-0. 76
$ c. $ c.
0.71 -0.72|
$ c. $ c.
0.7U-0.73!
$ c. $ c.
0.71 -0.721
$ c. $ c.
0.66 -0.67
" 11
0.74|-0.78f
0.70f-0. 74|
0.71|-0.75f
0.70f-0.74f
0.65|-0.69|
" 18
0.70 -0.73!
0.67 -0.69!
0.671-0.70!
0.65 -0.69!
0.62 -0.64|
25
0.641-0.70!
0.59!-0.67!
0.61!-0.67|
0.58!-0.65f
0.541-0.62!
Average
February 1
8
15
22
Average
0.70f-0 74
0.63 -0.65
0.64f-0.67f
0.66f-0.70|
0.701-0. 72 1
0. 66|-0. 68f
0.691-0.72!
0.67 -0.71
0.57H>.59f
0.57f-0. 60J
0.591-0.63!
0.62 -0.631
0.59!-0.61!
0.63!-0.63f
0.68 -0.71|
0.60 -0.61|
0.59f-0.62!
0.611-0.65!
0.631-0.65!
0.61i-0.63|
0.641-0.65!
0.66!-0.70|
0.561-0.581
0.56!-0.59!
0.571-0.611
0.62 -0.611
0.581-0.60^
0.61!-0.61|
0.62-0 651
0.53H>-54f
0.52!-0.55f
0. 531-0. 57f
0.561-0.57!
0. 53f-0. 56f
0.571-0.58!
" 8
0.69|-0.74f
0.631-0.67!
0.64!-0.68|
0.61f-0.65!
0.58!-0.611
" 15
0.68!-0.74
0.65!-0.66!
0.65!-0.68
0.63!-0.64|
0.60H0.6H
" 22
0.69|-0.74|
0.66f-0.70!
0.661-0.70!
0.64f-0.68!
0.61f-0.65i
" 29
0. 661-0. 74|
0.63!-0.70!
0.63!-0.70!
0.611-0.68!
0.58!-0.65!
Average
April 5
0.681-0.731
0.69^-0. 72f
0.641-0.67!
0.661-0.691
0.641-0.681
0.66i-0.69f
0.621-0.66
0. 641-0. 67f
0.59^-0.62!
0.611-0.64!
" 12
0.71 -0.72f
0.67^-0.691
0.67^-0.691
0.65|-0.67|
0.62^-0.641
" 19
0.71 -0.73
0.67f-0.70!
0.68 -0.70!
0.66 -0.68!
0.62f-0.6o!
" 26
0.741-0.76!
0.711-0.73!
0.711-0.731
0.691-0.711
0.661-0.68f
Average
Mav 3..
0.71H) .731
0.721-0.76!
0.68!-0.70l
0.691-0.73!
0.68H).70l
0.691-0.72!
0.66H).68!
0.67|-0.70|
0.63!-0 65f
0.64^-0. 67f
" 10..
0.73^-0.76
0.70^-0.73
0.70!-0.72f
0.68 -0.70
0.65 -0.67
" 17
0.74!-0.75!
0.71f-0. 72|
0.71 -0.711
0.68^-0.691
0.65!-0.66!
" 24.. . .
0.74^-0.76
0. 71|-0. 73i
0.7H-0.73
0.69 -0.70!
0.65! -0-67
" 31
0.76 -0.76|
0.73I--0.74
0.711-0.731
0.69!-0.7H
0. 66|-0. 67J
Average.. . .
June 7
0.74|-4).76
0.781-0.811
0.71i-0.73^
0.741-0.771
0.701-0.72!
0.741-0.77!
0.68^-0.70!
0.73!-0.75f
0.651-0.67
0.68!-0.701
" 14
0.77^-0-80!
0.75-0.76!
0.75|-0.76f
0.74 -0.74f
0.69 -0.691
" 21..
0.731-0.791
0. 75|-0. 77i
0.75^-0.77!
0.73!-0.76!
0. 69|-0. 7lf
" 28..
0. 75|-0. 77f
0.73^-0.74!
0.731-0.75!
0.72 -0.73f
0.681-0.69f
Average.. . .
July 5
9. 76f-0. 79*
0.78 -0.78f
0. 741-0. 76*
0.751-0.76!
0.741-0.761
0.751-0.76!
0.73 -0.75
0.74 -0.74|
0.68f-0 70|
0.70 -0.70!
" 12
0.771-0.89
0.75 -0.86*
0.75 -0.86^
0.731-0.85
0. 69f-0. 80f
" 19.. . .
0.88^-0.931
0.86 -0.90i
0.86 -0.90!
0.84^-0-881
0.801-0.841
" 26..
0.93 -0.94J
0.89|-0.90f
0. 89^-0. 90|
0.87!-0.88!
0.84^-0. 85f
Average.. . .
August 2
0.84i-0.88!
0.871-0.94
0.81^-0.85!
0.841-0.91
0.811-0.85!
0.841-0.91
0.80 -0.84!
82f-0.89
0.76!-0.80|
0.791-0.86
9
" 16..
0.83|-0. 91f
0.881-0.92!
0.80f-0.89f
0.88f-0.91!
0.811-0.891
0.861-0.91!
0.79 -0.88!
0.85!-0.90f
0. 76|-0. 86f
0.83f-0.88i
" 23
" 30. . .
0.89H>.91
0.88f-0.90|
0. 88^-0. 90
0.87f-0.88f
0.88^-0.90
0. 87f-0. 88f
0.87^-0.89
0.86f-0.87|
0.851-0.87
0.831-0.85!
Average....
September 6...
13...
20...
27...
Average.. . .
0.87$-0 91*
0.871-0. 89 1
0.83|-0.89i
0.83i-0.88!
0.83 -0.871
0.84f-0.89
0.86 -0.90!
0.85f-0.87|
0.83 -0.88!
0.83J-0.88I
0.82 -0.87f
0.831-0.88
0.851-0.90
0.84H>.87i
0.83 -0.87|
0.831-0.881
0.82 -0.87f
0.831-0.871
0.84^-0.88!
0.84|-0.86|
0.82 -0.87|
0.821-0.87f
0.81 -0.86!
0.821-0 871
0.81|-0.83f
0.81|-0.83|
0.81 -0.84*
0.811-0.861
0.80 -0.86f
0.801-0.8 S
PRICES OF CANADIAN <,i;.\I\
213
21. Weekly Range of Prices of Oats at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1919 eonclu<l -<1.
(Per bushel of 34 Ibs.)
Da
No. 2 C.W.
No. 3 C.W.
No. 1 Feed Ex
Xo. 1 Feed.
No. 2 Feed.
1919.
October 4. ...
$ c. $ c.
0.83 -0.84|
$ c. $ c.
0.801-0.83}
$ c. $ c.
0.81 -0.831
f c. $ c.
0.791-0.821
$ c, $ c.
0.761-0.811
11.
80|-0 82$
0.771-0 79
78|-0 81
76|-0 781
74 -0 76
18
0.81 -0.83
0.80}-0.84
0.781-0.80
0.771-0.81
0.79i-0.80
0.77^-0.81
0.77J-0.781
0.75}-0.79
0.741-0.751
0.731-0.76
Average
l.81i-t.831
Jv o xo;
791-0 81 i
t.77i~t.7tf
.74|-t.77i
November 1 ....
8
15
22
29
0.82J-0.85
0.84f-0.87i
0.851-0.87
0.86 -0.87
0.86 -0.88J
0.79J-0.82J
0.82f-0. 84|
0.831-0.85}
0-84 -0.84}
0.84 -0.86f
0.79i-0.831
0.83H>.85|
0.85 -0.85}
0.84 -0.84}
0.851-0.86*
0.77J-0.81
0.81|-0.82}
0. 81|-0. 82*
0.811-0.82}
0.81 -0.83J
0.74|-0.78|
0.77f-0.80}
0.791-0.81
0.79J-0.80*
0.80 -O.Slf
Average
t.84i-t.8}
I.82M.84J
t.83i-i.85i
t.8l-0.82f
.78J-0.8fJ
December 6....
13....
20....
17....
0.85|-0.89|
0.87i-0.88|
0.881-0. 92 J
0.90J-0.93
0.83f-0.87}
0.831-0.851
0.851-0.89*
9.86J-0.89J
0.831-0.84}
0.831-0.851
0.851-0.90
0.87i-0.90
0.801-0.82$
0.81f-0 .84}
0.861-0.89
0.84}-0.88J
0.79- 0.80}
0.78f-0.80}
0.801-0.841
0.81}-0.84i
Average
t.87f-t.tli
t.84|-i.88i
t.842-t.87i
.K31-f.8
9.89 -9.891
22. Weekly Range of Prices of Barley and Flax at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1S18.
Date.
BARLEY (per bushel of 48 Ib.)
FLAX (per bushel of 56 Ib.)
No. 3 C.W.
No. 4 C.W.
Rejected.
Feed.
No.l N.W.C
No. 2 C.W.
No. 3 C.W
1918
Januurv 5. .
12 .
19.
26
Aferage
$ c. $ c.
1.37 -1.38
1.38 -1.44
1 43J-1.46
1.45H 49
1 41J-1 44 J
1.49 -1.56J
1.55i-1.60
1.56J-1. 62 J
1 62i-1.68i
1 55|-1 1J
1. 71J-1. 76i
1.761-1.92J
1.87 -1.98
1.80 -1.85
1.65 -1.70
1 78 -1.8*1
1.65
1.62 -1.67
1.50 -1.62
1.50 -1.53
$ c. $ c.
1.32 -1.33
1.33 -1.39
1.38}-!. 41
1.40J-1.41
1 3i-l 39i
1.44 -1.5H
1.50J-1.55
1.511-1.571
1.571-1. 63i
1 50} 1 561
1.661-1.711
1 711-1.871
1.82 -1.93
1.75 -1.80
1.60 -1.65
1.71 -l.Ttf
1.60
1.57 -1.62
1.45 -1.67
1.45 -1.48
$ c. $ c.
1.16 -1.17
1.15 -1.20
1.20 -1 21
1.21-1.24J
1.18 -l.|
1.25 -1.28
1.28 -1.30
1.25 -1.32
1.32 -1.38
1.Z7 -1 32
1.38 -1.42
1.44 -1.57
1.56 -1.58
1.50 -1.57
1.45 -
l.*fi-1.53}
1.45
1.37 -1.45
1.35
1.20 -1.23
$ c. $ c.
1.16-1.17
1.15 -1.20
1.20 -1.21
1.21 -1.24
1 18 -!.*}
1.24 -1.28
1.28 -1.30
1.25 -1.31
1.31 -1.36
1 27 -1.31J
1.36 -1.40
1.42 -1 55
1.53 -1.56
1.50 -1.54
1.40
1.4*1-1.51}
1.40
1.32 -1.40
1.30
1.17 -1.20
$ c $
S. 164-8. 1M
I.17f-S.i5i
3.15 -3.241
3.18J-3.21J
3 17 -3 22J
3.21 -3.25
3.25 -3.28}
3.29jh3.40
3.44J-3.52
3.31 3 36|
3.501-3.67*
3.72^-3.90
3.83 -3.97}
3.82}-3.97}
3.82J-3.94
3 741-3 8S|
3.84 -3.91}
3.85 -3.88f
3.76 -3.861
3.921-3.88}
$ c. $ c.
3.13 -3.16}
3.13 -3.22}
3.09-3.211
3.151-3.18
3. 12f-3. Iff
3.171-3.211
3.21 -3.24;
3.25|-3.36^
3.41f-3.48i
3 2|-3 32 J
3.46 -3.63
3.68 -3.84
3.78 -3.93}
3.77i-3.92}
3.771-3.891
3.Cfi-3.8*i
3.79 -3.85}
3.791-3.82}
3.711-3.81J
3.75}-3.85}
$ c. $ c.
2.96 -2.99}
2.96 -3.06J
2.99 -3 031
2.97}-3.04{
2 97J-3 03|
3.01 -3.05
3.04 -3 07}
3.081-3.16
3.23}-3.31
3.00i-3 1*5
3.281-3.45
3.50 -3.68
3.61 -3.77}
3.60i-3.75{
3.60 -3.711
3 52 -3 67i
3.61 -3.67}
3.60 -3.63
3.51 -3.61
3.62}-3.63:
February 2..
9.
16..
23..
A verae
March 2
9..
16..
23
30..
Average. . . .
April 6
11 13..
20.
27. .
Average
l.Mf-l.M)
1.511-1 59
1 34J-1 34
1 2*J-1 30
3.84|-3.88{
3 76|-3 83}
3 58}-3 61
May 4.
11.
18. .
25 .
1.50
1.40 -1.50
1.40
1.30 -1.51J
1.45
1.35 -1.45
1.35
1.25 -1.46*
1.20
1.10 -1.20
1.10 -1.11
1 . 14 -1 . 23
1.18
1.05 -1.16
1.05 -1.07
1.09 -1.17
3.71 -3.80
3.70^-3.76
3.691-3.771
3.751-3.86}
3.68 -3.77
3.67}-3.73
3.661-3.741
3.721-3.83}
3.46 -3.55
3.45}
3.441-3.521
3.501-3.61}
Average
i.*a -i soj
1 35 -1 452
1.13*-1.18
l.Mi-1.13)
3 711-3 79i
3 68f-3 76}
3 *6|-3 56}
214
PRODUCTION
22. Weekly Range of Prices of Barley and Flax at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1918 concluded.
Date.
BARLEY (per bushel of 48 lb.).
FLAX (per bushel of 56 lb.).
No. 3 C.W.
No. 4 C.W.
Rejected.
Feed.
No.l N.W.C
No. 2 C.W.
No. 3 C.W.
1918
June 1 . .
8..
15..
22..
" 29..
Average. . . .
$ c. $ c.
1.30
1.25 -1.30
1.15 -1.27
1.17 -1.22
1.17 -1.18
1.20|-1.24|
1.20
1.20 -1.26
1.30 1.35
i.ati-i.ttj
1.25
1.25
1.15 -1.20
1.15 -1.20
1.05 -1.10
1.17 -1.161
1.05
1.05 -1.07
1.05 -1.15
1.101-1.18
1 06f-l 131
1. 03J-1. 084
0.97 -0 99
0.99 -0.994
1.00 -1.084
0.99f-1.03|
1.02 -1.07
1.04f-1.071
1.05 -1.07|
1.064-1.141
1.041-1.07
l04f-109 T V
1.034-1.051
1.031-1.054
0.95f-1.01|
0.92f-0.95i
981-1 02
$ c. $ c.
1.25
1.20 -1.25
1.10 -1.22
1.12-1.17
1.12-1.13
1 15J-1.191
1.15
1.15 -1.21
1.25 -1.30
1 184-1 254
1.20
1.20
1.15
1.10-1.15
1.00 -1.05
1 13 -1.10
1.00
1.02 -1.05
1.02 -1.10|
1.051-1.13
1 02 3 1 09 1
$ c. $ c.
1.08
1.08
1.08 -1.09
1.074-1.10
1.09
1.094-1.094
1.09 -1.10
1.10-1.14
1.20 -1.25
1.26
1 161-1 16|
1.17
1.15
1.12
1.14!
0.90 -0.94
0.95
0.95 -0.99
0.99 -1.00
0.941-0.971
0.941-0.98
0.88 -0.90
0.90 -0.91
0.91 -0.97!
0.90f-0.94
0.904-0.934
0.92 -0.941
0.92 -0.901
0.894-0.97
0.87 -0.891
904-0.921
0.871-0.881
0.871-0.891
0.79f-0.854
0.761-0.79
822-0. 85!
$ c. $ c.
1.00 -1.03
1.03
1.03 -1.06
1.064-1.09
1.074
1.04 -1 06
1.074-1.09
1.09 -1.13
1.19 -1.25
1.26
1.151-1.15!
1.17
1.15
1.12
1.14f
0.90 -0.93
0.95
0.93 -0.98
0.98 -0.99
0.94 -0.96?
0.941-0.98
0.88 -0.90
0.90 -0.90i
.0.91 -0.961
901-0 931
0.894-0.924
0.91 -0.931
0.91
0.874-0.95
0.85 -0.871
0.881-0 92|
0.851-0.861
0.851-0.871
0.77f-0.83|
0.74f-0.77
0. 801-0. 83
$ c. $ c.
3.574-3.731
3.584-3.731
3.72 -3.81
3.714-3.804
3.741-3.78
3.66|-3.77|
3.84 -4.00
3.99 -4.46
4.30M.454
4.374-4.57
4121-4 374
4.39 -4.58
4.14 -4.17
4.23 -4.311
4.33 -4.46
4.19 -4.314
4 25M 36|
4.05 -4.26
3.964-4.10
3.95 -4.21
3.894-4.01
3 964-4.144
3.744-3.93
3.26 -3.67
3.21 -3.314
3.194-3.70
3.351-3 65|
3.46 -3.51
3.471-3.821
3.70 -3.77
3.57 -3.794
3.47 -3.60
3.53f-3.70
3.24 -3.55
3.234-3.314
3.214-3.28
3.22 -3.274
3 222-3 35^
$ c. $ c.
3.544-3.704
3.53 -3.681
3.70 -3.79
3.694-3-774
3.711-3.75
3.63f-3.74i
3.81 - 3.97
3.96 -4.43
4.27 -4.42
4.331-4.54
4.091-4.34
4.53 -4.55
4.18 -4.261
4.354-4 40 i
3.164-3.67
3.164-3.67
3.43 -3.48
3.441-3.79
3.664-3.74
3.54 -3.764
3.47 -3.57
3.51 -3.67
3.19 -3.31
3.20 -3.28
3.17 -3.25
3.18 -3.234
3.184-3.261
$ c. $ c.
3.32 -3.484
3.304-3.43f
3.44 -3.53
3.434-3.524
3.461-3.50
3.39|-3.49f
3.56 -3.72
3.71 -4.18
3.634-3 95
3.18
3 18
3.21 -3.26|
3.221-3.45
3.284-3.344
3.17 -3.414
3.04 -3.164
3.181-3.321
2.97 -3.12
2.98 -3.07
2.95 -3.03
2.96 -3.014
2.964-3.05
July 6..
13..
20..
27..
Average
August 3 . .
10..
" 17..
24. .
31..
Average
September 7 . .
14..
21..
28..
Average.
October 5..
12..
19..
26..
Average
0. 981-1. 03i
0.921-0.94"
0.94 -0.941
0.95 -1.034
0.941-0.99
0.97 -1.02
0.991-1.02$
1.00 -1.02J
1.014-1.09
0.991-1.02
n <W 3 1 03 3
November 2 . .
9..
16..
23..
30..
Average.
December. 7..
14..
21..
28. .
Average.
0. 984-1. OOf
0.981-1.001
0.90f-0.964
0.87f-0.90i
0.931-0.97
23. Weekly Range of Prices of Barley and Flax at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1919.
Date.
BARLEY (per bushel of 48 lb.)
FLAX (per bushel of 56 lb.)
No. 3 C.W.
No. 4 C.W.
Rejected.
Feed.
No.lN.W.C
No. 2 C.W.
No. 3 C.W.
1919
January 4..
" 11..
18..
25..
Average. . . .
$ c. $ c.
0.971-1.014
0.941-1.014
0.854-0.911
0.75 -0.851
0.881-0.941
0.754-0.794
0.76f-0.81|
0.791-0.834
0.82 -0.86
0.78i-0 824
$ c. $ c.
0.921-0.964
0.89-1-0.964
0.804-0.861
0.70 -0.801
0.834-0 891
0.70|-0.744
0.71f-0.76f
0.741-9.784
0.77 -0.81
0.731-77.01
$ c. $ c.
0.801-0.854
0.791-0.854
0.71 -0.76
0.61 -0.71
73 -0 794
0.601-0.664
0.63 -0.68?
0.671-0.71
0.694-0.74
0.651-0.70
$ c. $ c.
0.781-0.834
0.77f-0.834
0.69 -0.74
0.60 -0.694
711-0.771
"0.591-0.664
0.63 -0.68|
0.671-0.71
0.694-0.74
641-0.70
$ c. $ c.
3.29 -3.34
3.181-3.35
3.031-3.194
2.93- 3.021
3.11 -3 221
2.914-3.02
2.954-3.03
3.044-3.144
3.14 -3.314
3 013-3.121
$ c. $ c.
3.25 -3.30
3.141-3.31
2.984-3.15
2.884-2.984
3 064-3.181
2.874-2.98
2.924-2.99
3.014-3.11
3.094-3.234
2.971-3.071
$ c. $ c.
3.06 -3.08
2.981-3.144
2.824-2.99
2.71 -2.814
2 894-3 001
2.694-2.80
2.73 -2.81
2.824-2.914
2.90 -3.02
2.784-2.884
February 1 . .
8.
15..
22..
Average.
PRICES 01 CANADIAN <;h .\I\
215
23. Weekly Range of Prices of Barley and Flax at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1919 concluded.
Date.
BAR LET (per bushel of 48 Ib.)
\x (per bushel of 56 Ib.)
No. 3 C.W.
No. 4 C \\
Rejected.
Feed.
tfo.lN.W.C.
\\
No. 3 C.W.
1919
.-h 1..
8..
15
$ c.
0.86
0.88
92
89
0.97J
1 00
0.99,
1.04
$ c.
-0.86}
-0.88!
.Ul
-1.061
-1.05}
95$
H.05
-1.03J
, 1 HI;
-1.10!
$ c. S
0.79F-0.81
0.80J-0-83J
0.83H
0.864-1. 00 J
0.874-0.99}
83J-0 90
93|-0 .994
n l .>5 -0.98}
0.94}-0 99}
0.99H.04!
$ c. $
n 7:;; 0.74}
0.74J-<
o 77 -0.79.
0.79}-0 96
0.82J-0.95;
1 . 77|-l. 84
0.87H) 97
0.88H>
II SS|. 1
t c. S
0.7
0.73J-0
0.76 -0.784
ii 7SJ-0.95J
0.811-0.94}
J6. 77|-6 83 j
0.86f-0.96
0.88}-0 91}
0.881-0 92!
0.93H) .97i
$ c. S
1.81
3.38 -3 .til
3 364-3 481
604
.-.j-3.714
t c. $
3.174-3
: -.4-3. 41 4
131 3 Hlij
. . -3.50
3.30 -H
3.29Ho-3.41i
51}
<i4-3.624
3.69J-3
t c. S c.
2 984-3.05}
3.05 -3.20<
3.134-3.19;
3.22 -3.35
3.15 -3.38
3 10! 3 23j
3.301-3.35}
10J-3.46J
134-3.50
3.54}-3.70i
29..
\\rrage
April 5..
12
19..
26. .
Au-rage
1 Mi 1 05 j
95J-1 664
6 891-6 65}
6. 891-6. 94 J
3 661-3 76}
8.571 3.6S4
S. 421-3. 561
Mav 3..
10.
17.
24
31..
Vverage
1.05J
1.12
1.141
1.18
1 U\
1.33;
1 2 .
l!26i
129;
1.28
1.231
1 2 ,
1.30;
-1.131
-1.184
-1.22J
-1 201
t-120!
-1.375
-1.8SJ
1334
-1.294
1-1-274
i n\
1-1.40
1.00i-1.07i
1.07 , 1.12
1.071-1
1 12> 1
1.1,-) -1
1 681-1 14?
1.28J-1-32J
1 21 . i
1 27,1 1.30!
1 .2.
1 21|-1 25 I
1 234-1.26
1.19}-1.234
1 X
1.25 -1.35
il-1.00}
0.981-1.03
171 1 01J
1 OP. 1
1.04J-1.121
99 -1 64f
1 20J-1 : 23!
1.15]
1.17 -1.18
1.131-1.184
1 17 , 1
1.205 i
0.931-1. OOi
ii .181-1.03
0. 971-1. 01J
1 014-104}
1 04 -1.121
98J 1 04 j
i nil i i i
1 .141-1
1 201-1.23!
1.151-1.20}
i is; i ->o:
1.17 -1.18
1 jVj-liwj
1 2(11 1
3.81 -4.02
93
3.<r
4.04 -4.18
1 I 35
3 97| -4 104
7 -4 58J
J 1 7^
t 73 -5 00
4.61 -4 79J
5.67 -
5.87 -6.244
7 ii 12
5.95 -6 33
3.80 -3.87
1 401
4 01 -4i:.
4 in t
3 83Ko-*.06
4 17 -4.554
i :,j i
4.68 -4.72 J
4.68 -4.92
:>9 1-4. 74
5.564-5.57
7. 77 -6.144
5.87 -8.02
5.85 -6.23
3.58 -3.60
3.61 3 71J
3.691-3.78J
3.78 -3.96}
3 66J 3 76j
4.06 -1.36
4 38 -4.54}
I 44 -4.48
13 -4-60
4 32}-4 49]
:0 -5.37J
5.10 -5 25
5.08 -5.46
Juno 7. .
14..
21
28
Average
Julv 5..
12..
19..
26. .
Average
1271
-1 314
1 22}-l 27J
1 171-1 19|
1 17} 1 19 j
5.864-6.23}
5.76i-5.ttl
5 16 -5 36J
August 2. .
9..
" 16.
23..
30. .
Average
1,36}-1. 434
1.324-1.44!
1.354-1.401
1.35 -1.38
1.331-1.364
1 34|-1 46|
1 26 -1.334
1 24 -1.27}
1.241-1 25*
1.241-1.261
1 24}-l 284
1.24H.301
1.301-1.34}
1.33}-1. 394
1.354-1.434
1 31 -1 361
1.40 -1.47J
1.43i-l.52
1.474-1.524
1.50}-1. 52
1.481-1.55
1 46 -1.51]
1.471-1.53
1.484-1.57
1.554-1.64!
1.65 -1.71
1 541-1.61!
1. 31|-1. 384
1 274-1.39!
1.32 -1.35!
1.311-1.33
1 .281-1.321
1 304-1 35!
1 22 -1.29
1.21 -1
1.211-1.23*
1.221-1.24}
1.23 -1.27!
1.251-1.284
1.25}-1. 34}
1.30 -1.374
1 26 -1 32
1.344-1. 42 J
1.381-1.47
1 45 -1.474
1.421-1.44}
1.31 -1.42i
1 3Si-1.44J
1.32 -1.35
1.424-1.444
1.474-1.59!
1.60 -1.66
1.451-1.51}
1 251-1.32
1 21 -1.31!
1 21 i
1 23}-1.25!
1 211-1.244
1 23 -1 28}
1.17 -1.224
1.16-1.19 }
L111-1J8}
1 151-1 19}
1.114-1.161
M3H.17J
1 13H.20|
1.20 -1.244
1 14! 1 194
1.20}-1. 29}
1.271-1.334
1.32 -1.354
1.33H.34}
1.26}-1. 354
1 28 -1 S3!
1.224-1.30
1.251-1. 31}
1.30 -1.34*
1.271-1.36}
1.261-1 321
1 251-1-32
1.21-1.31!
1 24 -1.27!
1 23 H. 25 1
1.211-1
1 23 -1 28}
1 17-1.224
1.154-1.18}
1 15H.17I
l.lli-1.181
1 15 -119}
1.114-1.16}
1.13|-1.17i
1.13J-1 20!
1.20 -1.244
1. 14i-l.lt}
1.20}-1. 29
1.271-1.331
1.32J-1.354
1.33!-1.34}
1.26}-1. 354
1 28 -1 33!
1.224-1.30
1.251-1.311
1.30 -1.33}
1.271-1.35!
1 261-1.324
5.80 -C.
6.00 -6 05
6 05
6.00
5.20 -6 00
5 81 -6 16
5.06 -5.50
4.80 -5.15
4.69 -4.94
4.40 -4.78
4 73} 5 09i
3.73 -4.35
4.08 -4 34
4.13 -4.34
4.21 -4.36
4 03}-4 34f
4.23 -4.32
4.38 -4.85
4.81 -4.95
4.79 -5.06
4.96 -5 00
4.63J-4 83f
4.89 -5.264
4.97 -5.18
4.96 -5.17
4.69 -4.91}
4 87}-5.13i
5.77 -6.22
5.95
5.75 - -
5 00 -5.50
5 61J-5.86
4.86 -5.20
4.55 -4.95
4 44 ^t.69
4.15 -4.53
4 50-4 84}
3.65 -4.10
3.99 -4.27
4.06 -4.27
4.17 -4.31
3 96M 23}
4.15 -4.28
4.33 -4.79
4.77 -4.91
4.75 -5.02
4.774-4.96
4.554-4.79
4.83 -5.194
4.92 -5.11
4.92 -5.12
4.65 -4.87}
4.83 -5 074
10 -5.50
4.92 -5.09
4.904-5.001
4.91 -5.09
4 52 -4.85
4.87^-5.1^
4.61 -4.86
4.30 -4.70
4.19 -4 44
3.90 -4.28
4 25 -4 57
3.43 -3.85
3.78 -4.06
3.85 -4.06
3.91 -4.05
3 741-4 OOi
3.88 -4.02
3.914-4.27
4.31 -4.40
4.34 -4.75
4.564-4.65
4.261-4.41]
4.62 -4.83i
4.56 -4.75
4.56 -4.76
4.29 -4.51)
4.50}-4 71
September 6.
13.
20. .
27. .
Average
October 4. .
11
18..
25
Average
November 1
m, " 8..
15
22..
29
Average
Dec. 6.
13
20.
27.
Average
216
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1-1
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PRICES OF < iNADIAN o AM/.Y
217
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T-H CO CO O CD CO
OO CO IO O O CO
CO OO CO CO 1> OO
I-H to O O to CO
CO OO CD T-H CO T-I
125
** 777^7"?
77 C ? C ? C ?7
77 e i lc ? c ?T
r^COCO CO tO
OO T-H t^ T-H CD CO
^J O^ ^J^ GO O 1 ^ O^ t^ 1 *
O OS O CD to CO
i-H IO CO OS CO O
O CD O t^ CO CO
CO t^- to O to CO
I>- T < Tfl CO CO !>
CO OO tO O CO 00
6
^> T-H T-I l-H CO CO Tfl
T-H i-H CO CO CO <*<
T 1 i 1 CO CO CO Tf
T-H i-H CO CO CO Tfl
|
O to O CO I>~ to
< to CO IO CO t^ OO
HC^ col* -Hloowlw iH|ao
OO OO to CO CD t>-
Tt* CO to CO l>- t
CO t~- CO to CO O
tO CO CD CO t^ OO
oo to Tfi co os co
Tfl CO to t^ CO OO
CO
W|OOr-(fOO r-lH4eO{aOr-|aO
CO CO OS T-H CO O
O Tfl CO to CO l^ OO
oooooo
i 3jTjrj
rf CO IO CD !> t>-
2,112,2,
O CO OS CO CO OO
tO CO to CO 1>- t-
ooooo ?
H<0 rtj*,|a0 WJOO
oo co os TI t-~ o
Tfl CO Tfl t>- CD OO
1
6 OOOOOO
oooooo
oooooo
oooooo
^-A ^
T-H CO O "* CO !>
to CO to CO OO OO
OS OS tO "^ T-H T-H
Tfl CO to CO OO OO
CO OS TfH OO CO to
to CO CO CD 00 OO
OS t tO CD tO t>
Tfl CO IO t^ t^ OO
,Q fe
T-H
o
OO "^ OS T I CO CO
O Tfl CO ^fl CO OO OO
oooooo
tO|>O CO|OOH|OOH|00
OO CO CO CO OS OS
oooooo
i T XjLrfQ,
i 1 1>- O to OS CO
tO CO CO CO t^ OO
000000
OO Tfl O Tfl CO Tfl
Tfl CO tO t- 1>- OO
<& oooooo
oooooo
oooooo
oooooo
43
M t^
1 1 l>- T-H tO Tfl OO
u to co to co oo oo
O T-H CO tO T-H O
tO Tfl to CD OO OO
tO Tfl CD t^ OO OO
o oo to o to oo
to co to oot^ oo
"S d
a
o
** 1^2,22
oo to o co co co
O rf CO 1C CO OO OO
OO OO CO CO OS OO
^H CO to CD t^* t^
000000
CO OO O t-- OO CO
tO CO CO CO t^ OO
2,111 1
OS CO i-H - CO Tfl
Tfi co to t t>- oo
<& oooooo
oooooo
oooooo
oooooo
CO OS CO t^ CO OS
O IO CO to CD OO OO
co co t- to to co
IO -^t 1 to CD OO OO
CO|-*HiQO iH|* M|W5 -*|U,
to CO CO CO TjH CO
tO Tfl CD t^ OO OO
CO O !> CO OO T 1
i-O ^t^ -O ^O t^" O&
O
CO
o
** n^m
os t>* T-H to to ^*
C Tfl CO tO CO OO OO
??????
I-H O ^ CD CO T-H
tO *! to CO OO OO
112211
Tfl O CO O T-H Tfl
tO Tfl CO !> OO OO
000000
HCO HloOiHlooiotoo t-t|coeo|-*
CO OS Tfl O CD I>-
iO CO to OO t^ OO
*
& oooooo
oooooo
oooooo
oooooo
N!H
to co oo co co oo
QJ CD to OO CO T-H CO
t^ i-H CO T-H CO CD
CD CO O CO O CO
JO
t^ t-- co co os T-H
CO CD T-H CO O tO
co i>- Tfi co co I-H
CD O CO O CO
#4200^
M ,"3 6
. to O to O CD ^f
O to to OO CO ^D CO
rt| fllllO rt|J COI-* COI-*
1>- t- OO O OS T-H
to to os co os co
O O T-H T 1 i-H i-H
O tO OO O Tfl CD
IO tO OO O OO Tfl
tO CD OS CO OS to
^ O O O T 1 T 1 l-H
O OO T-HOrH
O O T-H l-H 1 1 T 1
O O O T-I O T-H
^ to CD t~ OO OS
M< tO CD t OO OS
^fl IO CO l>- OO OS
Tfl IO CO t^ OO OS
i
os os os os os os
h
0)
J, 5 , 5 *
a
CO
os os os os os os
T-H T-H i-H l-H T-H l-H
os os os os os os
T ( i-H T-H i-H i-H i-H
^ 3
3 2 S S 3
os os os os os os
l-H l-H l-H 1 1 T-H l-H
1
42
a, s 5 5 -
o
v
Q
PRICES OF CANADIAN <;KM\
LM!)
25. Monthly Kanne of A \eras;e Prices In British Markets of Canadian Wheat and
Oats, 1913-1919.
Da
\\HKAT (per bushel of 60 Ib.)
OATS
per bushel
of 34 Ib.
Junvuirv 1913.
l ,M4
" I M. ,
I M"
1917..
" l!ls
Xo. 1.
$ c. $ c.
i r_> -i.i5
1 IM 1.07
1 72^1.721
1 111, 2 112
i; - 73
2.8i|
1 15 -1 .17
1.0(1 1 07
1. 984.2. 01A
; 2.134-2 I..
- B4| -
2 :;< ,
i
1 .15 1 .17
111 -1.12
1 !S 2.01
2 05 L> 07
11 2.117;
2 42;
19;:
1 .15 -1.16
1.07 -1.09
1.974-2.00]
1.924-1.94]
2.60}
2.42
i :.l
1.20 -1 21
1.08 -1.09
2.124-2 i:>i
1 .84^1 -87
2
12
2.51
1.16 -1.18
1.10 -1.11
1. 824-1 -WJ
1.584-1.621
2.59f
2.42f
2.51
1.16 -1.18
1.10 -1.11
1.71 -1.74
1.62 -1.65
2.62
2.42J
2.51
1.12 -1.14
1.35 -1.38
1.764-1.794
2.05^-2.09f
2.62
2.42f
2.45
No. 2.
$ c. $ c.
1.09 -1 12
1.03 -1 <)l
1 69*1.09]
1.98 -2 .(in
;oi
i.ia i 15
1 (14 1 H5
1 !5il
-MOJ 2.12.
2 2.1 14
2.341
1.12 -1.11
l.OS -1.09
1 . .I.V, 1 .i.s
2.02: o .04
2.57| 2.H4;
2.37f
1.12-1.13
1.06 -1 07
1.941-1.97;
i .M :
55*
2.37
2.48
1.18-1.19
1.07 -1.08
2.0!*; 2.12|
1.8l|-1.84
2.56|
2.37
2.48
1.13 -1.15
1.08 -1.09
1.79H.82
1.55*1.58
2.54|
2.37f
2.48
1.13 -1.14
1.07 -1.08
1.68 -1.71
1.62 -1.64J
2.56
2.40*
2.48
1.10 -1.11
1.32 -1.34
1.73 -1.76f
2.02^-2.05^
2.57
2.37|
2.43*
3.
$ c. $ c.
l.Oii 1 1)7
1.00 -1 02
i .>;; i .98J
2 .V.) 2.C.2
- - 5A
1.09 -1.10
L.934 1 96\
>~; - >!.
2.29i
1.09 -1.10
i o>; i IK
1 !)2 l. .I.V,
1 .J Jf-2.001
80J
1 .21 1 22
1 05 1 0(1
l. .ll, 1 94]
1.88 -1.90i
;0i
1.14 -1 15
1 04 -1.05
2.06J-2.09J
1.78^1.81
2..50|
-
1.10 -1 12
1.06 -1.07
1.76i-l,79|
1.56f-1.58|
2.47i
2.31
1.09 -1.10
1 .05 -1 .06
1.65 -1.68
1.68-1.70^
2.47^
2.31f
1.05 -1.07
1 .30 -1 .32
1.70f-l. 73 J
1.97 -2.(XH
2.47J
2.3l!
2.41A -
No. 4.
? c. -
1 .114 1 .05
0.94
1 .c,:; L.63
2.20
1.06 -1.08
l.s8i-1.90J
2.19J
1 ( .i2 -1.93^
2 384
_ OJ
1.19 -1.20
1.89J-1-91
i 851 i 87j
2 421
1.11 -1.12
2.01 -2.05f
2 44J
1.05 -1.07
1 .05 -1 .06
1.7.SJ-1.81
2.38J -
2.25
1.02 -1.04
1.04 -1.05
1.711-1.74
2.38
0.99 -1.00
1.27 -1.30
1.64i-1.67i
2.38
2.23^
$ c. $ c.
0.54 -0.57
0.49 -0.52
0.79J-0.824.
0. 90$-0. 92i
1.35 :
1. (Hi -1.68i
1.65H
d.54 -0.57
4 -0.52
M 87 (i ."i;
o .H) i).!u ;
1 34 1 . -1.37
1 (i.V. !
1 1,V, ;
().:,;: (i 55
0.52 (1 51
o sr.i (i xs^
O.JMH-O .:;
1.35
1.65^-1.68
1.62J-1 .H.V.
0.52 -41.54
0.52 -0.54
0.88 -0.90^
0. 85|-0. 89^
1.110^-1.691
UioJ-1.68
l.ii2i-1.65J
0.52 -0.55
0.50 -0.52
0.89 -0.9H
0.93i-0.96i
1. 75|-1 .78|
1.65J-1.68
1.62i-1.65i
0.52 -0.57
0.49 -0.52
0.88 -0.90^
0.90 -0.91*
1 .75J-1 .78|
1.65i-1.68
1.621-1.65}
0.52 -0.56
0.50 -0.51
0.89J-0.91J
0.87 -0.89^
1.68 -1.70
1.65i-1.68
1.62|-1.65^
52 -0.54
0.79 -0.82
0.89^-0-92
1. 64|-1. 67*
1.65^-1.68
1.63*
" 1!1 .<
I-Vbruarv I 1 . !:.
I ll!
L915.
I .Hti
1917.
I .tis .
L919
March I<M:;
1914..
1915.
linn
1917..
1918
1919
April 1913....
1<M4 .
1915
1916..
117
1918
" 1919 .
Mav 1 113
1914
1915
" I91fi
1917
1918
1919
June 1913
" 1914..
" 1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
Julv 1913..
1914...
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
August 1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
" 1919..
220
PRODUCTION
25. Monthly Range of Average Prices in British Markets of Canadian Wheat and
Oats, 1913-1919 concluded.
Date.
WHEAT (per bushel of 60 lb.).
OATS
per bushel
of 34 lb.
September 1913
No. 1.
$ c. $ c.
1.13 -1.14
1.42 -1.44
1.75f-1.78*
2.15|-2.19
2.35f
2.421
2.29|
1.07 -1.09
1.37 -1.39
1.75$-1.78|
2.27f-2.30
2.35|
2.421
2.29$
1.04 -1.06
1.45 -1.48
1.781-1.80
2.48A2.51A
2.35i
2.43*
2.29$
1.06 -1.08
1.50 -1.51
1.804-1.811
2.591-2. 701
2.34f
2.48
2.29$
No. 2.
$ c. $ c.
1.10 -1.11
1.38 -1.39
1.76 T V1.79
2 121 2 15J
No. 3.
$ c. $ c.
1.06 -1.07
1.37 -1.38
1.72 -1.75$
2. 36^ -
2.311
2.23|
1.02 -1.04
1.32 -1.34
2.22i-2.281
2.261
2.311
0.98 -1.01
1.40 -1.42
1.721-1.74*
2.421-2.451
2.26i
2.311
0.99 -1.02
1.44 -1.46
1.741-1.78
2.57^-2.591
2.25^ -
No. 4.
$ c. $ c.
1.02 -1.03
1.63*-1.66*
2.281
2.23|
2.25
0.97 -1.00
1.30 -1.32
2.17|
2.25
0.95 -0.98
1.34 -1.35
1.68 -1.681
2.15$
2.23f
0.96 -0.99
1.42 -1.43
1.711-1.72$
2.531-2.56
2.20|
$ c. $ c.
0.50 -0.53
0.83 -0.86
0.90$-0.93
1.62|-1.65$
1.65$-1.68
1. 571-1. 62 J
0.48 -0.51
0.79 -0.83
0.77 -0.81$
0.97 -0.99|
1.621-1.65$
1.65J-1.68
0.48 -0.51
0.78 -0.81
0.82|-0.84|
1.151-1.17*
1.661-1.69$
1.65$-1.68
1.551-1.601
0.49 -0.52
0.75 -0.78
0.77$-0.80i
1.344-1.37
1.66 -1.68|
1.654-1.68
1.421-1.511
" 1914
" 1915
" 1916
" 1917
2.301
2.37f
2.26$
1.04 -1.06
1.35 -1.37
2.24 T \2.27f
2.32f
2.371
2.26$
1.01 -1.04
1.42 -1.45
1.75|-1.77|
2.4512.48 T T 5
2.31|
2.40i
2.26$
1.02 -1.04
1.47 -1.49
1.77f-1.78$
2.57$-2.591
2.30i
2.48
2.26$
" 1918
" 1919
October 1913
" 1914
" 1915
" 1916
" 1917
" 1918
" 1919
November 1913
" 1914
" 1915
" 1916
" 1917
" 1918
" 1919
December 1913
" 1914
" 1915
" 1916
" 1917
" 1918
" 1919
MISCELLANEOUS AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.
Production of Flax Fibre in Ontario, 1918. According to
information furnished by the Economic Fibre Production Division of
the Dominion Experimental Farms, 20,000 acres were grown for flax
fibre production in Ontario in 1918, giving an average of 310 lb. of
pure line fibre per acre, Valued at 55 to 70 cents per lb., according to
grade. The fibre was of fair quality, but short and not quite so uni
form as the 1917 crop. There were 900 tons of tow, which was graded
at prices ranging from 8 to 20 cents per pound. Under an Order in
Council dated October 23, 1918, all Canadian seed of fibre variety,
amounting to 110,000 bushels, was commandeered and shipped to
Ireland, the price realized being $27. 50 per sack of 182 lb. Table 26
gives an approximate estimate of the area, production, and value of
flax grown for fibre in Ontario for each of the four years 1915-18.
FLAX, 1-IliRK AND TOBACCO
221
2 Flai grown for Fibre In Ontario, 1915-18.
Description.
1915.
1016.
1917.
1918.
. . . acres
4,000
5,200
8,000
20,000
V it-Id of fibre per acre
... Ib.
:""
57
350
310
il yield of fibre . .
. . . tons
800
300
1,400
3,100
Total yield of tow
80
175
900
Yield of seed per acre. . .
Total yield of seed
bush.
M
12
48,000
48
25,000
9
72,000
8i
110,000
Value of fibre per ton
$
400
600
1,100
350
Total value of fibre
$
320,000
180,000
1,540,000
1,085,000
Total value of tow. .
... $
2,800
5,000
270,000
Value of seed per bushel
$
1-60
3
5-50
8-50 1
Total value of seed
$
76,800
75,000
396,000
930
1 Seed of fibre quality shipped to Ireland.
In 1916, there were in addition about 800 tons of flax straw, valued
at $15 per ton, or S 12, 000. The total value of the products for 1918
was about $2,285,750, exclusive of the value of seed not of fibre quality.
Tobacco. In Quebec, statistics of the area and yield of tobacco
in 1919 were jointly collected and compiled by the Quebec Bureau of
Statistics and the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. The results show
a great expansion in the cultivation of tobacco in Quebec, due to the
j;e increase in selling price. The area planted to tobacco in Quebec
in 1919 was 22,360 acres, as compared with 12,257 acres returned
for 1910 by the Census of 1911. At an estimated average yield per
acre of 750 Ib., the total yield of tobacco in Quebec amounted to
16,770,000 Ib., representing, at the average rate of 40 cents per Ib.,
a total value of $6,708,000. For Ontario, according to information
furnished by the Tobacco Division of the Dominion Experimental
Farms, the total yield of tobacco was 10,609,400 Ib. from 9,226 acres,
representing an average yield per acre of 1,150 Ib. The Ontario crop
was harvested without damage by frosts. It was the largest and the
best crop that had been grown in Ontario since the Tobacco Division
began the issue of an annual statistical crop report. In 1911 the pro
duction was larger if tradition be correct, but no figures are available
for that year. There is a tendency for a general expansion of tobacco
growing in all the Ontario district including the southwestern penin
sula. The prices paid for the tobacco crop in Ontario in
1919 were still higher than those of 1918. There was a real rush at
buying time between the competing manufacturers, and the whole of
the Ontario crop was purchased in less than a week. The average
price paid for White Burley may be placed at about 50 cents per Ib.,
while most of the flue-cured tobacco sold at prices ranging from 55 to
65 cents per Ib.
Placing together the results for the two provinces of Ontario
and Quebec, and comparing them with the published estimates for
the two previous years, the totals are as shown in Table 27.
222
PRODUCTION
27 Area and Yield of Tobacco in Canada, 1917-1919.
Provinces.
1917.
1918.
1919.
1917.
1918.
1919. .
1917.
1918.
1919.
Quebec
acres.
5,000
acres.
6,903
acres.
22,360
Ib.
5,000,000
Ib.
7,732,000
Ib.
16,770,000
Ib.
per
acre.
1,000
Ib.
per
acre.
1,120
Ib.
per
acre.
750
Ontario
2,930
6,500
9,226
3,495,000
6,500,000
10,609,400
1,192
1,000
1,150
Totals and.
averages. .
7,930
13,403
31,586
8,495,000
.14,232,000
27,379,400
1,071
1,062
867
Taking the average price of tobacco in Ontario at 52 cents per Ib.,
the total value of the crop of 1919 in that province was about $5,561,-
730, making the total value of the tobacco crop of 1919 for the whole
of Canada to be $12,269,730. 1
Wool Production of Canada, 1915-19. --There are no definite
statistics of the annual wool clip of Canada, except as regards wool
sold through the co-operative associations. For the years 1915,
1916 and 1917, the wool clip was roughly estimated at 12,000,000 Ib.,
the total values, at the rate of 28 cents per Ib. in 1915, 37 cents in 1916
and 59 cents in 1917, being for 1915 $3,360,000, for 1916 $4,440,000
and for 1917 $7,000,000. It is usually estimated that the average
weight of wool per sheep is 6.5 Ib. The rise in the price of wool
during recent years has stimulated production, and the quantity of
wool produced is now much higher than it was a few years ago. Ap
plying the average of 6 . 5 Ib. to the number of sheep in Canada in 1918
(3,052,748) and 1919 (3,425,958), the result is an estimated total
production of 19,842,862 Ib. for 1918 and 22,247,727 Ib. for 1919.
Assuming 20 million Ib. of wool to be the production for each of the
two years, and taking the average price per Ib. at 60 cents, the estimated
value of the Canadian wool clip for each of the two years 1918 and
1919 is $12,000,000. The figures for the years 1915 to 1919 therefore
stand as in Table 28.
28 Estimated Production and Value of Wool in Canada, 1915-19.
Year.
Production.
Average
Price
per Ib.
Value.
1915
Ib.
12,000,000
cents.
28
$
3,360,000
1916
12,000,000
37
4,440,000
1917
12,000,000
59
7,000,000
1918 .
20,000,000
60
12,000,000
1919
20,000,000
60
12,000,000
Agricultural Instruction Act. Under the Agricultural In
struction Act (3 Geo. V, c. 5), appropriations are annually payable by
the Dominion Government to each of the Provincial Governments of
Canada for the encouragement of agriculture " through education,
1 For a more detailed report on the tobacco crop of 1919, see Monthly Bulletin of
Agricultural Statistics, December, 1919 (Vol. 12, No. 136), pp. 316-318.
STOCKS OF GRAIN IN CANADA
223
instruction ami demonstration carried on along- lines well devised and
of a continuous nature" and for the purpose ,,f assisting in the work
of veterinary collides established in the provinces. The provincial
allocation of the payments under this Act for the four years 1916-17
to 11)19-20 are shown in Table 29. A Report on the Agricultural
Instruction Act for the year 1918-1!) was published in \\y>() [Xo
I5a].
2f Allocation of Payments to Provincial Governments under the Agricultural
Instruction Act, 1916-17 1919-20.
Provinces.
1916-17
1917-18.
1918-19.
1919-20.
Prince Kdward Island
Nova Scotia
*
30,44:; 78
74,859.28
59,20!) U(l
2J:;,:>!2 i ::
801,158
7(), 707 L l
74. still 70
til, 747. 22
63,732.. Vi
20,000.00
*
81,7H.
110.80
271,113.76
336,303.26
77,113.11
81,728.48
20,000.00
$
31,749
81,716.69
54,110
271,113.76
336,303.26
77,118.11
81,728.48
66,966.62
li,l<! 00
20,000.00
$
31,749.22
81,716.69
H4.110.80
L 71,113.76
336,303.26
77,113.11
81,728.48
66,965.62
69,199.06
20,000 00
New Brun.suirk .
Quebec
Ontario
.itoba
Saskatchewan
Alberta
British Columbia
Veterinary Colleges
Totals
1,000,000 00
1,100,000 00
1,100,000 00
1,100,000 00
Stocks of Grain in Canada.- Table 30 uives the results of
inquires as to the quantities of wheat, and wheat flour expressed as
wheat, in Canada on March 31, 1920, with the corresponding iigures
for 1916 to 1919.
St. Stocks of Wheat in Canada at the end of March, 1916-20.
Wheat in
March 31,
1916.
March 31,
1917.
March 30,
1918.
March 31,
1919.
March 31,
1920.
Terminal elevators..
bush.
26,063,316
2,447.386
5,716,498
43,996,131
3,326,417
5,277,196
23,369,809
86,854,000
budh.
24,441
89,24:,
5,168,242
30,549,209
2,516,461
4,884,825
12,862,356
45,638,000
bush.
4,149,357
2,882,141
1,098,610
10,459,466
1,935,639
4,802,236
20,011,179
31 ,684,700
bush.
31,243,073
241,605
2,447,371
16,514,133
19,536,882
5,390,066
10,854,840
32,315,000
bush.
8,718,874
3,897,787
14,148,779
3,856,958
5,575,253
6,271,697
34,837,000
Winter storage in vessel
Interior terminal elevator-
Countrv elevators
Public elevators
Flour mills
Transit by rail. . . .
Farmers hands
Totals
197 0.0.;.W
n no 1:47
77 ,023 ,328
118,542,971
77 306.3 l>
Adopting the simpler classification of elevators, flour mills, in
transit by rail and in farmers hands, the results of inquiries for each
the five years 1916 to 1920, in respect of wheat, are as shown in
lable 31.
224
PRODUCTION
31. Stocks of Wheat in Canada at the end of March, 1916-20.
Wheat in
March 31,
1916.
March 31,
1917.
March 30,
1918.
March 31,
1919.
March 31,
1920.
Elevators
bush.
81,549,748
bush.
62,764,956
bush.
20,525,213
bush.
69,983,064
bush.
30,622,398
Flour mills
5,277,196
4,884,825
4,802,236
5,390,066
5,575,253
Transit by rail
23,369,809
12,862,356
20,011,179
10,854,840
6,271,697
Farmers hands
86,854,000
45,638,000
31,684,700
32,315,000
34,837,000
Totals
197,050,753
126,150,137
77,023,328
118,542,970
77,306,348
For oats, barley and flax, including quantities of oatmeal, rolled
oats, barley meal and linseed meal expressed as grain, the quantities
returned as in Canada on March 31, 1919 and 1920, were as in Table
32.
32. Stocks of Oats, Barley and Flax in Canada on March 31, 1919 and 1920.
Grain in
Oats.
Barley.
Flax.
March 31,
1919.
March 31,
1920.
March 31,
1919.
March 31.
1920.
March 31,
1919.
March 31,
1920.
Terminal elevators.. . .
Interior terminal ele
vators
bush.
4,236,660
2,386,567
7,309,486
1,573,914
2,303,362
5,243,353
141,694,000
bush.
3,718,916
1,348,319
10,368,491
836,203
731,750
4,398,518
123,090,000
bush.
4,617,581
337,104
1,893,736
992,983
293,814
2,412,589
20,026,000
bush.
1,737,733
113,137
1,739,249
425,514
111,435
579,100
11,024,000
bush.
492,547
11,997
355,506
3,687
17,382
350,568
1,039,000
bush.
219,265
13,216
324,697
19,954
12,013
104,076
1,400,500
Country elevators. . . .
Public elevators
Flour mills
Transit by rail
Farmers hands
Totals
164,747,342
144,492,197
30,573,807
15,730,168
2,270,687
2,093,721
Recapi tulation
Elevators, etc
15,506,627
2,303,362
5,243,353
141,694,000
16,271,929
731,750
4,398,518
123,090,000
7,841,404
293,814
2,412,589
20,026,000
4,015,633
111,435
579,100
11,024,000
863,737
17,382
350,568
1,039,000
577,132.
12,013
104,076
1,400,500
Flour mills
Transit by rail
Farmers hands
Totals
164,747,342
144,492,197
30,573,807
15,730,168
2,270,687
2,093,721
AGRICULTURAL \\l-.\LTH y CANADA
225
On March 31, 1920, tin- quantity in ( ana. la of wheat , and wheat
Hour expressed as wheat, was about 77,306,000 bushels, as compared
with 118,543,000 bushels in 1919, about 77 million bushels in 191s
and \ 2(\ million bushels in 1917. The total for I .rjn rompn
.197.000 bushels in elevators and Hour mills. ivl.X37,000 bushels in
farmers hands and 6,272,000 bushels in transit by rail, of oats,
including oat products exposed as m-ain. the total quantity returned
as in Canada on March :* i , 1920. was 144,492,000 bushels, as compared
with 164,747,000 bushelfi \:\>\ year and 1 -V>. :,S _>, 001) bushels iii 191s
The total for 1920 comprises 17.001,000 bushels in elevator, and flour
nulls. 123,090,000 bushels in farmers hands and l.M .is.nnn bushels in
transit by rail. The total quantity of barley in ( \anada on March .SI
; 20. is returned as !". 730.000 bushels. M compared with 30. :>7 1.000
bushels last year and Hi million bushels in 111 Is. Tin- figures for 1920
comprise 4.127,000 bushels in elevator- and Hour mills. 11.021.000
bushels in fanners hands and .~>79,100 bushels in transit by rail. Of
flaxseed the total <niantity in Canada on March 31. 1920. i> returned
as 2,094,000 hushrls. as compared with 2,271,000 bushel> last year and
2,420,000 bushels iii 1918. The total fur 1920 comprises 589,000
bushels in elevators and mill-. 1 ,!<)(). :>()() busheU in farmers hand- and
bushels in transit by rail. A- compared with 1919 tin-
quantities in stock at the end of March are considerably less in the
ase of wheat, oats and barley. F,r flax the quantity i> a bout 177 000
bushels less,
Agricultural Wealth of Canada. Table 33 presents the results
f calculations of the gross total value of the annual agricultural
uoduction of Canada for each of the yean 19ir> to 1919. The values
ire calculated from the average prices received by farmers. They
ire necessarily gross values, because it is impossible to distinguish
>etween the use of crops as materials for other kinds of production
Jttch as the feeding of live stock, or to allow for the cost- of production.
33. Value of the Annual Agricultural Production of ( anada, 1915-19.
Description.
1915.
1916.
1917.
1918.
1919.
r ield crops
000$
82*1 ^71
000$
OO jn::
000$
1 1 1 .1 <?1T
000$
ooos
"arm animals. .
73 958
ooo,tyo
1 10 901
1,144,00^
!1 ^A ^AO
,372,936
1,452,437
Vool
7 QfU)
411/1
lOD.ooy
~ I |,1M
,129
180,084
Dairy products
146 OOi
,-i-iO
1 EJO 01 R
i ,1)1)0
OQO QOO
12,400
11,000
"ruits and vegetables. .
35 000
"^ oon
i!O_.>J_
!.in nnn
248,908
Af\ AAA
252,320
oultry and eggs. . .
35 000
QS nnn
* /,UUU
1 1 \ t\f\f\
W,000
40,000
(},()(jO
40,000
40,000
Iross total value. .
1 118 694
1 99Q QT^
1 ot noo
1flA OTO
1,1X6 1, \KO
,yUo,o7o
,975,841
If to the estimated value of agricultural production in 1919 viz
I^ 84 , 1 000 be added for land $2,792,229,000, for buildings $927,-
0, for implements $387,079,000 and for farm live stock $1,296,-
0, the total estimated agricultural wealth of the Dominion of
anada for 1919 amounts to $7,379,299,000.
6870815
226 PRODUCTION
World s Production of Cereals and Potatoes.- -Table 34,
which is compiled from the Bulletin of Agricultural and Commercial
Statistics of the International Institute of Agriculture, with metric
weights and measures converted into Canadian equivalents, shows
the areas and yields of wheat, rye, barley, oats, corn and potatoes
in various countries of the world for the years 1917 and 1918 in the
northern hemisphere and for the years 1917-18 and 1918-19 in the
southern hemisphere, (Argentina, South Africa, Australia and New
Zealand). The table also includes, for purposes of comparison, the
average acreages and yields for the five years 1912-16 (1912-13 to
1916-17 for the southern hemisphere) and the areas and yields of
1918 in the form of percentages of 1917 (1917-18) and of the five-
year averages. Owing to the war, the table does not include data of
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, Rumania, Russia, Serbia and
Turkey; but Germany re-appears for the first time since the conclusion
of peace.
For wheat the data comprise 24 countries which in 1918 produced
a total of 2,617,160,000 bushels from 185,014,000 acres, as compared
with 2,276,861,000 bushels from 164,601,000 acres in 1917 and 2,550,-
137,000 bushels from 171,240,000 acres, the quinquennial average.
As compared with 1917, the area under wheat in 1918 was 12.4 p.c.
more, and it was 8 p.c. more than the five-year average; the yield in
1918 was 14.9 p.c. more than that of 1917 and 2.6 p.c. more than the
average. The average yield per acre for all 24 countries was about
one-third of a bushel more than in 1917, but was three-quarters of a
bushel less than the five-year average. In the case of rye, the total
production in 1918 of 12 countries was 494,321,000 bushels from 25,-
078,000 acres, as compared with 409,112,000 bushels from 22,110,000
acres in 1917 and with 553,915,000 bushels from 22,598,000 acres,
the five-year average. The area of 1918 is more than that of 1917
by 13 .4 and than that of the average by 11 p.c., whilst the total yield
is 20 . 8 p.c. more than that of 1917, but 10 . 7 p.c. less than the average.
The average yield per acre is about 1J bushel more than in 1917, but
is 4| bushels under the average.
The total production in 18 countries of barley in 1918 was 763,-
687,000 bushels from 30,523,000 acres, as compared with 681,260,000
bushels from 28,649,000 acres in 1917 and 728,567,000 bushels from
26,905,000 acres, the five-year average. In area the crop of 1918 was
6.5 p.c. above 1917 and 13.4 p.c. above average, whilst in yield the
percentage was 12.1 above 1917 and 4.8 above the average.
The yield per acre in 1918 was 1J bushel above 1917, but 2 bushels
below the average.
Oats in 19 countries gave a total production in 1918 of 2,725,-
955,000 bushels from 82,630,000 acres, as against 2,657,961,000
bushels from 80,168,000 acres in 1917 and 2,620,621,000 bushels from
74,285,000 acres, the quinquennial average. The figures for 1918
represent as to area percentages of 3.1 above 1917 and 11.2 above
average. The yield per acre was about 33 bushels in 1917 and 1918,
or 2 j bushels below the five-year average.
WORLD S PRODUCTION OF CEREALS AND POTATOES 227
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228
PRODUCTION
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STATIO
Corn in eiiiht countries i;ave a total yield in 1918 of 2,7^0, 195, 000
Im-heU from 115,879,000 acres, as compared with :MM<>. 17."), ()()()
bushels from rJ.V>l 1. 000 acres in I .MT and with LV.loS, 17 1 ,000 hushols
from llo.s:;*;. ()()() acres, tin- five-year average. Jn 1 ( .US the acreage
was 7 7 p.C. below that of 1917 and 1.7 p.c. above average, whilst
the yield was 1 .") . 2 p.c. below that of 1917 and 7. 1 p.c. below average.
The average yield per acre was about *2 .\\ bushels in 191S,or 2 bushels
less than in 1*917 and 2 1 , bushels less than the five-year average.
Of potatoes, the yield in 191X for lo countries W*& 2. 192. 1. ")
l)iishels from 18,583,000 acres, afl conij)ared with 2.S07.0!* 1 .000
l.ushels from 17.910,000 acres in 1917 and o.O 1^.9r.4.000 bushels from
18,r>l >2.000 acres, the five-year average. The acreage in 191S was :\.\\
p.c. above that of 1917. but 0.4 p.e. below aveniL The average
yield per acre in 191S, vix... Dvt.ll bushels. was 22 1 , bushels below
1917 and 29 bushels below the five-year average.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF CANADA.
Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations.
Central and Branch Farms. Inaugurated in 1886 by Act of
Parliament, the Dominion Experimental Farms system was at first
made up of the Central Farm at Ottawa and four branch Farms: one
at Nappan, Nova Scotia, for the Maritime Provinces; one at Brandon
for Manitoba; one at Indian Head for the Northwest Territories and
one at Agassiz for British Columbia.
35. Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations, 1919.
Farm or Station.
Plrovio
\ i ige.
Date
estab
lished.
Cent nil Farm, Ottawa. .
K&pusk&sinff Station
( >ntario
( )ntario
487
1,282
1886
1916
( >ntari< >
49
1009
( harlottetown Station .
Prince Ivlward Island....
100
l .M)9
Xappan Farm
Xova Scotia
469
1836
TContvillo Station
Xova Scotia
434
1912
"Krr><lri< ti >n Station
Xc\v Brunswick
520
1912
St.f> -Xnrm Hf> la FViratinro Station
(^U l ice ... ....
340
1911
Cap Rouge Station
Quebec
339
1911
Lonnoxvillc Station
Quebec
4:).")
1914
La I Crnic St ition
Quebec
1,200
1916
Furnhani Tobacco Station
Quebec
65
1912
L\nrnntinn TVihaorn St itinn
Quebec
6
1909
"RranHnn T"sirm
Manitoba
625
1886
Monlcn Station
Manitoba
280
1915
Indian Head Farm
Saskatchewan
680
1886
Rosthorn Station
-katchewan
650
1908
Scott Station
Saskatchewan
520
1910
Lacombe Station
Alberta
850
1907
Lethbridce Station
Alberta
400
1906
Invcrinere Station
British Columbia
53
1912
Summerland Station ....
British Columbia
550
1914
Agassiz Farm
British Columbia
1,400
1886
Sldnpv Statinn \ anconvor Island
British Columbia
125
1912
. -
232 PRODUCTION
The opening up and rapid settlement of the Dominion has led to
a corresponding increase in the number of Experimental Farms and
Stations. 1 These now total 21, with a total acreage of 11,850, as
compared with the original five Farms, having a total acreage of
3,472, as established in 1886. Table 35 shows the present number of
Farms and Stations with the acreage of each and the date of establish
ment.
In addition there are eight sub-stations, viz.: Salmon Arm, B.C.;
Swede Creek, Yukon Territory; Fort Vermilion, Grouard and Beaver-
lodge, Alberta; and Forts Smith, Resolution and Providence, North
west Territories. Experimental work under the Division of Illustra
tion Stations is conducted on 15 farms in Saskatchewan, 17 in Alberta
and 19 in Quebec.
Organization of the System of Experimental Farms. The Central
Farm at Ottawa, as its name implies, is the centre or headquarters
of the system. Thereat are situated the Director, having control
and general supervision of the whole, and the chief technical officers,
having charge each of his special line of work, both at the Central
and branch Farms. At Ottawa, the policy to be pursued through
out the system is settled by agreement after discussion by the Direc
tor, the technical officers and the Superintendents on whose branch
Farms the work is to be conducted. The technical staff at Ottawa
supervise the actual experimental work at the Central Farm. At
the branches, the Superintendents are in charge of the carrying out
of the various lines of general experiment and also conduct experi
ments which are of local importance.
The Divisions at Ottawa, which also represent the different lines
of work carried on throughout the system, and which have each a
technical officer in charge, are as follows: (1) Animal Husbandry;
(2) Bees; (3) Botany; (4) Cereals; (5) Chemistry; (6) Extension and
Publicity; (7) Economic Fibre Production; (8) Field Husbandry;
(9) Forage Plants; (10) Horticulture; (11) Illustration Stations;
(12) Poultry and (13) Tobacco. Briefly the main lines of the work of
these Divisions are as follows:
Animal Husbandry. This Division comprises work with beef
cattle, dairy cattle and dairying, horses, sheep and swine, and under
takes experiments in the breeding, feeding, housing and management
of each of these classes of live stock.
Bees. The Bee Division covers the breeding, feeding and
manipulation of bees, and the study of bee products, including their
marketing.
Botany. The work of this Division falls into the two classes
of Economic Botany and Plant Pathology. The former includes the
study of medicinal, poisonous and economic plants. Different
varieties and strains of fibre plants are also studied, and special atten
tion is given to the life history and control of weeds. The Division has
also charge of the Arboretum at the Central Farm. In Plant Pathol
ogy, in addition to the pathological laboratory at Ottawa, there are
1 The five original farms established in 1886 are known as " Experimental Farms ";
those added since are styled "Experimental Stations." No distinction in the work is
expressed by these titles.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMi:\ T STATIONS 233
laboratories at Charlottetown, P.E.I., Fredericton, N.B., St. Cathar
ines, Out., Brandon, Man., and Indian Head, Sask. Investigations
are being conducted into diseases affecting forest trees, fruit trees,
cereals, small fruits, potatoes, vegetables and tobaccos.
Cereal*. -In the Cereal Division, the work comprises the pro
duction, by cross-breeding and selection, of new varieties of grains
and the testing of these as to their suitability for various parts of
nada. Approved varieties are grown on a larger scale, and samples
are distributed free to applicant farmers. Among the more recent
varieties produced in this Division and now widely grown in Canada
are the Arthur pea and the Huron, .Marquis and Prelude wheats.
Two interesting varieties now being introduced are the Ruby wheat,
ripening not quite so early as Prelude but yielding better, and the
Liberty Hull-less oat, which should greatly widen the field of useful
ness of this cereal and simplify the processes of its manufacture into
food for man and beast. The Division also carries on extensive milling
and baking tests.
Chemistry. --The work of the Division of Chemistry comprises
the analysis of fodders and feeding stuffs, fertilizers, soils, well waters,
insecticides, fungicides, etc. It also assists other Divisions in chemical
problems and does a large amount of analytical work for other branches
of the Department and for military and civilian use abroad. Field
tests with various kinds and quantities of fertilizers are carried on
by this Division at a number of the branch Farms and Stations.
Extension and Publicity. -This Division acts as a connecting
link between the Experimental Farms and the farmer by making the
work of the former as widely known as possible. Two chief means
used are the placing of an exhibit at as many fairs as possible each
year and the extension of the Departmental mailing lists.
Economic Fibre Plants.- -The Division studies the areas in
Canada suitable for fibre production, the best varieties and strains
of seed of fibre plants, cultural methods, harvesting, retting and
scutching processes, etc. A fully-equipped flax mill is operated at
the Central Farm.
Field Husbandry. This Division tests or applies, under field
conditions, the results obtained by other Divisions more directly
engaged in scientific research. Some of the main lines of work under
way are tests of fertilizers, methods of drainage, rotations and cultural
methods. Data of cost of production of field crops are gathered in
connection with this work.
Forage Plants.- The Division has for its work the variety
testing of grasses, leguminous forage plants, field roots and Indian
corn; plant breeding with these; the collection of genera and species
likely to be of value as forage plants; the study of the possibilities
and methods of growing root seed, including sugar beets, in Canada,
and the distribution for trial of seed of varieties newly obtained and
not available commercially.
Horticulture. The work of the Division of Horticulture falls
under four main heads: vegetable gardening, orcharding and small
fruits, ornamental gardening and plant breeding. In the three first
named, the testing of varieties is a main featuro, with a view to
234 PRODUCTION
ascertaining the hardiest, earliest, best-yielding and most disease-
resistant sorts. In plant breeding, the aim is the improvement of
existing sorts by cross-breeding. Greenhouse work is also given
special attention at Ottawa. Canning experiments and demonstra
tions are carried on.
Illustration Stations. This Division forms another connecting
link between the Experimental Farms and the farmer. These Stations
are now 51 in number. Each is located on the farm of a represen
tative farmer, who does the work according to directions framed to
illustrate the best rotations, the best varieties of crops, and the best
cultural methods, as determined by the work of years on the Experi
mental Farms.
Poultry. The scope of work of the Poultry Division has been
greatly extended during the last few years. It now covers the
following main lines of investigation: artificial and natural incubation,
poultry breeding, systems of breeding and rearing, production of
heavy-laying strains, feeding for eggs and table and housing of
poultry. Poultry survey work, i.e., the endeavour to get groups of
farmers in various localities to keep accurate records of their poultry
costs and returns, is already showing results in the better housing,
breeding and care of the farm flock. Egg-laying contests and record
of performance work are carried on.
Tobacco. The Tobacco Division deals with the breeding,
variety tests and cultural methods, the warehousing and marketing
of tobacco. A complete analysis of the soils of the tobacco-producing
regions of Canada is being made. During the growing season,
inspectors examine the tobacco fields of as many growers as possible,
with a view to suggesting the best cultural methods and means of
combating diseases and insect pests.
In addition to the work done by the Divisions of Extension and
Publicity and Illustration Stations, the results of the work of the
Experimental Farms are made available to the farmer (1) by cor
respondence, (2) by publications. Practically all lines of agricultural
effort are covered by the Experimental Farms publications and they
embody the best thought and latest results of the experimental
work. (3) "Seasonable Hints," now in its fifth year, a 16-page
pamphlet brought out every four months, is filled with brief, timely
articles and notes on farm topics, and each issue is distributed to the
entire mailing list of some 300,000 names. It is issued in two editions,
one for Eastern Canada and British Columbia, the other for the
Prairie Provinces. (4) Tress Articles." An average of three short,
pithy and timely articles is sent out to the Canadian press each week.
The Farm officers devote considerable time each year to lecturing,
demonstrating, judging at fairs and assisting at Short Courses in
Agriculture. Excursions to the various Farms are also a valuable
means of bringing the work to the attention of the farmer.
Provincial Experimental Farms and Stations.
NOVA SCOTIA.
College of Agriculture, Truro. About 430 acres are devoted
to general farming, gardening and investigations. Conducted pri-
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS
manly as a college and (list ributing station for pure-bred live stock
ami seeds, investigational work docs not occupy so prominent a
pnsitioii as it doc- at a purely experimental station. Never! hel.
practical experiments arc being carried on amongst which the following
arc the most important. Kxperiments were commenced seven years
i in thr use of ground limestone, this being applied to plots of
,-cral acres each side l>y side with corresponding plots receiving
ii.. lime-tone. Complete results cannot IK- announced until the lap
of two rotation- of four years; 1 Ut meanwhile positive results indicate
marked improvement in clover and in the control of club root in
turnip-, cabbage, etc. I pon a run-out farm, purchased in UM7,
experiment- have been instituted with a view to ascertain and demon-
ate the relative value of ba-ic slag with high and low percentage- of
uble phosphoric acid, with acid phosphate, hone meal, ground lime-
>ne and with the addition to all of these of nitrate of soda. On the
ne land, an experiment has been commenced to determine t he re
turns of potatoes from applications of various quantities of potash.
A permanent pasture experiment, commenced five years ago, is de
signed to determine the valueof top dressing with commercial fertilizer.
Suitable fodder crops for ensilage in a district like that surrounding
the Colli-iiv. where the -umniers are short and rather cool, are being
experimented with. At present main reliance is placed upon a mixture
of oats, peas and vetches, popularly called "O, P. V." In chemical,
entomological and botanical laboratories, experiments relate to the
control of insects and fungi, the study and treatment of -oils and other
similar lines of invest igation.
QUEBEC.
Macdonald College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue.- -The College is
situated about 20 miles we-t of Montreal and is incorporated with
McCiill I niv- rsity. The College property comprises 7S(> acres divid
ed as follows: main farm, ")S4 aero; cereal husbandry plots. To acn
poultry department, 17 acres; orchards, :C> acres; vegetable garden-.
2."> acres; the campus, including driveways, lawn.-, tree-, shrubs, flower
bed-, school garden and recreation fields for students of both sex-
50 acres. On the College Stock Farm a "Fonlsnn" tractor has on the
whole given good satisfaction, being used chiefly for ploughing, discing,
cultivating and for loading hay. I pon a total disced and cultivated
area of 300 acres, the average cost per acre works out to a trifle over
$1 per acre. The experiments indicate that the possibilities of the
tractor lie rather in the amount and rapidity of the work accomplished
than in cheapness of power. Numerous other researches and experi
ments are being conducted in the departments of biology, cereal
husbandry, agricultural chemistry, horticulture, physics, and with
farm poultry. More complete information respecting the work of
the College will be found on record in the Canada Year Book of 1916-
17. pp. 241-242, and 1918, pp. 235-237. The College Annual Report
for 1918-19 may also be consulted.
Oka Agricultural Institute.- -This, situated on the Lake of
Two Mountains, about 20 miles from Montreal, is one of the oldest
236 PRODUCTION
experimental farms in Canada, and is fitted to board 150 pupils.
A large number of dairy cattle is kept, and experimental work is
carried on with these and with swine, poultry and bees. Horticulture
is practised largely; the growth of apples and small fruits is a specialty.
The famous Oka cheese, made at this Institute, is sold widely in North
America. The Institute was affiliated to the Laval University (now
University of Montreal), on March 25, 1908.
School of Agriculture, Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere. The
School is situated on the southeastern side of a shady hill from which
it overlooks large farms and homesteads. Being less than one mile
from the Intercolonial railway station, it is easily accessible, and
attracts hundreds of visitors desirous of acquiring information. Stu
dents are divided into two classes: (1) pupils of the Agronomy Course,
who are under instruction for four years, and (2) pupils of the Agri
cultural Course, who receive a special practical training of two years.
The School is affiliated to the Laval University of Quebec, which awards
the degree of B.S.A. (Bachelor of Science in Agriculture) to successful
students of the first class. Other successful students receive a Certi
ficate of Agricultural Proficiency (Brevet de Capacite Agricole).
Outside the School, short courses are held in different parishes of
Lower Quebec, and special courses are provided for farmers at the
School itself. Addresses, demonstrations and instruction in farm
management are undertaken by the professors as well as various
cultural experiments and mechanical trials.
ONTARIO.
Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm,
Guelph.--The College and Experiment Station were established
in 1874 to train young farmers in the science and practice of agriculture
and to conduct agricultural experiments for the benefit of the province.
The land property consists of a little more than 700 acres of average
loam soil. The farm property consists of 500 acres: experimental
plots of about 100 acres and campus and woodlots form the remainder.
The growth of the institution as an educational centre has been very
rapid. Academic work at the present time requires the space and
equipment of sixteen large buildings for dormitories, class rooms and
laboratories. Courses offered include a four year course for the
degree of B.S.A. (Bachelor of Science in Agriculture,) a two-year
course for the Associate Diploma, winter courses for farmers and
farmers sons, summer courses for teachers of the province and domestic
science courses at Macdonald Institute. The teaching and experi
mental staff consists of about seventy-five members. In 1874 the
College opened with 28 students. The total enrolment in long and
short courses in the academic year 1918-19 was 1,535. More complete
information respecting the researches and experimental work under
taken at the College will be found on record in the Canada Year Book
of 1916-17, pp. 243-245, and 1918, pp. 238-241. Also reference may
be made to the Forty-fifth Annual Report of the College, covering the
year 1919.
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS 2: ; 7
MANITOBA .
Manitoba Agricultural College, Winnipeg. The Field
Husbandry Experimental work 1ms been divided into live divisions:
Forage Crop Improvement. Cereal Crop Improvement. Soil Manage
ment, Crop Management and Co-operative Experiments. The work
in the Cereal division consists in making variety tests and endeavour
ing to improve the standard varieties by selection and hybridization.
The object of the Forage division is to secure and improve plants for
the production of pasture, hay, and fodder for live stock. The
improvement is being brought about by importation, selection and
hybridization. Among the crops under this experiment, good results
are being obtained with alfalfa, sweet clover, red clover, timothy,
western rye grass, brome, meadow fescue and meadow foxtail.
Some work is also under way in the improvement of fodder corn and
field roots. The experiments in crop management were outlined to
answer the questions that farmers are asking in regard to the manau
pent of their crops. In Soil Management, work has been undertaken
in soil cultivation, soil fertility and crop rotation.
The Co-operative Experimental work consists in carrying on the
soil and crop management work on various farms throughout the
province. The Departments of Botany, Horticulture, Animal Hus
bandry. Physics, Chemistry, and Engineering are also doing
considerable investigationa] work.
SASKATCHEWAN.
University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon. The College of
Agriculture has over 1,300 acres of land at the University and another
560 acres about 35 mile distant which were bequeathed to the College
by a pioneer settler, an ex-student of the University of Cambridge,
England. Of the 1,300 acres, 210 acres are set aside for experimental
work in field husbandry and horticulture. Two hundred and seventy
acres of prairie were purchased in 1918, 100 acres of which have been
broken for the Field Husbandry Department. The remaining 800 acres
are operated as a general farm with great diversification of crops. The
buildings, paddocks, etc., are located on an adjoining half section of
land designated as the campus or building plot. The College offers
a four year course leading to the Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Agriculture (B.S.A.), and a three year associate course for farmers
sons intending to make farming their life work. Short courses in
general agriculture, tillage, crops, live stock, poultry, dairying and
engineering, are held for adult farmers during the winter months, both
at the College and at various points throughout the province.
Practical experiments are undertaken in the departments of field
and animal husbandry, as well as a variety of scientific investigations
m the departments of chemistry, physics, biology, engineering, etc.
ALBERTA.
College of Agriculture, Edmonton South. A College of
Agriculture has been established at the new University of Alberta,
Edmonton South. Students completing two years at the provincial
238 PRODUCTION
Schools of Agriculture enter the College for a three-years course
leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture. Over 100
acres of land are available for experimental work in cereals, grasses,
clovers, hoed crops, small fruits, vegetables and flowers. Amongst
the leading breeds of live stock, now maintained by the Department of
Animal Husbandry, are Percheron and Clydesdale horses, Shorthorn,
Hereford, Holstein-Friesian and Jersey cattle, Hampshire, Oxford,
Suffolk, Shropshire and Leicester sheep and Berkshire, Duroc-Jersey,
Poland, China and Tamworth swine. In co-operation with leading
breeders of beef cattle in Alberta, the University is fitting a steer herd
for the Chicago International Live Stock Show of 1920, thus pro
viding for students a special opportunity for thorough training in
beef cattle. Important live stock experiments are being conducted
in this department.
Experimental work at each of the three provincial schools of
Agriculture at Claresholm, Olds and Vermilion are carried on by the
Alberta Department of Agriculture. These schools are attended
principally by young men and women who intend to go back to the
farm. Details respecting these schools were recorded in the Canada
Year Book of 1918, pp. 244-245.
BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Department of Agriculture. Experiments are being carried
out by the Live Stock and Horticultural branches. Experiments on
the. control of potato diseases under field conditions have been under
taken at Chilliwack, Sardis, Cloverdale and Sullivan for the last two
years, their chief purpose being to ascertain whether it is possible, by
later sprayings only, beginning about the end of July or early in August,
to control Late Blight, which is very destructive. In only one case
were direct results obtained, viz., in 1918, at Sardis, where the sprayed
potatoes remained clean until cut down by frost and gave a minimum
increased yield of 50 p.c. in marketable potatoes, all remaining practi
cally sound. The unsprayed parts were completely dead by August
28, and the potatoes on the unsprayed area averaged at least 12 p.c.
of badly infected tubers. Other experiments have been undertaken
on the control of apple tree anthracnose, or Black Spot Canker, on
apple scab, aphis, cover cropping, lime tests and control of the Codling
moth.
University of British Columbia. Considerable progress has
been made with the clearing and preparation of land for experimental
and general farm purposes. The investigational results obtained by
the Departments of Agronomy and Horticulture are becoming increas
ingly valuable, especially for farmers and gardeners cultivating
upland coast soils. In the Department of Animal Husbandry, excellent
foundation stock has been purchased, consisting of Jerseys, Ayrshire?
and Shorthorns. The University has also acquired good Clydesdale
mares and Yorkshire and Berkshire pigs. Departments of dairying
and poultry have been organized. In addition to the teaching and
investigational work at the University, the members of the Faculty
of Agriculture, in co-operation with the Dominion and Provincial
Governments,, have organized and conducted considerable extension
work throughout the province.
FORESTRY
239
FORESTRY.
l"p to and including the year 191C> the annual statistics of fon-M
products were collected and published by the Forestry Branch of
the Department of the Interior. For HUT and I .US tin- statistics in
Tables 36-41 have been collected and compiled by the Dominion
Bureau of Statistics in collaboration with the Forestry Branch of the
Department of the Interior, and have formed part of the annual
iisus of Industry. The three diagrams on pan-- _MO illustrate
graphically by provinces, the production in Canada during l .)17 and
1918 (1) of pulpWOOd, (2) of WOOd pulp and (o) of paper. To the
statistics of production have been added two tallies -1 lowing (Table 42)
the quantity and value of exports of wood pulp, by countries, for the
ti-cal years I .MiM 4 .) and Table 43) the quantity and value of wood,
blocks and other, exported to the I nited Slate- I m- the fiscal years
1904-19.
36. Quantities and Values of the cut of Lumber, Shingles and Lath by
1917 and
rrovii
Lumbar.
Shiim:
Lath.
Quantity.
Value.
entity. : Value.
.ntity.
Value.
l .U7.
Ontarii >. .
M.ft. b.in.
1.110.LY4
1,191,712
827,574
711)
88,375
54,216
33,627
6,896
*
149
109,301
16,718,726
11,216,
4,404.109
2,036,1
962,146
125
M
74
90,402
024
,405
14
20,695
60
.18
*
1,801
375
770,717
670
265
120
16,
M
110
42,
714
154
176
13,
:;..
754
-
774
116,557
544,169
777
32
( ..7()7
2,2(17
Brit ish ( <>luml>i;i
Quebec.
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia.
xatchewan
Manitoba
Alberta..
Prince Kthvanl Island
Total
1918.
Ontario..
4,142,871
1.110.002
1.157.036
S41 Os4
439,625
176.
7.V-
54.047
22,388
6.393
229
83,547,322
168,754
..-.1.207
2(>. .1 0.604
12,189,312
4.0S9.039
2,122.307
1,240,052
473,694
136,336
10.315
3,929,956
52,393
2,162,1
24 .). If 10
170
19,138
212
8.948
8,431,215
18:-!
6,641,174
775,058
512,812
49,633
577
21.
616,949
148,999
49,741
7-,()33
117.521
16,45!)
17,244
8,698
805
1,828,018
506,510
179,041
214.711
32^
41,639
73,490
22,704
2,901
Brit ish ( oluinbia
Quebec. . . .
Xe\v Brunswick
Xova Scotia. . .
katchewan
Manitoba.
Alberta
Prince Edward Island. .
Yukon..
Total
3,883,631
103,697,629
2,662,521
8,184,448
438, 109
1,369,616
NOTE. m. ft. b. m. signifies 1,000 feet board measure.
240
PROD UCTION
Diagrams Illustrating the Paper-making Industry,
PULPWOOD CONSUMPTION BY PROVINCES /9l?-8
PROVINCES
HUNDRED THOUSANDS OF CORDS
QUEBEC
ONTARIO
BRITISH COLUMBIA
NEW BRUNSWICK
NOVA SCOTIA
(1917
(1916
\1B17
I 1916
11917
(1918
\1917
(19 16
(1917
CORDS
Jp65,47d
1,109,869
781,691
725,691
216,774
134,814
110,133
105,586
11,66&
16,374
10 11
PULP MANUFACTURED BY PROVINCES 1917-8
PROVINCES
HUNDRED THOUSANDS OF TONS
QUEBEC
ONTARIO j
7* A 4 2 5 0(/////////f/ ////////
505366
BRITISH COLUMBIA
NEW BRUNSWICK j
66,6/9
5&.340
NOVA SCOTIA
PAPER PRODUCED BY PROVINCES 1917-8
PROVIMCE5
HUNDRED THOUSANDS OF TONS
(191Q
(1917
(1918
\191f
425,226
J 63,^5
419 980
ONTARIO
QUEBEC
BRITISH COLUMB A
CANADA YEAR BOOK !
I
FORESTRY
241
J7.~ Total Consumption and Value of Pulp wood, 1908-18.
ar.
Total
Consump-
tion.
Total
Value.
fear:
To
Consump
tion.
Total
Value.
Cor
182,777
$
LV.)3 1,653
1914
ids.
1,2 M .".7r,
$
8 089 868
822,129
, 14,080
1915
1 40.". -
17
l]ll
is;
: :>4
lit 1C.
1 7(14 Ml"
n lot
1911...
D72.288
4,338,0-M
I .M:
2.104.334
is si7
1911
866,( ML
1918...
10 7U
191:: ..
1,109.0
7,243,368
38. Quantities and Values of Wood used in the Manufacture of Pulp, 1916-1S.
I rovince.
Wood
used.
Value.
\
;! p.-i
rd.
Pulp
Produced.
Xum 1
of firm-
rejK)rtint:.
1916.
Quebec
Cords.
$
6,840 489
$
7-40
To
686 t.i i
No.
Ontario
ill
7-87
U14
1 -,
v Brunswick
."><! 7(i:.
7 43
43 .".74
4
. a Scot i. -i
14
|
British Columbia
ias
799
5
2
Total. ...
1,764,91?
13,101 J")N
7 r>
1 *)( OS 1
1917.
Quebec
1 1
9 5 ") 1
8-60
7s 1
Ontario
7".". r.ui
8-10
: -
Hi
^ Brunswick
105. 586
6
;40
R
-otju
Is, 374
15]
7 6
"(I
B
British Columbia
134,814
968 763
7- iy
5
Total
MO!.. Ml
18,817,483
8-94
1 464 .50S
1918.
Quebec
1 Ov"> 47s
11 061 191
10-19
80 030
Ontario
691
10 3 ).-) 717
13-25
W)
1
Brunswick
110,133
854
8-36
ftlfl
5
a Scotia
11 668
73 816
6-32
10 017
K
British ( olumbia
218 774
434 897
11-13
173 Ifil
A
Total.
2 21t,7 1 1
24 886 17 i
H2fi
1 ^? 1Q1
39. Kinds of Wood used in the Manufacture of Pulp by Quantities and Values
1916. 1917 and 1918.
Kinds of
Wood.
1916.
1917.
1918.
Quantity.
Value.
Aver
age
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
A ver-
age
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Aver
age
Value.
Spruce. .
Cords.
1,203,557
433,154
82,307
6,177
39,717
1
9,219,414
3,167,311
483,633
41,695
192,405
I cts.
7-66
7-31
5-88
6-75
4-84
Cords.
1,678,656
309,515
101,321
5,168
2.850
6,824
1
14,711,131
3,040,396
950,175
43,647
25,650
46,484
t cts.
8-76
9-92
9-38
8-45
9-00
6-81
Cords.
1,638,733
447,243
89,007
9,885
25,851
25
$
18,887,125
4,604,987
1,038,867
100,987
254,384
125
1 eta.
11-53
10-29
11-67
10-22
9-84
5-00
Balsam Fir...
Hemlock
Poplar
Jack Pine. . .
All other
Total.
1,764,912
13,104,458
7 42
2,104,334
18,817,483
8 94
2,210,744 24,886,475
11 26
6870816
242
PRODUCTION
40. Quantities of Wood used and of Pulp manufactured, 1914-1918.
WOOD USED.
Process
of
Manufacture.
Quebec.
Ontario.
New
Bruns
wick.
Nova
Scotia.
British
Colum
bia.
Total.
Mechanical 1914
Cords.
394,321
Cords.
202,715
Cords.
4,319
Cords.
10,777
Cords.
32,792
Cords.
644,924
1915
1916
1917
1918
Sulphite 1914
425,626
448,938
488,765
113,006
247,825
308,416
291,767
231,754
8,344
7,154
6,825
45,020
20,870
14,437
11,668
41,111
48,313
73,699
47,321
743,776
827,258
964,479
872,724
437,101
1915
1916
1917
1918
Sulphate 1914
101,225
285,761
377,792
125,384
212,802
309,060
470,276
13,282
107,498
72,440
77,290
-
49,424
60,684
119,699
470,949
727,945
855,489
1,045,057
138,666
1915
1916
1917
1918
Soda 1914
164,811
181,818
212,613
3,785
20,000
20,136
21,187
26,018
-
25,376
184,811
201,954
274,646
285,194
3,785
1915
1916
1917
1918
All processes 1914
6,300
7,755
6,308
636,496
1,461
447,751
49,339
10,777
80,113
6,300
7,755
9,720
7,769
1,224,476
1915
1916
1917
1918
697,962
924,272
1,085,478
480,627
637,612
784,691
115,842
79,594
110,133
20,870
14,437
11,668
90,535
108,997
218,774
1,405,836
1,764,912
2,104,334
2,210,744
NOTE. For 1917, statistics are not available by provinces.
PULP MANUFACTURED .
Process
of
Manufacture.
Quebec.
Ontario.
New
Bruns
wick.
Nova
Scotia.
British
Colum
bia.
Total.
Mechanical 1914
Tons.
394,321
Tons.
202,715
Tons.
4,319
Tons.
10,777
Tons.
32,792
Tons.
644,924
1915
1916
1917
1918
Sulphite 1914
425,626
448,938
519,891
466,355
56,503
247,825
308,416
310,620
277,922
115,877
8,344
7,154
7,245
6,463
21,510
20,870
14,437
20,355
10,017
41,111
48,313
65,620
91,588
23,660
743,776
827,258
923,731
879,51C
217, 55C
1915
1916
1917
1918
Sulphate .;-..:. .1914
50,612
142,880
148,859
180,972
62,692
106,401
154,530
165,173
216,255
6,641
53,749
36,220
43,009
30,766
1,000
-
24,712
30,342
43,392
66,329
235,474
363,972
400,433
494,322
70,33;
1915
1916
1917
1918
Soda 1914
82,405
90,909
111,924
124,507
1,893
10,000
10,068
12,981
10,459
8,086
29,390
2,863
15,244
92,40
100,97*
135,85*
179, 60(
1,89:
1915
1916
1917
1918
All processes 191^
3,150
3,877
3,576
3,031
515,409
560
730
325,323
26,829
10,777
56,452
3,15(
3,87^
4,13(
3,76:
934 ,7<M
1915
1916
1917
1918
561,793
686,604
784,250
802,030
364,226
473,014
489.488 1
505,366
62,093
43,374
58,340
66,619
20,870
14,437
20,355
10,017
65,823
78,655
111,875
173,161
1,074,801
1,296,0&
1,464,308
1,557,19.
Includes 154 tons described as other fibre.
FORESTRY
243
41. Production of Paper by Provinces. 19t7 and 1918.
Province.
Ontario.
Qut l
British Columbia
Total
l H7
Tons.
383
391,130
004
H53,6S9
1918
Toi
425
419
122,516
967,7, I
42. K\ ports from Canada of Wood Pulp, hy ( oiintri?s. in the llm-al years 1914-1919-
Kinds.
1914,
1915.
.amity.
Value.
Aver
age
value
per
Quantity.
Value.
Aver-
value
per
cwt.
nical pulp---
United Kingdom
I nitrd -
Japan
cwt.
3>M
1,373.887
135,221
2,644
*
112
too
1 ^7
1 m;
cwt.
561
.1)71
1,146
$
800
$50,196
707
919
1.78
1 W
l .HI
2 :>:>
. r couni rie^ ... .
Total .......
M*5*C33
2,923,983
1 93
2,424,328
4396,622
1 98
hanical pulp-
United Kingdom
2,915,601
J80
1,162,470
2,253,621
u 77
0.67
2,195,088
3,855,266
113,400
1,495,521
2,8 .):;. tils
70,400
(MiS
7.-)
United -
Franci
Total
aical pulp-
United Kingdom
United -
Japan
4,816,179
3,441,741
9 71
6,163,792
1,459,539
9 72
19!
1917.
19,023
88,816
182,510
4,467
36,777
6,405,616
349,639
8,979
1.93
1 .:>
1 . .12
2 111
663.750
3,952,580
100,42*;
12.241
2,677,923
11,107,819
204,417
42,761
4.00
.
3.49
er countries
Total
3,494,816
6,891,911
1 95
4,733,997
14,932,929
2 96
Mechanical pulp-
United Kingdom .
United States
nice. . . .
362,531
3,87.-). 972
410,200
500
299,2i4
2,967,11
308
370
0.83
0.76
" 7.-.
0.74
494,474
5,495,221
626
35.
.488
5,487,424
471,040
33,181
0.77
1.00
0.75
0.92
>ther countries
Total
4,649,283
. i
3,575,537
9.77
6,651,914
6,371,133
9 96
Chemical pulp-
United Kingdom
United State* .
1918
1919.
343,486
4,681,728
329,783
30,013
1,603,738
16,171,096
1.233,306
125,673
4.67
3.45
3.74
4.18
140,364
7,414,825
639,997
137,744
611,399
26,256,265
2,775,486
583,708
4.36
3.54
4.34
4.24
Japan .
Other countries. .
Total
5,385,919
19,133,813
3 55
8,332,939
39,226,853
3 63
Mechanical pulp-
United Kingdom
4,311,694
6,487,097
1.50
2,528
3,453,149
53,049
3,033
4,418,555
58,327
1.20
1.28
1.10
United States
Other countries
Total
4,311,684
6,487,979 159 3,598,726
4,479,915
1 28
6S70S 16
244
PRODUCTION
43. Quantity and Value of Wood, Blocks and Other, for Pulp, exported to
the United States, 1904-1919.
Fiscal Year.
Cords.
$
Fiscal Year.
Cords.
$
1904
479,238
1,788,049
1912
879,775
5,697,901
1905..
593,624
2,600,814
1913
1,003,594
6,806,445
1906 .
614,286
2,649,106
1914
1,089,384
7,388,770
1907 (9 mos )
452,846
1,998,805
1915
1,010,914
6,817,311
1908
901,861
4,655,371
1916
879,934
5,743,847
1909
794,986
4,356,391
1917
982,671
6,448,189
1910
965,271
6,076,628
1918
1,002,127
8,339,278
1911
936,791
6,092,715
1919
1,597,042
15,386,600
FISHERIES.
Capital Invested. --The total capital invested in the fisheries
amounted in the calendar year 1918 to $60,212,863, as compared
with $47,143,125 in 1917, these figures including, contrary to the
practice of former years, investments of $20,366,701 in 1917 and
$30,334,129 in 1918, in fish canning and fish-curing establishments.
Of the total for 1918, the sum of $26,083,473 was invested in con
nection with the sea fisheries and $3,804,261 in connection with the
inland fisheries. Table 44 shows the distribution of capital amongst
the various descriptions of vessels, boats, nets, traps, etc., used in
both sea and inland fisheries, and in fish canning and curing establi
shments, for the calendar years 1917 and 1918. A statement of the
value of vessels, boats and fishing materials for each of the years
1880 to 1910-11 was given in the Year Book for 1911, p. 390. For
subsequent years similar information has appeared in the Year Book
annually.
Number of Employees. According to Table 45, the total
number of persons employed in the fisheries of Canada in the calendar
year 1918 was 87,070, as compared with 95,122 in the calendar year
1917. Of this number, 58,807 in 1918 were engaged in sea fisheries,
9,709 in inland fisheries, and 18,554 in fish canning and curing
establishments 1 .
Fishing Bounties. Under an Act of 1882 (45 Viet., c. 18),
passed for development of the sea fisheries and encouragement of the
building of fishing vessels, provision was made for the distribution in
bounties of $150,000 annually among the owners of fishing vessels and
fishermen engaged in fishing from boats in the deep sea fisheries of
Canada. An Act of 1891 (54-55 Viet., c. 42) increased the amount
to $160,000, By Order-in-Council of January 30, 1919, made under
the provisions of the Revised Statutes of 1906, c. 46, the distribution
of the appropriation of $160,000 for the year 1918-19 was made on
the following basis: $1 per registered ton to owners of vessels, not
to exceed $80 for any one vessel, $6.25 to each vessel fisherman
$3.80 to each boat fisherman and $1 per boat to owners of fishing
boats. The number of vessels which received bounties in 1918 was
784. The number of boats on which bounties were paid was 13,655,
The total number of fishermen in vessels and boats to whom bounties
were paid in 1918 was 29,841, an increase of 332, as compared with
Tor a description of the extent of Canadian Fisheries and the methods of capture, set
Canada Year Book, 1914, page 230.
FISHERIES
246
tht 1 previous year. The number of claims filed in 1918 was 14,452,
a decrease of 80 from 1917, and the number paid was 14,440, or
84 less than in the previous year. The total fishing bounties paid
in 1918 amounted to $159,975.
Table 46 shows by provinces the number of fishermen who re
ceived bounties and the amount of the bounties paid to them during
each of the fiscal years 1915-1918.
44. Number and Capital Value of Fishing Vessels, Boats, Nets, Traps, etc., used
In the Fisheries of Canada. 191? and 1918.
Description.
19
17.
19
18.
Sea Fisheries.
:n trawlers
Steam fishing vessels
Sailing and gasoline ve>sels. .
Boats, sail and row
No.
44
1,358
780
$
1,010,943
4.143.118
1 Oil i7 i
No.
2
39
1.230
18 959
$
140,000
1,049,193
4,721,200
1 0*W Q7*>
Boats, gasoline
13,933
4 2">7 ."> !
13 990
4 963 107
Carrying smacks. ....
785
s ;
4?Q 0X0
Halibut dories
69
6900
i
i
Gill nets, seines, trap and .-melt nets,
etc
Weirs
Halibut gear (skates)
162,271
6,828
3,891,023
745
86,440
149,680
792
6 600
4,388,587
1,154,820
136 700
Trawls
517
353 633
440 iq**
Hand lines
72,681
84 790
76 351
1 Is VIM
C ral) traps
1,140
700
3 510
17 T^O
Salmon traps
2
10 000
Ovster plant equipment
1
!."> 450
1
20 500
Lobster traps
1,497,179
1 871 701
1 243 415
1 527 60Q
Lobster cars
40
9 000
Seines, reels and floats. . .
Pile drivers
451
33 350
77
12
7,200
fi onn
Hoisting engines
60
12 000
Fishing piers and wharves
2,808
2,357,484
2 581
o 071 407
Freezers and ice houses
873
3,021,980
807
2 440 2fiO
Whaling Stations
4
170,855
2
i
Crab establishments
2
1 200
Salteries
3
12 000
1
t
Small fish and smoke houses
9,492
215,552
8 767
1 353 025
Total Sea Fisheries
_
23,684,169
26 083 473
Inland Fisheries.
Steam vessels and tugs. .
131
742 100
146
880 ^9*5
Boats, sail and row
4,564
130 841
4 020
1*56 677
Boats, gasoline
890
363 223
916
426 712
Gill nets
1 456 474
6 638 681
1 0X0 4M
Seines
_
613
31 fUQ
Pound nets
1 35Q
ROK 014.
Hoop nets
_
1 287
48 ?66
Lines
4 054
9 888
58 <W
* 1(U
Weirs
305
44 385
976
O,iV
7Q7
Piers and wharves
273
75 269
315
102 77"?
Freezers and ice houses
2,019
272 756
846
QfiO 17R
Small fish and smoke houses
140
94 t)^
Eel traps
74
198
100
200
Fish wheels
3
355
3
3^
Spears
247
766
OfiQ
8^8
Dip or roll nets
36
ouo
2 24Q
Total Inland Fisheries
3,096,255
3 804 281
Included with carrying smacks. Included with factories,
fish and smoke houses. 4 Value estimated.
Included with small
246
PRODUCTION
44. Number and Capital Value of Fishing Vessels, Boats, Nets, Traps, etc., used
in the Fisheries of Canada, 1917 and 1918 concluded.
Description
1917
1918
Fish Canning and Curing
Establishments. 1
Lobster canneries
No.
610
1
3,016,018
No.
534
$
2 977 188
Salmon canneries
89\
/ 81
15,619 857
Whale oil factory
l)
11,966,424
/
5
1 118 040
Sardine canneries
21
i
1 3
1 ?8S 486
Clam and other canneries
12/
697,512
i
14
152 275
Fish curing establishments
268
4,686,747
V
302
9 178 ?83
Total of Fish Canning and
Curing Establishments
982
20,366,701
939
30,334,129
Grand Total Capital Invested in
Fisheries . .
47,143,125
60,221,863
45. Number of Persons Employed in the Fisheries of Canada, 1917 and 1918.
Men employed in
Sea Fisheries.
Inland Fisheries.
1917.
1918.
1917.
1918.
Steam trawlers . ...
No.
7,431
53,491
760
4,347
No.
34
7,690
49,698
1,385
i
No.
755
9,209
403
744
No.
944
7,027
i
1,738
Vessels
Boats .
Carrying smacks .
Freezers and ice houses
Fishing not in boats
Total
66,029
58,807
11,111
9,709
Employees in
In Fish Canning and Curing Establishments.
1917.
1918.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Lobster canneries
4,685
i 248
1 5,395
2,079
3,529
205
1,596
245
8,214
453
6,991
2,324
3,483
/ 182
\ 110
/ 5,251
\ 211
2,658
3,133
343
144
2,644
1
394
6,616
525
254
7,895
212
3,052
Sardine canneries
Clams and other canneries
Salmon canneries
Whale oil and fish oil factories. . . .
Fish curing establishments
Total
12,407
89,547
5,575
5,575
17,982
95,122
11,895
80,411
6,659
6,659
18,554
87,070
Grand Total
Included under other classifications as "Employed on vessels" "Employed on boats,
etc.
Inland Fish Markets. Other government assistance to the
fishing industry takes the form of encouraging the development of
markets for fresh fish in the interior of the country by payment of
one-third of the ordinary express charges on shipments of fresh fish
FISHERIES
247
from the Atlantic coast to points as far we<t aa the eastern boundary
of Manitoba and from tlie Pacific const as far east aa that l)oiindary.
Id storag rs by fast freight are placed at the disposal of shippers
from the Atlantic seaboard, and aid is rendered in the building of
small cold storage establishments for the storing of bait. Fish-
breeding is carried on by the Dominion (lovernnient upon an exten-
si\ !e. the expenditure for this service in 1918-19 amounting to
[41,212. The hatcheries in operation number altogether 45, includ
ing ten subsidiary hatcheries; there are also retaining ponds for
Atlantic salmon. The hatcheries are situated in Prince Kdward
Island 1 . Nova Scotia (5), New Brunswick (7), Quebec (5
Ontario (8), Manitoba (3), Saskatchewan (1), Alberta 2 and British
Columbia < 13). In addition, there is one hatchery in British Colum
bia, which is operated by the British Columbia Packer- A ei:ition.
Production and Value of Fisheries.- The total value of the
products of the Canadian fishing industry in the calendar year 1918
was $60,250,544, as compared with $52,213,044 in 1917. For 1918
the value was the largest on record. The increase of $7,938,500 was,
however, in the main due to higher prices rather than to larger quanti
ties, as is shown by Table 54, wherein out of a total increase in the
value of fish exported in 1918 of $7,713,000 as compared with 1917,
only $618,000 was due to increase in quant it ies exported, while $7,095,-
000 was due to higher prices.
4. Government Bounties to Fishermen in the fiscal years 1915 to 1918.
Province.
Number of men who received
bounti
Values of bounties paid.
1915.
191
1917.
1918.
1915.
191
11)17.
1918.
Prince Edward Is d.
Nova Scot in
No.
2,263
15,560
2,705
10,249
No.
2,073
i: 1 .. 697
.99
9,986
No.
2,397
14,254
196
10,360
Xo.
.33
14,141
2,492
10,875
$
9,514
90.011
17,610
41,006
$
9.962
88,212
17,540
44,286
$
10,756
86, 115
17. .538
4:., 484
%
10,392
85,001
17,114
47,168
New Brunswick
Quebec
Total
3t,777
28,155
29,5t9
23,841
158,741
1I,NI
159,893
159,675
47. Quantities and Values of Sea Fish Marketed in Canada during the Calendar
Years 1917 and 1918.
11
117.
1!
us.
Ivmds of 1 ish.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
Cod, used fresh
. . . . cwt.
180,187
$
1,000,197
202,235
$
1,207,758
green salted
..
287,784
1,683,745
315,855
2,471,740
smoked fillets
M
5,264
72,865
5,579
54,592
smoked
H
491
9,205
dried
..
481,613
4,645,709
520,818
5,914,891
canned. ... ...
. . cases
520
4,680
boneless
cwt.
_
_
31,547
418,541
" roe..
..
1,183
2,155
248
PRODUCTION
47. Quantities and Values of Sea Fish Marketed in Canada during the Calendar
Years 1917 and 1918 con.
Kinds of Fish
1
917.
1
918.
Quantity .
Value.
Quantity
Value.
Kinds of Fish con.
Haddock, used fresh. ...
cwt.
221 807
$
1 159 359
191 596
$
950 845
canned
cases
13,137
84 522
28 360
227 107
" fillets
cwt.
4 559
32 614
smoked ... .
| 41,382
598,939<
56 535
654 647
green salted
u
70,496
419 273
33 487
228 389
" dried
81,750
674 626
72 266
697 969
" boneless
255
4 600
Hake and cusk, used fresh
u
25,795
93,585
12 932
47 081
green salted . . . .
a
6,873
40 115
80 121
422 450
" smoked fillets.
n
5,314
64 026
5 138
71 758
smoked
tf
25
375
20
200
" dried
u
88,961
692 164
27 680
247 800
canned
... . cases
825
5 890
" " boneless
cwt.
4,498
49,386
Pollock, used fresh
it
26,444
58 471
7,243
30 388
green salted
ft
5,142
25 434
28 845
162 115
smoked fillets
it
2,266
25,213
dried
u
48,795
377,077
39,688
381,87$
boneless
K
90
450
Whiting
U
445
2,725
172
1,451
Tongues and sounds, pickled or
Halibut, used fresh
dried. "
3,650
139,780
84,635
2,064,123
1,638
203,379
35,433
5,448,546
smoked
122
2 512
4,256
40,784
" salted
a
112
896
Flounders, brill, plaice, etc
u
15,801
107,415
21,250
167,161
Skate
5,044
20,883
4,820
20,663
Soles
II
8,244
81,109
12,564
93,483,
Herring, used fresh
1C
207,432
541,126
181,576
508,937
boneless
u
1,253
24,857
canned
cases
58,455
372,126
74,470
428,514;
smoked
cwt.
55,651
311,624
67,113
494,875
dry-salted
a
161,865
328,721
175,493
352,786
pickled
brl.
86,859
753,789
139,711
1,502,807
used as bait
u
145,378
342 672
260,850
356,146
used as fertilizer
u
50,338
38,650
24,745
24,191
Mackerel, used fresh
cwt.
75,831
701,783
106,804
959,302
canned
cases
75
600
2,110
17,728.
" salted
brl.
30,394
630,971
38,941
960,181
Sardines, canned
cases
168,365
1,009,305
177,193
1,227,988
sold fresh and salted.
brl.
240,420
901,400
218,515
1,092,525
Pilchards, used fresh
cwt.
17,359
47,894
canned
cases
1,090
9,810
63,693
336,225
salted
brl.
200
2,000
2,472
29,584
smoked
cwt.
15
150-
Alewives, used fresh
24,723
50,419
28,601
54,867
salted
brl.
22,369
134,254
18,586
149,807
smoked
cwt.
3,432
22,339
Bass
u
1,437
20,335
1,335
15,884
Perch
n
492
4,920
949
11,252
Salmon, used fresh
297,920
3,074,196
291,896
3,571,865
canned
cases
1,557,921
14,021,244
1,633,789
14,067,249
smoked
cwt.
1,617
28,197
1,978
35,272
dry-salted
14,270
139,211
500
5,537
mild cured
u
8,611
111,943
11,695
136,670
" pickled
u
638
6,692
" roe
((
1,564
7,820
3,101
15,507
Shad, used fresh
U
4,942
39,686
1,210
13,761
" salted
brl.
255
3,486
110
1,689
Smelts
cwt.
73,153
1,027,555
87,460
970,156
Sturgeon , used fresh
It
466
10,045
134
2,118
Trout..
. cwt.
2,990
45,183
2,050
30,06ft
FISHERIES
249
47. Quantities and Values of Sea Fish Marketed in Canada during the Calendar
Years 1917 and 1918 concluded.
T\inds t\i "FmVi
1U7.
1918.
Quantity
Valve.
Quantity
Value.
Kinds of fish concluded.
Black cod, used fresh
\Vt
164
$
743 L L".!
14
1
182 062
green-salted ....
x-
138
276
5 520
smoked . .
dried.. ,
..
..
6,786
8
131,709
128
8,503
96,402
1 050
cod, etc., used fresh . . .
..
2 646
13 72
green-salted
smoked
Albacore, used froh . ....
canned
.... cwt .
cases
15,521
85
81,451
510
30
3,900
9,385
150
30,000
70,904
3 210
Caplin
brl.
-7 769
41
19 590
Eels
c\vt
3 978
3 816
34 533
Grevfish, canned
cases
v,
1,300
140
584
exported to t .S.A
marketed fresh
..
11,200
4,480
59,194
29,007
Octopus
u
184
1 6: ii
219
o 321
Oulaehons. .
u
1,"
10 I M
1 049
8 476
Squid
brl.
751
6 911
39 104
Sword fish . . . .
cwt.
338
33 178
4 458
71 185
canned
. . cases
24
320
Tom cod
... <.
13,168
38,893
12 504
37 49
Mixed fish
3 043
7 879
Shellfish:
Clams and Quahaugs
brl.
35,840
71(1
31 034
73 134
canned...
... ca-
1 U 445
1> 535
Hi 592
% S
Cockles
cwt .
/ 103
309
Crabs
M
9,601
66,918
5 352
54 r.iiu
Lobsters in shell. . .
It
84 569
1 7 0>) 399
59 V)l
1 9 73 17
canned
cases
195,993
3,931,866
107 812
2 254 690
Tomallev
253
5,060
3 ic,7
Mussels
cwt
307
307
Oysters
brl
13 632
109 265
13 718
m570
Scallops, shelled
..
13,100
26,800
22 858
67 9 60
canned
cases
148
1 776
Shrimps
-.I ,
3 030
Winkles
10
Sealskins, fur
NO.
218
6,540
88
2 440
hair . .
31,145
71 690
15 290
59 153
Beluga skins
91
Porpoise skins
342
6 840
Whales
380
195,700
Whalebone and meal
. . . . ton
291
10,185
500
24 655
Whale fertilizer
1 023
101 111
Porpoise oil
gal.
15 005
15 005
Seal " . .
u
84,927
83,937
50 766
50 764
Whale "
11
437,24.5
342,422
1 317 445
1 175 437
Whale meat, canned
cases
29 085
81 075
Fish, n.e.s
$
27 031
Fish oil
cal.
582,943
397 164
457 870
457 483
Fish glue
000
450
640
320
Fish offal
ton
150
300
2 383
13 020
Fish bones
. . . . cwt.
3 640
3 525
Fish skins
14
1 201
1 713
Fertilizer
ton
1,267
71 889
8 157
15 423
Guano
u
175
10 500
Totals
47.W7.770
54 231 539
Cwt.
250
PRODUCTION
48 Quantities and Values of Inland Fish Marketed in Canada during the Calendar
Years 1917 and 1918.
Kinds of Fish.
1917.
1918.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity .
Value.
A 1 p\vi VPS frpsh
cwt.
1,427
1,673
383
16,695
4,850
11,831
7,656
8,131
205,805
327
134,680
1 11,013
24,215
} 86,425
I 79,383
82
2,294
2,250
5,439
V 70,672
1 64,910
178,838
$
4,281
7,528
4,147
40,890
38,210
15,106
59,810
40,209
1,003,018
1,962
481,493
22,026
121,803
650,632
429,396
4,100
36,238
9,922
9,078
87,966
654,767
333,686
1,248,006
865
832
87
13,958
10,268
10,619
7,500
/ 3,583
I 814
202,814
3,316
107
79,150
/ 24,551
\ 282
26,822
/ 61,956
\ 8,132
/ 58,032
\ 1,034
165
1,848
241
105
5,099
2,061
/ 72,186
\ 6,132
/ 73,745
\ 333
f 200,172
1,656
[ 975
$
4,325
6,656
1,127
35,772
83,655
11,458
47,207
15,850
13,578
993,293
33,155
1,185
344,212
79,978
2,087
139,356
567,854
81,326
394,826
8,688
8,850
30,725
4,136
1,050
76,830
1,237
717,389
61,315
321,624
2,398
1,901,548
16,565
9,750
" salted
brl.
cwt.
Carp
"
Catfish
"
C/aviar
Ib.
Epls
cwt.
(roldpvps fresh
14
" smoked
"
TTprrincr frpsh
u
salted
brl.
cwt.
TVTivpd fish
u
TVTnllpts fresh
M
" canned . .
cases
cwt.
Pickerel
U
Pifkprpl (blue)
a
Pikp frpsh
. cases
POT noise NO
Salmon
cwt.
Fertil izer fish
ton
Shad
u
Smelts
II
Stiirffprvn
u
bladders ...
NO.
TVnnt frpsh
. . . cwt.
" salted
brl.
Tullibee fresh
cwt.
canned
cases
Whitpfish fresh
.... cwt.
" salted
brl.
" canned
cases
Total
-
5,304,274
-
6,019,005
49. Quantity and Value of Chief Commercial Fishes, 1914-15 to 1916-17 and
1917 and 1918.
Kinds of Fish.
Fiscal Years ended March 31.
Calendar Years.
Increase 9r
decrease in
1918 com
pared with
1917.
Inc.(+)
Dec. (-)
1914-15.
1915-16.
1916-17.
1917.
1918.
Salmon cwt.
1,409,828
8,560,386
1,820,025
3,886,134
408,816
4,339,929
2,118,291
2,735,257
566,002
1,244,840
1,410,769
11,262,381
2,152,756
4,489,496
445,277
4,506,155
1,894,774
2,906,887
582,522
1,232,022
1,239,668
10,882,431
2,026,231
5,449,964
480,898
5,508,054
1,751,314
3,050,421
582,028
1,711,271
1,642,770
17,411,029
2,215,455
7,402,516
87,532
879,404
474,871
5,546,265
1,481,708
3,693,688
712,416
2,936,719
1,531,773
17,869,517
2,206,666
10,083,562
29,966
285,034
264,096
3,531,104
1,973,669
4,719,561
554,366
2,796,171
1 in QQ7
+ 458,488
8,789
+ 2,681,046
- 57,566
- 594,370
- 210,775
- 2,123,161
+ 491,961
+ 1,025,873
- 158,050
- 140,548
$
Cod cwt.
$
Cod black cwt.
$
Lobster. cwt.
$
Herrin" cwt.
Haddock cwt.
1
F/.S ///:////>
251
49. Quantity and Value of Chief Commercial Fishes, 1914-15 to 1916-17 and 1917 and
1"1(S-
cal Years ended March 31.
alendur Years.
Increase or
i
decrease
Kinds of Fish.
1914-15.,
1915-16..
1916-17
1917
1918..
1918 com
pared with
M17
Inc. (+)
Dec. (-)
Kinds of fish con.
Haliluit cwt
.920
1,7
226,151
i,77(i
m
140,024
i,635
107,189
>,22fi
+67,115
+3, 1 2:i.. V.i 1
1
Sanln..-- cwt
$
298,885
1,349,615
336,794
1,229,096
,832
1,481
274,359
1,911
295,770
0,513
+21.411
+40
Mackerel... cwt
s
14:5,712
180,990
15f,
i.746
167,067
U:;
1%
1,987
+19,714
+603,857
Whiteti^h c\\ t
159,894
.529
Ui4,992
178.838
+2*
$
075,685
1,04^
1,13
\006
1, "27,863
+679^857
Smelts c\\ t
93,771
67.
632,733
68,629
847,357
73,153
1,019
87.
971
+14,402
-5-
1
Hake ami Cusk..
262,897
818,
379,959
,953
:,605
051
M;
-76,554
-45.7m.
Trout cwt.
$
S90
623,504
115,999
88,071
741,iilii
75,662
699,950
86,608
80,v
+10,946
+108,820
Pickerel .cwt.
*
97,555
657
55,
9(11,183
105,428
871
86,
650
70,088
-16,337
-1,452
Pollock... . cwt.
$
159,788
214,195
138,801
,788
.306
26!v
189,908
486,195
1H4.502
574,832
-25,406
+88,637
Pilchards cwt
-
-
-
1 ,363
7. ,
+71,360
*
11,810
4ia
+402,043
Pike cwt
97,724
109,911
69..
347,355
73,993
404
79,383
60,100
U4
-19,283
-25,882
t
Tullibee. . . .cwt
$
50,946
156,529
787
.569
58,537
301,060
64,910
33:>
74,411
+9,501
-9,664
Claras and Quahaugs 1 .. .cwt.
$
87,972
282,876
73,713
240,611
54,942
195,805
55,655
.,965
40,554
169,799
-15,101
-53,166
Alewives cwt
90,935
106,906
97,032
120,120
80,020
117,083
98..
196,482
78,616
237,994
-19,661
+41,512
$
Perch cwt
23,062
115,220
19,218
98,119
22,773
114,656
24,707
126,723
27,886
150,608
+3,179
+23,885
$
Ovsters cwt
26,545
177,979
21,386
147,628
18,361
147,751
13,632
109,265
13,916
123,570
+284
+ 14.305
1
Previous to 1916 scallops were included.
St. Total Value of Fisheries by Provinces in
Years 1917,
the fiscal
1918.
years 1915-1917 and Calendar
Province.
Fiscal Years.
Calendar Years.
1915.
1916.
1917.
1917.
1918.
Prince Edward Island.. .
Nova Scotia
$1,261,666
7,730,191
4,940,083
1,924,430
2,755,291
849,422
132,017
86,720
11,515,086
69,725
$933,682
9,166,851
4,737,145
2,076,851
3,341,182
742,925
165,888
94,134
14,538,320
63,730
$1,344,179
10,092,902
5,656,859
2,991,624
2,658,993
1,390,002
231,946
144,317
14,637,346
60,210
$1,786,310
14,468,319
6,143,088
3,414,378
2,866,419
1,543,288
320,238
184,009
21,518,595
67,400
$ 1,148,201
15,153,066
6,298,990
4,568,773
3,175,111
1,830,435
447,012
318,913
27,282,223
37,820
New Brunswick. .
Quebec
Ontario
Manitoba. .
Saskatchewan
Alberta... .
British Columbia.
^ukon...
__TotaIfor Canada
31,2(4,631
35,860,708
39,208,378
52,312,044
60,250,544
252
PRODUCTION
51. Total Value of the Fisheries of Canada in the fiscal years 1870-1918.
Years.
Value.
Years.
Value.
Years.
Vzlue.
Years.
Value.
1870..
$
6,577,391
1883
$
16 958 192
1896
$
20 407 425
iqOQ-in
$
oq R9Q 1fi7
1871
7,573,199
1884
17,766,404
1897
22 783 546
1910-11
2Q 965 433
1872
9,570,116
1885 . .
17,722,973
1898
19 667 121
1911-12
M 667872
1873
10,754,997
1886
18,679,288
1899 .
21 891 706
1912-13
33 389 464
1874
11,681,886
1887
18,386,103
1900
21 557 639
1913-14
33 207 748
1875
10,350,385
1888 . . .
17,418,510
1901
25 737 153
1914-15
31 264 631
1876
11,117,000
1889
17,665,256
1902 . .
21 959 433
1915-16
35 860 708
1877
12,005,934
1890
17,714,902
1903
23 101 878
1916-17
39 208 378
1878
13,215,678
1891.. ..
18,977,878
1904
23 516 439
1917 1
52 312 044
1879
13,529,254
1892
18,941,171
1905
29 479 562
1918 1
60 250 544
1880
14,499,979
1893
20,686,661
1906
26 279 485
1881
15,817,162
1894
20,719,573
1907-08
25 499 349
1882..
16,824,092
1895 . .
20.199.338
1908-09..
25.451.085
Calendar year.
52. Value of Exports and Imports of Fish, 1902-1918.
Year.
Exports,
fisheries,
domestic.
Imports of fish for
home consumption.
Year.
Exports,
fisheries,
domestic.
Imports of fish
for home consumption.
Dutiable.
Free.
Dutiable.
Free.
1902
$
14,143,294
11800,184
10,759,029
11,114,318
16,025,840
10,362,142
13,867,367
13,319,664
15,663,162
$
591,064
629,545
704,577
713,264
756,410
699,218
795,612
746,315
909,036
$
451,835
633,680
685,936
630,660
1,152,253
862,880
1,026,996
814,770
715.703
1911.
1912....
1913....
1914....
1915....
1916....
1917....
1918....
1919
$
15,675,544
16,704,678
16,336,721
20,623,560
19,687,068
22,377,977
24,889,253
32,602,151
37.137.072
$
1,123,581
1,203,045
1,519,571
1,469,305
1,080,225
804,398
1,259,799
966,643
1.054.848
$
669,033
984,458
910,923
635,231
568,880
537,342
818,613
1,397,127
2.070.530
1903
1904
1905....
1906
1907 1 . . . .
1908....
1909
1910..
J Nine months.
53. Exports of the Fisheries, the Produce of Canada, by principal countries, in the
fiscal years 1918 and 1919.
Exports to-
1918.
1919.
Exports to-
1918.
1919.
United Kingdom..
$
6,746,036
$
8,634,284
United States
$
16 122 442
$
18 525 817
Australia
628,104
1,166,210
Brazil
457 776
543 426
British West Indies
904,073
1,075,326
Cuba
1,722,627
2 581 561
British Guiana
228,179
239,078
Dutch Guiana
82,398
48 019
New Zealand
363,784
478,619
Dutch E. Indies
10 148
4 212
Newfoundland
32,224
63,034
France
3 484 279
926 138
Hong Kong
33,403
27,431
French W. Indies
46 608
34 158
Bermuda
45,386
61,804
Italy
513,024
848,775
Straits Settle
Japan
121,811
263 674
ments
41,215
70,593
Porto Rico
729 445
1 044 583
Fiji Islands
115,002
68,724
Chile
87,856
Argentine
61,580
Egypt. .
37,732
Panama
40,213
133,886
Other British
Norway
3,204
Possessions
7,942
47,384
Sweden ....
900
China. . .
11,113
2,992
Miquelon and St.
Pierre
55,361
39,0
Other foreign
countries
17,722
48,866
Total British
Empire
9,183,800
11,932,487
Total foreign
countries . . .
23,419,071
25,204,585
Grand total of ex
ports
32,602,151
37,137,072
MINERALS
263
>l Kiports of the Fisheries, compared as to Quantity and Value, for 1917 and 191S
000 omitted .
Description of F.xp<>-
ual
Value,
1918.
\ .tint 1 at
prices of
11117.
Actual
value,
HI17.
In
or
decrea
(-).
Due to
higher
(.+ I X-
lower ( )
pri<
Due to
larger ( + )
or -mailer
quantitiea
Codli-h, including had
dock, ling and pollock.
fre-h
$
7hl
$
667
$
311
I
+4:.o
$
+ !>4
f
4
< od fish drv ~-ai t d 1
7,1
5,0
-f 1,262
+ 1
-160
( od fi-h wet Baited
1,002
710
+1
+2
+304
( < >d f i^h pirkled
228
153
4
( od fi--h smoked
11.-)
11.-,
+ .
-1
Codii-h. tongues and
v( >U1K 1- ....
41
42
-1
- 4
Mackerel fre>h
167
L22
+106
+61
+ r>
Mackerel pickled
732
485
+:
+
+ 247
Halibut, fre-h
714
441
+ 1x7
+ .
Herring, fn-h or fro/en
Herring, pickled
m<i. canned ,
Herring, smoked .
Smell s
1,245
l.J
202
619
414
L L 4
152
447
216
+8
+3
-1-78
-21
+ 140
+
+789
+70
+50
+178
+ B
- 71
-
Se-i ii-h ot her fre^h. . . .
170
101
+ .
-
+ tin
i>h, other, pp
I ob-t el s fresh
424
14
1."
-f
-182
-358
-41
+410
-
Loll- tuned .
Clams
Salmon fre^h . .
3,:
17
i:>
3,639
I. ,
.
-:;ii
+2
+8
-GO
4"
-2 :.4
4
Salmon, canned ,j.|
Saimon, pickled
8,47s
74
5,
n;
+ 2,190
-42
+ 2
+18
-592
- DO
Salmi >n, dog .
141
+ -
+L os
-liM
Salmon or lake trout
162
L35
122
+1
+ 13
Fish, all other
2,807
2,5
2,1
+ (>7r,
+601
+ 74
Fish oil, cod
615
4!1
224
+301
+124
+267
Fish oil, seal
1!)
+ 19
+9
+ 10
Fish oil. whale .
Fish oil, all other
Other articles of the
ii-heries
104
209
70
1*14
2-2
163
-94
+31
+46
4
+ 2\
+45
-
+ 10
+ 1
Totals
32,6t?
25,517
24,889
+ 7,713
+7,W5
+18
Increase or Decrease
per cent
+31
+27-8
+2-5
MINERALS.
Mineral Statistics.- -The results of the census of mineral pro
duction, taken in 1911, were published in the Year Book of 1913
(pages 196-199). In the present edition the Canadian statistics given
are limited to those of the Dominion Government and of the Depart
ments of Mines of the Provincial Governments. To the statistics
of production in this section have been added statements of the
imports of Portland cement (Table 76), of the imports of anthracite
and bituminous coal (Table 77) and of the exports of coal (Table 78).
Dominion Department of Mines. According to the annual
report of the Division of Mineral Resources and Statistics of the
Dominion Department of Mines, the total value of the metal and
mineral production of 1918 was $211,301,897, as compared with
254 PRODUCTION
$189,646,821, the finally revised figures of 1917. This is an increase
of $21,655,076, or 11 p.c., over 1917, and is the highest figure on
record. In this calculation, and throughout the tables which follow,
the term production signifies the quantity sold or shipped. Mineral
products not sold or shipped at the end of the year are not, except in
the case of pig-iron, included as "production". Values of metallic
minerals, whether refined in Canada or not, are calculated on the
basis of the average price of the metal in some recognized market,
usually New York, though for lead Montreal prices are now used.
The value of non-metallic minerals is given as at the mine or point
of shipment.
The production of metallic minerals increased from $106,455,147
in 1917 to $114,549,152 in 1918, an increase of $8,094,005, due in
the main to increases in the quantities of cobalt, lead nickel and zinc
produced, and in the values of cobalt and silver. The production
of gold declined both in quantity and value, while in the case of copper
an increase in quantity was more than offset by a reduction in price.
The production of non-metallic minerals (other than structural
materials and clay products) increased from $63,354,363 in 1917 to
$77,621,946 in 1918, an increase of $14,267,583, due in the main to
a small increase in quantity and a very large increase ($11,993,065)
in the value of coal produced, and to a large increase in the value of
asbestos. The production of natural gas showed, on the other hand,
a considerable decrease both in quantity and value.
While the two classes of mineral production already mentioned
showed large increases in value of products, the third class that of
structural materials and clay products showed, as between 1917
and 1918, an appreciable decline from $19,837,311 to $19,130,799.
This decrease was mainly due to the fact that, especially in the last
year of the war, capital was not available for building operations,
and as a result there was little demand for building materials.
Minerals compared as to Quantity and Value.- -Table 57
gives the results of calculations intended to show for each mineral
product the increase or decrease in total value for 1918, as compared
with 1917, that is due (a) to difference in price and (b) to difference
in quantity. Of the net increase in the value of the total mineral
production in 1918, viz., $21,656,000, the sum of $15,681,000 was due
to higher prices and $5,975,000 was a decrease due to smaller quanti
ties. For the total mineral production the actual increase was in the
percentage ratio of 1 1 42 ; the increase due to higher prices was 8 02 p.c
and the decrease due to smaller quantities was 3-15 p.c. Table 77
makes similar comparisons with respect to the exports of mineral
products. It shows that the total increase in the value of mineral
products exported in 1918 as compared with 1917 was $3,754,000.
The increase due to higher prices was the sum of $9,988,000, whilst
$6,234,000 was a decrease due to smaller quantities exported, the
percentages being 5-09 net increase, 14-79 increase due to higher
prices and 8 45 decrease due to smaller quantities.
MINERALS
255
55. Quantities and Values of Minerals produced in Canada, Calendar Years
1917 aim! 1918.
Description.
Metallic.
Antimony ore ton
:>alt metallic and con-
incd in o\ide. . 11>.
Conner "
1917.
1918.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
361
1,079,572
109,227
831
4il
169
281
705
22,221
$
1,727.315
15,272
.783
590,
3,8
705
33,732,112
3,^
18,091,895
2.640.S17
1,347
llv
47,444
118,472
51,398,002
39
21,
35,083,175
I
8^68,860
1 MM ,689
1.204.70: ,
3,999
4,754,315
4:;i
37,002,917
20,693,704
11.700
S62.436
Gold ti i
Iron, pitf, from ( anadian
ore ton
Iron ore sold for export...
I, cad 11>.
Molybdenite.
Xickel . "
Platinum line oz.
Silver ( rude oz
Tungsten concentrates.... 11>.
Zin. "
Total
-
106,455,14?
-
114,549,152
Non-Metallic.
Other than structural ma
terials and clay products.)
Actinolite ton
120
279
14,1
188
10.
4.219
3.714
330
90
1.166
3.490
9,409
27.408,940
213
149
41f>
216,288
138.909
15.803
600
1,321)
669,431
7. is:? .099
47
43,199,831
153
89.^
68.7
402,892
sM 184
728 275
r,
14,836
358,851
64,027
87,605
145314
5,045,298
542,239
1.486
1,610,762
496,182
1,047,792
7U.539
18,000
560
141,462
16,797
21,994
14,977,926
137
18,782
162
3,114
904
3,072
152,287
:?65
1,949
440
747
640
17,317
20,140,309
304,701
140
411,616
268,155
131,727
18,169
500
563,639
8.936.S04
33
867.122
55,192,896
26,112
112
156,029
2 IS, 870
83,005
823,006
1,016,765
14,565
6,230
271,550
10,165
112,440
154,468
4,350,940
885,143
1,200
1,705,219
629,813
1,285,039
119,197
12,500
Arsenic, white and in
\.--lic-ti )S
-t ic.
Chromite "
Coal "
Corundum.
Feldspar
Fluorspar
Graphite.. ... "
Graphite, artificial
Grindstones "
Gypsum. . . . .
r nesite
Magnesium sulphate..
Manganese
Mica "
Mineral pigments
Barytes "
Oxides "
Mineral water $
Natural pas.. m.cu.ft
Petroleum brl.
Phosphate ton
Pyrites. . . "
Quartz... "
Salt
Talc "
Tripolite... . "
Total
-
63,354,363
-
77,621,946
Structural materials and
clay products.
Cement, Portland brl.
4,768,488
210,630,576
46,408,946
7.724,246
1,999,465
653,153
32.854
3,591,481
164,970,087
40,146,536
357.793
7,076,503
1,879,811
639,083
28.296
Clay products-
Brick, common. Xo
Brick, pressed
Brick, moulded and
ornamental., "
256
PRODUCTION
55. Quantities and Values of Minerals produced in Canada, Calendar years 1917
and 1918 concluded.
Description.
Structural Materials and Clay
Products concluded .
Fire clay, and fire clay
products $
Fireproofing ton
Hollow building blocks No.
Kaolin ton
Pottery $
Sewerpipe ton
Terra-cotta No.
Tile, drain
Lime bush.
Sand-lime brick No.
Sand and gravel ton
Slate squares.
Stone
Granite $
Limestone
Marble
Sandstone . .
Total
Grand Total..
1917.
1918.
Quantity.
Value.
Quantity.
Value.
$
$
326,511
[
404,824
299,645
28,087
226,798
95,088
1,402,158
40,876
533
9,594
863
19,299
122,878
130,242
783,762
36,574
699,774
21,380
174,752
15,146
434,708
19,762,101
499,340
6,567,170
1,558,487
6,363,951
1,876,025
18,001,990
201,355
14,589,324
186,066
9,182,417
2,326,249
11,262,282
2,367,018
1,422
7,789
933
5,124
mm
639,412
_
590,871
2,283,659
2,342,403
55,820
550
-
261,256
102,750
-
19,837,311
-
19,130,799
189,646,821
-
211,301,897
56. Increase or Decrease in Quantities and values of Principal Mineral Products,
for the Calendar year 1918, as compared with 1917.
Principal Products.
Increase (+) or
decrease ( ) in
quantity.
Increase (+) or
decrease ( ) in
value.
Cobalt..
Ib.
$
+267,972
+9,542,102
-39,150
+1,422
+18,821,721
+89,324
+10,177,013
-837,295
+5,414,411
p.c.
24-8
8-7
5-3
3-1
57-8
30-9
12-4
3-8
18-2
$
+1,641,545
-437,453
-809,303
+435,920
+1,126,295
+146,028
+3,270,805
+2,601,809
+221,619
p.c.
95-0
1-5
5-3
56-7
31-0
50-6
9-7
14-4
8-4
Copper
n
Gold
. . . . oz.
Pig iron, from Canadian ore
.... ton
Lead
.... Ib.
Molybdenite
Nickel..
Silver
. . . . oz.
Zinc
.... Ib.
Total metallic
-
-
+8,094,005
76
Asbestos
.... ton
+5,960
+931,167
-184,050
-600
-18,725
-419
+51,867
-7,268,631
+90,909
-5,033
-7,182
-1,177,007
-203,219
+2,079,865
4-4
6-6
54-7
16-2
32-5
35-9
23-9
26-5
42-5
1-2
5-2
24-7
3-1
22-7
+1,753,705
+11,993,065
-58,978
-154,022
+288,490
-87,301
+133,631
-694,358
+342,904
+94,457
+237,247
-647,743
-195,549
+317,538
+40,769
-203,573
24-4
27-8
6-7
38-2
39-6
24-3
26-9
13-8
63-2
5-9
22-6
8-4
4-1
20-4
1-8
6-3
Coal..
Gypsum
Graphite
u
Magnesite
u
Mica
(f
Quartz
u
Natural gas
.M cu.ft.
Petroleum. .
.... brl.
Pyrites
.... ton
Salt
u
Cement..
brl.
Clay products.. . .
.... $
Lime.
. . . . bush.
Sand and gravel
.... ton
Stone.
.... $
Total non-metallic.. .
... $
-
-
+13,561,071
16-3
Grand total
.... $
-
-
+ 21,655,076
11 4
MINERALS.
57. Quantities and Values of Minerals produced
in C aiiada, Calendar Year 1919.
Metallic.
\ntiiiii>nv ore (exports)
ton
".V
ox.
ton
..
11).
..
..
Ib.
.... *
. ... ton
it
Quantity.
M
336,185
75.1LM
787,167
38,457
S83
305388
113,520
44,542
16,675,134
31,738,859
Value.
$
340,463
14,041
15,s:>x.74 .i
899,4()ti
46,525
3,057,788
M
17,817,181
17.418..VJ-J
2,328,998
:ilt , metallic and contained in oxide, etc.
( opptT
Gold. .
Iron, pip; from Canadian ore
Iron i ire. ^old for export
id ...
Molvbdenite u-xp-- tfl
Nickel
Platinum (return incomplete ....
Silver .
Zinc
Total
-
72,491,829
Non-Metallic.
Actinolite ...
80
102
136,109
is.;
;66
13,586,300
15
5,01
1, :;_ _
2,0
306,047
1 1 .073
771
21,750,001
11.
240,070
24
177
106
130,842
18,1
550
880
50S,770
10,658,046
54,087
18,713
224,071
54,o:> 1.7 20
31
97
92,241
64,206
1.2 17. 345
7,305
273,305
146,000
4,071
113,307
ii..-)tn
744,677
: ,3 l
704
247
1,308,407
lie
11,000
Arsenic, white and in ore .
Asbestos . ...
Asbest ie
Barvtes and Mangani --
Chromite
Coal
Feldspar .-.
Fluorspar . ;.
Graphite . .
Grindstones
Gypsum
Mairnesite
Magnesium Sulphate
M
Mica .
.... $
M e U . ft.
... ton
Mineral Water
Natural Gas
Oxides
Peat
Petroleum, crude ,
brl.
ton
..
. .
ii
|
Phosphate
Pvrr
Quartz
Salt
Talc
Tripolite
Total
_
74,919,392
Structural Materials and Clay Products.
;ient, Portland
brl
4,991,340
293,918,891
1,7,587,295
2.202.000
759
56,287
19,161,718
6,999, 7<K
28,219,399
3,906,247
1,1
9,783,393
3,723,033
1,257,8
359,882
63,275
13,744
187,574
380.W4
1,061,010
5,861
607,792
2,268,432
377,040
1,687,991
10,853
968,111
2,708,62:.
213,982
78,327
Clay products ($7,657,938.)
Brick, common
No.
*
ton
No.
ton
$
pressed
Fireproofing
Hollow Building Block>
Kaolin
Potterv
Refractories, fire clav, etc
v
\verpipe
ton
>
No.
. . . bush.
... No.
ton
Terra Cotta
Tile, drain
Lime
d-Lime brick
Sand and gravel (not complete)..
Slate
Stone ($3,969,045)
Granite
. . . > i
$
Limestone..
<
Marble
$
$
$
Sandstone
Total Structural Materials and clay products .
~~
25,754,692
74,919,392
72,401,829
All other Non-Metallic
$
Total value Metallic....
... $
Grand Total, 1919
$173,075.913
Additional returns give a total of 148,302 tons valued at $1,398,908
NOTE. The quantities and values in Table 57 are taken from the Preliminary Report for 1919 of the
Division of Mineral Resources and Statistics of the Department of Mines, dated February, 1020, and are
.,? r fy ision - A later statement, issued June 16, 1920, increases the total value to $176,686,390.
68(08 17
258
PRODUCTION
58. Increase or Decrease in Quantities and Values of Principal Mineral Products for
the Calendar Year 1919 as compared with 1918.
Principal Products.
Increase (+) or
decrease ( ) in
quantity.
Increase (+) or
decrease ( ) in
value.
Copper
.... lb.
$
-43,644,781
+67,486
-8,987
-7,502,114
-47,964,240
-5,708,845
-3,344,316
p.c.
36-7
9-6
18-9
14-6
51-9
26-7
9-5
$
-15,208,987
+1,395,060
-305,297
-1,696,527
-19,185,736
-3,275,182
-533,438
p.c.
52-0
9-6
25-3
35-7
51-9
15-8
18-6
Gold
. . . . oz.
Pig iron from Canadian ore
. . . . ton
Lead
. ... lb.
Nickel
u
Silver
. . . . oz.
Zinc
. ... lb.
Total metallic
.... $
-
-
-42,147,323
36-8
Asbestos and Asbestic
. . . . ton
-3,294
-1,391,626
+154,660
-28,292
+1,609,782
-63,771
-234,129
-163,100
+16,575
+1,399,859
+635,755
2-1
9-3
101-5
71-9
8-0
20-9
56-9
60-8
12-6
39-0
10-0
+ 1,742,236
-1,141,176
+394,339
-688,300
+1,765
-279,368
-140,466
-1,182,515
-382,428
+113,929
+2,706,890
+3,074,449
+392,407
+932,471
19-4
2-1
47-9
67-7
0-6
6-4
15-9
69-3
60-7
8-9
38-3
67-1
20-9
30-7
Coal
M
Gypsum .
U
Magnesite
(t
Mica
$
Natural gas
. .M cu.ft.
Petroleum ...
. ... brl.
Pyrites
. . . . ton
Quartz
tt
Salt
u
Cement
brl.
Clay products
.... $
Lime
. . . . bush.
Stone
.... $
Total non-metallic
.... $
-
-
+3,921,339
41
Grand Total Decrease. .
.... $
-
-
- 38,225,984
18 1
59. Mineral production of Canada, compared as to Quantity and Value, for
the Calendar Years 1917 and 1918 ("000" omitted).
Products.
Actual
value
1918.
Value at
prices of
1917.
Actual
value
1917.
Increase
(+)or
decrease
(-)
Due to
higher (+)
or lower
(-)
prices.
Due to
larger (+)
or smaller
(-).
quantities
Metallic.
Cobalt metallic and con
tained in oxide..
$
3,369
$
2,156
$
1,727
$
+1,642
$
+1,213
$
+429
Copper
29,250
32,280
29,688
-438
-3,030
+2,592
Gold
14,464
14,464
15,273
-809
-809
Iron, pig, from Canadian
ore
1,205
792
769
+436
+413
+23
Iron ore sold for export . . .
Lead.
499
4,754
413
5,724
590
3,628
91
+1,126
+86
-970
-177
+2,096
Molybdenite
435
378
289
+146
+57
+89
Nickel
37,003
37,901
33,732
+3,271
-898
+4,169
Silver
20,694
16,810
18,092
+2,602
+3,884
-1,282
Zinc
2,862
3,123
2,641
+221
-261
+482
Other
14
14
26
-12
_
-12
Total metallic... .
114,549
114,055
106,455
+8,094
+494
+7,600
Non-metallic.
(Except structural mater
ials and clay products.)
Arsenic, white and in ore.
Asbestos
$
564
8,937
$
812
7,500
$
669
7,183
$
-105
+1,754
$
-248
+1,437
$
+143
+317
Asbestic
34
43
47
-13
-9
-4
Chromite
867
299
500
+367
+568
-201
Coal..
55,193
46,063
43,200
-i-11,993
+9,130
+2,863
MINERALS
2.VJ
59 Mlne.-al Production of Canada, compared, as to Quantity and Value, for
the Calendar Years 1917 and 1918 ("008" omitted concluded.
Products,
. \ctUlll
value
1918.
Value at
prices of
1917.
Actual
value
1917.
Increase
(+)or
decrease
(-
Due to
hinher(+)
or lo\\rr
(-)
pri(
Due to
larger (+)
MI ^mailer
(-)
quant M
Non-metallic con.
Corundum..
Feldspar...
Fluorspar..
Graphite
Grindstones. .
CiVpSUIll .. ...
$
26
113
156
249
v,
$
23
87
119
317
55
399
$
32
90
69
409
46
gg2
$
-6
-1- 23
+87
-154
4-37
50
$
+3
+26
+37
-68
+28
+424
$
-9
Q
+50
-86
+9
-483
Magncsil r
1,017
LM
7 !<)
-1-288
-j-523
-.
Mica
272
87
12
1 L".I
Mineral pigments
Bury tee
10
10
54
44
-44
( Kides.. .
Natural tfa-..
Pet roleum .
112
1,351
Itil
ro?
87
5,0
4
+343
-49
+644
+ 11"
+74
-1
+231
Pyrite<.
Quartz
1.706
630
I..V.M
615
1,611
;<
4-94
4-134
+ 114
+ 15
-20
+ 119
Salt
Talc....
Tri polite
U
ini
13
M
88
15
1.04X
76
Is
+237
+43
5
+2! -
+31
->
-55
+ 12
o
Other art ides
178
148
IfVs
+ 10
- |Q
-20
Total
;;.;>
.."!
;.{ :{:> t
+14 2C8
+ n.oso
+ 1,188
Structural Materials and
Clay Products.
Cement, Portland
Brick, common.
Brick. piV"--d.
Other day products..
7,077
l.-
639
2,065
^8
1,666
1 837
7.7
1 .1)99
653
2 1 7
-647
-119
It
62
+ 1. 2.V.I
+ 314
-f-
-1,906
-433
-88
-290
Linn
1 876
1 .")!()
1 ").~> i
+317
+366
-49
Sand lime hrick. .
Sand and gravel
Slate.
isti
163
2,8
5
201
g
+ 41
_3
+ 23
-486
-38
3
Stone
3 036
> TOT
40
+329
533
Total
19,131
17,024
19 837
IOC
+2.107
2,S13
Grand totals
Increase or decrea-e
per cent.
211,302
195,621
189,C46
+21,656
p.c.
+ 11-42
+15,681
p.c.
+8-02
+5,975
p.c.
+3-15
60. Value of Mineral Production in Canada, 1886-1919.
C alen-
dar
Year.
Total value .
Value
per
capita.
Calen
dar
Year.
Total value.
Value
per
capita.
Calen
dar
Year.
Total value.
Value
per
capita.
1886..
1887. .
$
10,221,255
10,321,331
12. 5 18, 894
14,013,113
16,763,353
18,976,616
16,623,415
20,035,082
19,931,158
20,505,917
22,474,256
$ cts.
2-23
J 23
2-67
2-96
3-50
3-92
3-39
4-04
3-98
4-05
4-38
1897.
1898 . . .
1899 . . .
1900 :. .
1901 . . .
1902 .
1903 . . .
1904 . .
1905..
1906 . .
1907...
$
28,485,023
38,412,431
49.234,005
64,420,877
65,797,911
63,231,836
61,740,513
60,082,771
69,078,999
79,286,697
86,865,202
$ cts.
5-49
7-32
9-27
12-04
12-16
11-36
10-83
10-27
11-49
12-81
13-75
1908. . .
1909. . .
1910...
1911...
1912...
1913...
1914.. .
1915.. .
1916...
1917...
1918...
1919 1
$
85,557,101
91,831,441
106,823,623
103,220,984
135,048,296
145,634,812
128,863,075
137,109,171
177,201,534
189,646,821
211,301,897
173,075,913
$ cts
13-16
13-70
15-44
14-42
18-39
19-34
16-68
17-29
21-77
22-68
24-59
19-59
1888..
1889....
1890. .
1891....
1892
1893....
1894..
1895..
1896
Subject to revision.
68708 17J
260
PRODUCTION
61. Value of Minerals produced in Canada by Provinces in the Calendar Years
1917, 1918 and 1919.
191
7.
191
3.
191
3.i
Province.
Value.
Per cent
of total.
Value.
Per cent
of total.
Value.
Per cent
of total.
Nova Scotia
$
21,104,542
p. c.
11-13
$
22,317,108
p. c.
10-56
$
23 213,751
p. c.
13-4
New Brunswick ....
Quebec
1,435,024
17,400,077
0-76
9-18
2,144,017
19,605,347
1-01
9-28
1,675,606
21,341,829
1-0
12-3
Ontario
89,066,600
46-96
94,694,093
44-82
65,842 826
38-0
Manitoba
2,628,264
1-39
3,220,424
1-53
2 846 565
1-7
Saskatchewan
860,651
0-45
1,019,781
0-48
1,118,055
0-7
Alberta
16,527,535
8-71
23,109,987
10-94
20,815,049
12-C
British Columbia...
Yukon Territory...
36,141,926
4,482,202
19-06
2-36
42,835,509
2,355,631
20-27
1-11
34,258,267
1,963,965
19-8
1-1
Total .
189.646.821
100 00
211.301.897
100 00
173.075.913
100 (Ml
62. Quantity of Gold produced in Canada by Provinces during the Calendar
Years 1901-1919.
Years.
Nova
Scotia.
Quebec.
Ontario.
Manitoba
Alberta.
British
Columbia
Yukon
Territory.
Total.
Oz. fine.
Oz. fine.
Oz. fine.
Oz. fine.
Oz. fine.
Oz. fine.
Oz. fine.
Oz. fine
1901.
26,459
145
11,844
-
726
257,292
870,750
1,167,21(
1902.
30,348
391
11,118
484
288,383
701,437
1,032,161
1903.
25,533
180
9,076
48
284,108
592,594
911, 53<
1904.
10,362
140
1,935
24
275,975
507,938
796,37^
1905.
1<5,707
191
4,402
-
121
285,529
381,001
684,951
1906.
12,223
165
3,202
_
39
269,886
270,900
556, 4 If
1907.
13,675
-
3,212
33
236,216
152,381
405,51
1908.
11,842
-
3,212
50
286,858
174,150
476,11:
1909.
10,193
193
1,569
25
250,320
191,565
453,86!
1910.
7,928
124
3,089
89
261,386
221,091
493,70 ,
1911.
7,781
613
2,062
_
10
238,496
224,197
473,155
1912.
4,385
642
86,523
-
73
251,815
268,447
611,881
1913.
2,174
701
219,801
297,459
282,838
802,97!
1914.
2,904
1,292
268,264
48
252,730
247,940
773, 17}
1915.
6,636
1,099
406,577
195
273,376
230,173
918,051
1916.
4,562
1,034
492,481
82
219,633
212,700
930,49:
1917.
2,210
1,511
423,261
440
133,742
177,667
738,83
1918.
1,176
1,939
411,976
6,755
27
175,334
i02,474
699,68
1919 1
940
1,470
508,380
611
-
165,319
90,447
767,16
63. Value of Gold produced in Canada by Provinces during the Calendar Years
1901-1919
Years.
Nova
Scotia.
Quebec.
Ontario.
Manitoba
Alberta.
British
Columbia
Yukon
Territory.
Total.
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
1901.
546,963
3,000
244,837
15,000
5,318,703
18,000,000
24,128,50!
1902.
627,357
8,073
229,828
10,000
5,961,409
14,500,000
21,336,66
1903.
527,806
3,712
188,036
1,000
5,873,036
12,250,000
18,843,591
1904.
214,209
2,900
40,000
500
5,704,908
10,500,000
16,462,51
1905.
283,353
3,940
91,000
-
2,500
5,902,402
7,876,000
14,159,19-
1908.
252,676
3,412
66,193
_
800
5,579,039
5,600,000
11,502,121
1907.
282,686
66,399
675
4,883,020
3,150,000
8,382,781
1908.
244,799
66,389
1,037
5,929,880
3,600,000
9,84^,10.
1909.
210,711
3,990
32,425
_
525
5,174,579
3,960,000
9,382,23
1910.
163,891
2,565
63,849
-
1,850
5,403,318
4,570,362
10,205,83,
Subject to revision.
NOTE. For the years 1862 to 1900, see Canada Year Book, 1916-17, p. 268 and 269.
MIXKh ALS
261
-Value of Gold produced In Canada by Provinces during the Calendar Years 1901-1919 con.
rs.
v:i
Scotia
Quebec
Ontario
Manitoba
Alberta
British
Columbia
1 ,k. n
Terri-
tocy
Total.
$
$
$
*
$
$
$
$
1911.
160. v.l
12,672
42,825
-
207
4,930,145
t,:.7i
9,781,0/7
191:2.
90,638
13,270
-
1,509
5,205,485
5,549,296
12,648,794
44,935
14,401
4.543,690
-
149,027
5,846,780
i6,,v.is,92:<
1914.
r>0.031
2i>.70S 5,545
-
5,125,374
15,983,007
191 .V
137,180
2-2.1 20 8,404
-
4,026
551,184
4,7.-.-
IS. .(77, 901
ID If,
94,305
J1.375 in,ls(),485
-
4,540,216
4,:;9r,.900
19,234,976
1917.
45,685
31
8,749,581
9,01 .-.
-
2,7ti4,r>9:;
3,672,703
!.">. 27 2. 992
||18.
- 4,310
40,083
8,516,
139.638
558
3,624 .47r,
2.11-
14, Hi:;, 689
1919 1
19
30
10.5nn.147
12,631
-
8,417,447
l.Miy.705
15,858,749
Quantity and Value of Silver produced in Canada during the Calendar Years
1887-1911.
Oz.
Value.
Years.
Oz.
Value.
Years.
Oz.
Value.
$
$
$
....
355,083
347.271
1898 . .
4,452.333
2.
1909..
27,"
14, 17s. :.ol
1888
4:;7.2:?2
410,998
189
3,411
2,1
1910
17,580
1889
383,:; is
35s
1900...
4,1
740,362
1911
1 044
17.
1890
400. 6.s 7
419,118
1901.. .
5,539,192
3,265,354
1911
31,955,560
19,440,165
1891
414
409.. -.49
1902...
4, 291.:; 17
351
1913...
31,845,803
19,040,924
.
310,651
272,130
1903...
3,198,581
1.71)9
191
28,449,S _M
i:>.. v.i. ;
1893
-
1,128
1904
3,577,526
2,047,095
19 r
26,625,960
13,228
1894
847,697
1,049
1905 .
6.000,02::
3,621,133
L916
S.V.I. 741
Hi. 717, 121
1895
1,578,27; .
1,030.299
190
8,4
155
1917.
22,221,274
18,091,895
1896
3,205,343
2, 149.003
1907
12,779,799
8,34s. r.f)9
1918..
21,383
"o r,<n 7().i
1897
:>58.456
3.323.395
1908.
22.106.233
1 1 .686.239
191
15.675.134
M VyVrfFw | 1 \J
17.41X
IS. Quantity and Value of Silver produced in Canada, by Provinces, during the
Calendar Years 1H1-1919.
irs.
Ontario.
Quebec.
British
Yukon
olumbia.
Territory.
Oz.
$
Oz.
$
Oz.
$
Oz.
$
1901...
1 5 1,400
89,250
41,459
24,440
5,151,333
3,036,711
195,000
114.9.-,:;
1902
145,000
75,632
42,500
22,168
3,917,917
2,043,586
185 MOO
%ts".
1903
17,777
9,502
28,600
15,287
996,204
li60li471
J. \jtJ , \/\t
1 -)ti 000
1 1/O_J
8** ^fi9
1904
206,875
118,376
15,000
3,222,481
I, 843i935
M. iJ\J . \J\/\J
133,170
* > .
76,201
1905
2,451,356
1,479,442
19,620
11,841
3,439,417
2.075.757
89,630
54.09:;
1900
5,401,766
3,607,891 17,686
11,813
2.990.202 1,997,226
63
42,.V22
1907
9,982,363
6.521,178
16,000
10,452
2,745,448 1,793,519
35,988
.510
1908
19,398,545
10,254,847
13,299
7,030
2,631,389] 1,391,058
63,000
33,304
1909 24.822,099 12,784.126
13,233
6,815
19.141
1,364.
45,000
23,176
1910
30,366,366
16,241,755
7,593
4,061
2,407,887
1,287,883
87,418
46,756
1911
30,540,754
16,279,443
18,435
9,827
1.887.147
1,005,924
112,708
60,078
1912
29,214,025
17,772,352
9,465
5,758
2,651.002
1,612,737
81,068
49,318
1913
28,411,261
16,987,377
34,573
20,672
3,312,343
1,980,483
87,626
52,392
1914
25,139,214
13,779,0:).-) 57,737
31,646
3,159,897
1,731,971
92,973
50,959
1915
22,748,609
11,302,419 63,450
31,524
3,565,852
1,771,658
248,049
123,241
1916
21,608,158
14,188,133 98,610
64,748
3,392,872
2.227,794
360,101
236, 446 1
1917
19,301,835
15,714,975
136.194
110,885
2,655,994
2,162,430
119,605
97,379
1918
17,198,737
16,643,562
178,675
172,907
3,921,336
3,794,755
71,915
69,594
1919 1 ....
11,934,179
13,261,498
140,926
156,600
3,554,598
3,949,940
24,671
27,415
New
.
Brunswick.
Manitoba.
Oz. $
Oz. S
1917..
445 363
7 201
5 863
1918
1 ) V i
13 316
\J )\-j\JtJ
19 RRft
1919 1
- -
iO )O L\J
20,760
1^,OOU
23,069
Nora. For the year 1887 to 1900, see Canada Year Book, 1916-1917, p. 271.
Subject to revision.
262
PRODUCTION
66. Quantity and Value of Copper produced in Canada, by Provinces, during the
Calendar Years 1901-191S.
Year
Ontario.
Quebec.
British Columbia.
Total.
Lb.
$
Lb.
$
Lb.
$
Lb.
$
1901
8,695,831
1,401,507
1,527,442
246,178
27,603,746
4,448,896
37,827,019
6,096,581
1902
7,408,202
861,278
1,640,000
190,666
29,636,057
3,445,488
38,684,259
4,497,432
1903
7,172,533
949,285
1,152,000
152,467
34,359,921
4,547,735
42,684,454
5,649,487
1904
4,913,594
630,070
760,000
97,455
35,710,128
4,579,110
41,383,722
5,306,635
1905
8,779,259
1,368,686
1,621,243
252,752
37,692,251
5,876,222
48,092,753
7,497,660
1906
10,638,231
2,050,838
1,981,169
381,930
42,990,488
8,287,706
55,609,888
10,720,474
1907
14,104,337
2,821,432
1,517,990
303,659
40,832,720
8,168,177
56,455,047
11,293,268
1908
15,005,171
1,981,883
1,282,024
169,330
47,274,614
6,244,031
63,561,809
8,395,244
1909
15,746,699
2,044,237
1,088,212
141,272
35,658,952
4,629,245
52,493,863
6,814,754
1910
19,259,016
2,453,213
877,347
111,757
35,270,006
4,492,693
55,692,369 2
7,094,094 2
1911
17,932,263
2,219,297
2,436,190
301,503
35,279,558
4,366,198
55,648,011
6,886,998
1912
22,250,601
3,635,971
3,282,210
536,346
50,526,656
8,256,561
77,832,127
12,718,548
1913
25,885,929
3,952,522
3,455,887
527,679
45,791,579
6,991,916
76,976,925
11,753,606
1914
28,948,211
3,937,536
4,201,497
571,488
41,219,202
5,606,636
75,735,960
10,301,606
1915
39,361,464
6,799,693
4,197,482
725,115
56,692,988
9,793,714
100,785,150
17,410,635
1916
44,997,035
12,240,094
5,703,347
1,551,424
63,642,550
17,312,046
117,150,028
31,867,150
1917
42,867,774
11,651,461
5,015,560
1,363,229
57,730,959
15,691,275
109,227,332 3
29,687,989 s
1918
47,074,475
11,593,502
5,869,649
1,445,577
62,865,681
15,482,560
118,769,434
29,250,536
1919 1
"
"*"
~~
~~
~
75,124,653
14,041,549
PRODUCTION IN MANITOBA AND YUKON TERRITORY (INCLUDED IN TOTALS).
Years.
Manitoba,
(included in totals.)
Yukon Territory,
(included in totals.)
1912
Lb.
1,116,000
2,339,751
$
303,329
576,234
Lb.
1,772,660
1,843,530
1,367,050
533,216
2,807,096
2,460,079
619,878
$
289,670
281,489
185,946
92,113
763,586
668,650
152,663
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
19191
NOTE. For the years 1886 to 1900, see Canada Year Book, 1916-17, p. 272.
67. Quantity and Value of Nickel produced in Canada during the Calendar Years
1889-1919.
Years.
Quantity.
Value.
Years
Quantity.
Value.
Years
Quantity.
Value.
Lb.
$
Lb.
$
Lb.
$
1889
830,477
498,286
1899
5,744,000
2,067,840
1909
26,282,991
9,461,877
1890
1,435,742
933,232
1900
7,080,227
3,327,707
1910
37,271,033
11,181,310
1891
4,035,347
2,421,208
1901
9,189,047
4,594,523
1911
34,098,744
10,229,623
1892
2,413,717
1,399,956
1902
10,693,410
5,025,903
1912
44,841,542
13,452,463
1893
3,982,982
2,071,151
1903
12,505,510
5,002,204
1913
49,676,772
14,903,032
1894
4,907,430
1,870,958
1904
10,547,883
4,219,153
1914
45,517,937
13,655,381
1895
3,888,525
1,360,984
1905
18,876,315
7,550,526
1915
68,308,657
20,492,597
1896
3,39/,113
1,188,990
1906
21,490,955
8,948,834
1916
82,958,564
29,035,498
1897
3,997,647
1,399,176
1907
21,189,793
9, 535,407
1917
82,330,280
33,732,112
1898
5,517,690
1,820,838
1908
19,143,111
8,231,538
1918
92,50<,293
37,002,917
1919 1
44,542,953
17,817,181
1 Subject to revision.
2 Includes 286,000 lb., valued at $36,431, produced in Nova Scotia and Yukon Territory,
not given separately.
3 Includes 36,960 lb., valued at $10,045 from New Brunswick and Alberta, not given
separately.
MINERALS
203
48. Production of Principal Minerals In Canada for the Calendar Years 1909-1919.
\ .-ars.
:id.
Iron Ore
Shipments.
Zinc Ore.
1909
Lb.
46367,434
32,887,608
23,784,969
35,763,470
592,708
36,337,765
46^16,460
41,497,615
32,676.281
51,398,002
S95.888
>
1,692,139
1,216,249
827,717
L,697,6M
1,764,705
1,627,568
2,593,721
3,.-i
628,020
4,754,315
3,057,788
Ton.
268,043
259,4 is
210,344
215,883
307,634
244,864
398,112
276,176
Jir )% 302
211,608
196,970
$
659,316
574,:;r.2
522,319
523,315
625
542,041
774,427
71.-), 107
758,t ,21
686,386
Ton.
18,371
5,063
2,590
U5
7,889
10,893
14,895
1.647 1
2%,688 3
350, 832 3
. .17,389 s
$
242.W9
120,003
101,072
216,149
186,827
262,563
554,938
2,991,623
2,640,817
2.X62.436
2,328,998
1910
1911
1)1
1913.
1914 .
1915
1<M(> .
1M17
1918
1919 1
1 Subject to revision.
2 Include- 7,4:24 tons shipped in 1908. * O
PIG IROX.
Years.
Xiiva Scotia.
Quebec.
Ontario.
Totals.
1909 . . .
Tons.
154380
350,287
390,242
424,994
480,068
227,052
420,275
470,055
472.147
415,870
$
M, 453 ,800
4,203,444
4,682,904
6,374,910
7,201,020
2,951,676
5,463,575
7,050,825
10,387, 2. 14
10,451,400
Tons.
4,770
658
7,449
$
12.-.
8. r >
17,282
419,521
Tons.
407,012
447,273
52i >
589,593
648399
556,112
498,600
1,202
69>
772
-
6,002,441
<;.
7,600.
8,176,089
i38,992
7,051. 1M)
5.910.624
9,700,073
14,3S.72;
-2,1)24,250
Tons.
7 :,7,162
800,797
917,535
1,014,587
1,128.
783,164
913,775
1,169,257
1,170,480
1,195,551
917,345
$
9,581,864
11,245,622
12.307.125
14.550,999
ir,.540,012
10,002,856
11,374,199
Hi.750,898
25,025,960
33,495,171
24,536,432
1910 ...
1911
1912
1913
1914 ...
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919 1 ...
COAL.
Years.
Nova
Scotia.
Xew
Bruns
wick.
Saskat
chewan.
Alberta.
British
Columbia
Yukon
Terri
tory.
Total
produc
tion.
Value.
1909
Tons.
5,652,089
Tons.
49,029
Tons.
192,125
Tons.
1,994,741
Tons.
2,606,127
Tons.
7,364
Tons.
10,501,475
$
24,781,236
1910
6,431,142
55,455
181,156
2,894,469
3,330,745
16,185
12,909,152
30,909,779
1911
7,004,420
55,781
206,779
1,511,036
2,542,532
2,840
11,323,388
26,467,646
1912
7,783,888
44,780
225,342
3,240,577
3,208,997
9,245
14,512,829
36,019,044
1913
7,980,073
70,311
212,897
4,014,755
2,714,420
19,722
15,012,178
37,334,940
1914
7,370,924
98,049
232,299
3,683,015
2,239,799
13,443
13,637,529
33,471,801
1915
7,463,370
127,391
240,107
3,360,818
2,065,613
9,724
13,267,023
32,111,182
1916
6,912,140
143,540
281,300
4,559,054
2,584,061
3,300
14,483,395
38,817,481
1917
6,327,091
189,095
355,445
4,736,368
2,433,888
4,872
14,046,759
43,199,831
1918
5,818,562
268,212
346,847
5,972,816
2,568,589
2,900
14,977,926
55,192,896
1919 1
5,702,316
177,316
381,967
4,983,730
2,429,211
1,100
13,586,100
54,051,720
1 Subject to revision.
2 Includes a small tonnage made in electric furnaces in British Columbia.
264
PRODUCTION
69. Production of Asbestos and Asbestic in Canada for the Calendar Years 1909-1919.
Years.
Asbestos.
Asbestic.
Total.
1909
Tons.
63,349
77,508
101,393
111,561
136,951
96,542
111,142
133,439
135,502
141,462
136,199
5?
2,284,587
2,555,974
2,922,062
3,117,572
3,830,909
2,892,266
3,553,166
5,199,797
7,183,099
8,936,804
10,658,946
Tons.
23,951
24,707
26,021
24,740
24,135
21,031
25,700
20,710
18,279
16,797
18,766
$
17,188
17,629
21,046
19,707
19,016
17,540
21,819
29,072
47,284
33,993
54,087
Tons.
87,300
102,215
127,414
136,301
161,086
117,573
136,842
154,149
153,781
158,259
154,965
$
2,301,775
2,573,603
2,943,108
3,137,279
3,849,925
2,909,806
3,574,985
5,228,869
7,230,383
8,970,797
10,713,033
1910
1911
1912.
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919 1
70. Production of Cement in Canada for the Calendar Years 1902-1919.
Years.
Natural rock cement.
Portland cement.
Total cement.
1902
brl.
127,931
92,252
56,814
14,184
8,610
5,775
1,044
$
98,932
74,655
50,247
10,274
6,052
4,043
815
brl.
594,594
627,741
910,358
1,346,548
2,119,764
2,436,093
2,665,289
4,067,709
4,753,975
5,692,915
7,132,732
8,658,805
7,172,480
5,681,032
5,369,560
4,768,488
3,591,481
4,991,430
$
1,028,618
1,150,592
1,287,992
1,913,740
3,164,807
3,777,328
3,709,139
5,345,802
6,412,215
7,644,537
9,106,556
11,019,418
9,187,924
6,977,024
6,547,728
7,724,246
7,076,503
9,783,393
brl.
722,525
719,993
967,172
1,360,732
2,128,374
2,441,868
2,666,333
4,067,709
4,753,975
5,692,915
7,132,732
8,658,805
7,172,480
5,681,032
5,369,560
4,768,488
3,591,481
4,991,340
$
1,127,550
1,225,247
1,338,239
1,924,014
3,170,859
3,781,371
3,709,954
5,345,802
6,412,215
7,644,537
, 9,106,556
11,019,418
9,187,924
6,977,024
6,547,728
7,724,246
7,076,503
9,783,393
1903
1904.
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917.
1918
1919 1
1 Subject to revision.
Iron Blast Furnaces in Canada in 1918. Of 20 furnaces
15 were in blast in 1918 for varying periods of time. The total daily
capacity of the 20 furnaces is about 4,890 gross tons. The operating
companies, with numbers and capacities of furnaces, were as follows :-
DOMINION IRON & STEEL Co., Sydney, C.B.: Six completed furnaces; one of 350 tons
capacity and five of 250 tons capacity each per day; three operated practically throughout
the year; one for 337 days and one for 40 days; one furnace idle throughout the year.
NOVA SCOTIA STEEL & COAL Co., LTD., New Glasgow, N.S.: Two stacks and one set of
stoves at Sydney Mines, C.B., of 250 tons capacity; operated throughput the year.
LONDONDERRY IRON & MINING Co., LTD., Londonderry, N.S. (in liquidation); one fur
nace of 100 tons capacity idle throughout the year not operated since 1908.
MIDLAND IRON & STEEL Co., LTD., Midland, Ont. Taking over Midland blast furnace
plant of Canada Iron Foundries, Ltd., of Montreal Que.: one furnace of 130 tons capacity at
Midland, Ont., operated 82 days.
STANDARD IRON Co., LTD., Deseronto, Ont.: one furnace at Deserpntp with a daily
capacity of 55 tons, operated 312 days; one furnace of 65 tons at Parry Sound, idle throughout
the year, not operated since 1913 sold to and being re-built by the Parry Sound Iron Co.,
Ltd., Midland.
THE STEEL COMPANY OF CANADA, LTD., Hamilton, Ont.: Two furnaces one of 260 tons
capacity, operated for 313 days, a second furnace of 430 tons capacity, operated 365 days.
ALGOMA STEEL CORPORATION, LTD., Sault Ste. Marie, Ont.: four furnaces at Steelton, near
Sault Ste. Marie: two of 300 tons capacity each; one of 500 tons and one of 400 tons. No. 1
in blast 565 days; No. 2, 309 days; No. 3, 281 days, and No. 4, 278 days.
THE ATIKOKAN IRON Co., LTD., Port Arthur, Ont.: one furnace of 175 tons capacity
idle throughout the year, not operated since 1911.
THE CANADIAN FURNACE Co., LTD., Port Colborne, Ont.: one furnace of 325 tons capacity
operated 365 days in 1918.
265
Electric Furnace Plants in Canada in 1918. Tin plants an
ged in making pig-iron from scrap metal, chiefly steel following
turnings,
IK \SK.K, BRVKA LTD.: Furnace plant at Sha\vinigan Falls. Que.: one single pha-e
6-ton non-til ting farm
I-J.K.TIM Foi .\i.i:ir>, LTD., Orillia: out- fl-ton thn-c pha-<- type non-tilting electiic
furnace.
\\ M. KKNNKI >lling\vood: onc4-\-ton three phase non-tilt ing electric furnn
l i KNIU 11 EL* IKO MKr.\i.>, LTD., Si. Catharines. Out.: one C>-t>n three phase iun-
tilting elect: ic furnace.
HHIIISH FOK,IN<;-. LTD., Toronto, Ont.: an elect ric steel fuinace plant comprising ten
6-ton Heroult furnace- some of which were used for t he product ion of pig-iron during a port ion
of 11)1 7 and lit 18.
Ti\ AM Fi.K.TKirSrKKi. Co., LTD., H lleville. .-le-i trii- ste.-l plant which includes
three small furnaces was operated for the production of ferro-mol ybdenuin during 1 ( .)17, l.ut
in March 1918, began the production of pig-iron.
BOWMANVIU.K LOIN-DRY Co., LTD., M< > vvman v il le . ()nt.: one i-ton Cronwall Dixon
elect ric furnace.
HULL IKON A: STKKI. FOINDKIK.-, HULL, Que.: one H-ton three phase tilting type electric
furnace first product ion in April, 1918.
ELECTRIC SMKLTIM; Co., Brant ford, Ltd.: Hull, Que.: <>" 4-ton electric furnace first
production in June, 1918.
COLUMBIA IK<>\ A: STKEL Co., LTD., Port Moody, B.C.: one 6-ton Heroult-elect ric
furnace first production in May, 1918.
I rnnoi K KI.FXTKO-V l.n... \ancouver. B.C.: one 5-ton stat ionary thre<- phase
electric furnace, first operated 1 )ec. I D. l!H8.
Other Electric Furnace plants were used in 191S for the production of ferro-alloys, the
ferro-alloy plants he inn as follov
s\.\Di.\\ l KKKo-Ai.i,MY>. I.n>., Shawini^an Fall>, (Jue.: one l-l-t-.n stationary type
electric furnace producing . r )(> p.c. fern>-silicon.
LEASIDK Mr.\n: iMPANT, LID.. Beaupre, (^ue.: thr-e stationary type electric
furnaces with capacity of 10 gross tons per :M hours each producing .")() p.c. and s:> p.c. lerro-
silicon.
ELECTKO-.MK: \! -, LID., \\elland, Ont.: plant includes s :.- furnaces pro lu-in<r ferro-
siliconof 25 p.c. ,50 p.c., 75 p.c.. and S5 p.c. grades.
TIVAM IJ.KCTKI. SIKKI, Co., LTD.. Belleville, Ont.: small electric fun: .mpri-inn
three units of two furnaces each making f.-rro-molyhdenum in 1!H7 and for a few mon;
only in 1918.
INTERNATIONAL MOLYBDKNTM Co., LTD.. Orillia, Ont.: two small electric furnaces
producing ferro-molyhdenurn in 1917, am I for a few months only in KMv
ALGOMA STEEL CORPORATION, Sault St<-. Marie, Ont.: producing spieireleisen in blast
furnace.
The following firms were also ensured during 1918 in recovering low grade ferro-silicon
a- a by-product in tlie manufacture of artificial abnsivM in eh-ctrie furnaces from bauxite:
1>. A. BREBNER, LTD., Hamilton. Ont.; NATIONAL AKRASIVK CJo., Niagara Falls, Ont.; THE
EXOLON ( OMI-A.NV, Thorold, Ont.; THE XOK ; MPA.NV, Chippewa, ()nt . ; THK ( \S\DI\X
ALOXITE Co., Niagara Falls. ( >nt.
Mines Departments of Provincial Governments. In addi
tion to the Mines Department of the Dominion Government, from
whose reports the foregoing tables and information have been com
piled, there are Departments of Mines of the Provincial Government-
of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario and British
Columbia, as well as the Mines Branch of the Department of Public
Works of the Provincial Government of Alberta.
Nova Scotia. In Nova Scotia, the principal mining product is
coal; and according to the annual report of the Department of Public
Works and Mines the quantity of coal raised in the year ended
September 30, 1918, was 5,265,404 long tons, as compared with
5,803,661 tons in 1917, and 6,496,472 tons in 1916, a decrease of
538,257 tons as compared with 1917, and of 1,231,068 tons
as compared with 1916. The shortage of men in the collieries and
inadequate means of transportation were acutely felt during the
266
PRODUCTION
fiscal year 1918. The production of other minerals in 1918 was, in
short tons, as follows, the corresponding figures of 1917 being given
within round brackets: pig iron 415,808 (437,354); steel ingots,
512,377 (515,538); limestone 407,048 (411,575); coke 584,891
(645,327); gypsum 56,816 (298,108); building stone 6,163 (24,711).
The number of bricks made was 13,379,600, as compared with 13,598,-
075 in 1917, and the production of drain-pipe and tile was 1,001,792
feet, as against 959,933 feet in 1917. The production of gold was
1,279 oz., as compared with 2,296 oz. in 1917.
One of the most serious colliery explosions in the history of
Nova Scotia, took place on January 23, 1918, in the Allan Shafts Mine
of the Acadia Coal Company, at Stellarton, Pictou Co., when 88
lives were lost.
New Brunswick.- -The annual report for the year ended October
31, 1919, of the Minister of Lands and Mines, shows that the quantity
of coal mined in the year 1918-19 was 155,598 long tons, as compared
with 229,617 tons in 1917-18 and 164,617 tons in 1916-17. The
decrease in 1918-19 is attributed to the stoppage of war orders
after the cessation of hostilities in November, 1918. Of gypsum the
Hillsboro quarries produced in 1918, 27,425 tons, about 1,600 tons of
which were exported to the United States in crude form, the remaining
25,825 tons being manufactured in the Hillsboro Mill and distributed
throughout Canada and the United States.
Quebec. --The annual report of the Quebec Superintendent of
Mines shows that the value of the mineral production of the province
for the calendar year 1918 amounted to $18,707,762, as compared
with $16,189,179, the revised total for 1917. The figures for 1918
are the highest on record. Of the total, the products of the mines
proper are valued at $13,366,775, and building materials at $5,340,-
987; the former show an increase of 23 . 5 p. c. and the latter an increase
of 2 p.c. Amongst the principal products, with their respective
values in 1918, are asbestos ($9,019,899); cement ($3,003,534);
copper and sulphur ore ($1,319,691); limestone and marble ($666,046);
magnesite ($1,016,764); brick ($595,719); chromite ($770,955);
lime ($438,673); mica ($202,149); zinc and lead ores ($175,094);
molybdenite ($383,252); tiles, drain-pipes, etc., ($319,722); granite
($224,861). Table 71 shows the annual value of the mineral pro
duction of Quebec for the years 1900 to 1918.
71. Value of the Mineral Production of Quebec, 1900-18.
Year.
1900
$
2,546,076
Year.
1906
$
5,019,932
Year.
1912
$
11,187,110
1Q01
2,997,731
1907
5,391,368
1913
13,119,811
iq02
2,985,463
1908
5,458,998
1914
11,732,783
1903
2,772,762
1909
5,552,062
1915
11,465,873
1904
3,023,568
1910
7,323,281
1916
13,287,024
1905
3,750,300
1911
8,679,786
1917
16,189,179
1918
18,707,762
Ontario. Figures compiled by the Ontario Bureau of Mines
show that the total value of the mineral production of Ontario in the
calendar year 1918 was $80,308,972, as compared with $72,093,832
A//.V /<;/, .! /.N
2(\7
in HU7. S(ir>. 303,822 in HUti, and $54,24:>,o79 in 1915. The value for
Mils is the highest <>n record. Of the total value in 1918, $66,178,059
represents the value of the metallic and 14,130,913 the value of the
non-metallic production. Gold shows a production of 411,878 oz.,
of the value of ss..">()2,480, a decrease as compared with 1917 of 9,015
oz., or .SHMi/J.V). The total shipments of silver amounted to $17,738,-
15^ fine u/., of the value of Si 7, 4 lf>, 882, as compared with 1<),47*UW1>
oz. in 1917. of the value of sir., 183,208. Thus the considerable
decrea-r of production, viz., 1,741,539 oz., is more than made up for
the increase in prices, the smaller quantity produced in 1918 being
worth S1.L ) :)L ) .<)74 more than the larger quantity produced in 1917.
The increase in the value of silver has naturally been of great advan
tage, not only to the mining companies of Cobalt, but also to their
employee-, whose wages advance automatically with price. Table
72 shows the total production and value of silver at the Cobalt camp
each year from 19(14 to 1918. The total for the 14 years is 292,462,-
325 ox., of the value of siii<i.;;7r>. 1 !:>. The value of the output of
non-metallic products for 1918, SM. 130.913, was 8 p.c. les> than in
1917 when it amounted to sbVJiil ..97f). Of the items in the non-
metallic list, sand-lime brick, lime, gypsum, iron pyrites, salt, sand
and gravel show decreased production but increased value. Arsenic,
brick fancy and dressed, bricks common. Portland cement, corun
dum, graphite, mica, natural gas. tile (drain and building), pottery,
sewer pipe and stone, also declined in value. Actinolite, feldspar,
fluorspar, petroleum, quart/, talc, increased in both quantity and
value, to which may be added barite and mineral water, which appear
for the first time in the production table.
72. Production of Silver at the Cobalt Camp, Ontario, 1964-18.
Average
Average
Year,
Oz.
Value.
price
Year.
Oz.
Value.
price
per oz.
per oz.
$
Cents.
$
( cut.-.
1904
206,875
1 1 1 ,887
57-2
1911.
31,507.791
15,953,847
53-3
1905
L>. 4f) 1.356
1,360,503
60-4
1912. .
30,243,859
17,408,935
60-8
1906.
0.401,766
3,667,551
66-8
1913.
29,681,975
16,553,981
57-8
1907. .
10,023,311
6,155,391
67-5
1914. .
25,162,841
12,765,461
54-8
1908 . .
19,437,875
9,133,378
52-9
1915. .
24.746,534
12,135,816
49-69
1909
25,897,825
12,461,576
51-5
1916. .
19,915,090
12,643,175
65-661
1910 .
30,645,181
15,478,047
53-5
1917
19,401,893
16,131,013
81-417
1918. .
17.738,153
17,415,882
98-183
Total
232,462,325
169,376,443
57 91
Alberta.- -The Mines Branch of the Department of Public
Works states that the total production of coal in Alberta during the
calendar year 1918 was 6,148,620 short tons, as compared with
4,863,414 tons in 1917, an increase of 1,285,206 tons. The production
in 1918 of coke was 32,858 tons, as compared with 31,630 tons in
1917 and of briquettes 100,470 tons, as compared with 93,818 tons.
Of natural gas the production in the province was, according to the
Mines Department of the Dominion Government, 6,318,389,000 cubic
feet, as compared with 6,744,130,000 cubic feet, the finally revised
quantity for 1917.
268
PRODUCTION
British Columbia. According to the Annual Report for 1918
of the Provincial Mineralogist, the total value of the mineral produc
tion of British Columbia from 1852 to 1918 was $637,353,581, distri
buted among the different mineral products as follows: Placer
gold, $75,436,103; lode gold, $97,121,786; silver, $46,839,631; lead,
$42,294,251; copper, $145,741,069; zinc, $13,278,058; coal and coke,
$187,147,652; building stone, bricks, etc., $28,843,272; miscellaneous
minerals, etc., $651,759. Table 73 shows the value of the total
mineral production of the province from 1852 to 1918, inclusive.
The value of the total mineral production for the calendar year 1918
was $41,782,474, an increase from that of the previous year of 1917 of
$4,772,082, or 12.9 p.c. The principal mineral products of British
Columbia are gold, silver, lead, copper, zinc and coal. Table 74
shows the quantity and value of the mineral production of British
Columbia for the three calendar years 1916-1918. The gross value
of the metallic minerals recovered in 1918 was $27,910,278, as com
pared with $27,284,474 in 1917.
The increased value of mineral products in 1918 as compared
with 1917 was due in the main to a slight increase in the quantity
of coal produced from 2,149,975 long tons to 2,302,245 long tons-
combined with a large increase in its value from $7,524,913 to $11,511,-
225. Thus coal alone accounts for more than four-fifths of the total
increase in the value of products.
73. Value o f Total Mineral Production of British Columbia, 1852-1918.
Year.
Value.
Year.
Value.
Year.
Value.
1852-1892
$
81 090 069
1901
$
20,086,780
1910
$
26,377,066
1893
3,588,413
1902
17,486,550
1911
23,499,072
1894..
4,225,717
1903
17,495,954
1912
32,440,800
1895
5,643,042
1904
18,977,359
1913
30,296,398
1896
7,507,956
1905
22,461,325
1914
26,388,825
1897
10,455,268
1906
24,980,546
1915
29,447,508
1898.. ....
10,906,861
1907
25,882,560
1916
42,290,462
1899
12,393,131
1908
23,851,277
1917
37,010,392
1900
16,344,751
1909
24,443,025
1918
41,782,474
Total.
637,353,581
74. Quantity and Value of Mineral Products in British Columbia for the Calendar
Years 1916-18.
19
16.
19
17.
19
18.
x rouuuio.
Gold, placer oz.
" lode.. "
Silver "
Quantity.
29,025
221,932
3,301,923
Value.
$
580,500
4,587,334
2,059,739
Quantity.
24,800
114,523
2,929,216
Value.
$
496,000
2,367,190
2,265,749
Quantity.
16,000
164,674
3,498,172
Value.
$
320,000
3,403,812
3,215,870
Lead Ib.
48,727,516
3,007,462
37,307,465
2,951,020
43,899,661
2,928,107
Copper. .
65,379,364
17,784,494
59,007,565
16,038,256
61,483,754
15,143,449
Zinc "
37,168,980
4,043,985
41,848,513
3,166,259
41,772,916
2,899,040
Coal 1 ton.
2,084,093
7,294,325
2,149,975
7,524,913
2,302,245
11,511,225
Coke 1 "
267,725
1,606,350
159,905
959,430
188,967
1,038,202
Miscellaneous
products
1,326,273
1,241,575
1,322,769
Total
42,290,462
_
37,019,392
_
41,782,474
VLong tons of 2,240 Ib.
MINERALS
269
World s Production of Gold and Silver.- Table 75, which is
taken from the Ainuial Report for 1918 of the Director of the United
States Mint, gives by countries the quantity and value of the world s
production of gold and silver for the calendar years 1917 and 1918.
For 191S the total production of gold amounted to 18,4Hi.3Sfi fine
oz., of the value of $380,700,489, as compared with 20,289,540 oz.,
of the value of $419,422,092 in 1917. By countries, the Transvaal,
Cape ( olony and Natal lead with a total production of 8,418,377 ox.,
the United States being second with 3,320,784 oz., followed by Aus
tralia third with 1,282,135 oz., Mexico fourth with 813,895 oz.,
Canada fifth with 699,681 oz. and Rhodesia sixth with 631,357 oz.
The gold production of the British Kmpire in 1918 was 12,126,088
oz., constituting 66 p.c. of the world s total of 18,416,386 oz. The
world s total production of silver in 1918 was 197,494,279 fine o/.,
of the value of $194,067,250, as compared with 174, 1ST. 771 oz., of
the value of $154,139,904 in 1917. By countries, the lead in silver
production is taken by the United States with 67,810,100 oz. in 191s.
followed by Mexico with 62,517,000 oz. and Canada with 21,383,979
oz. The silver production of the British Empire in 1918 was 35,128,-
479 o/., or 18 p.c. of the total of 197,494,279 oz.
75. -Quantity and Value of the World s Production of Gold and Silver for the
Calendar Years 1917 and 1918.
From the Annual Report of the Director of the United States Mint
Countries.
1917
1918.
Gold.
Sih
Gold. Silver.
North America
Canada
fine oz.
738,831
4,051,440
-.,375
$
15,27
83,750,700
9,000000
fine oz. S
J 1,274 18,901,895
71. 740.1im 64,22
35,000,000 31,3:-;
fine oz.
699,681
3.320,784
813,895
14,463,689
68,646,700
16,824,700
fine oz.
s.3,979
1 67,810,100
17,000
$
20,693,704
titi, 7:
United States...
\Ir\ir. i ....
Total
5,225,646
108,023,6*2
l2s.961.K71
113,651,238
4,8344**
M.O.-,:,.US
151,711,079
148,995,521
Central American
States and \\i-.-t
Indies.
South America
Xr^cnt ina
151,026
3,122,000
2,369,500
2,121,295
164
3,400.000
2,900,000
2,854,934
223
143,093
37,041
241,875
42,947
60,667
484
25,107
21,527
69,587
30,810
4,600
5,000
2,958,000
765,700
5,000,000
887,800
1,254,100
10,000
519,000
415,000
1,438,500
636,900
29,000
2,435,000
25,000
1,716,600
" ,000
45,000
10,864,400
8,000
J 3,300
25,962
2,17
22,381
1,5:;
290
40
9,72
7,162
2,954
193
" .450
37,007
--.417
38,700
60,
484
19,3.50
15,586
53,212
22,891
4,000
5,000
0,000
6,500
1,000
1.-J.JO.OOO
10,000
400,000
322,200
1,100,000
473,200
25,000
2,435,000
2o.OOO
1,900,000
-.,000
40,000
10,800,000
8,000
3,000
24,612
17,160
24,61 <
1,870,474
3!)|378
10,632, IKS
7,876
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador. . . .
Peru
Uruguay..
Guiana
British..
Dutch
French
Venezuela
Total
Europe
Austria-Hungary
France
Great Britain....
Greece
673,603
13,924,64) 15. 151,300
13,832,77:. 619,001 12,795,900 15,561,000
15,319,182
7,256
33,862
34
870,750
484
150,000
700,000
5,000
700
18,000,000
10,000
1,500,000
7.-),500
350,000
486,500
294,900
500,000
20,000
2,850,000
35,000
400,000
1,342,875
67,591
313,338
435,539
264,009
447
17,905
2,551,463
31,334
358,100
8,708
24,1X7
1,103
580,500
484
1 sO.OOO
500,000
22,800
12,000,000
10,000
1,750,000
50,000
350,000
500,000
270,200
400,000
20,000
3,100,000
31,500
400,000
1,722,805
49,22:5
344,561
492,230
266,001
393,784
19,689
3,0. r
31,010
393,784
Italy.
Norway . .
Russia
Servia
Spain..
Sweden
Turkey
Total..
912.628
18.865.7M
..-)! 1.900
5.829.779
fit 4.982 12.712.Mn! 6.S71.7IIH
fi.7fi4.914
270
PRODUCTION
75. Quantity and Value of the World s Production of Gold and Silver for the Calendar Years
1917 and 1918 concluded.
(From the Annual Report of the Director of the United States Mint.)
Countries.
1917.
1918.
Gold.
Silver.
Gold.
Silver.
Australia
fine oz.
1,464,208
199,803
I
30,267,800
4,130,300
fine oz.
$
fine oz.
1,282,135
133,733
$
26,504,100
2,764,500
fine oz.
$
New Zealand. . . .
Total
1,664,011
34,398,100
10,000,000
8,952,500
1,415,868
29,268,600
10,000,000
9,844,600
Asia
British India. . . .
China . ...
523,069
174,155
162,724
138,047
16,563
52,303
2,419
226,380
10,812,800
3,600,100
3,363,800
2,853,700
342,400
1,081,200
50,000
4,679,700
2,068,700
63,400
26,500
400,000
39,600
1,000
7,111,900
1,852,004
56,759
23,724
358,100
35,452
895
6,366,750
485,114
174,150
159,637
124,392
16,704
24,850
2,419
246,998
10,028,200
3,600,000
3,300,000
2,571,400
345,300
513,700
50,000
5,105,900
2,240,500
70,000
26,000
400,000
26,900
1,000
6,600,400
2,205,682
68,912
25,596
358,784
26,482
985
6,497,830
Chosen
East Indies
British& Dutch
Federated Malay
States.
Formosa (Tai
wan)
Indo-China
Japan
Total
1,295,660
26,783,700
9,710,900
8,693,684
1,234,264
25,514,500
9,364,800
9,219,271
Africa
Belgian Congo. . .
Eevut.
102,734
3,183
1,500
26,742
12,026
834,232
9,018,387
368,168
2,123,700
65,800
31,000
552,800
248,600
17,245,100
186,426,600
7,610,700
10,300
900
20,000
1,200
212,000
938,100
9,221
806
17,905
1,074
189,793
839,834
111,650
2,854
1,500
26,606
11,997
631,357
8,418,377
329,095
2,308,000
59,000
31,000
550,000
248,000
13,051,300
174,023,300
6,803,000
10,500
800
20,000
1,200
175,700
877,500
10,337
788
19,689
1,181
172,969
863,864
French W. Africa
Madagascar ....
Portuguese East
Africa
Rhodesia
Transvaal, Cape
Colony and
Natal
British W. Africa
(Gold Coast)..
Total
10,366,972
214,304,300
1,182,500
1,058,633
9,533,436
197,073,600
1,085,700
1,068,828
Total for World
20,289,546
419,422,092
174,187,774
154,139,904
18,416,386
380,700489
197,494,279
194,067,250
76. Imports into Canada of Portland Cement, 1898-1919.
Fiscal
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Duty
paid.
Fiscal
Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Duty
paid.
1898
Cwt.
1,073,058
$
355,264
$
121,969
1909
Cwt.
1,460,850
$
475,676
$
159,077
1899
1 300,424
467,994
147,146
1910
490,809
158,487
47,984
1900
1,301,361
498,607
147,067
1911
1,283,721
494,081
138,969
1901
1,612,432
654,595
179,550
1912
2,592,025
936,425
292,914
1902
1,971,616
833,657
233,754
1913
4,958,814
1,955,177
597,727
1903
2,316,853
868,131
271,004
1914
709,104
332,564
69,658
1904
2,476,388
995,017
290,778
1915
287,402
123,613
26,034
1905
3,228,394
1,234,649
384,866
1916
94,136
37,048
9,382
1906
2,848,582
963,839
328,342
1917
63,074
29,719
6,307
1907 1
1,551,493
523,120
162,250
1918
26,243
17,417
2,624
1908
2 427 381
852,041
259,549
1919
26,687
26,437
2,667
J Nine months.
MIXKKALS
271
77. Imports into Canada of Anthracite and Bituminous C 1 oal for home
consumption during the fiscal years 19tl-1919.
Fiscal Year.
Ant hracite,
Free of Duty.
Bituminous Coal,
Dutiable.
1901
Ton.
1,933,283
1,652,451
1,456,713
2,275,018
2,604,137
2.200,863
2,014,846
:;.<> .> 1.159
3,059, >
3,152,851
774
4,118,379
4,237, :;io
7 .i .i
l .17
4,429,143
4,572,440
5,256,294
4,782,788
$
7,923,950
7,021,939
7,028,664
10.4iii.22:;
12.093.371
10.S04.303
9,487,574
14,199,609
14,034,020
14,456,315
15,7:>o.:;4o
19,306,1
20,399,279
20,734,126
J( 1.927 ,539
20,460,571
22306,156
28,047.22r,
26,191. 7 .x
Ton.
-.16,392
3,047,392
3,511,421
4,053,900
4,176474
4,495,550
3307,604
7,640,121
6,763,352
7,017.271
7,745,571
10,500,662
11,060,910
13,754,244
9,124,499
9,631,101
12.931,075
lti.400,000
16,569,025
$
4,956,02.-)
5,712,058
7,776,717
( .U08,208
8,022,896
8,360.349
7,491,045
14,843,789
13,151,449
13,070,363
14,597,268
20.333. 2tix
20,447,587
2i). 140,676
16,135,920
10,219. 20f,
19,270,27(1
46,277,715
44.411,207
1902
1903
1904 ...
1905 . .
1906
1907 1
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919 .
NOTE. Anthracite coal du>t is included under Ant hracite coal. For records >f previous
Year Book, 1911, page 420. Nine months.
78. Exports of Coal, the produce of Canada, 1943-1919.
Fiscal Year.
Quantity.
Value.
Fiscal Year.
Quantity.
Value.
1903
Ton.
1,797,951
I
5,542.4:54
1911
Ton.
2,31."), 171
$
6,014,095
1904
1,646,505
4,346,660
l .M2
1 491 1
128
1905
1,615,322
3,930,802
1913
2,055,!
5,555,099
1906
1,820.5 11
4,f,4:;,l98
1914
1 .498,820
3,703,765
1907 (9 mos.)
1,285,346
3,346,402
1915
1,512,487
4,466,258
1908
1,877,258
4,810,2x4
1916
1 .171.124
6,032,764
1909
1,613,892
4,505,221
1917
l,899,lx. r >
6,817,035
1910 ...
1,826,339
5,013,221
1918
1,902,010
8,684,038
1919.
1 ,826,639
10,169,722
79 Exports of Mineral Products, compared as to Quantity and Value, for the fiscal
years ended March 31, 1918 and 1919. < OOT omitted).
Increase
Due to
Due to
Actual
Value at
Actual
(+)or
higher (+
larger (4-)
Products.
value
prices of
value
decrease
or lower
or smaller
1919.
1918.
1918.
(-).
(-)
(-)
prices.
quantities
$
$
$
$
$
$
Arsenic.
358
656
549
191
298
4-107
Asbestos
8,910
6 774
5 331
-4-3 579
+2 136
4-1 443
Asbestos sand and waste .
248
203
362
-114
+45
-159
Coal
10,170
8 340
8 684
-4-1 486
4-1 830
344
Chromic iron.. .
372
294
327
4-45
4-78
33
Cobalt alloy.. . .
232
230
273
41
+2
4-43
Cobalt metallic
741
533
548
4-193
+208
15
Cobalt oxide and cobalt
salts
909
798
649
4-260
4-111
+ 149
Corundum
15
11
93
_ g
i ** *
4-4
12
Gypsum..
82
75
220
-138
4-7
-145
272
PRODUCTION
19 Exports of Mineral Products, compared as to Quantity and Value, for the
fiscal years ended March 31, 1918 and 1919. ("090" omitted) concluded.
Products.
Actual
value
1919.
Value at
prices of
1918.
Actual
value
1918.
Increase
(+)or
decrease
(-).
Due to
higher (+)
or lower
Cr)-
prices.
Due to
larger (+)
or smaller
(->.
quantities
Metals
Copper, fine, contained
in ore, matte, regulus,
etc
$
8,684
$
9 064
$
10 711
$
2 027
380
1 647
Lead, metallic, con
tained in ore, etc
Molybdenite
1,286
385
1,339
526
557
163
+729
4222
-53
141
+782
+363
Nickel, contained in ore,
matte or speiss
9,986
8,180
9,904
4-1,082
+ 1,806
1 724
Nickel, fine
1,185
1 164
126
4-1 059
+21
+1 038
Silver bullion
15 842
13 444
14 938
4-904
+2 398
1 49
Silver, contained in ore,
concentrates, etc
3,677
3,138
3,490
4-187
+539
352
Mica
370
293
457
-87
+77
164
Mineral pigments, iron ox
ides, ochres, etc
24
19
25
-1
+5
-6
Mineral wax
621
351
345
4-276
+270
+6
Oils
404
548
15
4389
-144
+533
Ores
1,219
1,199
1,439
-220
+20
-240
Pyrites
944
827
974
-30
+ 117
-147
Sand and gravel
228
267
334
-106
-39
-67
Other articles
10,623
9,254
13,317
-2,694
+1,369
-4,063
Total
77,515
67,527
73,761
+3,754
+9,988
-6,234
Increase or decrease
per cent.
p.c.
+5-09
p.c.
+ 14-79
p.c.
-8-45
MANUFACTURES.
Statistics of the manufactures of Canada are comprised in Tables
80 to 87 of this section. Table 80 gives, by principal items of the
schedule, the total results for Canada of the census of manufactures
for the year 1917, as compared with 1915, and also the absolute and
percentage increases, the table including all establishments irrespec
tive of the number of employees. Table 81 gives the statistics of
manufactures for the same years, by provinces, also including all
establishments. In Table 82 are given the comparative figures, by
provinces, for the years 1900, 1905, 1910 and 1915, the comparison
being limited to establishments employing five hands and over. In
Table 83 are consigned the statistics of manufactures for the year
1917, by groups and kinds of industries, for the whole of Canada,
the figures covering all establishments irrespective of the number of
employees. Table 84 shows the number of establishments with the
totl and average production by groups of values. Tables 85 to 87
relate to wage-earners, Tables 86 and 87 being based upon returns
for 28,095 industrial establishments out of a total of 34,392 reporting.
Dairy and sawmill establishments were not required to report on
classifie4 weekly wages, and other establishments operating on
piece work basis were unable to furnish the information required.
M. \\UFACTCKl -J7:i
Under the new organization of the Dominion Bureau of Statist;
Census of Manufactures is taken annually instead of quinquen-
nially, as in the past. The last of the quinquennial censuses of
manufactures under the old system was taken in 1916 for the calendar
year 191"), and the first of the annual censuses of manufactures \\
taken in 1918 for the calendar year 1917. In the tables comparisons
are madr where possible with the corresponding results for 191").
In the making of such comparisons the differences in the method
of taking the census- must first of all he borne in mind. The statistics
for 1915 included only establishments whose limit of output was
placed at $2,500 or over, irrespective of the number of persons
employed, except in the case of flour and grist mills, butter and
che.-e factories, fish preserving factories, sa \v-mills, brick and tile
yards, lime kilns and electric light plants, in which c waa
no limitation on the value of output. In the census, of industry of
1917. the limit of output was withdrawn and all establishment-
reporting to the Bureau were included, the effect being an
increase in the number of establishments included from 21.o(M> to
34,392 an increase due to change of method, rather than to a change
in the actual number of industrial establishments existing in the
Dominion. As however the establishment- included for the fir-t
time in the 1917 census were exclusively those carrying on operations
on a small scale, their inclusion affects only to a minor extent
the statistics of those engaged in production and of the value of
products.
\Yhen the results of the two censuses are placed in juxtaposition,
certain striking changes which took place in the manufactures of
Canada in the two years between 1915 and 1917 are at once evident.
First of these is the very large increa.-e of capital investment an
increase from $1,994,103,272 to si>.7Mi.i;4<>,727, which is $792..") Hi. 4:.
or 39-74 p.c. This increase was no doubt partly due to higher
valuations placed upon equipment in 1917 than in 1915, as a conse
quence of the general rise in prices.
Next and most important of these changes is the large
increase in both the gross and the net value of Canadian manu
factures that is, in the gross value of products and in the gross
value of products less the cost of materials in the short space of
two years. Whereas in 1915 the gross value of products was
$1,407,137,140, in 1917 it had leaped forward to $3,015,577,940,
an increase of $1,608,440,800, or 114-31 per cent, a quite unprece
dented increase in such a brief period. Similarly, the value added
in the process of manufacture rose from $605,001,278 in 1915 to
$1,409,847,300 in 1917, an increase of $804,846,022, or 133-03
p.c. These increases were, of course, largely due to higher prices,
but also indicate an unexampled growth in actual production.
Accompanying the growth in the value of products and quite
as remarkable, is the increase both in the total amount of wages
paid and in the average wages paid per employee. The total amount
paid in wages increased from $225,580,998 in 1915 to $455,199,823
6870818
274 PRODUCTION
in 1917, an increase of $229,618,825, or 101-79 per cent. As the
number of employees on wages increased only from 444,487 to 601,305,
an increase of 156,818, or 35-28 per cent, there was a large increase
in the wage of the average individual employee an increase from
$507.50 per annum in 1915 to $757.02 per annum in 1917, being an
increase of $249.52, or 49-16 p.c.
Employees on salaries fared comparatively worse during
the two-year period than employees on wages. Their numbers
increased from 52,683 in 1915 to 73,605 in 1917, an increase of 20,922,
or 39-71 per cent. During the same period the amounts paid in
salaries increased from $60,308,293 to $94,992,246, an increase of
$34,683,953, or 57-51 per cent. Dividing the total of salaries paid
in each year, by the number of employees in each year, it is found
that the average salary increased during the two years from $1,144.73
to $1,290.56, an increase of $145.83, or 12-73 per cent, as against
an increase of 49-16 per cent in the case of wage-earners. Not
only was the relative increase much less in the case of the salaried
employee, but the absolute increase was smaller $145.83 per annum
as against $249.52.
The gross value of the products of Canadian manufacturing
industries, as stated above, has been more than doubled in the two-
year period. This increase is shown in Table 79 to have been fairly
evenly distributed throughout the provinces. With the exception
of New Brunswick and Manitoba, all the provinces have doubled
the gross value of their products of manufactured commodities,
and of these Manitoba lacks but a very little of having done so.
Ontario, in 1917 as in 1915, produced more than half of the gross
production of manufactured goods in the Dominion.
In the census of manufactures, the industries of the Dominion
are divided into fifteen classes. In Table 81 are given the statistics
of production for these fifteen classes in 1917. For the comparative
statistics of 1915, reference may be made to Table 72 on page 285 of
the Year Book of 1916-17. The statistics of 1917, as compared with
those of 1915, show clearly the effects of the war upon certain industries.
The iron and steel industry, which was in fifth place among Canadian
industries in value of products in 1915 with a product of $120,422,420,
took second place in 1917 with a product of $400,385,086. The
chemical industry, which in 1915 occupied eleventh place with a
product of $45,410,486, in 1917 rose to ninth place with a product
of $133,618,658. The manufacture of vessels for water transportation
rose from fifteenth place to thirteenth, with an increase of product
from $8,419,648 to $37,244,678. The liquor and beverage industry
also experienced the effects of war, but in the opposite direction.
From thirteenth place it fell to fifteenth, its products showing an
absolute decline in value from $34,859,927 in 1915 to $29,935,226
in 1917.
As for the other great industries of the Dominion, the manu
facture of food products, as is natural in a predominantly agricultural
country, took in 1917 as in 1915 first place, with a product of
$754,637,940 in the latter year, as compared with $388,815,362 in
the former. The textile manufacture, though its products increased
MANVFACTVR1
275
from si 1 l,(S(i,(i()r) to $265,448,565, fell from second to fourth place.
The manufacture of vehicles for land transportation, rose from
eiuhth to sixth place among Canadian industries, with an increase
in product from $73,878,212 to $197,488,770. Other industries,
though showing a large absolute increase in value of production for
so short a period, did not materially change their relative positions.
The comparison here made between the growth of different
classes of industries might with advantage he expanded to deal with
the growth of individual industries during the period under con
sideration. It is sugu; <h d that those who are interested in particular
industries should compare the statistics of such industries, as given
on pages 286 to 293 of the 1916-17 Year Book, with the figures of
Table 83 on pages 277 to 283 of the present volume.
8*. Statistics of Manufactures of Canada. 1915 and 1917, all Establishments,
Irrespective of Number of Employees.
I Trin<
1915
1917
hlrl
Amount.
Per
nt.
ablir-hlllelits
No.
L l 306
34
IQ 086
fil i >
Capital. .
$
1 9<i4 in:; 272
2 786 W 7"7
7<i-> ", i,; i - -
HI ~t
Employees on salaries.. .
M i
7:; i .().">
>0 ij-)->
1 1
?Q. 71
-
60 308
94 IT
74 AOQ qr-j
I, t i
K7. K|
. .
Average salary
$
1,145
1 " I
14fi
II Ol
V>. 7**
Kinpli iyees on wages .
\o.
HI 487
601
1 "it* SIS
"i -98
Wages. .
-
2"
\~>~> \ ( > >
MI i;i Q 09=
m-(
Average wage
$
507
757
F , Vl O |OU
"-,(1
iv
AQ. 1 (I
! of material^
$
135,862
1 MI.") 7:;n CAQ
Ml", VU ~7x
4 . 1 1 >
1 1 III . 1 S.
Value ailded in manufacture
Value of product*
%
$
805,001.27s
1 407 l:;7 140
1.4M .i.s47.300
3 01") )77 MO
804,846,022
i I JkQ 440 Kill)
11A lo
isa
ii( 01
Piece Workers 1
NO.
17 !
17 1.J7
1 ! Ol
Earnings.. .
$
3 875 212
3 109 MMi
81. Statistics of Manufactures by Provinces. 1915 and 1917.
(All establishments irrespectiye of the number of employe.
Provinces.
Estab
lish-
ments.
Capital.
Em
ployees.
Salaries
and wages.
Cost of
materials.
Value of
products.
1915.
Canada
No.
21,306
291
968
714
7,158
9,287
840
457
584
1,007
34,392
534
2,147
1,423
10,042
14,381
1,329
1,436
1,317
1,772
11
$
1,994,103,272
1,906,564
126,539,183
46.290,014
548,972,575
956,883,423
95,845,845
16,788,992
42,239,693
158,636,983
2,786,649,727
2,652,374
136,521,655
65,539,370
823,317,251
1,335,968,699
101,145,033
33,114,630
63,215,444
221,436,100
3,739,171
No.
497,170
2,834
33,581
17,423
148,329
243,905
19,668
3,621
7,2.-,.-,
21,054
674,910
1,923
31,398
21,363
211,018
326, 635
22,670
8,210
11,524
40,098
71
$
285,889,291
554,467
16,316,712
8,765,433
80,217,258
144,072,317
13,614,857
2,705,754
5,074,742
14,567,751
550,192,069
837,230
23,553,090
13,822,446
158,134,925
278,462,708
19,599,051
7,007,073
10,387,379
38,269,366
118,801
$
S02, 135,862
1,520,327
37,738,1 til
21,495,324
216,497,844
415,285,954
38,513,514
7,678,416
21,121,439
42,284,883
1,605,730,640
3,402,485
109,736,731
33,333,090
403,422,445
822,842,054
73,131,719
23,449,495
43,896,941
92,489,277
26,403
$
1,407,137,140
2,646,469
70,860,756
37,832,034
387,900,585
727,923,274
61,594,184
14,162,574
30,592,833
73,624,431
3,015,577,940
5,517,910
176,369,025
62,417,466
830,614,029
1,533,738,655
122,804,881
40,657,746
71,669,423
171,425,616
363,189
P. E. Island
Nova Scotia.. .
New Brunswick. .
Quebec
Ontario
Manitoba.. .
Saskatchewan. . .
Alberta
British Columbia
1917.
Canada
P. E. Island.
Xova Scotia..
X. Brunswick. .. .
Quebec
Ontario
Manitoba..
Saskatchewan. . . .
Alberta
B. Columbia
Yukon
B7n? [0 i t ci nclucie(i m tables as regards number of employees and earnings.
Oo* (Jo lo j
276
PRODUCTION
82. Statistics of Manufactures by Provinces, 1900, 1905, 1910 and 1915.
(Establishments employing five hands and over.)
Provinces.
Estab
lish
ments.
Capital.
Em
ployees.
Salaries
and w r ages.
Cost of
materials.
Value of
products.
1900.
Canada
No.
14,650
$
446,916,487
No.
339,173
$
113,249,350
$
266,527,858
$
481,053,375
P. E. Island
334
2,081,766
3,804
445,998
1,319,058
2,326,708
Nova Scotia.. .
1,188
34,586,416
23,284
5,613,571
13,161,077
23,592,513
N. Brunswick. . . .
Quebec
919
4,845
20,741,170
142,403,407
22,158
110,329
5,748,990
36,550,655
10,814,014
86,679,779
20,972,470
158,287,994
Ontario
6,543
214,972,275
161,757
56,548,286
138,230,400
241,533,486
Manitoba
324
7,539,691
5,219
2,419,549
7,955,504
12,927,439
Alberta and
Saskatchewan . .
Br. Columbia
1905.
Canada
105
392
12,547
1,689,870
22,901,892
833,916,155
1,168
11,454
383,920
465,763
5,456,538
162,155,578
1,121,342
7,246,684
1,964,987
19,447,778
706,446,578
P. E. Island
223
1,553,916
2,770
409,915
1,696,459
Nova Scotia
720
74,599,538
23,754
9,139,371
31,987,449
N. Brunswick. . . .
Quebec
531
4,115
26,461,664
251,730,182
19,170
116,748
6,497,161
46,514,619
21,833,564
216,478,496
Ontario
6,163
390,875,465
184,526
80,729,889
_
361,372,741
Manitoba
280
27,070,665
10,113
5,800,707
27,857,396
Saskatchewan.. . .
Alberta
55
97
3,820,975
5,400,371
1,376
1,983
681,381
1,129,272
2,443,801
4,979,932
Br. Columbia
1910.
Canada
363
19,218
52,403,379
1,247,583,609
23,480
515,203
11,253,263
241,008,416
601,509,018
37,796,740
1,165,975,639
P. E. Island. . . .
442
2,013,365
3,762
531,017
1,816,804
3,136,470
Nova Scotia
N. Brunswick. . . .
Quebec
1,480
1,158
6,584
79,596,341
36,125,012
326,946,925
28,795
24,755
158,207
10,628,955
8,314,212
69,432,967
26,058,315
18,516,096
184,374,053
52,706,184
35,422,302
350,901,656
Ontario
8,001
595,394,608
238,817
117,645,784
297,580,125
579,810,225
Manitoba
439
47,941,540
17,325
10,912,866
30,499,829
53.673,609
Saskatchewan ....
Alberta
173
290
7,019,951
29,518,346
3,250
6,980
1,936,284
4,365,661
2,747,266
9,998,777
6,332,132
18,788,825
Br. Columbia
1915.
Canada
651
15,593
123,027,521
1,958,705,230
33,312
17,240,670
283,311,505
29,917,753
791,943,433
65,204,236
1,381,547,225
P. E. Island
261
1,841,690
543,954
1,499,066
2,586,823
Nova Scotta.. . .
781
125,754,562
17,175,818
36,194,004
69,345,819
N. Brunswick. . . .
Quebec
630
5,743
45,970,488
530,312,464
8,767,230
80,324,171
21,314,643
213,754,115
37,303,900
381,203,999
Ontario
6,538
946,619,114
_
140,609,691
410,670,537
715,531,839
Manitoba
499
94,690,750
_
13,389,569
38,529,386
60,481,446
Saskatchewan ....
Alberta
238
282
14,736,860
41,198,897
2,440,062
4,791,281
7,417,166
20,699,967
13,355,206
29,416,221
Br. Columbia
621
157,580,405
15,269,729
41,864,549
72,321,972
NOTE For 1915 the number of employees in establishments employing 5 hands and
over has not been compiled.
MANUFACTURES
277
83. Statistics of Manufactures, 1917.
(All establi-hments irrespective of number of employees.)
Croups and
Kinds of
Industri.
ib-
liah-
ment-.
ipital.
Em-
plox
on
\V:i.
paid.
f
( ost of
materials.
Value of
products.
1 Food products
No.
8,009
4.112
1,049
4,468
1,249
1,819
433
333
913
2,311
17U
970
201
2.37S
$
290
203,308,587
307,407,980
289,169,396
76,315,861
224.176,986
48,178,985
117,903,392
79,420,372
123,459.129
27,277,858
219, 76(1. (i7.i
42,966,932
680,38."
47380
No.
49.0f,2
78,906
70,071
.139
18,450
40,510
4,325
14,953
11
26,280
8,940
47317
12,289
94
31,950
$
35,301,754
42,801,869
68,947,610
58,757,260
11,789,029
oU, t>04 , , } >
3,1"7
12.
9,418,414
735,232
4,218,041
43,272,215
12386
74.212
24,931,157
S
564,959,467
141,953,358
204,732.121
87,169,851
61,303,948
51,129,1(12
12,859,171
i;:., 575,226
5,408,152
90,790,104
19,092,845
102,258,684
13,385,578
155,381,19 )
7:; 1,838
$ w
265|448|505
400,385,086
225,522,189
104,804,689
148,396,426
29,935,226
133,618,658
32,374,060
171,650,905
46,786,233
197,488,770
37,244,678
386,420,222
80,864,293
2 T \t lies
3 Iron and steel pro
ducts.
4 Timber and lumber
and remanufactures
5 Leather and its
finished product.-
(i Paper and printing
7 Liquors and bever
ages
8 Chemicals and al
lied products. . . .
9 Clay, glass and
-tone product
10 Metals and metal
products other
t han st eel.
11 Tobacco and its
manufacture-
12 Vehicles for hind
and air transpor
tation
13 Vessels for water
transportation. .
14 Miscellaneous in
dustries
15 Hand trades..
Total
34,392 2,786,649,727 641,395 4.55,199,823 1,645,739,644
3,415,577,944
I. Food Products
Baking powder and
flavouring extract.-..
Beef c\t ract
M*
25
3
2,026
3.
6
12
49
19
4
49
982
1,098
8
118
7
31
9
3
7
4
69
299,932,589
1.901,828
15,538
HI. 148, 203
373,022
3,094,648
6,621,831
3,377,943
291,881
1,300,77!
20,366,701
72.573,982
457,267
8,354,097
149,138
2,752,600
704,380
158,090
2,131,565
102,187
68.145.347
49,962
44!*
33
16.241
3,410
1,011
828
592
41
692
5,509
5,428
112
2,594
43
524
95
172
84
19
6.879
35,391,754
241,550
15,605
10.960.606
4.:;77.77!
161,566
397
620.362
417.474
40.429
407,137
2,808.277
4,339,102
46,237
1,047,382
26,250
260,339
87,129
14,504
63,057
14,823
5,760,189
564,959,467
1,464,869
114,14(1
44.201,470
72.Hll.ii77
948,192
2,872,218
6,746,909
6,255,130
34,282
1,162,757
18,482,484
183,586,936
140,795
10,463,221
112,600
1,783,769
545,263
349,694
2,529,954
47,071
117,196,755
754,637,944
2,947,682
262,606
77,223,581
85,731,339
2,193,846
5,270,316
9,840,150
8,090,897
240,731
2,470,344
26,787,114
224,191,735
443,022
16,385,964
269,868
2,997,782
1,006,750
604,622
3,329,625
78,781
153,279,252
Bread, biscuits and
confectionery
Butter and cheese.. . .
( hewing gum
Cocoa and chocolate.
Coffees and spice-
Condensed milk
Confectioner- supplies
Evaporated fruits and
vegetables
Fi-h, preserved...
Flour and gristmill
products
Foods prepared. . . .
Fruit and vegetable
canning
Ice cream cones... .
Jams and jellies
Macaroni and vermi
celli ....
Maple sugar and syrup
Rice cleaning and
polishing
. s ages
Slaughtering and meat
packine. .
278
PRODUCTION
83. Statistics of Manufactures, 1917 con.
Groups and Kinds
of Industries.
Estab
lish
ments.
Capital.
Em
ployees
on
wages.
Wages
paid.
Cost of
materials.
Value of
products.
Food Products con.
Slaughtering, not in-
c 1 u d i ng meat
packing
No.
10
$
17,044,264
No.
1,226
$
1,048,420
$
38,669,565
$
53,441,466
Stock foods
13
375,988
86
49,984
523,404
873 934
Sugar refined
8
31 818 133
2252
1 837,142
53,179,911
73,329,260
Tallow, refined
3
20,564
4
4,468
51,003
69,550
Vinegar and pickles.. .
All other industries. . .
n. Textiles
39
8
4,112
2,316,395
229,384
203,308,587
410
32
78,906
226,423
28,229
42,801,869
1,267,687
217,711
141,953,358
2,947,549
330,174
265,448,565
Awnings, tents and
sails
46
3,140,423
667
292,971
1,585,691
2,613,887
Bags, cotton
11
5,693,056
624
382,526
8,469,752
12,490,588
Batting
3
450,267
61
36,036
164,797
323,989
Blankets and sweat
pads
4
671,747
216
106,898
470,117
834,606
Carpets
5
2,534,799
498
314,131
1,192,063
1,881,631
Clothing, men s, cus
tom. ...
1,555
9,307,153
5,705
3,300,402
6,092,339
14,195,406
Clothing, men s fac
tory
170
23,219,325
8,599
5,281,217
16,189,255
31,334,575
Clothing, women s,
custom.
1,406
6,011,022
4,577
2,207,003
5,202,602
11,180,815
Clothing, women s
factory
172
17,689,249
11,299
6,747,794
15,505,720
32,174,842
Cordage, rope and
twine.
8
7,454,701
1,130
642,004
5,055,642
8,323,391
Cotton and wool waste
Cottons
3
26
104,020
40,047,538
35
15,053
22,820
6,591,856
78,005
19,506,546
202,301
40,139,202
Embroidery
4
24,585
31
21,586
26,038
70,794
Flax, dressed
21
444,858
278
101,701
93,800
485,416
Fur goods
55
852,423
267
204,363
848,920
1,523,552
Furnishing goods,
men s
84
10,584,764
5,248
2,160,867
8,312,877
14,554,670
Furs dressed
12
575,423
488
347,296
266,804
1,071,805
Hats, caps and furs. .
Hosiery and knit
goods
198
102
12,349,578
29,073,961
3,558
11,080
2,457,943
5,730,517
8,446,416
19,443,108
15,551,825
33,770,588
Laces and braids
8
417,081
152
72,290
290,252
666,264
Linen
3
1,250,876
208
96,647
229,150
645,628
Mats and rugs
6
173,156
76
40,104
24,141
179,747
Neckwear
14
1,292,853
547
253,129
1,185,101
2,102,255
Oiled clothing
4
81,601
58
18,572
69,310
127,184
Quilted goods
5
197,777
106
39,417
121,574
240,287
Regalia and society
emblems. . .
4
55,706
23
12,494
22,195
66,983
Shoddy
12
1,176,031
251
202,405
1,442,905
2,561,382
Silk and silk goods . . .
Textiles, dyeing and
finishing
9
6
2,223,164
410,094
824
143
392,398
88,496
837,041
160,426
2,372,001
398,559
Thread
3
2,097,095
443
169,489
988,487
2,619,456
Waterproof clothing...
Wool , carding and
fulling
17
34
1,159,935
695,452
428
84
283,877
43,567
1,033,642
624,163
2,197,808
857,098
Woollen goods. . . .
80
15,350,625
5,208
3,404,071
11,807,969
18,647,576
Woollen yarns
8
2,783,576
481
308,128
2,383,011
3,640,468
Wool pulling
3
94,850
12
8,493
180,841
219,984
All other industries. .
in. Iron and Steel
products
11
1,049
3,619,823
307,407,980
448
70,071
408,316
68,947,610
3,602,658
204,732 121
5,182,002
400,385,086
Boilers and engines . .
Bridges, iron and steel
58
18
23,502,637
17,488,547
7,646
4,895
8,253,379
5,538,765
8,042,105
5,772,752
26,269,442
16,321,936
MAXCFACTURES
279
88. Statistics of Manufactures, 1917 ooa.
Groups and Kinds
of Industi :
Estab
lish
ments.
Capital.
Em
ploy
on
wages.
Waged
paid.
( !o01 of
materials.
Value of
products.
III. Iron and Steel
prod. con.
Cash carriers and
registers
Xo.
3
$
1,187,121
No.
87
$
111.104
$
174,838
$
1,806
3
78,650
26
10,613
24,758
50,147
( hains
t
1,982.
494
380,419
661,720
l,758,:>7h
Cutlery and Edge
tools
19
2, MI), :>27
491
350
1,534
1,895, tin;
- ami mi niIiN . ..
10
^ r>,453
848
266,407
136,717
631
Files
4
590,::.;
201
151
139,770
1,760
Foundry and machine
shop products ..
69,915, (i:;j
21,535
18,602
101
66,946,483
Gas machines
8
312,972
L29
100,306
130,729
420,543
Hardware
4
148,140
37
136
225,128
Hardware, carriage
and saddlery
5
2,232,349
1 ,4LV)
1.271,852
j Mir
3. 424. 090
Iron and >teel products
Iron pig
76
10
41,192
32,50d
11,228
1,241
10,184
1,590
ML II. 2M2
10,ti.v.i.:.7ii
58,7 ,i7.7.;i
767,060
Knitting machines
Rolling mills and steel
furnaces
3
40
117
91,894,777
46
15,021
19,191
18,320,740
,671
108,t):iv.i:>ii
81,250
170,r,7 .).ooo
Safes and vaults. .
5
705
183
i:>;
i :;:>. in
479,673
Saws
13
2,312,285
395
337,073
^,878
2,00s
Scales. . . .
8
1,002,378
390
337
\348
1,334,416
mg machines and
attachments
4
2,136,518
862
52,995
567,4<)7
1,688,702
Skates
4
87,964
13
10
7,578
646
Stamps and stencils...
Stoves and hot air
furnaces
26
8
1,646,665
635,470
585
119
51i.
95,948
947
97,532
2,247.420
306,363
Structural ironwork.
Tools and implements
Transmission machin-
erv. .
9
24
3
482,1 Ml
3,073,079
148,016
78
588
58
99373
416,211
59,870
2,500
888,708
91,695
481,410
2.270,401
249,598
Wire
20
4,353,351
868
:,788
3,407,028
6,187,14:.
Wire fencing. . .
19
3,668
580
516,111
:;iM
5,473,667
All other industries..
IV. Timber and
Lumber and their
re-manufactures.
Artificial limbs and
trusses
9
4,463
19
1,066,970
289,769,396
353.:.:..")
551
92,139
112
475,684
.>N.7.7.
69,747
059,206
87,169,851
242,564
3,067,724
225,522,189
515,915
Baskets
24
491,262
367
166,44s
147,044
468,735
Billiard tables and
materials
3
313,805
98
78,773
209,544
428,136
Boxes, cigar
8
709,7:>7
394
147,053
362,758
725,369
Boxes, wooden
101
14,803,366
8,480
5,266,701
8,855,802
20,549,935
Coffins and caskets. . .
Cooperage
25
110
1,847, 754
2,871,475
465
945
300,014
611,152
:. .M),927
1,237,903
1,405,234
2,473,813
Corks
11
1,400 908
209
101,109
336,466
678,769
Furniture and uphol
stered goods.. .
247
30,091,111
7,655
4,514,622
6,423,328
15,941,159
Lasts and pegs
8
543,063
164
107,267
100,988
355,640
Log products sawmill.
Lumber products
Matches
2,879
753
3
149,266,019
37,841,915
1,368,296
54,676
8,260
443
34,412,411
5,403,190
184,965
40,725,028
15,472,957
610,930
115,884,905
29,347,148
1,784,618
Picture frames
37
1,023,128
342
245,271
298,526
815,072
Pumps and windmills
Refrigerators
63
11
4,199,748
633 448
1,188
152
1,053,687
110,367
532,556
417,812
2,346,394
813,552
Shooks, box. . . .
5
450 398
402
267,730
701,636
1,183,137
Show cases
17
713 369
199
169 786
242 507
751,208
Wickerware. .
12
382.118
294
104.620
119,310
4C4.76
280
PRODUCTION
83. Statistics of Manufactures, 1917 con.
Groups and Kinds
of Industries.
Estab
lish
ments.
Capital.
Em
ployees
on
wages.
Wages
paid.
Cost of
materials.
Value of
products.
IV. Timber and
Lumber and their
re-manufactures
concluded.
Woodenware
No.
8
$
735,156
No.
273
$
136 063
$
223 723
$
583 923
Woodpulp, chemical
and mechanical
Woodworking and
turning
34
75
35,958,756
2,824,289
5,661
1 304
4,524,191
731 402
7,556,233
1 651 386
24,496,679
3 234,510
All other industries. . .
V. Leather and its
finished products.
Belting and hose,
leather
10
1,249
4
346,700
76,315,861
1 084,988
56
18,459
83
50,691
11,789,029
57 348
109,923
61,303,948
852 328
273,578
104,804,689
1 249 841
Boots and shoes
185
31,486,345
11 338
7 020 431
26 780 543
49,170,062
Boot and shoe repairs.
Boot and shoe supplies
Harness and saddlery
Leather, tanned and
curried
386
18
485
136
481,704
518,541
9,095,402
30,582,483
435
268
1,631
3 774
260,473
146,472
1,148,231
2 670, 04C
300,912
624,648
4,779,949
26,624 477
852,783
1,060,996
8,768,722
41,117,128
Leather goods
28
1,912,248
562
280 277
775 831
1,478,447
Trunks and valises... .
All other industries. . .
VI. Paper and print
ing. .
5
2
1,819
970,009
184,141
224,176,986
325
34
40,516
177,618
28,136
30,504,946
462,271
102,989
51,129,102
900,020
206,690
148,396,426
Blue prints
7
224,843
44
28 744
64 765
158,536
Boxes and bags, paper
Flv paper. .
83
4
7,695,125
49,146
3,427
37
1,543,915
10,561
5,061,015
55,461
10,313,025
124,954
Lithographing and
engraving
73
6 560,512
2 008
1 580 441
1 992 599
5,951 973
Maps
6
39,210
27
16,616
8,901
78,170
Paper
26
8,404,264
1 561
1 017,049
5 371,944
9,383,729
Paper board
3
1,863,133
302
276 907
410,971
1,623,287
Paper patterns
5
324,734
102
43 596
98 626
479,271
Printing and book
binding
613
19,444,104
7 389
5 150 974
6 224 349
19,457,746
Printing and publish
ing. .
916
30,978,517
9 692
7 521,861
7,389,524
31,453,622
Pulp and paper
23
142,424,385
14 153
12 236 571
21 784 685
62,459,916
Stationery goods
40
4,314,437
1 271
736 683
1 938 04
4,723,625
Stereotyping and
electrotyping
9
210,299
113
98 843
63,285
412,702
Wall paper
3
1,148,920
263
146 578
294 218
1,041,321
Waxed paper
5
317 260
59
39 341
295 433
515,719
All other industries. . .
VII. Liquors and
beverages
f
c
433
178,097
48,178,985
62
4,325
56,266
3,167,655
75,279
12,859,171
218,830
29,935,226
Aerated and mineral
waters
335
4 905 062
1 209
786 181
1 730,138
4,440,496
Liquors, distilled
ij
/
12,005,80
609
441,799
3,059,371
8,025,089
Liquors, malt
74
29,580,433
2 389
1,836,387
6,746,640
15,425,763
Liquors, vinous
13
1,144,963
57
41,972
267,40C
560,294
Malt
4
542,718
61
61,316
1,055,622
1,483,584
VIII. Chemicals and
allied products
Ammonia
333
r
117,963,392
341,418
14,953
26
12,255,227
24,880
65,575,226
93,124
133,618,658
265,175
Ashes, pot and pearl. .
Carbonic acid gas. .
r
<L
r
8,643
345,551
2
21
800
23,051
10,000
22,622
20,080
184,472
Disinfectants
6
37,001
20
14.194
10,702
65,565
Drugs and chemicals .
Explosives. .
65
22,162,727
15.846.540
3,478
3.228
2,324,743
3.192,697
9,562,021
13,975,730
21,662,174
26,163,373
MANUFACTURES
281
83. Statistics of Manufactures, 1917-
Group? and Kinds
of Industi
Kstab-
Ifeh-
ments.
tpital.
Em
ploy
on
war
Wa.
paid.
( ost of
materials.
Value of
products.
VIII. Chemicals and
allied products
conclude* 1.
Fertilizers
In^ct powder
Oila
Xo.
12
3
23
$
763,101
3d
4,273,
No.
315
4
490
$
17
1,791
353,170
$
1,229,590
-.02 1
5,456,998
$
2,295,074
71,223
7,476,011
Oxygen gas . .
Paints and varnis
Patent medicines
4
M
97
536,500
29,495,363
6,047,732
52
1,317
] ,252
47
882
677,973
24,667
9,824,799
2,915,903
:,40,7(i5
20,035
8,774,014
Perfumery and cos
metics
7
343,316
74
43,535
171,139
471,673
Petroleum . . .
6
If, ,498,819
2,620
2,62(1
14,454,933
2 .i.. 179,303
Salt
10
1,609,140
257
180,222
_
1,04(1,717
Starch and glucose...
d (list ilhtt ion ....
13
1]
3,670,806
4,050,061
615
47(1
42*
561
3,777,833
2,169,821
5,292,771
5,2(11.17(1
All other industries. . .
IX. Clay, glass and
stone products
Abrasive goods
10
913
11
S36.001
79,429,372
3,097,289
712
11,979
741
694,154
9,418,414
1,847,323
5,498,152
1,212,623
4,413,138
32,37 4,9*9
181,932
Brick, tile and pottery
( Vrnent, Portland . . . .
ient products
Fire clay and fire brick
1
251
11
220
3
11
18,740,386
34.109,104
2,478,127
579,287
5,344,573
2,160
1 .420
1,422
2,110,842
1,314
1,117,347
:,884
:
<j 12,139
1,306,934
4,324,243
7,825,922
926,634
:i(K),685
4373,471
Glass, stained, cut and
ornamental . .
Lime...
18
66
601,352
4,495,629
255
160
511
|,982
615,718
1,558,487
Mirror? and plate glass
Monuments and tomb-
nes ,
Paving blocks
Stiver pipe
18
237
4
2,159,321
3,022,915
2,414
2, 458 ,383
190
917
31
144
896
393,960
943,712
16,742
1,056,347
2,f>28,073
,S14
7^ 477
Stone, artificial
;
(4,140
17
11,887
:^,259
Statuary and art goods
Stone, monumental,
building, etc. . .
3
42
74,839
1,292,524
44
29,300
267.256
11,331
266,546
526
876,045
Wall plaster
All other industry
X. Metals and metal
products other
than iron and
steel
3
2
2,311
475,289
74,800
123,459,129
23
20
2,2s9
19,190
13,996
22,735,232
46,581
64,715
99,799,194
107,975
113,452
171, (59,995
Aluminium
4
5,219,730
7s]
,967
2,550,210
7 431,380
Babbit metal and sol
der
8
758,509
117
73,182
1.455,993
1 742,885
Brass castings
Brass and iron beds.. .
Electroplating.
76
6
14
13,525,945
444,094
479,673
3,642
116
108
3,206,823
73,834
( . .">
15,671,651
305,384
131,026
24,412,514
560,951
348 428*
Engravers supplies. . .
Ferro allove
3
4
23,418
2,200,512
8
654
8,485
671,592
42,055
982,206
84,324
3 747 005
Gold and silver, re
ducing and refining.
Jewellery and repairs
Lamps and lanterns. . .
Lightning rods
4
438
9
7
1,643,550
4,607,579
811,026
132,847
157
1,898
504
29
147,501
1,291,157
184,343
22,429
1,920,365
1,919,670
406,687
164,636
3,028,609
4,993,798
1,066,093
231,463
Metallic roofing and
flooring. .
19
3,973,199
937
712 766
3,113,425
5 931 672
Pins....
3
288 238
10 9
57 109
139 875
77 683
Plumbers supplies. . ..
Plumbing and tin-
smithing .
22
1 656
4,480,231
26,615 027
1,550
9 1">.1
1,356,663
6 482 238
6,622,309
18,818 887
11,463,347
34 584 083
Silversmith ing
15
2,401 524
539
447 189
803,202
1 798 865
Smelting. . .
17
55 056 235
5 J
7 095 661
35 671 420
69 62 673
All ether industries. . .
6
797,792
184
168,071
71,103
685,132
282
PRODUCTION
83. Statistics of Manufactures, 1917 COD.
Groups and Kinds
of Industries.
Estab
lish
ments.
Capital.
Em
ployees
on
wages.
Wages
paid.
Cost of
materials.
Value of
products.
XI. Tobacco and its
manufactures
No.
176
$
27,277,858
No.
8,940
$
4,218,041
$
19,092,845
$
46,786,233
Tobacco, chewing,
smoking and snuff . .
Tobacco, cigars and
cigarettes
30
146
9,038,196
18,239,662
2,069
6,871
950,805
3,267,236
3,791,055
15,301,790
14,641,039
32,145,194
XH. Vehicles for
land and air trans
portation
970
219,766,079
47,817
43,272,215
102,258,684
197,488,770
Aeroplanes
3
2,044,426
1,368
1,717,316
2,067,359
6,077,176
Automobiles
11
28,192,858
5,015
4,862,779
35,585,820
54,466,273
Automobile parts and
accessories
24
3,155,893
1,527
1,198,596
3,795,308
6,519,868
Bicycles
13
1,212,331
540
453,230
702,514
1,457,994
Car repairs
125
68,763,298
15,982
14,287,115
14,969,700
36,939,211
Carriages and wagons.
Carriage and wagon
materials
758
23
15,281,317
2,841,371
3,489
803
2,407,556
647,969
5,040,957
1,416,576
10,939,065
2,524,656
Cars and car works . . .
XIII. Vessels for
water transporta
tion
13
201
98,274,585
42,966,932
19,093
12,289
17,697,654
12,886,720
38,680,450
13,385,578
78,564,527
37,244,678
Boats and canoes
131
1,465,342
919
618,065
720,906
1,963,328
Ships and ship repairs.
XIV. Miscellaneous
Industries
70
2,378
41,501,590
680,385,347
11,370
94,534
12,268,655
74,212,694
12,664,672
155,381,195
35,281,350
386,420,222
Agricultural imple
ments
90
70,493,801
9,562
8,012,560
15,641,019
32,471,300
Ammunition
122
66,112,367
37,490
33,737,434
42,626,603
112,866,838
Artificial feathers and
flowers
15
517,748
291
150,193
178,317
564,416
Asbestos
8
1,180,636
121
79,101
130,473
402,277
Asphalt ...
13
933,052
216
195,212
262,550
674,900
Blacking
31
650,165
198
103,729
523,603
1,101,461
Boiler compound
4
14,467
2
2,700
10,328
27,720
Boots and shoes, rub
ber
6
6,602,967
3,661
1,916,309
3,224,010
9,682,793
Brooms and brushes . .
Buttons
68
21
1,901,602
793,247
887
547
478,608
186,314
1,348,647
301,323
2,395,876
800,356
China and glass decor
ating
c
26,145
7
4,224
3,695
14,300
Church ornaments
Coke
4
tj
i
12,950
15,271,939
19
1,081
9,325
1,069,940
15,060
7,065,555
37,900
10,635,030
Combs
K
105,041
110
47,211
80,584
220,936
Conduits
f
439,865
50
38,036
323,947
507,535
Corsets and supplies . .
Cream separators ....
14
f
3,296,856
1,835,431
1,419
438
503,261
409,150
1,519,590
614,825
3,275,262
1,750,076
Dental supplies
F
4
303,904
41
17,851
544,770
723,737
Electrical apparatus
and supplies
75
38,523,398
8,234
6,061,850
20,158,007
40,204,245
Electric light anc
power
666
356,004,168
5,501
4,334,413
44,536,848
Elevators
6
3,226,664
971
964,482
1,037,230
2,608,335
Elevator repairs
12
701,495
144
168,879
81,260
485,950
Enamel ware
f
t
1,965,594
364
305,072
380,659
1,213,000
Fancy goods
12
602,988
331
186,618
459,018
998,575
Fire extinguishers
Flour paste
L
t
1,024,970
69,790
83
23
60,774
11,209
163,368
113,999
549,384
151,482
Fringes, cords anc
tassels . .
i
184,843
102
56,157
81,483
233,846
MANUFACTURES
283
83. Statistics of Manufactures, 1917 concluded.
Groups and Kinds
of Industr
! ^tab-
lish-
ments.
Capital.
Em
ployees
on
wages.
Wages
paid.
Cost of
materials.
Value of
products.
XIV. Miscellaneous
Industries con.
Gas, lighting anc
heating
Xo.
43
$
23,709,145
No.
1,138
$
1,112,984
$
3,243,85
$
10,691,584
Gloves and mittens..
Glue
64
i
4.375.29S
930,552
2,758
189
1,069,112
166,193
5,265.806
526,065
10,885,011
1,053,436
Hairwork
1
304,303
86
51,530
100,182
265,213
manufactured . . .
Inks
18
12
1,787,768
833,235
190
140
154,432
111 200
24,120
615 7".
443,863
1,327,392
Instruments, mathe
matical and scientific
Jewellery cases
t
i
13,650
88 .
i
49
*,1M
4 913
9,166
22 256
19,497
71 877
Labels and tags
t
273 412
135
60 90
83 833
^ 203 842
Mattresses and spring
beds
56
4,067,696
1 131
724 277
2 447 523
r"
4,507,768
Mica, cut
11
539,008
882
136 826
152 334
409,107
Mops
45,538
16
11 664
50 795
1 93 394
Musical instruments. .
Musical instrument
materials
52
11
9,600,982
1,814,320
2,451
m
1,860,017
502 774
3,071,038
706 151
i. 7,065,955
1 632 991
Optical goods
24
2 603 741
831
m440
197 663
661 431
Patterns
15
66,336
1 ,57 343
22 10L
136 412
Phonographs and
graphophonefl
4
136 14.
61
1
53 630
39 317
m910
Photographs
437
1 364 373
722
454 883
459 528
1 743 168
Pipe and boiler cover
ing. .
168 141
L .s
23 895
80 485
153 420
Pipes, tobacco
4
14,905
6
9 048
- ,
28 188
Plaster
4
550 419
71
53 538
211 ( i )7
241 332
Pullevs
4
149 049
59
47 218
61 ^Oi
149 167
Kaihvav supplies
4
,522
43
34 658
71 348
210,325
Roofing and roofing
materials
57
3,806,035
698
532 187
2 619 377
4 786 871
Rubber and elastic
goods
19
21 793 016
5 227
3 911 605
16 535 579
33 956 395
: cleaning and pre
paring. .
16
1,916 952
356
188 710
3 465 354
4 387 001
Signs
70
440,574
326
245 4s
">7 562
924 290
Soap. .
34
10,380 117
1 085
fug , ,
11 707 158
17 847 074
Sporting and athletic
goods
m
t
320,999
200
79 369
21 001
399 234
Sweeping compounds.
Tovs and games.
10
14
51,862
227,626
11
121
6,815
49 187
21,368
78 689
67,041
215 405
Typewriters and sup
plies
5
233 7r
44
30 347
140 749
289 411
Umbrellas
10
319,060
156
61 331
274 408
496 467
Vacuum cleaners
5
111,610
22
20,538
105 338
222,323
Washing compounds. .
Washing machines and
wringers
9
5
94,133
662,950
48
163
34,722
120 263
74,775
276 630
165,779
615 526
Wax candles. .
7
97,843
19
9 930
37 847
112 699
Weather-stripe
10
58,917
17
12 534
31 944
72 585
Window blinds and
shades
8
1,737,108
323
169 059
941 417
1 161 782
Window fixtures
6
113,025
76
42,792
64 236
169,050
Not specified
13
1,915,181
371
330 791
415 748
1,249,516
All other industries. . .
XV. Hand Trades. . .
Automobile repairs . . .
Bicvcle repairs
71
5,976
497
96
11,612,062
47,88,234
4,431,926
417,862
2,142
31,950
1,542
153
1,710,470
24,931,157
1,200,958
121 551
3,752,764
29,731,838
1,961,773
186 226
8,015,112
80,864,273
5,091,066
426 943
Blacksmithing
3,694
7,972,422
4 036
2 588 207
1 758 746
6 987 512
Dyeing and cleaning. .
Housebuilding. .
293
900
5,484,452
24,905,927
5,229
17 714
2,962,200
16 321 008
1,254,731
22 740 Q20
7,089,297
54 668 2 f i ( i
Interior decorations. .
Laundries, steam. . .
15
34
834,939
674,181
261
633
173,711
350 079
251,270
153 874
586,179
831 247
Lock and gunsmithing
Painting and glazing . ,
42
405
1,571,867
1,586,658
1,045
1,337
411,998
801,445
530,268
894,030
1,327,056
3,856,718
284
PRODUCTION
84. Establishments and Total Production by Group Values, 1915 and 1917.
Groups of Values.
Establishments.
Total Production.
Average Production.
1915.
1917.
1915.
1917.
1915.
1917.
Under $25,000
No.
16,174
1,832
1,318
835
635
288
197
27
No.
26,539
2,730
1,874
1,248
1,042
485
388
1 5?
21
I 8
$
111,084,502
64,070,129
92,091,455
116,406,073
198,834,765
201,054,201
414,518,358
\ 209,077,657
$
222,968,217
95,313,970
131,218,419
176,830,624
330,770,227
335,998,851
802,400,820
f 385,319,591
\ 308,784,068
[ 225,973,153
$
6,868
69,873
69,872
139,409
313,126
698,105
2,104,154
[ 7,743,617
$
8,402
34,913
70,021
141,691
320,514
692,781
2,068,043
f 6,579,993
\ 14,704,003
( 28,246,644
$25,000 but under $50,000
$50,000 " $100,000
$100,000 " $200,000
$200,000 " $500,000
$500,000 " 1,000,000
$1,000,000 " $5,000,000
$5,000,000 " $10,000,000
$10,000,000 " $20,000,OCO
$20,000,000 and over
Total. .
21.306
34.392
1.407.137.140
3.015.577.940
66,044
87,683
85. Male and Female Employees on Salaries and Wages, by Provinces, 1917.
Provinces.
Employees on
Salaries.
Salaries.
Employees on
Wages.
Wages.
Males.
Females
Males. .
Females.
Prince Edward Island
No.
150
1,949
2,165
16,833
27,758
2,802
941
1,730
3,320
17
No.
27
503
530
3,774
9,374
663
172
359
536
2
$
115,897
2,623,567
2,590,025
26,659,515
49,270,800
4,569,123
1,276,270
2,468,993
5,387,360
30,696
No.
1,299
25,250
15,509
148,326
233,041
16,397
6,583
8,483
33,840
43
No.
447
3,696
3,159
42,085
56,462
2,808
514
952
2,402
9
$
721,333
20,929,523
11,232,421
131,475,410
229,191,908
15,029,928
5,730,803
7,918,386
32,882,006
88,105
Nova Scotia
New Brunswick
Quebec
Ontario
Manitoba
Saskatchewan
Alberta
British Columbia
Yukon
Canada. .
57.665
15.940
94.992,246
488,771
112,534
455,199,823
86. Number of Employees by Weekly Wage Groups, 1917.
Weekly Wage Groups.
Under 16 Years of
Age.
Over 16 Years of
Age.
Total.
Males.
Females.
Males.
Females.
Under $3
No.
16
1,155
1,735
1,513
1,599
1,233
929
452
403
238
119
23
7
No.
25
1,655
1,346
1,634
1,372
835
534
247
90
62
35
7
10
No.
67
514
2,004
7,400
6,676
7,523
9,127
14,557
27,629
67,663
135,826
81,383
63,618
No.
157
1,059
7,661
9,332
12,428
14,941
14,749
14,588
15,384
10,120
5,626
1,771
470
No.
265
4,383
12,746
19,879
22,075
24,532
25,339
29,844
43,506
78,083
141,606
83,184
64,105
$3 but under $4 . .
$4 " $5
$5 " $6..
$6 " $7
$7 " $8
$8 " $9.
$9 " $10
$10 " $12
$12 " $15
$15 " $20
$20 " $25
$25 and over
Total
9,422
8,632
91-62
790
8-38
7,852
7,648
97-40
204
2-60
423,987
47,868
11-29
376,119
88-71
108,286
74,915
69-18
33,371
30-82
549,547
139,0,63
25-31
410,484
74-69
Summary.
Under $10 per week
Per cent
Over $10 per week
Per cent. .
11 -.\TKll
CANADA
285
87. Wage Earners classified by Groups of Industries and of Wages, 1917.
< .roups of Industries.
I rider
$5 per
Week.
$5 to
$10 per
Week.
$10 to
$15 per
Week.
-51.-) to
per
Week.
$20 to
$25 per
\\eek.
$25 and
over per
Week.
Total
wage
Kanier-.
Food products
No.
Xo.
1 (I ()>>
Xo.
13
Xo.
13
Xo.
6 391
Xo.
.->4.->
Xo.
->i> )I
Textile-
22 17 .>
11) 7K,
2 528
x l si 1
Iron and steel product^. .
Timber and lumber and their
re-manufarturrs. .
Leather and its finished pro
ducts
LM
5,547
9,782
10,762
i 1 ;
10,510
15,536
1 545
14,641
1,833
67,654
34.320
18 909
Pap-r and printing
10,171
r, {);o
5,047
4-> -v.4
Liquors and be\ . -\
41
746
L229
1 4.^5
4 "<)>
( heinirals and allied products
Clay, glass and stone products
Metals and metal products
other than iron and steel
Tobacco and it- manufacture
Vehicles for lain! trans;-,
t ion
189
41X
1,872
1,204
4,315
1,709
2. .14 4
11
4,162
4.7-D
2.13:>
16
3,078
842
10
1,092
ng
14.30.-)
12,400
371
9,463
400
:"ir water t ran<pi >rta-
tion
4 472
:; lx|
3
Ifi 4.V
Miscellaneous industries
16
17.068
13
12
Hand trades. .
1,117
6,492
4 568
31
Total 17,394 r 1.669 l 1,5*9 141,606 S3, 1*4 64,105 ,>49,.->l7
WATER POWERS OF CANADA.
BY J. B. CHALLIES, C.E. (Tor.), M.E.I.C., Director of Water I,>w.-r. 1 ). partm.-nt of the
Interior, Ott;i
During the past few years the fuel situation throughout the
world has become chaotic. Coal, which formerly was obtainable
almost everywhere at reasonable rates, lias become very expensive
and the supply uncertain. In order to obtain essential supplies of
energy, and to combat the rising costs which are strangling industrial
progress, there has been during the war years a very marked develop
ment of water power and a general stock-taking of water power
resourct Table 88 gives a summary of the area, population, availal >le
and developed water power in the countries of the British Empire
as derived from the most reliable sources.
The table includes only those British Possessions known to possess
water resources, although in some cases the column headed "Available"
has been left blank, as no estimates of the totals have yet been made.
The best informed authorities place the Empire s water power resources
in the countries listed in the table at from 50 to 70 million horse
power. There are other British possessions not listed in the table
having an aggregate area of 2,282,400 sq. miles and a population of
23,268,000, regarding which there is no water power information,
although it is reasonable to suppose that water power resources exist.
From this total, small island areas such as those of Hong Kong,
Bermuda, etc., have been omitted. It should also be noted that no
286
PRODUCTION
88. Water Powers of the British Empire.
Country.
Area in sq.
miles.
Population.
Horse-Power.
Available.
Developed or
under con
struction.
1 TTnitpd Kinerdom
121,630
1,669,000
230,840
25,332
2,000,000 1
42,730
2,974,580
309,460
87,884
670,500
93,591
104,750
473,075
440,000
444,842
336,000
80,000
89,480
8,598
90,540
70,000
280
27,500
45,516,000
302,885,000
12,115,000
4,547,000
8,835,000
252,800
4,455,000
1,646,700
1,315,550
604,800
203,177
1,162,000
5,973,000
1,656,000
20,178,000
17,500,000
1,503,400
313,900
42,300
201,400
230,000
12,800
1,037,000
963,000
"Possibilities
very great"
7,000,000
"Known to be
large."
19,554,000
1,000,000
150,000
400,000
400,000
3,822,000
500,000
250,000
250,000
"Enormous"
10,000,000
7,000,000
10,000,000
500,000
210,000
142,000
2,305,000
60,000
50,000
17,350
60,000
11,250
3 Burma
Sr^anarlfl,
6 Newfoundland
7. Australia (includes 8, 9, 10,
11)
8 New South Wales .
12 New Zealand
13 Union of South Africa
14 Rhodesia . N. & S
is! W. Africa ( includes 16 &17).
17 Gold Coast
19 Br Honduras
90 NPW friiinea British .
20a. New Guinea, former
German.
21 Pacific Islands
22 T<Vd Malav States..
1 Portion of area likely to be developed in the next fifty years.
allowance is made for former German possessions, 1,058,400 sq. miles
in area and having 12,828,000 population, nearly all of which have
now fallen under British influence.
Table 89 indicates the water power resources of certain foreign
countries and the extent of their development. It must be under
stood that this table is based on the pre-war map and that the figures
are not up to date in every case.
89. Water Powers of Foreign Countries.
Country.
Area in sq.
miles.
Population.
Horse-Power.
Available.
Developed or
under con
struction.
241,491
3,218,991
13,153,712
125,689
207,054
208,780
41,933
85,118
110,632
49,316,678
24,618,429
434,286,650
3,277,100
39,602,258
67,812,000
4,812,300
90,000
36,546,437
6,460,000
26,000,000
60,000,000 !
3,000,000
4,600,000
(min.)
8,000,000
(av.)
1,425,000
66,000
4,000,000
7,000,000
566,000
320,000
2,855,600
150,000
1,200,000
618,000
6,27a
1,500,000
"Rriti^Vi T^mnire
Italv
Estimated to be between 50,000,000 and 70,000,000.
WATER. I OU KRS OF CANADA
287
xi.
Powers of Foreign Countries concluded.
Country.
Area in sq.
miles.
Population.
Horse-Power.
Available.
Developed or
under con
struction.
japan.
148,756
124,643
8,764,586
190,050
17:^,035
15,76
3,026,789
56,860,735
2,391,782
is L .is 2 ,600
19,050,817
5,757,566
3,880,500
103,500.47.,
2,500,000
(min.)
5,000,000
(av)
5,500,000
20,000,000
5,000,000
6,700,000
- .000.000
30,000,000
685,000
1,300,000
1,000,000
>,300
1,105,000
511,000
7,000,000
Russian Empire ....
Spain
Switzerland .
ted States
This brief summary of tin- water power situation in the British
Empire and in foreign countries indicates the extent of the world s
water power resources, and gives some idea of the great part that
water power will lie called upon to play in industrial and domestic
circles. Canada is everywhere recognized as the Empire s pioneer in
water power matters, for not only are its water power resources
greater than those of any other country in the Empire, but nearly
81 p.c. of the total water power developed lies within its confines.
90. Water Powers in Canada by Provinces, 1919.
Province.
Area in
square miles.
Population.
Water Power
Available,
. H.-P.
British Columbia
615,680
3,000,000
Alberta
255,300
521,852
466,000
Saskatchewan. . .
25 1.700
673
7,000
Manitoba
j-ii.son
,200
3,218,000
Ontario
407,300
2.741,601
5,800,000
Quebec . . .
7 if, ,800
2,239,276
6,000,000
Brunswick
28,000
364,375
300,000
Nova >cot i:i .
21,400
511,829
100,000
Prinoe Kdward Island .
JOO
93,728
3,000
Yukon .
207,100
8,512
100,000
Northwest Territories
1 , 242,200
18,481
No e.-iiinate.
Total
3,729,700
8,381,569
19.5.i 1,000
Province.
Water Power Developed, H.-P.
ntral 1
Electric
Stations.
Pulp^
and
Paper.
Other
Industries.
Total.
H.-P. per
1,000
Population.
British Columbia
221,625
32,580
64,100
791,163
597,601
6,878
3,354
170
10,000
46,450
133,932
155,512
2,800
13,500
44,348
300
12,072
59,945
89,648
5,191
9,170
1,559
3,392
312,423
32,880
76,172
985,060
842,761
14,869
26,024
1,729
13,392
506
63
133
359
376
41
51
19
1,574
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
Ontario
Quebec
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
Prince Edward Island
Yukon
Northwest Territories
Total..
1,727,471
352,214
225,625
2,305,310
276
includes only Hydro-electric stations which develop power for sale,
includes only power owned by pulp and paper companies. A further 100,000 H.P. or
upwards is purchased by pulp and paper companies from central electric stations.
288 TRADE AND COMMERCE
In a country so large as Canada estimates as to available power
are necessarily approximate, but Table 90 summarizes briefly the water
power situation in Canada by provinces, and it should be observed
that no estimate of available water power has been made for the
Northwest Territories, where there are undoubtedly great water
power resources. The information in this table regarding the power
developed in Canada is obtained from the recent census taken by the
Dominion Water Power Branch in co-operation with the Dominion
Bureau of Statistics. This census also reveals the fact that practi
cally 90 p.c. of the central station power in Canada is derived from water
power, and that in Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec, provinces which
have to import their coal supplies from other provinces or from the
United States, the proportion is practically 95 p.c. It is therefore
obvious that Canada as a whole, and central Canada in particular, owes
much of its prosperity and many of the amenities of civilization to its
water power resources. It is all the more gratifying therefore to
observe that only a comparatively small proportion of the water
power resources have so far been developed, and that there are still
ample resources available for future progress. All that is necessary
is wise and co-operative investigation, development and adminis
tration of these resources for domestic, industrial, electro-chemical
and transportation requirements. Such a policy has already been
inaugurated, and its continuance and development will go far to ameli
orate conditions arising out of the increasingly difficult coal situation.
VIIL TRADE AND COMMERCE. 1
Included in this section are tables showing the exports and
imports of Canada in different categories and for varying periods.
These are followed by grain statistics and statistics relating to boun
ties, patents and copyrights, trade marks, etc.
Import and Export Tables.- -Table 1 is designed to present
a general view of the aggregate trade of Canada from 1868 to 1919.
In the Year Book for 1916-17 (p. 297) and 1918 (p. 285), the cor
responding table was constructed to show the total trade of Canada
as made up of imports of merchandise entered for home consumption
and of total exports, including exports of foreign produce. The
reasons for the changes there made in the construction of the table,
as compared with previous years, were explained in the Year
Book for 1916-17, pp. 294-5. In connection with a further examina
tion of the customs data, and especially with a reclassincation recently
effected by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, it is considered that
a truer presentation of the trade statistics of Canada will be made
by omitting altogether from the values representing the total trade
the amounts of foreign produce. This is especially the case in con
nection with Table 4, showing values per capita, because if foreign
produce be included with the total exports it should in strictness be
also included with the total imports. Accordingly, the aggregate
trade of Canada, as shown in the last column of Table 1 (p. 290),
consists of the value of the imports entered for home consumption
(column 4) and of the exports of Canadian produce (column 5). At
the same time, the value of the exports of foreign produce is given in
TRADE AND COMMERCE
AGGREGATE EXTERNAL TRADE OF CANADA, 1901-1919.
Each vertical line represents one year from 1901 to 1919, and each horizontal line
represents $50,000,000 from zero to $2,590,000,000.
.\(;<;I;I-:<;.\TK KXTKKXAL TRADE
column (i and that of the total exports in column 7. The va ues nf
coin and bullion, the movement of which during the pa-t five years
represents fiduciary transaction^ rather than trading exchanges, are
recorded separately in Table 2 for the year- Ivs-19l8. The duties
collected on exports and imports are given in Table 3. and Table 4
shows the ratio of exports to imports and the per capita value of
Canadian trade. From Table 4 it will be observed that the so-called
balance of trade has been again-l Canada (i.e., the imports for
home consumption have exceeded the exports of Canadian produce)
in forty-three years out of the fifty-two year< since Confederation,
and that this adverse balance reached its highest point in 1913 just
before the war. After 1913 the unfavourable trade balance diminished,
and in 191C>, for the first time since l,V.>s, it gave place to a favourable
balance of trade, which has continued down to the present time.
For I9Hi the exports of Canadian produce were 1 lti-03 p.c., for I M 7
136-20 p.c.. for 191S i:>!M.)<> p.c.. and for I M .) 132-73 p.c. of the
imports for home consumption. The value of the aggregate trade
per capita is shown by Table 4 to have risen from s:U.-_>s in Isii.s to
$241.41 in 1919. Table. 12 and B show, for the fiscal years ended
1915 to 1918, the exports the produce of Canada and the imports for
home consumption to or from the Cnited Kingdom, the 1 nited Slates
and all countries, according to the special classification by principal
articles which has been made annually for the purposes of the Year
Book since 1905. These tables close the series, as a new classification
of commodities, prepared by the External Trade Division of the
Dominion Bureau of Statistics, came into force during the fiscal year
ended March 31. 1920. With a view to including in" this edition of
the Year Book the latest trade figures available, the quantities and
values of the principal imports and exports for the year ended March
31, 1919, are given in Table 14. as abridged from the detailed classifi
cation in the Annual Report of the Trade of Canada for 1919.
Aggregate External Trade. As shown by Table 1, the aggre
gate external trade of Canada (including only the imports for home
consumption and the exports of Canadian produce) for the year
ended March 31, 1919. was 82,132,873,141, as compared with
$2,502,571,534 for 1917-18, $1,99C>.732,074 for l Mii-17. si .249,427,797
111 1915-16, and ssii4,865,148 in 1914*15. A considerable proportion
ot the increased value of Canadian exports during the past five year-
has been due directly to the war, large increases being shown for grain,
hay, boots and shoes, and especially large incr for cartridge
explosives and fulminates, metals, minerals, iron and steel and manu
factures thereof. After the armistice was signed, the European
demand for war commodities ceased, and as a consequence there
was a great falling off in the value of exports of Canadian produce in
1918-19, as compared with the previous year. In 1918-19 the total
trade of the Dominion with the United Kingdom was 8613,786,09."..
as compared with $926,804,352 in 1917-18. With the United State
was $1,201,793,824 in 1918-19, as compared with $1,209,139,412
in 1917-18, while the trade with countries other than these two was
[317,293,122 as compared with $366,627,770 in the previous year.
For the calendar year 1918 the total value of Canadian trade (imports
for home consumption and exports of Canadian produce) amounted
C8708 19
290
TRADE AND COMMERCE
to $2,106,591,363, exclusive of coin and bullion, as compared with
$2,552,412,571 in 1917, a decrease of 17-47 p.c. Exports of Canadian
produce in 1918 amounted to $1,199,636,463, as compared with
$1,547,340,855 in 1917, and imports to $906,954,900, as compared
with $1,005,097,119 in 1917.
1. Aggregate External Trade of Canada, 1868-1920.
Fiscal Year.
IMPORTS OF MERCHANDISE ENTERED
FOR HOME CONSUMPTION.
EXPORTS OF MERCHANDISE.
Aggregate
Trade (Im
ports for
Home
Consump
tion and
Domestic
Exports).
Dutiable.
Free.
Total.
Canadian
Produce.
i
Foreign
Produce.
Total.
1868 .
$
43,655,696
41,069,342
45,127,422
60,094,362
68,276,157
71,198,176
76,232,530
78,138,511
60,238,297
60,916,770
59,773,039
55,426,836
54,182,967
71,620,725
85,757,433
91,588,339
80,010,498
73,269,618
70,658,819
78,120,679
69,645,824
74,475,139
77,106,286
74,536,036
69,160,737
69,873,571
62,779,182
58,557,055
67,239,759
66,220,765
74,625,088
89,433,172
104,346,795
105,969,756
118,657,496
136,796,065
148,909,576
150,928,787
173,046,109
152,065,529
218,160,047
175,014,160
227,264,346
282,723,812
335,304,060
441,606,885
410,258,744
279,792,195
289,366,527
461,733,609
542,341,522
526,481,620
693,643,211
$
23,434,463
22,085,599
21,774,652
24,120,026
36,679,210
53,310,953
46,948,357
39,270,057
32,274,810
33,209,624
30,622,812
23,275,683
15,717,575
18,867,604
25,387,751
30,273,157
25,96i,480
26,486,157
25,333,318
26,986,531
31,025,804
34,623,057
34,576,287
36,997,918
45,999,676
45,297,259
46,291,729
42,118,236
38,121,402
40,397,062
51,682,074
59,913,287
68,160,083
71,730,938
77,822,694
88,017,654
94,680,443
100,688,332
110,236,095
97,672,345
133,719,908
113,203,355
142,551,081
169,021,296
186,144,249
228,482,181
208,198,400
175,654,117
218,450,632
383,622,697
420,202,224
389,947,715
370,872,958
*
67,090,159
63,154,941
66,902,074
84,214,388
104,955,367
1^4,509,129
123,180,887
117,408,568
92,513,107
94,126,394
90,395,851
78,702,519
69,900,542
90,488,329
111,145,184
121,861,496
105,972,978
99,755,775
95,992,137
105,107,210
100,671,628
109,098,196
111,682,573
111,533,954
115,160,413
115,170,830
109,070,911
100,675,891
105,361,161
106,617,827
126,307,162
149,346,459
172,506,878
177,700,694
196,480,190
^24,813,719
243,590,019
251,617,119
283,282,204
249,737,874
351,879,955
288,217,515
369,815,427
451,745,108
521,448,309
670,089,066
618,457,144
455,446,312
507,817,159
845,356,306
962,543,746
916,429,335
1,064,516,169
$
48,504,899
52,400,772
59,043,590
57,630,024
65,831,083
76,538,0^5
76,741,997
69,709,823
72,491,437
68,030,546
67,989,800
62,431,025
72,899,697
83,944,701
94,137,657
87,702,431
79,833,098
79,131,735
77,756,704
80,960,909
81,382,072
80,272,456
85,257,586
88,671,738
99,032,466
105,488,798
103,851,764
102,828,441
109,707,805
123,632,540
144,548,662
137,360,792
168,972,301
177,431,386
196,019,763
214,401,674
198,414,439
190,854,946
235,483,956
180,545,306
246,960,963
242,603,584
279,247,551
274,316,553
290,223,857
355,754,600
431,588,439
409,418,836
741,610,638
1,151,375,768
1,540,027,788
1,216,443,806
1,239,492,098
$
4,196,821
3,855,801
6,527,622
9,853,244
12,798,182
9,405,910
10,614,096
7,137,319
7,234,961
7,111,108
11,164,878
8,355,644
13,240,006
13,375,117
7,628,453
9,751,773
9,389,106
8,079,646
7,438,079
8,549,333
8,803,394
6,938,455
9,051,781
8,798,631
13,121,791
8,941,856
11,833,805
6,485,043
6,606,738
10,825,163
14,980,883
17,520,088
14,265,254
17,077,757
13,951,101
10,828,087
12,641,239
10,617,115
11,173,846
11,541,927
16,407,984
17,318,782
19,516,442
15,683,657
17,492,294
21,313,755
23,848,785
52,023,673
37,689,432
27,835,332
46,142,004
52,321,479
47,166,611
$
52,701,720
56,256,573
65,571,212
67,483,268
78,629,265
85,943,935
87,356,093
76,847,142
79,726,398
75,141,654
79,154,678
70,786,669
86,139,703
97,319,818
101,766,110
97,454,204
89,222,204
87,211,381
85,194,783
89,510,242
90,185,466
87,210,911
94,309,367
97,470,369
112,154,257
114,430,654
115,685,569
109,313,484
116,314,543
134,457,703
159,529,545
154,880,880
183,237,555
194,509,143
209,970,864
225,229,761
211,055,678
201,472,061
246,657,802
192,087,233
263,368,952
259,922,366
298,763,993
290,000,210
307,716,151
377,068,355
455,437,224
461,442,509
779,300,070
1,179,211,100
$
115,595,058
115,555,713
125,945,664
141,844,412
170,786,450
201,047,154
199,922,884
187,118,391
165,004,544
162,156,940
158,385,651
141,133,544
142,800,239
174,433,030
205,282,841
209,563,927
185,806,076
178,887,510
173,748,841
186,068,119
182,053,700
189,370,652
196,940,159
200,205,692
214,192,879
220,659,628
212,922,675
203,504,332
215,068,966
230,250,367
270,855,824
286,707,251
341,479,179
355,132,080
392,499,953
439,215,393
442,004,458
442,472,065
518,766,160
430,283,180
598,840,923
530,821,099
649,062,978
726,061,661
811,672,166
1,025,843,666
1,050,045,583
864,865,148
1,249,427,797
1,996,732,074
2,502,571,534
2,132,873,141
2,351,174,878
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891....
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901 ...
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907 (9 months)
1908
1909
1910
1911....
1912
1913
1914
1915 . .
1916....
1917
1918
l,586,169,792j
1,268,765,285
1,286,658,709
1919
1920
Including exports to the United States estimated "short" in the years 1868-1909.
OF COIX A\D DULLH>\
291
2. Movement of Coin and Bullion, 1868-1918.
Year.
Total
Imports.
EXPORTS.
Total Im
ports and
Exports of
Coin and
Bullion.
Canadian.
Foreign.
Total.
g
$
4,395,147
4,247.:
4,335,
2,733,0 .4
2,753,749
3,005,465
4,223,282
2,210,089
2,220,111
2,174,089
803,72fl
1,639,089
1,881,807
1,123,275
1,503,743
1,275,:.
2,207,666
2,954,244
3,610,557
532,218
2,175,472
575,251
1,083,011
1,811,170
1,818,530
6,534,200
4,023,072
4,576,620
5,226,319
4,676,194
4,390,844
4,705,134
8,297,438
3,537,294
6,311,405
8,976,797
7,874,313
10,308,435
7,078,603
7,517,008
6,548,661
9,988,442
6,017,589
10,206,210
26,033,881
5,427,979
15,235,305
131,992,992
34,260,202
28,081,120
12,279,173
$
4,866,168
4,218,208
8,002,278
6,690,350
4,010,398
3,845,987
1,995,835
1,039,837
1,240,037
129,328
306,417
309,459
310,006
256,571
207,532
327,298
1,045,723
1,101,245
1,670,068
2
1,219
667
315
86,087
290,281
*
733,739
168,989
704,586
1,771,755
71,005
371,093
631,600
2,184,292
2,026,980
56,531
5,569
17,534
1,978,256
2,439,782
817,599
1,502,1171
3,824,!
1,529,374
4,068,748
4,491,777
3,165,252
3,577,415
2,914,780
6,987,100
1,978,489
1,669,422
619,963
2,465,557
1,844,811
9,928,828
13,189,964
16,637,654
1,589,791
2,594,536
7,196,155
7,601,099
16,163,702
23,559,485
29,365,701
103,572,117
196,460,961
3,201,122
$
4,866,168
4,218,208
8,002,27x
6,690,350
4,010,
3,845,987
1,995,835
1,039,837
1,240,037
733,739
168,989
704,586
1,771,755
971,005
371,093
631,600
2,184,292
J.iLMi/JSO
56,531
5,569
17,534
1,978,256
2,439,782
946,927
1,809,118
4,133,698
1,839,380
4,325,319
4,699,309
3,492,550
4,623,138
4,016,025
8,657,168
1,978,489
1,669,422
619,963
2,465,557
1,844,811
9,928,828
13,189,964
16,637,654
1,589,793
2,594,536
7,196,155
7,601,099
16,163,702
23,560,704
29,366,368
103,572,432
196,547,048
3,491,403
$
9,761,315
8,465,437
12,337,807
9,423,444
6,764,147
6,851,452
6,219,117
3,249,926
3,460,148
2,907,828
.172,715
2,343,675
3,653,562
2,094,280
1,874,836
1,907,123
4,391,958
4,981,224
3,667,088
537,787
2,193,006
2,553,507
3,522,793
2,758,097
3,627, C.4X
10,667,898
5,862,452
8,901,939
9,925,628
8,168,744
9,013,982
8,721,153
16,954,606
5,510,783
7,980,827
9,596,760
10,339,870
12,153,246
17,007,431
20,706,972
23,186,315
11,578,235
8,612,125
17,402,365
33,634,980
21,591,681
38,796,009
161,359,360
137,832,634
224,628,168
15,770,576
1870
1871
1x73
ls74
->
V,
1x77
lx7S
1x79
lxx<)
1881
1882
1883
Ixx4
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907 (9mos.)....
1908
1909
1910..
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917..,
1918
NOTE. Information as to imports and exports of coin and bullion in the fiscal year 1919 is
not available for publication.
6870S 19*
292
TRADE AND COMMERCE
3. Duties Collected on Exports, 1868-1892, and on Imports for Homa Consumption
1868-1920.
Year.
Duties
collected
on
Exports.
Duties
collected
on
Imports.
Year.
Duties
collected
on
Exports.
Duties
collected
on
Imports.
1868
$
17,986
14,403
37,912
36,066
24,809
20,152
14,565
7,243
4,500
4,103
4,161
4,272
8,896
$
8,801,446
8,284,507
9,425,028
11,807,590
13,020,684
12,997,578
14,407,318
15,354,139
12,828,614
12,544,348
12,791,532
12,935,269
14,129,953
1881
$
8,141
8,810
9,756
8,515
12,305
20,726
31,397
21,772
42,207
93,674
64,803
108
$
18,492,645
21,700,028
23,162,553
20,156,448
19,121,254
19,427,398
22,438,309
22,187,869
23,742,317
23,921,234
23,416,266
20,550,474
1869
1882
1870
1883
1871
1884
1872 ....
1885
1873
1886
1874..
1887
1875
1888
1876
1889
1877
1890
1878
1891
1879
1892
1880
Year.
Duties
collected
on
Imports.
Year.
Duties
collected
on
Imports.
Year.
Duties
collected
on
Imports.
1893
21,161,711
19,379,822
17,887,269
20,219,037
19,891,997
22,157,788
25,734,229
28,889,110
29,106,980
1902
$
32,425,532
37,110,355
40,954,349
42,024,340
46,671,101
40,290,172
58,331,074
48,059,792
61,024,239
H
1(
U
tt
is
i
K
If
1
is
111
$
73,312,368
87,576,037
115,063,688
107,180,578
79.205.910 1
103,940, 101 1
147,631,45s 1
161,595,629
158,046,334 1
187,520,613!
1894
1903 . . .
)12
1895
1904
U3
1896
1905
114
1897
1906 . . .
115
1898
1907 (9 mos.)
1908
116........
1899 ...
117
1900
1909
118
1901
1910
119
120
1 Includes war tax.
NOTE. Duties on Exports were not collected after the year 1892.
VALUE / /-- A CAPITA <U< KX PORTS AND IMPORTS
293
I. Ratio of Kxports to Imports and Value PIT ( npita of Mxports, Imports ami Total
Trade. 1SKS-1919.
v,,,
1 A. . M of
Imports
entered
for
( oiisuinp-
t ion o-
i:\port- of
( atiadian
Produce.
I Izoesa of
I- A ports of
iadian
Produ
over
Ilnpo;
entered
for ( <>n-
Mimpt ion.
IVrrrnt-
Kal*
of I-Aport-
of
( anadian
Produ
to
I inpi i
rntfivd
for ( on-
Mllllptioll.
[mated
Population.
VALUI put c U-ITA OF
Expo!
( anadian
Produi
1 inpol
Total
Trade.
1868.
1869
$
ix.;,x.-,,260
10,754,169
7,8ax,}x-{
26,584
47,<)71,104
4ii.4:! ..890
47,698,745
20. 021. (170
L (i.0 .i:,.848
22. 4 OH. ( If, 1
16,271,494
6,543,
17.007.:>L>7
:;u.V.t.065
1U(L 4J>4<>
18,1
24.14(1.301
I .t.
325,740
22,862,216
16,127.!)47
9,682.1
J ID. 147
11,985,667
3,534,577
269,308
460.U7
10,412,045
45,175,580
60,762,173
47,798, 24 x
69,192,568
104,918,987
45,613,931
90,567,876
177,428,555
231,224,452
314,334,466
186,868,705
46,027,476
$
2,999,1.M
2,152,550
4,34(1, (144
17,014,71:;
18.241,500
233,793,479
306,019,462
577,484,04?
300,014,471
71
82
89
72
61-47
59-37
78
72
75-21
104
77
84-70
71
75
7 .
81-00
77 n:;
80 84
73.58
76
79-50
86-00
95-21
102-14
[04-19
115-96
114-44
91-97
97-95
!)!)-85
93-77
95-37
75-85
83-13
72-29
70-18
84-17
75-51
60-72
55-66
53-09
69-78
89-89
146-03
136-20
159-99
132-73
.72. 000
3,413,000
3,4f>4.iM>i)
MX. 000
811,000
000
000
87, )
Mil. 000
4,01:1. ooo
4, 07!. 01 10
4.14(1.000
15,000
137,000
84,000
4,433,000
4,485,000
100
4,589,000
4,638,000
4,688,000
4,740,000
4,793,000
$44,000
-J.SS9.000
4,936,000
4,984,000
000
5,086,000
5,142,000
5,199,000
559,000
122,000
103,000
5,532,000
5,673,000
325,000
.VW2.000
6,171,000
6,302,000
ii. 491 .000
6,695,000
6,917,000
7,158,000
7,343,000
7,530,000
7,725,000
7,928,000
8,140,000
8,361,000
8,593,000
8,835,000
$ <
14
L5
17-0!)
16
18
20
20-od
17
18
16-97
16-67
15-06
17
1!
21-47
19-78
17
17
16-94
17 4(1
17
16
17-79
18-31
20
21
20
20
21
lM-04
27-80
12
31-75
32-84
35-4::
37-79
34-06
31 85
38-16
28
38-05
36-24
40-37
38-32
39-52
47-24
55-87
51-64
91-11
137-71
179-22
137-68
$ c.
19-90
18-50
19
M
29-06
33 <)4
32-20
30-21
43
45
22-16
18-98
16-58
20-86
2."i 35
27
21-98
20-92
22
21.47
02
30
23-02
23-55
21-88
20-00
20-72
20-7:;
24-29
28-40
32-41
32-89
35-52
39-63
41-82
41.99
45-90
39.63
54-21
43-05
53-46
63-11
71-01
88-99
80-06
57-45
62-39
101-10
112-01
103-72
$ c.
33
36-46
40-32
47-2!)
54-81
52-26
48-14
41-7!)
40-42
34-04
;-87
40-22
16-82
47-27
41 -4::
41
37
40.12
39-96
41-09
41
43-81
44-70
42-72
40-43
42-29
44-77
52-09
54-52
64-16
65-73
70-95
77-42
75-88
73-84
84-06
68-28
92-26
79-29
93-83
101-43
110-53
136-23
135-93
109-09
153-50
238-81
291-23
241-40
1x7,1
1871
1872
1873.
:
1x7..
1877
1878.
:-
1881
;
-
L88<
ixx:
1888
isv.t
1890.
1891
1893. .
1
1895
1896
1897. .
1898. .
1899. . .
1900.
1901
1902
1903. . .
1904
1905. .
1906
1907 1
1908.
1909. .
1910. .
1911..
1912. .
1913
1914. .
1915
1916
1917.
1918
1919.
months only.
294
TRADE AND COMMERCE
5.- -Exports to the United Kingdom, to the United States and to Other Countries of
Merchandise the produce of Canada, 1868-1920.
Fiscal Year.
United
Kingdom.
United
States.
Other
Countries.
Totals.
1868
$
17,905,808
$
22,387,846
$
5,249 523
$
45 543 177
1869
20,486,389
23,640,188
5,196,727
49,323 304
1870
22,512,991
27,398,930
6,169,271
56 081 192
1871
21,733,556
26,715,690
6,732,110
65,181,356
1872
25,223,785
29,984,440
7,735,802
62,944 027
1873
31,402,234
33,421,725
8,421,647
73,245,606
1874
35,769,190
30,380,556
7,777,002
73,926,748
1875
34,199,134
25,683,818
7,607,941
67,490,893
1876
34,379,005
27,451,150
8,031,694
69,861,849
1877
35,491,671
22,160,666
8,212,543
65,864,880
1878
35,861,110
22,131,343
7,747,681
65,740,134
1879
29,393,424
23,149,909
7,546,245
60,089,578
1880
35,208,031
26,762,705
8,125,455
70,096,191
1881
42,637,219
31,015,109
7,269,051
80,921,379
1882
39,816,813
41,687,638
8,538,260
90,042,711
1883
39,538,067
36,096,501
8,651,139
84,285,707
1884
37,410,870
31,631,622
8,089,587
77,132,079
1885
36,479,051
32,618,593
7,085,874
76,183,518
1886
36,694,263
31,503,292
6,777,951
74,975,506
1887
38,714,331
32,273,033
6,976,656
77,964,020
1888
33,648,284
37,323,161
7,326,305
78,297,750
1889
33,504,281
36,449,288
7,248,235
77,201,804
1890
41,499,149
33,291,207
7,545,158
82,335,514
1891
43,243,784
34,829,436
7,684,524
85,757,744
1892
54,949,055
31,317,857
9,417,341
95,684,253
1893
58,409,606
33,813,802
9,783,082
102,006,490
1894
60,878,056
29,297,598
10,411,199
100,586,853
1895
57,903,564
32,303,773
9,321,014
99,528,351
1896
62,717,941
34,460,428
9,200,383
106,378,752
1897
69,533,852
39,717,057
10,434,501
119,685,410
1898
93,065,019
34,361,795
12,494,118
139,920,932
1899
85,113,681
34,766,955
12,920,626
132,801,262
1900
96,562,875
52,534,977
14,412,938
163,510,790
1901
92,857,525
67,983,673
16,590,188
177,431,386
1902
109,347,345
66,567,784
20,104,634
196,019,763
1903
125,199,980
67,766,367
21,435,327
214,401,674
1904
110,120,892
66,856,885
21,436,662
198,414,439
1905
97,114,867
70,426,765
23,313,314
190,854,946
1906
127,456,465
83,546,306
24,481,185
235,483,956
1907 (9 months)
98,691,186
62,257,299
19,596,821
180,545,306
1908
126,194,124
90,814,871
29,951,973
246,960,968
1909
126,384,724
85,334,806
30,884,054
242,603,584
1910
139,482,945
104,199,675
35,564,931
279,247,551
1911
132,156,924
104,115,823
38,043,806
274,316,553
1912
147,240,413
102,041,222
40,942,222
290,223,857
1913
170,161,903
139,725,953
45,866,744
355,754,600
1914
215,253,969
163,372,825
52,961,645
431,588,439
1915
186,668,554
173,320,216
49,430,066
409,418,836
1916
451,852,399
201,106,488
88,651,751
741,610,638
1917
742,147,537
280,616,330
128,611,901
1,151,375,768
1918
845,480,069
417,233,287
277,314,432
1,540,027,788
1919
540,750,977
454,873,170
220,819,659
1,216,443,806
1920
489,151,806
464,029,014
286,311,278
1,239,492,098
NOTE. For the years 1868 to 1900, the amounts estimated "short" were not included.
IM PORTS OF CANADA
295
6. Imports from the V nlted Kingdom, from the United States and from Other
Countries of Merchandise entered for Home Consumption, 1S6S-1939.
Fiscul Year.
United
Kingdom.
United
8tal
i >th-r
Countries.
Total
1SG8
S
37.6J 7,325
$
22,660,132
$
6,812,702
$
67,090,159
1869
35,4 .n;,7iH
21,497,380
6,160,7!i7
63,154,!)41
1870
37,537,095
21,697,237
7,007,742
66,902,074
1871
48,498, 2D2
27,185,586
8,530,600
84,214,388
1872
28 1
33,741,995
9,004,118
104,955,367
[873
67,996
45,189,110
11,323,074
124,509,126
61,434,407
51,706,!0ti
10,049,574
1 23, 180,887
1875
60,00!UM
48,930,358
8,469,126
117,408,568
inn
40,47.<
44,099,880
7,933,974
!>2,513,107
1877
39,331.621
49,376,008
5,418,7
94,126
1878
48,002,875
5,140,207
90,395,851
1879
30,< ;7.77^
42.170,306
5,564,-
78,702
1880
83,764
28,193,783
1881
42,885,142
36,338,701
11,264,486
90,488,329
1882
.V ..;.Vi,268
-47.
13,735,981
111,145,184
1883
51,4
147,243
15,034,491
121,861,496
1884
41,925,121
4!), 785,888
14,261,
105,972
1885
40,031, UN
45,576,510
14,147,817
09,755,775
1886
39,033,000
42,818,651
14,140,486
95,992,137
1887
44,741
H,7: .->,908
15.
105,107,210
1888
197,644
46,440
15,063,688
100,67]
1889
4 2. 25 1.189
029,419
16,817,588
10!,0!S,196
1890
51,365
17.
111,682,573
1891
42,018,943
52,033,477
17.4X1,534
111,533,954
1892
41,063,711
51,742,132
..370
11."), 160,4 13
1893
340
20,301
115,17
1894
37,
71ri fl .U
21,288,857
109,070,911
1895
31,059
50,17:* 1)04
19,437,555
100,675,891
1896
32,824,505
53,529,390
19,007,266
105,361,161
1897
101,188
57,0
20,193
106,617
1898
32,043,461
19,438,77
120,307,162
1899
36,931.
88,467. 173
,963
149,346,459
1900
44,27:1,983
ll)2,()M) 177
146,718
172,506,878
1901
42.819,995
107,149,325
27,781
177,700,694
1902
49,022,726
114,744,696
32,712,768
196,480,19 
