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THE 



CANAD 




EAR BOOK 








OFFICIAL COAT OF ARMS OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA, 
APPROVED NOVEMBER 21. 1921. 



CANADA 

DOMINION BUREAU OF STATISTICS 



THE 

CANADA YEAR BOOK 



1921 



Published by Authority of 
The Honourable J. A. ROBB, M.P., 

Minister of Trade and Commerce 




OTTAWA 
F. A. ACLAND 

PRINTER TO THE KING S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 

1922 



Ill 



PREFACE. 

Tin- outstanding feature of the Canada Year Book of 1921 is an increase in the 
scope of the publication, especially in the letter-press. Historical details have been 
added to many sections and sub-sections, and historical tables have been inserted 
to ill": progress since Confederation. 

To p: Tticulari/e, it \\.-is felt that the Constitution and Government of Canada 
required treatment in the light of the altered status of the Dominion, and that the 
Iving government s of the Provinces should also be described, especially as previous 
&lt;r Books containing information on these matters are out of print. The same 
applies to the treatment of the physical characteristics of Canada in section IV. 
In ., y j on Population, are included the results of the census of 1921, as far 

: liable, while vital statistics for the country as a whole are published for the 
fii-M time. An interesting contribution on the development of agriculture in Canada, 
Deputy Mii. of Agriculture, introduces the section on Production, 

icli for the lirM time includes statistics of the fur trade and closes with an article 
-howiim the developn tnadian water powers. In the Trade and Commerce 

table shows the trade of Canada by main groups, compiled on a 
- purp&lt; The development of different means of trans- 

out lim dint he various sub-sections of the Transportation and Commun- 
The Labour, Wages and Prices section has been considerably 
; through the generous nee of the Department of Labour; special 

Mt j on may b- m the article "Canada and the International Labour Orgamza- 

tioi :&gt;. 107-1 in 1 . i . contributed by the Assistant Deputy Minister of Labour. 

,e Finance section has been improved by a comprehensive treatment of Dominion 
F j nal ,,, and by the publication of a historical table and five- 

illed tables of Provincial Public revenue a!nd expenditure, compiled on a 
ble basis by the Finance Statistics Branch of the Bureau, which is also 
,,,011-1! compilation of the municipal financial statistics presented. 

I,," t i, ion may be drawn to the table on pages 717 and 718, showing 

t lie development of Canadian banking since Confederation, and to the table on page 
^howni" the expansion of life insurance since that date; it is thought that 
T j lt i insurance are present t d in a more intelligible form than previously. 

\lministration section has been added, through the courtesy of ,he Depart 
ment of Indian Affairs, an authoritative account of the Indians of Canada, as w( 
Bummary treatment of the activities of the new Department of Health, 1 
I ), Dartment of Soldiers Civil Re-establishment and the Soldiers Settlement Board. 
In accordance with the general demand for presentation of statistics in graphic 
form additions have been made to the graphs contained in the Labour, Wages anc 
Prir&lt;- section. Also, in response to a general desire for statistics m tabloid form 
of the progress of Canada during the past half-century, the Statistical Summary 
of the Progress of Canada has been enlarged so as to include historical as well as 

current Tcnc M.m* ics^ information available, the tables in many 

J^ciLdmg figures fofthe fiscal year 1921-22. The titles of articles pubUshed 
in previous editions of the Year Book and not now revised, are given for purposes 
of reference in the Retrospective Index on page xvii. 

The present edition of the Canada Year Book has been edited by Mr. S. A. 
CUDMORE B A (Tor.), M.A. (Oxon.), F.S.S., F.R. Econ. Soc. Grateful acknow 
ledgments are hereby tendered to officials of the Dominion and Provincial Govern 
ments throughout Canada, for assistance rendered in the collection of information 
The tables hive been in the main compiled as for many years by Messrs James 
Skead and Joseph Wilkins, while most of the diagrams have been drawn by Mr. 
R. E. Watt 



R. H. COATS, 

Dominion Statistician. 



Dominion Bureau of Statistics, 

Ottawa, October 15, 1922. 

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SYNOPTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 
Pr. ................................... 

respective Index.. 
Krrata ........... ................... 

...... *"***"**,, 

istiral Summary of the Progress of Canada.. 

. . ** 

Index .................................................................................. 886-909 

I. THE CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT OF CANADA. 

( &lt;-i-M,mK, HA. (Tor.). M.A. (Oxon.), F.S.S., F.R. Econ. Soc., Editor Canada Year 
Book, Dominion Bureau of Statistics, i , 17 

The An: , n .wla ........ ,Vtp 

............................... 17-1& 

II. PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN CANADA. 



Nf:ir iV" Hv tht 1;it(&gt; T "AS BARXARD FLIXT, M.A.. LL.B., D.C.L., Clerk of the 

( ommons of CaM A., 1R-OA 

ec - H - v I MARQUIS, Chief, Bureau istics of Quebec" oLo? 

(SL^Ye^BoS** ** 1 B A (T r )&gt; M A " ( XOn-)&gt; F - S - S - F-R"Econ. Soc.Y Editor 
Miu a and Alberta. By tin- I: UUXD H. OLIVER, Ph b FR S C 

r * u m ^ , " " Theological College, saskatoon, Saskatchewan... 32-39 

British ( olumlua. By JOHN HOSIE, Victoria, B.C ............................... 39_43 

III. CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CANADA, 1497-1921. 43-54 

IV. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANA \. 

Geographical Features ............................................... 55-65 

1. Drainage Basins of Canada ............................. ...... 60 

2. Len;t IKS of Principal Rivers and Tributaries in Canada. . . .. 60-61 

3. Area, Elevation and Depth of the Great Lakes ................ 62 

4. Areas of Principal Canadian Lakes, by Provinces .. C"-65 
Geology &lt; an d Economic Minerals By R. W. BROCK, M.A., LL.D., F.G.S., Dean , Faculty of 

Applied &gt;cience, I Diversity of British Columbia .................. 65-68 

ioiry in Relation to Agriculture in Canada. By WYATT MALCOLM, Department of Mines 

l &gt;tta\va ................................................... 68-72 

Tlu- Mora ,,f ( ana. la, By M. O. MALTE, Ph.D., Chief Botanist , National Herbarium, Depart 

ment of Miiu-s, ( &gt;tta\va ................................................ 73-81 

Faunas of Canada. By P. A. TAVERXER, Department of Mines, Ottawa 82-87 

Economic Geology of Canada, 1920-1921. By WYATT MALCOLM, Geological Survey/Ottawa . . . . 87-95 

V. AREA AND POPULATION. 

1. I and and Water Area of Canada, by Provinces and Territories, as in 1921.. .. 95 

2. Population of Canada, by Provinces and Territories, in the Census Years 1871 to 

1921 ............................................................................ 97 

:{. Percentage Distribution of Canadian Population, by Provinces and Territories, 1871 

to l .21 .......................................................................... 98 

4. Absolute and Percentage Increase of Population of Canada, by Provinces and Terri 

tories, llt. l as compared with 1911 ............................................. 98 

.). Population of Canada by Provinces and Territories in 1871 and 1921, and numerical 

increase in each decade from 1871 to 1921 .................................... 98 

8. Population of Canada by Provinces and Territories in 1871, and increase per cent 

by decades from 1871 to 1921 .................................................... 99. 

7. Rural and Urban Population by Provinces and Territories, 1891, 1901, 1911 and 1921. 101 

8. Percentage Distribution of Rural and Urban Population by Provinces and Terri 

tories, 1891, 1901, 1911 and 1921 .................................................. 102 

t. Urban Population of Canada, divided by size of Municipality Groups, 1901, 1911 

and 1921 ........................................................................ 103 

1*. Area and Population of Canada by Provinces and Electoral Districts, 1921, 1911 

and 1901 ........................................................................ 104-108 

11. Population of Cities and Towns having over 5,000 inhabitants in 1921, compared 

with 1871-81-91-1901-11 ......................................................... 108-109 

12. Population of Towns and Villages having between 1,000 and 5,000 inhabitants in 

1921, as compared with 1901 and 1911 .......................................... 110-112 

13. Population of the Prairie Provinces, 1901, 1906, 1911, 1916 and 1921 .................. 113 

14. Population of the Prairie Provinces by Sex, at each Census Period from 1870 for 

Manitoba, and from 1901 for Saskatchewan and Alberta ......................... 113-114 

15. City Population of the Prairie Provinces, 1901, 1906, 1911, 1916 and 1921 ............. 114 

1. Area and Population of the British Empire, by Countries, 1901 ,1911 and 1921 ...... 115-117 

Vital Statistics. 

17. Number of Births, Marriages and Deaths, by Provinces, 1920 ...................... 121 

18. Summary Analysis of Birth Statistics for the calendar year 1920 .................... 121 

19. Number of Births, Marriages and Deaths, by Principal Cities, during the calendar 

year 1920 ....................................................................... 121-122 



V. AREA AND POPULATION-concluded. 

Immigration. PAGE. 

20. Number of Immigrant Arrivals in Canada, 1897-1922 126 

21. Arrivals at Inland and Ocean Ports in Canada in Fiscal Years 1915-1922 127 

22. Rejections of Immigrants upon arrival at Ocean Ports and Deportations after admis 

sion, by principal causes, 1903-1921 128 

23. Number by Nationalities of Immigrants Deported after Admission, 1903-1921 

24. Juvenile Immigrants and Applications for their Services, 1901-1921 128 

25. Occupation and Destination of Total Immigrant Arrivals in Canada for the fiscal 

years 1920 and 1921 

26. Destination of Immigrants into Canada, by Provinces, 1901-1921 129-130 

27. Record of Chinese Immigration, 1886-1921 130 

28. Record of Oriental Immigration, 1901-1922 

29. Expenditure on Immigration in the fiscal years 1868-1921 131 

VI. EDUCATION. 

General Features of Canadian Education Systems 132 

Higher Education in Canada 133 

Education Statistics of Canada 133-134 

Technical Education in Canada 134-135 

1. Statistical Summary of Education in Canada, by Provinces, 1921, or latest year 

reported 

2. Number of Schools, Teachers and Pupils in Canada, by Provinces, 1901-1921 140-143 

3. Teachers in Training in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario and Mani 

toba, 1901-21, Saskatchewan and Alberta, 1906-1920 143-145 

4. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Roman Catholic Classical Colleges in Quebec, 

1901-1921 146 

5. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Collegiate Institutes and High Schools in On 

tario, 1901-1921 - 146 

6. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Continuation Schools in Ontario, 1911-1921 146 

7. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Collegiate Institutes and High Schools in Sas 

katchewan, 1908-1920 147 

8. Number of Teachers and Pupils in High Schools in British Columbia, 1901-1921 

9. Vocational Schools, Teachers and Pupils in Canada, year ended June 30, 1921 147 

10. Receipts and Expenditure for Public Education in Canada, by Provinces, 1901-1921. 148-153 

11. Average annual Salaries of School Teachers, by Provinces, 1920-21 or latest year 

reported 153 

12. Universities of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees 154-155 

13. Universities of Canada: Number of Teaching Staff in the Various Faculties, 1920- 

1921 156 

14. Universities of Canada: Number of Students by Academic Years, 1920-1921 157 

15. Universities of Canada: Number of Students in the Various Faculties, 1920-1921. . . . 158-159 

16. Universities of Canada: Financial Statistics, 1920-1921 160-161 

17. Colleges of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees 162-163 

18. Professional and Affiliated Colleges of Canada: Number of Teaching Staff and 

Students, 1920-1921 164-165 

19. Colleges of Canada: Financial Statistics, 1920-21 166-167 

Public Libraries in Canada 168-169 

VII. CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY. 

The Climate of Canada since Confederation. By Sir FREDERICK STUPART, Director, Dominion 

Meteorological Service, Toronto 169-173 

1. Temperature and Precipitation in 1921, by Months and Observation Stations 174-185 

2. Normal Temperature and Precipitation at selected Canadian Stations 186-193 

3. Averages of Sunshine, Wind and Weather at selected Canadian Stations 194-201 

VIH. PRODUCTION. 

The Development of Agriculture in Canada. By J. H. GRISDALE, D. Sc.A., Deputy Minister of 

Agriculture, Ottawa 202-210 

Agriculture. 

Field Crops. 

1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1916-21 and 

Five Year Average, 1916-1920 214-230 

2. Area under Pasture in Canada, 1918-1921 230 

3. Annual Average Yields per acre of Field Crops for Canada, and by Provinces from 

1915 to 1921, with Decennial Averages for the years 1911-20 231-233 

4. Areas and Yields of Wheat, Oats, Barley, Rye and Flaxseed in the three Prairie 

Provinces, 1919-1921 233 

5. Total Areas and Values of Field Crops in Canada, 1916-1921 

6. Field Crops of Canada, compared as to Quantity and Value, for 1920 and 1921 235 

7. Quality of Grain Crops as indicated by Average Weight per measured bushel, 1912- 

1921 235 

8. Average Values per acre of Occupied Farm Lands in Canada, as estimated by Crop 

Correspondents, 1908-10, 1914-21 236 

9. Average Wages of Farm Help in Canada, as estimated by Crop Correspondents, 

191521 237238 

10. Average Wages per year of Farm Help in Canada, as estimated by Crop Corres 
pondents, 1920 and 1921 238 



Vll 

VIII. PRODUCTION-continued. 

Agriculture continued . 

Farm Live Stock. p AGE 

12* U , mb T ? f J ari r Livt ; 1 Stock T in - Canada, by Provinces, 1920 and 1921.. 239-241" 

mated Numbers of 1-arm Livestock, l!Ut&gt;-l!)-&gt;1 

HSS f Farm Animals md of Wo01 aa estimated by Crop Correspondents , 

l4 A ^nfe^SlS^ 1 11 ""^^ StOCk inCana ^ as estimated by Crop Cor^ ^ ^ 

15. list; imat wi Total Valu^ ] &lt;f Farm Livestock in CanadaVby P^inces, i9i6-192i: ! 246 

}* " N of Milch Cows and Other Cattle, 1916-1921 . 

17. unai,,! Numbers and Values of Farm Poultry in Canada, 1920-21.! 248-249 

18. IS urn ur arms, Value of Land and Buildings and Value of Fur-Bearing Anil 

iii.ils, I. _(l;in&lt;li.&gt;_I f)Af\ 

19. Number and Value of Fur-bearing Animals on Fu r Farms in Canada, i&O and i&l . . 250 

Dairying. 

2t. Production and \"alue of Creamery Butter, by Provinces, 1919-^1 251 

1. Production and Value of Factory Cheese, by Provinces, 1919-21 252 

Tt. Miscellaneous Products of Dairy Factories, 1919, 1920 and 1921 
23. Production and Value of Creamery Butter and Factory Cheese in Canada bv 

Provinces, I .mu, i&lt;Hi7, I .ilOand 1915-1(121 252-^54 

i 1. Total \ alue of All Products of Dairy Factories, by Provinces, i&lt;H7-2i ... . . . . . . . " 254 

Fruit Statistics. 

25. Production ami Value of Commercial Apples in Canada, 1919 and 1920. . 255 

2. Estimated Distribution of Commercial Apples, by Early, Fall and Winter Varieties, 

256 

27. Production of Apples in Ontario, by Fruit Inspection Districts, 1919 and 1920 256 

28. Total Quantities and Values of Fruit Trees, Bushes and Plants sold by Nurserymen 

in Canada, by Provinces, years ended September 30, 1919 and 1920 257-259 

Cold Storage Warehouses. 

29. Cold Storage Warehouses in Canada, 1922 260-261 

Agricultural Prices. 

39. Weekly Range of Prices of Wheat at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1921 262-263 

31. Monthly Range of Average Prices of Wheat at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1920-1921. 264 

32. \\ eekly Range of Prises of Oats at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1921 264-265 

53. Jy Range of Prices of Barley and Flax at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1921 266 

34. Monthly Range of Average Prices of Barley, Oats and Flax at Winnipeg and Fort 

William, 1920-1921 267 

35. Monthly Range of Average Prices in British Markets of Canadian Wheat and Oats , 

0-1921 26 7 

36. Yearly Average Prices of Home Grown Wheat, Barley and Oats in England and 

Wall*. 11)02-1921 268 

:?;. A vi-ruge Monthly Prices of Flour, Bran and Shorts, at Principal Markets, 1921...". 268 

38. Average Prices of Canadian Live Stock at Principal Markets, 1919-1921 269 

39. Average Monthly Prices of Canadian Live Stock at Principal Markets, 1921 270 

40. Average Prices per Ib. paid by farmers for Grade No. 1 Clover and Grass Seed, 

by Provinces, during April and May, 1922, and average prices for Canada during. 

April and May, 1919-22 270 

41. Average prices per Ib. paid to farmers for Clover and Grass Seed, by provinces. 

during April and May, 1922, and average prices for Canada during April and May, 

1919-22 271 

42. Index Numbers of Agricultural Prices for Canada, 1909-1921 272 

Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics. 

43. Estimated Production of Wool, by Provinces, 1921 274 

44. Production and Value of Wool in Canada, 1915-21 274 

45. Area and Yield of Tobacco in Canada, 1919-21 275 

46. Area, Yield and Value of Sugar Beets in Canada and Production of Refined Beetroot 

Sugar, 1911-20 276 

47. Maple Products in the Province of Quebec, 1918-21 277 

48. Stocks of Grain in Farmers hands in Canada at the end of August, 1919-1921 277 

49. Stocks of Grain in Canada at the close of the Crop Years, 1919, 1920 and 1921 277-278 

50. Stocks of Wheat in Canada, March 31, 1918-22 278 

51. Stocks in Canada of Oats, Barley and Flaxseed, March 31, 1921 and 1922 278 

52. Distribution of the Canadian Wheat Crops of 1919 and 1920. . 279 

53. Distribution of the Canadian Oat Crops of 1919 and 1920 279 

.4. Estimated Gross Annual Agricultural Revenue of Canada, by Provinces, 1918-1921. 281-282 

55. Estimated Gross Agricultural Wealth of Canada, by Provinces, 1921 283 

International Agricultural Statistics. 

56. Acreage and Production of Cereals and of Potatoes in Various Countries of the World, 

1919 and 1920 287-291 

57. Numbers of Farm Live Stock in the Principal Countries of the World, dates nearest 

1911 and 1921 293-300 

58. Numbers of Farm Live Stock in the British Empire, dates nearest 1911 and 1921.. . 

59. World s Total Number of Farm Live Stock, dates nearest 1911 and 1921 301 



Vlll 



IVIII. PRODUCTION-continued. 

Agriculture concluded. 
Agricultural Experiment Stations of Canada. PAGE 

Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations SOl-Wi 

60. Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations, 1921 

Provincial Experimental Farms and Stations 305-3 10 

Fur Trade. 

61. Numbers and Values of Pelts Purchased by Traders from Trappers and Fur Farmers 

years ended June 39, 1920 and 1921 313 

62. Kind, Number, Total Value and Average Value of Pelts of Fur-bearing Animals 

taken in Canada, year ended June 30, 1921 313 

Forestry. 

63. Summary Statistics of Forest Products, 1917-1920 317 

64. Quantities and Values of the cut of Lumber, Shingles and Lath, by Provinces 1918 

1919 and 1920 317 

65. Total Consumption and Value of Pulpwood, 1909-20 ... . . . . . 318 

86. Quantities and Values of Wood used in the Manufacture of Pulp, i9i8-20 

67. Kinds of Wood used in the Manufacture of Pulp by Quantities and Values , 1918 igiij 

and 1920 3ic 

88. Quantities of Wood used and of Pulp manufactured, 1916-1920 319 

69. Tonnage and Value of the Various Kinds of Paper Produced in Canada, by Provinces 

calendar year 1920 320 

70. Production of Paper by Provinces, 1917-20 

71. Exports from Canada of Wood Pulp, by Countries, in the fiscal years 1916-21 321 

72. Quantity and Value of Wood, Blocks and Other, for Pulp, exported to the United 

States, 1904-21 322 

Fisheries. 

73. Number and Capital Value of Fishing Vessels, Boats, Nets, Traps, etc. , used in the 

Fisheries of Canada, 1919 and 1920 327-328 

74. Number of Persons Employed in the Fisheries of Canada , 1919 and 1920 

75. Government Bounties to Fishermen in the fiscal years 1917 to 1920 328 

76. Quantities and Values of Sea Fish marketed in Canada during the calendar years 

1919 and 1920 329-330 

77. Quantities and Values of Inland Fish marketed in Canada during the calendar years 

1919 and 1920 331 

78. Yield of the Fisheries of Canada, compared as to Quantity and Value, for 19i9 and 

1920 ("000" omitted) 331 

7?. Quantity and Value of Chief Commercial Fishes, fiscal year 1916-17^ and calendar 

years 1917 to 1920 332 

80. Total Value of Fisheries, by Provinces, in the fiscal years 1916-1917 and calendar 

years 1917-1920 333 

81. Total Value of the Fisheries of Canada in the fiscal years 1870-1921 
32. Value of Exports and Imports of Fish and Fish Products, 1902-1921 

83. Exports of the Fisheries, the Produce of Canada, by principal countries, in the fiscal 

years 192C and 1921 333-334 

84. Exports of the Fisheries, compared as to Quantity and Value, 1920 and 1921 ("000" 

omitted) 334 

Minerals. 

85. Quantities and Values of Minerals produced in Canada, calendar years 1920 and 1921 337-338 

86. Increase or Decrease in Quantities and Values of Principal Mineral Products, for the 

Calendar Year 1920, as compared with 1919 339 

87. Mineral production of Canada, compared as to Quantity and Value, for Calendar 

Years 1919 and 1920 ("000" omitted) 339-340 

88. Value of Mineral Production in Canada, 1886-1921 , 340 

89. Value of Minerals produced in Canada, by Provinces, in the Calendar Years 1919 

1920 and 1921 341 

90. Quantity of Gold produced in Canada, by Provinces, during the Calendar Years 

1901-1921 341 

91. Valueof Gold produced in Canada, by Provinces, during the Calendar Years 1901-1921 341-342 

92. Quantity and Value of Silver produced in Canada during the Calendar Years 1887- 

1921 342 

93. Quantity and Value of Silver produced in Canada, by Provinces, during the Calendar 

Years 1901-1921 342-343 

94. Quantity and Value of Copper produced in Canada, by Provinces, during the Calendar 

Years 1901-1921 343 

95. Quantity and Value of Nickel produced in Canada during the Calendar Years 1889^ 

1921 344 

US* Induction of Principal Minerals in Canada, for the Calendar Years 1909-^921 . . 344-345 

97. Production of Asbestos and Asbestic in Canada for the Calendar Years 1909-1921 345 

98. Production of Cement in Canada for the Calendar Years 1902-1921 345 

Iron Blast Furnaces in Canada in 1921 346 

Electric Furnaces in 1921 345 

Steel Furnaces in 1921 346 

Mines Departments of Provincial Governments . . 347-350 

99. Value of the Mineral Production of Quebec, 1900-1921 348 



IX 

VIII. PROlHXTION-concluded. 

Minerals concluded. p AGE 

100. I nHluetion -f S.Ivor at tin- &lt; fcbati and ( lowganda ( amp, ( Jntnrio, 1904-1921 
1)1. Valued lot.-,] Mineral Production of British ColumMa, 1852-1921 

( T uV\VM mlV:ilut ()fMini rall&gt;ril lu t&gt;inHritl&gt;h 

10:{ r^ l-U /..^! 1 I"-"/ 1U ^ " r l : 1&gt;roduction of Gold and Silver for the Calendar 

194. Import- into Canada of Port land ( Vment, 1898-1922 " 

105. Import* into Canada of Anthracite and Bituminous Coal for home consumption 
during the fiscal yean 1901 I !_&gt;_ .. 



__.. 

IDS. Bipod I, the produce of Canada, 19 oo 

107. Innoal Consumption of Coal in Canada, iw; r.f l 
ION. Coalmade available f.. r Consumption in Canada, hy Provinces," Calendar Year 

l .i_(i shorl OKJ ozc 

.......................................... oo4-3o5 

Manufactures. 

109. Historical Summary of Statistic, of Mamifact ures, by Provinces, 1870 to 1919 362-363 

10. Summary Stati tures of Canada, 1917, 1918 and 1919 363 

11. &gt;ummar&gt; inufactures, hy &lt; troupe of Industries, HUT, 1918 and 1919. . 364-365 
* Number ot Manufacturing Establishments, Capital, COM of Materials 

1 valueof Products, hy Individual Industries. 1;17, mis and ! .)]&lt;) 366-375 
"* " Number of Salary-Earning and Wane-Earning Employees. and of 
Salaries and Wages Paidin Manufacturing Establishments in Canada, by Individual 

Industries, 1917, 1918 and 1919 ... 376-385 
11 tic s of .Manufactures, hy Chirsand Towns of 5,000 Population and over, 1917- 

1919 ................. *3&fi *^SQ 

IM. .Mali- arid Female Kni|.Ioyei- &lt;,n Salaries and Wae.-, by Provinces, 1919. ........... 389 

Water Powers of Canada. 

116. Developed and Availahlc Water Power of Leading Countries 390 

117. Available and Developed Water Power in Canada, March 1, 1922 391 
18. Developed Water Power in Canada, March 1, 19 2 2 ............... 392 

ll9 J) Power in Canada, Utilized in the Central Electric Station industry, 

March L 192 ............................................ 393 

120. Developed Water Power in Canada Utilized in the Pulp and Paper Industry, March 

I - -- ...... ............................................ 393 

IX. TRADE AND COMMERCE. 

1. Aggregate Kxfrnal Trade of Canada. l.Mis l!_ l .................................... 398 

2. Ratio of l .\ Imports and Value per capita of Exports, Imports and Total 

Trade, lS(.iS-l .f_&gt;2 ....................................... ......... 399 

:{. Movement of Coin and Bullion, 1868-1918 ........................ ............ 400 

4. Diiri,- Collected on i:\nort-, 1868-1892, and on Imports for Home Consumption, 

18ti^ 1"L 2 401 

5. Exports to the I nited Kingdom, to the United States and to Other Countries of 

Merchandise, the produce of Canada, 1868-1922 .................................. 402 

*. Imports from the I nitod Kingdom, from the United States and from Other 

Countries of Merchandise entered for Home Consumption, 1868-1922 ............ 403 

7. Percentage Proportions of Imports from United Kingdom and United States, 

i-ectively. to Totals of Dutiable and Free in the 22 fiscal years 1901-1922 ...... 404 

8. Average ad valorem Rat?s of Duty collected on Imports from United Kingdom, 

United States and All Countries in the 55 fiscal years 1868-1922 .................. 404 

t. Exports to the United Kingdom, to the United States and to All Countries, by 
Classes of Merchandise the Produce of Canada, by values and percentages, 1919- 
H i 2 ......... 405 

10. Imports from the United Kingdom, from the United States, and from All Countries, 

by Classes of Merchandise entered for Home Consumption, by values and per- 
^centages, 1919-1922 .............................................................. 406-407 

11. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and All Countries, in 

quantities and values, by Classes of Home Produce in the four fiscal years 1919- 

1922 ............................................................................ 408-433 

12. Imports of Canada, from the United Kingdom, the United States and All Countries, 

in quantities and values, by classes, entered for consumption in the four fiscal 

years 1919-1922 .................................................................. 434-463 

13. Imports ("dutiable and free) and Exports of Canadian and Foreign Produce, by 

Main Classes, during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1917-1921 .................. 464-465 

14. External Trade of Canada, by Main Groups and Degrees of Manufacture according 

to Origin, year ended March 31, 1921 ............................................. 466-467 

15. Summary of the Trade of Canada, by Main Groups, Compiled on a Classification 

According to Purpose, fiscal year ended March 31, 1921 .......................... 467-471 

16. Values of Exports (domestic and foreign) to the British and Foreign West Indies, by 

Countries, during the fiscal years 1920-1922 ...................................... 472 

17. Values of Imports entered for home consumption (dutiable and free) from the British 

and Foreign West Indies, by Countries, during the fiscal years 1920-1922 .......... 472 

18. Value of Imports and Exports from and to British and Foreign West Indies, 1901-1922 473 

19. Imports of certain Articles of Raw Materials for Home Consumption, 1902-1922. . . . 473-474 
?0. Value of Total Exports and Imports entered for Consumption, and the Duty Col 

lected thereon, at certain Ports, during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1920 and 

1921.. 474-475 



IX. TRADE AND COMMERCE concluded. p AGE . 

21. Imports of Canada by values entered for consumption from British Empire and 
foreign Countries, under the General, Preferential, and Treaty Rate Tariffs in 
the two fiscal years, 1920-1921 ................................ 47 g 

H Aggregate Trade of Canada by Countries for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1922 476-477 

ZB. Values of Exports from Canada of Home Produce to the British Empire and to 

Foreign Countries in the five fiscal years 1918-1922 ................. 473 

?4. Values of Imports into Canada of Merchandise entered for Consumption, from the 
British Empire and from Foreign Countries, in the five fiscal years 1918-1922 
also of coin and bullion ................................ 479 

25. Value of Merchandise imported into and exported from Ca nada through the United 

btates during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1920-1921 480 

26. Quantities and Values of Selected Animal and Agricultural Food Products imported 

into the United Kingdom, by Countries whence imported, during the five calen 

dar years 1916-1920 ............................................... 481-484 

H. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the years ended June 30, 1916, 1917, and 
the calendar years 1918, 1919 and 1920 ........................... . ..... , ..... 485-503 

Grain Statistics. 

28. Number and Storage Capacity of Canadian Grain Elevators in the license years 






*n* 9 uant jtieB of Grain inspected during the fiscal years 1920-1922 510-512 

?* ^"F 1111168 * Grain inspected during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1914-1922 513-514 
81. shipments of Gram by vessels from Fort William and Port Arthur for the navigation 

seasons 1920 and 1921 .................................. 514 

32. Shipments of Grain by vessels and all-rail route from Fort William and Port Arthur 

for the crop years ended August 31, 1920 and 1921 ................................ 515 

Bounties. 

33. Bounties paid in Canada on Crude Petroleum, 1905-1921.. . . 515 
The Commercial Intelligence Service .......................... ............ 516 

Patents, Copyright, Trade Marks, Etc. 

34. Number of Canadian Patentees, by Province of Residence, for the fiscal years 1912- 

1921 ......................................... ^17 

35. Number of Electric Light and Power Companies registered under the Electricity 

Inspection Act in the Fiscal Years 1913-1921 ......................... 52Q 

36. Electrical Energy generated or produced for Export in Canada under authority of 

the Electricity and Fluid Exportation Act during the Fiscal Years 1916-1921 520 

37. Electrical Energy Generated in 1919 and 1920, by Provinces .................... . .". . 521 

X. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS. 

Steam Railways. 

The Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada ........ 528 -530 

1. Record of Steam Railway Mileage, June 30, 1835-1919, and Dec. 31*. 1919-1926 

A. steam Railway Mileage by Provinces, June 30, 1914-1919, and Dec. 31, 1919-1920 

/ a , pl Liability of Steam Railways, June 30, 1876-1919, and Dec. 31, 1919-1920 533 

4. Mileage, Capital Liability, Earnings and Operating Expenses of Steam Railways for 

the Calendar Year 1920 ............................ 534 

5. Steam Railway Statistics, years ended June 30, 1901-1919, and for Calendar Years 

1919 and 1920 .......................................... 535 

6. Earnings and Operating Expenses of Steam Railways per mile of line and per train 

t T^% fo - r the , ears ended June 30 1909-1919, and for Calendar Years 1919-1920 535 

7. Distribution of Operating Expenses of Steam Railways for years ended June 30, 1918 

and 19, and for Calendar Years 1919 and 1920 ............ 535 

i m , ma i r , y ft AnaIysis of Statistic s of Passenger and Freight Service s and Receipts, 

19 10-1920 ................................................ 536-537 

9. Number of Steam Railway Employees, Amount of Salaries and Wages, and Ratios 
?L-r inin ter \, Gr ss , Earnings and Operating Expenses, for years ended June 30, 
1907-1919, and for Calendar years 1919-1920 ............ 537 

10. Mileage and Rolling Stock of Steam Railways for years ended June 30, 1916-1919, and 

for Calendar Years 1919-1920 ........................... 537-538 

11. Commodities hauled as Freight on Steam Railways for years ended June 30, iJJiT- 

1919, and the Calendar Year 1919 ............... 538-539 

12. Commodities hauled as Freight on Steam Railways during the Calendar Year i92o . 539 
I.J. Areas of Land Subsidies granted to Steam Railways by the Dominion and Provin 

cial Governments up to December 31, 1920 ........... 540 

[f A "l lys - f i the Total Financial Aid given to Steam Railway s up to Dec. 3l, 1920 . 540 

15. Aid to Railways in the form of Guarantees of Bonds, Interest, etc., by the Dominion 

and Provincial Governments up to Dec. 31, 1920 ................. . 540 

16. Cost of Construction, Working Expenses and Revenue ofGovernment Railway s, 

n n r the fi scal y. ears 1868-1900, 1901-1921, and before Confederation. . 541 

17. Capital Expenditure by Dominion Government for construction of Government 

Steam Railways to March 31, 1921 ........... 541 

18. Number of Passengers, Employees and others killed and injured on Steam Rai lways 

1 a vr u e y f a s ended June 30 !888-1919, and for calendar years 1919-1920 .......... 542 

JN umber of Persons Killed and Injured on Steam Railways, year ended June 30, 
1919, and for the calendar years 1919 and 1920 . . . 542-543 



XI 

X. TRANSPORTATION AM) COMMl NICATlONS-continued. 

Electric Railways. PAGE 

20. Summary Statistic of Klectri.- Railway Operation, years ended June 30 1901-1919 

and for Calendar years 11)19-1920 544 

21. M ud Equipment of KKvtric Kaihvays tor the year ended June 30, 1919 and 

for calendar years 1!&gt;1&lt;)-11)20 545 

22. Capital Liability of Klectric Uailwav.-, year- onded June sOJ 1908-1919, and for 

adar year&gt; IDlD-l .L O. .. "... 545 

23 ^ Capital, Karniiiiis and Operating Expenses of Electric Railways, ! year 

ended December . !!, li - O 545-546 

-M. Number of PasM-11 .-er.-, l- .mp ad others Killed and Injured on Electric Rail- 
led June 30, 1894-1919, and for calendar years 1919-1920 546 

Motor Vehicles. 

- unity in miles per hour for Motor Vehicles, by Provinces 551 

26. Number of Motor Veh* stered in Canada, by ProvinoeB, 1907-1921 552 

* 1. Motor C ;ada, by Provinces, 1921 552 

Kxpress Companies. 

28. Operating Mileage of \ .\&lt;, np.-mies in Canada, by Routes, by Provinces and 

by ( Companies, lor ,ded June 30, 1918-1919, and for the calendar years 

i .) and I lL U 554 

29. Knrnini:.- of K\pre&gt;s Companies for t ended June 30, 1915^-1919, and for the 

Calen&lt; : 555 

30. Operating oinpanics for the years ended June 30, 1915-1919, 

and for the calendar V.iand li&gt;20 555-556 

31. Busiii ,-d by K\pr panie&gt; in financial paper for the years ended 

June 30. l c Is IlU .i, and for t lie calendar years 1919 and 1920 556 

Canals. 

12. Canals of Canada, Length and Lock I )imen-.ions, l!(21 559 

33. Canal Traffic during the Navigation Seasons of 1920 and 1921, by direction and 

origin of Cargo 560 

34. Distribution of Total Canal Trailic, by months, 1916-1921 561 

35. Tonnage of Traffic by Canals and Classes of Products, 1920-1921 561 

36. Principal Articles carried through Canadian Canals during the Navigation Seasons, 

I .IL O and 11)21 561-562 

37. Traffic through the Canadian Sault Ste. Mario Canal during the Navigation Seasons, 

1900-21. by Xationality of Vessel and Origin of Freight 562 

38. Traffic through all Canadian Canals during the Navigation Seasons 1900-1921, by 

tionality of Vessel and Origin of Freight 563 

39. Traffic through individual Canadian Canals during the Navigation Seasons 1914-1921 563-565 
49. Total Kxpondituro and Revenue of Canals, 1868-1921, and before Confederation 565 

41. Capital Expenditure for Construction and Enlargement of Canals, 1868-1921 and 

before Confederation 566 

42. Traffic through the Panama Canal by Nationality of Vessels for the years ended 

June 30, 191S-1921 566 

43. Traffic through the Panama Canal, August 1914 to June, 1921 567 

Shipping. 

44. Sea-going Vessels fexclusivo of Coasting Vessels) Entered and Cleared at Canadian 

Ports during the fiscal years 102:) and 1921 571-572 

45. Sea-going \ ntered and Cleared at the Principal Ports of Canada, 1921 572-573 

48. Sea-going Ve-&gt;el&gt; Kntored Inwards and ( Hit wards, by Countries, 1921 573-574 

47. I Entered and Cleared at Canadian Ports with Cargo and in Ballast, 
1901-1921 574 

48. Saa-going and Inland Vessels (exclusive of Coasting Vessels) arrived at and departed 

from Canadian Ports, 1901-1921 575 

49. British and Foreign Vessels employed in the Coasting Trade of Canada, 1917-1921. . 575-576 

50. Canadian and American Vessels trading on Rivers and Lakes between Canada and 

I nited States, exclusive of ferriage, 1917-1921 576 

51. Vessels built and registered in Canada and Vessels sold to other Countries, 1901-1921 577 

52. Number and Net Tonnage of Vessels on the Registry of Shipping, Canada, calendar 

years 1916-1920 577 

53. Steamboat Inspection during the fiscal year 1919-1920 578 

54. Number of Seamen Shipped and Discharged at Canadian Ports, calendar years 

1908-1920 578 

55. Canadian Wrecks and Casualties, for 1870-1900, for the years ended June 30, 1901-1917, 

and for the calendar years 1918-1920 579 

58. Comparative Statement of Marine Danger Signals, 1911-1921 

57. Revenue of the Department of Marine, 1916-1921 

58. Expenditure of the Department of Marine, 1916-1921 

59. Total Revenue and Expenditure of the Department of Marine, 1868-1921 

Telegraphs. 

80. Summary Statistics of all Canadian Telegraphs, for calendar years 1919 and 1920 582 

H. Telegraph Statistics of Chartered Companies, June 30, 1911-1919, and for the calen 
dar years 1919 and 1920 583-584 

82. Coast Stations for Communication by Wireless Telegraphy with Ships at Sea, fiscal 

year 1920-21 585-586 



Xll 

X. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS concluded. 

Telegraphs concluded. PAGE. 

63. Canadian Government Steamers equipped with the Radiotelegraph, fiscal year 

192021 -go 

64. Business and Cost of Maintenance of Radiotelegraph Stations for the fiscal years 

1919-1920 and 1920-1921 ro fi 

Telephones. 

65. Progress of Telephones in Canada for the years ended June 30, 1916-1919, and for the 

Calendar years 1919 and 1920 588 

66. Number of Telephone Companies reporting to the Department of Rail ways and 

Canals, by Provinces December 31, 1920, with totals for the years ended June 30, 

1911-19, and Dec. 31, 1919 and 1920 588 

67. Telephones in use, Mileage of Wire and Number of Employees , by Provinces , bece m - 

6r i tftoft tot the years ended June 30, 1911-19, and Dec. 31, 1919 
and 1920 .. nq 

68. Capital Liability Cost, Revenue, and Operating; Expenses of T eiephones. bec. 3l , 

1920, with totals for the years ended June 30, 1912-19, and Dec. 31, 1919 and 1920. . 589 

Postal Statistics. 

f P St ffices in P eration in the several Provinces of Canada, March 31, 

s iKdS nue of Offices collectin8 

R tST 9 Sl E dr r n ^TemS? ffiCe ^"^-eaunea years 
72. Mail Subsidies and Steamship Subventions, 1919-i92i WA.-W 





%* t ) x-v . ^- * -i 1 .- ll.~j-l.L/AC J.7^A 

I. ;jP eratlon of the Money Order System in Canada, 1901-1921 

74. Money Orders by Provinces, 1917-1021 KQ R 

75. Number and Total Values of Postal Notes, 1916-1921 

76. Issue of Postage Stamps, etc., fiscal years 1920 and 1921. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 

XI. LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES. 

Occupations of the People. 

1. Persons engaged in Gainful Occupations in Canada, by Ages, 1911 599 
i. Number of Males and Females 10 years of Age and over engaged in Gainful Occupa 
tions by Provinces, 1881 to 1911 goo 

3. Numbers and Percentage Distribution by Industries of Persons engaged in Gainful 

Occupations, 1881 to 1911 6 QO 

4. Percentage Distribution by Sexes of the Person s engaged in Gainful Occupations by 

Industries and Provinces, 191 1 ... 601-602 

5. Numbers and Percentage Distribution by Nativity, Sex and Industries, of Persons 

Engaged in Gainful Occupations, 1911 602-603 

Dominion Department of Labour. 

Canada and the Intarnational Labour Organization, by Gerald H. Brown, Esq., 
A ssistant Deputy Minister, Department of Labour 607-609 

Organized Labour in Canada. 

6. Membership of Trade Unions in Canada. 1911-1921 615 

7. International Trade Unions operating in Canada . 615-f 

8. Non-international Trade Unions operating in Canada . . . . . . 617 

Trade Disputes. 

9. Record of Labour Disputes by Years, 1901-1921 . . 618 
10. Time Losses by Industries in Working Days, 1901-1921 

II. Industrial Disputes, 1921, by Industries 

12. Industrial Disputes, 1921, by Causes and Results 621 

13. Industrial Disputes by Months, 1921 622 

14. Industrial Disputes, 1921 , by Methods of Settlement. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622-623 

Employment and Unemployment. 

15. Percentages of Unemployment in Trade Unions by Provinces, 1915-1921 627 
lb. P centages of L ^employment in Trade Unions by Groups of Industries, 1915-1921.. 629 

Numbers of Employment as Reported by Employers during 1921 630 

Wages. 

19* Tnrfe S umb * rs of , ? ates , of Wages for 21 Classes in 13 Cities of Canada, 1901-1921 . . 633 

19. Index Numbers of Sample Rates of Wages for Common Labour in Factories, Mis- 
20 Pl i f w Factor / Trades and Lumbering, and of Wages in Coal Mines, 1911-1921. 633 

*0. Vage f Q ^! d H , ou / s of L * bour of Employees of Steam Railways in Canada, 

September, 1920, and September, 1921 634 

H ?Q9n of JU b ur f Employees in and aboutCoaV Mines in Canada , 
September, 1920, and September, 1921 635 

^S 1 !? W S and H urs of Labour fo rVarious Factory Trades in Canada , 
September, 1920, and September, 1921 ... 636-637 



Xlll 

XI. LABOl R, WAGES AND PRICES concluded. 

Wages concluded. PAGE. 

33 V I. .in and I Iuur&gt; Worked per Week in Loading Trades in Canadian Cities, 

.......................... ; ............................ 608 639 

24 Weekly Wages in Canadian Manufacturing Industries, 1915 and 1919 ................ 640-641 

; rruT8 Classified by Groups of Industries and of Wages, 1919 ................ 

Prices and the Cost of Living. 

26. Index NumU rs of Whi&gt;U-&gt;alo PriOM in ( anada by Months and Groups of Commodi- 

| ( l ) 1 ........... ..,..,.. O T t 

&gt;1. IndexNumbersof AH Coin mod ii i ^w, 1894-1920 ... ... 644-646 

; &gt;x ( Changes in the Cost of Living in &lt; Janada, based upon weighted Retail Prices, 1910- 

"47 



- ....... 

MI Weekly Cost of a FanVilv HuU.-t of Staple Foods, Fuel and Lighting, and Rent, in 

. ^of,h, \vrn 1 .M.l n-.- 1 nh(iCanadumCitH-s.l) l ,-. MHiO, 1905, 1910, 1913, 1916, 

Hi, June and Dee., 1920, and each month, ItUM . . ... ..... ...... ........ 

, n 11 ost of a Familv Budiret of Stapl.- Foods, Fuel and Lighting, and Rent, in 

30&lt; ,;.n^ o, ,1 :,,-I r 1( ,. in each Province of Canacla, J &gt;c 1-JOO, 1905, 1910, 

1913,1916, i -..I Di-o., 1920, and each month M l 1 

XII. FINANCE. 

Dominiun Public Finance. 

1. -Balancv ShiH-t of tho l)m,inion of Canada, as at March 31. liL l 658 

i Disbursements, 1918-1922 .............. 

- 660 



ti , )( .. iidated Fund Account, I . ly 

4* jvtailo.i Mture on Consolidated land Account. 1.1 

.; v venue during the , ,-nded March &gt;!, HUo-i.Lt 

I v. venue collected by the Inland Revenue Department, by Provinces, 

duriii" the U-eal year ended March 31, l!21 

7. Income Tax coll* ^Provin I...... 664-665 

8 Principal Ite "ominion f^xpenditure, 1868-1 . . . - - - - - - - - - 

9. Principal Items of Receipts of Canada on Con-hdated Hind Account, 1868-1922.. . . 666 

10. Popui, is^^sraiSirwiSff.? 

Canada, Marc-h 31, 1919, 1920 and 1921 



V canad 66g _ 669 



Inland Revenue. 
1 niM :,,..l "tlH-r Inland lirvonu^ for the fisral years 1916-1921... . 

- 



. 

.,. xi XTScS f ^ fii9,s:,9 2 , 

Prolnclal Public Finance. 

M. Statement showin, the Ordinary Revenues and Expenditures of the Provincial 
J4 An G nSa? oS y t&ei^ and E^nditure of the ProvinciaV Governments per 





fiscal years ending in 1920 ......................... 

Municipal Public Finance. 

- s ro^=^rS^jf ^^^ 

SlSVr 192 o: :...... 



Hydro-Electric Power Commission ol Ontario 



705 



XIV 

XII. FINANCE continued. 

Currency and Banking. PAGE 

36. Coinage at the Ottawa Branch of the Royal Mint in the calendar years 1919-1921 ____ 708 

37. Gold Coinages of the Ottawa Branch of the Royal Mint, 1908-1921 ................ 709 

38. Canadian Gold Reserves, December 31, 1905-1921 ................................. 709 

39. Circulation in Canada of Silver and Bronze Coin, December 31, 1901-1921 ........... 709 

40. Dominion Notes Circulation and Reserves at June 30, 1890-1921 .................... 710 

41. Denominations of Dominion Notes in Circulation, March 31, 1916-1921 ............. , 711 

42. Statistics of Bank Note Circulation, 1892-1921 .................................... 711 

43. Circulating Medium in hands of the Public, 1900-1921 .............................. 712 

Banking. 

44. Historical Summary Showing Development of the Canadian Banking Business, 

1868-1921 ....................................................................... 717-718 

45. Numberof Branches of Banks in Canada, by Provinces, 1868, 1902, 1905and 1915-1921 719 

46. Number of Branches of Canadian Chartered Banks in other countries, with their 

location, Dec. 31, 1921 ........................................................... 719 

47. Number of Branches of Chartered Banks, by Provinces, as at December 31, i921 . . 720 

48. Assets of Chartered Banks of Canada, December 31 , 1921 .......................... 721 

49. liabilities of Chartered Banks of Canada, December 31, 1921 ...................... 722 

50. General Statement of Chartered Banks for the calendar years 1917-1921 ............ 723 

51. Deposits in Chartered Banks in Canada and elsewhere, for the calendar years 1917- 

1921 ............................................................................ 723 

52. Discounts of Chartered Banks in Canada and elsewhere, for the calendar years 

1917-1921 .................................................................. , 723 

53. Assets of Chartered Banks for the calendar years i918-i92i ...... . . . . . . 724 

54. Liabilities of Chartered Banks for the calendar years 1918-1921 .................. . . . 724-725 

55. Amount of Exchanges of the Clearing Houses of Chartered Banks in 16 Leading 

Cities, for the calendar years 1917-1921 ............................ 725 

56. Additional Bank Reserves, with Liabilities, 1892-1921 .......... . ., 726 

57. Ratio of Bank Reserves to Net Liabilities, 1892-1921 ............. " 727 

58. Deposits with Government and other Savings Banks, as at June 30, 1868-1906 and 

March 31, 1907-1922 .............................................. ........ 728 

59. Business of the Post Office Savings Banks, March 31, 1917-1921 ...... 

60. Business of the Dominion Government Savings Banks, March 31, 1917-1921. .... . 729 

61. Total Business of Post Office and Dominion Government Savings Banks, March 31 

1917-1921 ............................................................ . ......... . 729 

Loan and Trust Companies. 

62. Liabilities and Assets of Loan Companies, 1914-1921 ........................ 730 

63. Liabilities and Assets of Trust Companies, 1914-1921 .............. ................. 730-731 

Commercial Failures. 

64. Commercial Failures in Canada, by Provinces, and in Newfoundland for the calen 

dar years 1920 and 1921 ...................................................... 732 

65. Commercial Failures in Canada, by Branches of Business, 19i9-i(J2i! . .... 732 

66. Commercial Failures in Canada, by Provinces and Classes for 1921, with totals for 

1908-1920 ....................................................... ..... 733 

67. Causes of Failures in Canada and the United States, by Numbers and Percentages, 

years ended December 31, 1920 and 1921 ................................... 734 

68. Commercial Failures and Business Confidence in Canada, 1966-1921 (Brads treet). . 

69. Commercial Failures and Business Confidence in Canada, 1900-1921 (Dun) .......... 736 

Government Annuities. 

70. Government Annuities Fund Statement, March 31, 1921 .............. 737 

71. Valuation on March 31, 1921, of Annuity Contracts issued pursuant to the Govern 

ment Annuities Act, 1908 .......................................... .............. 733 

Insurance. 

Fire Insurance. 

72. Fire Insurance Business transacted in Canada, 1920 ................ 741-743 

73. Amounts received as Fire Insurance Premiums and paid as Losses, with percentage 

of Losses to Premiums, 1869-1920 ............................... 744 

74. Totals of Fire Insurance Premiums received and Losses paid, with percentage of 

Losses to Premiums, by Nationality of Companies, 1869-1920 .................... 744 

75. Amount of Fire Insurance at risk in Canada, 1869-1920 ............. . 744 

76. Assets of Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance, or Fire insurance and other 

classes of Insurance, and Assets in Canada of Companies other than Canadian 
transacting such business in Canada, 1916-1920 ..................... 745 

77. Liabilities of Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance, or Fire Insurance and other 

classes of Insurance, and Liabilities in Canada of Companies other than Canadian 
transacting such business in Canada, 1916-1920 .......... 745 

78. Cash Income and Expenditure of Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance or Fire 

Insurance and other classes of Insurance, and Cash Income and Expenditure in 
Com P anies oth er than Canadian transacting such business in Canada, 



** .. ^- \ , *. ..,....., 

79. Amount of Net Premiums written and Net Losses incurred in Canada, by Provinces, 

by Canadian, British and Foreign Companies transacting Fire Insurance, 1920.. 748 

SU. Dominion and Provincial Fire Insurance in Canada, 1920 748 

81. Fire Insurance carried on property in Canada in 1920, under section 129 of the Insurl 

ance Act, 1917, by Companies, Associations or Underwriters not licensed to trans 

act business in Canada .......................................... 743 



XV 

XII. FINAM K concluded. 

I IIMI ranee -concluded. 

- Insurance. PAGE 

Historical Note by A. D. WATSON, Esq.. Actuary, Department of Insurance ........ 749-752 

82. 1 i ranee in Force and : I in Canada, 18651 to 1920 ....................... 

gj. i trance in Force and Effected in Canada, by CompaniM, 1920 ............... 755 

xi. ! ...... -s of Life Insuran nada, 1916-1920 ............ : ........ : ............ 756 

85. Insurance Death-n &lt;17-1 .1L () ........................ .. ............ . : 757 

8i. Assets of Canadian I.itV Companies and A.ssets in Canada of Life Companies other 

-; YV-."-. ....... . 757 

87 Li ibi idian Life Companies and Liabilities in ( anada of Life Companies 

,T t han ( anadian ( ompani. .................... . .... . - - .......... . 758 

88. Ca^ti Income an.! Expenditure of Canadian Life Companies and Lash Income and 
:iture in ( ompanies, othrr than Canadian Companies, 1916- 

................................................ 758-759 

8J. [ &lt;&gt;unt of i 1,1015-1920 ........................ 

M. Premium Income of Life Companies, 1915-1920 ..................................... 75- 

51. Life Insurance on Plan, 1918-1920 ......... 760 

52. Dominion and Provincial Life In-urance in Canada, 1920 ........................... 

Miscellaneous Insurance. 

53. la-^ur; Md Life, M ................ .....:. ...... :: 762 

54_ I, aditure and of Canadian Companies doing 

ce Busii Fire and Life, 1920 ............. ./ (62 

S3. Income and iiture in r than Canadian, doing Busi- 

............... ; ..... ...... 

H. Dominion and Provincial Insurance ii: her than Fire and Life, 1 

VIII. ADMINISTRATION. 

Parliamentary Representation. 

1. Kepri M-ntation in the Ii Commons, according to the Districts of the Repre- 

1 !14 .............................................................. 766 

2. Govern. ral of Canada. 1S67-1922 ......................................... 

3. Dominion Parliament-, 1867 ................................................ 769 

4. Mini.-i e Confederation ...... \ ^ ....................................... 771 779 

5. Lieutenant-Governors of Provinces, 1867-1922 ...................................... 111-11* 

Honorary- Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial [Research. . 

Public Lands. 

6. Distribution of the Surveyed Areas in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, as at 

January 1, I . lM ............................ ............ : 777 

7. Land Sale- hy Railway Companies having Government Land Grants, and by tne 

Hud-&lt;" ay, in the fiscal years 1919-1921 ....... .... ........ 777 

8. Homestead entries in Manii -katchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia, by 

Nationalities made during the fiscal years 1916-1921 ....... .... . . . . . ........... 782 

J. Receipts of Patents and Homestead Entries in the fiscal years r 

Department of the Secretary of State. 

10. Naturalizations in ( "anada by Principal Nationalities effected under the Naturaliz 

ation lets, 11 : during the Calendar Years 191o, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920 

and 1921 ........................................................................ /84 ~ 85 

Indian Affairs. 

11. Indian Population in Canada, by Provinces, 1911-1917 .............. 

1?. At tendance of Pupils at Indian Schools, by Provinces, for the fiscal year ended Mar. 



31 19 9 1 

13. Acreage and Value of Indian Lands, by Provinces, 1920. . . . . . ...................... 

14. Area and Yield of Field Crops of Indians, by Provinces, 1920. . . . . . - . ... ..... . . . . ... /J 

15. Numbers of Farm Live Stock of Indians, with Total \ alues, by Provinces, 1920. ... 791 
1C. Sources and Values of Income of Indians, 1920 ...................................... 



Public Works. 

17. Dimensions of Graving Docks owned by the Dominion Government - 793 

18. Dimensions and Cost of Graving Docks subsidized under the Dry Dock Subsidies 

\ i o i n **** 

IS. Expenditure and Revenue of the Public Works Department for the fiscal years ^ 

Harbour Commissions , 794-795: National Gallery. . 

Public Defence. 

20. Expenditure and Revenue of Militia for the Fiscal Years 1917-1921. . . . ... ...... 797 

21. Expenditure on Account of War Appropriation for the years ended March 31 1915-1921 
Roval Militarv College, 800: Department of the Naval Service, 801-802: Air Board, 

80? Creation of the Department of National Defence, 802: Royal Canadian ^^ 

22 sS n th e and Distribution of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, on September 
30, 1921 



XVI 



XIII. ADMINISTRATION aoncluded. 

Department of Soldiers Civil Re-Establishment. 

War Pensions 804-8!0 : 

23. Scale of Annual Pensions granted to Dependant s of Deceased Sai lors and Soldi er s 

madian Naval Forces and the Canadian Expeditionary Force, as effective 

OH oGp T61T1 DGI* 1 T ly^jl o A " 

24. Scale of Annual Pensions to Disabled Sailors and Soldiers of the Canadian Naval 

forces and the Canadian Expeditionary Force, as effective for years commencing 
September 1, 1921, 1922 and 1923, under the Pension Act. . 806-807 

2o. Number of Pensions in Force on Dec. 31, 1921, and the Yearly Liability incurred 

tnereon ^ -. 

Returned Soldiers Life Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808 

The Soldier Settlement Board 809-810 

Dominion Department of Health 810-813 

Judicial and Penitentiary Statistics. 

26. Convictions by Groups of Criminal Offences and Total Convictions for Minor 

U ices, 1876-1920, with Proportion to Population 815 

Provinces, 1918, 1919 and 1920 T es . y 

Z8. Indictable Offences, by classes, during the years ended September 30 , 1919 and 1920 816-81] 

J9. Convictions and Sentences for all Offences, by Provinces, 1914-1920 

30. Juvenile Criminals convicted of Indictable Offences by Classes of Offence , 1920 

r*? A yearly average for the period 1885-1920 819 

imt e ?non Ulttals&gt; Convictions and Sentences in respect of Indictable Offences , 
Ay 1-0 iy^u. . . 

*2. Classification of persons convicted of indictable Offences, 1914-1920 

S3. Convictions by Classes of Offence, 1914-1920 

U. Convictions for Drunkenness for the five years i9i6-1920 soo 

35. Population of Penal Institutions, 1918-1920 ... . . . . . . . . . . . 822 

Penitentiaries. 

36. Movements of Convicts, 1916-1921 

J7. Number of Deaths, Escapes, Pardons and Paroles^ 1916-1921 

38. Age of Convicts, 1915-1921 S9 o 

39. Classification of Convicts, 1915-1921 824 

Divorce. 

40. Statistics of Divorces granted in Canada, 1868-1921 825 

The Dominion Bureau of Statistics 826-834 

Acts of Parliament and Publications. 

List of the Principal Acts of Parliament administered by Departments of the Government of the 

la, as compiled from information supplied by the respective Departments. 835-836 
List of Principal Publications of Departments of the Government of the Dominion of Canada 

rom information supplied by the respective Departments 837-844 

List of Principal Publications of the Provincial Governments of Canada, as compiled from in 
formation supplied by the respective Governments 844-852 

XIV. LEGISLATION AND PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF THE YEAR 1921. 

Dominion Legislation, 1921.. fi ro Q( . ft 

_ . . , OOZ SOo 

Provincial Legislation, 1921 856-872 

Principal Events of the Year 1921 872-880 

The Imperial Conference, 872: The Washington Conference, 873: Second Assembly of the 
League of Nations, 875: League of Nations Society of Canada, 876: Dominion General 
lection, 876: Provincial General Elections, 877: Acquisition of the Grand Trunk bv 
the Government, 877: The Economic and Financial Year, 877: Obituary 879 



XV. EXTRACTS FROM THE CANADA GAZETTE. 

Privy Councillors, 881: Lieutenant-Go vernors, 881: New Senators, 881: New Members of the 
House of Commons, 881: Cabinet Ministers and other Members of the Government, 881: 
Judicial Appointments, 881: Commissions, 883: Imperial Honours, 885: Official Appoint 
ments, 885: Day of General Thanksgiving, 885. 



XV11 

LIST OF MAPS AND DIAGRAMS. PAGE. 

Arm, of Canada Frontispiece 

Map of the Dominion of Canada and Newfoundland. . 

Map: H..t :mu-:il Provinces of Canada : Facing 

Map of Canada showing Normal Mean Temperature and Precipitation in January Facing 

p of Canada showing Normal Mean Temperature and Precipitation in July Facing 

1 haKram: Irulox Numbers of Average Prices of Field Crops, 1900-1921 

l)ianr:iin&gt; Illustrating the Paper-Making Industry .. 

,: Sounv- and &lt; haracter of Power for Industrial ( Yntres and Districts in Canada. . . .Facing 

Diagram: Primary Ptow Installed in Central I Electric Stations in Canada Facing 

Diagram: Afcnpto I Eternal Trade of Canada, 1901-1922 Facing 

Diagram: Time Loss in Working Days by Industries, and Total Time Loss, 1901-1921 

Diagram: Index Number- &lt;.f Employment, 1920 and 1921 

Diagram: Percentage of Unemployment among Trade Unionists, 1916 July, 1922 

Diagram: Index Numbers of Employment as reported by Employers, Jan., 1920-July, 1922 

Diagram: Course of Wholesale Prices in Canada by Months, 1919-1921 

1 &gt;i:iram : Course of Wholesale Prices in Canada, 1890-1921 

Diagram: Changes in the Cost of Living in Canada, 1913-April, 1922 . 

Diagram: Organization of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics 



RETROSPECTIVE INDEX. 

SPECIAL ARTICLES IN CANADA YEAE BOOK 1913-1920. 

(Not repeated in this Edition.) YEARBOOK. PAGE. 

History of Canada. Prepared under the direction of ARTHUR G DOUGHTY, C.M.G., 
LL D Deputy Minister, Public Archives of Canada. With 18 illustrations 

Climate and Meteorology. By A. J. CONNOR, M.A., Climatologist of the Meteoro- ^^ ^ ^ 

logical Service of Canada 

Natural Resources of the Dominion of Canada By WATSON GRIFFIN, Department 
of Trade and Commerce, Ottawa. \\ ith 10 illustrations 

The Story of Confederation. By SIR JOSEPH POPE, K C.M.G., C V.O., I.S.O., Under 
Secretary of State for External Affairs, Ottawa. With 2 illustrations - 

Fifty Years of Canadian Progress, 1867 to 1917. By ERNEST H. GODFREY, F.S.S., 

Editor, Dominion Bureau of Statistics, C ;tawa _ 

tr.rv nf the Great War Bv Brie. -General E. A. CRUIKSHANK, LL.D.,_b .K 
DSeStor of SS* Historical s4 ion - General Staff De P artment of Mlhtia and 
Defence, Ottawa. With appendices. 



Ottawa 



ERRATA. 

Page 9. Line 5. The index figure "1" referring to foot-note, should be inserted here after 

the word "Council" instead of in line 24. 

P in Twelve male and two female students of Queen s University, are erroneously 
Page 159. ^^^^^ Medicine mst ead of in Theology. The totals m the 

theological faculties ofall universities should therefore be 664 males and 7 

females and in the faculty of veterinary medicine 
Page 301. In table 58, the proportion of asses in the British Empire to the world total at 

the date nearest 1921, should be 25-4 instead of 2 
Page 663 In Table 7, last line but one, Business War profits tax revenue in 1921 yielded 

$40,841,401.25, not $48,841,401.25. 



38131 B 



XV111 



STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA. 

Area of the Dominion of Canada in square miles: Land, 3,603,910: Water, 125,755: Total, 3,729,665. 



1 


Items. 


1871. 


1881. 


1891. 


1896. 


1901. 


I 


Estimated population No. 


3,689,287 


4,324,810 


4,833,239 


5,086,000 


5,371,315 


2 


Immigration No. 


27, 773 


47,991 


82,165 


16,835 


49,149 


3 


Agriculture 1 
Wheat Acres 


1,646,781 


2,366,554 


2,701,213 




4,224,542 


4 


Oats " 




_ 


3,961,356 


~ 


5,367,655 


6 


Barley.. " 


_ 


_ 


868,464 





871,800 


6 


Corn " 


_ 


_ 


195,101 


_ 


360,758 


7 


Potatoes " 


403,102 


464,289 


450, 190 


_ 


448,743 


8 


Hay and clover " 


3,650,419 


4,458,349 


5,931 548 





6,543,423 


9 


Wheat Bush. 


16,723,873 


32,350,269 


42,223,372 





55,572,368 


10 


Oats " 


42,489,453 


70,493,131 


83,428,202 


__ 


151,497,487 


11 


Barley " 


11,496,038 


16,844,868 


17,222,795 


__ 


22,224,366 


12 


Corn " 


3,803,830 


9,025,142 


10,711,380 


__ 


25,275,919 


13 


Potatoes " 


47,330,187 


55,268,227 


53,490,857 


_ 


55,362,635 


14 


Hay and clover Tons 


3,818,641 


5,055,810 


7,693,733 


_ 


7,852,731 


15 


Wheat $ 


16,993,265 


38,820,323 


31,667,529 





36,122,039 


16 


Oats $ 


15,966,310 


23,967,665 


31,702,717 


^ 


51,509,118 


17 


Barley.. 


8,170,735 


11,791,408 


8,611,397 


. 


8,889,746 


18 


Corn $ 


2,283,145 


5,415,085 


5,034,348 


! 


11,902,923 


19 


Potatoes .... $ 


15,211,774 


13,288,510 


21,396,342 





13,842,658 


20 


Hay and clover $ 


38,869,900 


40,446,480 


69,243,597 


_ 


85,625,315 




Field Crops 
Total area Acres 














Total value $ 


._ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


194,953,420 


21 


Live Stock 
Horses No. 


836,743 


1,059,358 


1,470,572 




1,577,493 


22 


Milch cows " 


1,251,209 


1,595,800 


1,857,112 


__ 


2,408,677 


23 


Other cattle " 


1,373,081 


1,919,189 


2,263,474 


__ 


3,167,174 


24 


Sheep " 


3,155,509 


3,048,678 


2,562,781 





2,510,239 


25 


Swine " 


1,366,083 


1,207,619 


1,733,850 





2,353,828 


26 


Horses $ 








mm 


118,279,419 


27 


Milch cows $ 


_ 


_. 


^ 


_ 


69,237,970 


28 


Other cattle $ 


__ 


H 


M 


_ 


54,197,341 


29 


Sheep... $ 


_ 


_ 


.. . 


__ 


10,490,594 


30 


bwine.. 





_ 


_ 


__ 


16,445,702 




Total value $ 










268,651,026 


31 


Dairying 
Cheese, factory lb. 










220,833,469 


32 


Butter, creamery " 


_ 


_ 


_ 


__ 


36,066,739 


33 


Cheese, factory $ 


1,601,738 


5,464,454 


9,784,288 


_ 


22,221,430 


34 


Butter, creamery $ 




341,478 


913,591 


! 


7,240,972 


35 


Miscellaneous dairy products. . . $ 
Total value of dairy products $ 

Fisheries 
Total value.. $ 


7,573,199 


15,817,162 


18,977,874 


20,407,424 


269,520 
29,731,922 

25,737,153 


36 


Minerals 
Gold oz 


105, 187 


63,524 


45,018 


133,262 


1,167,216 


37 


Silver " 




355,0832 


414,523 


3,205,343 


5,539,192 


38 


Copper lb 





3,260,4242 


9,529,401 


9,393,012 


37,827,019 


39 


Lead " 


_ 


204,8002 


88,665 


24,199,977 


51,900,958 


40 


Nickel " 





839,477 


4,035,347 


3,397,113 


9,189,047 


41 


Pig iron .Tons 




24,8272 


23,891 


67,268 


274,376 


42 


Coal " 


1, 063,742 s 


1,537,106 


3,577,749 


3,745,716 


6,486,325 


43 


Cement , brl. 




69,8432 


93,479 


149,090 


450,394 


44 


Gold $ 


2,174,412 


1,313,153 


930,614 


2,754,774 


24,128,503 


45 


Silver $ 




347,2712 


409,549 


2,149,503 


3,265,354 


46 


Copper.. 




366,7982 


1,226,703 


1,021,960 


6,096,581 


47 


Lead $ 




9,2162 


3,857 


721,159 


2,249,387 


48 


Nickel $ 





498,286 


2,421,208 


1,188,990 


4,594,523 


49 


Pig iron $ 





366,1922 


368,901 


924, 129 


3,512,923 


50 


Coal $ 


1,763,423 s 


2,688,621 


7,019 425 


7,226 462 


12,699,243 


51 


Cement $ 




81.909 2 


108,561 


201,651 


660,030 




Total value $ 




10,221,2554 


18,976,616 


22,474,256 


65,797,911 

















The figures of field crops (1871-1911), are for the preceding years. 2 1887. 1874. 1886. 



xix 



STATISTICAL Sl MMARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA. 

Area of the Dominion of Canada in square milesr-Land, 3,603,910: Water, 125,755: Total, 3,729,665. 



1906. 



1911. 



6.171,000 7,206,643 
189,064 311,084 



1916. 



1917. 



8,864,154 
8,656,179 
l,2,v 

464.504 
8,289,407 
132,07 
245,89 

28,8! 

11. 417, 599 

55,461,478 

10,406,367 

104,816,825 

86,790,130 

14,653,697 

5,774,039 

27,426,765 

90,115,531 



- 384,513,795 



2,598,958 
2,595,255 
3,930,828 
2,174,300 
3.634,778 
381,915,505 
109,575,526 
86,278,490 
10,701,691 
26,986,621 



8,035,584 
48,537 



15,369,709 
10,996,487 



8,180,160 
75,374 



173,000 
472,992 

1 . 1?:&gt;7 
&gt;1,000 

4io,2ii.nno 

70,000 

&gt;2,000 

.297,000 

14,527,000 

344,096,400 

210,957,500 

35,024,000 

6,747,000 

50.982,300 

168,547,900 



13,313,400 
2,392,200 
234,339 
666 

8, 225. o:54 



38,930,333 
888,494,900 



403,009,800 

55,057,750 

7,7(12,700 

79,892,000 

13,684,700 

453,038,600 

277,065,300 

f, .t.ti54,400 

14,307,200 

80,804,400 

141,376,700 



42,602,288 
1,144,636,450 



- 15,457,833 



204,788,583 

45,930,204 

23,597,639 

10,949,062 

910,842 



199,904.205 

64,698,165 

21,587,124 

15,645,845 

1,814,871 



35,457,543 39,047,840 
26,279,485 34,667,872 



556,415 
8,473,379 
55,609,888 
54,608,217 
21,490,955 
598,411 
9,762,601 
2,128,374 
11,502,120 
5,659,455 
10,720,474 
3,089,187 
8,948,834 
7,955,136 
19,732,019 
3,170,859 



79,286,697 



3,246,430 

2,835,532 

3,763,155 

2,025,023 

3,484,982 

418,686,000 

198,896,000 

204.477,000 

20,927,000 

60,700,000 

903,686,000 



192,968,597 
82,564,130 
35,512,622 
26,966,355 



3,412,74 

3,202,28 

4,718,65 

2,369,35 

3,619,38 

429,123,00 

274,081,00 

270,595,00 

35,576,00 

92,886,00 



1918. 



1919. 



8,328,382 
79,074 



17,353,902 

14,790,336 

3,153,711 

250,325 

735,192 

10,544,625 

189,075,350 

426,312,500 

77,287,240 

14,205,200 

104,364,200 

14,772,300 

381,677,700 

:531.:! )7,400 

77,378,670 

24,902,800 

102,235,300 

241,277,300 



51,427,190 
,367,909,970 



1920. 



8,478,546 8,631,475 



57,702 



19,125.968 

14,952,114 

2,645,509 

264,607 

818,767 

10,595,383 

193,260,40.0 

394,387,000 

56,389,400 

16,940,500 

125,574,900 

16,348,000 

457,722,OOJO 

317,097,000 

77,378,670 

22,080,000 

118,894,200 

338,713,200 



53,049,640 
1,537,170,100 



19211. 



3,609,257 

3,538,600 

6,507,267 

3,052,748 

4,289,682 

459,155,000 

307,244,000 

398,814,000 

48,802,000 

112,751,000 



117,336 



18,232,374 

15,849,928 

2,551,919 

291,650 

784,544 

10,379,292 

263,189,300 

530,709,700 

63,310,550 

14,334,800 

133,831,400 

13,338,700 

427,357,300 

280,115,400 

52,821,400 

16,593,400 

129,803,300 

348,166,200 



52,S30,865 
1,455,244,050 



8,788,483 
148,477 



Z 



23,261,224 

16,949,029 

2,795,665 

296,866 

701,912 

10,614,951 

300,858,100 

426,232,900 
59,709,100 
14,904,000 

107,346,000 
11,366,100 

242,936,000 

146,395,300 
28,254,150 
12,317,000 
82,147,600 

267,764,200 



59,635,346 
931,863,670 



1,102,261,00 ,326,766,000 



473,159 
32,559,04 
55,648,01 
23,784,96 
34,098,74 
917,53 
11,323,38 
5,692,91 
9,781,077 
17,355,272 
6,886,998 
827,717 
10,229,623 
12,307,125 
26,467,646 
7,644,537 



103,220,994 



35,860,708 



930,492 

25,459,741 

117,150,028 

41,497,615 

82,958,564 

1,169,257 
14,483,395 

5,369,560 
19,234,976 
16,717,121 
31,867,150 

3,532,692 
29,035,498 
16,750,898 
38,817,481 

6,547,728 



194,904,336 
87,526,939 
41,180,623 
34,274,218 

18,424,485 

93,879,326 

39,208,378 
52,312,044 

738,83 

22,221,27 

109,227,332 

32,576,28 

84,330,281 

l,170,48i 
14,046,75 

4,768,48 
15,272,99 
18,091,89 
29,687,98 

3,628,02 
33,732,11 
25,025,96 
43,199,83 

7,724,24 



177,201,534 



189,646,82 



3,667,369 

3,548,437 

6,536,574 

3,421,958 

4,040,070 

435,070,000 

327,814,000 

381,007,000 

50,402,000 

102,309,000 

1,296,602,000 



3,400,352 

3,530,238 

5,947,142 

3,720,783 

3.516,678 

361,328,000 

281,675,000 

279,825,000 

37,263,000 

81,155,000 

1,041,246,000 



3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 



3,813,921 

3,736,832 

6,469,373 

3,675,860 

3,904,895 

314,764,000 

190,157,000 

183,649,000 

23,308,000 

54,842,000 



21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 



174,878,313 
93,298,348 
39,456,532 
41,859,156 
26,025,162 

107,340,850 



166,421,871 

103,899,707 

44,586,168 

56,371,985 

34,238,449 

135,196,602 



60,250,5443 

699,681 

21,383,979 

118,769,434 

51,398,002 

92,507,293 

1,195,551 
14,977,926 

3,591,481 
14,463,689 
20,693,704 
29,250,536 

4,754,315 
37,002,917 
33,495,171 
55,192,896 

7,076,503 



211,301,897 



56,508,4793 

766,764 
16,020,657 
75,053,581 
43,827,699 
44,544,883 
917,781 
13,681,218 

4,495,257 
15,853,478 
17,802,474 
14,028,26 

3,053,03 
17,817,95 
24,577,58 
54,413,34 

9,802,433 

176,686,390 



149,201,856 

111,691,718 

39,100,872 

63,625,203 

43,610,416 

146,336,491 



49,241,3393 

765,007 
13,330,357 
81,600,691 
35,953,717 
61,335,706 

1,090,396 
16,631,95 

6,651,98 
15,814,09 
13,450,330 
14,244,217 

3,214,262 
24,534,282 
30,319,024 
80,693,723 
14,798,070 

227,859,665 



766,720,000 



161,062,62631 

122,776,58032 

28,615,18533 

45,893,08834 

35,699,58135 

110,207,854 



34,931,935 

926,32936 

13,490,74737 

47,620,82038 

66,679,59239 

19,293,06040 

665,67641 

15,057,49542 

5,752,88543 

19,148,92044 

8,452,49345 

5,953,55546 

3,828,74247 

6,752,57148 

17,307,57649 

72,451,65650 

14,195,14351 

172,430,648 




.Ca,enda r years. 



XX 



STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA-continued. 



1 

5? 


Items. 


1871. 


1881. 


1891. 


1896. 


1901. 


1 

18 

1Q 

20 
21 

22 
2 c 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 

30 
31 
32 

33 
34 
35 

36 

37 

38 

39 
40 
41 

42 
43 
44 

45 

46 
47 

48 
49 
50 
31 
52 
53 


Manufactures 1 
Employees No 


187,94 
77,964,02 
40,851,00 
221,617,77 

57,630,02 
84,214,38 

141,844,41 

1,748,97 
306,33 
542,38 
23,48 

103,44 
15,439,26 
8,271,43 
1,981,91 
1,609,84 
231,22 
290,21 

1,018,91 
3,065,23 
1,109,90 
163,03 

6,246,000 

318,28 
595,26 
120,12 

662,451 
57,630,024 

84,214,388 

2,695 
257,035,188 6 
5,190,416 7 
5,670,836 7 
19,470,539 
15,775,5327 


254,89^ 
164,957,42, r 
59,401,7(M 
309,731,86^ 

83,944,701 
90,488,32&lt; 

174,433,03C 

2,523,675 
439, 72 J 
2,926,532 
168,381 

103,547 

17,649,491 
49,255,523 
2,593,82C 
2,173,108 
1,191,873 
1,813,208 

758,334 
3,573,034 
5,510,443 
767,318 

39,604,000 

420,055 
34,494 
150,412 

1,123,091 
83,944,701 

90,488,339 

7,331 
284,419,293 
6,943,671 
12,065,323 
27,987,509 
20,121,418 


272,03! 
! 353,213,00( 

! 79,234,311 
368,696,72; 

88, 871, 73 j 
) 111,533,954 

1 200,205,695 

2.108.2H 

296,784 
260,560 
65,08; 

75,541 
3,768,101 
106,202,14C 
1,583,084 

1,388,578 
129,917 
559,489 

628, 46G 
602,175 
9,508,800 
554,126 

10,994,498 
5,352,043 
833,684 
238,367 
505,196 
240,499 
2,916,465 

13,742,557 
36,399,140 

872,628 
25,351,085 
556,527 

1,618,955 

3,988,584 
851,211 
5,291,051 

88,671,738 

24,212,140 
8,030,862 

28,670,141 
5,203,490 
15,142,615 

3,810,626 

14,139,024 
3,697,810 
8,577,246 

111,533,954 

13,838 
632,061,440 
13,222,568 
21,753,021 
48,192,099 
34,960,449 


! 
1 
- 

; 

! 109,707,80^ 
[ 105,361,161 

! 215,068,96( 

i 9,919,54$ 
186, 71( 
968.13/ 
214.64C 

537,361 
5,889,241 
164,689,122 
5,771,521 
718,433 
273,861 
1,976,431 

4,381,968 
1,052,089 
13,956,571 
1,099,053 
2,508,233 
3,575,482 
6,996,540 
1,025,060 
1,595,548 
194,771 
486,651 
3,249,069 

14,606,735 
48,763,906 

2,104,013 
28,772,187 
1,188,254 

3,843,475 

4,368,013 
481,661 
5,579,561 

109,707,805 

22,742,835 
7,599,802 

27,421,519 
4,787,288 
13,393,762 

2,967,439 

13,736,879 
3,840,806 
8,870,831 

105,361,161 

16,270 
697,212,941 
13,059,023 
24,248,294 
50,374,295 
34,893,337 


339,173 
446,916,487 
113,249,350 
481,053,375 

i 177,431,386 
177,930,919 

i 355,362,305 

9,739,758 
1,118,700 
8,155,063 
252,977 

1,055,495 
16,335,528 
195,926,397 
6,871,939 
4,015,226 
2,490,521 
2,097,882 

11,778,446 
3,295,663 
20,696,951 
24,445,156 
4,022,019 
26,345,776 
9,537,558 
1,888,538 
2,420,750 
2,659,261 
958,365 
5,307,060 

25,541,567 
68,465,332 

1,880,539 
33,099,915 
3,778,897 

33,395,096 

7,356,324 
791,975 
3,121,741 

177,431,386 

38,036,757 
14,022,896 

37,284,752 
8,196,901 
29,955,936 

7,159,142 

21,255,403 
5,692,564 
16,326,568 

177,930,919 

18,140 
816,110,837 
18,385,722 
36,999,371 
72,898,749 
50,368.726 


Capital $ 


Salaries and wages $ 


Products 


Trade- 
Exports 2 $ 


Imports 3 $ 


Total $ 


Exports, domestic 
Wheat Bush 


Wheat flour Brl 


Oats Bush 


Hay Tons 


Bacon and hams, shoulders 
and sides Cwt 


Butter Lb 


Cheese " 


Wheat $ 


Wheat flour $ 


Oats $ 


Hay $ 


Bacon and hams, shoulders 
and sides ^ $ 


Butter $ 


Cheese 


Gold* ;;; j 


Silver Oz 


Copper* Lb 


Nickel " 


Coal Tons 


Silver $ 


Copper 


Nickel 


coal ;:: f 


Exports, domestic- 
Vegetable products (except 
chemicals, fibres and wood) $ 
Animals and their products 
(except chemicals and fibres) $ 
Fibres, textiles and textile pro 
ducts $ 


Wood, wood products and paper $ 
Iron and its products $ 


Non-ferrous metals and their 
products $ 


Non-metallic minerals and their 
products $ 


Chemicals and allied products $ 
All other commodities $ 


Total exports, domestic $ 


mports for consumption 
Vegetable products (except 
chemicals, fibres and wood). $ 
Animals and their products 
(except chemicals and fibres). $ 
Fibres, textiles and textile pro 
ducts $ 


Wood, wood products and paper $ 
Iron and its products . $ 


Non-ferrous metals and their 
products $ 


Non-metallic minerals and their 
products (except chemicals) . . $ 
Chemicals and allied products. $ 
All other commodities $ 


Total imports $ 


team Railways 
Miles in operation . . No 


Capital $ 


Passengers No 


Freight Tons 


Earnings $ 


Expenses &lt;j 



mtter a t 

and cheese 



flour 



19 , 18 and , 191 . 9 include works "Ploying less than 
w ,? rks emptying five hands and over, except in the 
and grist mills, electric light plants, lumber, lath and shingle 



XXI 



STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA^continued. 



! 


I .tll. 


1916. 


117. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


i 


333,020 


:.!-), 203 




674,910 


678,337 


682,48 






i 


1,910,155 


I,2t7,:&gt;s 5,609 


- 


i,dU,727 


3,034,301,915 


3,230,686,36 






i 

o 


Iii . , I. ")."&gt;,.") 7s 


241,003,411 


- 


. 1112,089 


629,790,644 


689,435,70 






l 



706, U 


1,1(55,975,639 


- 


3,015,577,940 


3,458,036,975 


3,520,731,58 


- 


- 


O 

4 


235.48 


274,911 

152.721,603 


7 H, 610, 638 
^,201,134 


1,151,375,768 
846,450,878 


1,540,027,788 
963,532,578 


1,216,443,806 
919,711,705 


1,239,492,09 
1,064,528,123 


1,189,163,70 
1,240,158,88 


5 
6 


51S, 224,23$ 


7-7,oii.ijb 


I,? 19,811,772 


1,997,826,648 


2,593,569,366 


3,136,155,511 


2,304,020,22 


2,429,322,583 




40 


15,802,115 


1. .7, 74.5, 469 


189,64:: 


150,392,037 


41,808,897 


77,978,037 


129,215,15 


7 


1.. 532.014| :i.t)4 J,046 


0,214 


7, 42.-.. 72. 


9, 931,14s 


9,205,439 


8,863,068 


6,017,032 


8 


1,700, 


i . t;-;j 




66,368,832 


54,877,882 


17,879,783 


10,768,872 


14,321,048 


9 


206,714 




" ,407 


198,914 


440,368 


492,208 


218,561 


179,398 


10 






16,517 


2,116,166 


2,078,330 


1,246,888 


2,236,426 


982,338 


11 






3,441,183 


7,990,435 


1,926,154 


13,659,157 


17,612,605 


9,739,414 


12 




181,895,724 


168,961 


180,733,426 


169,530,75! 


152.207,037 


126,395,777 


133,620,340 


13 




15,521 


172,896.445 


244,394,586 


366,34! 


96,985,056 


185,044,806 


310,952,138 


14 


i. i: 


13 


,767,044 


47,473,474 


95,89(1 


99,931,659 


94,262,928 


66,520,490 


15 


L,08 


2,144,846 


14.037 


33,918,479 


37,644 


15,193,527 


9,349,455 


14,152,033 


16 


1 . oJ 






4.219,091 


5,073,814 


7,666,491 


4,087,670 


4,210,594 


17 


12,086 


26.382 


27,090,113 


.778,034 


60,082,494 


40,242,175 


70,123,580 


31,492,407 


18 


7,07 


744,288 


1.018,769 


11,992 


2,000,467 


6,140,864 


9,844,359 


5,128,831 


19 




20,739,507 




3d, 72 1,136 


36,602,504 


35,223,983 


36,336,863 


37,146,722 


20 


12,991,916 


14, I M 


16 


19,671,02(1 


13,683,700 


9,202,033 


5,974,334 


3,038,779 


21 


1,527 


33,731,010 


27,794 


23, Sit, 261 


21,960,827 


19,759,478 


12,379,642 


13,291,050 


22 


44,282 


005,342 


111,048, 


12&gt;,439,800 


77,534,900 


65,612,400 


42,003,300 


36,167,900 


23 


1,841 


34, 


70,443,030 


82,620,400 


. 049, 900 


79,164,400 


44,140,700 


47,018,300 


24 


1,820,511 


2,315,171 


1,971,121 


19,185 


1,902,010 


1,826,639 


2,120,138 


2,277,202 


25 


4.3! 


17,269,168 


14 


1.5.870,803 


18,428,571 


19,519,642 


14,255,601 


11,127,432 


26 


7.n- 


.5,575,033 


14,670,073 


22,744 


10,710,705 


8,684,191 


5,253,218 


4,336,972 


27 






7,714,769 


8, 92,5.. -,.54 


9,029,535 


11,170,359 


9,039,221 


9,405,291 


28 


15.198 


6,014,095 


6,032,765 


6,817,034 


8,684,038 


10,169,722 


13,183,666 


16,501,478 


29 


55.82S. 


84,556,886 


257,249,193 


386,011,190 


587,431,967 


288,893,218 


416,122,771 


482,924,672 


30 


M 


69,693,263 


138,375,083 


157,577,393 


209,496,712 


244,990,826 


314,017,944 


188,359,937 


31 


12,903 


I.MS, 931 


15,097,691 


11,979,5.54 


30,804,815 


28,030,381 


34,028,314 


18,783,884 


2 


45,71fl 




83, lit; 


103,652,217 


116,384,814 


154,569,154 


213,913,944 


284,561,478 


3 


1,706,296 


9,884,346 


66,127,099 


63,310,063 


64,837,223 


81,910,926 


81,785,829 


76,500,741 


4 




31,000,996 


66,036,542 


90,263,731 


89,523,168 


79,260,732 


54,976,413 


45,939,377 


5 


7.817,478 


lo.n;s,493 


11,879,741 


14, 842. 77 l 


19,984,236 


26,662,304 


30,342,926 


40,121,892 


6 


1.78 


10,379 


15,948,480 


52,592 


49,131,084 


56,799,799 


22,581,049 


19,582,051 


7 






87,780,527 


271.145.911 


372,433,769 


255,326,466 


71,722,908 


32,389,669 


8 


235,483,956 


274.316,553 


741,610,638 


1,151,375,768 


1,540,027,788 


1,216,443,806 


,239,492,098 


,189,163,701 




50,330,667 


79,214 


95,426,024 


125,870,668 


148,958,888 


157,506,654 


242,075,389 


261,081,364 


9 


23,616,835 


30,671,908 


38,657,514 


63,834,522 


60,570,165 


41,505,094 


95,098,743 


61,722,390 





$9,292,868 


87,916,282 


96,191,485 


142,868,038 


152,311,282 


178,190,241 


231,559,877 


243,608,342 


1 


14,341,947 


26,851,936 


18,277,420 


23,931,265 


28,470,715 


35,399,852 


43,183,267 


57,449,384 


2 


49,436,840 


91,968,180 


92,065,895 


153,251,379 


195,248,713 


192,527,377 


186,319,876 


245,625,703 


3 


17,527,922 


27,655,874 


29,448,661 


39,464,210 


46,203,053 


41,649,431 


52,103,913 


55,553,902 


4 


33,7.57,284 


53,335,826 


53,427,531 


79,227,545 


129;788,504 


135,250,417 


121,956,176 


206,095,113 


5 


1,378 


12,489,776 


19,258,326 


28,672,998 


27,840,576 


34,282,647 


29,886,102 


36,334,612 


6 


.184,539 


42. 020,47 .) 


65,448,278 


189,330,253 


174,140,682 


103,399,992 


62,344,780 


72,688,072 


7 


283,749,289 


452,724,603 


508,201,134 


846,459,878 


963,532,578 


919,711,705 


,064,528,123 


,240,158,882 




21,353 


25,400 


37,434 


33,604 


38,879 


38,896 


39,384 


39,841 


8 


1,035,831,629 


1,528,633,201 


1,893,125,774 


1,985,119,991 


1,999,880,494 


,009,209,510 


,170,030,128 


,164,687,636 


9 


27,939. 


37,097,718 


43,503,459 


43,106,530 


44,948,638 


43,754,194 


51,318,422 


46,793,251 





57,966,713 


79,884,282 


109, 659-, 088 


121,916,272 


127,543,687 


116,699,572 


127,429,154 


103,131,132 


1 


125,322,865 


IN -,.733, 494 


261,888,654 


310,771,479 


330,220,150 


382,976,901 


492,101,104 


458,008,891 


2 


87,129.434 


131.034.785 


180,542,259 


222,890,637 


273,955,436 


341,866,509 


478,248,154 


422.581,205 


3 



mills, lime kilns, brick and tile works and fish preserved. 2 Exports of domestic merchandise only. 
8 Imports of merchandise for home consumption. * The figures for 1919 are for gold exported to foreign 
countries only, * Copper, fine, contained in ore, matte, regulus, etc. * Year 1876. 7 Year 1875. 



XX11 



STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF THE PROGRESS OF CANADA-concluded. 



I 


&gt; 
Items. 


1871. 


1881. 


1891. 


1896. 


1901. 


1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

1 

J 

s 

10 

11 

12 
13 
14 

15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 

22 
23 
24 

25 

26 
27 

28 

29 
30 
31 

32 
33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 
39 

40 
41 




100,377 
3,955,621 

2,521,573 
2,594,460 


118,136 
2,853,230 

4,032,946 
4,071,391 


146, 33t 
2,902,52 

5,273,935 
5,421,261 


151,342 
7,991,073 

5,895,360 
5,563,464 


675 

120,934,656 
287,926 
5,768,283 
3,435,162 

190,428 
5,665,259 

7,514,732 
7,028,330 


Miles in operation No 


Capital $ 


Passengers No 


Freight .Tons 


H/armngs $ 


&gt; Expenses.. 


Canals 
Passengers carried No 


Freight Tons 


Shipping (sea-going) 
Entered Tons 


Cleared " 


Total " 


5,116,033 

4,546,434 
803,637 
994,876 
19,335,561 
15,623,082 
115,492,683 
37,786,165 
77,706,518 

37,095,340 
125,273,631 

80,250,974 
56,287,391 

2,497,260 
2,072,037 
5,766,712 

8,392,464 
8,392,464 
2,399,136 

228,453,784 
2,321,716 

45,825,935 
1,852,974 

" 


8,104,337 

1,947 

7,725,212 
1,344,970 
1,876,658 
29,635,298 
25,502,554 
199,861,537 
44,465,757 
155,395,780 

59,534,977 
200,613,879 

127,176,249 
94,346,481 

6,208,227 
9,628,445 

7,685,888 

73,906,638 
71,965,017 
13,460,268 

462,210,968 
3,827,116 

103,290,532 
3,094,689 

~ 


10,695,196 

2,699 
27,866 

12,478,178 
2,515,823 
3,161,676 
38,579,311 
36,343,568 
289,899,230 
52,090,199 
237,809,031 

60,700,697 
269,307,032 

187,332,325 
148,396,968 

21,738,648 
17,661,378 
10,982,232 

125,041,146 
123,915,704 
18,482,959 

759,602,191 
6,168,716 

261,475,229 
8,417,702 


11,458,824 

2,786 
28,949 

13,081,861 
2,971,653 
3,752,805 
36,618,591 
36,949,142 
325,717,537 
67,220,104 
258,497,433 

62,043,173 
320,937,643 

232,338,086 
193,616,049 

28,932,930 
17,866,389 
14,459,833 

143,887,377 
143,296,284 
19,404,878 

845,574,352 
7,075,850 

327,814,465 
10,604,577 


14,543,062 

5,744 
30, 194 
63,192 

17,956,258 
3,421,192 
3,837,376 
52,514,701 
46,866,368 
354,732,433 
86,252,429 
268,480,004 

67,035,615 
531,829,324 

420,003,743 
349,573,327 

39,950,813 
16,098,144 
19,125,097 

158,523,307 
158,523,307 
20,756,910 

1,038,687,619 
9,650,348 

463,769,034 
15,189,854 


Telegraphs, Government, miles of line 
Telegraphs, other, miles of line. . 


Telephones No 


Motor vehicles " 


Postal- 
Money orders issued $ 


Revenue $ 


Expenditure " $ 


Revenue $ 


Expenditure $ 


Gross debt $ 


Assets $ 


Net debt 


Chartered Banks 
Capital paid up . . $ 


Assets $ 


Liabilities (excluding capital 
and reserves) $ 


Deposits 3 . . 


Savings Banks 
Deposits in Post Office $ 


Government 


Special 


Loan Companies 6 
Assets $ 


Liabilities. $ 


Deposits $ 


Trust Companies 
Shareholders assets $ 


Investments on trust account. . . $ 

Dominion Fire Insurance 
Amount at risk, Dec. 31 $ 


Premium income for year $ 


Provincial Firs Insurance 
Amount at risk Dec. 31 $ 


Premium income for year . . . $ 


Dominion Life Insurance 
Amount at risk Dec. 31 $ 


Premium income for year $ 


Provincial Life Insurance 
Amount at risk Dec. 31 $ 


Premium income for year $ 





i Statistics for 1918 do not include Montreal Tramways. Calendar years 1920 and 1921. 

Including amounts deposited elsewhere than in Canada from 1901 to 1921. * Active assets only 

7 * 1 S ures Abject to revision. Including Building Societies and Trust Companies (1871-1911) 
7 Motor vehicles in 6 provinces numbered 2,130 in 1907 



XX111 
STATISTICAL SUMMVKY OF THK PROGRESS OF CANADA concluded. 



1906. 


1911. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


i 


814 

237,655,074 
506,024 
10, 966, &gt;7 I 
6,675,037 


i,m 

111,532,347 
426,296,792 
1,228,362 
20,356,952 
12,096,134 


1,674 
154,89r&gt; 

580. !&gt;!. 1-, 7 

Uii.285 
18,099,906 


1,744 

161,234 

13,531 
30,237,664 
20,098,634 


1,616 
167,253,093 
Is7,365,456 
7,530 
24,299,890 
17,535,975 


1,696 
171,894,556 
686,124,263 
2,474,892 
35,696,532 
26,839,070 


1,699 
170,826,404 
804,711,333 
2,691,150 
47,047,246 
37,242,483 


1,687 
177,187,436 
719,305,441 
2,285,886 
44,536,833 
35,945,316 


i 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 


256,500 
10,523,185 


304,904 
38,030,353 


263,648 
23,583,491 


244,919 
22,238,935 


212,143 
18,883,619 


262,056 
9,995,266 


230,468 
8,735,383 


230,129 
9,407,021 


7 
8 


8,895,353 
7,948,076 


11,919,339 
10,377,847 


12.616,927 
12,210,723 


14,789,781 
14,477,293 


15,780,160 
17,006,967 


11,694,613 
13,566,780 


12,010,374 
13,234,380 


12,516,503 
12,400,226 


9 
10 


1C, 843, 429 


22,297,18* 


24, 827, (56 


29,2(7,074 


32,787,127 


25,261,393 


25,244,754 


24,916,729 




6,829 
31,506 

7 


8,446 
33,905 
302,759 
21,519 


10,699 
38,552 
548,421 
123,464 


10,924 
39,196 
604,136 
197,799 


10,950 
39,438 
662,330 
275,746 


11,428 
37,771 
724,500 
341,316 


11,454 
40,939 
856,266 
407,064 


11,207 
41,621 
902,090 
465,378 


11 
12 
13 
14 


37,355,673 
5,993,343 
4. 92 1.577 
80,139,360 
67,240,641 
392,269,680 
125,226,702 
267,042,978 


70,614,862 
9,146,952 
4,223 
117,780,410 
87,774,198 
474,941,487 
134,899,435 
340,042,052 


94,469,871 
18,858,410 
16,009,139 
172,147,838 
130,350,727 
936,987,802 
321,831,631 
615,156,171 


119,695,535 
20,902,384 
16,300,579 
232,701,294 
148,599,343 
1,382,003,268 
502,816,970 
879,186,298 


142,959,168 
21,345,394 
18,046,558 
260,778,953 
178,284,313 
1,863,335,899 
671,451,836 
1,191,884,063 


142,375,809 
21,602,713 
19,273,584 
312,946,747 
232,731,283 
2,460,183,021 
647,598,202 
1,812,584,819 


159,224,937 
24,449,917 
20,774,385 
349,746,335 
303,843,930 
3,041,529,587 
792,660,963* 
2,248,868,624 


173,523,322 
26,331,119 
24,661,262 
434,386,537 
361,118,145 
2,902,482,117 
561,603,133* 
2,340,878,983 


15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 


91,035,604 
878,512,076 


103,009,256 
1,303,131,260 


113,175,353 
1,839,286,709 


111,637,755 
2,111,559,555 


110,618,504 
2,432,331,418 


115,004,960 
2,754,568,118 


123,617,120 
3,064,133,843 


129,096,339 
2,841,782,079 


22 
23 


713,790,553 
605,968,513 


1,097,661.393 
980,433,788 


1,596,905,337 
1,418,035,429 


1,866,228,236 
1,643,302,020 


2,184,359,820 
1,912,395,780 


2,495,582,568 
2,189,428,885 


2,784,C68,6S8 
2,438,079,792 


2,556,454,120 
2,264,586,736 


24 
25 


45,736,488 
16,174.134 
27,399,194 


43,330,579 
14,655,564 
34,770,386 


40,008,418 
13,520,009 
40,405,037 


42,582,479 
13,633,610 
44,139,978 


41,283,479 
12,177,283 
42,000,543 


41,654,920 
11,402,098 
46,799,877 


31,605,594 
10,729,218 
53,118,053 


29,010,619 
10, 150, 189 
58,576,775 


26 

27 
28 


232,076,447 
232,076,447 
23,046,194 


389,701,988 
389,701,988 
33,742,513 


70,872,297 
70,872,297 
8,987,720 


69,676,223 
69,679,193 
8,934,825 


69,995,036 
69,995,224 
7,802,539 


74,520,021 
74,520,021 
9,347,096 


90,413,261 
90,413,261 
15,257,840 


96,698,809 
96,698,809 
15,868,926 


29 
30 
31 


- 


- 


7,826,943 
47,669,243 


7,656,292 
49,291,347 


8,836,137 
68,938,236 


10,007,941 
73,133,017 


10,224,252 
73,704,706 


10,238,236 
88,036,507 


32 
33 


1,443,902,244 
14,687,963 


2,279,868,346 
20,575,255 


3,720,058,236 
27,783,852 


3,986,197,514 
31,246,530 


4,523,514,841 
35,954,405 


4,923,024,381 
40,031,474 


5,969,872,278 
50,527,937 


5,995,928,8025 
47,199,765^ 


34 
35 


656,260,900 


"T 

950,220,771 


849,915,678 
3,902,504 

1,422,179,632 


891,299,821 
4,081,815 

1,585,042,563 


1,000,541,101 
4,185,851 

1,785,061,273 


1,004,942,977 
4,302,492 

2,187,837,317 


1,054,105,011 
5,216,795 

2,657,025,493 


1,134,639,938* 
5,010,3025 

2,934,844,248 5 


36 
37 

oo 


22,364,456 


31,619,626 


48,093,105 


54,843,609 


61,641,047 


74,708,509 


90,218,047 


98,866,4585 


39 


- 


- 


348,097,229 
5,311,003 


415,870,273 
7,397,193 


239,126,190 
4,821,839 


223,853,792 
4,407,833 


174,740,215 
3,282,669 


202.863.578 5 
4,371,3015 


40 
41 



NOTE. 

In the foregoing Summary the statistics of immigration, fisheries (1871-1917), trade, shipping, the 
Post Office, the public debt, revenue and expenditure and the Post Office and Government Savings Banks 
relate to the fiscal years ended June 30 up to 1906, and from that on to the years ended March 31. Agricul 
tural, dairying, fisheries (1917-21), mineral, manufacturing, banking, insurance, loan and trust companies 
statistics relate to the calendar years and railway statistics to the years ended June 30, 1871-1919, and to 
the calendar years 1920 and 1921. Canal statistics are those of the navigation seasoas. The telegraph 
statistics relate to the fiscal years for Government lines and to the calendar years for other lines. , 



I.- THE CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT OF 

CANADA. 

By S. A. CUDMORE, B.A. (Tor.).M.A. (Oxon.), F.S.S., F.R. Econ. Soc.; Editor Canada 

Year Book, Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Ottawa. 

The Dominion of Canada is the largest in area and the most 
populous of the umit self-governing Dominions of the British Empire, 
which also include the Commonwealth of Australia, the Union of 
&gt;uth Africa, the Dominion of New Zealand and the island colony 
of Newfoundland (with Labrador). These Dominions enjoy respon- 
siblr government of the British type, administered by Executive 
Councils (or Cabinets) acting as advisors to the representative of the 
Sovereign, themselves responsible to and possessing the confidence of 
the representatives elected to Parliament by the people, and giving 
place to other persons more acceptable to Parliament whenever that 
confidence is shown to have ceased to exist. 

Of these Dominions, Canada, Australia and South Africa extend 
over enormous areas of territory, the first two approximating in area 
to Europe. Each section has its own problems and its own point of 
view, so that local parliaments for each section, as well as the central 
parliament for the whole country, are required. These local parlia 
ments, established when transportation and communication were more 
difficult and expensive than at present, were chronologically prior to 
the central body, to which on its formation they either resigned certain 
powers, as in the case of Australia, or surrendered all their powers 
with certain specified exceptions, as in Canada and South Africa. 
Of such local Parliaments, Canada at the present time has nine, 
Australia six and South Africa four. 

As regards the division of powers between central and local 
legislatures, Canada stands midway between the two more recently 
formed federations of the Empire. The founders of the Dominion 
of Canada, constituted as it was under the shadow of the great Civil 
War in the United States, aimed at settling once for all the issues 
of State rights, State sovereignty and the right of the State to secede 
from the Union, which had occasioned so much bloodshed in the 
neighbouring republic. They created, therefore, a strong federation 
where the residue of power appertained to the central rather than to 
the local authorities and where the central power could legally dis 
allow, in the general interest of Canada, the legislation of the local 
Parliaments, even when these were admittedly acting within their 
reserved powers. 

It is a curious paradox of political science that whereas in Canada, 
a bi-lingual country inhabited by peoples of different races and 
religions, it should have been possible to establish a strong central 
government, the founders of the Commonwealth of Australia, which 
had a practically homogeneous population throughout the six States 
of the Commonwealth, should only have been able to establish a 
relatively weak federation of the American type with the residual 
powers in the hands of the States, among which all surplus Common 
wealth revenue was to be divided. 
381311 



2 THE CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT OF CANADA 

Again, in the South African federation, also formed in a bi 
lingual country where the white population of one province was 
almost altogether British, of another almost wholly Dutch, of the 
other two nearly equally divided, we find a strong federation where 
the powers of local governments are more restricted than in our own 
country. The decisive factor necessitating the formation of a strong, 
central Government seems to have been the presence in South Africa 
of a native population vastly outnumbering the whites. 

Besides the Dominions above enumerated, the Irish Free State 
may now (1922) be said to possess full Dominion status, while the 
six counties of Northeast Ulster may also be regarded as a separate 
self-governing colony. The great Empire of India has internationally 
been accepted as a member of the League of Nations, and in its 
internal administration has been placed on the road, formerly 
traversed by the Dominions which are now fully self-governing, 
towards responsible government. Indeed, the whole evolution of the 
Empire, throughout all its parts which are more than mere fort 
resses like Gibraltar or trading stations like Hong Kong, is in the 
direction of responsible government, to be attained in the depend 
encies as it has been in what used to be called the colonies, by the 
gradual extension of self-government in proportion to the growing 
capacities of their respective populations. It is the recognized aim 
of British administrators, by the extension of educational facilities 
and by just administration, to develop these capacities to the utmost, 
so that in the dependencies, as well as in the Dominions and in the 
Mother Country, the constitutional history of the future may be a 
record of "freedom slowly broadening down from precedent to pre 
cedent." 

It is the purpose of this article to relate as briefly as possible, 
the process of this development of free government in the Dominion 
of Canada. 

The French Regime. The settlement of Canada commenced 
at a time when the extension of European trade and commerce 
throughout the world was being mainly carried on by Chartered 
Companies of merchants belonging to various nations, more particul 
arly England, France and Holland. These Companies each tried to 
monopolize the trade of the regions in which they established them 
selves, receiving from their sovereign charters which, theoretically at 
least, gave them a monopoly so far as their compatriots were concerned, 
while against foreign competition they maintained their position 
with the sword, even when their respective mother countries, thou 
sands of miles and months of time distant, were at peace. Among 
such companies of this period were the English and Dutch East India 
Companies, the Guinea Company, the Russia Company, the Vir 
ginia Company, and a little later, the Hudson s Bay Company. 
Similarly we find in the earliest stage of French enterprise in Canada 
that several short-lived companies successively possessed a monopoly 
of trade and employed such men as Champlain as governors and 
explorers of the opportunities of the new territories. The charters 



THE ENGLISH COLONY 



of these companies were, however, cancelled for violation of their 
terms, and at last in 1627, the monopoly of trade and the right to make 
grants of land was conferred upon the Company of One Hundred 
Associates, in consideration of its undertaking to settle the country 
and support missionaries to christianize the Indians. Government- 
ally, therefore, the first stage in Canadian history may be said to 
have been the autocratic government of a trading company. This 
company, however, failed to live up to its agreement and its charter 
was cancelled in 1663, when Canada became a royal province, governed 
like an ordinary French province of those days, by a Governor to 
whom as personal representative of the King, were entrusted the 
general policy of the country, the direction of its military affairs and 
its relations with the Indian tribes. The Bishop, as the head of the 
Church, was supreme in matters affecting religion, and the Intendant, 
acting under the authority of the King, not of the Governor, was 
responsible for the administration of justice, for finance and for the 
direction of local administration. A Superior Council also existed, 
with certain administrative powers which were more formal than real. 
This system continued until the end of the French regime. 

The English Colony, From the capitulation of Quebec on 
Sept. 18, 1759, and of Montreal on Sept. 8, 1760, to the signature of 
the Treaty of Paris on Feb. 10, 1763, Canada was ruled by British 
military officers who instituted courts which applied French law, and 
administered the country as an occupied territory, the final disposition 
of which was as yet unsettled. 

Upon the final surrender of the country by France under the 
Treaty of Paris, a Royal Proclamation of Oct. 7, 1763, defined the 
frontiers of the new Province of Quebec, and provided that as soon as 
circumstances would admit, General Assemblies should be summoned, 
with power to enact laws for the public welfare and good government 
of the colony. In the meantime, Courts were constituted for "dealing 
with civil and criminal cases according to the laws of England/ 7 with 
an appeal to the Privy Council. Under the Quebec Act of 1774, 
passed with the purpose of conciliating the new colonies at a time 
when the old colonies were falling off from their allegiance, the use 
of the old French civil law was resumed, while English criminal law 
continued to govern throughout the Province of Quebec, which was 
now extended to the banks of the Ohio and the Mississippi. These 
boundaries were, however, abandoned at the Treaty of Versailles, 
1783, when the Great Lakes became the dividing line. The influx of 
the United Empire Loyalists, English-speaking people accustomed to 
English laws, necessitated the division of the colony and the establish 
ment of representative institutions. The Constitutional Act was 
passed in 1791, dividing the Canada of those days (the St. Lawrence 
valley) into two provinces, establishing in each province a nominated 
Legislative Council and an elective Legislative Assembly. Under this 
Act, upon which the government of Canada was based throughout half 
a century, "the Executive was (through Crown revenue and military 
grants from the Home Government) financially, and worse still, 

38131 1 



4 THE CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT OF CANADA 

constitutionally independent, and the House of Assembly, in seeking 
vaguely to cure a disease which it had not in reality diagnosed, frequently 
overstepped its sphere, with the result that it was dissolved time 
after time." -(Lefroy, Constitutional Law of Canada, pp. 20-21). 

The Constitutional Act was at first accepted as an improvement 
on the previously existing method of Government, but as time went 
on, the increasing population and wealth of the provinces, combined 
with the narrow and selfish policy of the privileged few, led to fre 
quent clashes between the Executive and the Assembly, complicated 
in Lower Canada by the difference of races. In 1837, a rebellion in 
each province, though speedily stamped out, led to the appointment 
of Lord Durham by the Home Government as a special commissioner 
clothed with more extensive powers than had ever before been held 
by a representative of the Crown in British North America, as he was 
governor-in-chief of the five provinces of Upper Canada, Lower 
Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, 
high commissioner for the adjustment of certain important questions 
respecting the form of and the future government of Upper and Lower 
Canada, and high commissioner and governor-general of all the 
provinces on the continent, and of Prince Edward Island and New 
foundland. 

The famous report made by Lord Durham to Parliament is 
almost universally regarded as the greatest political document in our 
history. He saw clearly the necessity of re-establishing harmony 
between the executive and the legislative branches of the government 
by making the former, as in England, responsible to the latter. He 
insisted also upon the desirability of establishing a free democratic 
system of municipal government, by participation in which citizens 
would secure a training which would be of use in fitting them for the 
wider duties of public life. Upper and Lower Canada were to be 
united under a single Parliament, and in the Act provision was to 
be made for the voluntary admission to the union of the other British 
North American Provinces. 

While Lord Durham was disavowed by the Home Government, 
his report formed the basis of the Act of Union of 1841, which united 
Upper and Lower Canada under a single Parliament," in which each 
province was equally represented. This equality of representation, 
applied to provinces of differing race, religion and institutions, finally 
became unworkable; deadlock became the parent of Confederation, 
under which each province could legislate on its own local affairs, 
while a common Parliament was established for all the provinces 
agreeing to come into Confederation. 

Confederation. While suggestions for the union of the British 
North American provinces date as far back as 1789, the first legislative 
action looking to this end was taken by the Assembly of Nova Scotia 
in 1861. In 1864 delegates from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and 
Prince Edward Island assembled in Charlottetown to confer in refer 
ence to a union of these provinces. A second convention, at which 
the province of Canada was represented, met in Quebec on Oct. 10, 



CONSTITUTION OF CANADA 



LShl, at which seventy-two resolutions, which afterwards formed the 
basis ot the British North America Act, were adopted and referred 
to the respective legislatures for their concurrence, which was finally 

UIV 1 10^ N ? rth America Act received the Royal Assent 
on March 29, 18b/, and came into force on July 1 of that year. 

Constitution of Canada. In the preamble to the British 

North America Act it is stated that the provinces of Canada, Nova 

col la and New Brunswick "have expressed their desire to be federally 

united into one Dominion, with a Constitution similar in principle 

to that of the United Kingdom." This declaration throws a flood of 

light upon our form of government. Our constitution is not an 

imitation of that of the United States, it is the British Constitution 

Like the British and unlike the American Constitution, 

it is not a written constitution. The many unwritten conventions 

rtie British Constitution are also recognized in our own; what we 

have in the British North America Act is a written delimitation of 

the respective powers of the Dominion and Provincial Governments, 

and an enactment of the terms of the Confederation Agreement. The 

British North America Act simply divides the sovereign powers of the 

State between the provincial and the central authorities. 

The British North America Act declares that the executive 
government of Canada shall continue to be vested in the sovereign of 
the United Kingdom (sec. 9), represented for federal purposes by the 
governor-General, just as for provincial purposes by the Lieutenant- 
governor. ^The Governor-General is advised by the King s Privy 
( ouncil of Canada, a committee of which constitutes the ministry of 
the day. 

The Dominion Parliament consists of the King, the Senate and 
the House of Commons. It must meet at least once a year, so that 
twelvemonths do not elapse between the last meeting in one session 
and the first meeting in the next. Senators, 96 in number, who are 
appointed for life by the Governor-General in Council, must be 30 
years of age, British subjects, residents of the province for which they 
are appointed, and possess $4,000 over and above their liabilities. 
Members of the House of Commons (235 in 1921, but subject to 
increase as a result of the census of that year), are elected by the 
people for the duration of the Parliament, which may not be longer 
than five years. The Speaker of the Senate is chosen by the Gover 
nor-General in Council, the Speaker of the House of Commons by the 
members of that House. In the Senate, 15 constitute a quorum, in 
the House of Commons, 20. 

Dominion Finance. Among the most important provisions of 
the British North America Act are those relating to the appropriation 
of public money and the raising of taxes for Dominion purposes. The 
House of Commons has the sole right of initiating grants of public 
money and of directing and limiting appropriations, yet the House of 
Commons must not (sec. 54) adopt or pass any vote, bill, resolution 
or address for the payment of any part of the public funds for any 



6 THE CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT OF CANADA 

purpose that has not first been recommended to the House by message 
from the Governor-General in Council during the session in which 
such vote or bill is proposed. This rule is of the most vital importance 
in promoting public economy, as it eliminates all possibility of private 
members combining to secure expenditures of public money in their 
constituencies, and leaves to the executive authority the initiation of 
all legislation requiring the expenditure of public funds. This rule 
is also operative in the Provincial Legislatures. 

Powers of Parliament. The powers of the Dominion Parlia 
ment include all subjects not assigned exclusively to the provincial 
legislatures. More especially, under section 91 it has exclusive 
legislative authority in all matters relating to the following: public 
debt and property; regulation of trade and commerce; raising of 
money by any mode of taxation; borrowing of money on the public 
credit; postal service; census and statistics; militia, military and 
naval service and defence ; fixing and providing for salaries and allow 
ances of the officers of the government; beacons, buoys and light 
houses; navigation and shipping; quarantine and the establishment 
and maintenance of marine hospitals; sea-coast and inland fisheries; 
ferries on an international or interprovincial frontier; currency and 
coinage; banking, incorporation of banks, and issue of paper money; 
savings banks; weights and measures; bills of exchange and promissory 
notes; interest; legal tender; bankruptcy and insolvency; patents of 
invention and discovery; copyrights; Indians and lands reserved for 
Indians; naturalization and aliens; marriage and divorce; the 
criminal law, except the constitution of courts of criminal jurisdiction, 
but including the procedure in criminal matters; the establishment, 
maintenance and management of penitentiaries; such classes of sub 
jects as are expressly except ed in the enumeration of the classes of 
subjects by this Act exclusively assigned to the legislatures of the 
Provinces. 

Powers of Provincial Legislatures. Under section 92, the 
Legislature in each Province may exclusively make laws in relation to 
the following matters : amendment of the constitution of the Province, 
except as regards the Lieut enant-Governor; direct taxation within 
the province; borrowing of money on the credit of the Province; 
establishment and tenure of provincial offices and appointment and 
payment of provincial officers; the management and sale of public 
lands belonging to the province and of the timber and wood thereon; 
the establishment, maintenance and management of public and 
reformatory prisons in and for the province; the establishment, 
maintenance and management of hospitals, asylums, charities and 
eleemosynary institutions in and for the province, other than marine 
hospitals; municipal institutions in the province; shop, saloon, tavern, 
auctioneer and other licenses issued for the raising of provincial or 
municipal revenue; local works and undertakings other than inter- 
provincial or international lines of ships, railways, canals, telegraphs, 
etc., or works which, though wholly situated within one province, are 
declared by the Dominion Parliament to be for the general advantage 



EDUCATION 



either of Canada or of two or more provinces; the incorporation of 
companies with provincial objects; the solemnization of marriage in 
the province; property and civil rights in the province; the adminis 
tration of justice in the province, including the constitution, mainte 
nance and organization of provincial courts both of civil and criminal 
jurisdiction, and including procedure in civil matters in these courts; 
the imposition of punishment by fine, penalty, or imprisonment for 
enforcing any law of the province relating to any of the aforesaid 
subjects; generally all matters of a merely local or private nature in 
the province. 

Education. Further, in and for each province the Legislature 
may, under section 93, exclusively make laws in relation to education, 
subject to the following provisions.- 

"(1) Nothing in any such law shall prejudicially affect any right or 

Erivilege with respect to denominational schools which any class of persons have 
y law in the province at the union. 

(2) All the powers, privileges and duties at the union by law conferred and 
imposed in Upper Canada on the separate schools and school trustees of the 
Queen s Roman Catholic subjects shall be and the same are hereby extended 
to the dissentient schools of the Queen s Protestant and Roman Catholic 
subjects in Quebec. 

(3) Where in any province a system of separate or dissentient schools 
exists by law at the union or is thereafter established by the legislature of the 
province, an Appeal shall lie to the Governor-General in Council from any 
act or decision of any provincial authority affecting any right or privilege ot 
the Protestant or Roman Catholic minority of the Queen s subjects in relation 
to education. 

(4) In case any such provincial law as from time to time seems to the 
Governor-General in Council requisite for the due execution of the provisions 
of this Section is not made, or in case any decision of the Governor-General 
in Council on any appeal under this Section is not duly executed by the propei 
provincial authority in that behalf, then and in every such case, and as far 
only as the circumstances of each case require, the Parliament of 

make remedial laws for the due execution of the provisions of this Section 
and of any decision of the Governor-General in Council under this 

The purpose of these sections was to preserve to a religious 
minority in any province the same privileges and rights in regard 
education which it had at the date of Confederation, but the prc 
vincial legislatures were not debarred from legislating on the subject 
of separate schools provided they did not thereby prejudicially afl 
privileges enjoyed before Confederation by such schools in 
province. 

As to the legal and other controversies affecting these questions, 
the student may consult Hansard between 1890 and 1897, Wheeler s 
Privy Council Cases/ pp. 370 to 388, Supreme Court Reports, Vc 
19, and other authorities of a like nature. 

Judicature. The appointment, salaries and pensions of judges 
are dealt with under sections 96 to 101. The judges, (excepl 
courts of probate in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia) are to 
appointed by the Dominion Government from the Bars of 
respective provinces, and to hold office during good behaviour, being 



8 THE CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT OF CANADA 

removable by the Governor-General only on address of the Senate 
and House of Commons. Their salaries are to be fixed and provided 
by Parliament. 

Under the provisions of section 101, empowering Parliament to 
establish a general Court of Appeal, the Dominion Parliament passed 
in 1875 an Act to establish a Supreme Court and Court of Exchequer 
for the Dominion (38 Viet., Chap. II). In 1877, however, these courts 
were separated and the Exchequer Court of Canada, with one judge, 
a registrar, and other proper officers, was established. An additional 
judge was added to this court in 1912. 

The Supreme Court of Canada has appellate jurisdiction from 
all the courts of the provinces, and questions may be referred to it 
by the Governor-General in Council. It has also jurisdiction in 
certain cases between the provinces, and in cases of controversies 
between provinces and the Dominion. While its judgment is final 
in criminal cases, there is in civil cases, subject to certain limitations, 
an appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in England, 
which also entertains appeals direct from the provincial Courts of 
Appeal. The decisions of the Supreme Court and of the Judicial 
Committee of the Privy Council constitute the case-law of our con 
stitution, the legal interpretation of the constitution and of the varied 
powers of the Dominion and provincial legislatures. 

Finance. Part VIII of the British North America Act deals 
with public finance. Generally, the revenues which had previously 
accrued to the treasuries of the provinces were now transferred to the 
Dominion, notably the custom duties. The public works, cash assets 
and other property of the provinces, except lands, mines, minerals and 
royalties, also became Dominion property. In its turn, the Dominion 
was to become responsible for the debts of the provinces. Since the 
main source of the revenues of the provinces, customs duties, was now 
taken over by the Dominion, the Dominion was to pay annual subsidies 
to the provinces for the support of their governments and legislatures. 
These subsidies have from time to time been increased. 

Miscellaneous. Among the miscellaneous provisions contained 
in Part IX of the British North America Act, are sections providing 
for the retention of existing legislation of the provinces in force until 
repealed, the transfer of existing officials to the Dominion, and the 
appointment of new officials. The Parliament of Canada was also 
given power necessary to perform treaty obligations of Canada, as a 
part of the British Empire, towards foreign countries. 

Under section 133, either the English or the French lariguage 
may be used by any person in the debates of the Houses of Parliament 
or of the Houses of the Legislature of Quebec, all Acts of which bodies 
are to be printed in both languages. Either language, too, may be 
used by any person in any court of Canada established under the 
Act, or in the Courts of Quebec. 

Veto Power. Under section 56, it is provided that Acts of the 
Dominion Parliament, after receiving the assent of the Governor- 
General, may within two years be disallowed by the Sovereign in 



CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS SINCE CONFEDERATION 9 

Council. Similarly Acts of the Provincial Legislature, after receiving 
the assent of the Lieutenant-Governor, may be disallowed within one 
year by the Governor-General in Council. 

This veto power on Dominion legislation has practically never 
been exercised by the Sovereign in Council. In the case of contro 
versies between the Dominion and the Provinces, while the veto 
power has been exercised in the past, the whole present tendency is 
to let the matter be decided by the courts rather than disallow by an 
executive act legislation duly passed by the elected representatives 
of the people in the provincial legislatures. -The argument is that 
if such legislation is annulled as ultra vires of the Provincial legis 
lature, then the Dominion Government, an executive body, has made 
itself the judge in its own case, which could be more properly decided 
by the courts; if legislation, admittedly intra vires of the provincial 
legislature, is annulled, on the ground of its immorality or unwisdom, 
then the annulling power has set itself up as an authority on morality 
and wisdom. The Dominion Minister of Justice, in 1909, on the 
question of disallowing the Ontario legislation with respect to the 
Hydro-Electric Power Commission, stated the case as follows:- 

"In the opinion of the undersigned, a suggestion of the abuse of power, 
even so as to amount to practical confiscation of property, or that the exercise 
of a power has been unwise or indiscreet, should appeal to your Excellency s 
government with no more effect than it does to the ordinary tribunals, and the 
remedy in such case is an appeal to those by whom the legislature is elected." 1 

&lt; ONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS SINCE CONFEDERATION. 2 

Since no attempt was made in the British North America Act 
to define the relations between the British and the Canadian Govern 
ments, those relations have necessarily passed and are still passing 
through a stage of gradual development in which they are influenced to 
a remarkable extent by custom and convention and the creation of 
"new conventions of the Constitution." From the very commence 
ment of our history as a nation there has been a gradual development 
of the powers of the Canadian Government, accompanied by a more 
liberal attitude on the part of British statesmen, which has been 
largely due to the more advanced ideas of government which have 
permeated the administration of the mother country itself. In 1876, 
for example, the then Colonial Secretary proposed to issue permanent 
instructions to the Governor-General providing that the latter should 
preside at meetings of the Council (a right which in the case of the 
Sovereign had long fallen into desuetude); that he might dissent 
from the opinion of the major part or of the whole; and that in the 
exercise of the pardoning power in capital cases, he was to receive 

i This right has only been exercised in one rather technical case. In 1873 an Act of the Dominion 
Parliament empowered any committee of the Senate or House of Commons to examine witnesses upon 
oath when so authorized by resolution. "There was a confusion of opinion as to the competency of Parlia 
ment to enact it. The law officers of the United Kingdom eventually advised that the Act was ultra vires, 
and it was accordingly disallowed for that reason and not upon considerations of policy. - -Borden, Canadian 

&gt;n * In this part of the article, considerable use has been made of Sir Robert Borden s recently published 
volume, "Canadian Constitutional Studies." 



10 THE CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT OF CANADA 

the advice of ministers, but to extend or withhold pardon or 
reprieve according to his own judgment (one of the last prerogatives 
to disappear in the case of the Sovereign). The then Canadian 
Minister of Justice, Hon. Edward Blake, secured in 1878 the issuance 
of a new set of instructions, in which the only provision that the 
Governor-General might act except on the advice of Ministers related 
to the exercise of the pardoning power, providing that in cases where 
a pardon or reprieve might affect Imperial interests, the Governor- 
General should take these interests into his personal consideration in 
conjunction with the advice of his Ministers. 

The development of inter-Imperial relations up to the Great 
War may be studied in the records of the Colonial Conference. In 
the first Colonial Conference of 1887, we have a purely consultative 
gathering in calling which the chief aim of the British Government 
was probably to devise a method of more effective co-operation in 
defence. After a second, but constitutionally unimportant Confer 
ence had been held in Ottawa in 1894, the third Colonial Conference, 
attended only by Prime Ministers, was held in London in 1897, and 
the fourth, which Dominion Ministers attended to assist their Prime 
Ministers, in London in 1902. At the latter Conference a resolution 
was passed favouring the holding of such Conferences at intervals not 
exceeding four years at which "questions of common interest could 
be discussed and considered as between the Colonial Secretary and 
the Prime Ministers of the self-governing Colonies. In 1905 the 
Colonial Secretary, Mr. Lyttleton, suggested to the Dominion that 
the Colonial Conference should be changed into an Imperial Council, 
consisting of the Colonial Secretary and the Prime Ministers or their 
representatives. On Canada objecting to the use of the term 
"Council" the name was changed to "Imperial Conference." In 
1907 the first "Imperial Conference" assembled; by an extraordin 
arily significant change, it was provided that future Conferences should 
be between the Government of the United Kingdom and the Govern 
ments of the self-governing Dominions, and that the Prime Minister 
of the United Kingdom (not the Colonial Secretary) was to be ex 
officio President of the Conference, while the Prime Ministers of the 
Dominions and the Colonial Secretary were to be ex officio members. 
This was a move toward recognizing that the Home Government was 
simply primus inter pares among the nations of the Empire. The 
Conference of 1911 met under this arrangement, and in 1912 the 
British Government gave Canada an assurance that a Dominion 
Minister resident in London would be regularly summoned to all 
meetings of the Committee of Imperial Defence and that no important 
step in foreign policy would be taken without consultation with such 
representatives. In 1917 there was evolved what was known as the 
Imperial War Cabinet, a gathering of the five members of the British 
War Cabinet and the Prime Ministers of the self-governing Dominions. 

A resolution on the question of future constitutional relations 
passed unanimously at this Conference is of profound significance. 
It was as follows: 



CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS SINCE CONFEDERATION 11 



The Imperial War Conference are of opinion that the readjustment of 
the constitutional relations of the component parts of the Empire is too im 
portant and intricate a subject to be dealt with during the war, and that it 
should form the subject of a special Imperial Conference to be summoned as 
soon as possible after the cessation of hostilities. 

; They deem it their duty, however, to place on record their view that 
any such readjustment, while thoroughly preserving all domestic affairs, should 
be based upon a full recognition of the Dominions as autonomous nations of an 
imperial Commonwealth, and of India as an important portion of the same 
should recognize the right of the Dominions and India to an adequate voice 
in foreign policy and in foreign relations, and should provide effective arrange- 
for continuous consultation in all important matters of common Imperial 
concern, and for such necessary concerted action, founded on consultation, as 
the several Governments may determine." 

In regard to the first paragraph of the above, the 14th resolution 
of the Conference of 1921 stated that "having regard to the constitu 
tional developments since 1917, no advantage is to be gained by hold 
ing a constitutional Conference." This sentence undoubtedly had 
reference to the consultation of the Dominions in regard to the terms 
of peace and their membership in the League of Nations. On Oct. 
29, 1918, the question of representation of the Dominions in the peace 
negotiations was raised by the Prime Minister of Canada in a despatch 
to the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The Imperial War 
Cabinet eventually accepted the proposal, but when the question 
came before the Peace Conference at Paris on January 12, 1919, 
strong opposition was encountered. This opposition, however, was 
finally overcome. Through a combination of the panel system, by 
which the representatives of the British Empire might be selected from 
day to day as the nature of the subject demanded, with distinctive 
representation of each Dominion, the Dominions secured effective 
representation, and took no inconsiderable part in the Conference. 

As a natural development of this representation came the signa 
ture by the Dominion plenipotentiaries of the various treaties con 
cluded at the Conference, the submission of these treaties for the 
approval of the Dominion Parliaments, and the appearance of the 
Dominions as Signatory Powers. Further, the Dominions claimed 
that they should be accepted as members of the new League of Nations, 
and represented on its Council and Assembly. This claim was 
finally accepted, and the status of the Dominions as to membership 
and representation in the Assembly is precisely the same as that of 
other signatory members. As to representation on the Council, the 
Prime Minister of Canada obtained from President Wilson and 
Messrs. Clemenceau and Lloyd George, a signed declaration that 
"upon the true construction of the first and second paragraphs of 
that Article, representatives of the self-governing Dominions of the 
British Empire may be selected or named as members of the Council." 
At the first Assembly of the League of Nations at Geneva, from Nov. 
15 to Dec. 18, 1920, Canada was represented by the Rt. Hon. Sir 
Geo. E. Foster, the Rt. Hon. Chas. Jos. Doherty and Hon. N. W. 
Rowell, the first of whom acted as a Vice-President of the Assembly. 1 

*An account of the proceedings of this first Parliament of the Nations was given on pages 738 to 742 of 
the 1920 edition of the Year Book. 



12 THE CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT OF CANADA 

The participation of Canada in the Peace Treaty and in the 
League of Nations made it necessary for an official definition of 
Canadian nationals and Canadian nationality to be made, since 
among different measures adopted in connection with the operations 
of the League of Nations, were provisions defining certain rights and 
privileges to be enjoyed by the nationals of members of the League. 
A Canadian national was accordingly defined by 11-12 George V, 
chap. 4, as: 

(a) any British subject who is a Canadian citizen 1 within the 
meaning of The Immigration Act, chapter 27 of the Statutes 
of 1910, as heretofore amended; 

(b) the wife of any such person; 

(c) any person born out of Canada, whose father was a Canadian 

national at the time of that person s birth, or with regard 
to persons born before the passing of this Act, any person 
whose father at the time of such birth, possessed all the 
qualifications of a Canadian national as defined in this Act. 

In the debates on this Act it was thoroughly established that its 
effect was not in any way to supersede the term : British subject," 
but to create a sub-class of "Canadian nationals" within "British 
subjects." 

A similar advance toward recognition of the existence of a Cana 
dian nation is to be found in the gradual tendency toward direct 
negotiation instead of negotiation through London with the diplo 
matic or consular representatives of other powers. For many years 
the consuls-general of other countries at Ottawa or Montreal, more 
especially the consuls-general of the United States, Japan, Italy and 
Germany, discharged diplomatic or semi-diplomatic functions in 
Canada, and Sir Wilfred Laurier in 1910 considered that while "this 
has been done without authority and is contrary to the rules that 
apply among civilized nations, it became a necessity because of the 
development of the larger colonies of the British Empire, which have 
become practically nations." Further, Mr. Blake in 1882, Sir 
Richard Cartwright in 1889, and Mr. Mills in 1892 moved resolutions 
in favour of Canadian diplomatic representation at Washington, 
emphasizing the fact that a Canadian diplomatic representative 
would be an envoy of the Queen, that he would act in co-operation 
with the British Ambassador at Washington, that he would be in 
direct communication with the Government of Canada, to whom he 
would be responsible, and that the growing importance of Canada s 
relations with the United States made such an appointment desirable. 
While at that time these proposals were regarded as premature, in 
1918, when Canada and the United States were both devoting their 
energies to the great struggle against a common foe, it was found 
necessary to establish a Canadian War Mission at Washington, 

J According to the Immigration Act, 1910. a "Canadian citizen" is 
"(i) a person born in Canada who has not become an alien; 
(ii) a British subject who has Canadian domicile; 

(iii) a person naturalized under the laws of Canada who has not subsequently become an alien or 
lost Canadian domicile." 



CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS SINCE CONFEDERATION 13 

which in effect, though not in form, was a diplomatic mission. This 
brought to a head the question of Canadian diplomatic representa 
tion at Washington; the authorities in London were consulted, with 
the result that on May 10, 1920, it was announced to Parliament 
that "it lias been agreed that his Majesty on advice of his Canadian 
ministers, shall appoint a Minister Plenipotentiary who will have 
charge of Canadian affairs and will at all times be the ordinary channel 
of communication with the United States Government in matters of 
purely Canadian concern, acting upon instructions from, and reporting 
direct to the Canadian Government. In the absence of the Ambas 
sador the Canadian Minister will take charge of the whole embassy 
and of the representation of Imperial as well as Canadian interests. 
He will be accredited by his Majesty to the President with the neces 
sary powers for the purpose. This new arrangement will not denote 
any departure either on the part of the British Government or of the 
Canadian Government from the principle of the diplomatic unity of 
the British Empire." The principle involved in this arrangement 
had, as a matter of fact, already been accepted in the appointment 
of the International Joint Commission. Up to May, 1922, however, 
no Canadian Minister to Washington had been appointed. 

Negotiation of Treaties.- -The right to negotiate commercial 
and other treaties has been developing almost from the beginning. 
In 1871, the Prime Minister of Canada, Sir John A. Macdonald, 
became one of the British commissioners acting under instructions 
from the British Government, at the conference that resulted in the 
Treaty of Washington. This dual function, however, he found a 
very difficult one. In 1874, Hon. Geo. Brown was associated with the 
British Minister at Washington for the purpose of negotiating a 
commercial treaty between Canada and the United States. In 1878, 
the High Commissioner, Sir A. T. Gait, was commissioned to under 
take negotiations with France and Spain for better commercial 
relations, these negotiations, however, to be conducted by the British 
Ambassador. In 1884, the High Commissioner for Canada, Sir 
Charles Tupper, in conjunction with the British Ambassador to 
Spain, was given full powers to conduct negotiations for a commercial 
treaty between Canada and Spain, the negotiations to be conducted 
by Sir Charles Tupper, the convention to be signed by both pleni 
potentiaries. In 1891, the Canadian Parliament petitioned for the 
denunciation of the commercial treaties with the German Zollvereln 
and Belgium, which prevented Canada from extending preferential 
treatment to British products. The new Canadian tariff of 1897 
provided for the grant of preferential treatment to British goods, 
and at the Colonial Conference of that year, the Premiers of the self- 
governing colonies unanimously recommended u the denunciation 
at the earliest convenient time of any treaties which now hamper 
the commercial relations between Great Britain and her colonies." 
The treaties were accordingly denounced. In 1907, Mr. Fielding and 
Mr Brodeur negotiated a commercial convention between Canada 
and France, and in 1911, the negotiations regarding reciprocity 



14 THE CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT OF CANADA 

with the United States were carried on directly between the Govern 
ment of Canada and the Government of the United States. In 1914, 
the Arbitration Treaty concluded between the British Empire and 
the United States, made provision that in case the British interests 
affected were mainly those of some one or other of the self-governing 
Dominions, the minister of the International Commission of Arbitra 
tion chosen from the British Empire might be selected from the 
Dominion principally interested. In December, 1918, commissioners 
were appointed by Canada and the United States to make a joint 
inquiry into fisheries questions arising between the two countries. 
As a result, a treaty looking to the preservation of the Pacific coast 
fisheries was signed by the Commissioners, but failed to secure 
ratification by the United States Senate. 

Defence. As early as 1862 the Government of Canada, following 
British precedents, successfully asserted the principle that the raising 
and maintenance of Canadian military forces were subject to the 
absolute control of the representatives of the Canadian people. 
During the South African war, the last of the British garrisons was 
temporarily, and in 1905, permanently withdrawn and the defence 
of the naval stations at Halifax and Esquimalt was taken over by the 
Canadian Permanent Force. When on the outbreak of war in 1914, 
Canadian forces were sent overseas an important constitutional 
question was the sufficiency of Canadian legislation for the control and 
discipline of the forces when outside the Dominion. However, the 
Governor in Council is authorized by section 69 of the Militia Act 
to place the militia on active service beyond Canada for the defence 
thereof, and by section 4 of the same Act, the Army Act, the King s 
Regulations and other relevant laws not inconsistent with Canadian 
enactments have force and effect for the governance of the militia 
as if enacted by the Parliament of Canada. But the Army Act, in 
section 177, provides that where a force of militia is raised in a colony, 
any law of the colony may extend to those belonging to that force, 
whether within or without the boundaries of the colony. This settled 
the question of extra-territorial jurisdiction. Another important 
development was the establishment in London in October, 1916, of 
a Canadian Ministry of Overseas Military Forces with a resident 
Minister. In course of time this became an Overseas Canadian War 
Office, with an adequate staff and a systematic arrangement of 
branches, administering the Canadian forces as a thoroughly auto 
nomous body, under the primary direction of the Overseas Ministry, 
but finally responsible to the Canadian Government and Parltament. 

Immigration.- -Though provinces may legislate in the matter 
of immigration, their legislation falls to the ground if it is inconsistent 
with the legislation or with the international obligations of the Domin 
ion. Several Acts of the province of British Columbia restricting 
immigration have been disallowed on this account. Under the 
Dominion law, Chinese immigrants are subjected to a head tax of 
$500, while Japanese immigrants are handled under a "gentlemen s 



CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS SINCE CONFEDERATION 15 

agreement" with the Imperial Japanese- Government, Japan under 
taking to restrict the flow of Japanese to Canada. The restriction 
of immigration from other parts of the Empire, and more particularly 
from India, is, however, a very difficult question because of its reaction 
on the loyalty of the Indian peoples to the Empire. The question 
was discussed at the Colonial Conference of 1897 and at the Imperial 
Conference of 1911, when it was pointed out that the reasons for 
existing restrictions were purely economic and did not involve the 
question of the inferiority of those restricted. In 1917, the matter 
was discussed at the Imperial War Conference. The principle of 
reciprocity of treatment was accepted, and at the 1918 Conference 
it was agreed that "It is an inherent function of the Governments 
of the several communities of the British Commonwealth, including 
India, that each should enjoy complete control of the composition of 
its own population by means of restriction on immigration from any 
of the other communities." Provision was, however, made for per 
mitting temporary visits. This arrangement has, at least for the 
time, settled a dispute which endangered the stability of the Empire. 

Naturalization. For a long period a very vexed question was 
the right of naturalization. Up to 1914, the Dominions were unable 
to grant full naturalization which would hold good throughout the 
Empire. In that year an act of the British Parliament (4-5 Geo. V, 
c. 17), provided for the issue of a naturalization certificate to an alien 
by the Secretary of State on proof of five years residence, and the 
fulfilment of certain other conditions. Where the Parliaments of the 
Dominions enforced the same conditions of residence, their Govern 
ments were given power to issue certificates of naturalization, taking 
effect in all parts of the Empire that had adopted the Act. This was 
done by Canada in 1914 (4-5 Geo. V, c. 44). 

Copyright. A difficult and anomalous situation with regard to 
copyright was similarly cleared up in 1911, the Imperial Copyright 
Act of that year being based on the principle that in respect of copy 
right, the Dominions must be free to legislate as they saw fit. The 
Act of 1911, therefore, does not extend to any Dominion except 
where the Parliaments of these Dominions have declared it to be in 
force; similarly, Dominion Parliaments may repeal it where it is in 
force. With regard to merchant shipping, the situation discussed at 
the Imperial Conference of 1911 has not as yet been cleared up. 

Granting of Titles. Another source of difficulty between the 
British Government and the Dominions has been the granting of 
titles by the former to citizens of the latter who have rendered ser 
vices to the Empire as a whole. Opportunities of rendering such 
service came to many citizens of the Dominions during the war, and 
the British Government was generous in its recognition of these 
services Exception was taken in the Canadian Parliament to the 
granting of titles to Canadians, and in 1919 Parliament passed an 
address to his Majesty praying that he should "refrain from con 
ferring any title of honour or titular distinction upon any ot 



16 THE CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT OF CANADA 

subjects domiciled or ordinarily resident in Canada, save such appella 
tions as are of a professional or vocational character or which apper 
tain to an office." It is interesting to note that, in the case of the 
proposed grant of a peerage by the British Government to a dis 
tinguished citizen of the Union of South Africa for war services, the 
Lord Chancellor of England has stated that it is "realized that no 
British citizen or subject primarily belonging to a Dominion ought 
ever to be recommended for honour in Great Britain, except with 
the assent and approval of his Government." 

General Conclusion. While it can hardly be maintained that 
the Dominions have as yet secured an adequate voice and influence 
in the direction of the Empire s foreign policy, it is to be observed 
that the powers of the Dominions have hitherto developed as the need 
for more extended powers has arisen. Without any violent break 
with the past, the Dominions have secured through the League of 
Nations a voice in international affairs as least as powerful as that 
of such independent nations as Argentina and Brazil. Ten years ago 
this would have been considered unthinkable without a total separa 
tion from the Empire, yet it has actually occurred, and there does not 
seem to be any reason why the process of evolution should not con 
tinue until we have the continuance of the British Empire secured 
upon a "basis of absolute out-and-out equal partnership between the 
United Kingdom and the Dominions." 

The progress of the Dominions in international status in the past 
decade is thus set forth by Oppenheim, in the third edition of his 
International Law, Vol. 1, sees. 94a and 94b: 

"94a. Formerly the position of self-governing Dominions, such as Canada, 
Newfoundland, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, did not, in Inter 
national Law, present any difficulties. Then they had no International position 
whatever, because they were, from the point of view of International Law, 
mere colonial portions of the Mother Country. It did not matter that some 
of them, as, for example, Canada, and Australia, flew as their own flag the 
modified flag of the Mother Country, or that they had their own coinage, their 
own postage stamps, and the like. Nor did they become subjects of Inter 
national Law (although the position was somewhat anomalous) when they were 
admitted, side by side with the Mother Country, as parties to the administrative 
unions, such as the Universal Postal Union. Even when they were empowered 
by the Mother Country to enter into certain treaty arrangements of minor 
importance with foreign States, they still did not thereby become subjects 
of International Law, but simply exercised for the matters in question the 
treaty-making power of the Mother Country which had been to that extent 
delegated to them." 

"94b. But the position of self-governing Dominions underwent a fundamen 
tal change at the end of the World War. Canada, Australia, New Zealand, 
South Africa, and also India, were not only separately represented within the 
British Empire delegation at the Peace Conference, but also became, side by 
side with Great Britain, original members of the League of Nations. Separately 
represented in the Assembly of the League, they may, of course, vote there 
independently of Great Britain. Now the League of Nations is not a mere 
administrative union like the Universal Postal Union, but the organized Family 
of Nations. Without doubt, therefore, the admission of these four self-govern 
ing Dominions and of India to membership gives them a position in International 
Law. But the place of the self-governing Dominions within the Family of 
Nations at present defies exact definition, since they enjoy a special position 



CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS SINCE CONFEDERATION 17 

corresponding to their special status within the British Empire as "free com 
munities, independent as regards all their own affairs, and partners in those 
which concern the Empire at large." Moreover, just as, in attaining to that 
position, they have silently worked changes, far-reaching but incapable of 
precise definition, in the Constitution of the Empire, so that the written law 
inaccurately represents the actual situation, in a similar way they have taken 
a place within the Family of Nations, which is none the less real for being hard 
to reconcile with precedent. Furthermore, they will certainly consolidate the 
positions which they have won, both within the Empire and within the Family 
of Nations. An advance in one sphere will entail an advance in the other. 
For instance, they may well acquire a limited right of legation or limited treaty- 
making power. But from this time onward the relationship between Great 
Britain and the self-governing Dominions of the British Empire is not likely 
to correspond exactly to any relationship hitherto recognized in International 
Law unless the British Empire should turn into a Federal State." 

THE ARMS OF CANADA. 

(See Frontispiece). 

Armorial bearings owe their existence to the need of providing 
men with some mark of identification. They originated in the 
Middle Ages, when few men could read, but when all were trained to 
distinguish such symbols at a glance. Under these circumstances, 
the arms of the sovereign became generally identified with the arms 
of the nation, were emblazoned on shields and were later often incor 
porated into the national flag. In the case of England, the royal 
standard bears the Coat of Arms of the Sovereign, while the Union 
Jack or national flair is composed of the combination of the red cross 
of St. George on a white field, borne as their banner by the English 
from the time of the second Crusade, the white cross of St. Andrew on 
a blue field (Scotland), added in 1707, and the white cross of St. 
Patrick on a red field (Ireland), added in 1801. 

Until 1921, the question of the Arms of Canada remained in an 
unsatisfactory position. In this country the Royal Arms, in their 
English form, have always been freely used. Soon after 
tion, when a Great Seal was required, a design approved 
Warrant of 26 May, 1868, displayed the arms of the four confederated 
provinces-Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswicl 
design, though not used for the Great Seal, was gradually adopted a 
the Arms of Canada. As the number of provinces increased 
became a common practice to add their arms to the original design. 
This resulted in overloading the shield with a multiplicity of detail 
and a Committee, appointed to submit proposals, recommend* 
adoption of a coat of arms which has been approved by 
ment and duly authorized, on November 21, 1921 by King 

Three considerations were kept in view in detenn mm ; the 
"achievement of arms/ i.e., the combination of arms, cres 
and motto, which has now been authorized. These were: first that 
Canadians stand to their King in as close a relation as da i 
subjects elsewhere; secondly, that Canada, an integral pa t oi ^tne 
Bri ish Empire, has emerged from the war a .member -of the League 
of Nations" and lastly, that Canada wa* J founded by the &gt; men ot 
four different races-French, English Scottish and Insh-an^ that 
Canadians inherit the language, laws, literature and arms of all tour 
mother countries. 
381312 



18 THE ARMS OF CANADA 

The arms are those of England, Scotland, Ireland and France, 
with a "difference" to mark them as Canadian, namely, on the lower 
third of the shield, a sprig of maple on a silver shield. 

The crest is a lion holding in its paw a red maple leaf, a symbol 
of sacrifice. 

The supporters are, with some slight distinctions, the lion and 
unicorn of the Royal Arms. The lion upholds the Union Jack, and 
the unicorn the ancient banner of France. 

The motto is new "A mari usque ad mare" "From sea to 
sea", or, in a phrase familiar in Canadian politics and Canadian 
literature, "ocean to ocean". It is an extract from the Latin version 
of verse 8 of the 72nd Psalm, which in the Authorized Version is: 
"He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river unto 
the ends of the earth." The Latin reads: "Et dominabitur a mari 
usque ad mare, et a flumine usque ad terminos orbis terrarum." 
There is a tradition that the Fathers of Confederation derived the 
designation "Dominion" from this verse. 



II. PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN 

CANADA. 

MARITIME PROVINCES. 

By the late THOMAS BARNARD FLINT, M.A., LL.B., D.C.L., Clerk of the House of 

Commons of Canada, Ottawa. 

The constitution and legislative powers of the provinces of the 
Dominion are in their general outlines as settled and regulated by the 
British North America Act, 1867, and amending acts. But in the 
development of local administration and in the working out of local 
problems, the provinces have varied considerably. These variations 
have depended primarily upon the stages and forms of local self- 
government in force at the time of Confederation, and secondarily 
upon the financial and industrial policies of the legislatures which 
then assumed control. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick were two 
of the original provinces which formed the federal union of Canada. 
Prince Edward Island became part of the federal system in 1873. 

Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, imme 
diately after entering the union, found themselves each equipped with 
a Lieutenant-Governor appointed by the Governor-General. This 
official holds office, generally speaking, for five years from the date of 
his appointment. He is not removable except for cause assigned and 
communicated to Parliament. The provisions relating to the powers, 
duties and responsibilities of Lieutenant-Governors are to be found 
in sections 58 to 68, inclusive, of the British North America Act, 1867, 
and apply uniformly to all Lieutenant-Governors throughout the 
Dominion. 



MARITIME PROVINCES 19 

The legislatures of each of the three Maritime Provinces, upon 
entering the union, consisted of the Lieutenant-Governor and of two 
Houses, styled the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly. 
These legislatures had the same exclusive powers assigned to them as 
to the other provinces entering the union at the same or at any sub 
sequent period. One of the most important of these powers is that 
of the amendment, from time to time, of the Constitution -of the 
province, except as regards the office of the Lieutenant-Governor. 
Like all the other provinces, they have the power of direct taxation 
within the province, of borrowing money, of establishing public 
offices, of disposing of the crown lands of the province, of the main 
tenance and establishment of a great variety of public and reformatory 
institutions and of municipalities with such powers as the province 
may see fit to grant. The list of exclusive provincial powers also 
includes such important matters as the making of laws relating to 
licenses for raising revenue for provincial or municipal purposes; 
providing for local works and undertakings of every description 
(except certain classes specially reserved to the federal power); 
incorporating companies with provincial objects; and legislation 
respecting the solemnization of marriage. The whole vast field of 
property and civil rights within the province, the administration of 
justice and the constitution, maintenance and organization of provin 
cial courts with both civil and criminal jurisdiction, as well as the 
procedure in civil matters in those courts, are retained under provincial 
jurisdiction. 

The exclusive control of each province over the subject of educa 
tion has given rise to legal and constitutional questions of the highest 
importance. Their adjustment has engaged the attention of legis 
latures, of parliament and of the courts of Canada, as well as the privy 
council of the Mother Country from time to time almost since the 
day of the union. 

The provinces have also legislated upon, and devoted large sums 
of money to the promotion of agriculture, and to some extent immigra 
tion in which they have been assisted by the federal administration, 
which also has jurisdiction over these subjects. These powers are of 
course common to all the provinces. 

NOVA SCOTIA. 

This province has made no organic changes in its constitution 
since the union in 1867. In 1867, the Legislative Council consisted 
of 36 members and the Legislative Assembly of 55 members. The 
number of members of the Legislative Council is now 21 and of the 
Assembly 43. Legislative councillors are appointed for life, and the 
members of the Assembly are elected for four years, the Assembly 
term consisting of that period. The constitutional relations of the 
ministry to the Assembly are based on the well recognized principles 
of responsible government, in accordance with which the ministry 
retains office only so long as it is supported by a majority in the 
Legislative Assembly. This rule applies to all the provinces of 
Canada. Many efforts made towards abolishing the Legislative 

3813121 



20 PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN CANADA 

Council in Nova Scotia have proved abortive. The local ministry 
or cabinet, styled the Executive Council, consists of the Prime Minister, 
(being the Provincial Secretary and President of the Council), the 
Attorney-General, the Minister of Works and Mines and the Minister 
of Highways. These are salaried officials, and the other members are 
six in number without office. Agriculture, immigration and education 
are under the control and management of the government through 
certain boards and councils, each with its secretary and staff of 
officials. 

The sources of the principal revenues are (1) mines and minerals 
upon which certain royalties are charged, together with license fees 
and rentals; (2) the federal subsidy and interest on balances due from 
the Dominion, paid by virtue of the British North America Act; 
(3) interest on railway loans and advances, succession duties, pay 
ments from the Dominion Government under the Agricultural Instruc 
tion Act; (4) crown lands and other fees and dues paid into the Pro 
vincial Secretary s office. In 1921, the total revenue from all sources, 
capital and ordinary, was $10,427,919.32. 

Municipal Institutions. Municipal administration in Nova 
Scotia has been developed since Confederation. Previous to that 
event the local government of counties and townships was confided 
to the magistracy, which was an appointed body, holding com 
missions for life and not responsible in any way to the electorate. 
In the early years of its history this body did much useful and import 
ant public service, yet abuses here and there existed on account of the 
irresponsible nature of their tenure of office, which rendered reform 
and public accountability very difficult to obtain. Public opinion, 
however, and the controlling influence of the legislatures operating 
steadily upon even irresponsible bodies of life-appointed magistrates 
made the institution as it existed fairly acceptable to the people 
generally. In 1864 an act providing for the optional incorporation 
of counties and townships was passed, but few counties or districts 
took advantage of the privilege thus accorded. In 1875, the incor 
poration of the counties and certain townships was made compulsory, 
twenty-four municipalities being then established. In 1895, the 
Towns Incorporation Act was passed, making the incorporation of 
towns throughout the province optional. In 1921 there were 41 
incorporated towns. 

The county councils consist of councillors elected by the rate 
payers every three years; usually one is elected for each polling dis 
trict, but in some districts two are provided for. The warden or pre 
siding officer is chosen by the council and holds office until the next 
election of councillors. The mayors of towns are elected by the rate 
payers and hold office for one year. The city of Halifax, the capital 
of the province, has a special charter, the mayor being elected annually 
and the eighteen aldermen (or members) for three years, six retiring 
each year but being eligible for re-election. 

The exercise of the powers of the councils, the election of their 
members and the duties and responsibilities of their officials, their 



NOVA SCOTIA 21 



meetings, proceeding and by-laws, their methods and forms of taxa 
tion, as well as the limitation of their borrowing powers, are controlled 
and regufeted in .ach particular by statutes rigidly enforced by 
provincial authority or by the courts. The training of large numbers 
of public spirit, } citizens in the practical exercise of the duties of 
government is not the least of the advantages of the municipal 
systems of Canada. They furnish a rich fund of talent and experience 
upon winch to draw for the wider spheres of provincial and federal 
legislation. 

Judiciary. -The provincial courts consist of (1) the supreme 

t, which is a court of appeal and also a circuit court, and (2) the 

lie supreme court consists of a chief justice and six 

:ner judgi One of these is a judge in equity, who also acts in 

ivorce causes and one is admiralty judge of the exchequer court of 

court has original jurisdiction in all matters not 
specially delegated to the lower courts and appeal jurisdiction from 
;he county courts. The county courts have a limited original juris 
diction and an appeal jurisdiction from probate and magistrates 
courts m certain cases. The judges of this court are seven in number, 
each having a district of jurisdiction covering a county or group of 
counties and holding terms of court in the county towns of their 
respective districts. 

The judges of the supreme and county courts are appointed and 
paid by the Dominion Government, but the procedure of the courts 
in all civil matters is regulated by provincial legislation. The purely 
provincial courts and courts of probate have jurisdiction over wills 
and intestate estates. Stipendiary and police magistrates courts and 
courts of justices of the peace are also under provincial jurisdiction. 
The judges of these courts and justices of the peace are appointed by 
the local government and are paid, in some cases by salaries and in 
others by fees. The sheriffs, clerks, registrars and officers of all the 
courts are appointed by the provincial authorities. 

In criminal cases the jurisdiction and procedure of all the courts 
are fixed by federal statutes. The procedure as to the selection of 
grand and petit jurors, of revisers of voters lists and assessment 
courts is fixed by the provincial statutes. In each county, and in 
some counties in one or more districts of a county, are offices for the 
registry of deeds and of all documents pertaining to transfers of or 
affecting titles to real estate as well as those creating and discharging 
liens on personal property. 

NEW BRUNSWICK. 

The province of New Brunswick in all essential features of 
provincial administration is similar to its neighbour, Nova Scotia, but 
some differences may be noted. The province entered Confederation 
with a Legislative Council of 40 members holding their seats for life, 
a Legislative Assembly of 40 members and an Executive Council of 
nine members. Under its powers of changing the provincial constitu 
tion the Legislative Council was abolished by an act passed on April 
16, 1891. For many years an agitation for its abolition had continued, 



22 PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN CANADA 

and the governments of the period refrained from filling vacancies 
until the number of members was so reduced that the passage of an 
abolition act became comparatively an easy matter. The retiring 
members of the Council retained their title and precedence for life. 
The Assembly at present is composed of 47 members, and the Execu 
tive Council is composed of (1) the Premier, (2) the Minister of Lands 
and Mines, (3) the Minister of Public Works, (4) the Provincial 
Secretary-Treasurer, (5) the Minister of Agriculture, (6) the Minister 
of Public Health, and (7) the Attorney-General. Each of these min 
isters has a departmental staff under his direction. 

The ordinary revenue for the fiscal year ended Oct. 31, 1921, 
amounted to $2,892,905 and the ordinary expenditure to $3,432,512. 

In New Brunswick the subject of public instruction is under the 
management of a Board of Education consisting of the Lieutenant- 
Governor of the Province, the members of the Executive Council, the 
Chancellor of the University of New Brunswick and the Chief Super 
intendent of Education. 

Municipal Institutions. On the subject of municipal institu 
tions, under which the people have more complete control over their 
local affairs, the province of New Brunswick has passed through stages 
of development similar to those of Nova Scotia. An interesting 
passage will be found in Hannay s History of New Brunswick, where, 
writing on this subject, he observes: 

"Sir William Colebrooke and Sir Edmund Head had both regretted the 
failure of attempts to establish municipal institutions throughout the province, 
but they perhaps did not discern that this failure was due to the influence 
of the magistrates in sessions, who did not like to be deprived of their power 
of controlling the affairs of the counties. These magistrates naturally resisted 
every improvement, which they denounced as innovations, and they were 
supported generally by the Legislative Council. 

"The system of county government was as bad as possible, because the 
magistrates were not responsible to any person. The condition of the county 
accounts was never made public, and it was not until a comparatively late 
period in the history of the province that the Grand Jury obtained legislative 
authority to inspect the county accounts. 

"Municipal institutions came in the course of years, but not till long after 
Sir Edmund Head had taken his departure from the province. Since then the 
influence of the people upon the municipal government has been strengthened 
by the incorporation of most of the towns in the province, so that the people 
have an opportunity not only of knowing how their money is being spent 
but of directing the expenditure." 

In New Brunswick the first municipal act was passed in 1851. 
This act, which was subsequently amended, rendered incorporation 
optional. But these acts were not in many cases taken advantage of. 
The counties were, however, divided into parishes, districts having a 
certain amount of local autonomy and some limited powers of ad 
ministration, which have been recognized in subsequent municipal 
legislation. They are provided with local courts presided over by 
commissioners who are ex officio justices of the peace, and in some 
cases they are provided with stipendiary or police magistrates. These 
commissioners have civil jurisdiction in debts not exceeding eighty 
dollars and in cases of tort when the damages claimed do not exceed 
thirty-two dollars. 



NEW BRUNSWICK 23 



At the time of confederation the municipal system had been very 
slightly developed. But in 1877 an act providing for compulsory 
municipal incorporation was put in force, and, with its amendments, 
is substantially in force at the present time. It provides that county 
councils be constituted as bodies corporate, having two councillors 
elected yearly from each parish in the county. The councils elect 
from among their members a presiding officer who is styled the warden 
and who holds office until the next election of councillors. Councils 
may themselves, however, provide by by-law for their election bien 
nially, a provision which does not apply to the municipality of the 
city and county of St. John. The city of St. John, which in 1785 was 
known as "Parr Town," received a charter in that year through 
Lieutenant-Governor Carleton, a brother of the famous soldier, Sir 
Guy Carleton (afterwards Lord Dorchester). The qualifications of 
voters for the councils are very liberal. Every male, or female 
person, being a widow or unmarried, of the age of 21 years or over, 
being a British subject, a ratepayer of the parish having an income or 
personal property or both combined to the amount of one hundred 
dollars, is entitled to vote. A resident of the parish having real 
property of any value, or, if not a resident, having real property to 
the value of one hundred dollars, is also entitled to vote. The dates 
and time of meeting of the councils are fixed by statute and differ 
in different municipalities. In addition to a warden each elects a 
secretary, a treasurer (the two offices may be combined in one person) , 
and an auditor, who may not be a councillor nor hold any office under 
the council. The councils also appoint overseers of the poor, con 
stables, commissioners of highways, collectors of rates and other 
parish and county officials as may be necessary. Councillors under 
some circumstances also act as revisers of voters lists. The warden 
is required to publish each year a full and detailed financial statement 
of the affairs of the municipality which shall be signed by the auditor 
and himself. 

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 

At the time of entering the union the government of Prince 
Edward Island consisted of a Governor and an Executive Council, a 
Legislative Council of 13 members, and a House of Assembly of 30 
members. The Legislative Council was made elective in 1862 and 
so continued until its abolition after the union in 1873. The former 
Legislative Council districts, after the passage of the Abolition Act, 
elected members to the Legislative Assembly, fifteen in number, while 
the same districts elected members to the Assembly on a different 
franchise, thus practically amalgamating the two Houses into one 
Assembly of 30 members. The electoral system, as far as voting is 
concerned, is practically one of manhood suffrage. The Executive 
Council of Prince Edward Island consists of (1) the President of the 
Council, (2) the Provincial Secretary-Treasurer, who is also Com 
missioner of Agriculture, (3) the Commissioner of Public Works, (4 
the Attorney-General and (5) four members without portfolio. 



24 PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN CANADA 

With regard to the judiciary, the supreme court has a chief 
justice and two assistant judges. The chief justice is also the local 
judge in admiralty of the exchequer court. The supreme court is 
also a court of appeal and has jurisdiction in appeal chancery cases. 
It has original jurisdiction both in civil and criminal matters. In civil 
cases of debt the action must be for an amount above $32, and all 
cases beyond the jurisdiction of the county court may be tried before 
a judge of the supreme court. The assistant judges of this court have 
also chancery powers. There is a surrogate and probate court for the 
province with one judge. A system of county courts is established 
consisting of three judges, one for each county. These are appointed 
and paid by the federal government and have jurisdiction in suits up 
to the sum of one hundred and fifty dollars. Education is under the 
direction of a Board of Education consisting of the members of the 
Executive Council of the province and the Superintendent of Educa 
tion, who is also secretary of the Board. 

In the calendar year 1921, the ordinary revenue amounted to 
$727,046 and the ordinary expenditure to $687,935. 

QUEBEC. 

By G. E. MARQUIS, Chief, Bureau of Statistics of Quebec. 

Political and Administrative Organization. The visitor 
who for the first time enters the chamber of the Legislative Assembly 
of Quebec is sure to notice and admire the large painting placed 
above the Speaker s chair. This painting represents the first assembly 
of representatives of the people to be elected by popular vote, which 
sat in Canada at Quebec, the capital of Lower Canada, in 1792, on 
the establishment of the parliamentary government which still 
exists and which originated in the Constitutional Act of 1791. 

A similar form of government was at the same time established 
in the province of Upper Canada. This state of affairs lasted down 
to 1840, when the two -provinces were united, and the territory gov 
erned by the union of the two Canadas received the name of province 
of Canada. Finally in 1867 a confederation of four provinces was 
set up. The provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova 
Scotia were the first to join in establishing a central government, 
the seat of which was fixed by the Imperial Government at Ottawa. 
To each province was granted a Provincial Government, having the 
right to legislate upon public instruction, public works (within the 
province), the administration of the lands, colonization, agriculture, 
asylums, prisons, reformatories and industrial schools, the organiza 
tion of the civil courts, municipal institutions, as well as other points 
of Provincial interest. The respective powers of the Dominion and 
of the various Provincial Governments are exhaustively defined by 
sections 91 and 92 of the British North America Act. 

The legislature of Quebec is composed of three branches: the 
Legislative Assembly of eighty-one members representing the eighty- 
two electoral divisions of the province (the counties of Chicoutimi 



QUEBEC 



. . . 

and Saguenay have t he same representative) ; the Legislative Council of 

twenty-four members nominated for life bv the 

} n C &lt;* and finally an Executive O^ciS^*^^ 

tenant-Governor and his advisors, the ministers of the Crown 

Tie Legislative Assembly and also the Legislative Council have 
the power to bring forward bills relating to civil and admmls trativl 
matters and to amend or repeal the laws which already exist AbiU 
to be approved by the Lieutenant-Governor, must have received the 
assent of both Houses Only the Legislative Assembly cah bring 
forward a bill requiring the expenditure of public money. The extreml 
length of a Parliament is five years. Since Confederation sixteen 
premiers have been at the head of the administration of the Prov nee 
of Quebec. At the present time the Premier is the Honourable L A 
Tasehereau who has been President of the Executive Council and 
Attorney-General since July, 1920. He is assisted by seven ministers 
each with departmental portfolios (one of them, the treasurer, having 
portfolios) and by four ministers without portfolio. Sir Charles 
Fitzpatnrk, K.C., G.C.M.G, is the Lieutenant-Governor 

m Municipal Organization. For the purposes of local or muni 
cipal administration the Province of Quebec is divided into county 
municipalities 74 in number; these include rural municipalities and 
villages, as well as town municipalities hitherto organized under the 
former municipal code. At the present time there are 20 city 87 
town and 249 village municipalities, as well as 926 rural municipali 
ties, making a total of 1,282 local municipalities. Each local munici 
pality is administered by a corporation composed of seven members 
:he rural municipalities and of a number varying according to the 
municipality in the cities and towns. In rural municipalities the 
tion of candidates for the municipal council takes place annually 
m the month of January when three of the six councillors are replaced, 
while the mayor is elected for a two year term by the electors. The 
county council is composed of all the mayors of the villages and rural 
municipalities constituting the county. The head of this body bears 
the name of warden and is elected annually at the March quarterly 
meeting of the council. 

Most of the towns and cities are organized into separate corpora 
tions independent of any county council, in virtue of special charters 
granted by the legislature. The composition varies in different 
municipalities. The functions of the municipal councils are very 
extensive. They can make regulations concerning municipalities, 
provided that these regulations contain no provisions incompatible 
with the laws of the country. They can appoint officials to manage 
the business of the municipality; form committees to undertake 
particular branches of the administration; make all highway regula 
tions; nominate a local board of health; see to the maintenance of 
order; and finally aid colonization and agriculture by imposing 
direct taxes upon the taxable property of municipalities. 

The powers conferred upon the municipal council are then very 
extensive, but these powers contained in the law of cities and towns 



26 PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN CANADA 

or in the municipal code extend only to questions of purely local interest. 
In order to distribute the taxation necessary to the local public 
administration every municipal council has the right to impose and 
raise by direct taxation on the taxable property of the municipality, 
as well as on certain business stock, any sum necessary and this within 
the limits of its functions. Every two years assessors are named by 
the Council who establish the value of the real property of their 
municipality. These assessors must make a new assessment roll 
every three years, but must amend and correct this roll every year. 
It is by basing itself on this assessment, that the municipal council 
raises the taxes which it needs to meet the expenses of administration. 
A few years ago a Department of Municipal Affairs was established 
in the Provincial Government to supervise more closely the carrying 
out of the municipal law. At the present time the Minister of Muni 
cipal Affairs is also the Treasurer of the Province, but he has a separate 
Deputy Minister for each of the two departments. It may be added 
that each year in the month of January the secretary or the warden 
of each municipal corporation, rural or urban, is under obligation to 
send to the Bureau of Statistics a report on the financial position of 
the corporation, as well as a summary of the operations undertaken 
in the various services in the course of the preceding year. 

School Organization. Public instruction in the Province of 
Quebec is governed by a single act called the Law of Public Instruc 
tion, although there are two kinds of schools, one for the Catholics 
and the other for the Protestants or non-Catholics. This is what is 
called the confessional system. Regulations for each of these religious 
units are prepared by the Catholic Committee or the Protestant 
Committee of the Council of Public Instruction, respectively, and 
submitted for the approval of the Lieutenant-Governor in Council 
before going into force. The territorial unit administered by a school 
corporation is called a school municipality. This may differ in 
boundaries from the parish and even from the local municipality. 
There are 1,718 of these school municipalities, of which 1,367 are 
Catholic and 351 Protestant. School municipalities are constituted 
at the request of a group of ratepayers by the Lieutenant-Governor 
in Council on the recommendation of the Superintendent of Public 
Instruction or occasionally by an act of the legislature. Each of 
them must be divided into school districts, except in the cities and 
towns. The administrative body which directs them bears the name 
of school corporation. The corporation is composed of five commis 
sioners or three trustees. In the same municipality the dissentients, 
that is to say those who are from the religious point of view in the 
minority, elect the trustees. 

The school commissioners and trustees are elected for three years, 
five of the former or three of the latter forming a school corporation. 
Their duties are numerous, but in brief it may be said that they must 
erect a school in each school district, look after its maintenance, 
provide the necessary equipment, engage teachers, supervise their 
teaching and settle the differences which may arise between teachers 
and parents. 



QUEBEC 27 



Like the municipal corporations, the school corporations have the 
right to impose taxes for the construction and maintenance of schools 
and for the payment of the teaching staff. School taxation is dis 
tributed over all the taxable property of the school municipality; 
the assessment roll prepared by the Municipal Council must, except 
in rare cases, serve as a basis for the taxation imposed by the school 
corporation-. 

The school corporations have under their control schools of four 
kinds; kindergartens, elementary primary, intermediate primary and 
superior primary schools. Soon, however, a modification of the above 
classification will become effective, under which the last three types 
of schools will be reduced to two. The programme of studies has 
been modified so as to give a more suitable type of education to 
country children, so as to keep them on the land, and to provide for 
town and city children an education which will fit them for industry, 
commerce and finance. 

Besides the schools under control of the school corporation, there 
are also the classical colleges where secondary instruction is given, as 
well as four universities, not including several special schools. The 
whole school organization is directed by the Council of Public Instruc 
tion, which prepares, as we have already seen, the school regulations 
and the programme of studies. It chooses also the professors and 
principals of the Normal schools, as well as the examiners of candidates 
for teachers certificates; finally, it approves as it sees fit, the text 
books which are submitted to it. This Council is formed of two 
committees, Catholic and Protestant, each of which watches over 
the interests of its co-religionists in conformity with the law. 

When the two Committees sit together, thus constituting the 
Council, its chairman is the Superintendent of Public Instruction, who 
also directs the Department of Public Instruction. He is named for 
life by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, but the Provincial 
Secretary is the spokesman of this Department, and is responsible 
before the Provincial Legislature for its administration. 

ONTARIO. 

By S. A. CUDMORE, B.A. (Tor.), M.A. (Oxon.), F.S.S., F.R. Econ. Soc., Editor 

Canada Year Book. 

Historical.- -The northern part of what is now the Province of 
Ontario came under British rule in 1713, by the Treaty of Utrecht, 
the southern part in 1763, by the Treaty of Paris. At the latter date 
the whole white population was only about 1,000, mainly settled along 
the Detroit River. By Royal Proclamation of Oct. 7, 1763, the 
eastern part of the province, and by the Quebec Act of 1774 (14 Geo. 
Ill, chap. 83), the whole of what is now southern Ontario, became 
part of the Province of Quebec, under French civil and English 
criminal law and without any representative government. The 
immigration of the United Empire Loyalists and their settlement in 
the country led to an increasing demand both for English civil law 
and for representative institutions. This demand was met by the 



28 PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN CANADA 

passing of the Constitutional Act of 1791 (31 Geo. Ill, chap. 31), 
which established the Province of Upper Canada (Ontario) with a 
Lieutenant-Governor, a Legislative Council of not fewer than seven, 
and a Legislative Assembly of not fewer than sixteen members, to be 
elected by the people. These representatives of the people, however, 
had little control over the Executive Council, and the result was the 
struggle for responsible government, i.e., the struggle to make the 
Executive Council responsible to the representatives of the people for 
its administration of the affairs of the community. This struggle 
culminated in the rebellion of 1837, after which Lord Durham s 
report paved the way for the introduction of responsible government 
and the union of the Canadas by the Act of Union (3-4 Viet., c. 35). 
The Legislative Assembly established under this Act consisted of 42 
members from each province, increased to 65 from each province 
in 1853. The Legislative Council was to consist of at least 20 mem 
bers, appointed for life. In 1854 permission was granted by the 
British authorities to change this system, and in 1856 appointments 
to the Legislative Council were made elective; each province was 
represented by 24 members, one-fourth of the total number retiring 
every two years. 

Present Constitution. By sections 69 and 70 of the British 
North America Act, the legislature of Ontario was established with a 
single elective chamber having 82 members, the Legislative Assembly. 
In 1874 the number of members was increased to 88, in 1885 to 90, in 
1894 to 94, in 1902 to 98, in 1908 to 102 and in 1914 (4 Geo. V, chap. 4) 
to 111. It is elected for 4 years on an adult suffrage basis and holds 
annual sessions, so that 12 months shall not intervene between the 
last sitting in one session and the first sitting in the next. The powers 
of the Legislature are defined in sections 92 and 93 of the British 
North America Act. The Executive Council consists (1922) of 
eleven members, ten of them holding portfolios as follows: Prime 
Minister and President of Council; Attorney-General; Secretary and 
Registrar; Treasurer; Lands and Forests; Agriculture; Public 
Works and Highways; Education; Labour; Mines. 

Besides the regular Departments, certain Commissions have been 
created for specific purposes. These include the Niagara Falls Park 
Commission, established in 1885, under an act for the preservation of 
natural scenery about Niagara Falls (48 Viet., chap. 21); the Railway 
and Municipal Board, established in 1906 by 6 Edw. VII, chap. 31, 
and entrusted with control of the construction, operation and main 
tenance of railways incorporated under Provincial Acts; the Hydro- 
Electric Power Commission, established in 1906 under an Act to provide 
for the transmission of electric power to municipalities (6 Edw. VII, 
chap. 15); the Timiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway Commis 
sion, created under the Timiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway 
Act in 1902, for the construction and operation of a railway from North 
Bay to a point on Lake Timiskaming, (the line was subsequently 
extended to Cochrane, to effect a junction with the National Trans 
continental Railway). 



ONTARIO 29 



Municipal Government. Under the system established bv 
Lhe Constitutional Act &lt;! ITJU, municipal administration was carried 
rtie main (as m the England of those days) by the courts of 
quarter sessions, whose members were appointed by and responsible 
ine governor in eouneil. As urban communities began to prow 
there commenced an agitation for local srIf- SOV ernment, which after 
many rebuffs, resulted in 1832 in the urant to Brockville of a limited 
measure of control of the local police. In 1833 Hamilton and in 1834 
leville, Cornwall, Port Hope and Prescott received similar powers 
while in the latter year York became a self-governing city with a 
mayor, aldermen and councillors under the name of Toronto Kingston 
receiving m 1838 a similar constitution, though being denied the name 
ity. hese developments secured the cordial approval of Lord 
Durham who maintained in his report (1839) that "the establishment 
system of municipal institutions throughout this Province 

a matter of vital importance The establishment of municipal 

institutions for the whole country should be made a part of every 
colonial con .titution." Upon the introduction of responsible govern 
ment, the District Councils Act of 1841 was passed, giving a consider- 
measure of local self-government with a large measure of con 
trol by the central authorities. A more comprehensive measure 
;he Municipal Act of 1849, provided "by one general law, for the 
erection of municipal corporations and the establishment of regulations 
of police in and for the several counties, cities, towns, townships and 
Milages in Upper Canada." This Act has been called the Magna 
harta of municipal institutions, not only for Ontario, but for the 
newer provinces which largely copied Ontario institutions. Its main 
features are still clearly visible in the municipal system of today. 

Under this system there existed in 1868, when the first legislature 
of Ontario assembled, 539 local self-governing units, including 36 
counties, 399 townships, and 104 cities, towns and villages. In 1921 
there were in the Province 911 local self-governing units, including 
18 county municipalities, 557 townships, 149 villages, 143 towns and 
24 cities. There is thus a local self-governing body for every 3,200 
of the population of the province, and the general effect has been to 
initiate the masses of the people in the problems of self-government, so 
that Ontario has been described by eminent students of democratic 
governments as one of the most perfect democracies in existence. 

The present law respecting municipal institutions is contained 
in chapter 192 of the Revised Statutes of Ontario, 1914, and its amend 
ments (4 Geo. V, c. 33, 5 Geo. V, c. 34, 6 Geo. V, c. 39). 

The territorial division of the province for municipal and judicial 
purposes is governed by the Territorial Division Act (R.S.O., 1914, 
c. 3), section 11 of which provides that, subject to the provisions of the 
Municipal Act, the Lieutenant-Governor may by proclamation con 
stitute and fix the boundaries of new townships in those parts of 
Ontario in which townships have not been already constituted. 



30 PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN CANADA 

Townships and Villages.- -Township municipalities may be 
organized in hitherto unorganized territory when the population of 
the geographical township of six miles square is not less than 100, 
and where the inhabitants of an area not surveyed into townships 
exceed 100 on not more than 20,000 acres. The township is governed 
by a chief executive officer styled reeve, and four others who may be 
deputy reeves or councillors, depending on the number of municipal 
electors. (Deputy reeves, together with the reeve, represent the 
township on the county council). These provisions apply also to 
villages, which may be created out of districts or parts of townships 
where a population of 750 exists on an area not exceeding 500 acres. 
Police villages with certain limited rights of self-government may 
be formed by county councils where a population of not less than 
150 exists upon an area of not less than 500 acres and where the major 
ity of freeholders and resident tenants of the locality petition therefor. 
Police villages are administered by three trustees who may be created 
a body corporate where the population exceeds 500. 

Towns.- -Towns may be incorporated on conditions prescribed 
by the Ontario Railway and Municipal Board, but must have not 
less than 2,000 population. A town in unorganized territory is 
governed by a mayor and six councillors, or if the population is not 
less than 5,000, by a mayor and nine councillors. A town not in 
unorganized territory is governed by a mayor, a reeve, as many 
deputy reeves as the town is entitled to have as its representatives in 
the county council, and three councillors for each ward where there 
are less than five wards, or two councillors for each ward where there 
are five or more wards. Towns having not less than 5,000 population 
ma y&gt; by by-law approved by the electors, withdraw from the juris 
diction of the county council. The towns of Walkerville, Prescott, 
Trenton, Smiths Falls, Brockville, Ingersoll, St. Marys, were in 
1921 in this position. 

Cities. Cities, which are always entirely separate in govern 
ment from their counties, must have, when constituted, a population 
of 15,000. They are governed by a mayor, a Board of Control if such 
exists, and, at the option of the council, two or three aldermen for 
each ward. Boards of Control, who may be elected by general vote 
in any city of more than 45,000 people and must be so elected in 
cities of over 100,000, form a sort of executive authority for the larger 
cities, giving a large portion of their time to the public service, and 
being paid a salary considerably higher than the alderman s indemnity. 
The duties of the Board of Control include the preparation of estimates, 
the awarding of contracts, the inspection of municipal works, and 
the nomination of officers and their dismissal or suspension. The 
Board reports to the council, in which its members also have a vote, 
and its action is subject to approval or reversal by the whole council. 
The council may not make appropriations or expenditures of sums not 
provided for by the Board s estimates, without a two-thirds vote of 



ONTARIO 31 



the members present. Boards of control exist in Toronto, Ottawa, 
Hamilton and London. 

Counties. All members of county councils are also members of 
the councils of the municipalities within the larger county munici 
pality, being the reeves and deputy reeves of townships, villages and 
towns. The presiding officer of the county council is called the war 
den, and is annual!} chosen from among the reeves who are members 
of the council. The county council has charge of the main highways 
and bridges, the courthouse, gaol, house of refuge, registry office, 
etc. Its rates are collected through the constituent local municipali 
ties. Provisions for the erection of one kind of urban municipality 
into another are given in the Act. Four of the thirty-eight county 
municipalities of the province are composed of a union of counties, 
viz. (1) Leeds and Grenville, (2) Northumberland and Durham, (3) 
Prescott and Russell and (4) Dundas, Stormont and Glengarry. 

Use of the Referendum. Important questions and certain 
descriptions of by-laws are under the Municipal Act submitted to 
the direct vote of the electors, money by-laws m-m-rally to property- 
owners only. Except in the case of money by-laws, the decision of 
the electors is not legally binding upon the governing body of the 
municipality. Municipalities are empowered to pass by-laws to 
provide bonuses in aid of manufactures and railways ; these bonuses 
may take the form of money grants, guarantees, total or partial 
exemption from municipal taxation or other special facilities. 

Judiciary. Under the Law Reform Act of 1909 (9 Edw. VII, 
c. 28), the Supreme Court of Ontario is estal dished in two divisions, 
the appellate division and the high court division, the former being 
a continuation of the old court of appeal and the latter a continuation 
of the old high court of justice. The appellate division is composed 
of not less than two divisional courts, each with five justices, who try 
appeals from the high court and the other courts of the province, and 
from whose decision appeals may in certain cases be made to the 
Supreme Court of Canada. The justices of the high court hold 
assizes at least twice a year in each county, with a very comprehensive 
jurisdiction. In each county or district there is a court presided over 
by a judge, who sits at least twice a year, with or without a jury, 
to try minor civil actions. Each county judge also presides at least 
twice yearly over a court of general session, with a limited jurisdiction 
in criminal matters. Criminals may, with their own consent, be tried 
by the county judge without a jury. Each judicial district is divided 
into court divisions in each of which a division court is held by the 
county judge, or his deputy, at least once in every two months. 
These courts are for the recovery of small debts and damages. The 
county judges hold revision courts for the revision of assessment rolls 
and of voters lists; they are also judges of the surrogate courts, 
which deal with the estates of deceased persons. 



32 PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN CANADA 



MANITOBA, SASKATCHEWAN AND ALBERTA. 

By the REV. EDMUND H. OLIVER, Ph.D., F.R.S.C., Principal of the Presbyterian 
Theological College, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. 

HISTORICAL SKETCH. 

Establishment of Provinces. On the prairies there have been 
two distinct trends of historical and political development that of 
the Red River and that of the Territories. The whole region was 
originally under the sway of the Honourable Company of Adventurers 
trading into Hudson s Bay. In the case of the Red River, responsible 
self-rule came with the transfer to Canada. The Territories possessed 
absolutely no form of government prior to their incorporation in the 

Dominion. 

MANITOBA. 

On September 4, 1812, Captain Miles Macdonell, in the name of 
Lord Selkirk, took formal possession of the District of Assiniboia at 
the forks of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers. This was the first 
act of government in what is now Western Canada. 

The deed of the District of Assiniboia to Selkirk reserved to the 
Company "all rights of jurisdiction." For this reason the Company s 
commission was given to the governor appointed by Selkirk. The 
governor could act as judge. But to do this correctly, he must act 
with his Council. A Council of Assiniboia was appointed to safe 
guard the judicial functions of the governor. It was not so much a 
Council of Assiniboia as the Council of the Governor in Assiniboia, 
not so much a legislative or administrative body as a judicial tribunal. 
From the time of Governors Bulger and Pelly the Council began to 
assume administrative and legislative functions. It began also to 
divest itself of judicial functions. In the former it was entirely 
successful; in the latter, only partly so. The minutes of the Council 
of May 4, 1832, show the Council launched upon its career of legis 
lative activity. It adopted regulations concerning pigs and stallions 
allowed to range at large, fires, statute labour for the improvement of 
roads and bridges, public fairs and the taking of horses from their 
grazing grounds. 

The Council never was in any degree responsible to those whose 
interest it was expected to regard and foster. But its membership 
was largely representative of the leaders in the community. It 
enacted a great variety of measures in relation to fires, animals, horse 
taking, hay, roads, intoxicating of Indians, liquor laws, customs 
duties, police, debtors, intestate estates, marriage licenses, contracts 
for service, surveyors, postal facilities, premium on wolves, adminis 
tration of justice and other matters of general concern. On June 25, 
1841, was formed the Municipal District of Assiniboia, which extended 
in all directions fifty miles from the forks of the Red and Assiniboine 
Rivers. To carry out its resolutions the Council of Assiniboia organ 
ized a board of works, a committee of economy, a volunteer corps, 
legal and judicial machinery, a tariff system and postal facilities. 
It appointed public officials and erected the necessary buildings. It 






MAMTUHA, SASKATCHEWAN AND ALKKRTA 33 

supervised the w)iole social life of the settlement, imposing duties and 
restrictions on the sale and importation of- liquors, superintending the 
building of roads, the issue of marriage licenses and the encourage 
ment of native 1 industries. 

The series of Dominion Acts relating to the West begins with 
An Act for the temporary government of Rupert s Land and the 
Northwestern Territory when united with Canada," June 122, 18(&gt; ( .). 
This Act sought to prepare for the transfer of the Territories from the 
local authorities to the government of Canada. A year later the 
Manitoba Act . Jo Viet., c. 0,1 launched upon its independent con 
stitutional career the old District of A ijiiboia, now in possession of 
complete self-government. The Lieutenant-Governor in the first 
days of the province naturally occupied a very important position 
in the administration of affairs. For a &gt;hurt time 1 here was a tempor 
ary government \vith two ministers and the Legislative .Wembly. 
After this, government was carried on with the Legislative Assembly 
and a Legislative Council, but without a premier. At the end of six- 
years the Legislative Council was abolished. Without a Legislative 
Council but with a Premier and a Legislative A-sembly the province 
Mimed the constitutional form which has endured to the present day. 

N.VSKATC HKWAX AMI AL11KKTA. 

The landmark- in the growth of provincial institutions for Mani 
toba are the coming of the Selkirk coloni&gt;ts. the development of the 
Council of Assiniboia, the pas-ing of the Hud&gt;n &gt; Bay Company 
SL governmental body, the enactment of the Manitoba Act and the 
abolition of the Legislative ( ouncil. The chief Stages in the political 
development of the Northwest Territories (that portion of Rupert s 
Land and the Northwestern Territory not included in the province 
of Manitoba) are indicated by the capitals, Fort Garry, Swan .River, 
Battleford and Regina. When the Government was at Fort Garry 
the Territories were administered by officials resident in a neighbour 
ing province. In Livingstone. Swan River, the Lieutenant-Governor 
and councillors belonged for the first time to the Territories exclus 
ively. Battleford marked the beginnings but only the beginnings of 
self-government. It was reserved to Regina to witness the evolution 
from the Northwest Council to the Legislative Assembly, from repre 
sentative to responsible government, from territories to provinces. 

The Territories were not at first given a separate government. 
They were administered from Fort Garry by the Lieu tenant-Governor 
of Manitoba with the aid, first of a small executive council of three, 
irregularly appointed, the Hon. Mr. Justice Johnson, the Hon. D. A. 
Smith and the Hon. Pascal Breland, and then with the aid of a more 
formal and more regularly appointed but still admittedly provisional 
Northwest Council. This council addressed itself to the task of 
laying the foundations of territorial administration. It did much, also, 
to secure the goodwill of the Indian tribes. 

v -Mf The charter of the separate political existence of the Territories 
is the Northwest Territories Act, 1ST."). It was under this Act that 
the late Hon. David Laird was appointed Lieutenant-Go vernor. He 

381313 



34 PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN CANADA 

held a legislative session under the Act of 1875 at Livingstone, Swan 
River, in 1877. Battleford was the capital for three sessions of the 
council. The construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway trans 
ferred the seat of government to the line of railway, designated at 
first as Leopold, and then as Regina. Settlement ceased to follow the 
course of the rivers. Trade routes for freighters now began to run 
north and south from the railway. The old Northwest passed away. 

At the same time a profound change was being effected in the 
constitutional character of the Territories. While the capital was 
still at Battleford, in 1881, Chief Factor Lawrence Clarke was elected 
to represent the district of Lome. This constituted the first oppor 
tunity given the settlers themselves to express their sentiments in the 
administration of affairs. Three years later the elected representatives 
of the people became numerous enough to exert an influence upon 
legislation. The years that ensued were wonderfully formative. In 
1884 the Northwest Council laid the foundations of the territorial 
school and municipal systems. The crushing of the half-breed 
uprising in 1885 assured the dominance of the white settlers and 
permanently banished the spectre of Indian disorders. A year later 
was established a territorial judiciary. Then followed a parliamen 
tary struggle for the control of the purse. In quick succession came 
the Advisory Council, the Executive Committee, the Executive 
Council. In this contest between representatives of the settlers and 
the Dominion officials victory lay with the people and with the cause 
of popular government. It was not, however, till 1897, on the eve 
of a remarkable growth in population and economic development, 
that the government of the Territories, which for half a decade had 
been giving expression to the people s will, was made completely 
responsible in form as it had already been in fact. 

The increased volume of immigration necessitated heavier expend 
itures upon education, public works and local administration. It was 
impossible to introduce municipal organizations into many districts 
outside the limits of the denser settlements. The result was to 
impose upon the Territorial Government excessive burdens. Finan 
cial embarrassments gave rise to constitutional aspirations. Finally, 
after a prolonged agitation, the Saskatchewan and Alberta Acts 
provided for the erection on September 1st, 1905, of two provinces, 
Saskatchewan and Alberta. 

Provincial Constitutions. The Constitutions of the Prairie 
Provinces are determined by the following Acts and their amendments: 
the British North America Act, the Manitoba Act (33 Viet., c. 3), 
the Saskatchewan Act (4-5 Edw. VII, c. 42), and the Alberta Act 
(4-5 Edw. VII, c. 3). 

Executive Power. Each province has a Lieutenant-Governor, 
appointed by the Dominion Government, who holds office for five 
years. Within his term he is not removable except for cause assigned, 
communicated to him in writing. His powers are exercised in accord 
ance with the principles of responsible government, with the advice 
and consent of the provincial cabinet. 



MANITOBA, SASKATCHEWAN AND ALBERTA 35 

liach province has in its cabinet a Minister of Public Works, an 
Attorney -General, a Minister of Agriculture, a Provincial Treasurer, 
a Minister of Education and a Provincial Secretary. A feature 
peculiar to the prairie provinces is the Department of Municipal Affairs 
under the supervision of a Minister in Saskatchewan and Albert a, 
of a Commissioner in Manitoba. More than one department or sub- 
department is frequently under one responsible minister. 

Legislative Pow&lt; -Each province has a Legislature consisting 
of the Lieutenant-Governor and the Legislative Assembly. There 
must be a yearly session. Though the A-sembly may be dissolved 
at any time it must not continue longer than a fixed period of years 
after a general election. Section 92 of the British North America 
Act enumerates the exclusive powers of the Provincial Legislatures. 1 

GROWTH OF MUNICIPAL INSTITUTIONS. 

Manitoba.- The s, in the growth of municipal institutions 

in the provh &lt; e of Manitoba are marked by the legislation of the years 
1871, 1873, 18K 1 19CO. In 1871 the County Assessment Act and 
the Parish Asa n ent Act made provision for dealing with local 
finance. The forn er coi;cen.&lt; d the tax roll of the province; the 
latter, purely local in pr&lt; nts and : - for the parishes 

within each of the five counties. An Act of 1873 provided for the 
erection of a local niur.icipaiity in distri* intnining not less than 
30 freeholders. In 1883 the province was divided into 26 counties 
and three judicial distrir This Act copied closely the Ontario 
Act of 1849. In the workii LI out of the Act it was found to be in 
many particulars in suited to \\e-tern conditions. By the (Jeneral 
Municipal Act of 1900 every city, town, village and rural municipality 
became a body corporate. Over all, excepting cities having separate 
charters of incorporation, of which there are three, Winnipeg, St. 
Boniface and Portage-la-Prairie, is the general supervision of a 
Department of Municipal Affairs, presided over by a Minister of the 
executive government called "The Municipal Commissioner." By 
legislation enacted in 1921 a "Tax Commission" was established in 
the province; its chief duties are to improve the character of municipal 
assessment throughout the province, especially in rural areas, which 
theretofore had been lax, unfair between ratepayers, and unreliable for 
general statistical purposes. 

Northwest Territories (Saskatchewan and Alberta). As early 
as 1884 we find among the Ordinances of the Northwest Territories 
one "respecting Municipalities." This contained provisions for the 
establishment of certain rural municipalities and the municipalities 
of the town of Regina, the town of Moosejaw, etc. Only a limited 
number of rural municipalities found practical existence under this 
Ordinance, which was planned on principles similar to those of the 
older provinces. In 1896 legislation was passed de-organizing certain 
of the rural municipalities where the system proved unpopular. In 

1 See page 6 for a resum6 of the powers of the Provincial Legislatures. 
38131 3 



36 PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN CANADA 

1897 the Legislature of the Territories passed a Statute Labour 
Ordinance. The year following produced the Local Improvement 
Ordinance which, with its amendments, was the law observed until 
1904. The average area of each local improvement district was one 
township. In 1903 a new local Improvement Bill de-organized all 
one-township local improvement districts and abolished the provision 
for statute labour. The new Bill provided for local improvement 
districts with an area of four townships, each of which was a division 
electing a councillor annually. The four thus secured formed a Council 
Board. In 1904 the Legislature made financial provision for inquiry 
into municipal organizations in general in order to provide a safe, 
economical system of rural municipalities and to improve the ordinance 
under which cities, towns and villages were administered. The 
breaking up of the Territories in 1905 into the present provinces of 
Alberta and Saskatchewan caused delays; but municipal commis 
sions with urban and rural sections were appointed. As a result of 
the experience gathered during territorial days and later, and of the 
findings of these Commissions, Local Improvement Acts were amended, 
Rural Municipality, Town and Village Acts were passed in both 
provinces, and a City Act was passed in the province of Saskatchewan. 

Municipal Government.- -The school district constitutes at 
once the most important and elementary unit of self-government 
on the prairies. Of municipal organization there are generally five 
different forms: (a) Improvement Districts; (b) Rural Municipalities; 
(c) Villages; (d) Towns; (e) Cities. 

Alberta has five forms of municipal organization, Improvement 
Districts, Municipal Districts, Villages, Towns, Cities. Improvement 
Districts are administered by the Department of Municipal Affairs. 
Each city is governed by the provisions of its own charter. 

In Manitoba the term "Improvement District" is used to denote 
a portion of a rural municipality or incorporated village formed into 
a particular territory to provide for local improvements. 

School Districts.- -The school district is the local organization for 
the support and administration of educational affairs. In each of the 
three Prairie Provinces its organization is somewhat different accord 
ing as it is a rural, village, town or city or consolidated district, but 
the most common of these, the rural district, is in all three provinces 
governed by a board of three trustees elected by the ratepayers for 
three years, one being elected and one retiring annually. In Manitoba 
there is in addition to the types of district mentioned, a rural munici 
pality school organization, being an aggregation of rural schools under 
one board of trustees. 

Improvement Districts. --These consist, except in Manitoba, of 
those sparsely settled areas where there exists either no municipal 
organization whatever or organization of a very simplified and elemen 
tary character. As a rule each local improvement district fras exactly 
the same area as the rural municipality into which it may subsequently 
be transformed. This is generally the territorial unit of 18 miles 



MAMTfUiA. SASKATCHEWAN AND M.HKIfTA 37 

.-quart or nine townships. The form and size of these units occasion 
ally vary to fit into the physical features of the country. The local 
improvement district i- not regarded as a permanent organization. 
In Saskatchewan, the local improvement, public revenues and wild 
lands taxes are collected by the Department of Municipal Affairs. 
The local improvement taxes are expended for public works through 
the Department of Highways in the particular local improvement 
district in which they are collected. A certain portion of these tax 
also expended for wolf bountio and the extermination of gophers 

and grasshoppei 

]\ iiriil M-unicijMilitics.- The rural municipality is a permanent 
institution and a body corporate. It p; by-laws for the general 

welfare of the community. These relate to such matters as public 
health, nuisance grounds, cemei&gt;rie&lt;, hospitals, granting aid to the 
sick and worthy indigent, providing for tree planting in public places, 
imposing fines for light weight and short measurements, preventing 
cruelty to animals, restraining the running at large of dogs, the 
application of herd and pound laws, preventing prairie fires, licensing 
hawkers and pedlars, regulating speed on highway- mting aid to 
ricultural societies, the destruction of noxious weeds, the acquiring 
of land for public pur] the erection of municipal buildings and 

similar matters. It has charge of the collection of school taxes 
in rural districts within the limits of the municipality. In order to 
perform permanent improvements a rural municipality can borrow 
by debentun 

The rural municipalities have authority to collect certain license 
fees, but taxation constitutes their principal source of revenue. Each 
council appoints its own auditor, but the books of the municipality are 
subject to departmental inspection. Under conditions that vary with 
the provinces the electors of the municipalities may vote to come into 
provincial, group or co-operative hail insurance schemes. They are 
not allowed to bonus railways or commercial enterprises of any kind. 
The method of election varies with the provinces. In Alberta, for 
instance, the council is generally elected at large by the electors of 
the municipality, though the council may, by by-law approved by 
a majority of the electors, provide for the election of councillors by 
divisions, and the reeve is chosen at the first meeting of the council; 
in Saskatchewan the reeve only is elected at large and each of the six 
councillors is chosen by a division of a township and a half; in Mani 
toba the ( ouncil consists of the reeve and six or four councillors 
determined by by-law. A secretary-treasurer appointed by the 
council levies the assessment and collects the taxes. 

Villages. In Saskatchewan 50 people must be actually resident 
in a hamlet before it can claim village incorporation. The number 
is counted by a person sent from the Department of Municipal Affairs. 
Each village shall levy, for taxation purposes, on land at its fair 
actual value, and on buildings and improvements at 60 p.c. of their 
value, but if two-thirds of the resident ratepayers desire, by written 
petition, that the assessment shall be based on land values only, the 
council may pass a by-law to that effect. 



38 PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN CANADA 

Under the Village Act of Alberta, a village is not a corporate body 
and has only very limited powers. A village may be established where 
there is any centre of population containing 25 occupied dwelling- 
houses within an area not greater than 640 acres. The tax, which 
may not exceed 2 cents on the dollar, must be levied on the actual 
value of the lands in the village exclusive of the improvements thereon. 
A village may impose a business tax. It may assess improvements up 
to 50 p. c. of their value and must do so if any debenture payment owing 
by the village is in arrears. A village may borrow money by debentures 
after obtaining authority from the Minister of Municipal Affairs. 

In Manitoba, villages, as in the case of towns and cities, excepting 
Winnipeg and St. Boniface, are incorporated under the Municipality 
Act. A village must have 500 inhabitants within 640 acres. The 
census is taken under the direction of the council of the municipality. 
The council consists of the mayor and four councillors. The village 
council, as in the case of the council of every municipality in Manitoba, 
may pass by-laws for exempting any industry in whole or in part 
from taxation for any period not exceeding 20 years. 

Towns. In Saskatchewan a village must have at least 500 people 
actually resident therein, in order to become a town. The census 
must be taken by an official of the Department. Land is assessed 
at its fair actual value and improvements at not more than 60 p.c. 
of their value. A town may impose a tax on personal property and 
may also impose an income tax. It may also impose a tax on improve 
ments and must do so if any debentures owing by the town are in 
arrears. Power has been given to establish parks and recreation 
grounds, skating and curling rinks. 

In Alberta a village having 700 residents may be established as 
a town. The Act requires that all taxes must be derived from an 
assessment levied according to the actual cash value of the land 
without regard to any improvements made thereon by the expenditure 
of capital or labour. 

In Manitoba a locality containing over 1,500 inhabitants may be 
erected into, a town on petition. The council consists of the mayor 
and two councillors from each ward. 

Cities. In Alberta there is no City Act. The different cities 
in the province carry on business each under its own special charter. 
Accordingly the methods differ in the different cities. Where in 
other provinces common regulations exist, here can only be observed 
tendencies. They are strongly inclined to own their own utilities, 
not to give franchises and to exempt personal property and incomes 
from taxation. Buildings and improvements are assessed for a per 
centage of their value and taxed on this percentage, which varies in 
different cities. 

In Saskatchewan towns must have a population of 5,000 to become 
cities. A general City Act governs in each case. This strictly pro 
hibits the granting of bonuses. A Saskatchewan city may at its own 
volition assess land values, exempting buildings and improvements, 
but the change must be gradual. Land is assessed at its fair actual 
value and buildings at not more than 60 p.c. of their value. 



MANITOBA, SASKATCHEWAN AND ALBERTA 

The three provinces of the prairies have each a different method 
in regard to the appointment of city commissioners. In Manitoba is 
found the board of control, in Saskatchewan the appointed commit 
sioner, in Alberta the elected commissione* and appointed rnmmis- 

sioncr 

In Manitoba, a town containing over 10,000 inhabitants may 
be erected into a city with a council consisting of the mayor and two 
aldermen from each ward. 

In all three provinces, cities, towns, villages and rural 
cipalities may pass by-laws for contracting debts by borrowing money 
or otherwise, and, if necessary, for issuing debentures for certain 
specified purposes, but in all cases the by-laws for borrowing money 
must receive the assent of the electors. Particularly in connection 
with the smaller municipalities the limit of debt is specifically stated 
in the various acts governing the cases. 

The legislative powers of the councils of municipalities 
three prairie provinces are in the main the same,- acquiring property 
for municipal or public purposes, taking census, appointing engineers, 
constables and other officers, enforcement of by-laws, regulations 
arding public health and comfort, public safety, public order and 
morality, protection from fire, care of children, regulation of streets 
and public places, drainage and sewerage, fences, dairies, water supply, 
matters relating to agriculture, public fairs, animals, dog taxes, 
impounding, cemeteries, coal and wood supply, libraries, advertising, 
markets, boards of trade, trades and occupations, licensing travellers 
for commercial houses, street numbering and similar matters. 

BRITISH COLUMBIA. 

By JOHN HOSIE, Victoria, B.C. 

British Columbia entered Confederation on July 20, 1871, and 
has a local constitution similar to that of the other provinces. lie 
province had been constituted in 1866 by the union of the colony of 
Vancouver Island and its dependencies (where a government had been 
established in 1849) with that of British Columbia, which dated from 
1858. Local responsible government began before Confederation, 
but previously the colonies had been administered by two mixed 
elective and appointed councils. 

Executive. The Lieutenant-Governor and a cabinet not to 
exceed twelve ministers constitute the present administration. T he 
cabinet is composed of the following: the Premier, who is also Minister 
of Railways and President of the Council; Attorney-General and 
Minister of Labour; Minister of Finance and Minister of Indust 
ries; Provincial Secretary and Minister of Education; Minister of Lands; 
Minister of Mines and Commissioner of Fisheries; Minister of Public 
Works; Minister of Agriculture. With the exception of the Premier, 
who holds two other offices and receives $9,000 a year in respect of 
his position as Premier only (the portfolio of President of the Council 
is unpaid) , each minister receives $7,500 a year. The first cabinet after 
Confederation consisted of five members. In 1900 the Department 



40 PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN CANADA 

of Mines was separated from other portfolios, with a Minister of 
its own, but the Fisheries Department is now associated with that of 
Mines. Lands and Public Works, which had long been under one 
Minister, were separated in 1908. In 1916, Agriculture, previously 
under the jurisdiction of the Minister of Finance, became a Depart 
ment with a Minister of its own. 

Legislative. Unlike Quebec and Nova Scotia, British Columbia 
has a single chamber legislature, consisting of 47 members. The 
first Assembly after Confederation had 25 members, but redistribu 
tion has been necessitated from time to time by increase of population, 
especially in the cities. Vancouver s representation has been in 
creased from 2 members in 1894 to 6 at present, elected at large. 
Victoria returns 4 members, while the other 36 ridings are one- 
member constituencies. The term of the Legislative Assembly, 
formerly four years, was increased to five years in 1913 by amendment 
to the Constitution Act. The sessional indemnity of members is 
$2,000, and an allowance of $2,000 is made to the recognized leader 
of the opposition in addition to his indemnity. The Speaker s 
additional allowance is $1,800, and that of the Deputy-Speaker $500. 

Judicial. --The courts of the Province in the order of authority 
are as follows: 

1. Court of Appeal, consisting of a Chief Justice and four puisne 
judges styled Justices of Appeal. The appellate jurisdiction of this Court 
is wide, covering appeals from all judgments and orders of the Supreme 
Court, appeals from the County Courts, appeals from the opinion of 
a Judge of the Supreme Court on constitutional questions referred 
to him by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, etc. It is also the 
Court of Appeal for the Province in all criminal cases under the Crim 
inal Code of Canada. 

2. The Supreme Court, consisting of a chief justice and five puisne 
judges. It has general jurisdiction throughout the Province as a 
superior Court of Record, and there are certain appeals under provin 
cial legislation which are heard before it. Its jurisdiction is exercisable 
by each individual judge as and for the Court. 

3. County Courts, of which there are nine. These have jurisdic 
tion in all personal actions where the amount involved does not 
exceed $1,000; in actions of ejectment where the value of the prem 
ises does not exceed $2,500; in equity cases where the amount involved 
does not exceed $2,500. They have wide jurisdiction under the 
provincial mining acts, and upon appeals from Small Debts Courts. 
The administration of criminal justice is also largely in their hands. 

4. Small Debts Courts, with jurisdiction in personal actions up 
to $100. They are presided over by judges appointed by the pro 
vincial government. 

In addition to above Courts there are many stipendiary magis 
trates and justices of the peace, exercising a more or less limited 
jurisdiction under the Criminal Code of Canada as well as under the 
Summary Convictions Act. 



41 



Police. Under the Attorney-General arc the Provincial Police, 
with general jurisdiction, maintaining order in tlie unorganized 
districts, looking after the Indians, lending a&gt;sistancc to local author 
ities in the pursuit of criminals, and co-opera t ing wlien need arises 
with the Royal Canadian Mounted police. There are the usual 
detective and constabulary forces maintained by the municipalities. 

Agriculture.- The Department of Agriculture is organized with 
a minister, a deputy minister and various heads of branches, including 
a live stock con :niis&gt;ioi;er. provincial horticulturist, instructor- in 
poultry raising, inspectors &lt; f fruit p- market commissioner, veter 
inary inspectors, dairy commissioner, plant pathologist . and soil and 
crop experts. 

Land Settlement Board.- The Land Settlement Board 
created in 1!)17, has power to take over from the ( rown and to acquire 
from private owners, either by purchase or compulsorily, land within 
the Province for agricultural purp&lt;&gt;-&lt;-. to develop such land and erect 
buildings thereon and to sell or it -aid lands, etc. Loans may be 
made for acquiring lands for agricultural purp satisfaction of 

encumbrances on &gt;ame, clearing, draining, dyking, water storage, 
irrigation works, erection of farm buildings, purchase of live stock, etc. 
Loans must be secured by first mortgage- on surveyed agricultural 
lands, and must not exceed (i() per cent of the appraised value of the 
property with a minimum of S J.~)() and a maximum to any one bor 
rower of $10,000. Lng dated loans on amort izable plan may be for 
15, 20, or 25 years. Short dated loans, straight or amortizable, may 
be made for not less than .*&gt; years and not more than 10 years, and 
must not exceed $5,000 to any individual, or SI 0,000 to an association. 

Lands.- -The Department of Lands is under a minister and 
deputy minister, a surveyor-general, chief forester, geographer, 
irrigation supervisors, superintendent of soldiers settlement, and 
other officials. It maintains a fore&gt;t protection service, with a staff 
of rangers to guard against the destruction of timber by forest fires. 
From time to time areas have been withdrawn from sale and reserved 
for pre-emption or homestead-. By legislation of 1910. the lands 
previously sold on deferred payments, on which unpaid amount- 
remained, reverted to the extent of the amount unpaid for, and are held 
as homesteads for returned soldiers. Under the provincial returned 
soldiers land settlement scheme various concessions are made to 
returned men taking up land, and this, in conjunction with the 
Dominion provisions of a like nature, has resulted in the successful 
placement of many men, sometimes in colonies or groups (as at Merville 
and Creston) or individually. Similarly, a large number of returned 
men have availed themselves of the advantages of the Better Housing 
Act, 1919. 

Fisheries.- -The administration of the fisheries is in the hands 
of the Commissioner of FisherieSr^jvho is also Minister of Mines. 
Among other things the depa^fment r^ulates the fish canneries, the 
inland fisheries, and in coK)p^ratior\wvth the federal authorities 




42 PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN CANADA 

maintains stations and a staff for the study of the habits of fish, 
methods of propagation, preservation and protection. 

Education. The Department of Education is under a Minister 
who is also Provincial Secretary. The Superintendent of Education 
has the rank of a deputy minister. Supervision is in the hands of 
two high school inspectors, sixteen inspectors of schools, and one 
inspector of manual training schools. The system is non-sectarian. 
Attendance is compulsory from the age of 7 to 14. The provincial 
university was authorized by legislation in 1908, but was not opened 
until 1915. It confers degrees in Arts, Applied Science and Agricul 
ture, and has power to grant degrees in all branches except theology. 

Other educational institutions include two normal schools and 
over forty high schools. There are also night schools for instruction 
in academic and technical subjects. Manual training and household 
science departments are in operation in many high schools and elemen 
tary schools. 

The maintenance of all city and town schools, and a large majority 
of the rural schools, is provided for by local or district assessment, 
supplemented by grants from the provincial treasury. Control of 
these schools is vested in the local authorities, subject to the regula 
tions of the department. There are, however, in the more scattered 
districts, certain rural schools which are more directly under the 
control of the government. Cities and organized municipalities 
elect their boards by popular vote. These boards appoint municipal 
inspectors and other officers. 

Municipal Government. Local administration is at present 
based on the Municipal Act and amending statutes, together with 
the Village Municipalities Act. Large powers of local self-govern 
ment are conferred by the existing system. An urban municipality 
may be formed by a community of not less than 100 male British 
subjects, provided the owners of more than half of the land petition 
for it. District municipalities may be organized by 30 resident male 
British subjects of full age. Village municipalities may be formed by 
petition where the number of residents does not exceed 1,000, but the 
provisions of the Municipal Act shall not apply thereto. The city 
organizations are of the same general type, differing only in details. 
In all, the chief executive officer is the mayor, and all have elective 
councils. 

The Municipal Act has provision for the Board of Control, but 
neither this nor the Commission system is in operation. All the 
larger cities have dropped the ward system. Vancouver, the largest 
city, has reduced its council to eight members. The municipal 
franchise for ordinary purposes is open to adult male residents and to 
female householders and real estate owners. Only owners of real 
estate, male or female, may vote on money by-laws. Such by-laws 
are necessary for expenditures beyond the ordinary revenue, requiring 
the issue of debentures. They require a three-fifths majority of the 
votes cast. 



BRITISH COLUMBIA 



43 



The chief executive of a district municipality is the reeve. In 
most other respects the district municipality is similar to the city 
government. In cities, with the exception .of Vancouver, the police 
are under the authority of a commission, composed of the mayor and 
two members elected in the same manner mul at the same time as 
the mayor and aldermen or councillors. Vancouver s police commission 
is composed of three members, the mayor and two members appointed 
by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, one of whom must be a 
member of the city council. 

While the general municipal system is established by common 
legislation, several municipalities have secured certain modifications 
by special enactment. Each has its own system of assessment and 
taxation. Vancouver, for example, levies taxes upon fifty per cent of 
the value of improvements. 

Under the Municipal Cemeteries Act, 1921, municipalities are 
.uiven power to establish cemeteries, mausoleums and crematoriums. 
Two or more municipalities may act together in the matter, with a 
joint board of control appointed by the respective councils. 

Aid is now given the municipalities from the receipts from Govern 
ment sale of liquor, from receipts for motor licenses, and from a 
newly imposed tax on bettin.ir at race meetings. The apportionment 
of such moneys is on a ba-i- of population. 

Provincial Taxes.- Hritish Columbia imposes direct taxation on 
its natural resources. These taxes include a small , -ment on real 
and personal property, wild land, timber and coal land, also a grad 
uated income tax, taxes on corporations, succession duties, and other 
license fees. 



III. CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CANADA. 

1497 TO 1921. 



1497. June 24, Eastern coast of North 

America discovered by John 
Cabot. 

1498. Cabot discovers Hudson Strait. 
1501. Caspar Corte Real visits New 
foundland and Labrador. 

1524. Ycrrazano explores the coast of 
Nova Scotia. 

1534. June 21, Landing of Jacques 
&gt; Cartier at Esquimaux Bay. 

1535. Cartier s second voyage. He as 
cends the St. Lawrence to Stada- 
cona (Quebec) (Sept. 14) and 
Hochelaga (Montreal) (Oct. 2). 

1541. Cartier s third voyage. 

1542-3. De Roberval and his party 

winter at Cap Rouge, and are 

rescued by Cartier on his fourth 

voyage. 
1557. Sept. 1, Death of Cartier at St. 

Malo, France. 
1592. Straits of Juan de Fuca discovered 

hy de Fuca. 



1603. June 22, Champlain s first landing 
in Canada, at Quebec. 

1605. Founding of Port Royal (Anna- 
poll.-, N.S.). 

1608. Champlain s second visit. July 3, 
Founding of Quebec. 

1609. July, Champlain discovers Lake 
Champlain. 

1610-11. Hudson explores Hudson Bay 
and James Bay. 

1611. Brule ascends the Ottawa River. 

1612. Oct. 15, Champlain made lieu 
tenant-general of New France. 

1613. June, Champlain ascends the 
Ottawa River. 

1615. Champlain explores Lakes Nipis- 
sing, Huron and Ontario. (Dis 
covered by Brule and Le Caron). 

1616. First schools opened at Three 
Rivers and Tadoussac. 

1620. Population of Quebec, 60 persons. 



44 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CANADA 



1621. Code of laws issued, and register 
of births, deaths and marriages 
opened in Quebec. 

1622. Lake Superior discovered by Brule. 

1623. First British settlement of Nova 

Scotia. 1664. 

1627. New France and Acadia granted 

to the Company of 100 Associates. 1665. 

1628. Port Royal taken by Sir David 
Kirke. 1667. 

1629. April 24, Treaty of Susa between 

France and England. July 20, 
Quebec taken by Sir David 1668. 
Kirke. 

1632. March 29, Canada and Acadia 1670. 
restored to France by the Treaty 

of St. Germain-en-Laye. 1671. 

1633. May 23, Champlain made first 1672. 
governor of New France. 

1634. July 4, Foundation of Three 

Rivers. 1673. 

1634-35. Exploration of the Great Lakes 

by Nicolet. 1674. 

1635. Dec. 25, Death of Champlain at 
Quebec. 1675. 

1636. March 10, De Montmagny ap- 1678. 
pointed governor. 1679. 

1638. June 11, First recorded earth 
quake in Canada. 

1640. Discovery of Lake Erie by Chau- 
monot and Brebeuf. 1682. 

1641. Resident population of New 

France, 240. 1683. 

1642. May 17, founding of Ville-Marie 1685. 

(Montreal). 

1646. Exploration of the Saguenay by 1686. 

Dablon. 

1647. Lake St. John discovered by 1687. 
de Quen. 1689. 

1648. March 5, Council of New France 
created. Aug. 20, D Ailleboust 

de Coulonges governor. 1690. 

1649. March 16-17, Murder of Fathers 
Brebeuf and Lalemant by In 
dians. 

1651. Jan. 17, de Lauzon governor. 1691. 

1654. Aug., Acadia taken by an expe 

dition from New England. 1692. 

1655. Nov. 3, Acadia restored to 
France by the Treaty of West 
minster. 

1657. Jan. 26, Vicomte d Argenson gov- 1693. 
ernor. 1697. 

1659. June 16, Francois de Laval 

arrives in Canada as Vicar- 
Apostolic. 

1660. May 21, Dollard des Ormeaux and 
sixteen companions killed at the 1698. 
Long Sault, Ottawa River. 

1661. Baron d Avaugour governor. 1699, 

1663. Company of 100 Associates dis- 1703, 
solved. Feb. 5, severe earth 



quake. April, Sovereign Council 
of New France established. May 
1, Saffray de Mezy governor. 
Population of New France 2,500. 
of whom 800 were in Quebec. 
May, Company of the West Indies 
founded. 

March 23, de Courcelle governor. 
Population of New France, 3,215. 
July 21, Acadia restored to France 
by the Treaty of Breda. White 
population of New France, 3,918. 
Mission at Sault Ste. Marie 
founded by Marquette. 
May 13, charter of the Hudson s 
Bay Company. 
Population of Acadia, 441. 
Population of New France, 6,705. 
April 6, Comte de Frontenac 
governor. 

June 13, Cataraqui (Kingston) 
founded. 

Oct. 1, Laval becomes first Bishop 
of Quebec. 

Population of New France, 7,832. 

Niagara Falls visited by Hennepin. 

Ship Le Griffon built on Niagara 

river above the Falls by La Salle. 

Population of New France, 9,400; 

of Acadia, 515. 

May 1 % de la Barre governor. 
Frontenac recalled. 
Population of New France, 10, 251. 
Jan. 1, Marquis de Denonville 
governor. Card money issued. 
Population of New France, 12,373; 
of Acadia, 885. 

March 18, La Salle assassinated. 
June 7, Frontenac reappointed 
governor. Aug. 5, Massacre of 
whites by Indians at Lachine. 
May 21, Sir William Phipps 
captures Port Royal, but is 
repulsed in an attack on Quebec 
(Oct. 16-21). 

Kelsey of the Hudson s Bay Co., 
reaches the Rocky Mountains. 
Population of New France, 12,431. 
Oct. 22, Defence of Vercheres 
against Indians by Magdeleine 
de Vercheres. 
Population of Acadia, 1,009. 

Sept. 20, by the Treaty of Rys- 
wick, places taken during the 
war are mutually restored. 
D Iberville defeats the Hudson s 
Bay Co. s ships on Hudson Bay. 
Nov. 28, death of Frontenac. 
Population of New France, 15,355. 
April 20, de Calliere governor. 

June 16, Sovereign Council of 
Canada becomes Superior Coun- 



&lt; /lM)\&lt;)L&lt;H;ic.\L HISTORY nv CANADA 



cil and membership increased 

from 7 to TJ. 
170"). Aug. 1. Marquis de Yaudreuil 

governor. 
1700. Population of New France, 16, 4 17. 

1709. Hritish invasion of ( auada. 

1710. Oct. 13, Port Royal taken by 

Nicholson. 

1711. Sept. 1, Part of Sir II. Walk. 

ileet, proceeding against Quebec, 
wrecked otT tlie Seven Islands. 
1713. April 11, Treaty of Utrecht. Hud- 
:i Hay. Acadia and Newfound 
land ceded to Creat Britain. 
Aug.. I.ouisbourg founded by the 
French. Poi&gt;ulation of New 
France, 18,119. 

1720. Population of New France. J }._ :; 1. 
of Isle St. Jean 1M..1. about 
100. April 2~&gt;. &lt; .overnor and 
Council of Nova Scotia ap 
pointed. 

1721. .June ! .. burning of about one 

half of Montreal. 
[725. Oct. 10, death of Vatldreuil. 

1720. June 11. Martinis de Beauhar- 
nois governor. 

1727. Population of New France, 30,613 

1728. Population of Isle St. Jean (P.E.I. 
330. 

1731. Population of the north of tin- 
peninsula of Acadia. O.OOO. 

1734. Koad opened from Quebec t&lt;&gt; 
Montreal. Population of New 
France, 37,716. 

1737. Iron smelted at St. Maurice. 
French population of the north 
of the Acadia peninsula, 7,~&gt;98. 

1739. Population of New 1 Y;m&lt; .-, 12, 701. 

1745. June 17, taking of Louisbourg by 
Pepperell and Warren. 

1747. Marquis de La Jonquiere ap 
pointed governor, captured at 

i by toe English, took office 
Aug. I. ). 1749. 

1748. Oct. 18, Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. 
Louisbourg restored to France in 
exchange for Madras. 

1749. June 21, Founding of Halifax. 

British immigrants brought to 
Nova Scotia by Governor Corn- 
wallis, 2,544 persons. Fort 
Rouille (Toronto) built. 

1750. St. Paul s Church, Halifax (oldest 

Anglican church in Canada), built. 
1752. March 25, Issue of the Halifax 
"Gazette," first paper in Can 
ada. British and German popu 
lation of Nova Scotia, 4,203. 
May 17, Death of La Jonquiere, 
July, Marquis Duquesne de Men- 
neville governor. 



17"&gt; I. Population of New France,"*"), 009. 

17.")."). July 10, Marquis de Yaudreuil- 
Cavagnal governor. :&gt;t. 10, 

jiulsion of the Acadians from 
Nova Scotia. 

1750. War i Seven Years ) between 
(Ireat Hritain and France. 

1758. July 20, Final capture of Louis 
bourg by the Hritish. Oct. 7, 
First meeting of the Legislature 
of Nova Scotia. 

17.V.I. July 25, Taking of Fort Niagara 
by" the Hritish. July 20, Hegm- 
ning of the 6 of Quebec. July 
ill. French victory at Heaiiport 
Flats. Sept. L3, Defeat of the 
French on the Plains of Abraham. 
Death of Wolfe Sept. M. Death 
of Montcalm. -Mir- 

reilder of (Quebec. 

17ti(). April 2X, Victory of ihe French 
under Levi- at Sic. Foy. Sept. 8, 
Surrender of Montreal. Military 
rule set up in Canada. Popula 
tion of New France, 70,000. 

1/02. Briti&gt;h population of Nova Sco 
tia, s.101. \ }r&gt;( British settle 
ment in New Brunswick. 

17ii:;. 1 Vb. in, Treaty of Pan- by which 
uada and its dependencies are 
ceded to the British. May, 
Rising of Indians under Pontiac, 
who take a number of forts and 
defeat the British at Bloody Run 
(July 31). Oct. 7, Civil govern 
ment proclaimed. Cape Breton 
and Isle St. Jean annexed to 
Nova Scotia; Labrador, Anti- 
-ti and Magdalen Islands to 
Newfoundland. Nov. 21 , ( icneral 
Jas. Murray appointed governor 
in chief. First Canadian post 
offices established at Montreal, 
Three Rivers and Quebec. 

1764. June 21, First issue of the Que 
bec "Gazette." Aug. 13, Civil 
government established. 

1705. Publication of the first book 
printed in Canada, "Cat6chisme 
du Diocese de Sens." May 18, 
Montreal nearly destroyed by 
fire. Population of Canada, 69,- 
810. 

1766. July 24, Peace made with Pontiac 
at Oswego. 

1768. Charlottetown, P.E.I., founded. 

April 11, Great fire at Montreal. 
April 12, Sir Guy Carleton (Lord 
Dorchester) governor in chief. 

1769. Isle St. Jean (Prince Edward 
Island) separated from Nova 
Scotia, with governor and council. 



46 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CANADA 



1770-72. Hearne s journey to the Cop 
permine and Slave Rivers and 
Great Slave Lake. 

1773. Suppression of the order of Jesuits 
in Canada and escheat of their 
estates. 

1774. June 22, The Quebec Act passed. 

1775. May 1, The Quebec Act comes 
into force. Outbreak of the 
American Revolution. Mont 
gomery and Arnold invade Can 
ada. Nov. 12, Montgomery 
takes Montreal; Dec. 31, is 
defeated and killed in an attack 
on Quebec. 

1776. The Americans are defeated and 
driven from Canada by Carleton. 

1777. Sept. 18, General Frederick Haldi- 
mand governor in chief. 

1778. Captain Jas. Cook explores Noot- 
ka Sound and claims the north 
west coast of America for Great 
Britain. June 3, First issue of 
the Montreal Gazette." 

1783. Sept. 3, Treaty of Versailles, 
recognizing the independence of 
the United States. Organization 
of the Northwest Company at 
Montreal. Kingston, Ont., and 
St. John, N.B., founded by 
United Empire Loyalists. 

1784. Population of Canada, 113,012. 
United Empire Loyalists settle in 
Upper Canada and found Fred- 
ericton, N.B. Aug. 16, New 
Brunswick and (Aug. 26) Cape 
Breton separated from Nova 
Scotia. 

1785. May 18, Incorporation of Parr- 
town (St. John, N.B.). 

1786. April 22, Lord Dorchester gover 
nor in chief. Oct. 23, Govern 
ment of New Brunswick moved 
from St. John to Fredericton. 

1787. C. Inglis appointed Anglican 
bishop of Nova Scotia first col 
onial bishopric in the British 
Empire. 

1788. King s College, Windsor, N.S., 
opened. Sailing packet service 
established between Great Brit 
ain and Halifax. 

1789. Quebec and Halifax Agricultural 
Societies established. 

1790. Spain surrenders her exclusive 
rights on the Pacific coast. Popu 
lation of Canada, 161,311. (This 
census does not include what 
becomes in the next year Upper 
Canada.) 

1791. The Constitutional Act divides 
the province of Quebec into 



Upper and Lower Canada, each 
with a lieutenant-governor and 
legislature. The Act goes into 
force Dec. 26. Sept. 12, Colonel 
J. G. Simcoe, lieutenant-gover 
nor of Upper Canada. 

1792. July 8, Simcoe sworn in at King 
ston. Sept. 17, First legislature 
of Upper Canada opened at 
Newark (Niagara). Dec. 17, 
First legislature of Lower Can 
ada opened at Quebec. Vancou 
ver Island circumnavigated by 
Vancouver. 

1793. April 18, First issue of the "Upper 

Canada Gazette." June 28, 
Jacob Mountain appointed first 
Anglican bishop of Quebec. July 
9, Importation of slaves into 
Upper Canada forbidden. Rocky 
Mountains crossed by (Sir) Alex 
ander Mackenzie. York (Toron 
to) founded by Simcoe. 

1794. Nov. 19, Jay s Treaty between 
Great Britain and the United 
States. 

1795. Pacific Coast of Canada finally 
given up by the Spaniards. 

1796. Dec. 15, General Robert Prescott 
governor in chief. Government 
of Upper Canada moved from 
Niagara to York (Toronto). 

1798. St. John s Island (population 
4,500) re-named Prince Edward 
Island. 

1799. April 10, Lieut .-General Peter 
Hunter lieutenant-governor of 
Upper Canada. 

1800. Foundation of New Brunswick 
College, Fredericton (now Uni 
versity of N.B.). The Rocky 
Mountains crossed by David 
Thompson. 

1803. Settlers sent by Lord Selkirk to 
Prince Edward Island. 

1806. Jan. 22, Francis Gore, lieut.- 
governor of Upper Canada. 
Nov. 22, Issue of "Le Canadien" 

first wholly French newspaper. 
Population Upper Canada, 
70,718; Lower Canada, 250,000; 
New Brunswick, 35,000; P.E.I., 
9,676. 

1807. Aug. 29, Sir James Craig gover 
nor in chief. Simon Fraser 
explores the Fraser River. Esti 
mated population of Nova Scotia, 
65,000. 

1809. Nov. 4, First Canadian steamer 
runs from Montreal to Quebec. 

1811. Lord Selkirk s Red River Settle 
ment on land granted by the 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CANADA 



47 



Hudson s Bay Company. Oct. 
2 1 , Sir George Prevost governor 

in chief. 

1812. June IS, Declaration of War by 
the I nited States. July 12. 
Americans under Hull cross the 
Detroit River. Aug. Hi, Detroit 
surrendered by Hull to Brock. 
Oct. 13, Defeat of the Americans 
at Queen-ion Heights and death 
of Gen. Brock. 

1813. Jan. 22, British victory at I rench- 

town. April 27, York (Toron 
taken and burned by the Ameri- 
00. June 5, British victory at 
&gt;ney Creek. June 2-1, British, 
\\arned by Laura Secord, captured 
an American force at Heaver 
Dams. Sept. 10, Commodore Per 
ry destroys the British flotilla on 
lake Krie. Oct. 5, American-; un 
der Harrison defeat the British at 
Moraviantown. Teeumseh killed. 
Oct. 2(1, Victory of French-Cana- 
dian troops under de Salaberry 
Ohateauguay. v. 11, 

Defeat of the Americans at 
Oyster s Farm. British storm 
rt Niagara and burn Buffalo. 

1814. March 30, Americans reputed at 
La Colle. May &lt;&gt;. Capture of 
OswegO by the British. July 5, 
American victory at Chippawa. 
July 2"), British victory at Lun- 
dy s Lane. July, British from 
Nova Scotia invade and occupy 
Northern Maine. Sept. 11, 
British def&lt; Plattsburg on 
lake Champlain. Dec. 24, 
Treaty of Ghent ends the war. 
Population Upper Canada, 
95,000; Lower Canada, 335,000. 

1815. July 3, Treaty of London regu 
lates trade with the United 
States. The Red River Settle 
ment destroyed by the North 
west Company but restored by 
Governor Semple. 

1816. Mar. 25, Sir John Sherbrooke 
governor in chief. June 19, 
Governor Semple killed. The 
Red River Settlement again 
destroyed. 

1817. July 18, First treaty with the 

Northwest Indians. Lord Sel 
kirk restores the Red River Set 
tlement. Opening of the Bank of 
Montreal; first note issued Oct. 
1. Population of Nova Scotia, 
81,351. 

1818. Jan. 6, Major-General Sir Pere 

grine Maitland lieutenant-gov 



ernor of Upper Canada. May 8, 

the Duke of Richmond governor 
in chief. Oct. 20, Convention at 
London regulating North Aineri- 
:i fi&gt;heries. Dalhousie College, 
Halifax, founded. Bank of 
Quebec founded. 

1819. Aug. 28, Death of the Duke of 
Richmond. 

1819-22. Franklin s overland Arctic ex 
pedition. 

IvjO. April 12, The Karl of Dalhousie 
governor in chief. Oct. 16, 

pe Brri on re-annexed to Nova 
otia. 

1^21. March 2C&gt;, The Northwest Com- 

giny absorbed by the Hudson s 
mpany. Charter given 

to McGill Colic. 
1822. Population of Lower Canada, 

127,405, 
l.vjl. Population of Upper Canada, 

l. )(),()t0; of \e\v Brunswick, 

74,17 
182 -.( ).&lt; fire in the Mira- 

michi district, N.B. Opening of 

the l.achine Canal. Population 

of Lower Canada, 479,288. 

ls2- . nding of Bytown (Ottawa). 

Ivj7. Sept. &lt;nvention of London 

relating to the territory west of 
the l!o.-ky mountains. Popula 
tion of Nova Scotia, including 
Cape Breton, 123. &lt; .30. 
- $. Aug. 2:;, Maj.: !-al Sir John 

Colborne lieutenant -governor 
of Upper Canada. The Metho 
dist Church of Upper Canada 
&gt;arated from that of the 
United States. 

1829. Nov. 27, First Welland Canal 
opened. Upper Canada College 
founded. 

1830. Nov. 24, Lord Aylmer governor 
in chief. 

1831. June 1, The North Magnetic Pole 
discovered by (Sir) James Ross. 
Population Upper Canada, 
236,702; Lower Canada, 553,131; 
Assiniboia, 2,390. 

1832. Outbreak of cholera in Canada. 
Incorporation of Quebec and 
Montreal. Bank of Nova Scotia 
founded. May 30, Opening of 
the Rideau Canal. 

1833. Aug. 18, The Steamer Royal Wil 
liam, built at Quebec, leaves 
Pictou for England. 

1834. Feb. 21, The Ninety-two Resolu 
tions on public grievances passed 
by the Assembly of Lower Can 
ada. Mar. 6, Incorporation of 



48 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CANADA 



Toronto. Population of Upper 1843. 
Canada, 321,145; of New Bruns 
wick, 119,457; of Assiniboia, 
3,356. 

1835. July 1, Lord Gosford governor 
in chief. Nov. 30, Sir Francis 

Bond Head lieutenant-governor 1844. 
of Upper Canada. 

1836. July 21, Opening of the first rail 
way in Canada from Laprairie to 

St. John s, Que. Victoria Uni- 1845. 
versity opened at Cobourg (after 
wards moved to Toronto). 

1837. Report of the Canada Commis- 1846. 
sioners. Rebellions in Lower 
Canada (Papineau) and Upper 
Canada (W. L. Mackenzie). Nov. 

23, Gas lighting first used in 
Montreal. Dec. 22, Major- 
General Sir G. Arthur lieuten 
ant-governor of Upper Canada. 1847. 

1838. Feb. 10, Constitution of Lower 
Canada suspended, and Special 
Council created. March 30, The 
Earl of Durham governor in 
chief. April 27, Martial law 
revoked. June 28, Amnesty to 1848. 
political prisoners proclaimed. 

Nov. 1, Lord Durham, censured 
by British parliament, resigns. 
Dec. 13, Sir John Colborne 
governor in chief. Population 1849. 
Upper Canada, 399,422; Assini 
boia, 3,966; Nova Scotia, 202,- 
575 

1839. Feb. 11, Lord Durham s report 
submitted to parliament. Sept. 

6, C. Poulett Thomson (Lord 
Sydenham) governor in chief. 

John Strachan made first Angli- 1851. 
can bishop of Toronto. 

1840. July 23, Passing of the Act of 
Union. First ship of the Cunard 
line arrives at Halifax. July 28, 
death of Lord Durham. 

1841. Feb. 10, Union of the two prov 
inces as the province of Canada, 
with Kingston as capital. Feb. 
13, Draper-Ogden administra 
tion. April 10, Halifax incorpor 
ated. June 13, meeting of first 
united Parliament. Sept. 19, 
Death of Lord Sydenham. Oct. 

7, Sir Charles Bagot governor in 

chief. Population of Upper 1852. 
Canada, 455,688; of P.E.I., 
47,042. 

1842. March 10, Opening of Queen s 
University, Kingston. Aug. 9, 1854. 
The Ashburton Treaty. Sept. 16, 
Baldwin-La Fontaine adminis 
tration. 



Feb. 24, Sir Charles Metcalfe 
governor in chief. June 4, 
Victoria, B.C., founded. Dec. 12, 
Draper-Viger adminstration. 
King s (now University) College, 
Toronto, opened. 
May 10, Capital moved from 
Kingston to Montreal. Knox 
College, Toronto, founded. Popu 
lation of Lower Canada, 697,084. 
May 28 and June 28, Great fires 
at Quebec. Franklin starts on 
his last Arctic expedition. 
March 16, Earl Cathcart gover 
nor in chief. May 18, Kingston 
incorporated. June 15, Oregon 
Boundary Treaty. June 18, 
Draper-Papineau administration. 
Oct. 1, The Earl of Elgin gover 
nor in chief. 

May 29, Sherwood-Papineau ad 
ministration. Electric telegraph 
opened: Aug. 3, Montreal to 
Toronto; Oct. 2, Montreal to 
Quebec. Nov. 25, Montreal- 
Lachine railway opened. 
March 11, La Fontaine-Baldwin 
administration. May 30, Fred- 
ericton incorporated. Respon 
sible government granted to 
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. 
April 25, Signing of the Rebellion 
Losses Act, rioting in Montreal 
and burning of the Parliament 
buildings. Nov. 14, Toronto 
made the Capital. Vancouver 
Island granted to the Hudson s 
Bay Company. Population of 
Assiniboia, 5,391. 
April 6, Transfer of the postal 
system from the British to the 
Provincial Government; uniform 
rate of postage introduced. April 
23, Postage stamps issued. Aug. 
2, Incorporation of Trinity Col 
lege, Toronto. Sept. 22, Quebec 
becomes the Capital. Oct. 28, 
Hincks-Morin administration. 
Responsible government granted 
to Prince Edward Island. 
Population Upper Canada, 
952,004; Lower Canada,890,261 ; 
New Brunswick, 193,800; Nova 
Scotia, 276,854. 

July 8, Great fire at Montreal. 
Dec. 8, Laval Uni versity, Quebec, 
opened. The Grand Trunk rail 
way chartered. 

June 5, Reciprocity Treaty with 
the United States. Sept. 11, 
Macnab-Morin ministry. Sept. 
20, Sir Edmund W. Head 



or CANADA 



1865. 






governor in rhi- iumeurial 180-1. 

ure in Lov. . n:id;i abol 

ished. Secularisation of the 

cli" 

1855. Jan. "l. Incorporation of Ottawa. 

Jan. 27, Macnab-TacW admin- 
ration. .March 9, ( )p&gt;ning of 
the N t suspension bridge. 
April 17, Incorporation of ( har- 
lottetown. Oct. -", Govern 

ment moved to Toroi. 

1856. The Legislative Council of &lt; an- 

niadt- elective, 1 
.ng of the Legislature of 
ncouver Island. May LM. 
Ta A. Maedonald admin 

istration. -7. Openim: of 

the Grand Trunk railway from 
Mom real to Toroii Popula 

tion o. .iboia, t r.d H. 

1857. Nov. LV.. .1. A. Macdonald-Car 

administration. Dec. 31, On a 
chosen by Queen Victoria as 
future capital of Canada. 

1858. Feb., Discovery of gold in 1 

River valley. July 1, Intro 
duction of Canadian decimal 
currency. Aug. 2, Brown-Dorion ]S( .- 
administ ration. Aug. 5, Com 
pletion of the Atlantic cable; 
first message sent. Aug. 6, 
Cartier-J.A. Macdonald admin 
istration. Aug. 20, Colony of 
British Columbia established. 
Control of Vancouver I -land 
surrendered by the Hu 
Bay Company. 

1859. J[an., Canadian silver coin 

issued. Sept. 24, Governm- 
moved to Quebec. 

1860. Aug. 8, The Prince of Wales 1868. 

(King Edward VI 1) arrives at 
Quebec. Sept. 1, Laying of the 
corner stone of the Parliament 
buildings at Ottawa by the Prince 
of Wales. Prince of Wales 
College, Charlottetown, founded. 

1861. Aug. 14, Great flood at Montreal. 1869, 

Sept. 10, Meeting of the first 
Anglican provincial synod. Nov. 
2, Viscount Monck governor in 
chief. Population Upper Can 
ada, 1,396,091; Lower Canada, 
1,111,566; New Brunswick, 252,- 
047; Nova Scotia,330,857; Prince 
Edward Island, 80,857. 1870 

1862. May 24, Sandfield Macdonald- 

Sicotte administration. Aug. 2, 
Victoria, B.C., incorporated. 

1863. May 16, Sandfield Macdonald- 

Dorion administration. 

381314 



March 30, Tache-J. A. Macdonald 
administration. Conferences on 
confederation of British North 

pi. 1. at Charloi 
t.,\vu; Oct. I 1 Quebec. 

(Jet. 1!, Raid of American ( on- 
fron. ida on St. 

Albans, Vermont. 

i. 3, The Canadian Legislature 

olves on an address to the 

Queen praying for union of the 

proviii British North 

America. Aug. 7, Belleau-J. A. 

Macdonald administration. Oct. 

Proclamation fixing the seat 

of government at Ottawa. 

Mar. 17. Termination of the 

Reriproeity Treaty by the Tinted 

May 31. &lt;id &lt;&gt;f 

&gt;iiaiis from the I nited St- 
ini ire defeated 

Kidgeway (Juiv id retreat 

the border (June 3). 

June 8, First meeting at Ottawa 

of the Canadian Legislature. 

v. 17, Proclamation of the 
union of Vancouver Island to 
British Columbia. 
March J .t. Royal UBenl given to 
the British North America Act. 
July 1. The \. cornea into force; 
Union the Provinces of 

Canada. Nova Scotia and New 
Brunswick as the Dominion of 
Canada; Vpper and Lower 
C:r nade te provinces 

as Ontario and Quebec; Viscount 
Monek first governor-general, 
Sir John A. Macdonald premier, 

v. . Meeting of the i\ 
Dominion Parliament . 
April 7, Murder of D An-y McGee 

Ottawa. July 31, The Rupert s 
Land Act authorizes the acqui- 

;on by the Dominion of the 

Northwest Territories. Dee. 29, 

Sir John Young (Lord Lisgar) 

governor-genera 1 . 

June 2 2, Act providing for the 

vernment of the Northwest 
Territories. Nov. 19, Deed of 
surrender to the Crown of the 
Hudson s Bay Company s terri 
torial rights in the Northwest. 
Outbreak of the Red River 
Rebellion under Riel. 
May 12, Act to establish the 
province of Manitoba. July 15, 
Northwest Territories transferred 
to the Dominion and Manitoba 
admitted into Confederation. 
Sent. 24, Wolselev s expedition 



50 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CANADA 



reaches Fort Garry (Winnipeg); 
end of the rebellion. 

1871. April 2, First Dominion census 

(populations at this and succeed 
ing enumerations given in tabular 
form on page 97). April 14, Act 
establishing uniform currency in 
the Dominion. May 8, Treaty of 
Washington, dealing with ques 
tions outstanding between the 
United Kingdom and United 
States. July 20, British Colum 
bia enters Confederation. 

1872. May 22, The Earl of Dufferin 
governor-general. 

1873. March 5, Opening of the second 

Dominion Parliament. May 23, 
Act establishing the Northwest 
Mounted Police. July 1, Prince 
Edward Island enters Confedera 
tion. Nov. 7, Alexander Mac 
kenzie premier. Nov. 8, Incor 
poration of Winnipeg. 

1874. March 26, Opening of the third 
Dominion Parliament. May, 
Ontario Agricultural College, 
Guelph, opened. 

1875. April 8, The Northwest Terri 
tories Act establishes a Lieu- 
tenant-Governor and Council of 
the Northwest Territories. June 
15, Formation of the Presby 
terian Church of Canada. 

1876. June 1, Opening of the Royal 

Military College, Kingston. June 
5, First sitting of the Supreme 
Court of Canada. July 3, Open 
ing of the Intercolonial Railway 
from Quebec to Halifax. 

1877. June 20, Great fire at St. John, 
N.B. Oct., First exportation of 
wheat from Manitoba to the 
United Kingdom. Founding of 
the University of Manitoba. 

1878. July 1, Canada joins the Inter 
national Postal Union. Oct. 5, 
The Marquis of Lorne governor- 
general. Oct. 17, Sir J. A. Mac- 
donald premier. 

1879. Feb. 13, Opening of the fourth 
Dominion Parliament. May 15, 
Adoption of a protective tariff 
("The National Policy"). 

1880. Royal Canadian Academy of Arts 
founded, first meeting and exhi 
bition, March 6. May 11, Sir 
A. T. Gait appointed first Cana 
dian high commissioner in Lon 
don. Sept. 1, All British posses 
sions in North America and 
adjacent islands, except New 
foundland and its dependencies, 
annexed to Canada by Imperial 



Order in Council of July 31. Oct. 
21, Signing of the contract for 
the construction of the Canadian 
Pacific railway. 

1881. April 4, Second Dominion census. 

May 2, First sod turned of the 
Canadian Pacific railway. 

1882. May 8, Provisional Districts of 
Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Atha 
basca and Alberta formed. May 
25, First meeting of the Royal 
Society of Canada. Aug. 23, 
Regina established as seat of 
government of Northwest Terri 
tories. 

1883. Feb. 1, Opening of the fifth Dom 
inion Parliament. Aug. 18, 
The Marquis of Lansdowne 
governor-general. Sept. 5, Form 
ation of the Methodist Church 
in Canada; United Conference. 

1884. May 24, Sir Charles Tupper high 
commissioner in London. Aug. 
11, Order in Council settling the 
boundary of Ontario and Mani 
toba. 

1885. March 26, Outbreak of Riel s 
second rebellion in the North 
west. April 24, Engagement at 
Fish Creek. May 2 Engage 
ment at Cut Knife. May 12, 
Taking of Batoche. May 16, 
Surrender of Riel. Aug. 24, 
First census of the Northwest 
Territories. Nov. 16, Execution 
of Riel. 

1886. April 6, Incorporation of Van 

couver. June 7, Archbishop Tas- 
chereau of Quebec made first 
Canadian cardinal. June 13, 
Vancouver destroyed by fire. 
June 28, First through train on 
the Canadian Pacific railway 
from Montreal to Vancouver. 
July 31, First quinquennial cen 
sus of Manitoba. 

1887. Interprovincial Conference at 
Quebec. April 4, First Inter 
colonial Conference in London. 
April 13, Opening of the sixth 
Dominion Parliament. 

1888. Feb. 15, Signing of Fishery 
Treaty between United Kingdom 
and United States at Washington. 
May 1, Lord Stanley governor- 
general. Aug., Rejection of 
Fishery Treaty by United States 
Senate. 

1890. March 31, The Manitoba School 
Act abolishes separate schools. 

1891. April 5, Third Dominion census. 
April 29, Opening of the seventh 



rUM).\nLut;icM. ///.s 7 OAT ul- &lt; ANADA 



51 



is .i::. 



is tl. 



iy.."i. 



1V7. 
l.V V 



1899. 



1900. 
1901 



Dominion Parliament. June o. 

Death of Sir .). A. Macdonald. 

June !.". Sir John Abbott premier. 
\Ya&gt;hington Treaty, pro 

viding for arbitration of the 

IVhring Sea Seal Fisheries qu&lt; . 

tion. July 22, Boundary &lt;-&lt;m- 

ition between Canada and the 

(ruled States. Nov. -J."). Sir 

John Thompson premi 

April -\, First sitting of the Behring 

: Arbitration Court. May 22, 

The Karl of Aberdeen governor- 

neral. I) ---. IS, Archbishop 

Machray, of I\uprt - Land. 

elected lirst Anglican primate of 

all Canada. 

.lime 28, "lonial Conference 
Ottawa. J)ee. 12, Death of Sir 
John Thompson at Windsor 
Castle. Dee. 21, (Sir; Mackenzie 
Bowell premier. 
Sept. iO,Openingof new Sault s 

Marie canal. Oct. 2. Proclama 
tion naming the Ungava, Frank- 
lin, Mackenzie and Yukon Dis 
tricts of Northwest Tcrritor. 
April 21. Sir Donald Smith (Lord 
Strathcona high commissioner 
in London. April 27, Sir Charles 
Tupper premier. July 11, S 
Wilfrid Laurier premier. AL 
( .old discovered ill the Klolidvke. 
Aug. l .. Opening of the eighth 
1 )ominion Parliament. 
July, Third Colonial Coiifeni 
in London. Dec. 17, Award of 
the Hehring Sea Arbitration. 
June i:{. r llie Yukon District 
otablislied a&lt; a .-ep.-.rate terri 
tory by Act of Parliament. 
July :*&gt;() , The Karl of Minto gov- 
ernor-general. Aug. 1, The Brit 
ish Preferential Tariff of Canada 
goes into force. Aug. 2 J, Meet 
ing at Quebec of the Joint High 
Commission for the settlement of 
questions between Canada and 
the I nited Stab Dec. 25, 

British Imperial Penny (2 c&lt; : 
Postage introduced. 
Oct. 11. Beginning of the South 
African "War. Oct. 14, Canadian 
Government decides to send 
troops to South Africa. Oct. 29, 
First Canadian contingent leaves 
Quebec for South Africa. 
Feb. 27. Battle of Paardeberg. 
April 26, Great fire at Ottawa and 
Hull. 

Jan. 22, Death of Queen Victoria 
and accession of King Edward 
VII. Feb. 6, Opening of the 

381314^ 



ninth. Dominion Parliament. 
April 1, Census of the British 
Fmpire. total population. : . .&gt;7,- 
1,316; Canada i Fourth Do 
minion oem -&gt;i L. ii.v Sept. 
Ki-Oct. 21, Visit to Canada of 
the Duke and Duchess of Corn 
wall and York (King George V 
and Queen Mai 

1M)2. May ill, Knd of South African 
\\ar. peace signed at Yerecniging. 
June HO, Meeting of fourth 
Colonial Conference in London. 

I M)! ,. Jan. 21. Signing of the Alaska 
Boundary Convention. June 19, 
Incorporation of Regina. Oct. 
20, Award of the Alaskan Bound 
ary Commission. 

190-L Feb. 1, Dominion Railway Com 
mission established under the 
Railway Act of 1903. April 19, 
Great tire in Toronto. Sept. 26, 
i-l (irey governor general. Oct, 
8, Incorporation of Kdmonton. 

li0."i. Jan. 11, Opening of the tenth 
Dominion Parliament. Sept. 1, 
Creation of the provinces of 
Alberta and Saskatchewan. 

1906. University of Alberta founded. 
Oct. s. Interprovincial Confer 
ence at ( Mtawa. 

l!Mi7. March 22. Industrial Dispu 

InveMiization Act passed. April 
I.V.May 11. Fifth Colonial Con 
ference in London. Adjustment 
of Parliamentary representation 
in Saskatchewan and Alberta. 
New Customs Tariff including 
introduction of Intermediate 
iff. Aug. 29, Collapse of 
Quebec Bridge. Sept. 19, new 
Commercial Convention with 
France signed at Paris. Oct. 17, 
First message by wireless tele 
graphy between Canada and the 
United Kingdom. University of 

skatchewan founded. 
Jan. 2, Establishment of Ottawa 
branch of Royal Mint. April 11, 
Arbitration treaty between 
United Kingdom and United 
States. May 4, Ratification of 
Treaty for demarcation of bound 
ary between Canada and United 
States. June 21-23, Bicentenary 
of Bishop Laval celebrated at 
Quebec. July 20-31, Quebec 
tercentenary celebrations : visit 
to Quebec of Prince of Wales, 
representing the King. Aug. 2, 
Great fire in Kootenay Valley, 
B.C. University of British 
Columbia founded. 



52 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CANADA 



1909. Jan. 11, Signing of International 

Boundary Waters Convention 
between Canada and United 
States. Jan. 20, opening of llth 
Dominion Parliament. Jan. 27, 
Agreement between United King 
dom and United States to submit 
North Atlantic Coast Fisheries 
question to the Hague Tribunal. 
May 19, Appointment of Cana 
dian Commission of Conservation. 
July 28, Conference on Imperial 
Defence in London. 

1910. Feb. 1, Ratification of Commer 
cial Treaty with France. Feb. 1, 
International Opium Commis 
sion met at Shanghai. May 4, 
Passing of Naval Service Bill. 
May 6, Death of King Edward 
VII and accession of King George 
V. June 7, Death of Goldwin 
Smith. Sept. 7, North Atlantic 
Coast Fisheries Arbitration award 
of the Hague Tribunal. New 
trade agreement made with Ger 
many, Belgium, Holland and 
Italy. 

1911. Jan. 21, Proposals for reciprocity 
with United States submitted to 
the Canadian Parliament. Mar. 
21, Duke of Connaught ap 
pointed governor-general of 
Canada. May 23-June 20, Im 
perial Conference in London. 
June 1, Fifth Dominion census. 
July 11, Disastrous forest fires in 
Porcupine mining district. Sept. 
21, General election of Dominion 
Parliament. Oct. 10 (Sir) R. L. 
Borden, premier. Oct. 11, In 
auguration at Kitchener of On 
tario Hydro-Electric Power 
Transmission System. Oct. 13, 
The Duke and Duchess of 
Connaught land at Quebec. 
Nov. 15, Opening of 12th 
Dominion Parliament. 

1912. April 15, Loss of the steamship 

Titanic. April 15, Appointment 
of Dominions Royal Commission. 
May 15, Extension of the bound 
aries of Quebec, Ontario and 
Manitoba. June 17, Judgment 
delivered by the Imperial Privy 
Council on the marriage question 
raised by the ne temere decree. 

1913. April 10, Japanese Treaty Act 
assented to. June 2, "Trade 
agreement with West Indies 
came into force. July 26, King s 
Prize at Bisley won by Canadian. 
September 1-3, Visit to Montreal 
of Rritish Lord Chancellor (Vis 



count Haldane). Oct. 4, New 
customs tariff of United States 
goes into force. 

1914. Jan. 21, Death of Lord Strathcona 
and Mount Royal, aged 94. May 
29, Loss of the steamship Empress 
of Ireland. Aug. 3, Acquisition 
by Canada of two submarines on 
the Pacific Coast. War with 
Germany, Aug. 4; with Austria- 
Hungary, Aug. 12; and with 
Turkey, Nov. 5. Aug. 18-22, 
special war session of Canadian 
Parliament. Oct 16, First Cana 
dian contingent of over 33,000 
troops land at Plymouth, Eng. 
Nov. 1, Loss of four Canadian 
midshipmen by sinking of H. M.S. 
Cape of Good Hope in action off 
the coast of Chile. 

1915. Feb., First Canadian contingent 
lands in France and proceeds to 
Flanders. April 22, Second bat 
tle of Ypres. April 24, Battle of 
St. Julien. May 20-26, Battle of 
Festubert. June 15, Battle of 
Givenchy; gallantry of Canadian 
troops highly eulogized by F.-M. 
Sir John French. July 14, Sir 
Robert Borden attends meeting 
of the British Cabinet. Oct. 30, 
Death of Sir Charles Tupper, Bt. 
Nov. 22, Issue of Canadian War 
Loan of $50,000,000. Nov. 30, 
war loan increased to $100,000,- 
000. 

1916. Jan. 12, Order in Council author 
izing increase in number of Cana 
dian troops to 500,000. Feb. 3, 
Destruction of the Houses of 
Parliament at Ottawa by fire. 
April 3-20, Battle of St. Eloi. 
June 1, Census of prairie pro 
vinces. June 1-3, Battle of Sanc 
tuary Wood. June 3, Order in 
Council establishing Board of 
Pension Commissioners. Sept. 1, 
Cornerstone of new Houses of 
Parliament laid by Duke of 
Connaught. Sept., " Issue of 
second war loan, $100,000,000. 
Oct. 16, Duke of Connaught left 
Canada on completion of term 
of office as governor-general. 
Nov. 11, Duke of Devonshire 
(appointed Aug. 19) sworn in at 
Halifax, N.S., as governor- 
general. 

1917. Feb. 12-May 15, Visit to England 
of Prime Minister and colleagues 
for Imperial Conference. Feb. 
21, Final Report of Dominions 
Royal Commission. March, 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF (\\.\ADA 



53 



Thinl war loan, SI ."&gt;0,( KM), 000. 
March 20-May 2, Meetings in 
l.ndon &lt;&gt;f Imperial War ( abinet. 
March 21-April 27, Imperial 
\\ar Confe:vii. March 31, 

Canadian patriotic cont rihutions 
amount to I 1,012. April 5, 

Declaration &lt;&gt;f u ,er- 

manv by I "nited States. April .). 
Capture of Vimy Ridge. April 
]( , Wheat placed on free list. 
June 11, Appointment of Hoard 
drain Supervisors with power 
to ii\ grain prices. June 21. 
Appointment of Food ( ontroller 
under Order in Council of June 
Iti. July I. Jubilee of Con 
federation, 1st 17. Aug. I"), Rattle 
of Loos, capture of Hill 70. 
Aug. 21), Parsing of Milit 
Service tn- 

pletion of structure of Quebec 
bridge. Sept. 20, Parliamentary 
franc: Mended to women: 

Dominion ( iovernment aiithori/ed 
to pure; 100,000 share- of 

N.R. Oct. t, Hat tie of Passch- 
enda- le. ( &gt;ct. ti. 1 )issolution of 
12th Parliament. Nov. 12, 
Fourth war loan ictory 

Bonds 1 !. 1) 6, Di-astrous 

explosion at Halifax, VS., caused 
by collision between the 1 inn ami 
the Mont ]&gt;&lt; laden with 

powerful explosives. Dec. 17. 
ncral election and Union 
Government sustained. 
1918. Feb. 23, Appointment of Can.- 

Registration Hoard. Mar. Is, 
Opening of first session of 13th 
Parliament. Mar. 21, Germans 
launch critical offensive on west 
front. Mar. 30, Gen. Foch 
appointed generalissimo. Mar.- 
April, second battle of the Somme. 
April 17, Secret session of Par 
liament. May 23, Parliament 
prorogued. June-July, Prime 
Minister and colleagues attend 
Imperial War Conferences in 
London. July 18, Allies assume 
successful offensive on west front. 
Aug. 12, Battle of Amiens. Aug. 
26-28, Capture of Monchy le 
Preux. Sept. 2-4, Breaking of 
Drocqurt-Qu6ant line. Sept. 16, 
Austrian peace note. Sept. 19, 
Establishment of Khaki Univer 
sity of Canada. Sept. 27-29, 
Crossing of Canal du Nord and 
capture of Bourlon Wood. Sept. 
30, Bulgaria surrenders and 
signs armistice, Oct. 1-9, Cap 



ture of Camhrai. Oct. 5, Kpi- 
demic of &gt;anish influenza 
causing closing of churches and 
abandonment of public meeti: 
&lt; &lt;(. (I, KirM ( lerman peace n. 
Oct. 20, Capture of Denam. 

t. 21, Appointment of Siberian 
nomic Commission. Oct. 
2."i-\ov. 2, Capture of Valen 
ciennes. Oct. 2s, Issue of fifth 
war loan for $300,000,000 in 
the form of Victory Bonds. 

;. -M, Turkey .surrenders and 
armistice. Nov. -1, Aus 
tria-Hungary surrend&lt; and 

us armistice. Nov. 10. flight 
into Holland of German Kmperor. 

;ptlliv of Mons. Nov. 11, 

rmany surrenders and signs 
anni- Spontaneous rejoic 

ings throughout the Kmpire at 
the [ of victorious peace. 

Dec. 1, .National thanksgiving 

for victory and peace. 
1919. Feb. 17, Death of Sir Wilfrid 
Laurier. 1 eb. 20-July 7, Second 
in of loth Parliament of 
Canada. Mar. 7, Appointment 
of government receiver of the 
( Irand Trunk Pacific railway. 
May 1-June l.~&gt;, C,n-at strike at 
Winnipeg and strikes in other 
\\ estern cities. May 2ii. Return 
to Canada of Prime Minister 
from Pe- afervnee. June 23, 

nerul election in (^IP re 

sulting in retention of Liberal 
administration. June 28, Signa 
ture at Versailles of Peace Treaty 
and Protocol; Canadian Pleni 
potentiaries: the Hon. Charles 
J. Doherty and the Hon. 
Arthur L. Sifton. July 24, 
General election in Prince Ed 
ward Island, resulting in defeat 
of Conservative administration. 
Aug. 5-7, Meeting at Ottawa of 
Liberal convention and election 
of the Hon. W. L. Mackenzie 
King as leader of Liberal party. 
Aug. 15, Arrival at St. John, 
N.B., of H.R.H. the Prince of 
Wales for official tour in Canada. 
Aug. 22, Formal opening of 
Quebec Bridge by H.R.H. the 
Prince of Wales. Sept. 1, H.R.H., 
the Prince of Wales lays founda 
tion stone of tower of new Par 
liament Buildings at Ottawa. 
Sept. 1-Nov. 10, Third or special 
peace session of 13th Parliament 
of Canada. Sept. 15, Opening at 
Ottawa of the National Indus- 



54 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF CANADA 



trial Conference. Oct. 20, Gen 
eral election in Ontario, result 
ing in defeat of Conservative 
administration and formation of 
Ministry by E. C. Drury, United 
Farmers Organization. Issue of 
sixth war loan for $300,000,000 
in the form of Victory Bonds. 
Nov. 25, H.R.H. the Prince of 
Wales sails from Halifax, N.S. 
on completion of visit to Canada. 
Dec. 20, Organization of "Cana 
dian National Railways" by 
Order in Council. 

1920. Jan. 10, Ratifications of the 
Treaty of Versailles having been 
exchanged, the war with Ger 
many is officially declared at an 
end. Feb. 19, Grand Trunk 
shareholders ratify agreement for 
sale of the Grand Trunk railway 
to the Dominion Government. 
Feb. 26- July 1, Fourth session 
of the thirteenth Parliament of 
Canada. May 18, Budget 
speech. New taxation imposed, 
estimated to yield an additional 
$100,000,000 of annual revenue. 
May 31- June 18, Trade Confer 
ence at Ottawa between Domin 
ion and West Indian Govern 
ments. June 7-19, Convention 
of American Federation of La 
bour at Montreal. June 29, 
Provincial general election in 
Manitoba. New political groups 
hold balance of power, but 
Liberal government is retained 
in office. July 8, Sir Lomer 
Gouin is succeeded by Hon. L. 
A. Taschereau as Premier of 
Quebec. July 10, Sir Robert 
Borden is succeeded by Hon. 
(now Right Hon.) Arthur Meig- 
hen as Premier of Canada. July 
16, Ratifications of the Treaty 
of St. Germain-en-Laye having 
been exchanged, the war with 
Austria is officially declared at 
an end. July 27, Provincial 
general election in Nova Scotia. 
Liberal government of Premier 
Murray is sustained. Aug. 5-7, 
Imperial Press Conference at 
Ottawa. Aug. 9, Ratifications of 
the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 
having been exchanged, the war 
with Bulgaria is officially declared 
at an end. Sept. 18-23, Ninth 
Congress of Chambers of Com 
merce of the Empire at Toronto. 
Oct. 9, Provincial general election 



in New Brunswick. Liberal gov 
ernment is sustained by a reduced 
majority. Oct. 20, Prohibition 
defeated and Government con 
trol of the liquor traffic favoured 
by referendum in British Col 
umbia. Oct. 25, Referendum re 
complete prohibition of the liquor 
traffic is carried in Nova Scotia, 
Manitoba, Saskatchewan and 
Alberta. Nov. 1 5, First meeting of 
League of Nations Assembly 
begins at Geneva, Switzerland. 
Rt. Hon. Sir Geo. E. Foster, 
G.C.M.G., Rt. Hon. C. J. Do- 
herty and Hon. N. W. Rowell 
representing Canada. M. Hy- 
mans of Belgium is elected presi 
dent. Nov. 24, McGill Univer 
sity Centennial Endowment Fund 
is closed with over $6,000,000 sub- 
subscribed. Dec. 1, Provincial 
general election in British Colum 
bia. Liberal government is sus 
tained by a reduced majority. 
1921. Feb. 14- June 4, Fifth Session of 
Thirteenth Parliament of Canada. 
April 18, Ontario votes for pro 
hibition of the manufacture, im 
portation and sale of alcoholic 
liquors. May 1, Government 
control of liquor traffic becomes 
effective in Quebec. May 9, 
Budget speech in House of Com 
mons. Sales tax and excise duty 
on liquors increased. May 10, 
Preferential tariff arrangement 
with British West Indies becomes 
effective. June 20-August 5, 
Imperial Conference, at which 
Canada is represented by Rt. 
Hon. Arthur Meighen. June 9, 
At general election in Saskat 
chewan, Liberal government is 
sustained. July 18, At general 
election in Alberta, the United 
Farmers secure majority of seats. 
Sept. 5-Oct. 5, Second meeting of 
Assembly of League of Nations 
at Geneva; Canada represented 
by Rt. Hon. C. J. Doherty. 
Sept. 21, Members of reorganized 
Meighen Cabinet sworn in. Nov. 
11, Opening of conference on 
limitation of armament at Wash 
ington, Sir Robt. Borden repre 
senting Canada. Dec. 6, Domin 
ion general election. Meighen 
government defeated. Dec. 29, 
New ministry (Liberal), with 
Hon. (now Right Hon.) W. L. 
Mackenzie King as premier, is 
sworn in. 



PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CA.VADA 55 



IV. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA. 

GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES. 

Situation. The Dominion of Canada includes the whole of 
the northern half of the North American continent, except the United 
Stales territory of Alaska and the Labrador coa-t .which is under 
the jurisdiction of Newfoundland. The southernmost point in the 
Dominion is Middle island in lake Krie, south of Pelee island, in 
north latitude 41 41 : from hen- Canadian territory extends north 
ward toward the pole. In longitude the Dominion stretches from 
about west longitude 57 the exact boundary with Newfoundland 
ritory is as vet undefined -to west longitude 141, the boundary 
with Alaska. Canada thu&lt; extends over about 84 of longitude and 
4S of latitude. 

General Formation.- -The topographic features of the present 

surface of the American continent admit of its division, in Canada, 
into several physiographic provinces. The exposed surface of the 
old pre-Cambrian continent forms one of the largest divisions and has 
been called the Canadian Shield, the Archean Peneplain and, in its 
southern portion, the Laurentian highland. The mountainous 
country of the west constitutes the Cordilleras, while the mountains 
of 1 ".astern United States, in their continuation across the border, 
form the Appalachian Highlands of eastern Canada. The Great 
Plains, with various subdivisions, occupy the area 1 en brie 
mountainous area of the west and the great, roughened surface of the 
Canadian Shield. The St. Lawrence lowland lies between bhe 
Laurentian and Appalachian highlands. Within the borders of the 
Canadian Shield an area on the southern margin of Hudson bay 
has been referred to as the Clay Belt. It occupies a part of the basin 
that was submerged during the glacial period and covered with a 
coating of clay which smoothed over its inequalities and concealed 
most of the underlying rocks. Since its emergence the surface has 
been but slightly altered by drainage channels cut across it. 

Canadian Shield.- -The portion of the pre-Cambrian continent 
whose exposed surface still forms a large part of Canada, has an area 
of about two and a half million square miles. Its northern border 
crosses the Arctic archipelago, the eastern lies beyond Baffin island 
and Labrador and reaches the depressed area occupied by the St. 
Lawrence river, a short spur or point crossing this valley at the 
outlet of lake Ontario to join the Adirondack mountains in New York. 
The southern boundary runs from the spur west to Georgian bay, 
skirts the north shore of lake Huron and sweeps almost entirely 
around the ancient depressed area occupied by lake Superior. The 
western edge, from the lake of the Woods and lake Winnipeg, bears 
northwest to the western end of lake Athabaska, and passes through 
the basins occupied by Great Slave and Great Bear lakes, reaching 
the Arctic ocean east of the Mackenzie River delta. In detail, the 
surface features of the Canadian Shield are irregular; but, viewed 



56 



PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 



broadly, it has the conformation of a great plain, depressed toward 
the centre and in the north and slightly elevated along the eastern 
and southern borders, where it presents a somewhat steep outward 
slope. The general elevation in the eastern portion is under 2,000 
feet, and over the larger part of the plain is about 1,000 feet. The 
highest portion is along the northeastern margin where it presents a 
steep face to the sea. 

Cordilleran Region.- -The western part of the American con 
tinent is more or less mountainous. The Andean chain, which extends 
throughout the length of South America and broadens out in North 
America and in Canada, has an average width of over 500 miles. 
This region is the most elevated in Canada, many of the summits 
reaching heights of 10,000 feet, with occasional peaks over 13,000 
feet above sea-level. The mountainous tract forming the Cordilleras 
can be divided broadly into three parallel bands; an old series of 
plateaus and mountains forming the central part, referred to as the 
Central Belt, a young series of parallel ridges, east of the central 
plateaus, formed of fault blocks and folds and known as the Eastern 
Belt and a third division, between the plateau country and the 
Pacific, called the Western Belt. The Belts are further subdivided 
as in the following summary :- 

Mountain Systems and Ranges in Western Canada. 

EASTERN BELT. 



SYSTEM. 



MOUNTAINS OR 
PLATEAUS. 



RANGE, GROUP OR 
PLATEAU. 



ROCKIES 



ARCTIC 



ROCKY MOUNTAINS 

MACKENZIE MOUNTAINS 
FRANKLIN MOUNTAINS 
RICHARDSON MOUNTAINS 



[Hughes range, Brisco range, 
I Livingstone range, Palliser 
( range, other ranges and groups. 

fSayunei range, Tigonankweine 
\range, other ranges and groups. 

Un-named ranges and groups. 
Un-named ranges and groups. 



CENTRAL BELT. 



COLUMBIA 



SELKIRK MOUNTAINS 



MONASHEE MOUNTAINS 
CARIBOO MOUNTAINS 



Purcell range, McGillivray range, 
Moyie range, Slocan group, 
Nelson range, other ranges 
and groups. 

f Christina range, Midway group, 
\ other ranges and groups. 

Un-named ranges and groups. 



GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES 



CENTRAL BELT. -Concluded 



SYSTKM. 



MOINTAIXS OR 

ri vrs. 



RANGE, GROUP OR 
PLATEAU. 



INTERIOR 



CASSIAR 



YUKON 



FRASER PLATEAU 
NMCIIAKO PLATEAU 



UN-NAMED MOUNTAINS ANI. 
PLATEAUS 

BABINE MOUNTAINS 



STIKINE MOUNTAINS 
UN-NAMED MOUNTAINS 

YUKON PLATEAUS 

UN-XAMKD MOUNTAINS AND 
PLATEAUS 






/Bonaparte plateau, Arrowstone 
\ plateau, other plateaus. 

(Oo!s:i-l ran&lt;jois plateau, Nadina 
\ mountain, other plat( aus. 

Un-named ranges, groups and 

pl;r 

Vn-nanu (1 ranges and groups. 

fKlappan range, Groundhog 
\ range, other ranges. 

Un-named ranges and groups. 



in range, Glenlyon range, 
ivily range, un-named ranges 
and plateaus. 
jUn-nain. d ranges, groups and 

I I " 



WESTERN BELT. 



SYSTKM. 



MOUNTAINS OR 
PLATEAUS. 



B, CROUP OR 
PLATEAU. 



PACIFIC 



INSULAR 



CASCADE MOUNTAINS 
COAST MOUNTAINS 

BULKLEY MOUNTAINS 



Un-named ranges and groups. 



1 



Tahtsa range, Whitesail range, 
Tt Ikwa range, un-named ran 
ges. 

Zymoetz range, Seven Sisters 
group, Rocher D6boul6 range, 
Hudson Bay group. 



UN-NAMED MOUNTAINS Un-named ranges and groups. 



VANCOUVER ISLAND MOUN 
TAINS 

QUEEN CHARLOTTE MOUN 
TAINS 

ST. ELIAS MOUNTAINS (PART) 






Un-named ranges and groups. 



58 



PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CA\ A! 



Mountain Peaks. Following is a list of thf,, jincipal named 
peaks exceeding 12,000 feet in elevation:- 



NAME. 


ELEVA 
TION. 


LAT. 


LONG. 


RANGE. 


ALBERTA 
Alberta 


12,000 
12,000 
12,085 

13,068 

14,900 
13,700 
16,400 
16,971 
19,539 
17,147 
14,253 
13,860 
18,000 
16,644 
13,818 
15,617 
14,498 
15,885 


52 14 
51 48 
52 13 

53 07 

60 18 
60 10 
60 21 
60 35 
60 51 

6i or 

60 36 
60 19 
60 18 
61 06 
61 14 
60 21 
61 00 
61 14 


117 36 
116 56 
117 12 

119 08 

140 28 
139 59 
139 02 
140 39 
140 21 
140 28 
140 13 
140 52 
140 57 
140 19 
140 45 
139 42 
140 00 
140 31 


Rocky Mtns. 






St. Elias Mtns. 




tt 
u 
u 

a 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 


Forbes 


The Twins 


BRITISH COLUMBIA 
Robson 


YUKON 
Augusta 


Cook 


Hubbard 


King. 


Logan 


Lucania 


McArthur 


Newton 


St. Elias 


Steele 


Strickland 


Vancouver 


Walsh 


Wood 





Appalachian Region.- -The continuation of the Green moun 
tains of Vermont into Canada may be traced in the Notre Dame 
mountains, which approach the St. Lawrence below Quebec and, 
continuing with more easterly trend, form the highland of the GaspS 
peninsula. Over a large part these hills hardly attain the dignity 
of mountains, but peaks rising 3,500 feet above the nearby coast are 
found in the Gaspe peninsula. The continuation of the White 
mountains of New Hampshire is found in the highlands of Maine 
and New Brunswick, the continuity being shown quite plainly by 
;he rock-folding and other evidences of the great earth movements 
which caused the topography. An additional ridge apparently 
:he present province of Nova Scotia, and although the high- 
that province in few places rise to elevations greater than 
:he rock structure indicates that it was a mountainous 
country at no very remote geological period. 

Great Plains. A great area, including many diverse features, 
:he east of the Cordilleras. The portion that is included under 

term areat Plains extends from the southwestern edge of the 
ancient surface forming the Canadian Shield, to the eastern edge of 
the mountainous region of the Cordilleras. In the belt traversed 

:ne railway lines a three-fold division into prairie steppes rising 



v_ &YSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA &&amp;gt; 

one a bovo ti ier, is clearly recognizable, though the- divisions are 
Kgui I &gt;le in the region farther north to winch the term 
prairie isnoi plicable. For the purpose of description these 
Eon are ibpted and a fourth Is added for the broken hilly 
country of the foot-hills. The first or eastern division comprises 
the plain lying between the Canadian Shield and the plateau formed 
of Cretaceous sediments; the second extends from the edge of 
plateau westward to the erosion remnants of former Tertiary deposits; 
and the third stretches from this line westward to the foot-hil 
North of the prairie country these distinctions are less notice e, 
and divisions two and three become merged into one. 

St. Lawrence Lowlands. The southern interior of the con 
tinent consists of a plain of low relief, bordered on ;he eas 
Appalachian mountains, on the west by the Cordilleran mountain 
systems, and on the north by the old surface of the Laurentian 
plateau To the northeast this plain becomes reduced ;n, 

and in the vicinity of Quebec is represented by a narrow plateau or 
shelf on each side of the St. Lawrence river. r lhe triangular area 
beyond in which is the island of Anticosti, is structurally related 
the central lowlands. The Si. Lawrence lowlands may be divided 
into three sections: (1) the St. Lawrence river plain separated 
(2) the Eastern Ontario basin by a point of crystalline rock 
the Ontario peninsula a slightly more elevated plain whose eastern 
border is a steep escarpment, the eastern outcrop oi a heavy 
stone bed which underlies the western peninsula. 

Waterways. The waterways of Canada constitute one of the 
most remarkable of its geographical features. Kast of the Rocky 
mountains the southern part of the Dominion slopes northeastwarc 
towards Hudson bay, and the rivers in the south flow eas 
Thus the Saskatchewan river, with its northern and southern branches, 
flows eastward into lake Winnipeg and thence northward by Dhe 
Nelson river into Hudson bay. On the north the Great Plain has a 
northerly slope, and the Mackenzie river, with its tributaries, the 
Slave, Liard, Athabaska, and Peace rivers, flows into the Arc 
ocean. The Mackenzie, exclusive of its tributaries, but including 
the Slave, Peace and Finlay rivers, of which it is the continuation, 
has a total length of 2,525 miles. The Yukon river in the Yukon 
territory also flows northward, passing through Alaska, into . 
strait after a course of 2,300 miles. In British Columbia, the Fraser, 
Columbia, Skeena and Stikine rivers flow into the Pacific ocean. 

Drainage Basins.- -The large drainage basins of Canada are the 
\tlantic (554,000 square miles), the Hudson bay (1,486,000 square 
miles), the Arctic (1,290,000 square miles), the Pacific (387,300 square 
miles), and the gulf of Mexico (12,365 square miles). Table 1 gives a 
list of the river drainage basins, and Table 2 gives the lengths of the 
principal rivers with their tributaries and sub-tributaries. 



60 



PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 



1. Drainage Basins of Canada. 



Drainage Basins. 


Area 
Drained. 


Drainage Basins. 


Area 
Drained. 


Atlantic Basin. 

Hamilton 


Sq. miles 
29,100 
5,400 
21,500 
309,500 
35,900 
16,200 
8,000 
9,000 
56,700 
3,500 
9,100 


Hudson Bay Basin concluded . 
Kazan 


Sq. miles. 
32,700 
58,500 


Miramichi 


Dubawnt 


St. John 


Total 


St. Lawrence 


1,486,000 

145,800 
24,600 
21,900 
21,300 
35,000 
15,000 
11,200 
7,600 
20,300 
7,400 
19,300 
91,700 
21,800 
15,700 
5,600 
4,500 
7,500 
39,300 
15,500 
6,000 
3,160 
1,190 


Saguenay 


Pacific Basin. 

Yukon ... 


St. Maurice 


French 


Nipigon 


Porcupine 


Ottawa 


Stewart 


Lievre 


Pellv 


Gatineau 


Lewes 


Total 


White 


554,000 

62,400 
20,000 
26,300 
25,500 
15,700 
9,800 
29,800 
42,100 
11,300 
10,600 
59,800 
20, 700 
18,700 
24,100 
38,600 
28,000 
370,800 
44,000 
20,600 
63,400 
52,600 
158,800 
54,700 
65,500 
18,300 
11,100 
8,900 
115,500 


Alsek 


Hudson Bay Basin. 

Koksoak 


Taku 


Stikine 


Nass 


George . 


Skeena 


Big 


Fraser 


Eastmain 


Thompson 


Rupert 


Nechako 


Broadback 


Black water 


Nottaway 


Quesnel 


Moose 


Chilcotin 


Abitibi 


Columbia 


Missinaibi 


Kootenay 


Albany 


Okanagan 


Kenogami 


Kettle 


Attawapiskat 


Pend d Oreille 


Winisk 


Total 


Severn 


387,300 

47,500 
29,100 
682,000 
1,700 
25,700 
117,100 
58,900 


Hayes. 


Arctic Basin. 

Backs 


Nelson 


\Yinnipeg 


English 


Coppermine 


Red 


Mackenzie 


Assiniboine 


Liard 


Saskatchewan 


Hay 


North Saskatchewan 


Peace 


South Saskatchewan 


Athabaska 


Red Deer 


Total 


Bow 


1,290,000 
13,365 


Belly.. 


Gulf of Mexico Basin 


Churchill 



NOTE. Owing to overlapping, the totals of each drainage basin do not represent an 
the drainage areas as given. Tributaries and sub-tributaries are indicated bv 
indentation of the names. 

2. Lengths of Principal Rivers and Tributaries in Canada. 



Names. 



Flowing into the Atlantic Ocean. 

Hamilton (to head of Ashuanipi).. 

Natashkwan 

Romaine 

Moisie 

St. Marguerite 

St. John.. 



Miles. 



350 
220 
270 
210 
130 
390 



Names. 



Flowing into the Atlantic Ocean 

continued. 

Miramichi 

St. Lawrence (to head of St. Louis) 

Manikuagan 

Outarde 

Bersimis 

Saguenay (to head of Peribonka), 



Miles. 



135 
,900 
310 
270 
240 
405 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF CAXADA 



til 



2. lengths of Prinripal Rivers and Tributaries in Canada conclude. 1. 







Flowinp into the Atlantic Ocean 

- I- uis) 
Deluded. 

IVrilionka ...... 



Ashwapmuehuan. 

Chaudiore 

Maurir, 
Ifattawin 

St. Franci&gt;. 
Richelieu. . 



rth.. 



Xorth Nation. . . 

vrr 

Gatineau 

Coulonge 

ion 

Mis.-i&gt;sippi. 

Mada\\a.-ka 

awawa 

Moira 

Trent 

Grand 

Thames 

French (to head of Sturgeon) 

irgeon 

Spanish 

Mississagi 

Thossalon 

Xipigon (to head of Ombabika) . . 

Flowing into Hudson Bay. 

Hay 

Xelson (to Lake Winnip 

Xelson (to head of Bow) 

Rod (to h. ad of Lake Traverse). . 

Red (to head of Shoyenne) 

Assinihoine 

Souris 

Qu Appelle 

Winnipeg (to head of Firesteel). . . 

English 

Saskatchewan (to head of Bow). . 

North Saskatchewan 

South Saskatchewan (to head 

of Bow) 

Bow 

Belly . .;. 

Red Deer. 

Churchill 

Beaver 

Kazan 

Dubawnt 

Severn 

Winisk 

Attawapiskat 

Albany (to head of Cat river) 

Moose (to head of Mattagami) . . 



|j 



XIIIIK 



1 



185 

100 
165 



70 
115 

240 

80 

90 

106 

130 

150 

140 

180 

110 

140 



300 

390 

1,660 

355 

450 

- 7(1 
475 
330 
205 
760 



865 
315 

180 
385 
1,000 
305 
455 
580 
420 
295 
465 
610 
340 



Flowing into Hudson Bay 

head c f Mat tagami) 
concluded. 
Mattagami. . .... 

Al&gt;itihi. . 
Missinaibi 
Harricana 

:iipi) 

Waswanipi 

Rup rt . 
main. . 



Cnat \Yhalr 

Ko! i &lt;-f ]\:&lt;:.&lt;:tj.!~kau &gt; 

George 

Flowing into the Pacific Ocean. 

( olumliia 

;mbia (in Canada) 



Nortl 



Thompson 
Tl 

rt h Thompson. . 

ith Thompson 

Chilcotin 

Blaekwater. ... 

uart.. 

Xa-&gt; 

Stikine 

k 

Yukon (mouth to head of Xisutlini 
Yukon (Int. boundary to head ot 
Nisatlin). 
\\art. . . 

\\hite 

ly 

Macmillan 
Lev 



Flowing into the Arctic Ocean. 

Mackenzie (to head of Finlay). . 

Peel 

Arctic Red 

Liard 

Fort Nelson 

Athabaska 

Pembina 

Slave.. 



Finlay 

Parsnip 

Smoky 

Little Smoky. 

Coppermine 

Backs. . 



Mi 



340 

250 

400 
I M) 
380 

520 
295 






,150 

400 
695 

270 



120 
145 
140 



220 
335 
205 
335 

260 



655 
320 
185 
330 
200 
338 



,525 
365 
230 
550 
260 
765 
210 
265 



250 
145 
245 
185 
525 
605 



XoTE.--In the above table the tributaries and sub-tributaries are indicated by inden 
tation of the names. Thus the Ottawa and other rivers are shown as tributary to the St- 
Lawrence, and the Gatineau and other rivers as tributary to the Ottawa. 



62 



PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 



St. Lawrence River System. Most important of the lakes 
and rivers in Canada is the chain of the Great Lakes with their 
connecting rivers, the St. Lawrence river and its tributaries inis 
chain is called the St. Lawrence River system Great Lakes, 
separating the province of Ontario from the United States and con 
nected bv a series of canals with the St. Lawrence river, allow of 
access from the Atlantic ocean to the interior of the Dominion at 
Fort William and Port Arthur, twin cities situated on lake 

The Great Lakes. Table 3 shows the length, breadth, area, 
elevation above sea-level and maximum depth of each of the Great 

3. Area, Elevation and Depth of the Great Lakes. 





* 

Lakes. 


Length. 


Breadth. 


Maxi 
mum 
Depth. 


Area. 


Elevation 
above 
Sea-level. 




Miles 1 . 
254 


Miles. 
162 


Feet. 
1,008 


Sq. Miles. 
31,800 


Feet. 
602 




316 


118 


870 


22,400 


581 


TTllTOTl 


207 


101 


802 


23,200 


581 


St Clair 


26 


24 


21 


445 


575 


TjVip 


239 


59 


180 


10,000 


572 


f^TlfciTIO 


193 


53 


738 


7,260 


246 















Lake Superior, with its area of 31,800 square miles, is the largest 
body of fresh water in the world. As the international boundary 
between Canada and the United States passes through the centre of 
lakes Superior, Huron, Erie and Ontario, only half of the areas of 
these lakes given in the above statement is Canadian. The whole of 
lake Michigan is within United States territory. From the western 
end of lake Superior to the mouth of the St. Lawrence there is, with 
the aid of the canal system, a continuous navigable waterway. The 
total length of the St. Lawrence river from the head of the St. Louis 
river to the Pointe-des-Monts, at the entrance of the gulf of St. 
Lawrence, is 1,900 miles. The tributaries of the St. Lawrence, 
several of which have themselves important tributaries, include the 
Ottawa river, 685 miles long; the St. Maurice river, 325 miles long; 
and the Saguenay (to head of Peribonka), 405 miles long. 

Other Inland Waters. In addition to the Great Lakes there 
are large bodies of inland water in other parts of Canada. Of these 
only the following principal lakes, with their respective areas, need 
be mentioned here: in Quebec, lake Mistassini (975 square miles) ; in 
Ontario, lake Nipigon (1,730 square miles); in Manitoba, lake Winni 
peg (9,457 square miles), lake Winnipegosis (2,086 square miles) and 
lake Manitoba (1,817 square miles); in Saskatchewan, Reindeer lake 
(2,437 square miles); in Alberta, lake Athabaska (2,482 square miles). 
All these are within the boundaries of the provinces as at present 
constituted, and are exclusive of lakes situated in the Northwest 
Territories, as, for instance, the Great Bear lake (11,821 square miles) 
and the Great Slave lake (10,719 square miles) in the district of 
Mackenzie. 



GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA 






TaHe 4 &lt;;ives a list of the principal lakes of ( anada l&gt;y provim 
with the area of each in square mil- The taMc eorres])ou(ls with 
the delimitation of the province^ as altered l&gt;y the Honndary Kxten- 

sion Acts. I .M J _&gt; Gco. Y. oc. :VJ. in and 45}. 



4. Areas of 1 rincipal Canadian Lakes by Provinces. 







An 



ones of Lai. 



A n 



U d Or.. 

Little Bras d Or . 

Total 

New Brunswick 

Grand 
Qoeb 

Al-it il&gt;i, portion in 

Apiskigamish. 

Ashuanipi 

Atikonak ........ ... 

Aylmor. . ........ 

Baskatong ........ 

Burnt . . 

( hamplain. portion in Que! 

Chibougamau. . 

( lea r water ..... 

Evans ........ 

Expanse ...... 

Gull.. 

Grand Victoria. 

Great Long ......... 

Indian House ..... 

l&gt;hiamikuagan. 
Kakahonga ......... 

Kaniapiskau ......... 

Kipawa ......... 

LOW.T Seal 
Matapodia. . 
Manuan. . 
Mat tagami. . 



iare 



M.-lville , 

Memphrernagog, part in Quelx &lt;-. 

Ifeninek ........... 

Minto ............... 

Mishikamua ........ 

Mishikamats ........ 

Mistassini ............. 



Nichikum .............. 

Nomining 

Obatogamau ............ 

Olga .......... .... 

Ossokmanuan. . . 
Papineau 
Patamisk ....... 

Payne .............. 

Petitsikapau 

Pipmaukin 

Pletipi .................... 

Quinze, Lac des ........ 

Richmond 

St. Francis, Beauce county 



130 



71 

392 
319 
331 

8 

17 

47^ 

231 

59 

87 

441 

117 

220 

If, 

113 

87 

14 

,298 

111 1 
735 
612 
122 
975 
206 

56 

208 

9 

56 

50 

131 

5 

44 
747 

94 
100 
138 

46 
269 

13 



Franci-. rivr St. Lawrence. 
part 

John. 

I.oiiis 

IVier 

duirt . . 
Si ii u&gt;n 

Timiskamin^r, part 
! mi-couata. ... 
Thirty-one Mile. . 
Two Mountain- 
per Seal. . 

vonidii . . 

Waswanipi... 

\Vhitefish... 



Total 

Ontario 

. Vint ihi, portion in ( hitario. 
Bald ..... 

Balsam ... 

Buekhorn 



Couchiching 

Deer . ... 

Dog.. 

. portion in Ontario 

portion in ( &gt;ntario 
Huron, including Georgian 

portion in &lt; &gt;ntario 
La &lt; roix, j)ort ion in ( hitario. 
Lansdowne 



bay, 



Manitou. Manitou island . 
Mille La --. Lac de ...... 

Mud. ......... 

Muskoka ........... . . . . 

Xamakan, portion in Ontario ..... 

Xipigon ........... 

Xipissintr 

Ontario, portion in Ontario ....... 

Panache ......................... 

Pigeon ........................... 

Rainy, portion in Ontario ..... 

Rice ............................. 

St. Clair, portion in Ontario ...... 

St. Francis, river St. Lawrence, 
part ........................... 

St. Joseph ...................... 

Saganaga, portion in Ontario ...... 

dy ........... 

Se.ul .......... 

Simcoe. . .......... 

Scugo&gt;: ..... 

Stonv 



Sqi; 
Miles. 

59 

350 

56 

130 

106 
12 
65 
29 
23 
63 

270 
44 

100 



11,339 

331 

17 

14 

6 

10 

7 

61 

128 

5,01!) 

11 

14,331 

98 

104 
13 
54 

1!) 

1,730 

330 

3,727 

35 

15 

260 
27 

257 

24 
245 

21 
245 
392 
271 

39 

19 



64 



PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 



4. Areas of Principal Canadian Lakes by Provinces. continued. 



Names of Lakes. 


Areas. 


Names of Lakes. 


Areas. 


Ontario concluded . 


Square 
Miles. 
106 
18 
11,178 
90 
52 
134 
233 
45 

1,325 


Saskatchewan concluded. 
Montreal 


Square 
Miles. 
138 
54 
383 
163 
97 
2,302 
343 
97 
70 
906 


Sturgeon, English river 


Namew part 


Sturgeon, Victoria county 
Superior, portion in Ontario 




Quill 


Timagami 


Red Deer on Red Deer river 




Reindeer, part 


1 rout, L/ngiisn river 


Ronge, Lac la 




White Loon 


v\ anapitei 
Woods, lake of the, part in On- 


Witchikan 


Wollaston 




Total 


8,329 

1,041 
89 
125 
55 

404 
480 
72 
94 


41,188 

90 

285 
141 
200 
64 
39 
625 
319 
392 
551 
69 
122 
1,817 
552 
12 
184 
76 
224 
86 

86 
134 
125 
58 
102 
1,531 
84 
156 
83 
83 
9,459 
2,086 
60 


Manitoba 


Alberta 
Athabaska, part 


AtiKameg 


Beaver 


~/e 


Biche, Lac la 




Buffalo 


.L/aupiim 

T)rrr 


Claire 


.U Og 


Lesser Slave 


.EjDD-anQ-now 


Pakowki 


Gods 


Sullivan 


Granville 


Total 


2,360 

52 
331 
306 
172 
122 
220 
64 
135 
98 
147 
124 
220 
135 
91 
123 
99 




Kiskitto 


British Columbia- 
Adams 


Kiskittogisu 






Atlin, part 


IVlOOoc 


Babine 


Namew, part 


Chiko 


IN Or HI lIUllcljll 


Harrison 


IN eui tin, pcii i&gt; 


Kootenay 


jr laygieeii 
"RppH 


Lower Arrow 


Red Deer, west of lake Winni- 




O wikano 


pego is . . 


Quesnel 




Shuswap 


ftpftino- 


Stuart 


Shnfll 


Tacla 




Tagish, part 




Teslin, part 


Tod.itari part 


Upper Arrow 


Waterhen 


Total 


2,439 

514 
612 
1,029 
674 
1,654 
122 
980 
674 
11,821 
10,719 
368 
318 
490 
1,225 
980 
230 
343 
331 


YVplr 1 1 *ilr n 


Winnipeg 


Northwest Territories- 
Aberdeen 


Winnipegosis 




VVOOClo, IciKC OI tile, pdii b 

Total 


A vl m pr 


19,894 

111 
1,801 
281 
150 
66 
406 
166 
242 
187 
131 
98 
70 


Baker 


Saskatchewan 


(~!linton-Colden 


T^nViawnt 


Franklin 


A f V\ V\ Q cj lr a nflrt 


Garry 


Buffalo 


Gras, Lac de 




Great Bear 




Great Slave 




Kaminuriak 


f^iiiYi VIPT! anrl 


Macdougall 




Maguse 


T 1 p_o. 1 t\ C^, rrm^p 


Martre, Lac la 




Mackay 


T J Qc; i" TVTmm1"i3 in 


Nueltin, part 


T/ittlp Oiiill 


Nutarawit 




Felly.. 



I HYX/CAL GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA 



65 



4. Areas of Principal Canadian Lakes by Provinces concluded. 



tnea of Lak 


An 


Names of Lai, 


An 


\"t&gt;nli\v -&gt;t Territtirii- concluded 
liultx 


Square 
Mi 
123 


Yukon concluded. 
Ku.-a\va 


Square- 
Miles. 
56 


T IK I ll int ( &gt;a 




I.abrrgi 


s? 


Todatara ])ai i 




Mar.-h 


:\-2 


Yat hkvrd . 


858 


.:ish. part . 


18 






1 i "&lt;! i n M&lt;irt 


123 


Total 


11 301 






\ tikon 




Total 


649 


\ishihik .... 


107 






\ t I in p irt 


12 


Canada 


120,924 


Kluano 


1M 







Islands.- Tin 1 northern and western Coasts of Canada are 
skirted by clusters of island-. Those on the nortli are mostly within 
the Arctic circle. On the west. Vancouver and Queen Charlotte 
Islands are the largest and most important. On the east, hesido the 
separate island colony of Newfoundland, there are ( ape Breton 
Island, forming part of the province of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward 
Island, forming one of the nine provinces of Canada, the Magdalen 
Islands and the island of . \nticosti. To the south of Newfoundland 
are the two small islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon belonging to 
K ranee. In lake Huron is the island of Manitoiilin and the so-called 
Thirty Thousand Islands of (ii-on. ian Bay. In the St. Lawrence 
river, just below lake Ontario, are the picturesque Thousand Islands. 

GEOLOGY AND ECONOMIC MINERALS. 

By R. W. BROCK, M.A., LL.I)., F.d.S.. Dean. Faculty of Applied Science, 

University of British Columbia. 

Geological Investigations. --The geological investigation of 
Canada may be said to have commenced in 1843 with the organiza 
tion of the Geological Survey of Canada under Sir William Logan. 
The classical work of Logan and his little coterie of assistants. Murray, 
Hunt, Billings, and others, was summarized in the Geology of Canada, 
published in 1863, which deals with the southern portions of Ontario 
and Quebec. Since this was written, the work of the Geological 
Survey has gradually widened until at present it embraces the northern 
half of the continent of North America. Much of this work has been 
exploratory. The great field to be covered with a small force has 
prevented concentration of effort, and in no single district can it be 
claimed that the geological problems are completely solved. The 
natural difficulties of travel in the northland have rendered the pro 
gress of even reconnaissance work tedious, and a large part of Canada 
is still practically unexplored. Nevertheless sufficient has been done 
to make known its main geological features, to indicate roughly the 
territories that will be found to be mineral bearing, to presage the 
character of its mineral resources in the different geological provinces 
and to demonstrate that Canada is destined to become one of the 
great mining countries of the world. 
381315 



66 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 

A brief summary of the characteristics of the main natural 
divisions of the country will at least suggest the possibilities of great 
expansion in the mineral development of the country. , 

Appalachian Region.- -The southeastern portion of Quebec, 
together with the Maritime provinces, forms the northeastern exten 
sion of the Appalachian Mountain system. The Appalachian region 
is characterized by rock formations, ranging from pre-Cambrian to 
Carboniferous, that are typically disturbed and thrown into a succes 
sion of folds. In Canada the Appalachian extension is found to possess 
many of the minerals which have placed some of the eastern States 
in the foremost rank of mineral and industrial districts of the world. 
Important deposits of coal, iron, and gold are mined in Nova Scotia. 
Of lesser but still considerable importance, are the gypsum, stone and 
building material industries; manganese, antimony, tripolite and 
barite are also mined, and some attention has been paid to copper. 
The principal minerals of New Brunswick are gypsum, iron, coal, 
stone for building purposes -and grindstones, clays, antimony, man 
ganese, mineral water and oil-bearing shales. Natural gas is also an 
important product. The chief asbestos mines of the world are 
situated in southeastern Quebec, and there are important deposits 
of chrome iron ore, copper and pyrite. Iron ores and gold also occur. 

Lowlands of the St. Lawrence Valley.- -The southern portion 
of Ontario and the valley of the St. Lawrence are very similar geologi 
cally to the state of New York, and consist mainly of flat-lying 
Palaeozoic rocks. The mineral products are the same, viz., clay, 
cement and other building materials, petroleum, natural gas, salt, 
gypsum and other non-metallic minerals. 

Laurentian Plateau. North of the valley of the St. Lawrence, 
from Newfoundland to beyond the lake of the Woods, and enclosing 
Hudson bay like a huge V, is an area of pre-Cambrian rocks, estimated 
to cover 2,000,000 square miles, or over one-half of Canada. Over the 
greater portion reconnaissance surveys only have been made, and the 
southern fringe of it alone may be said to be known, and of this 
fringe only a portion has been prospected. These rocks of the pre- 
Cambrian are remarkable for the variety of useful and valuable min 
erals they contain. Iron, copper, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, plati 
num, lead, zinc, arsenic, pyrite, mica, apatite, graphite, feldspar, 
quartz, corundum, talc, actinolite, the rare earths, ornamental stones 
and gems, building materials, etc., are all found, and are, or have 
been profitably mined. Most of the other minerals, both common 
and rare, that are used in the arts have been found. Diamonds have 
not been located, but from their discovery in glacial drift from this 
area it is altogether probable that they occur. 

A tongue of these pre-Cambrian rocks extends into New York 
state, which supports some large and varied mineral industries. An 
other extension crosses over from Canada into Michigan, Wisconsin, 
and Minnesota. In it are located the Michigan copper mines and the 



GEOLOGY AND AVaVOM/C MINERALS 67 

great Lake Superior iron ranges. Along the southern edge of the pre- 
Cambrian in Canada, the only portion that has yd received any 
prospecting, there are already known copper and gold deposits in 
skatchewan and Manitoba, the gold ranges of the lake of the Woods, 
the silver of Thunder bay, a succession of iron ranges extending from 
Minnesota for hundreds of miles to Quebec, copper rocks of Michi- 
picoten and Bruce mines, the Sudlniry copper-nickel deposits (prob 
ably the largest high grade ore bodies in the world), the Montreal 
river and Cobalt silver areas, the world-famous Porcupine and other 
gold deposits, the corundum deposits of eastern Ontario, the magne 
tites of eastern Ontario and Quebec and their large apat ite-mica 
deposits. In the far north about Coronation gulf, are rocks that 
will warrant prospecting, since they bear native cupper very similar 
to the great Michigan occurrence 

Interior Plain.- The greater portions of Manitoba and Saskat 
chewan, that lie outside of the pre-Cambrian, and the province of 
Alberta, are pre-eminently agricultural; but in addition to furnish- 
in y; an important market for the product of the mines they will have 
a large output of non-metallic minerals. The Interior plain is under 
lain for the most part by sedimentary rocks, chiefly of Cretaceous 
age, containing coal, building stones, clays, some of them high grade, 
and cement materials. Natural gas over wide areas ami under great 
pressure has been tapped, and there is every indication of a Jar 
oil field in the northern portion, at 1&lt; of Alberta, and some oil 

has been encountered in the southw( r lhe lower sandstones of the 
Cretaceous along the Athabaska river, where they come to the surface, 
are for miles saturated with bitumen. These tar sands will probably 
average 12 per cent in maltha or asphaltum. Recent prospecting has 
discovered oil at Pouce Coupe on the Peace river, and at Fort Norman, 
on the Mackenzie river, near the Arctic circle. At other points in 
the Devonian rocks of the Mackenzie basin oil indications occur. 
The lignites of the eastern plains are useful for local purposes, and 
highly bituminized coals are found as the mountains are approached. 
Vast areas are underlain by lignite beds in Saskatchewan and Alberta, 
and the reserves of bituminous coal in Alberta are enormous. Gold 
is found in a number of the rivers coming from the mountains. Clay 
ironstone occurs in many parts of the northwest, and will in time be 
utilized. Salt and gypsum also occur. 

Cordilleran Belt.- -The Cordilleran belt in South America, in 
Mexico, and in the Western States, is recognized as one of the greatest 
mining regions of the world, noted principally for its wealth in gold, 
silver, copper and lead. The Cordilleras stand unparalleled in the 
world for the continuity, extent and variety of their mineral resources. 
In Canada and in Alaska this belt maintains its reputation, although 
in both, for the greater part, it is unprospected. In Canada the belt 
has a length of 1,300 miles and a width of 400 miles. It is pre-emin 
ently a great mining region. Its rocks range from the oldest forma 
tions to the youngest; vulcanism and mountain building processes 
have repeatedly been active. 

38131 5* * 



68 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 

While a number of mining camps have been developed near the 
International boundary line (Sullivan, Slocan, Rossland, Boundary, 
Copper Mt.) and along the Pacific coast (Britannia, Surf Inlet, 
Anyox, Stewart), and while some of the main streams have been 
prospected for placer gold, the greater part of the Cordilleran belt 
in Canada is as yet untouched. Probably not one-fifth can be said 
to have been prospected at all, not one-twentieth prospected in detail, 
and not one area however small, completely tested. The chief products 
of the lode mines of the Cordilleran belt in Canada are copper, gold, 
silver, lead and zinc. Yukon is noted for its production of placer 
gold and is now attracting attention with rich silver ores. In addition 
to these minerals there are, in this portion of the country, enormous 
resources of coal of excellent quality, varying from lignite to anthra 
cite, and conveniently distributed. Only the coal areas of the southern 
part of the province and a few small areas on the Telkwa, Skeena 
and Nass rivers and on the Yukon have as yet been examined. 

Great unprospected areas are known to contain, in places, coal 
formations, and will no doubt when explored add greatly to the 
present known reserves. The coal production is not large as compared 
with the supply; but a large increase in production may be expected 
in the near future, as these are the best steaming and coking coals 
in the west. 

Upon the knowledge already gleaned concerning the economic 
deposits of the Dominion by geological exploration, by prospecting 
and by actual mining, it is safe to predict that the mineral industry 
will become a very great and valuable one. Its development will 
render essential a close study of the geology of the country. The 
geological field in Canada is as rich and inviting as the mining. 
Perhaps half the rock history of the world is written in the pre- 
Cambrian, and it is of this portion that most remains to be deciphered. 
Since the greatest spread of these old rocks occurs in Canada, much 
of this work will fall to Canadian geologists, and the careful solution 
of the problems presented will be as valuable to science as to the 
mining industry. 

GEOLOGY IN RELATION TO AGRICULTURE IN CANADA. 

By WYATT MALCOLM, Department of Mines, Ottawa. 

The agricultural possibilities of any country are dependent upon 
the character of the soil and on the physiographic features. Both of 
these are closely related to the geology and geological history of the 
country. 

Soils. Soil, strictly speaking, consists of but a thin surface 
layer of loose material containing humus, derived from the decompo 
sition of organic matter and other compounds suitable for plant 
growth. The great proportion of both the soil and the subsoil consists 
of mineral matter. From the mineral constituents are derived potash 
and phosphoric acid, two of the chief compounds essential to the 
growth of vegetation. The mineral constituents are derived from 



OLOOY I\ RELATION TO AGRICULTURE 09 

rocks that through various processes have been decomposed into 
incoherent particles. Soils may he wholly residual, that is, they may 
consist of material derived from the decay of immediately underlying 
rocks; or they may consist of transported material or of a mixture 
of residual and transported material. 

The level, hilly or mountainous character of the count ry is depend 
ent on the nature of the rocks and on the process*-- of uplift, folding 
and erosion to which they have been subjected. Sedimentary rocks 
like sandstones and shales yield readily to the action of such destruc 
tive agent- Bfl variations of temperature, frost, rain, wind, running 
water and ice. and of chemical proc&gt; Mich as oxidation, hydration 

and carfoonation. The harder rocks, on the other hand, such as 
quart/ites. slates and granites, are more resistant : mountains composed 
of these are therefore more slowly subdued than are those composed 
of sandstones and shall 

Agricultural Regions.- The portion of Canada, the climatic 
conditions of which are favourable to agriculture, may be divided 
into live great region-: 

1. The Laurentian plateau, consisting of the. vast upland sur 
rounding Hudson l&gt;ay and underlain chiefly by igneous rocks, such 
aa granite, together with a less amount of hardened sediment-. 

2. The Appalachian region, occupying the Maritime Provinc 
and eastern Quebec and underlain by folded sediments and igneous 
rocks. 

3. The St. Lawrence lowlands of southern Quebec and southern 
Ontario, underlain by nearly horizontal sediment-. 

4. The Plain region of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, 
underlain by flat-lying sediment-. 

5. The Cordilleran region, the mountainous region extending 
from the Rocky mountains to the Pacific coast and underlain by 
folded sediments and igneous rocks. 

These five regions have all been exposed to weathering for a 
long time. The Laurentian plateau is the oldest land area of any 
great extent in Canada. 

During the long ages that this Laurentian continent has been 
exposed, the area to the southeast, south and west has been sub 
merged for long periods beneath the sea, and great thicknesses of 
sandstones, shales, and limestones have been laid down. These 
sediments have been elevated subsequently above sea level, certain 
sections such as southwestern Quebec, southern Ontario and the 
plains of Manitoba. Saskatchewan and Alberta rising so gently as to 
produce little disturbance of the rock strata ; while in eastern Quebec, 
New Brunswick, Xova Scotia and British Columbia the strata have 
been folded and crushed into mountain ranges and intruded by igneous 
rocks. 

The soils derived from these rocks by long subjection to decompos 
ing agencies were greatly disturbed in recent times by glaciation. 
Nearly the whole of Canada was covered by ice, which in the southern 



70 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 

part of the country had a general southerly movement. The result 
of the glaciation was that great stretches of country were denuded of 
soil, and other areas received accessions of a great quantity of trans 
ported material. Towards the close of the glacial period the outlets 
of many depressions were closed by lobes of the retreating glaciers 
and became filled with water. These lakes formed areas for the 
deposition of fine sediments, such as clay and silt, and on the final 
melting of the glaciers large stretches of level fertile land remained. 

Laurentian Plateau.- -The most extensive physiographic unit 
of Canada is the subdued Laurentian plateau. This is a gently sloping 
plateau of rather even surface, comparatively low and seldom rising 
2,000 feet above the sea. The hills breaking the even surface rise 
but a few hundred feet at most above the general level. 

It is a great U-shaped area surrounding Hudson bay and extends 
from the Atlantic ocean, on the Labrador coast, west to a line running 
northwest through lake Winnipeg, lake Athabaska, Great Slave 
lake and Great Bear lake. It extends south to lake Huron and 
lake Superior, and occupies nearly all the provinces of Ontario and 
Quebec, except the area southwest of a line running from Kingston 
to Georgian bay, that part of eastern Ontario forming the angle 
between the Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers, and that part of Quebec 
south of St. Lawrence river. 

This plateau is underlain by hardened sediments and igneous 
rocks. The latter are much more widespread than the former, and 
granitic types predominate. The rocks of this region are among the 
oldest rocks of which geologists have any knowledge. They are very 
resistant, and although they have been exposed to weathering since 
very early in the earth s history the inequalities in the surface features 
have not been wholly reduced. These inequalities have been 
augmented by glacial action. A further effect of glaciation was the 
denuding . of much of this region of its soil. Generally speaking, 
therefore, the physiographic and soil conditions are not favourable 
to agricultural pursuits. Over a great part of the area, however, 
sufficient soil has been retained to support a forest growth, although 
insufficient for agriculture, and it is to be regretted that large stretches 
of such land have been depleted of their forests and have become 
dreary, barren wastes. 

Within the plateau there are valleys where areas of softer rock 
have afforded a greater abundance of soil that has not been removed 
by glaciation, and beautiful cultivated fields lend a pleasing contrast 
to the surrounding forest. In places the sediments deposited in the 
basins of glacial lakes have reduced the inequalities of the surface and 
produced large level areas of arable land. Interesting examples of 
these are furnished by the Clay Belt of northern Ontario and Quebec, 
traversed by the Grand Trunk Pacific railway, and by the flat section 
of country along the main line of the Canadian Pacific railway a few 
miles north of Sudbury. 



GEOLOGY IX RKLATIOX TO AGRICULTURE 71 

Appalachian Region. The Appalachian region occupies the 
hilly part of southeastern Quebec and the Maritime Provinces. Here 
during remote geological ages the sedimentary heds of limestone, 
sandstone and shale that, had been deposited beneath the sea were 
folded into mountain ranges, and were much altered and hardened 
and intruded by igneous rocks. During long succeeding ages these 
mountains have been subdued, and little is left that may be regarded 
mountains except the Notre Dame range of Quebec with a general 
elevation of 1,000 to 2,000 feet and with peaks rising above l|, ."&gt;()() 
feet, the broken hilly country of the northwestern part of New Bruns 
wick, a section of this province bordering the buy of Fundy, and a 
central ridge in Nova Soctia. 

In the ordinary processes of erosion much of the loosened material 
resulting from rock decay was carried seaward, and in recent times 
glaciation denuded a great deal of the more elevated sections of 
country, leaving barely enough soil to support a forest growth. 

In some places sediments have been deposited subsequently to 
the great folding processes of earlier ages; they are unaltered, easily 
attacked by weathering agencies and are overlain by an ample depth 
of soil. The soils of Prince Edward Island, the Annapolis-Cornwallis 
valley and other sections are derived from these sandstones and shales 
of later deposition, the shales producing the clayey constituents and 
the sandstones yielding the sand that renders the soil porous and 
tillable. Calcareous slates have in places, such as in Carleton and 
York co mties, New Brunswick, broken down into fertile soils. In 
eastern Quebec sufficient soil has been retained in the valleys to render 
the land arable. 

The great fertility of the reclaimed marshes of Nova Scotia and 
New Brunswick is due to the fine silt deposited by the tides by which 
they were formerly submerged 

St. Lawrence Lowlands.- -The St. Lawrence lowlands consist 
of the generally level, arable land south of the Laurentian plateau. 
This lies on both sides of the St. Lawrence above Quebec, reaching 
south to the international boundary, occupies the eastern part of 
Ontario, east of a line running southward from a point about 50 miles 
west of Ottawa, and forms that portion of Ontario lying southwest of 
a line extending from Kingston to Georgian bay. 

These lowlands are among the most fertile of Canada s agricul 
tural sections. They are underlain by flat-lying shales and limestones 
which yield readily to weathering. The physiographic features are 
favourable, and the residual material derived from the decomposition 
of limestones and shales results in a fertile, calcareous, clayey soil. The 
loose surface deposits are of great depth, in places exceeding 200 feet. 

The lowlands were overridden by the great glacier. This glacia 
tion, however, had apparently slight denuding effect on this part 
of the country, but served to mix the loose materials resulting from 
the weathering of the shales and limestones, and contributed the 
potash-bearing ingredients transported from the granitic areas of the 
Laurentian plateau. 



72 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 

In some sections, as in the vicinity of the Great Lakes, sedimenta 
tion took place in large lakes produced by the blocking o c the outlets 
of the present lake basins by lobes of the retreating glacier. Recent 
sedimentation took place also over southwestern Quebec and eastern 
Ontario during submergence beneath the sea about the close of the 
glacial period. 

Plain Region.- -The plains of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and 
Alberta are underlain by nearly flat-lying shales and sandstones. 
These have weathered down into the clays and clay loams that have 
made the plains one of the great wheat-producing districts of the 
world. This part of Canada was also subjected to glaciation, but 
the great proportion of the surface deposits is derived from the under 
lying rocks. 

Some large stretches of the Plains region were submerged by 
glacial lakes in which fine silts and clays carried down from the sur 
rounding land and introduced by glacial streams were deposited. 
Such is the very fertile Red River valley. This is a part of the bed 
of a great lake that extended from the Laurentian plateau west to 
the Manitoba escarpment; it reached southward into the United 
States and northward 100 miles beyond lake Winnipeg. 

The great fertility of the prairie provinces is due in part to the 
mineral constituents of the soil and in part to the great accumulation 
of nitrogenous organic matter, the remains of ages of vegetable 
growth. 

Cordilleran Region.- -The Cordilleran region, extending from 
the Rocky mountains to the Pacific ocean, is underlain by igneous 
rocks of various kinds and by sediments that have been folded into 
mountain ranges and much altered. The whole region remains 
mountainous, though the interior section is reduced to an elevated 
plateau. Agricultural pursuits are therefore limited to the valleys. 
In these there are numerous terraces composed of silt carried down 
by streams issuing from former glaciers, the latter acting as eroding 
agents on the underlying rocks. These valley deposits are fertile 
and are well adapted to fruit culture. The soil of the lower Fraser 
is a heavier soil and consists chiefly of alluvium. 

Thus is Canada s rich heritage in green forests and broad waving 
fields of grain the result of the geological processes of ages?* Nature 
in her sterner moods produced those great upheavals, foldings and 
crushings of the earth s crust that resulted in the rugged and uneven 
stretches of country suited to the growth of forests; in her kindlier 
moments she slowly and gently and with little disturbance elevated 
above the sea the level or slightly undulating areas so well adapted 
to agriculture. Ages before man appeared upon the earth had the 
geological processes already determined what his pursuits should be 
and where they should be carried on. 










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6 ftocky Mountains prow nee 
7 Selkirk Mountains province 
3 Coast Mountains province 
9 Dry fie/ts province 



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Victor /a Afe/nor/a/ Museu/r? 



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To face page 73 



THE FLORA OF CANADA 73 



THE FLORA OF CANADA. 1 

By M. O. MALTE, Ph.D., Chief Botanist, National Herbarium, Department of 

Mines, Ottawa. 

I XTRODUCTION. 

It is a well known fact that, at a geologically recent period, 
practically the whole of Canada from the Rocky mountains east 
was covered with glacial i (V which, slowly advancing southward, 
reached as far as central Missouri in the United States. Whatever 
veuetation may have flourished in Canada before the glacial period 
wa&gt; gradually forced to migrate southward as the ice advanced. 
During this retreat many species were no doubt wiped out of exist 
ence. Inn a certain number, belonging perhaps largely to types which 
now are found in the arctic regions, managed to survive. In fact, 
we must surmise that , during the glacial period, the vegetation immed 
iately in front of the continental ice was arctic in character and that, 
when the glaciation reached its maximum, those parts of the United 
States which were immediately to the south of the ice had a flora 
similar to that now existing in the far north. 

With the return of a warmer climate and the gradual recession 
of the continental ice, vegetation began to move back northward, 
with the Arctic types as a vanguard followed by more temperate 
and southern om Generally speaking, the Canadian flora, as it 
e\i-t- today, may therefore be said to be composed of immigrants 
that took possession of the country after the glacial period and 
established themselves in botanical provinces in accordance with 
their specific requirements. These botanical provinces, generally 
referred to as zones, will be briefly described in the following pages. 
For the boundaries of the various zones, see the accompanying map. 

The Arctic Zone. Botanically, the arctic zone is the region 
lying north of the tree line. In Canada it extends far to the south 
of the arctic circle, especially in the eastern parts of the Dominion. 
Its southern limit is, roughly, a line running from the estuary of 
Mackenzie river to the mouth of Churchill river on the west coast 
of Hudson bay. East of Hudson bay, the tree line, i.e., the southern 
boundary of the arctic zone, runs from about lat. 56 on Richmond 
gulf to the mouth of George river on the eastern shore of Ungava bay, 
and from there in a southeasterly direction along the cost of Labrador 
to Hamilton inlet. South of Hamilton inlet a narrow strip along the 
coast as far south as the strait of Belle Isle and extending a short 
distance to the west from there is also barren of real trees and there 
fore has an arctic aspect. This strip can hardly be included in the 
arctic zone proper, however, although a few arctic plants may be 
found there; the lack of trees and the barren appearance in general 
are caused by the arctic current which flows from the north along the 
coast and through the strait of Belle Isle. 

!This article is a revised and popularized edition of a paper, entitled "Flora of Canada," by the late 
Mr. J. M. Maroun, C.M.G., F.L.S., and the writer, published in Canada Year Book, 1915, and also as 
Mu-eum Bulletin No. 26, Geological Survey, Department of Mines, Ottawa, 1917. 



74 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 

The vegetation in the arctic zone is, generally speaking, of a 
low-growing and even dwarfed type. As mentioned above, the arctic 
zone has no real trees. The woody plants, even when half a century 
old or more, reach a very inconspicuous height in comparison with 
their next of kin farther south and are often prostrate or even trailing 
along the ground. In the more northern parts of the arctic zone the 
most conspicuous woody plants are willows and dwarf birches. Far 
ther south, on the tundra, i.e., the more or less boggy lowlands north 
of the tree line, the woody plants are chiefly represented by members 
of the blueberry family. 

In respect to herbaceous vegetation, the arctic flora of Can 
ada is very closely related to the so-called circumpolar flora in 
general. Not only are there many species in arctic Canada which 
occur all around the north pole, but in general characteristics the 
Canadian arctic plants are very similar to arctic plants elsewhere, 
and particularly to those growing in Greenland and arctic Europe. 

A striking form of growth encountered in many species is the 
dense, compact, bunchy type, which especially is found well developed 
on rocky ground in the northern sections of the arctic zone. This 
form of growth, as is well known, is characteristic also of arid and 
semi-arid regions in hot climates, and at first sight it may seem strange 
that it should also be found in the arctic. The arctic zone, however, 
from a plant physiological point of view, is somewhat akin to arid 
regions farther south. In the latter regions the bunch growth is 
generally considered to be associated with a shortage of water supply 
in the ground, and so it may also be considered in the arctic, to some 
extent at least. For, even if the , ground may apparently be well 
supplied with moisture, the plants relying upon the moisture are 
often unable to utilize it on account of the temperature in the ground 
being at times so low that the water-absorbing parts of the plants are 
incapable of functioning. 

Compactness of growth is also displayed by a number of plants 
which, although not growing in defined bunches, form dense and often 
rather extended mats. On the other hand, however, there are quite 
a number of species which grow neither in bunches nor in mats; 
these are common especially on the tundra. 

Practically all arctic plants are perennials. Owing to the short 
ness of the season they are often caught by early frost before they have 
ripened their fruit and when still developing blossoms. Indeed, many 
species enter the winter regularly in this condition and hibernate 
with flower and leaf buds in an advanced stage of development. When 
the returning sun again wakes them up to renewed activity, they are 
therefore ready to spring into blossom over-night, as it were, and to 
present a surprisingly rapid development of vegetative as well as of 
floral organs. 

The Sub-arctic Forest Zone. The sub-arctic or so-called 
coniferous forest extends, in the east, from the arctic zone south 
ward to a line running approximately from Anticosti to the south end 
of lake Winnipeg. This line is practically identical with the northern 



THE FLORA OF CANADA 75 

limits of the white and the red pine. West of lake \\ innipe- the 
sub-arctic forest is I .minded to the south and west l&gt;y the prairie* 
and the foothills of the Rocky mountains, respectively, The &lt; iaspe 
peninsula and .-ections of New Brunswick may also be included in 
the sub-arctic forest zone. 

The sub-arctic forest, as the name indicates, is decidedly boreal, 
The trees do not reach any imposing hehiht and the number of species 
which make up the forest is small in comparison with the number 
occurring in the hardwood forest /.one to the south. The sub-arctic 
forest is largely coniferous in character, the black and white spruce 
being the dominating trees. Of the other coniferous trees the Bank- 
sian pine is the most important species. It reaches perfection in the 
western part of the zone and constitutes the chief source of supply 
of lumber for the northern prairie region. The other trees character 
istic of the zone in general are aspen and balsam poplar, white birch, 
larch, and balsam fir. Between the gulf of St. Lawrence and lake 
Winnipeg, white cedar, white elm. and ash are occasionally met with, 
but these trees can not be considered to belong to the sub-arctic 
forest proper. 

Perhaps the most striking characteristic of the sub-arctic forest 
is the abundance of berry shrubs; as examples may be mentioned 
gooseberries, currants, blueberries, raspberries, yellow-berries, and 
high-b ish cranberries. Another striking feature in the complexion 
of the sub-arctic forest is the remarkable uniformity, in general 
character as well as in species, exhibited throughout the zone. This 
lack of variety is especially striking in the vegetation of the bogs, 
which are very numerous throughout the zone, the species encountered 
in the bogs of any one part of the zone being characteristic of prac 
tically the whole sub-arctic forest. 

On the whole, the herbaceous flora of the sub-arctic forest is 
remarkably uniform throughout, and hardly a species is found that 
does not occur either in the arctic zone or in the hardwood forest 
zone to the south. A noteworthy exception to this rule is a small 
water lily, in fact the smallest of the water lilies, which is found in 
the sub-arctic forest zone only. 

The sub-arctic forest zone is as yet almost undisturbed by 
settlers except in some sections of the eastern provinces, for instance 
in parts of the so-called clay belts of northern Quebec and Ontario. 
It forms a vast reserve of national wealth and may in the future, 
subject to judicious management, furnish the chief supply of wood for 
the pulp and paper industries in eastern North America. 

The Hardwood Forest Zone.- -The hardwood forest zone 
includes all eastern Canada south of the sub-arctic forest, with the 
exception of a small region in southern Ontario which extends between 
the shore of lake Erie and a line running approximately from Toronto 
to Windsor. 

The hardwood forest zone is characterized chiefly by deciduous 
trees, the principal ones being basswood, sugar maple, red maple, 
black ash, white ash, white elm, yellow birch, red oak, burr oak, and 



76 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 

beech. Of the coniferous trees white pine, red pine, hemlock, and 
white cedar are the most important. The underbrush, although very 
variable and made up of a great number of species, is generally rather 
scanty and becomes conspicuous, as a component of the forest, only 
along the borders of the woods or where the woods are open. Among 
the most typical shrubs may be mentioned service berry, moosewood, 
purple flowering raspberry, sumach, poison ivy, and arrow-woods. 

As the rainfall is abundant throughout the hardwood forest 
zone, the herbaceous vegetation is rich, in species as well as in indiv 
iduals, everywhere where light and soil conditions are favourable. In 
the woods proper it is rather insignificant after the foliage of the trees 
is fully developed. In the spring, however, it is very luxuriant and, 
especially where the soil is rich and deep, there is a magnificent 
display of beautifully coloured and showy flowers, for instance 
trillium, bellwort, dog s-tooth violet, showy orchis, jack-in-the-pulpit, 
spring beauty, violets (blue, yellow and white forms), hepatica, 
dutchman s breeches, squirrel corn, bloodroot, pepper-root, barren 
strawberry, flowering wintergreen, blue phlox, etc. Others, less con 
spicuous but characteristic of the hardwood forest s spring flora, 
are species of sedges, wild ginger, blue cohosh, mitrewort, star flower, 
showy lady s slipper, etc. 

During the summer the herbaceous vegetation is chiefly confined 
to the borders of the woods, clearings, and other places where the 
growth is not suppressed or kept back on account of too much shade. 
Characteristic of the bogs are, among others, various species of orchids 
and the pitcher-plant. 

The autumn flowers are chiefly members of the composite family, 
with asters, golden rods, and joe-pye in greatest profusion. 

Very characteristic of the hardwood forest zone is the autumral 
colouring of the leaves of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants. This 
autumnal colouring lasts a comparatively long time, from about 
the first week of September to the second week in October, dependent 
on the dryness of the season. During that period a splendid display 
of colours is exhibited, especially in open, mixed woods where the 
underbrush is well developed. Shades of yellow, golden bronze, 
red and scarlet are mixed in a gorgeous symphony of colours, generally 
modulated most marvellously by the sombre, deep, dark or bluish 
green of the conifers which are dotted among the deciduous trees. 
No such wealth of autumnal colour is met with in any of the other 
zones. 

The Carolinian Zone.- -This zone is confined to a small tract 
of land in southern Ontario, bounded to the south by lake Erie 
and to the north by a line running approximately from the northern 
shore of lake Ontario to Windsor. Its flora is most typically developed 
on the Niagara peninsula and on the shore of lake Erie. In general 
physiognomy it is rather similar to the hardwood forest flora just 
described, but it differs greatly as far as characteristic species, and 
even genera, are concerned. It is decidedly southern as to species, 
and exhibits a large number of plants, woody as well as herbaceous, 
which occur nowhere else in Canada. 



Till . FLORA or CANADA 77 

The most characteristic trees ;tn- the hickories (six specie 
the oaks (ten species), the black walnut, the chestnut, and the Byca- 
more. Less abundant and more local in their distribution are the 
cucumber tree, the tuli]) tree, the flowering dogwood, which all have 
beautiful and very conspicuous flowers, the papaw. the red mulberry, 
the American erahapple. the sour gum, the BassafraSB, and others. 

The herbaceous vegetation is very rich and at least a hundred 
species which occur nowhere else in Canada are found in the zone. 
A tew of the most conspicuous ones may be mentioned, viz: yellow 
nelumbo or lotus flower, may apple, wild lupine, tick trefoil, flowering 
spurge, swam]) rose mallow, wild pansy, prickly pear, poke milkweed, 
wild potato vine, downy phlox, water-leaf, bee balm, fox-glove, 
tall bell ilower, great lobelia, inmweed. den&gt;e button snakeroot, prairie 
dock, cup plant, sunflowers, tall coreopsis, Indian plantain, showy 
lady s slipper, etc. 

Golden seal and ginseng were at one time abundant but are now 
practically extinct. Indeed a similar fate is also threatening many 
of the other species characteristic of the zone, the reason generally 
being clearing of the land for agricultural purpose 

The Prairie. Under the general term prairie is understood the 
vast gra88-COVered area of the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, 
and Alberta. It is bounded to the east and north by the sub-arctic 
forest and to the west by the foothills of the Rocky mountains. 

The prairie, which begins a few miles east of Winnipeg, has been 
subdivided into three /ones, known as the first, second and third 
"prairie steppe." These zones are rather indefinite, botanically 
speaking, and they have one thing in common as far as the vegeta 
tion is concerned. The luxuriance and general appearance of their 
flora are to a conspicuous degree dependent on the rain and snowfall. 
In case of the spring vegetation, the rainfall during the previous year 
and the snowfall during the preceding winter are dominant factors. 
so much so that, in the event of lack of sufficient precipitation, the 
spring flora may in certain years be either very poorly represented or 
even almost entirely absent. The summer and fall vegetation are 
to an equal extent dependent on the present season s precipitation 
and thus it may happen that a district which one year displays a 
luxuriant growth, rich in species and individuals, may a following 
year appear almost barren of flowering plants. Lack of precipitation 
is also largely responsible for the fact that in some seasons the gr; 
vegetation, so characteristic to the prairie, may remain practically 
at a standstill without heads or seeds being formed. 

First Prairie Steppe. --This, as defined by the late Professor 
John Macoun, includes "the low plain of Manitoba, bounded by a 
line of elevated country, which commences at the international 
boundary at a point some distance w r est of Emerson, and extends 
northwestwardly under the names of Pembina, Riding, Duck, Por 
cupine and Pas mountains." 

The southeastern part of the area so defined differs from the true 
prairie in that it is characterized by many woodland plants which have 



78 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 



their home east of the Great Lakes but which occur rarely, if at all, 
between lake Huron and the Manitoba border. Among these plants 
may be mentioned nettle tree, basswood, wild plum, hawthorn, 
Virginia creeper, moonseed, bloodroot, columbine, hog peanut, tick 
trefoil, prickly cucumber, species of gentian, lousewort, Indian 
paint-brush, ox-eye, cone-flower, etc. 

The prairie proper of the first prairie steppe is confined chiefly 
to what is known as the Red River valley, i.e., the low, flat plains 
south and west of Winnipeg. In this region trees are met with only 
in narrow fringes along the rivers, oak, elm, poplars, and Manitoba 
maple being the most abundant. Away from the borders of streams 
the prairie is treeless. It is covered with an abundance of herbaceous 
plants the most widely represented families being the composite 
family (asters, golden rods, etc.), the rose family, the pea family, the 
grass family, and the sedge family, but the species representing 
them can hardly be said to be characteristic of the zone, as practically 
all of them are found in suitable localities farther west. 

Second Prairie Steppe. This extends westward to a line 
running approximately from the international boundary at longi 
tude 103 30 in a northwesterly direction to Battleford. 

The flora is rather diversified and several very different plant 
associations are met with. In the north, where the prairie and the 
sub-arctic forest meet, the flora is composed of species characteristic 
of both zones, as is also the flora of the northern parts of the third 
prairie steppe. In the southwestern part of the second prairie steppe, 
i e the country southwest of Moose mountain, in Saskatchewan, 
the vegetation is in many respects similar to that of the drier sections 
of the third prairie steppe. The grass is very short and the vegetation 
in general of a type adapted to regions with a scant precipitation. 
In places, large sandy tracts exist which are covered with a profusion 
of cactus, and in others there is no vegetation except that peculiar 
to arid land. Extending from the hills forming the boundary between 
the first and second prairie steppes there is much broken or park- 
like country. This is also met with in the Qu Appelle River valley 
and in other parts of the zone. Poplar and oaks are the chief trees 
of the bluffs and the herbaceous vegetation, as may be expected, is 
made up of a mixture of prairie and woodland forms. 

The major part of the second prairie steppe is true prairie, with 
no trees except in the river valleys. Shrubs occur, generally in low 
thickets or copses, and very frequently in small clumps composed of 
a single species. On the exposed prairie, where their growth always is 
stunted, occur: snowberry, silver berry, buffalo berry, saskatoon, 
roses, and others. In damp situations meadow sweet is met ^with, 
and in wet places, such as the borders of ponds and marshes, willows 
are abundant. The herbaceous vegetation varies somewhat with 
soil conditions but, taking the second prairie steppe as a whole, the 
numerous members of the pea family, which are met with every 
where, are perhaps the most characteristic flowering plants. 



THE FLO If A OF CANADA 79 

Third Prairie Steppe. --This includes the rest of the prairie 
up to the foothills of the Rocky mountains. In its northern parts. 
i.e. north of lat. 52, the flora is very similar to that of the second 
prairie steppe, but in the southern parts it is very different. 

Kxcept on Wood mountain and Cypress hills no trees occur 
except along the borders of streams in the valleys, and the ponds, 
marshes, and lakes are not even fringed with shrubs. The rivers and 
creeks flow in dee]-), narrow valleys and the country in general is 
broken by coulees and low hills. The precipitation is scant and, 
a&lt; a result, the vegetation has a poverty-stricken appearance and is 
often almost desert-like in character. In fact, a large number of flower 
ing plants occur which approach typical desert plants in being pro 
tected, in some way or other, against a too rapid loss of the 
moisture which they manage to absorb from the soil. Among such 
plants could be mentioned many species characterised by a dense 
grayish or white covering of thick, woolly hairs, and other- which have 
no leaves. 

Large districts, especially in the Coteau de Missouri belt, are 
characterized by the absence of drainage valleys, the result being 
that the water in the la! :id ponds is generally saline and that 

numerous alkali tlats occur. The vegetation in such situations is 
sparse and largely made up of plants especially fitted for soils rich 
in salt. Indeed, in these inland ponds and marshes, a number of 
plants thrive which normally occur in profusion on the shores of the 
Atlantic ocean. 

The Rocky Mountains. A great number of prairie species 
reach a considerable altitude in the foothills of the Rocky mountains. 
On the other hand, a number of sub-alpine forms descend practically 
to the prairie, the result being that in the foothills, where the two 
types of vegetation intermingle, the flora is very rich in species. As 
the foothills and the lower slopes are ascended, the prairie forms 
(dually disappear and are replaced by mountain species. The 
vegetation in general becomes more luxuriant in appearance, the 
herbaceous plants grow 7 taller, shrubs become an important feature 
in the flora, and finally real forests are reached. 

In the well developed forests on the slopes the trees are largely 
coniferous, the principal ones being lodge-pole pine, whitebark pine, 
white spruce, balsam fir and, highest up, larch. The shrubs are few 
in number, except in open and springy places, where bewildering 
thickets composed of many species of willows are found. The herb 
aceous vegetation is also rather scant, except along the edges, in open 
spaces, and along brooks and rivulets. In the dense forest, members 
of the blue-berry and winter-green families are conspicuous. 

On the grassy slopes abpve the tree line the herbaceous vegeta 
tion again becomes very rich in species, exhibiting the richness and 
brilliancy of colour in the flowers so characteristic of alpine vegeta 
tion in general, until, just below the snow line, it takes on an appear 
ance suggestive of arctic vegetation. In fact, many species occur on 
the higher levels in the Rockies which also have their homes in the 



80 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 



arctic regions, a fact which may be satisfactorily explained, in the 
words of Darwin, as a result of conditions caused by the glacial 
period as follows: "As the warmth returned (after the glaciation 
had reached its height) the arctic forms would retreat northward, 
closely followed up in their retreat by the productions of the more 
temperate regions. And as the snow melted from the bases of mount 
ains the arctic forms would seize on the cleared and thawed ground 
always ascending higher and higher, as the warmth increased, whilst 
their brethren were pursuing their northern journey, lence when 
the warmth had fully returned the same arctic species, which had 
lately lived in a body together in the lowlands . . . . . would 
left isolated on distant mountain summits (having been exterminated 
on all lesser heights) and in the arctic regions . 

The Selkirk Mountains. While the Rockies may be looked 
upon as a chain of individual mountains, the Selkirk range has more 
the character of a high-level plateau from which the peaks rise. As 
a result there are real alpine meadows in the Selkirks whereas, in the 
Rockies, similar plant formations are generally met with on steep 
slopes. The differences in the vegetation of the Rockies and 
Selkirks above the tree line are conspicuous and are due largely to 
differences in the amount of precipitation, the Selkirks being favoured 
with a much more abundant moisture supply. For this reason the 
alpine meadow plant associations of the Selkirks extend almost to 
the snow line and, for the same reason, a number of high-alpine plants, 
which in the Rockies are characteristic of the bare peaks above the 
grassy slopes, are not met with at all in the Selkirks. 

The Selkirk forest differs from that of the Rocky mountains with 
regard to composition, as far as the trees are concerned, the principal 
species being cedar, Douglas fir, hemlock, and Engelmann s spruce. 
The undergrowth is, on the mountains proper, quite similar to that 
of the Rocky mountain forest and, although more luxuriant, is not 
represented by many species. 

In the lower valleys, however, and on lower levels where the 
forest is more open in character, the shrubby as well as the herbaceous 
undergrowth is very different. Not only is it luxuriantly developed, 
but the species of which it is composed are of a different type. The 
Rocky mountain flora is disappearing, its place being taken to such 
an extent by Pacific coast species that the casual observer will find it 
rather difficult to detect any conspicuous difference between the flora 
of the Selkirk valleys and that of the coniferous forest of the Pacific 
coast. 

The Coast Mountains. Although having a large number of 
plant species in common with the Selkirks, the Coast range must be 
considered a distinct botanical zone, as many species occur there 
which are confined to the Pacific coast. The coast range is also the 
home of several species which are very local in their occurrence and 
which, as far as is known at present, do not grow anywhere else. 



Till-: FU&gt;l{.\ (&gt;F CANADA 81 

Owing to the long growing season, the higli average temperat ure, 
and the abundance &lt;&gt;i the precipitation, the vegetation in the valleys 
and lowlands of the ( oast range is almost sub-tropical in appearance. 
The 1 trees, especially the cedar, the Douglas fir, and the spruce, reach 
gigantic dimensions, and the forest, even when very dense, DOM 
a luxuriant undergrowth. In old, untouched forests, fallen trunks, 
shrubs, and herbs form an almost impenetrable tangle. This is especi 
ally the ease where salal and devil s club are luxuriantly developed. 

Of trees characteristic of the valleys and the lowlands may be 
mentioned cedar, Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, hemlock, white fir, red 
alder, crabapple, broad-leaved maple, cascara. and of shrubs, several 
species of willows. Oregon grape, species of currants and gooseberri 
thimbleberry. salmonberry, roses, juneberry or saskatoon, devil s club, 
salal, blueberries, and red-fruited elder. 

The herbaceous vegetation is very rich. Many species of beau 
tiful ferns are abundant, and the gra- elation, especially along 
the coast, is luxuriantly developed. Of other herbaceous plants 
may be mentioned skunk cabbaue. trillium, wild lily-of-the-valley, 
yellow pond lily, fringe-cup, false mitrewort, alum root, bleeding 
heart. Boat s beard, t winflower. aster, etc. 

The major part of Vancouver island has a typical Coast Kange 
flora. The southeastern section, however, has a vegetation of a quite 
different type. Then-, the growth is influenced by the comparatively 
int precipitation, with little rain between spring and fall. As a 
result the spring vegetation is much more con-picuous than the summer 
and fall vegetation, especially on open and rocky land. In addition, 
the section is characterized by a number of species which are more 
or less of a California!) type and which occur nowhere else in Canada. 
Among the plants in the southeastern section of Vancouver island 
may be mentioned an exceedingly large number of gr among 

which the most conspicuous ones are several species of brome grasses, 
camas. wild hyacinth, blue-eyed gr &lt;pring-bcauty, lupins, bird- 
foot clover, tall vetch, marsh hollyhock, godetia, arbutus or madrona, 
gilia, grove-lover, paint-brush, et 

Dry Belts of British Columbia. A few words may finally be 
said about the most important dry belts of British Columbia, including 
the Okanagan and the Kamloops district-. These regions, owing to 
the scant precipitation and to the nature of the soil, have a flora 
which strangely contrasts with that of the other parts of the British 
Columbia mainland. 

In the dry belts two floristic subdivisions may be recognized 
which, how T ever, run more or less into each other and for this reason 
will not be dealt with separately. One subdivision is characterized 
by so-called bunch grasses, of w r hich "wild rye" is the most conspicu 
ous species, and is more or less destitute of forest-forming trees. The 
other floristic subdivision of the dry belts is more densely wooded, 
the characteristic tree of the forest being the yellow pine. On the 
whole, the dry belts may be said to be park-like in general character, 
with a rather desert-like ground vegetation. 

381316 



82 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 

FAUNAS OF CANADA. 

By P. A. TAVERNER, Department of Mines, Ottawa. 

Whether the fauna of the western hemisphere was derived from 
that of the eastern, or vice versa, as is contended by various authori 
ties, there is a close relationship between them, and one of these con 
tentions is certainly true. Geological evidence shows that in previous 
ages types now found in but one of the great continental circum polar 
divisions were once common to both. Old and now submerged land 
connections between the continents have been postulated both from 
zoological and geological evidence, and a more or less complete con 
tinuity of land throughout the northern hemisphere, in former times, 
must be acknowledged before present American biotal conditions can 
be thoroughly understood. That this connection was in the far 
north and in what is now arctic or sub-arctic climate did not prohibit 
a continual interchange of warmth-loving species, for the presence of 
coal in very high latitudes points to milder if not tropical or sub 
tropical conditions where now we find perpetual snow and ice. We 
must therefore conceive of a pre-glacial time when tree-ferns and 
other luxuriant coal-producing forests occupied extreme northern 
lands, and such animals as elephants, horses and other warmth-loving 
species could spread from one continent to the other. 

This intercontinental connection must have been made and broken 
numbers of times by the recurrence of glacial periods which covered 
this country with ice to well south of the present Great Lakes and 
must at times have formed barriers to the passage of life across the 
far north more complete even than we find today. During these 
periods of alternate isolation and connection there was ample time 
and opportunity for wide divergence in development in the faunas 
of the separated land masses, the extinction of connecting links and 
the occurrence of many complexities to confuse the clear picture of 
the historical succession until today we find a nearly identical cir- 
cumpolar fauna at the north progressively breaking up and differ 
entiating into peculiar and special New and Old World forms as it 
proceeds south. 

Having considered the history and consequent relation of North 
American life to that of the world in general, we can take up the details 
of its distribution on our continent. The general trend of geographical 
distribution in Canada is from southeast to northwest. Ocean 
currents have much to do with this. Our east coast is chilled by the 
cold arctic current coming directly down from the polar ice fields 
through Davis strait, and the west coast is warmed by the grateful 
temperature of the great final sweep of the Japan current. When we 
realize that the barren Labrador coast of the gulf of St. Lawrence 
is in almost the same latitude as southern British Columbia and is 
slightly south of the most southerly point of the British Isles, we can 
see what a great and fundamental influence these ocean currents 
have on the distribution of life upon our continent. Elevation is 
another factor that has a determining influence on climate and the 
distribution of animal life. It is well known that high mountains 



FAUNAS &lt;&gt;F C AX ADA 83 



even in the tropics present arctic conditions at their peaks. L&lt; 
elevation has similar effect in proportion to its height and often a 
rise of a few hundred feet will produce conditions that otherwise 
would only occur at considerable distance to the north. Not only 
do hill and mountain ranges thus project long tongues of northern 
faunas into southern localities but on the retreat of the ice at the end 
of glacial epochs they formed northern oases for the retreating cold- 
loving forms as they withdrew from the gradually warming lowlands. 
We thus have true arctic "relicts" of an ancient order isolated on 
mountain tops far from their natural geographical habitat boreal 
islands in a sea of more southern life. 

The general outline of zonal life distribution is well known. All 
are familiar with the fact that tropical life differs from temperate and 
from arctic, ( lose study, however, shows that besides these broad 
and obvious associations are minor on* Various attempts have been 
made to map them out, and perhaps the most sue ul and generally 
accepted one for our purpo^-s is that by Dr. C.Hart Merriam. This 
divides North America into three regions, a Boreal, Austral and a 
Tropical one, with the first two each divided into three life /on* 
the Arctic, lludsoniaii and Canadian /ones for the Boreal region and 
the Transition, and I pper and Lower Austral zones for the Austral 
Hegion. In Canada we have five of these zones represented from 
the north: the Arctic, Hudsonian. Canadian, Transition and Upper 
Austral. These extend across the continent, roughly agreeing with 
latitude, but thrown out of regularity, as previously indicated, by 
local conditions and agreeing closely with the mid-summer isotherms 
or temperature be\\&lt;. 

The Arctic zone is the so-called barren land of the far north, 
treeless and almost shrubless, and extends south to include all the 
north shore of the continent as well as the islands above. The dis 
tinctive land mammals of this zone are the polar bear, the musk ox, 
Barren Land caribou, arctic fox, arctic hare and lemming. 
Amongst the characteristic birds are snow buntings, ptarmigan, 
longspurs, snowy owl and the gyrfalcons. This is the great nesting 
ground for many of our waders and more northern ducks and geese. 
There are few residents, as most forms migrate in winter. 

The Hudsonian zone is the land of scrub forests, small stunted 
trees, mostly coniferous, and scattered dwarf willows and poplars. 
The southern boundary of this zone extends from the north shore 
of the gulf of St. Lawrence to near the mouth of James Bay, 
thence in a wavy curve to Great Slave lake where it drops south 
suddenly to a latitude about on line with the lower point of the Alaska 
Pan-handle, and thence to near the coast. It thus includes the 
southern TJngava peninsula, a narrow belt extending northwest 
from James "bay, the Yukon, northern British Columbia and 
southern Alaska. It is penetrated from the north by the Arctic 
zone which persists on the mountains of the Yukon and from the 
south by the Canadian zone which follows up the valleys of 
the Mackenzie and Peace rivers. It is shut off from the sea on the 
Pacific side by the Alaska Pan-handle which has an intrusive Canadian 
38131 6 



84 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 

fauna. On the other hand, it works down the Rocky mountains in a 
narrow band and scattered isolated spots to across the United States 
boundary. This zone can be considered more as a transition between 
the Canadian and Arctic zones than a primary division itself. It 
contains species whose centres of abundance are on either hand and 
a few peculiar to it. Musk oxen, caribou and ptarmigan range into 
it in winter from the north, and it forms the extreme northern dis 
tribution of woodland caribou and moose. Its most characteristic 
birds are the rough-legged hawk, great-grey owl, northern shrike, 
pine grosbeak, white-winged cross-bill and fox sparrow. 

The Canadian zone occupies the greater area of Canada and 
can be roughly denned as the heavy coniferous forest belt. It includes 
practically all the remainder of the Dominion except the inner shores 
of the Nova Scotia peninsula, southern Ontario and Quebec in a 
narrow strip from about Montreal to just below Georgian bay on lake 
Huron, the prairies, a small irregular fringe along the Pacific coast 
opposite Vancouver island and a few mountain valleys penetrating 
the southern boundary of British Columbia. Beyond our borders it 
extends irregularly south on the mountains and nigh land near both 
coasts, including the south shores of lake Superior, and penetrates 
the Hudsonian zone on the north along the valleys of the Mackenzie 
and Peace rivers and runs up most of the Alaska Pan-handle. This 
is the first land fit for systematic cultivation. The characteristic life 
is more numerous than in the preceding zones and includes the 
moose, woodland caribou, lynx, marten, porcupine, varying hare, 
white-throated sparrow, numerous warblers, olive-backed thrush, 
three-toed woodpeckers, pileated woodpecker, spruce grouse and 
Canada jay. 

The Transition zone is agriculturally the most important Cana 
dian faunal division. It lies just along the southern border, including 
most of both shores of the bay of Fundy, Quebec, below the gulf of 
St. Lawrence, a narrow belt following the north shores of lakes 
Ontario and Erie, all of the western prairies and intrusive valleys into 
the south of British Columbia and the shores of the strait of Georgia. 
The name Transition well describes this fauna. It contains compara 
tively few distinctive species, but is where many northern and southern 
forms meet. Except in the prairies it is the country of the hardwood 
forests where many of the temperate and hardier fruits, vegetables and 
cereals reach their highest perfection and is the northern limit of some 
of the tenderer ones. Its southern limit lies in the United States 
below, striking almost squarely across the continent on a line with 
the lower points of the Great Lakes, with excursions southward along 
the mountain ranges east and west and penetrated by extensions of 
the Upper Austral fauna along warm lowland valleys in the west. It 
forms the northern limit of range of the cotton-tail and jack-rab"bits 
and the American elk, and is just touched upon by the varying hare 
from the north; the common mole of the south meets the Star-nosed 
and Brewer s mole of the north and the wild cat partially replaces the 
Canada lynx. Amongst birds, the wild turkey, bob-white, two cuckoos, 
towhee, wood thrush and yellow-throated vireo are at the northern 



FAUNAS &lt;H CANADA 85 



Limit of their ranges, and the Baltimore oriole, bluebird, catbird and 
bobolink overlap the solitary vireo and Wilson s thrush. 

The I pprr Austral zone in ( anada is small in area but important 
in production. It just crosses our borders in a narrow shore belt along 
lake Krie extending to the south side of lake ( )ntario and including the 
Niagara Peninsula. It forms the famous Ontario fruit belt and is 
comparatively strongly marked by quite a number of characteristic 
form pecially amongst plant-. It extends south as far afl the 

northern borders of the dull States, variously dotted and cut into by 
intrusive branches of the neighbouring faunas from either side, especi 
ally in the broken country of the west. 

There are not many peculiar mammals that are well known to 
the general public, and perhaps the opns&lt;um i- the most distinctive. 
Among birds we have the yellow-breasted chat, mockingbird. 
Carolina wren, Carolina chickadee, orchard oriole, barn owl, a 
number of distinctive southern warblers and southern subspecific 
forms allied to more northern variations. 

These make the latitudinal or thermal divisions of our faunal 
life. Outside of the species mentioned are numerous forms that 
extend over the whole area, but show in different /ones variations 
recognizable to the expert but stopping short of specific distinction. 
A u.od example is the hairy woodpecker. This bird breeds over all 
the wooded parts of North America, but the birds from the Lower 
Austral zone are quite separable by the trained eye from those of the 
I pper Austral and Transition and the&gt;e from the large northern form 
of the lludsonian. This is but on&lt; of many where a northern 

and a southern race exi&gt;t in the san ind which we designate 

subspecies. Some of the raphical races are so slightly differ 

entiated as to require an expert to separate them while others are 
marked and striking. The critical di between a full species 

and a subspecies is the fact that the latter intergrade and blend into 
each other gradually. With species the break between is sudden, and 

intermediates do not occur. 

With this zonal distribution and a variation of life groups depend 
ing basically upon temperature, we have anothtr system of distribu 
tion ea&gt;t and west, depending largely upon physical conditions of 
habitat the arrangement of land and water or mountain ranges 
forming barriers or highways of migration and leading certain forms 
in certain directions while barring them from others- and the compara 
tive rainfall and humidity of climate. This h; primary din 
influence upon the forms of life we are considering, as well as a second 
ary and indirect one through the plants and insects which give them 
food or shelter. 

The principal divisions east and west are divided by the Rocky 
mountains, which successfully cut the Pacific coast off from cl&lt; 
contact with eastern forms. This great backbone of the continent 
extends in a northwesterly direction and forms the political boundary 
between Alberta and British Columbia. An extension of this line 
until it strikes the centre of the main Alaska-Yukon boundary roughly 
approximates the dividing line of the east and west faunas, leaving a 



86 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 

triangular patch to the west including British Columbia, southern 
Yukon and southern Alaska as the western or mountain fauna, and 
cutting through three of the trans-continental zones, the Transition, 
Canadian and Hudsonian with fragments of the arctic on the higher 
elevations to the north. 

The mountain district is characterized by an abundant rainfall, 
a high average humidity and a greatly diversified and rugged topo 
graphy, forming a succession of mountain ranges with deep valleys 
between, paralleling the coast, facilitating intercommunication in 
this direction but obstructing it from east to west. These topographical 
conditions continue to the south well into Mexico and enforce migration 
routes and conditions and associations more or less isolated. 
The marked humidity of the climate, especially near the coast, also 
causes or encourages special physiological changes in numerous 
organisms tending as a rule to produce larger size and browner or richer 
colouration. These differences in physical conditions and the isolation 
formed by the barrier mountains have produced a great number of 
forms peculiar to the trans-mountain district. In fact, comparatively 
few species, either of birds or animals, extend across the mountains 
from the east unmodified, and the native population can be divided 
into three heads: subspecific variations of eastern forms, species 
confined to the area and forms of evident mountain origin but spreading 
from them a certain distance eastward. Typical amongst the first 
may be mentioned the moose and woodland caribou, the Oregon 
subspecies of the ruffed grouse, Harris Rocky-mountain and 
Gairdner s woodpeckers, northwest flicker, dusky and streaked 
horned larks, many forms of the warblers and sparrows and others. 
Of full species confined to this fauna are: Douglas squirrel, 
black-tailed deer, pika, yellow-bellied marmot, bushy-tailed wood 
rat, little striped skunk or spilogale, blue and Franklin s grouse, 
band-tailed pigeon, red-breasted and Williamson s sapsucker, 
S teller s jay, black and Vaux swift, black-chinned and rufous hum 
mingbirds, Clark s nutcracker, northwestern crow, dipper, chest 
nut-backed chickadee, varied thrush and others. Of forms typical 
of the mountains but spreading a little way east are: hoary marmot, 
mule deer, grizzly bear, red-naped sapsucker, Lewis s woodpecker, 
red-shafted flicker, Hammond s and Wright s flycatcher, black 
headed grosbeak and many more. 

The Eastern fauna is comparatively homogeneous across the 
continent in a diagonal direction from the Atlantic coast to Alaska, 
with but slight variation in physical aspect, except in the prairie 
region of the central west. It is a country of low, even topography 
with good rainfall and covered with a uniform forest of little variety 
except such as is due to latitude and zonal distribution, but into it 
project the upper limits of the Great Plains characterized by great 
dryness, near-desert conditions and almost an entire absence of trees. 
This penetrates the moist continental fauna as a semicircular extension 
of the Transition zone, its chord on the international boundary 
extending from the eastern Manitoban line to the mountains and 
north to Edmonton and Prince Albert. 



FAUX AS OF ( \\ADA 87 



The general tendency of this prairie fauna is towards small si/e 
and pair, bleached colouration. Such speei&lt; characteristic of 

it an- those like the prong-horn antelope. IMHI, eoyot&lt; &gt;her, 

prairie chicken, sage hen, burrowing o\vl, Let-on: narrow, and 

lark bunting whose open country requirements debar them from 
&gt;ded land. The remainder of it&lt; fauna is similar to that of the 
untry but generally BUbepecifically differentiated from it 
through the dr\ imate and desert-like conditions. Some species 

that can be exampled under this division are western horned owl, 
Say s phu be, desert horned lark, pale goldfinch, western 
Coloured sparrow, l&gt;ak -parrow, prairie marsh wren. etc. 

The. 4 true 1 rn fauna, thon rally similar from tin 1 far 

northwest to the Atlantic cc i-_iht tendency to 

variation north of these plains, but the inflne: ht and in 

broad treatment can be disregarded. Alany speei. -nd unmodified 

throughout the area, or when modilieat ion occurs it can usually be 
attributed to either thermal di; 3 or the influence of the closely 

allied neighbouring prairie forms it comes into contact with in migra 
tion or on its edges. In general, most of the subspecific forms men 
tioned as prairie or western are represented by type subspecies in 
tin- great eastern fauna, which is perhaps the typical fain ^ anada, 

and which gives distinctive character to our biotal resourc. 

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF CANADA, 1920-1921. 

By WYATT MALCOLM, Geological Survey, Ottawa. 

The purpose of the writer in presenting this paper is to call 
attention to the most important reports and articles treating of the 
economic geology of &lt; anada, published during 11)20 and lUL l. Brief 
notes are given on the content- of the most important reports. It is 
hoped also that this paper will serve to indicate where detailed 
information regarding the mineral resources of the country may be 
obtained, since the articles reviewed, although recently published, do 
not necessarily contain the best and most complete information on 
the subject. The numbers appearing in brackets after the names of 
writers refer to the publishers listed at the end. 

Bauxite.- -This is the mineral from which the metal aluminum 
is produced. As Canadian manufacturers are dependent on foreign 
sources of supply of this raw material and as geological conditions 
in parts of British Columbia appear favourable to its occurrence, 
the Munition Resources Commission of Canada authorized W. F. 
FERRIER to make a search for this mineral in the Interior plateau 
region during parts of the field seasons of 1917 and 1918. Although 
no discovery of bauxite was made the report on the work contains 
valuable geological and mineralogical information. It appears in the 
final report of the Munition Resources Commission. 

Chromite. The results of certain investigations made by the 
Munition Resources Commission of Canada appear in their final 
report. W. F. FERRIER reports on a deposit about 6 miles from 



PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 



Ashcroft, B.C., where finely crystalline chromite is found in serpentine. 
J. C. GWILLIM reports on the chromite situation in Quebec. A des 
cription is given by L. REINECKE (1) of the deposit discovered about 
20 years ago on Chrome creek, a tributary of Scottie creek. 

Clays and Shales. Among the most important clays tested 
and reported on by J. KEELE (1, 2, and 3) are the fire clays of Meso- 
zoic age on Mattagami and Missinaibi rivers, northern Ontario 
and some residual clays from British Columbia. Residual clay from 
central British Columbia is reported as suitable when mixed with more 
plastic clay for the manufacture of firebrick, or for sewerpipe. The 
Mesozoic clay deposits of northern Ontario were examined in the 
field by J. KEELE. Laboratory tests show that they are suitable for 
the manufacture of a wide range of products such as stoneware 
goods, sewer pipe and other vitrified products. Some of the clay is of 
very high grade and would be suitable in the crude state for retorts, 
crucibles or fire brick, and if washed could be used for the manufacture 
of electric or sanitary porcelain and floor and wall tiles. MARY E. 
YOUNG (2) contributes the results of interesting investigations on the 
pottery clays of Canada. 

Coal. A description of the coal fields of the upper Highwood 
river, Alberta, is given by BRUCE ROSE (1). There are no working 
mines in the area, but the coal measures have been well prospected 
on Cat creek. Fourteen seams ranging from 4 feet to 38 feet in thick 
ness are here exposed in a distance of about three quarters of a mile 
across the Kootenay measures. From these it should be practicable 
to mine coal with a carbon content of 70 per cent and an ash content 
of less than 15 per cent. The geology of the upper Elk River basin 
has been described by J. MARSHALL (1). Here also the Kootenay 
measures have been found to carry a number of thick seams of bitu 
minous coal. The coal fields of the Crowsnest pass, British Columbia, 
where very thick seams of Kootenay coal have been mined for many 
years, are described in a paper by ROBERT STRACHAN (6). 

In a paper by A. MACLEAN (6) information is given in concise 
form regarding the lignite seams of southeastern Saskatchewan, 
their thickness, areal extent, depth and estimated reserves. The 
question of the extent and character of the lower seams is also discus 
sed by D. B. DOWLING (1). 

A short report by A. McViCAR (1) contains information regarding 
a number of coal seams found in an unprospected area northwest of 
Brule lake, Alberta; investigations into the stratigraphy of the Sydney 
coal basin, Nova Scotia, are presented by W. A. BELL (1); and G. A. 
YOUNG (1) presents a consideration of the possibilities of the occurrence 
of a commercial seam of coal in Gloucester county, New Brunswick, 
and offers suggestions on the method of prospecting the area. 

Copper. A number of papers appeared during 1920 and 1921 

descriptive of copper deposits of British Columbia and Manitoba. 

Che copper produced in Ontario is derived from the nickel-copper 

deposits of Subdury and papers on these will be referred to under 

the heading "Nickel." 



ECu\i&gt;MK G Kit LOGY OF CANADA, IMQ-1W 89 



In northern Manitoba a body of copper ore at the Mainly mine 
was found sufficiently high grade to permit of long haulage by horse 
teams and by water to the railway and by rail to the smeltT at Trail 
in southern British Columbia. Notes on the discovery and exploita 
tion of this ore body are uiven by .!. K. SITHK in the Engineering and 
Mining Journal and G. H. BANCROFT in a bulletin of the Canadian 
Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. A description of the Hinilon 
mineral deposit, a large low grade copper deposit in the vicinity of 
the Mandy mine, ia liiven by K. ( . \V.\i LAC1 in the ( anadian Mining- 
Journal, 1921. The Geological Survey publishes the results of a 
careful study of the Sunloeh ore bodies. Vancouver island, made by 
V. D&lt;)i.MA&lt; Valuable papers describing the geological features of 

a number of copper deposit- have appeared in scientific periodicals. 
In Kronomic Geology are papers by V. I )OI.MA&lt;; K on the Marble Bay 
mine, Texada island and by E. L. Bi;m&lt;; and GKOI;K HANSON on 
the copper deposits of Manitoba. In the Transactions of the ( anadian 
Mining Institute papers by K. E. CAMI-MKI.I. on the Hidden Civek 
mine at Anyox and by J. J. ( )\\ KIM. on native copper deposits of the 
Arctic appear. 

Fluorspar.- -This mineral is used as a flux in metallurgical 
proce - and as a source of fluorine in the manufacture of hydro 
fluoric acid. The two sources of fluorspar in ( anada are t he Hock 
Candy mine near Crand Forl. &gt;uthern Brti&gt;h &lt; ..iumbia, and a 
nund)er of mines in the vicinity of Madoc. Ontario. The Madoc 
deposits have been examined by M. E. Wii.x&gt;.\ (1), who give neral 

description of their mode of occurrence. discu&gt;ses the problem of their 
origin, and describes in detail the various properti; 

Gold. Several valuable reports on gold mining districts or 
prospective, gold mining districts of Canada were published by 
government departments during 11)20 and 1DLM. Among the most 
valuable of these ai eral report.- on Ontario gold deposits. An 

important contribution to our knowledge of the geology and ore 
deposits of Kirkland lake, next to 1 orcupine the i productive 

gold mining district of Ontario, i de by A. (i. BTKKOWS (3) and 
] . E. HOPKINS. The report is accompanied by a detailed map on a 
scale of (&gt;()() feet to one inch. The ore bodies consist of lodes or compo 
site veins formed under strong compressive forces with the solutions 
following openings along fracture planes in an irregular manner and 
partly replacing porphyry or other country rock adjacent to the 
fracture plan- The lenses of quartz are sometimes several feet wide 
and contain visible gold with tellurides, pyrite, chalcopyrite and 
molybdenite. Some of the ore shows very little vein quartz, and speci 
mens of altered red syenite have been found to contain grains of gold 
in the secondary minerals. 

Other gold areas in Ontario that have been described are : 
Matachewan area by H. E. COOKE (1) and A. G. BURROWS (3); 
West Shining Tree by P. E. HOPKINS (3) ; Ben Nevis and Argonaut 
areas by C. \\ . KNIGHT (3); Schreiber by T. L. TANTON (1); and 
Goudreau by A. G. BURROWS (3). 



90 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 

Gold deposits occurring in rocks of Precambrian age in the vicinity 
of lake Demontigny, Timiskaming county, about 30 miles south of 
the National Transcontinental railway have been described by A. 
MAILHIOT (4). The gold occurs in quartz veins in which tourmaline 
is sometimes found in abundance. 

Northern Manitoba has in recent years attracted considerable 
attention on account of its mineral possibilities. Gold deposits on 
Wekusko lake were CQnsidered sufficiently rich to justify a consider 
able capital expenditure in their development and exploitation. 
These have been described by F. J. ALCOCK (1 and 6). A short 
description by R. C. WALLACE of the recent gold discovery on Elbow 
lake appeared in the Canadian Mining Journal, 1921. 

Notes on numerous gold mines and prospects in British Columbia 
have been presented by Resident Engineers (5) of the provincial 
Department of Mines and by members of the staff of the Geological 
Survey (1). 

A contribution to our knowledge of the placer gold deposits of 
Yukon is made by W. E. COCKFIELD (1) who in a detailed report 
describes the deposits of Sixty-mile and Ladue rivers. The report 
also sets forth the general topographical and geological features of 
the section of country drained by these rivers. 

Graphite. A monograph by HUGH S. SPENCE (2) entitled 
" Graphite &gt;; contains descriptions of the known Canadian deposits 
of graphite together with notes on the history of their development. 
It deals with the different methods of concentrating and refining 
graphite, and the uses of the product, and presents a survey of the 
general situation of the graphite industry in Canada. Papers by 
H. P. H. BRUMELL on graphite in Quebec have appeared in the 
Transactions of the Canadian Mining Institute and in the Engineer 
ing and Mining Journal. 

Iron. In a paper entitled "Michipicoten Iron Ranges," W. H. 
COLLINS (6) describes an enormous body of sideritic iron ore found 
at the Helen mine, gives notes on the pyrite deposits of the Michipi 
coten area, points out the stratigraphic sequence to be observed in 
the iron ranges and the existing structural relations. Deposits 
of siderite occurring on Mattagami river about 80 miles north of 
the National Transcontinental railway have been examined and 
described by J. G. CROSS (3) for the Department of Mines, 
Toronto. The limonite deposits of Taseko River valley, British Col 
umbia, which have attracted considerable attention, are described 
by W. M. BREWER (5), F. J. CROSSLAND (5) and J. D. MACKENZIE (1). 

Much interest has been shown in recent years in the mineral 
possibilities of the part of the country adjacent to Hudson bay. 
Very little had been known regarding the Belcher islands until recently. 
A description of the geological features of these islands and of the 
iron formation found on them is given by E. S. MOORE in the 
Transactions of the Canadian Mining Institute, 1919, and by E. S. 
MOORE and D. E. WOODBRIDGE in the Engineering and Mining 
Journal, 1920 and 1921. 



ECONOMIC GKOLOGY OF CANADA, 1920-1 91 

Lead and Zinc.- The argentiferous lead deposits of the Mayo 

district, Yukon, that have recently attracted much attention have 

beCB described by AY. K. COCXHEID (1). These are sulliciently rich 

.&lt;! to hear the heavy transpo; chants from the interior 

of Yukon. 

Tli, .logical features of the Slocan area, British Columbia, 
are described UOI-T (1), and papers l&gt;y ,). C. BKIIHOLMAN 

and A. MAiuiior in the Canadian Mining .Journal and the Transac 
tions of the ( Mining Institute r bively i:ive descriptions 
of a zinc-lead deposit of considerable promise near the head of -a- 
]&gt;edia river, (laspc, (Quebec. 

Manganese.- The final report of the Munition Resources 
mmission of &lt; da pi be n suits of investigations made by 

J. C. GWILLIM, G. C. M . a-nd W. Ir. UGLOW into numerous 

manganese deposits in Nova Scotia. New Brunswick, and British 
Columbia. r l he lack of shipping available during tlie war for the 
transportation of man rom forei. rendered it 

imperative that North American depo&gt;it&gt; of Miiiieiently hii-h grade 
material be opened and exploited to the utmost I attention u 

thus directed to the possibilities of Canada s resources in man 
ganese. 

Molybdenite. Owing to the demand during the war for molyb 
denite, examinations were made for the Munition Resources Com 
mission of Canada by J. C. GWILLIM of a i number of molybden 
ite deposits in the provinces of Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, and 
British Columbia. Descriptions of these appear in the final report 
of the Commission. Papers on the molybdenite deposits of La Corne 
township, Abitihi, Quebec, and in the lower Ottawa valley by A. 
MAILHIOT (4) and M. E. WILSON^)) respectively, have been published. 

Nickel.- -The nickel deposits of Canada continue to demand 
considerable attention from geologists, not disproportionate, however, 
to their economic importance. One of the most valuable contri 
butions made in recent years bearing on the question of the origin 
of the Sudbury ores is that made by the staff of the International 
Nickel Company of Canada Limited (6), in an article describing the 
mining and smelting operations of the company. The article con 
tains a description of the Creighton ore body and is illustrated by a 
cross section showing in an illuminating manner the geological rela 
tions existing between the ore body and adjacent rocks. It is claimed 
that facts have been disclosed that indicate that the ore was intro 
duced in a molten condition along a plane of shearing in the footwall 
rocks adjacent to the norite after the norite had solidified. The 
question of the origin of the nickel-copper ores of Sudbury is also 
discussed by W. LINDGREN and J. W. YOUNG in Economic Geology 
and the Bulletin of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 
respectively. 

Although Canada produces over three-quarters of the world s 
consumption of nickel much interest is taken in any discoveries that 



92 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 

might lead to an increase of the country s ore reserves. Results of 
investigations of the Windy Lake area which lies in that part of the 
Sudbury area known as the northern nickel range are presented by 
C. W. KNIGHT (3). A number of other occurrences of nickel minerals 
in Ontario are described by the same writer (3), and a deposit lying 
south of lake Shebandowan west of Fort William is described by J. G. 
CROSS (3). A deposit has been discovered on Maskwa river in the 
province of Manitoba in which minerals similar to those of the Sud 
bury district are associated with norite. R. J. COLONY (6) who made 
an examination states that the copper content of a large number of 
samples analysed ranged from 0-68 per cent to 3-60 per cent, the 
nickel content from 0-29 per cent to 1-68 per cent and the platinum 
content from 0-01 ounces to 0-03 ounces per ton. The deposit has 
also been examined and mapped by W. S. McCANN (1) wiio describes 
the geological relationships of the occurrence. 

Petroleum.- -The prominence of the oil question in recent 
years has led to much government investigation into the geological 
features of areas where it has been thought that conditions might 
exist favourable to the occurrence of petroleum. An area that has 
attracted world-wide attention is the Mackenzie River basin. Oil 
was struck in 1920 in a well drilled on Mackenzie river at a point 45 
miles below Norman. The oil occurs in rocks of Devonian age. 
Formations of the Devonian system are of wide distribution through 
out the Mackenzie basin, oil seepages are numerous, and further 
drilling operations may reveal great possibilities. The sedimentary 
succession and the structural features of the Norman area are des 
cribed by E. M. KINDLE and T. 0. BOSWORTH (1), and by J. NESS (6), 
and the question of oil possibilities on Great Slave lake is discussed 
by G, S. HUME (1). 

Considerable drilling has been done in the province of Alberta. 
Notes on geological conditions existing at the points where drilling 
operations were conducted, and on the progress of operations are 
given by D. B. DOWLING (1). The results of detailed investigations 
in the operating oil field of Alberta on Sheep river are presented by 
S. E. SLIPPER (1), and a report on the geology of the Pouce Coupe 
area by J. A. ALLAN and A. E. CAMERON is to be found in the Mining 
and Engineering Record. 

Attention has also been given to the oil possibilities of the Peace 
River section of British Columbia. Investigations into the geological 
formations were made by J. C. GWILLIM, J. A. DRESSER and E. M. 
SPIEKER for the Department of Lands, British Columbia, by which 
reports were published. 

A study has been made by M. Y. WILLIAMS (1) of the palaeozoic 
formations exposed along Abitibi, Mattagami and Albany rivers with 
a view to ascertaining their, oil possibilities. Mr. WILLIAMS (1) has 
also reported on the oil possibilities of Manitoulin island and on 
parts of southwestern Ontario. 



l-:ro\OMiC GEOLOGY OF CANADA, n&gt;. -lf)21 93 

Phosphate. A monograph on phosphate in Canada by II. S. 
NCK _ appeared in H)21. A chapter is devoted to the manu- 

t act nre of phosphorus products in Canada, but the greater part of the 

report is devoted to a description of apatite deposits of the provim 
:&gt;f ( hitario and Quebec. The history of phosphate mining in ( anada 
shows that the industry flourished for a number of year The 
discovery of the cheaply mined Florida deports, however, had a 
serious effect upon the ( anadian industry, and since about 1894 little 
phosphate has been produced except as a by-product in the mining 
of mica. 

Platinum. Owing to the increased demand during the war for 
platinum for use in the chemical industries and in internal COmbustioD 
engines much interest was shown in the possibilities of obtaining a 
greater supply from Canadian sourn The Munition Resources 
( ommission of ( anada made investigations of the placers of Tulameen 
river. ~B.( . where a small annual production of platinum is made, of 
other placers in British Columbia and Alberta where the occurrence 
of platinum had been reported, and of certain sulphide deposits. 
The results of tht investigations, which unfortunately did not lend 
to the discovery of any important sources of the metal, are &gt;et forth 
in tli 4 final report of the Commission, and in the publications of the 
( anadian Mining Institute. 

Road Materials.- Investigations have been made by K. A. 
( LARK, R. H. Pin IKK, and II. GAUTHIKB 2 ) into the material^ suit 
able for road construction found in the vicinity of some of the main 
highways of the country. Outcrops of bed rock and deposits of 
boulders and gravel have been examined and laboratory i made 

of sample^ taken from these deposit.-. Some of the area&lt; examined 
are those aloi :- the Montreal-Toronto highway, from the Quebec 
boundary to I rescott and from Napanee to Port Hope; different 
points in eastern ( nitario and southwestern Quebec: between Winnipeg 
and Brandon; and the Rocky Mountain park. The problem of the 
utilization of the bituminous sand of Athabaska river in road con 
struction in Alberta is discussed by G. C. F ARKER (2). 

Salt. --The Malagash salt deposit. Nova Scotia, which was 
discovered a few years ago, is described by A. (). HAYES (1). The 
salt is pure enough and near enough to the surface to be recovered 
economically by mining and it is the only deposit in Canada that is 
worked by this method, flic main salt industry of the country is in 
Ontario where borings are made and the salt brought to the surface 
in the form of brine. 

The discovery of rock salt in a boring made at McMurray, 
Northern Alberta, is of importance. In a well drilled to a depth of 
685 feet a bed of 14 feet of transparent commercial rock salt was 
penetrated between 648 and 662 feet. In the lower 55 feet of the well 
there is possibly 25 to 40 feet of comparatively pure rock salt inter- 
bedded with anhydrite and shale. The discovery is described by 
J. A. ALLAN in the Second Annual Report on the Mineral Resources 
of Alberta. 



94 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANADA 

Silica and Moulding Sand. A preliminary report on the 
results of investigations of silica deposits of eastern Canada has been 
made by L. H. COLE (2). Short descriptions are given of the character 
of numerous deposits of sand, sandstone, quartzite and quartz of 
high silica content together with analyses of samples. The results 
indicate that there are in eastern Canada a number of localities 
conveniently situated with respect to consuming centres where good 
grades of silica could be profitably produced. Notes are also given on 
deposits of moulding sand in eastern Canada. 

Silver .--Two silver camps that have recently attracted con 
siderable attention have received detailed study by the Geological 
Survey. These are the Mayo district, Yukon, and the Salmon 
River district, British Columbia. The former, where rich argentiferous 
galena is being mined, has been mapped by and reported on by W. E. 
COCKFIELD (1); the latter has been studied by J. J. O NEILL, S. J. 
SCHOFIELD and G. HANSON (1), short reports have been made and a 
map prepared. 

The ore deposits of Cobalt camp have not lost interest and con 
tributions to the study of the origin of these ores were made in 
Economic Geology, 1920, by A. R. WHITMAN and W. L. WHITE- 
HEAD. The Gowganda camp, which might be consided a satellite of 
the Cobalt camp, has been re-studied and reported on by A. G. 
BURROWS (3). A study of the geology of the north shore of lake 
Superior in the vicinity of Silver islet where a rich silver deposit 
was mined many years ago was made by T. L. TANTON (1 and 6) 
with a view to determining the relationship of mineralization to the 
faulting system, and thus giving direction to further search for silver. 

Tungsten.- -The final report of the Munition Resources 
Commission of Canada contains reports by J. C. GWILLIM on tungsten 
deposits of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Near Burnt Hill 
brook, New Brunswick, quartz veins carrying wolframite are found 
in slates near the contact of an intrusive granite mass; 12 miles 
southeast of Middle Musquodoboit, Nova Scotia, scheelite-bearing 
veins are found in the altered sediments known as the gold-bearing 
series. Shipments have been made from both places. 

Miscellaneous. Mineral deposits of a great variety are des 
cribed by L. REINECKE (1) in a report on the mineral deposits between 
Lillooet and Prince George, B.C. Among the most important of 
these are hydromagnesite and epsomite or hydromagnesium sulphate, 
commonly known as epsom salt. The epsomite occurs in commercial 
quantities in small lakes having no outlet. These lakes are found 
near Clinton, B.C. Similar deposits occur near. Basque and on 
Kruger mountain. An estimate is made of the amount of commercial 
material available in the hydromagnesite deposits. Mr. Reinecke 
also gives interesting notes on the geological occurrence of peridot 
found in basalt on the summit of Timothy mountain. 

Certain deposits of infusorial earth, also known as diatomaceous 
earth, occurring at a number of points in the western part of Nova 



ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 7.V CA NT-ADA, 192V-1 



95 



Scotia have been described by E. R. FAKIBAII.T (1). A deposit of 
this material in (V)lchester county has been worked for many ye:irs, 
the product beini; used in the manufacture of rubber goods and silver 
polish. 

The results of a study of the Pleistocene geology of parts of 
Manitoba have been presented by W. A. JOHMBON (1).^ This includes 
townships 1-10, ranges 8-18, east of the principal meridian, and town 
ships 30-37, rangvs 10-23, west of the principal meridian. The soils 
derived from the Pleistocene deposits are classified and the report 
is accompanied by maps showing the distribution of the soils. 

An interest ing occurrence of native mercury on Sechart channel, 
Vancouver island, is thought by V. DOLMAGE (1), who examined it 
to be encouraging enough to justify thorough prospecting. 

Investigations made by .1. C, AI&lt; LKNNA.N (2) and others show 
that the element helium is found in the Bow Island natural g- 
Alberta, to the extent of 0-L )( .) per cent. Helium is a non-inflammable 
gas superior to hydrogen for the inflation of balloons. 

H. FRECHKTTI-; (2) has made a study of the limestone deposits 
of Ontario and Quebec and presents ana! of samples of limestone 
and dolomite obtainable at different quarri- 

Surveys of peat bogs in Ontario and Quebec have been made by 
A. ANHEP (1). 

SOURCES OF REPORTS AND ARTICLES REFERRED TO IN THE TEXT. 

(1) Geological Survey, Ottawa. (2) Mines Branch, Department of Minos. Ottawa. (3) Department 
of Minos, Toronto, Ontario. (4) Mines Branch, Department of Colonization, Mines and I- i.-liorir.-, Quebec. 
(5) Department of Mines, Victoria, B.C. (6) Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Drummond 
Building, Montreal, Quebec. 



V. AREA AND POPULATION. 

Area by Provinces and Territories.- Fable 1 shows the total 
area of the Dominion in land and water and its distribution into 
provinces and territories. 

1. Land and Water Area of Canada by Provinces and Territories as in 1921. 



Provinces. 


Land. 


\V;iter. 


Total 
Land and 
Water. 


Prince Edward Island . . . 


sq. miles. 
2,184 


sq. miles. 


sq. miles. 
2,184 


Nova Scotia 


21,068 


360 


21,428 


New Brunswick 


27,911 


74 


27,985 


Quebec 


690,865 


15,969 


706,834 


Ontario . 


365,880 


41,382 


407,262 


Manitoba 


231,926 


19,906 


251,832 


Saskatchewan . . 


242,808 


8,892 


251,700 


Alberta 


252,925 


2,360 


255,285 


British Columbia . 


353,416 


2,439 


355,855 


Yukon . . 


206,427 


649 


207,076 


Northwest Territories 
Franklin 


500,000 




500,000 


Keewatin .. . 


205,973 


6,851 


212,824 


MacKenzie ... . 


501,953 


27,447 


529,400 










Total 


3,803,336 


126,329 


3 ,729 ,665 














96 AREA AND POPULATION 

The water area is exclusive of Hudson bay, Ungava bay, the bay 
of Fundy, the gulf of St. Lawrence and all other tidal waters, except 
ing that portion of the river St. Lawrence which is between Pointe- 
des-Monts and the foot of lake St. Peter, in Quebec. 

Increase of Population. The decade between 1911 and 1921 
was peculiarly unfavourable to a rapid growth of population among 
the white races of the world, since by them the Great War was mainly 
waged. The war and the pestilence and famine which followed the 
war both devastated Europe and affected the newer countries by 
drying up the sources of their immigration. Their effect on immigra 
tion to Canada will be seen in Table 20 of this section of the Year 
Book. 

According to the final results of the sixth census of the Dominion 
of Canada, the total population on June 1, 1921, was 8,788,483, as 
compared with 7,206,643 on June 1, 1911, an increase of 1,581,840 or 
21-95 per cent in the decade, as compared with 34-17 per cent during 
the decade from 1901 to 1911. Reduced as is the rate of increase 
during the past ten years, it is yet higher than the rate of increase in 
any other of the principal countries of the British Empire except 
Australia, where the rate was only slightly greater, and considerably 
higher than that of the United States. 

The countries which comprise the British Empire, as also the 
United States, have on the whole suffered much less in actual loss of 
life from the war and its consequences than have the continental 
countries of Europe. None of them has actually declined in popula 
tion during the period, as many continental European countries have 
done. Their percentage increases, however, have in almost all cases 
been lower than in the previous decade. Thus the population of Eng 
land and Wales increased between 1911 and 1921 only from 36,070,492 
to 37,885,242, or 4.93 per cent, as compared with an increase of 10-89 
per cent in the previous decade; Scotland, again, increased only from 
4,760,904 to 4,882,288, or 2-5 per cent, as compared with 6-5 per 
cent between 1901 and 1911. 

Of the oversea Dominions, New Zealand increased from 1,008,468 
to 1,218,270 or 20-8 per cent, as compared with 30-5 per cent, while 
the white population of South Africa increased from 1,276,242 to 
1,522,442 or 19-3 per cent. On the other hand, the Commonwealth 
of Australia, the only Dominion to grow more rapidly in the second 
decade of the twentieth century than in the first, increased from 
4,455,005 in 1911 to 5,436,794 in 1921, or 22-04 per cent, as compared 
with 18-05 per cent. The population of the continental United 
States increased between 1910 and 1920 from 91,972,266 to 105,710,- 
620, an increase of 14-9 per cent as compared with 21 per cent in the 
preceding decade. 

Considering now the Dominion of Canada itself, it becomes 
evident from Tables 2 and 3 that in this country, as formerly in 
the United States, there is a distinct movement of population from 
East to West. In the decade from 1911 to 1921, there occurred in 



AREA AND POPULATION 



97 



the four Western provinces MM increase of population from 1,720,601 
to 2,4Sl),()l)l or H-- per cent, while the live Ka&lt;tern provinces in 
creased from 5,471,023 to (&gt;;_ )( .)f).lS&lt;), an increase of 824, KM persons, 
which, though absolutely larger than the figure for the West, con 
stitutes an increase of only l."&gt; per cent over the I .Ul population. The 
same conclusion may be deduced from Table 3, which shows that 
while in 1S71 only :&gt; % per cent and in 1881 only 3-88 per cent of the 
population of the country dwelt west of the Lake of the Woods, the 
percentage in 1891 W9& 7-24, in HUM, HM)i&gt;. in 1911, 24-0!) and in 
1921, 28-37 per cent. On the other hand, the three eastenimn 
Maritime provinces, which in 1S71 contained JO -SO per cent of the 
population of the Dominion, had in ivM . 20- 14 per cent, in 1891, 
18-22 per cent, in 1901, Ki-iU per cent, in 1911, 13-01 per cent, and in 
1921 only 11 -3S per cent of the population. Ontario and Quebec- 
the old pre-Confederation Province of Canada -still remain the 
chief centre of population, their population being in 1921 (iO-25 per 
cent of the total as compared with 7i-2l ]&gt;er cent in 1S71, 7.") -98 per 
cent in 1881,74-54 percent in l,v.)l, 71 -34 per cent in 1901, and 62-90 
per cent in 1911. In other words, the net result of the half century 
has been that in 1921 only three-lift hs of the population of the Dom 
inion lived in these provinces as compared with more than three- 
fourths in 1871. 

The absolute and percentage increases of population by provin 
and territories are shown for the last decade in Table 4, which shows 
that Alberta and Saskatchewan increased proportionately most 
rapidly during the period, followed by British ( olumbia and Manitoba. 
( mturio and Quebec showed a fair percentage of increase and the Mari- 
times a small one, while Prince Edward Island an almost purely 
ricultural province and the Yukon a mining camp showed a 
decline in population. Absolute incn since 1S71 are shown by 

decades in Table 5, and percentage increases since 1871 by decades 
in Table 6. 

2. Population of Canada by Provinces and Territories in the Census years 1871 to 1921. 



Provinces. 


1871. 


1881. 


1891. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


Prince Edward Island 


94,021 


108,891 


109,078 


103,259 


93,728 


88,615 


Nova Scotia 


387,800 


440,572 


450,396 


459,574 


492,338 


523,837 


New Brunswick 


285,594 


321,233 


321,263 


331,120 


351,889 


387,876 


Quebec 


1,191,516 


1,359,027 


1,488,535 


1,648,898 


2,005,7762 


2,361,i99 


Ontario 


1,620,851 


1,926,922 


2,114,321 


2,182,947 


2,527,2922 


2,933,662 


Manitoba 


25,228 


62,260 


152,506 


255,211 


461,3942 


610,118 


Saskatchewan 








1)1,279 


492,432 


757,510 


Alberta 


_ 


_ 


_ 


73,022 


374,2t53 


588,454 


British Columbia 


36,247 


49,459 


98,173 


178,657 


392,480 


524,582 


Yukon Territory 








27,219 


8,512 


4,157 


Northwest Territories 4 


48,000 


56,446 


98,967 


20,129 


6,5072 


7,988 


Royal Canadian Navy 












485 
















Total 


3, 689,257 


4,324,810 


4,833,239 


5 ,371 ,315 


7,296,843 


8,788,483 

















1 The population of the Prairie Provinces, according to the quinquennial census of 1916, \a given OB 
page 113. 2 As corrected as a result of the Extension of Boundaries Act, 1912. 3 As corrected by transfer 
of population of Fort Smith (368) to Northwest Territories. * The decrease dhown in the population of 
the Northwest Territories after 1891 is due to the separation therefrom of vast areas to form Alberta, 
Saskatchewan and the Yukon Territory, and to extend the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba. 

381317 



98 



AREA AND POPULATION 



3. Percentage Distribution of Canadian Population by Provinces and Territories, 

1871 to 1921. 



Province or Territory. 


1871. 


1881. 


1891. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


Prince Edward Island 


p.c. 
2-55 


p.c. 
2-52 


p.c. 
2-25 


p.c. 

1-92 


p.c. 
1-30 


p.c. 
1-01 


Nova Scotia 


10-51 


10-19 


9-32 


8-56 


6-83 


5-96 


New Brunswick 


7-74 


7-43 


6-65 


6-16 


4-88 


4-41 


Quebec 


32-30 


31-42 


30-80 


30-70 


27-83 


26-87 


Ontario 


43-94 


44-56 


43-74 


40-64 


35-07 


33-38 


Manitoba 


0-68 


1-44 


3-16 


4-75 


6-40 


6-94 


Saskatchewan 




_ 


_ 


1-70 


6-84 


8-62 


Alberta 


_ 


_ 


_ 


1-36 


5-19 


6-70 


British Columbia 


0-98 


1-14 


2-03 


3-33 


5-45 


5-97 


Yukon Territory 








0-51 


0-12 


0-05 


Northwest Territories 


1-30 


1-30 


2-05 


0-37 


0-09 


0-09 


Royal Canadian Navy . 






























100-00 


100 00 


100-00 


100-00 


100 00 


100-00 



4. Absolute and Percentage Increase of Population of Canada by Provinces and 

Territories, 1921 as compared with 1911. 



Province or Territory. 


1911. 


1921. 


Increase 
over 


of 1921 
1911. 








Number. 


Per cent. 


Prince Edward Island 


93,728 


88,615 


-5,113 


- 5-46 


Nova Scotia 


492,338 


523,837 


31,499 


6-40 


New Brunswick 


351,889 


387,876 


35,987 


10-25 


Quebec 


2,005,776 


2,361,199 


355,423 


17-72 


Ontario 


2,527,292 


2,933,662 


406,370 


16-08 


Manitoba 


461,394 


610,118 


148,724 


32-23 


Saskatchewan 


492,432 


757,510 


265,078 


53-80 


Alberta 


374,295 


588,454 


214,159 


57-22 


British Columbia 


392,480 


524,582 


132,102 


33-66 


Yukon Territory 


8,512 


4,157 


-4,355 


-51-16 


Northwest Territories 


6,507 


7,988 


1,481 


22-76 


Royal Canadian Navy 




485 


485 














Totals for Canada 


7,206,643 


8,788,483 


1 ,581 ,840 


21-95 













NOTE. The sign ( ) denotes a decrease. 

5. Population of Canada by Provinces and Territories in 1871 and 1921, and numerical 

increase in each decade from 1871 to 1921. 



Province or 
Territory. 


Popula 
tion 
in 
1871. 


Increase in each decade from 1871 to 1921. 


Popula 
tion 
in 
1921. 


Increase 
1871 
to 
1921. 


1871 
to 

1881. 


1881 
to 
1891. 


1891 
to 
1901. 


1901 
to 
1911. 


1911 
to 
1921. 


Prince Edward I . . 
Nova Scotia 


94,021 
387,800 
285,594 
1,191,516 
1,620,851 
25,228 

36,247 
48,000 


14,870 
52,772 
35,639 
167,511 
306,071 
37,032 

13,212 
8,446 


187 
9,824 
30 
129,508 
187,399 
90,246 

48,714 
42,521 


-5,819 
9,178 
9,857 
160,363 
68,626 
102,705 
91,279 
73,022 
80,484 
27,219 

-78,838 


-9,531 
32,764 
20,769 
356,878 
344,345 
206,183 
401,153 
301,273 
213,823 
-18,707 

-13,622 


-5,113 
31,499 
35,987 
355,423 
406,370 
148,724 
265,078 
214,159 
132,102 
-4,355 

1,481 
485 


88,615 
523,837 
387,876 
2,361,199 
2,933,662 
. 610,118 
757,510 
588,454 
524,582 
4,157 

7,988 
485 


-5,406 
136,037 
102,282 
1,169,683 
1,312,811 
584,890 
757,510 
588,454 
488,335 
4,157 

-40,012 
485 


New Brunswick. . . 
Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan . . 


Alberta 


British Columbia. 
Yukon Territory. . 
Northwest 
Territories 1 


Royal Canadian 
Navy 


Canada 


3,689,257 


635,553 


508,429 


538 ,076 


1,835,328 


1,581,840 


8,788,483 


5,099,226 





The decreases shown in the population of the Northwest Territories since 1891 are due to the separa 
tion therefrom of immense areas to form the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan and the Yukon 
Territory, as well as to extend the boundaries of the older provinces of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba. 



RVKM. AND 



X POPULATION 







. Population of Canada by Provinces and Territories in 1871, and increase per cent 

by decades from 1S71 to 1921. 



Province or 
Territory. 


Popula 
tion 
in 
1871. 


, 

IVr cent increase hv decades from 1S71 to 1H21. 


Per cent 
increase 
in 50 
years. 


1871 

to 

1881. 


1881 
to 
1891. 


1891 

1901. 


1901 
to 

1911. 


1911 
to 

1921. 


Prince I M ward Island 


94,021 

U 191. 510 

0,851 

36. 
48,000 


15 
IS-ftl 

n 
is- 88 
146-79 

36-45 
17-60 


0-17 
0-01 

144-95 

98-49 
33 


-5-33 
2-04 
8-07 

-0.77 

67-34 

81-98 
79-66 


-| 

7-13 

21 
15 77 
80-79 
439-48 
412-58 
119-68 
-88 
-67-67 


-5-46 

10-28 

17-72 
16-08 
23 
53 

57 
33-66 
-51-16 
22-76 


-5-75 
35-08 
35-82 
98-17 
80-99 
2,318-42 

1,347-24 
-83-36 


Scotri 


Brunswick 


Queher 




Manitoba 


Saskatchewan . ... 


\ll&gt;erta 


British Columbia 


Yukon Territory . . . 


Northwest Territories 1 .. 


Canada 


I,M m 


17 23 


11 7C 


111! 


34 17 


21 3 


138 22 





Rural and Urban Population.- In Table 7 are given statistic- 

showing the growth of rural and urban population respectively since 
1891. 1-or the purposes of the census, tin* population residing in 
cities, towns and incorporated villa has been defined as urban, 
and that outside of such localities as rural. Thus the distinction here 
made between "rural" and urban population is a distinction of 
provincial legal status rather than of size of aggregations of popula 
tion within limited areas. Since the laws of the various provinces 
differ in regard to the population n&lt; ry before a municipality 

may be incorporated as urban, (the laws of Saskatchewan, for example, 
making provision that 50 people actually resident on an area not 
greater than 040 acres may claim incorporation as a village, while 
the Ontario law now requires that villages asking for incorporation 
shall have a population of 750 on an area not exceeding 500 acres), 
the line of demarcation between rural and urban population is not 
uniformly drawn throughout the Dominion, as far as comparable 
aggregations of population are concerned. To a limited extent, 
however, Table 9 will permit the student of population statistics to 
make, at least for Canada as a whole, his own line of demarcation 
between rural and urban population. 2 

While a summary comparison between urbanization in Canada 
in 1921 and in the United States in 1920 would lead us to the con 
clusion that our country, though far less densely peopled than the 
United States, had an almost equally large percentage of its popula 
tion in urban communities, viz., 49-52 per cent in Canada as compared 



1 The decreases shown in the population of the Northwest Territories since 1891 are due to the separa 
tion therefrom of immense areas to form the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan and the Yukon 
Territory, as well as to extend the boundaries of the older provinces of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba. 

2 In the United States, urban population is classified by the Census Bureau as that residing in cities and 
other incorporated places having 2,500 inhabitants or more, and in "towns" having 2,500 inhabitants or 
more in Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Rhode Island. While such "towns," under the forms of 
local government existing in these states, are partly rural in character, the United States Census Bureau 
considers that the total urban population of these states is not greatly exaggerated thereby. 

38131 7 



100 AREA AND POPULATION 

with 51-4 per cent in the United States, the fact that in the United 
States inhabitants of places having under 2,500 population are 
included with rural population, while in Canada the inhabitants of 
many places with less than 100 population are classed as urban, must 
be taken into account. A fairer basis of comparison is secured if the 
same population limits are taken for both countries, as may be done 
by using Table 9. Thus, at the census of 1920 the United States had 
25-9 per cent of its population resident in cities of 100,000 and over, 
while Canada in 1921 had only 18-87 per cent of its population in 
such places. The United States had an additional 16-4 per cent of 
its population residing in cities of between 10,000 and 100,000 popula 
tion, and 4-7 per cent in cities and towns of 5,000 to 10,000, while 
Canada had in cities of these categories only 13-32 per cent, and 
4-36 per cent respectively of its population. Thus, taking all places 
of 5,000 and over the lowest population for which comparative 
figures are readily available 47 per cent of the population of the 
United States resided in such places as compared with 36-55 per 
cent of the population of Canada, showing the much higher degree 
of urbanization which has been reached in the United States a 
natural thing in an older settled and more densely peopled country. 

On the basis of the census classification, it is apparent from 
Table 7 that in the last decade, as in the previous one, urban com 
munities absorbed somewhat over two-thirds of the total increase in 
population, with the result that the urban population of Canada was in 
1921 nearly equal to the rural. Out of every 1,000 persons in the 
country 505 were resident, on June 1, 1921, in rural and 495 in urban 
communities, as compared with 545 in rural and 455 in urban communi 
ties on June 1, 1911, 625 in rural and 375 in urban communities in 
1901, and 682 in rural and 318 in urban communities in 1891. 

From Table 9, showing the distribution of urban population in 
Canada by size of cities and towns, it becomes evident that for the 
first time in its census history Canada possesses cities of more than 
half a million population. These are Montreal and Toronto, w T ith 
618,506 and 521,893 inhabitants respectively, the former having in 
its neighbourhood several "satellite" cities, Verdun, Westmount, 
Lachine, Outremont, which, with other smaller towns in its vicinity, 
bring the population of "Greater Montreal" to the 700,000 mark. 
No other city has attained the 200,000 mark, but during the past 
decade Hamilton and Ottawa have been added to Winnipeg and 
Vancouver as cities of over 100,000 population, while Quebec, which 
in 1911 was, together with Hamilton and Ottawa, in the 50,000 to 
100,000 class, has been joined in that class, though at a considerable 
interval, by Calgary, London, Edmonton and Halifax. Details of 
the population of these and other smaller cities and towns of 5,000 
and over, are given by censuses from 1871 to 1921 in Table 11, while 
the populations of urban communities having a population of from 
1,000 to 5,000 are given for 1901, 1911 and 1921 in Table 12. 



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Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


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102 



AREA AND POPULATION 



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104 



AREA AND POPULATION 



10. Area and Population of Canada by Provinces and Electoral Districts, 1921, 1911 

and 1901. 



Provinces and Districts. 


Land 
area in 
sq. miles. 


Population 1921. 


1911. 


1901. 


Increase (+) 
or 
Decrease ( ). 


Total. 


Per 

sq. 
mile. 


1921 
over 
1911. 


1911 
over 
1901. 


Prince Edward Island 

Kings 


2,184 36 1 

641-18 

778-23 
764-95 

21,068 00 

2,212-00 
556-00 
1,656-00 

1,355-10 

250-34 
1,104-76 

1,210-90 
721-90 
489-00 
1,451-00 
1,683-00 
1,983-65 
659-77 
1,323-88 
2,123-38 
6-72 
2,116-66 
1,229-00 
1,408-75 
864-00 
1,202-00 
1,124-00 
2,022-48 
1,009-43 
1,013-05 
1,198-99 
858-76 
340-23 

27,911 00 

1,283-40 
1,869-81 
1,778-02 
4,740-60 

4,542-56 
3,269-68 
1,272-88 
2,855-53 
1,414-73 
1,440-80 

1,302-88 
14-31 
601-57 
687-00 
3,402-64 
2,092-04 
1,310-60 
1,442-18 
4,693-74 
3,605-26 
1,088-48 


88,615 

20,445 
31,520 
36,650 

523 ,837 

27,098 
11,580 
15,518 

31,325 
22,511 

8,814 

76,362 
63,785 
12,577 
25,196 
41,191 
28,965 
10,812 
18,153 
97,228 
58,372 
38,856 
19,739 
23,808 
23,723 
33,742 
40,851 
23,435 
13,491 
9,944 
31,174 
22,374 
8,800 

387 ,876 
21,435 
38,684 
23,916 
33,985 

42,977 
22,839 
20. 138 
32,078 
20,399 
11,679 

69,093 
. 47,166 
13,320 
8,607 
33,900 
12,800 
21,100 
53,387 
38,421 
32,259 
6,162 


40 56 

31-88 
40-50 
47-91 

24 86 

12-25 
20-82 
9-37 

23-11 
89-92 
7-97 

63-06 
88-35 
25-71 
17-36 
24-47 
14-60 
16-38 
13-71 
45-78 
8,686-31 
18-36 
16-06 
16-90 
27-45 
28-07 
36-34 
11-58 
13-36 
9-81 
26-00 
26-05 
25-86 

13 90 

16-70 
20-68 
13-45 
7-16 

9-46 
6-98 
15-82 
11-23 
14-42 
8-11 

53-03 
3,296-01 
22-14 
12-52 
9-96 
6-12 
16-09 
37-02 
8-18 
8-94 
5-66 


93,728 

22,636 
32,779 
38,313 

492,338 

29,010 
11,962 
17,048 

29,888 
19,978 
9,910 

66,625 
53,352 
13,273 
23,664 
40,543 
29,871 
11,290 
18,581 
80,257 
46,619 
33,638 
19,703 
25,571 
21,780 
33,260 
35,858 
24,211 
14,105 
10,106 
32,097 
23,220 
8,877 

351,889 

21,147 
32,662 
24,376 
31,194 

32,365 
15,687 
16,678 
31,491 
20,594 


103,259 

24,725 
35,400 
43,134 

459 ,574 

31,937 
13,617 
18,320 

24,650 
14,079 
10,571 

48,602 
35,087 
13,515 
24,900 
36,168 
30,579 
11,737 
18,842 
74,662 
40,832 
33,830 
20,056 
24,353 
21,937 
32,389 
33,459 
24,428 
14,202 
10,226 
31,454 
22,869 
8,585 

331 ,120 

22,415 
27,936 
23,958 
28,543 

22,897 
10,586 
12,311 
32,832 
21,655 
11,177 

62,684 
40,711 
11,048 
10,925 
30,446 
8,825 


-5 ,113 

-2,191 
-1,259 
-1,663 

31 ,499 

-1,912 
-382 
-1,530 

1,437 
2,533 
-1,096 

9,737 
10,433 
-696 
1,532 
648 
-906 
-478 
-428 
16,971 
11,753 
5,218 
36 
-1,763 
1,943 
482 
4,993 
-776 
-614 
-162 
-923 
-846 
-77 

35,987 

288 
6.022 
-460 
2,791 

10,612 
7,152 
3,460 

587 
-195 

782 

5,830 
4,655 
2,259 
-1,084 
910 
1,256 
-346 
8,766 
641 
698 
-57 


-9,531 

-2,089 
-2,621 
-4,821 

32,764 

-2,927 
-1,655 
-1,272 

5,238 
5,899 
-661 

18,023 
18,265 
-242 
-1,236 
4,375 
-708 
-447 
-261 
5,595 
5,787 
-192 
-353 
1,218 
-157 
871 
2,399 
-217 
-97 
-120 
643 
351 
292 

20,789 

-1,268 
4,726 
418 
2,651 

9,468 
5,101 
4,367 
-1,341 
-1,061 
-280 

579 
1,800 
13 
-1,234 
2,544 
2,719 
-175 
2,561 
431 
-59 
490 


Prince 


Queens 


Nova Scotia 


Antigonish and Guys- 
borough 


Antigonish 


Guvsborou r h 


Cape Breton North and 
Victoria 


Cape Breton North 


Victoria . 


Cape Breton South and 
Richmond 


Cape Breton South . . . 


Richmond 


Colchester 


Cumberland 


Digby and Annapolis 


Digby Co. (part) 


Annapolis 


Halifax City and County. 
Halifax City 


Halifax County 


Hants 


Inverness 


Kings 


Lunenburg 


Pictou 


Shelburne and Queens 
Shelburne 


Queens 


Yarmouth and Clare 


Yarmouth 


Clare (Digby Co. part) 
New Brunswick 


Charlotte 


G loucester 


Kent 


Northumberland 


Restigouche and Mada 
waska 


Restigouche 


Mada waska 


Roval 


Kings . 


Queens 


10,897 

63,263 
42,511 
11,061 
9,691 
32,990 
11,544 
21,446 
44,621 
37,780 
31,561 
6,219 


St. John City, County 
and Albert 


St. John City 


St. John County 


Albert County 


Victoria and Carleton . . . 
Victoria 


Carleton 


21,621 
42,060 
37,349 
31,620 
5,729 


Westmorland 


York and Sunbury 


York 


Sunbury . . 





NOTE. The land areas here given for the provinces and electoral districts are as measured by a plani- 
meter an the map, and include the areas of small lakes and other waters which have not been measured. 
1 By map measurement. 



ARI .A AND POPULATION 



105 



It.- Area and Population of Canada by Provinces and Electoral Districts, 1921, 1911 

and 1901. continued. 



. 

..1 DiMr. 


Land area 
in s|ii.-i 
num. 


Population l .21. 


1911. 


1901. 


Increase (+) or 
1), . 


Total. 


Per 
squ 
mile. 


! 
OVrr 

1911. 


1911 
o\ 

1901. 


I tiii hi 


690,8*5 W 
783-36 
146-14 
1,801-04 

it: 

2,r 

3,463-61 
J-15 

7-00 
1,49 
4,303-09 

492,14i 
1,439-04 
941-60 
1,197-82 
4,551-47 

1,023-l.s 

3,0! 
1.0 

31 
4,448-40 

re-ia 

1-83 
2-80 
i-40 
58-10 
2,9411-iM 
3,4 
780-16 
37 
630-13 
888-07 
126,437 
6,7. 
--J9-59 

3-59 
116-66 
193-10 
1,224-32 
2,089-44 

520-5 
403-0 

567-2 
237-5 
432-4 
1,806-1 
781-8 

2,568-0 
336-7 

2,297-2 
393-1 


2 ,361 ,199 
17 
18,035 
53, Ml 
19,888 
11,190 
19,817 

471 
643 

26.7:51 
90,609 

28 

44 

40. 

641 

014 
20 

72 

17 
21 
64 
16 

17 

21 

46,201 

34,452 
31 
38, 
27,706 
37 
18,764 
42,248 
27 
52 
1,394 
78,920 
36,754 
42 
23,518 
36,912 
63,975 
25,644 
30,786 
23,380 
44,310 
33,908 

50,845 
21,620 
62,909 
21,850 
18.84C 


1-41 

21-91 

10 

47 
8-40 
102-80 

0-18 
80-75 

8-87 

1,027 11 
8-60 

12-18 

74-88 
122 

1,117-61 

4:; 1 1 
47-21 
34-91 
47-4: 
0-36 
5-12 
11-12 
17,422-7! 
7,717-51 
32: 
97-17 

13-17 

70-60 
58-3 

45-2 
129-5 

54-0 
24-5 
43-3 

19-80 
64-2 

_ 

9-5 
47-9 


2,00:i,?7B 
16 
18 

51 
20 

21,141 
19. 

110 

715 

27 

2:. 
41 
.001 
51 

4i 

87,917 

28,911 

20 
I.11J 

1" 
28,506 
4-1 

28 

,158 
33 

16 

11.814 

17 
17,356 
30 
31,479 
30,260 
28,046 
30 

30 
19,810 
39,4 J 
23,951 
41,541 
34,794 
45,14 
35,473 
44,057 
21,882 
38,883 
62,52 
23,976 

20,76. 
36,430 
29,018 

36,153 
20,43 
56,08 
21,17 
20,38 


1, S48 ,898 
Iti, 407 
18,1X1 
43. 
21.7:52 
18, 
19 
24 

2J 
015 

27 
48, 2 .) 1 
26, 4 till 
21,007 
38,999 
30,683 

14 

21 

1-.I.099 
,291 
1" 
26.996 
13 
24 
26, 

14 
20 
12. 
15 
18 
:,878 
17 
14,757 
. 2. 
28,12 
.17! 
,38 
28 
21,833 
24,897 
18,576 
84,13 
21,636 
41,225 
47 
10,39 
34,950 
42,61 
20,67 
21,88 
40,63 
23,62 
18,42 
18,99 
29,18 
26,81 

29,31 
20,37 
40,96 
19,58 
21,50 


355 ,423 

-171 
442 
-914 
49 

.982 
8,185 

2 1 , 72 1 

32 
2,002 
1,126 
5,812 

-188 

27,783 
3,039 
4,410 

1.424 

31 
436 
8,764 
2,319 

4,641 

14. 
4,192 
3,084 
7,408 
3,543 
7,487 
-1,041 
2,757 
3,569 
10,508 
-2,400 
33,779 
1,28 
-1,614 
1,636 
-1,97 
1,454 
1,668 
7,575 
2,615 
7,880 
4,890 

14,69 
1,18 
6,82 
67 
-1,54 


356,878 

8,270 
-V30 
2,4:;:. 
-108 
1,615 
-181 
4, 
7.809 
2,159 
-1,000 
17,597 
,170 
4,089 
591 
4,318 
-1 
30, till 1 
4,066 
34 
1 , ;.v, 

7,824 
-298 
1,510 
31,027 

589 
2,703 

l , . .); 
2,119 
21,394 

9,018 
7,436 
127 
2,599 
2,846 
3,352 
6,084 
3,665 
2,277 
2,330 
5,609 
1,234 
5,354 
2,315 
316 
-12,859 
34,750 
523 
1,439 
1,203 
16,994 
21,890 
348 
4,785 
1,767 
7,245 
2,202 

6,842 
66 
15,128 
1,582 
-1,119 


\ r* en t en 1 1 .... 


Hagot ... 


]{fl(l(V 


Beauharn* H^ . . . 


Bellechassc 
B.-rthier. .... 
Bonaventure. .... 
Hroino ... 


Chambly and \Yrcheres. 
Champlain .... 


I Montmorency 

CMUeauiiuay- Huntingdon 
Chicout iuii-Sa ir vici\av 


Compton .... 


Dorchester 


Drummondiv. Arthabaska 
Gaspe 


Georgo-Ktienne Cartirr. 
Hochelaga 


Hull 


Jacqiio- ( artier 
Joliet t&lt; 


Kamoonaka 

Labi lle 

Laprairie and Napierville 
I. Assomption- M &lt; m t calm . 
L.aurier-( )utremont 


Laval-Two Mountains. .. . 
I/dvts 


1 Islet 


LothiniC re 
Maisonneuve 
Maskinoivje. 
ne 
intic 
isquoi. . 
Montmairny 
Nicolct. . 
Pontiac 
Portneuf. . . 
Quebec County 


Quebec East 
Quebec South 
Quebec West 


Richelieu 


Richmond and NVoli 


Rimouski 


St Ann 


St Antoine 


St Denis 


St. Hyacinthe-llouville. . 
St James . 


St. Johns and Iberville. . . 
St. Lawrence-St. George. 
St Mary 


Shefford 


Sherbrooke 


Stanstead 


Temiscouata 


Terrebonne . . . 


Three Rivers and St 
Maurice 


Vaudreuil-Soulan^es . . . 


Westmount-St. Henri 
Wright 


Yamaska . 





1 Ry map measurement. 2 Includes part added by Extension of Boundaries Act, 1912. 3 Includes 
organized parts. 



un 



106 



AREA AND POPULATION 



10. Area and Population of Canada by Provinces and Electoral Districts, 1921, 1911 

and 1901. continued. 



Electoral Districts. 


Land 
area in 
sq. miles. 


Population, 
1921. 


1911. 


1901. 


Increase (+) or 
Decrease ( ). 


Total. 


Per sq. 
mile. 


1921 
over 
1911. 


1911 
over 
1901. 


Ontario 


365,880-001 

20,678-17 
22,153-98 
334-23 
86-86 
950-95 
699-46 
650-87 
556-64 
576-11 
628-98 
362-52 
357-58 
239-27 
467-53 

12,784-68 
1,595-91 
697-33 
462-83 
669-79 
1,038-03 
488-13 
362-69 
2-69 
3-54 
1,291-41 
1,031-57 
660-11 
635-31 
818-50 
3-54 
647-81 
575-57 
1,137-99 
899-68 
1,169-77 
332-41 
6-65 
481-00 
752-14 
1,585-38 
11,157-32 
634-26 
704-29 
504-82 
347-69 
4-75 
410-56 
353-99 

4,336-00 
468-51 
429-77 
409-81 
891-38 
553-81 
207,570-90 
494-29 
390-40 
1,057-81 
1,644-95 
698-68 
529-39 
574-88 
558-61 


2 ,933 ,662 

40,618 
33,676 
20,085 
33,292 
20,872 
23,413 
32,673 
15,415 
24,388 
24,629 
17,306 
27,678 
71,150 
31,425 

39,661 
20,390 
38,573 
16,644 
30,667 
28,384 
21,287 
24,899 
49,820 
39,298 
23,072 
34,451 
23,540 
23,548 
52,139 
24, 104 
25,801 
32,888 
32,993 
34,909 
18,994 
48,625 
53,838 
27,994 
25,033 
19,439 
58,565 
26,366 
30,512 
15,420 
31,074 
93,740 
24,527 
22,235 
80,780 
27,022 
23,896 
32,461 
18,382 
13,716 
29,318 
43,300 
26,478 
16,806 
23,956 
27,061 
43,413 
37,122 
22, 100 
24,810 


8 02 

1-96 
1-52 
60-09 
383-28 
21-95 
33-47 
50-19 
27-69 
42-33 
39-16 
47-74 
77-40 
297-36 
67-21 

3-10 
12-77 
55-31 
35-96 
45-78 
27-34 
43-60 
68-65 
18,520-44 
11,101-11 
17-86 
33-39 
35-66 
37-06 
63-70 
6,809-03 
39-82 
57-13 
28-99 
38-80 
16-23 
146-28 
8,095-94 
58-18 
33-28 
12-26 
5-25 
41-56 
43-32 
30-54 
89-37 
19,734-74 
59-74 
62-81 

6-23 
51-01 
75-53 
44-85 
15-38 
52-93 
21 
53-56 
43-04 
22-64 
16-45 
62-13 
70-12 
38-44 
44-41 


2,527,292 

37,699 
28,752 
19,259 
26,617 
23,783 
26,249 
24,417 
17,740 
25,973 
26,411 
17,597 
26,715 
38,006 
29,541 

32,158 
21,944 
38,226 
17,545 
33,957 
31,934 
21,562 
22,208 
39,793 
37,279 
24,978 
30,825 
26,886 
26,097 
49,391 
20, 660 
28,827 
29,109 
34,375 
36,753 
20,386 
35,429 
46,300 
23,465 
27,300 
21,233 
43,679 
27,110 
32,892 
17,141 
23,865 
77,182 
25,077 
22,294 
59,609 
26,547 
22,102 
30,235 
18,947 
15,499 
26,151 
39,109 
26,968 
17,150 
23,617 
27,852 
39,434 
35,294 
24,699 
25,060 


2,182,947 

25,211 
17,894 
18,273 
19,867 
27,424 
31,596 
22,880 
21,036 
28,350 
27,570 
17,901 
25,685 
28,789 
29.955 

18,461 
24,746 
40,580 
21,021 
33,003 
36,587 
21,233 
19,545 
24,000 
28,634 
27,943 
31,348 
30,966 
30,854 
49,673 
19,788 
34,440 
29,723 
37,232 
37,975 
23,346 
30,552 
37,976 
23,339 
31,387 
20,971 
24,931 
29, 147 
33,550 
18,390 
22,018 
59,140 
25,644 
22,760 
22,303 
24,936 
21,475 
29,256 
20,615 
16,291 
20,704 
10,526 
27,035 
17,864 
24,556 
27,676 
35,166 
29,845 
26,071 
26,399 


406,370 

2,919 
4,924 
826 
6,675 
-2,911 
-2,836 
8,256 
-2,325 
-1,585 
-1,782 
-291 
963 
33,144 
1,884 

7,503 
-1,554 
347 
-901 
-3,290 
-3,550 
-275 
2,691 
10,027 
2,019 
-1,906 
3,626 
-3,346 
-2,549 
2,748 
3,444 
-3,026 
3,779 
-1,382 
-1,844 
-1,392 
13,196 
7,538 
4,529 
-2,267 
-1,794 
14,886 
-744 
-2,380 
-1,721 
7,209 
16,558 
-550 
-59 
21,171 
475 
1,794 
2,226 
-565 
-1,783 
3,167 
4,191 
-490 
-344 
339 
-791 
3,979 
1,828 
-2,599 
-250 


344,345 

12,488 
10,858 
986 
6,750 
-3,641 
-5,347 
1,537 
-3,296 
-2,377 
-1,159 
-304 
1,030 
9,217 
-414 

13,697 
-2,802 
-2,354 
-3,476 
954 
-4,653 
329 
2,663 
15,793 
8,645 
-2,965 
-523 
-4,080 
-4,757 
-282 
872 
-5,613 
-614 
-2,857 
-1,222 
-2,960 
4,877 
8,324 
126 
-4,087 
262 
18,748 
-2,037 
-658 
-1,249 
1,847 
18,042 
-567 
-466 
37,306 
1,611 
627 
979 
-1,668 
-792 
5,447 
28,583 
-67 
-714 
-939 
176 
4,268 
5,449 
-1,372 
-1,339 


Algoma East 


Algoma West .... . 


Brant 


Brantford 


Bruce North 


Bruce South 


Carleton 


Duff erin 


Dundas . 


Durham 


Elgin East 


Elgin West 


Essex North 


Essex South 


Fort William and Rainy 
River 


Frontenac 


Glengarry and Stormont. 
Grenville 


Grey North 


Grey Southeast 


Haldimand 


Halton ... . 


Hamilton East 


Hamilton West 


Hastings East 


Hastings West 


Huron North 


Huron South 


Kent 


Kingston 


Lambton East 


Lamb ton West 


Lanark 


Leeds 


Lennox and Addington. . . 
Lincoln 


London 


Middlesex East 


Middlesex West 


Muskoka 


Nipissing ... 


Norfolk 


Northumberland . . . 


Ontario North 


Ontario South 


Ottawa 


Oxford North 


Oxford South 


Parkdale 


Parry Sound . . 


Peel 


Perth North 


Perth South 


Peterborough Fast 


Peterborough West 


Port Arthur and Kenora.. 
Prescott 


Prince Edward 


Renfrew North 


Renfrew South 


Russell 


Simcoe East 


Simcoe North 


Simcoe South 





1 By map measurement. 



AREA A\D l&gt;orUI.ATlu\ 



107 



It. Area and Population of Canada by Provinces and Electoral Districts, 1921, 1911 

and 1901. continued. 



toral Di 


Land 
i in 


Population, 

I i21. 


1911. 


1901. 


Increase (-f) or 
1 )&lt; -crease ( ). 


Total. 


IV T 

mile. 


1921 
over 
1911. 


1911 
over 
1901. 


Ontario conclud &lt;1 
Tinii i kiirping .... 


46,211-00 

2,834-23 

i-20 

242 

7-27 
580-46 
438-88 
451- .i7 
64-52 
430-56 
20 
158-52 

231 ,92t-99&gt; 

2,914-06 
5,468-75 
1,979-96 
2,390-90 
-&gt;4-24 
3,491-53 
173/175-18 
1.710-22 
4,261-36 
10,689-84 
S6-35 
15,94 

59-46 

241,399 88 

5,850-86 
6,651-96 
8,3- 
11,264-30 
7,085-51 
5,856-34 
15,149-09 
5,591-12 
72,000-00 
76,499-00 
4,458-06 
2,063-25 
4,554-69 
3.453-38 
7,958-48 
6,051-89 

252,985 99i 

13,191-90 
11,259-86 
2,033-59 
4,630-00 
57,172-40 
112,497-43 
5,498-33 
9,017-00 
12,497-00 


51,568 

:,1 
* 1.825 
.478 
37 

33,995 
41,698 
33 

19 
34 
64 
77,950 

10d 
70.681 

S10.11&gt; 

40 
3- 
2&lt;) 
23 
4! 
2* 
19.8M 

.308 
55,395 
26,41(1 
58,870 
76,470 

59,628 
757 ,519 

34,789 
33,641 
55, 

44,772 
50,055 

56.064 
50,403 
47,381 
56,829 
34,836 
49,977 
43,795 
55,151 
53,275 
35,688 

588,454 

49,173 
55,356 
44.995 
44,341 
56,548 
74,267 
37,699 
34,008 
43,179 


l-il 

11-99 

1.-.2-62 

17J.lt 
34-16 
78-21 
142 
1,908-18 

4 . 
415-88 

2 93 
IJ.78 
15-11 

8-12 
0-11 
13-01 
6-87 

5- IS 

3-69 
3,347-71 

2 14 

5-95 
5-06 
6-63 
3-97 
7-06 
9-49 
3-70 
9-01 
0-66 
0-74 
7-81 
I 22 
9-62 
15-97 
6-69 
5-89 

2 33 

3-73 
4-92 
22-13 
9-58 
0-99 
0-66 
6-86 
3-77 
3-46 


37,380 
54,792 
712 
51,318 

43 

36,499 
28,988 

joo 
.634 

ilfi 

31 
35,831 

431 ,394 

39,734 
.978 

11 
.059 
276 
32 
133 
37 
58,903 
.682 
35,525 

492,432 

31,975 
21,667 
36,617 
22,299 
33,093 
36,940 
19,730 
31,552 
24,330 
35,839 
30,470 
44,202 
32,313 
31,633 
28,691 
31,081 

374 ,295 

26,352 
27,304 
35,163 
30,023 
30,926 
35,386 
29,487 
30,779 
24,697 


3,378 
45,888 
36, 
- 0,766 
38, 108 
41,069 
38,511 
27.124 
2;-). 470 
31.588 
26,12(1 
29, 
,818 
8,478 
.419 
is, 964 
17,905 

255,211 

25.047 

12,hl7 

17 
20,435 
19,140 
2,359 
14,969 
14,129 
16,443 
22,634 
20,290 

42,925 

91,279 

9,053 
1 , 355 
1,652 
31 
1,575 
11,984 
1,473 
3,725 
4,579 
16,644 
17,133 
6,581 
10,874 
2,964 
484 
1,172 

73,022 

597 
1,565 
5,526 
3,546 
7,685 
7,641 
5,995 
8,228 
3,185 


14,188 

-:; 

11,113 
21,160 
-6,360 
10,593 
-2,504 
8,079 
4,580 

-2 

2,127 
211,815 
45,086 
721 
68,121 
34,850 

148,724 

449 
12,124 
3,943 
3,022 
8,870 
4,433 
8,069 

5,032 
22,742 
-723 
21,623 
17,567 
17,275 
24,103 

265,978 

2,814 
11,974 
18,608 
22,473 
16,962 
18,689 
36,334 
18,851 
23,051 
20,990 
4,366 
5,775 
11,482 
23,518 
24,584 
4,607 

214,159 

22,821 
28,052 
9,832 
14,318 
25,622 
38,881 
8,212 
3,229 
18,482 


34,002 
8,904 
16,949 
30. 
5,848 
16,735 
-2,012 
6,495 
3,518 
10,575 
-3,828 
2,674 
7,816 
24,386 
-4 
12,969 
17,926 

298,181 

14,687 
10,741 
-Ml 
3,478 
11,949 
4,783 
9,378 
7,090 
10,147 
16,210 
4,499 
16,957 

491 ,153 

22,922 
20,312 
34,965 
22,268 
31,518 
24,956 
18,257 
27,827 
19,751 
19,195 
13,337 
37,621 
21,439 
28,669 
28,207 
29,909 

301 ,273 

25,755 
25,739 
29,637 
26,477 
23,241 
27,745 
23,492 
22,551 
21,512 


Toronto ( ill re 


Toronto East 


Toronto North 


Toronto South 


Toronto West 


Victoria 


Waterloo North 


Waterloo South 


Wcll UKi 


Wfllii. rth 


Wellington South 


Wont wort h . ... 


York Kast 
York North . . 


York South 


York \\ 


Manitoba 


Brandon 

in 
Lis ir ur 


Macdonald 

Marqoettc 

niwa . 


Nelson 


Portage la Prairie 


Provencher 


Selkirk 


Souris 


Springfield 


Winnipeg Centre. 
Winnipeg North 


Winnipeg South 


Saskatchewan 


Assiniboia 


Battleford 


Humboldt 


Kindersley 


Last Mountain 


Mackenzie 


Maple Creek 


Moosejaw 


North Battleford 


Prince Albert 


Qu Appelle 


Regina 


Saltcoats 


Saskatoon 


Swift Current 


Weyburn 


Alberta 


Battle River 


Bow River 


Calgary East 


Calgarv West 


Edmonton East 


Edmonton West ... . 


Lethbridge 


Macleod 


Medicine Hat. 





1 By map measurement. 



108 



AREA AND POPULATION 



10. Area and Population of Canada by Provinces and Electoral Districts, 1921, 1911 

and 1901. concluded. 



Electoral Districts. 


Land 
area in 
sq. miles. 


Population, 
1921. 


1911. 


1901. 


Increase (+) or 
Decrease (). 


Total. 


Per 
square 
mile. 


1921 
over 
1911. 


1911 
over 
1901. 


Alberta concluded 
Red Deer 


13,431-84 
5,309-09 
6,386-45 

353,416 00 

620-79 
164,693-50 
18,227-46 
304-95 
13,367-11 
12,979-11 
2,717-00 
6,102-41 
123,896-14 
5-73 
32-24 
7-50 
10,462-06 


49,629 
42,520 
56,739 

524,582 

69,922 
39,834 
32,009 
28,811 
19,137 
30,502 
48,010 
45,982 
28,934 
60,879 
46,137 
38,727 
35.698 


3-69 
8-01 
8-88 

1 48 

112-63 
0-24 
1-75 
94-48 
1-43 
2-35 
17-67 
7-54 
0-23 
10,624-60 
1,431-04 
5,163-60 
3-41 


37,507 
28,355 
38,316 

392 ,480 

48,493 
26,541 
19,739 
22,645 
22,466 
28,373 
31,878 
29,384 
22,685 
60,104 
20,446 
31,660 
28,066 


7,568 
12,635 
8,851 

178,657 

1,267 
29,1552 
8,444 
8,219 
8,446 
23,516 
22,293 
14,855 
13,013 
27,010 
1,520 
20,919 

3 


12,122 
14,165 
18,423 

132 ,102 

21,429 
13,293 
12,270 
6,166 
-3,329 
2,129 
16,132 
16,598 
6,249 
775 
25,691 
7,067 
7,632 


29,939 
15,720 
29,465 

213,823 

47,226 

11,295 
14,426 
14,020 
4,857 
9,585 
14,529 
9,672 
33,094 
18,926 
10,741 


Strathcona 


Victoria 


British Columbia 


Burrard 


Cariboo 


Comox-Alberni 


Fraser Valley 


Kootenay East 


Kootenay West 


Nanaimo 


New Westminster 


Skeena 


Vancouver Centre 


Vancouver South 


Victoria 


Yale 





1 By map measurement for provinces and electoral districts. 

2 Includes Yale District. 3 Included in Cariboo District. 



11. Population of Cities and Towns having over 5,000 inhabitants in 1921, 

compared with 1871-81-91-1901-11. 

NOTE. The cities and towns in which a Board of Trade exists are indicated by an asterisk (*). 
cases the population is for the city or town municipality as it existed in 1921. 



In all 



Cities and Towns. 


Provinces. 


Population. 


1871. 


1881. 


1891. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


*Montreal 


Quebec 


115,000 
59,000 
241 

26,880 
24,141 
59,699 

18,000 

29,582 
41,325 
3,270 
4,253 

8,107 

3,800 
4,432 

7,570 
2,743 
12,407 
879 
4,611 

7,864 

6,878 
200 
600 

4,313 
2,197 
1,696 

2,929 


155,238 
96,196 

7,985 

36,661 
31,307 
62,446 

26,266 

36,100 
41,353 
5,925 
6,561 

9,616 

6,890 
7,227 
1,480 
8,670 
4,054 
14,091 
780 
6,812 

9,631 

9,890 
884 
5,032 

8,239 
8,367 
2,406 

3,874 
2,347 


219,216 
181,215 
25,639 
13,709 
48,959 
44,154 
63,080 
3,876 
31,977 

38,437 
39,179 
16,841 
10,322 

12,753 

296 
11,264 
10,110 
2,427 
8,334 
7,425 
19,263 
2,414 
9,717 

9,170 

10,537 
3,076 
8,762 
2,459 
9,500 
10,366 
3,761 
3,778 

6,692 
3,349 


328,172 
209,8922 
42,340 
27,010 
52,634 
59,928 
68,840 
4,392 
37,976 
4,176 
40,832 
40,711 
20,919 
12,153 
2,249 
16,619 
113 
1,898 
13,993 
11,765 
9,909 
9,981 
9,747 
17,961 
7,169 
12,886 
3,633 
9,946 
1,558 
11,496 
8,856 
9,026 
6,945 
9,959 
11,485 
6,365 
5,620 
3,214 
8,176 
5,702 


490,5041 
381,8332 
136,035 
100,401 
81,969 
87,062 
78,710 
43,704 
46,300 
31,0643 
46,619 
42,511 
31,660 
17,829 
30,213 
23, 132 
12,004 
11,629 
18,222 
16,405 
17,723 
13,691 
15,196 
18,874 
14,920* 
18,360 
16,499 
12,484 
13,823 
15,175 
14,579 
11,345 
16,562 
12,946 
14,054 
11,688 s 
13,839 
11,220 
9,947 
9,248 


618,506 
521,893 
179,087 
117,217 
114,151 
107,843 
95,193 
63,305 
60,959 
58,821 
58,372 
47,166 
38,727 
38,591 
34,432 
29,440 
25,739 
25,001 
24,117 
23,515 
22,545 
22,367 
21,763 
21,753 
21,092 
20,994 
20,541 
19,881 
19,285 
18,128 
17,593 
17,488 
17,007 
16,094 
16,026 
15,404 
15,397 
14,886 
14,877 
14,764 


"Toronto 


Ontario 


Winnipeg 


Manitoba 


*Vancouver 


British Columbia. . . 
Ontario 


"Hamilton 


*Ottawa 


M 


*Quebec 


Quebec . . 


"Calgary 


Alberta ... 


"London 


Ontario 


"Edmonton 


Alberta 


"Halifax 


Nova Scotia 


"St. John 


New Brunswick 


"Victoria 


British Columbia. . . 
Ontario 


"Windsor . . 


"Regina 


Saskatchewan 


"Brantford 


Ontario 


"Saskatoon 


Saskatchewan 


Verdun 


Quebec 


"Hull 


U 


"Sherbrooke 





"Sydney 


Nova Scotia 


Three Rivers 


Quebec 


"Kitchener 


Ontario . 


"Kingston 


H 


*Sault Ste. Marie 





"Peterborough 


It 


"Fort William 


U 


"St. Catharines 


U 


"Moose Jaw 


Saskatchewan 


"Guelph 


Ontario 


Westmount 


Quebec 


"Moncton 


New Brunswick 


"Glace Bay 


Nova Scotia 


"Stratford 


Ontario 


"St. Thomas 





"Lachine 


Quebec 


"Brandon 


Manitoba 


"Port Arthur 


Ontario 


"Sarnia 


u 


"Niagara Falls 


u 





POPULATION OF CITIES AM) TOWNS 



KM) 



11. Population of Cities and Towns having OUT 5,000 inhabitants in 1931, 
rnniimrrd with 1871-81-91-1901-11. concluded. 











Popul: 


it ion. 






( it H-S and Tov. 


Provinces. 


1871. 


1881. 


1891. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


New \Vest iuin&gt;ter 


British Columbi 


_ 


1,500 


6,678 


6,499 


13,199 


14,495 


Chath in 


)ntario 


5,873 




9,( 


9,1 


10,771) 


13,256 


( ut remont 


Jwbec 




387 




1. 


4,820 


13, 




Ontario . . . 


3,^ 


5,187 


7,1 




10,5 


13,216 


&lt;t Boniface 


Manitoli.-i 




1,1 


1.553 


2,019 


183 


12,821 


*(. Irirlot tetownJc Ro . 


blaad 


8,807 


11. 


11. 


12,080 


11, 


IL ,347 


Bellevil) 


ntario 


U)5 


116 




8,117 


^76 


12,206 


*( \s en Sound 


. , 






7,4 


8,7 


12 


13,190 


-. . 


11 


3,1V. 


3. 


4,i 


4. 


7,; 


11. 


licthbridgc 


Ubrta 




_ 


_ 


2,1 




11,097 


*St llvacinthe 


^uebtx* 


3,746 


5, 


7,016 


in 


797 


10,859 


\ort h B.-iv 


&gt;ntario 










7,1 


10. 


Shawinigan Falls 


Quebec 


_ 


_ 


_ 






10. 




Quebec 


8,1 




7,801 


9, 


8,703 


10,470 


. . 

*BrockvilU 


(ntario 


5,109 


7,609 


8,791 






10,043 


* \inhrrst 


otia. . . . 




274 


781 


4,1 


8,fl 




*\\ i K H [stock 




3,982 


5,373 


8,612 


8,^ 


9,: 




* M ed H ine 1 1 it 


\ H&gt;crta 








1,570 


108 




Valley field. 

Joliette 


Quebec . . . 


l.SOO 
3,047 


3,906 
3,268 


5.1 

H. 


11,055 
4,220 


149 


9,215 
9,118 


Nanaimo and subur 

* New ( daSgOW 


P.riti.-h Columbia... 
Nova Scotia. . . . 




1,1 


4. 
778 


ISO 
147 


6, 


(.OSS 


*( liicout imi 


Quebec 


1, 


1,935 


877 




5,880 


.: 


Orillia 


,rio 


1,3 


Oil 


4,752 


! 


6,828 





Welland 




1,110 


1,870 


i;,035 


1,8 


5,318 


8,654 


Sudburv 


H 








027 


4,150 


8,621 


Svdni V Mines 




_ 


540 


2, 


1,191 


170 


8,327 


Sorol 


(. &gt;uei 


5,636 




6, 


7. 


8,420 


8,174 


*Fre&lt; Lerictoo 


New Bnm&gt;\\ ick 


6,006 


6,218 




7,117 


7,208 


.s.l 14 


*Dartniout h 


N i &gt; \ 




786 


6,252 


4,S 


5,058 


7,899 


*Thetford Mr 


(Quebec 


_ 






3,J 


Ml 


7,886 


Pembroke 


t ntario 


1 , 508 




4, 


; :,f, 


5,1 


7,875 




Quebec 


:\ 


114 


4 . --2-1 


4,030 


5,903 


7,734 


Riviere du Loup 




1 , 5 1 1 




4,17.-, 


4,569 


6,774 


7,703 


North Vancouver. 


British Columbia. . . 










8,! 


7,652 


Grand 1 Mere 


(Quebec 





_ 


_. 


2.511 


4,783 


7,631 


*L indsay 


( ntario 


4,049 


5,080 


6,081 


7,003 


6,964 


7,620 


Truro 


Nova Scotia 




3,461 


102 


5. 


6,107 


7,562 


Prince Albert 


icwan 


_ 






1.: 


6,254 


7,558 


Cornwall 


1 ntario 


2,033 


4,468 


6,805 


6,7(14 


6, 


7,419 


Yarmouth 


Nova Scotia 


500 


3,485 


6,089 


6,430 


6,600 


7,073 


Walkerville 


( ntario 






933 


I.I 


3,302 


7,059 


M idland 




.__ 


1,1 


2,088 


3,174 


4,663 


7,016 


Barrie 


M 


3,398 


4,854 


ISO 


5,949 


6,420 


6,936 


Smith Falls 


H 


1,150 


2. 087 


3,864 


5,155 


6.370 


6,790 


Granby 


Quebec . . 


876 


1 040 


1,710 


3,773 


4,750 


6,785 


Portage la Prairie. . 


Manitoba 






3.363 


3,901 


5,892 


6,766 


Can di&gt; la Madeline 


Quebec 


1,226 


1,437 


1,289 


1,464 


2,101 


6,738 


* North Sydney 


Nova Scotia . 




1 , 520 


2,513 


4,646 


5,418 


6,585 


*Pi ince Rupert 


British Columbia. . 











4,184 


6,393 


*Trenton ... 


Ontario 


1,796 


3,042 


4,363 


4,217 


3,988 


5,902 


Waterloo 


u 


1,594 


2,066 


2,941 


3,537 


4,359 


5,883 


Collingwood . 


It 


2,829 


4,445 


4,939 


5,755 


7,090 


5,882 


Ford City 















5,870 


Springhill 


Nova Scotia 





900 


4,813 


4,559 


5,713 


5,681 


New Waterford 


Nova Scotia 


^ 










5,615 


La Tuque . . 


Quebec 


__ . 


__ 


= 


_ 


2,934 


5,603 


*Campbellton .... 


New Brunswick. . . . 


^. 





_ 


2,652 


3,817 


5,570 


Hawkesbury 


( ntario 


1,671 


1,920 


2,042 


4,150 


4,400 


5,544 


*St.Jr&me.. 


Quebec 


1,159 


2,032 


2,868 


3,619 


3,473 


5,491 


Preston 


Ontario 


1,408 


1,419 


1,843 


2,308 


3,883 


5,423 


*Kenora ... 


M 






1,806 


5,202 


6,158 


5,407 


Cobourg ... 


H 


4,442 


4,957 


4,829 


4,239 


5,074 


5,327 


Eastview 











776 


3,169 


5,324 


Stellarton . . . 


Xova Scotia 


_ 


__ 


2,410 


2,335 


3,910 


5,312 


Nelson 


British Columbia. . 





_ 




5,273 


4,476 


5,230 


Magog 


Quebec 


1,174 


1,248 


2,100 


3,516 


3,978 


5,159 


Yorkton . . 


Saskatchewan 








700 


2,309 


5,151 


Inner-soil . . 


( ntario. . 


4,022 


4.318 


4.191 


4.573 


4,763 


5.1.50 



1 Includes Maisonneuve, Cartierville, Bordeau and Sault-au-Recollet. * Includes North Toronto, less 
67 in 1911 transferred to Township of York. * Includes town of Strathcona. * Includes town of Steel- 
ton. Includes Parish of Lachine and Summerlea town. 8 Includes Notre Dame la Victorie. 7 Includes 
North Vancouver District. 8 Included suburbs in 1901. 



110 



AREA AND POPULATION 



12. Population of Towns and Villages having between 1,000 and 5,000 inhabitants in 

1921, as compared with 1901 and 1911. 



Towns and Villages. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


Towns and Villages. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


Prince Edward Island. 


2,875 
1,140 

3,471 
3,398 
2,203 
3,235 
306 
1,274 
2,916 
3,391 
1,731 
1,546 
1,937 
1,838 
1,412 
1,088 
1,479 
1,026 
1,285 
1,445 
1,150 
866 
1,046 
858 

4,868 

2,507 
2,840 
3,644 
1,044 
1,398 
1,444 
2,044 
1,075 
862 

1,892 
644 

100 
733 
1,064 

3,416 

2,835 
1,919 
1,362 
2,936 

1,693 
1,804 
2,880 
505 
3,114 

1,390 
2,171 
1,176 
1,541 
2,291 
1,450 
1,073 
822 


2,678 
1,089 

4,417 
3,452 
2,775 
3,179 
2,719 
1,749 
2,681 
2,856 
2,304 
2,589 
2,109 
1,787 
1,458 
1,648 
1,617 
1,392 
1,392 
1,435 
1,247 
951 
1,006 
996 

4,666 
1,821 
2,945 
2,836 
3,856 
960 
1,906 
2,039 
1,804 
1,442 
1,650 

1,837 
1,280 

871 

988 
987 

3,978 
2,354 
3,972 
2,617 
3,344 
3,854 

3,028 
3,097 
3,165 
2,201 
3,560 

1,860 
2,816 
2,056 
2,120 
3,109 
1,725 
2,020 
2,141 


3,228 
1,094 

4,550 
3,591 
3,147 
2,988 
2,963 
2,844 
2,792 
2,748 
2,717 
2,390 
2,294 
1,746 
1,743 
1,732 
1,626 
1,424 
1,402 
1,360 
1,230 
1,177 
1,152 
1,086 

4,506 
4,035 
3,507 
3,452 
3,380 
3,327 
2,198 
2,173 
1,976 
1,973 
1,958 
1,924 
1,614 
1,327 
1,171 
1,158 
1,110 
1,065 

4,966 
4,851 
4,682 
4,145 
3,890 
3,835 
3,802 
3,759 
3,612 
3,554 
3,535 
3,343 
3,240 
3,232 
3,140 
3,050 
3,043 
2,970 
2,852 
2,812 
2,799 
2.656 


Quebec continued. 
Point Claire St. Joachim 


555 
2,022 

1,512 
2,057 
2,225 
2,149 
1,408 
1,976 
1,343 

507 
1,364 
783 
1,451 
1,248 
1,555 
1,797 
1,822 
1,586 

1,583 

826 
352 
1,154 

991 
1,565 

1,306 

206 
1,272 
1,364 
1,199 
647 
847 
1,018 
1,120 
1,175 
296 

481 
851 

1,117 
615 

702 

1,122 
1,108 

1,605 

1,017 
995 


793 
1,239 
2,407 

1,905 
2,175 
2,593 
2,233 
1,857 
2,015 
1.416 
752 
1,011 
1,335 
2,224 
2,388 
1,737 
1,588 
1,886 
1,990 
1,559 

1,751 
1,717 
1,449 
703 
1,480 

1,438 

1,675 
1,167 

1,587 
1,355 
996 
1,653 
1,432 
1,602 
1,416 
2,066 
1,606 
1,211 
1,402 
1,224 

1,005 
1,004 

1,677 
1,440 
861 

1,501 
1,070 
1,265 
1,363 

1,171 
1,747 
581 
1,331 

1,458 
1,024 


2,617 
2,603 
2,592 
2,557 
2,454 
2,450 
2,342 
2,330 
2,291 
2,250 
2,212 
2,211 
2,204 
2,193 
2,189 
2,158 
2,068 
2,066 
2,063 
2,056 
2,032 
1,989 
1,919 
1,904 
1,883 
1,882 
1,811 
1,793 
1,783 
1,776 
1,772 
1,764 
1,756 
1,748 
1,735 
1,709 
1,693 
1,669 
1,667 
1,658 
1,648 
1,646 
1,554 
1,549 
1,492 
1,488 
1,466 
1,462 
1,457 
1,454 
1,448 
1,445 
1,442 
1,419 
1,418 
1,416 
1,401 
1,394 
1,360 
1,354 
1,332 
1,320 
1,311 
1,306 
1,293 
1,290 
1,267 
1,254 
1,234 
1,225 
1,213 
1,213 
1,174 




Bromptonville 


Nova Scotia. 




Kenogami . 


Iberville 


Richmond 




Nicolet 




Windsor 




Baie St. Paul 




Beauharnois 


TVpnton 


St. Anne de Bellevue 




Mont-Laurier 




Bagotville 


TCpntvillp 


Berthier 




Asbestos 




Laprairie 




Roberval 




Loretteville 




Waterloo 




Terrebonne 




Plessisville 


Oxford 


Laval des Rapides 




Pointe Gatineau 




Montmorency 


.Luguy 


Malbaie 




Montreal West 




Ste. Rose 


New Brunswick. 


Saindon 


St Tite 


Montreal East 


Louiseville 




Point-aux-Trembles 




Chandler 


Of AfpnVlPTl 


Marieville 




Grande Baie 


B&thurst . 


Sacre Cceur de Jesus 




St . Raymond 




Bedford 


A1 ill town 


St. Gabriel de Brandon 


Shpdi&c * 


St. Joseph (Richelieu) 


Dalhousio 


Ste. Anne de Beaupre 


"Dpvnn 


Disraeli 




Lennoxville 


Oranrl Trails 


Acton Vale 


Sunny Brae . . 


St. Marc-des-Carrieres 


Tl.icliibu.cto 


Amos 




Dorval 


Gf Anrlrpw^ 


Bienville 


Quebec. 

Lauzon . . 


St Casimir 


Trois-Pistoles 


Beauceville 


St. Joseph (Beauce) 


Jonouiere 


Rock Island 


TiAntMifMiil (pit v^ 


Pont Rouge 


Montma^ny 


Beloeil 


St Lambert 


St Benoit Joseph Labre 


Riiolcin$?Ha.m 


Huntingdon 


Hlast An nr us 


Pierreville 


V ictor ia v ille 


Montreal North 


Rimouski 


Lac-au-SaumoD 


Coaticook 


St J acques 


St Pierre 


L Assomption 


Farnham 


Ste Marie 


Beauport 


St Felicien 


St Laurent 


Courville 


Megan tic 


Danville 


St J6r6me de Matane 


Charlesbourg 


Ste Therese 


Giffard 


Aylmer 


Arthabaska 


Drummondville 


Donnaconna 


St Agathe des Alonts 


Baie Shawinigan 


Mont Joli 


Port d Alfred 


Black Lake. . 


2,645 


Almaville. . 






POPULATION OF TOWNS AND VILLAGES 



111 



12. Population of Towns and Villages having between 1,000 and 5,000 inhabitants in 

1921, as compared with 1901 and 1911. 



Towns and Villages. 


1901. 


1911. 


1931 


Towms and Villages. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


Quebec -concluded 
Laurentides 


034 


1,1: 


i.ll 


Ontario continued . 
Huntsville 


2,15 




]&gt; 4H 


Conio 




89 


1,11 


Alexandria 


1 .! 




2 145 


Desc hail Ions. . 


UJ1 


1,16 


1,14 


A vlmer 


2,20 


2,10 


1 4 


Urmr 


l.OSC 




1,13 


&lt; *rangevilli 


2.51 




^7 


Greenfield Park 






1,11 


Winnham 




2 2:5 




Macamic 


__ 





1. lit 


Kincardine 


2 07 




2 077 


St. Eustache 


1,07 


996 


1,08 


n 


1 31 




Oil I 


Cowansville 


699 


88 


1,09 


Clinton 






:2 018 


La Providence 


819 




1,1)7 


Kim in i 


1 on 


1 7s 


2 016 


imbly B:usin 


849 




l.Ofl 


( irim-! . 


1.00 


1 liti 


2 004 


George East 


544 


1,410 


1,00 


Milton 






1 873 


. -.vdoii 






1,04 


Ridgetown 


2 405 




Uf 


itreal South 


m 


790 




I &gt;i -&lt;-n &gt;nt&lt;&gt; 


3 527 


2 013 


1 847 


Abord-a-PloufT 


_ 




1,01 


Blind 1\ i\ cr 






1 843 










- 


I 




1,829 


Ontario. 








Mitrh ell 


: 


1 , 7tit 


1,800 












l,39(j 




1 796 


Dundas 

:Y -u 


3,17; 

3,153 


3,846 


4,97 
4,906 


K iiif- vill.- 
\\ i:irton 


1 , :.:* 
2 443 


1,43 

2 266 


1,788 

1 726 


Thon.ld 


1,971 


2,273 


4,82, 


1 &gt; Hi 


1 484 


1 7"( 


1 722 


Brampton 


2,748 


3,412 


; 


,nt Fore* 


2 019 


1 839 


1 718 


Port Hope ... 


4,188 








1 734 


1 7H 


1 708 


Cobalt 








Tilban 


1 OIL 




1 117: , 


Sandwich 


1,450 




1. H. 


ThMHun 


1 205 




1 651 


















1 aris 






4, 36: 




1 3 t 




1 588 


Sturgeon Falls 


Mis 


2,191 


4,1: . 


Blenheim 




1 387 


1 565 


Godericli 


4,151 




4,10" 


rig 




1 146 


1 546 


Arnprior 


4,152 


4,405 


4,077 


ithftmptoo 


1 636 


1 685 


i .w 


IVnetunguishene 




3,568 


4,037 


Humberetone 








\\allaceburg 






4,006 


Pftlmflntoa 


1 850 


l ... 


1 523 


Simcoe 


2,617 






Vankleek Hill 


1 674 


1 577 


1 499 


ftUryi 


3,384 


3,388 


3,847 


Durham 


1 422 


1 581 


1 494 


Timmins 








I ort Dalhousie 


i rv 


1 152 


1 492 


Carleton Place 


4,059 


3,021 


,84 


Gravenhi rst 


2 146 


1 624 


1 478 


IVrth 


3.588 






\ let &lt; irrv 1 1 :irl &gt;our 


989 


1 616 


1 463 


Mimico 


437 


1.373 


3,751 


l*i &gt;rt 1 )&lt;&gt;ver 


1 177 


1 138 


1 462 


Hailevbury 








M:it t:i\va 


1 400 


1 524 


1 462 


Leamington ... 


2,451 






Mi irri.shurg 


1 693 


1 696 


1 444 


Newmarket 


1, 12: 


2,996 


3,626 


Kainv Kiver 




1 578 


1 444 


Gananoque 


3,526 


3,804 


3,604 




1 792 


1 555 


1 442 


Parrv Sound 


2,884 




3,546 


Forest 


1 553 


1 445 


1 422 


Rockland 


1,998 


3,397 


3.49C 


Briehton 


1 378 


1 320 


1 411 


Port Colborne 


1 . 26! 


1,024 


3,415 


Alliston 


1 256 


1 279 


1 376 


Picton 


3,698 


1 ; 


3,356 


Ni;u&gt;ara 


1 258 


1 318 


1 357 


Cochrane 




1,715 


3,306 


\e\v Hamburg 





1 4R4 


1 351 


Oakville 


1,643 


2,372 


3,298 


Dresden 


1 613 


1 551 


1 339 


Bowmanville 


2,731 


2,814 


3,233 


Tweed 


1 168 


1 368 


1 339 


Dunnville 


2,105 


2,861 


3,224 


I\cc\\ atin 


1 156 


1 242 


1 327 


Weston 


1,083 


1,875 


3,166 


L Orienal 


1 02fi 


1 ^47 


1 298 


Petrolia 


4,135 


3,518 


3,148 


Port Elgin 


1 313 


1 235 


1 291 


Fort Francis 


697 


1,611 


3,109 


C :ipreol 






1 287 


Napanee 


3,143 


2,807 


3,038 


Havelock 


984 


1 436 


1 268 


Tilsonburg 


2,241 


2,758 


2,974 


Harriston 


1 637 


1 491 


1 263 


Campbellford. . 


2,485 


3,051 


2,890 


Point Edward 


780 


874 


1 258 


Whitby 


2,110 


2,248 


2,800 


Beamsville 


832 


1 096 


1 256 


Hanover 


1,392 


2,342 


2,781 


Cardinal 


1 378 


1 111 


1 241 


Hespeler 


2,457 


2,368 


2.777 


Caledonia 


801 


952 


1 223 


Amherstburg 


2,222 


2,560 


2,769 


Kemptville 


1 523 


1 192 


1 204 


Burlington 


1,119 


1,831 


2,709 


Lakefield 


1 244 


1 397 


1 189 


Strathrov 


2.933 


2,823 


2,691 


Iroquois Falls 






1 178 


New Toronto 


209 


686 


2,669 


Norwich 


1 269 


1 112 


1 176 


Meaford 


1,916 


2,811 


2,650 


Hagersville 


1 020 


1 lOfi 


1 169 


Prescott 


3,019 


2,801 


2,636 


Riverside 






1 155 


Copper Cliff 


2,500 


3,082 


2,597 


Parkhill 


1 430 


1 289 


1 152 


M"erritton 


1,710 


1,670 


2,544 


Port Perry 


1 465 


1 148 


1 143 


Listowel 


2,693 


2,289 


2,477 


Chippawa 


460 


707 


1 137 


Bracebridge 


2,479 


2,776 


2,451 


Elora 


1 187 


1 197 


1 136 


Almonte 


3,023 


2,452 


2,426 


Sioux Lookout 




550 


1 127 


Bridgeburg 


1,356 


1,770 


2,401 


\\ inchester 


1 101 


1 143 


1 126 


Portsmouth 


1,827 


1,786 


2,351 


Port Credit 






1 123 


Walkerton 


2,971 


2,601 


2,344 


Waterford 


1 122 


1 083 


1 123 


Aurora 


1,590 


1,901 


2,307 


Arthur 


1 285 


1 102 


1 104 


New Liskeard 




2,108 


2,268 


Bobcaygeon . . 


B14 


LOGO 


1.095 



112 



AREA AND POPULATION 



12. Population of Towns and Villages having between 1,000 and 5,000 inhabitants in 
1921, as compared with 1901 and 1911. concluded. 



Towns and Villages. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


Towns and Villages. 


1901. 


1911. 


1921. 


Ontario concluded . 


1,188 
1,279 
1,157 
629 
1,223 
493 
1,132 
140 
1,107 
967 
403 

1,135 

2,188 
1,418 

839 
1,439 
1,052 
901 
1,522 
589 

121 
113 

141 

768 
609 

868 
413 

382 


1,113 
1,092 
1,058 
652 
1,034 
550 
1,053 
715 
1,189 
909 
981 

2,815 
2,977 
1,864 

1,854 
1,271 
1,483 
1,550 
1,130 
1,005 

2,105 
1,852 
2,210 
1,816 
1,981 
473 
859 
599 
315 
1,285 
435 
1,335 

781 
1,143 
1,172 

456 
936 


1,074 
1,072 
1,059 
1,058 
1,055 
1,053 
1,045 
1,031 
1,019 
1,015 
1,012 
1,011 

4,185 
3,885 
3,726 
1,887 
1,858 
1,710 
1,591 
1,505 
1,361 
1,268 
1,112 
1,062 

4,108 
3,518 
3,193 
2,808 
2,290 
2,002 
1,822 
1,746 
1,535 
1,439 
1,230 
1,229 
1,146 
1,106 
1,101 
1,099 
1,074 
1,006 
1,003 
1,002 


Alberta. 

Drumheller 


323 
550 

796 

639 
151 

231 

153 

499 
424 

802 
732 
1,360 
1,600 
1,196 
261 

6,156 

746 
277 

1,012 


2,118 
2,411 
1,586 
1,844 
1,400 
1,207 
642 
1,557 
1,137 
1,029 
1,444 
1,465 

625 
1,182 
497 
220 
1,029 
995 

3,772 
3,146 
2,671 
1,237 
1,460 
3,017 
3,090 
1,663 

2,826 

3,295 
1,657 
703 

1,577 


2,499 
2,328 
2,061 
1,892 
1,723 
1,705 
1,612 
1,594 
1,590 
1,552 
1,479 
1,416 
1,394 
1,364 
1,272 
1,198 
1,138 
1,137 
1,133 
1,069 
1,061 
1,057 
1,039 

4,501 
4,343 
3,685 
3,176 
3,020 
2,782 
2,725 
2,520 
2,148 
2,097 
2,053 
1,967 
1,767 
1,721 
1,469 
1,178 
1,056 
1,030 


jrOrt* iVJLCIN 1CU11 


Red Deer (city) 


WQ+ frvrrl 


Wetaskiwin (city) 




Camrose 


Madoc 


Macleod 


xvicnmonci xim 

Q-frMiff trillp 


Taber 




Cardston 




Ponoka 




Coleman 




Blairmore 




Vegreville 




Stettler 


Manitoba. 


Raymond 


Hanna 


Vermilion 


High River 




Fdson 


ftftlkirk 


Redcliff 




Lacombe 


Thp Pnci 


Magrath 




Grande Prairie 




Big Valley 




Beverly 


Virden 


British Columbia. 

(Cities). 
Kamloops 


Morden. 


Stonewall 




Saskatchewan. 

"Mnrth "Ritflpford (ritv} 


Fernie 


Vernon 


Cumberland 


Trail 


^1-wrift r^iirrpnt ff*itv^ 


Revelstoks 


\VpvHnrn ff*it,V^ 


Cranbrook 


TVTpl villp 


Kelowna 


plcf ovr&Tl 


Port Coquitlam 


TCn.m ^f\ f*lc 


Rossland 


Humboldi/ 


Prince George 


Melfort 


Ladysmith 


T^io crar 


Chilliwack 


TnrliaTi TTpAfl 


Merritt 


r^AJirvra 


Grand Forks 


Battleford 


Duncan 




Port Alberni 


fr ra v P! hoi i rcr 


Port Moody 


Watrous 




Moosomin 


Rosthern . . . 


Assiniboia 


Kindersley 


Maple Creek 





POPULATION OF THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES. 

The Census and Statistics Act, 1905, provided for the taking 
of a census of population and agriculture in Manitoba, Saskatchewan 
and Alberta in 1906 and in every tenth year thereafter, thus insti 
tuting, in addition to the general decennial census for all Canada, 
a quinquennial census of population and agriculture for the three 
Prairie Provinces. The quinquennial census of Manitoba, Saskatche 
wan and Alberta was therefore taken as for June 1, 1916, and the 
complete results were published in a Report dated January 12, 1918. 
A summary of the principal data was published in the Year Book 
for 1918, pages 105-112. 



r&lt;H ri..\rio.\ or riiMiui-: PSOVINi 






Total Population of Prairie Provinces.- The in n&lt;l 

population of M:mitol&gt;:t, itehewan and Alber l&gt;y 

provinces, (1 ihe oral districts constituted by the Kepre- 

n Act, 19 l4 (4-5 Geo. V, C. 51 d (c) by cities, towns and 
villa-. nmpared with the population by sex for 1911 and by 

totals for 101)1 and 1900, was published in the Year Book of 1916-17 
(pp. 95-10.")). Th&lt; d population of the three prairie provinces in 
1910 was returned as l.r.9X,2(), compared with 1,328,72.") in 1911, 
808,863 in 1900 and 419,512 in 1901. As the population of the 
prairie provinces in 1921 was 1.9f&gt;r&gt;.OS2 the increase during the five 
ir period since 1916 was 257,862 or 15- IS p&lt; T cent. Tin- compara 
tively low rate of increase as compared with the inci of 28 per 
at during the five ye nded r.U6 was undoubtedly due to the 
effect of the war in restrictin.u; imm mration. ble 13 .-hows the 
population of the prairie provinces for 1901, 1906, 1911, 1916 and 
1921, the population being distinguished ; x: for 1911 and 19 Hi. 

13. Population of the Prairie Provinces, 1M1, UN, 1911, 1916 and 19 !1. 





1901. 


1906. 




1911. 






1916. 




1. 


Provinces. 


Total. 


Total. 


Mules. 


Fe 
males. 


Total. 


lea. 


Fe- 
malea. 


Total. 


Total. 


Manitoba 


,211 








461,630 






553,860 


610,118 


Saskatchewan 








201 










757,510 


Vlherta 


73. 




:,989 


150 


1,663 


,256 




49* 


588,454 






















Total ... 


418,512 


808,883 


7(8,775 


559,95* 


1,328,725 


935, 552 


762,56-S 


1, 198,229 


1,956,082 























14. Population of Prairie Provinces by Sex at each Census Period from 1870 for 
Manitoba and from 19fl for Saskatchewan and Alberta. 



Provinces and Years. 



Manitoba 

1S70 

-I ..... 
1886.... 
1891 ..... 
1896 



1906 
1911 
1916 
1921 



Saskatchewan 
1901 ........... 

1906 ..... 

1911 ..... 

1916 ..... 

1921 ...... 

Alberta 
1901. 
1906. 
1911. 
1916. 
1921. 

1 In 1896 the Census consisted of a count of population only. 
1 Ten-year increase shown. 

381318 



Population. 


Increase over Preceding Census. 


lea. 


Fe 
males. 


To- 


M.-iles. 


Females. 


tat. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


p.c. 


No. 


p.c. 


No. 


p.c. 


6,317 


5,911 


12. 


__ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


35,123 


27, 137 


62,260 


28,806 


456-01 


21. 


359-10 


50,032 


409-16 


59,594 


49,046 


108,640 


471 


69-67 


21 


80-73 


46,380 


74-49 


84,342 


68,164 


152,506 


24,748 


41-53 


19,118 


38-98 


43,866 


40-37 


i 


i 


193 


_ 


- 


- 


- 


40 


26-83 


^,504 


116,767 


.211 


54,162 


64-22 


48,543 


71-22 


102,705 


67-34 


,183 


160,505 


365,688 


66. 


48-14 


43,798 


37-53 


110,477 


43-29 


253,056 


208,574 


461,394 


47,873 


23-33 


48,069 


29-95 


. 942 


26-23 


;,609 


259,261 


.860 


41,553 


16-42 


50,677 


24-30 


92,230 


19-98 







610,118 














56,258 


10-16 


,431 


41,848 


91,279 






_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


152 


104,972 


257,763 


103,360 


209-10 


63, 124 


150-84 


166,484 


182-39 


-".i 1,730 


200,702 


,432 


138,939 


90-93 


95,730 


91-20 


234 


91-05 


363,787 


284,048 


647,835 


72,057 


24-70 


83,346 


41-52 


155,403 


31-50 








757,510 














109,675 


16-93 


41,019 


32,003 


73,022 






_ 


_ 





_ 


108,283 


77,129 


185,412 


67,264 


163-98 


45,126 


141-00 


112,390 


153-91 


223,989 


150,674 


374,295 


115,706 


106-86 


73,545 


95-35 


189,251 


102-07 


277,256 


219,269 


496,525 


53,267 


23-78 


68,595 


45-53 


121,862 


32-53 




- 


588,454 


- 


- 


- 


- 


91,929 


18-51 



114 



AREA AND POPULATION 



14. Population of Prairie Provinces by Sex at each Census Period from 1870 for 
Manitoba and from 1901 for Saskatchewan and Alberta. concluded. 



Increase over Preceding Census. 



1901 
1906 
1911 
1916 
1921 



3 rovinces and Years. 


Population. 


Males. 


Fe 
males. 


Total. 


s Provinces 


No. 

228,954 
466,257 

768,775 
935,652 


No. 

190,558 
342,606 
559,950 
762,568 


No. 

419,512 
808,863 
1,328,121 
1,698,220 
1,956,082 













Mai 38. 


Females. 


Total. 


No. 


p.c. 


No. 


p.c. 


No. 


p.c. 


237,303 
302,518 
166,877 


103-64 
64-88 
21-71 


152,048 
217,344 
202,618 


79-79 
63-44 
36-19 


389,351 
519,862 
369,495 
257,862 


92-81 
64-27 
27-81 
15-18 



15. City Population of the Prairie Provinces, 1901, 1908, 1911, 1916 and 1921. 





1901. 


1906. 




1911. 






1916. 




1921. 




Total. 


Total. 


Males. 


Fe 
males. 


Total. 


Males. 


Fe 
males. 


Total. 


Total. 


Manitoba 
Brandon 


5,620 


10,408 


7,362 


6,477 


13 839 


7 697 


7 518 


15 215 


15 397 


Portage la Prairie. . . . 


3,901 


5,106 


3,118 


2,774 


5 892 


2 978 


2 901 


5 879 


6 766 


St Boniface 


2,019 


5,119 


4,029 


3,454 


7,483 


5 488 


5 533 


11 021 


12 821 


Winnipeg 


42,340 


90,153 


74,406 


61,629 


136,035 


82 227 


80 773 


163 000 


179 087 


Sask atch ewan 
Moosejaw 


1,558 


6,249 


8,964 


4,859 


13,823 


9 007 


7 927 


16 934 


19 285 


North Battleford 




824 


1,258 


847 


2,105 


1 679 


1 466 


3 145 


4 108 


Prince Albert 


1,785 


3,005 


3,727 


2,527 


6,254 


3,397 


3 039 


6 436 


7 558 


Regina 


2,249 


6,169 


19,767 


10,446 


30,213 


13,655 


12,472 


26 127 


34 432 


Saskatoon 


113 


3,011 


7,217 


4,787 


12 004 


10 719 


10 329 


21 048 


25 739 


Swift Current 


121 


554 


1,096 


756 


1 852 


1 681 


1 500 


3 181 


3 518 


Weyburn 


113 


966 


1,302 


908 


2 210 


1 574 


1 476 


3 050 


3 1^3 


Yorkton 


700 


1,363 


1,303 


1,006 


2 309 


1 596 


1 548 


3 144 


5 151 


Alberta 
Calgary 


4,392 


13,573 


26,565 


17,139 


43 704 


29 278 


27 236 


56 514 


63 305 


Edmonton l 


4,176 


14,088 


17,054 


13,425 


31 064 


27 462 


26 384 


53 846 


58 821 


Hethbridge . ... 


2,072 


2,313 


4,462 


3 588 


9 035 


4 896 


4 540 


9 436 


tl 097 


Medicine Hat 


1,570 


3,020 


3,207 


2 401 


5 608 


4 781 


4 491 


9 272 


9 634 


Red Deer 


323 


1,418 


1,213 


905 


2 118 


1 127 


1 076 


2 203 


2 328 


Wetaskiwin 


550 


1,652 


1,264 


1,147 


2 411 


1 047 


1 001 


2 048 


2 061 























1 Includes Strathcona. 



POPULATION OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. 

During the decade 1911-1921 the boundaries of the British 
Empire were contracted by the voluntary giving up of Egypt and 
expanded by the addition of various territories as a result of the war. 
The increases of territory were mainly in Africa, where the Tanganyika 
Territory, Southwest Africa, and portions of the Cameroons and 
Togoland were added to the Empire, with an aggregate area of 731,000 
square miles and an estimated population of slightly over 5,000,000. 
In Asia the territories acquired by mandate from the League of 
Nations include Palestine and Mesopotamia, with 3,619,282 inhabit 
ants on an area of 152,250 square miles. In the Pacific the territories 
added to the Empire include Western Samoa, the Territory of New 
Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and part of the Solomon Islands, 
all of which were formerly German possessions. According to the 
most reliable estimates the total area of these regions is 90,802 square 
miles with a population of 637,051. 



POPULATION OF THE HRIT1SH EMPIRE 



115 



Statistics of the area, and population of the territories included 
in the British Kmpire in 1921 are invrn in Table 16, together with 
comparative figures of population for 1901 and 1911. 

1C. Area and Population of the British Empire, by Countries, 1901, 1911 and 1921. 

(From the 1 ritish Statistical Abstract, Statesman - Year Book, and other sources.) 









Population. 




Countries. 


Sl]l. 

miles, 1921. 


Census of 

&gt;!. 
Total. 


Census of 
Itll, 
Total. 


Census of 
1911, 
Total. 


Europe. 

.England find Wules 


:560 


S43 


3ti,070 


37,885,242 


Scotland . 


in. ) 


4,473.108 


4,7 


4,882,288 


Ireland 




4,! 


21fl 


4,496,000 


Islands 




150,370 


016 


H!&gt;,852 












Total, United Kingdom 


121,653 


41 ,0* ,091 


45,370,530 


47 ,413 ,382 












Gibraltar 4 . 


1] 


20,355 


19,120 


17,690 


Malta 4 


117 


184 


I ll, 564 


224 , 859 












Total, Europe 


121,7711 


41 ,814 ,188 


45, SOI ,214 


47 ,55 ,931 












Asia. 

Aden including PITIIM 


80 


174 


4C&gt; Iti." 


54 923 


Socotra 


1,382 


1J.000 1 


IL ,000 2 


12,000 


Borneo 
Rritish North Borneo 


31,106 


104 


208,183 


20S 


Brunoi 


4,000 


10.0005 


-M.7185 


25, 4.-&gt; P 


a\v:tk 


(00 


500,000 


500,000 


500,000 


Total, Borneo 


77.1M 


14,527 


729,901 


733 ,37 


Bahrein Is. Prot . 








110 000* 


Ceylon 4 


25,481 


3,565,954 


4,106,350 


4,504 283 


Maldive Is .... 








70,0002 


Cvprus 5 * 


3,584 


237,022 


273 


310,808 


Hong Kong 6 ... 1 




/ 


145 




\f\v Territories . / 


391 


\ lo: 


90 


625, 166 


India, British ... 


1,092,994 


231,855,533 


244,221,377 


247,138,000 


itive States. .... 


709,583 


461,549 


70,888,854 


71,937,000 


Total, India 


1,892,577 


294,317,082 


315,110,231 


319 ,075 ,000 


Straits Settlements 


1,572 


871 


715 "&gt;" 




Labuan 


28 


8 411 


6,546 


881.939 7 


Christmas Is 


81 


704 


1 463 Z 


2,1808 


Cocos or Keeling Is 




645 


749 


832* 












Total, Straits Settlements .. 


1,681 


583,358 


724 ,287 


884,951 












Asiatic Mandates 
Palestine 


9,000 






770 000 


Mesopotamia (Iraq.) 


143,250 


_ 




2,849,282** 












Total, Asiatic Mandates 


152,250 


- 


- 


3, 19 ,282 


Federated Malay States 
Perak 


7,875 


329,665 


494,057 


Population 


Selangor ... . 


3,138 


168,789 


294 035 


by states 


Kesri Sembilan 


2,573 


96,028 


130 199 


not yet 


Pahang 


14,037 


84,113 


118,708 


available. 












Total, Federated Malay States .. 


27,623 


78,595 


1,03C,999 


1,316, OOO 2 


Unfederated Malay States 
Johore 


8,000 


200 OOO 2 


180 412 


282,244 


Kedah 


3 800 




245 986 


338 544 


Perlis 


305 


Xot 


32 746 


40 091 


Kelantan 


5 500 


f available | 


286 751 


309,293 


Trengganu 


6,000 




154,073 


153,092 












Total, Unfederated Malay States 


23,805 


- 


899,968 


1,123,264 



38131 8i 



116 



AREA AND POPULATION 



16. Area and Population of the British Empire, by Countries, 
1901, 1911 and 1921. continued. 









Population. 




Countries. 


Area in 
square 
miles, 1921. 


Census of 
1901, 
Total. 


Census of 
1911, 
Total. 


Census of 
1921, 
Total. 


Wei-Hai-Wei 


285 


130,792 


147, 133 


_9 


Africa. 


34 


410 


400 


250 


British East Africa- 


245,060 . 


4,000,0001 


2,402,863" 


2,630,0002 


Tanganyika Terr, (late German East 
Africa) . 


365,000 


_ 





4,106,70012 


Uganda Prot 


111,82813 


3,500,00010 


2,843,325 


3,071,608" 


Zanzibar Prot 


640 


- 


- 


mOOO 2 


Pemba 


380 


- 


- 






720 


371,0235 


368,791 


37fi 108 




89 


4,859 


6,690 






39,956 


706,000 


970,430 


1,201,519 


St Helena 


47 


3,342 


3,477 


4,000 


Tristan da Cunha 


_ 





- 


10515 


Seychelles . 


156 


19,237 


22,691 


24,811 


Somaliland Prot 


68,000 


153,000 


344,323 


300, OOO 2 


South Africa 
Basutoland . 


11,716 


348,848i 


404,507 


500, 504 2 


Bechuanaland Prot 


275,000 


120,776i 


125,350 


152,983 


Rhodesia Southern 


148,575 


503,065 


771,077 


I 1 7QR Oflfl 


Rhodesia Northern 


291,000 


746,000" 


822,482 




Swaziland 


6,678 


85,49116 


99,959 


133,563 


Union of South Africa 
Cape of Good Hope 


276,966 


2,409,804i 


2,564,965 


2,782,71218 


Natal 


35,291 


1,108,75416 


1,194,043 


1,427,7061s 


Orange Free State 


50,389 


387,315i 


528,174 


618,80218 


Trarsvaal . 


110,450 


1,269,95116 


1,686,212 


2,087,77218 


South West Africa 


322,400 


_ 


- 


237,237 












Total, Union of South Africa. . 


795 ,486 


5,175,82416 


5 ,973 ,394 


7,154,229 


West Africa 
Nigeria Northern Protectorate of. 


257,355 


9,161,70019 


9,269,000 


8,500,000 


Nigeria Southern and Colony of 20 . 


79,880 


J 3,055,546 


\ 7,857,983 


7,750,000 


British Cameroon 


31,000 


1,388,847 


J 


400,0002 


Gambia 20 


4,132 


90,354 


146,101 


248, OOO 2 


Gold Coast, Ashanti and Prot 


79,506 


1,486,433 


1,503,386 


2,029,750 


Northern Terr. Prot 


31,100 


Not available 


360, OOO 2 


- 


Togoland . . 


12,600 







300, OOO 2 


Sierra Leone 20 t 


30,000 


1,024,178 


l,403,132 2 i 


1,400,0002 


Total, West Africa 


525 ,573 


16 ,207 ,058 


20,539,602 


20,627,750 












An&lt;*lo-Egyptian Sudan 


1,014,000 






3,400,000" 


America. 

Bermuda 5 . . . 


19 


17,535 


18,994 


21,987 


Dominion of Canada 


3,729,665 


5,371,315 


7,206,643 


8,788,483 


Falkland Is 


7,500 


2,043 


3,275 


3,255 


British Guiana 23 


90,500 


293,958 


296,041 


297,691 


British Honduras 


8,598 


37,479 


40,458 


45,317 


Newfoundland 


42,734 


217,037 


238,670 


259,317 


Labrador . 


120,000 


3,947 


3,949 


3,621 


West India Islands 
Bahamas 


4,404 


53,735 


55,944 


53,031 


Barbados 


166 


195,588 


171,983 


198,0002 


Jamaica 


4,207 


755,730 


831,383 


857,921 


Cayman Is 


89 


5,000 


5,486 


3,945 


Turk s and Caicos Is 


166 


5,287 


5,615 


5,612 


Leeward Is. 
Virgin Is 


56 


4,908 


5,557 


5,082 


St. Christopher 


68 


29,782 


26,283 


) 


Nevis 


50 


12,774 


12,945 


\ 38,214 


Anguilla 


34 


3,890 


4,075 


j 


Antigua, including Barbuda 


169 


34,953 


32,265 




Montserrat, including Redonda 


33 


12,335 


12,200 


12,120 


Dominica.. 


305 


28,894 


33,863 


37,059 



} &lt;&gt;rU].ATI&lt;&gt;\ OF Till: BRITISH KMV1UK 



117 



16.- Area and Population of the liritish Empire, by Countries, 

1901, 1911 and 1921 com hided. 









Population. 




Countries. 


S()l. 

miles, 1921. 


of 
11, 
Total. 


Census of 
U, 

Total. 


Census of 
1921, 
Total. 


Trini. ::M .... 
Tobago . . 


1,862 
114 


255,148 
18,751 


312,803 
20, 


391,2791* 


.a 1 la. 
ia 
St. Vincent. . . ... 
Grenada and the 


233 
133 


49.883 
47,548 
63,438 


48,637 
11 
636 


51, 
44,447 
75,603" 


Total, West Indies... 


12,23$ 


1,577,644 


1,895,321 


1,773,878 


Australasia. 

Australia, Comn 
w South \YaIe* 
tpitalTerr. 
Victoria 


309,432 
87,884 


1,354,846 

1,201,070 


1,646,7 

1,714 
1,315, 


2,099," 
2,572 
1,531,8 


. . .\ 
rthiTn Tt-rr . 
Western Australia 
Tasmania 


070 
975,920 


363,157 

184,124 

172,475 


;io 

282,114 
191,211 


495,336 
3,870 

332,213 
213,877 


Queensland 


670.500 


498. 


605,813 


757,634 












Total, Commonwealth 


2,174,581 


S, 773 ,801 


4,455,005 


5,436,794 


Territory of Papua 


90.540 


350,000 


380.000M 


251,392" 


Dom. of New Zealand - 7 ... 


104,751 


772,719 


1,008,4 


1,218,913 


Terr of \\ ^amoa 


1,250 






37,051 


Nauru 


10 





_ 


1,985" 


Fiji 

Pacific Islands 
Tongan la Prot. (Friendlv Is.). 


7,435 

390 


120,124 
22,011 


139,541 
23,737 


162,604" 
23,562* 


Terr, of New Guinea (late German v 
Guinea) 
w Guinea (Kaiser Wilhelm s Land) 
Bismarck Archipelago ... 


70,000 
15,752 






395,000* 
188,0002 


Solomon Is. Prot. 


3,800 


_ 


_ 


17,000 


Brit. Solomon Islands Prot.. 
Gilbert and Ellice Is Colony. 


11,000 
187 


37,600 


150.000 

31,121 


150,750 
33.000 2 


Phosnix Group 


16 




59 


59 


Pitcairn 


2 




140** 




Starbuck Is 


1 


uninhal 






Jarvis la. . ... 


1ft 


30 


30 


30 


Maiden 


35 


168 


168 


168 












Total, Pacific Islands 


101,184} 


59 ,994 


205,255 


807,569 


Grand Total 


13,419,0461 


377 ,126,184 


420,535,912 


444,822,232 













1 Estimated population in the middle of 1921 . No census in 1921. * Estimated population. * Estimated 
population, 1919. 4 Excluding the military and persons on ships in harbours. 6 Excluding the military and 
persons on ships in harbours. Cyprus, which had been administered by England under a convention, 
dated 4th June, 1878, was annexed on the 5th November, 1914. 7 Inclusive of Labuan. 8 Estimated popula 
tion, 1918. By the Shantung settlement at Washington, January, 1922, Wei-Hai-Wei is to be restored to 
China. 10 Estimated population, 1903. ll Administered provinces only. 12 From Colonial Office list, 1922. 
1S Including 16,377 square miles of water within the territorial limits of the Uganda Protectorate. 14 Estim 
ated population, Dec., 1920. 1& Population in 1916. ll Population in 1904. " Partly estimated, a census of 
natives not being available. 18 Preliminary census figures as taken from the Monthly Bulletin of Union 
Statistics, May, 1922. * Population as stated in the Northern Nigeria report for 1904-5, and based on 
estimates made in 1904 by Residents in charge in the various Provinces of the Protectorate. M Including 
the Protectorate districts. 21 Including 567,561 children sex not stated. 22 Estimated population, 1917. 
23 Exclusive of certain Aborigines estimated to number 13,000 at the census of 1911. M The population stated 
for Australia is exclusive of full-blooded Aboriftines, estimated at 100,000 in 1911. M Number of Papuans, 
estimated. 2&lt; Population in 1920. n The area (280 square miles) and population (12,598 in 1911) of the 
Cook and other islands of the Pacific are excluded. The Maori population (43,143 in 1901 and 49,844 in 191 J N 
is also excluded. Population in 1914. Preliminary return. 



118 AREA AND POPULATION 

VITAL STATISTICS. 

The collection of vital statistics commenced in Canada, as in Eng 
land, with the registration of baptisms, marriages and burials by the 
ecclesiastical authorities. These registers, maintained by the priests 
from the first settlement of the country, have made it possible for 
the vital statistics of the French colony to be compiled from the year 
1610. 1 In the beginning, only one copy of such records was made, 
but in 1678 the Sovereign Council of Quebec ordered that in future 
such records should be made in duplicate, -and that one copy, duly 
authenticated, should be delivered to the civil authorities. This 
arrangement was continued after the cession of the country to 
England, and was extended to the newly-established Protestant 
churches by an Act of 1793, but the registration among these latter 
remained seriously defective, both in Lower Canada and in the newly- 
established province of Upper Canada. 

In English-speaking Canada, vital statistics were from the com 
mencement seriously defective, the pioneer settlers often going out 
into the wilds far from the authority of government and the ministra 
tions of religion. While a law existed in Upper Canada requiring 
ministers of religion to deposit duplicates of their registers of bap 
tisms, marriages and deaths with the clerks of the peace for trans 
mission to the provincial secretary, this law remained practically a 
dead letter. Again, the efforts made to secure records of births and 
deaths at the censuses of 1851 and 1861 produced most unsatisfactory 
and even ridiculous results, as was pointed out by Dr. J. C. Tache, 
secretary of the board of registration and statistics, in a memorial 
published in the report of the Canadian Minister of Agriculture for 
the year 1865. Nevertheless, in spite of the inherent unsoundness 
of securing at a point of time in a decennial census a record of births 
and deaths occurring over a considerable period of time, this method 
was persisted in down to 1911, when the obviously untrustworthy 
character of the results obtained led to the discarding of the data 
obtained at the inquiry. In Montreal and Toronto, for example, the 
local records showed 11,038 and 5,593 deaths respectively in the 
calendar year 1910, while the census records showed only 7,359 and 
3,148 deaths respectively in the year from June 1, 1910, to May 31, 
1911. Similar discrepancies were shown for other areas, proving the 
census data to be very incomplete. 

The Dominion Government instituted in the early 80 r s a plan for 
compiling the annual mortuary statistics of cities of 25,000 population 
and over, by subsidizing local boards of health to supply the inform 
ation under special regulations. A beginning was made with the five 
cities of Montreal, Toronto, Hamilton, Halifax and St. John. By 
1891 the list had grown to 25, at a time when in most of the provinces 
the only birth and death statistics were those of the municipalities. 
Upon the organization of provincial bureaus of vital statistics, how 
ever, this work was abandoned, though a conference of Dominion 

!Fqr a summary of the vital statistics of the Roman Catholic population from 1610 to 1883, see the 
Statistical Year Book of Quebec, 1921, English or French edition, p. 51. For details by years of this 
movement of population, see Vol. V of the Census of 1871, pp. 160-265 and Vol. IV of the Census of 1881, 
pp. 134-145. 



177M7. NVMV/.sT/r 119 



and provincial officials, held in 1S ( .):&gt;. passed a resolution calling upon 
the provincial and Dominion authorities to co-operate in the work 
of collecting, compiling and publishing the vital statistics of the 
Dominion. This resolution had, however, no immediate practical 
results in securing accurate or comparable vital statistics. 

Each province (except New Brunswick, which had no vital 
statistics) enacted its own legislation on vital statistics and adminis 
tered such legislation according to its own individual methods. While 
the vital statistics of Ontario were published in considerable detail 
annually since 1871, the arrangements for the collection of data were 
unsatisfactory. Only in 1906 was the publication of vital statistics 
begun in Prince Kdward Island (no report for 1912 has ever been 
issued), and in Xova Scotia the publication of vital statistics dat 
only from 1909. Because of the lucn.ncc., and even more because of 
the incomparability of facts collected, of methods of collection and of 
standard of enforcement, Canadian vital statistics remained extremely 
unsatisfactory and impossible to be compiled on a national basis, 

pointed out by the 1912 commission on official statist i 
which recommended that u for the Dominion, now engaged in building 
up its national unity, it is important that uniform data should render 
possible to statisticians the institution of true interprovincial and 
international comparisons. By effective co-operation of the provinces 
with the Dominion this object should be capable of attainment 
without sacrificing the liberty of each province to satisfy its own 
special statistical requirements." The scheme of co-operation, thus 
outlined, has now been brought into effect as a consequence of the 
establishment of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, under the 
Statistics Act of 1918, which specifically provided that the Bureau 
should publish an annual report on vital statistics, and the Dominion- 
Provincial conferences on vital statistics held in June and December, 
1918. 

At the conference- of 1918, it was agreed: (1) that the model 
Vital Statistics Act prepared by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, 
when accepted by the legislatures, should form the basis of the 
vital statistics legislation of the several provinces, thus securing 
uniformity and comparability; (2) that the provinces should under 
take to obtain the returns of births, marriages and deaths on the 
prescribed forms as approved and adopted at the December Confer 
ence, the Dominion Bureau of Statistics to supply the forms free of 
charge; (3) that the provinces should forward to the Dominion 
Bureau of Statistics, at such times as might be agreed upon, either 
the original return of births, marriages and deaths, or certified tran 
scriptions of the same; the Dominion Bureau of Statistics to under 
take the mechanical compilation and tabulation of the same. 

Under the scheme outlined above, the vital statistics of all the 
provinces, except Quebec, have been secured and compiled on a 
uniform basis for the year 1920, and with the commencement of 1921, 
it became possible to issue complete monthly statements for the 
eight provinces. The first annual report to be issued will be a report 
for the year 1921. 



120 AREA AND POPULATION 

Summary statistics showing the births, marriages and deaths in 
the nine provinces of Canada during 1920, with the birth, marriage 
and death rates as compared with the estimated population of that 
year are presented in Table 17. The figures for Quebec are taken 
from the provincial returns. The totals for the nine provinces are 
approximately equivalent to what they would be for the Dominion as 
a whole, since the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories, 
which are not as yet covered by the new scheme of vital statistics, 
contain between them less than l-700th of the population of the 
Dominion. This summary table shows births, marriages, deaths, 
crude annual birth, marriage and death rates for the provinces, based 
upon the estimated population for 1920, as well as the excess of 
births over deaths. In Table 18 will be found an analysis of the birth 
statistics for the year, showing living births by sex, single births, 
births of twins and triplets, illegitimates, and still-births. The 
proportion of illegitimate to total living births in the eight provinces 
for which statistics were available was very low, 18 per 1,000. 

In Table 19 are presented statistics of births, marriages and 
deaths in the principal cities of Canada for the calendar year 1920. 
Since the local estimates of population have been shown by experience 
to be sometimes seriously defective, the census populations, as shown 
by the Census of 1921, are included, and are taken as a basis for the 
determination of the annual natural increase per 1,000 population, 
this involving a slight under-estimate of the rate of natural increase. 

Two important considerations should be borne in mind by the 
students who use either these tables or provincial reports for compar 
ative purposes. 

First, in spite of the improvements recently effected, registration 
generally, and the registration of births in particular, is not universally 
carried out. The great extent of the country, and the isolation of 
many of its inhabitants, partly account for this unsatisfactory 
situation. 

Secondly, the great differences in the age and sex distribution of 
the population in different provinces, as shown by the Census of 1911, 
(these statistics are not yet available from the Census of 1921), make 
comparisons (of birth rates, for instance), as among the provinces 
unfair and misleading. Thus, for instance, in British Columbia in 
1911, there were only 428 females of ages 15 to 49 to every 1,000 
males of these ages, while in Quebec there were 972 and in Prince 
Edward Island 1,027. Evidently in view of the enormous dispro 
portion between the sexes in British Columbia, the crude birth rate 
per 1,000 of population in that province cannot properly be compared 
with the crude birth rate in Quebec or Prince Edward Island. Again, 
in consequence of different age distributions of population in the 
different provinces the Prairie Provinces, for instance, have a very 
young population because of the healthy young immigrants whom 
they attract a comparison of crude death-rates of the provinces 
is misleading. In the Prairie Provinces, taken as a unit, only 126 
per thousand of the 1911 population and 137 per thousand of the 
1916 population had passed 45 years of age, while in Quebec 176, 



VITAL STATIST 



I Jl 



in Ontario 21S ami in Prince Kdwanl Island 249 per thousand 
the population were in 1911 over 4"&gt; years of These latter pro- 

vii having a much larger ])roj)ortion of persons of advanced 

will inevitably have a higher crude death rate per 1h id of 

population than the Prairie Provine- 

17. -Number of Births, Marriages and Deaths, by Provinces, 1920. 











.r- 






Excess 






Birth 




rume 




ith- 


of 


Provinces. 


Births. 


rate 


ir- 


rate PIT 


Deaths. 


PIT 


Bir 






00 


nages. 


1,000 




1,000 


ov 






living. 




living. 




living. 


Deaths. 


P E Island 


2,301 


25-85 


607 


6-82 


1.279 


14-36 


1,022 


. Scotia. . 


13 


25-34 


4,411 


8-48 


7,560 




5,621 


New Brunswick 


10,778 


28-08 




9-85 


5,628 


L4-M 


5,160 


Quebec 


86 


37-16 


21,587 


9-29 


40,686 


17-51 


45, 


Ontario 


72 


25-02 


,361 


10-16 


40,410 


13 -DS 


31,887 


Manitoba 


18. 


30-62 


- 


10-14 


6,511 


10-88 


11,811 


Saskatchewan . . 


.839 


31-07 






5,918 


8-05 


1(1,921 


Alberts 


16,531 


29-02 


5,107 


8-96 


5,674 


9-96 


10.857 


British Columbia . 


10,492 


20-54 


4,690 


9-18 


4,739 


9-21 


5.753 


Total for the nine 
















provinces 


253,069 


29 36 


80,931 


9 39 


118,40s 


13 74 


134,664 



















NOTK. Birth, marriage and death rates for 1920 are calculated on the estimated population of 1920. 
18. Summary Analysis of Birth Statistics for the calendar year 1920. 



Provinces. 


Living Bin 


Single 
Births. 


Number 
Pairs of 
Twins. 


Number 
Cases of 
Triplets 


Il 
legiti 
mates. 


Still 
Births. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Prince Edward Island. . . 
Nova Scotia 


1,172 
6,740 
5.578 
44,975 
37,044 
9,399 
11,836 
8,463 
5.458 


1,129 
6,439 
5,200 
41,353 
35,253 
8.923 
11,003 
8,068 
5,034 


2.301 
13,179 
10,778 

86. 
72,207 

18. 

W.531 

10,492 


2,257 
12,872 
10,549 
_i 

70,655 

17,845 
22,221 
16,107 
10,292 


22 
152 

113 
_i 

791 
231 
303 
209 
100 


* 

1 

1 
_i 

20 
5 
4 

2 


71 
453 

234 
_i 

1,?87 
328 
219 
273 
96 


80 
615 
310 
1,560 
3,364 
623 

411 
392 


New Brunswick 
Quebec 
Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan . . 
Alberta 


British Columbia 


Canada (exclusive of 
the Territories) 


130 ,685 


122,402 


2c3 ,037 


182,798= 


1,921^ 


332 


3,061- 


8,00* 



* These statistics are not available for the province of Quebec. * Partial totals for eight provinces, 
figures for Quebec not being available. 

19. Number of Births, Marriages and Deaths, by Principal Cities, during the calendar 

year 1920 













Excess 


Natural 




Census 








of Births 


Increase 


Cities. 


Population, 


Births. 


Marriages. 


Deaths. 


over 


per 1,000 of 




1921. 








Deaths. 


Population . 


P. E. Island- 














Charlotte town 


10,814 


320 





277 


43 


3-98 


Nova Scotia- 














Halifax 


58,372 


1,764 


_ 


1,067 


697 


11-94 


Sydney 


22,545 


524 


_ 


319 


205 


9-09 


Glace Bay 


17,007 


284 





300 


16 




Amherst 


9,998 


257 


_ 


133 


124 


12-40 


New Glasgow.. . 


8,974 


246 


_ 


105 


141 


15-71 


New Brunswick 














St. John 


47,166 


1,380 





1,001 


379 


8-04 


Moncton . . 


17.488 


624 


_ 


288 


336 


19-21 



122 



AREA AND POPULATION 



19. Number of Births, Marriages and Deaths, by Principal Cities, during the 

calendar year 1920 concluded. 



Cities. 


Census 
Population, 
1921. 


Births. 


Marriages. 


Deaths. 


Excess 
of Births 
over 
Deaths. 


Natural 
Increase 
per 1,000 of 
Population . 


Quebec- 
Montreal 


618,506 


21 180 


7 123 


12 846 


o 334 


13-47 


Quebec 


95,193 


3 823 


926 


2 043 


1 780 


18-70 


Verdun 


25,001 


739 


111 


341 


398 


15-92 


Hull 


24,117 


1,064 


274 


571 


493 


20-44 


Sherbrooke 


23,515 


770 


214 


464 


306 


13-01 


Three Rivers 


22,367 


915 


258 


497 


418 


1 8 fi9 


Westmount 


17,593 


247 


36 


132 


115 




Lachine 


15,404 


538 


79 


224 


304 


19-73 


Outremont 


13,249 


120 


44 


101 


19 


1-43 


St. Hyacinthe 


10,859 


310 




192 


148 




Ontario- 
Toronto 


521,893 


13 388 




7 261 


fi 127 


n.74 


Hamilton 


114,151 


3 312 




1 841 


1 471 


10. CO 


Ottawa 


107,843 


3 256 




1 937 




12-93 


London 


60,959 


1 469 




1 021 


448 




Windsor 


38,591 


1 225 




603 




16-12 


Brantford 


29,440 


859 




419 


440 


U.Q* 


Kitchener 


21,763 


532 




266 


26fi 


10.00 


Kingston 


21,753 


687 




522 






Fort William 


20,541 


627 




334 


293 


14-2R 


Peterborough 


19,477 


533 




342 




Q-81 


Sault Ste. Marie. . . . 


21,092 


605 




298 


307 


14.. KR 


St Catharines 


19,881 


657 




295 


3fi9 


10.91 


Guelph 


18,128 


422 




366 






Stratford 


16,094 


462 




199 


2fi3 


1A.Q4. 


St. Thomas 


16,026 


417 




225 


199 


n.qa 


Port Arthur 


14,886 


520 




289 


OQ1 


1K.K9 


Sarnia 


14,877 


366 




235 




8-81 


Niagara Falls 


14 764 


365 




21fi 


14Q 


Ifl. OQ 


Chatham 


13,256 


385 




270 




S.fift 


Gait 


13,216 


337 




158 


179 




Belleville 


12,206 


352 




247 




8 fiO 


Owen Sound 


12,190 


334 




190 


144 


U-81 


Woodstock 


9 935 


191 




1^4 




0.70 


Manitoba 

Winnipeg 


179 087 


6 105 




2 971 




91 .41 


Brandon 


15 397 


521 




249 


3,834 
979 


17.A7 


St. Boniface 


12 821 


456 






Ki 


3. Oft 


Saskatchewan 

Regina 


34 432 


1 lOfi 




471 


AQC 


18.44 


Saskatoon 


25 739 


904 






R70 


99.99 


Moosejaw 


19,285 


721 




202 


10 


OA.Q1 


Alberta- 
Calgary 


63 605 


2 310 




31 


1 47Q 


oo oc 


Edmonton 


58 821 


2 232 




Q02 




OO.A1 


Lethbridge 


11 097 


433 




18fi 


947 


OO.OA 


Medicine Hat 


9,634 


446 




175 


971 


9R. 13 


British Columbia- 
Vancouver 


117 217 


3 061 




1 fi iS 


1,403 


H.Q7 


Victoria 


38 727 


1 195 




559 




1A.4.0 


New Westminster 


14,495 


406 




243 


1fi3 


n.oc; 

















IMMIGRATION. 

Immigration to Canada, as to other new countries, is generally 
greatest in "boom" periods, when capital as well as labour is leaving 
the older countries for the newer in order to secure the more remuner 
ative investments generally to be found in virgin territories where 
the natural resources are still unexploited. In periods of depression, 
however, the sending abroad of both capital and labour is diminished, 
both preferring at such times to endure the evils which they know at 
home rather than take the risks of a new departure at a distance. 



IMMIGRATION 123 



The above proposition is aptly illustrated by the statistics of 
Table 20, which show that during the past 25 years, immigration 
was at its minimum in the year of deepest depression, 1897, that it 
steadily increased from that time forward until 1908, that a decline 
took place in the fiscal year ended March 31, 1909, on account of the 
short depression of 1908, that thereafter immigration steadily in 
creased till 1913, while the fiscal year ended March 31, 1914, showed a 
decline due to the depression which occurred in the year preceding tin- 
war. In the fiscal years 1915 to 1919 political rather than economic 
conditions restricted immigration, but with the expansion of busin 
at the end of the war our immigration was more than doubled, while 
the depression which characterised the calendar year 1921 is reflected 
in the declining immigration of the fiscal year ended March 31, 1922. 
The improvement already visible in business conditions will undoubt 
edly be shortly reflected in increasing immigration. 

Immigration has throughout Canadian history played a great 
part in reinforcing Canadian population, especially the English- 
speaking population. While the great majority of French-Canadians 
can trace their genealogy back to ancestors who left the Old World 200 
or 250 years ago, or even longer- the great bulk of English-speaking 
Canadians are comparative newcomers both to Canada and to this 
continent, though a considerable number of the United Empire 
Loyalist families had been resident in the old colonies for generations 
before they moved north to establish English-speaking settlements in 
Canada. During the middle third of the nineteenth century there \\ 
a great English-speaking immigration which settled the province of 
Ontario and made it for the first time more populous than the sister 
province of Quebec, thus bringing about the agitation for representa 
tion by population. Thereafter immigration slackened until the dawn 
of the twentieth century brought another flood of immigrants to the 
newly opened territories of the Great North West, resulting in an 
increase of population between the censuses of 1901 and 1911 greater 
than the combined increase of the three decades from 1871 to 1901. 

Immigration during the second decade of the twentieth century 
promised at its commencement to be even greater than during the 
first. In its first three years no fewer than 1,141,547 immigrants are 
.reported as having entered Canada for purposes of settlement. If 
this rate had been maintained, the population of Canada in 1921 
would certainly have been in excess of ten millions instead of being less 
than nine millions. The war, which commenced on August 4, 1914, 
dried up the sources of our immigrants in Great Britain and Contin 
ental Europe, where every able-bodied man was needed for the 
defence of his country. Immigrants from the United Kingdom in 
1918 only numbered some 3,000 as compared with 150,000 in 1913; 
from Continental Europe immigrants numbered only about 3,000 in 
1916 as compared with approximately 135,000 in 1914. Since the war, 
immigration, though increasing, has never approached that of the 
pre-war period, which is probably a fortunate circumstance, since the 
capital necessary to set in employment such great bodies of labourers 
as came to Canada in 1912 and 1913 could hardly have been secured. 



124 AREA AND POPULATION 

Altogether, the total number of immigrants entering Canada 
between June 1, 1911 and June 1, 1921 (the dates of the two cen 
suses), was 1,728,921, whereas the total increase of population between 
these dates was only 1,581,840. This clearly indicates a return move 
ment of immigrants of very considerable proportions, especially as 
our vital statistics show a fairly high rate of natural increase of popu 
lation, amounting to 134,664 in the calendar year 1920 (see Table 17 
of this section), or at the rate of 15 per 1,000 of population per annum. 
Until accurate official statistics of emigration are secured, the demo 
graphic statistics of Canadian population, which have been so greatly 
improved in the immediate past by the collection of uniform and 
accurate vital statistics, must continue to be incomplete. 

Immigration Policy. The normal immigration policy of Can 
ada, as is natural in so sparsely peopled a country, aims at attracting 
suitable immigrants from older and more densely settled countries, 
including above all, those ready to take part in the culti 
vation of the soil, whether farmers with capital or farm labourers, 
while female domestic servants, too, are always regarded as desirable 
immigrants, the demand for these latter being continuously greater 
than the supply. On the other hand, the immigration of persons 
mentally defective, of persons physically defective and without 
means of livelihood, of criminals and prostitutes, beggars and 
vagrants, alcoholics, revolutionaries, and of illiterates over 15 
years of age unless belonging to a family already resident in Canada, 
is prohibited under the Immigration Act, which also provides in 
section 37 that immigrants may be required to possess a prescribed 
amount of money, and in section 38 that the Governor-General in 
Council may at any time prohibit the landing of immigrants coming 
otherwise than by continuous journey from their native country or 
that of which they are naturalized citizens, and may also prohibit 
temporarily or permanently the admission of immigrants belonging 
to any race or nationality or of immigrants of any specified class or 
occupation, on account either of economic conditions prevailing in 
Canada or of the unfitness of such persons for Canadian citizenship. 
An Order in Council issued under this clause on May 9, 1922, pro 
hibited the landing of immigrants, unless it could be shown that the 
immigrant was an agriculturist, a farm labourer, or a female domestic 
servant. The immigration officer in charge was, however, allowed 
also to admit the wives and families of persons already settled in 
Canada, nationals of any country with which there is in operation a 
special treaty or convention regarding immigration, British subjects 
coming directly or indirectly from Great Britain or Ireland, the self- 
governing Dominions, Newfoundland and the United States of 
America, having money enough to maintain themselves until employ 
ment was secured, and finally American citizens whose labour or ser 
vice was shown to be required in Canada. The Immigration Act also 
makes provision for the rejection and return of immigrants applying 
for admission to Canada and for the deportation of those misbehaving 
or becoming public charges within two years after admission. 



IMMIGHATIOX l-"&gt; 



Oriental Immigration.- -The immigration to Canada of labour- 
ionging to the Asiatic races, able U e of their lo\v dard 

living to underbid the white man in selling their labour, is funda 
mentally an economic rather than a racial problem, affecting mosl of 

all those portions of the country which are nearest to the Bast and the 

. which feel their economic position threatened. As a result of 
the intlnx of Chinese into Canada, 1&lt; i was passed in 1885 

-!&lt;. Viet., c. 71) providing that thereafter Chinese of the labouring 
should be required as a condition of their entry into Canada to 
pay a head tax of Sf&gt;0 each: on January 1, 1901 M&gt;:*-&lt;&gt;4 Viet., c. 32), 
this amount was increased to $100 and on January 1, 1904 (3 Edw. 
VII, c. 8) to $500. This tax is paid by Chinese immigrants, with 
. xception of consular officers, merchants and clergymen and then- 
families, tourists, men of BCienC( idcnts and teachers, a record 
&lt;howinu: the number of Chinese admitted who paid the tax, the number 

nipt from it, and the revenue realized being given by years from 
1886 in Table 27. In recent years the number &lt;f ( Ihinese immigrants 

tering Canada has been much reduced, owing to the operation of 
( h-ders in Council (renewed every six months from December 8, 1913, 
and replaced by an Order in Council of .June 9, 1919) under which the 
landing in British Columbia of skilled and unskilled artisans and 
labourers is prohibited. 

Japa- immiuration to Canada was comparatively negligible 

prior to the Ilnsx.-.lapanese war of ! .&gt;!! l-~&gt;, but thereafter assumed 

nsiderable proportions, no fewer than 7,001 .Japanese immigrants 
entering Canada, largely from Hawaii, in the fiscal year ended March 
:&gt;1, 190S, and settling mainly in British Columbia. In that year an 

; cement was made with the Japanese Covernmcnt under which the 
latter undertook to limit the number of passports issued to Japanese 
emigrating to Canada, while the Canadian ( lovernment agreed to 
admit those pos^-sMug such passports, while prohibiting others from 
entering. The statistics of Table 28 show that in this way Japanese 
immigration has been effectively limited. 

Hindoo immigration to Canada, like Japanese, is shown by the 
statistics of Table 28 to have been negligible down to 1907, when no 
fewer than 2,124 Hindoo immigrants arrived. However, as a conse 
quence of the operation of section 38 of the Immigration Act of 1910, 
Hindoo immigration has since that date been comparatively small. 
A resolution of the Imperial War Conference of 1918 declared that 
"it is the inherent function of the Governments of the several com 
munities of the British Commonwealth that each should enjoy 
complete control of the composition of its own population by means 
of restriction on immigration from any of the other communities. 
However, it was recommended that Indians already permanently 
domiciled in other British countries should be allowed to bring in 
their wives and minor children, a recommendation which was imple 
mented, so far as Canada was concerned, by Order in Council of 
March 26, 1919. However, in the fiscal years ended March 31, 1921 
and 1922, only 10 and 13 Hindoo immigrants respectively were 
admitted. 



126 



AREA AND POPULATION 



Under Order in Council of April 12, 1922, no immigrant of any 
Asiatic race is permitted to land in Canada who does not possess in 
his own right $250; this regulation, however, does not apply where 
there is in operation a special treaty, agreement or convention regulat 
ing immigration. 

Immigration Statistics. Summary statistics of the number 
of immigrants entering Canada from the United Kingdom, the 
United States and other countries are furnished by years from 1897 
to 1922, in Table 20, while immigrants of the last eight years are 
analyzed by nationalities in Table 21. Tables 22 and 23 deal respec 
tively with rejections of immigrants on arrival and deportations after 
admission. In Table 24 statistics are presented of juvenile immigrants 
brought out by charitable organizations and the demand for their 
services. Tables 25 and 26 deal with the occupations and destinations 
of immigrants to Canada, Tables 27 and 28 with Chinese and other 
oriental immigration, while Table 29 states, on the basis of the figures 
of the Department of Finance, the expenditure on immigration by 
years since 1868. 



20. Number of Immigrant Arrivals in Canada, 1897-1921. 



Fiscal 
Years. 


Immigrant Arrivals 
from 


Total. 


Fiscal 
Years. 


Immigrant Arrivals 
from 


Total. 


United 
King 
dom. 


United 
States. 


Other 
Coun 
tries. 


United 
King 
dom. 


United 
States. 


Other 
Coun 
tries. 


18971 


No. 
11,383 
11,173 
10,660 
5,141 
11,810 
17,259 
41,792 
50,374 
65,359 
86,796 
55,791 
120,182 
52,901 


No. 
2,412 
9,119 
11,945 
8,543 
17,987 
26,388 
49,473 
45, 171 
43,543 
57, 796 
34, 659 
58,312 
59,832 


No. 

7,921 
11,608 
21,938 
10,211 
19,352 
23,732 
37,099 
34,786 
37,364 
44,472 
34,217 
83,975 
34,175 


No. 
21,716 
31,900 
44,543 
23,895 
49,149 
67,379 
128,364 
130,331 
146,266 
189,064 
124,667 
262,469 
146,908 


1910 


No. 
59,790 
123,013 
138,121 
150,542 
142,622 
43,276 
8,664 
8,282 
3,178 
9,914 
59,603 
74,262 
39,020 


No. 
103,798 
121,451 
133,710 
139,009 
107,530 
59,779 
36,937 
61,389 
71,314 
40,715 
49,656 
48,059 
29,345 


No. 
45,206 
66,620 
82,406 
112,881 
134,726 
41,734 
2,936 
5,703 
4,582 
7,073 
8,077 
26,156 
21,634 


No. 

208,794 
311,084 
354,237 
402,432 
384,878 
144,789 
48,537 
75,374 
79,074 
57, 702 
117,336 
148,477 
89,999 


18981 


1911 


18991 


1912 


19002 


1913 


1901 


1914 


1902 


1915 


1903 


1916 


1904 


1917 


1905 


1918 


1906 


1919 


19078 


1Q20 


1908 


1921 


1909 


1922 







Calendar year. * Six months, January to June, inclusive. Nine months ended March 31. 



IMMIGRATION 



127 



21.- Arrivals at Inland and Ocean Ports In Canada in Fiscal Years 1915-1922. 



Nationalit ; 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


British 
Fivlish .... 


30,807 


5,857 


5,174 


2,477 


7,954 


45,173 


47,687 


23,225 


Irish 


3,525 


818 


958 


174 






6,384 




,trh 


8,346 


1,887 


2,062 


47:i 


1,518 


10,d . 7 


19, 


1 1 , 596 


\\elsh 


598 


102 


88 


54 


106 


682 




627 




















Total British 


43,276 


- tint 


^ &gt;-. 


a, 178 


t,914 


5i,M3 


74,262 


39,020 


African, South 


23 


11 


1 


4 




23 




32 


Arabian . ... 










_ 




8 


5 


Armenian ... 


36 


_ 




| 





10 


85 


70 


ralian . . 


51 


32 


18 


34 


35 


88 





76 


Au-t ro- 1 1 unnariarv 
Austrian, N 1 . &gt; 
Hi ihoin ian ... 


I 7, 150 


15 


1 




2 


f 5 
3 




14 


Hungarian, N.K.S 
Helixian 


1,149 


171 


126 


19 


48 


1,532 


i?;i 

1,645 


48 
503 


Hermttdian 


4 




16 


10 


1 


1 




2 


Hrazilian . ... 




2 














Huli arian ... 


4,048 


1 


_ 


_ 


_ 


1 




27 


( hineso 


1,258 


88 


393 


769 


4,333 





2,435 


1.746 


Cuban 


1 


1 




1 




2 






ho-Slovak 










_ 


1 


308 


152 


Dutch 


605 


186 


151 


94 




154 




183 


Egyptian 
















2 


Finnish 


459 




249 


118 


2 


44 


1,401 


274 


French 


1,100 


180 


199 


114 




1,584 




332 


German 


2,472 






1 


1 


1. 


137 


178 


C.nvk 


1,147 


145 


258 


45 


4 


39 


357 


209 


Hebrew 
H.-hrew, NJ3.8 


266 


18 


28 




u 


32 


920 


2,336 


Austrian 


160 


1 










1 


1 


Polish 






_ 


_ 


_ 


M 


1,600 


5,216 


- ian 


2,674 


46 


108 


30 


7 


48 


242 


851 


Hindoo 




1 










10 


U 


Italian 


6,228 


388 


758 


189 


49 


1,165 


3,880 


2,413 


J amaican 




9 


6 


24 


2 


3 


18 


13 


Japanese 


592 


401 


64S 


883 


1 178 


711 


532 


471 


Jugo-Slav . . 














89 


180 


Luxemburg 


_ 


_ 


_ 




_ 


16 


16 


5 


Macedonian 


132 




_ 




_ 








Maltese 


19 


4 


109 


144 


2 


405 


140 


34 


Negro 


202 


34 


98 


35 




61 


144 


42 


Newfoundland 


338 




1,243 


1,199 


512 


44:&lt; 


1,042 


367 


\ e w /, ealand 


21 


18 


12 


13 


15 


31 


40 


25 


Persian 


7 


3 






2 




1 


9 


Polish- 
Polish, N.E.S 


153 


1 


1 




3 


69 


3,995 


] 


Austrian 


1,272 




8 








1 


| 2,707 


Russian 


544 


7 


3 




1 


7 


65 




Portuguese 


8 




1 


1 




3 


4 




Roumanian 


361 




4 




_ 


21 


969 


759 


Russian 
Russian, K.F.S 


5,201 


40 


25 


42 


42 


51 


1,077 


321 


Scandinavian 
Danish ... 


326 


167 


145 


74 


44 


233 


511 


541 


Icelandic 


145 


15 




3 


12 


11 


50 


31 


Norwegian 


788 


232 


303 


235 


91 


179 


429 


480 


Swedish 


916 


177 


332 


156 


101 


241 


715 


442 


Serbian 


220 


6 


1 




1 


12 






Spanish 


755 


11 


76 


28 


12 


15 


202 


6 


Swiss 


209 


42 


3C 


12 


U 


100 


235 


187 


Turkish, etc. 
Turkish, N.E.S 


33 




5 






1 


8 


3 


Syrian 


79 


3 


9 


2 


_ 


18 


443 


123 


Ukranian 














491 


89 


U.S.A. Citizens, via ocean ports.... 
West Indian 


41 
356 


15 

38 


20 
293 


28 
273 


21 
220 


55 
62 


110 

11C 


67 
24 


Other nationalities 


44 


1 


1 


1 


1 





11 


25 




















Total Continental, etc. 


41 ,734 


2 933 


5 703 


4 582 


7 073 


8 077 


26 156 


21,634 


From the U.S.A. 


59,779 


36 ,937 


$1 ,389 


71 314 


40,715 


49, 5$ 


48,059 


29 ,345 




















Total Immigration 


144 ,789 


48 531 


75 374 


79 074 


57 702 


117 33S 


148 ,477 


89,999 





















N.E.S. Not elsewhere specified. 



128 



AREA AND POPULATION 



22. Rejections of Immigrants upon arrival at Ocean Ports and Deportations after 

admission, by principal causes, 1903-1921. 



Principal Causes. 


Number Rejected at Ocean Ports. 




1903- 
1911. 


1912. 


1913. 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Total. 


Accompanying patients. 
Alien enemies 


353 

562 
84 
56 

1,225 

1,548 
3,578 

121 
1 


53 

112 
3 
5 

6 
246 

164 
256 

119 

8 


28 
80 
4 
204 

56 
328 

55 
1 


76 
102 
3 
994 

76 
398 

178 


58 
56 
2 
452 

71 
319 

40 


4 
17 
4 

38 

55 
34 

11 


8 
4 

55 

55 

30 

22 


1 
11 
1 
19 

19 
12 

8 


2 

4 
1 

10 

27 
19 

7 


9 

1 
1 
3 

28 

125 

21 

474 


13 

4 
9 

14 
255 

236 
99 

291 
32 


603 
4 
956 
92 
93 
6 
3,526 

2,432 
5,094 

1,326 
10 
32 


Bad character 


Contract labour 


Criminality 


Head tax 


Lack of funds 


Likely to become a pub 
lic charge 


Medical causes 


Not complying with 
regulations 


Previously rejected 
Unskilled labour, B.C.. 

Totals 


7,528 


972 


756 


1,827 


998 


163 


174 


71 


70 


662 


953 


14,174 





Principal Causes. 


Number Deported after Admission. 


Accompanying patients. 
Bad character 


112 
221 
507 
1,697 

12 
2,118 


17 
120 
242 
229 

8 
343 


16 
165 
334 
370 

4 

392 


10 
159 
376 
570 

4 
715 


34 
128 
404 
379 

789 


5 
68 
329 
206 

635 


9 
60 

277 
98 

161 


39 
84 
274 
39 

91 


10 
35 

236 
70 

103 


18 
22 
334 
123 

158 


37 
52 
586 
133 

236 


307 
1,114 
3,899 
3,914 

28 
5,741 


Criminality 


Medical causes 


Not complying with 
regulations 


Public charges 


Totals 


4,637 


959 


1,281 


1,834 


1,734 


1,243 


605 


527 


454 


655 


1,044 


15 ,003 





23. Number by Nationalities of Immigrants Deported after Admission, 1903-1921. 



Deported after Admission. 





1903- 
1911. 


1912. 


1913. 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Total. 


British 


3 259 


540 


559 


952 


877 


602 


186 


36 


99 


184 


295 


7,589 


American 


433 


256 


377 


405 


461 


437 


324 


407 


279 


392 


616 


4,387 


Other countries 


975 


163 


345 


477 


396 


204 


95 


84 


76 


79 


133 


3,027 




























Totals 


4,667 


959 


1 281 


1 834 


1 734 


1,243 


605 


527 


454 


655 


1,044 


15 ,003 





























24. Juvenile Immigrants and Applications for their Services, 1901-1921. 



Fiscal 
Year. 


Juvenile 
immigrants. 


Applications 
for their 
services. 


Fiscal 
Year. 


Juvenile 
immigrants. 


Applications 
for their 

services. 


1901 


No. 

977 


No. 
5,783 


1912 


No. 

2,689 


No. 
31,040 


1902 


1,540 


8,587 


1913 


2,642 


33,493 


1903 


1,979 


14,219 


1914 


2,318 


32,417 


1904 


2,212 


16,573 


1915 


1,899 


30.854 


1905 .. 


2,814 


17,833 


1916 


821 


31,725 


1906 .. 


3,258 


19,374 


1917 


251 


28,990 


19071 


1,455 


15,800 


1918 


_ 


17,916 


1908 


2,375 


17,239 


1919 


_ 


11,718 


1909 .. 


2,424 


15,417 


1920 


155 


10,235 


1910 


2,422 


18,477 


1921 


1,426 


19,841 


1Q11 


2 524 


21 7fi8 








loll 






Total 


36,181 


419,299 















NOTE. The above are included in the total number of immigrants recorded elsewhere. 
3 Nine months. 



IMMIGRATION 



129 



25. Occupation and Destination of Total Immigrant Arrivals in Canada for the Fiscal 

Years 1920 and 1921. 







1920. 






1921. 




Description. 


Via 
&lt;-an 
Ports. 


From the 
United 

States. 


Totals. 


Via 
Ocean 
Ports. 


From the 
United 

States. 


Totals. 


Farmers and farm labourers 


5,037 


13,561 


598 


15,604 


11,122 


26,726 




1,287 






4. 


2 , 980 


7,065 


Children 


1,542 


4,943 


6,485 


4, 


3,645 


7,672 


General labourers 
Men 


1,897 


2,686 


4,583 


6,736 


5,345 


12,081 


Women 


- 


646 


1,604 


1,920 


1, 169 




Children 


559 


626 


1,185 


1,- 




2,114 


Mechanics 
Men . 


2,655 


6,136 


8,791 


. 17 


6,234 


15,451 




1,514 


1,844 


3.358 


4,171 


1,1 


.") 415 




940 


1,1 


191 


197 


1,135 


3,432 


Clerks, traders, etc. 


^ 


l,i 


1,981 


1,911 


1,917 


5,833 



W i mien . 


- 




1,4 


1, 


820 




Children 


186 




415 


513 


375 


888 


Miners 
Men 


331 


343 


674 


1,501 


427 


2,018 




120 




170 




58 


361 


Children . . 


118 


41 


159 


348 


59 


407 


Domestics 
Women . 


4, 


1,076 


6,054 


9,432 


1 010 


10 442 


Not classified 
Men 


3,311 


2,934 


6, 


5, 


2,716 


8 699 




928 


4,284 


31. 


16,1 .1 


4,024 


2D 215 


Children 


12 


3, 




10,905 


2,874 


13 779 
















Totals 


14,178 


094 


40,872 


43,047 


27 701 


70 808 



Wi iinen .... 


t&gt;55 


12,351 


50,006 


38,075 


11 


49 377 


Children 


I. ), 847 


10, till 


458 


19,296 


8,996 


28 292 
















Totals 


17,88* 


49,5 


117 ,336 


100,418 


48,059 


148 ,477 
















Destination 
Maritime Provinces 


3,169 


2,385 


5.554 


4,132 


2 221 




Quebec 


7,5 


5,805 


13,078 


11,019 


7 OM 


21 100 


Ontario 


27,405 


11,939 


39,344 


49,103 


13 


572 


Manitoba 


6,899 


4,488 


11 


8,289 


4 


l &gt; 04 ) 


Saskatchewan 


6,264 


8,023 


14. 


7,335 


6,057 


13 


Alberta . . 


6,717 


13. 


20,000 


7,097 


10 


17 781 


British Columbia 


9,945 


3,601 


13,546 


10,439 


4 078 


14 517 


Yukon 


8 


132 


140 


4 


109 


113 

















26. Destination of Immigrants into Canada, by Provinces, 1901-1921. 

















British 








Mari 








Sask- 




Colum 






Fiscal Year. 


time 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Mani 


atche- 


Alberta. 


bia and 


Not 


Totals. 




Prov. 






toba. 


.01. 




Yukon 


shown . 


















Terr y. 








No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


1901.. 


2,144 


10,216 


6,208 


11,254 


14, 


160 


2 600 




4 1 ) 14Q 


1902 


2,312 


8,817 


9,798 


17.422 


22 


199 


3 483 


3 348 


07 ^7Q 


1903 


5,821 


17,040 


14,854 


39,535 


43 


898 


5 378 


1 838 


m^fvt 


1904 


5,448 


20,222 


21,266 


34,911 


40 


397 


6 994 


1 093 


130 VII 


1905 


4,128 


23,666 


35,811 


35,387 


39 


289 


6 008 


1 )77 


146 266 


1906 


6,381 


25,212 


52,746 


35,648 


28,728 


26 177 


12 406 


1 766 


isq 004 


1907 (9mos.) 


6,510 


18,319 


32,654 


20,273 


15,307 


17 559 


13 650 


395 


mfifi7 























381319 



130 



AREA AND POPULATION 



26. Destination of Immigrants into Canada, by Provinces, 1901-1921 concluded. 



Fiscal Year. 


Mari 
time 
Prov. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Mani 
toba. 


Sask 
atche 
wan. 


Alberta. 


British 
Colum 
bia and 
Yukon 
Terr y. 


Not 
shown. 


Totals. 


1 
^908.. 


No. 
10,360 
6,517 
10,644 
13,236 
15,973 
19,806 
16,730 
11,104 
5,981 
5,710 
5,247 
3,860 
5,554 
6,353 


No. 

44,157 
19,733 
28,524 
42,914 
50,602 
64,835 
80,368 
31,053 
8,274 
10,930 
9,059 
6,772 
13,078 
21,100 


No. 

75,133 
29,265 
46,129 
80,035 
100,227 
122,798 
123,792 
44,873 
14,743 
26,078 
23,754 
13,826 
39,344 
62,572 


No. 

39,789 
19,702 
21,049 
34,653 
43,477 
43,813 
41,640 
13,196 
3,487 
5,247 
6,252 
4,862 
11,387 
12,649 


No. 
30,590 
22,146 
29,218 
40,763 
46,158 
45,147 
40,999 
16,173 
6,001 
9,874 
12,382 
8,552 
14,287 
13,392 


No. 
31,477 
27,651 
42,509 
44,782 
45,957 
48,073 
43,741 
18,263 
7,215 
12,418 
16,821 
11,640 
20,000 
17,781 


No. 

30,768 
21,862 
30,721 
54,701 
51,843 
57,960 
37,608 
10,127 
2,836 
5,117 
5,559 
8,190 
13,686 
14,630 


No. 

195 
32 


No. 
262,469 
146,908 
208,794 
311,084 
354,237 
402,432 
384,878 
144,789 
48,537 
75,374 
79,074 
57,702 
117,336 
148,477 


*909 . . 


igiO 


J 911 . 


J 912 


1913 


,914 


*915 


916 


917 


918 


919 


920 


- 921 


Totals 


169 ,819 


554 ,891 


975 ,906 


495 ,683 


971 ,724 


396,137 


13,211 


3,577,311 





27. Record of Chinese Immigration, 1886-1921. 



Fiscal Year. 


Paying 
tax. 


Exempt 
from tax. 


Percentage of 
total arrivals 
admitted 
exempt 
from tax. 


Registra 
tion for 
leave. 


Total 
Revenue. 


1886-91 . 


No. 
4 590 


No. 

222 


p.c. 
4-61 


No. 

7 041 


$ 
239,664 


1892 


3,276 


6 


0-18 


2,168 


166,503 


1893 


2,244 


14 


0-62 


1,277 


113,491 


1894 


2,087 


22 


1-04 


666 


105,021 


1895 


1,440 


22 


1-50 


473 


72,475 


1896 


1,762 


24 


1-34 


697 


88,800 


1897 


2 447 


24 


0-97 


768 


123,119 


1898 


2,175 


17 


0-78 


802 


109,754 


1899 


4,385 


17 


0-39 


859 


220,310 


1900 


4,231 


26 


0-61 


1,102 


215,102 


1901 


2 518 


26 


1-02 


1,204 


178,704 


1902 


3 525 


62 


1-73 


1,922 


364,972 


1903 


5 245 


84 


1-58 


2,044 


526,744 


1904 


4 719 


128 


2-64 


1,920 


474,420 


1905 


8 


69 


89-61 


2,080 


6,080 


1906 


22 


146 


86-90 


2,421 


13,521 


19071 


91 


200 


68-73 


2,594 


48,094 


1908 


1,482 


752 


33-67 


3,535 


746,535 


1909 


1,411 


695 


33-00 


3,731 


713,131 


1910 


1,614 


688 


29-89 


4,002 


813,003 


1911 


4,515 


805 


15-13 


3,956 


2,262,056 


1912 


6,083 


498 


7-57 


4,322 


3,049,722 


1913 


7,078 


367 


4-93 


3,742 


3,549,242 


1914 


5,274 


238 


4-32 


3,450 


2,644,593 


1915 


1,155 


103 


8-19 


4,373 


588, 124 


1916 


20 


69 


77-53 


4,064 


19,389 


1917 


272 


121 


30-78 


3,312 


140,487 


1918 


650 


119 


15-47 


2,907 


336,257 


1919 


4,066 


267 


6-16 


3,244 


2,069,669 


1920 


363 


181 


33-27 


5,529 


538,479 


1921 


885 


1,550 


63-66 


6,807 


474,332 














Totals 


79 633 


7 562 


8-87 


87 ,012 


21 ,011 ,793 















1 Nine months. 



IMMIGRATION 



131 



28. Record of Oriental Immigration, 



Fiscal 
Year. 


Chi 
nese. 


Japan 
ese. 


Hin 
doos. 


Total. 


Fiscal 
Year. 


Chi 
nese. 


Japan 
ese. 


Hin 
doos. 


Total. 


1901 


No. 
2,544 


No. 

6 


No. 


550 


1912 


No. 
6,581 


No. 
765 


No. 
3 


No. 
7,349 


1902 


3,587 






3,587 


1913 


7,445 


724 


5 


8,174 


1903 


5,329 






5,329 


1914 


5,512 


856 


88 


6,456 


1904 


4,847 






4,847 


1915 


1,258 


592 




1,850 


1905 


77 


354 


45 


476 


1916 


89 


401 


1 


491 


1906 


- 


1,922 


387 


2,477 


1917 


393 


648 




1 041 


1907 


291 


2,042 


2,124 


4, . 


1918 


769 


883 




1,652 


1908 


2,234 


7,601 


2,623 


12,458 


1919 


4,333 


1,178 




5,511 


1909 


2,106 


495 


6 


2,607 


1920 


544 


711 




1,255 


1910 


2,302 


271 


10 


2,583 


1921 


135 


532 


10 


2,977 


1911 


5,320 


437 


5 


5,762 


1922 


1," 


471 


13 


2,230 
































Total 


59 ,910 


M! xv) 


5,320 


8* ,119 























29. Expenditure on Immigration in the Fiscal Years 1868-1921. 

(Compiled from the Public Accounts.) 



Year. 


1 


Year. 


$ 


Year. 


1 


Year. 


1 


1868 


36,050 


1882 


215,339 


1896 


120,199 


1910 


960 676 


1869 


26,952 


1883 


373,958 


1897 


127,438 


1911 


1,079 130 


1870 


55,966 


1884 


511,209 


1898 


261,195 


1912 


1 365 000 


1871 


54,004 


1885 


423,861 


1899 


255,879 


1913 


1 427 112 


1872 


109,954 


1886 


257,355 


1900 


434 563 


1914 


1 893 298 


1873 


265,718 


1887 


341,236 


1901 


444,730 


1915 


1,658 182 


1874 


291,297 


1888 


244,789 


1902... 


494,842 


1916 


1 307 480 


1875 


278,777 


1889 


202,499 


1903. 


642 914 


1917 


1 181 991 


1876 


338,179 


1890 


110,092 


1904 


744,788 


1918 


1.211 954 


1877 


309,353 


1891 


181,045 


1905. 


972 357 


1919 


1 112 079 


1878 


154,351 


1892 


177,605 


1906 


842 668 


1920 


1 388 185 


1879 


186,403 


1893 


180,677 


19071 


611,201 


1921 


1,688 961 


















1880 


161,213 


1894 


202,235 


1908 


1,074 697 


Total 


{0 380 Sfifi 


1881 


214,251 


1895 


195,653 


1909 


979 3 9 6 























Nine months. 



38131 



132 EDUCATION 



VI. EDUCATION. 

GENERAL FEATURES OF CANADIAN EDUCATION SYSTEMS. 

Under the British North America Act, 1867, the right to legislate 
on matters respecting education was reserved exclusively to the pro 
vincial legislatures, subject to the maintenance of the rights and 
privileges of the denominational and separate schools as existing at 
the time of union or admission of provinces. In Ontario, Roman 
Catholics, Protestants and coloured people have each the right to 
establish "Separate Schools" for elementary education, the local rates 
for the support of these schools being separately levied and applied. 
In Quebec, the religious minority in any municipality, whether Roman 
Catholic or Protestant (the Jews being "Protestants" for all the 
purposes of the School Law), may dissent and maintain its own 
elementary and model schools and academies or high schools, the 
taxation of the minority being separate from that of the majority 
for the three classes of school, except that in the case of the assess 
ment of corporations, the taxes are levied by the majority and 
divided between the majority and minority in proportion to the 
number of children of school age. In Saskatchewan and Alberta a 
separate school may be established by the minority, whether Pro 
testant or Roman Catholic, subject, however, to identical regulations 
as to courses, certificates, inspection, etc. In the remaining pro 
vinces there are special provisions for the education of Roman 
Catholics in the larger cities and towns. 

In all the provinces the cost of education is defrayed from the 
public revenues, provincial and local, and public elementary educa 
tion is free to parents or guardians, except for certain small fees which 
are payable in parts of the province of Quebec. What is understood 
in most provinces as secondary education, that is, work of high 
school grade, is also either free or subject to fees so small as to be 
seldom or never prohibitive. With the exception of Quebec all the 
provinces have laws providing for compulsory education, but under 
conditions that differ as between one province and another. As a 
rule, the provincial laws provide for uniformity in the training of 
teachers, the use of text books and the grading of pupils. Second 
ary schools or departments under government control and colleges 
or universities for higher education, exist in all the provinces, and the 
three classes of teaching institution are more or less co-ordinated 
to allow of natural transition from the lower to the higher. Arrange 
ments for the superannuation of teachers are applied in most of the 
provinces. 

Recent movements in the direction of nature study, manual 
instruction, school gardens, agriculture, domestic science and tech 
nical education are all energetically in progress. 



HIGHER EDUCATION IN CANADA 133 



HIGHER EDUCATION IN CANADA. 

Higher education in Canada is provided for ^hy :i number pi 
universities and colleges. Of the universiti Toronto, McGill 
(Montreal), and the Iniversity of Montreal, are the largest. The 
oldest university in Canada, viz., Kin- s College, Winder. Nova 
Scotia, dates from 1789, and claims to be also the oldest university 
in His Majesty s Over Dominions. Several of the universities 
are affiliated to the older universities of the mother country, viz., 
Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin, whilst some of the smaller Canadian 
universities as well as most of the colleges, in Ontario and Quebec 
are affiliated to either Toronto or McCill. Jn the West, provincial 
universities ! been established for Manitoba at Winnipeg (\^1~, 

Saskatchewan at Saskatoon (1907), Alberta at Edmonton (1906) 
and British Columbia at Vancouver (1907), while in the Bast, Toronto 
(1827) and New Brim-wick (1800) are provincial universiti 

Some of the universities and colleges are under the control of 
religious denominations, a&lt; follow 

Anglican or Church of Kmdand in Canada: Kinv&gt; i !! 
Windso g.j 1"! iversity of BishopV Colli Lennorville, Quebec; 
University of Trinity College, Toronto; WydilYe Coll&lt; Doronto; 

and Kmmanuel ( olle.L-e. Saskatoon. 

Roman Catholic church: St. Dunstan s University, Charlotte- 
vn, P.K.I.: University oi St. Krancis Xavier, Antigonish, tf.S, 
University of St, Joseph St. Joseph, N.B.; Laval Univer 

sity, Quebe University of Montreal, Montreal; University of 
Ottawa, Ottawa: St. Michael s College, Toronto. 

Other Denominations:- Knox College, Toronto : .yterian); 

Mount Allison University, Sackvi!.. N.I 1 ... Victoria Uniyersil 
Toronto, and Wesley College, Winnipeg (Methodist); Acadia Uni 
versity, Wolfville, N.S.. MrMaster University, Toronto, and Brandon 
College. Brandon, Manitoba (Bapti-- 



EDUCATION STATISTIC S OF CANADA. 

Statistics of Public Schools. In the Tables numbered 1 to 11 
an attempt is made to bring together by provinces (1) the number 
of publicly controlled schools, teachers and pupils, with the average 
attendance of the pupils; (2) the number of teachers and pupils in 
normal schools for the training of teachers; (3) statistics of secondary 
schools so far as they are separately given; (4) the statist ic&lt; of 
vocational schools under public control; (5) the amount of receipts 
and expenditure for public education under the school law of each 
province and (6) the average annual salaries o teachers by provinces. 

In Tables 1 and 2 the number of schools, teachers and pupils in 
all the provinces includes both elementary and secondary schools or 
grades; in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Saskatchewan the term 
hool" has a technical significance, being applied to a class with 
one teacher, irrespective of the number of classes in a school build 
ing. The classical colleges of Quebec are not included in Table 2 



134 EDUCATION 



but are given later in Table 4. In Manitoba the sex of the pupils 
is not separately dist nguished. Statistics of secondary schools are 
separately available for Ontaro, British Columbia and Saskat 
chewan. They are given in Tables 5, 6, 7 and 8. The academies 
of Quebec take up both the elementary and secondary grades of 
school work, and are not all classed in the reports as secondary schools. 
Statistics of teachers in training in seven of the nine provinces are 
given for the years 1901-1921 in Table 3. 

Growth of Expenditure on Public Education. Probably the 
most remarkable feature of these statistics is the extraordinary 
growth during the present century of the expenditure upon public 
education. In 1901, the first year of the century, the total expendi 
ture for the purposes of public education in Canada was $11,751,625; 
in 1921 or the latest year reported, as shown by Table 1, it was 
$102,561,425, an increase of $90,809,800, or 773 p.c. 

Statistics of Higher Education. In Tables 12-20 are pre 
sented statistical particulars relating to the universities and colleges 
of Canada, which are summarized from information furnished by 
each of the institutions mentioned. Tables 12 and 17 give the dates 
of foundation, the affiliation, the faculties and degrees; Tables 13, 
14 and 18, the number of teaching staff and students, and Tables 16 
and 19, statistics of property, income and expenditure. For the 
23 universities in Table 16 the total value of the endowments and 
property in land, buildings, equipment, etc., amounts to $59,282,456. 
For 22 of these universities the total income amounts to $6,737,816, 
of which $1,771,586 is derived from fees and the ba ance from invest 
ments, government grants and other sources. The total expenditure 
of the same universities amounts to $8,018,440. The total number 
of students attending the 23 universities of Canada in the academic 
year 1920-21, as shown by Table 16, was 35,342. Adding to these 
the 20,486 students attending co leges having students doing work 
of university grade in the same year,and excluding 12,749 duplicates 
who 3 re registered at both the universities and colleges, the grand 
total of students in attendance at Canadian institutions of higher 
education was 43,079. 

TECHNICAL EDUCATION IN CANADA. 

Technical Education in State Schools is a comparatively new- 
institution. Until recently, vocational training was undertaken after 
the completion of or at the expense of academic education. 

Among the first technical courses to be introduced into schools 
were commercial courses. Courses designed to fit pupils for business 
careers were introduced into the high school curricula of Ontario 
and Manitoba in 1899, of British Columbia in 1905, and Saskatchewan 
and Alberta about the same time, while the classical colleges of Quebec 
have long provided business courses and a school for higher com 
mercial studies was founded at Montreal in 1907. 



HIGHER EDUCATION IN CANADA 135 

Agriculture was at first taught in colleges, which provided 
training for teachers who carried the subject into the schools. Apart 
from certain schools in Quebec and industrial schools having farms 
attached in other provinces, the study of agriculture in elementary 
and secondary day schools has hitherto been confined to school 
gardens and lessons on the science of agriculture. 

Training in handicrafts was introduced into the school in the 
form of manual training for boys and domestic science for girls. The 
former was originally intended merely as a training in the use of tools, 
affording an agreeable diversion from the ordinary school work, and a 
means by which the boy could gain some idea of his mechanical 
capacities. A form of manual training was introduced into Ontario 
schools in 1883, and in 1891 into Nova Scotia, where it was made 
compulsory for teachers in training in 1893, and into the western 
provinces in the early years of this century. By 1915, manual train 
ing courses in Ontario had branched out into industrial, technical 
and art schools, and in that year a large Technical School was opened 
in Toronto. Evening technical classes, which were organized in 
nearly all the provinces in the first years of the century, carried out a 
scheme of actual vocational courses. Such courses were for some 
time given by certain day schools in Quebec. The idea of part time 
day vocational courses is new to Canada. The Adolescent Act passed 
in Ontario in 1919, makes part time attendance compulsory for 
adolescents from 14 to 18 years of age who have not attained matricu 
lation standing or are not attending full time. By 1919, commercial, 
agricultural and domestic science courses were operating in all pro 
vinces and other technical courses in all but Prince Edward Island. 

In 1919, the Dominion Parliament passed an Act offering assist 
ance to the provinces in promoting technical education and a Director 
of Technical Education was appointed under the Minister of Labour. 
The provincial governments accepted the offer and a technical 
education officer has been appointed in all but two provinces. The 
benefits of the Act are extended to persons over 14 years who are not 
provided for by the ordinary day schools; the agreement also excludes 
agricultural studies, the training of nurses and teachers for ordinary 
schools and all work of university grade. The expenditure in!920-21 
on technical education by local boards was about $2,064,563, by 
provincial governments $1,158,051 and by the federal government 
$585,469. Details of teaching staff and enrolment of students are 
given in Table 9 on page 147. This table does not include all the 
pupils or students in technical schools or courses in the different 
provinces, but only those of such schools as come under the Act. 
Statistics of agricultural education, to which the Dominion contributes 
under the Agricultural Instruction Act, are given in the Agricultural 
section (see " Agricultural Instruction Act" in the index). Statistics 
of Indian education are given in the Administration section (see 
" Indians, school attendance of," in index). 



136 



EDUCATION 



1. Statistical Summary of Education in Canada, 

NUMBEB OF PUPILS ATTENDING 



No. 


Type of Institution. 


P.E.I. 


N.S. 


N.B. 


Quebec. 


1 


Ordinary day schools under public control 


17,510 


109,483 


73,712 


453,512 


2. 


Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial and other Technical 
Schools, including short courses in universities and 
colleges and all evening schools 


145 


3,399 


1,755 


21,192 


3 


Normal schools for teacher-training 




241 


216 


1,376 


4 


Indian schools 


42 


246 


264 


1,334 


5 


Schools for the blind and deaf 1 




308 




579 


fi 


Classical colleges 










9.033 


7. 


Affiliated and professional colleges (including regular 
courses of agricultural and other technical colleges) 


241 


765 




5,381 


8 


Universities (regular courses) 


241 


1,468 


797 


4,775 


q 


Business Colleges (private) 




1,226 


811 


5,147 


10 


Other private schools under college grade 


260 


2,072 


532 


50,708 
















Grand Total (exclusive of duplicates) 


18,439 


119,208 


78,087 


552,2732 




Population of 1921 


88,615 


523,837 


387,876 


2,361,199 















DISTRIBUTION OF PUPILS IN ORDINARY DAY 



No. 




P.E.I. 


N.S. 


N.B. 


Quebec. 


1 


Number of boys enrolled 


8,913 


54,355 


33,615 


239,648 


2 


Number of girls enrolled 


8,597 


55,128 


34,477 


256,239 


3 


Total in elementary grades 


16,325 


99,778 


65,832 


472,564 


4 


Boys in elementary grades 




50,930 






5 


Girls in elementary grades 


_ 


48,848 


__ 


_ 


B 


Total in secondary grades 


972 


9,705 


2,270 


9,633 3 


7 


Boys in secondary grades 




3,425 






8 


Girls in secondary grades 


_ 


6,280 


_ 


_ 


q 


Number of pupils in graded schools 


_ 


69,020 


34,350 


__ 


10 


Number of pupils in ungraded schools 


_ _ 


40,463 


33,742 


_ 


11 


Number of pupils in rural schools 












1? 


Number of pupils in village, town and city schools 


_ 


mm 


_ 


_ 















ATTENDANCE OF PUPILS IN ELEMENTARY AND 



No. 




P.E.I. 


N.S. 


N.B. 


Quebec. 


1 


Aggregate number of days attended during the year 




14,658,404 


9,335,052 




?, 


Average number attending each day 


11,446 


73,238 


49,655 


372,377 


3. 
4. 


Average number of days schools were open during year 
Average number of days pupils attended during year 




192 
134 


188 
127 




5. 
6. 


Percentage of average attendance to total attendance 
Percentage proportion of secondary to elementary grades . 


65-36 
5-95 


66-88 
9-93 


67-35 
3-45 


75-09 



1 The blind and deaf of Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick are accommodated at the institu 
are accommodated at the Institution for the Blind in Brantford, Ont., by arrangement between 
Saskatchewan and Alberta are accommodated at the School for the Deaf in Winnipeg, Man. 

? Excluding 76i students of university grade attending classical colleges, already included with 

3 These are exclusive of classical colleges, convents and other independent institutions, which are 
Roman Catholic primary schools and the 9th, 10th and llth years of the Protestant schools. 



STATISTICAL SUMMARY 



137 



by Provinces, 1921, or latest jear reported. 

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 



Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


Sask. 


Alberta. 


B.C. 


Yukon, 
N.W.T.,etc. 


Total for 
Canada. 


No. 


604.923 


12 .). 015 


174,925 


135.750 


85,950 


- 


1.784.780 


1 


40. 


6,234 


1.234 


4,171 


4,970 





83. 


2 


221 






; 


- 


- 


6.11H 


3 


3,590 


1,944 


1,337 


1.033 


2,393 


375 


12,558 


4 


416 


164 


_ 


- 


51 


- 


1.518 


5 






- 


- 


- 


- 


9,033 


6 


4,441 


1,435 


62 


883 


298 


_ 


13,506 


7 


11. 


1,: 


; 


1,106 




- 


017 


8 


13.992 


3,473 




2,5 


1,1 


- 


309 


9 


6,970 


911 


3,386 


2,274 


988 


- 


68,101 


10 


686.:: tl 


1 i.i. 171 


1^17 i 


J48.H7 


91, 53.i 


37.) 


2,030,450^ 




2,933,662 


610,118 


757,510 


588,454 


.vi :&gt;v. 


12,630 


8,788,483 





SCHOOLS UNDER PUBLIC CONTROL. 



Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


Sask. 


Alberta. 


B.C. 


Yukon, 
N.W.T.,etc. 


Total for 
Canada. 


No 


302,887 




89,993 


68,045 


43,442 




840,898 


. 


,036 


_ 


85, 


705 




- 




2 


55&gt;s 


120,460 


164 


.602 


78,691 


- 


1,703,685 


3 


.362 


- 





- 


40. 


- 


- 


4 


279,610 


- 


- 


- 


342 


- 


- 


5 


46,119 


8,615 


10,2% 


9,148 


7,259 


- 


104,017 


6 


17,525 


- 


- 


- 


3,093 


- 


- 




22,426 


- 


- 


- 


4,166 


- 


- 


8 





93,503 


76,822 


75,864 


69. 


- 


- 


e 


- 


35,512 


98,103 


59,886 


10.719 


- 


- 


10 


226,444 


- 


98, 103 


59.886 


39,041 





- 


11 


378,479 


^ 


70,822 


75,864 


46,909 


" 




12 



SECONDARY SCHOOLS UNDER PUBLIC CONTROL. 



Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


Sask. 


Alberta. 


B.C. 


Yukon, 
N.W.T.,etc. 


Total for 

Canada. 


No. 




16,929,665 


20,075,534 


15,082,258 








1 


396,141 


86, 137 


106,997 


82,417 


68,498 


- 


1,241,264 


2 





196-50 


188 


183 





- 


- 


3 


_ 


142-19 


115 


111 


_ 


_ 





4 


65-48 


66-80 


61-16 


60-71 


79-70 





67-58 


5 


8-25 


7-15 


6-25 


7-23 


9-22 








6 



tions in Halifax, N.S., by arrangement with that province; the blind of the three prairie provinces 
the different prairie provinces and Ontario; by a similar arrangement with Manitoba, the deaf of 

item 7. 

the real secondary institutions of Quebec. The 9,633 above are those in the 7th and 8th years of the 



138 



EDUCATION 



1. Statistical Summary of Education in Canada by 

TEACHERS AND ACCOMMODATION IN SCHOOLS 



No. 




P.E.I. 


N.S. 


N.B. 


1 


Teachers in schools under public control 


591 


3,089 


2,142 


i 


Male teachers 


103 


203 


155 


8 


Female teachers 


488 


2,886 


1,987 


4 


Number of school districts 


461 


1,779 


1 291 


I 


Number of school houses 


461 


1,787 


1,973 


6 


Number of class-rooms in operation 


590 


2,898 


1,984 


7 


Number of graded class-rooms in operation 




1,500 


823 


8 


Number of ungraded one-room schools 




1,398 


1 161 


9 


Average number of pupils to a class-room 


29-68 


38-1 


37-15 













EXPENDITURE IN SCHOOLS 



No. 




P.E.I. 


N.S. 


N.B. 


Quebec. 


1 


Total expenditure on education 


$ 

396,778 


$ 

3,442,546 


$ 

2 278 622 


$ 
19,201 405 


2. 


Total expenditure on education by Governments 


244,347 


576,591 


352,693 


2,334,108 


3. 


Total expenditure on education by ratepayers, etc 


152,431 


2,865,955 


1,925,929 


16,867,297 


4, 


Expenditure on secondary schools 










5. 


Expenditure on elementary schools 










6. 


Expenditure on teachers salaries 










7. 


Expenditure on teachers salaries in secondary schools 










8. 
9. 


Expenditure on teachers salaries in elementary schools. .. 
Average annual cost per pupil enrolled , 


22-66 


31-44 


30-91 


36-00 


10. 


Average annual cost per pupil in average attendance 


34-67 


47-00 


45-81 


51-57 















School Municipalities: the number of school "districts" during the same year was 7,259. 



STATISTICAL SUMMARY 



L39 



Provinces, 1921, or latest year reported concluded. 

UNDER PCBUC CONTROL. 



Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


Sask. 


Alta. 


B.C. 


Total for 
Canada. 


No. 


16,710 


15.331 


3,708 


6,809 


5,014 


2,557 


55,951 


1 


2,548 


2,164 


796 


1,477 


1,161 


572 


9,179 


2 


14,162 


12,836 


2,912 


5,332 


3,853 


1,985 


46,441 


3 


l,718i 


- 


2,077 


4,344 


3.154 


665 


- 


4 


7,481 


7.042 


1.893 


4,200 


2,826 


922 


28,585 


5 


13,042 


15,331 


3.596 


5,565 


4,289 


2,557 


49.852 


6 


- 


- 


- 


- 


1,700 


1,846 


- 


7 


- 


- 


- 


- 


2,589 


- 


- 


8 


29-6 


39-46 


35-88 


32-6 


31-6 


37-5 


34-4 


9 



UNDER PUBLIC CONTROL. 



Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


Sask. 


Alberta. 


B.C. 


Indian 
schools. 


Total for 
Canada. 


No. 


S 


S 


* 


$ 


* 


$ 


S 




30,626,435 


13.079,205 


14,609,665 


10.644,329 


7,170,030 


1,112,410 


102,561,425 


1 


2,413,996 


822,186 


1,337,067 


885,524 


2,931,572 


- 


11,898,084 


2 


28,212.439 


12,257,019 


13.272,598 


9,758,805 


4,238,458 


- 


89,550,931 


3 


5.409.923 


- 


468,477 


- 


- 


- 


- 


4 


25,216.512 

I 


- 


14,141,188 


- 


- 


- 


- 


5 


16,112,929 


4,335,529 


6,266,366 


4,371 508 


- 


- 


- 


6 


3,042,891 


- 


325,497 


- 


- 


- 


- 


7 


13,070,038 


- 


5,940,869 


- 


- 


- 


- 


8 


47-57 


77-70 


71-60 


58-06 


83-42 


- 


53-00 


9 


77-31 


116-30 


117-00 


95-63 


104-68 


- 


79-00 


10 



140 



EDUCATION 



2. Number of Schools, Teachers and Pupils in Canada by Provinces, 1901-1921 or 

latest year reported. 

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND (All publicly controlled Schools except Prince of Wales College, for year 

ended June 30). 



Year. 


Schools. 


Teachers. 


Pupils Enrolled. 


Average 
Attendance 
of Pupils. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Boys. 


Girls. 


Total. 


No. 


Per 
cent. 


1901.. 


474 
474 
480 
480 
475 
478 
479 
476 
479 
478 
478 
474 
475 
474 
477 
476 
473 
468 
466 
454 
461 


299 
293 
274 
268 
246 
246 
227 
205 
200 
188 
178 
162 
161 
162 
152 
138 
110 
100 
102 
91 
103 


290 
295 
298 
294 
324 
327 
345 
375 
395 
403 
413 
428 
422 
426 
434 
457 
491 
497 
492 
486 
488 


589 
588 
572 
562 
570 
573 
572 
580 
595 
591 
591 
590 
583 
588 
586 
595 
601 
597 
594 
577 
591 


11,319 
11,271 
10,845 
10,259 
10,427 
10,196 
10,213 
9,449 
9,578 
9,573 
9,152 
8,995 
9,186 
9,514 
9,714 
9,565 
9,291 
9,101 
8,882 
8,842 
8.913 


9,460 
9,532 
9,111 

8,772 
8,845 
8,790 
8,823 
8,563 
8,495 
8,359 
8,245 
8,083 
8,369 
8,555 
8,688 
8,797 
8,899 
8,760 
8,705 
8,512 
8 5Q7 


20,779 
20,803 
19,956 
19,031 
19,272 
18,986 
19,036 
18,012 
18,073 
17,932 
17,397 
17,078 
17,555 
18,069 
18,402 
18,362 
18,190 
17,861 
17,587 
17,354 
17 K1ft 


12,330 
12,884 
12,112 
11,722 
11,627 
11,903 
11,543 
11,647 
11,543 
11,632 
10,511 
10,916 
11,003 
11,170 
11,694 
11,347 
11,319 
11,334 
10,908 
10,991 

11 A.A.P. 


59-34 
61-93 
60-69 
61-59 
60-33 
62-69 
60-63 
64-66 
63-86 
64-86 
60-40 
63-91 
62-67 
61-81 
63-54 
61-79 
62-22 
63-50 
62-00 

62-86 
RS.QA 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 , 


1916 


1917... 


1918.. 


1919 


1920 , 


1921.. 



NOVA SCOTIA (Elementary and secondary publicly controlled schools for the year ended July 31). 



1901 


2 387 


1902 


2,394 


1903 


2,395 


1904 


2,331 


1905 


2,429 


1906 


2 446 


1907 


2 465 


1908 


2,516 


1909 


2,577 


1910 


2 579 


1911 


2 639 


1912.. 


2,662 


1913.. 


2,692 


1914.... 


2,724 


1915 


2 795 


1916.. 


2 837 


1917.. 


2 856 


1918... 


2,859 


1919 


2,812 


1920 


2,835 


1921.. 


2.898 



540 


1,952 


2,492 


49,768 


48,642 


98,410 


53,643 


54-5 


485 


2,007 


2,492 


50,247 


48,812 


99,059 


55,438 


55-9 


441 


2,053 


2,494 


49,789 


48,979 


98,768 


55,213 


55-9 


388 


2,053 


2,441 


48,536 


48,350 


96,886 


54,000 


55-8 


386 


2,180 


2,566 


50,465 


49,787 


100,252 


56,342 


56-3 


366 


2,212 


2,578 


50,198 


50,134 


100,332 


59,165 


58-9 


354 


2,272 


2,626 


49,849 


50,158 


100,007 


57,173 


57-1 


355 


2,309 


2,664 


49,906 


50,199 


100,105 


58,343 


58-2 


352 


2,342 


2,694 


50,758 


50,922 


101,680 


61,787 


60-7 


339 


2,384 


2,723 


50,918 


51,117 


102,035 


65, 630 


64-3 


331 


2,468 


2,799 


50,985 


51,925 


102,910 


61,250 


59-5 


293 


2,511 


2,804 


51,498 


52,486 


103,984 


63,640 


61-2 


278 


2,583 


2,861 


52,105 


53,164 


105,269 


65,686 


62-4 


272 


2,620 


2,892 


52,656 


53,695 


106,351 


66,599 


62-6 


256 


2,689 


2,945 


53,649 


54,119 


107,768 


70,361 


65-3 


246 


2,773 


3,019 


53,944 


55,245 


109,189 


69,227 


63-4 


198 


2,847 


3,045 


53,560 


55,472 


109,032 


70,118 


64-3 


185 


2,852 


3,037 


52,731 


55,361 


108,094 


67,923 


62-8 


163 


2,849 


3,012 


52,491 


54,491 


106,982 


65,906 


61-6 


199 


2,816 


3,015 


53,179 


54,917 


108,096 


66,442 


61-6 


203 


2,886 


3,089 


54,355 


55,128 


109,483 


73,291 


66-9 



NEWIBRTTNSWICK (Elementary and secondary publicly controlled schools for second term ended June 30). 



1901 


1 741 


1902 


1 736 


1903 


1,726 


1904 


1 722 


1905 


1 750 


1906 


1,762 


1907 


1 766 


1908 


1 767 


1909 


1,854 


1910.. 


1 860 


1911 


1 885 


1912 


1,906 


1913 


1 897 


1914..., 


1 922 


1915 


1,964 


1916 


1 996 


1917 


1 981 


1918 


1,986 


1919 


1,950 


1920 


1 898 


1921.. 


1.973 



353 


1,488 


1,841 


30,870 


29,550 


60,420 


37,717 


58-34 


348 


1,477 


1,825 


30,767 


29,710 


60,477 


38,736 


59-62 


341 


1,474 


1,815 


30,172 


29,141 


59,313 


37,552 


58-79 


313 


1,503 


1,816 


29,892 


28,867 


58,759 


36,920 


58-50 


304 


1,562 


1,866 


30,854 


29-, 546 


60,400 


35,675 


59-60 


302 


1,577 


1,879 


30,913 


29,768 


60,681 


37,540 


61-86 


253 


1,621 


1,874 


30,289 


29,262 


59,551 


35,367 


59-38 


259 


1,602 


1,861 


30,600 


29,795 


60,395 


36,972 


61-22 


251 


1,691 


1,942 


31,489 


30,448 


61,937 


38,731 


62-53 


233 


1,741 


1,974 


31,933 


31,061 


62,994 


39,822 


63-21 


221 


1,754 


1,975 


31,871 


31,202 


63,073 


39,215 


62-17 


201 


1,811 


2,012 


32,062 


31,502 


63,564 


40,612 


63-89 


193 


1,809 


2,002 


31,924 


31,656 


63,580 


41,276 


64-91 


201 


1,831 


2,032 


32,244 


32,066 


64,310 


40,882 


63-57 


184 


1,922 


2,106 


33,437 


33,068 


66,505 


44,683 


67-18 


196 


1,965 


2,161 


33,089 


33,459 


66,548 


43,914 


65-98 


167 


1,962 


2,129 


32,025 


32,751 


64,776 


42,884 


66-22 


149 


1,973 


2,122 


31,858 


32,990 


64,848 


44,970 


69-41 


136 


1,971 


2,107 


31,784 


33,136 


64,920 


46,358 


71-41 


141 


1,913 


2,054 


32,015 


33,035 


65,050 


45,860 


70-49 


155 


1,987 


2,142 


33,615 


34,477 


68,092 


46,777 


74-00 



SCHOOLS, TEACHERS AND PUPILS 



141 



2. Number of Schools, Teachers and Pupils in Canada by Provinces, 
1901-1921 or latest year reported --cmtiminl. 

QUEBEC (Klementary and Model Schools and Academies for year ended June 30). 



Year. 


Schools. 


Teach. 


Pupils Enrolled. 


Average 
Attendance 
of Pupils. 




Female. 


Total. 


Boys. 


Girls. 


Total. 


No. 


Per 
cent. 


1901 


5,970 
6.1 
6,113 

6,: 
6, 
6, 
6,417 
6, 
6. 
6,617 
6,: 
6,7 

6.: 

7. 
7. 
7, 1 . . i 


1,268 
1.2 
1. 
1. 
1, 
i. ; 
1,8 
1.1 
1,600 
1,704 
1,786 
1,877 
1,5 

2, 
2, 
2,5 
I.IM 


8,924 
9,i 
9,: 

9,t 
779 
10.050 
10, 
10, 
10,677 
11. 
11. 
11,1 
12. 
13,612 
12 j 

1:5,800 
14. 


10,192 
10, 

10. 

10.: 

10 

ll.i in 
11,1 
11,771 

12 
12 
13,5 

11. 
11 
1.V076 
15,1 
16.1 
213 
16.710 


153,801 

158 

160,014 

.967 
170 
171.471 
146 
L82 
iv.i, lie 
.263 
198,493 
210 
217 


161,080 
164,984 
167 
169 

172 
174, Ml 
177,121 

is! 

116 

200,007 
20C. 

239 


314,881 
321 

.666 
.768 

614 

367.012 

.123 

400 
411,784 

087 

117 

467,508 
.201 
495.887 


232,255 
236 
,123 

2 lti.319 
.420 
263,111 
,510 
271,019 

301 
314,520 

417 

360 

367,468 
869,057 

365,803 
372.377 


73-76 

74-53 
75-08 

76-07 



76-79 
77-85 
78-25 
77-52 
78-62 
79-77 
79-44 
80-54 

79-29 
78-94 
75-23 
75-09 


1902 . . 


11)03 







, . . 
1906 . . . 


1907 


1908 .... 





1910 . . . 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


. 



ONTARIO (Elementary anil Secondary puMicly controlled schools for calendar years up to 1916, since which 

date the Secondary School year ha&gt; ended on June 30). 



1901 


6,166 




7,134 


9,800 


.351 


:,778 


.534 


234 


55-81 




6, : 


717 






509 


151 


860 


275 !HO 


56-21 





6,- 






10, 


.618 








56-44 



1904 


6,31") 




S86 


470 








273,815 


56-53 


1905 .... 


6,361 




8, ! 


10 








281 


57-56 


1906 


6. 


2,376 


8,368 


10,744 








285,330 


57-81 


1907 


6,411 


:!04 


8,616 


10, 






791 


284.998 


57-69 


1908 


6, : 


;79 


8,789 


11,168 




101 


.641 


,052 


58-22 


1909 


6," 




9, 


11,406 








29o. 


58-43 


1910 


6, 






11 J 






510.700 


747 


58-69 


1911 


6, 


. \~&gt; 


9.S71 


12,016 






518,605 


,648 


58-94 




6,: 


I 11 


10,127 


12,271 




857 


52f, 


315,255 


59-82 



1913 


6,7 




10,505 










330 474 


60-88 


1914 


6, 




10,914 


13, 




696 




340 


61-66 




6.^ 




11. 


13 


.508 


271 


569,030 




64-31 







6. 


2,007 


1 1 , 730 




.676 


214 


560,340 


355,364 


65-44 




6, 


I,| 


12 141 


14.054 


280 




561,865 


36? 


65-69 



1918 


6. 


1,663 


12,604 


14 




283 




32S 


58-16 


1919 


118 


1,965 


12,836 


1 1 . SOI 


.310 


414 




388, 768 


66-49 


1920.. 


7, 




13,177 


15.331 


302.887 


302.036 


604.923 


396.141 


65-49 



The discrepancy between the total of pupils enrolled in Ontario from 1901 to 1916 and the number by 
sex for the same years LS due to the inclusion of kindergarten pupils in the total. The number by sex of these 
kindergarten pupils is not available. 

MANITOBA (Elementary and Secondary publicly controlled schools for year ended June 30). 



1901 


1,416 


1902 . . . 


1,488 


1903 


1,584 


1904 


1,669 


1905 . 


1,761 


1906 


1,847 


1907 


1 , 943 


1908 


2,014 


1909 


2, 105 


1910 


2,227 


1911 


2,341 


1913 


2,430 


1914 


2,688 


1915 


2,727 


1916 


2,888 


1917 


3,043 


1918 


3,089 


1919 


3,256 


1920 


3,479 


1921.. 


3,596 



618 


1,051 


1,669 


629 


1,2 


1,849 


628 


1,466 


2,094 


682 


1 , .136 


2,2 


597 


1,675 


2,272 


596 


1,769 


2,365 


595 


1,885 


ISO 


598 


1,928 


2,526 


637 


2,025 


2,662 


621 


2,153 


2,774 


651 


2,217 


2,868 


500 


2,464 


2,964 


474 


2,390 


2,864 


598 


2,378 


2,976 


491 


2,500 


2,991 


530 


2,494 


3,024 


524 


2,573 


3,097 


669 


2,810 


3,479 


796 


2,912 


3.708 



51,888 


27,550 


52-9 


."&gt;4,056 


28,306 


52-4 


57,409 


36,479 


63-5 


58,574 


31,326 


53-4 


63,287 


33,794 


53-4 


64,123 


34,947 


54-5 


67,144 


37,279 


55-5 


71,031 


40,691 


57-3 


73,044 


41,405 


56-7 


76,247 


43,885 


57-5 


80,848 


45,303 


56-3 


83,679 


48,163 


57-6 


93,954 


58,778 


62-6 


100,963 


68,250 


67-5 


103,796 


66,561 


64-1 


106,588 


69,209 


64-9 


109,925 


69,968 


63-65 


114,662 


72,072 


62-86 


123,452 


88,563 


71-74 


129,015 


86, 137 


66-76 



NOTE. The Manitoba school year from 1901 to 1911 ended December 31st. Owing to a change in the 
date of the school ye:tr no report was issued for 1912. 



142 



EDUCATION 



2. Number of Schools, Teachers and Pupils in Canada by Provinces, 
1901-1921 or latest year reported continued. 

SASKATCHEWAN (Elementary and Secondary publicly controlled schools for year ended December 31) . 



Year. 


Schools. 


Teachers. 


Pupils Enrolled. 


Average 
Attendance 
of Pupils. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Boys. 


Girls. 


Total. 


No. 


Per 
cent. 


1906 


873 
1,101 
1,418 
1,705 
1,925 
2,123 
2,459 
2,763 
3,073 
3,388 
3,629 
3,816 
3,963 
4,183 
4,177 


563 

959 
1,074 
1,316 
1,245 
1,413 
1,552 
1,609 
1,490 
1,304 
1,015 
1,269 
1,477 


733 

1,335 
1,598 
2,175 
2,122 
2,739 
2,949 
3,340 
4,187 
4,430 
5,047 
5,117 
5,332 


1,296 
1,470 
2,180 
2,335 
2,726 
3,547 
3,434 
4,236 
4,600 
5,078 
5,787 
5,853 
6,233 
6,550 
6,809 


16,376 
19,454 
24,773 
28,930 
34,084 
37,692 
42,380 
52,679 
59,340 
63,710 
66,497 
72,691 
76,896 
83,916 
88,993 


14,899 
18,168 
22,313 
26,186 
31,308 
34,568 
39,516 
48,784 
54,645 
59,152 
62,942 
69,926 
74,430 
80,303 
85,932 


31,275 
37,622 
47,086 
55,116 
65,392 
72,260 
81,896 
101,463 
113,985 
122,862 
129,439 
142,617 
151,326 
164,219 
174,925 


15,770 
19,841 
26,081 
28,998 
34,517 
38,278 
49,329 
56,005 
65,009 
72,113 
71,522 
88,758 
91,010 
98,791 
106,997 


50-31 
52-48 
55-00 
52-25 
52-80 
53-00 
60-31 
55-10 
57-02 
58-70 
55-30 
62-24 
60-14 
62-16 
61-16 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920.. 



ALBERTA (Elementary and Secondary publicly controlled schools for year ended December 31). 



1906 


570 


280 


644 


924 


14,701 


14,083 


28,784 


14,782 


51-00 


1907 


694 


318 


892 


1,210 


17,707 


16,631 


34,388 


17,310 


54-00 


1908 


851 


435 


1,033 


1,468 


19,516 


20,137 


39,653 


18,923 


48-00 


1909 


970 


570 


1,245 


1,815 


23,701 


22,347 


46,048 


22,225 


48-24 


1910 


1,195 


716 


1,501 


2,217 


28,406 


26,901 


55,307 


29,611 


53-54 


1911 


1,392 


867 


1,784 


2,651 


31,753 


29,907 


61,660 


32,556 


52-08 


1912 


1,600 


956 


2,098 


3,054 


36,717 


34,327 


71,044 


39,226 


55-21 


1913 


1,705 


980 


2,314 


3,294 


41,449 


38,460 


79,909 


45,888 


57-41 


1914 


2,027 


1,375 


2,603 


3,978 


46,769 


43,141 


89,910 


54,582 


60-71 


1915 


2,138 


1,418 


2,800 


4,218 


50,140 


47, 146 


97,286 


61,112 


62-81 


1916 


2,170 


1,355 


3,252 


4,607 


50,375 


48,826 


99,201 


60,271 


60-75 


1917 


2,321 


1,267 


3,866 


5,133 


54,446 


53,281 


107,727 


65,374 


60-68 


1918 


2,766 


1,090 


4,565 


5,655 


56,011 


55,098 


111,109 


68,489 


61-64 


1919 


2,796 


1,082 


3,820 


4,902 


61,206 


60,361 


121,567 


74,776 


61-51 


1920.. 


2,826 


1,161 


3,853 


5,014 


68,045 


67,705 


135,750 


82,417 


60-71 



BRITISH COLUMBIA (Elementary and Secondary publicly controlled schools for year ended June 30). 



1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 
1909. 
1910. 
1911. 
1912. 
1913. 
1914. 
1915. 
1916. 
1917. 
1918. 
1919. 
1920. 
1921. 



318 
337 
346 
349 
360 
374 
381 
415 
447 
497 
533 
574 
644 
716 
767 
810 
848 
855 
873 
922 
946 



185 


343 


543 


12,069 


11,546 


23,615 


15,335 


64-94 


194 


355 


570 


12,254 


11,647 


23,901 


15,808 


66-13 


189 


391 


607 


12,559 


11,940 


24,499 


16,627 


67-87 


182 


413 


624 


13,330 


12,457 


25,787 


17,071 


66-16 


177 


452 


663 


14,104 


13,250 


27,354 


18,871 


68-94 


176 


477 


690 


14,524 


13,998 


28,522 


19,809 


68-39 


163 


530 


735 


15,347 


14,692 


30,039 


20,459 


66-63 


181 


576 


806 


17,162 


16,152 


33,314 


23,473 


69-62 


213 


628 


900 


18,659 


17,568 


36,227 


25,662 


69-97 


288 


749 


1,037 


20,351 


19,319 


39,670 


28,423 


70-54 


323 


856 


1,179 


23,162 


21,783 


44,945 


32,517 


71-27 


351 


1,002 


1,353 


25,734 


24,234 


49,968 


37,384 


74-88 


406 


1,191 


1,597 


29,544 


27,840 


57,384 


43,072 


75-12 


485 


1,374 


1,859 


31,890 


30,067 


61,957 


49,090 


79-30 


521 


1,445 


1,966 


33,059 


31,205 


64,264 


52,494 


81-73 


523 


1,541 


2,064 


32,874 


31,696 


64,570 


50,880 


78-78 


468 


1,656 


2,124 


32,480 


32,638 


65,118 


52,577 


80-74 


436 


1,810 


2,246 


33,540 


33,976 


67,516 


54,748 


81-08 


486 


1,846 


2,332 


35,944 


36,052 


72,006 


56,692 


78-73 


595 


2,139 


2,734 


39,772 


39,471 


79,243 


59,791 


75-45 


572 


1,985 


2,557 


43,442 


42,508 


85,950 


68,497 


79-69 



NOTE. The totals for teachers in British Columbia from 1901 to 1909 are greater than the sum of the 
male and the female teachers because no information as to the sex of high school teachers is available. 
This discrepancy also appears in the Summary for Canada. 



SCHOOLS TEACHERS AND PUPILS 



1 1.: 



2. Number of Schools, Teachers and Pupils in Canada, by Provinces, 
1961-1921 or latest year reported concluded. 

SUMMARY FOR CANADA (1901-1920). 



Year. 


Schools. 


Teachers. 


Pupils enrolled. 


Average 
Attendance 
of Pupils. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Boys. 


Girls. 


Total. 


No. 


Per 
cent. 


1901.. 


18,472 
18,657 
18,924 
19,088 
19,424 
21,096 
21,657 
871 
23,187 
23,931 
S83 
23,133 
26,171 
27,426 
28,188 
28,824 
29,483 
30,236 
30,815 
31.814 


6,9t9 
5,96t 
6,848 
SJtl 
6,607 
0,3*7 
6J41 
5,991 
7,061 
7,396 
7,818 
7,**9 
8,1*7 
8,861 

9,t44 
8,709 

8, see 

7,556 
7,676 
9,045 


ei.iss 

t 1,867 
ft, 586 
S3, 118 
13,937 
t6,886 
t8,gll 
S6,804 
S9,S14 
30,678 
33,64* 
31,431 
35,676 
37,399 
38,80* 
41,H8 
4S,t60 
46, l 
4*, 671 
46. 


27,126 
27,860 
28,660 
28,908 
29,483 
32,263 
33,457 
35, Hi 1 7 
36,480 
38,104 
40,502 
38,71* 
43,872 
46,318 
156 
50,307 
51,601 
53,438 
60,611 
55,733 


606,178 
605,362 
604,970 
609,705 
610,893 
647,447 
656,545 
670,868 
691,913 
008,0*3 
6t6, 951 
647,181 
678,636 
7/5,0*7 
735,877 
745,445 
758,461 
765,847 
800,367 



494,056 
498,838 
499,769 
600,114 
607,308 
641, 3*5 
649,111 
665,693 
58*. 583 
601,611 
6tf,S45 
646,778 
677,944 
7/1,8*3 
736,617 
749,tll 
77 4, f 63 
787,068 
817,8*9 
847, S47 


1,062,527 
1,070,444 
,074,008 
,073,054 
,093,968 
,167,055 
,189,142 
,224,090 
,266,356 
,304 
1,350,821 
.,5*1 
1,463,445 
35s 
1,595,167 
l,615,8M 
1,639,303 
1,662 
1,732,868 
- 


654,064 
664,006 
676,491 
671,173 
693,403 
712,357 
750,480 
779,201 
811,482 
846,302 

870,88* 
966,014 
1,037,166 
1,107 
1,103 
1,135,788 
1,105,696 
1,180,074 
1,229,579 


61-56 
62-03 
63-92 
62-55 
63-88 
63-61 
63-11 
63-66 
64-08 
64-81 
64-18 
66 -t5 
66-01 
67-07 
69-43 
68-23 
69-28 
66-49 
68-10 
67-58 


1902 


1903 




1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916.. 


1917 


1918.. 


1919 


1920 



rE. From 1901 to 1905, inclusive, the Summary for Canada comprised the seven provinces of Prince 
Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebt -i&lt;&gt;, Manitoba and British Columbia. The 

two provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta were formed in 1905, and from 1906 all the nine provinces are 
included, with the exception of Manitoba for 1912, when no Education I ;-sued by that province. 

The sex of the teachers in the Secondary schools of Saskatchewan i&gt; not given, and in Manitoba the sei 
of the pupils was not given for any of the years, while Ontario did not give the ex of its kindergarten pupils 
until 1917. In the Summary, therefore, these defects are indicated by printing certain items in italics. 
A general summary for 1921 for all elementary and secondary schools under public control is given in Table 
1, pages 136-139. 



3. Teachers in Training in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario and 
Manitoba, 1901-1921, Saskatchewan and Alberta, 1906-1920. 

NOVA SCOTIA. 
Number of Teachers in Training in the Provincial Normal College. 



Year. 


Enrol 
ment. 


Year. 


Enrol 
ment. 


Year. 


Enrol 
ment. 


Year. 


Enrol 
ment. 


1901.. 


240 
182 
145 
191 
148 


: 


154 
142 
161 
215 
260 


1911. 


268 
293 
302 
318 
355 


1916 . 


388 
263 
260 
255 
228 
241 


1902 


1907 


1912 


1917 


1903.. 


1908 


1913 . 


1918 


1904... 


: 


1914.... 


1919 


1905 


1910 


1915 


1920 








1921 


NEW BRUNSWICK. 
Number of Instructors and Teachers in training in the Normal School. 



Year. 


Instruct 
ors. 


TEACHERS IN TRAINING 
IN NORMAL SCHOOL. 


Year. 


Instruct 
ors. 


TEACHERS IN TRAINING 
IN NORMAL SCHOOL. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


1901 , 


11 
14 
16 
19 

16 

18 
18 
18 
15 


41 
68 
35 
35 
54 
44 
45 
35 
53 
63 


155 
201 
189 
253 
231 
263 
315 
299 
290 
295 


196 
269 
224 
288 
285 
307 
360 
334 
343 
358 


1911 


16 
16 
18 
16 
16 
19 
18 
20 
19 


46 
46 
53 
45 
52 
45 
41 
29 
13 
25 
15 


324 
330 
305 
312 
299 
327 
331 
258 
250 
242 
201 


370 
376 
358 
357 
351 
372 
372 
287 
275 
267 
216 


1902 


1912 


1903 


1913 


1904 


1914 


1905 


1915 .. 


1906 


1916 


1907 


1917 


1908 


1918 .. 


1909.., 


1919... 


1910 


1920 




1921 



144 



EDUCATION 



3. Teachers in Training in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario and 
Manitoba, 1901-1921, Saskatchewan and Alberta, 1906-1920 continued. 

QUEBEC. 
Number of Teachers and Pu-pils in Normal Schools. 



Year. 


Schools. 


INSTRUCTORS. 


TEACHERS IN TRAINING. 


Average 
attend 
ance. 


Per 
cent. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


1901 


5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
6 
7 
10 
11 
11 
11 
13 
14 
14 
14 
14 
14 
14 
14 


31 
31 
31 

30 
32 
35 
34 
39 
58 
53 
50 
43 
50 
48 
54 
52 
52 
52 
57 
50 


27 
30 
30 
31 
30 
27 
38 
27 
59 
75 
79 
77 
86 
98 
131 
144 
144 
153 
148 
157 


58 
61 
61 
61 
62 
62 
72 
66 
117 
128 
129 
120 
136 
146 
185 
196 
196 
205 
205 
207 


97 
130 
138 
151 
142 
143 
159 
165 
182 
177 
174 
160 
175 
189 
191 
191 
180 
180 
159 
182 
166 


256 
290 
322 
241 
274 
280 
308 
361 
533 
610 
666 
676 
913 
1,081 
1,121 
1,166 
1,181 
1,159 
1,064 
1,320 
1.210 


353 
420 
460 
392 
416 
423 
467 
526 
715 
787 
840 
836 
1,088 
1,270 
1,312 
1,357 
1,361 
1,339 
1,223 
1,502 
1.27fi 


345 
415 
455 
388 
410 
420 
462 
524 
710 
780 
835 

1,357 
1,361 
1,339 
1,135 
1,395 


97-73 
98-81 
98-91 
98-98 
98-56 
99-29 
98-93 
99-62 
99-30 
99-11 
99-40 

100-00 
100-00 
100-00 
92-80 
92-87 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 . 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 ., 


1916 


1917.. 


1918.. 


1919 


1920 


1921.. 



NOTE. In Prince Edward Island, teachers are trained in Prince of Wales College; the number of the 
students of this college training for teachers diplomas in 1919-20 was 68 men and 152 women, or a total of 
220. In British Columbia, teachers are trained at the Normal Schools in Vancouver and Victoria. In 
1921-22 there were enrolled in these schools 543 students. 

ONTARIO. 
Teachers trained from 1901 to 1921 inclusive. 



Year. 


Model Schools. 


Provincial 
Normal Schools. 


Normal Colleges, 
etc. 


Total. 


Grand 
Total. 


Male. 


Fe 
male. 


Total. 


Male. 


Fe 
male. 


Total. 


Male. 


Fe 
male. 


Total. 


Male. 


Fe 
male. 


1901.. 


333 
305 
295 
308 
389 
365 
37 
48 
31 
81 
94 
77 
61 
43 
14 
5 

4 
41 


838 
843 
827 
901 
1,361 
995 
224 
227 
177 
368 
356 
285 
204 
167 
131 
157 
86 
77 
460 


1,171 
1,148 
1,122 
1,209 
1,750 
1.360 1 
261 
275 
208 
449 
450 
362 
265 
210 2 
145 
162 
86 
81 
501 


123 
54 
22 
18 
21 
23 
128 
121 
121 
114 
114 
124 
126 
211 
137 
59 
44 
203 
199 


496 
532 
282 
288 
324 
405 
1,021 
1,114 
1,145 
950 
872 
1,077 
1,034 
1,398 
1,156 
1,455 
1,056 
1,045 
1,282 


619 
586 
304 
306 
345 
428i 
1,149 
1,235 
1,266 
1,064 
986 
1,201 
1,160 
1,609 
1,293 
1,514 
1,100 
1,248 
1,481 


57 
37 
45 
45 
52 

169 

297 
150 


75 
90 
121 
125 
139 

304 

262 
76 


132 

127 
166 
170 
191 

473 
559 
226 


513 
396 
362 
371 
462 
388 
165 
169 
152 
195 
208 
201 
187 
254 
151 
64 
213 
504 
390 


1,409 
1,465 
1,230 
1,314 
1,824 
1,400 
1,245 
1,341 
1,322 
1,318 
1,228 
1,362 
1,238 
1,565 
1,287 
1,612 
1,446 
1,384 
1,818 


613 
1,922 
1,861 
1,592 
1,685 
2,286 
1,788 
1,410 
1,510 
1,474 
1,513 
1,436 
1,563 
1,425 
1,819 
1,438 
1,676 
1,659 
1,888 
2,208 s 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907-8 


1908-9 


1909-10 


1910-11 


1911-12 


1912-13 


1913-14 


1914-15 


1915-16.. 


1916-17 


1917-18.. 


1918-19... 


1919-20 


1920-21 



Previous to 1908 there were 55 County Model Schools in Ontario in addition to three Normal Schools 
and the Normal College. The function of these Model Schools was the training of third class teachers, 
while that of the Normal Schools was generally the training of second class and kindergarten teachers, 
and that of the College, the training of first class and secondary teachers. In 1908, most of the County 
Model Schools were ab9lished and the duty of training teachers for all the Public and Separate Schools 
except those in the districts and poorer sections of the province was placed upon the Normal Schools, which 
were increased in number from 3 to 7. 

The Department of Education ceased to report the attendance at the Normal College after 1906. This 
college has been since known by various names. Recently, and up till 1920, its work was done by the 
Faculty of Education of the Universities of Toronto and Queen s and the figures for the Normal College 
given in the above table for 1918-19 and 1919-20 represent the enrolment in the Faculty of Education of 
these Universities. In 1920 their functions were transferred to the Ontario College of Education. 

2 Autumn Model Schools. 

3 In addition to these there were 13 extra mural students at Mtdel Schools in 1921. 



TEACHERS IN TRAINING 



145 



3. Teachers in Training in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario and 
Manitoba, 1901-1921, Saskatchewan and Alberta, 1906-1920 conclude. 1, 

MANITOBA. 
Number of Teachers and Students in Normal Schools. 



r. 


INSTRUCTORS. 


STUDENTS AT 


Year. 


INSTRUCTORS. 


STUDENTS AT 


Pro 
vincial 
Normal. 


Local 
Normal. 


2nd 
ohiss 
sessions. 


3rd 
class 
sessions. 


Pro 
vincial 

Noniuil. 


Local 
Normal. 


2nd 
class 


3rd 
class 
sessions. 


1901 


7 
7 
7 
7 
8 
6 
5 
5 
5 
5 


13 
14 
14 
14 
18 
14 
11 
10 
10 
10 


90 
86 
82 
129 
171 
148 
128 
131 
136 
122 


161 
234 
237 

312 


1911.. 


6 

School 
6 
6 
6 
14 
13 
10 
10 
10 
10 


11 

year 
11 
10 
U 
12 
11 
7 
5 
4 
4 


126 
changed. 

180 

331 
309 
288 
2:l 
285 
821 


502 

390 
401 
466 
10 
290 
225 
303 
308 
321 


1902 


i .ML&gt; 


1903 


1913 


1904 


1914.... 


1905. . . . 





1906 


1910 


1907 


1908 


191K 




1 M i 



1910 




1 . _ ! . 



SABKATCHEWA 
Teachers trained from 1906 to 19fO inclusive. 



Year. 


First Class. 


Second Class. 


Third Class. 


Total. 


Grand 
Total. 


Male. 


iale. 


Mule. 


tale. 


Male. 


&gt;ale. 


Mule. 


Female. 


1906.. 


17 
6 
13 
5 
4 

14 

46 
68 
40 
26 
15 
36 


15 
14 
13 
3 
11 

51 
57 
72 
93 
76 
66 
"1 
95 


46 
33 

12 
32 
28 
29 
20 

43 
48 

31 


98 

45 
41 
78 
104 
90 
118 

180 
287 

420 
164 


2 

20 
115 
94 
18 
92 
83 

149 

14 

71 
91 


10 
7 
103 
235 
228 
91 
304 
333 

590 

575 
83 
379 
385 


65 
39 
68 
182 
130 
46 

135 
359 

153 
64 
164 

137 


123 
93 

161 
279 
317 

508 
622 
863 
674 
928 
556 
894 
586 


188 
132 
229 
411 
447 
241 
580 
643 
886 
1,222 
911 
1,081 
620 
1,058 
723 


1907 


1908 


1909 . 


1910.. . . 


1911 


l ,M2 


1913.. 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917.. 


1918.... 


1919 


1920 


Totals.. 


337 


694 


509 


2.418 


1.282 


4.132 


2.128 


7.244 


9.372 



ALBKHTA. 
Teachers trained at Calgary and Camrose Normal Schools from 1906 to 1980 inclusive. 



Year. 


First Class. 


Second Class. 


Total. 


Grand 
Total. 


Special 
Classes 1 . 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


iale. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


1906.. 


19 
24 
34 
32 
33 
45 
95 
58 
31 
30 
44 
39 


36 
31 

47 
50 
78 
69 
83 
88 
54 
121 
132 
176 


25 
29 

55 
55 
81 
82 
111 
114 
178 
146 
85 
151 
176 
215 


33 

47 
42 
46 
29 
43 
113 
66 
32 
30 
74 
75 


94 

llfi 
1 _&gt;:&gt; 
150 
152 
200 
287 
203 
217 
286 
348 
405 


77 
68 

127 
163 
167 
196 
181 
213 
400 
269 
249 
316 

479 


27 
23 
44 
52 
71 

78 
62 
88 
208 
124 
63 
60 
118 
114 


75 

74 

130 
147 
172 
200 
230 
269 
370 
291 
271 
407 
480 
580 


102 
97 
140 

218 
248 
278 

357 
578 
415 
334 
467 
598 
694 


7 
23 
23 
24 
21 
345 


1907.... 


1908 


1909 


1910.. 


1911 


1912 


1913.. 


1914.. 


1915.... 


1916 


1917.... 


1918 


1919 


1920 


Totals 2 .. 


48i 


965 


1.6G3 


630 


2.583 


S.S57 


1.208 


3.792 


5.000 






1 These classes are designed principally for the purpose of giving teachers from the United Kingdom 
and United States a short period of training in the special requirements of the Alberta Department of Educa 
tion. In 1918 a class was added for the purpose of enabling second class teachers to train for a higher pro 
fessional certificate. The large enrolment in 1919 contained a number of students who desire special quali 
fications for teaching foreigners. 

2 The italics indicate partial totals. A third Normal School was opened in Edmonton in the latter 
half of 1921 with an enrolment of 116 students. 

3813110 



146 



EDUCATION 



. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Roman Catholic Classical Colleges in Quebec 

1901-1921. 



Year. 


Number of 


Average 
Attend 
ance. 


Year. 


Number of 


Average 
Attend 
ance. 


Col 
leges. 


Profes 
sors. 


Pupils 
enrolled. 


Col 
leges. 


Profes 
sors. 


Students 
enrolled. 


1901.. 


19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
18 
19 


549 
562 
559 
590 
621 
621 
624 
624 
609 
642 


5,915 
6,096 
6,174 
6,265 
6,269 
6,318 
6,268 
6,274 
6,397 
6,599 


5,468 
5,698 
5,694 
5,758 
5,772 
5,895 
5,796 
5,709 
5,872 
6,053 


1911 


19 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 


642 
662 
687 
726 
754 
704 
747 
747 
744 
742 
748 


7,140 

7,818 
8,189 
8,444 
8,251 
7,696 
8,128 
7,622 
7,711 
8,632 
9,033 


6,521 
7,280 
7,677 
7,841 
7,664 
6,602 
6,790 
6,956 
6,338 
7,940 
8,159 


1902 


1912 


1903 


1913 


1904 


1914 


1905 


1915 


1906 


1916 


1907 


1917 


1908 


1918 


1909 


1919 


1910 


1920 




1921 



NOTE. The Roman Catholic Classical Colleges are not included in Table 2 with the other publi ( 
institutions for the reason that they are special institutions doing university, secondary and even elementary 
The following statistics of secondary schools in Ontario, Saskatchewan and British Columbia 
have been included in Table 2 and are repeated here mainly to show the differentiation between the sexes 
in the higher grades. 

5. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Collegiate Institutes and High Schools 

in Ontario, 1901-1921. 



Year. 


Schools. 


Teachers. 


Pupils Enrolled. 


Average 
attend 
ance. 


Per 
cent. 


Boys. 


Girls. 


Total. 


1901.. 


131 
134 
135 
138 
140 
142 
143 
145 
145 
145 
148 
148 
161 
160 
160 
161 
162 
164 
167 
168 


579 
593 
619 
661 
689 
719 
750 
795 
820 
853 
898 
917 
970 
1,023 
1,020 
1,038 
1,051 
1,088 
1,168 
1,207 


10,869 
11,629 
11,988 
12,718 
13,035 
13,336 
13,799 
14,731 
15,776 
15,196 
14,679 
14,846 
15,489 
17,001 
17,705 
12,339 
12,353 
13,228 
14,681 
15,221 


11,654 
12,843 
13,734 
14,991 
15,626 
16,056 
16,532 
17,181 
17,325 
17,416 
17,548 
17,427 
18,257 
19,465 
20,721 
16,494 
16,744 
17,504 
18,355 
18,907 


22,523 
24,472 
25,722 
27,709 
28,661 
29,392 
30,331 
31,912 
33,101 
32,612 
32,227 
32,273 
33,746 
36,466 
38,426 
28,833 
29,097 
30,732 
33,036 
34,128 


13,224 
14,430 
15,317 
16,730 
17,567 
18,078 
18,485 
19,862 
20,791 
20,389 
20,177 
20,268 
21,448 
23,360 
24,825 
22,781 
22,740 
24,500 
26,816 
28,952 


58-71 
58-97 
59-55 
60-38 
61-29 
61-50 
60-94 
62-23 
62-81 
62-52 
62-60 
62-80 
63-55 
64-06 
64-60 
79-01 
78-15 
79-72 
81-17 
84-83 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905.... 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910.. 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914.. 


1915.. 


1916-17.. 


1917-18.. 


1918-19.... 


1919-20 . 


1920-21 





6. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Continuation Schools in Ontario, 1911-1921. 



Year. 


Schools. 


Teachers. 


Pupils Enrolled. 


Average 
attend 
ance. 


Per 
cent. 


Boys. 


Girls. 


Total. 


1911.. 


129 
138 
125 
131 
132 
132 
137 
136 
137 
144 


218 
226 
218 
237 
238 
234 
241 
234 
244 
255 


2,394 
2,499 
2,229 
2,474 
2,803 
1,979 
1,989 
1,867 
2,001 
2,304 


3,359 
3,595 
3,315 
3,595 
3,997 
3,103 
3,115 
3,139 
3,125 
3,519 


5,753 
6,094 
5,544 
6,069 
6,800 
5,082 
5,104 
5,006 
5,126 
5.823 


3,487 
3,777 
3,386 
3,812 
4,274 
3,729 
3,734 
3,773 
3,955 
4.790 


60-61 
61-97 
1-07 
62-81 
62-85 
73-37 
73-15 
75-36 
77-15 
82-26 


1912.. 


1913.... 


1914 


1915 


1916-17.. 


1917-18 


1918-19 


1919-20 


1920-21 


NOTE. Previous to 1911 the statistics of these schools are included with those of Elementary Schools. 



SECONDARY SCHOOL STATISTICS 



147 



7. Number of Teachers and Pupils in Collegiate Institutes and High Schools in 

viskatehewan, 190S-1920. 



^ &lt;;. 


Schools. 


Teachers. 


Pupils. 


Boys. 


Girls. 


1st :inil 
2nd \ 


: 


4th 
year. 


Total. 




8 

II 
II 

13 
18 

Hi 

21 
Jl 


23 

41 

56 
87 

99 
120 

11! 
161 
LM 


335 

. 

,&lt; 
. 
/ 
,566 
,41-. 
, 
,910 
192 


643 

1,1 

1. 
1,1 

2,1 

141 
Ml 

3,425 


487 
694 
- 
1,0 
1, 
1,446 
1,814 

533 
3, 


1,0 
974 

1,065 

I,2d7 
1.400 


115 
204 
251) 
201 

4(15 

571 


734 
1,147 
1,428 
1,693 
2,014 

3,583 
3,849 
3,886 
4, DM 
4,751 


. . . . 




HMO 


1911 








ion 


nu.v 



11*17 
lids 


I U i 







8. Number of Teachers and Pupils In High Schools In British Columbia. 1901-1921. 



Year. 


Schools. 


Teachers. 


Pupils Enrolled. 


nd- 
ance. 


Pri 
nt. 


Bo&gt; 


Qfa 


Tot 


1901 


5 

7 
8 
10 
12 
13 
15 
16 
18 
21 

30 

37 
40 
41 
43 
45 

52 


15 

21 

66 
71 
77 
96 
110 
132 
UV2 
169 
184 
107 
234 
251 


215 

919 

071 
1,5 

1,414 

^44 

260 

2,151 
:J92 
S26 
3,093 


369 

471 

823 

1. 
1,048 
1,1 
1,448 

l.fl 

2,068 
2,510 

2,7 

3,414 
3,810 
4,166 


584 

081 
1,000 

1.. 
1 
1. 1 
1,8 
2,041 
1,988 
LSI 
f)80 
3,007 
012 
770 
4. Ml 
150 

6,636 
259 


373 

1,124 
1.441 
1,549 
1 . 533 
1,1 
100 
535 
532 
3,816 
3,999 
4,2(H 
4,670 
5,359 
6,132 


63-87 

7 MM 

69-83 
76-51 
74-68 
72-08 

75-89 
77-11 
76-48 
78-69 

85-17 

80-00 
82-61 
81-57 

80-79 
84-48 


1902 


1903. 
1904 


1905 


1906 ... . 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1011 .... 


i lV . . . 


1913 


Mil 


1915 


1916 





1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 





9. Vocational Schools, Teachers and Pupils in Canada, Year ended June 30, 1921. 



Province. 


Number of Schools. 


Number of Teachers. 


Pupils Enrolled. 


Day. 


Even 
ing. 


Total. 


Day. 


Even 
ing. 


Corres 
pond ce 
Dept. 


Total. 


Day. 


Even 
ing. 


Corres 
pond ce 
Dept. 


Tota 1 .. 


Prince Edward Isl d 
Nova Scotia 
New Brunswick. . 


1 
1 
1 
21 
15 
9 
4 
7 
10 


1 

36 
13 
20 
73 
4 
4 
21 
21 


2 
37 
14 
41 
88 
13 
8 
28 
31 


7 

7 
133 
177 
47 
55 
72 
75 


7 
151 
63 
153 
845 
98 
52 
101 
135 


1 

2 
1 


14 

151 
70 
286 
1,022 
145 
107 
175 
211 


35 

56 
1,078 
4,790 
2,173 
250 
1,860 
1,441 


110 
2,754 
1,434 
3,933 
26,527 
3,592 
825 
2,069 
3,197 


265 

220 
135 


145 
2,754 
1,755 
5,011 
31,317 
5,765 
1,075 
4,149 
4,773 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Totals 


69 


193 


262 


573 


1,605 


4 


2,181 


11,683 


44,441 


620 


56,744 





NOTE. Schools conducting both day and evening classes are included under both headings. Teachers 
engaged in both day and evening work are also shown twice. Enrolments are the maximum number 
reported during the year, In Ontario the commercial classes in each locality are shown separately. 

38131 1(H 



148 



EDUCATION 



10. Receipts and Expenditure for Public Education in Canada, by Provinces, 

1901-1921. 

PKINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 

(RECEIPTS). 



Year. 


Govern 
ment 
Grant. 


Local 

Assess 
ment. 


Total. 


Year. 


Govern 
ment 
Grant. 


Local 

Assess 
ment. 


Total. 


1901 . 


$ 
128,288 
127,495 
123,919 
121,696 
122,897 
91,946 
123,898 
127,092 
129,179 
127,548 
126,438 
179,956 


$ 
36,647 
38,827 
42,698 
47,069 
45,695 
34,763 
46,429 
49,874 
54,027 
53,924 
54,738 
81,685 


$ 
164,935 
166,322 
166,617 
168,765 
168,592 
126,709 
170,327 
176,966 
183,206 
181,472 
181,176 
261,641 


1913.. 


$ 
150,732 
156,503 
168,413 
173,962 
178,607 
173,579 
187,488 
211,618 
244,347 


$ 
56,874 
61,490 
91,258 
70,610 
72,623 
94,968 
98,472 
131,030 
152,431 


$ 
207,606 
217,993 
259,671 
244,572 
251,230 
268,547 
285,960 
342,648 
396,778 


1902 


1914 


1903 


1915.. 


1904 


1916.. 


1905 


1917 


19061 


1918 


1907 


1919 


1908 


1920 


1909 


1921 


1910.... 




1911.... 


19122 




1 Nine months. 2 Eighteen months. 
NOVA SCOTIA. 
(RECEIPTS) . 



Year. 


Govern 
ment Grant. 


Municipal 
Funds. 


Local 

Assessment. 


Total. 


1901.. 


$ 
254,778 


$ 
119,876 


$ 
470,108 


$ 
844,762 


1902 


257,616 


117,376 


538,851 


913,843 


1903 


263,092 


121,016 


552,350 


936,458 


1904 


268,904 


146,382 


569,745 


985,031 


1905 


271,657 


145,627 


576,560 


993,844 


1906 


270,925 


147,089 


655,705 


1,073,720 


1907 


277,415 


146,959 


616,431 


1,040,805 


1908 


335,584 


147,130 


666,590 


1,149,304 


1909 


341,058 


147,400 


711,428 


1,199,886 


1910 


357,282 


146,936 


761,014 


1,265,233 


1911 


378,726 


146,823 


804,125 


1,329,674 


1912 


374,810 


147,170 


859,284 


1,381,264 


1913.... 


385,734 


156,864 


944,992 


1,487,590 


1914.... 


308,671 


164,980 


1,002,967 


1,556,618 


1915 , 


407,213 


168,009 


1,066,892 


1,642,114 


1916 


414,738 


168,114 


1,037,302 


1,620,154 


1917.. 


432,284 


163,535 


1,157,907 


1,753,726 


1918.. 


427,484 


163,994 


1,280,965 


1,872,444 


1919 


432,496 


204,519 


1,460,578 


2,097,593 


1920 


485,787 


224,025 


1,978,242 


2,634,763 


1921 


576,591 


495,242 


2,370,712 


3,442,546 













NEW BRUNSWICK 


. (RECEIPTS). 








1901.. 


$ 
163,225 


$ 
90,492 


$ 
346,623 


$ 
600,340 


1902 


162,227 


92,095 


341,475 


595,797 


1903 


160,825 


94,969 


374,196 


629,990 


1904 


156,982 


94,835 


380,000 


631,817 


1905 


159,741 


91,947 


387,200 


638,888 


1906.... 


160 957 


91 718 


No record. 




1907 


160,553 


91 429 


No record 




1908 


182,453 


91,620 


494,947 


769,020 


1909 


190,854 


91,235 


539,002 


821,091 


1910 


195,363 


90 454 


580,069 


865,886 


1911.. 


196,082 


90 193 


593,073 


879,348 


1912 


196 958 


93 783 


632 384 


923,125 













RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE 



149 



10. Receipts and Expenditure for Public Education In Canada, by Provinces, 

1901-1921 continue. I . 

NEW BRUNSWICK (RECEIPTS) concluded. 



Year 


Govern 
ment Grant. 


Municipal 
Funds. 


Local 


Total. 


1913 


S 
196,320 


$ 

97,404 


$ 


* 

,203 


1914 




96,946 


704,470 















1916 
1917 




96,141 




1,11 
1,1! 


1918 




230 


930 


1,31 


1919 






1,1 






290 


103 


1. 


l,7, r &gt; 





.693 


.003 


1,779,926 


78,622 














C (EXPENDITUH 


Year. 


Govern- 

nt 
Grant. 


eal 
Assess 
ment 
and other 
sources. 


ul. 


Ye 


Govern- 

nt 


&lt;-al 

at 
and 
sou 


Total. 


1901 


S 

,450 
908,391 


$ 

2,999,804 

1,074 
:,139 


* 

6,21d 




$ 

2,148 
2,334 


S 
7,17 


1 

6,794,533 
7,411 

1,405 






1903 









1905 








1907 


1 oon 


1908 


1909 
1910 






ONTARIO (RECEIPTS). 



Year. 


-T SCHOOLS. 


Total for 

Schooi 


Grand 
Total. 


Government 

nts. 


Local 

nts. 


serve Fund 


Total. 


1901.. 


S 

377,308 
383,666 
390,156 

414,004 
509,795 
655,239 
770. 
810,595 
805,635 
892,377 
842,278 
778,150 
760,845 
849 , 
831,988 
907,846 
970. 
1,316,529 
1,612,837 


$ 

3,784,070 
3, 
4,263, 
4,464. 
4,: 
5,529,496 
6,146, 
6," 
6, 

7,826,083 
9,478,887 
9,K5f ,,3M) 
12,608,865 
11,810,023 
11,010,356 
12,193,439 
13,114. 
14,364,049 
18,766,800 


S 

678 
1,4 

1,406,957 
1,600, 
1,886,490 
l.J 

3,013,501 
3," 
3,7 
3,936,887 
4,025,284 
4,069,565 
4,089,210 
4,327,738 
4,168,000 
4,: 
6,912,656 
9,413,521 


* 

. ),630,056 

6,1 
o71 

685 

9,: 
181 
10,398,468 
11,713,600 
12,496,643 
14, 
14, 
17,439,275 
16,749,105 
16,080,082 
17, 
18,364,267 

29,793,158 


832 

965 
1,096,266 
1,2 
1,6 
2,001,: 
173,533 
822 

2,7 
3, 
4,857,437 
3,352,731 
3,380, 
3,412,115 
3,241,478 
3,605,113 
3,086,440 


$ 

fi, 414, 682 
9,355 
6,937,743 
7,431,438 
8,3: 
9,132, 467 
10,M;&lt;,4&gt;1 
11,973,488 
,001 
13,908,922 
14,076,669 
10,067,441 
346,081 
22,296,712 
20,101,836 
19,461,009 
20,681,400 
005, 745 
, 347 
32,879,598 


1902 . 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915.. 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 





*It is uncertain whether or not these figures include the Industrial, Technical and Arts Schools. The 
total receipts for these schools in 1920 were $1,489,496, an increase of $657,361 over the year before. 



150 



EDUCATION 



1ft. Receipts and Expenditure for Public Education in Canada, by Provinces, 

1901-1931 c Dntinued . 

ONTAKIO (EXPENDITURE). 



Year. 



1901. 

1902. 

1903. 

1904. 

1905. 

1906. 

1907. 

1908. 

1909. 

1910. 

1911. 

1912., 

1913., 

1914., 

1915.. 

1916.. 

1917.. 

1918.. 

1919.. 

1920.. 



Elementary Schools. 


Total 






Sites 




Rent, 


Total 


X U I.CX1 

for 


Grand 


Teachers 
Salaries. 


and 
building 
school- 


Maps, 
apparatus, 
prizes, 

O^" f~* 


repairs, 
fuel, 
and other 


for 
Elemen 
tary 


Second 
ary and 
Technical 


Total. 




houses. 


tJtw, 


expenses. 


schools. 


schools. 




$ 


I 


$ 


S 


$ 


$ 


$ 


3,055,321 


531,072 


81,685 


1,052,232 


4,720,310 


728,132 


5,448,442 


3,198,132 


432,753 


86,723 


1,107,552 


4,825,160 


769,680 


5,594,840 


3,309,993 


428,817 


74,486 


1,264,573 


5,077,869 


816,082 


5,893,951 


3,473,710 


578,656 


87,997 


1,319,130 


5,459,493 


877,087 


6,336,580 


3,669,230 


959,137 


98,209 


1,434,670 


6,161,236 


1,004,498 


7,165,734 


3,880,548 


854,452 


108,547 


1,559,659 


6,403,206 


1,029,294 


7,432,500 


4,389,524 


1,220,820 


213,096 


1,732,739 


7,556,179 


1,213,697 


8,769,876 


4,643,571 


1,419,754 


139,330 


1,741,171 


7,943,826 


1,385,832 


9,329,658 


5,008,542 


1,264,989 


136,627 


1,731,265 


8,141,423 


1,621,637 


9,763,060 


5,310,039 


2,140,200 


131,171 


1,761,792 


9,343,202 


1,636,166 


10,979,368 


5,610,213 


2,164,459 


139,229 


1,990,383 


9,904,284 


2,200,138 


12,104,422 


6,109,547 


2,777,960 


167,755 


2,218,698 


11,273,960 


2,218,148 


13,492,108 


6,648,255 


2,869,830 


149,167 


2,658,655 


12,325,907 


2,942,384 


15,268,291 


7,203,034 


4,626,030 


167,283 


2,854,621 


14,850,968 


3,739,065 


18,590,533 


7,614,110 


3,561,951 


177,038 


2,914,377 


14,267,476 


2,781,768 


17,049,244 


7,929,490 


2,232,110 


192,212 


2,998,093 


13,351,905 


2,794,402 


16,146,307 


8,398,450 


1,987,644 


290,207 


3,435,534 


14,111,835 


2,743,596 


16,855,431 


9,027,151 


1,242,642 


169,136 


4,737,794 


15,176,723 


3,412,167 


18,588,890 


10,160,399 


2,870,349 


302,046 


5,518,833 


18,851,627 


3,795,816 


22,647,443 


13,070,038 


4,792,571 


333,288 


7,020,615 


25,216,512 


5,409,923 


30,626,435 



MANITOBA. 



Receipts. 



Year. 


Legis 
lative 
grant. 


Muni 
cipal 

taxes. 


Deben 
tures. 


Prom 
issory 
notes. 


Sundries. 


Balance 
from 
pre 
vious 
years. 


Total. 


1907 


$ 
242,383 


$ 
1,223,336 


$ 
315,271 


$ 
802,574 


$ 
141,452 


$ 
115,677 


$ 
2,840,693 


1908 


267,645 


1,475,473 


285,091 


777,417 


424,666 


111,741 


3,342,033 


1909 


282,200 


1,539,047 


356,962 


905,747 


274,803 


119,970 


3,478,729 


1910 


296,115 


1,682,238 


425,320 


1,336,370 


281,988 


162,736 


4,184,767 


1911 


325,410 


1,847,380 


1,318,068 


1,275,239 


76,172 


399,539 


5,241,808 


1913 


351,745 


2,198,459 


987,457 


960,215 


213,283 


302,407 


5,013,566 


1914 


390,582 


2,673,449 


1,545,042 


396,459 


150,429 


518,388 


5,674,349 


1915 


468,335 


3,047,670 


1,738,926 


2,071,397 


122,974 


466,837 


7,916,139 


1916 


503,774 


3,296,667 


344,673 


2,080,204 


239,176 


609,982 


7,074,476 


1917 


522,293 


3,445,239 


321,370 


947,486 


108,046 


376,318 


5,720,752 


1918 


616,977 


3,736,452 


240,855 


1,142,289 


133,111 


416,194 


6,285.878 


1919 


589,174 


4,200,519 


188,931 


1,165,751 


264,710 


508,348 


6,917,40b 


1920 


691,981 


4,947,186 


402,181 


2,208,019 


432,110 


436,168 


9,117,644 


1921.. 


822,186 


6,922,864 


2,250,073 


2,773.212 


280.644 


457,312 


13,506,292 









jUixpencuture. 






Year. 


Teachers 
Salaries. 


Building, 
etc. 


Fuel. 


Repairs 
and 
care taking. 


Salary 
of 
Sec.-Treas. 


1907. 


&lt;$ 
1,009,224 


$ 
460,260 


$ 
79,963 


$ 
126,216 


$ 
23,420 


1908 


1,103,990 


582,034 


89,756 


126,952 


25,656 


1909 


1,203,232 


641,900 


80,921 


132,421 


26,174 


1910 


1,237,010 


830,432 


87,002 


148,932 


28,689 


1911 


1,452 630 


1 199 288 


109 299 


167 734 


29,218 


1913. 


1,734,854 


1 420 882 


99 918 


132,222 


32,493 


1914 


1,861,809 


1,426,758 


146 664 


242,270 


37,684 


1915 


2,066 440 


1 358 533 


110 049 


379 318 


65,025 


1916 


2,195,226 


823 266 


165 697 


358 315 


41,530 


1917 


2,314,006 


382 988 


171 462 


385,226 


19,806 


1918 


2,382,840 


440 221 


197 258 


418 660 


46 249 


1919 


2,648,230 


556 072 


243 155 


372 323 


51,553 


1920 


3 296 035 


958 933 


354 076 


479 192 


96 086 


1921.. 


4,335.529 


2.081.176 


393! 160 


741. 058 


91.412 



RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE 



151 



It. Receipts and Expenditure for Public Education in Canada, by Provinces, 

1901-1921 continual. 

MANITOBA (EXPEN i&gt;i r r HE) concluded. 



Year. 


Principal 
of 
Debentures. 


Interest 
on 
Debentures. 


Promissory 
notes. 


Other 
expenditure. 


Total. 


1907 


$ 
81. 


% 

80,392 


S 


* 

200,856 


$ 

2,729,917 


1908 


190,893 




869,334 


141,905 


3,22 . .7titi 


1909 


111 


. 14,596 


757,200 


137,770 


3, 33.1,. .( MI 


1910 




127 


1,013,076 


169,281 


4,000,671 


I .tll 


131 


144,735 


1,590,565 


19V 


. 4,890 


1913 


294 


96,979 




r,255 


5,036,795 


1914 




25(i 


1.412,618 


471,106 


8,07 


1915 


184 


;.47ti 


2,260,906 




7,118,898 


1916 


191 


. \\&gt;:&gt;. 






6.6.V 


1&lt;U7 . 


241 




1,1" 


.,166 


:3,302 


1918 


1,134 




1,0! 


661,031 










1,806,433 


64! 


6,61 









i.a 


1,063,174 


8,827,() .2 



1921 . 


1.323 




19,437 


1,470,545 


.079,205 















NOTE. For a summary of the principal items of Receipts and Expenditure from 1901 to 1906, see Year 
Book of 1915, page 12*. From 1907 the items are given in greater detail, as above. Owing to change 
of year, no figures were published for 1912. 



SASKATCHEWAN (RECEIPTS). 



Year. 


Elementary Schools. 


Secondary 
hools. 


Grand 
Total. 


Govern 
ment 
Grants. 


Local 


ments. 


Proceeds 
of De 
bentures. 


Other 
Sources. 


Total 1 . 


Govern 

nit-nt 
Grant. 


TotaU. 


1906 


- 
174,218 
218,385 
402,028 
513,604 
557,299 
555,438 
622,088 
722,002 
867,590 
980,296 
969,709 
1,104,156 
1,162,490 
1,255,094 
1,229,934 


$ 

602,624 
707,835 
992,157 
1,249,192 
1,369,531 
1,519,528 
1,929,345 
2,913,135 
4,451,326 
3,997,392 
4,694,242 
4,954,200 
5,618,192 
7,121,046 
8,826,175 


360,206 
507,006 
651,828 
584,873 
524,741 
659,270 
1,430,603 
2,075,375 
1,037,587 
1,009,025 
649,300 

455,777 
1,105,602 
1,516,765 


$ 

-,313 
1,246 
737,140 
844,602 
1,221,011 
1,295,556 
2,048,577 
2,649,910 
2,180,074 
2,441,780 
2,999,443 
4,213,371 
1,874,459 
2,012,422 
2,341,770 


I 

1,465,361 

1,957,472 
2,783,153 
3, 1C. 
3,672,582 
4,029,792 
6,030,613 
8,360,422 
8,536,577 
8,428,493 
9,312,694 
10,271,727 
9,110,925 
11,494,164 
13,914,643 


$ 

36,945 
42,163 
53,019 
70,349 
77,158 
83,496 
90,793 
83,925 
107,133 


$ 

242,148 
461,260 
483,834 
512,334 
593,144 
704,485 
2276,161 
2355,741 
444,791 


$ 

1,465,361 
1,957,472 
2,783,153 
3,192,271 
3,672,582 
4,029,792 
6,272,761 
8,821,682 
9,020,411 
8,940,827 
9,905,838 
10,976,212 
9,387,086 
11,849,905 
14,359,434 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 





x The total expenditure for secondary schools was included in that of the elementary schools up to 1912. 
J This item in 1918 and 1919 does not include money borrowed by note. 



152 



EDUCATION 



10. Receipts and Expenditure for Public Education in Canada, by Provinces, 

1901-1921. continued 

SASKATCHEWAN (EXPENDITURE). 



Year. 


Teachers 
Salaries. 


Offi 
cials 
Salaries 


Paid on 
Deben 
tures. 


Paid on 
Notes 
(renewals 
and 


School 
buildings 
and 


Care- 
taking 

and 
t,,^] 


Total 
Expendi 
ture. 


Secondary 
Schools. 


Grand 
Total. 


Teach 












interest). 


repairs. 


tuel. 




ers 


Totali. 




















Salaries. 








$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


1906.. 


471,736 


29,076 


113,958 


303,739 


339,933 


47,251 


1,448,915 






1,448,915 


1907.. 


585,594 


44,047 


149,301 


423,717 


530,050 


84,565 


2,000,675 


_ 


_ 


2,000,675 


1908.. 


831,842 


59,106 


207,780 


608,515 


577,925 


95,762 


2,679,373 


_ 


_ 


2,679,373 


1909.. 


1,044,011 


73,098 


317,173 


700,483 


519,302 


130,558 


3,032,999 


_ 


__ 


3,032,999 


1910.. 


1,208,651 


83,635 


379,695 


877,978 


627,740 


144,206 


3,655,428 


_ 


_ 


3,655,428 


1911.. 


1,298,925 


84,603 


369,951 


1,071,783 


619,601 


172,993 


3,990,036 


_ 


_ 


3,990,036 


1912.. 


1,596,616 


94,358 


455,949 


1,820,705 


1,149,986 


202,531 


5,931,844 


94,481 


312,536 


6,244,380 


1913.. 


2,059,456 


130,728 


678,430 


2,605,280 


1,898,101 


294,710 


8,327,179 


131,414 


460,725 


8,787,904 


1914.. 


2,588,669 


169,491 


975,508 


2,317,158 


1,429,173 


369,802 


8,588,462 


150,808 


483,834 


9,072,296 


1915.. 


2,817,412 





- 


- 


1,253,187 


- 


8,163,897 


157,850 


501,960 


8,665,857 


1916.. 


2,956,666 











1,105,765 





9,211,390 


175,098 


580,628 


9,792,018 


1917.. 


3,303,929 


- 


- 


- 


1,136,599 


- 


10,117,716 


190,703 


686,392 


10,804,108 


1918.. 


3,831,942 


- 


1,020,574 


1,588,995 


845,974 


_ 


9,183,975 


209,085 


1,293,110 


9,477,085 


1919.. 


4,813,000 


- 


809,999 


1,737,892 


1,369,833 





11,433,258 


235,460 


1,350,685 


11,783,943 


1920.. 


5,940,869 





813,266 


2,178,134 


1,928,150 


- 


14,141,188 


325,497 


468,477 


14,609,665 



J The secondary school expenditure was included in that of the elementary schools until 1912: the items 
for 1918, 1919 and 1920 do not not include promissory notes. 

ALBERTA (RECEIPTS.) 



Year. 


Govern 
ment 
Grants. 


Local 

Assess 
ments. 


Proceeds 
of Deben 
tures. 


Borrowed 
by 
Note. 


Other 
Sources. 


Total. 


1906.. 


$ 
142,836 


& 
416 344 


$ 
297 158 


$ 
292 786 


$ 
140 7Q7 


$ 

1 98Q Q91 


1907 


197,768 


544 716 


442 431 


431 iifil 


IfiO 994 


1 77fi 70.0. 


1908 


220,712 


917*515 


764 069 


539 Q3Q 


lOfi 3&9 


1 , 1 1 O , I UU 

9 KAQ A17 


1909 


307,186 


961 959 


992 516 


535 8Q.fi 


934 4.4.0 


A, O^tO, Ol&lt; 

3 0.31 QQ7 


1910 


301,239 


1,278 013 


673 333 


848 R25 


QA IfJfJ 


3 187 3fi l i 


1911 


432,877 


1,575 412 


1 481 173 


1 461 ^OR 


mQftQ 


5071 0.33 


1912 


414 116 


1 793 480 


1 4Q1 4Q8 


9 AAP; ofi^ 


Ofio 7i 


6COC Q1 Q 


1913 


461,289 


2 901 214 


3 497 863 


1 QW 49*) 


OOO AKO 


Q (US ill 


1914 


507,682 


3 028 776 


%6 350 


2 771 380 


070 904. 


7 ^3 ^19 


1915 


540,235 


3 733 393 


951 205 


2 473 Q76 


OPJQ Qfi* 


7 0^7 P&lt;(\i 


1916 


553 141 


3 749 007 


1 5"} 883 


1 10*1 PJQC 


1 ono cij. 


67fi7 3SQ 


1917 


652 557 


3 657 510 


268 109 


1 4*1 ooq 


407 47Q 


, tut ,000 
6KOR c7c 


1918 


625,830 


5 132 232 


433 12fi 


1 17Q rc4fi 


1QK GOO 


, O/O, oio 
7 ccri 70/1 


1919 


713,083 


5 601 713 


655 Qfifl 


1 QCQ 001 


410 91% 


I , OOU, i t 
Q 7(2 QQO 


1920.. 


885,524 


6. 894! 401 


865.195 


1.948.257 


9,79. 77R 


1n 873 1K3 



ALBERTA (EXPENDITURE.) 



Year. 


Teachers 

Salaries. 


Officials 
Salaries. 


Paid on 
Deben 
tures. 


Paid on 

Notes 
(renewals) 
and 
interest). 


School 
buildings 
and 
repairs. 


Other 
Expen 
diture. 


Total 
Expen 
diture. 


1906.. 


$ 
386 108 


$ 
2.3 796 


S 

Q4 Q47 


$ 
90S Q84 


$ 
974 t 59 c &gt; 


1 an 747 


1 9CQ 1(17 


1907 


497,746 


36 755 


131 48S 


90K ^17 


4.qc 094. 


loU, lit 

OAK fJ90 


i, zoy , iui 

1 7QQ OKQ 


1908 


592,223 


39 974 


207 77"; 


fi30 4^(1 


fif)7 fi3 c i 


OAfi 1C 


i , ( yo, yoo 

2OQO CO9 


1909 


758 816 


5 1 78 "&gt; 


244 18"; 


^74 79"? 


coo nc= 


XC7 909 


, Ot)O,Oo.i 
27QC OCO 


1910 


908 , 045 


64 241 


347 99fl 


- ? 007 


CCO 9QC 


tQI , &o& 

COR fiflft 


, /OO, SOO 

3OR9 OQ/l 


1911 


1,144,584 


87 409 


408 449 


1 3flQ 1 34 


1 990 149 


O/D , DUO 
(jco nc9 


, oD4, o4 
5/19C 770 


1912 


1,411 201 


m389 


409 onfi 


9 O91 (\*i.(\ 


1 tWft (\M 


1 111 7A9 


, U/0, / /o 
6AR7 9C9 


1913 


1,672 526 


180 Ifi 1 ) 


5Q4 (1^1 


31 fin ft3f&gt; 


i , O^D, UU1 
1 fi1A 9fl^ 


1, 111, IV6 
1 9R1 91 1 


, VOI ,dO4 
8 CO A 1 on 


1914 


2,050,697 


179 453 


81 *&gt; OR9 


9 3^0 4R9 


1, OiOjZUo 
1 394 47fl 


1,/DJ. , 11 
1 114 7A7 


, Oo4, loD 
7 fiQ/l CQ1 


1915 


2,244 964 


185 61 fi 


1 Ofi 1 ! 437 


9 701 970 


A/l Q RA 1 


1, J 1*, lit 
1 904 KQQ 


/ , oo4, syi 

7O A PI A 7A 


1916 


2,421,404 


230 931 


OI;A riRO 


1 9f5fi 884 


O9C 907 


1, ZJ^, OOO 
09(1 QS 


, yoo, 4/u 

6191 A1/( 


1917 


2,620,085 


193 484 


1 inn 181 


1 flfi8 O iS 


414 1fl&lt;i 


y/u, o&lt;3o 

1 1 QQ RAO 


, 1^1 , Ol* 

6CQC KC9 


1918 


2,860,352 


m870 


1 ("1^4 044 


1 WZ 7n7 


ftrtA CQ1 


1 1 70 777 


, oyo,oo&lt;5 

7/1 OA AO1 


1919 


3,560,318 


225 242 


1 0^1 171 


i , jy&lt;5, tot 
1 ^(13 Q44 


ou^r, oyi 
7CK QQt; 


1,1(0, / / ( 

1 AQQ Q1O 


,4yo, oyi 

8 OAK COO 


1920.. 


4.371.508 


258.249 


1.05.3 .398 


1 78K 439 


1 nQ9 eQ 


i,oyo, yiy 

9 n9 O4Q 


,ouo, o/y 

in R/14 Q9Q 



RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURE 



153 



10. Receipts and Expenditure for Public Education in Canada, by Provinces, 

1901-1921. concluded . 
BRITISH COLUMBIA (EXPENDITURE.) 







Cities, 








Citi 








Municipal 








Munici] 






Provincial 


ities, 






Provincial 


ities, 




Year. 


Govern 


Rural and 


Total. 


Year. 


Govern 


Rural and 


Total. 




ment. 


ed 






ment. 


As 








Schools. 








Schools. 






$ 


1 


1 




1 


% 


$ 


1901.. 


350,532 


.160 




1912.. 


,151,715 


730,773 


3,882,488 


1902 










,663,003 




4,658,895 


1903 




130 


604,358 


I .Hl 


,8 




:i,877 






141,151 






,1 




17,446 


1905 












1,1 


(5,350 


1906 


444 




688. 7U 


I i17 


,1 


1,637,539 


:7,664 


1907 




39(1. 


771 




,1 




3,519,015 






67") 


l/JL 0.510 




,7 .U, 151 




$ 720 






921,626 


1,547,700 


1 


2, 


3,314, 


5 17 




81S. 


1, 008,660 


1, 






- 38,458 


7 170,030 




1,001,808 


1,639,714 






























11. Average Annual Salaries of School Teachers, by Provinces, 1920-21 or 

lat ir reported. 



Province and Class of 


de. 


Female. 


e and Class of 
Certificate. 


Male. 


Female. 


Prince 1 : 


$ 


% 


Sasl &gt; 
Is 


1 


$ 











I,! 


1 279 


Third cli 


563 
















(.lass 


1, 


1 171 


i Scotia, 1921 






1 r 


1,301 


1,200 


Cla.-s A 


1,471 




Dfl anil villages 






Class B 


1,1 


687 


*"st class 


1,881 


1 352 


Class C 






^9 


l,| 




.).. . 


547 




ird class 


1 354 


1 123 


Academic 


1,882 


1,2 


Pr 


1 


1 171 


New Brunswick, 1921 
:iss 


1,| 




Ml- 






-3 




716 


188 


1 676 


1 224 


Third class 








1, 


1 123 


Superior schools 




281 


Third class 


1,152 


1 069 


Grammar schools 




)08 




1,091 


1,027 








Special: 


2,178 


1,583 


Quebec, 1920 1 
Protest x&gt;ls 


1,925 


827 








Roman Catholic schools 


1,137 


251 


British Columbia, 1921 






Ontario, 1920 






Hiuh schools 
Acadeiiiic ... 


2,514 


1 980 


Public and Separate schools 
First class 


1,960 




City pi hools 
Academic 


2,453 


1 393 


Second class 


1,101 


844 




2,375 


1 411 


Third class and district certi 






ond ... .... 


1,682 


1 278 


ficate 


664 


592 


Third 


1 477 


1 281 


High Schools and Collegiate 
Institutes, 1921 
Principals 


2 


719 


Rural Municipality schools 






: ! ts 


2,471 


1,900 


idemic 


1 504 


1 158 


Continuation Schools 






First 


2,114 


1,222 


Principals 


1, 


736 


Second 


1 694 


1 134 


Assistants 


1,556 


1,374 


Third 


1 194 


1 072 


Manitoba, 1918 
Highest salary 


3 


600 


Rural and \ssisted schools 






Average salary for province. . . 




794 


Academic 


1,445 


1,178 


Average, cities and towns 




962 


First 


1,311 


1 069 


Highest rural school 


1, 


000 


Second 


1 171 


1 055 


Average rural school 




528 


Third 


1 047 


1 042 















J In the figures for Quebec lay teachers only are included. z In Saskatchewan, only elementary school 
teachers are included; in 1920 the average salary of secondary teachers was about $2,222. 



154 



EDUCATION 



12. Universities of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties, and Degrees. 



Name and Address. 


Date of 


Affiliation 
to other 
Universities. 


Faculties. 


Degrees. 


Original 
Founda 
tion. 


Present 
Charter . 


University of 


1855 




Laval. 


Arts, Preparatory 


B.L., B.A., B.Sc., 


St. Dunstan s, 








and Commercial, 


Ph.M. 


Charlottetown, P.E.I. 








Theology. 




University of 


1789 


1802 


Oxford and 


Arts, Law, Science, 


B.A., M.A., B.Sc., 


Kings College, 






Cambridge. 


Divinity. 


D.Sc., M.Sc., 


Windsor, N.S. 










B.C.L., D.C.L., 












B.D., D.D. 


Dalhousie University, 


1818 


1863 


Oxford and 


Arts and Science, 


B.A., M.A., B.Sc., 


Halifax, N.S. 






Cambridge. 


Law, Medicine 


L. Mus., M.Sc., 










and Dentistry. 


B.Mus., Phm.B., 












LL.B., M.D., 












C.M., D.D.S., 












LL.D. (Hon.). 


Acadia University, 


1838 


1840 


Oxford, Dal 


Arts, Divinity, Law, 


B.A., B.Sc., B.Th., 


Wolfville, N.S. 






housie and 


Science, Applied 


and M.A. 








McGill, Nova 


Science, Litera 










Scotia Tech 


ture. 










nical. 






University of St. Francis 


1855 


1909 





Arts, Science, 


B.A., M.A., B.Sc., 


Xavier, Antigonish, 








Engineering, Law. 


LL.D. 


N.S. 












University of New Bruns 


1800 


1860 


Oxford, Cam 


Arts, Applied Sci 


B.A., M.A., B Sc , 


wick, Fredericton, 






bridge, Dub 


ence, Partial 


In Civil Engineer 


N.B. 






lin, McGill. 


Course in Law . 


ing, Electrical En 












gineering or For 












estry, D.Sc. 


Mount Allison University 


1858 


1886-1913 


Dalhousie, 


Arts, Theology, 


B.A., M.A., B.Sc., 


Sackville, N.B. 






Oxford and 


Engineering. 


B.D. 








Cambridge. 






University of St. Joseph s 


1864 


1898 


Oxford. 


Arts, Science. 


B.A., B.S., B.L., 


College, St. Joseph, 










B.C.S., M.A. 


N.B. 












McGill University, 


1821 


1852 


Acadia, Mount 


Arts, Applied 


B.A., M.A., B.C.L., 


Montreal, Que. 






Allison, St. 


Science, Law, 


D.C.L., LL.D., 








Francis 


Medicine, 


B.Sc., D.Sc., 








Xavier, Al 


Agriculture. 


D.D.S., M.Sc., 








berta, are 




Mus. Bac., Mus. 








affiliated to 




Doc., B.S.A., 








McGill in the 




D.Sc., B. Arch., 









Faculty of 




M.D., C.M., 








Applied 




D.Litt., Ph.D., 








Science. 




LL.B., LL.M., 












B.Com., B.H.S. 


University of Bishop s 


1843 


1853 


Oxford and 


Arts, Divinity, 


B.A., M.A., B.D., 


College, Lennoxville, 






Cambridge. 


Medicine and Law 


D.D., D.C.L., 


Que. 










Mus. Bac., Mus. 












Doc., L.S.T. 


Laval University, 


1852 


1852 


, 


Theology, Law, 


M.A., B.A., B.S. 


Quebec, Que. 








Medicine, Arts. 


B.L., Ph.D. 












Ph.L., Ph.B. 












M.D., M.B., LL 












B., LL.L., LL.D. 













D.B..D.L..D.D. 












C.L.B., C.L.L., 












C.L.D. 


University of Montreal, 


1878 


1920 


^ 


Theology, Law, 


Bachelor, Licenci- 


Montreal, Que. 








Medicine, Arts, 


ate, Doctor. 










Domestic Science, 












Drawing, Relig 












ious and Profane 












Music. 





HHillKR EDUCATION IN CANADA 



155 



12. Universities of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees con 
cluded. 





DAT 


B or 


A ffl 1 i*it inn 






Name and Address. 


Original 

:,da- 

tion. 


-ent 

Charter. 


- \ 1111 1* I H 11 

to other 

Universities. 


Facult i 


Degrees. 


University of Toronto, 
Toronto, Ont. 


1827 


1906 


Oxford, Cam 
bridge and 
Dublin. 


Arts, Medicine, Ap 
plied Science, , 
ineerii; icul- 


B.A..M.A., Ph.D., 

I.L.B., LL. M.. 
LL.D., Mus. 










ture, ry, 


Mac., Mus. Doc. 










.cation. 


M.I?., M.D., 1? 










1 loii.M-hold 


M.A 










nee 


. M.E. 












B.Psed., D. Psed. 












M.S. A., H.Sc.A. 












r. 












I). U.S., Phm. 15. 












H.V.Se., I).\ 


Victoria University, 


1836 




Toronto. 


Arts and Theology. 


B.D., D.D. 


Toronto, Ont. 












University of Trinity 


1851 


1852 


Toronto. 


Arts and Divinity. 


L.Th.,B.D.,D.D. 


College, Toronto, Ont. 












rr University, 
London, Ont. 


1878 


1908 





Medieii:.- and 
I ublic Health, 


M .A., M.A., M.D., 
I.L.D., D.Sc., 










Music. 


D.r.IL, Mus. 












Bach. 


Queen s University, 


1841 


1M1 





e, 


B.A., M.A., B.Sc. 


Kingston, Ont 








&gt;g. 


D.Sc., M 

MTX Tl t T^ 












.D., M.I5. 










Theology. 


LL.D., U.D. 












D.D., B. Pffid. 












D. Psed., B. Com. 


T ~T1 i VftT"i t\7 of f~)ttA\VA 


184Q 


- 


^_ 


Theology, Philoso 


I I D D D B Ph 


university wi V/LWIWC*, 




A \j\J\J 




phy, Law, Arts 


D.Ph.,B.A.,AI.A. 










and Commercial. 




McM aster Universr 


1857 


1887 


Oxford, Cam 


Arts, Theology. 


B.A., M.A., B 


Toronto, Ont. 






bridge, Lon 




B.Th., li.D. 








don. 






University of Manitoba, 
Winnipeg, Man. 


1877 


1877 




nee, Law, 
Medicine, Engin 


B.A., M.A., B.Sc. 

M.D., C.M. 










eering, Arch; 


B.C.E., B.E.E. 










ture, Pharmacy, 


M.C.] .. M.I;.I:. 










Agriculture. 


M.M.E., B. Arch. 












Phm.B., B.S.A. 












LL.Ii., LL.D. 


University of Saskatche 


1907 


1907 


Oxford. 


-, Science, Law, 


B.A., B.Sc., B.S.A. 


wan Saskatoon, Sask. 








Agriculture, Eng 


B.E..LL.B..M.A. 










ineering, Pharma 


M.Sc. 










cy, Accounting, 












Education, 












Veterinary 












Medicine. 




University of Alberta 


1906 


1910 


Oxford, McGill 


- and Sciences, 


B.A., B.Sc., M.A.. 


Edmonton, Alberta. 






and Toronto. 


Applied Science, 


.A., M.Sc., 










Agriculture, Medi 


LL.B., Phm. B., 










cine, Dentistry, 


B.D., LL.D. 










Law, Schools of 












Pharmacy and 












Accountancy. 




University of British 


1907 


1908 





Arts, Applied Sci 


B.A.,B.Sc. 


Columbia, Vancouver 








ence and Agricul 




B.C. 








ture. 





156 



EDUCATION 







1 


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HIGHER EDUCATION IN CANADA 



157 



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graduate. 


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158 



EDUCATION 



15. Universities of Canada: Number of Students 



Name and Address of 
University. 


* 

o&gt; 

CO 


Courses leading to 
Matriculation and 
other Preparatory 
Courses. 


Arts, Pure 
Science 
Philosophy, 
etc. 


Agriculture. 


Architecture. 


Banking. 


Commerce. 


Dentistry. 


Education. 


Engineering. 


Applied Science 
Unspecified. 


b 

4* 
03 



fe 

32 

18 
55 


Undergrad 
uate Courses. 


Graduate Courses. 


St. Dunstan s University, Char- 
lottetown, P.E.I 


M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 
M. 
F. 


146 

51 

22 

102 

339 

3 

6,610 
658 

752 
1,732 


95 

7 

168 
124 
160 
88 
141 
29 
28 
26 
114 
93 
61 

300 
237 
25 
26 
1,985 

6722 

1,286 
918 
294 
223 
75 
51 
91 
101 
234 
212 
178 
10 
141 
82 
334 
179 
208 
109 
199 
167 
313 
363 


6 
1 

4 

38 
12 
1 

37 
40 
39 
81 
113 
50 
167 

11 
4 

29 
7 
10 
6 
8 
2 

10 
5 


126 
3 

110 

48 
3 


17 

79 
16 

7 
176 


380 


6 

2 

151 
3 

209 

29 

215 
14 


52 
3 

120 

170 

21 


26 

8 
150 
76 


18 
55 

24 
52 
51 

659 

123 

805 
1 

397 

116 
36 

71 


199 
1 


University of King s College, 
Windsor, N.S. 


Dalhousie Universitv, Halifax, 
N.S 


Acadia University, Wolfville, 
N.S 


University of St. Francis Xavier, 
Antigorish, N.S 


University of New Brunswick, 
Fredericton, N.B 


University of Mt. Allison, Sack- 
ville, N.B 


University of St. Joseph s College, 
St. Joseph, N.B 


McGill University, Montreal, Que. 

University of Bishop s College, 
Lennoxville, Que 


Laval University, Quebec, Que. . . 

University of Montreal, Montreal, 
Que 


University of Toronto, Toronto, 
Ont 


Victoria University, Toronto, 
Ont 


University of Trinity College, 
Toronto, Ont 


Western University, London, Ont. 

Queen s University, Kingston, 
Ont 


University of Ottawa, Ottawa, 
Ont 


McMaster University, Toronto, 
Ont 


University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, 
Man 


University of Saskatchewan, 
Saskatoon, Sask 


University of Alberta, Edmonton, 
Alta 


University of British Columbia, 
Vancouver, B.C 




Total by sex 


M. 
F. 


8,003 
2,412 


6,437 
3,038 


476 
214 


284 
6 


295 


380 


610 
19 


342 
24 


176 
84 


2,407 
1 


199 
1 


105 




Grand total 




10,415 


10,147V 


690 


290 


295 


380 


629 


366 


260 


2,408 


200 


105 





1 53 in St. Francis Xavier and 197 in British Columbia were not specified by sex. 

Undergraduate students (672 in number) in Colleges annexed to University of Montreal were not 
specified by sex. 

8 Exclusive of 407 men and 232 women in Arts, Pure Science, etc., registered at Victoria and Trinity 
as well as at Toronto with which Victoria and Trinity are in federation. 



HIGHER EDUCATION IN CANADA 



159 



In the Various Faculties, 1920-1921. 



iiii^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiigiggiiigiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 1 Household Science. 1 


j 


."!" l\ 




Nursing. 


Pharmacy. 


Social Service. 


Theology. 


Veterinary 
Medicine. 


Summer School 
for Teachers. 


Summci for 
other than Teachers. 


r Short 
Courses 


nee. 


Education. 


Unspecified. 


Total excluding 
Duplicates. 


3 H- o Number of these al.so 
oo a&gt; ~ registered in affiliated 
S ll g llll !32 11111 Colleges. 


| 


J2 




o 
H 


51 

66 
2 

at 

81 
118 

48 
4 
82 
9 


























15 

20 

435 
205 

4 

117 
130 
243 
49 
6 


Ml 

525 
243 
241 
112 
166 
400 
2,356 
36 

1,881 
3,458 
375 
94 
232 
1,767 
1,001 
201 
1,103 
702 
855 
576 


163 
90 
29 

93 

689 
26 
706 
1,630 
1,602 
223 
53 
131 
584 
1,742 
92 
287 
434 
251 
386 


241 
151 
688 
333 
323i 
138 
259 
400 
3,045 
62 
9,872 
3,511 
5,060 
598 
147 
363 
2,351 
2,743 
293 
1,390 
1,136 
1,106 
1,1591 


























- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


18 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


150 





11 







7 


- 


_ 


- 





~ 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


53 


- 


- 


















































- 


- 


- 





- 


30 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


















































700 

u 




37 


35 
4 


3 
69 




- 




73 

1 


_ 


- 


70 


123 


- 


- 


10 


- 


168 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


349 

1,038 
89 


200 
- 
U 
6 


126 


169 


33 
106 

i- 


299 


20 












60 
21 


_ 


~ 


61 
104 


- 




































to 
























o 














128 
4 
240 


- 


7 


- 


- 


67 


12 

2 


133 


15 
20 


- 


4 
16 
337 
237 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


30 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


239 
26 

121 
12 


- 


~ 


30 
61 

31 

12 


20 
40 


1 

6 


_ 


27 
10 
48 
104 


_ 


197 





- 


























235 


572 
21 


3,088 
152 


212 
783 


181 


434 

20 


74 
563 


652 

C 

i 


32 
o 

4 


299 
284 


88 
21 


250 


402 
357 


70 


840 
384 








235 


593 


3,240 


995 


181 


454 


637 


657 


34 


583 


109 


250 


759 


70 


1,224 


25,860 


9,259 


35,3691, 



160 



EDUCATION 



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^^ 


niversity 
Windsor, 


^G ^ " O l ~** ^ W ^&gt; ,^ /* J^ Q irK C3 ^ bC ^ Il3 ^ ^ 

T3 o3 c3 * C ^^ S^ * *^ t&gt; * *S ^ r **\ ^^ ^ "^ fli * *^ /^? * "* ^i 
C3**4 O^* fl f^l Ct^ -f^CC rt^ C?fcn C?--i C3 V C* ^ 




02 


P 


Q-^tDpSpSh^H^H-) 



HIGHER EDUCATION IN CANADA 



161 



s 


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a 


niversity of Toronto, Tor 
onto, Ont 


ictoria University, Tor 
onto, Ont 


niversity of Trinity Col 
lege, Toronto, Ont 


ueen s University, King 
ston, Ont 


estern University, London, 
Ont 


niversity of Ottawa, 
Ottawa, Ont 


cMaster University, Tor 
onto, Ont 


niversity of Manitoba, 
Winnipeg, Man 


niversity of Saskatchewan, 
Saskatoon, Sask 


niversity of Alberta, Ed 
monton, Alta. (1919) 


niversitj of British Colum 
bia, Vancouver, B.C (1920). 

Total Universities. . . 


P 


J&gt; 


P 


C? 


& 


P 


J| 


P 


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38131- 


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162 



EDUCATION 



17. Colleges of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees. 



Name and Address. 


DATE OF 


University 
Affiliation. 


Faculties. 


Degrees. 


Original 
Founda 
tion. 


Present 
Charter. 


Prince of Wales College, 


1836 


1860 


Practically all 


Arts. 




Charlottetown, P.E.I. 






Canadian 












Universities. 






Presbyterian College, 


1820 





Dalhousie. 


Theology. 


D.D., B.D. 


Halifax, N.S. 












College of Saint Anne, 


1890 


1892 





Arts, Science. 


B.A., B. Sc., M.A. 


Church Point, N.S. 












Technical College. Hali 


1907 





Acadia, King s, 


Engineering. 


B. Sc. in M.E., C. 


fax, N.S. 






St Mary s, 




E., E.E., Mch. E. 








Dalhousie, 












Mt. Allison, 












St. Francis 












Xavier. 






Agricultural College, 


1888 


1905 





Agriculture. 


Associate Diploma. 


Truro, N.S. 












Holy Heart Theological 


1894 


1906 


. 


Theology, Philoso 


T.B., T.L., D.D., 


College, Halifax, N.S. 








phy. 


Ph.D. 


St. Mary s College, Hali 


1841 


1841 





Arts, Partial Course 


B.A. 


fax, N.S. 








in Engineering. 




Macdonald College, Ste. 


1907 


_-^r 


McGill. 


Agriculture, House 


M.S.A., B.H.S., 


Anne de Bellevue, Que. 








hold Science. 


B.S.A., B. Sc. in 












Agr. 


Ecole Des Hautes Etudes 


1907 


1907 


Laval. 


Commerce. 


L.S.C..C.L. 


Commerciales, Mont 












real, Que. 












Stanstead Wesleyan Col 


1872 


1872 


__ 


Arts, Commercial, 


Diploma. 


lege, Stanstead, Que. 








Music. 




Presbyterian College, 


1865 


1865 


McGill. 


Theology. 


B.D..D.D. 


Montreal, Que. 












Congregational College of 


1839 


Amended 


McGill. 


Theology. 


B.D..D.D. 


Canada, Montreal, Que. 




1864 & 












1889 








Montreal Diocesan Theo 


1873 


1879 


McGill. 


Divinity. 


B.D., D.D. 


logical College, Mont 












real, Que. 












Wesleyan Theological 


1872 


1879 


McGill. 


Theology. 


B.D., S.T.D., D.D. 


College, Montreal, Que. 












Wycliffe College, Toron 


1879 


1916 


Toronto. 


Theology. 


L. Th., B.D., D.D. 


to, Out. 












Knox College, Toronto, 


1843 


1858 


Toronto. 


Theology. 


B.D., D.D. 


Ont. 












St. Michael s College, 


1852 


,^_ 


Toronto. 


Arts. 


B.A., M.A., Ph. D.i 


Toronto, Ont. 












Ontario Agricultural Col 


1874 


1874 


Toronto. 


Agriculture, Domes 


B.S.A. 


lege, Guelph, Ont. 








tic Science, Man 












ual Training. 




Ontario College of Art, 2 


1912 


1912 


. 




Diploma. 


Toronto, Ont. 












Ontario Law School, Os- 


_. 





___ 


_^ , 


__ 


goode Hall, Toronto, 












Ont. 












Toronto Bible College, 


- 


_ 





^ ^ , 


^__ 


Toronto, Ont. 












Ontario College of Phar 


1871 


1884 


Toronto. 


Pharmacy. 


s 


macy, Toronto, Ont. 












Royal College of Dental 


1868 


1911 


Toronto. 


Dentistry. 


L.D.S.* 


Surgeons of Ontario, 












Toronto, Ont. 












Ontario Veterinary Col 


1862 


Taken 


Toronto. 


Veterinary. 


V.S.s 


lege, Toronto, Ont. 




over by 












Govern 












ment in 












1908 








Waterloo College, Luther 


1911 


1912 





Arts, Theology. 


B.A., M.A. 


an Theological Semin 












ary, Waterloo, Ont. 












Huron College, London, 


1863 


1863 


Western Univer 


Theology. 


Diploma with title 


Ont. 






sity. 




L. Th. 6 


St. Jerome s College, 


1864 


1866 


* v,7 


Arts, Scholastic 




Kitchener, Ont. 
Royal Military College, 
Kingston, Ont. 


1875 








Philosophy. 


Diploma and Diplo 
ma with Honours. 



HIGHER EDUCATIOX IX CANADA 






17. Colleges of Canada: Foundation, Affiliation, Faculties and Degrees concluded. 



Name and Address. 


DATE or 


University 
Affiliation. 




Degrees. 


inal 

I oimda- 
t ion. 


1 resent 
Charter. 


Brandon College, Bran 






McMaster. 


Arts, Theology, 


B.A. by McMaster 


don, Man. 








demio, 


University. 










Business, 












Music. 




The Manitoba Law 


1914 





Manitoba. 


Law. 


I.L.B. by Univer 


School, Winnipeg, Man. 










sity. 


y College, Winnipeg, 


1877 


1877 


Manitoba. 


"logy, 


B.D.", D.D. 


Man. 








riculation. 




Manitoba College, Win 


71 





Manitoba. 


Theoloi: 


B.D. 


nipeg, Man. 












Manitoba . Xsiricultur.il 


1903 





Manitoba. 


Xcriculture, 


A. 


College, Winnipeg, .Man. 








1 lome 












Economics. 




Win 







Manitoba. 





B.D. 


nipeg, Man. 












Kmmanuel College, Sask 




1883 


Saskatchewan . 


Divinity. 


L.Th., B.D., D.D. 


atoon. Sask. 












rian Theological 


1911 





Saskatchewan. 


Divinity. 


B.D. , D.D. 


itoon, 
























St. Chad s College, 


1907 





Sasl. an. 


Divinit 





gina, Sa-k. 












mton .Ir-uit College, 


1913 


1913 


Laval. 


Preparatory, 





Edmonton. Alben 








Commercial, 












Classical. 




Robertson College, 


1910 


1916 


Alberta. 


Theology. 


D.D. 


Kdmonton (South), 












Albert 












Institute of Technology 


1916 








hnical 





and Art, Calgary, 








Courses. 




Albert 












The Anglican Theological 

















College, Vancouver, 












B.C. 












Columbia Methodist Col 


1892 


1893 


Toronto. 


Academic, 


Diplomas. 


lege, New Westminster, 








Mu 




B.C. 








Business. 




Royal Naval College, 


1911 


^^ 


^_ 





Midshipman, R.C. 


Esquimalt, B.C. 










N. 


Victoria College, Vic 








British Colum 


Arts and pure Sci 





toria, B.C. 






bia. 


ence. 





Degrees conferred by the University of Toronto. Succeeding Ontario School of Art founded in 1876. 
J The University of Toronto grants the degree Phm. B. 4 The degree of D.D.S. is conferred by the Uni 
versity of Toronto. 5 The degrees of B.V. Sc. and D.V.Sc. are conferred by the University of Toronto. 
Degrees in Arts and Theology are conferred by the Western University. The degree of B.A. is conferred 
by the University of Manitoba. 

NOTE. 

In addition to the above colleges there are 21 classical colleges and 2 agricultural colleges in the province 
of Quebec. The classical colleges with the dates of their foundation are as follows: Chicoutimi (1873), 
Joliette (1846), L Assomption (1832), Levis (1853), Mont Laurier (1910), Montreal (Loyola) (1896), Montreal 
(Ste. Marie) (1848), Montreal (St. Sulpice) (1767), Nicolet (1803), Quebec Petit Seminaire (1663), Rigaud 
(1851), Rimouski (1855), St. Alexandre de la Gatineau (1911), Ste Anne de la Pocatiere (1827), St. 
Hyacinthe (1811), St. Jean (1911), St. Laurent (1847), Ste. Therese (1825), Sherbrooke (1875), Trois Riv 
ieres (1860) and Valleyfield (1893). The two agricultural colleges are the Institut d Oka and the agricul 
tural school at Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere. Of the 9,033 pupils in the classical colleges in 1921, 804 were in 
primary courses, 2,539 in commercial courses and 5,690 in classical courses. Of the last mentioned 650 were in 
colleges affiliated or annexed and 114 in colleges associated with Laval University. These were evi 
dently doing work of university grade. 



38131 



164 



EDUCATION 



18. Professional and Affiliated Colleges of Canada: Number of Teaching Staff and 

Students, 1920-21. 



Name and Address. 


Number of Teaching 
Staff. 


Number of Students. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female 


Total. 


Prince of Wales College, Charlottetown, P.E.I 


7 
4 
10 
8 
16 
7 
12 
46 

22 
5 
5 
2 

4 
3 
45 
46 
46 
51 
18 
22 
41 
25 
42 
44 
40 
40 
15 
47 
39 
31 
54 
38 
47 
35 


5 

2 
19 
4 


12 
4 
10 
8 
18 
7 
12 
65 

22 
9 
5 

2 

4 
3 
45 
46 
46 
51 
18 
22 
41 
25 
42 
44 
40 
40 
15 
47 
39 
31 
54 
38 
47 
35 


78 

130 
33 
388 
92 
195 
204 

253 
141 

48 
15 

20 
128 
600 
405 
363 
694 
150 
348 
603 
351 
373 
781 
316 
308 
208 
644 
478 
279 
514 
366 
515 
452 


163 
32 

170 
299 
113 


241 
32 
130 
33 
558 
92 
195 
503 

253 
254 
48 
15 

20 
128 
600 
405 
363 
694 
150 
348 
603 
351 
373 
781 
316 
308 
208 
644 
478 
279 
514 
366 
515 
452 


Presbyterian College, Halifax, N.S., (1920) 


College of Ste. Anne, Church Point, N.S 


Technical College, Halifax, N.S 


Agricultural College, Truro, N.S 


Holy Heart Theological College, Halifax, N.S 


St. Mary s College, Halifax, N.S 


Macdonald College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que 


Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales, Montreal, 
Que 


Stanstead Wesleyan College, Stanstead, Que 


Presbyterian College, Montreal, Que 


Congregational College of Canada, Montreal, Que.. . . 
Montreal Diocesan Theological College, Montreal, 
Que 


Wesleyan Theological College, Montreal, Que 


Chicoutimi Classical College. . 


m 

Joliette Classical College 


L Assomption Classical College 


Levis Classical College 


Mont Laurier Classical College 


Montreal (Loyola) Classical College 


Montreal (Ste. Marie) Classical College 


Montreal (St. Sulpice) Classical College 


Nicolet Classical College 


Quebec (Petit Sem.) Classical College 


Rigaud Classical College 


Rimouski Classical College 


St. Alexandre de la Gatineau Classical College 


Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere Classical College 


St. Hyacinthe Classical College 


St. Jean Classical College 


St. Laurent Classical College 


Ste. Therese Classical College 


Sherbrooke Classical College 


Troia Rivieres Classical College. . 



HIGHER EDUCATION IN CANADA 






18, Professional and Affiliated Colleges of Canada: Number of Teaching Staff and 
Students, 1920-21 concluded. 


Xame and Address. 


Number of Teach ing 
Staff. 


Number of Students. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


V llleyfield Classical College 


31 
17 
16 
11 
9 
25 
65 
7 
4 
7 
6 
79 
23 

6 
5 
10 
22 
18 
21 
22 
5 
50 

3 
4 

7 
20 
2 
19 

4 

9 
6 
3 


1 

12 
13 
7 

1 

5 

1 
12 

1 

12 
2 


31 
17 
16 
12 
9 
37 
78 
14 
4 
7 
6 
80 
23 

6 
5 
10 
22 
23 
21 
22 
6 
62 

3 
4 
8 
20 
2 
19 

4 

21 
6 
5 


285 
121 
82 
59 
130 
367 
1,- 

158 
420 
147 
873 
96 

56 
23 
200 
163 
119 
102 
245 
12 
621 

18 
43 
7 
226 
21 
657 

13 

61 
45 
35 


75 
117 
539 
371 
10 
16 
330 
17 

140 
2 
135 
5 
391 

1 

104 
40 


285 
121 
82 
M 
205 
484 
1,776 
560 
168 
436 
477 
890 
96 

56 
23 
200 
163 
371 
104 
380 
17 
1,012 

18 
44 

7 
226 
21 
657 

13 

165 
45 
75 


Oka \gricultural School 


gjg Annede la Pocatidre Agricultural School 


Wycliffe College, Toronto, Ont 


Knox C ollege, Toronto, Ont 


Michael s College, Toronto, Ont 


Ontario \gricultural College, Guelph, Ont 


Ontario College of Art, Toronto, Ont 


Ontario College of Pharmacy, Toronto, Ont 


Ontario Law School, Osgoode Hall, Toronto, Ont... . 
Toronto Bible College, Toronto, Ont 


Royal College of Dental Surgeons, Toronto, Ont 


Ontario Veterinary College, Toronto, Ont 


Waterloo College, Lutheran Theological Semi 
nary, Waterloo, Ont 


Huron College, London, Ort 


St. Jerome s College, Kitchener, Ont 


Royal Military College, Kingston, Ont 


Brandon College, Brandon, Man 


Manitoba Law School, Winnipeg, Man 


Wesley College, Winnipeg, Man 


Manitoba College, Winnipeg, Man 


Manitoba Agricultural College, Winnipeg, Man 


St. John s College, Winnipeg, Man 


Emmanuel College, Saskatoon, Sask 


Presbyterian Theological College, Saskatoon, Sask . . 
St. Chad s College, Regina, Sask 


Edmonton Jesuit College, Edmonton, Alberta 


Robertson College, Edmonton (South), Alberta 


Institute of Technology and Art, Calgary, Alberta.. . 

The Anglican Theological College of B.C., Vancouver, 
B.C 


Columbia Methodist College, New Westminster, 
B.C 


Royal Naval College, Esquimalt, B.C. 


Victoria College, Victoria, B.C 


Total 


1,453 


m 


1,550 


17,330 


3,038 


20,480 





1 112 not given by sex. 



166 



EDUCATION 



19. Colleges of Canada: 



1 


Name and Address. 


Value of 
Endow 
ment. 


Value of 
Land and 
Buildings. 


Value of 
Scientific 
Equipment 


Value of 
other 
Property. 





Prince of Wales College, C harlot tetown, P.E.I.. . . 


$ 


$ 
450 000 


$ 
o nno 


$ 





Presbyterian College, Halifax, N.S. (1920). .. 


14Q 042 


180 000 






\ 


College of Ste.Anne, Church Point, N.S 




100 900 


1 9fin 


i KKfl 


&lt; 


Technical College, Halifax, N.S 




240 000 


900 000 




1 


Agricultural College, Truro, N.S 




400 OOf) 


OK noo 




\ 


Holy Heart Theological College, Halifax, N.S. . . 




4DO ftOf) 






I 


St. Mary s College, Halifax, N.S 




i *o 000 


9 SOO 




{ 

I 

^ 


Macdonald College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que 
Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales, Montreal, 
Que 


4,000,000 


3,500,000 

fi40 444 


A, OUU 

250,000 

oc noQ 


- 


10 

11 


Stanstead Wesleyan College, Stanstead, Que. (1920) 
Presbyterian College, Montreal, Que 


154,328 
368 403 


210,800 

01-3 4.CQ 


to, u^y 

900 


1 A f\f\(\ 


12 


Montreal Diocesan Theological College, Montreal, 
Que 


mfi72 


10T Q97 


ZUU 


1U,UUU 

7(\R&lt;\ 


13 
14 


Congregational College of Canada, Montreal, Que... 
Wesleyan Theological College, Montreal, Que 


139,105 
129 552 


100,000 
300 000 


5,000 


,yoy 


15 


Wycliff e College, Toronto, Ont 


291 245 


994. ft 14 




97 1O/1 


Id 


Knox College, Toronto, Ont 


458 932 


700 000 




2. i , o4 


17 


St. Michael s College, Toronto, Ont. (1920).. 




585 000 






18 
19 


Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ont. (1920)... 
Ontario College of Art, Toronto, Ont 


- 


2,000 000 

m781 


- 


- 


20 


Ontario College of Pharmacy, Toronto, Ont 


12 080 


50 337 


10 39Q 




21 


Ontario Law School, Toronto, Ont 










22 


Toronto Bible College, Toronto, Ont ... . 


25 000 






100 000 


23 


Royal College of Dental Surgeons of Ontario, Tor 
onto, Ont 




97f) Of)0 


fin flfin 




24 


Ontario Veterinary College, Toronto, Ont 






oU,UDU 




25 


Waterloo College, Lutheran Theological Seminary, 
Waterloo, Ont 




fin 4fifi 


1 000 




26 


Huron College, London, Ont 


64 02fi 


lO Old 






27 


St. Jerome s College, Kitchener, Ont . 










28 


Royal Military College, Kingston, Ont 










29 


Brandon College, Brandon, Man 


102 230 


229 41fi 


7 8.1^ 




30 


The Manitoba Law School, Winnipeg, Man 










31 


Wesley College, Winnipeg, Man 


155 910 


707 000 


1 000 


10 000 


32 


Manitoba College, Winnipeg, Man 


149 866 


490 000 




mooo 


33 


Manitoba Agricultural College, Winnipeg, Man 




4 056 474 






34 


St. John s College, Winnipeg, Man. (1919) 


200 000 


250 000 






35 


Emmanuel College, Saskatoon, Sask 




70 300 






36 
37 


Presbyterian Theological College, Saskatoon, Sask. 
St. Chad s College, Regina, Sask 


11 000 


26,000 
140 000 


- 


- 


38 


Edmonton Jesuit College, Edmonton, Alberta . . 




175 000 


1 000 


14 000 


39 
40 
41 


Robertson College, Edmonton (South), Alberta... . 
.n?titute of Technology and Art, Calgary, Alta 
Anglican Theological College of B.C., Vancouver, 
B.C 


4,000 
43 882 


12,000 
93,575 

90 ^47 


1,000 
56,510 


1,556 


42 


Columbia Methodist College, New Westminster, 


10 000 


13^ 9AO 






43 


ioyal Naval College, Esquimalt, B.C.. . 










44 


Victoria College, Victoria, B.C 

























Total 


6,710,333 


17 4K4 fi,19 


fifi 1 ) ftfO 


1&lt;(. { IfiQ 















^Including $300,000 not specified by St. Jerome s College. 2Including $153,985 not specified by Manitoba 
itural College. sNet expenditure after receipts from farm to the amount of $18,509, forwarded 
to the Government, were deducted. 



HIGHER EDUCATION l\ CANADA 



L67 



Financial Statistics, 1920-M. 





Sources of Income. 




Expenditure. 




rr- 1 




Tnt-il 






I ot:il 
Value of 
PropiTty. 


Invest 
ments. 


Govern 
ment 


Fees. 


her 
Sources. 


I M 11 

Inroiue. 


Current. 


Capital. 


Total. 








Grant.*. 














Z 


$ 


I 


$ 


$ 


* 


1 


1 


1 


$ 




.000 


W 


25,000 


1.400 




26,400 


.000 


3,000 


25.000 


1 


.04: 


12,379 


_ 





14,004 


26,383 


- 








2 


104,010 




_ 


19,545 


10,357 




28,780 


- 


2S 


3 


,000 


_ 


56,756 




_ 


.756 


56.756 


1 , 7:52 




4 


,000 


_ 


77,156 


_ 





77,156 


58,647 


1,115 




5 


400,000 


m 




12,500 


3.000 


1.-..500 


17 


- 


17,800 


i. 


152,500 


500 


_ 


21,000 


5,500 


000 


.000 


10,000 


35,000 


7 


7,750,000 


205.363 


11.500 


14.667 


135,000 


368,530 


356,030 


12,500 


368,530 


8 


66.5,47: 


_ 


60,000 


: 


1.166 


68.106 


80.377 


- 


80,377 


t 


i,128 


4,303 


800 


55.597 


- - 


.563 


81.608 


- 


81,608 


10 




1C, 




4,000 


300 




26,945 





26.945 


11 


305,568 


11,183 




8,975 


6,307 




26,415 





26.415 


12 


jr. 


7,561 


_ 




6,418 




U.107 


2,375 


15 


13 




6,482 


m 


307 


KOOO 






- 


25 


14 




H.401 


_ 


150 


64,386 




67 


14,506 


81,787 


15 


i.i" 




_ 


116 


41 


68,098 




20,330 


.486 


16 


585,000 




_ 


24,900 


8,750 


33,650 





- 


33,650 


17 


2,000,000 


_ 


139,771 


lx,416 




168,187 


471 


- 


471 


18 


134,781 


_ 


25,000 


6,644 


191 


31,835 


26,808 


4,857 


31 


19 


72,746 


557 




41 


6,347 


48 


35,264 


- 


35,264 


20 




_ 


mt 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 








21 


125,000 


2,042 


- 




12, OSs 


15,050 


15.030 


- 


15,030 


22 


450,000 


m m 


_ 


189,633 


29,571 


21" 


".,077 


119.142 


284.21 .* 


23 




- 


42.850 


8,100 


- 


50.950 


42,850 





42 


24 


61,466 




_ 


O if\f\ 


11 


13 


1.; 


_ 


13,278 


25 


111 


5,649 


_ 






15 


id 


- 


10,547 


26 


300,000 




_ 


40,000 


3,000 


43,000 


38,000 





38,000 


27 




_ 


m f 


_ 


__ 


_ 


_ 


_ 





28 


332,459 


5,028 


_ 


26,271 


64,808 


96,107 


70.831 


21,495 


92,326 


?9 






_ 


7,17. 




10. 


10 


- 


10. 


30 


873.970 


9,744 


_ 


11,000 


37.802 


5h 




- 


49,099 


:{1 


617,886 


11,956 


_ 


_ 


11,304 


23 


33,860 


- 


33,860 


32 


4.956,474 







_ 


_ 


15: 




19.307 


34! 


33 


i.OOO 


__ 


_ 


2.000 


9.800 


11,000 


- 


- 


- 


34 


70,300 


747 


m 




K384 


19,881 


l .,794 


- 


19 


35 


26,000 




_ 


150 


ia.124 


12 


11 


900 


12 


36 


151,000 


54v 





350 


6,165 




7,852 







37 


190,000 




_ 


48 


6,298 


54 


51 


- 


51,797 


:&lt;s 


17,000 


242 


_ 


_ 


9,000 






- 


6.242 


39 


151,650 


- 


- 


1,540 


- 


l.MO 




75,625 


86,564 


40 


64,229 


3.667 


- 


1,435 


6,787 


11,889 


11,566 


3,200 


14,766 


41 


145,269 


458 


1,311 


37,911 


25,822 


65,502 


46,841 


18,661 


65.502 


42 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 





- 


M 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


44 


25,338,111 


352,197 


440,144 


615,315 


603,538 


2,165,1792 


2,445,128 


328,745 


2,773,873 





168 EDUCATION 



PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN CANADA. 

Although in the early history of this country there are records 
of several libraries of varying types, it was not until the year 1800 
that the first public library in Canada was founded at Niagara. 
During the first quarter of the 19th century libraries had their 
beginning in Quebec and Montreal and in Halifax and Yarmouth 
in Nova Scotia, while there is a record of a circulating library in 
Western Canada as early as 1824. Nearly all of these libraries 
have continued to exist in some form either separately or in amal 
gamation until the present time. 

Ontario was the first province to make legislation for the benefit 
of libraries. In 1835 the Government of Upper Canada made grants 
to Mechanics Institutes, which were really library associations. 
These grants were continued until 1857, then withdrawn until they 
were restored by the Ontario Government in 1868, in which year 
an Association of Mechanics Institutes of Ontario was organized, 
continuing until 1886. During these years several acts were passed 
concerning these institutes, but the most important legislation was 
the Ontario Public Libraries Act of 1895, which changed the name of 
" Mechanics Institute " to "Public Library." The revised Ontario 
Public Libraries Act of 1920 is chiefly important for the change made 
in grants and rate of taxation to be levied for library purposes. Both 
Saskatchewan and Alberta have Public Libraries Acts (passed re 
spectively in 1906 and 1907) based, as is also the Free Libraries Act 
of Manitoba (passed in 1899), on the Ontario Act. The Free Libraries 
Act of British Columbia was passed in 1891. Quebec, in 1890 (2c.34) 
passed an Act to authorize city, town and village corporations to aid 
in the support of libraries. The Yukon Ordinance No. 20, 1903, 
provides for the management of free public libraries in Dawson City. 
There is no public library legislation in the Maritime provinces. 

The Mechanics Institutes of Upper and Lower Canada were 
modelled after that founded in England by Dr. Birkbeck. Their 
purpose was to provide lectures and study classes and a suitable 
reference library for labouring men and women. The early history 
of these institutes in Ontario shows that the use made of the libraries 
was small; but the provision in 1872 for inspection of these institutes, 
followed shortly afterwards by permission to include a larger range 
of literature in their libraries, helped materially in increasing the use 
made of the latter. The result of the Act of 1895 may be seen from 
the fact that, while in 1883 there was one public library, and in 1895 
only 12, in 1896 there were 54, and in 1902 as many as 140 free 
libraries. 

Travelling libraries commenced in 1890, when the Aberdeen 
Association was organized in Winnipeg with the purpose of distri 
buting literature among the scattered settlers in the Canadian West. 
Branches of the association were gradually formed in various cities 
throughout the Dominion and one in England, while the headquarters 
were at Ottawa. A new work in travelling libraries was begun in 
1897 among the sailors, under the auspices of the Upper Canada 



PUBLIC LIBRARIES /AT CANADA 169 

Tract Society. In the following year the Government of British 
( lumbia begun work among the mining camps and agricultural 
dist This work lias grown steadily. In 1900 work was com 

menced with travelling libraries contributed by the Canadian Club 
of Toronto and by Mdiill and Queen s universities. In the next year 
the Canadian Reacting Cam]) .Woriation was formed, and by this 
A^ociation the Frontier College \\ blished with the aim of 

placing a reading room or tent in every frontier cam)) in Canada. 
This College was incorporated by a Dominion Act of 19-2 and receh 
a "-rant through the Ontario Department of Education. In addition 
McOill University has an excellent system of travelling libraries, as 
has also the University of Alberta; while in Ontario and Saskatchewan 
similar work is carried on under government auspices. In Nova 
Scotia the Women s Institutes, through the Provincial Department 
of Agriculture, have made considerable use of the McGill libraries. 

The Ontario Library Association, the first library association in 
Canada, was organized in 1901, while British Columbia formed an 
Association in i .Ul, Saskatchewan in 1 ( .U4, the Maritimes, for the 
three maritime provinces, in 1918, and Alberta in 1920. The Pacific 
Northwest Association, organized in 1909, has an international 
membership. 

There are two library schools in Canada: one connected with 
McGill University, founded in 190."), and one held in Toronto by the 
Ontario Department of Education since 1910. The course at McGill 
has always been a short summer course, lasting one month. The 
Ontario school has been of varying lengths: one month, 6 weeks, 
2 months, and, since 1919, 3 montl 

Up to the year 1919 the amount of $3,032,910 had been promised 
by the trusts established by Andrew Carnegie in 146 grants for the 
erection of 155 library buildings. Of these buildings 114 had been 
erected at an expenditure of $2,393,410. 



VII. CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY. 

THE CLIMATE OF CANADA SINCE CONFEDERATION. 

By SIR FREDERIC STTJPART, Director, Dominion Meteorological Service, Toronto. 

It has been proved by geologists that in geological time the 
climate of the world has undergone great changes, and many historians 
and archaeologists have in recent years carried on investigations as 
to whether in historical times there has been any appreciable change 
in the climates of the countries for which exist either written records 
or evidences provided by the remains of man s handiwork. 

Some, for instance, are of the opinion that there are evidences of 
increasing desiccation in Asia and southern Europe, while in the 
western hemisphere, in Central America and adjacent territories, 
the disappearance of a by-gone civilization has been explained as 
resulting from a change of climate which has rendered uninhabitable 
a land obviously once well suited to man s best desires. 



170 CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY 

It has, however, been found that there are many conflicting 
data, and as the question stands to-day the general consensus of 
opinion is that while there have been pulsations of both long and 
short periods during which departures from averages have been 
quite pronounced, both as regards temperature and precipitation, 
yet there have not been appreciable progressive changes in either 
direction. 

^In view of these facts, we may be fairly sure that in the seasons 
in Canada of the more than fifty years since Confederation there 
have been variations such as have occurred down through the centuries 
and will occur in the future, but we need not expect to find any 
marked, climatic change. There is, however, one factor which may 
have to some extent affected the climate of eastern Canada. That 
is deforestation, and yet, be it said in a somewhat guarded manner, 
:he records that we possess do not indicate that this factor is as 
important as it was once thought to be. 

Temperature. On an inspection of the charts showing the 
curves of winter temperature for the different parts of Canada during 
the past 50 years, the most obvious fact is that the variations from 
average are largest in the western provinces and that they diminish 
gradually eastward toward the Atlantic coast. At Edmonton the 
mean temperature of the winter of 1887 was -4, while that of 1889 
was 22; the lowest winter monthly average, -14, occurred in 
January, 1886, and the highest winter monthly, 22, occurred in both 
January and February, 1889. Winnipeg shows even a greater 
range, with a mean winter temperature of -9 in 1887, and a mean 
of 19 in 1878. The lowest monthly mean was -16 in January, 
1883, and the highest 23 in February, 1878. 

At Toronto the coldest winters were those of 1875 and 1904 
with a mean of 17, followed closely by 1885 and 1918 with a mean 
The warmest winter was 1890 with a mean of 31 and the 
next warmest 1919 with a mean of 30 and 1921 with a mean of 29, 
which give a difference of 14 between the warmest and the coldest 
winters. The coldest monthly mean recorded was 10-2 in Feb 
ruary, 1875, the warmest January mean was 33 in 1880 and the 
warmest February was 30 in 1882. 

At Montreal the coldest winter means were 10 in 1875, 1904 
and ^905 and the warmest 21 in 1878 and 1892; the coldest January 
was 4 in 1888 and also in 1893, and the warmest 22 in both 1880 and 

The coldest February was 6 in 1885 and the warmest 27 in 

1877. 

In Nova Scotia, as represented by Halifax, the coldest winters 

were those of 1868 and 1905, with mean temperatures of 18, and the 

warmest were those of 1870 and 1889, each with a mean temperature 

The coldest January was that of 1920 with a temperature 

of L4 , and the coldest Februaries were those of 1868, 1875, 1904, 

905 ,1911 and 1914, each with a mean of 18. 

The lowest temperatures on record at various stations in Canada 
are as follows : Fort Good Hope, Mackenzie river, -79; Fort 



NORMAL MEAN 

TEMPERATURE 

JANUARY 



METEOROLOGICAL 

STATIONS = O 



NORMAL 
PRECIPITATION 
JANUARY 



Vnkxou/n = 



in.fo5in.= 




To face page 170. 



MAP OF CANADA SHOWING NORMAL M 



no 




Jm 

To face page 170. 



PRECIPITATION IN JANUARY 

50 












NORMAL MEAN 
TEMPERATURE 
JANUARY 



METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE 
STATIONS = O 



NORMAL 
PRECIPITATION 
JANUARY 



2in.tb3in.= 




MAP OF CANADA SHOWING NORIVL 
/so 




To face page 170. 



IPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION IN JULY. 
SO 70 



NORMAL MEAN 

TEMPERATURE 

JULY 



METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE 
STATIONS = O 



NORMAL 
PRECIPITATION 
FOR JULY 




4 



c 
c 

s 
c 



1] 
h 

a 

n 
h 



ij 
t 



n 



c 

tl 
a 

g 
n 

\v 
J 
J 
n 
o; 
11 

w 

OJ 

n&lt; 
w 
w 
ri 
w 

ai 
w 
l( 
11 

w 
w 
of 
of 



ar 



CLIMATE OF C.-IAMDA SINCE CONFEDERATION 171 

Vermilion -78; Kdmonton -57; Prince Albert -70; Winnipeg 
-53; White River, Ontario, -60; Toronto -26; Ottawa -32; 
Montreal -28; Quebec -34; Halifax -17. 

The record of 50 years at Winnipeg presents some very interesting 
facts. In the first 25 years there were but seven winters with a 
mean temperature higher than the mean of the whole period, while 
in the last 25 years there were but five winters with a mean below 
that of the whole period. This seems to indicate that the winter 
climate of the West is becoming milder, but it is a significant fact 
that the much longer record at St. Paul, Minn., indicates that the 
thirties and forties of the last century were comparatively mild in 
the West, hence there is suspicion of a long period weather cycle. 

In Ontario, as represented by Toronto, the temperature curve of 
51 years shows somewhat the same characteristics as that of Winni 
peg, with more winters below average in the first half than in the 
second. In the Toronto record going back to 1831, there is, how 
ever, confirmation of the fact indicated by St. Paul that a long period 
beginning in the fifties and ending about 1888, during which the 
majority of the winters were abnormally cold, had been preceded by 
a period of about 20 years during which, while some few winters 
were very cold, most were comparatively mild. The decade 1841- 
1850 had, on the average, the mildest winters in the whole period 
1831-1921. 

It is obvinu&gt;. therefore, that it would be unwise to form any 
definite conclusions regarding climatic changes on a record of even 
fifty years, as there are manifest evidence s of pulsations of a longer 
period. 

Since the Toronto record is much the Ion it is the most 

instructive we po^ and t he following are some of the most notice 
able features regarding the winters in Ontario. In the 1840-18r&gt;() 
period there were eight winters above normal temperature. The 
next twenty years contained more winters below than above but no 
very wide extnm Then followed from 1873 to 1883 a period 
during which the winters alternated between cold and mild, while 
the six consecutive winters 1883-88 were all cold. The next four 
winters were mild and then from 1894 to 1903 there were ten succes 
sive winters of almost average temperature. The winters of 1904 
and 1905 were very cold and then followed eleven years above 
average, with but two exceptions. The winter of 1918 was extremely 
cold, 1919 very mild, 1920 very cold, and the past two winters 
exceptionally mild. 

The general form of the temperature curves of Montreal and 
Halifax are very similar to those of western stations, but they do 
not give evidence of quite as marked a tendency towards a pre 
ponderance of milder winters in the last quarter century. At 
Montreal the mean temperature of the last decade was 1 below the 
mean of the whole period, while the mean of the first decade was 1 
above. At Halifax the mean of the last decade was a fraction of a 
degree higher than that of the first decade. 



172 CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY 

While, as we have seen, the winters vary very considerably in 
severity, yet as the spring advances departures from a normal 
value diminish, and the summer season throughout the Dominion 
is subject to relatively small variations. There are differences, 
however, and in Alberta the summers of the eighties, exclusive of 
1881, 1886 and 1889, were distinctly cooler than any term of years 
since then, while the summers of 1894, 1896, 1898 and 1906 were 
especially marked by higher temperature. In nearly all other years 
the mean of the season differed, very little from the normal derived 
from the whole period. 

The general character of the summers as regards temperature 
has been much the same in Manitoba as in the provinces farther 
west. In the seventies they were warm, while in the eighties they 
were cool, especially in 1883 and 1885. The nineties were also cool, 
except 90, 93 and 94, but since 1900 warm summers have pre 
dominated with marked exceptions, however, in 1904 and 1905 and 
again in 1915. 

From Ontario eastward the year 1869 had the coolest summer in 
52 years, and after that the coolest summers occurred from 1882 to 
1891, exclusive of 1887, and in 1902-3-4. A decade of warm summers 
commenced in 1892 and then since 1905 warm summers have pre 
dominated, but 1912-15 and 17 were comparatively cool. The 
spell of greatest heat ever recorded in Ontario occurred in the first 
week of July, 1911, when temperatures above 100 were registered 
on several consecutive days in the peninsula of Ontario. The summer 
of 1921, was the warmest on record and July was the warmest month. 

There is some evidence of a tendency towards a somewhat 
higher mean temperature in both summer and autumn months in 
Ontario, a tendency which is more doubtful in the other provinces. 
In the early days of settlement in Ontario summer frosts were not 
uncommon but have since become quite rare. It would appear 
reasonable to suppose that deforestation of the country east of the 
Mississippi must lead to greater insolation in the northern United 
States and this would affect Ontario more than the other provinces. 

The dates and severity of late spring and early autumn frosts 
in the western provinces are not quite conclusive, but the general 
inference from the longer records combined with those of short 
period, is that there has been no appreciable change since the early 
days of settlement. 

Precipitation. Fifty years of meteorological records afford 
no ground for belief that the precipitation of the Dominion has changed 
with the gradual deforestation and the general activities of man in 
covering the country with a network of railways and wires carrying 
electrical currents. Variations of a character which suggest cycles, 
probably due to cosmical causes, are, however, quite apparent, but at 
the same time perplexing, and it may be assumed with a high degree 
of probability that there has been no permanent progressive change 
in either rainfall or snow. 

The Winnipeg records and also records from a shorter term of 
years in the West indicate that the eighties included more dry summers 



CLIMATE OF CANADA SINCE CONFEDERATION 173 

than in any subsequent corresponding period, while the Alberta records 
show a remarkable period of about six wet summers from 1899 to 1904 
and again from 1911 to 191 "&gt;. 

While 1878 was the year of greatest preeipitation in Ontario, and 
also the summer of greatest rainfall, the seventies as a whole had dry 
summers. In the eighties the summers of 80 and 83 and 85 were 
wet and others about normal, excepting 87 which was very dry. In 
the nineties the summers of 95, 96, 98 and 99 were particularly dry, 
while the other years had an ample but not excessive rainfall. Since 
1900 the summers of 1907, 1911 and 1913 were exceptionally dry, 
while others were nearly normal. At Montreal the year immediately 
succeeding Confederation and 1 ( .)15 were the years of least precipita 
tion, and IcSfi!), 1885 and 1900 were the years of greatest precipitation. 
The decade commencing 1870 was that of least precipitation and that 
commencing 1900 of greatest. Here again we have no indication of 
progressive change. 

The records of precipitation made at Halifax since 1868 show no 
evidence of progressive change during the fifty-four years which have 
elapsed. During the first decade the average annual precipitation 
was 54 inches, during the second ,"&gt;S inches, the third 57, the fourth 58, 
the fifth 54 inches. The wet tot years were 1884, 1888, 1896, 1907, 
1908, 1910, with total precipitation resp&lt; ctively as follows: 64, 67, 70, 
64, 65, 68 inches. The driest years were 1868, *1879, 1889, 1894, 1905, 
1914, 19U). the respective totals being 50, 4,v 17. 15, 48, 48, 46 inches. 
In the first decade the great e&gt;t annual snowfall was 1 J") inches and the 
least 29 inches. In the second decade these figures became respectively 
134 inches and 32 inches; in the third 108 and 50 \ inches, in the fourth 
108 and 55, and in the fifth 101 and 38. In January, 1894, 56 inches 
of snow fell and iu October, 1896, 15 inches of rain were recorded on a 
total of 20 days. 

In the seventies and early eighties there were many more years 
with heavy snowfalls in March in Ontario and Quebec than have 
occurred in any period of equal length since then. The result was to 
make the annual average snowfall for that period considerably higher 
than the normal, although the annual total precipitation in years 
with a snowy March was frequently below normal. Lack of 
observations for this period in the western provinces, except at 
Winnipeg, leaves us restricted to a consideration of the years since 
1883. The most remarkable feature of the western snowfalls was 
the change from light to heavy snowfalls which occurred in the 
nineties. If we consider the decades 1885-1894, 1895-1904, 1905- 
1914, and form the average annual totals of snowfall for these, we 
find at Medicine Hat, 29 inches in the first decade, 45 inches in 
the second, 24 inches in the third. At Edmonton the figures are 
respectively, 36, 52, 39 inches; at Calgary 37, 51 and 42; at Qu Ap- 
pelle, 45, 70 and 51. At Winnipeg, however, the sequence is different, 
the respective decadal averages running 52, 43|, 50J. At Prince 
Albert the first of these decades is missing, but the second two have 
averages of 58J and 48J which sufficiently resemble the other records, 
as do also the figures for these two decades at Battleford, viz. 35 and 24. 



174 



CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY 



1. Temperature and Precipitation in 1931, by Months and Observation 

Stations. 

JANUARY. 



Province or District. 


Temperature ( Fahr.). 


Precipitation. 


Station 
differences 
from nor 
mal temper 
ature. 


* 

& 
-v 
a 

03 

1 


B 

&gt;&gt;$ 
3-2 

03 X 

*d C3 

%* 

a 

a 


a 

*! 

.rt B 

-5:3 

%* 

V 




&gt;&gt; 

ITS &lt;J5 
03 bfi 

|ji 

o&gt; 

% 


tj 

0&gt; 

2^ 

g M 

I 3 

W 


a 

CQ 

0) CD 

S 
*&gt;J2 

-M 

X 

W 






3 



J3 

1-4 

"3 

ii 

& 


a 
. . 

il 

&lt;D H 
Si O 

&* 

S 


IB 

&gt;&gt; 

03 
13 

M 

O 

t-t 
0) 

J2 

| 




. i 

"oJ 

* ( 

3 

&lt;o 

i 



O 


British Columbia 
S. Vancouver I . 


37 
37 
37 
28 
16 
- 3 

27 
26 
22 
25 
17 
25 
34 
- 20 

7 
10 
18 
4 
- 2 

9 
15 

7 
5 

2 

7 
7 
6 
6 
- 8 

10 
6 
10 
8 
12 
5 
12 
20 
12 

19 

22 
24 

28 
25 
25 
21 

14 

10 
3 
5 
6 
14 
22 
19 


42 
41 
41 
33 
26 
5 

34 
32 
31 
33 
24 
31 
38 
- 12 

18 
22 
29 
15 
10 

19 
27 
17 
15 
12 

17 
17 
17 
15 


22 
16 
21 
20 
23 
16 
24 
28 
23 

28 
31 
31 

35 
33 
33 
32 

24 

19 
14 
15 

18 
25 
33 
27 


33 
33 
33 
23 
7 
- 11 

20 
20 
14 
18 
11 
20 
30 
- 28 

- 3 
- 1 
7 
- 6 
- 13 

- 1 

4 
- 2 
- 4 

- 7 

- 2 
- 3 
- 4 
- 3 
- 15 

- 2 
- 4 

- 4 
1 
- 6 

13 
2 

10 
14 
17 

22 
17 
18 
10 

5 

2 
- 8 
- 4 
- 5 
6 
11 
11 


9 
8 
8 
10 
19 
16 

14 

12 
17 
15 
13 
11 
8 
16 

21 
23 
22 
21 
23 

20 
23 
19 
19 
19 

19 
20 
21 
18 
15 

24 
20 
21 
24 
22 
22 
24 
15 
21 

18 
17 
14 

13 
16 
15 
22 

19 

17 
22 
19 
23 
21 
22 
16 


54 
50 
55 
40 
50 
43 

54 
49 
48 
51 
34 
42 
45 
39 

44 

50 
50 
44 
39 

41 
49 
43 
39 
27 

36 
39 
32 
31 
25 

40 
36 
43 
47 
42 
43 
46 
44 
44 

49 
47 
47 

53 
50 
53 
49 

46 

46 
41 
38 
41 
51 
54 
45 


19 
25 
17 

- 30 
- 45 

- 18 
- 18 
- 11 
- 10 
- 16 
- 12 
21 
- 52 

- 41 
- 45 
- 26 
- 45 
- 45 

- 34 
- 20 
- 37 
- 44 
- 34 

- 33 
- 40 
- 37 
- 36 
- 38 

- 42 
- 42 
- 40 
- 43 
- 44 
- 37 
- 42 
- 32 
- 38 

- 31 
- 38 
- 8 

- 5 

- 17 
- 16 
- 38 

- 41 

- 25 
- 43 
- 35 
- 41 
- 32 
- 17 
10 


10.35 
10.90 
10.80 
7.30 
2.00 
2.65 

1.15 
4.10 
2.30 
1.65 
6.15 
7.40 
6.20 
0.40 

0.65 
0.65 
0.90 
1.40 
0.20 

0.45 
0.35 
0.50 
0.60 
0.85 

0.65 
0.70 
1.45 
1.20 
0.70 

1.15 
0.65 
0.75 
1.35 
1.25 
1.85 
1.50 
2.90 
0.65 

1.35 
1.85 
2.05 

0.55 
1.25 
0.60 
1.10 

1.90 

2.90 
2.30 
2.10 
1.65 
2.70 
3.10 
3 fiO 


p.c. 

+ 30 
+ 5 
+ 30 

+ 30 

+ 40 
+ 25 
- 20 
- 20 
+ 20 
- 15 

- 35 

- 30 
- 15 

+ 20 

- 30 
- 75 
- 25 
- 15 

- 25 
+ 10 

- 35 
- 30 

- 70 

- 45 
- 45 
- 45 

- 80 
- 65 
- 80 
- 75 

- 40 
- 5 

- 35 
- 35 
- 25 


22 

23 
23 
17 
9 
12 

12 
16 
13 
11 

18 
15 
18 
6 

6 
4 
3 
8 
4 

4 
4 
3 
4 
5 

7 
3 
6 
3 
3 

5 
5 
5 
9 

7 
11 

7 
7 
8 

7 
7 
12 

4 
8 
8 
6 

8 

8 
10 
8 
7 
8 
10 
14 


7.06 
3.00 
4.46 
2.40 
1.62 
1.30 

0.98 
1.00 
0.78 
0.90 
1.40 
2.22 
1.72 
0.15 

0.70 
0.60 
1.40 
0.75 
0.15 

0.40 
0.50 
0.40 
0.40 
0.40 

0.40 
0.60 
0.60 
1.20 
0.30 

0.80 
0.60 
0.60 
0.65 
2.05 
0.72 
1.15 
1.80 
0.30 

1.00 
1.75 
1.00 

0.50 
0.79 
0.40 
0.80 

1.30 

1.20 
0.98 
0.80 
0.60 
2.00 
1.80 
90 


to +2 
0to-f3 
to +8 
+6 
to +4 
-5 

42 to +7 
+2 to +5 
+5 to +8 
+4to+10 
+3 to +6 
+2 to 4-5 
-2 
-4to-l 

+2 to +8 
+1 to +5 
+6 to +10 

+7 
+2 

+6 to +19 
+ 10 to +11 
+7 to +11 
+5 to +12 

+7 to +11 
+7 to +11 

+11 to+13 
+7 

+10 
+7 to +10 

+7 

+3to-r6 
2 

+5 
+3 to +5 

+2 to +7 
+3 to +7 
+2 to +5 

+1 to +6 
+5 to +8 
+1 to +6 
+2 to +11 

+2 to +9 

+2 to +3 
+6 
+5 
+5 
to +4 
-2 to +2 



N . Vancouver I 


Lower Fraser R 


Lillooet L 


Upper Fraser R 
Peace R 


Okanagan & Similka- 
meen Valleys 


W. Kootenay 


E. Kootenay 


Thompson R 


N. Columbia R 


N. Coast 


Queen Charlotte I 


Yukon All Stations 
Alberta 
N. Saskatchewan R. . . 
Red Deer R 


Bow R 


Athabasca R . . . . 


Peace R 


Saskatchewan 
Qu Appelle R 


S. Saskatchewan R 
N. Saskatchewan R.. . 
Saskatchewan Forks... 
Barrier R 


Manitoba 
Qu Appelle & Assini- 
boine Rs 


Red R 


Winnipeg R 


Dauphin Lake & R.. . . 
Nelson R 


Ontario 
Rainy R 


Kenora 


Thunder B 


Algoma 


Sudbury 


Timiskaming 


Nipissing 


Manitoulin I.. 


Upper Ottawa R 
Upper St. Lawrence & 
Ottawa Rs 


Georgian B . Cos 


Lake Huron Cos 


Lakes St. Clair&Erie, 
Niagara Pen 


W. Central Cos 
L. Ontario Cos . . 


E. Central Cos 


Quebec 
Middle St. Lawrence . 
Lower St. Lawrence & 
Gulf 


L. St. John 


Upper St. Maurice 
Northwestern Districts 
N.B. All Stations 


N.S. All Stations 


P.E.I. All Stations.. 



//: w/ /-: AM 7TA7-; A\D 



175 



1. Tern pi-rat u re and Precipitation in 1921, by Months ;m&lt;l Obst nation 

Stations 



FEBRUARY, 



Province or District. 


Temperature ( Fahr.). 


Precipitation. 


ion 
dilt 
from nor 
mal temper 
ature. 


_&gt;&gt; 

~Q 

X 


t| 

~ * 



S 

X 


g 

b| 

73 C 

Sis 


s 


&gt;&gt; 

rz o 

&lt;a M 

S 1 - 

o 

a 


4-&gt; 
00 


- 

= M 
C^ 
M 

K 




CO 

- - 

1 """ 

Si 

W 



J 



~ 
o 
H 


& 

o 

11 

o i- 

~ : 

C 
Q 


05 

^4 

a 

13 

*0 

u 

J 




3 
- 


Hriti.sh Columbia 
Vancouver 1 
N . Vancouver I 


39 
40 
M 
11 

12 
31 

30 

30 
37 
- 9 

M 

17 

II 

15 

12 
20 
10 
10 

10 
10 
10 
10 

4 
- 6 

14 
11 
13 
8 
13 
6 
13 
19 
13 

21 
22 
25 

28 
25 
26 
22 

14 

10 
1 
6 
7 
14 
19 
14 


45 

37 
36 
24 

38 
36 
37 

31 

42 

1 

27 
33 
26 

32 
21 
20 

20 
20 
22 
20 
15 
4 

25 
21 
24 
23 
27 
20 
27 
29 
26 

30 
31 
32 

35 
33 
33 
32 

26 

21 
16 
19 
20 
28 
29 
23 


34 

25 
U 

1 

24 

18 

21 
14 

- 18 

5 

: 
12 
4 
4 

9 

1 


1 


- 1 



- 7 
- 1(3 

4 

1 
2 
- 7 

- 7 
- 1 
9 


12 
14 
18 

22 
18 
19 
12 

3 

- 1 
- 13 
- 7 
- 6 
1 
10 
15 


n 

10 

n 
u 

21 
33 

14 
13 

17 
17 
13 

10 

19 

U 

20 
23 

21 
20 

19 
20 

20 
22 
20 

21 
20 
22 
30 
27 
27 
28 
20 
26 

18 
17 
14 

13 
15 
14 
20 

23 

22 
29 
26 
26 
27 
19 
18 


58 

64 

48 

50 
55 

60 

57 
58 
62 
60 
50 

55 

42 
47 

45 
38 
38 

40 
40 
40 
44 

49 
46 
49 
47 
49 

56 
57 
55 

62 
60 
57 
53 

53 

40 
45 
46 

48 
48 
45 
40 


15 

U 

- 6 

- 37 

- 15 
- 15 

- 7 

- 8 
21 
- 54 

- 4:? 

- 38 
- 43 

- 41 
- 45 

- 38 
- 44 
- 36 

- 28 

- 4.-, 

- 34 
- 35 
- 36 
- 44 
- 35 
- 42 
- 33 
- 7 
- 24 

- 13 
- 18 
- 2 

5 
1 

- 15 

- 29 

- 28 
- 37 
- 32 
- 41 
- 35 
- 8 
- 10 


7.15 
4.70 
9.00 

1.00 
1.00 

0.45 
2.60 

it 7&lt;i 

i - 

8.70 
0.50 

1.00 

1 10 
0.95 
0.55 

0.95 
0.40 
1 If) 
1.25 

1.20 

I .-,:, 
1.90 

2.15 
1.10 

1.30 
1.65 
1.35 
1.85 
1.25 
1.55 
1.40 
1.50 
1.25 

1.35 
1.35 
1.40 

1.55 
2.00 
1.35 
1.40 

1.30 

1.00 
1.05 
0.90 
0.95 
2.30 
3.90 
2.95 


pc. 

+ 25 

+ 35 
- 10 

+ 15 
+ 10 
- 30 

-f- 30 

+110 

- 40 
+ 60 
+ 10 

+100 
+165 

+ 90 
+ 95 

+ 45 
- 40 

- 35 

- 45 
- 45 
- 45 

- 45 
- 25 
- 50 
- 45 

- 50 
- 55 

- 50 
- 25 
+ 5 


13 

li 
Ki 

7 

11 
8 
5 
12 
17 
It 
5 

5 
4 

7 
3 

5 

3 
5 
4 

7 
5 
10 
5 

7 
7 

8 
9 
9 
9 
9 
11 
8 
6 
8 

8 
7 
10 

6 
9 
8 
8 

8 

5 
6 
5 
6 
6 
8 
8 


1 01 

1 1 .-, 
(1 .-,11 

0.32 
1.25 

1 i:: 
i) :,s 

1 la 

1 x-&gt; 

0.75 

1 -|7 
0.30 

1.02 
0.60 
1.00 
2.40 

0.80 
1.00 
0.35 
1.20 
0.80 
0.26 

0.60 
0.70 
0.40 
0.70 
0.53 
0.50 
0.60 
0.40 
0.36 

0.60 
0.60 
0.50 

0.80 
0.97 
0.70 
0.60 

0.65 

1.20 
0.50 
0.71 
0.45 
2.00 
2.20 
1.30 


-rto+2 

+2 

+rto+7* 

+2 
+3 to +5 
+4 

+3 to +7 
-lto+2 
+7 to +8 
+5 to +7 
+4 to +6 
to +4 

-3 to 

+6 to +11 

+4 to 
+5 to +13 
+7 
+8 

+7 to +16 
+9 to +14 
+4 to +11 
+9 to +12 

+6 to +13 
+6 to +12 

+ H to+12 

+6 
+7 

+ 12 
+9 to +10 
+7 

+4 to +7 
+2 
+5 
+2 to +5 

+4 to +Ki 
+4 to +11 
+6 to +8 

+3 to +8 
+4 to +8 
+4 to +9 
+6 "to +10 

+2 to +9 e 

-4 to +2 
-1 
+4 
-lto+6 
-2 to +2 
-7to+l 
-4 


Lower I r.o.T K 

Lillooet 1, 

1 pper I nisrr 1{ 


Peace R 


OkamiKari &lt;V Sim ilka- 
n Y allevs. . 


\V. Kootenav . . 


} .. Kooteimv 

Thompson H . . .... 
N. Columbia IJ 
N. Coa-t 
Queen ( harlotte I 
Yukon All Stations 
Alberr.i 
N . Sa-katche\\an ! 

i.v.i I tor i; 


How i; 
labasca R. . 
Pea&lt;-.- i; 


itchewai 

Qll Vppellc R 


atrhewan R... . 
N. Saskatchewan R. 
Saskatchewan Forks.. . 
Manitoba 
Qu Appelle & Assini- 
boine Rs 


i:.-.i u 

Winnipeg R 


Dauphin Lake A R. . . . 
Lower Saskatchewan R 

Nelson R 


Ontario 
Rainv R 


Kenora 


Thunder B 


Algoma 
Sudburv 


Timiskaming . 


Xipissing. . ... 


Manitoulin I 


Upper Ottawa R 


Upper St. Lawrence & 
Ottawa R 


Georgian R . Cos 


L . Huron Cos . . 


L. St. Clair & Erie, 
Niagara Pen 
W. Central Cos 
L. Ontario Cos 


E. Central Cos 
Quebec 
Middle St. Lawrence 
Lower St. Lawrence & 
Gulf 


Lake St. John 


Upper St. Maurice 
Northwestern Districts 
N.B. All Stations 


N.S. All Stations 


P.E.I. All Stations 



176 



CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY 



1. Temperature and Precipitation in 1921, by Months and Observation 

Stations continued. 

MARCH. 



Province or District. 


Temperature ( Fahr.). 


Precipitation. 


Station 
differences 
from nor 
mal temper 
ature. 


&gt;&gt; 
i 

T3 



1 


a 

jj 
"S fi 

T3 o3 

S 
&lt;B 

% 


S 

u 

3.9 

a 

&lt;B 




&gt;&gt; 

0&gt; 
o3 tH 

^ 

(4 

8 

S 


tj 

9) 

1-a 

P 

* 

W 


to 

ff&gt; 

S 
2-2 

| 

W 



09 

| 



.3 

a 

I 


f 

11 
fe 

C 
Q 


02 


a 

8 

& 

& 

I 


"o3 

*H 

4&gt; 
03 

.s 

03 

R 




British Columbia 
S. Vancouver I 


41 
41 
42 
36 
28 
15 

38 
35 
32 

37 
28 
34 
37 
5 

17 
18 
23 
16 
13 

18 
22 
14 
11 

15 

16 
13 
15 
7 
- 4 

19 
16 
18 
18 
25 
17 
28 
30 
26 

34 
34 
36 

40 
37 
37 
34 

31 

23 
19 
24 
21 
31 
34 
32 


48 
48 
49 
46 
39 
28 

47 
44 
42 
47 
38 
42 
42 
18 

29 
30 
34 
30 
26 

29 
33 
25 
23 

25 

27 
26 
26 
19 

7 

30 
28 
30 
30 
35 
30 
38 
37 
39 

43 
43 
46 

49 
47 
46 
43 

41 

33 
31 
35 
32 
41 
43 
40 


34 
35 
36 
26 
18 
3 

29 
27 
23 
28 
19 
27 
32 

7 

6 

6 
13 
3 


7 
11 
4 
- 1 

6 
6 

5 
- 5 
- 15 

9 
5 
7 
7 
16 
5 
18 
23 
14 

25 
25 
27 

31 

28 
29 
25 

21 

13 
8 
14 
10 
21 
26 
25 


14 
13 
13 
20 
21 
25 

18 
17 
19 
19 
19 
15 
10 
25 

23 

24 
21 

27 
26 

22 

22 
21 
24 

19 
21 
26 
21 
24 
22 

21 
23 
23 
23 
19 
25 
20 
14 
25 

18 
18 
19 

18 
19 
17 
18 

20 

20 
23 
21 
22 
20 
17 
15 


71 
60 
66 
60 
66 
47 

66 
63 
63 
68 
49 
56 
49 
44 

58 
62 
61 
60 

48 

59 
57 
53 

48 

53 
51 

48 
47 
43 
45 

55 
51 
55 
61 
58 
60 
62 
57 
64 

76 
70 
70 

85 
72 
71 
69 

70 

61 
57 
57 
62 
66 
71 
56 


21 
25 
19 
10 
22 
33 

5 
- 1 
- 11 
3 
- 5 
- 6 
19 
- 37 

- 38 
- 44 
- 40 
- 38 
- 46 

- 30 
- 30 
- 40 
- 44 

- 24 
- 28 
- 29 
- 19 
- 31 
-44 

99 

i it 

- 30 
- 23 
- 30 
- 26 
- 26 
- 17 
1 
- 12 

- 4 
- 5 


9 
2 
2 
- 6 

- 12 

- 18 
- 26 
- 20 
- 32 
- 19 
3 
12 


2.90 
3.05 
3.75 
1.95 
0.75 
1.55 

0.90 
2.55 
2.00 
1.05 
3.60 
3.85 
2.70 
0.55 

1.00 
1.50 
2.45 
0.95 
0.90 

0.90 
1.00 
1.10 
1.85 

0.90 
0.80 
1.05 
3.60 
0.55 
1.20 

1.20 
1.25 
2.05 
2.05 
3.20 
2.50 
4.70 
3.65 
2.55 

3.85 
4.65 
4.05 

3.35 
3.60 
2.45 
3.75 

3.70 

3.25 
3.10 
3.20 
2.75 
3.25 
4.15 
3.90 


p.c. 
35 
- 60 
- 70 

-f 10 

+ 55 
+ 50 
+ 45 
+ 5 

+ 10 

- 50 
- 15 

+ 60 
+200 
+140 

+100 
+ 50 
+ 70 
+230 

+ 70 
- 20 

+ 80 
+ 20 

+ 35 

+ 60 
+ 90 
+ 45 

+ 30 
+ 65 
- 5 
+ 50 

+30 
- 15 

Q 

- 5 
- 5 


13 
15 
15 
8 
5 
4 

8 
11 
10 
7 
10 
11 
12 
6 

7 
8 
10 
7 
5 

10 
8 
6 
7 

7 
6 
7 
8 
5 
10 

7 
6 
10 
9 
15 
15 
15 
12 
12 

14 
13 
16 

13 
15 
16 
14 

13 

11 
13 
11 
11 
11 
12 
17 


2.10 
1-35 
1.02 
0.80 
0.50 
1.00 

0.58 
1.17 
1.20 
0.88 
1.50 
2.20 
0.80 
0.30 

0.70 
0.70 
1.70 
1.00 
0.40 

0.90 
1.20 
0.60 
1.00 

0.80 
0.50 
0.30 
0.80 
0.20 
0.25 

0.45 
0.60 
0.88 
1.00 
1.05 
0.79 
2.10 
1.34 
1.00 

1.45 
2.28 
1.24 

1.44 
1.34 
0.52 
1.11 

1.50 

1.60 
1.60 
0.68 
1.58 
2.21 
2.80 
0.63 


-lto+l 
-lto+2 
-lto+2 
-1 
-5 to +2 
-6 

-lto+3 
to +2 
to +3 
to +4 
to +2 
-2 to +1 
2 
-4 to -3 

-7 to -2 
-9 to -4 
-4 to +2 
-8 
-13 to -4 

-7 to +11 
+2 to +6 
-5 to +2 
-2 to -1 

-2 to +2 
-3 to +2 

-1 
-3 
-4 

-3 

+2 to +7 

+4 

+1 to +4 
+6 
+5 
+4 to +5 

+7 to +14 
+8 to +12 
+9 to +11 

+7 to +13 
+9 to +13 
+8 to +10 
+7 to +11 

+6 to +12 

-2 to +4 
+3 

+9 
+4 to +7 
+3 to +8 
to +7 
+5 


N. Vancouver I 


Lower Fraser R 


Lillooet L 


Upper Fraser R 


Peace R 


Okanagan & Similka- 
meen Valleys 


W. Kootenay 


E. Kootenay 


Thompson R 


N. Columbia R 


N. Coast 


Queen Charlotte I 
Yukon All Stations 


Alberta 
N. Saskatchewan R.. . 
Red Deer R 


Bow R 


Athabasca R 


Peace R 


Saskatchewan 
Qu Appelle R 


S. Saskatchewan R.... 
N. Saskatchewan R.. . 
Saskatchewan Forks... 
Manitoba 
Qu Appelle & Assini- 
boine Rs 


Red R 


Winnipeg R 


Dauphin Lake & R. . . . 
Lower SaskatchewanR 
Nelson R 


Ontario 
Rainy R 


Kenora 


Thunder B 


Algoma 


Sudbury 


Timiskaming 


Nipissing 


Manitoulin I 


Upper Ottawa R 


Upper St. Lawrence & 
Lower Ottawa Rs. . . 
Georgian B. Cos 


Lake Huron Cos 


Lakes St. Clair & 
Erie, Niagara Pen. . . 
W. Central Cos 


Lake Ontario Cos 


East Central Cos 


Quebec 
Middle St. Lawrence... 
Lower St. Lawrence & 
Gulf 


L. St. John 


Upper St. Maurice 


Northwestern Districts 
N.B. All Stations 


N. S. All Stations .... 


P.E.I. All Stations.. 



TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION 



177 



1. Temperature and Precipitation In 1921, by Months and Observation 

Stations continued. 

APRIL. 



Province or District. 


Temperature (Fahr.). 


Precipitation. 


Station 
differences 
from nor 
mal temper 
ature. 


_&gt;&gt; 

3 

T3 

a 


a 
Si 

es S 

-O US 

I 6 

S 


g 

1 

|| 

% 


&gt;&gt; 

s a 
s 
2 

O 

s 


1 

i 

* 

fl 

M 

w 


&lt;J 

S 

S 
o&gt; o 

~ 

H 

W 


J 
1 

a 
1 

2 


S 

J . 

Si 

a a 

& 
a 

3 


| 



5 

T3 

o 

1 
S 

53 




1 



ID 

3 

2 



British Columbia 
S. Vancouver I 


45 
44 
46 
44 
40 
37 

45 
43 
42 

45 

38 
42 
41 
30 

38 
37 
40 
39 
42 

35 
39 
35 
33 
31 

36 
38 
37 
34 
30 
20 

41 
36 
37 
37 
42 
36 
43 
44 
43 

47 
47 
48 

50 
49 

48 
48 

44 

34 
35 
37 
37 
42 
42 
40 


54 
53 
55 
56 
52 
51 

56 
54 
54 
57 
49 
51 
47 
42 

50 
49 
52 
53 
54 

46 
51 
45 
43 
42 

46 
48 
54 
43 
39 
30 

54 
46 
48 
51 
55 
48 
57 
54 
58 

58 
58 
59 

60 
60 
57 
59 

55 

43 
47 
48 
49 
53 
51 
48 


36 
35 
38 
32 
28 
23 

34 

32 
31 
32 
27 
33 
35 
18 

26 
26 
29 
25 
30 

25 
28 
26 
24 

22 

26 
28 
21 
26 
21 
11 

29 
27 
26 
24 
29 
24 
29 
34 
28 

36 
36 
38 

40 
38 
39 
37 

33 

25 
23 
26 
26 
32 
34 
33 


18 

18 
17 
24 
24 
28 

22 
22 
23 
25 
22 
18 
12 
24 

24 
23 
23 
28 
24 

21 
23 
19 
19 
20 

20 
20 
33 
17 
18 
19 

25 
19 
22 
27 
26 
24 

20 
30 

22 

22 
21 

20 
22 
18 
22 

22 

18 
24 
22 
23 
21 
17 
15 


74 

63 
76 
70 

74 
65 

75 
82 
71 
75 
69 
65 
57 
55 

74 
67 
74 
78 
76 

75 
69 
68 
64 
61 

73 
76 
65 
71 
54 
58 

78 
77 
84 
83 

85 
87 
88 
74 
89 

87 
89 
82 

86 
84 
80 
85 

83 

85 
85 
84 
87 
86 
81 
74 


23 
28 
27 
17 
9 
13 

16 
15 
18 
11 
12 
21 
29 
- 6 

- 4 

- 1 
- 1 
5 

8 

- 5 
- 2 
- 6 
- 4 



10 
14 
3 
3 
-22 

8 
2 
- 2 
- 9 
- 4 
-10 
9 
9 
5 

12 
13 
11 

20 

17 
15 
10 

5 

1 

- 4 

- 3 
3 
4 
15 


2.95 

4.60 
1.00 
0.85 
0.45 

1 25 
1.85 
1.20 
0.75 
2.10 
3.85 
3 90 
0.25 

1.25 
1.50 
1.60 
0.75 
0.55 

1.60 
1.35 
2.45 
2.20 
2 25 

1.25 
1.10 
2.05 
0.85 
1.65 
2.25 

1.80 
2.05 
2.60 
2.25 
3.40 
3.55 
3.75 
3.00 
2.20 

2.60 
3.10 
3.55 

3.75 
4.55 
4.50 
2.70 

2.10 

1.45 
2.35 
2.25 
2.55 
3.05 
4.05 
3.15 


p.c. 
+ 5 
+ 5 
+ 5 

+ 30 

+130 
+ 20 
- 15 
- 15 
+ 25 
- 40 

- 50 

+ 60 
-H30 

+ 70 

H- 70 

+130 
+ 75 
+370 
+290 

+ 10 
+ 5 

- 20 

+ 80 
+ 90 

+ 30 

+ 25 
+ 40 
+ 60 

+ 40 
+ 80 
-105 
+ 45 

- 5 
- 45 

+ 30 
- 25 
- 15 


15 
13 
17 
7 
6 
2 

8 
10 
9 
6 
8 
13 
17 
4 

6 
7 
7 
4 
2 

6 
7 
7 
10 
9 

6 
6 

7 
3 
7 
6 

6 
6 
8 
7 
10 
13 
8 
8 
10 

9 
9 
11 

10 
10 
10 
9 

9 

7 
9 
8 
9 
9 
11 
13 


2.94 
2.30 
1.72 
0.37 
1.52 
0.33 

0.72 
1.50 
1.29 
0.50 
0.80 
1.89 
1.15 
0.12 

2.03 
1.10 
1.90 
0.65 
0.96 

1.60 
0.80 
1.60 
0.70 
0.40 

0.83 
0.72 
0.80 
0.80 
0.50 
0.50 

1.10 
1.00 
1.29 
1.50 
1.60 
1.38 
3.10 
1.40 
0.70 

1.50 
1.68 
0.97 

2.01 
1.65 
1.30 
1.50 

1.11 

1.18 
1.27 - 
0.94 - 
1.20 - 
1.50 
2.80 - 
0.75 - 


-3to+r 

-3 to 
-1 
-3 to +3 
-4 

-3to-l 
-4 to 
-ltoO 
-3 e to-l* 
-1 toO 
-2 to-r 
-3 
to +2 

-3to+r 
-2 to 
-3 to +3" 

+1 
+9 

-8 to +1 
-3 
-5 to 3 
-7 to -2 

-3 e to-l" 
0to-l 

-2 to +4 
-5 
-9 

+2" 
+2 to +7 
+4 

+4 to +5 
+5 
+6 
+1 to +6 

+4 to +10 
+6 to +9 
+5 to +8 

+2 to +9" 
+6 to +9 
+5 to +8 
f 6 to +9 

f 4 to +8 

to +1 
fl 
f8 
f 3 to +5 8 
+2 to +5 
f 2 to +5 
f2 


N. Vancouver I.. 


Lower Fraser R . . 


Lillooet L 


Upper Fraser R 


Peace R 


Okanagan & Similka 
meen Valleys 


W. Kootenay 


E. Kootenay 


Thompson R. . 


N. Columbia R 


N. Coast 


Queen Charlotte I 
Yukon All Stations 
Alberta 
N. Saskatchewan R.. 
Red Deer R 


Bow R 


Athabasca R 


Peace R 


Saskatchewan 
Qu Appelle R 


S. Saskatchewan R 
N. Saskatchewan R.. . 
Saskatchewan Forks... 
Barrier R 


Manitoba 
Qu Appelle &lt;fc Assini- 
boine Rs .... 


i;,-l it 


Winnipeg R 


Dauphin Lake & R. . . . 
Lower Saskatchewan R 
Nelson R 


Ontario 
Rainy R 


Kenora 


Thunder B 


Algoma 


Sudbury 


Timiskaming 


Nipissing 


Manitoulin I 


Upper Ottawa R 


Upper St. Lawrence & 
Lower Ottawa Rs . . . 
Georgian B. Cos 


Lake Huron Cos 


Lakes St. Clair & Erie, 
Niagara Pen 


W. Central Cos 


Lake Ontario Cos.... 
E. Central Cos... 


Quebec- 
Middle St. Lawrence... 
Lower St. Lawrence & 
Gulf 


Lake St. John 


Upper St. Maurice 


Northwestern Districts 
N.B. AH Stations. . 


N.S. All Stations.... 


P.E.L. All Stations 



3813112 



178 



CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY 



1. Temperature and Precipitation in 1921, by Months and Observation 

S ta tions con tinued . 

MAY. 



Province or District. 


Temperature (Fahr.). 


Precipitation. 


Station 
differences 
from nor 
mal temper 
ature. 




&gt;&gt; 

i 

T3 



0&gt; 
% 


a 

a 

".t 

03 3 
T3 03 

a 
1 




S 

l 

.3:1 
%* 

B 
% 


&gt;&gt; 

"5 

o3 bj 

1* 
1 


+a 


2 .a 

g-~ 


fl 

H 



*a 
E 

O &lt;D 
|| 

i 

W 







| 

I 

04 

a 

"3 
43 

o 
H 


1. 

ID S 

IS 

4" 

PH 

Q 




03 
13 

M 
O 

J 

a 

1 


*3 

M 
t* 

CD 
ffi 

*3 
03 

2 
O 


British Columbia 
S. Vancouver I 


52 
52 
54 
54 
48 
43 

56 
54 
51 
56 
48 
47 
45 
44 

49 
48 
49 
48 
50 

51 

50 
50 
52 
49 
49 

53 

54 
51 
49 
50 
38 

53 
51 
50 
49 
52 
51 
54 
54 
53 

58 
56 

58 

58 
57 
57 
58 

56 

48 
53 
52 
50 
52 
49 
50 


62 
62 
64 
70 
62 
56 

70 
69 
66 
71 
63 
57 
52 
56 

63 
61 
64 
61 
64 

63 
61 
62 
64 
60 
60 

67 
68 
63 
62 
60 
48 

66 
63 
63 
64 
66 
62 
69 
64 
70 

70 
67 
69 

69 
69 
67 
70 

69 

58 
66 
67 
62 
66 
60 
60 


43 
42 
45 
39 
35 
30 

43 
40 
36 
41 
33 
37 
38 
33 

36 
35 
35 
36 
37 

40 
39 
39 
41 
39 
39 

40 
41 
39 
36 
40 
28 

40 
40 
38 
34 
39 
40 
40 
45 
36 

46 
45 
48 

48 
46 
47 
46 

43 

38 
40 
38 
38 
39 
39 
41 


19 
20 
19 
31 
27 
26 

27 
29 
30 
30 
30 
20 
14 
23 

27 
26 
29 
25 
27 

23 
22 
23 
23 
21 
21 

27 
27 
24 
26 
20 
20 

26 
23 
25 
30 
27 
22 
29 
19 
34 

24 
22 
21 

21 
23 
20 
24 

26 

20 
26 
29 
24 
27 
21 
19 


89 
77 
84 
84 
90 
75 

90 

87 
85 
90 
77 
77 
67 
73 

88 
86 
89 
85 
85 

85 

88 
82 

82 
78 

77 

87 
92 
83 
86 
78 
76 

89 
86 
89 
92 
89 
91 
93 
83 
94 

95 

93 

88 

93 
91 
93 
92 

90 

87 
87 
90 
90 
89 
86 
80 


30 
32 
33 
28 
20 
19 

25 

24 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
19 

18 
18 
11 
22 
17 

5 
18 
11 
20 
26 
10 

10 
17 
23 
14 

23 

- 8 

20 
19 
18 
5 
10 
23 
20 
31 
18 

28 
24 
27 

29 
28 
29 
25 

20 

21 
19 
16 
6 
18 
21 
29 


1.75 
2.25 
2.65 
1.15 
1.30 
3.60 

0.95 
1.05 
0.75 
0.95 
1.20 
2.50 
2.65 
0.80 

1.70 
1.35 
1.50 
2.20 
1.75 

2.35 
1.90 
1.90 
2.40 
1.90 
2.75 

2.45 
1.80 
2.05 
2.05 
0.40 
0.60 

1.90 
1.85 
3.25 
3.30 
1.50 
1.95 
1.70 
1.55 
1.20 

1.95 
1.75 
2.30 

2.20 
2.60 
1.85 
1.50 

0.85 

1.60 
2.70 
1.45 
1.10 
1.40 
1.95 
1.75 


p.c. 
- 25 
- 70 
- 30 

+ 25 

- 20 
45 
- 50 
- 25 
5 
- 40 

+ 45 

- 25 
- 50 
- 50 

+ 15 

+ 15 

-f- 10 
+ 40 
+ 65 

+ 40 
- 10 

+ 30 
- 40 

- 60 

-35 
- 55 
-40 

-25 
+ 10 
- 35 
- 50 

- 75 
- 35 

- 45 
- 40 
- 35 


8 
10 
10 
4 

7 
9 

7 
7 
6 
6 
4 
9 
16 
9 

7 
7 
8 
8 
5 

10 
8 
9 
10 

8 
10 

7 
7 
5 
6 
4 
6 

6 
5 
8 
9 
8 
10 
6 
5 
6 

6 
5 
6 

6 
6 

8 
7 

5 

7 
7 
5 
6 
6 
8 
12 


1.23 
1.43 
0.95 
0.65 
0.66 
1.00 

0.72 
1.11 

0.42 
0.63 
0.52 
2.07 
0.79 
0.35 

2.16 
1.13 

1.29 
1.98 
1.27 

1.52 
1.48 
1.65 
0.99 
0.90 
0.65 

1.90 
1.00 
0.90 
1.40 
0.28 
0.33 

0.90 
0.70 
1.13 
1.26 
1.60 
1.01 
1.10 
1.37 
0.63 

2.03 
1.72 
3.08 

1.87 
2.34 
1.35 
0.89 

1.20 

2.10 
0.92 
1.14 
0.68 
1.00 
1.75 
0.44 


-2 to 
-1 to +1 

-2 to +1 

+1 
-2to+l 
-6 

-1 to +2 
+1 to +3 
to +2 
+lto+2 
-lto+2 
-2 to +2 
-4 
-1 

-lto+2 
to +1 
-2 to +2 
-1 
-3 to +2 

+1 to +5 
to +2 
to +2 
+1 to +3 
+1 

to +6 
+2 to +4 

+3 to +4 

+2 


+5 
+2 to +4 
+3 

+4 to +7 
+3 
+5 
-1 to +3 

+2 to +7 
+4 to +5 
+3 to +4 

to +5 
+2 to +6 
+2 to +5 
+3 to +4 

+3 to +6 

to +6 
+6* 
+7 
+4 to +6 
+lto+3 
to +2 
+2 


N. Vancouver I 


Lower Fraser R 


Lillooet L 


Upper Fraser R 


Peace R 


Okanagan & Similka- 
meen Valleys 


W. Kootenay 


E. Xootenay 


Thompson R 


N. Columbia R 


N. Coast 


Queen Charlotte I 


Yukon All Stations 


Alberta 
N. Saskatchewan R.. . 
Red Deer R 


Bow R 


Athabasca R 


Peace R 


Saskatchewan 
Qu AppelleR 


S. Saskatchewan R 
N. Saskatchewan R.. . 
Saskatchewan Forks... 
Lower Saskatchewan R 
Barrier R 


Manitoba 
Qu Appelle & Assini- 
boine Rs 


Red R 


Winnipeg R 


Dauphin Lake & R. . . . 
Lower Saskatchewan R 
Nelson R 


Ontario 
Rainy R 


Kenora 


Thunder B 


Algoma 


Sudbury 


Timiskaming 


Nipissing 


Manitoulin I 


Upper Ottawa R 


Upper St. Lawrence & 
Lower Ottawa Rs . . . 
Georgian B. Cos 


L. Huron Cos 


L. St. Clair& Erie, Nia 
gara Pen 


W. Central Cos 


L. Ontario Cos 


E. Central Cos 


Quebec 
Middle St. Lawrence, . 
Lower St. Lawrence & 
Gulf 


Lake St. John 


Upper St. Maurice 


Northwestern Districts 
N.B. All Stations.. 


N.S. All Stations.. . 


P.E.I. .All Stations.... 



TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION 



1. Temperature and Precipitation in 1921, by Months and Observation 

Stations c.m f inu &lt;l. 

JUNE. 



Province or District. 


Temperature (Fahr.). 


Precipitation. 


Station 
differences 
from nor 
mal temper 
ature. 


&gt;. 

fl 

% 


e 
&1 

el S 

TJ oS 

6 

X 




tl 

SB S 

o.S 



a 


&gt;&gt; 

rs & 

H 

O t* 

a 


4 

8-8 

B 

^ 

H 

W 


*i 



- 
~" 

M 

W 



. 
j 

] 

_c 

"3 
*j 
o 
H 


S 

-. 

gj 
c c 

f5 
& s 

5 


00 

&gt;&gt; 
1 

TJ 

*O 

k 

J 

S 

3 

z 


1 

| 

DO 

3 

03 



: 


British Columbia 

Vancouver I 


57 
56 
59 
60 
55 
53 

63 
60 
59 
62 
57 
56 
51 
54 

60 
59 
61 
57 
56 

64 

63 
64 
62 
62 

66 
67 
65 
64 
69 
56 

67 
65 
63 
61 
63 
63 
65 
63 

66 
65 
63 

68 
66 
66 
65 

63 

54 
59 
59 
61 
57 
56 
58 


63 
63 
67 
74 


67 

76 
73 

73 
7 r, 
72 
67 
56 
69 

71 
74 
76 

71 

75 
78 
76 
76 
74 
72 

77 
78 
76 
76 
76 
66 

69 
75 
76 
77 
78 
76 
80 
75 

79 

77 
75 

79 
79 
78 
79 

76 

65 
72 
74 
75 
69 
66 
67 


52 
48 
52 
47 
41 
40 

11 

48 
45 
49 
42 
45 
46 
40 

46 
45 
47 
43 
42 

53 
50 
50 
53 
51 
53 

55 
56 
54 
53 
63 
46 

55 
55 
51 
46 
49 
51 
50 
52 

53 
53 

52 

57 
54 
54 
51 

51 

44 
46 
45 
47 
45 
46 
49 


n 

15 

15 
27 
28 
27 

25 
25 
28 
27 
30 
22 
10 
29 

28 
29 
29 
29 
29 

22 
28 
26 
23 
23 
19 

22 
22 

23 
13 
20 

24 
20 
25 
31 
29 
25 
30 
23 

26 
24 
23 

22 
25 
24 
28 

25 

21 
26 
29 
28 
24 
20 
18 


84 
76 
M 
86 
89 
73 

90 

1 

89 
85 
80 
67 
83 

93 
92 
99 
86 
84 

96 
95 
89 

84 
83 

100 
96 
95 
96 
85 
88 

102 
95 
98 
94 
94 
95 
99 
92 
93 

98 
102 
89 

98 
94 
93 
102 

103 

92 
90 
92 
98 
91 
85 
81 


36 
41 

39 

37 

23 

33 

29 
35 
34 
38 
3 

24 
29 
29 
22 
18 

25 
30 
25 
24 
27 
27 

27 
26 
32 
28 
42 
28 

28 
27 
24 
14 
21 
20 
26 
36 

34 
31 
30 

37 
33 
38 
30 

27 

26 
25 
22 
28 
22 
28 
37 


3.00 
5 15 
4.70 

1 7:, 

3.35 

1 7.-, 
2.45 
1.60 
1.40 
3.05 
3.70 
3.30 
1.20 

2.70 
1.45 
1.00 

1 -0 

1 

5.00 

1 .&gt;;, 
2.10 
3.00 
2.70 
7.40 

2.65 
2.00 
3.00 
2.80 
0.20 
3.30 

1.50 
1.80 
1.60 
1.60 
1.50 
1.20 
2.10 
80 
1.55 

1.90 
2.40 
3.05 

1.95 
2.30 
2.30 
2.75 

1.90 

1.70 
2.20 
1.75 
1.75 
1.30 
1.75 
1 in 


p.c. 

-f 80 
+ 40 

+ 45 

+ 10 

4- 20 
- 40 
- 10 
+ 30 
- 40 

+ 5 

- 35 
- 60 
- 65 

-f 5 

4- 65 
- 30 
- 30 
4- 20 

- 10 
- 35 

- 15 

- 25 
- 50 

50 

- 25 
- 35 
-f 15 

- 35 
- 25 
- 20 
- 10 

- 55 
- 40 

- 50 
- 55 
- 40 


15 

in 
17 
7 
1 
11 

10 
13 
11 
9 
14 
14 
14 
8 

10 
9 
5 
9 
8 

10 
8 
8 
10 
11 
11 

9 
9 

8 
8 
3 
12 

5 
6 
7 
6 
1 
8 
4 
4 
5 

5 
5 

6 

5 

7 
7 

7 

7 

6 
9 
6 

7 
9 
8 

10 


2.46 
2.23 
1.63 

77 
0.60 

1.21 
1.50 
1.38 
0.95 
0.76 
1 7ii 
0.90 
0.53 

2.10 
0.85 
1.15 

1.02 

3.75 
1.70 
3.80 
2.42 

: M 
1.89 

1.82 
1.32 
2.15 
1.43 
0.14 
1.57 

0.79 
1.32 
1.18 
1.95 
2.22 
1.02 
1.41 
0.59 
0.66 

1.70 
2.37 
2.44 

2.92 
2.10 
1.61 
1.50 

1.18 

3.00 
1.12 
1.03 
0.82 
0.83 
1.51 
n 39 


-2 to +2 
to +2 
to +2 

-rto+r 

-1 

to +2 
to 4-2 

4-1 to 4-4 

+1 to +3 
+2 to 4-4 
-lto+2 
-3 
+1 to +2 

+3 to +8 
+2 to +6 
to +7 

+3 
-4 to -f 2 8 

+4 to +10 
+6 to +7 
+4 to +7 
+6 to +7 
+5 

4-4 to 4-7 
4-5 to 4-6 

+2 to +7 
+10 
+6 

+6 
to +6 
4-3 

4-2 to +4 
4-3 
4-4 

4-1 to 4-4 
4-2 to 4-8 
4-2 to +4 

-1 to 4-7 
4-1 to +4 
to 4-5 
to 4-3 

4-2 to 4-4 

-4to+l 

4-3 
+5 
4-1 to 4-7 
-6 to 4-1 
-5 to 4-2 
n 


\ Vancouver I 


Lower Kramer 11 


Lillooct L 


1 "PI&gt;T I Ya.-rr R 


Pear,- K 


Okanagan & Similka- 
meen Valleys 


W. Kootenav 


K&lt;&gt; &gt;fenay 


Thompson R 


N. Columbia R 


Coast 


Queen Chariot to I 


Yukon All Stations 


Alberta 

Saskatchewan R 


Red Deer R 


Bow R 


Athabasca R 


Peace R .... 


Saskatchewan 
Qu Appello R 


S. Saskatchewan R 
N. Saskatchewan R. . . 
Saskatchewan Forks... 
Lower Saskatchewan R 
Barrier R 


Manitoba 
Qu Appelle & Assini- 
boine Rs 


Red R 


Winnipeg R 


Dauphin Lake & R. . . . 
Lower Saskatchewan R 
Nelson R 


Ontario 
Rainy R 


Kenora 


Thunder B 


Algoma 


Sudbury 


Timiskaming. . 


Nipissing 


Manitoulin I 


Upper Ottawa R.. 


Upper St. Lawrence & 
Lower Ottawa Rs. . . 
Georgian B. Cos 


L. Huron Cos 


L. St. Clair & Erie, 
Xiagara Pen 


W. Central Cos 


L. Ontario Cos 


E. Central Cos 


Quebec 
Middle St. Lawrence... 
Lower St. Lawrence & 
Gulf 


L. St. John 


Upper St. Maurice 


Northwestern Districts 
N.B. All Stations 


N.S. All Stations 


P.E.I. All Stations.. 



38131 



180 



CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY 



1. Temperature and Precipitation in 1921, by Months and Observation 

Stations c ontinued . 

JULY. 



Province or District. 


Temperature (Fahr.) 


Precipitation. 


Station 
differences 
from nor 
mal temper 
ature. 




** 

a 

T3 
1 


g 

&gt;! 
31 
s 

9 




a 
11 

* 



2 


&gt;&gt; 

" &lt;D 

03 bO 

|l 

9 
3 


4J 



li 
r 

w 


o&gt;1 

a * 

S o 

%~ 
W 


m 
1 



a 

*i-4 

"3 
& 

1 


a 

2 

**-i 

1 

c a 

O&gt; l-&gt; 
ti O 

fl 

ft 

Q 




&gt;&gt; 
a 
9 

**4 

h 


& 

B 
I 


i 

1 

3 
! 

E 

O 


British Columbia 
S. Vancouver I 


60 
58 
62 
62 
57 
58 

67 
65 
63 
65 
59 
57 
53 
58 

60 
62 
64 
58 
60 

66 
65 
64 
64 
63 
63 

69 
69 
68 
68 
69 
63 

69 

68 
69 
69 
71 

72 

72 
74 
72 
76 
75 
74 

77 
75 
76 

74 

73 

65 
69 
66 
71 
70 
66 
69 


70 
66 
72 
79 
72 
72 

82 
82 
81 
81 
74 
66 
58 
71 

74 
77 
79 
72 
74 

79 
80 
78 
77 
75 
75 

83 
81 
80 
81 
75 
74 

83 
79 
81 

84 
85 
85 
87 
85 
86 
88 
87 
85 

87 
86 
86 

87 

85 

76 
80 
83 
84 
83 
76 
79 


50 
50 
52 
45 
42 
44 

53 
49 
46 
49 
44 
48 
48 
46 

47 
48 
49 
45 
46 

53 
51 
50 
51 
51 
52 

55 
57 
56 
55 
63 
52 

56 
58 
57 
55 
57 
60 
57 
64 
58 
65 
64 
64 

67 
64 
66 
61 

62 

54 
58 
49 
58 
58 
56 
60 


20 
16 
20 
34 
30 
28 

29 
33 
35 
32 
30 
18 
10 
25 

27 
29 
30 
27 
28 

26 
29 
28 
26 
24 
23 

28 
24 
24 
26 
12 
22 

27 
21 
24 
29 
28 
25 
30 
21 
28 
23 
23 
21 

20 
22 
20 
26 

23 

22 
22 
34 
26 
25 
20 
19 


92 
81 
84 
90 
95 
81 

97 
98 
98 
95 
88 
83 
63 
86 

99 
104 
105 
102 
92 

100 
102 
103 
96 
85 
86 

105 
99 
90 
94 
82 
88 

99 
99 
100 
99 
101 
102 
103 
96 
104 
102 
100 
97 

101 
101 
100 
100 

101 

96 
96 
96 
103 
97 
95 
90 


38 
41 
41 
30 
25 
33 

32 
33 
35 
34 
36 
39 
43 
33 

24 
30 
30 
28 
34 

29 
34 
35 
36 
40 
42 

35 
35 
45 
44 
55 
35 

26 
39 
35 
28 
84 
39 
32 
52 
45 
45 
45 
45 

47 
49 
51 

46 

40 

26 
33 
25 
34 
32 
32 
46 


0.20 
0.90 
0.65 
0.15 
1.20 
2.15 

0.25 
0.30 
1.15 
0.40 
1.50 
2.95 
1.20 
1.20 

3.30 
2.75 
2.35 
3.45 
2.55 

3.75 
2.60 
2.45 
3.60 
3.10 
2.55 

1.45 
5.15 
3.45 
3.35 
1.30 
1.30 

4.55 
6.65 
5.05 
4.65 
2.70 
3.30 
2.65 
2.75 
3.50 
2-85 
3.20 
6.10 

2.55 
5.45 
2.90 
4.35 

3.85 

2.20 
5.15 
5.50 
2.95 
1.90 
1.95 
0.75 


p.c. 

- 60 
45 
-55 

- 20 

- 80 
- 80 
- 55 
- 80 
- 20 
- 45 

- 10 

+ 15 
- 15 
+ 20 

+ 80 

+ 45 
+ 25 
- 15 

+ 30 

- 35 
+ 95 

+ 10 

+ 35 
- 5 

+ 10 
- 10 
-5 
+105 

- 10 
+ 80 
- 10 
+ 50 

- 35 

- 5 

- 40 
- 40 


3 

7 
4 
2 

7 
8 

2 
3 
5 
3 
7 
10 
11 
13 

17 
12 
8 
14 
10 

10 
10 
11 
14 

17 
5 

7 
9 
10 
7 
9 
10 

9 
11 
13 

11 
8 
12 
7 
6 
12 
7 
7 
8 

7 
9 
8 

7 

10 

6 
12 
10 
10 
5 
6 
5 


0.77 
0.59 
0.94 
0.11 
1.00 
1.50 

0.55 
0.40 
1.91 
0.43 
0.61 
2.99 
0.48 
0.34 

3.24 
1.44 
2.50 
1.05 

2.20 

2.02 
0.95 
0.82 
1.68 
1.04 
1.58 

4.56 
4.35 
0.98 
1.49 
0.30 
0.63 

1.47 
3.55 
2.01 
2.40 
1.97 
1.31 
1.25 
1.00 
1.13 
4-18 
2.95 
2-69 

2.17 
4.05 
2.54 
2.25 

2.03 

1.75 
2.12 
1.80 
1.42 
1.52 
1.82 
0.31 


-2to+l 
-2 to -1 
-2 to 

-4 to 
-1 

-2 to +2 
-2 to +1 
+2 to +3 
-1 to 
to +1 
-4 to +1 
-5 
-1 to +1 

to +2 3 
to +3 
-4 to +3 

-ltoO 

+1 to +6 
+1 to +3 
+1 to +3 
+2 to +3 
+2 

+1 to +11 
+4 to 4-5 

+6 
+5 

+3 

+3 
+6 to +8 
+6 to +8 
+8 

+7 
+7 
+10 
+4 to +8 
+5 to +10 
+7 to +11 
+6 to +8 

+4 to +8 
+5 to +8 
-(-4 to +7 
+4 to +8 

+6 to +8 

-lto+5 
+6 

+8 
+1 to +5 
to +5 
+3 


N. Vancouver I 


Lower Fraser R ...... 


Lillooet L 


Upper Fraser R... ..... 


Peace R 


Okanagan & Similka- 
ineen Valleys 


W. Kootenay 


E. Kootenay 


Thompson R 


N. Columbia R 


N. Coast 


Queen Charlotte I 


Yukon All Stations 
Alberta 
N. Saskatchewan R. . . 
Red Deer R 


Bow R 


Athabasca R 


Peace R 


Saskatchewan 
Qu Appelle R 


S. Saskatchewan R 
N. Saskatchewan R. . . 
Saskatchewan Forks... 
L. Saskatchewan R... . 
Barrier R 


Manitoba 
Qu Appelle & Assini- 
boine Rs 


Red R 


Winnipeg R 


Dauphin L. & R 


Lower Saskatchewan R 
Nelson R 


Ontario 
Rainy R 


Kenora 


Thunder B 


Algoma 


Sudbury 


Temiskaming 


Nipissing 


Manitoulin I 


Upper St. Lawrence & 
Lower Ottawa R. . . . 
Georgian B . Cos 


L. Huron Cos 


L. St. Clair & Erie, 
Niagara Pen 


W. Central Cos 


L. Ontario Cos 


E . Central Cos 


Quebec 
Middle St. Lawrence... 
Lower St. Lawrence & 
Gull 


L. St. John 


Upper St. Maurice. . . . 


Northwestern Districts 
N.B. All Stations 


N.S. All Stations 


P.E.I. All Stations.. 



TEMPERATUh i: A\D PRECIPITATION 



181 



1. Temperature and Precipitation In 1921, by Months and Observation 

Stations- -continued. 

AUGUST. 



Province or District. 


Temperature (Fahr.) 


Precipitation. 


:ion 
differences 
from nor 
mal temper 
ature. 


&gt;&gt; 

1 

-o 





S 




B 

s! 

73 aj 

1 S 

X 




g 
t| 

3| 
1 S 

X 


&gt;&gt; . 

^ 

!" 
X 


*j 
S 

I -a 

8-3 
g 

W 




oo 

O 

S * 
| 

B 

W 


I 
1 

.2 

3 
o 
H 


a 

. . 

o"3 

o S 

O ^ 

l 

5 


oo 
&gt;&gt; 

OS 

T3 

*0 

U 
J 
I 

fc 


1 
*&gt; 



1 



British Columbia 
S. Vancouver I 


60 
59 
62 
62 

55 
66 

til 

58 
58 
55 
55 

57 
58 
61 
56 
57 

62 
63 
61 
60 
60 
59 

64 
63 
61 
62 
63 
55 

63 
61 
59 
58 
59 
60 
57 
64 
62 

66 
64 
66 

68 
65 
66 
63 

63 

56 
60 
56 
59 
61 
60 
63 


69 
67 
73 
76 
70 
68 

80 

M 
79 
79 
1-1 
G6 
60 
68 

71 
74 
77 
69 
70 

76 
80 
78 
74 
72 
72 

78 
76 
74 
75 
71 
65 

75 

72 
72 
71 
71 
71 
72 
72 
72 

77 
75 
76 

79 
76 
76 
75 

75 

65 

70 
70 
70 
73 
72 
71 


51 
52 
52 
If 

44 
42 

52 
48 
44 

44 

50 
50 
42 

43 
43 
45 
43 
45 

48 
47 
45 
46 

48 
47 

50 
50 
49 
49 
55 
45 

52 
51 
47 
45 
47 
50 
43 
56 
50 

55 
54 

47 

58 
54 
56 
51 

52 

47 
50 
42 
48 
50 
49 
55 


18 

L l 
28 
26 
26 

27 
33 
35 
30 
28 
16 
10 
26 

28 
31 
32 
26 

28 
33 
33 
28 
24 
25 

28 
26 
25 
26 
16 
20 

23 
21 
25 
26 
24 
21 
29 
16 
24 

22 
21 
19 

21 
22 
20 
24 

23 

18 
20 
28 
22 
23 
23 
16 


98 
83 
90 
93 
96 
86 

97 
100 


87 
68 
88 

94 
95 
105 

82 

98 
98 

95 
83 
86 

99 
95 
86 
88 
82 
81 

88 
87 
92 
87 
85 
89 
88 
86 
92 

89 
87 
86 

92 
92 
91 
87 

101 

89 
84 
83 
88 
89 
90 
80 


39 

4.-, 
4S 

32 


SI 

28 

34 
39 
46 
29 

28 
26 

30 

32 

31 

29 
29 
33 
36 
32 

29 

37 
39 
42 
33 

34 
34 

28 
20 
20 
32 
29 
44 
34 

37 
35 
39 

40 
40 
42 
35 

25 

31 
38 
20 
26 
28 
30 
46 


5.25 
3.15 
2.35 
2.00 
2.25 

0.80 
0.80 

0.80 
2.45 

2.50 
0.75 

1.70 
1.25 
1.10 

1.85 
85 
1.00 
0.80 
0.95 
1.00 

2.55 
2.45 
2.35 
4.05 
1.20 
3.15 

2.15 
3.85 
1.45 
2.80 
2.15 
3.10 
2.40 
3.70 
3.20 

2.35 
1.95 
2.30 

3.40 
2.40 
1.80 
2.70 

3.15 

3.15 
3.60 
3.80 
3.10 
4.15 
1.75 
3.20 


p.c. 
+100 
+ 70 
+ 40 

+ 10 

- 25 
- 45 
- 55 
- 25 
+ 15 
- 5 

- 20 

- 35 
- 50 
- 35 

+130 

- 5 
- 30 
- 50 
- 55 

+ 20 
+ 85 

- 55 
+~15 

+ 5 

- 25 
- 40 
- 10 

+ 30 
- 10 
- 25 
+ 5 

- 5 
- 30 

- 5 
+ 5 
- 45 


9 
14 
10 
6 

11) 
10 

6 
5 
5 

7 
9 
15 
14 
9 

9 
7 
5 
9 
9 

7 
4 
5 
6 
9 
9 

9 
9 
11 

8 
4 
8 

7 
7 
8 
9 
9 
10 
6 
8 
9 

6 
7 

7 

8 
8 
6 
7 

7 

9 
14 
11 
9 
8 
6 
6 


4.46 
1.71 

2.50 

-. 

0.56 
L.20 

0.47 
0.37 
0.90 
2.43 
0.86 
0.42 

0.90 
1.01 
1.80 
1.40 
3.15 

2.57 
1.22 
0.80 
0.49 
0.33 
0.33 

1.55 
1.50 
1.00 
1.97 
0.57 
1.04 

1.19 
2.04 
1.00 
1.60 
0.89 
2.43 
1.06 
1.58 
1.45 

2.49 
1.16 
1.09 

2.25 
2.71 
1.64 
1.48 

1.77 

1.70 
1.20 
1.10 
2.14 
2.58 
2.17 
1.24 


-3to+l 
-1 
-2to+l c 


-3 J to +2 
* 


-lto+2* 

-2 to +3 
+1 to +2 
to +2 
+ 1 
ltoO 
-4 
+lto+2 

-2 to +2 
-rto+2 
-2 *&gt; +3 

-r 

-3 to +1 

-lto+4 
+1 to +3 
-lto+2 
0to+2 
-2 

+lto+4 
-lto+2 e 

+2 

+2 

-r 
-1 

-3 to +3 

-1 

+2 
-2to+l c 

-3to+r 
-l to+2 
-lto+2 

-4to+l 
-2 to +2 
-l*to+l 
-3*to-l 

-2 to +2 

-e to-i^ 

-1 


-3to-l 
-5 to -1 

10 


N. Vancouver I 


Lower Fraser R 


Lillooet L 


I pper Fraser R 


Peace R 


Okanai -Mmilka- 
inccn Yallt V.s 


\V. Kootcn. iv 


E. Ktxitmav 


Thompson It .... 


&lt; oluinbia R. 


N. Co;i 


Queen Charlotte I 


Yukon All Stations. 
Albert a 
N.Saskatchewan I: 
Red Deer R 


Bow R 


Ath&basca R 


Peace R 


Sask n 
Qu Appelle R 


ne.wan R 
N. Saskatchewan R. . . 
Saskatchewan Forks... 
Lower SaskatchewanR 
Barrier R 


Manitoba 
Qu Appelle &lt;fc Aasini- 
boine Ra 


Red R 


\V innipeg R 


Dauphin Lake & R 
Lower Saakatc hewan R 
Nelson R 


Ontario 
Rainy R 


Kenora 


Thunder B 


Algoma 


Sudbury 


Timiskaming 


Nipissing 


Manitoulin I 


Upper Ottawa R 


Upper St. Lawrence & 
Lower Ottawa Rs. . . 
Georgian B . Cos 


L. Huron Cos 


L. St. Clair & Erie, 
Niagara Pen 


W. Central Cos 


L. Ontario Cos 


E. Central Cos 


Quebec 
Middle St. Lawrence. . 
Lower St. Lawrence & 
Gulf 


L. St. John 


Upper St. Maurice 


Northwestern Districts 
N.B. All Stations 


N.S. All Stations 


P.E.I. All Stations. . 



182 



CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY 



1. Temperature and Precipitation in 1921, by Months and Observation 

Stations continued . 

SEPTEMBER. 



Province or District. 


Temperature (Tahr.) 


Precipitation. 


Station 
differences 
from nor 
mal temper 
ature. 


jj 

3 
TJ 

8 



a 

si 

3 B 

T3 03 

s 

B 





*J 

s:i 

gH 

S 




&gt;&gt; 
rn &lt;B 

03 ho 

*^3 C3 

* 

8 
% 


-u 

to 

0&gt; rt 



S 

4J 

H 

W 


fj 

0&gt; 9) 

S 

o o 

*-t ^* 



W 


CO 


A 

a 

.S 
a 

i- 

"3 

+-&gt; 
o 
H 


!. 

81 

fi 

O (H 

I 8 

3 





| 

13 


! 

55 


1 
-(^ 

to 
a&gt; 
4* 

OS 


O 


British Columbia 
S. Vancouver I 


54 
54 
55 
54 

48 
47 

54 
51 
47 
52 
44 
52 
52 
41 

47 

46 
48 
46 
48 

50 
48 
48 
49 
50 
50 

54 
56 
55 
54 
51 
45 

56 
54 
54 
54 
59 
56 
55 
63 
58 

63 
63 
64 

67 
64 
66 
61 

58 

52 
54 
54 
55 
57 
58 
59 


62 
61 
63 
64 
60 
61 

65 
63 
59 
64 
53 
59 
57 
53 

61 
60 
61 
59 
62 

62 
60 
60 
60 
61 
59 

65 
67 
64 
66 
60 
52 

66 
63 
63 
66 
71 
67 
69 
71 
72 

75 

74 
74 

78 
76 
77 
74 

70 

62 
65 

65 
66 
70 
69 
68 


46 
47 
47 
45 
37 
34 

43 
39 
35 
40 
35 
45 
47 
30 

34 
32 
36 
33 
35 

39 
36 
36 
38 
40 
42 

44 
45 
46 
43 
43 
38 

46 
46 
45 
43 
47 
46 
41 
55 
44 

51 
53 

54 

57 
52 
55 

48 

46 

42 
44 
44 
45 
45 
47 
51 


16 
14 
16 
19 
23 
27 

22 
24 
24 
24 
18 
14 
10 
23 

27 
28 
25 
26 

27 

23 
24 
24 
22 
21 
17 

21 
22 
18 
23 
17 
14 

20 
17 
18 
23 
24 
21 
28 
16 
28 

24 
21 
20 

21 
24 
22 
26 

24 

20 
21 
21 
21 
25 
22 
17 


83 

72 
75 
72 
79 
80 

76 
80 
78 
79 
69 
75 
62 
72 

81 

87 
82 
76 
78 

99 
85 
86 
80 
75 
75 

98 
95 
85 
93 
68 
72 

98 
86 
93 
88 
94 
90 
90 
84 
92 

95 
93 

87 

94 
90 
92 
90 

92 

88 
92 
88 
89 
92 
93 
85 


32 
33 
34 
28 
20 
18 

24 
21 
19 
20 
26 
32 
40 
9 

17 
16 
11 
12 
21 

20 
11 
23 
27 
31 
32 

29 
24 
34 
30 
30 
30 

30 

29 
25 
22 
25 
33 
26 
37 
14 

32 

28 
38 

37 
32 
37 

29 

27 

23 

30 
24 
22 
22 
23 
36 


5.65 
8.90 
8.10 
5.60 
2.25 
1.20 

0.70 
2.00 
1.80 
1.10 
6.20 
8.65 
7.00 
0.30 

1.05 
0.95 
1.40 
0.85 
1.65 

3.85 
2.85 
2.35 
3.15 
3.60 
4.05 

4.35 
3.10 
2.95 
3.60 
2.80 
2.75 

4.20 
4.65 
3.85 
4.75 
4.50 
6.25 
4.20 
4.05 
3.25 

2.40 
2.45 
3.00 

2.30 
3.35 
1.45 
2.05 

3.30 

3.15 
4.30 
2.85 
4.80 
3.10 
2.40 
4.35 


p.c. 

+125 
+120 
+ 65 

+ 65 

- 35 
+ 35 
+ 5 
- 5 
+115 
+ 15 

- 35 

- 35 
- 35 
- 15 

+ 25 

+205 
+ 90 
+105 
+105 

+180 
+ 70 

+ 55 

+ 5 
+ 85 

- 55 

- 20 
- 5 
+ 10 

+ 20 
+ 25 
- 45 
- 30 

- 5 

- 10 

+ 30 
- 5 
- 30 


15 
17 
14 
14 
10 
6 

9 
12 
10 
9 
16 
18 
15 
7 

6 
5 
6 
6 
5 

11 
8 
8 
10 
12 
9 

12 
13 
14 
7 
10 
12 

12 
7 
15 
11 
13 
16 
8 
6 
7 

6 

8 
7 

7 
10 
6 

7 

9 

9 
16 
5 
11 

8 

,1 


4.28 
2.49 
3.90 
1.62 
1.07 
0.55 

0.47 
1.10 
1.70 
0.60 
1.20 
1.91 
1.25 
0.42 

1.07 
1.33 
1.00 
0.85 
1.21 

1.88 
2.17 
1.62 
1.70 
0.66 
0.78 

2.81 
1.23 
1.00 
2.00 
0.77 
0.72 

1.30 
1.40 
1.69 
2.48 
2.07 
2.55 
1.69 
1.37 
2.04 

1.25 
1.00 
1.25 

2.09 
1.32 
0.70 
0.94 

2.30 

1.50 
1.32 
0.95 
2.62 
1.51 
2.60 
0.97 


-4 to -1 
3 to 
-4to+l 
-2 
5 to 
-4 

-3to-r 

-5to-l 
-5 to -4 
-3 to -1 
-4 to -3 
-2to-r 
-2 
-2 to -1 

-4 to -1 
-5 to -1 
-5 to -2 
-3 to -1 
-lto+3 

-lto+5 
-3 to -1 
-3to-l 
+1 to +2 
+1 

to +4 
to +3 

+3 

+2 

+3 

-1 to +7 
+4 

+4 to +5 
+4 
+5 
+1 to +3 

+2 to +6 
+4 to +8 
+4 to +6 

-lto+7 
+1 to +8 
+2 to +9 
-lto+6 

to +4 

-3 to +1 
+1 

+3 
-2 to +3 
-3 to +3 
+1 


N. Vancouver I 


Lower Fraser R 


Lillooet L 


Upper Fraser R 


Peace R 


Okanagan & Similka- 
meen Valleys 


W. Kootenay 


E. Kootenay 


Thompson R 


N. Columbia R 


N. Coast 


Queen Charlotte I 
Yukon All Stations 
Alberta 
N. Saskatchewan R. . . 
Red Deer R 


Bow R 


Athabasca R 


Peace R 


Saskatchewan 
Qu Appelle R 


S. Saskatchewan R 
N. Saskatchewan R. . . 
Saskatchewan Forks... 
Lower Saskatchewan R 
Barrier R 


Manitoba 
Qu Appelle & Assini- 
boine Rs 


Red R 


Winnipeg R 


Dauphin L. & R 


Lower Saskatchewan R 
Nelson R 


Ontario 
Rainy R 


Kenora 


Thunder B 


Algoma 


Sudbury 


Timiskaming 


Nipissing ........ 


Manitoulin I 


Upper Ottawa R 


Upper St. Lawrence & 
Ottawa Rs 


Georgian B. Cos. ; 


L. Huron Cos 


Lakes St. Glair & Erie, 
Niagara Peninsula. . . 
W. Central Cos 


L. Ontario Cos 


E . Central Cos 


Quebec 
Middle St. Lawrence. . 
Lower St. Lawrence & 
Gulf 


L. St. John 


Upper St. Maurice .... 


NorthwesternDistricts 
N.B. All Stations 


N.S. All Stations. . 


P.E.I. All Stations.. 



TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATH&gt;\ 



1. Temperature and Precipitation In 1921, by Months and Observation 

Stations cont inuiM 1 

OCTOBER. 



Province or District. 


Temperature (Fahr.) 


Precipitation. 


Station 
differences 
from nor 
mal temper 
ature 


* 

_&gt;&gt; 

3 

"0 

~ 


* 

B 
*] 

|1 

S 


a 

i\ 

a z 

- 


&gt;&gt; . 

Ij 

s 2 


-2 


1 

ga 

st 

** 

W 


t-&gt; 



ll 

n 

M 

W 


t 

A 
o 

.S 

.a 

1 


a 

s . 

gg 

B B 

S 

V B 

tn 

M| 

- 


i 

TJ 

tag 
O 

u 

j 

S 

1 


3 

d 

01 

1 
O 


British Columbia 
S Vancouver I .... 


50 
49 
51 
46 
43 
43 

48 
46 
44 

47 
4_ 
46 
48 
29 

43 
45 
IN 
43 
43 

43 
45 
43 
43 

41 
40 

44 

45 
44 
44 
41 
37 

43 
43 
42 
40 
43 
40 
43 
48 
44 

47 
47 
49 

51 
48 
48 
45 

45 

40 
39 
40 
39 
46 
48 
49 


55 

55 
55 
55 

59 

:,7 

51 
51 
63 

36 

58 



:,7 
54 

54 
51 

11 

56 
53 
56 
51 
43 

55 
51 
51 
50 
52 
48 
54 
56 
52 

56 
56 
57 

59 
57 
57 
54 

54 

48 
46 
48 
47 
57 
57 
56 


43 

4:&lt; 
ll 
37 

u 

37 
M 
M 

33 

41 
44 

M 
M 

31 

M 

32 
30 
30 

38 
U 

36 
33 
31 
32 

31 
35 
34 
30 
34 
33 
33 
41 
36 

38 
38 
42 

42 

39 
40 
37 

37 

32 
32 
33 
31 
35 
39 
42 


14 
U 

1.-, 
18 

U 

_ l 
21 

IN 
11) 

13 

30 

M 

22 
11 

13 
11 

17 
2:5 
M 
11 

24 

16 
17 
20 
18 
15 
21 
15 
16 

18 
18 
15 

17 
. 18 
17 
17 

17 

16 
14 
15 
16 
22 
18 
14 


88 
66 
81 

- 

81 
80 
71 
76 
70 
69 
62 
60 

86 
M 

- 
&gt; 
74 

76 
80 
78 
76 

68 

78 
70 

75 

63 

75 

68 
70 
67 
68 
67 
65 
65 
70 

80 
79 
67 

78 
85 
72 
74 

82 

79 
77 
69 
65 
82 
77 
68 


11 

15 
16 

to 

1(5 

I .i 

- 3 

7 
7 
12 
8 
19 

12 
18 
14 
16 

20 

20 

12 

M 

20 

13 
19 

17 
- 
16 
13 
21 
28 
18 

17 
22 
28 

27 
21 
26 
19 

14 

- 2 
12 
18 
8 
12 
15 
26 


10.65 
I 26 

2 .HI 

s 411 
1 20 
0.70 

0.55 

0.65 

3 - :, 
14 4.-&gt; 

1.50 

i) I:, 
i) U) 
0.20 



1 Ju 
0.65 

0.45 
1.56 

0.80 
0.70 
0.85 

il 2n 
1.10 

1.10 
0.95 
1.45 
1.25 
1.80 
1 45 
4.00 
1.85 
1.60 

3.80 
3.30 
5.30 

3.15 
4.15 
4.40 
4.30 

4.50 

1.80 
5.00 
5.35 
2.75 
2.40 
3.05 
2.45 


p.c. 
+125 

+ 85 
-30 

+ 10 
- 10 
- 35 

+ 15 
+ 40 

- 90 
- 80 

+ 30 

+ 70 
- 30 
- 70 
- 45 

- :&lt;n 
- 35 

+160 

+ 35 
- 50 

- 5 

+ 40 

+ 50 

+ 25 
+ 35 
+ 70 
+ 60 

+ 30 
+ 25 

- 10 
- 35 
- 30 


15 

20 
14 
14 

8 

12 
7 
7 
12 
IN 
2:5 
U 

3 
2 
2 
4 
4 

4 
3 

2 
5 

4 

7 
7 
7 
1 
2 
10 

7 
6 
8 
6 
10 
11 
13 
8 
16 

12 
12 
14 

9 
12 
12 
11 

12 

10 
15 
14 

10 
8 
9 
12 


7.83 
2.27 
4.80 

2. 07 
0.70 

17 

0.66 

1 2 .l 
n :,1 

1 33 
1 
1.49 

0.30 
0.20 
52 
ii D7 

1.67 
0.84 

o :,N 

0.15 
1.25 

0.50 
0.37 
0.35 
1 .-)-&gt; 
0.15 
1.01 

0.60 
0.53 
0.84 
1.00 
1.85 
0.84 
1.10 
0.48 
0.93 

1.75 
1.40 
1.40 

1.32 
1.89 
1.85 
1.60 

2.20 

1.70 
1.25 
2.00 
1.96 
1.33 
2.69 
0.77 


to +3 
+1 
O 8 to +4 

-2 to +4 
+3 

+1 to +3 
to +4 

+2 to +4 
+lto+4 
+2 

+r 
+1 



+3 to +6 
to +7 
+2 to +10 
+3 to +4 
+5 to +10 

+2 to +6 
+5 to +7 
+2 to +7 
+3 to +5 

+6 

+rto+6 

+3 to +5 

+3 to +4 

+4 
+4 

+4 
+1 to +6 

+1 

to +1 

+1 


-rto+3 
-2 to +y 

to +2 

-2 to +2 
to +3 
-2 to +3 
-3 to +2 

-2 to +3 

i to -3 
-2 

-r 

to +4 
to +3 
+1 


\ V lIH OUVer I 




Lill&lt;M H t I 1 


\ pper Fraser R 


1 e H e \\ .... 


Okanagan & Similkii- 
met n \ illevs . . . 


W I\&lt;x&gt;ten;iy .... 


F Kootenav 




\ ( (.luinhi-i 11 




( &gt;ueen ( harlotte I .... 


Yukon All St:iti"ns 
Albeta 
N. Saskatchewan R. . . 
Red 1 )vr H 


Mow U 


A t hat&gt;asca R .... 


I V-ire R, 


Saskatchewan 
Qu \ppelle R 


S. Saskatchewan R 
N. Saskatchewan R. . . 
Saskatchewan Forks... 
Lower Saskatchewan! 
Barrier R 


Manitoba 
Qu Appelle & Assini 
boine R 


R ( .,l R 




Dauphin Lake & R. . . 
Lower SaskatchewanR 


Ontario 
Rainy R 




Thunder B 






Timiskaining 


Nipissing 


Upper Ottawa R 


Upper St. Lawrence & 
Ottawa Rs 


Georgian B Cos .... 


Lake Huron Cos 
Lakes St. Clair & Erie 


W Central Cos 




E Central Cos 


-Quebec 
Middle St. Lawrence.. 
Lower St. Lawrence & 
Gulf 


Lake St John 


Upper St. Maurice. . . . 
NorthwesternDistricU. 
~N B All Stations 


N S All Stations 


P.E.I. All Stations. . . . 



184 



CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY 



l.-Temperature and 




1921, by Months and Observation 

continued. 



NOVEMBER. 



Province or District. 


Temperature (Fahr.) 


_ 
Precipitation. 


: 


j&gt;&gt; 

3 

TJ 

a 

as 
&lt;u 

% 


S 
* 

03 R 
O 03 

s 

9 

& 


&1 

.-&lt; K 

cS g 

-o-S 

S 
0) 

S 


j&gt;&gt; 

Jf 

8 

S 


a 

co 

o 

O)^ 

S.SP 
-* 
fl 

w 


! 

s 

o&gt; o 

&H "- 
4J 

X 

W 



J 



r-t 

.5 

"3 

-ij 
o 
H 


8 

o 

(-1 

-t 

1! 

e 
5 


R 

03 
T3 

*-c 

O 

In 
0) 
& 

1 

% 


3 
$ 

o&gt; 

d 
03 



O 


Station 
differences 
from nor 
mal temper 
ature. 


British Columbia 
S. Vancouver I 


42 
43 
41 
35 
23 
12 

34 
33 
28 
31 
28 
33 
38 
- 4 

16 
17 
21 
17 
14 

16 
20 
15 
15 
12 
13 

16 
18 
17 
17 
10 
6 

18 
1C 
19 
19 
23 
19 
25 
30 
25 

30 
32 
35 

37 
34 
34 
30 

27 

24 
23 
22 
20 
28 
34 
33 


47 
48 
46 
39 
31 
20 

40 
30 
36 
38 
34 
38 
44 
3 

25 
28 
31 
25 
23 

25 

30 
23 
24 
20 
22 

24 
25 
24 
25 
18 
13 

25 
23 
27 
29 
80 
26 
36 
36 
31 

37 
38 
40 

43 
40 
40 
37 

34 

32 
31 
32 
28 
35 
41 
38 


37 
37 
37 
31 
15 
4 

28 
27 
21 
24 
22 
29 
33 
- 10 

7 
7 
12 
9 
6 

8 
11 

7 
7 
5 
5 


11 
11 
10 

2 
- 1 

11 
10 
12 
10 
16 
12 
15 
24 
19 

24 
26 
30 

32 
29 
29 
23 

20 

17 
16 
13 
12 
21 
28 
28 


10 
9 
9 
8 
16 
16 

12 
12 
15 
14 
12 
9 
11 
13 

18 
21 
19 
16 
17 

17 
18 
16 
17 
15 
17 

15 
14 
13 
15 
16 
14 

14 
13 
15 
19 
14 
14 
21 
12 
12 

13 
12 
10 

11 
11 
11 

14 

14 

15 
15 
19 
16 
14 
13 
10 


64 
58 
60 
55 
68 
47 

60 
58 
60 
75 
57 
57 
53 
44 

60 
66 
70 
62 
56 

58 
66 
57 
56 
50 
50 

58 
54 
43 
55 
41 
37 

44 
53 
50 
56 
53 
53 
60 
51 
51 

78 
64 
61 

69 
66 
65 
64 

72 - 

65 - 
66 - 
60 - 
52 - 
62 - 
67 - 
59 


21 
25 
11 
5 
- 30 
- 27 

- 13 
- 13 
- 21 
- 17 
- 10 
8 
19 
- 36 

- 33 
- 35 
- 38 
- 37 
- 33 

- 34 
- 35 
- 30 
- 29 
- 27 
- 25 

- 30 
- 25 
- 20 
- 19 
- 30 
- 31 

- 21 
- 20 
- 25 
- 28 
- 13 
- 15 
- 14 
9 
- 5 

1 
- 1 
17 

12 
9 
14 


- 15 

- 10 
- 10 
- 18 
- 12 
- 11 
- 5 
13 


8-00 
8-55 
10-30 
6-40 
2-05 
2-95 

2-05 
2-85 
2-15 
2-40 
5-25 
9-30 
7-60 
0-30 

0-55 
0-95 
1-70 
0-70 
0-75 

1-05 
1-30 
0-75 
1-60 
1-20 
2-45 

0-90 
0-80 
0-50 
1-25 
0-30 
1-00 

1.50 
1.10 
2.00 
2.15 
2.35 
2.50 
3.15 
3.59 
3.35 

2.20 
2.30 
2.50 

2.95 - 
2.05 - 
1.55 
1.55 - 

2.90 

2.05 - 
1-90 - 
2.18 

3.10 - 
4.20 - 
5.90 - 
4.20 


p.c. 
- 15 
- 45 

+ 5 

+ 40 
+ 5 
+ 20 
+ 45 
- 10 
- 30 

- 70 

- 20 

+ 60 
+105 

- 20 

+ 60 

+ 85 
+ 60 
+105 

+ 10 

- 25 

+ 5 
- 20 

- 20 
- 30 

f 20 
- 35 
- 45 
- 40 

- 35 

h 20 

h 20 
r 35 
- 25 


17 

20 
19 
13 
10 
9 

14 
13 
11 
12 
14 
15 
18 
4 

7 
6 
8 
7 
5 

7 
6 
6 
11 
4 
11 

8 
9 
7 
3 
9 
12 

6 
7 
9 
12 
11 
13 
12 
12 
12 

11 
10 
12 

13 
11 
10 
9 

12 

10 
10 
9 
11 

12 
15 
19 


2-95 
1-75 
2-53 
2-20 
0-70 
1-85 

0-62 
1-30 
1-00 
1-30 
1-20 
4-96 
1-50 
0-28 

0-50 
0-65 
1-23 
0-50 
0-39 

0-44 
1-40 
0-50 
0-45 
0-30 
0-40 

0-40 
0-40 
0-20 
0-60 
0-05 
0.40 

0.85 
0.60 
1.60 
0.60 
0.96 
1.06 
1.11 
0.73 
0.83 

0.90 
2.00 
1.06 

1.10 
1.09 
1.10 - 
1.07 - 

1.27 - 

1.00 - 
0.95 
0.69 - 
1.17 - 
1.90 - 
1.60 - 
0.92 - 


-2 to +1 
+1 to +3 
-2 to +1 

-lto -6 
-8 

-lto -3 
-Ito -5 
0t-o-l 
-4to+l 
to -3" 
to -2 
-2 
-10 

-3 to -9 
-7 to -12 
-2 to -11 
-4 to -8 
-3 to -8 

-2 to -10 
-4 to -5 
-2 to -10 
-4 to -7 
-9 

-3 to -9 
-3 to -8 

-4 to -6 

-8 

go 

-9 
to -7 
-6 

-5 to -6 
-5 

-2 
-5 

-1 to -5 
-4 to +1 
0to-3 

to -4" 
0to -3 
-3 to +1 
-2 to -4 

-lto-5 

-2 to -10 
to -2 
-4 
-5 
-4 to -5 
-2 to -4 
-4 


N. Vancouver I. ... 


Lower Fraser River. . 
Lillooet Lake 


Upper Fraser River. . . 
Peace River. . . . 


Okanagan and Simil- 
kameen Valleys. . . 


West Kootenay 


East Kootenay. ... 


Thompson River . . . 


North Columbia River 
North Coast. 


Queen Charlotte I 
Yukon All Stations 
Alberta 
N. Saskatchewan R. . . 
The Red Deer River. 
The Bow River 


Athabasca River 


Peace River 


Saskatchewan 
Qu Appelle River. . 


S. Saskatchewan River 
N. Saskatchewan R. . . 
Saskatchewan Forks... 
Lower Saskatchewan R 
Barrier River 


Manitoba 
Qu Appelle and Assini- 
boine Rivers 


The Red River 


Winnipeg River 


Dauphin Lake and R. . 
Lower Saskatchewan R 
Nelson River. . 


Ontario 
Rainy River 


Kenora 


Thunder Bay. . 


Algoma 


Sudbury 


Timiskaming 


Nipissing 


Manitoulin Island 
Upper Ottawa River. . . 
Upper St. Lawrence 
and Ottawa Rivers. . 
Georgian Bay Counties 
Lake Huron Counties. . 
Lakes St. Clair & Erie, 
Niagara Peninsula.. . 
West Central Counties. 
Lake Ontario Counties 
East Central Counties. 
Quebec 
Middle St. Lawrence. . 
Lower St. Lawrence 
and Gulf 


Lake St. John 
Upper St. Maurice..!.. 
NorthwesternDistricts 
N.B. All Stations. 


N.S. All Stations . 


P.E.I. All Stations . . 



TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION 



1. Temperature and Precipitation In 1921, by Months and Observation 

Stations c &gt;nrlu&lt;lrcl. 
DECEMBER. 



Province or District. 


Temperature (Fahr.) 


Precipitation. 


Station 
differences 
from nor 
mal temper 
ature. 


&gt;. 
3 

T3 





S 


G 

*fi 
5-3 

t3 aJ 
S 
j 


G 

t! 

11 

S 

0&gt; 

* 


&gt;% 
rs 

si e 

o e 

a 2 


s 


1 



- 

ga 

M 

N 




ID 

4&gt; 4&gt; 



-2 

M 

w 


ra 

0&gt; 

u 
a 

.a 

"3 

*_&gt; 



H 


8 
8 . 

II 

|l 

5 


g 

T3 
*0 

i 

| 



J2 

40 
GO 

1 

O 


British Columbia 
S. Vancouver I 


36 
35 
34 
20 
12 
17 

22 
22 
11 
18 
12 
28 
37 


12 

14 
17 
13 
12 

11 
16 

8 

7 
8 

4 

11 
8 
9 
15 
8 
2 

10 
9 
11 
10 
13 
11 
16 
23 
13 

20 

22 
27 

29 
26 
26 
20 

15 

14 
9 
10 
11 
17 
26 
24 


41 
41 
39 

21 

27 

28 
28 
22 
25 
20 
33 
42 
9 

24 

26 

23 
22 

21 
26 
18 
16 

17 
13 

20 
17 
17 
24 
17 
9 

19 
16 
19 
21 
24 
20 
28 
30 
22 

28 
30 
33 

36 
33 
33 
29 

24 

22 
19 
20 
21 
26 
33 
30 


31 
30 
29 
15 
3 
8 

17 
16 

7 

u 

24 
32 
- 9 

1 
3 
7 
3 
3 

2 
7 
- 1 
2 

- 1 
- 5 

3 

1 
6 
- 1 
- 5 

2 
2 
4 
- 1 
2 
3 
5 
16 
5 

12 
15 
21 

23 
19 
19 
11 

7 

6 
10 
1 
2 
8 
19 
19 


10 

11 

10 
10 
18 
ifl 

11 

a 

i:&gt; 

15 
9 
10 
18 

23 
23 
20 

I D 
11 

19 
19 
19 

18 
18 

IN 

17 
17 
16 
18 
18 
14 

17 
14 
15 

22 
22 
17 
23 
14 
17 

16 
15 
12 

13 
14 
14 
18 

17 

16 
19 
19 
19 
18 
14 
11 


56 
57 
41 

50 

50 
52 

53 

48 

51 
40 

59 
51 
60 
53 
51 

52 
57 

42 
42 
31 

40 
43 
36 
49 
40 
33 

38 
41 
40 
60 
57 
48 
44 
49 
46 

58 
58 
53 

58 
60 
55 
50 

62 

50 
45 
46 
54 
65 
57 
47 


10 
- 4 
- 19 

- 4_&gt; 
- 28 

- 20 
- 17 
- 30 
- 31 
- 33 
- 3 
19 
- 32 

48 
- 40 
- 41 
- 46 

- 57 
- 34 
- 48 
- 44 
- 34 
- 46 

- 40 
- 40 
- 30 
- 28 
- 30 
- 37 

- 36 
- 36 
- 41 
- 45 
- 40 
- 40 
- 35 
- 14 
- 32 

- 20 
- 21 


- 3 
- 6 

m *1 

- 21 
- 31 

- 30 
- 48 
- 36 
- 44 
- 25 
- 10 



6.00 
3.25 
8.10 
3.80 
0.85 
0.70 

1.25 
2.40 
2.35 
1.10 

10.95 
7.25 
0.70 

0.15 
0.20 

80 

0.50 

0.45 
0.35 
0.15 
0.35 
T 
0.70 

0.30 
0.40 
0.60 
0.30 
0.65 
0.55 

0.80 
0.85 
0.90 
3.05 
4.00 
4.25 
3.85 
4.15 
1.90 

2.15 
3.40 
4.20 

2.35 
3.40 
2.45 
2.55 

2.65 

2.15 
1.95 
2.50 
2.65 
1.90 
3.70 
4.95 


p.c. 
- 20 

- 10 
- 55 

-f 25 

- 10 

+ in 
- 45 
- 30 
+ 10 

- 25 

75 
- 70 

.+ 5 

- 35 

- 25 

- 50 
- 60 
- 85 

- 55 
- 45 

+ 45 

- 15 

- 10 
+ 10 

- 10 
+ 15 
+ 10 

- 10 

- 60 
+ 1* 

+ 75 
- 35 
- 15 


12 
10 

11 
6 
5 
3 

9 
11 
10 
8 
9 
16 
17 
10 

2 
2 
4 
3 
4 

3 
1 

2 
3 

3 

5 
5 

7 
2 
2 

7 

5 
5 
6 
11 
12 
16 
12 
7 
8 

9 
9 
15 

8 
10 

8 

7 

10 

8 
12 
11 
10 
9 
10 
16 


3.80 

2.98 

1 .VI 
.(7 

L.20 

2.73 
0.57 
1.20 
6.13 
1.87 
0.18 

0.18 
0.20 
1.10 
0.28 
0.30 

0.53 
0.49 
0.40 
0.45 
T 
0.30 

0.20 
0.30 
0.15 
0.20 
0.40 
0.13 

0.50 
0.70 
0.80 
1.62 
1.81 
1.40 
1.80 
1.45 
0.35 

1.44 
2.50 
1.70 

1.53 
1.89 
1.70 
1.57 

1.70 

1.33 
0.70 
1.36 
2.40 
1.20 
1.82 
1.80 


-2 to -5 
-5 
to -8 
-6 
-lto-13 
+6 

-4 to -10 
-6 to +1 
-3 to -7 
-4 to -10 
-5 8 to-13 
-lto-4 
-2 
+5 to -f 8 

2 to -f 3 
-lto-8 
-5 to +1 
to +7 
+3" to +8 

-5 to +8 
+1 to +6 
-lto+2 
-Tto+4 
+5 

+3 to +5 

+1 to -(-5 

+5 
+6 
+5 8 

+2~ 
-(-1 to +4 


+1 to +3 

-4 
-2 
-2 

-3 to +2 
-3 to +l r 
to +2 

-lto+3 
to +6 
-2 to +1 

-rto-B 1 

-6 to +4 

-5 to +1 
(rto+S 
-r-2- 
+3" 
to-3" 
-3 to +2 
-1 


N. Vancouver I 


Lower h rasor Hiver. . 
Lillooet Lake.. 


I PIT iliver.... 
ice River 


Okan.-iean ;ui&lt;! Siinil- 
kanuvn \ :U; 


Wi-M |\IM&gt;II-II:I\ 


East Kootenav .... 


Thompson River 


North Cohnnlua River 
North Con;- 


Queen Charlotte [ 


Yukon All Stations. ... 
Alba 
:th SukatehfliwuB 

The Red D.-.-r Hiver.. 
The How River 


Athabasca River . . 


Peace River. . 


Saskatchewan 
Qu Appelle River 


S. Saskatchewan River 
N. Saskatchewan R. . . 
katchi-wan Forks. . 
Lower SaskatchewanR 
Barrier River 


Manitoba 
Qu Appelle and Assini- 
boine Rivers 


The Red River.. . 


Winnipeg River .... 


I auphin Lake and R. . 
Lower SaskatchewanR 
Nelson River 


Ontario 
Rainy River 


Kenora 


Thunder Bay 


Algoma 


Sudbury 


Timiskaming 


Nipissing . , . . 


Manitoulin Island. . . 


Upper Ottawa River... 
Upper St. Lawrence. . 
and Ottawa Rivera. . 
Georgian Bay Counties 
Lake Huron Counties.. 
Lakes St. Clair & Erie, 
Niagara Peninsula. . . 
West Central Counties. 
Lake Ontario Counties 
East Central Counties. 
Quebec 
Middle St. Lawrence. . 
Lower St. Lawrence 
and Gulf 


Lake St. John 


Upper St. Maurice 


NorthwesternDistricts 
N.B. All Stations 


N.S. All Stations 


P.E.I. All Stations. . 



186 



CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY 



2. Normal Temperature and Precipitation at Selected Canadian Stations. 

VICTORIA, B.C. 
Observations for 30 years. 



Months. 


Temperature F. 


Precipitation in inches. 


Mean 
Daily. 


Mean 
Daily 
Max. 


Mean 
Daily 
Min. 


High 
est. 


Low 
est. 


Mean 
Daily 
range. 


Averages. 


Extremes. 


Rain. 


Snow. 


Total. 


Greatest. 


Least. 


Jan 


39-2 
40-3 
43-1 
47-7 
53-0 
57-1 
60-3 
60-0 
55-6 
50-4 
44-5 
41-5 


43-5 
45-0 
49-2 
54-9 
60-7 
65-1 
69-2 
68-8 
63-3 
56-0 
48-6 
45-1 


35-0 
35-6 
37-0 
40-6 
45-3 
49-0 
51-2 
51-2 
47-9 
44-8 
40-5 
37-8 


56-0 
60-0 
68-0 
75-0 
83-0 
88-0 
90-0 
88-0 
85-0 
70-0 
63-0 
59-0 


-2-0 
6-0 
17-0 
24-0 
31-0 
36-0 
37-0 
37-0 
30-0 
28-0 
17-0 
8-0 


8-5 
9-4 
12-2 
14-3 
15-4 
16-1 
18-0 
17-6 
15-4 
11-2 
8-1 
7-3 


3-88 
3-08 
2-40 
1-73 
1-30 
0-93 
0-36 
0-65 
2-01 
2-55 
6-31 
5-86 


6-3 
4-5 
1-5 

S 

1-5 
0-5 


4-51 
3-53 
2-55 
1-73 
1-30 
0-93 
0-36 
0-65 
2-01 
2-55 
6-46 
5-91 


6-54 
6-20 
4-58 
5-40 
2-83 
2-37 
1-15 
2-26 
4-27 
5.60 
11-50 
12-41 


2-56 
0-96 
0-67 
0-21 
0-35 
0-08 
R 
0-00 
0-32 
0-46 
0-91 
1-66 


Feb 
March 


April 


May 


June 


July 
Aug.. 


Sept 


Oct 


Nov 


Dec 


Year 


49-4 


55-8 


43-0 


90-0 


-2-0 


12-8 


31-06 


14-3 


32-49 


51-03 


22-58 





VANCOUVER, B.C. 
Observations for 30 years. 



Jan 


35-0 


39-2 


30-9 


55-0 


2-0 


8-3 


7-12 


14-4 


8-56 


10-54 


6-08 


Feb 


37-8 


43-1 


32-5 


58-0 


10-0 


10-6 


5-90 


3-2 


6-22 


10-17 


2-60 


March 


41-9 


49-0 


34-8 


61-0 


15-0 


14-2 


4-31 


1-5 


4-46 


10-29 


0-89 


April 
May.. 


47-0 
53-5 


55-8 
62-3 


38-3 
44-7 


79-0 
80-0 


27-0 
33-0 


17-5 
17-6 


3-09 
3-56 




3-09 
3-56 


5-29 
5-39 


1-04 
1-44 


June 


58-4 


67-7 


49-1 


88-0 


36-0 


18-6 


2-82 


_ 


2-82 


5-42 


1-43 


July 


63-2 


73-3 


53-0 


90-0 


43-0 


20-3 


1-33 





1-33 


2-45 


0-32 


Aug.. 


61-5 


71-0 


52-0 


92-0 


39-0 


19-0 


1-71 





1-71 


5-86 


0-22 


Sept.. 


55-7 


64-0 


47-4 


82-0 


30-0 


16-6 


4-29 





4-29 


9-09 


1-61 


Oct 


49-2 


55-7 


42-6 


69-0 


23-0 


13-1 


5-69 


_ 


5-69 


9-20 


1-76 


Nov 


42-4 


47-1 


37-6 


63-0 


15-0 


9-5 


10-97 


3-1 


11-28 


18-99 


4-18 


Dec 


38-9 


42-8 


35-0 


58-0 


17-0 


7-8 


7-27 


2-9 


7-56 


9-55 


4-21 


























Year 


48-7 


56-0 


41-5 


92-0 


2-0 


14-5 


58-06 


25-1 


60-57 


72-29 


52-27 



























PORT SIMPSON, B.C. 
Observations for 20 years. 



Jan 


34-0 


40-0 


28-1 


64-0 


- 9-0 


11-9 


8-62 


9-8 


9-60 


16-74 


1-08 


Feb 
Mar... 


34-8 
37-6 


41-8 
44-8 


27-7 
30-3 


63-0 
63-0 


-10-0 
11-0 


14-1 
14-5 


6-07 
5-06 


11-8 
5-3 


7-25 
5-59 


16-65 
8-16 


1-93 
1-41 


April 


41-6 


49-9 


33-4 


73-0 


18-0 


16-5 


4-85 


3-0 


5-15 


14-31 


2-24 


May.. 


48-3 


56-5 


40-0 


79-0 


27-0 


16-5 


5-14 




5-14 


9-84 


1-63 


June 


52-8 


60-5 


45-1 


88-0 


34-0 


15-4 


4-26 


_ 


4-26 


7-50 


1-20 


July 
AUK . 


56-0 
56-7 


63-3 
63-8 


48-8 
49-5 


88-0 
80-0 


29-0 
31-0 


14-5 
14-3 


4-42 
6-93 





4-42 
6-93 


9-41 
14-11 


1-28 
1-74 


Sept.. 


52-2 


59-1 


45-2 


74-0 


30-0 


13-9 


9-03 


_ 


9-03 


14-63 


2-20 


Oct 


47-1 


53-5 


40-7 


65-0 


28-0 


12-8 


12-21 


-_ 


12-21 


16-99 


6-71 


Nov 


39-7 


45-6 


33-7 


65-0 


6-0 


11-9 


11-47 


1-6 


11-63 


23-90 


3-26 


Dec 


36-9 


42-6 


31-2 


62-0 


5-0 


11-4 


10-11 


8-7 


10-98 


18-82 


5-23 


























Year 


44-8 


51-8 


37-8 


88-0 


-10-0 


14-0 


88-17 


40-2 


92-19 


126-48 


62-05 



























TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION 



187 



. Normal Temperature and Precipitation at Selected Canadian Stations continued. 

KAMLOOPS, B.C. 
Observations for 22 years. 



Months. 


Temperature F. 


Precipitation in inches. 


Mean 
Daily. 


Mean 
1 ):tily 
Max. 


Mean 
Daily 
Min. 


High- 

-- 


Low 
est. 


Mean 
Daily 
range. 


Averages. 


Extremes. 


Rain. 


Snow. 


Total. 


Greatest. 


Least. 


Jan 
Feb.. 
March 


22-4 
26-5 
37-6 
49-7 
57-5 
64-6 
69-6 
68-1 
58-4 
47-8 
35-8 
28-8 


28-3 
33-4 
47-3 
61-1 
70-3 
76-4 
82-7 
80-9 
69-3 
56-2 
41-5 
32-6 


16-5 
I9-| 

27-8 
38-3 
44-8 
52-7 

55-4 

47 4 

30-2 


54-0 
64-0 
70-0 
92-0 
100-0 
101-0 
in. -o 
101-0 
93-0 

72 -0 
59-0 


-31-0 
-27-0 
- 6-0 
19-0 

35-0 

35-0 
28-0 
16-0 

-17-U 


11-8 
13-8 

23-7 
26-2 

21-9 
16-9 
11-3 

7-7 


0-13 
0-20 
0-20 
0-36 
0-93 

1-27 

Mi:, 
0-U4 
0-57 
0-40 
0-20 


7-7 
6-0 
1-1 

0-2 
6-5 

i :;-.-. 


0-90 
0-80 
0-32 
0-36 
0-93 
1-2;} 
1-27 
1-05 
0-94 
0-59 
1-05 
1-55 


0-60 
1-17 
0-83 
1-36 

3-07 
3-50 
3-73 
2-34 
1-41 
1-23 
0-64 


0-35 
0-02 
0-01 
R 
R 
0-57 
0-35 
0-00 
0-10 
R 
0-07 
IM2 


April 
May 


June 
July 


AUK . 


3ep1 


Oct 


Nov 


Dec 
Year.. 


47-2 


56-7 


37-8 


102-0 


-31-0 


18-9 


7-48 


35-1 


10-99 


13-47 


7-07 



DAWSOX, YI-KON. 
Observations for 30 years. 



Jan 


^24-6 


-18-0 


-31-3 


30-0 


-68-0 


13-3 




8-6 


0-86 


1-73 


R 


Feb 


12-0 


- 4-3 


-19-6 


45-0 


-55-0 




R 


7-3 


0-73 


1-35 


0-20 


Mar... 
April 
May 


5-6 

27-6 
46-8 


16-5 
40-2 
59-0 


- 5-3 

1.V1 
34-6 


62-0 
67-0 


-47-1) 
-30-0 
12-0 


21-8 

-&gt;:, 1 
l.M-4 


0-01 
0-18 
0-83 


4-7 

4-7 
0-4 


0-65 
0-87 


1-21 
1-68 
2-00 


0-00 
0-23 
0-25 


June 
July.. 


56-9 
59-4 


70-3 
71-9 


43 
46-8 


90-0 
95-0 


17-0 

31-0 


26-7 
25-1 


1-18 
1-61 


0-3 


1-21 
1-61 


2-66 
3-32 


0-25 
0-62 


Aug 
Sept.. 


54-0 
41-6 


66-2 
51-1 


41-7 
32-2 


85-0 
78-0 


23-0 
8-0 


24-5 
18-9 


1-51 

1-40 


1-8 


1-51 
1-58 


2-38 
3-52 


0-07 
0-86 


Oct . . . 


26-4 


32-7 


20-1 


68-0 


-22-0 


12-6 


0-29 


8-8 


1-17 


4-09 


0-10 


Nov 


0-4 


6-4 


- 5-6 


46-0 


-48-0 


12-0 


0-01 


12-4 


1-25 


2-60 


0-24 


Dec 


-10-2 


-4-3 


-16-1 


38-0 


-63-0 


11-8 


R 


10-9 


1-09 


2-09 


0-08 


Year 


22-6 


33-0 


13-0 


95-0 


-68-0 


20-0 


7-02 


59-9 


13-01 


17-75 


6-28 



EDMONTON, ALBERTA. 
Observations for 30 years. 



Jan.. 


5-9 


15-6 


- 3-8 


57-0 


-57-0 


19-4 


0-06 


7-0 


0-76 


2-49 


0-05 


Feb 


10-6 


21-1 


0-1 


62-0 


-57-0 


21-0 


0-00 


6-7 


0-67 


2-33 


S 


Mar 


23-4 


34-9 


11-9 


72-0 


-40-0 


23-0 


0-05 


6-2 


0-67 


1-93 


R 


April 


40-8 


52-9 


28-6 


84-0 


-15-0 


24-3 


0-44 


3-6 


0-80 


2-60 


0-04 


May 


51-2 


64-4 


38-1 


90-0 


10-0 


26-3 


1-73 


1-3 


1-86 


4-04 


0-20 


June 


57-3 


70-1 


44-4 


94-0 


25-0 


25-7 


3-26 


S 


3-26 


8-53 


0-00 


July.. 


61-2 


73-7 


48-8 


94-0 


33-0 


24-9 


3-56 




3-56 


11-13 


0-15 


Alia . 


59-0 


71-6 


46-4 


90-0 


26-0 


25-2 


2-47 


_ 


2-47 


6-43 


0-49 


Sept.. 


50-4 


62-9 


37-8 


87-0 


12-0 


25-1 


1-33 


0-7 


1-40 


4-32 


0-00 


Oct 


41-7 


53-2 


30-3 


82-0 


-10-0 


22-9 


0-39 


3-5 


0-74 


1-86 


0-00 


Nov 


24-5 


33-3 


15-6 


74-0 


37-0 


17-7 


0-06 


6-7 


0-73 


3-57 


0-00 


Dec 


16-0 


24-7 


7-3 


60-0 


-43-0 


17-4 


0-07 


6-8 


0-75 


3-21 


0-00 


Year 


36-9 


48-2 


25-6 


94-0 


-57-0 


22-6 


13-42 


42-5 


17-67 


27-81 


8-16 



























188 



CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY 



2. Normal Temperature and Precipitation at Selected Canadian Stations continued. 

MEDICINE HAT, ALBERTA. 
Observations for 30 years. 



Months. 


Temperature F. 


Precipitation in inches. 


Mean 
Daily. 


Mean 
Daily 
Max. 


Mean 
Daily 
Min. 


High 
est. 


Low 
est. 


Mean 
Daily 
range. 


Averages. 


Extremes. 


Rain. 


Snow. 


Total. 


Greatest. 


Least. 


Jan 


11-2 
12-8 
26-7 
45-1 
54-7 
62-5 
68-4 
66-0 
56-5 
45-8 
29-3 
21-1 


21-6 
23-5 
38-4 
58-8 
68-0 
75-6 
82-7 
80-7 
70-2 
58-7 
39-9 
31-0 


0-7 
2-1 
14-9 
31-4 
41-5 
49-3 
54-1 
51-4 
42-7 
32-9 
18-7 
11-2 


62-0 
64-0 
84-0 
96-0 
99-0 
107-0 
108-0 
104-0 
94-0 
93-0 
76-0 
68-0 


-51-0 

-46-0 
-38-0 
-16-0 
12-0 
30-0 
36-0 
31-0 
17-0 
-10-0 
-36-0 
-37-0 


20-9 
21-4 
23-5 
27-4 
26-5 
26-3 
28-6 
29-3 
27-5 
25-8 
21-2 
19-8 


0-00 
0-01 
0-11 
0-37 
1-70 
2-57 
1-73 
1-51 
0-88 
0-51 
0-08 
0-06 


6-1 
6-0 
5-0 
2-4 
0-5 
S 

0-4 
1-1 
6-4 
4-7 


0-61 
0-61 
0-61 
0-61 
1-75 
2-57 
1-73 
1-51 
0-92 
0-62 
0-72 
0-53 


1-72 
1-51 
1-62 
2-26 
6-29 
5-62 
4-86 
5-65 
2-41 
3-48 
3-H 
1-42 


0-00 
0-00 
8 
0-03 
0-12 
0-00 
0-09 
0-00 
0-00 
0-00 
R 
0-00 


Feb 


Mar 
April 


May 


June 


July 


A 

Aug . 


Sept.. 


Got 


Nov 


Dec 


Year 


41-7 


54-1 


29-2 


108-0 


-51-0 


22-2 


11-53 


32-6 


12-79 


22-28 


6-72 





FORT VERMILION, ALBERTA. 
Observations for 18 years. 



Jan 


- 14-8 


2-5 


27-1 


50-0 


77-0 


24-6 


0-00 


4-7 


0-47 


1 -80 


ft. 12 


Feb 


3-9 


9-7 


17-5 


53-0 


58-0 


27-2 


0-00 


3-7 


0-37 


0-fi5 


0-20 


Mar 


11-8 


26-0 


2-4 


63-0 


41-0 


28-4 


0-01 


7-0 


0-71 


1-70 


0-00 


April 


32-0 


44-5 


19-5 


78-0 


29-0 


25-0 


0-23 


6-1 


0-84 


1-85 


0-00 


Mav 


49-3 


63-3 


35-3 


93-0 


13-0 


28-0 


0-78 


0-6 


0-84 


2-Ofi 


0-00 


June 


57-9 


72-2 


43-7 


98-0 


26-0 


28-5 


1-65 


0-1 


1-66 


3-44 


0-2 1 ! 


July 
Aug 


61-0 
57-1 


75-2 
70-4 


46-9 
43-8 


94-0 
101-0 


28-0 
28-0 


28-3 
26-6 


1-60 
1-57 




1-60 
1-57 


3-49 
3-32 


0-51 
53 


Sept 


47-3 


58-2 


36-4 


84-0 


9-0 


21-8 


1-40 


0-1 


1-41 


2-33 


0-64 


Oct 


33-1 


43-1 


23-1 


70-0 


14-0 


20-0 


0-26 


2-1 


0-47 


0-81 


o-oo 


Nov 


14-0 


22-4 


5-6 


48-0 


26-0 


16-8 


0-02 


7-2 


0-74 


1-40 


0-20 


Dec 


- 1-7 


10-2 


13-6 


65-0 


50-0 


23-8 


0-00 


5-0 


0-50 


1-60 


0-20 


























Year 


28-6 


41-1 


16-1 


101-0 


77-0 


25-0 


7-52 


36-6 


11-18 


14-78 


7-fiO 



























FORT CHIPEWTAN, ALBERTA. 
Observations for 16 years. 



Jan 


11-9 


3-5 


20-4 


45-0 


55-0 


16-9 


0-00 


9-0 


0-90 


1-68 


0-02 


Feb 
Mar 


- 9-1 
5-0 


0-5 
15-1 


- 18-7 
5-0 


46-0 
47-0 


-56-0 
41-0 


19-2 
20-1 


R 
R 


5-8 

5-8 


0-58 
0-58 


2-03 
1-58 


0-03 
0-09 


April 


28-5 


39-4 


17-6 


69-0 


22-0 


21-8 


0-20 


4-4 


0-64 


3-04 


fl-Oft 


May 


44-5 


53-8 


35-1 


83-0 


3-0 


18-7 


0-65 


1-6 


0-81 


2-08 


0-02 


June ..... . 


54-0 


64-6 


43-3 


90-0 


24-0 


21-3 


l- ifi 


0-1 


1 -"S? 


Q.Q1 


o.in 


July.. 


61-5 


71-0 


51-9 


93-0 


26-0 


19-1 


2-fi4 




2-64 


Q- sa 


n-2i 


Aug 
Sept.. 


58-1 
45-2 


68-1 
53-0 


48-2 
37-3 


89-0 
79-0 


25-0 
13-0 


19-9 
15-7 


1-64 
1.59 


0-5 


1-64 
1 -57 


3-67 

O.QQ 


0-39 

n.27 


Oct 


33-7 


40-1 


27-3 


66-0 


9-0 


12-8 


0-32 


4-3 


0-75 


"i-30 


0-02 


Nov 


11-0 


17-9 


4-2 


56-0 


33-0 


13-7 


0-05 


8-6 


0-91 


2-28 


fl-26 


Dec 


2-2 


10-3 


5-9 


49-0 


48-0 


lfi-2 


0-01 


Q-l 


0-Q2 


3-20 


O.OQ 


























Year 


26-9 


35-8 


17-9 


90-0 


56-0 


17-9 


8-59 


4Q.O 


13-51 


1R.QQ 


-7fl 



























TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION 



189 



2. Normal Temperature and Precipitation at Selected Canadian Stations continued. 

QU APPMJJ, SASK. 
Observations for 30 years. 



Months. 


Temperature F. 


Precipitation in inches. 


Mean 
Daily. 


Mean 
Daily 

Max. 


Mean 
Daily 
Min. 


High- 

I 


Low 
est. 


Mean 
Daily 
range. 


Averages. 


Extremes. 


Rain. 


Snow. 


Total. 


Greatest. 


Least. 


Jan 


- 0-6 
2-0 
16-0 
37-3 
49-8 
59-6 
63-8 
61-1 
52-0 
40-8 
21-8 
10-7 


8-5 
11-2 
25-7 
49-1 
02-4 
70-8 
75-9 
73-3 
64-0 
51-5 
30-4 
18-5 


- 9-7 
- 7-2 
6-2 
25-5 
37-3 
48-4 
51-7 
48-9 
39-9 
30-2 
13-3 
2-8 


50-0 

: 
89-0 
92-0 
101-0 
100-0 
100-0 
93-0 
- 
73-0 
49-0 


-47-0 
-55-0 
-45-0 

8-0 
25-0 
34-0 
27-0 
12-0 
-IJ.fl 
-30-0 
-40-0 


18-2 
18-4 
19-5 
23-6 
25-1 
22-4 
24-2 
24-4 
M&gt;1 
IM 
17-1 
15-7 


0-00 
0-00 
0-06 
0-43 
2-40 
3-69 
- M 
2.04 

0-53 
0-14 
0-01 


8-9 
8-1 
9-6 
6-7 
3-1 
S. 

1-0 
4-5 
8-4 
7-1 


0-69 
0-81 
1. 03 

1-10 
2-71 
3-69 
2.84 
2-04 
1-38 
0-98 
0-98 
0-72 


2-28 
2-85 
4-11 
3-59 
6-95 
7-19 
7-25 
5-03 
4-61 
3-35 
2-51 
3-11 


0-05 
0-12 
0-05 
0-29 
0-25 
0-32 
0-58 
0-30 
0-08 
S. 
0-12 
0-03 


Feb 
Mar 


April 


May 


June 


July . 


Aug 


Sept... 


Oct 


Nbv 


Dec 


Year 


34-5 


45-1 


23-9 


101-0 


-55-0 


21-2 


13-42 


55-4 


18-96 


26-47 


10-14 





PRINC ALBIBT, SASK. 
Observations for 30 years . 



Jan 


- 5-9 


5-3 


-17-1 


53-0 


-67-0 






8-2 


0-82 


2-00 


0-22 


Feb 


- 1.3 


11.3 


-13-9 




-70.0 




0-01 


6-8 


0-69 


2-15 


0-04 


Mar 


12-1 


26-2 


- 2-1 


68-0 


-41-0 




0-10 




0-87 


2-56 


0-17 


April 


36-1 


48-7 


23-6 


86-0 




j:&gt; 1 




4-4 


0-82 


3-37 


0-03 


May.... 


is 


62-6 










1-34 


1-6 


1-50 


4-87 


0-01 


June 


58-1 


71-0 


45-1 




17-0 


25-9 




- 


2-67 


7-36 


1-00 


Julv 


62-0 




49-8 


93-0 


33-0 




2-31 


- 


2-31 


5-31 


0-17 


Aug 


68-8 


71-7 


46-0 






- .-, 7 


2-31 


- 


2-31 


8-01 


tt. 





49-4 
38-3 


61-7 
49-2 


37-1 
27-4 


87-0 
85-0 


14-0 
- 5-0 


24-6 


0-57 


0-7 
2-3 


1-39 
0-80 


2-94 
1-97 


0-09 
0-10 



Nov 


18-5 


27-4 


9-5 


66-0 


-41-0 




0-12 


8-7 


0-99 


3-06 


0-07 


Dec 


5-3 


15-1 


- 4-5 


58-0 


-57-0 


19-6 


0-01 


8-0 


0-81 


2-61 


0-19 


























Year 


31-7 


43-7 


19-7 


96-0 


-70-0 


24-0 


11-13 


48-4 


15-97 


29-88 


9-25 



























WINNIPEG, MAN. 
Observations for 30 years. 



Jan 


- 3.5 


6-8 


-13-8 


42-0 


-46-0 


20-6 


0-01 


8-1 


0-82 


2-12 


0-12 


Feb 


- 0-5 


10-7 


-11-8 


46-0 


-46-0 


22-5 


0.01 


7-4 


0-75 


1-80 


0-09 


Mar . . 


15-2 


26-7 


3-6 


73-0 


-37-0 


23-1 


0-21 


9-6 


1-17 


3-00 


0-29 


April 


38-7 


50-1 


27-4 


90-0 


-13-0 


22-7 


1-10 


4-4 


1-54 


5-64 


0-25 


May 


51-5 


64-5 


38-5 


94-0 


11-0 


26-0 


2-06 


0-9 


2-15 


6-38 


0-11 


June 
July.. 


62-6 
66-2 


74-9 
78-1 


50-2 
54-3 


101-0 
96-0 


21-0 
35-0 


24-7 
23-8 


3-03 
3-25 





3-03 
3-25 


6-30 
7-14 


0-45 
0-87 


Aug 


62-7 


75-0 


50-4 


103-0 


30-0 


24-6 


2-18 


_ 


2-18 


4-75 


0-77 


Sept... 


54-1 


65-9 


42-2 


99-0 


17-0 


23-7 


2-07 


0-1 


2-08 


5-49 


0-60 


Oct 
No v 


41-6 
22-0 


52-0 
30-8 


31-3 
13-3 


85-0 
71-0 


- 3-0 
-33-0 


20-7 
17-5 


1-22 
0-17 


1-4 

8-2 


1-36 
0-99 


5-67 
2-34 


0-29 
0-06 


De 


7-2 


16-7 


2-4 


49-0 


-44-0 


19-1 


0-06 


8-6 


0-92 


3-99 


0-11 


























Year 


34-8 


46-0 


23-6 


103-0 


-46-0 


22-4 


15-37 


48-7 


20-24 


28-40 


14-38 



























190 



CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY 



2. Normal Temperature and Precipitation at Selected Canadian Stations continued. 

PORT ARTHUR, ONT. 
Observations for 30 years. 



Months. 


Temperature F. 


Precipitation in inches. 


Mean 
Daily. 


Mean 
Daily 
Max. 


Mean 
Daily 
Min. 


High 
est. 


Low 
est. 


Mean 
Daily 
range. 


Averages. 


Extremes. 


Rain. 


Snow. 


Total. 


Greatest. 


Least. 


Jan 


6-2 
8-2 
19-6 
35-6 
46-0 
57-1 
62-6 
59-0 
52-8 
41-5 
26-7 
13-4 


17-1 
19-7 
30-8 
44-7 
55-6 
67-2 
73-5 
70-6 
62-3 
50-6 
34-6 
22-7 


- 4-6 
- 3-3 
8-4 
26-4 
36-5 
47-0 
51-7 
47-5 
43-3 
32-9 
18-7 
4-1 


48-0 
52-0 
70-0. 
78-0 
89-0 
91-0 
96-0 
94-0 
88-0 
80-0 
69-0 
51-0 


-40-0 
-51-0 
-42-0 
- 3-0 
16-0 
20-0 
33-0 
31-0 
19-0 
1-0 
-22-0 
-38-0 


21-7 
23-0 
22-4 
18-3 
19-1 
20-2 
21-8 
23-1 
19-0 
17-7 
15-9 
18-6 


0-02 
0-05 
0-11 
1-19 
1-98 
2-69 
3-76 
2-77 
3-26 
2-39 
0-84 
0-18 


7-4 
6-5 
8-1 
3-6 
0-5 

0-9 
6-2 
6-6 


0-76 
0-70 
0-92 
1-55 
2-03 
2-69 
3-76 
2-77 
3-26 
2-48 
1-46 
0-84 


1-46 
2-77 
2-76 
3-09 
4-10 
6-94 
9-21 
5-06 
7-54 
5-27 
4-29 
2-68 


0-21 
0-04 
0-18 
0-07 
0-36 
0-50 
1-39 
1-02 
1-30 
0-37 
0-35 
0-02 


Feb 


Mar 


April 
May 


June 
July 


Aug 
Sept. . 


Oct 


Nov 


Dec..... 


Year 


35-7 


45-8 


25-7 


96-0 


-51-0 


20-1 


19-24 


39-8 


23-22 


29-43 


18-80 





TORONTO, ONT. 
Observations for 70 years. 



Jan 


22-1 


29-1 


15-2 


58-0 


-26-0 


13-9 


1-14 


17-3 


2-87 


5-72 


0-61 


Feb.. 


21-7 


29-2 


14-1 


54-0 


-25-0 


15-1 


0-93 


16-5 


2-58 


5-21 


0-29 


Mar 


29-0 


36-3 


21-9 


75-0 


16-0 


14-4 


1-50 


11-5 


2-65 


6-70 


0-66 


April 


41-4 


49-6 


33-3 


90-0 


6-0 


16-3 


2-15 


2-5 


2-40 


4-90 


0-09 


May 


52-7 


62-0 


43-3 


93-0 


25-0 


18-7 


2-97 


0-1 


2-98 


9-36 


0-52 


June 


62-6 


72-4 


52-9 


97-0 


28-0 


19-5 


2-76 




2-76 


8-09 


0-57 


July.. 


68-1 


77-9 


58-2 


103-0 


39-0 


19-7 


3-04 




3-04 


5-63 


0-36 


* 
Aug 


66-6 


76-1 


57-1 


102-0 


40-0 


19-0 


2-77 




2-77 


7-09 


R. 


Sept 


59-2 


68-2 


50-2 


97-0 


28-0 


18-0 


3-18 




3-18 


9-76 


0-40 


Oct . 


47-0 


54-9 


39-1 


86-0 


16-0 


15-8 


2-40 


0-6 


2-46 


5-96 


0-56 


Nov 


36-3 


42-5 


30-1 


70-0 


5-0 


12-4 


2-49 


4-6 


2-95 


5-84 


0-11 


Dec 


26-3 


32-5 


20-0 


61-0 


-21-0 


12-5 


1-53 


13-0 


2-83 


6-00 


0-47 


























Year 


44-4 


52-6 


36-3 


103-0 


-26-0 


16-3 


26-86 


66-0 


33-46 


50-18 


24-84 



PARRY SOUND, ONT. 
Observations for 40 years. 



Jan 


14-3 


24-5 


4-0 


54-0 


38-0 


20-5 


0-87 


31-5 


4-02 


7-75 


1-76 


Feb.... 


13-7 


24-9 


2-6 


58-0 


38-0 


22-3 


0-76 


23-4 


3-10 


6-31 


0-46 


Mar... 


23-5 


34-3 


12-8 


71-0 


27-0 


21 & 


1-33 


14-8 


2-81 


5-49 


0-75 


April 


39-0 


49-4 


28-5 


82-0 


3-0 


20-9 


1-76 


3-1 


2-07 


4-03 


0-75 


May 


51-5 


62-4 


40-6 


90-0 


16-0 


21-8 


2-96 


0-6 


3-02 


6-06 


0-58 


June. . . . 


61-8 


72-7 


50-9 


94-0 


31-0 


21 -8 


2-47 




2-47 


5-47 


0-70 


July 
Aug. . 


66-5 
64-2 


76-9 
74-5 


56-1 
54-0 


98-0 
93-0 


37-0 
35-0 


20-8 
20 -R 


2-80 

2-83 


- 


2-80 
2-83 


0-92 
5-46 


1-10 
0-63 


Sept 


55-7 


67-6 


47-9 


90-0 


24-0 


19-7 


4-49 


s 


4-49 


8-43 


1-52 


Oct 


45-8 


54-5 


37-1 


84-0 


Q-0 


17-4 


3-83 


0-Q 


3-Q2 


6-33 


0-57 


Nov 


33-5 


40-8 


26-2 


69-0 


20-0 


M-fi 


2-R3 


14 -Q 


4-12 


7-33 


2-09 


Dec 


20-5 


29-7 


11-4 


56-0 


39-0 


18-3 


1-22 


32-3 


4-45 


8-16 


2-18 


























Year 


41-0 


51-0 


31-0 


98-0 


3Q-0 


20-0 


27-Q 1 ! 


121 ") 


40-10 


50-30 


31-59 



























TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION 



191 



2. Normal Temperature and Precipitation at Selected Canadian Stations continued. 

COTTAM, ONT. 

&lt; &gt;l&gt;MTv:it ions for 20 years. 



Months. 


Temperature 1 


-s. . . . " 
Precipitation in inches. 


Mean 
J ):uly. 


Mean 

Daily 

MLU. 


Mean 

Dailv 
Min. 


Hi K h- 

,.- 


,- 


Mean 
Daily 
range. 


A verages. 


Extremes. 


Rain. 


Snow. 


Total. 


Greatest. 


Least. 


Jan 


22-0 
21-1 

43-7 
55-6 
64-6 
70-6 
68-9 
61-6 
49-4 
37-8 
26-4 


31-6 
30-9 
42-8 
54-6 
67-6 

81-6 

74-4 

iil-7 


124 

11 :&gt;, 

;&lt;2 7 
43*6 

56-2 
48-9 

;&lt;7-i 

17- .) 


62-0 
57 
80-0 
87-0 
95-0 
95-0 
100-0 
100-0 
97-0 
85-0 
74-0 
70-0 


-20-0 
-25-0 
- 8-0 
10-0 
I M) 
30-0 
M-0 
35-0 
26-0 
10-0 

-11-0 


19-3 
19-6 
20-0 

. 1 . 
I M) 
24-0 
2-x 
25-4 

2 I -, 
20-1 
17-1 


1-59 
1-61 
1-90 
2-34 

4- [s 

3-38 
2-49 

2-40 
1-82 


11-8 
10-1 
6-8 
2-1 
0-2 

0-1 
1-7 

8-2 


2-77 
2-62 
2-58 
2-55 
J.flO 
4 -IS 
3-38 
2-49 
2-18 
2-49 
2-67 
2-64 


6-01 
6-16 

6-76 
7-31 
7-08 
5-66 
5-50 
5-36 
5-04 
4-42 


1-45 

1-11 
1-07 
0-47 
1-48 
0-41 
0-tif, 
0-00 
1-09 
1-07 
1-05 
0-90 




Mur 


April 
M.i v 


June 


July.. 


AUK 


Sept 


Oct.... 
Nov.. 


Dec . . 


Year.. 


46-2 


57-3 


35-1 


100-0 


-25-0 


22-2 


29-95 


42-0 


34-15 


38-97 


26-67 



HAILEYBURT, ONT. 
Observations for 20 years. 



Jan 


6-4 


17-4 


- 4-6 


48-0 


-40-0 


22-0 


0-27 


17-:, 


2-02 


3-43 


1-20 


Feh 


7-8 


14-0 


- 3-4 


!- 


-48-0 


17-4 


&lt;)_&gt;() 


ivo 


2-00 


3-94 


0-54 


Mar 


19-4 


21-6 


8-2 





-34-0 


13-4 


0-52 


16-0 


M2 


4-43 


0-M 


April 


37-1 


48-0 


26-2 


Sl O 


- 3-0 


21-8 


1 I-:. 


5-8 


1-83 


4-38 


0-88 


Muv 


50-8 




39-4 


93-0 


14-0 




2-83 


1-5 


2-98 


4-73 


0-75 


June 


61-7 


73-4 


50-0 


100-0 


28-0 




2-91 


- 


2-91 


5-55 


0-72 


July 


66-0 


76-8 


55-4 


102-0 


36-0 


21-4 


_ . n 


- 


2-72 


8-21 


1-55 


Aug. 


62-2 


72-7 


51-8 


M 


30-0 


29-9 


\ - 


- 




4-45 


1-14 


Sept 


55-3 


64-9 


45-7 


91-0 


H-0 


10-2 


2-:&lt;I 


- 


2-31 


7-44 


0-96 


Oct 


43-0 


.-)!:. 


34-4 


80-0 


13-0 


17-1 


1 &gt; 


2-8 


2-86 


5-20 


0-97 


Nov 


23-2 




21-1 


67-0 


-15-0 


14-1 




13-7 


2-36 


4-35 


0-43 


Dec 


13-6 


22-0 


5-2 


51-0 


-34-0 


16-8 


0-75 


: 1 


2-74 


3-95 


0-88 


Year 


37-1 


46-7 


27-5 


102-0 


-48-0 


19-2 


20-21 


95-2 


29-73 


39-77 


27-13 



























MONTREAL, Qui. 
Observations for 50 years. 



Jan 
Feb 
Mar 


12-7 
14-3 
24-6 


20-8 
21-8 

31-7 


4-6 
6-8 
17-4 


53-0 
47-0 
61-0 


-26-0 
-24-0 
-15-0 


16-2 
15-0 
14-3 


0-72 
1-45 


31-4 
26-1 
19-5 


3-99 
3-33 
3-40 


6-18 
6-35 
7-32 


2-08 
0-49 
I- 01 


April 


41-3 


49-3 


33-4 


77-0 


8-0 


15-9 


1-69 


5-3 


2-22 


4-19 


0-48 


May 


52-9 


61-6 


44-3 


89-0 


23-0 


17-3 


3-01 


0-1 


3-02 


6-22 


0-11 


June 


63-9 


73-6 


54-3 


92-0 


38-0 


19-3 


3-21 


- 


3-21 


8-00 


0-90 


July.. 


69-1 


77-4 


60-8 


95-0 


47-0 


16-6 


3-95 





3-95 


7-72 


0-96 


Aug.. 


66-1 


74-0 


58-2 


90-0 


43-0 


15-8 


3-35 





3-35 


7-89 


1-23 


Sept 


58-5 


66-2 


50-8 


90-0 


33-0 


15-4 


3-46 





3-46 


6-65 


0-88 


Oct 


46-0 


52-9 


39-1 


80-0 


21-0 


13-8 


3-13 


1-4 


3-27 


7-47 


0-65 


Nov 


33-3 


39-2 


27-4 


68-0 


0-0 


11-8 


2-26 


11-7 


3-43 


6-40 


1-44 


Dec 


19-6 


26-5 


12-7 


59-0 


-21-0 


13-8 


1-17 


25-2 


3-69 


5-94 


1-12 


























Year 


41-8 


49-6 


34-1 


95-0 


-26-0 


15-5 


28-25 


120-7 


40-32 


48-01 


30-97 



192 



CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY 



2. Normal Temperature and Precipitation at Selected Canadian Stations continued . 

QUEBEC, QUE. 
Observations for 20 years. 



Months. 


Temperature F. 


Precipitation in inches. 


Mean 
Daily. 


Mean 
Daily 
Max. 


Mean 
Daily 
Min. 


High 
est. 


Low 
est. 


Mean 
Daily 
range. 


Averages. 


Extremes. 


Rain. 


Snow. 


Total. 


Greatest. 


Least. 


Jan 
Feb.... 


9-7 
12-0 
22-8 
37-0 
52-0 
61-2 
66-1 
62-8 
55-3 
42-0 
32-2 
15-0 


17-7 
20-2 
30-7 
45-3 
62-0 
70-8 
75-7 
71-5 
63-6 
47-8 
35-7 
22-2 


1-8 
3-7 
15-0 
28-7 
42-0 
51-5 
56-6 
54-1 
46-9 
36-3 
28-7 
7-8 


47-0 
49-0 
64-0 
80-0 
88-0 
90-0 
96-0 
90-0 
88-0 
77-0 
66-0 
55-0 


-34-0 
-32-0 
-23-0 
3-0 
21-0 
34-0 
39-0 
38-0 
29-0 
14-0 
-10-0 
-27-0 


15-9 
16-5 
15-5 
16-6 
20-0 
19-3 
19-1 
17-4 
16-7 
11-5 
7-0 
14-4 


0-64 
0-74 
1-29 
1-42 
3-01 
3-83 
4-30 
4-00 
3-77 
2-94 
1-75 
0-85 


30-7 
27-3 
19-9 
6-4 
0-4 

1-5 
14-2 
25-2 


3-71 
3-47 
3-28 
2-06 
3-05 
3-83 
4-30 
4-00 
3-77 
3-09 
3-17 
3-37 


6-58 
6-22 
6-16 
6-57 
6-93 
9-23 
7-12 
9-58 
8-75 
6-99 
7-09 
6-78 


1-10 
0-98 
1-65 
0-70 
0-27 
1-32 
0-53 
1-35 
1-08 
0-93 
0-90 
1-13 


Mar... 


April 
May 


June.. 
July.. 


. * 

Aug 

Sept.. 


Oct 


Nov 


Dec 
Year 


39-0 


47-0 


31-1 


96-0 


-34-0 


15-9 


28-54 


125-6 


41-10 


52-39 


32-12 



ANTICOSTI (SOUTH WEST POINT), QUEBEC. 
Observations for 30 years. 



Jan 


11-9 


19-8 


4-0 


47 -n 


40-0 


is.c 


0. KQ 


10.0 


241 


67f\ 




Feb.. . 


12-5 


19-7 


5-3 


4fi-0 


3^.0 


14.4 


O.OK 


lo O 
14.7 


"11 
1 70 


(0 

47n 


54 


Mar 


21-0 


27-1 


15-0 


47 -n 


on.n 


10. 1 


0. cn 


1 9 .n 


1 1 & 
1 7f) 


/u 

4nCC 


27 


April 


30-5 


35-4 


25-6 


71-0 


Q.n 


q.o 


i . 19 


c.c 


1 ill 
1 .AC 


yo 
7 no 


29 


May 


39-8 


45-0 


34 5 


78-0 


TO-fi 


in. P; 


O. Aft 


0.4 


1 -DO 
244 


a2 

4 GO 


05 


June. . 
July.... 


48-4 
56-6 


53-4 
62-3 


43-5 
(ji .ft 


85-0 
7Q-0 


26-0 
Q4.. o 


9-9 
n.o 


2-93 

O.-M 


0-1 


ft 

2-94 
314 


Do 

5-58 

87A 


05 
0-40 


Aug 


56-2 


61-5 


51-0 


80-0 


28 -fl 


TO- ^ 


9..4Q 




14 
0.40 


/U 
400 


43 

OIJQ 


Sept 


48-7 


54-4 


43-0 


73-0 


20-0 


11 -4 


9.Q9 




9.09 


-yj 

481 


/o 
07n 


Oct 


39-8 


45-1 


34 -&lt;i 


ftC.fl 


Q.f) 


10.fi 


Q.4n 


0. c 


34 


ol 

9 OK 


lO 


Nov 


30-2 


35-4 


2^-1 


"i7-fi 


i .n 


If). 


o. OK 


fi.4 


40 

2. AQ 


oo 

4XA 


54 
0*{\ 


Dec... 


20-5 


27-2 


13 -8 


Z9.ft 


QQ.n 


1Q.4 


O.ftC 


14.7 


oy 

2. 19 


04 
5 in 


4y 

OQO 






















1U 


6& 


Year 


34-7 


40-5 


98-0 


S l-fl 


40. n 


n-fi 


99.07 


79.7 


.fi.fi.4 


/IS 4Q 


1 K CQ 




















OU-04 


40 -4o 


10 -SO 



FREDERICTON, NEW BRUNSWICK. 
Observations for 30 years. 



Jan.. 


13-3 


24-3 


2-2 


^n 


94.0 


99.1 


1 .R4 


9..Q 


4nq 


8Q/1 


1OA 


Feb 


15-4 


26-6 


4-1 


ii -n 


pen 


99. c 


O.Qfi 


60 *y 
47.fi 


Uo 

5. Afi 


O4 

470 


i)0 

04S 


Mar 


26-5 


36-9 


lfi-0 


fi^-0 


90. n 


9ft. Q 


9. Ifi 


9S.R 


DO 

4.79 


(O 

7 CQ 


48 
1 QO 


April " . 


38-9 


49-5 


28-3 


82-0 


o.n 


91 .9 


1 .07 


1fi.fi 


2.07 


/ Oo 
4 .47 


1 O4 
Oqn 


May 


51-2 


62-8 


3Q-fi 


QO.O 


94. n 


90 9 


3.91 


01 


300 


9 no 


OU 

OQQ 


June.. 


59-6 


71-7 


47- ( 5 


qo.o 


9fi.fi 


94.9 


q 71 


1 


zz 

371 


Uo 
8ni 


oo 

147 


July 


65-9 


77-0 


54-8 


%.n 


4fi.fi 


99.9 


3.nq 




/I 
3.HQ 


Ul 

600 


4( 

1OR 


Aug 


63-2 


73-7 


52-7 


Q i-O 


QK.ft 


91 .fi 


3 .07 




uo 

3 .07 


6O 
6QQ 


^0 

07A 


Sept.. 


55-3 


66-1 


44 * 


09. n 


9c.n 


91 .fi 


3K/1 




y/ 

3K/( 


-yy 

7 7Q 


&lt;o 

Oni 


Oct.. 


43-4 


54 -2 


^O.fi 


81 .n 


1 A 


91 R 


04 
4 no 


Op; 


04 

4A7 


/ /O 


yi 


Nov 


33-0 


40-9 


25-0 


RO.f) 


1O-U 
q.n 


Zl -0 
ic.Q 


02 
017 




9n 


O/ 
4n7 


yy 

647 


85 

OQA 


Dec... 


19-4 


28-2 


in. % 


rjQ.fi 


9fi.fi 


177 


O 1 I 
1 UR 


u 

1 o o 


l/&lt; 

3 A K 


4/ 


yo 

11 Q 














it 1 


1 -00 


io-y 


40 


44 


lo 


Year 


40-4 


51-0 


29-8 


Qfi-fl 


oe ft 


91 .9 


7.O 04. 


IQK n 


4A /4/t 


K4 ftO 


QK ftO 
















oi*y4 


loO U 


40-44 


O4-OJ 


oO lul 



TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION 



193 



2. Normal Temperature and Precipitation at Selected Canadian Stations concluded. 

YARMOUTH, N.3. 
Observations for 35 years. 



Months. 


Temperature F. 


Precipitation in inches. 


Mean 
Daily. 


Mean 
Daily 
Mux. 


Mean 
Daily 
Min. 


High- 

, 


Low 
est. 


Mean 
Daily 
range. 


Averages. 


Extremes. 


Rain. 


Snow. 


Total. 


Greatest. 


Least. 


Jan 


30-0 

- .&gt; 7 
31-8 

48*1 

60-7 
56-0 
48-6 
41-8 
31-1 


34-3 

37-8 

68-2 

55-4 
46-6 


19-6 
25-7 

40-6 
47-8 

48-8 
41-7 
37-1 


54-0 

55-0 
72-0 
78-0 

86-0 

79 

74-0 

58-0 


- 6-0 

-12-0 
- I -O 
17-0 

81-0 

41-d 

:;i-ii 

11-0 
- 3-0 


14-7 
13-9 

liM 

15-0 

1.V4 
15-0 
14-3 

14 } 
13-7 

1:5-3 


2-75 
1-13 

3-17 

. - 

3-50 
4-15 

3-31 


20-3 

21-8 
13-3 

S 

0-3 
4-0 

14-7 


4-78 
4-31 
4-65 

2-83 
3-38 
3-51 

4-18 
4-17 
4-78 


0-92 
7-77 
10 
7-U 
7-66 
6-68 

5.70 
11 
8-56 
I-2Q 


1-97 

1-45 
0-82 
0-93 
0-69 
0-52 
1-08 
0-88 
0-78 
1-51 
1-88 


Feb 

April ... 


June. . . 


July 


AUK. 


&lt; i.-r 




Dec... 
Year.. 


44-1 


50-7 


37-0 


86-0 


-12-0 


13-7 




79-9 


47-58 


70-90 


35-06 



CHARLOTTE-TOWN, P.E.I. 
Observations for 30 years. 



Months. 


Temperature F. 


Precipitation in inches. 


Mean 
Daily. 


Mean 
Daily 
Max. 


Mean 
Daily 
Min. 


High 
est. 


Low 
est. 


Mean 
Daily 
range. 


Averages. 


Extremes. 


Rain. 


Snow. 


Total. 


Greatest. 


Least. 


Jan .... 
Feb.... 


19-0 
18-0 
27-0 
37-0 
48-0 
57-0 
66-0 
65-0 
58-0 
48-0 
37-0 
25-0 


27-0 
26-0 
34-0 
44-0 
56-0 
66-0 
74-0 
73-0 
65-0 
54-0 
42-0 
32-0 


11-0 
9-0 
20-0 
30-0 
40-0 
49-0 
58-0 
57-0 
50-0 
41-0 
32-0 
19-0 


52-0 
If 
54-0 
74-0 
81-0 
87-0 
91-0 
92-0 
87-0 
77-0 
62-0 
52-0 


-19-0 
-21 -0 
-15-0 
8-0 
26-0 
32-0 
37-0 
41-0 
34-0 
26-0 
11-0 
-11-0 


16-0 
17-0 
14-0 
14-0 
16-0 
17-0 
12-0 
16-0 
15-0 
13-0 
10-0 
13-0 


1-46 
0-86 
1-67 
2-11 
2-51 
2-54 
2-96 
3-37 
3-36 
4-46 
3-48 
Mfl 


19-6 
17-5 
13-9 
8-8 
1-0 

0-2 
6-0 
16-0 


3-42 
2-61 
3-06 
2-99 
2-61 
2-54 
2-96 
3-37 
3-36 
4-48 
4-08 
3-79 


7-62 
6-37 
5-54 
6-10 
5-85 
5-37 
8-97 
8-44 
8-75 
10-38 
8-00 
7-25 


1-10 
0-88 
1-48 
0-82 
0-40 
0-47 
1-81 
0-94 
0-06 
0-50 
1-74 
1-41 


Mar 


April 
May 


June. 


July 


Aug.. 


Sept 


Oct 


Nov 


Dec... 


Year 


42-0 


49-0 


35-0 


92-0 


-21-0 


14-0 


30-97 


83-0 


39-27 


56-43 


32-45 



3813113 



194 



CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY 



3. Averages of Sunshine, Wind and Weather at Selected Canadian Stations. 

(The years indicate the period of observation on which averages are based.) 

VICTORIA, B.C. 



Months. 


Sunshine 
Average 
1895-1910. 


So" 

8 
02 *r 

II 



CTJ 
d| 

*J 

a) o 

M. 

cj " 

11 

&lt;"ft 


Wind 
1896-1915. 


Average 
No. of days 
1896-1915 with 



in 

3 
O 

A 

4-4 

3 

If 

6 s 

$ 

Z o, 


o 

r-l 
U-l -(-&gt; 
O C3 

0&gt; 

M -rt 

43^ 

gs 

g-a 

Is 

M 0. 


5 

, 

a 

3 

BJ 

g 03 

So 
3 


U 

TH 
1 

s 
rg 

a; O 

&gt; 
&lt;? &gt; 


I 

i 1 

-d 

M 

3 

Ij 

IV+3 


Strongest 
Wind 
Recorded. 


Thun 
der. 


Fog. 


Hail. 


8 

a 

tn , 

r2 3 

2 o 
Srfs 


.1 
+ 

o 





Jan 


53-4 
79-4 
143-0 
184-8 
198-6 
215-1 
293-7 
256-9 
183-3 
118-3 
57-3 
38-1 

1,821-9 


19-6 
27-9 
39-0 
44-9 
41-9 
44-7 
60-4 
58-0 
48-6 
35-3 
20-8 
14-9 


14 
7 
5 
2 
3 
1 
1 
1 
3 
7 
10 
13 


3 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
3 
3 


9-0 
8-9 
9-0 
9-0 
8-8 
9-7 
9-1 
7-8 
6-5 
6-8 
9-9 
8-8 


N 
N 
SE 
SW 
SW 

sw 
sw 
sw 
sw 

E 

NE 
NE 


50 
48 
52 
50 
41 
49 
44 
43 
44 
56 
57 
59 


SE 
SW 
SW 

sw 
w 
sw 
sw 
sw 
sw 
sw 

SE 
SE 


- 


1 
1 
1 

1 

2 
3 
4 
1 
1 


- 


Peb 


Mar 


April 


Mav.. 


June 


July.. 


Aug . 


Sept , 


Oct 


Nov 


Dec 


Year . . 





67 


24 


8-6 


SW 


59 


SE 





15 






* VANCOUVER, B.C. 



Jan 1 


46-4 


17-3 


17 




4-3 


E 


40 


NW 


_ 


3 


_ 


Feb 


51-5 


18-2 


10 




4-0 


E 


26 


W 


_ 


4 


__ 


Mar 


135-6 


36-9 


7 




5-0 


E 


30 


SE 





1 





April 


179-4 


43-7 


4 


Average 


4-8 


SE 


25 


W 


_ 




1 


Mav 


220-0 


46-5 


3 


less 


4-8 


SE 


23 


W 


1 


_ 




June 


228-0 


47-2 


2 


than 


4-5 


E 


27 


w 


1 


_ 


_ 


July 


265-6 


54-6 


2 


one 


4-1 


S 


22 


w 


2 


_ 


_ 


Aug 


252.7 


57-0 


2 


per 


3-7 


S 


20 


w 


1 





_ 


Sept 


162-9 


43-3 


5 


month 


4-6 


S 


26 


NW 


1 


2 


_ 


Oct..... .. 


111 3 


33-4 


8 




3-8 


SE 


35 


W 




6 


__ 


NOV...: 

Dec... . 


51-1 

38-8 


18-6 
15-3 


13 

15 




4-3 
4-4 


E 
E 


25 
30 


NW 
W 


- 


4 

4 


- 


























Year 


1,743-3 


- 


88 


- 


4-4 


SE 


40 


NW 


6 


24 


1 



*Sunshine, 1908-1917; days clouded, 1909-1920; wind, days with thunder, etc., 1905-1920. 

JKAMLOOPS, B.C. 



Jan 


65-0 


24-7 


12 




3-5 


S 


25 


SE 











Feb 


87-0 


31-1 


7 




3-1 


S 


24 


NE 


__ 





_ 


Mar 


166-0 


45-2 


4 




4-5 


SE 


31 


W 


_ 


_ 


_ 


April 
May 


187-0 
&gt; 224-0 


45-2 
46-8 


3 
3 


Average 
less 


4-8 
4-4 


S 

S 


30 
30 


W 

w 


- 


- 


- 


June 


240-0 


50-1 


3 


than 


4-1 


SW 


25 


SE 


__ 


_ 


_ 


July.. 


295-0 


59-9 


1 


one 


4-1 


SW 


40 


SE 


1 





_ 


Aug 
Sept 


262-0 
185-0 


58-6. 
49-1 


2 
3 


per 
month 


3-5 
3-5 


sw 
s 


30 
40 


SE 
S 




- 


- 


Oct. . 


140-0 


42-3 


6 




3-6 


SE 


40 


NW 


_ 


_ 


_ 


Nov 


70-0 


26-2 


L 10 




4-4 


SE 


40 


W 


_ 


_ 


_ 


Dec 


50-0 


20-1 


13 




3-3 


S 


30 


SE 


- 


- 


- 


Year. ..... 


1,971-0 


- 


67 


- 


3-9 


S 


40 


Several. 


1 


- 


, 



tSunshine, 1906-1916; days clouded, 1906-1920; wind, etc., 1897-1916. 

JEoMONTON, ALTA. 



Jan 


79 


31-6 


10 




4-4 


W 


36 


W 


_ 


_ 





Feb 


125 


45-7 


3 


_ 


4-9 


W 


34 


NW 


_ 


_ 


_ 


Mar 


174 


47-4 


3 


_ 


5-6 


S 


28 


NW 


wm 


= 


_ 


April . . . 


212 


50-7 


3 


_^_ 


7-2 


SW 


42 


NW 





_ 


_ 


May 


222 


45-1 


3 


1 


6-8 


sw 


36 


SE 


1 


1 


__ 


June . 


242 


47-8 


3 




5-9 


w 


34 


NW 


3 


1 





July 
Aue. . 


273 
256 


53-8 
56-3 


2 
2 


- 


5-3 

4-7 


sw 
w 


30 
26 


NW 

NW 


4 
2 


1 
1 


1 


Sept 


184 


48-6 


3 


_ 


5-3 


w 


36 


W 


1 


1 


_ 


Oct 


150 


46-2 


4 


_ 


5-2 


w 


28 


NW 






_ 


Nov 


87 


33-9 


7 





4-6 


sw 


25 


NW 








_ 


Dec 


77 


33-2 


11 


- 


4-2 


sw 


34 


NW 


- 


- 


- 


Year. . 


2.081 


^ 


54 


1 


5-3 


sw 


42 


NW 


11 


5 


1 



JSunshine, 1906-1916; days clouded, 1906-1920; wind, etc., 1897-1916. 



VSHINE, \\ IM&gt; AND M AM 777 /:/ 



195 



{. \\craiivs oT Sunshine, Wind and Weather at Selected Canadian Stations . .ntinued. 

iTi tin- period ul ohservatioii on which average-- are l&gt;a- 

M Y 1H IM. 1 1 \1 . Al.TA. 



Monti 


Sunsliine 
A verage 
190(1 P.M.;. 


8&lt;M 
C5 

~ - 
&gt; i. 

-""a. 


Wind 

1896-1915. 


Avenige 
No. of days 

lv.Mi-1 .M,-) with 


N limber of hours 
per month. 


.i 

.a 


A , iinlier 
of &lt; ial 


\\ Mirly 


I revailing &lt;Iir- 
t ion. 


Strongest 
Wind 

Recorded. 


Thun 
der. 


Foe- 


Hail. 


=. 
5 

m-G 


I Mrection. 


Jan 

Feb.. 

Mar 
April 
May 
June 
July. 
\uir 

Sept 
&lt; )ct 


117 
169 

196 
158 
102 


33-1 

4 1 (i 

w-o 



52-0 


8 

2 

1 
1 

1 

1 


2 

2 
2 

2 
2 

1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 


6-6 
7-4 
7-5 
7-5 
6-4 
5-6 


6-1 

1 


\\ 
SW 

\\ 
s\\ 
&gt;\\ 


46 

51 

41 

M 

50 
60 

60 


- 
- 
\\\ 
- 
N, W 
&gt;\\ 
S\N 

W 
S 
W 

&gt;\\ 


2 
4 
4 
3 
1 


1 


- 







v i . 


2.: 


- 


47 


21 


6-4 


- 




-\\ 




1 


- 


*UOSTKK\ . S\SK. 


* I HIM K Vl.HI 


Jan 
Mar 

April... 

May 
June 
July .. 

Aug 


91 -6 

220-8 

2(12-7 

2MI-I 

1-8 
27 
190-8 
141-4 
111-6 


36-1 

,)(] u 

13-1 


10 

4 

1 

7 
11 


- 


o o oc c-. 




s 

i &gt; * 
i 

- 

s\\ 
&gt;\\ 


.-__--. f 


W 

\\\ 
xu 
x\v 

\ 

E 
eral. 
NW 

ral 

N 


1 
2 


1 
1 
1 


- 


.. 
Xov 

Year. . 


2.258-8 


- 


57 


- 




- 






6 


3 


Sunshine and days clouded, l .ll-H20; wind lV.lti-HH7, IS .ts mis-ing; days with thunder, etc., Iv.iti-Mll/. 



INDIAN HK\I&gt;, &gt;\^K. 


* -K. 


Jan. . . 


: 

I037 
131-8 

170-1 
211-4 
207-4 
272 . 1 
S-9 
163 
130-5 
68-8 
58-8 


32-8 
37-0 

41-2 
44 -ii 
42-4 

.-,!:; 


10 

4 
5 
4 

2 

2 
.1 
6 
8 
12 


2 

-&gt; 

2 

1 
1 

1 

1 
2 

~l 
2 


9-6 
10-0 
9-8 
9-0 

7-4 

9-1 
9-1 

9-0 


N\\ 

\\\ 

\\ 

&gt;\\ 
&gt;u 

- 

&gt;\N 

sw 

\\ 
\\ 
\\ 
W 


66 

18 

12 

41 
45 

42 

i:, 


\U 
\\ 
N \V 

\ \\ 
8\H 

\ \v 
sw.xw 
s\\ 
X U 

\w 
\\v 


1 

4 
5 

4 

1 


1 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


1 


Mar 
April... 
May 
June 
Julv ... 


Aug 

Sept 


Oct. 



Dec. 

Year. . 


1,831-0 


- 


70 


19 


9-0 




66 


x\v 


16 


12 


1 



Sunshine and days clouded, 1891-1910; wind, etc., 1,V.I7-1 .U7 

t\VixvipK&lt;;, MAVITOBA. 



mi-ins). 



Jan 

Feb.. 
Mar . 
April.... 
Mav. 


110-3 
138-6 
17.5-0 
206-7 
250 -7 


41-4 
4 i-2 
47-7 
50-2 
52-3 


9 

ii 

7 



4 


7 
5 

6 

7 
6 


12 -S 
12-2 

13-1 

i4-:&gt; 

14 -.5 


\\ 
SW 

- 
E 
E 


.50 
55 

60 

66 


X, \V 
XYY 
X\V 
W 
NW 


1 
2 


1 


- 


, J 
June 

July 


2.50-4 
2! () -.5 


51-6 
59-5 


3 

2 


5 

.5 


12-7 
12-1 


E 

- 


46 

55 


x\v 
SW 


4 
5 


- 


- 


Aug.. 

: 
Oct 


256-7 

179-6 
124-8 


57-8 

47-7 
37-6 


3 
4 

8 


4 

6 
6 


11-3 
13-0 
13-8 


- 

- 
- 


43 

.-).-&gt; 
60 


W 

W 

N\V 


3 
2 
1 


- 





Nov 


89-6 


33 2 


10 


."i 


12-4 


SW 


4. ) 


X, W 




1 


_ 


Dec 


81-2 


32-2 


14 


4 


12-2 


sw 


59 


W 


- 




- 


Year.. 


2,154-1 


- 


75 


66 


12-9 


8 


66 


NW 


18 


2 


- 



fSunshine, 1882-1910; days clouded, 1901-1920; wind, etc., 1897-1916. 

38131 



196 



CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY 



8. Averages of Sunshine, Wind and Weather at Selected Canadian Stations continued . 
(The years indicate the period of observation on which averages are based.) 



CALGARY, ALTA. 



Months. 


Wind (1897-1916). 


Average Number of days 
(1897-1916) with 


Average 
Number 
of Gales. 


Average 
Hourly 
Velocity. 


Prevailing 
Direction. 


Strongest 
wind 
Recorded. 


Thunder. 


Fog. 


Hail. 


Miles 
per hour. 


Direction. 


January 


1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


6-4 
6-6 
7-6 
8-5 
8-8 
8-6 
7-6 
7-3 
7-5 
6-5 
6-0 
6-5 


W 
W 

SW 
W 

NW 
NW 
NW 
NW 
NW 
NW 
W 
W 


52 

48 
48 
56 
48 
50 
48 
36 
62 
40 
36 
52 


NW 
W 

SW 

NW 
N, NW 
W 
NW 
W 
NW 
W 
Several. 
W 


1 
1 
3 

2 


- 


I 


February 
March 


April 


May 


June 


July 


August 


September 


October 
November 


December 


Year 


12 


7-3 


w 


62 


NW 


7 


- 


1 





LE PAS, MANITOBA. 



Months. 


Wind (1910-1920). 


Average Number of days 
(1910-1920) with 


Average 
Number 
of Gales. 


Average 
Hourly 
Velocity. 


Prevailing 
Direction. 


Strongest 
wind 
Recorded. 


Thunder. 


Fog. 


Hail. 


Miles 
per hour. 


Direction. 


January 


1 
1 
1 

2 
1 
1 
1 
1 


7-5 

7-2 
7-5 
8-3 
8-5 
7-8 
8-9 
7-7 
6-8 
7-5 
7-9 
7-1 


W 
W 

S 
E 
E 
SE 
W 
W 

w 
w 
w 

sw 


43 
40 
45 
41 
40 
44 
54 
48 
41 
42 
33 
38 


NW 
W 
W 

sw 

sw 
sw 

NW 
NW 
W 
NW 
W 


2 
2 


1 

2 
1 
1 


- 


February 


March 


April 


May 


June 


July.... 


August 


September 


October 


November 


December 


Year 


9 


7-7 


w 


54 


sw 


4 


5 


- 





Wl\l&gt; 



WEATHEl! 



197 



I. Averages of Sunshine, Wind and Weather at Selected Canadian Stations continued. 
(The years indicate the period of observation on which averages are based) 

PORT NELKOY, MAY. 



Month*. 


Wind (1916-1920). 


nige Number of d 
(1916-1920) with 


Average 

Xuiniier 

of C 


Average 

Hourly 
Velocity. 


Prevailing 

Direction. 


Strongest 
wind 
Recorded. 


Thunder. 


Fog. 


Hail. 


Milt s 
per hour. 


Direct it m. 


January 


2 
3 
3 
2 
1 
3 
1 
1 
3 
4 
5 
2 


12-4 
13-fi 

11-4 

12.4 
13-6 
13-8 

12-4 

13-6 
13-1 
11-7 


U 
\\ 
W 

-1 
M 

\! 

S\\ 
8W 
\\\ 
XW 
U 


34 
48 
41 
51 
40 
38 
53 
42 

40 
43 
42 


w, xw 

\w 

\\\ 

M:, NW 

\i: 

\K, NW 
SW, XW 

X 

x\v 


3 
3 
1 

1 


1 

1 
1 
3 
2 
1 
2 
1 
1 
2 


- 


Februarv .... 


March 


April . 

Ma.v 

J une . . 


.lulv 


August 


;nl*&gt;r 


&lt; &gt;ctiiber 


November 


December 


Year.. 


32 


12-7 


SW 


53 


NE 


9 


15 


_ 



PORT ARTHUR, ONT. 



Months. 



January 

February... 

March. 

April 

May 

June. . 

July 

August 

tember. 

October 

November. 
December. 



Year. 



Wind (1896-1920). 


Average Number of days 




(1896-1920) with 








Strongest 








\ : . 


Average 




wind 








X umber 


Hourly 


Pn-vailing 


Recorded. 








of Gales. 


Velocity. 


Direction. 




Thunder. 


Fog. 


Hail. 










Miles 

per hour. 


Direction. 








1 


6-9 


N\\ 


37 


M\ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


1 


7-1 


X W 


50 


X W 


_ 





- 


1 




X W 


52 


\ W 








- 


1 


7-8 


S 


39 


N\\. xi : 


1 


1 


- 


1 


7-8 




41 


M; 


1 


2 


- 


_ 


6-7 


1. 


51 


xu 


2 


2 


- 


- 


6-4 


- 


34 


xw 


4 


1 


- 


_ 


6-7 


S\\ 


41 


xw 


3 


2 


- 


_ 


7-1 


sw 


62 


xw 


2 


2 


- 


1 


7-4 


&gt;\\ 


42 


X \V 


1 


3 


- 


1 


8-1 


\w 


40 


xw 


- 


1 


- 


1 


7-4 


XW 


52 


xw 


- 


1 





8 


7-3 


SW 


62 


NW 


14 


15 






WHITE RIVER, ONT. 



Months. 


Wind US96-1920). 


Average Number of days 
(1896-1920) with 


Average 
X umber 
of Gales. 


A verage 
Hourly 
Velocity. 


Prevailing 
Direction. 


Strong 
wind 
Recorded. 


Thunder. 


Fog. 


Hail. 


Miles 
per hour. 


Direction. 


January 


- 


4-2 
3-3 
4-4 
5-0 
5-6 
5-0 
4-4 
3-6 
3-9 
4-1 
4-6 
3-7 


SE 
E 
E 

E 

SE 

S 
SW 

s 

SW 

s 


28 
22 
30 
30 
28 
32 
23 
24 
24 
25 
25 
24 


NW 

S, XW 
X 
X 
SW 
BW 
N 
SW 
S 
SW 
XW, SW 

s 


1 
1 
2 
2 
2 


1 
1 
1 


- 


Februarv 


March 


April.. 


May 


June.. 


July 


August 


September 


October 


November 


December 


Year . 


_ 


4-3 


SE 


32 


SW 


8 


3 


_ 



198 



CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY 



3. Averages of Sunshine, Wind and Weather at Selected Canadian Stations continued 
(The years indicate the period of observation on which averages are based.) 

COCHRANE, ONT. 



Months. 


Wind (1911-1920). 


Average Number of days 
(1911-1920) with 


Average 
Number 
of Gales. 


Average 
Hourly 
Velocity. 


Prevailing 
Direction. 


Strongest 
wind 
Recorded. 


Thunder. 


Fog. 


Hail. 


Miles 
per hour. 


Direction. 


Januarv 


- 


7-8 
7-2 
,V2 
8-4 
8-5 
8-4 
7-1 
6-5 
7-3 
7-2 
6-6 
6-8 


W 

NW 
SW 
SE 
S 

s 

W 
W 

sw 
sw 
sw 

NW 


34 
32 
33 
35 
35 
34 
29 
31 
30 
35 
30 
27 


NW 
NW 
NW 
NW 
vNW 
SW 

sw 

NW 

SW 
SE 
SW 

sw 


1 
2 
3 
2 

1 


1 

I 
1 
1 

1 


- 


Februarv 


March. 


April 


Mav 


June 


Julv . 


August .7 


September 


October 


November 


December .... 


Year :....... 


&lt; _ - 


7-5 


sw 


35 


NW, SE 


9 


5 


- 





AXTICOSTI, SOUTH WEST POINT, QUEBEC. 



Months. 


Wind (1897-1920). 


Average Number of days 
(1897-1920) with 


Average 
Number 
of Gales. 


Average 
Hourly 
Velocity. 


Prevailing 
Direction. 


Strongest 
wind 
Recorded. 


Thunder. 


Fog. 


Hail. 


Miles 
per hour. 


Direction. 


Januarv 


16 
13 
12 
8 
6 
4 
3 
4 
6 
10 
11 
14 


21-9 
19-9 
18-6 
15-8 
13-8 
13-3 
12-1 
12-3 
14-3 
16-6 
18-8 
20-6 


NW 

SW 

s 

SE 
SE 
SE 
SE 
SE 
SE 
S 
SE 
SW 


72 
65 
68 
70 
52 
56 
44 
68 
58 
67 
98 
71 


NW 
NW 
NW 
NW 
NW 
W 
W 
W 
NW 
W 
N 
NW 


- 


1 
1 
3 
3 
5 
7 
5 
3 
4 
1 
1 


- 


February 


March 


April 


Mav 


June 


Julv 


August 


September 


October 


November 


December 


Year 


107 


16-5 


s 


98 


N 


- 


34 


- 





SU\SIIl\I , \VI\l) AND U7-M77/A7, 



199 



3. Average* of Sunshine, Wind and Weather at Selected Canadian Stations 

(Th indicate the period of ol&gt;ser\ at ion &lt;&gt;n which averages are based. 

MUI.KVHI HV. &gt;\i\in&lt;&gt;. 







I 








Sunshine 


So 


Wind 


Average 




\\erage 




1896-1920. 


No. of d 




1906-1916. 


00 




1896-1920 with 






11 

















Strongest 














*o 


_ 


^ 





Wind 








Months. 


- 


*_- ~ 


. 





"u 


E 


orded. 










- 


. 


6"- 


o 


1 


^ - 












85 




fcg 







| 


u 





Thun 
der. 


Fog. 


Hail. 




| 




? 

r"v 


II 


bt 


3 - 




U 

I 










3 i 


: 






&gt; - 


** ^ 





.9 














&lt;". 


&lt;O 


"- 




5 


Q 












33-4 


10 


1 


2 


N\\ 


8 


\ . \ \\ 




1 






11 .1 


tl-c, 


7 






\\\ 






_ 


1 


_ 




188 


14-8 





2 




- 


9 


SW 


_ 


1 


_ 



April 






5 


1 




S 


8 


\, \\\ 


- 


1 


- 


Mav 


2H) 




4 


1 




- 


- 


\\\ 


2 


1 


_ 


.him- 




:, I :, 




1 


2 


SE 


8 


s\\ 


t 


1 


- 


lulv 






1 


1 


i 


&gt;\\ 


8 


ral. 


6 


_ 


__ 




221 






1 


i 


9 


8 


\\\ 


1 


1 


_ 




174 




4 








8 






1 


_ 




let 


110 




7 










\ U 


1 


1 


_ 






20-1 








\\\ 


10 


S\\ . \\ 




1 







ill 




12 


I 


2 


u 


8 




_ 


1 







Year . . 
























1,7 


- 


72 


17 


2 


10 


. W 




11 


- 





*GHVVK\HI H-I. ( IN ISHIO. 



SolM). ( &gt;\r\Hln. 



Jan. 


80-7 




U 


1 


" t 


3] 


|x 


U 











llV 






I 


D.Q 


- 




W 


, 


_ 


_ 





151 


}!.-) 


7 


I 




-\\ 






1 


_ 


^ 


April 


180-4 
217 -a 


17-t 


6 


1 
1 




g 


36 


\ 

sw 


1 

2 


1 


- 


. . 
lun&lt;- 


2-29-8 


49-4 






6-8 


-u 




s\v 




_. 


_ 


Ju!v 






1 


_ 




sw 




\\\ 


3 





mm 


Aug . . . 


. :, 


58-2 


l 


_ 




g 


30 


s\\ 




_ 







17 


45-6 


4 




7 ! 


-\\ 


36 


SVH 


2 


_ 


_ 



&gt; &gt;ct 


Itt 


41-0 




_ 




a 


36 


s\v 


1 





m 








11 




10 .1 




48 


sw 












Dec 


61-5 


2 1 . ) 


14 


1 




- 


37 


\v, \\\ 





_ 





























Year 


1,970-2 






8 


8-4 


- 


52 


SW 


14 


1 


























\ 



Sunsliinc, l!K)-. -1910, 1915-1920; wind, etc., 1896-l .. o. 



t TORONTO, &lt; 



.Ian 


77- . 


27-0 


11 


6 


13-6 


sw 


56 


\F 




2 







108-1 


36-7 


6 




13-7 


w 


56 


E 


_ 


1 


_ 


Mar ... 


l.")0-0 


40-5 


6 


5 




8W 


60 


\\\ 


1 


1 




April 


KtO-7 


47-1 


4 


3 


11-9 




50 


E 


1 


1 






218-9 




2 


2 


9-9 




M 


\\ 


3 


1 


_ 



June. . 


S9-8 


56-3 


1 


1 


8-7 




35 


NE 


4 


1 


_ 


Julv 


282 " 


60-4 


1 


1 


8-0 




36 


\V &lt;\V 


5 


1 




Aut: 


M2-7 


59-8 


1 




- 


sw 


48 


\ 1 


6 








207-8 


55 -4 


2 


1 


8-8 




50 




3 


2 




Oct. 


149-3 


43-8 


4 


] 


0.0 


s 


53 


\v 


1 


2 




Xov 


85-3 


29-4 


g 


4 


!&gt;.&gt; 


sw 


50 


\\ 




9 


_ 


Dec 


65-2 


23-5 


10 


7 


13-2 


sw 


50 


8W 




1 


_ 


























Year . . 


2,046-9 




56 


17 


1D-Q 


&lt; 


80 


NW 


34 


15 





























T S U nshine, 1SS2-1910; days clouded, 1901-1020; wind, etc., lv.tii-1920. 



200 



CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY 



3. Averages of Sunshine, Wind and Weather at Selected Canadian Stations continued. 
(The years indicate the period of observation on which averages are based.) 

WOODSTOCK, ONT. 



Months. 


Sunshine 
Average 
1882-1911. 


Sd 
8S? 

l-H 


ffo 

-32 

S-o 
. 

6"d 

*J 

&lt;c w 

Ib 

11 

&lt;& 


Wind 
1896-1920. 


Average 
No. of days 
1896-1920 with 


g 

o 

* . 
53 
fc 

IS 

I* 


| 
gg 

3 

S-6 

& &lt;0 

3 
II 

** O 

PH si 


*o 

6 
fe 

v 
SP 

S co 

42 

&gt; 03 

&lt;30 


j&gt;, 

h 

I. 

as &gt;&gt; 

OD+J 

SI 

&gt;13 
&lt;5&gt; 


1 

i-H 

3 

M 
q 

M 

03 

&gt; a 
.2 
^ 


Strongest 
Wind 
Recorded. 


Thun 
der. 


Fog. 


Hail. 


b 


-ti 

S 

"^3 



| 

&lt;-&gt; 

i 

.fa 

Q 


Jan 


62-0 
88-7 
122-6 
167-4 
206-8 
246-1 
275-4 
238-0 
181-8 
135-7 
76-4 
54-1 


21-4 
30-2 
33-2 
41-7 
45-6 
53-7 
59-4 
55-4 
48-7 
41-7 
26-3 
19-4 


14 
8 
9 
6 
4 
2 
1 
2 
4 
6 
10 
15 


4 
4 
5 
4 
3 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
3 
4 


12-4 
12-3 
12-2 
12-1 
10-5 
8-9 
8-4 
8-0 
8-4 
10-5 
11-9 
12-4 


sw 
w 

sw 
sw 
sw 
w 
w 
sw 
w 
sw 
sw 
sw 


57 
47 
52 
48 
46 
36 
36 
40 
34 
40 
53 
49 


SW 

NW 
SW 

sw 

sw 

E 

SW 

sw 

NW 
NW 
SW 

sw 


1 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
1 


1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
2 
2 
1 


- 


Feb 


Mar 


April 


May 


June 


July.. 


Aug . 


Sept 


Oct 


Nov 


Dec 


Year 


1,855-0 


- 


81 


33 


10-7 


sw 


57 


sw 


12 


15 


- 





* MONTREAL, QUK. 



Jan 


76-0 


34 


12 


6 


15-5 


SW 


56 


SW 




1 




Feb 


103-4 


41 


9 


7 


16-7 


SW 


66 


NW 


_ 


1 


_ 


Mar 


145-9 


45 


6 


8 


16-7 


sw 


60 


SE.SW 


_ 


1 


_ 


April 


173-7 


50 


6 


4 


14-9 


s 


53 


SW 


1 


1 


_ 


May 


204-6 


51 


4 


2 


12-8 


s 


49 


w 


2 


_ 


_ 


June 


217-3 


50 


2 


2 


11-6 


sw 


48 


SW.NW 


3 


_ 


_ 


July 


238-4 


59 


1 


1 


11-3 


w 


42 


SW 


5 




_ 


Aug.. 


218-6 


58 


2 




10-6 


sw 


36 


w 


4 




_ 


Sept 


171-5 


53 


4 


1 


11-7 


sw 


38 


SE.NW 


3 


1 


_ 


Oct.., 


122-2 


41 


6 


2 


12-9 


sw 


45 


NW 


1 


2 


_ 


Nov 


68-5 


30 


11 


5 


14-6 


sw 


58 


W 




1 


_ 


Dec 


60-0 


26 


14 


5 


14-0 


sw 


50 


NW 


_ 


1 


3 


























Year 


1,800-1 


_ 


77 


43 


13-6 


sw 


66 


NW 


19 


9 


1 



























"Days clouded, 1901-1920; wind, etc., 1896-1920. 



t QrEBEC, QUE. 



Jan.. 


86 


31-0 


11 


9 


15-0 


SW 


62 


NE 




1 




Feb 


105 


36-5 


8 


8 


16-1 


SW 


69 


XE 


_ 


_ 


_ 


Mar 


152 


41-4 


7 


8 


15-3 


SW 


72 


NE 


_ 


1 


_ 


April 


174 


42-5 


5 


7 


14-4 


NE 


54 


NE 


1 


1 


_ 


May 


197 


42-1 


4 


6 


14-4 


NE 


52 


W 


2 




_ 


June.. 


248 


44-6 


4 


4 


13-2 


SE 


46 


NE 


4 


_ 


_ 


July 


223 


46-8 


2 


2 


11-6 


S 


43 


NE, SW 


7 


_ 


_ 


Aug . 


224 


48-4 


2 


1 


10-7 


SW 


39 


NE, SW 


5 





_ 


Sept . 


152 


45-2 


5 


3 


11-5 


SW 


42 


NE 


2 


1 


_ 


Oct. 


123 


40-2 


8 


4 


12-4 


SW 


66 


NE 


1 


2 


_ 


Nov 


65 


24-0 


10 


5 


14-0 


sw 


58 


NE 




1 


_ 


Dec 


70 


28-8 


13 


6 


13-9 


sw 


68 


NE 


_ 


1 


- 


























Year .... 


1,819 


mm 


79 


63 


13-5 


s 


72 


NE 


22 


8 


_ 



























jSunshine, 1903-1912; days clouded, 1903-1920; wind, etc., 1896-1920. 



SUNSH1M :, WL\D AX1&gt; WEATHER 



201 



J.-Aterges of Sunshine, Wind and Weather at Srlrttrd Canadian Stations-concluded. 
(The years indicate the period of observation on which averages are baaed.) 



WoLFVILLE, X.S. 


YARMOVTH. N.S. 


Months. 


Sunshine 
Average 
1895-19U). 


t 

Sd 

8 2 
?2 

ss 

i 

ll 


&gt;&gt; 

l*3 
^ - 

&gt; 
&lt; 


Wind 
1896-1915. 


Average 
No. of days 

1896-1915 with 


o 

vtA 

O *j 

u, S 

fe o 

u 
3 

IS 21 


| 

"o "g 

3 
S 4) 

3 

11 

fig 


o 
o" 



" 

- 
&lt;0 


jj 

| 

ti - 

"3 

" 

&lt;:&gt; 


-z 

M 

3 
&gt; g 
2.2 

- 


rongest 
Wind 
Recorded. 


Thun 
der. 


Fog. 


Hail. 


L 

83 
O 

rsja 

i 


J 

&lt;-&gt; 

P 


Jan 


84-0 
99-6 
134-0 
147-6 
200-8 
230-0 
235-6 
J-4 
182-5 
151-4 
98-9 
67-2 


29-6 
34-4 
36-4 
36-6 
43-8 
49-4 
50-2 
53-6 
48-6 
44-8 
34-7 
24-8 


10 
10 

8 
7 
5 
2 
2 

a 

3 
7 

8 
11 


4 
4 
4 

2 
1 

1 
2 

3 
3 


13-2 
13-1 
12-5 
11 1 


8-6 

77 
0-7 

10-0 
12-0 

12-6 


\\v 

\\\ 

,\\ 

s\\ 
&gt;\\ 
s\\ 

s\\ 

M\ 


53 
60 
60 
43 
44 
40 
36 
65 
48 
M 
60 
62 


SW.NW 

&gt;w 

N\V 

\\V 

sw 
\\ 

sw 


1 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 


2 
2 
4 
4 

7 
7 
13 
11 
7 
4 
2 
2 


Feb . 


Mar 


April 


May 


Jum&gt; 


July 


AUK 


Sept 


Oct 


\ov 


Dec 


Year 


1,864-0 


- 


75 


24 


10-5 


BW 


65 


sw 


9 


65 


" 





I . 



Jan 


110-3 


39-2 


10 






\\\ 


38 


sw 


_ 


1 


- 


Feb 


124-2 


43-1 






9-3 


N VV 


49 


N \V 









Mar 


154-8 


42-0 


8 






N\\ 


40 


.\\\ 


^ 






April 


184-0 


45-6 


7 


1 




\\\ 


36 


.N\\ 








M;tv 


20o-4 


44-4 


6 


1 




&gt;\\ 


37 


\\\ 








June ... . 


217-6 


46-4 




- 




\V 


34 


N \V 


2 






July 
AUK . 


236-8 
- . 3-0 


50-2 
51-2 


3 
3 





6-6 
6-7 


\\ 


28 


NW 

\\v 


3 

2 


2 


- 


Sept . . . 


179-0 


47-8 


5 


- 


6-0 


N\V 


30 


N\\ 


1 






Oct 


151-4 


44-8 


6 


1 


7-7 


\\ 


33 


SE, N\\ 


" 


3 


" 


Nov 


91-3 


33-3 


11 


1 


V.I 


N\V 


37 





~ 


2 




Dec 


94-1 


35-9 


12 


2 


8-5 


N\V 


42 


NW 









Year .... 


1,972-5 




84 


12 


7-9 


w 


49 


NW 


9 


22 


- 



























Sunshine, 1881-1911; days clouded, 1901-1920; wind. 1896-1920. 

t CHARLOTTETOWN, P.E.I. 



Jan 


89 


31-8 


13 


2 


8-8 


NW 


46 


NW 


_ 




- 


Feb 


112 


38-9 


10 


1 




s\\ 


55 


SE 


" 






Mar 


130 


35-3 


9 


2 


8-6 


- 


41 


SW 









April 


153 


37-6 


9 


- 


8-4 


SE 


33 


SE 


1 






May 


195 


42-1 


7 


- 


8-1 


- 


32 


NE 


1 


~* 


~ 


June 


226 


48-2 


6 


- 


7-0 


- 


28 


S 




* 




July 


238 


50-2 


4 


- 


6-3 


sw 


32 


Sw 


2 







AUK . 


229 


52-4 


o 


- 


6-5 


sw 


31 


sw 


2 


* 




Sept . 


179 


47-8 


6 


- 


7-2 


sw 


32 


S, NW 


1 




" 


Oct 


114 


33-9 


11 


1 


8-2 


sw 


38 


S 


~ 






Nov 


73 


25-9 


13 


1 


9-1 


\Y 


38 


NE 


* 






Dec 


60 


22-3 


17 


1 


9-0 


NW 


38 


SW 


" 






Year 


1,798 


_ 


110 


"8 


8-0 


SW 


55 


SE 


9 


5 


- 



























tSunshine, 1906-1916; days clouded, 1907-1920; wind, etc., 1896-1920. 



202 PRODUCTION 



VIII. PRODUCTION. 

In this section are included the statistics of agriculture the fur 
trade, forestry, fisheries, minerals, manufactures and water powers 
A sketch of the development of each of these branches of production 
is prefixed to the statistical tables. 



THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN CANADA. 

By J. H. GRISDALE, D. Sc. A., Deputy Minister of Agriculture, 

Ottawa . 

Agriculture in Canada dates back to prehistoric times When 

.artier sailed up the St. Lawrence in 1535 he found fields of maize 

growing around the Indian village of Hochelaga at the foot of Mount 

Hoyal where Montreal now stands. Later travellers reported similar 

in many parts of what is now Ontario. More especially the 

.ron Indians, who occupied the territory around Georgian Bay and 

iuron, and were not as warlike as the other tribes, cleared 

large patches of land and grew corn, peas,, beans, and other crops. 

The Beginnings in Acadia and Quebec. In. the whole area now 
tuting Canada, the first settlement, and at the same time the 
effort at agricultural production made by white men was most 
:hat begun at Port Royal, now Annapolis, Nova Scotia, by 
French under de Monts in 1605. Here some of the settlers culti 
vated patches of land and grew maize, pumpkins and beans while 
were brought here by Poutrincourt in 1606. The Indians also 
grew maize to a small extent to supplement food obtained by hunting 
According to the census of 1671, the Acadians, then numbering 441 
arpents under cultivation, together with 866 cattle 407 
&lt;heep and 36 goats. Thereafter the settlers continued to clear the 
i and reclaim the fertile marshes from the sea, chiefly along the 

Mmas, on which hay grew abundantly. 

In the valley of the St. Lawrence farming on a small scale appears 
been carried on by Champlain, the founder of Quebec, as 
1608, when cattle were imported and hay and fodder grown 
oge :her with wheat and other grains. In 1626, Champlain established 

^ap Tourmente for cattle which he sent from Quebec. 

The first real farmer, however, was Louis Hebert, who landed in 

617 and immediately began to clear and cultivate the soil 

m what is now part of Upper Town, Quebec, His only tool was a 

he worked away till the soil was ready to receive the seed 

also planted some apple trees. Hebert was followed by other 

^ among them Guillaume Couillard, Abraham Martin and 

ert Uiffard, the latter of whom was said to have had in 1635 large 

or wheat peas and Indian corn. In the district of Three 

lerre Boucher had large crops of grains and vegetables, and 

Pierre Gadbois and others commenced farming on land where 

iVLontreal now stands. 



DEVELOPMENT &lt;W AGRICULTURE l\ CANADA 203 



Tin- hind was held under seigneurial or feudal tenure, similar to 
that prevailing in old France, a system which seems to have pro 
moted the development of agriculture. Many former hunters and 
trader- 8ettl&lt; d d&lt;-\\ n : - cultivators of the soil, and came to l&gt;e known 

"habitants." 

In \(\(\7 there were II. Us arpents of land under cultivation. 
while the farmers Owned 3,107 cattle and So slieep. More live &lt;tock 
of all kii d- u; - gradually 1 n.uj.lit into the country. A census of ITlM 
give&gt; the tVllt.wing Statistics: arpentS und r cultivation. lilM l.V. in 

pasture 12,2C3; grain harvested wheat, JSi?,7()0 bushels; barley, 

\ :&gt;s:&gt; bushels; &lt; ats, &lt;M.r:tf bushels; i eas, :&gt;7.IOO bushels; corn. 7.i_&gt;or&gt; 
hushels: flax, 54,650 Ibs.; hemp, LMU) Ibs.; tobacco, 18,038 Ibs. 
There were at this time 5,61 :J horses, -J^. jss cattle. I:*.SL&gt;:* sheep and 

ir;J."&gt;() -wine in the colony. 

Quebec. During tWO Centuries and a half tin habitant varied 
hi&gt; system of farming very little. When the laud was cleared of Ire. 
wheat ami oats v sown among the stum] Two crops of this 
nature were harvested and then hay and other grasses were grown 
for several years. When the stump&lt; were sullicient ly rotten, the land 

was ploughed. Half the land was ploughed in threr consecutive 

years and seeded to cereal- and root-; the other half wa- kept for 
the production of hay a.- pasture for live stock. This was changed 
around during the next three years, and BO on. The quantity of live 
-lock kept was small compared with the an -a of the farm. Thi- wa&gt; 
nut a very scientific system, but the soil wa- 90 rich that the crops of 
0,-ain. r and hay were always plentiful, so much BO that flour, 

wheat and pea.- wen - being exported in 1749. Butter and chee-e were 
always made, while maple sugar has been one of the regular products 
since HUH) and potator- were fir-t grown in 1 &lt; "&gt;v 

The period following the Hi glish conquest of Quebec. 17&lt;i ) to 
18.~&gt;0. was a critical one for agriculture, the governing classes being; 
too much engrossed in polities t:&gt; pay much attention to it. 
However, the settlement of the Ka-tern Townships was begun in 17 1 \ 
by the United Kmpire Loyalists, who brought their cattle with them. 
These Settlers were granted lands which were held under the tenure 
known as "free and common SOCCage." These settlements made good 
progress and were reinforced later on by French-Canadians from the 
igneurie-. 

From a very early period numerous efforts have been made to 
develop the agriculture of the country by agricultural education 
or training, by the organization of associations and by the establish 
ment of agricultural schools and colleges. AS early as KitiS. Monseig- 
neur de Laval opened an industrial school where agriculture was 
taught at St. .Joachim, near Quebec, and in 1789 a society which pub 
lished pamphlets on agriculture was founded by Lord Dorchester. 
Later, various books and pamphlets on agriculture were published and 
agricultural newspapers begun. In 1847 the Canadian legislature 
passed an Act authorizing the formation of agricultural societies 
and granting them subventions to be used for prizes at fairs and for 



204 PRODUCTION 



the importation of live stock and seed. In 1852 a law was passed 
creating the Department of Agriculture, the Board of Agriculture 
and authorizing the establishment of schools of agriculture and model 
farms. The first agricultural school in Canada was opened in 1859 
at Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere, while the Oka Agricultural Institute 
was opened in 1890 and Macdonald College in 1908. 

Nova Scotia. While the territory which is now Nova Scotia 
became a British possession by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, the 
first English-speaking settlement was made in Halifax in 1749, but 
for military rather than economic purposes. However, between 1751 
and 1753 about 1,615 German and Swiss immigrants had settled in 
what is now the county of Lunenburg. Further, after the expulsion 
of the Acadians from Port Royal in 1755, a considerable number of 
New Englanders had settled in the Annapolis Valley. As early as 
1762, 14,340 acres were under cultivation producing hay, grain and 
potatoes and supporting some live stock. In 1783, after the Peace of 
Paris, many United Empire Loyalists came to Nova Scotia, bringing 
their live stock with them. They received from the British Govern 
ment grants of land, agricultural implements and seed corn. 

In the Maritime Provinces generally, the farmers were unpro- 
gressive and farming was at a rather low ebb when, in 1818, a series 
of letters published in the Acadian Recorder under the signature of 
"Agricola," attracted public attention. These letters dealt with all 
phases of the industry. The people were awakened from their lethargy 
and the outcome was the formation at the end of 1818 of the Central 
Agricultural Society of which " Agricola", now found to be John Young, 
a Scotsman who had come to Nova Scotia a few years previously, 
became secretary. Twenty-five other agricultural societies were 
organized within the next two years. Yearly exhibitions were held, 
improved stock and seed were distributed and conditions improved 
generally. The agricultural societies were in 1864 put under the 
control of a Board of Agriculture, and in 1884 under the office of the 
Secretary for Agriculture. 

In 1885 a Chair of Agriculture was established in connection with 
the Provincial Normal School, and in 1888 the Nova Scotia School of 
Agriculture was established. In 1893 a School of Horticulture was 
established at Wolfville and in 1905 the two schools were united as 
the College of Agriculture at Truro. 

Prince Edward Island. The first record of settlement in Prince 
Edward Island or St. John Island, as it was then called, was in 1713, 
when some families of Acadians migrated to its shores, bringing a few 
cattle with them. In 1763 the island was ceded to Great Britain, 
divided, and granted to persons who had claims on the ground of 
military service, but practically no attempt was made to cultivate 
the land. However, farming received a slight impetus on the arrival 
in 1783 of the United Empire Loyalists, who brought their cattle 
with them and began to cultivate the land. The country was undulat 
ing and the soil a bright red loam very suitable for the growing of 
cereal crops and potatoes. Rich deposits of mussel mud were found, 



DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN CANADA 205 

which were used as fertilizer with good results. Soon Prince Kd\v:ml 
Island oats and potatoes were listed on the markets of the Maritime 
Provinces. 

The agitation in Nova Scotia, caused by the publication of the 
letters of "Agricola", spread to Prince Kdward Island, and in 1827 
agricultural societies were formed and exhibitions held. Better 
methods of farming were adopted and attention was given to horse 
raising and later to swine and poultry. The first Royal Agricultural 
ciety was organized in 1845, receiving an annual grant of 100 from 
the government; various branches were established at different 
places. The Provincial Inhibition, established in 1 ( .M)0, is held annually 
at Charlottetown, while annual seed fairs also take place. 

X(ir Ilrnnxirifk.- Afi early as Hill.") French adventure! - iiding 

the St. .lohn river, noticed fields of Indian corn on the Hats along its 
shores, but the fii&gt;t .-ett lenient was n-ade by some fifty Acadians with 
a few cattle near that river in 1093. When Acadia was ceded to Great 
Britain in 1713, others moved north from the peninsula of Nova 
- -otia into New Brunswick, settled in the valleys and devoted thein- 
selvefi to growing corn and hay. The land was very fertile and produced 
abundant crops. 

About 1702 a number of Massachusetts colonists formed a settle 
ment at a place now called Maugerville; others took the alluvial lands 
between there and the Jem&gt;eg Kiver. In 1784, when a large part of 
the land belonging to the Acadians \\ :/.ed by the Hritish and given 

to the United Knipire Loyalists, the Acadian- moved to the northern 
part of the Province and founded the flourishing settlement of Mada- 
waska. The rich soil along the St. .John river, when only cleared of 
the trees and harrowed, produced 20 bushels of corn and 20 bushels 
of wheat per acre and when properly worked gave much better yields. 
In 1788 seventy acres of land were sold for 42 3s. 6d., but in the early 
years of the nineteenth century, land rose rapidly in value. Large 
quantities of hay, roots and vegetables of all kinds, as well as beef 
and mutton, were marketed at St. John. 

The period between 1840 and 1845 w r as a prosperous one for 
farming in New Brunswick; the crops were abundant, much land 
was brought into cultivation and the people were contented. However, 
at the close of this period there was a great change, brought about by 
various causes. Farming conditions were such that few cared to 
embark in this industry and in 1849 James F. W. Johnston of Great 
Britain was asked to investigate the agricultural situation. His 
report was most favourable. Many fine farms of 100 to 200 acres of 
cleared land were found throughout the province, yielding large 
crops of grain, potatoes, etc. Average yields in the county of North 
umberland, in 1850, per acre, w r ere wheat, 17 bushels; oats, 32 
bushels; maize, 50 bushels; barley, 32 bushels; turnips, 350 bushels; 
potatoes, 200 bushels; hay, 2 tons. Three crops were grown without 
manure and sometimes as many as eight. Land was valued at from 
3 to 15 per acre. Mr. Johnston suggested ways and means for 
developing the industry which proved beneficial in later years. On 



206 PRODUCTION 



his advice a New Brunswick Agricultural Society was founded in 1851. 
Its work was taken over by a provincial board of agriculture in 1855. 
which in turn was replaced by a central provincial farmers associa 
tion in 1876. The portfolio of Commissioner of Agriculture was 
created in 1898. 

The first Agricultural Society in New Brunswick was organized 
in St. John, N.B., in 1790. Soon others were established throughout 
the Province. Better agricultural methods were introduced and 
conditions improved. In 1825 the Board of Agriculture made the 
first importation into Canada of pure-bred shorthorns, thus laying 
the foundation for the fine stock found in the County of Westmore 
land and other sections. 

Ontario. Agriculture in Ontario may be said to have been begun 
in 1671, when Frontenac founded the first settlement near Kingston. 
He was granted a vast territory on the understanding that he would 
foster agriculture and stcck raising, but little agricultural work was 
actually done, as all of the settlers time was taken up in warring 
with the Indians. In 1701, a small settlement on the Detroit River 
was started by La Motte Cadillac, who is said to have brought some 
cows with him. 

The first English-speaking agricultural settlement was not com 
menced until 1783, when the United Empire Loyalists arrived from 
the United States. They settled principally around Niagara, York, 
Western Ontario and the Bay of Quinte, the settlements along the 
Bay of Quinte and the St. Lawrence River being among the most 
populous. Townships were surveyed and grants of land given. As 
these exiled settlers were very poor owing to the confiscation of their 
property, they had to be provided with rations, clothes, implements, 
seed grain, etc. A cow was allotted to every two families and other 
articles divided among them. The implements supplied them were 
very crude, but by combining their efforts they were able to clear 
open spaces in the forests, build rude huts and sow the seed among the 
stumps. The crops of wheat, corn, etc., grown on this virgin soil 
gave excellent yields for the first three years, but the crop of 1788 
was a failure. During these years, flour mills were built at Cataraqui 
River, Napanee, Matilda, Niagara Falls, Fort Erie and Grand River. 
The pioneers had many hardships to contend with, not the least 
being the depredations of the Indians and wild beasts. Later, during 
the Crimean war, the price of wheat rose from 30 cents to $2 per 
bushel, which, followed by the high prices obtaining during the 
American Civil War, gave many of the farmers their first real start, 
enabling them to bring in cattle, horses and sheep from Lower Canada 
and the United States. 

The building of roads, under an Act of 1793, opened up the 
country, and soon grain, especially corn, was being exported. Cheese 
and butter were made, and a market was opened at Kingston in 1801. 
Wheat was the leading cereal produced, the valley of the Thames 
being noted for the quantity and quality of its wheat. After the 
war of 1812, grants of 100 acres with provisions and implements 



DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE I \ CANADA 207 

were made to the soldier-. Legislat ion was passed to encourage t In 
growing of hemp, but little SUCCCSfi WAS obtained in the handling of 
this crop. According to the Census of 1S17, the Midland districts of 
Ontario contained ; &gt;.&lt;;()() hor-e-. 100 oxen, li,|s.~&gt; cows and l.l "&gt;l 
young cattle. 

From a comparatively early period local agricultural societie- 
have been a feature of agriculture in Ontario, some half do/en such 
societies being organi/ed between 1SLM) and 1SUO. in which year the 
legislature of Cpper Canada provided a grant of 101) for :[ &gt;ociety 

in each district on condition that the members of the society subscribed 

and paid in at least !_ .")(). In the period from I s:- ,U to 1845 pure-bred 
cattle were imported, and the foundations of the live stock industry 
laid. In ISJii were organized tin- Provincial Agricultural Asso 
ciation and Hoard of Agriculture for Canada \Vesi, and the first 
provincial exhibition was held in Toronto in that year, followed by 
annual exhibitions in other citie These exhibitions promoted the 
wider u&gt;e of the labour-saving agricultural machinery which was now 
being manufactured. In is.V.i the Ontario Fruit-C,ro\\ers Associa 
tion wa- established at Hamilton and in 1MTJ a veterinary college 
mow the Ontario Veterinary Coll.. Mablished in Toronto, 

while the ( hitario Agricultural ( ollege was founded at ( iuelph in 1^7 I. 
In 1SSO the Ontario Agricultural Coinmis&gt;ion was appointed to 
inquire into the agricultural resources of the Province of Ontario, 
the progre and condition of agriculture, and other related matter-. 

Asa result of its report, the Ontario Bureau of Industrie- was formed 
in ISS J. for the collection and publication of statistics of agriculture 
and allied industries Finally, a Department of Agriculture was 
created in 1888. the activities of which have steadily increased down 
to the present time. 

M&lt;initnh,t. The earlieM attempt- at cultivation in Manitoba, 
and the West date from the arrival of the Selkirk settlers at the Red 
River in ISl J. The twenty-two men who composed the settlement 
immediately commenced to break the land, which was sown with 
winter wheat. The wheat crp&gt; of 1813 and 1814 were complete 
failures owing both to lack of knowledge and to the only implement 
available for breaking the sod being the hoe. The yield of potat 
and turnips was. however, good, and the crop of 1815 was a succe:-. 

During the first few years of the settlement, there was great 
rivalry between the North-West Company and the Hudson s Bay 
Company, which ended in bloodshed in 1816. Many of the settlers 
were killed and the remainder fled up Take Winnipeg to Jack River. 
Early in 1817 a relief force was sent by Lord Selkirk, Fort Dougla&gt; 
was recaptured and the settlers were persuaded to return and resume 
farming. Misfortune, however, seemed to follow the efforts of thi&gt; 
colony, its crops being wiped out by grasshoppers in 1818 and 1819. 
As the supply of seed was exhausted, some of the settlers went south 
to Wisconsin and, after much hard labour, returned with 250 bushels 
of seed. Small crops followed and the people were only saved from 
suffering and want by the generosity of Lord Selkirk. 



208 PRODUCTION 



In 1822, the population was 681; the numbers of live stock were 
cattle, 48; calves, 39; oxen, 6; sheep, 10; pigs, 12; horses, 78. The 
quantities of seed sown: wheat, 235 bushels; barley, 142; Indian corn, 
12; potatoes, 570. The first satisfactory crop of grain was reaped in 
1824, wheat yielding 44 bushels from the plow and 68 bushels after 
the hoe. It was gathered with the sickle and threshed with the flail. 
The crops varied during succeeding years, but by 1830 the colony 
was in a flourishing condition. 

For more than half a century, however, Manitoba remained an 
isolated community, the first railway reaching St. Boniface, opposite 
Winnipeg, only in 1878, and the Canadian Pacific shortly afterwards. 
The farmers of Manitoba thus secured a market for surplus products and 
agriculture flourished apace. While the production of such hardy 
varieties of wheat as Red Fife and Marquis has added greatly to the 
area in which wheat can profitably be grown, recent years have seen 
a great increase in mixed farming. The Manitoba Agricultural 
College was founded in 1903. 

Saskatchewan. In what is now Saskatchewan the Hudson s 
Bay Company had in the early days trading-posts at Carlton, Prince 
Albert and Battleford; about these posts the settlers grew vegetables, 
barley, oats and wheat. Two flour mills were erected, but the market 
for the flour was purely local. In the seventies the Indians were placed 
on reserves, taught agricultural methods and given horses and 
cattle, many of them making good progress. 

About 1882, settlers from Eastern Canada and the British Isles 
began to settle in the eastern part of what is now the province of 
Saskatchewan while the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway 
brought in more settlers in 1883. These new settlers knew little about 
producing crops under semi-arid conditions, and the soil and climatic 
conditions of the country formed problems which were hard to solve. 
They kept a little stock, a few cows, hens and pigs, worked hard and, 
on the whole, were blessed with good crops. 

The Kiel Rebellion in 1885 interfered considerably with farming 
operations. Many of the farmers hired their horses to the Govern 
ment for transporting supplies, and were thus unable to work their 
land. A few farmers, after finishing seeding, ploughed the land in 
June and July and kept working it in order to check the weeds. The 
next year was dry and although most crops failed these farmers had 
over 23 bushels to the acre on their summer-fallowed land. The 
problem of conserving the moisture in the soil was solved, and the 
principle of summer-fallow remains the best for successful crop growing. 
The establishment of the Experimental Farm at Indian Head, in 1888, 
assisted greatly in the proper development of agriculture in the 
province. 

While the majority were engaged in growing wheat, a number of 
the earliest settlers chose the raising of live stock as their work. 
Horse and cattle ranches were established in the Qu Appelle Valley, 
Moose Mountain, Cypress Hills, etc., and sheep ranches around 



DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE /.V CANADA 209 

Swift Current, Maple Creek, etc. Tin- excellent pastures and the 
abundant supply of water made the country especially adapted to 
Mock raisin"-. With the increase in population and the development 
of the grain-growing industry, the rancher has been obliged to seek the 
uglier parts of the province for his rang* &lt;. A large number of th&lt;- 
farmers are now devoting themselves to mixed farming, which appears 
TO be gaining in popularity. especially in the older districts. 

Allnrta. In what is now the province of Alberta agriculture was 
carried on in a small way ;is early as 1809 at the trading posts of the 
Hudson s Bay Company, where wonderful crops of vegetables and 
field crops were grown. In the seventies cattle were brought in from 
Montana to the Macleod district, becoming the nucleus of the great 
Alberta ranches. 

Alberta is divided into three sections, the Peace River, central 
and southern. The Peace River or northern &gt;ection was first settled 

by the Hudson s Bay Company, which later at its various forts and 
mission stations grew potatoes. ! and all sorts of garden truck. 

The .soil is a rich dark loam, well supplied with the plant foods most 
needed and the wheat produced is ,f the best quality. Very 
many varieties of grasses abound and these make excellent pastui 
the chinook making this gr. vailable throughout the year. The 
central section is more of a mixed farmini: c-iuntry. In this section 
most of the dairy and live stock enterprise- of the province are found. 
All sorts of grain crops do well. The southern part of the provin&lt; 
was originally a ranching country for cattle, ho: :iid sheep. This 
has been considerably changed through the introduction of irrigation 
enterprises, a great diversity of crop- sueh as grains, fora ire and 
roots being grown, and the yields are exceptionally large. A lai 
quantity of grain hay is grown. The whole province is being 
turned into a mixed farming country, and while the large horse-and- 
cattle ranges are gradually disappearing, the farmers of the present 
day are raising a better class of k. 

British Columbia. Daniel Williams Harmon was the first farmer 
in British Columbia, settling in the Fraser Lake district. Entries in 
his diary show that in 1811, 1815 and other years, he planted potatoes, 
vegetables and barley and that the yields were large, one bushel of 
potatoes producing forty-one, and five quarts of barley sown yielding 
five bushels. For many years fine crops were grown in this district 
and at the posts of the Hudson s Bay Company, which, together with 
the North-West Company, was the pioneer in agriculture in British 
Columbia. In 1837 the Hudson s Bay Company had a large farm 
near Fort Vancouver, producing grain, vegetables and other crops 
and carrying all kinds of live stock. They had large farms at Xisqually 
and Cowlitz and smaller ones on Vancouver island, Dr. John McLough- 
lin being one of the great promoters of agriculture. With the gold 
rush to the Cariboo in the 50 s, and the springing up of mining camps, 
an impetus was given to farming in order to supply produce to these 
camps. This was the beginning of stock raising in the valleys of the 

3813114 



210 PRODUCTION 



Thompson and Nicola. Later many of the miners turned to farming 
and stock raising. 

In what is now British Columbia agricultural societies were formed 
and exhibitions held at a very early date in the history of the colony. 
The first agricultural association was formed at Victoria in 1861 and its 
first exhibition was held in the same year, while on the mainland the 
first exhibition was held at New Westminster in 1867. Later, under the 
provisions of the Farmers Institutes and Co-operation Act of 1897. 
a number of Farmers Institutes were formed, with a Farmers Central 
Institute having annual meetings. 

AGRICULTURE. 

Field Crops, 1916-21. In Table 1 are presented for Canada, by 
provinces, estimates of the area, yield, quality and value of the princi 
pal field crops for each of the six years 1916 to 1921, with the five-year 
averages for the period 1916 to 1920. The estimates of 1921 are 
based upon statistics collected from about 160,000 farmers throughout 
Canada in June of that year under arrangements made between the 
Dominion and Provincial Governments in accordance with plans 
dating from 1917 for the four provinces of Quebec, Saskatchewan. 
Alberta and British Columbia, and from 1918 for the remaining five 
provinces of Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, 
Ontario and Manitoba. As was pointed out in previous editions of 
the Year Book (see 1920 edition, p. 188), comparability with the 
statistics of 1917 and 1918 was somewhat affected by the change in 
the method of estimation which then took place. In preparing the 
estimates of totals for the year 1921, partial use was made of pre 
liminary census data showing the total number of farms in Canada. 
The effect was to increase considerably the areas estimated to be 
sown to wheat in 1921, as compared with the final estimate of 1920, 
the difference being partly due to actual increase and partly to 
correction by use of the census data 1 . The estimates for 1920 and 
1921 are subject to final revision according to the results of the census 
of 1921, when available. 

Season of 1920-21. The winter of 1920-21 proved to be excep 
tionally mild, as a consequence of which the loss of potatoes through 
freezing and rotting in cellars was reduced to a minimum. The 
percentage of fall-sown wheat that was winter-killed was, however, 
higher than in either of the two previous seasons when the winters 
were more severe, the proportions for all Canada being 10 p.c. in 1921 
as against 4 p.c. in 1920 and 5 p.c. in 1919. The summer of 1921 
will be remembered for the extraordinary and prolonged drought, 
which prevailed in most countries of the northern hemisphere. Not 
withstanding this, however, Great Britain and France produced 
excellent wheat crops, with average yields per acre the highest on 
record in both countries. In Canada the wheat crop on the whole 
proved fair, although the yield per acre for the Dominion was less than 

J For more detailed explanation, see Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics for November, 1921 
(Vol. 14, No. 159, p. 431). 



AGRICULTURE 211 



in 1920 :ui(l was below tin- decennial average. Threatened disaster, 
due to the prevailing drought, was averted by heavy rains which fell 
over most of the province of Saskatchewan in .June, givinir abundant 
moisture when most needed. In September, when fine weather is 
usual, heavy rains in the same province, whilst the grain was in stook, 
delayed threshing :uid lowered both yield and grade; but the aver 
age turned out to be superior to that of 192H by 2\ bushels per acre 
and the total yield of wheat for Saskatchewan, ftfl finally estimated, 
WEfi 1SS million bushels, as comi)ared with 113.135,000 bushels in 
1920. and it is the highest total for Saskatchewan since P.M."). In 
most of the province- the irain yield w:i&lt; -eriously afVected by the 
drought, whilst the average yield per acre of hay and clover for 
Canada, only slightly over one ton, was t he lowest on record. A- usual 
(luring a ho* 3On, corn proved exceptionally fine, and wherever 
ensilage is practiced farmers were able to fill their silos with fodder 
corn, which compensated lamely for the &gt;earcity of hay. Fortu 
nately the drought was broken (hiring September in time for the rains 
to prove of some benefit to late potato.-, to root crops and to pastures 
upon which, owing to the absence of fro-t . cattle were able to graze 
up to a later date than usual. 

Areas and Yields of Grain Crops. The total yield of wheat 
in Canada for the year 1921 was finally estimated at 3()O.S5S,100 
bushels from a -own area of 23.201 , 224 acres, as compared with 

203.189.300 bushels from 18,232,374 acre* in 1 920 and with 228,409,780 

bushels from Ui. ( .W7.5tH acre-, the annual average for the five year- 
1910-20. The total for 1921 counted of i:&gt;.:&gt;2().2()n bushels from 
720,635 harvested acrea of tall wheat and of 285,337.900 bushels 
from 22,510.:&gt;S9 -own acres of spring wheat. The average yield per 
acre for all wheat in Canada was i:* bushels for 1921, as against I4f 
bushels in 11)20 and 13.\ bushels, the five-year average. The average 
yield per acre for fall wheat in 1921 was 21.1 bushels and of spring 
Wheat 12 : J bushel-. For oats, the finally estimated total yield in 
1921 was 42&lt;&gt;.232,900 bushels from 10.91 &gt;.029 acre-, a- compared 
with 530,709.700 bushel- from 15,849,928 acres in 1920 and with 
432. . 2&lt;i,COO bushels from 13,980,453 acres, the five-year average. 
The average y eld per acre was 25| bushe!&gt; in 1921, as against 33j 
bushels in 1920 and 31 bushels, the five-yea- average. Barley 
yielded a total of f&gt;9.709.1(H) bushel- from 2.795.005 acre.-, as compared 
with 63,310,550 bu-ln 1- from 2.551,919 acre- in 1920 and with 58,962.- 
988 bushels from 2.51,9.207 acre.-, the five-year average. The average 
yields per acre were 21 1 bushels in 1921, 24] bushe s in 1920 and 23J 
bushels the five-year average. Fiaxseed gave a t &gt;tal yield of 4,111,- 
800 bushe s rom 533,147 acres, as compared with 7,997,700 bushels 
from 1,428,164 acres in 1920 and with 0.744.080 bushels from 1,033,330 
acres, the five-year average. The yield per acre was 7J bushels, as 
compared with 5 -00 bushels in 1920, and with 6-55 bushels, the 
average. For the remaining crops the total yields for 1921 were in 
bushels as follows, the corresponding totals for 1920 and for the five- 
vear average being given within brackets: rye 21,455,260 ( 11.306,400; 

38131 



212 PRODUCTION 



7,350,360); peas 2,769,981 (3,528,100; 3,298,448); beans 1,089,900 
(1,265,300; 1,580,776); buckwheat 8,230,100 (8,994,700; 8,809,280); 
mixed grains 22,271,500 (32,420,700; 24,535,316); and corn for 
husking 14,904,000 (14,334,800; 11,905,040). 

Root and Fodder Crops.- -The final estimate of the production 
of potatoes was 107,346,000 bushels from 701,912 acres, as compared 
with 133, 831,400 bushels from 784,544 acres in 1920 and with 101,- 
388,300 bushels from 693,690 acres, the five-year average. The 
yield per acre was 152J bushels for 1921, as against 170J bushels in 
1920 and 146-15 bushels, the average. Turnips, mangolds, etc. 
produced a total of 79, 150,300 bushels from 227, 675 acres, as compared 
with 116,390,900 bushels from 290,286 acres in 1920 and with 90,- 
350,220 bushels from 258,538 acres, the five-year average. The 
yield per acre was 347| bushels, as against 401 bushels in 1920 and 
349J bushels, the average. Sugar beets produced 268,000 tons from 
28,367 acres, as against 412,400 tons from 36,288 acres in 1920 and 
204,200 tons from 21,558 acres, the average. The yield per acre 
was 9.45 tons in 1921, as compared with 11.37 tons in 1920 and 
with 9.45 tons, the average. 

The total yield of hay and clover was 11,366,100 tons from 
10,614,951 acres, as compared with 13,338,700 tons from 10,379,292 
acres in 1920 and with 14,534,140 tons from 9,513,118 acres, the 
five-year average. The yield per acre in 1921 was 1.07 ton, as com 
pared with 1 .30 ton in 1920 and with 1 .55 ton, the five-year average. 
The average yield per acre for 1921 was the lowest on record. Grain 
hay in British Columbia yielded 155,500 tons from 57,603 acres, 
as compared with 136,400 tons from 60,612 acres in 1920. A return 
of 1,133,476 tons of grain hay in Alberta in 1921 was made for the 
first time. Of alfalfa the total yield in 1921 was 662,200 tons from 
263,892 acres, as compared with 583,790 tons from 238,556 acres 
in 1920 and 414,708 tons from 174,206 acres, the five-year average. 
The yield per acre was 2.50 tons, as against 2.45 tons in 1920 and 
2.40 tons, the average. Fodder corn gave the excellent yield of 
6,361,600 tons from 585,395 acres, as against 5,641,750 tons from 
588,977 acres in 1920 and 3,994,036 tons from 452,478 acres, the 
five-year average. The yield per acre was 10J tons, as compared 
with 9-60 tons in 1920 and 8-85 tons, the five-year average. The 
total yield of fodder corn for 1921 is the highest on record for Canada, 
and the average yield per acre was the highest with only one excep 
tion, viz., 11J tons in 1908. 

Values of Field Crops. According to returns of crop correspon 
dents, the average prices per bushel, as received by farmers, for grain 
and other crops of Canada in 1921, were as follows, the corresponding 
prices for 1920 and for the five-year period 1916-20 being given with 
in brackets: fall wheat SI. 02 ($1.88; $1.98); spring wheat 80 
cents ($1.60; $1.79); all wheat 81 cents ($1.62; $1.81); oats 34 cents 
(53c.; 65c.); barley 47 cents (83c.; $1); rye 72 cents ($1.33; $1.40); 
peas $1.96 ($2.42; $2.84); beans $2.90 ($3.88; $5.33); buckwheat 



.\(,iU( I LTi in-: 213 



89 cent.- si. 28; $1.41); mixed grains 62 cents (90c. ; $1.11); flaxseed 
$1,11 ^sl. .U; s-j.iiG); corn for husking 83 cents ($1.16; $1.42); po 
tatoes, 77 cents (97c.; 95c.); turnips, mangolds, etc., 34 cents (41c.; 
44c.). For fodder crops the price- were per ton: hay and clover 
3.f&gt;6 (SLY.. 10; S17.03); alfalfa S19.75 i S J:5.79; $18.67); fodder 
corn $7.05 ($7.75; $0.54); sugar beeta $6.50 ($12.80; $10.74). in 

neral. the unit prices for all descriptions were considerably less for 
1921 than tliey were for cither of the two preceding years; in fact, 
fur wheat the 1 price per bushel fur 1921 was only (1 cents above the 
pre-war five-year average 1910-14, whilst for oats and barley the 
prices per bushel were somewhat less. 

The total values of crops on farms in 1 ( .)LM were estimated as 
follows, the currespoiulinjr values for 1920 and for the five-year average 
l Hii-20 beiim uivcn within brackets: wheat $242,936,000 ($427,- 

7,300; $412,778,400); oats $146,395,300 ($280,115,400; $283,318,- 
VJO); barh- x- s2s.2:&gt; 1,150 ($52,821,400; $58,841,754 : rye $15,399,300 
($15,085,650; $10,303,490 ; - $5,439,400 ss.:&gt;:;i.:;oo; $9,:;r,:;.- 
KiO): beans $3,155,800 ($4,918,100; $8,427,640); buckwheat $7,285,- 
100 sii.;,r_&gt;.;,oo ; sr2,4:;&lt;i,ooO); mixed grains $13,901,220 ($29,236,- 
i&gt;oo; $27,168,150); 11: us, ion si .,502,200; $17,937,920); 

rn I m- Imskinii &gt; 1 2 :;i7.ooo tsiii..v.i:i, loo . 6,926,080); potafc 
sv_&gt;.M7.( )00 sr_&gt;&lt;),so:^;;o(); :!:;. !00); turnips, mangolds, .-re., 

si&gt;(i.ii20,4()0 ($48,212,700; $39,801,080); hay and clover S2r,7.7f l. JOO 
M,s.ln&lt;i._&gt;00: s2-l7.r.iri.2(i()); -rain hay sl4.47li,0(M); alfalfa sl^,- 
211. -(M) ;si3,887,7()0; $7,7:. 1 .7 i. ; fodder corn $44,880,800 ($43,701,- 
000; s26,110,10(M: sugar b 11,742,000 ($5,278,700; $2.192,7(H. . 
The aii iin-gate value of all field crops in 1921 was SIK-; 1 .stto.Cx 0, as 
compared uith $1,455,244,050 in 192(1 and $1,537,170,100 in 1919, the 
highest on record. 

Grain Yields of the Prairie Provinces.- The total yields in 
the three Prairie Provinces (Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alben 
were estimated as follows: wheat 280,098,000 bushels from 22,1X1 .329 
sown acres, as compared with 234,138,300 bushels from 16,841,174 
acres in 1920; oats 284,147,500 bushels from 10,819,641 acres, as 
compared with 314,297,000 bushels from 10,070,476 acres in 1920; 
bark-} 44.681,600 bushels from 2,109,065 acres, as compared with 
40,760,500 bushels from 1,838,791 acres in 1920; rye 19,109,700 
bushels from 1,688,228 acres, as compared with 8,273,600 bushel- 
from 482,011 acres in 1920; and flaxseed 3,945, 700 bushels from 516,- 
972 acres, as compared with 7,588,800 bushels from 1,391,076 acres 
in 1920. According to reports from crop correspondents in December 
last, the following areas were estimated to have produced no grain: 
wheat 1,560,847 acres (7 p.c. of area sown); oats 2,365,753 aci 
_ l -9 p.c. of area sown); barley 129,200 acres (6- 1 p.c. of area sown) ; 
rye 308,687 acres (18-3 p.c. of area sown); flaxseed 30,723 acres 
(6-3 p.c. of area sown). 



214 



PRODUCTION 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1916-21, 

and Five Year Average, 1916-20. 



Field Crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total Yield. 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Total Value. 


Canada 

Fall wheat.. ..1916 


acres. 

818,264 


bush. 
21-50 


bush. 
17,590,000 


Ib. 
59-52 


$ 
1-54 


1 

27,118,300 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


725,300 
416,615 
672,793 
814,133 
720,635 
689,421 


21-50 
19-00 
23-75 
24-00 
21-50 
22-25 


15,533,450 
7,942,800 
16,006,000 
19,469,200 
15,520,200 
15,308,290 


59-37 
61-19 
61-20 
60-14 

58-77 
60-28 


2-08 
2-08 
2-45 
1-88 
1-02 
1-98 


32,336,900 
16,516,000 
39,336,000 
36,550,500 
15,846,000 
30,371,540 


Spring wheat. . . . 1916 


14,551,445 


16-85 


245,191,000 


56-51 


1-29 


316,978,100 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 191620 


14,030,550 
16,937,287 
18,453,175 
17,418,241 
22,540,589 
16,278,140 


15-50 
10-75 
9-50 
14-00 
12-75 
13-10 


218,209,400 
181,132,550 
177,254,400 
243,720,100 
285,337,900 
213,101,490 


59-48 
58-69 
58-53 
59-07 
58-10 
58-46 


1-93 
2-02 
2-36 
1-60 
0-80 
1-79 


420,701,700 
365,161,700 
418,386,000 
390,806,800 
227,090,000 
382,406,860 


All wheat . ..1916 


15,369,709 


17-10 


262,781,000 


57-10 


1-31 


344,096,400 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


14,755,850 
17,353,902 
19,125,968 
18,232,374 
23,261,224 
16,967,561 


15-75 
11-00 
10-00 
14-50 
13-00 
13-50 


233,742,850 
189,075,350 
193,260,400 
263,189,300 
300,858,100 
228,409,780 


59-46 
59-44 
59-12 
59-35 
58-11 
58-89 


1-94 
2-02 
2-37 
1-62 
0-81 
1-81 


453,038,600 
381,677,700 
457,722,000 
427,357,300 
242,936,000 
412,778,400 


Oats.. ..1916 


10,996,487 


37-30 


410,211,000 


33-86 


0-51 


210,957,500 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


13,313,400 
14,790,336 
14,952,114 
15,849,928 
16,949,029 
13,980,453 


30-25 
28-75 
26-25 
33-50 
25-25 
31-00 


403,009,800 
426,312,500 
394,387,000 
530,709,700 
426,232,900 
432,926,000 


33-55 
35,61 
34-16 
35-62 
32-97 
34-56 


0-69 
0-78 
0-80 
0-53 
0-34 
0-65 


277,065,300 
331,357,400 
317,097,000 
280,115,400 
146,395,300 
283,318,520 


Barley.. ..1916 


1,802,996 


23-72 


42,770,000 


45-66 


0-82 


35,024,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


2,392,200 
3,153,711 
2,645,509 
2,551,919 
2,795,665 
2,509,267 


23-00 
24-50 
21-25 
24-75 
21-25 
23-50 


55,057,750 
77,287,240 
56 389,400 
63,310,550 
59,709,100 
58,962,988 


46-97 
47-24 
46-32 
47-62 
46-05 
46-76 


1-08 
1-00 
1-23 
0-83 
0-47 
1-00 


59,654,400 
77,378,670 
69,330,300 
52,821,400 
28,254,150 
58,841,754 


Rye . ..1916 


148,404 


19-38 


2,876,400 


54-95 


Ml 


3,196,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


211,880 
555,294 
753,081 
649,654 
1,842,498 
463,663 


18-25 
15-25 
13-50 
17-50 
11-75 
15-85 


3,857,200 
8,504,400 
10,207,400 
11,306,400 
21,455,260 
7,350,360 


53-44 
55-60 
55-09 
55-44 
55-06 
54-90 


1-62 
1-49 
1-40 
1-33 
0-72 
1-40 


6,267,200 
12,728,600 
14,240,000 
15,085,650 
15,399,300 
10,303,490 


Peas.. . 1916 


151,790 


14-50 


2,218,100 


59-88 


2-22 


4,919,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


198,881 
235,976 
230,351 
186,348 
192,749 
200,669 


15-25 
18-25 
14-75 
19-00 
14-25 
16-50 


3,026,340 
4,313,400 
3,406,300 
3,528,100 
2,769,981 
3,298,448 


59-81 
59-93 
59-60 
60-44 
59-42 
59-93 


3-54 
2-99 
2-86 
2-42 
1-96 
2-84 


10,724,100 
12,899,100 
9,739,300 
8,534,300 
5,439,400 
9,363,160 


Beans ..1916 


32,500 


12-70 


412,600 


60-00 


5,40 


2,228,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


92,457 
228,577 
83,577 
72,163 
62,479 
101,855 


13-75 
15-50 
16-50 
17-50 
17-50 
15-50 


1,274,000 
3,563,380 
1,388,600 
1,265,300 
1,089,900 
1,580,776 


59-70 
58-67 
59-99 
59-73 
59-30 
59-62 


7-45 
5-41 
4-48 
3-88 
2-90 
5-33 


9,493,400 
19,283,900 
6,214,800 
4,918,100 
3,155,800 
8,427,640 


Buckwheat.. ..1916 


341,500 


17-50 


5,976,000 


46-35 


1-07 


6,375,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages.. ..1916-20 


395,977 
548,097 
444,732 
378,476 
360,758 
421,756 


18-00 
20-75 
23-50 
23-75 
22-75 
21-00 


7,149,400 
11,375,500 
10,550,800 
8,994,700 
8,230,100 
8,809,280 


46-49 
47-41 
47-23 
47-95 
47-35 
47-09 


1-46 
1-58 
1-50 
1-28 
0-89 
1-41 


10,443,400 
18,018,100 
15,831,000 
11,512,500 
7,285,100 
12,436,000 



MiltlCVLTl RK 



215 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops In Canada, 1916-21, and 

Five Year Average, 1916-20 continued. 



Field Crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total Yield. 


\\Vight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Total Value. 


Mixed ETUI: . . . .1916 


acres. 
412,670 


bush. 
25-75 


bush. 
10,584,800 


Ib. 
43-13 


$ 

0-88 


S 
9,300,900 


1917 
1918 
1919 

Aveni- 1916-20 


4&lt;i7,236 

i,j i 

901 
811 

861, 136 1 


31-00 
40-00 

34-50 


16,157 

,300 
. 7 
120,700 
271,500 
24,635,816 


44-41 
46-39 
44-83 

41*09 


1-16 
Ml 
1-36 
0-90 
0-62 
1-11 


18,801,750 
40,726,500 
37,775,400 
29,236,200 
13,901, 
27,168,150 


Fluxseed ..1916 


657,781 


U-M 


8,259,800 






16,889,900 


I .n: 

1918 
1911 

Averages 1916-20 


!U .1,500 
1,968,120 
1,093,115 

l.L 
.147 
1,033,336 


:,-7:) 
5-00 
5-60 


6,05 

4, 111. MM 


:.(-71 
54-67 


2-65 
3-13 
4-13 
1&gt;M 

1-44 
2-GO 


15,737,000 
1 V.!5 1,000 
22,t&gt;0 .),500 
15,502,200 
5,938,400 
17,937,920 


Corn for husking 1916 


173,000 


36-25 


&gt;2,000 


56-51 


1-07 


6,747,000 


1917 
1918 

I .il , 
I .i.H 
1921 
Averages 191 


;,339 
.000 
264,607 

2% 


33-00 
50-25 

49&gt;ot 


14.20.V200 
16,940,501 

ll 
14,904,000 
11,905,040 


55-56 


1-84 

l-7o 
1-30 

i-it; 

1-42 


14,307,200 
24,902 

&lt;i,M),000 
16,593,400 
12,317,000 
16,926,080 


Potatoes . ..1916 


473 


133-82 


63,297,000 


_ 


0-81 


50,982,300 


1917 
1918 
1911 

Averages 1916-20 


656 

73:. 
818 

781 
701 
693,690 


12] 

14. 

170-50 
i:, 
14.6-15 


.000 
104.346.2UO 
125 

133,831,400 
i(i7,:;i i,000 
101,388,300 


_ 


1-01 
0-98 
0-95 
0-97 
0-77 
0-95 


Mil, 400 
102. 2:;. ), 300 
118,894,200 
12! 1,803, 300 
U7.600 
96,543,900 


Turnips, mangolds, etc. . ..1916 


141,839 


264-21 


36,921,000 


_ 


0-39 


14,329,000 


1917 
1918 
1911 
199C 

1921 
Averages 1916-20 


&gt;,233 
5,037 

317,296 
290,286 
227,675 
258,538 


290-75 
377-50 
354-00 
401-00 
347-7. . 
349-50 


63,451,000 
122,699,600 
112,288,600 
116,390,900 
.150,300 
90,35ti 


- 


0-46 
0-43 
0-50 
0-41 
0-34 
0-44 


,000 
,000 
54,958,700 
48,212,700 
26,620,400 
39,801,080 


Hay and clover.. ..1916 


7,821,257 


tons. 
1-86 


tons. 
11,527, 000 


mf 


per ton. 
11-60 


168,547,900 


1917 
1918 
1919 

192 
Averages 1916-2 


-5,034 
10,544,625 
10,595,383 
10,371*. 
10,614,951 
9,513,118 


1-66 
1-40 
1-55 
1-30 
1-07 
1-55 


13,684,700 
14,772,300 
16,348,000 
13,338,700 
11,366,100 
14,534,140 





10-33 

16-25 
20-72 
26-10 
23-56 
17-03 


141,376,700 
241,277,300 
338,713,200 
348,166,200 
267,764,200 
247,616,260 


Grain hay, (Alberta) 192 






1.133,47 





10-00 


11,335,000 


Grain hay, (B.C.) . . . . 191 


60,390 


2-50 


151,000 


^ 


29-00 


4,379,000 


192 
192 
Averages 1919-2 


60,612 
57,603 
60,501 


2-H 
. 4(1 


136,400 
155,500 
143,700 


- 


33-1 
20-20 
30-96 


4,518,000 
3,141,000 
4,448,500 


Alfalfa . ..191 


99,350 


2-91 


286,750 


^_ 


10-6 


3,066,000 


191 
191 
191 
192 
192 
Averages 1916-2 


109,825 
196, 428 
226, 86S 
238,556 
263,892 
174, 20 


2-3S 

2-4: 
2-5C 
2-4C 


2.400 
446. 40C 
I 4,20C 
:,79C 
J.20C 
4 14, 70S 


- 
- 

- 


11-5 
17-84 
21-8 
23-7 
19-9 
18-6 


3,041,300 
7,963,500 
10,800,200 
13,887,700 
13,211,000 
7,751,740 


Fodder corn 191 


293,05* 


6-6f 


1.907.80C 




4-9 


9,396,000 


191 
191 
191 
192 
192 
Averages.. ..1916-2 


366,51* 
502, 06 
511, 76J 
588,97- 
585, 39J 
452, 47* 


7-34 
9-K 
9-71 

9-6( 
10-7 
8-81 


2,690,37( 
1 4,787,500 
4,942,76( 
ll 5,641,75( 
6.361.60C 
i 3,994,03( 


1 



1 

) 


5-1 
6-1 
6-9 

7-7 
7-0 
6-5 


13,834,900 
29,439,100 
34,179,500 
43,701,000 
44.880.XOO 
26,110.100 



deluding "Other Grains" in Manitoba. 



216 



PRODUCTION 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1916-21, and 

Five Year Average, 1916-20 continued. 



Field Crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total Yield. 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per ton. 


Total Value. 


Canada con. 
Sugar Beets 1916 


acres. 
15,000 


tons. 
4-75 


tons. 
71,000 


Ib. 


6-20 


$ 
440,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


14,000 
18,000 
24,500 
36,288 
28,367 
21,558 


8-40 
10-00 
9-80 
11-37 
9-45 
9-45 


117,600 
180,000 
240,000 
412,400 
268,000 
204,200 


- 


6-75 
10-25 
10-86 
12-80 
6-50 
10-74 


793,800 
1,845,000 
2,606,000 
5,278,700 
1,742,000 
2,192,700 


Prince Edward Island 

Soring wheat. . , . 1916 


34,500 


bush. 
16-75 


bush. 
578,000 


58-79 


per 
bush. 
1-52 


879,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


36,000 
30,352 
35,595 
37,601 
34,106 
34,810 


14-50 
20-00 
17-00 
12-00 
16-75 
16-00 


522,000 
606,000 
624,600 
452,900 
573,000 
556,700 


57-63 
59-93 
59-00 
55-56 
59-89 
58-18 


2-09 
2-22 
2-73 
2-00 
1-00 
2-13 


1,091,000 
1,344,000 
1,705,200 
906,000 
573,000 
1,185,040 


Oats ..1916 


199,000 


37-25 


7,413,000 


36-93 


0-61 


4,522,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
\verages 1916-20 


201,000 
169,729 
174,937 
183,452 
189,453 
185,623 


32-25 
34-50 
34-00 
27-75 
27-00 
33-25 


6,482,300 
5,839,000 
6,038,000 
5,095,000 
5,118,000 
6,173,460 


34-80 
36-42 
36-00 
32-15 
36-04 
35-26 


0-80 
0-77 
0-85 
0-70 
0-50 
0-75 


5,185,800 
4,535,000 
5,132,000 
3,567,000 
2,560,000 
4,588,360 


Barley 1916 


3,600 


29-25 


105,000 


47-40 


0-95 


100,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


3,500 
5,672 
5,636 
5,046 
6,334 
4,691 


28-50 
28-50 
29-00 
24-50 
23-25 
27-85 


99,750 
162,000 
164,000 
123.000 
147,400 
130,750 


46-45 
49-31 
50-00 
47-47 
48-41 
48-13 


1-22 
1-25 
1-40 
1-27 
0-75 
1-24 


121,700 
203,400 
229,700 
156,200 
110,550 
162,200 


Peas.. ..1916 


60 


22-25 


1,300 


59-71 


2-19 


2,800 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


60 
460 
490 
164 
212 
247 


14-00 
16-00 
16-00 
16-50 
23-50 
16-40 


840 
7,300 
8,100 
2,700 
5,000 
4,048 


60-60 
60-66 
60-00 
60-00 
55-00 
60-19 


2-86 
2-90 
3-25 
3-00 
1-25 
3-00 


2,400 
21,200 
26,300 
8,100 
6,300 
12,160 


Buckwheat 1916 


2,500 


27-25 


68,000 


49-10 


1-00 


68,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


2,500 
5,592 
4,094 
4,035 
2,932 
3,744 


29-00 
21-75 
20-75 
23-50 
24-75 
23-80 


72,500 
122,000 
87,800 
95,000 
72,800 
89,060 


47-80 
48-77 
48-80 
46-67 
46-15 
48-23 


1-32 
1-44 
1-50 
1-30 
0-75 
1-34 


95,700 
175,500 
132,000 
123,500 
54,600 
118,940 


Mixed grains 1916 


8,000 


41-25 


330,000 


47-60 


0-75 


248,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


7,800 
13,475 
18,900 
16,504 
16,770 
12,936 


38-25 
44-50 
44-00 
33-75 
29-25 
40-65 


298,400 
600,000 
843,400 
556,600 
491,900 
525 680 


42-61 
45-00 
44-00 
41-44 
41-47 
44-13 


0-98 
1-04 
1-22 
0-85 
0-80 
1-02 


292,400 
623,400 
1,039,400 
473,000 
393,520 
535,240 


Potatoes 1916 


31,000 


206-00 


6 386 000 




0-52 


3 321,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


35,000 
31,543 
36,234 
36,322 
36,921 
34,020 


175-00 
170-00 
125-00 
170-00 
162-00 
168-00 


6,125,000 
5,362,300 
4,529,000 
6,174,700 
5,965,800 
5 715 400 


- 


0-75 
0-63 
0-85 
0-65 
0-45 
0-67 


4,594,000 
3,378,000 
3,850,000 
4,013,600 
2,684,600 
3 831,320 


Turnips, mangolds, etc 1916 


8,000 


477-00 


3 816 000 




0-28 


1 068,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages.. ..1916-20 


8,100 
8,246 
12,337 
9,397 
9.961 
9.216 


505-39 
520-50 
518-00 
481-75 
570-00 
501-90 


4,094,000 
4,292,000 
6,396,000 
4,529,000 
5,682,200 
4.625.400 


- 


0-31 
0-29 
0-26 
0-30 
0-20 
0-28 


1,269,000 
1,244,709 
1,638,803 
1,359,000 
1,336,400 
1.315.900 



AGRICULTURE 



217 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1916-21, and 

Five Year Average, 1916-20 continued. 



Field Crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
aero. 


Total Yield. 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per ton. 


Total Value. 


Princi Edward Island con. 

Hmd clovor 1916 


acres. 
.000 


tO!: 

1-70 


tO I 

338,000 


Ib. 


$ 

11-56 


S 

3,907,000 


1918 
1919 

1921 
\verages 1016-20 


197, Hi K) 
f. .il 
2:;7,883 

5,010 


I. ft 

1 50 
1-80 

1 &gt;:, 


305,400 
1.000 
428,(K)d 
1,200 

2 1^,200 
341 


- 


12-67 
14-17 
20-00 
20-00 
30-00 
1-M 


3,869,000 
4,7:;i! 
8,564,000 
7,909,000 
8,455, 
5,791 


Fodder corn 1916 




13-00 


3,300 


1B 




8,300 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 

Averages 1916-20 


190 
326 


7-00 
12-00 

10-00 
9-25 


1,800 

6,260 
1,500 

3,012 





5-00 
9-00 

10-00 
6-00 
6-78 


9,000 

19,800 
50,000 
15 

28. 
20,420 


Nova Scotia 

^nrine: wheat 1916 


13,400 


bush. 


}&gt;u.-h. 
!,000 


59-95 


per bush. 
1-70 


444,000 


19 li 
1918 
1919 

1920 

Averages 1916-20 


16 

28,931 
116 
16 

23,177 


15-75 
19-50 

19-71 


!.-,(( 
728,000 
564,000 
511,900 
,000 
464-010 


57-93 
59-43 


2-15 
1-42 
2-35 


7,000 
1,718,000 
1,585,000 
1.098,000 
:,000 
1,0ft 


Oats 1 - li; 


116.000 




4,031,000 


34-19 


0-71 


2,862,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 

\verages 191 


.000 
145, 036 
158,838 

136,904 
139,170 


36-00 
33-60 


5,403,000 
:,.718,000 
4,6: 

4,67 


34-69 

33-45 
34-15 
33-83 


0-92 
1-06 
1-14 
1-00 
0-74 
0-98 


3,310,000 
7,0(10 
6,519,000 
4,614,000 

4,606,400 


Barley ..1916 


4.700 


26-25 


123,000 


48-58 


0-99 


122,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 

Averages 1916-20 


4,800 
11,571 

13,894 
11,487 
- - 
9,290 


24-75 
30-00 

26-00 
23-00 
28-45 


lls 

347,000 
1.000 
298,400 
200, 100 
264,240 


46-54 
48-19 

46-97 
46-76 

47-58 
47-41 


1-34 
1-62 
1-77 
1-51 
1-16 
1-56 


159,200 
562,000 
768,000 
452,000 
231,600 
412,640 


Rve l"li; 


320 


17-00 


5,400 


56-00 


1-25 


6,800 


1917 

1918 
1919 
1920 

1921 
Averages 1916-20 


300 
531 

1.040 
470 
369 
533 


15-00 
14-50 

15-00 
14-25 
20-90 


4,500 
7.7(id 
31,000 
7,100 
5,260 
11,140 


55-67 
53-00 
56-00 

55-03 


1-67 
1-85 
1-55 
1-50 
1-50 
1-56 


7,500 
14,200 
48,000 
10,650 
7,900 
17,430 


Peas ..1916 


180 


17-75 


3,200 


59-80 


2-73 


8,700 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
\verages 1916-20 


170 

1 , 75.X 
1,896 
1,046 

1,009 


14-25 

is-7: 

20-00 
20-50 
16-75 
19-40 


2,400 
33,000 
38,000 
21.400 
12,981 
19,600 


58-50 
59-50 
58-50 
56-81 
58-20 
58-62 


4-44 
3-20 
3-84 
3-67 
3-36 
3-57 


10, 700 
106,000 
146,000 
78,500 
43,600 
(if, 980 


Beans ..1916 


850 


16-25 


13,800 


60-00 


5-62 


78,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


1,000 
8,829 
6,859 
4,617 
2,982 
4,431 


17-75 
16-25 
12-75 
18-50 
19-25 
15-68 


17,750 
143,000 
87,000 
85,900 
57,800 
69,490 


59-00 
59-14 
57-56 
58-50 
59-86 
58-84 


7-95 
7-34 
6-37 
6-00 
4-36 
6-73 


141,100 
1,050,000 
554,000 
515,400 
251,800 
467,700 


Buckwheat 1916 


10,000 


24-50 


245,000 


46-97 


0-84 


206,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages.. ..1916-20 


10,900 
19,342 
17,384 
13,106 
9,404 
14,146 


21-00 
23-00 

22-25 
20-50 
23-30 


228,900 
445,000 
439,000 
291.400 
192,500 
329,860 


46-56 
47-10 
47-23 
47-27 
48-07 
47-03 


1-14 
1-35 
1-55 
1-36 
1-06 
1-30 


261,000 
601,000 
680,000 
397,000 
203,500 
429,000 



218 



PRODUCTION 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1916-21, and 

Five Year Average, 1916-20 continued. 



Field Crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total Yield. 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Total Value. 


Nova Scotia con. 
Mixed grains 1916 


acres . 
4,100 


bush. 
34-00 


bush. 

139,000 


Ib. 
44-07 


$ 
0-92 


$ 
128,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
4 verges 1916-20 


4,000 
5,407 
8,628 
6,171 
4,713 
5,661 


24-00 
36-00 
37-50 
32-50 
30-00 
30-00 


96,000 
195,000 
218,000 
200,600 
141,100 
169,720 


39-91 
42-24 
46-77 
39-20 
44-46 
42-44 


1-24 
1-30 
1-53 
1-32 
0-97 
1-30 


119,000 
254,000 
334,000 
265,000 
136,700 
220,000 


Potatoes , 1916 


34,500 


201-00 


6,935,000 




0-69 


4,785,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


41,000 
51,250 
62.060 
50,092 
39,168 
47,781 


174-94 
190-75 
161-00 
203-75 
163-75 
184-50 


7,173,000 
9,776,000 
9,992,000 
10,209,000 
6,414,000 
8,817,000 


- 


0-92 
0-93 
1-09 
0-98 
0-95 
0-94 


6,599,000 
9,092,000 
10,891,000 
9,966,000 
6,093,000 
8,266,600 


Turnips, mangolds, etc 1916 


9,000 


404-00 


3,636,000 




0-42 


1,527,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


9,100 
23,823 
30,291 
19,946 
15,436 
18,432 


350-93 
391-25 
537-75 
431-75 
495-00 
445-40 


3,193,000 
9,320,700 
16,289,000 
8,611,000 
7,641,000 
8,209,940 


- 


0-47 
0-58 
0-60 
0-62 
0-20 
0-57 


1,501,000 
5,406,000 
9,773,000 
5,368,000 
1,528,000 
4,715,000 


Hay and clover 1916 


553,000 


tons. 
1-80 


tons. 
995,000 




per ton. 
12-25 


12,189,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


542,000 
605,464 
678,357 
632,069 
571,661 
602,178 


1-65 
1-45 
2-10 
1-50 
1-35 
1-70 


894,300 
878,000 
1,425,000 
948,000 
771,700 
1,028,060 


- 


11-83 
20-00 
22-34 
35-00 
23-00 
18-90 


10,580,000 
17,560,000 
31,835,000 
24,966,000 
17,749,000 
19,426,000 


Alfalfa.. ..1916 


30 


5-00 


150 




15-00 


2,300 


1917 
Averages 1916-17 


30 
30 


3-50 
4-15 


100 
125 





15-00 
15-00 


1,500 
1,900 


Fodder corn. . . 1916 


500 


8-75 


4,400 




2-50 


11,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


480 
4,644 
2,960 
1,451 
1,466 
2,007 


9-20 
9-50 
9-50 
8-00 
6-50 
9-20 


4,400 
44,000 
28,000 
11,600 
9,500 
18,480 


- 


6-00 
9-00 
8-00 
10-00 
6-00 
8-37 


26,400 
396,000 
224,000 
116,000 
57,000 
154,680 


New Brunswick- 
Spring wheat 1916 


14,000 


bush. 
17-25 


bush. 
242,000 


59-20 


per bush. 
1-72 


416,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


16,000 
49,453 
35,641 

29,485 
28,028 
28,916 


12-00 
19-00 
17-50 
15-75 
15-25 
17-00 


192,000 
940,250 
623,000 
464,400 
427,000 
492,330 


58-43 
59-68 
59-61 
58-25 
59-20 
59-03 


2-25 
2-32 
2-80 
2-11 
1-50 
2-34 


432,000 
2,183,700 
1,744,400 
979,900 
641,000 
1,151,200 


Oats.. ..1916 


198,000 


30-50 


6,039,000 


35-49 


0-68 


4,107,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


190,000 
224,442 
305,484 
309,071 
284,728 
245,399 


22-50 
31-50 
30-25 
29-50 
25-00 
29-15 


4,275,000 
7,051,400 
9,261,000 
9,117,600 
7,118,000 
7,148,800 


33-33 
35-32 
35-10 
34-93 
31-50 
34-83 


0-94 
0-97 
0-98 
0-60 
0-65 
0-83 


4,018,500 
6,877,400 
9,086,000 
5,470,600 
4,627,000 
5,911,900 


Barley.. ..1916 


1,900 


23-75 


45,000 


46-70 


1-00 


45,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages.. ..1916-2fl 


1,800 
6,601 
10,662 

8,177 
8,898 
5,828 


22-00 
24-75 
26-75 
23-75 
17-00 
24-95 


39,600 
163,140 
285,000 
194,200 
151,000 
145,388 


42-84 
47-87 
47-48 
46-50 
47-64 
46-28 


1-36 
1-55 
1-35 
1-41 
1-11 
1-39 


53,900 
253,270 
385,000 
273,800 
168,000 
202,194 



AGRICULTURE 



219 



1.- 



-Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops In Canada, 1916-21, and 

Five Year Average, 1916-20 continued. 



Field Crops. 


Area. 


Yield 

per 
acre. 


Total Yield. 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 

bushel. 


Total Value. 


New Brunswick con. 

Rve -.1918 


acres. 
308 


bush. 
16-25 


bush. 
5,000 


Ib. 


$ 

1-85 


$ 

9,000 


1919 
1920 
1921 

Averages 1918-20 


353 
254 
479 
305 


20-00 
14-00 
17-50 

17-Uo 


7,000 
3,600 
8,400 
5,200 


56-00 
56-00 


2-00 
1-80 
1-00 
1-89 


14,000 
6,500 
8,400 
9,833 


Peas 1 llti 


400 


16-50 


6,600 


60-21 


2-46 


16,200 


1917 
1918 

in in 
1920 

\veragcs 1916 2C 


400 
4,077 

4,61)7 


15-00 

14-71 

15-00 

l_&gt;-7.^ 
14-85 


6,000 
.100 
,000 

J7.000 
36 


60-45 

59-85 
60-50 
59-75 

- 


2-83 
8-08 
8-08 

3-06 


17,000 
- 21,200 
Jii!) ,000 
100,300 
61,000 
112,740 


Beans ..1916 


250 






60-54 


6-11 


23,000 


1917 
1918 
1911 
1924 
L921 
Vveragea 1916-20 


300 
3,341 


12-78 


ni. ooo 

69,100 

:"&gt;,000 
066 


59-00 
59-39 

59-50 


B-W 

5-25 

4-00 
5-75 


51,200 
689,400 
.,000 
234,200 
116,000 
310,760 


Buckwheat ...1916 


,000 




1. . &lt;*&gt;, 000 


46-51 


0-84 


1,013,000 


1917 

in is 

1919 
- 
1921 

Averages 191 


71 
6&lt;i 
812 




1,11 

1,1 .19, 500 
1,87 

1,10 
1,43 


47-74 

46-69 

46-76 


1-13 
1-65 
1-36 
1-45 
1-00 
1-32 


".0,000 
- ,177,000 
17,000 
s9,200 
1,108,000 
1,896,440 




870 




30,000 


43-25 


0-78 


23,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916 2( 


840 

4,:.". J 

3,395 


19-50 

33-75 

31-75 


16 
139,900 
179,000 
101,000 
- 
93,256 


43-29 
42-97 
43-83 
41-00 
41-67 
42-87 


1-K 
1-25 

l- j: 
1-17 
0-88 
1-19 


18,000 
175,200 
220,000 
118,200 
84,000 
110,880 


Potatoes.. ..1916 


39,000 


l ,2-00 


7,48 


_ 


0-84 


6,290,000 


1917 
1918 

1919 
1920 

1921 
Averages 1916-20 


46,000 
J7 
75,573 
78,335 
74,875 
59,236 


149-80 
l.)8-50 
142-75 
198-00 
216-25 
168-00 


6,891,000 
9,077,600 
10,790,200 
15,510,300 
16,192,000 
9,951,420 


" 


1-13 
1-00 
0-97 
0-70 
0-90 
0-89 


7,787,000 
9,077,600 
10,466,000 
10,857,200 
14,573,000 
8,895,560 


Turnips, mangolds, etc 1911 


7,700 


411-00 


3,165,000 




0-45 


1,424,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


7,700 
18,507 
24,279 
20,030 
17,745 
15,644 


300-54 
350-00 
366-50 
353-00 
349-50 
357-00 


2,314,000 
6,477,500 
8,898,800 
7,070,600 
6,202,000 
5,585,180 


I 


0-61 
0-58 
0-58 
0-20 
0-17 
0-47 


1,412,000 
3,757,000 
5,155,000 
1,414,100 
1,054,000 
2.632.42C 


Hay and clover 1916 


574,000 


tons. 
1-48 


tons. 
850,000 


_ 


per ton. 
11-27 


9,563,OOC 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
192 
Averages 1916-20 


568,000 
740,637 
786,175 
726,380 
694,497 
679,038 


1-60 
1-50 
1-40 
1-20 
0-90 
1-43 


909,000 
1,111,000 
1,111,000 
871,700 
625,000 
970,540 


I 


10-29 
15-30 
20-26 
27-87 
25-00 
17-04 


9,354,OOC 
16.998.30C 
22.512.00C 
24.294.30C 
15.625.00C 
16.544.32C 


Alfalfa 1918 


1,178 


1-50 


1,800 


_ 


9-00 


16,200 


Fodder corn 191 


100 


10-00 


1,000 


_ 


4-00 


4,000 


191 
191 
191 
192 
192 
Averages.. ..1916-2 


85 
3,459 
5,906 
5,243 
3,738 
2.95S 


9-00 
4-50 
5-00 
8-00 
7-00 
6-05 


770 
15,600 
30,000 
41,900 
26,000 
17,854 


- 


6-00 
10-00 
8-00 
10-00 
10-OC 
9-2 


4.60C 
156, OOC 
240, OOC 
419, OOC 
260, OOC 
164, 72( 



220 



PRODUCTION 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1916-21, and 

Five Year Average, 1916-20 continued. 



Field Crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total Yield 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Total Value. 


Quebec- 
Spring wheat 1916 


acres. 
64,000 


bush. 
15-0 


bush. 
960,000 


Ib. 

57-7 


$ 
1-8 


% 
1 7Sfi ftftO 


191 
1918 
191 
1920 
192 
Averages 1916-20 


277,400 
365,670 
251,089 
222,045 
180,616 
236,041 


14-00 
17-2 
16-75 
17-00 
15-25 
16-20 


3,883,600 
6,308,000 
4,206,000 
3,775,000 
2,754,000 
3,826,520 


57-94 
58-82 
59-12 
59-45 
58-19 
58-6 


2-4 
2-2 
2-8 
2-24 
1-5 
2-42 


9,553,700 
14,382,000 
12,029,000 
8,456,000 
4,379,000 
241 340 


Oats.. 1916 


1,073,000 


22-75 


24,411,000 


33-55 


0-77 


ic 7QA noo 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


1,492,700 
1,932,720 
2,141,107 
2,205,908 
2,366,810 
1,769,087 


21-75 
27-25 
26-75 
30-25 
21-25 
26-40 


32,466,200 
52,667,000 
57,275,000 
66,729,000 
50,591,000 
46 709 640 


34-34 
35-98 
35-47 
36-51 
35-24 
35-17 


0-92 
1-00 
1-06 
0-88 
0-60 
0-Q"i 


29,868,900 
52,667,000 
60,712,000 
58,722,000 
30,355,000 
44 1*53 ISO 


Barley.. . 1916 


72 , 800 


20-00 


1,456,000 


46-67 


1-15 


1 674 000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


165,600 
189,202 
234,892 
194,444 
191,673 
171,387 


18-50 
24-00 
22 -7o 
25-25 
21-25 
22-55 


3,063,600 
4,551,000 
5,344,000 
4,910,000 
4,073,000 
3 864 920 


48-14 
48-16 
47-63 
47-83 
46-19 
47-69 


1-58 
1-62 
1-64 
1-41 
1-00 
1-53 


4,840,500 
7,373,000 
8,764,000 
6,923,000 
4,073,000 
5 Q14 QOO 


Rye , . 1916 


8,300 


14-25 


118 000 


53-97 


1-40 


165 000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


22,450 
29,063 
33,481 
28,462 
24,940 
24,351 


16-75 
16-25 
17-25 
18-75 
17-25 
17-05 


376,000 
472,000 
578,000 
534,000 
430,000 
415,600 


53-36 

54-78 
55-87 
55-70 
53-88 
54-74 


1-78 
2-10 
2-00 
1-88 
1-25 
1-92 


669,300 
991,000 
1,156,000 
1,004,000 
538,000 
797 060 


Peas . 1916 


21,600 


14-00 


302,000 


59-95 


3-22 


972 000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


66,457 
107,386 
81,642 
6,0,870 
65,259 
67,591 


12-00 
15-50 
15-00 
17-00 
14-75 
14-85 


797,500 
1,664,000 
1,225,000 
1,035,000 
963,000 
1 004 700 


59-75 
60-26 
60-14 
60-74 
59-43 
60-17 


4-51 
4-14 
3-62 
3-36 
2-50 
3-86 


3,596,700 
6,889,000 
4,435,000 
3,478,000 
2,408,000 
3 874 140 


Beans . 1916 


4,400 


17-75 


78 , 000 


60-18 


5-56 


434 000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


55,157 
109,803 
43,202 
35,835 
28,272 
49,679 


15-00 
17-00 
19-75 
18-00 
18-75 
17-20 


827,400 
1,867,000 
853,000 
645,000 
530,000 
854 080 


59-90 
59-45 
59-81 
60-15 
59-16 
59-90 


7-77 
5-72 
4-52 
4-08 
3-18 
5-63 


6,428,900 
10,679,000 
3,856,000 
2,632,000 
1,685,000 
4 805 980 


Buckwheat 1916 


101,000 


19-00 


1,919 000 


46-35 


1-21 


2 322 000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


163,577 
227,018 
170,043 
151,765 
150,666 
162 681 


16-50 
20-75 
24-00 
25-75 
23-25 
21-30 


2,699,000 
4,711,000 
4,081,000 
3,908,000 
3,503,000 
3 463 600 


46-55 
48-20 
47-72 
48-19 
47-08 
47-40 


1-73 
1-77 
1-70 
1-38 
1-00 
1-60 


4,669,300 
8,338,000 
6,938,000 
5,393,000 
3,503,000 
5 532 060 


Mixed grains 1916 


91 000 


20-25 


1 843 000 


44-04 


0-99 


1 825 000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


122,819 
194,288 
157,637 
143,423 
168,245 
141 834 


21-25 
27-00 
27-00 
29-25 
24-00 
25 Rfl 


2,609,900 
5,246,000 
4,256,000 
4,195,000 
4,038,000 
3 fiOQ Q80 


44-50 
45-49 
44-54 
46-10 
43-31 
44 -Q3 


1-33 
1-46 
1-50 
1-26 
0-85 
1 -^fi 


3,471,200 
7,659,000 
6,384,000 
5,286,000 
3,432,000 
4 Q25 040 


Flaxseed 1916 


500 


10-50 


5 300 


54-50 


2-50 


13 300 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages.. ..1916-20 


5,700 
7,357 
11,384 
16,035 
8,641 
8.195 


8-25 
11-25 
9-75 
11-50 
11-50 
10-50 


47,000 
83,000 
111,000 
184,000 
99,400 
Sfi.ofio 


53-21 
54-66 
53-46 
55-79 
52-78 
54-32 


3-37 
3-74 
3-91 
3-57 
3-56 
3-6fi 


158,400 
310,000 
434,000 
657,000 
354,000 
314.540 



AGRICULTURE 



221 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops In Canada, 1916-21, and 

Five Year Average, 191S-20 continued. 



Field Crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total Yield 


Wfight 
per 
ured 

bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Total Value. 


Quebec ron 

Corn for buskin" 1916 


aoi 

l.i.OOO 


hush. 
2 1 75 


hush. 
322.000 


Ib. 

56-18 


- 
!:&gt;: 


1 

,000 


1917 

1918 
1919 
1920 

Averages 1916-20 


74 
M 
43 
17.7-41 
46.182 
46,674 


21-75 
11-00 


1,802,700 

1.100,000 
1.7SS.OOO 
1,420,000 

1.301.. ".Hi 


:,., . 1 1 

55-28 

56-36 


2-10 

1-84 

1 .10 
M.1 
1-93 


4. O.It), 000 
L ,.118,000 
3,290,000 
J. 2.1V 000 
1,. 1(17, 000 
2,522,200 


Potatoes.. I . li; 


112 


1-00 


14.ti7:&gt;.000 




0-97 


14,232,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 

Averages 1916-20 


H7 
1,871 

.014 


80-00 
147 
181 
l 

1., 
151-75 


lvl.ls.000 
000 

.17, ;;:!. 000 
000 
37,335,800 


- 


1.88 
0-98 

1-00 
0-80 
0-90 


058,000 

38,157,000 
48.688,000 
.17.tM3.000 
s7 1,000 
36,753,600 


Turnips, mangolds, etc 191fi 


10,000 


265-00 


.0.000 




0-48 


1,272,000 


1917 

1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 

\v,&gt;ri"&gt; 1916-20 


192 

87 


m-51 

3K 
i-OO 


1.1.7.V..000 
^.000 
780,000 
000 
16,934.000 
,400 


- 


0-59 
0-53 

(i..i:-; 
0-50 
0-40 
0-53 


298,000 
14, WO, son 
14,723,000 
13,765,000 
6,774,000 
10,803,760 


H-iv :md clover I . lt . 


-.1,000 


toi 

1 7.1 


M. 

{.000 




per ton. 
11-00 


.17.464,000 


1917 

1918 
1010 

1921 
X 1 - . .1016-20 


1,983 

0,360 
10,121 

3,81 


1-71 

!..-&gt;( I 

1-M 

l _:, 
0-95 
1-50 


5,06.1.0110 

1. 1MI 


- 


9-58 
15-76 

17-34 


.000 

107.00S.400 
l:;_Mi;i .000 
1.V...127.000 
121.041.000 
100,214,880 


Ha 1916 


2,600 




7,000 






67,000 


1917 
1918 

1919 
1020 
1921 

V venires 1916-20 


3.818 

Kin 

. 300 
15.450 




000 
000 
64,500 

31,980 


- 


11-70 
14-22 
21-00 

16-44 


000 
I0 t,000 

000 

1,428,000 
1,61 

525,800 


Fodder corn 1916 


31,000 


8-00 


248,000 




.1 7.1 


1,426,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 

1921 
Averages 1916-20 


69.030 

80 
71,007 

69,446 


8-50 
7 M 

8-25 
8-00 
9-00 


586,800 
626 

611,000 
5 , UOO 
806,000 
553,380 


- 


5-00 
7-42 

8-41 
10-20 
9-50 
7-67 


2,934,000 
4,645,700 
5,139,000 
7,089,000 
7,657,000 
4,246,740 


Ontario 

Fall wheat 1916 


774,800 


bush. 
21-28 


bush. 
16,465,000 


59-42 


per bu-li 

1 - - 
1 ,),~&gt; 


2.1,521,000 


1917 

1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


656,500 
362,616 
619,494 

762,371 
621,420 
635,156 


21-50 

19-50 
24-30 

22-00 
22-40 


11.114,800 
7,054,800 
1.1,052,000 
18,492,000 
13,667,900 
14,23.1,720 


59-38 
59-80 
61-33 
60-20 
58-55 
60-03 


2-09 
2-09 
2-45 
1-89 
1-05 
1-99 


29,499,900 
14,763,000 
36,877,000 
34,890,500 
14,362,000 
28,310,230 


Spring wheat 1916 


90,200 


16-25 


1 466,000 


57-80 


1-55 


2,272,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1020 
1021 
Vverages 1916-20 


113,000 
351,423 
361,150 
267,367 
152,904 
236,628 


19-50 
23 21 
15-60 
16-80 
12-50 
18-55 


2,203,500 
8,186,200 
5,646,500 
4,480,500 
1,907,. 100 
4 396 540 


59-32 
59-84 
58-27 
57-92 
56-85 
58-63 


2-08 
2-03 
2-46 
1-81 
1-06 
2-07 


4,583,300 
16,638,000 
13,890,400 
8,112,600 
2,014,000 
9 099,260 


All wheat . 1916 


865,000 


20-73 


17 931 000 


58-79 


1-55 


27 793,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages.. ,.1916-20 


769,500 
714,039 
980,644 
1,029,738 
774,324 
871 


21-25 
21-25 
21-20 
22-30 

20-10 
21-35 


16,318,300 
15,241,000 
20,698,500 
22,972,500 
15.575,400 
18.632.260 


59-36 
60-54 
59-76 
59-10 
57-88 
59-51 


2-09 
2-06 
2-45 
1-87 
1-05 
2-01 


34,083,200 
31,401,000 
50,767,400 
43,003,100 
16,376,000 
37.409.540 



222 



PRODUCTION 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Fteld Crops in Canada, 1916-21, and 

Five Year Average, 1916-20 continued. 



Field Crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total Yield. 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Total Value. 


Ontario con. 

Oats 1916 


acres. 
1,991,000 


bush. 
25-50 


bush. 

50,771,000 


Ib. 
30-30 


$ 
0-64 


$ 
32,493 000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


2,687,000 
2,924,468 
2,674,341 
2,880,053 
3,094,958 
2,631,372 


36-50 
45-00 
29-30 
44-90 
23-40 
37-10 


98,075,500 
131,752,600 
78,388,000 
129,171,300 
72,575,000 
97,631,680 


34-11 
35-58 
32-76 
35-95 
28-69 
33-74 


0-72 
0-78 
0-91 
0-58 
0-47 
0-72 


70,614,400 
102,212,000 
71,378,000 
74,670,300 
33,774,000 
70,273,540 


Barley , 1916 


326,000 


23-00 


7,498,000 


44-94 


0-99 


7,422,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


361,000 
660,404 
569, 183 
484,328 
462,176 
480,183 


31-00 
36-75 
23-10 
34-40 
22-00 
30-30 


11,191,000 
24,247,700 
13,134,000 
16,660,350 
10,149,000 
14,546,210 


47-20 
48-13 
45-81 
48-70 
44-42 
46-96 


1-16 
1-06 
1-32 
0-94 
0-63 
1-09 


12,981,600 
25,809,000 
17,215,000 
15,653,200 
6,390,000 
15,816,160 


Rye . ...1916 


69,000 


17-50 


1,208,000 


55-20 


1-17 


1,413,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


68,000 
112,726 
140,072 
133,090 
122,868 
104,578 


17-75 
16-00 
15-80 
17-70 
14-50 
16-80 


1,207,000 
1,813,000 
2,219,000 
2,349,900 
1,775,600 
1 759 380 


55-69 
55-65 
54-97 
55-30 
54-29 
55-36 


1-64 
1-55 
1-48 
1-35 

0-88 
1-44 


1,979,500 
2,818,400 
3,279,000 
3,176,200 
1,571,000 
2,533,220 


Peas 1916 


126,000 


14-25 


1,796 000 


59-71 


2-06 


3,700,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


126,000 
113,862 
127,253 
109,187 
105,964 
120,460 


16-75 
21-00 
14-30 
20-20 
13-60 
17-10 


2,110,500 
2,381,000 
1,816,500 
2,209,500 
1,441,100 
2,062,700 


59-88 
59-85 
59-97 
60-43 
59-50 
59-97 


3-21 
2-24 
2-31 
2-00 
1-50 
2-37 


6,774,700 
5,338,700 
4,180,000 
4,419,000 
2,166,000 
4,882,480 


Beans 1916 


27,000 


11-75 


317,000 


59-72 


5-34 


1,693,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


367000 
100,082 
22,920 
22,744 
26,509 
41,749 


11-75 
13-75 
12-60 
16-70 
16-10 
13-40 


423,000 
1,387,800 
288,500 
380,500 
427,500 
559,360 


59-42 
59-27 
61-74 
59-70 
59-27 
59-97 


6-79 
4-66 
3-79 
3-10 
2-35 
4-74 


2,872,200 
6,464,500 
1,039,000 
1,181,100 
1,006,000 
2,649,960 


Buckwheat , ..1916 


175,000 


14-50 


2,538,000 


45-80 


1-09 


2,766,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


162,000 
223,662 
178,569 
143,204 
147,944 
176,487 


18-75 
20-50 
22-80 
22-30 
22-70 
19-75 


3,037,500 
4,598,000 
4,072,000 
3,190,500 
3,353,800 
3,487,200 


46-69 
46-96 
46-71 
48-10 
47-38 
46-85 


1-37 
1-40 
1-36 
1-07 
0-72 
1-28 


4,161,400 
6,426,600 
5,534,000 
3,409,800 
2,416,000 
4,459,560 


Mixed grains 1916 


286,000 


26-00 


7,436,000 


40-77 


0-89 


6,618,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


295,000 
619,389 
628,761 
581,689 
618,289 
482 168 


37-75 
44-25 
31-40 
44-20 
26-20 
37-95 


11,136,300 
27,462,400 
19,735,300 
25,712,400 
16,188,500 
18 296 480 


44-99 
46-01 
44-71 
44-50 
39-95 
44-20 


1-12 
1-09 
1-35 
0-81 
0-58 
1-05 


12,472,700 
29,823,900 
26,672,000 
20,709,000 
9,373,000 
19,259,120 


Flaxseed, 1916 


4,500 


9-25 


42,000 


57-17 


2-78 


117,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


4,000 
15,925 
13,717 
21,053 
7,534 
11 839 


13-00 
12-25 
9-40 
10-70 
8-90 
10-90 


52,000 
196,200 
129,500 
224,900 
66,700 
128 920 


55-00 
56-72 
59-86 
56-50 
52-53 
57-05 


3-70 
3-41 
3-48 
2-43 
1-58 
3-06 


192,400 
670,000 
450,500 
545,500 
105,400 
395,080 


Corn for husking 1916 


160,000 


37-25 


5,960,000 


57-18 


1-05 


6,258,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages.. ..1916-20 


160,000 
195,310 
221,004 
243,909 
250,684 
196,045 


37-25 
66-75 
68-60 
53-00 
54-00 
54-05 


5,960,000 
13,015,200 
15,152,500 
12,914,800 
13,542,000 
10.600.500 


54-58 
58-23 

56-60 
55-86 
56-65 


1-72 
1-72 
1-24 
1-11 
0-72 
1-36 


10,251,200 
22,384,800 
18,790,000 
14,335,400 
10,750,000 
14,403,880 



AGRICULTURE 



223 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Oops in Canada, 1916-21, and 

Five Year A \ erase, 191fi- iO continued. 



Field Ci ops. 


A rea. 


Yield 
per 

re. 


Total Yield. 


Weight 
per 
ured 

Uishel. 


Average 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Total Value. 


Ontario -con. 
l ,,t 1916 


acres. 


hu.-li. 
61-00 


hush, 
v 113.000 


Ib. 


1-28 


- 
10,385,000 


1917 
1918 
1911 

1920 

Averages 1916-20 


14_ .n I!" 
166 
157 
157 
lt.t,096 
i:&gt; 1,200 


13 

11&gt; 

152-10 

11 


18,981 

19. 376.000 
l.V !:&gt;. 000 
if, 1,700 
i:&gt;, 400, 000 
17. Hi. 340 


- 


1-00 

1 21. 

1-37 

0-97 
1-00 
1-14 


18,981,000 

21. 113.0(10 
20,s2!),000 
131,200 
l.V 400, 000 
19,546,040 


Turnips, mangold*, etc I9ir&gt; 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Vvcr.iL-v- 1916-20 


7,000 
000 
141,001 
1. 
119 
104,167 

114 


211-00 

341 

;-oo 


20,467,000 
047,000 
000 
42,766,000 

57 
36,586,000 
4M r&gt;:&lt;l, 160 


- 


0-36 
0-35 
0-32 
0-M 
0-28 
0-35 
0-32 


58,000 

11,216.000 
20,767,000 
14,027,000 
lf... r )ls,00(l 
12,805,000 


Hav and clover I . lii 


3,059,000 


tons. 

&gt; li;i 


tons. 
6,118,000 




per ton. 
11-90 


72,804,000 


1917 

1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 

1916-20 


3,470,036 

5 1 , r,.v&gt; 
:\ :U3,808 


1-70 

1 59 
1 Ji 
1-11 


7,000 

-9,000 
. .),000 

. ) 171 iv i 


- 


10-26 
16-50 
20-61 

2 1 !: 
16-41 


.-.2. 2!i.-), 000 
7:&gt;.s4s,000 
115,161,000 
ins. ;{-,f). 000 
027,000 
84 892 800 


\ Haifa 19 hi 


5f&gt; 


3-00 


168,090 




9-75 


1,638,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 

Avenues ! .". 


000 
144,010 

14 

177 
11 


2-H 


142 
314 

151 

696 


- 


10-08 

l.V 7s 

20*26 

23-49 
17-73 


.V 191.000 
.1,000 
^4,400 
9.128,000 
4,800,080 


l .,dder oorn I 1 !-, 

1918 

1919 
1920 
1921 

AV.T:IH ~ 1916-20 


&gt;.ooo 

..000 

94ti 

149,171 

348 535 


7 - :. t 
10-35 

10-39 

11 44 


l.t.l 

4.dl 
5,015,100 


- 


5-00 

:&gt; 7:; 
6-30 
6-85 
6-50 
6-01 


7,738,000 
9,990,000 
22,601,000 
,304,000 
31,976,000 
32,598,000 
19 521 800 


Sut; . 19lr&gt; 
1917 
191S 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Vvor:i"i-- 1916-20 


15,000 
14,000 
18,000 
24,500 
3ti 

21 


4-71 

10-00 

11-87 
9-48 

( )-4i 


71,000 
117,600 
180,000 
. 10,000 
412,400 
-.000 
; OO 


- 


6-20 
6-75 
10-25 
10-86 
12-80 
6-50 
in -74 


440,000 
793,800 
1,845,000 
2,606,000 
5,278,700 
1.742,000 
&gt; i&lt;to 700 


Manitoba- 
Fall wheat 1916 




hll.-ll. 

15.03 


bosh. 

fil OflO 




per 
bush. 
1-40 


400 


1917 
1918 

Averages 1916-18 


3,860 
3 474 


18-00 

Is- v) 


85.900 
000 
fn 300 


62-33 
fi2 3"} 


_.._.(, 

2-Of 

1 &lt;) &gt; 


ISO, 000 
101.000 
125 133 


Snring wheat 1910 


1,896 


10-88 


oq flog 000 


51-23 


1.93 


36 415 400 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


2,445,000 
2,980,968 
2,880,301 
2,705,622 
3,501,217 
2,746,757 


16-75 
16-25 
14-25 
13-90 
11-15 
14-35 


40,953,800 
4s. 142,100 
40,975,300 
37,542,000 
39,054,000 
30 44-? C40 


60-82 
60-16 
57-22 
59-56 
56-62 
57-80 


2-05 
2-06 
2-40 
1-83 
0-91 
1&gt;M 


83,955,300 
99,173,096 
98,341,000 
68,739,000 
35,533,000 
77 000 740 


All wheat 1916 


2 725 725 


10-88 


2Q fifi7 000 




1-23 


Ifi 500 800 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages.. ,.1916-20 


2,448,860 
2,983,702 
2,880,301 
2,705,622 
3,501,217 
2.748.842 


16-75 
16-35 
14-25 
13-90 
11-15 
14- 3.1 


41,039,700 
48,191,100 
40,975,300 
37,542,000 
39,054,000 
30 4S3 OOf) 


60-86 

57-22 
59-56 
56-62 
SQ.91 


2-05 
2-06 
2-40 
1-83 
0-91 
LQfi 


84,144,300 
99,274,000 
98,341,000 
68,769,000 
35,539,000 
77 405.820 



224 



PRODUCTION 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1916-21, and 

Five Year Average, 1916-20 continued. 



Field Crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total Yield. 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
bushel . 


Total Value. 


Manitoba con. 
Oats.. ..1916 


acres. 
1,443,599 


bush. 
33-55 


bush. 
48,439,000 


Ib. 
33-05 


$ 
0-49 


$ 

23,735,100 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


1,500,000 
1,714,894 
1,847,267 
1,873,954 
2,226,376 
1,675,943 


30-25 
31-75 
31-25 
30-75 
22-27 
31-45 


45,375,000 
54,473,500 
57,698,000 
57,657,000 
49,442,500 
52,728,500 


27-27 
35-21 
33-42 
34-89 
32-03 
32-77 


0-67 
0-71 
0-72 
0-56 
0-30 
0-63 


30,401,300 
38,676,000 
41,420,000 
32,007,000 
14,833,000 
33,247,880 


Barley ..1916 


687,503 


19-97 


13,729,000 


42-78 


0-80 


10,983,200 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


708,000 
1,102,965 
893,947 
839,078 
1,043,144 
846,299 


22-50 
25-25 
19-25 
21-00 

18-87 
21-80 


15,930,000 
27,963,400 
17,149,400 
17,520,000 
19,681,600 
18,458,360 


46-27 
48-54 
43-90 
46-31 
45-02 
45-56 


1-07 
0-89 
1-17 
0-80 
0-43 
0-94 


17,045,100 
24,887,000 
20,137,000 
13,988,000 
8,463,000 
17,408,060 


Rye.. ..1916 


30,050 


18-54 


557,000 


56-50 


1-06 


590,400 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


37,000 
240,469 
298,932 
148.602 
257,793 
151,011 


17-25 
16-25 
13-75 
15-50 
13-83 
15-30 


638,300 
3,935,700 
- 4,089,400 
2,318,600 
3,564,700 
2,307,800 


54-03 
73-66 
54-89 
54-91 
54-90 
58-80 


1-62 
1-41 
1-28 
1-35 
0-79 
1-35 


1,034,000 
5,549,000 
5,228,000 
3,140,100 
2,816,000 
3,108,300 


Peas.. ..1919 


5,666 


14-25 


81,400 


60-00 


2-08 


170,000 


1920 
1921 
Averages 1919-20 


4,162 
10,958 
4,914 


15-00 
15-02 
14-60 


62,200 
151,400 
71,800 


60-00 
60-00 
60-00 


1-10 
2-50 
1-66 


68,400 
378,500 
119,200 


Mixed grains 1916 


1.400 


32-25 


45,000 


42-00 


0-45 


20,300 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


1,400 
30,309 
30,355 
28,800 
10.473 1 
18,453 


31-00 
28-25 
25-00 
21-25 
19-85 
25-10 


43,400 
856,000 
759,000 
612,000 
208,000 
463,080 


43-50 
40-56 
43-50 
42-50 
42-39 


1-25 
1-03 
1-40 
1-87 
0-40 
1-37 


54,250 
882,000 
1,063,000 
1,144,000 
83,000 
632,710 


Flaxseed 1916 


15 684 


13-38 


210,000 




2-13 


447,300 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


16,300 
107,961 
57,379 
146,455 
61,689 
68 756 


9-00 
10-00 
9-00 
7-90 
8-83 
9-10 


146,700 
1,091,000 
520,300 
1,157,800 
544,700 
625,160 


54-50 
54-72 
55-05 
54-66 

54-78 
54-73 


2-85 
3-15 
4-26 
2-25 
1-50 
2-91 


418,100 
3,437,000 
2,215,000 
2,587,700 
817,000 
1,821,020 


Potatoes 1916 


31 987 


147-22 


4,709,000 




0-61 


2,872,500 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


34,400 
45,000 
42,000 
37,000 
38,081 
38 078 


105-90 
185-00 
126-00 
92-25 
153-10 
133-25 


3,643,000 
8,325,000 
5,287,500 
3,410,000 
5,858,200 
5 074,900 


- 


0-76 
0-56 
0-81 
1-36 
0-45 
0-76 


2,769,000 
4,662,000 
4,266,000 
4,733,300 
2,636,000 
3,860,560 


Turnips, mangolds, etc 1916 


3 118 


145-00 


452,000 




0-49 


221,500 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


2,500 
9,910 
6,045 
7,404 
4,411 
5 795 


185-12 
251-75 
184-00 
145-25 
231-00 
1 93 25 


463,000 
2,494,800 
1,113,000 
1,076,000 
1,020,100 
1 119 760 


- 


0-63 
0-44 
0-60 
0-93 
0-27 
0-59 


292,000 
1,097,700 
663,000 
1,005,100 
275,000 
655,860 


Hay and clover 1916 


77 642 


tons. 
1-83 


tons. 
142 000 




per ton. 

7-80 


1,107,600 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages.. ..1916-20 


75,000 
74,000 
260,378 
208,512 
244,672 
139,106 


1-00 
1-00 
1-50 
1-50 
1-55 
1-45 


75,000 
74,000 
401,400 
311,900 
378,500 
200,860 


I 


11-11 
16-00 
16-99 
16-00 
13-00 
14-85 


833,300 
1,184,000 
6,818,000 
4,968,900 
4,921,000 
2,982,360 



1 Including other grains. 



225 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1916-21, and 

Five Year Average, 1916-20 continued. 



Field Crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total YieW. 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
ton. 


Total Value 


Manitoba con. 

Alfalfa.. ..1016 


acres 
4.422 


tons. 


tons. 

12,200 


Ib. 


1 

11-83 


| 

144 300 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 

1921 
Averages 1916-20 


4,4(1(1 
3,600 

3,679 
5,676 
4,256 


2-U7 
2-25 

2-Dll 


9,100 
8,100 
11,400 
7,410 
14,700 
, 


- 


13-45 
18-00 
22-40 
22-45 
17-00 
17-32 


122,400 
145,800 
256,200 
166,400 
250,000 
Ifi7 fl-&gt;d 


Fodder corn ..1910 


- 


1*71 


27,000 




4-67 


Pfi 000 


1917 
1918 

lit lit 
1990 

Averages 191tj _ u 


9,800 
12,340 
16,867 

17,042 
17 
13,170 


4-86 

MO 
7-20 
5-05 


47,600 
i,7,900 
114,500 
71.400 
124.900 
60 


- 


7-50 
10-50 
13-28 
19-00 
9-00 
12-46 


357,000 
713,000 
1,520,000 
1,412,000 
1,124,000 
825 fiflO 


Saskatchewan- 
Fall wheat . 1916 


15,258 


hush. 
11*24 


bui-h. 
3"4 000 


BO-BO 


per bush. 
1-41 


456 800 


1917 
Averages 1916-17 


10, 

12,629 


17-00 
19-55 


170,000 
247 000 


60-00 
59-75 


2-07 
l-&lt;54 


351,900 
404 Tif) 


:ng wheat 1916 


9,016,851 


16-33 


147,235 000 


55-18 


1-28 


188 460 800 


1917 

1918 
1919 
1910 
1921 

Averages 1916-20 


10,587 
10,061,069 
13. MS. 708 
9,435,559 


14-25 
10-00 

1 1 25 
13-75 

1 1 10 


117,751,300 
.000 
89,994,000 
113, 
188,000 
112 1"! 720 


60-92 
60-97 
59-00 
59-95 
58-36 
59-20 


1-95 
1-90 

1-55 
0-76 
1-76 


-.615,000 

184,061,00(1 
2( is, 7X7, 000 
175,360,000 
142, 8SO, Olid 
197 256 7fiO 


All wheat 1916 


9,032,109 


16-M 


147 55 .) 000 


55-27 


1-28 


188 917 fiftf) 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 

Averages 1916-20 


10,587, 
10,061,069 
13,556,708 
9 440,610 


14-21 

10-00 
8-50 

11-25 
l:;-7. &gt; 
11-90 


117. . 21, 300 
000 
89,994,000 
113,135.300 
188,000,000 
IP 220 


: 
60-97 
59-00 
59-95 
58-36 
59-22 


1-95 
1-99 
2-32 
1 55 
0-76 
1-76 


229,966,900 
184,061,000 
208,737,00(1 
175,360,000 
142,880,000 
197 408 If Hi 


Oats 1916 


3,791,807 


43-06 


163 27S 000 


35-76 


0-46 


7&gt;&gt; in? Of Hi 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


4,521,600 
4,988,499 

4,8:; 
5,106,822 
5,681,522 
4 649 295 


21 -M 

23-10 

27-7D 
30-00 
27-85 


123,213,600 
107,253,000 
112.i:,7.000 
141,549,000 
170.513,000 
129 490 10 


34-58 
34,38 
35-48 
35-00 
35-24 
35-04 


0-62 
0-70 
0-70 
0-41 
0-24 
0-56 


76,392,400 
75,077,000 
78,510,000 
58,035,000 
40,372,000 
72 fi?4 4(1(1 


Barley 1916 


367 207 


07.00 


9 916 000 


46-02 


0-77 


7 fiT 3ftn 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


669,900 
699,296 
492,586 
519,014 
497, 730 
549,601 


21-00 
17-00 
18-20 

20-25 
26-75 
O-lo 


14,067,900 
11,888,000 
8,971,000 
10,501,500 
13,343,000 
11 068 880 


46-84 
46-10 
46-87 
46-75 
47-75 
46-52 


1-00 
0-88 
1-08 
0-66 
0-36 
0-88 


14,067,900 
10,401,000 
9,689,000 
6,931,000 
4,858,000 
9 756 840 


Kve 1916 


22 759 


94-08 


548 000 


55-91 


1-10 


fif)9 R0fl 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


53,250 
123,500 
190,482 
172,449 
1,208,299 
112,488 


18-75 
11-50 
10-50 

14-70 
11-25 
13-35 


998,400 
1,420,000 
2,000,000 
2,535,000 
13,546,000 
1 500 280 


43-00 
55-19 
55-52 
56-14 
56-04 
53-15 


1-63 
1-50 
1-31 
1-26 
0-67 
1-36 


1,627,400 
2,130,000 
2,620,000 
3,194,000 
9,080,000 
2 034 840 


Peas 1916 


1 600 


32-50 


52 000 


60-00 


9-95 


mnnn 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


2,605 
4,251 
4,853 
2,519 
2,535 
3,166 


17-25 
20-00 
18-00 
14-50 
19-25 
19-30 


44,900 
85,000 
87,300 
36,500 
48,800 
61 140 


60-00 
60-00 
60-00 

61-00 
60-00 


4-00 
1-50 
4-00 
2-00 
2-50 
2-77 


179,600 
128,000 
349,000 
73,000 
122,000 

IfiQ QOfl 


3813115 















226 



PRODUCTION 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1916-21, and 

Five Year Average, 1916-20 continued. 



Field Crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total Yield. 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushe! . 


Average 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Total Value. 


Saskatchewan con. 

Beans 1918 


acres. 
861 


bush. 
18-00 


bush. 
15,000 


Ib. 


$ 

6-45 


$ 

97,000 


1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1918-20 


1,820 
793 
967 
1,158 


10-00 
17-00 
16-25 
13-45 


18,200 
13,500 
15,700 
15,567 


60-00 
60-00 


4-00 
4-00 
2-00 
4-80 


72.800 
54,000 
31,000 
74,600 


Mixed grains 1916 


14,150 


35-00 


495.300 


40-00 


0-46 


227.800 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


39,500 
23,449 
22,017 
18,361 
23,08! 
23,495 


32-00 
21-00 
35-00 
33-50 
30-00 
30-95 


1,264.000 
492,000 
771.000 
615,000 
692,000 
727,460 


50-00 
45-00 

40-20 
45-00 


1-25 
1-10 

1-40 
1-25 
0-28 
1-15 


1,580,000 
541,000 
1,079.000 
769.000 
194,000 
839,360 


Flaxseed.. , 1916 


542,034 


12-35 


6,692,000 


55-29 


2-23 


14,923,200 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


753,700 
840,957 
929,945 
1,140,921 
426,849 
841,511 


6-25 
5-00 
4-80 
5-00 
7-50 
6-15 


4,710,600 
4,205,000 
4,490.000 
5,705.000 
3,230,000 
5,160,520 


55-55 
54-43 
53-82 
53-95 
55-38 
54-61 


2-60 
3-10 
4-14 

1-82 
1-38 
2-68 


12,247,600 
13,036.000 
18,589.000 
10,383,000 
4,443,000 
13,835,760 


Potatoes.. 1916 


46,989 


155-76 


7,319.000 




0-62 


4,537.800 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


67,700 
59,783 
66,176 
53,814 
58,606 
58,892 


133-00 
116-25 
170-00 
127-50 
176-50 
140-55 


9,010,000 
6,950,900 
11,250,000 
6.861,000 
10,344,000 
8,278,180 


- 


0-85 
0-96 
0-89 
1-25 
0-50 
0-90 


7,659.000 
6.672,900 
10,013,000 
8,576,000 
5,172,000 
7,491,740 


Turnips, mangolds, etc.. . . .1916 


1,621 


252-93 


410,000 




0-57 


233,700 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


11,104 
9,760 
13,932 
10,449 
7,870 
9,373 


155-55 
225-75 
257-75 
301-00 
169-50 
236-35 


1,727,000 
2,203.300 
3,591,000 
3,145,000 
1,334,000 
2,215.260 


- 


0-91 
0-91 
1-12 
0-94 
0-60 
0-97 


1,572,000 
2,005,000 
4,022,000 
2,956.000 
800,000 
2,157,740 


Hay and clover 1916 


25,154 


tons. 
2-35 


tons. 
59,000 




per ton. 
5-85 


345,200 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


260,275 
315,117 
265,417 
234,532 
278,601 
220,099 


1-42 
1-15 
1-05 
1-40 
1-60 
1-25 


369,600 
362,400 
279,000 
328,300 
445,800 
279,660 


- 


10-12 
11-92 
17-00 
10-00 
11-25 
11-75 


3,740.000 
4,319,800 
4,743,000 
3,283,000 
5,015,000 
3,286,200 


Alfalfa.. ...1916 


3,086 


2-85 


8,800 




10-25 


90,200 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


9,500 
6,943 
11,526 
10,473 
8,926 
8,306 


1-61 
1-40 
1-60 
2-25 
3-00 
1-80 


15.300 
9,700 
18,400 
23,600 
26,800 
15,160 


- 


13-40 
17-50 
27-50 
20-00 
17-50 
19-05 


205.000 
169,800 
506,000 
472.000 
469.000 
288,600 


Fodder corn 1916 


2,253 


2-60 


" 5,900 




6-00 


35,400 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


15,658 
11,186 
6,690 
16,685 
22,789 
10,495 


2-00 
5-65 
12-50 
3-75 
11-35 
4-70 


31,300 
63,200 
84,000 
62,600 
258,700 
49,400 





8-00 
10-50 
12-50 
18-00 
8-50 
12-65 


250,400 
663,600 
1,050 000 
1,127,000 
2,199,000 
625,280 


Alberta- 
Fall wheat 1916 


18,177 


bush. 
30-20 


bush. 
549,000 


61-19 


per 
bush. 
1-39 


763,100 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averaees.. ,.1916-20 


51,700 
44,065 
40,600 
38,000 
85,114 
38,508 


20-50 
15-00 
15-75 
18-75 
17-25 
18-75 


1,059,900 
661,000 
640,000 
713,000 
1,468,000 
724,580 


60-53 
60-00 
60-80 
61-00 
60-33 
60-70 


1-98 
1-92 
2-43 
1-52 
0-71 
1-87 


2,098,600 
1,269,000 
1,555,000 
1,084,000 
1,042,000 
1,353,940 



AGRICVLTUL 



227 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops In Canada, 1916-21, and 

Five Year Average, 1916-20 continued. 



Field Crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total Xield. 


Weight 
per 

i reel 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Total Value. 


Alberta con. 
Spring wheat 1016 


acres. 


bush. 
24-95 


bush. 
64,539.000 


lb. 
58-00 


$ 
Ml 


1 

85.838,900 


1917 
1918 
1919 

Averages 1916-20 


4.0 
5.0 
3,51 


18-25 
6-00 
8-00 
20-50 
10 -M 
14-50 


51.932,200 

i.OOO 

.000 

;.i.:,7 &gt;.ooo 

51,249,040 


59-94 
60 07 
61-32 
61 77 
60-05 


I -71 
1-93 

2-31 
1-52 
0-77 
1-66 


89,842.700 
44,335 000 
78.390.000 
12.-). 777. 000 
39,714,000 
84.836,320 


All wheat.. ..1016 


2.604.975 


24-99 


65,088,000 


58-45 


1-33 


86.600.000 


1917 

1918 
1919 

Averages 1910-20 


7.300 

4.0 
3,550,350 


18-25 
6-00 
8 00 

10-35 
14-75 


100 
7.VJ.OOO 
34.575.000 
It. 1.000 
53.044.000 
51,973,620 


60-81 
59-97 
60-11 
61-30 
61-66 
60-13 


1-74 
1-92 
2-31 

0-77 
1-66 


.il.941.300 
45.604.000 
79.945.000 
126,801.000 
40.756.000 
86,190,260 


Oats Mir. 




48-11 


102,199.000 


37-36 


0-46 


47,011,500 


1917 
1918 

I .tl i 
1020 

Averages 1916-20 


7,900 

l..V4^ 
7,372 

2. .il 1.7-i: , 
2,634 1J1 


34-00 

23-75 
37 -25 
22-00 
32-50 


8f&gt; 
1)0,323.000 
000 
115.0 M.OOO 
64,192.000 
85,925,320 


37-09 
35-94 
36-60 
38-09 
37-38 
37-02 


0-63 
0-73 
64 
0-36 
0-24 
0-53 


54,361.800 
44.036.000 
42.064.000 
41,433.000 
1.^,406.000 
45,781,260 


Barley 1910 


336,586 


29-04 


9.774.000 


46-18 


0-71 


6,939,500 


1918 

11110 

Averages 1916-20 


472.100 
470 
414 

480 

I M 
434,734 


16-50 
23-50 


10,386.200 

10,562.000 
12 
11,657,000 
10,243,440 


45-16 
44-17 
47-00 
48-12 
48-57 
46-13 


0-98 
0-97 
1-00 
0-62 
0-32 
0-86 


10,178,500 
7.523.000 
11.512,600 
7,898,000 
3.730.000 
8,810,320 


Rye 1916 


17 975 


24-49 


440,000 


53-71 


0-95 


418,000 


I M 7 
1918 

1910 
1020 

Averages 1916-20 


30.880 
47.877 
83.804 
160.960 
222.136 
68,299 


20-50 
1 7 2:, 
14-00 
21-25 
9-00 
19-00 


633.000 
826.000 
1,173.000 
3.420.000 
1,999.000 
1,298,400 


55-25 
54-90 
55-14 
56-85 
55-29 
55-17 


1-50 
1-41 
1-42 
1-25 
0-62 
1-30 


940,500 
1.165,000 
1,666.000 
4,275,000 
1.239,000 
1,694,700 


Peas 1916 


650 


20-00 


13,000 


57-50 


2-25 


29,300 


1917 
1918 
1919 

1920 

Averages 1916-20 


1,851 
1.994 
1.603 
2,899 
2,357 
1,799 


17-50 
18-00 
18-00 
17-00 
24-00 
17-75 


32,400 
36,000 
29.000 
49,000 
56,600 
31,880 


60-00 
60-00 
60-00 
60 00 
60-00 
59-50 


2-00 
1-50 
3-00 
2-00 
2-00 
2-09 


64.800 
54,000 
87.000 
98,000 
113,000 
66,620 


Beans 191S 


763 


18-00 


14.000 


60-00 


6-45 


90,000 


1010 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1918-20 


690 
2,305 
339 
1,253 


10-00 
17-00 
19-00 
16-00 


6,900 
39.000 
6,400 
19,967 


60-00 
60-00 
60-00 
60-00 


4-00 
4-00 
2-00 
4-57 


28,000 
156, COO 
13,000 
91,333 


Mixed grains 1916 


4,550 


30-00 


136,500 


36-00 


0-35 


47,800 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


24,027 
27 
26,000 
8.398 
9,813 
18,193 


25-75 
21-50 
36-25 
30-00 
22-75 
28-00 


618,700 
602.000 
943,000 
252.000 
223.000 
510,440 


51 50 
40-00 
57 00 
43-00 
43-00 
45-50 


1-20 
1-15 
0-83 
1-00 
0-27 
0-99 


742,400 
692,000 
783,000 
252,000 
60,000 
503,440 


Flaxseed.. ..1916 


95,063 


13-79 


1,310.500 


55-91 


1 06 


1,389,100 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


139,800 
95.920 
80,690 
103.700 
28,434 
103,035 


7-00 
5-00 
2 75 
7-00 
6-00 
7-25 


978.600 
480.000 
222,000 
726,000 
171,000 
743,420 


54-00 
55-25 
55 75 
55-40 
57-00 
55-22 


2-78 
3-12 
4-15 
1-83 
1-28 
2-11 


2,720.500 
1,498.000 
921,000 
1,329,000 
219,000 
1,571,520 


3813115$ 















228 



PRODUCTION 



I. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops In Canada, 1916-21, and 

Five Year Average, 1916-20 continued. 



Field Crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre 


Total Yield. 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Total Value. 


Alberta con. 

Potatoes 1916 


acres. 
29,216 


bush. 
163-71 


bush. 
4,783,000 


Ib. 


$ 
0-53 


S 

2,535,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 


48,917 
44,247 
45,848 
43,000 
51,377 
42,246 


151-46 
70-50 
179-75 
166-00 
158-50 
144-50 


7,409,000 
3,119,400 
8,241,200 
7.138,000 
8,143,000 
6,138,120 


- 


0-76 
1-11 
0-83 
1-00 
0-50 
0-83 


5,631,000 
3,462,500 
6,840,200 
7,138,000 
4,072,000 
5,121,340 


Turnips, mangolds, etc 1916 
j.y x * 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


1,700 
10,947 
12,506 
12,500 
12,300 
8,202 
9,991 


279-41 
207-56 
188-50 
221-50 
261-75 
153-50 
222-00 


475,000 
2,272,000 
2,357,400 
2,768,800 
3,219,500 
1,259,000 
2,218,540 


- 


0-61 
0-74 
0-66 
1-06 
1-00 
0-30 
0-87 


289,800 
1,681,000 
1,555,900 
2,934,900 
3,219,500 
378,000 
1,936,220 




173,461 


tons. 
1-93 


tons. 
334 000 




per ton. 
8-62 


2 879 100 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


493,522 
469,000 
433,296 
383,527 
454,883 
390,561 


1-48 
0-85 
1-10 
1-30 
1-00 
1-25 


730,400 
398,700 
476,600 
498,600 
454,900 
487,660 


- 


10-92 
15-82 
20-89 
20-00 
10-00 
15-21 


7,976,000 
6,307,400 
9,956,200 
9,972,000 
4,549,000 
7,418,140 


Grain hav 1921 






1 133,476 




10-00 


11 335 000 


Alfalfa 1916 


20,612 


2-65 


54,600 




10-70 


584,200 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


31,396 
24,285 
21,553 
19,906 
30,000 
23,550 


2-05 
2-00 
2-00 
2-25 
1-75 
2-15 


64,400 
48,600 
43,000 
44,800 
52,500 
51,080 


- 


10-73 
21-50 
29-16 
24-00 
12-00 
18-20 


691,000 
1,044,900 
1,254,000 
1,075,000 
630,000 
929,820 




685 


2-56 


1,700 




9-00 


15,300 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


3,976 
700 
900 
7,644 
6,991 
2,781 


1-00 
5-50 
5-58 
4-25 
10-00 
3-40 


4,000 
3,800 
5,000 
32,500 
69,900 
9,400 


- 


7-00 
10-50 
10-50 
18-00 
4-00 
15-34 


28,000 
40,000 
52,500 
585,000 
280,000 
144,160 


British Columbia- 
Fall wheat 1916 


6,200 


bush. 
30-75 


bush. 
191,000 


61-00 


per bush. 
1-53 


292,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


3,240 
7,200 
12,699 
13,762 
14,101 
8,620 


31-75 
24-75 
24-75 
19-25 
27-25 
24-35 


102,850 
178,000 
314,000 
264,200 
384,300 
210,010 


60-67 
59-67 
59-50 
60-00 
61-25 
60-17 


1-92 
2-15 
2-88 
2-18 
1-15 
2-24 


197,500 
383,000 
904,000 
576,000 
442,000 
470,500 




9,800 


31-00 


304,000 


59-55 


1-54 


468,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


18,100 
29,000 
31,202 
32,453 
32,426 
24,111 


28-50 
22-00 
22-00 
18-75 
24-50 
22-85 


515,850 
638,000 
686,000 
610,100 
794,400 
550,790 


59-55 
60-25 
58-50 
60-00 
60-00 
59-57 


2-00 
2-08 
2-79 
2-21 
1-25 
2-21 


1,031,700 
1,327,000 
1,914,000 
1,348,300 
993,000 
1,217,800 


All wheat , ..1916 


16,000 


30-94 


495,000 


60-16 


1-54 


760,000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


21,340 
36,200 
43,901 
46,215 
46,527 
32,731 


29-00 
22-50 
22-75 
19-00 
25-25 
23-25 


618,700 
816,000 
1,000,000 
874,300 
1,178,700 
760,800 


59-94 
59-96 
59-00 
60-00 
60-05 
59-81 


1-99 
2-09 
2-82 
2-20 
1-22 
2-22 


1,229,200 
1,710,000 
2,818,000 
1,924,300 
1,435,000 
1,688,300 

















229 



1. Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops In Canada, 1916-21, and 

Five Year Average, 1916-*20 continued. 



Field Crops. 


Area. 


YiH.l 
per 

acre. 


..1 Yield 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
bushel. 


Total Value. 


British Columbia con. 

Oats ..1916 


acres. 
60,000 


bush. 
60-50 


bu.h. 
3 630 000 


Ib. 
37-15 


$ 

0-64 


$ 

2 323 000 


1111 

1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


60,200 
39,000 

4.-, 021 
47 
,535 
50,443 


53-75 
S9-N 

47-2: 

48-75 
48-50 


3,235,800 
1,550,000 
- .127,000 
3,000 
-.ti.OOO 
2 441 160 


35-50 

36-00 
35-14 

35-76 


0-90 
1-00 
1-07 
0-96 
0-57 
0-87 


2,912,200 
1,550,000 
2,276,000 
1,596,500 
1,571,000 
2 131 540 


Barley.. 1916 


2,701 


4."&gt; 75 


1 4 000 


47-60 


0-83 


103 000 


1917 
1918 

1 .! .) 
I .rji 
1921 
Averages 1918-20 


5,500 
7,927 
10,497 
9,646 
8,833 
7,254 


26-50 
88-00 
S7-78 

- 


160,900 
,000 
.,000 
MOO 
307,000 
240 800 


48-67 
52-50 
47-75 
50-00 
48-33 
49-30 


1-28 
1-47 
1-82 
1-50 

0-75 
1.40 


206,000 
307,000 
630,000 
546,200 
230,000 
358 440 


Rye.. 1918 


820 


30-00 


000 


60-00 


2-07 


52 000 


1919 

1920 
1931 

Averages 1918-20 


4,911 
5,367 
5.614 


25-75 


110,000 

12t), 300 
91 066 


54-75 
55-00 
54-00 
!Ul&gt;ftf 


2-08 
2-02 
1-10 
2-01 


229,000 
279,200 
139,000 
1st! 733 


Peas.. 1916 


1,300 




44 000 


61-20 


1-67 


73 000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
I9M 

1921 
Averages 1916-20 


1,338 

2.251 
2,657 

1 948 


21-50 

23-00 

25-00 


31,800 
47,000 
.000 
69,100 
100 
48 780 


59-83 
60-00 
59-00 
59-00 

59-43 
10-81 


2-46 
3-00 
2-60 
3-05 
2-20 
2.fl2 


78,200 
141.000 
137,000 
211,000 
141,000 
m040 


Beans 1918 


74 s 


18-50 


r &gt;l 000 




4-20 


914 000 


1919 
1920 

Averages l .18-20 


: 
1,615 
1,118 
&gt; 013 


20-00 

21-00 

- 


32,300 


17 443 


60-00 
60-00 
60-50 
fiO-ftO 


3-75 
4-50 
2-25 
4-17 


109,000 
145,400 
,000 
1 Ifi 1 33 


Mixed grains 1916 


2 600 


50-00 


130 000 


12-00 


l&gt;ii 


163 000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


1,850 
3,228 
4,017 
4,893 
5,663 
3 317 


40-00 
21-50 

36-50 
36-00 
34-00 

"Ifi.ftO 


74,000 
69,000 
147,000 
176,100 

193,000 
moon 


50-00 
41-00 

17. R7 


0-70 
1-10 
1-37 
1-25 

0-75 
1 .10 


r.1,800 
7&gt;i,000 
201,000 
220,000 
145,000 
149 ^fiO 


Potatoes 1916 


15 300 


189-00 


2 8P2 000 


*&lt; "01 


0-70 


2 024 000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


15,024 
15,013 
18,000 
17,780 
16,704 
16 223 


166-55 
228-00 
170-00 
165-00 
176-00 
182- 50 


2,502,000 
3,423,000 
3,060,000 
2,933,700 
2,940,000 
2 Qfi2 140 


- 


0-69 
0-97 
1-00 
1-28 
0-90 
O.Q4. 


1,726,400 
3,320,300 
3,060,000 
3,755,000 
2,646,000 
2 777 140 


Turnips, mangolds, etc . 1916 


3 700 


500-00 


1 s;o 000 




ft- 10 


091 flOO 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


4,590 
5,758 
7,387 
7,403 
6,809 
5 767 


344-58 
422-00 
365-00 
435-00 
366-00 
408 "SO 


1,582,000 
2,429,900 
2,696,000 
3,220,000 
2,492,000 
2 311 180 


- 


0-64 
0-60 
0-75 
0-81 
0-67 
n.fis 


1,012,000 
1,457,900 
2,022,000 
2,608,000 
1,670,000 

1 fiftl QCf) 


Hay and clover 1916 


175,000 


tons. 
2-67 


tons. 
467 000 




per ton. 
17-75 


8 289 000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages.. ..1916-20 


129,254 
114,414 
126,251 
127,017 
137,301 
134.387 


1-85 
1-90 
1-50 
2-00 
2-30 
2-05 


239,000 
217,400 
189,000 
254,000 
315,800 
273 280 


- 


17-60 
33-25 
35-25 
35-00 
23-68 
2.1-82 


4,206,400 
7,228,600 
6,662,000 
8,890,000 
7,478,000 
7 0.15.200 



230 



PRODUCTION 



Area, Yield, Quality and Value of Principal Field Crops in Canada, 1916-21, and 

Five Year Average, 1916-20 concluded. 



Field Crops. 


Area. 


Yield 
per 
acre. 


Total Yield. 


Weight 
per 
measured 
bushel. 


Average 
price 
per 
ton. 


Total Value. 


British Columbia con. 
Grain hay.. ..1919 


acres. 
60,390 


tons. 
2-50 


tons. 
151,000 


Ib. 


$ 
29-00 


S 

4,379,000 


1920 
1921 
Averages 1919-20 


60.612 
57,603 
60,501 


2-25 
2-70 
2-15 


136,400 
155,500 
143,700 


" 


33-12 
20-20 
30-95 


4,518.000 
3,141,000 
4,418,500 


Alfalfa.. ..1916 


12.600 


2-88 


36,000 




15-00 


540.000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


8,681 
12,268 
13,331 
13,478 
12,785 
12,072 


2-58 
3-25 
3-00 
3-00 
3-70 
2-95 


22,400 
39,900 
40.000 
40,400 
47,300 
35,740 


- 


22-92 
32-25 
37-00 
33-71 
23-70 
29-00 


513,400 
1,286,800 
1,480,000 
1,361,900 
1,121,000 
1,036,420 


Fodder corn 1916 


450 


10-00 


4,500 




7-00 


32.000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 
Averages 1916-20 


2,239 
2,016 
4,368 
4,713 
4,741 
2,751 


7-00 
10-10 
11-50 
11-50 
9-85 
10-50 


15,700 
20,400 
50,000 
54,200 
46,700 
28,960 


- 


15-00 
10 00 
12-00 
17-75 
14-50 
14-04 


235.500 
204.000 
600.000 
962.000 
677,000 
406,700 

















Area under Pasture in Canada, 1918-21. Table 2 shows the 
estimated area under pasture in seven of the provinces of Canada for 
each of the years 1918 to 1921. The figures are derived from the 
annual statistics of agriculture collected jointly by the Dominion 
Bureau of Statistics and the Provincial Departments of Agriculture, 
and published in the Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics for 
December, 1921, p. 491. 

2. Area under Pasture in Canada, 1918-1921. 



Province. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Prince Edward Island 


acres. 
217,927 


acres. 
233,982 


acres. 
247,360 


acres. 
250,098 


Nova Scotia 


1,199,091 


1,177,099 


1,075,827 


955,030 


New Brunswick 


610.799 


723,972 


663.012 


613, OHO 


uebec 


4,764,548 


3,893,777 


3,869,696 


4,016,725 


ntario 


3,561,754 


3,499,802 


3,432,620 


3,401,998 


Saskatchewan 


933,862 


831,592 


784,234 


678,815 


British Columbia 


45,000 


61,220 


61,942 


61,508 












Total for the seven provinces 


11,332,981 


10,421,444 


10,134,691 


9,977,204 













The "range pasture" in British Columbia was estimated at 
891,249 acres in 1921, as compared with 847,720 acres in 1920. For 
1920 and 1921 the estimates in the table are subject to correction 
by the data of the Census of 1921. 



AGRICULTURE 



231 



S._Annual Average Yields per acre of Fild Crops for Canada and by Provinces from 
1915 to 1921, with Demmlal Averages for the years 1911-2&.. 



Field Crops. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Ten-year 

average 
1911-1920. 


Canada 


bush. 
28-50 


bu.-h. 
21-50 


bush. 
21-50 


buhh. 
19-00 


bush. 

23 


bush. 
24-00 


bush. 
21-50 


bush. 
23-00 




25-75 


16-75 


I. -):&gt;() 


10-75 




14-00 


12-75 


16-25 




26 00 


17-00 


U 


11-00 


10-00 


14-60 


13-00 


16 50 


Oat* 


40-25 


37 


30 


28 


26 




25-25 


33-75 




31-50 




00 


50 


21 




21-25 


25-75 





20-50 


1" 


1- 


15 


U-50 


17-50 


11-75 


16-50 


is 


17-7.-) 


14-50 


Ifi 


U 


14 


10-00 


14 


16-50 


Beans 


16 


u 


u 


.-)() 


50 


17 50 


17 -50 


16-25 




23-00 


17 


18-00 








22 


22-25 




37-50 




32-. .(I 


38-7.-) 


31-00 


40-00 


25-75 


34-50 


Flax 




12-50 








5-60 




9-00 




56 


30 


3:&lt;-00 


56 


64-00 




50-25 






l.M 




121 


142-00 




170-50 


152 


151-25 




00 




7.-) 


50 


; oo 


401-00 


75 


363-75 




t&lt;" 


tot 


tot 


to: 


ton 


UN 


ton-;. 
1-07 


toi 
1-50 




10-17 




7-34 




9-75 




10 


9-15 








8-40 


10-00 


9-80 


11 




9-30 


Alf:ilf:i 


2-65 


2-91 






2-20 




2-50 


2-45 


Prince Edward Island 

Spnii" wheat 


bush 
l t-00 


bu-h. 

u 


bush. 
It 


-h. 
20-00 


bu&gt;h. 
17-00 


bush. 

12-00 


bush. 

U 


bush. 
18-00 


Oats 


34 7.-, 


37 




M 


00 


27 


27-00 


34-75 


rley 


00 








00 


24-50 






!S 


u 




14 


00 


16-00 


16-50 


23-50 


18-25 


Buckwheat 


00 




00 


11 


75 


23-50 


75 




M i \ed Tain 


7.-. 


41 




44 


44-00 


33 




40-75 




Ill 


00 


17,-,- 00 


170-00 


00 


170-00 


oo 


174-75 




449-50 


00 


50 


i 50 


518-00 


481 


570-00 


485-25 


Hay and clover. 


tori-. 
1-77 


is 
1 70 


w. 


la 


H 


t i 


tons. 
0-80 


toi 
1-55 




13-00 


13-00 


7-00 




12-00 


8-00 


10 00 


9-50 


No?a Scotia 

inn wheat 


bush 

u 


bu*h. 
19-50 


bush. 

u 


bu-h. 


bush. 
10 


bu-h. 
l!i-50 


bu-h. 
15-50 


bush. 
20-00 


Oats 


31 








36-00 


30 


75 


32-50 


Barley 








30-00 


11 


00 


00 


28-00 


Hvo 


15 00 


17-00 


00 


It 50 


20-50 


15-00 


14 


20-00 


Peas 


18 


17 


14 


18-75 


20-00 


20-50 


16-7o 


20-25 


ins 


17 


If) 


17 




12 


i g :,o 


It 


16-75 


Buckwheat . 


21-75 


50 


21-00 


23-00 


25-25 


22-25 


20-50 


23-75 


Mixed grain 


34 


34-00 


00 


36-00 


37-50 


32-50 


30-00 


32-00 


Potatoes 


141 


201-00 


17o-00 




llil-00 


20 :; 


163-75 


191-25 


Turnips, etc 


390-00 


404-00 


; oo 


391-25 


7.-, 


431-75 


00 


434-00 


Hav and clover ... 


tons. 
1-78 


ton* 
1-80 


tons. 


tons. 

1-4:, 


tons 
2-10 


tons. 
1 50 


tons. 
1-35 


tons. 
1-70 


Fodder corn 


4-64 




9-20 


9-50 


9-50 


8-00 


6-50 


8-70 


Alfalfa 


2-30 


5-00 


3-50 




_ 


_ 


- 





New Brunswick- 


bush. 
1!&gt;-00 


bush. 
17 


bush. 
12-00 


bush. 
19-00 


bush. 
17-50 


bush. 
15-75 


bush. 
15-25 


bush. 
17-75 


Oats 


27-75 


30-50 


22-50 


31-50 


30-25 


29-50 


25-00 


29-25 


Barley 


23-00 


23-75 


22-00 


24-75 


26-7.-. 


23-75 


17-00 


25-50 




17-00 


16-50 


1.5-00 


14 


14-75 


15-00 


12-75 


15-75 




21-25 


15-25 


19-50 


15-50 


16-50 


16-25 


12-75 


16-50 


Buckwheat 


22-7:. 


22-75 


19-50 


20-75 


25-00 


22-75 


22-25 


24-00 


Mixed grain 


31-50 


34-25 


19-50 


32-50 


33-7:, 


29-75 


23-50 


31-25 


Potatoes 


144-25 


192-00 


149-7:. 


158-50 


142-75 


198-00 


2U 


183-25 


Turnips, etc 


329-00 


411-00 


300-50 


350-00 


366-50 


353-00 


349-50 


349-50 


Hay and clover 


tons. 
1-39 


tons. 
1-48 


tons 
1-60 


tons. 
1-50 


tons 
1-40 


tons 
1-20 


tons. 
0-90 


tons. 
1-40 


Fodder corn 


7-00 


10-00 


9-00 


4-50 


5-00 


8-00 


7-00 


6-15 


Quebec- 
Spring wheat 


bush. 
20-00 


bush. 
15-00 


bush. 
14-00 


bush. 
17-25 


bush. 
16-75 


bush. 
17-00 


bush. 
15-25 


bush. 
16-50 


Oats 


30-25 


22-75 


21-75 


27-25 


26-75 


30-25 


21-25 


27-50 


Barley 


26-50 


20-00 


18-50 


24-00 


22-75 


25-25 


21-25 


23-25 


Rye.. 


16-75 


14-25 


16-75 


16-25 


17-25 


18-75 


17-25 


16-75 


Peas . 


16-50 


14-00 


12-00 


15-50 


15-00 


17-00 


14-75 


15-25 




22-00 


17-75 


15-00 


17-00 


19-75 


18-00 


18-75 


17-25 


Buckwheat 


24-75 


19-00 


16-50 


20-75 


24-00 


25-75 


23-25 


22-50 


Mixed grain 


29-75 


20-25 


21-25 


27-00 


27-00 


20-25 


24-00 


26-75 


Flax.. 


12-00 


10-50 


8-25 


11-25 


9-75 


11-50 


11-50 


10-50 



232 



PRODUCTION 



3. Annual Average Yields per acre of Field Crops for Canada and by Provinces from 
1915 to 1921, with Decennial Averages for the years 1911-20 continued. 



Field Crops. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Ten-year 
average 
1911-1920. 


Quebec con. 

Corn for buskin" 1 


bush. 
31-25 


bush. 
24-75 


bush. 
24-25 


bush. 
21-75 


bush. 
41-00 


bush. 
29-75 


bush. 
29-50 


bush. 
28-50 


Potatoes 


149-75 


131-00 


80-00 


147-00 


181-50 


185 50 


162-50 


153-00 


Turnips, etc 


308-25 


265-00 


224-50 


295-50 


317-50 


329-25 


319-00 


294-50 


Hay and clover 


tons. 
1-26 


tons. 
1-75 


tons. 
1-71 


tons. 
1-50 


tons. 
1-50 


tons. 
1-25 


tons. 
0-95 


tons. 
1-50 


Fodder corn 


8-61 


8-00 


8-50 


7-25 


8-25 


8-00 


9-00 


8-00 


Alfalfa 


2-84 


2-65 


2-26 


2-25 


2-35 


2-40 


2-20 


2-50 


Ontario 

Fa 1 1 wheat 


bush. 

28-25 


bush. 
21-25 


bush. 
21-50 


bush. 
19-50 


bush. 
24-30 


bush. 
24-30 


bush. 
22-00 


bush. 
93-00 


Spring wheat 


22-25 


16-25 


19-50 


23-25 


15-60 


16-80 


12-50 


18-75 


All wheat 


27-75 


20-75 


21-25 


21-25 


21-20 


22-30 


20-10 


22-00 


Oats 


39-75 


25-50 


36-50 


45-00 


29-30 


44-90 


23-40 


36-25 


Barley 


34-25 


23-00 


31-00 


36-75 


23 10 


34-40 


22-00 


30 25 


Rye.. 


20-00 


17-50 


17-75 


16-00 


15-80 


17-70 


14-50 


17-50 


Peas 


17-75 


14-25 


16-75 


21-00 


14-30 


20-20 


13-60 


16-75 


Beans 


16-00 


11-75 


11-75 


13-75 


12-60 


16-70 


16-10 


15-50 


Buckwheat 


21-75 


14-50 


18-75 


20-50 


22-80 


22-30 


22-70 


21-25 


Mixed grain 


40-00 


26-00 


37-75 


44-25 


31-40 


44-20 


26-20 


37-00 


Flax. 


12-50 


9-25 


13-00 


12-25 


9-40 


10-70 


8-90 


13-00 


Corn for husking 


58-50 


37-25 


37-25 


66-75 


68-60 


53-00 


54-00 


57-25 


Potatoes 


92-75 


61-00 


133-75 


116-50 


96-30 


152-10 


93-80 


119-25 


Turnips, etc 


394-50 


211-00 


341-00 


460 25 


348-00 


493-00 


351-25 


391-00 


Hay and clover 


tons. 
1-32 


tons. 
2-00 


tons. 
1-70 


tons. 
1-32 


tons. 
1-59 


tons. 
1-26 


tons. 
1-11 


ton;. 
1-45 


Fodder corn 


10-63 


6-50 


7-54 


10-35 


10-05 


10-39 


11-44 


9-65 


Sugar beets 


7-83 


4-75 


8-40 


10-00 


9-80 


11-37 


9-45 


9-30 


Alfalfa 


2-72 


3-00 


2-74 


2-28 


2-14 


2-45 


2-58 


2-40 


Manitoba- 
Fall wheat 


bush. 
23-25 


bush. 
16-00 


bush. 
22-25 


bush. 
18-00 


bush. 


bush. 


bush. 


bush. 


Spring wheat 


24-75 


11-00 


16-75 


16-25 


14-25 


13-90 


11-15 


17-25 


All wheat 


24-75 


11-00 


16-75 


16-25 


14-25 


13-90 


11-15 


17-25 


Oats 


38-50 


33-50 


30-25 


31-75 


31-25 


30-75 


22-27 


34-50 


Barley 


29-50 


20-00 


22-50 


25-25 


19-25 


21-00 


18-87 


24-50 


Rye 


18-00 


18-50 


17-25 


16-25 


13-75 


15-50 


13-83 


15-50 


Mixed grain . . 


33-50 


32-25 


31-00 


28-25 


25-00 


21-25 


19-85 


25-75 


Flax 


8-25 


13-75 


9-00 


10-00 


9-00 


7-90 


8-83 


10-50 


Potatoes 


85-75 


147-25 


106-00 


185-00 


126-00 


92-25 


153-10 


146-75 


Turnips, etc 


250-25 


145-00 


185-00 


251-75 


184-00 


145-25 


231-00 


233-25 


Hay and clover 


tons. 
1-02 


tons. 
1-83 


tons. 
1-00 


tons. 
1-00 


tons. 
1-50 


tons. 
1-50 


tons. 
1-55 


tons. 
1-45 


Fodder corn 


2-63 


2-75 


4-86 


5-50 


6-80 


4-40 


7-20 


5-65 


Alfalfa 


1-36 


2-75 


2-07 


2-25 


2-20 


2-00 


2-59 


2-10 


Saskatchewan- 
Spring wheat ." 


bush. 
25-00 


bush. 
16-25 


bush. 
14-25 


bush. 
10-00 


bush. 
8-50 


bush. 
11-25 


bush. 
13-75 


bush. 
15-25 


Oats 


43-50 


43-00 


27-25 


21-50 


23-10 


27-70 


30-00 


39-50 


Barley 


31-75 


27-00 


21-00 


17-00 


18-20 


20-25 


26-75 


23-25 


Rye 


28-25 


24-00 


18-75 


11-50 


10-50 


14-70 


11-25 


13-75 


Peas 


15-50 


32-50 


17-25 


20-00 


18-00 


14-50 


19-25 


19-15 


Mixed grains . . 


25-25 


35-00 


32-00 


21-00 


35-00 


33-50 


30-00 


31-00 


Flax 


13-25 


12-25 


6-25 


5-00 


4-80 


5-00 


7-50 


8-90 


Potatoes 


110-25 


155-75 


133-00 


170-00 


170-00 


127-50 


176-50 


147-25 


Turnips, etc 


233-00 


253-00 


155-50 


225-75 


257-75 


301-00 


169-50 


255-25 


Hay and clover 


tons. 
1-39 


tons. 
2-35 


tons. 
1-42 


tons. 
1-15 


tons. 
1-05 


tons. 
1-40 


tons. 
1-60 


tons. 
1-35 


Fodder corn.. 


2-40 


2-60 


2-00 


5-65 


12-50 


3-75 


11-35 


4-65 


Alfalfa 


1-83 


2-85 


1-61 


1-40 


1-60 


2-25 


3-00 


1-90 


Alberta- 
Fall wheat 


bush. 
31-25 


bush. 
30-25 


bush. 
20-50 


bush. 
15-00 


bush. 
15-75 


bush. 
18-75 


bush. 
17-25 


bush. 
22-25 


Spring wheat 


31-00 


25-00 


18-25 


fi-00 


8-00 


20-50 


10-25 


17-50 


All wheat 


31-00 


25-00 


18-25 


6-00 


8-00 


20-50 


10-35 


17-75 


Oats 


46-00 


48-00 


34-00 


22 75 


23 75 


37-25 


22-00 


37-00 


Barley 


32-25 


29-00 


22-00 


16 50 


25-50 


26-50 


20-50 


25-75 


Rye 


23-50 


24-50 


20-50 


17-25 


14-00 


21-25 


9-00 


20-00 


Peas 


20-00 


20-00 


17-50 


18-00 


18-00 


17-00 


24-00 


17-75 


Mixed grains . . 


37-25 


30-00 


25-75 


21-50 


36-25 


30-00 


22-75 


28 - 75 


Flax 


14-00 


13-75 


7-00 


&lt;i-00 


2-75 


7-00 


6-00 


9-10 


Potatoes 


142-00 


163-75 


151-50 


70 50 


179-75 


166-00 


158-50 


155-00 


Turnips, etc. . 


235-25 


279-50 


207-50 


188-50 


221-50 


261-75 


153-50 


234-00 



AORICULTU1 



233 



3. Annual Average Yields per acre of Field Crops for Canada and by Provinces from 
1915 to 1921, with Decennial Averages for the years 1911-1920 concluded. 



Field Crop-. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Ten-year 
average 
1911-1920. 


Alberta -con. 

1 Tiv und ell &gt;v or 


tons. 
1-31 


tO! 

1-93 


tot 
[-48 


tons. 
0-85 


tons. 
1-10 


tons. 
1-30 


tons. 
1-00 


tons. 
1-35 








1-00 




5-58 


4-25 


10-00 


3-20 


Mfalfn 






1-08 


2-00 


2-00 




1-75 




British Columbia 


bush. 
33-50 


bush. 

30-::. 


bush. 

31 


lui-h. 
14-78 


lm&gt;h. 
78 


bush. 
19-28 


bush. 

. 7 


bush. 
27-50 




M 


31-00 


50 


00 


J2-00 


IN- 7:. 


24-50 






75 


11-00 


00 


50 


78 


19-00 


25-25 


25-25 


Oat* 


61-78 


60-50 


75 


- ::. 


47 


34-75 


48-76 


52-75 


Barley 


40-25 


45-76 


-&gt;:&gt; 


26-50 


00 


7r&gt; 


34-75 


35-00 


Peas 




78 


78 


21-50 


00 


26-00 


25-00 


26-75 




40-00 


&gt;-00 


40-00 


21-50 


36-50 


,00 


34-00 


39-75 


Potatoes 


247 


lvt-00 


166-60 


228-00 


170-00 


165-00 


176-00 


203-50 


Turnip* etc 


455-50 


500-00 


,50 


00 


365-00 


435-00 


366-00 


435-25 




tons. 
2-34 


tons. 


toi 
1 85 


ton- . 
1-90 


ton*. 


1 1 &gt;ns . 
2-00 


tons. 
2-30 


tons. 

2-10 




12-62 


10-00 


7-00 


10-ld 


11-50 


11-50 


9-85 


10-25 


Alfalfa 


3-52 


2-88 






3-00 


3-00 


3-70 


3-40 





















4. Areas and Yields of Wheat, Oats, Barley, Rye and Flaiseed In the three Prairie 

Provinces, 1919-21. 



Provinces. 


1919. 


l J20. 


1921. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Prairie Provinces- 
Wheat 


acres. 
17,750,167 


acres. 
16,841.174 


acres. 
,181,329 


bush. 
165,544,300 


bush. 
234,138,300 


bush. 
280,098,000 


Oats 


9,452,386 


10,070,47*, 


10,819.1.41 


235,580,000 


314,297,000 


284,147,500 


Barley 


1,800,745 


1,838,791 


2.109,065 


36,682,400 


40,760,500 


44,681,600 


Rye 


57."- 


482,011 


1,688,228 


7,262,400 


8,273,600 


19,109,700 


Flax 


1,068,014 


1,301,076 


516,972 


5,232,300 


7,588,800 


3,945,700 


Manitoba- 
Wheat 


2,880,301 




3,501,217 


40,975,300 


37,542,000 


39,054,000 


Oats 


1,84 


1,87 


26,376 


57,698,000 


57,657,000 


49,442,500 


Barley 


893,947 


839,078 


1,043,144 


17,149,400 


17,520,000 


19,681,600 


Rye . 


298,932 


148,602 


257,793 


4,089,400 


2,318,600 


3,564,700 


Flax 


57,379 


146,455 


61,689 


520,300 


1,157,800 


544,700 


Saskatchewan- 
Wheat 


10,587,363 


10,061,069 


13,556,708 


89,994,000 


113,135,300 


188,000,000 


Oats 


4,837,747 


5,106,822 


5,681,522 


112,157,000 


141,549,000 


170,513,000 


Barley . . ..... 


492,586 


519,014 


497,730 


8,971,000 


10,501,500 


13,343,000 


Rye . 


190,482 


172,449 


1,208,299 


2,000,000 


2,535,000 


13,546,000 


Flax 


929,945 


1,140,921 


426,849 


4,490,000 


5,705,000 


3,230,000 


Alberta- 
Wheat 


4,282,503 


4,074,483 


5,123,404 


34,575,000 


83,461,000 


53,044,000 


Oats 


2,767,372 


3,089,700 


2,911,743 


65,725,000 


115,091,000 


64,192,000 


Barley. 


414,212 


480,699 


568,191 


10,562,000 


12,739,000 


11,657,000 


Rye . 


83,804 


160,960 


222,136 


1,173,000 


3,420,000 


1,999,000 


Flax 


80,690 


103,700 


28,434 


222,000 


726,000 


171,000 

















234 



PRODUCTION 



5. Total Areas and Values of Field Crops in Canada, 1916-21. 

AREAS. 



Provinces. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Canada 


acres. 
38,930,333 


acres. 
42,802.288 


acres. 
51,427,190 


acres. 
3,049,640 


acres. 
52,830,865 


acres. 
59,635,346 


P. E. Island 


485.910 


491,210 


488,180 


526,628 


536, 105 


552,184 


Nova Scotia 


746,580 


752,980 


910,387 


1,011,144 


919.547 


807,858 


New Brunswick 


889,220 


888,125 


1,188,200 


1,335,118 


1,253,834 


1,171.305 


Quebec 


4,590.200 


5,778,139 


8,201,362 


7,973.021 


7,905,987 


8.051,989 


Ontario 


7,637,500 


8,233,500 


10,000,063 


9,915.884 


10,108,272 


10,075,073 


Manitoba 


5,030,960 


4,837,660 


6.325.150 


6,344,318 


6,020,310 


7,421,786 


Saskatchewan 


13,850,769 


14,678,042 


16,332,872 


17,430,554 


17,347,901 


21,774,483 


Alberta 


5,409,544 


6,692,616 


7,739,391 


8,170,971 


8,389,521 


9,417,870 


British Columbia 


289,650 


250,016 


241,585 


342,002 


349,388 


362,798 

















VALUES. 



Canada 


$ 
886,494.900 


$ 
1,144,636,450 


$ 
1,372,935,970 


$ 
1,537,170,100 


$ 
1,455,244,050 


$ 
931,863,670 


P. E. Island 


14,124,100 


16,530,000 


16,277,800 


22,367,400 


18,530.400 


14,202,970 


Nova Scotia 


22,369,800 


23,313,400 


42.486,200 


63,357.000 


47,846,550 


29,556,400 


New Brunswick 


22,924,200 


24,404,200 


42.891,270 


53,134,400 


46.357,300 


38,325,400 


Quebec 


102.937.300 


153,197,900 


276,776.900 


300,963,000 


330,251,000 


219,154,000 


Ontario 


190,646,000 


251,095,100 


384.013,900 


383.573,900 


375,746,900 


239,627,400 


Manitoba 


76,749.000 


137,470.750 


180.507,500 


182.097,200 


133,989,900 


72,135.500 


Saskatchewan 


292,773,900 


349,488,200 


299,362,100 


340,029,800 


271,213,000 


215,635,000 


Alberta 


148,738,600 


176,965,800 


113,072,700 


158,044,400 


204,291,500 


82,780,000 


British Columbia 


15,232,000 


12,171,100 


17,547,600 


24,603,000 


27,017,500 


20,447,000 

















Comparative Value of Field Crops, 1920 and 1921.- In 

Table 6, the field crops of Canada for the year 1921 are compared 
with those of 1920 in respect of quantity and value. For the whole 
of the field crops the value in 1921 is less than in 1920 by $443,413,000; 
that is to say, if the prices of 1920 had ruled the same as in 1921, the 
value of the field crops would have been $1,375,276,000, instead of 
only $931,863,000. The total decrease of $523,381,000 is due chiefly 
to the decrease in prices amounting to $443,413,000, but also to the 
fact that total quantities, principally in respect of oats, potatoes, 
roots and hay and clover, are smaller, representing the value of 
$79,968,000. Rye, corn and alfalfa are the only crops showing an 
increase in total value, and this is due to larger jdelds. In the case 
of rye the reduction in value of $13,227,000 is offset by the increase 
in production, amounting to $13,540,000; so that the net difference 
is a small plus one of $313,000. For grain hay in Alberta there was 
no record in 1920; so that although the amount of $11,336,000 
appears as an increase over 1920, this may not be so in reality. All 
the rest of the crops show a large decrease in value owing to the great 
fall in prices. For spring wheat the decrease due to lower prices, 
viz. $230,460,000, is offset by an increase in quantity representing 
$66,743,000. Of the decrease in the value of oats, viz. $133,720,000, 
the sum of $78,570,000 is due to lower prices and $55,150,000 to 
smaller quantities, 1920, giving, it will be remembered, a bumper oat 
crop. 



AGRICULTURE 



235 



(.Held Crops of Canada, compared as to Quantity and Value, 1920 and 1921. 

("000" omitted). 



Field Crops. 


Actual 
Value 
1911. 


Value at 
prices of 
1920. 


Actual 
Value 
1920. 


Increase 
(+)or 
decrease 
(-). 


Due to 
higher 
(+)or 
lower 

( ) prices 


Due to 

larger (+) 
or smaller 
( ) quan 
tities. 


Fall wheat 


I 

15.8t6 


S 

29.137 


S 
36.550 


$ 

- 20.704 


1 
- 13,201 


- 7,413 


Spring wheat 


227.090 


457.550 


390.807 


-163,717 


-230, 460 


+66,743 


All wheat 


242,936 


486,687 


427,357 


-184,421 


-243.751 


+50.330 


















146.305 


224.965 


280.115 


-133.720 


- 78.570 


-55.150 




254 


,702 


52 . VJ 1 


- 24.567 


- 21.44S 


- 3,119 


Rve 


15 


28 


15.086 


+ 313 


- 13.227 


4-13.540 


Peas 


5.439 


6.700 




- 3,0 .lo 


- 


- 1,834 


Beans 


1,166 






- 1 , 7f,l&gt; 


- 1,080 


- 682 






10. 


11,513 


- 


- 3.248 


- 980 




IS, 901 


20 




- 1 


- 8,182 


- 9.153 








15 


- 


- 2.032 


- 7,532 




12 


17 


16 


- 4.277 


- : 


+ 658 


Potatoes 


2,148 


104. lis 




- 4 


- 21,&lt;70 


-25,fi85 








213 


- 2 


- o.if.r. 


-15.427 




267 


. f,7 1 




- 80.402 


_ 2- 


-51.4-.i5 


Grain hav (IJ C ) 


3,141 


5.151 


4.518 


- 1.377 


- 2,010 


+ 633 


Grain hay (Alta ) 


11 


11, 




+ ! 


- 


+ 11.336 


Alfalfa 


IS.211 


15 


13,888 


- 677 


- 2,542 


+ 1.865 




44,881 




43,701 


+ l.isn 


- 4,3&gt;6 


+ 5.576 


Sugar beets 


1.742 


: 




- 


- 


- 1.849 
















Totals 


931,863 


1,375.276 


1,455,244 


-523.381 


-443,413 


-79,968 


Increase or decrease 








per cent 
- 35-9 


per cent 
-30-4 


per cent 
- 5-5 

















Taking the field crops as a whole, the total value is less than in 
1920 by 35-9 p.c., the decrease being caused by lower prices to the 
extent of 30-4 p.c. and by smaller quantities to the extent of 5-5 p.c. 

Quality of Grain Crops, 1912-1921. Table 7 gives the average 
weight per measured bushel for each of the principal grain crops 
from 1912 to 1921, with the ten-year average for the period 1911-1920. 

7. Quality of Grain Crops as indicated by Average Weight per measured bushel, 

1912-21. 



Crop. 


1912. 


1913. 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Ten 
year 
average, 
1911-20. 


Fall wheat 


Ib. 
60-21 


Ib. 
60-25 


Ib. 
59-61 


Ib. 

59-71 


Ib. 
59-52 


Ib. 

59-37 


Ib. 
61-19 


Ib. 

61-20 


Ib. 
60-14 


Ib. 

58-77 


Ib. 
60-23 


Spring wheat . 


58-90 


60-37 


50-46 


60-31 


56-51 


59-48 


58-69 


58-53 


59-07 


5S-10 


59-05 




59-23 


60-34 


59-49 


60-19 


57-10 


59-46 


59-44 


50-12 


50-35 


58-11 


59-34 


Oats 


35-40 


36-48 


35-31 


36-61 


33-86 


33-55 


35-61 


34-16 


35-62 


32-97 


35-13 


Barley 


47-59 


48-41 


47-22 


48-26 


45-66 


4-) -97 


47-24 


46-32 


47-62 


46-05 


47-23 


Rye 


54-84 


55-66 


55-47 


56-32 


54-95 


53-44 


55 60 


55-00 


55-44 


55-06 


55 19 


Peas 


56-88 


60-00 


60-53 


60-74 


59 -8S 


53-81 


59-93 


59-60 


60-44 


50-42 


50 74 


Beans 


59-05 


50-70 


60-21 


59-61 


60 00 


59-70 


58-67 


59-99 


59-73 


50-30 


59-50 




47-62 


50-32 


48-20 


48-02 


46-35 


46-49 


47 41 


47-23 


47-95 


47-35 


47-69 


Mixed grain 


44-48 


44-74 


45-51 


44 &lt;)S 


43-13 


44-41 


46-39 


44-83 


44-65 


41-62 


44-82 


Flax . 


54-88 


55-70 


52-49 


55-28 


54-99 


54-73 


53-72 


55-14 


54-79 


54 34 


55-01 


Corn, husking 


55-67 


56-27 


56-62 


56-32 


56-51 


56-18 


53-97 


- 


56 45 


55-56 


55-92 



























236 



PRODUCTION 



The table shows that for fall wheat the weight in 1918 and 1919 
was about 61-20 lb., which is above the decennial average of 60-23 
Ib. For spring wheat the average, 59-05 lb., was exceeded in five 
years out of the ten and for all wheat five years out of the ten, the 
average being 59-34 lb. The average of 35-13 lb. for oats was 
exceeded for six years out of the ten and for barley (average 47-23 lb.) 
five years out of the ten. For the remaining crops the decennial 
averages are as follows, the number of times the average was exceeded 
being placed within brackets; rye 55-19 lb. (5); peas 59-74 lb. (7); 
beans 59-50 lb. (7); buckwheat 47-69 lb. (4); mixed grains 44-82 lb. 
(4); flax 55-01 lb. (3); corn for husking 55-92 lb. (6). 

Average Values of Farm Land. --Table 8 shows that in 1921 
the average value of the occupied farm lands of Canada, which 
includes both improved and unimproved land, together with dwelling 
houses, barns, stables and other farm buildings, was returned as $40 
per acre, as compared with $48 in 1920, $46 in 1919, $41 in 1918, 
$38 in 1917, $36 in 1916 and $35 in 1915. By provinces, the value 
for 1921 was highest in British Columbia, viz., $122. In the other 
provinces the average values of farm land per acre were reported as 
follows: Ontario $63, Quebec $59, Prince Edward Island $46, Nova 
Scotia and Manitoba $35, Saskatchewan $29, New Brunswick and 
Alberta $28. The average values per acre in 1921 of orchards and 
fruitlands, including buildings, etc., in the fruit growing districts of 
Nova Scotia, Ontario and British Columbia were reported as 
follows: Nova Scotia $117, Ontario $137, and British Columbia $300. 

8. Average Values per acre of Occupied Farm Lands In Canada, as estimated by 

Crop Correspondents, 1908-10, 1914-21. 



Provinces. 


1908. 


1909. 


1910. 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Canada 


$ 
31 


$ 
32 


1 

33 


$ 
37 


$ 
35 


$ 
36 


$ 
38 


$ 
41 


$ 
46 


$ 
48 


S 
40 


P. E. Island 


34 


32 


31 


39 


38 


39 


44 


44 


51 


49 


46 


Nova Scotia 


25 


31 


25 


28 


28 


34 


34 


36 


41 


43 


35 


New Brunswick 


21 


24 


19 


26 


22 


29 


29 


35 


32 


35 


28 


Quebec 


42 


43 


43 


47 


51 


52 


53 


57 


72 


70 


59 


Ontario 


47 


50 


48 


54 


52 


53 


55 


57 


66 


70 


63 


Manitoba 


27 


29 


29 


32 


30 


32 


31 


32 


35 


39 


35 


Saskatchewan 


20 


22 


22 


24 


24 


23 


26 


29 


32 


32 


29 


Alberta 


18 


20 


24 


21 


23 


22 


27 


28 


29 


32 


28 


British Columbia 


76 


73 


74 


150 


125 


119 


149 


149 


174 


175 


122 



























Average Wages of Farm Help. For the year 1920 the average 
wages of farm help were the highest on record. For 1921 the returns 
showed a very substantial reduction. For the whole of Canada the 
average wages per month of farm helpers during the summer season 
of 1921 were for men $67 and for women $42, including board, the 
average value of which was $22 per month for men and $18 per month 
for women. In 1920 the corresponding averages were: $86 for men, 
including board value $26, and $47 for women, including board value 
$20. For the complete year 1921 the average value of wages and 
board was $669 for men and $449 for women, as compared with $821 
for men and $492 for women in 1920. By provinces, the average 



AGRICULTURE 



237 



per inoiitli for men and women, respectively, in the summer 
ison and including board, were in 1921 as follows, the figures for 

ID JO beinu; given within brackets: Prince Edward Island $45 and 
7 ($60 and $32); Nova Scotia, $56 and $31 ($73 and $38); New 

Brunswick, $54 and $31 ($79 and $35); Quebec, $58 and $32 ($86 

and $40); Ontario, $60 and $38 ($75 and 4-4); .Manitoba, $79 and 
i) ($98 and $58); Saskatchewan, $80 and $51 ($102 and $60); 

Alberta, $78 and $54 ($107 and 02); British Columbia $79 and $:, 1 
.)5 and $63). 

In Table 9 the total value of wa.ues and board is given for 1921, 
compared with previous years, and in Table 10 the value of the 
irly board for 1921 as compared with 1920 is given separately. 

9. Average Wages of Farm Help in Canada, as estimated by Crop Correspondents, 

1915--M. 



Provinces. 


Males per month in 
summer season. 


Females per month in 
summer season. 


Males 
per 
year. 


Females 
per 
year. 


Wages. 


Board. 


Wages 
and 
Board. 


Wages. 


Board. 


Wnges 
and 
board. 


Wages 
and 
board. 


Wages 
and 
board. 


Canada ..1915 


$ 

2-2 

26 
45 

49 

M 

60 
45 

17 
18 
26 
31 
33 
42 
29 

21 
23 
37 
41 
47 
49 
36 

20 
22 
39 
49 
56 
56 
35 

20 
25 
42 
45 
53 
62 
39 

18 
23 
41 
42 
48 
52 
40 


$ 
15 
17 
19 
21 
24 
26 

10 
13 
14 

u 

18 
18 
16 

12 
16 

17 

it 

24 
20 

14 
14 
18 
20 
23 
23 
19 

13 
16 
17 
20 
23 
24 
19 

13 
16 
18 
20 
22 
23 
20 


1 

37 

64 
70 
78 
86 
67 

27 
31 
40 
46 

u 

60 
45 

33 
39 
54 
60 

69 
73 
56 

34 
36 
57 
69 
79 
79 
54 

33 
41 
59 

65 
76 
86 
58 

31 
39 
59 
62 
70 
75 
60 


1 

9 
9 
Ifl 

21 

24 

6 
9 
II 

14 
15 
18 
15 

8 
8 
14 
16 
18 
21 
17 

8 
7 
15 
17 
20 
19 
17 

6 
9 
17 
20 
22 
24 
18 

6 
19 

18 
19 
22 
25 


$ 

11 
13 
15 
17 
19 
20 
18 

9 
10 

11 
13 
14 
12 

8 
11 
12 
14 
16 
17 
14 

8 
10 
13 
14 
15 
16 
14 

10 
11 
12 
13 
15 
16 
14 

11 
13 
14 
16 
18 
19 
16 


I 

20 
22 
34 
38 
43 
47 
42 

15 
18 
23 

28 
32 
27 

16 
19 
26 
30 
34 
38 
31 

16 
17 
28 
31 
35 
35 
31 

16 
20 
29 
33 
37 
40 
32 

17 
32 
32 
35 
40 
44 
38 


* 

341 

611 
681 
764 
821 
669 

238 
301 
407 
469 
504 
572 
460 

310 
365 
543 
590 
628 
735 
592 

308 
328 
572 
725 
804 
785 
575 

301 
371 
523 
575 
695 
767 
559 

304 
360 
561 
607 
691 
736 
609 


$ 

200 
228 
364 
416 
465 
492 
44 J 

137 
167 
254 
289 
318 
372 
287 

169 
195 
296 
326 
346 
408 
352 

153 
164 
306 
335 
401 
391 
332 

159 
196 
287 
317 
372 
407 
335 

179 
206 
344 
382 
431 
470 
418 


1916 
1917 
1918 
1919 

1920 
1921 

P. E. Island 1915 


1916 
1917 
1918 
1919 

1921 
Nota Scotia.. 1915 


1916 
1917 

1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 

\ew Brunswick . ... 1915 


1916 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 

Quebec. 1915 


1916 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 

Ontario 1915 


1916 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 



238 



PRODUCTION 



9 Average Wages of Farm Help in Canada, as estimated by Crop Correspondents, 

1915-21 concluded. 



Provinces. 


Males per month in 
summer season. 


Females per month in 
summer season. 


Males 
per 
year. 


Females 
per 
year. 


Wages. 


Board. 


Wages 
and 
board. 


Wages. 


Board. 


Wages 
and 
board. 


Wages 
and 
board. 


Wages 
and 
board. 


Manitoba.. ..1915 


$ 

30 
30 
47 
55 
63 
70 
53 

25 
31 
50 
61 
66 
72 
54 

27 
32 
53 
60 
67 
76 
52 

30 
28 
53 
61 
65 
64 
52 


$ 

15 
18 
21 
23 
26 
28 
26 

17 

18 
23 
25 
28 
30 
26 

17 

20 
23 
26 
28 
31 
26 

19 

22 
25 
28 
31 
31 
27 


$ 

45 
48 
68 
78 
89 
98 
79 

42 
49 
73 
86 
94 
102 
80 

44 
52 
76 
86 
95 
107 
78 

49 
50 
78 
89 
96 
95 
79 


$ 

14 
12 
23 
26 
32 
34 
28 

10 
11 
23 
29 
32 
35 
29 

10 
13 
25 
28 
34 
36 
31 

15 

11 
27 
34 
37 
36 
31 


$ 

13 
15 
17 

19 
20 
24 

22 

14 
15 

18 
20 
23 
25 
29 

14 

16 
19 
22 
24 
26 
23 

16 
18 
21 
23 
27 
27 
23 


$ 

27 
27 
40 
45 
52 
58 
50 

24 
26 
41 
49 
55 
60 
51 

24 
29 
44 
50 
58 
62 
54 

31 
29 
48 
57 
64 
63 
54 


$ 

390 
454 
689 
791 
889 
975 
798 

386 
434 
734 
849 
912 
1,003 
795 

404 
501 
784 
863 
976 
1,038 
746 

463 
543 
803 
903 
1,065 
1,033 
855 


$ 

245 
283 
452 
494 
557 
559 
552 

241 
278 
470 
545 
598 
653 
556 

253 
299 
476 
569 
648 
638 
566 

287 
325 
481 
589 
715 
742 
613 


1916 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 

Saskatchewan 1915 


1916 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 

Alberta.. ..1915 


1916 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 

British Columbia . ..1915 


1916 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 



10. Average Wages per Year of Farm Help in Canada, as estimated by Crop Corres 
pondents, 1920 and 1921. 







Males. 




] 


^emales. 




Provinces. 


Wages. 


Board. 


Wages 
and 
board. 


Wages. 


Board. 


Wages 
and 
board. 


Canada.. ..1920 


$ 
513 


$ 

278 


$ 
821 


$ 
275 


4 

% 

217 


% 

492 


1921 

Prince Edward Island 1920 


421 

371 


248 
201 


689 

572 


249 

212 


&gt;00 

160 


449 

372 


1921 
Nova Scotia. . 1920 


282 
472 


178 
263 


460 
735 


151 
218 


136 
190 


287 
408 


1921 
New Brunswick 1920 


364 
531 


228 
254 


592 

785 


182 
213 


170 

178 


352 
391 


1921 
Quebec 1920 


361 
524 


214 
243 


57o 

767 


183 
235 


149 
172 


332 
407 


1921 
Ontario 1920 


360 
474 


199 
262 


559 

736 


193 
259 


142 
211 


335 
470 


1921 
Manitoba 1920 


382 
650 


227 
325 


609 
975 


233 
312 


185 
247 


418 
559 


1921 
Saskatchewan 1920 


503 

667 


295 
336 


798 
1,003 


303 
364 


249 
289 


552 
653 


1921 
Alberta 1920 


498 
697 


297 
341 


795 
1,038 


302 
360 


254 

278 


556 
638 


1921 
British Columbia 1920 


463 
684 


283 
349 


746 
1,033 


318 
431 


248 
311 


566 
742 


1921 


552 


303 


855 


353 


260 


613 



FARM LIVE STOCK 






STATISTICS OF FARM LIVE STOCK. 

Numbers of Farm Animals. In Table 11 are given by prov 
inces the number of each description of farm live stock in Canada 
for the year 1921, as compared with 1920, according to estimates 
made jointly by the statistical authorities of the Dominion and 
Provincial Governments. The total number of horses in Canada 
on June 15, 1921, was estimated at 3,813,921, as compared with 
3,400,352 in 1920. Mules numbered 10,424, as against 9,055 in 1920. 
Cattle numbered 10,206,205, ; ainst 9,572,196; sheep 3,675,860 
as against 3,720,783, and swine 3,904,895, I ainst 3,510,678. All 
descriptions therefore increased since 1920, excepting sheep, which 
for the first time since 1917 showed a decrease, this amounting to 
44,923. Poultry showed la increases, as compared with 1920, 
hens from 25,942,105 to 34,340,474; turkeys from 791,766 to 1,199,494; 
geese from 754,455 to 880,014 and ducks from 617,638 to 762,135. 
Rabbits in British Columbia numbered 65,789, as against 82,146. 
By provinces, horses increased in the Prairie Provinces and in British 
Columbia, but decreased in the remaining provinces. Cattle increased 
in all parts, except the Maritime Provinces and Quebec. Sheep 
decreased, except in Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan, Alberta 
and British Columbia, where there was an increase. Swine decreased 
in the Maritime Provinces, Ontario and British Columbia, and in 
creased in the other provinces. Poultry increased, except only in 
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. As in the case of field crops, 
the differences were due partly to correction by census data and 
partly to actual change. 

11. Numbers of Farm Live Stock In Canada, by Provinces, 1920 and 1921. 

Classification. HORSES: Stallions, Mares and Geldings, 2 years old and over; Colts and Fillies, under 
2 years. CATTLE: Bulls for breeding; Milch Cows; Calves, under 1 year; Steers, 2 years old and over; 
All other cattle. 



Province. 


1920. 


1921. 


Province. 


1920. 


1921. 


Canada 

Horses- 


No. 


No. 


Canada con. 


No. 

3,516.678 


No. 

3,904,895 




44 401 t 


4? Sit 










1,504,462 


1,746.580 


Poultry 






Geldings ... 


1,315.968= 


1,545,002 


Hens 


25,942,105 


34.340.474 


Colts and fillies 


535,521 


479,528 


Turkeys 


791, 766 3 


1,199,494 










754 4i5 3 


880 014 


Total 


3,400,352 


3,813,921 




617. 638 3 


762. 135 




















Total 


30,505,819* 


37,182.117 




Q OW 


10 494 














T?HKifa fRrifiah PVilnm. 






Cattle 






bia only) 


82, 146 


65,789 


RnlU 


22 228 


98A **72 








Milch cows 


3,504,692 


3,736,832 


P.E. Island 






Calves 


2,158,635 


2,321.732 


Ho^e.^ 






Steers 


782. 132 


881.223 




80 


88 


Other cattle 


2.844.509 


2.981.046 




18,630 


14,515 










13 427 


13 410 


Total 


9,572,196 


10.206,205 


Colts and fillies 


3,432 


3,508 














Sheep 


3,720,783 


3,675,860 


Total 


35,569 


31,311 















Excluding stallions in New Brunswick. 
Including stallions in New Brunswick. 
Not including Alberta. 
Including 2,399,855 poultry of all kinds in Alberta. 



240 



PRODUCTION 



11. Numbers of Farm Live Stock in Canada, by Provinces, 1920 and 1921 continued. 



Province. 


1920. 


1921. 


Province. 


1920. 


1921. 


P.E. Island con. 

Cattle- 
Bulls . 


No. 

4,958 
49,932 
36,297 
5,277 
42-, 679 


No. 

3,195 
55,022 
29,878 
7,043 
43,057 


New Brunswick con. 

Poultry- 
Hens 


No. 

701,987 
22,192 
20, 142 
8,913 


No. 

679,542 
29,452 
22,585 
11,826 


Milch cows 


Turkeys 


Calves 


Geese 


Steers 


Ducks 


/"WKo*. rto-f fli- 


Total 


T/vfol 


753,234 


743,405 


139, 143 


138, 195 


Quebec- 
Horses 
Stallions 


Sheep 


9,040 
196,043 
57,323 
170,793 


7,264 
197,546 
34,976 
167,173 


128,529 


131,763 


Swine . 


49,917 


42,447 


Poultry 
Hens 


Mares 


611,399 
6,482 
22,654 
9,282 


647,088 
4,153 
27,069 
11,133 


Colts and fillies 


Geldings 




Total 


Geese . 


433, 199 


406,959 




Cattle- 
Bulls 


Total 


119,394 
1,030,809 
449,394 
75,431 
457,184 


105,041 
1,039,389 
441,701 
66,633 
399, 730 


649,817 


689,443 


Nova Scotia 
Horses 
Stallions . 


Milch cows 


1,226 
36,244 
26,635 
3,748 


974 
32,555 
24,603 
3,189 


Calves 


Steers 


Other cattle 




Total 


Geldings 


2,132,212 


2,052,494 


Colts and fillies 


Total 


SVlppn 


67,853 


61,321 


1,031,982 


1,006,620 


Cattle- 
Bulls 


5,979 
170,308 
79,379 
43,936 
98,859 


5,065 
143,780 
68,137 
38,080 
78,230 


Swine 


836,431 


883,920 


Milch cows 




Poultry 
Hens 


Steers 


3,177,402 
114,377 
130,384 
115,697 


3,476,729 
146,004 
129,864 
80,618 


Other cattle 


Total 


Tnr]cf*v&lt;^ 


398,461 


333,292 


Geese 




Ducks 


403,567 


324,260 


Total 




3,537,860 


3,833,215 


57,950 


52,064 


Ontario 

Horses- 
Stallions , 


Poultry- 
Hens 


3,902 
351,517 
266,477 
82,744 


3,665 
353,075 
272,087 
65,410 


805,328 
6,283 
16,532 
10,543 


708,753 
7,853 
13,460 
10,678 


Turkeys, . 


Mares 


Geese . ... 


Geldings 


Ducks 


Colts and fillies 


Total 


Total 


838,686 

38,242 
32,8941 
5,601 


740,744 

3,011 
34,702 
28,093 
4,152 


704,640 


694,237 


New Brunswick 

Horses- 
Stallions 


Cattle- 
Bulls 


65,757 
1,170,010 
655,316 
245,706 
745,038 


67,759 
1,204,270 
651,532 
249,099 
717,453 


Mares 


Milch cows 


Geldings 


Calves 


Colts and fillies 


Steers 


Tntnl 


Other rattle 


76,737 


69,958 


Total 


Cattle- 
Bulls .... 


2,881,827 


2,890,113 


11,226 
147,760 
70,737 
26,049 
77,216 


9,954 
139,055 

58,845 
22,877 
64,715 


Sheep 


1,129,084 


1,081,828 




Swine 


Calves 


1,614,356 


1,563,807 




Poultry 
7~Tpn4 


Other cattle 


10,030,872 
267,883 
395,238 
311,652 


10,389,852 
291,377 
413,219 
363,758 


Total .... 


332,988 


295,446 


Turkeys 


Sheep 




280,090 


236,951 


Ducks 


Swine 




92,925 


89,337 


Total 


11,005,645 


11,458,206 







Including stallions. 



I \\KM LIVE STOCK 



241 



11. Numbers of Farm Live Stock In Canada, by Provinces, 1120 and It21 concluded. 



Province. 


1920. 


1921. 


Provin 


1920. 


1921. 


Manitoba 
Honear 

ill Jong 


No. 
1,500 


No. 

1,500 


Alberta 

HOI-M S 
illions 


No. 

15,810 


No. 

11,848 


\J iff-; 


158,114 


191. 


M-,r. - 


303,531 


398,015 


Gelding^ 


141,246 


17:?, 433 


&lt; il MlIlL - 


L 77,250 


360,362 


Onlfj^ finri fillips 


55, 768 


53. 


Colts and fillies 


145,260 


146,285 














Total 


356 628 


419,789 


Total 


741,851 


916,510 














me 
Bulk 


16 


20,493 


Cattle 

Hulls 


26. 


36,964 


Afilfli cvjw^ 


22] 


251 


M ilch cows 


305,ti07 


4L:i,838 


C~?ftl VAA 


177,272 


191 


.... 


321,547 


441,806 




83.769 







171,216 


L 4i,446 


Other r-ittlo 


258 4 1 t 


269 . "1 


le 


531,187 


705, 148 














Totnl 


757,974 


817,759 


Total 


1,355,941 


1,854,202 
















156 716 


131,361 


S)lfC|) 


383.424 


523,599 


p 












ine 


"1" 


224 7( n 


Swine 


286,556 


574,318 














Poultry- 
Hens 


3 100 000 


3 449,598 


r.mltry- 
1 Icn.s 




4,534,042 


Turkevs 


145 000 


172 


Turki vs 




283,346 




64,500 


69,171 


Gf 


,oyy,ooo 


83,363 


I )ii(*k^ 


64 000 


61 015 


Ducks 




62,814 














Total 


3 373,500 


3,752,614 


Total 


2,399,855 


4,963,565 














Saskatchewan 

HiTM S 

illions 


1 018 


13 612 


Kritish Coin in hia 

1 1 orees 
illions 


825 


849 


ICsm 


383,300 


505,905 





18,841 


19,108 


Geldings 


, , - , 


487,813 


Geldings 


17,728 


18,298 


Colts and fillips 


174 969 


1 til, 948 


ml fillies 


6,676 


6,303 














Total 


939,805 


1,169,278 


Total 


44,070 


44,558 




















Mules 


580 


313 


"UllljXJ 


o 475 


10 111 














r*flttlo 






Cattle 






Hulls 


4,262 


4,496 


Bulls 




32,405 


M ilch cows 


53,974 


57,973 


Milch cows 


3o4 


4 J 1,706 


Calves 


42.385 


48,728 


Calves 


326 308 


389,126 






_ 


Steers 


130,748 


167,478 


Other cattle 


148,967 


150,175 


MtVtn*- /*ot*lck 


ASA QA1 


ceo 017 










4 o* , yoo 




Total 


249 588 


261,372 


Total 


1,324,062 


1,563,332 


























Sheep . ..... 


46,473 


51,457 


&lt; } i A0r 


1fl QIC 


188 021 














Swine . . 


44,101 


41,522 














Swine 


321,900 


432,776 


Poultry- 












Hens 


1,297,599 


1,403,082 


Poultry 






Turkeys 


7,858 


8,556 


Hens 


6 217,518 


9,051,788 


Geese 


12,262 


11,918 


Turkeys 


&gt;1 691 


255,923 


Ducks 


22,363 


23,360 




09 74*} 


lf)Q "Wi 








Ducks 


75,188 


136,933 


Total 


1,340,082 


1,446,916 














Total 


6 607,140 


9,554,009 


Rabbits 


82,146 


65,789 



























3813116 



242 



PRODUCTION 



12. Estimated Numbers of Farm Live Stock, 1916-1921. 



Live Stock. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Canada 


No. 

3,246,430 


No. 
3,412,749 


No. 
3,609,257 


No. 

3,667.369 


No. 
3,400,352 


No. 
3,813,921 


Milch cows 


2,835,552 


3,202,283 


3,538,600 


3,548,437 


3,504,692 


3.736,832 


Other cattle 


3,763,155 


4,718,657 


6,507.267 


6,536.574 


6.067.504 


6,469.373 


Total cattle 


6.598,707 


7,920,940 


10,045,867 


10,085,011 


9,572,196 


10.206.205 




2,025,023 


2,369,358 


3,052,748 


3,421.958 


3,720,783 


3,675,860 




3,484,982 


3,619,382 


4,289,682 


4,040,070 


3,516,678 


3,904,895 


Prince Edward Island- 


38,562 


38,948 


32.620 


34,576 


35,569 


31,311 


Milch cows 


46,032 


46,032 


41,429 


45,662 


49,932 


55 022 


Other cattle 


57,260 


54.970 


69.092 


79,815 


89,211 


83.173 


Total cattle 


103,292 


101 , 002 


110,521 


125.477 


139,143 


138,195 


Sheep 


88,797 


90,573 


73,046 


114,955 


128,529 


131 , 763 




38,300 


35,236 


40,814 


49,510 


49,917 


42,447 


Nova Scotia- 


64,193 


64,193 


70,101 


69,589 


67,853 


61,321 


Milch cows 


130,141 


131.442 


157,829 


162,230 


170.308 


143.780 




140.673 


135,046 


249,422 


243,831 


228,153 


189.512 


Total cattle 


270,814 


266,488 


407,251 


406,061 


398,461 


333,292 




200,979 


200,979 


259,847 


261,529 


403,567 


324,260 




51,928 


49,850 


68,238 


69,982 


57,950 


52,064 


New Brunswick- 


65,169 


65,169 


66,590 


77,828 


76,737 


69,958 




100,221 


100,221 


120,123 


153,058 


147,760 


139,055 




92.223 


89,456 


166,624 


211,964 


185,228 


156,391 


Total cattle 


192,444 


189.677 


286.747 


365,022 


332,988 


,295,446 




105.997 


103,877 


140,015 


212,745 


280,090 


236,951 




70,683 


69,269 


79,814 


104,939 


92,925 


89,337 


Quebec 


332,628 


379,276 


496,811 


463,902 


433,199 


406,959 




639,805 


911,023 


1,163,865 


1,056,347 


1,030,809 


1,039,389 


Other cattle 


535 693 


958 010 


1,245,819 


1,213,297 


1,101,403 


1,013,105 


Total cattle 


1,175 498 


1,869 033 


2,409.684 


2,269,644 


2,132,212 


2,052.494 




497,711 


849,148 


959,070 


1,007,425 


1,031,982 


1,006,620 




531,303 


712,087 


997,255 


935,425 


836,431 


883,920 


Ontario- 


896,208 


887,246 


732,977 


719,569 


704,640 


694,237 




1,082,119 


1,082,119 


1,097,039 


1,141,016 


1,170,010 


1,201,270 


Other cattle 


901 924 


865,847 


1,770,683 


1,786,175 


1,711,817 


1,685,843 


Total cattle 


1 984 043 


1,947,968 


2,867,722 


2.927.191 


2,881,827 


2,890,113 




589,581 


595,477 


972.341 


1,101.740 


1,129,084 


1,081,828 




1,404,618 


1,236,064 


1,656,386 


1,695,487 


1,614,356 


1,563,807 


Manitoba- 


324,707 


324,175 


384,772 


379,356 


356,628 


419,789 




197,825 


202,177 


225,659 


227,872 


221,785 


251,799 


Other cattle 


359 259 


357 870 


521,240 


553.899 


536, 189 


565,960 


Total cattle 


557 084 


560 047 


746,899 


781,771 


757,974 


817,759 




76,762 


80,588 


136,782 


167,170 


156,716 


131,361 




216,040 


175,013 


284,596 


261,542 


212,542 


224,704 


Saskatchewan 


834,189 


880,301 


990,009 


1,078,452 


939,805 


1,169,278 


M ilch cows 


322,767 


354,403 


352,989 


374,062 


354.507 


421,706 


Other cattle 


690,256 


856,687 


926,342 


1,005,501 


969.555 


1,141,626 


Total cattle 


1,013,023 


1,211,090 


1,279,331 


1,379,563 


1,324,062 


1,563.332 


Sheep 


124,237 


127,892 


134,177 


146,911 


160. 18 


188,021 




530,727 


573,938 


521,240 


432,367 


321,900 


432,776 


Alberta 

Horses 


629,462 


718,317 


791,246 


800.380 


741,851 


916,510 


Milch cows 


277,324 


325,861 


328,702 


336,596 


305,607 


423,838 


Other cattle 


882,766 


1,209,433 


1,362,880 


1,247.448 


1,050,334 


1,430.364 


Total cattle 


1,160,090 


1,535,294 


1,691,582 


1,584,044 


1,355,941 


1,854,202 


Sheep 


294,690 


276,966 


332, 179 


364,498 


383,424 


523,599 




603,554 


730,237 


601,534 


445,858 


286,556 


574,318 


British Columbia 

Horsps 


61,312 


55,124 


44,131 


43,717 


44,070 


44,558 


Milch cows 


39,318 


49,005 


50,965 


51,594 


53,974 


57.973 


Other cattle 


103,101 


191,338 


195,165 


194,644 


195,614 


203,399 


Total cattle 


142,419 


240,343 


246.130 


246,238 


249,588 


261,372 


Sheep 


46,269 


43,858 


45,291 


44,985 


46,473 


51,457 


Swine 


37.829 


37,688 


39,805 


44,960 


44,101 


41 , 522 

















FARM LIVE STOCK 



243 



Values of Farm Live Stock.- -The average values for all 
descriptions of farm live stock (Tables 13 and 14) showed in 1921 an 
extraordinary decrease as compared with 1920, and they were also 
below the values which were ruling before the war. For horses, the 
values were the lowest on record since these annual returns were 
begun in 1909. For Canada as a whole, horses under one year 
averaged $38, as against $49 in 1920; horses one year to under 
three years $79, against $102; and horses three years old and over 
$123, as against $151. Cattle under one year were $12, as against $20; 
cattle one year to under three years $26, as against $45; cattle three 
years and over $39, against $67. For all descriptions, the average 
value per head for Canada was for horses $83, as against $106 in 1920; 
for milch cows $51, : $80; for other cattle $28, as against 

$47; for all cattle $37, as aiiainst $59; for sheep $6, as against $10; 
and for swine $14, gainst $23. For swine per 100 Ib. live weight 
the average was $10, as against $15 in 1920. The per capita values 
were the lowest of any during the last seven years 1915 to 1921, 
except that for swine the value in 1915 was $14 as in 1921. 

By application of the average values per head to the numbers 
of farm live stock as returned in June last, it is possible to calculate 
approximately the total values of farm live stock in Canada for the 
year 1921 with the corresponding values for 1920 in brackets as 
follows: horses, $314,764,000 ($361,328,000); milch cows, $190,- 
157,000 ($281,675,000); other cattle, slS:-5,64&lt;),()00 ($279,825,000); 
all cattle, $373,806,000 ($661,500,000); sheep, $23,308,000 ($37,263,- 
000); swine, $54,842,000 ($81,155,000). Thus, the estimated total 
value of these descriptions of farm live -ft &gt;ck amounts 1 .6,720,000, 
as compared with $1,041,246,000 in 1920 and with $749,640,000 in 
1915. As compared with 1920, the decrease in value is $274,526,000, 
or over 26 p.c. 

13. Average Values of Farm Animals and of Wool, as estimated by Crop Correspon 
dents, 1915-21. 



Provinces. 


Horses. 


Milch 
cows. 


Other horned 
cattle. 


Swine 
per 
100 Ib. 
live 
weight. 


Sheep. 


Wool per Ib. 


Under 
1 
year. 


1 year 
to 
under 
3 
years. 


3 
years 
and 
over. 


Under 
1 
year. 


1 year 
to 
under 
3 
years. 


3 
years 
and 
over. 


Un 
washed. 


Washed. 


Canada... 1915 


* 

54 
54 

57 
56 
55 
49 
38 

42 
37 
41 
43 
53 
45 
35 


1 

111 
109 
116 
112 
108 
102 
79 

92 
76 
79 
86 
97 
93 
74 


$ 

160 
160 
167 
162 
161 
151 
123 

136 
112 
118 
131 
146 
141 
112 


S 

62 
70 
84 
87 
92 
80 
51 

42 
52 
63 
71 
83 
60 
38 


I 

17 
20 
24 
25 
25 
20 
12 

11 
14 
17 
17 
20 
14 
9 


$ 

38 
43 
52 
57 
56 
45 
26 

25 
31 
37 
38 
48 
31 
20 


$ 

55 
63 
77 
88 
83 
67 
39 

37 
46 
54 
60 
72 
47 
30 


* 

9 
12 
17 
16 
16 
15 
10 

8 
12 
17 
16 
16 
13 
8 


I 

8 
10 
15 
16 
15 
10 
6 

7 
9 
14 
15 
14 
8 
5 


* 

0.28 
37 
0.59 
0.62 
0.55 
0.22 
0.14 

32 
37 
0.60 
0.65 
46 
19 
0.13 


I 

0.38 
0.50 
75 
0.80 
0.70 
0.32 
0.22 

0.40 
47 
0.76 
0.83 
59 
26 
0.19 


1916 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 

P. E. Island 1915 


1016 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 



38131 



244 



PRODUCTION 



13. Average Values of Farm Animals and of Wool, as estimated by Crop Correspon 
dents, 1915-21 concluded. 





Horses. 




Other horned 






Wool per Ib. 








cattle. 


Swine 






Provinces. 




1 year 




Milch 




1 year 




per 
100 Ib. 


Sheep. 








Jnder 


to 


3 


cows. 


Under 


to 


3 


live 










1 


under 


years 




1 


under 


years 


weight. 




Un 


Washed. 




year. 


3 


and 




year. 


3 


and 






washed. 








years. 


over. 






years. 


over. 










Nova Scotia.. ..1915 


53 


108 


167 


45 


11 


28 


44 


8 


5 


0-31 


0-40 


1916 


50 


99 


150 


53 


13 


33 


54 


11 


7 


0-39 


0-49 


1917 


49 


101 


149 


63 


18 


41 


63 


17 


9 


0-61 


0-74 


1918 


51 


100 


152 


65 


15 


40 


62 


17 


10 


0-71 


0-88 


1919 


55 


109 


167 


76 


17 


46 


75 


18 


11 


0-62 


0-76 


1920 


51 


107 


157 


71 


16 


40 


66 


16 


8 


0-21 


0-29 


1921 


41 


88 


134 


44 


10 


24 


41 


11 


4 


0-15 


0-20 


New Brunswick.. 1915 


59 


127 


182 


40 


11 


25 


37 


8 


5 


0-30 


0-40 


1916 


55 


113 


169 


48 


13 


28 


44 


12 


6 


0-36 


0-48 


1917 


54 


118 


165 


63 


16 


37 


55 


16 


10 


0-59 


0-74 


1918 


60 


125 


175 


65 


18 


38 


58 


17 


12 


0-71 


0-89 


1919 


62 


125 


204 


70 


17 


41 


58 


17 


11 


0-57 


0-73 


1920 


58 


120 


176 


61 


15 


35 


53 


15 


8 


0-21 


0-32 


1921 


43 


96 


151 


40 


10 


23 


33 


10 


5 


0-13 


0-19 


Quebec... ..1915 


48 


104 


159 


51 


12 


28 


42 


10 


7 


0-33 


0-43 


1916 


49 


105 


155 


62 


16 


35 


52 


14 


11 


0-44 


0-58 


1917 


53 


117 


171 


81 


19 


43 


67 


20 


15 


0-65 


0-83 


1918 


53 


114 


171 


79 


18 


40 


62 


17 


14 


0-63 


0-83 


1919 


55 


120 


179 


84 


19 


42 


64 


17 


13 


0-57 


0-76 


1920 


50 


111 


169 


75 


16 


35 


54 


17 


10 


0-29 


0-42 


1921 


36 


85 


136 


46 


9 


21 


33 


11 


6 


0-21 


0-31 


Ontario 1915 


51 


102 


142 


70 


20 


45 


64 


9 


10 


0-26 


0-33 


1916 


52 


105 


151 


76 


23 


51 


71 


12 


13 


0-34 


0-44 


1917 


55 


105 


147 


92 


29 


63 


90 


17 


18 


0-55 


0-66 


1918 


54 


105 


146 


96 


29 


65 


94 


17 


20 


0-61 


0-76 


1919 


53 


101 


144 


107 


29 


64 


95 


17 


18 


0-54 


0-67 


1920 


52 


100 


143 


92 


25 


55 


82 


16 


12 


0-18 


0-25 


1921 


48 


88 


126 


59 


13 


32 


47 


10 


8 


0-10 


0-15 


Manitoba.. .1915 


63 


124 


178 


65 


18 


41 


60 


8 


9 


0-21 


0-29 


1916 


61 


123 


171 


74 


21 


47 


67 


11 


12 


0-31 


0-37 


1917 


63 


127 


178 


88 


27 


55 


83 


16 


16 


0-51 


0-55 


1918 


65 


126 


182 


91 


28 


65 


93 


16 


17 


0-56 


0-67 


1919 


59 


117 


172 


90 


26 


59 


85 


16 


15 


0-54 


0-61 


1920 


50 


104 


154 


71 


18 


43 


65 


14 


9 


0-17 


0-23 


1921 


37 


75 


117 


45 


10 


21 


31 


c 


6 


0-09 


0-14 


Saskatchewan. . . . 1915 


64 


132 


150 


69 


20 


44 


62 


8 


8 


0-20 


0-24 


1916 


65 


133 


188 


73 


22 


47 


67 


10 


10 


0-28 


0-33 


1917 


69 


137 


194 


85 


27 


58 


83 


15 


14 


0-50 


0-54 


1918 


64 


134 


190 


91 


30 


64 


92 


15 


17 


0-56 


0-71 


1919 


56 


108 


162 


91 


27 


60 


86 


16 


15 


0-51 


0-62 


1920 


46 


97 


149 


73 


19 


45 


66 


13 


8 


0-19 


0-28 


1921 


31 


71 


118 


49 


11 


27 


40 


( 


6 


0-12 


0-15 


Alberta.. ..1915 


47 


97 


142 


69 


22 


45 


64 


8 


8 


0-23 


0-25 


1916 


51 


102 


151 


77 


27 


51 


73 


11 


10 


0-28 


0-37 


1917 


55 


109 


161 


89 


33 


62 


87 


16 


15 


0-51 


0-55 


1918 


48 


96 


142 


93 


32 


64 


95 


15 


15 


0-57 


0-69 


1919 


40 


82 


125 


89 


26 


57 


83 


16 


14 


0-52 


0-64 


1920 


32 


72 


114 


71 


20 


45 


64 


14 


10 


0-18 


0-22 


192 


20 


46 


65 


48 


10 


25 


37 


9 


6 


0-12 


0-20 


British Columbial915 


42 


93 


136 


91 


21 


48 


67 


9 


8 


0-19 


0-20 


1916 


48 


87 


144 


90 


24 


48 


72 


13 


11 


0-29 


0-45 


1917 


50 


101 


155 


103 


29 


62 


89 


17 


14 


0-46 


0-52 


1918 


52 


98 


150 


106 


29 


65 


93 


15 


15 


0-54 


0-64 


1919 


63 


110 


167 


118 


35 


70 


102 


19 


16 


0-49 


0-58 


1920 


50 


103 


162 


125 


30 


68 


95 


19 


11 


0-17 


0-32 


192 


33 


75 


138 


85 


18 


40 


58 


12 


8 


0-08 


0-12 



NOTE. See paragraph relating to production and value of wool on page 274. 



FARM LIVE STOCK 



24 



14. Average \alue per head of Farm Live Stock in Canada, as estimated by Crop 

Correspondents, 1915-1921. 



MI Animals. 



1915. 



1916. 



1917. 



1918. 






1920. 



1921. 



Canada 

Horses 

Milch cows 

Other cattle 45 

.1 rattle 



S\vin. 14 

Prin cr Kdward Island- 
Horses 106 

Milch c..ws 

Other cattle 28 

al cat tie 34 

[i 

Swim- 13 

Xo?a Scotia- 
Horses 121 

Milrh cows 45 

Other cattle 32 

Total cattle 38 

Sheep 6 

Swine 18 

\&lt;&gt;w Brunswick- 
Horses 137 

Milch cows 40 

Other cattle 28 

Total cattle 

Sheep 

Swine 18 

Quebec- 
Horses 112 

Milch rows 51 

Other cattle 41 

Total cattle 46 

Sheep 

Swine 15 

Ontario- 
Horses 120 

M ilch cows 70 

Other cattle 48 

Total cattle 59 

p 10 

Swine 14 

Manitoba- 
Horses 133 

M ilch cows 65 

Other cattle 44 

Total cattle 52 

Sheep 9 

Swine 15 

Saskatchewan- 
Horses 147 

Milch cows 69 

Other cattle 48 

Total cattle 54 

Sheep 

Swine 13 

Alberta- 
Horses 113 

Milch cows. 69 

Other cattle 49 

Total cattle 53 

Sheep 

Swine 13 

British Columbia- 
Horses 102 

Milch cows 91 

Other cattle 50 

Total cattle 61 

Sheep 

Swine. . 15 



70 
M 
11 

10 

18 

87 
52 
35 
42 
9 
20 

108 

38 
45 

7 
18 

49 
33 

41 

7 
17 

115 

N 

57 
11 
17 

125 
76 
65 
71 
13 
18 

128 
74 
51 
59 
12 
17 

149 
73 
51 
58 
10 
17 

121 
77 
56 
61 
10 
17 

108 
94 
55 
66 
11 
19 



126 

86 
57 

15 
26 

88 
64 
38 
50 

14 

111 

45 
54 

1J7 
40 

10 
27 

in 

40 

113 
93 
63 

19 
25 

138 
88 
57 
69 
16 
24 

138 
85 
59 
66 
14 
25 

122 
89 
64 
70 
15 
24 

118 
103 
65 
73 
14 
21 



1L 7 

61 
70 
16 
26 

103 
71 
44 
54 
15 

117 
44 

10 

30 

141 
65 
41 
51 

12 
28 

131 
79 
45 
61 
14 
26 

111 
% 

78 
20 
27 

141 
91 
64 
73 

17 
26 

149 
91 
66 
73 
17 
28 

107 
93 
70 
74 
15 
24 

123 
106 
67 
75 
15 
24 



119 

70 
15 
25 

114 
83 
53 

14 

27 

127 
76 
54 
63 
11 

138 
70 
42 

11 
31 

134 
84 
44 
61 
13 
24 

110 
107 
68 
83 
18 
25 

131 
90 
58 
67 
15 
27 

125 
91 
62 
70 
15 
26 

94 
89 
60 
66 
14 
25 

129 
118 
71 
81 
16 
28 



106 
80 
47 
59 
10 
23 

109 
60 
34 
43 

8 
24 

119 
71 
43 
55 
8 
24 

139 
61 
39 
49 
8 
22 

126 
75 
38 
56 
10 
26 

108 
92 
57 
71 
12 
23 

114 
71 
44 
52 
9 
22 

108 
73 
45 
59 
8 
20 

80 
71 
45 
51 
10 
18 

126 
126 
72 
99 
11 
21 



83 
51 
28 
37 
6 
14 

84 
38 
21 
28 
5 
16 

98 
44 
27 
34 
4 
18 

115 
40 
23 
31 
5 
17 

89 
46 
23 
35 
6 
16 

96 
59 
34 
45 
8 
13 

89 
45 
23 
30 
6 
14 

82 
49 
28 
33 
6 
14 

64 
48 
28 
32 
6 
13 

100 
85 
40 
50 

8 
17 



246 



PRODUCTION 



15. Estimated Total Values of Farm Live Stock in Canada, by Provinces, 1916-1921. 



Province and Year. 


Horses. 


Cattle. 


Sheep. 


Swine. 


Total. 


Canada 1916 


$ 

418,636,000 


i 

403,373,000 


$ 
20 927 000 


$ 

60 700 000 


$ 
003 fiSfi 000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 

P. E. Island 1916 


429,123,000 
459,155,000 
435,070,000 
361,323,000 
314,764,000 

3,355,000 


544,676,000 
706,058,000 
708,821,000 
561,500,000 
373,806,000 

1,369,000 


35,576,000 
48.802,000 
50,402,000 
37,263,000 
23,308,000 

799 000 


92,886,000 
112,751,000 
102,309.000 
81,155,000 
54,842,000 

766 000 


1,102,261.000 
1,326.766,000 
1,296,602.000 
1,041,246,000 
766,720,000 

9 289 000 


1917 
1913 
1919 
1920 
1921 

Nova Scotia 1916 


3,403,000 
3,353,000 
3,935,000 
3,830,000 
2,637,000 

6 933 000 


4,998,000 
5,930,000 
8,024.000 
5,991,000 
3,861,000 

12,172 000 


1,245,000 
1,081,000 
1,603,000 
1,073,000 
654,000 

1 306 000 


947,000 
1,183,000 
1,320,000 
1,205,000 
688.000 

935 000 


10,598.000 
11,547,000 
14,882,000 
12,149,000 
7,840,000 

91 34ft 000 


1917 
1913 
1919 
1920 
1921 

New Brunswick 1916 


7,141,000 
8,191,000 
8,838,000 
8,066,000 
6,007,000 

8,244,000 


14,391,000 
21,383,000 
25,498,000 
21,927,000 
11,335,000 

7.904,000 


1,809,000 
1,433,000 
2,877,000 
3,260.000 
1,437,000 

689 000 


2,626,000 
2,020,000 
2,029,000 
1,395,000 
937,000 

1 9 02 000 


25,967.000 
33,030.000 
39,240,000 
34,648,000 
19,716,000 

18 03Q 000 


1917 
1913 
1919 
1920 
1921 

Quebec .1916 


8,244,000 
9,335,000 
10,776,000 
10,666,000 
8,045,000 

38,252,000 


9,843.000 
14,580,000 
19,510,000 
16,237.000 
9,159,000 

66,720 000 


1,039,000 
1,642,000 
2,449,000 
2,241 000 
1,185,000 

5 226 000 


1,853,000 
2,219,000 
3,291,000 
2,044,000 
1,519,000 

9 032 000 


20,984,000 
27,828,000 
36,026,000 
31,188,000 
19,908,000 

110 930 000 


1917 
1913 
1919 
1920 
1921 

Ontario.. ..1916 


49,875.000 
65,032,000 
62,163,000 
55,533,000 
36,219,000 

112,026,000 


118,078,000 
143,007,000 
139,119,000 
119,164,000 
71,113,000 

140,866,000 


12,737,000 
13,427,000 
13,097,000 
10,320,000 
6,040,000 

7 370 000 


20.294,000 
25,929,000 
22,450.000 
21,747.000 
14,143,000 

25 283 000 


200,984,000 
252,445.000 
236,829,000 
206,814,000 
127,515,000 

285 545 000 


1917 
1913 
1919 
1920 
1921 

Manitoba 1916 


100,253,000 
81,163,000 
79,153,000 
76,197,000 
66,349,000 

41,494,000 


154,428,000 
224,230,000 
242.895,000 
205,007,000 
128,767,000 

32 678 000 


11,016.000 
19,766,000 
19,831,000 
13,349,000 
8,249,000 

883 000 


31,211,000 
43,896.000 
42,387,000 
37,641,000 
20,659,000 

3 500 000 


296,914,000 
369,111,000 
384,266.000 
332,194.000 
224,024,000 

78 555 000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 

Saskatchewan 1916 


44.574,000 
54,371.000 
49,523,000 
40,536,000 
37,305,000 

125,0 9 3,000 


38,330,000 
54,163,000 
52,634,000 
39,344,000 
24,508,000 

58 503 000 


1,289,000 
2,317,000 
2,518,000 
1,389,000 
783,000 

1 242 000 


4,157,000 
7,517,000 
7,185,000 
4,601,000 
3,039.000 

9 0" 000 


88,350.000 
118,373.000 
111,910,000 
85,870,000 
65,635.000 

193 7Q5 000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 

Alberta 1P16 


121,432,000 
147,511,000 
139,807,000 
101,499,000 
95,463,000 

73,737.000 


80,329,000 
93,261.000 
96,381,000 
69,509,000 
52,239,000 

70,789.000 


1.822,000 
2,281,000 
2,204,000 
1,287.000 
1,200,000 

2 926 000 


14,492,000 
14,595,000 
11,242,000 
6,438,000 
5,963,000 

10 260 000 


218,125.000 
257,648.000 
249,634.000 
178,733.000 
154,865,000 

157 712 000 


1917 
1913 
1919 
1920 
1921 

British Columbia. . . . 1916 


87,635,000 
84,652,000 
75,236,000 
59,343,000 
58,283,000 

6,622,000 


106,789,000 
125,971,000 
104,804,000 
68,963,000 
59,760,000 

9,367,000 


4,016.000 
4,983,000 
5,103,000 
3,833,000 
3,348,000 

486,000 


17,708,000 
14,437.000 
11,146.000 
5,158,000 
7,188,000 

700,000 


216,148,100 
230.053.000 
196.289,000 
137,302,000 
128.579.UOO 

17,174 000 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 




6,505,000 
5,42S,000 
5,639,009 
5,553.000 
4,456,000 


17,485,000 
18,478,000 
19,903.000 
15,358,000 
13,064,000 


603,000 
679,000 
720.000 
511,000 
412,000 


791,000 
955.000 
1,259,000 
926,000 
706,000 


25.384,000 
25,540,000 
27,526,000 
22,348,000 
18,638,000 



FARM LIVE STOCK 



247 



16. Estimated Values of Milch Cows and Other Cattle, 1916-1921. 



Province. 




Milch cou 


Other cattle. 


Total cattle. 


Canada 


..1916 


% 

198.896 000 


$ 

204.477.000 


1 

403,373.000 


P. E. Island 


1017 
I ll.s 
1919 

I J. l 
..1916 


271.0x1. 000 
307.244.000 
sn.000 
281.675.000 
190,157,000 

2,394.000 


270.595,000 

398. SI 4. 000 
.. 007. 000 
.000 
183,649,000 

1.975,000 


544.676,000 
706.0,)S.OOO 
70s. s2 1.000 
561,500.000 
373,806.000 

4,369,000 


Nova Scotia 


1917 
1918 
1919 

1921 
1916 


2,92 

2,079,000 
6,897,000 


2,075,000 

3,008.000 
4,230.000 
3,016,000 
2,000 

-.-,.000 


is, 000 
.0,000 
8,024.000 
5,991.000 
3.861.000 

12.172.000 


New Brunswick 


1917 
1918 

I int 

..1916 


10 
12, 
12 
6,259,000 

4,861.000 


8.077.000 
11.046.OfO 
13.107.000 
14,000 
5,076,000 

3.043.000 


14.391,000 
21.383.000 
.4%, 000 
21,927,000 
11,335.000 

7,904.000 


Quebec 


1917 
[918 

1919 

..1916 


7,81 

10,610.000 
9,01 
.2.000 

39,6 5S.OOO 


4,000 

ro.ooo 

0.000 
7.224 

3,597.000 

27.0 )2.000 


9,8! 
14.580.000 
1". 510. 000 
16.237.000 
!t. 159. 000 

66.720,000 


Ontario 


1917 

in is 
1911 

1911 
..1919 


71 
91 
8S 
77.311.000 
47,812,000 

82.241.000 


43.S30.000 
56.062.000 
50.385.000 
41.855.000 
23.301.000 

58,825.000 


118.078.000 
Its. 007. 000 
110.000 
ll Miil.OOO 
71.113.000 

140.866.000 


Manitoba 


1917 
1918 

I .M 

..1916 


ioo.o:&gt;6.ooo 
105.515 
121 

107, 12*. 000 
71.2.")0,000 

14,427.000 


54.332.000 
118.765.000 

121.272.000 
97.879.000 
57,517,000 

IS. 251, 000 


154.428,000 
224.280,000 
2i- ,s .)5.000 
205.007.00C 
l. H,767,000 

32.678,000 


Saskatchewan 


1917 
1918 
1911 

1921 

..1^16 


17. 
.000 
20.600.000 
L5 
11,378.000 

23.358.000 


20.488.000 
33.546,000 
32. 075. 000 
23,646.000 
13.130,000 

35,150.000 


38,330.000 
1 18.000 
52.684.000 
39.344,000 
24.508,000 

58,508.000 


Alberta 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 

..1916 


30.213.000 
82,122 

34, 010.0 10 
25.879.000 
20.577,000 

21,354.000 


50.116.000 
61.139.000 
62.341,000 
43.630.000 
31, 662. OOP 

49,435,000 


80.329,000 
93.261.000 
96,381.000 
69.509.00C 
52,239.000 

70.789.00C 


British Columbia 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 

..1916 


29.0S3.000 
30.569.000 
29.9.57.000 
21. 60S. 000 
20,312.000 

3.696.000 


77.706.000 
95.402.000 
74.847.000 
47.265.000 
39.443.000 

5.671.000 


106.789.000 
1 26, 971, OOC 

104.804.00C 
63.963.00C 
59,760,000 

9.367.00C 




1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
192 


5,048.000 
5.402.000 
6.088.000 
9.940,000 
4,928,000 


12.437,000 
13,076.001 
13.820.000 
5,418.000 
8,136,000 


17.485.00C 
18.478.00C 
10 908. OOC 
15.358.00C 
13,064, OOC 



248 



PRODUCTION 



Farm Poultry.- -Table 17 gives the numbers and values of 
farm poultry in 1921, as compared with 1920, the values being esti 
mated by application to the numbers of average values per head as 
reported by crop correspondents. For Canada, the average values 
per head of each description of farm poultry in 1921 were returned 
as follows: turkeys $3.39, as compared with $4 in 1920; geese $2.42, 
against $2.80; ducks $1.25, against $1.50; other fowls 90 cents, 
against $1.08. Approximately the total values of farm poultry for 
all Canada in 1921 were as follows, the corresponding totals for 1920 
being given within brackets: turkeys, $4,069,300 ($3,225,000); 
geese, $2,126,200 ($2,131,100); ducks, $950,900 ($976,900); other 
fowls, $30,860,600 ($30,683,000); Total, $38,007,000 ($37,016,000). 
The greater value in 1921 was due to increase in the numbers reported. 

17. Estimated Numbers and Values of Farm Poultry in Canada, 1920-21. 



Description. 


1920. 


1921. 


1920. 


1921. 


1920. 


1921. 


Canada- 
Turkeys 


No. 

806, 166 


No. 
1,199,494 


$ per 
head. 
4-00 


$per 
head. 
3-39 


$ 
3,225,000 


$ 
4,069,300 


Geese 


761,655 


880,014 


2-80 


2-42 


2,131,100 


2,126,200 




651,235 


762,135 


1-50 


1-25 


976,900 


950,900 


Other fowls 


28,286,763 


34,340,474 


1-08 


0-90 


30,683,000 


30,860,600 
















Totals 


30,505,819 


37,182,117 






37,016,000 


38,007,000 
















P. E. Island- 
Turkeys 


6,482 


4,153 


3-72 


4-33 


24,000 


18,000 


Geese 


22,654 


27,069 


2-85 


2-75 


64,600 


74,400 




9,282 


11,133 


1-46 


1-39 


13,600 


15,500 


Other fowls 


611,399 


647,088 


1-00 


0-89 


612,000 


575,900 
















Totals 


649,817 


689,443 






714 300 


683 800 
















Nova Scotia- 
Turkeys 


6,283 


7,853 


4-24 


3-98 


26 600 


31 300 


Geese 


16,532 


13,460 


3-05 


2-83 


50,400 


38 000 


Ducks 


10,543 


10,678 


1-50 


1-50 


15 800 


16 000 


Other fowls 


805,328 


708,753 


1-00 


0-91 


805,300 


645 000 
















Totals 


838,686 


740 744 






898 100 


730 300 
















New Brunswick 

Turkeys 


22,192 


29 452 


4-00 


4-24 


88 800 


124 900 


Geese 


20,142 


22 585 


3-07 


2-92 


61 800 


65 900 


Ducks 


8,913 


11,826 


1-59 


1-50 


14,200 


17 700 


Other fowls 


701,987 


679,542 


1-15 


1-05 


807 300 


713 500 
















Totals 


753,234 


743 405 






972 100 


922 000 
















Quebec- 
Turkeys 


114,377 


146 004 


4.35 


3-62 


497 900 


528 500 


Geese 


130,384 


129 864 


2-74 


2-31 


357 300 


300 000 


Ducks 


115,697 


80 618 


1-59 


1-38 


184 000 


111 300 


Other fowls 


3,177,402 


3,476 729 


1-23 


1-12 


3 908 200 


3 893 900 
















Totals 


3,537,860 


3,833 215 






4 947 400 


4 833 700 
















Ontario 

Turkeys 


267 883 


291 377 


5-00 


4-18 


1 339 400 


1 917 OOf) 


Geese 


395 238 


413 219 


2-88 


2-48 


1 138 300 


1 024 800 


Ducks 


311,652 


363 758 


1-58 


1-31 


492 900 


47fi 500 


Other fowls 


10,030,872 


10,389 852 


1-19 


1-05 


11 936 700 


10 909 300 
















Totals 


11,005 645 


11 458 206 






Uqo7 ann 


13 627 600 
















Manitoba- 
Turkeys 


145 000 


172 830 


3.21 


Q.Oli 


4RO 000 


Z.R] 7flft 


Geese 


64,500 


69 171 


2- J &gt; i 


9.90 


164 500 


1")2 200 


Ducks 


64,000 


61 015 


1-25 


1-0^ 


80 000 


62 800 


Other fowls 


3,100,000 


3,449 598 


0-90 


0-78 


2 790 000 


2 690 70O 
















Totals 


3,373,500 


3 752 614 






3 514 500 


3 467 40O 

















F.l/. .W LIVE STOCK 



249 



17. Estimated Numbers and Values of Farm Poultry in Canada, tMfrtt -oonoladed. 



Dtvcript ion. 


. 0. 


1981. 


1920. 


1921. 


1920. 


1921. 


Saskatchewan- 
Turkeys 


No. 

221,691 




$|H&gt;r 
head. 

3-00 


$per 

head. 

2-85 


665,100 


72 ,), 400 






1 !&gt; ., 365 






2:; 1,900 


i,40t) 


Ducks 






1-25 


1-07 


,000 


146,500 


her fowls 


6,217,.-)1^ 


9,051,788 




0-70 


.-.,720,100 


6,336,300 
















Totals 


6,607,140 


9,554,009 


_ 


_ 


6,711,100 


7,462,600 
















Alberta 

Turkeys 


14,400 




3-07 


2-90 


41,200 


821,700 


Geese 


7,200 




2-55 


2-22 


18,400 


185,000 


Ducks 




,814 


1 22 


1-13 


41,000 


71,000 




2,344,658 


4,5: 


0-92 


0-70 


2,157,000 


3,173,800 
















Totals 


2,399,855 


4,963,565 


v 


_ 


2,260,600 


4,251,500 
















British Columbia 


7,858 


8,556 


7-50 


4-30 


58,900 


36,800 






11 


3-58 




43,900 


35,500 


Dufks 




,360 


1 s:, 


1-41 


41,400 


33,000 


Other fowls 




1.41 


i-.-.o 


1-37 


1,946,400 


1,922,200 


















1,340,082 


1,446,916 


- 


- 


2,090,600 


2,028,100 



Fur Farming in Canada. According to report- i-&gt;ued by the 
Dominion Bureau of Statistics, tin- total number of fur farms in 
Canada was 794 in 1921, as compared with ."&gt;S7 in 1920, an increase 
of 207. The returns for these two year- are more complete than 
those collected for the first time in 1919; so that comparisons are not 
attempted with the figures recorded at p. 227 and 228 of the 
Year Book for 1920. Table 18 gives, by provinces, the number of 
fur farms, the value of land and buildings, and the value of fur- 
bearing animals for the two years 1920 and 1921. 

18. Number of Fur Farms, Value of Land and Buildings and Value of Fur-bearing 

Animals, 1920 and 



Province. 


Fur Farms. 


Value of Land and 
Buildings. 


Value of Fur-bearing 
Animals. 


1920. 


1921. 


1920. 


1921. 


1920. 


1921. 


Prince Edward Island 


No. 

309 
55 
57 
80 
42 
2 
2 
15 
11 
14 


No. 

359 
108 
62 
109 
94 
6 
5 
14 
21 
16 


$ 

640,489 
67,875 
101,354 
121,498 
70,928 
53,268 
33,000 
59,700 
13,029 
41,450 




737,085 
127,724 
130,160 
173,204 
144,049 
90,850 
37,075 
61,875 
21,100 
37,378 


3,089,970 
209,150 
532,250 
256,935 
221,880 
116,800 
68,970 
139,670 
28,105 
59,175 


$ 

3,248,120 
371,801 
598,730 
430,607 
374,517 
406,525 
98,800 
105,460 
63,735 
76,800 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Alanitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Yukon Territory 


Total 


587 


794 


1,202,591 


4,722,905 


4,722,905 


5,775,095 





The value of land and buildings increased during the year by 
&gt;7,909, or 28 p.c., and the value of fur-bearing animals by $1,052,190, 
or 22 p.c. Table 19 shows the number and value of each description 
of fur-bearing animal for the two years 1920 and 1921. 



250 



PRODUCTION 



19. Number and Value of Fur-bearing Animals on Fur Farms In Canada, 

1920 and 1921. 



Kind of Animal. 


Number of Fur- 
bearing Animala. 


Value of Fur bearing 
Animals. 


1920. 


1921. 


1920. 


1921. 




No. 

13,694 
1,103 
373 
3 
1 
188 
3 
6 
23 
33 

2 
1,100 


No. 

17,321 
1,220 
484 

210 
8 
5 
65 
99 
9 
2 
2 
39 
1 
2,250 
750 


$ 

4,536,417 
87,735 
11,810 

748 
100 
4,835 
100 
675 
260 
125 

100 
80,000 


$ 

5,588,315 
101 . 550 
10,035 

5,366 
410 
700 
854 
500 
65 
200 
200 
1,300 
50 
5,550 
60,000 


Patch Fox 


Red Fox 


Blue Fox 


White Fox 


Mink 




Fisher 




Skunk f 






Bear 


Brown Beaver 


White Beaver 


Muskrat 


Karakul Sheep 


Total 


16,529 


22,455 


4,722,905 


5,775,095 





The table shows that the industry is expanding not only as regards 
increase in the number of foxes, which are the principal fur-producing 
animals domesticated, but also by the addition of other fur-bearing 
animals. Mink, raccoon, and skunk have increased in numbers and 
in 1921 there appear for the first time opossum, bears, beavers and 
muskrats. The total number of fur-bearing animals on the farms 
at the end of 1921 was 22,455, with a value of $5,775,095, as compared 
with 16,529 animals valued at $4,722,905 in 1920. The total for 1921 
comprises 17,321 silver foxes valued at $5,588,315; 1,220 patch foxes 
valued at $101,550; 484 red foxes valued at $10,035; 210 mink, value 
$5,366; 750 karakul sheep, value $60,000; 2,250 muskrat, value 
$5,550, and 220 miscellaneous, value $4,279. The number of fur- 
bearing animals sold from fur farms during 1921 was 3,175, value 
$806,139. Of these, 2,668 were silver foxes, value $779,110. The 
pelts sold numbered 4,854, valued at $609,097; they included the 
pelts of 3,790 silver foxes, value $579,456, of 402 patch foxes, value 
$22,608, of 336 red foxes, value $4,261, of 91 mink, value $962 and of 
235 miscellaneous, value $1,810. The total amount received by fur 
farmers in 1921 from the sale of live fur-bearing animals and pelts 
was $1,415,236, as compared with $1,151,556 in 1920, an increase 
of $263,680, or 23 p.c. 

DAIRYING. 

Production and Value of Creamery Butter.- -The total 
quantity of creamery butter produced in Canada in 1921 (Table 20), 
was 122,776,580 lb., of the value of $45,893,088, as compared with 
111,691,718 lb., of the value of $63,625,203 in 1920, an increase in 
quantity of 11,084,862 lb., or 10 p.c., and a decrease in value of 
$17,732,111, or 28 p.c. The decrease in value was caused by a lower 
average price per lb., which dropped from 56 cents in 1920 to 37 cents 



DAIRYING 



251 



in 1921. Increased production of creamery butter is shown by all 
the provinces, excepting Prince Edward Island, the largest pro 
portionate ini-rea.se being in British Columbia, where the production 
increased during the year by 36 p.c. In Ontario the production 
increased by 16 p.c. 

Production and Value of Factory Cheese.- -The total pro 
duction of factory cheese in 1921 (Table 21) was 161,062,626 lb., of 
the value of $28,615, IS 3 compared with 149,201,856 lb., of :he 
value of $39,100,872 in 1920, an increase in quantity of il,860,77C 
lb., or 8 p.c., and a decrease in value of $10,486,687, or 27 p.c. 
average wholesale price of cheese for Canada fell from 26 cents per lb. 
in 1920 to 17 cents in 1921. The provinces showing increased pro 
duction were Alberta 123 p.c., Manitoba 120 p.c., British Columbia 
23 p.c., Ontario 11 p.c., and Quebec 2 p.c. 

Condensed Milk and Milk Powder.- -The quantity of con 
densed milk made in Canada in 1921 was 39,101,243 lb., valued at 
$5,844,333, a decrease in quantity of 14,561,456 lb., or 37 p.c., as 
compared with 1920. The quantity of evaporated milk made was 
31,202,713 lb., valued at $3,428,456, an increase in quantity over 

1920 The quantity of milk powder and skim milk powder made in 

1921 was 7,112,609 lb., valued at ?1,303,048. Of the 27 condenseries 
in operation in Canada in 1921, 22 were situated in Ontario, and to 
the total value of products of condenseries of $14,162,762, Ontario 
contributed 12,2-11,579. Table 22 shows the quantity and value 
of products other than butter and cheese for the years 1919, 1920 
and 1921. 

Retrospective Statistics. In Table 23 the production and 
value of creamery butter and factory cheese is compared by provinces 
and for all Canada for the years 1900, 1907 and 1910, and annually 
from 1915 to 1921. Table 24 shows the total value of all the products 
of dairy factories by provinces for the five years 1917 to 1921. 

20. Production and Value of Creamery Butter, by Provinces, 1919-21. 



Province. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Prince Edward Island 


lb. 

90.5.752 


lb. 

I,lfi6,032 


lb. 

1 109.54C 


* 

485.880 


* 

674.744 


$ 

452,523 


Nova Scotia 


2,107,429 


2.503.188 


3.04.76S 


1.186.322 


1,518.757 


1.306,465 


I\ ew Brunswick 


910.504, 


1.053.649 


l.loJ lii^ 


503.714 


606. 8 .i 1 


475,112 




37. 6S 1.366 


41,632.511 


42,575.3 2 


20.857.523 


23 5S0.949 


15.431,962 




33,903.5i)2 


37.234.W8 


43.525,742 


18,340.951 


21,343.858 


16,665,277 




8,268,342 


7.578,549 


8,541.095 


4.350.693 


4.2*2.731 


3,253.057 


Saskatchewan 


6.622.572 


6.638.656 


7.030.053 


3.4&lt;&gt;5,172 


3,727.140 


2 . 552 , 698 


Alberta 


11,822,890 


11,821,291 


12. 929, 264 


6.132,733 


6,555.509 


4.478.585 


British Columbia 


1,668,290 


2.062,844 


2.818.552 


1.018,997 


1.334,624 


1,277,409 


Total 


103,890,707 


111,691,718 


122,776,580 


56,371,985 


3,G25,203 


45,893,088 

















252 



PRODUCTION 



21. Production and Value of Factory Cheese, by Provinces, 1919-21. 



Province. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Prince Edward Island 


Ib. 

2,472,563 
47,360 
1,252,849 
58,044,719 
103,320,041 
423,855 
35,452 
520,530 
304,502 


Ib. 

2,081,277 
52,638 
1,235,008 
52,162,777 
92,784,757 
116,229 
28,367 
398,750 
342,053 


Ib. 

1,681,779 
29,440 
1,100,382 
53,525,706 
103,135,613 
255,829 
22,659 
889,904 
421,314 


$ 

640,569 
12,952 
349,794 
15,305,488 
27,920,477 
111,898 
11,527 
145,158 
88,305 


1 

525,635 
14,865 
336,409 
13,372,250 
24,605,823 
31,611 
7,790 
110,355 
96,134 


$ 

293,651 
5,578 
203,941 
9,188,983 
18,604,766 
47,341 
4,209 
186,175 
80,541 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Total 


166,421,871 


149,201,856 


161,062,626 


44,586,168 


39,100,872 


28,615,185 





22. Miscellaneous Products of Dairy Factories, 1919, 1920 and 1921. 



Product. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Condensed milk Ib. 


62,216,383 
16,107,934 
6,788,770 

7,460,400 
494,973 

743,984 
1,404,491 
199,703 
2,854,070 
23,017,800 
6,505,394 


$ 

9,456,016 
1,789,089 
1,617,046 

852,080 
32,921 

150,668 
661,014 
32,693 
3,634,686 
10,662,526 
4,826,226 
256,491 

266,993 


53,662,699 
30,469,642 
7,574,668 

7,608,927 
363,294 

531,451 
1,516,932 
109,958 
2,996,514 
28,199,796 
7,379,131 


1 

10,202,230 
3,809,653 
2,178,176 

785,044 
18,723 

147,052 
757,156 
19,233 
4,151,949 
14,249,858 
6,533,098 
306,235 

452,009 


39,101,243 
31,202,713 
1,493,909 
5,618,700 
6,696,264 
1,096,006 

324,011 
1,097,397 
98,136 
3,259,551 
27,660,810 
8,743,234 

833,658 


$ 

5,844,333 
3,428,456 
492,042 
811,006 
719,009 
39,082 

94,065 
348,369 
9,814 
4,072,531 
13,153,450 
6,110,689 
298,889 
231,731 
46,115 


Evaporated milk Ib. 


Milk powder Ib. 


Skim milk powder Ib. 
Sterilized milk Ib. 


Skim condensed milk. . .Ib. 
Condensed coffee and 
cocoa Ib. 


Whey butter Ib. 


Casein Ib. 


Ice cream gal. 


Milk sold gal. 


Cream sold. . . (Ib . butter fat) 
Buttermilk sold 


Whey cream Ib. 


Sundry 


Total 





34,238,449 


- 


43,610,416 


- 


35,699,581 





23. Production and Value of Creamery Butter and Factory Cheese in Canada, by 

Provinces, 1900, 1907, 1910 and 1915-1921. 

CANADA. 



Year. 


Estab 
lish 
ments. 


Creamery Butter. 


Factory Cheese. 


1900.. 


No. 

3,576 
3,515 
3,625 
3,513 
3,446 
3,418 
3,373 
3,343 
3,165 
3,121 


Ib. 

36,066,739 
45,930,294 
64,489,398 
83,991,453 
82,564,130 
87,526,939 
93,298,348 
103,890,707 
111,691,718 
122,776,580 


1 

7,240,972 
10,949,062 
15,597,807 
24,385,052 
26,966,355 
34,274,218 
41,859,156 
56,371,985 
63,625,203 
45,893,088 


Ib. 

220,833,269 
204,788,583 
199,904,205 
183,887,837 
192,968,597 
194,904,336 
174,878,313 
166,421,871 
149,201,856 
161,062,626 


$ 

22,221,430 
23,597,639 
21,587,124 
27,097,176 
35,512,622 
41,180,623 
39,456,532 
44,586,168 
39,100,872 
28,615,185 


1907 


1910 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 





DAIRYING 



253 



Production and Value of Creamery Butter and Factory Cheese in Canada, by 
Provinces, 1900, 1907, 110 and 1915-19 il -continued. 

PRINCE Ki&gt;\v.\iu&gt; 1- 



Year. 


tab- 

li-h- 

DMBtB. 


( tv:itncry I uf 


.otory Cheese. 


1900 


No. 

47 
43 
45 
13 

40 
37 
38 
37 
34 


1!&gt;. 

220 

670,908 
539,518 

613 
597,271 

586, M7 

1,166,032 
1,109,546 


US, 402 
89, 
156 
151,065 
184,164 
,940 
i titi.104 
.880 
574,744 
,523 


11,. 

4,457,519 
2,250,316 
3,293,755 
2,260,000 
121,788 
. 34.985 
2,201,368 
2,472,563 
2,081,277 
1,681,779 


$ 

449,400 
251,410 
354,378 
327,700 
409.495 
466,317 
503,283 
640,569 
525,635 
293,651 


1907 


1910 


1915 


1916 


1917 








1920 


1921 





.\..\\ SCOTIA. 



iqOO 


33 


211 


68,686 


568,147 


58,321 


1907 


13 


198,238 


i47 


1M.956 


22,066 


1910 


18 


854,785 


88,481 


.243 


29,977 


1915 


27 


1,3 


346,011 


125 


18,837 


1916 




1,586,679 


.,000 


94,727 


17,051 


1917 




1,7 


711,652 


67,497 


14,269 


1918 


26 


1,756,905 


808, 755 


61,195 


13,897 


1919 






1.186, 


47,360 


12,952 


IQOQ 


26 


508,188 


l.:.lv7:&gt;7 


638 


14,865 





26 


3. 


1,306.465 


29,440 


5,578 















NEW Hi; 



1900 


68 


287,814 


58,589 


1,892,686 


187,106 


1907 


53 


96i 


2.X 1,102 


1,205.773 


146,720 


1910 






: 12. 205 


1,106,. 


129,677 


1915 


43 


77.i. U i 


,838 


1,165,651 


168,086 


1916 




709 


193 


1, IS r,,664 


210,693 


1917 


41 




233,686 


1,244,106 


257,645 


1918 


42 


660,010 


302,818 


1,185,225 


267,577 


1919 


41 


910 


503,714 


1,252,849 


349,794 


1920 




1,053,649 


606,891 


1,235,008 


336,409 


1921 


38 


1,152,168 


475,112 


1,100,382 


203,941 















QUEBK . 



1900 


1,992 


000 


4,916,756 


80,630,199 


7,957,621 


1907 


2,074 


31,056,154 


7,256,629 


69,887,625 


7,888,109 


1910 


2,143 


41.7S2.678 


9,961,732 


58,171,091 


6,195,254 


1915 


2,058 


36,621,491 


10,899,810 


54,217,113 


7,571,691 


1916 


1,984 


34,323,278 


11,516.148 


61,906,750 


11,245,104 


1917 


1,976 


34,392,562 


13,689,310 


67,835,017 


14,172,273 


1918 


1,954 


36,761,057 


16,364,950 


62,070,162 


13,976,866 


1919 


1,868 


37,681,366 


20,857 


58,044,719 


15,305,488 


1920 


1,809 


41,632,511 


23,580,949 


52,162,777 


13,372,250 


1921 


1,774 


42,575,392 


15,431,962 


53,525,706 


9,188,983 















ONTARIO. 



1900 


1,336 


7,559,542 


1,527,935 


131,967,612 


13,440,987 


1907 


1,209 


8,862,618 


2,120,457 


129,693,010 


15,106,030 


1910 


1,254 


13,876,888 


3,331,025 


136,093,951 


14,769,566 


1915 


1,164 


26,414,120 


7,534,653 


125,001,136 


18,831.413 


1916 


1,165 


24,680,109 


8,031,997 


126,015,870 


23,312,935 


1917 : 


1,135 


28,714,352 


11,219,029 


121,173,086 


25,771,944 


1918 


1,126 


29,452,422 


13,163,938 


107,886,724 


24,256,019 


1919 


1,121 


33,903,562 


18,340,951 


103,320,041 


27,920,477 


1920 


1,058 


37,234,998 


21,343,858 


92.784,757 


24,605,823 


1921 


1,059 


43,525,742 


16,665,277 


103,135,613 


18,604,766 















254 



PRODUCTION 



23. Production and Value of Creamery Butter and Factory Cheese in Canada, by 
Provinces, 1900, 1907, 1910 and 1915-1921 concluded. 

MANITOBA. 



Year. 


Estab 
lish 
ments. 


Creamery Butter. 


Factory Cheese. 


1900.. 


No. 
69 
51 
42 
59 
58 
64 
59 
56 
57 
51 


Ib. 
1,557,010 
1,561,398 
2.050,487 
5.839,667 
6.574,510 
7,050.921 
8.436,962 
8,268.342 
7,578.549 
8,541.095 


$ 
292,247 
388,427 
511,972 
1,693.503 
2,038.109 
2,595,472 
3,897.476 
4.350,693 
4,282,731 
3,253,057 


Ib. 
1,289.413 
1,266.592 
694,713 
726.725 
880,728 
1,003.646 
657.585 
423,855 
116.229 
255,829 


$ 
124.025 
144,836 
81.403 
109.008 
158.931 
199.036 
143,821 
111.898 
31.611 
47,341 


1907 


1910 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 





SASKATCHEWAN. 



1900.. 


5 


143,645 


29,362 


6.000 


868 


1907 


7 


132,803 


36,599 


15.000 


1,950 


1910 


27 


1,548,696 


381.809 


26,730 


3,396 


1915 


29 


3,811.014 


1,055.000 






1916 


32 


4,310.669 


1,338,180 





mm 


1917 


31 


4,220.758 


1,575,965 


_ 


_ 


1918 


39 


5,009,014 


2,221.403 


13,573 


3,257 


1919 


43 


6,622.572 


3,495,172 


35,452 


11,527 


1920 


47 


6.638,656 


3,727,140 


28.367 


7,790 


1921 


56 


7,030,053 


2,552.698 


22.659 


4,209 















ALBRRTA. 



1900 . 


18 


601,489 


123,305 


21,693 


3.102 


1907 


53 


1,507.697 


362,782 


197.911 


24,468 


1910 


56 


2,149,121 


533,422 


193.479 


23,473 


1915 


62 


7,544,148 


2,021,448 


381.632 


68,441 


1916 


64 


8,521,784 


2,619,248 


745,122 


154,453 


1917 


73 


8,943,971 


3,414,541 


1,274.905 


280. 185 


1918 


61 


9.053,237 


4,025,851 


552.834 


130.911 


1919 


58 


11,822,890 


6.132,733 


520,530 


145.158 


1920 


55 


11,821,291 


6,555,509 


398,750 


110,355 


1921 


49 


12,929,264 


4,478,585 


889,904 


186,175 















BRITISH COLUMBIA. 



1900 . 


8 


395,808 


105.690 


_ 


_ 


1907 


13 


1,283,797 


414.680 


90,400 


12,050 


1910 


9 


1,206,202 


420,683 






1915 


29 


1,204,598 


451,724 


10,000 


2,000 


1916 


32 


1,243.292 


497,316 


18,000 


3,960 


1917 


31 


1,294,743 


594,623 


71.094 


18,954 


1918 


29 


1,581,924 


807,861 


249,647 


60.901 


1919 


32 


1,668.290 


1,018,997 


304,502 


88.305 


1920 


34 


2,062,844 


1,334,624 


342,053 


96, 134 


1921 


34 


2,818,552 


1,227,409 


421,314 


80,541 















24. Total Value of All Products of Dairy Factories, by Provinces, 1917-21. 



Province. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Canada 


$ 
93,879,326 


$ 
107.340,850 


S 
135,196,602 


$ 
146,336,491 


$ 
110,207,854 


P. E. Island 


762,334 


855,374 


1,184,163 


1,252,013 


792,296 


N ova Scotia 


1,171,376 


1,423,451 


1,974,269 


2,517,338 


2,002.409 


New Brunswick 


589,235 


768,034 


1,167,256 


1,196,354 


897.288 


Quebec 


28,358,876 


31,033,944 


36,790.037 


37.732.572 


25.174,136 


Ontario 


48,720,706 


54,785,716 


69.897,519 


75,926.248 


59,865,759 


Manitoba 


1,424.190 


6,119,219 


7,042,646 


7,788,178 


6,066,015 


Saskatchewan 


2,375,399 


3,261,222 


5,042.377 


5,536.245 


4.197,808 


Alberta. 


5.247,343 


5,550,583 


7,872,541 


8,838,298 


6,439,095 


British Columbia 


2,529,867 


3,543,307 


4,225,794 


5,549,245 


4,773,048 















FRU1 



FRUIT PRODUCTION IN CANADA, 1920. 1 

Commercial Production and Value of Apples. Statistics, 
collected jointly by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics and the Fruit 
Branch of the Dominion Department of Agriculture, showed that the 
commercial production of apples in Canada for the year 1020 was 
3,404,340 barrels of the value of $29,849,149, as compared 
with 3,334,660 barrels, of the value of $24,396,210 in 1919, representing 
for 1920 an increase of 69,680 barrels in production and of $5,452,939 
in vain- By province-, the production and value were as follows: 
Nova Scotia 1,160,000 barrels, value $10,931,420, in 1920, as com 
pared with 1,600,000 barrels, value $9,989,680, in 1919; New Bruns 
wick 30,000 barrels, value $167,371, in 1920, 40,000 barrels, value 
$307,400, in 1919; Quebec 88,000 barrels, value $569,688, in 1920, 
70,500 barrels, value $527,0:&gt;(), in 1919; Ontario 1,621,800 barrels, 
value $13,073,765, in 1920, 878,860 barrels, value $7,030,880, in 1919; 
British Columbia 504,540 barrels, value $5,106,905, in 1920, 745,300 
barrels, value $0,540,300, in 1919. The average value per barrel for 
Canada was $8.77 in 1920, as compared with $7.31 in 1919. By 
provinces, the averane values were: Nova Scotia $9.42 in 1920, as 
a-ainst $6.24 in 1919; New Brunswick $5.78, against $7.68; Quebec 
$6.47, against $7.50; Ontario $8.0(i, against $8; British Columbia 
$10.12, against $8.78. 

These figures are set out in Table 25, and in Table 26 the est imated 
distribution of commercial apples into rarly, fall and winter varieties 
is given for all the provinces for the year 1920. Table 27 shows 
the apple production in Ontario by the 15 fruit inspection districts 
of the Fruit Branch of the -Department of Agriculture for the year 
1920, as compared with 1919. 

25. Production and Value of Commercial Apples in Canada, 1919 and 1920. 



Province. 


1919. 


1920. 


Quantity. 


Total 
Value. 


Value 
per 
Barrel. 


Quantity. 


Total 
Value. 


Value 
per 
Barrel. 




barn-Is 
1,600.000 
40.000 
70.500 
878.860 
745,300 


S 

.1.680 
307.400 
527.950 
7.030.880 
6.540.300 


* 

6 24 
7.68 
7.50 
8.00 
8 78 


barrel*. 
1,160.000 
30,000 
88.000 
1,621.800 
504,540 


$ 

10,931,420 
167, 1571 
569.688 
13.073.7Go 
5,106.905 


$ 

9.42 
5 78 
6 47 
8 06 
10.12 






Onturio 




Total 


3,334,660 


24,396,210 


7.31 


3 ,404 ,340 


29,849,149 


8.77 





NOTE Included in the above table are total export sales amounting to 1,127,400 barrels of the value, at par 
rate of exchange, of .512,470,441, an average price per barrel of $11.06. The province of Nova Scotia exported 
almost two-thirds of its total crop of 1920 at an average wholesale price of $10.60 per barrel. The average 
wholesale price on the domestic market was $6.25 per barrel. For the province of British Columbia boxes 
are expressed as barrels at the rate of three boxes to the barrel. 



^Abridged from the complete Report in the Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics, August, 1921, 
(Vol. 14, No. 156, p. 329). and also published separately. 



256 



PRODUCTION 



26. Estimated Distribution of Commercial Apples, by Early, Fall and Winter 

Varieties, 1920. 



Province. 


Early. 


Fall. 


Winter. 


Total. 


Nova Scotia 


barrels. 
58,000 


barrels. 
232,00 


barrels. 
870,000 


barrels. 
1,160 000 


New Brunswick 


6,000 


19,500 


4,500 


30 000 


Quebec 


44,000 


22,000 


22,000 


88,000 


Ontario 


75,915 


208,626 


1,337,342 


1,621,800 


British Columbia 


75,681 


126,135 


302 724 


504 540 












Totals 


259 ,596 


608 ,261 


2,536,566 


3,404,340 













27. Production of Apples in Ontario by Fruit Inspection Districts, 1919 and 1920. 



No. 


Inspection District. 




Early 
Apples. 


Fall 

Apples. 


Winter 
Apples. 


Total 
Apples. 


1 


Ottawa and St. Lawrence Valley 


1919 


barrels. 
2,297 


barrels. 
5,148 


barrels. 
4,775 


barrels. 
12 220 


2 


Picton, South Bay and Lakes district 


19201 
1919 


2,000 
207 


5,000 
2 389 


3,000 
39,204 


10,000 
41,801 


3 


Wellington, Rednerville 


1920 
1919 


2,297 
78 


4,644 
7,115 


42,242 
12,248 


49, 183 
19,441 


4 


Trenton 


1920 
1919 


88 


5,957 
2,088 


26,068 
29,004 


32,113 
31,092 


5 


Brighton 


1920 
1919 


30 
341 


4,747 
1,441 


26,330 
21,781 


31,107 
23,563 


fi 


Cobourg, Colborne and Port Hope 


1920 
1919 


75 

581 


3,972 
3 994 


61,759 
37 876 


65,806 
42 451 


7 


Bowmanville, Newcastle and Oshawa 


1920 
1919 


49 
159 


2,976 
1 195 


38,574 
25 663 


41,599 
27 017 


8 


Clarkson, Oakville, etc 


1920 
1919 


7,880 


1,907 
12 240 


46,553 
61,233 


48,460 
81,853 


9 


St. Catharines 


1920 
1919 


10,525 
235 


24,165 
109 


162,220 
11,236 


196,910 
11,580 


10 


Fruitland Beamsville 


1920 
1919 


3,928 
2 741 


3,286 
732 


43,900 
24 777 


51,114 

28 250 


11 


Simcoe-Thamesville 


1920 
1919 


8,822 
738 


11,828 
320 


210,720 
126,617 


231,370 
127,675 


12 


Middlesex 


1920 
1919 


3,371 
54 


11,816 
124 


177,046 
19,841 


192,233 
20,019 


13 


Essex and Lambton 


1920 
1919 


813 
1,455 


6,700 
14,398 


109,456 
57,555 


116,969 
73,408 


14 


Lake Huron 


1920 
1919 


4,400 
5 210 


10,704 
60 512 


88,571 
188 532 


103,675 
254 254 


15 


Georgian Bay 


1920 
1919 


29,557 
2,456 


79,608 
12,396 


183,483 
69 884 


292,648 
84,736 






1920 


9,960 


31,316 


117,420 


158,696 




Totals 


1919 


24 ,432 


124,201 


730,227 


878,860 






1920 


75,915 


208,626 


1,337,342 


1,621,883 



Estimated. 

Nursery Trees, Bushes and Plants. During the year ended 
September 30, 1920, the total value of all nursery fruit stock sold in 
Canada amounted to $500,167.52, as compared with $270,817.75 in 
1919. Of apple trees 453,609 were sold to the value of $206,286.48, as 
compared with 306,419 of the value of $85,560.76 in 1919. For 1920 
the apples were divided into early apples 66,088, value $31,313.28; 
fall apples 65,597, value $29,529.85; winter apples 308,860, value 
$139,487.45 and crab apples 13,064, value $5,955.90. The number 
and value of other descriptions in 1920 were as follows: Pears 64,383, 
value $37,870.70; plums 79,451, value $51,599.49; peaches 38,763, 



FRUIT PRODUCTION 



257 



value $18,135.13; cherries 53,521, value $36,345.66; apricots 9,691, 
value $6,403.20; quinces 382, value $152.80; blackberries 1,735, 
value $158.15; currants 223,040, value $37,465.81; grapes 71,906, 
value $12,207.83; gooseberries 87,664, value $18,657.43; raspberries 
589,999, value $32,157.31; mulberries 32, value $27.45; loganberries 
28,057, value $6,111.40; strawberries 2,788,333, value $36,588.68. 
The average wholesale price per tree, bush or plant works out as 
follows: apples 45 cents against 28 cents in 1919; pears 59 cents 
against 35 cents; plums 65 cents against 33 cents; peaches 46 cents 
against 17 cents; cherries 68 cents against 34 cents; apricots 66 
cents; quinces 40 cents; blackberries 11 cents against 4 cents; cur 
rants 17 cents against 16 cents; grapes 17 cents against 10 cents; 
gooseberries 21 cents against 23 cents; raspberries 5 cents against 
6 cents; mulberries 85 cents; loganberries 22 cents against 10 cents; 
strawberries $1.29 per 100 against $1.43 per 100. 

In Table 28 is given for Canada, and for each of the provinces, a 
summary of the number and value of each description of fruit stock 
sold during 1920, as compared with 1919. 

28. Total Quantities and Values of Fruit Trees, Bushes and Plants sold by Nursery 
men In Canada, by Provinces, during the years ended September 30, 1919 and 1920. 



Description of Tree, Bush 
and Plant. 


Varieties. 


Sold. 


Average 
price per 
Unit. 


Total Value. 


1919. 


1920. 


1919. 


1920. 


1919. 


1920. 


1919. 


1920. 


Canada- 
Apples Early 


No. 
21 
19 
53 


No. 
13 
14 
41 
8 


No. 

42,327 
53,865 
210,227 


No. 

66.088 
65,597 
308,860 
13,064 


I 

28 
27 
27 


S 
47 
45 
45 
46 


$ 

11,741-28 
14.370-99 
59,448-49 


S 

31,313-28 
29,529-85 
139,487-45 
5,955-90 


Fall 


Winter 


Crab Apples 


Total Apples 


93 

11 
34 
10 
26 

1 
15 
13 
10 
17 

1 
28 


78 

14 
44 

14 

22 
4 

1 

4 

19 
16 
8 
22 
1 
1 

34 


306,419 

63,149 
75,284 
68,453 
70,557 

14,000 
180,040 
82.345 
62,440 
495,331 

330 
1,638,538 


453,609 

64,383 
79,451 
38,763 
53,521 
9,691 
382 

1.735 
223,040 
71,906 
87,664 
589,999 
32 
28,057 

2,788.333 


28 

35 
33 
17 
34 

04 
18 
10 
23 
06 

10 
per 100. 
1-43 


45 

59 
65 
46 
68 
68 
40 

11 
17 
17 
21 
05 
85 
22 
per 100. 
1-29 


85,560-76 

22.056-28 
24,980-40 
11.841-82 
24,239-78 

490-00 
28,057-08 
8,014-22 
14,328-00 
27,785-60 

33-00 
23,430-81 


206,286-48 

37,870-70 
51,599-49 
18.135-13 
36,345-66 
6,403-20 
152-80 

158-15 
37,465-81 
12,207-83 
18,657-43 
32,157-31 
27-45 
6,111-40 

36,588.68 


Pears 


Plums 


Peaches 


Cherries 


Apricots 


Quinces 


SMALL FRUITS 
Blackberries 


Currants 


Grapes . 


Gooseberries 


Raspberries 


Mulberries 


Loganberries 


strawberries 


Total Value 


12 

8 
28 


6 
5 
18 


1,850 
825 
7,019 


3,817 
3,356 
11,123 


35 
48 
30 


46 
49 
43 


270,817-75 

653-80 
396-45 
2,124-29 


500,167-52 

1,746-38 
1,631-75 
4,836-75 


Nova Scotia- 
Apples Early. . 


Fall 


Winter 


Total Apples 


48 

6 
15 
1 
10 


29 

7 
12 

6 


9,694 

253 
921 
35 
474 


18,296 

489 
1,542 

129 


33 

71 
70 
29 
72 


45 

91 

92 

1-09 


3,174-54 

178-95 
642-95 
10-25 
342-10 


8,214-88 

446-75 
1,411-35 

138.75 


Pears 


Plums 


Peaches 


Cherries.. 



3813117 



258 



PRODUCTION 



28. Total Quantities and Values of Fruit Trees, Bushes and Plants sold by 

Nurserymen in Canada, by Provinces, during the years ended 

September 30, 1919 and 1920 continued. 



Description of Tree, Bush 
and Plant. 


Varieties. 


Sold. 


Average 
per price 
Unit. 


Total Value. 


1919. 


1920. 


1919. 


1920. 


1919. 


1920. 


1919. 


1920. 


Nova Scotia con. 
SMALL FRUITS 
Blackberries 


No. 

7 
4 
3 

7 

4 


No. 

6 

3 
4 

9 


No. 

1,556 
14 
458 
9,052 

855,525 


No. 

150 
2,236 

1,719 
18,936 

1,299,475 


$ 

17 
50 
21 
04 
per 100. 
45 


$ 

01 
20 

29 
03 
per 100. 
58 


$ 

264-25 
7-00 
100-00 
339-70 

3,825-62 


$ 

1-50 
453-30 

499-35 
592-69 

7,585-95 


Currants 


Grapes 


Gooseberries 


Raspberries 


Strawberries 


Total Value 





4 
4 
13 
3 


- 


2,957 
5,925 
10,414 
325 





26 

27 
24 
22 


8,885-36 


19,344-52 

756-40 
1,590-00 
2,542-80 
71-50 


New Brunswick- 
Apples Early . 


Fall 


Winter 


Crab Apples 


Total Apples 


- 


24 

2 
6 

2 


- 


19,621 

200 
424 
200 


- 


25 

60 
59 
60 


- 


4,960-70 

120-00 
248-40 
120-00 


Pears 


Plums 


Cherries 


Total Value 


6 
8 
17 

31 

3 
10 
4 

6 
4 
4 

7 

4 


6 
9 
22 
5 

42 

3 
9 
4 

7 
5 
4 
5 

5 


6,739 
3,506 
8,038 

18,283 

584 
1,586 
362 

665 
103 
800 
6,925 

7,100 


5,515 
4,083 
7,512 
150 

17,260 

147 
474 
330 

1,010 
305 

582 
3,334 

16,052 


32 
31 

28 

30 

25 
44 
49 

18 
35 
28 
03 
per 100 
1-53 


47 
51 
49 
58 

49 

79 
83 
82 

27 
44 
35 
10 
per 100. 
1-65 


2,129-90 
1,055-35 
2,293-05 

5,478-30 

144-00 
693-00 
176-00 

116-50 
35-75 
220-70 
216-88 

219-00 


5,449-10 

2,567-05 
2,077-05 
3,663-35 
87-50 

8,394-95 

116-81 
391-59 
270-56 

275-84 
135-00 
202-75 
328-90 

265-52 


Quebec- 
Apples Early 


Fall 


Winter 


Crab Apples 


Total Apples 


Pears 


Plums 


Cherries 


SMALL FRUITS 
Currants 


Grapes 


Gooseberries ... 


Raspberries 


Strawberries 


Total Value 


11 
9 
40 


6 
10 

28 
5 


21,659 

28,880 
105,632 


42,872 
32,927 
155,795 
2,832 


20 
21 

22 


46 
43 
46 
36 


7,300-13 

4,368-46 
6,187-39 
23,762-20 


10,381-92 

19,695-75 
14,307-80 
70,887-00 
1,012-50 


Ontario- 
Apples Early 


Fall 


Winter 


Crab Apples 


Total Value 


60 

11 
16 
8 
11 

1 
9 
10 
4 
12 

18 


49 

10 
21 
13 
16 

1 
11 
12 
5 
14 
1 

21 


156,171 

39,850 
60,005 
89,745 
58,024 

14,000 
135,806 
76,921 
37,235 
393,900 

384,306 


234,426 

36,824 
52,536 
30,399 
39,328 
382 

1,000 
151,495 
66,069 
27,858 
401,229 
25 

351,876 


22 

30 
26 
09 
30 

04 
08 
07 
12 
04 

per 100. 
MO 


45 

49 
66 
42 
65 
40 

08 
12 
16 
17 
03 
1-00 
per 100. 
1-29 


34,318-05 

11,833-58 
15,701-30 
8,275-67 
17,170-53 

490-00 
10,872-02 
5,720-47 
4,408-70 
14,625-67 

4,242-29 


105,903 05 

18,016-74 
34,499-05 
12,769-08 
25,508-35 
152-80 

75-00 
18,754-68 
10,761-51 
4,775-20 
13,301-04 
25-00 

4,542-36 


Pears . 


Plums 


Peaches 


Cherries 


Quinces 


SMALL FRUITS 
Blackberries 


Currants 


Grapes 


Gooseberries 


Raspberries 


Mulberries 


Strawberries 


Total Value. . 


_ 


_ 








__ 


__ 


127,658-28 


249,083-86 



1-ni lT PRODUCTION 






. Total Quantities and Values of Fruit Trees, Hushes and Plants sold by 
NurstT&gt; men in Canada, by Provinces, during the years ended 
September 30, 1919 and 1920 concluded . 



Description of Tree, Bush 

.tinl Plant. 


Varieti 


Sold. 


.\\ an 

pri&lt;v PIT 
1 nit. 


Total Value. 


1919. 


1920. 


1919. 


1920. 


1919. 


1920. 


L919. 


1920. 


Krilish ( oliimbi i 
Apples Early 


7 
6 
22 


4 

20 

2 


No. 

11,467 
20, till 
80, LM 


No. 

10,404 
19 

12:5,874 
H 


* 

35 
88 


57 
51 
46 
37 


- 

4,092-75 
6,721-80 
30,950-65 




5,93t)-4,-i 
9,888-75 
57,344-55 
3,037-90 


11 


\\iutcr . . . 


Crab Apples 


Total \pplc- 


5 

. 
1 
8 

9 
6 
5 
5 

1 

5 

f 


29 

10 

12 

8 
4 

4 

12 

7 

7 
1 
1 

7 


121,267 

462 
10,064 
8,&lt; 
10,185 

161 
:.07 
13, 
54. 

330 
219,879 


161,805 

26, 

13.1M7 

12.11 . 
9,691 

585 
43,681 
:i88 
46,934 
119 
7 
28,057 

912,900 


34 

45 

40 
41 

50 

30 

41 

07 

10 

per 100 

1 2. ) 


47 

72 
70 
64 
75 
66 

14 
16 
22 
15 
06 

22 
per 100. 

1.15 


41,765-20 

9,8&lt;M -7:&gt; 
4,931-00 
.5-90 

5 ,057- .id 

6,684-40 
2,251-00 
,.-&gt;-35 
4,083-40 

33-00 
17-50 


76,207-65 

19,170-40 
84-70 

5,366-05 
:t3-70 
6,403-20 

81-65 
7,132-63 
1,183-30 
6,843-55 
12-90 
2-45 
6,111-40 

10,528-00 


Pear- 


Plums 


A pricots 


-\I\I.L FRUITS 
Blackberries 


Currants 


Grapes 


Goo- fberries . 




Mulbi rrif-i .... 


Loganberries 


Strawberries . ... 


Total Viilu&gt; 

Prairie Provinces 
\pples Ej&rly 


4 

1 
1 


4 

1 
1 
6 


612 
10 


142 
1,513 


M 

1-00 

83 


1-17 
1-50 
1-50 
MB 

1-18 

50 
-90 

44 
90 
60 
22 
per 100. 
6-57 


84,144-40 

496-37 
10-00 
&gt;-30 


165,791-58 

611-25 
34-50 
213-00 
1,746-50 


:: 


Winter 


Crab Apples . . 


Total Value 


6 

7 
5 

6 

3 
5 

3 


12 

14 
3 

13 
5 
5 
14 

3 


1,004 

2,708 
1,512 

19,852 

10.578 
30,475 

164,728 


2,201 

10,558 
1,088 

24,618 

144 
10,571 
47,402 

208,030 


82 

1-15 
99 

51 
61 

per 100. 
8-00 


824-67 

3,012 -I. ) 
1,493-25 

10,119-91 

6,443-25 
8.51S-95 

12,416-40 


2,605-25 

5,364-40 
974-30 

10,849-36 
128-02 
6,336-58 
10,191-78 

13,666-85 


Plums . 


Cherries 


SMALL FRUITS 

Currants 


Grapes 


Gooseberries 


Raspberries 


Strawberries 


Total Value . . . 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


42,829-58 


50,116-54 





The varieties of which most numbers were sold in 1920 were as 
follows, the corresponding number for 1919 being given within brack 
ets: Early apples: Duchess of Oldenburg 33,066 (18,633); Yellow 
Transparent 19,138 (12,793); Fall apples: Wealthy 27,798 (23,938); 
Winter apples: Mclntosh Red 77,933 (42,832); Fameuse (Snow) 
29,137 (7,743); Delicious 26,566 (13,252); Northern Spy 20,604 
(13,599); Wagener 15,830 (6,298); Jonathan 14,279 (4,501). Pears: 
Bartlett 28,304 (8,143); Flemish Beauty 8,070; Anjou (Beurre 
d Anjou) 5,005 (1,110); Clapp 4,961 (3,002). Plums: Lombard 
8,429 (2,498); Reine Claude 8,181 (2,864); Italian Prune 8,074 

38131 17 



260 



PRODUCTION 



(270); Burbank 8,051 (2,610). Peaches: Elberta 12,302 (4,330); 
St. John 6,047 (3,145); Early Crawford 5,462 (3,852). Cherries: 
Montmorency 18,005 (6,344); Early Richmond 6,310 (295); Bing 
4,513 (253); Windsor 3,320 (1,079); Black Tartarian 3,256 (150). 
Currants: Fay 35,777 (8,743); Champion 29,319 (20,372); Cherry 
17,643 (5,098); Naples 14,957 (10,680); White Grape 14,641 (4,125); 
Boskoop Giant 12,524 (5,671); Lee 12,395 (6,348); Perfection 11,881 
(6,705); Victoria 10,814 (528). Grapes: Concord 33,628 (15,946); 
Worden 10,909 (3,955); Niagara 10,559 (4,093). Gooseberries: 
Oregon Champion 43,195 (528); Downing 13,713 (5,483); Carrie 
6,727 (6,789); Houghton 6,241 (4,489). Raspberries: Cuthbert 
259,043 (54,530); Ranere 51,156; Herbert 38,976 (16,824); King 
38,711 (8,574); Plum Farmer 27,275; Cumberland 15,514 (3,153); 
Turner 10,000; Marlboro 8,165 (1,375). Apricots: Moorpark 5,291; 
Strawberries: Senator Dunlap 1,358,754 (965,980); Magoun 658,700; 
Everbearing 172,843 (183,351); Paxton 107,000 (2,000); Marshall 
90,300; Glen Mary 74,056 (17,460); Williams 51,900 (41,000); Pro 
gressive 26,075 (5,000); Belt 24,000 (2,515). 

COLD STORAGE. 

Cold Storage of Perishable Products. Under the Cold 
Storage Act, 1907 (6-7 Edw. VII, c. 6), subsidies have been granted 
by the Dominion Government towards the construction and equip 
ment of cold storage warehouses open to the public, the Act and 
regulations made thereunder being administered by the Department 
of Agriculture. Table 29 shows for 1922 the number of cold storage 
warehouses in Canada, with the refrigerated space. This amounts 
to 36,443,028 cubic feet, of which 5,244,358 cubic feet apply to ware 
houses subsidized under the Act and 31,198,670 cubic feet apply to 
non-subsidized warehouses. 

29. Cold Storage Warehouses in Canada, 

SUBSIDIZED PUBLIC WAREHOUSES. 



Province. 


Number. 


Refriger 
ated 
Space. 


Cost. 


Total 
Subsidy. 




1 


Cubic feet. 
200,000 


ft 

50,000 


1 

15,000 




3 


571,440 


287,237 


78,171 




2 


781,161 


192,577 


57,773 




2 


248,394 


245,287 


73,586 




16 


1,739,944 


632,547 


183,740 




1 


27,500 


32,000 


9,600 




4 


437,596 


268,707 


80,612 




2 


351,159 


242,000 


72,600 


British Columbia 


3 


887, 164 


458,000 


137,400 




34 


5,244,358 


2,408,355 


708,482 













COLD STORAGE WAREHOUSES 



261 



29. Cold-storage Warehouses In Canada, 1922 concluded. 
SUBSIDIZED AND NON-SUBSIDIZED WAREHOUSES. 



Province. 


No. 


Refriger 
ated 
Space. 


Articles Stored. 


Prince Edward Island 


4 


Cubic feet 
241,700 


1 Bait and Fish, 1 Eggs, 1 Fox meat and Meats, 


Vova Scotia . 


19 


1.110,554 


1 Meat and General. 
4 Bait and Fish, 1 Butter, 3 Butter and Ice Cream, 


New Brunswick 


24 


975,391 


1 Dairy Products, Fish, Meats, 1 Eggs, 4 Fish, 
3 Fish and Meat, 1 General, 1 Meat and Produce. 

18 Bait and Fish, 1 Butter, Eggs, Ice Cream, 


Quebec . . 


60 


8, 692, 779 


1 Cured Meats, 1 Eggs, 2 General, 1 Meat and 
Poultry. 

1 Butter, 1 Butter and Eggs, 1 Butter, Eggs and 


Ontario 


122 


11,593,875 


Meats, 4 Butter and Ice Cream, 1 Butter and 
Meats, 2 Cured Meats, 2 Cured and Fresh 
Meats, 7 Dairy Products, 4 Dairy Products 
and Meats, 1 Dairy Products, Meats and Eggs, 1 
Dairy and Packing House Products, 3 Fish, 
1 Fish, Meat and Poultry, 1 Fruit, Meat Pro 
ducts and Vegetables. 10 General, 1 General and 
Packing House Products, 1 General, Meats and 
Poultry, 4 General and Meats, 3 Meate 
Poultry, 2 Meat Products, 9 Meats. 

16 Butter, 1 Butter and Cheese, 1 Butter and 


Manitoba 


42 


4,006,147 


Dairy Products, 3 Butter and Eggs, 1 Butter, 
Eggs and Meats, 2 Butter, Eggs and Poultry, 
1 Butter and Farm Products, 1 Butter and 
General, 11 Butter and Ice Cream, 1 Butter and 
Meats, 1 Butter and Milk, 1 Cheese and Meats, 
4 Cured Meats, 1 Cured Meats and Fish, 1 
Dairy Products and Eggs, 4 Dairy Products, 
Eggs and Meats, 1 Dairy and Farm Products, 
1 Dairy Products and Meats, 1 Dairy Products, 
Meats and Poultry, 5 Dairy and Packing House 
Products, 1 Eggs, 5 Eggs and General, 12 Fish, 
1 Fish and Fruit, 1 Fish and General, 2 Fish 
and Meats, 1 Fish, Meats and General, 3 Fruit, 
4 Fruit and Jams, 1 Fruit and Meats, 1 Fruit 
and Meat Products, 1 Fruit and Vegetables, 
21 General, 1 General Produce, 1 Hog Products, 
5 Meats, 3 Meats and General. 

2 Butter, 5 Butter and Ice Cream, 1 Butter and 


Saskatchewan 


30 


1,695,289 


Meats, 1 Dairy Products and General, 2 Dairy 
Products and Meats, 15 Fish, 1 Fish and Poultry. 
6 General, 6 Meats, 2 Meats and General, 1 Pack 
ing House Products. 

5 Butter, 1 Butter, Eggs and Meats, 8 Butter and 


Alberta 


20 


3,808,835 


Ice Cream, 1 Eggs and General, 3 Fish, Meats 
and General, 7 General, 1 Meats, 3 Meatsjand 
General, 1 Packing House Products, 

1 Butter, 1" Butter," Eggs, Meats and Poultry, 


British Columbia 


41 


4,274,008 


5 Butter and Ice Cream, 1 Eggs and Fruit,*] 
Fish, Meats and General, 1 Fish, Meats and 
Poultry, 3 General, 4 Meats, 3 Packing House 
Products and General. 

3 Butter, 1 Butter and General, 2 Butter andUce 


Yukon 


1 


44,900 


Cream, 1 Butter and Meats, 9 Fish, 1 Fish and 
General, 1 Fish and Meats, 3 Fish, Meats and 
General, 2 Fruit, 1 Fruit and Jams, 10 General, 
2 Meats, 2 Meats and General, 1 Packing House 
Products, 1 Packing House Products and Eggs, 
1 Packing House Products and General. 

1 Fish. 










Totals 


3C3 


36,443,028 













262 



PRODUCTION 



PRICES OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE. 

Tables 30 to 35 record the average prices of Canadian agricultural 
produce and Table 36 the yearly average prices from 1902 of British- 
grown wheat, barley and oats. Tables 30 to 34 record the average 
prices of Canadian grain at Winnipeg and Fort William, weekly, for 
the weeks ended Saturday during the year 1921 (Tables 30, 32, 33) and 
in monthly averages for the two years 1920 and 1921 (Tables 31, 
34). Table 35 gives the monthly range of average prices in 
British markets of Canadian wheat and oats for the years 1920 and 
1921, the English currency, weights and measures having been con 
verted into Canadian equivalent denominations at the par rate of 
exchange. Table 37 gives the monthly average prices of flour, bran 
and shorts at principal markets in 1921, Table 38 the average prices 
of Canadian live stock at principal markets for the three years 1919 
to 1921 and Table 39 the average monthly prices of selected descrip 
tions of Canadian live stock at principal markets in 1921. The last- 
named table is an abridgment of the more detailed classification 
appearing in the Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics. Tables 
40 and 41 give the average prices paid to and paid by farmers in 
Canada for clover and grass seed in 1921 and 1922. 

30. Weekly Range of Prices of Wheat at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1921. 

(Per bushel of COlb.) 
SOURCE: Board of Grain Commissioners for Canada. 



Date. 


No. 1 
Northern. 


No. 2 
Northern. 


No. 3 
Northern. 


No 4. 


No. 5. 


No. 6. 


Feed. 


1921. 

January 8. ... 
15.... 
22.... 
29.... 

Average 


$ c. $ c. 

1. 92|-2. OOf 
1. 94|-2. 04f 
1.88 -1.98f 
1.83 -1.93} 

1 89f-1.99} 


$ c. $ c. 

1.88|-1.98| 
1.911-2.021 
1.84|-1.95f 
1.80 -1.90} 

1 86}-l 96f 


$ c. $ c. 

1.81f-1.89| 
1.861-1.95 
1.80 -1.90f 
1.75 -1.85i 

1.801-1 90| 


$ c. $ c. 

1.721-1.81! 
1.781-1.87 
1.72i-1.83i 
1.69 -1.78| 

1 73H 82E 


$ c. $ c. 

1.57f-l. 66| 
1.631-1.72 
1.60^-1.68! 
1.55 -1.65f 

1 59|-1 68} 


$ c. $ c. 

1.47|-1.52! 
1.531-1.60 
1.441-1.551 
1.40 -1.501 

1 46|-1. f 4| 


$ c. $ c. 

1.37f-l. 42 j 
1.451-1.51! 
1.35^-1.46! 
1.30 -1.40i 

1. 371-1. 45i 


February 5 . . 
12.. 
19.. 
26.. 

Average 


1. 71|-1. 80i 
1.80|-1.94! 
1.89 -1.97-1 
1.90|-1.94| 

1 S3 -1 91f 


1.681-1. 77 } 
1. 77|-1. 91f 
1.86 -1.941 
1.871-1.911 

1 80 -1 88| 


1.64f-1.73i 
1.731-1.871 
1.82 -1.90| 
1.831-1.871 

1 151-1 84f 


1.581-1.66! 
1.661-1.80} 
1.77 -1.85 

1.78|-1.82f 

1 70i-l 781 


1.451-1.531 
1.52f-1.68} 
1.67 -1.74 
1.68H.72I 

1 58i-l 87 


1.301-1.371 
1.35f-l-49} 
1.48 -1.55 
1.50|-1.54| 

1 411-1 49 


1. 20!-1.27} 
1.251-1.39} 
1.38 -1.45 
1.381-1.42} 

1 30 a - 1 38 


















March 5 


1 91|-1 98$ 


1 88f-l 95? 


1 841 1 91 * 


1 7Q 1 1 84 3 


1 fi7 7 1 7 1 ! 3 


i 40 1 1,73 


i Q71 i 48 


" 12 


1 90i-l 96} 


1 871 1 93} 


1 3|_1 801 


1 77 3 1 82 3 


1 AC7 1 743 


1 52 7 1 "i? 5 


1 421 1 48 3 


" 19 ... 


1 84 -1 87| 


1 81 -1 84| 


1 77 -1 80! 


1 fiQ _1 74 


1 fil 1 fi7 3 


1 AK. 1 C13 


i QK i 412 


" 26 


1.87 -1.91J 


1 84 -1 88^ 


1 80 -1 84 


1 71 -1 74 


1 63 -1 665 


1 48 -1 51^ 


1 38 -1 4l| 


Average ... . 


1 88}-l 93 \ 


1 85}-l 90| 


1 gli-l 86 1 


1 74 1 - 1 7*) 1 


1 fiii_i 711 


1 4&gt; -1 W 1 


1 ^S 1 1 45i 


















April 2.. 


1.78}-1 94 


1 751-1 9U 


1 711-1 87^ 


1 611-1 77i 


1 52 3 1 6Q 


1 38 1 -! 54 


1 281 44 


" 9 . 


1 77f-l 82} 


1 741-1 111 


1 701-1 73 3 


1 fin 3 1 fv5 


i ii 1 u 


1 37 1 1 40 


1 27 1 1 *?0 


16 .. 


1 601-1 80| 


1 534-1 76! 


1 5111 7ll 


1 40 5 1 fiO 3 


1 ^fi 3 1 ^n 3 


i 92 3 1 ^6 3 


1 12 3 1 2fi 3 


" 23 


1 70|-1 83f 


1 63 |-1 80^ 


1 601-1 76? 


1 44i-l ^q 1 


i ^71 1 tj2 l 


1 20 1 -! S^i 




" 30 


1 75f-l 80 


1 68J-1 73^ 


1 61|-1 69 


1 481-1 53" 


1 40 5 1 4fi" 


i OQ -1 2Q 




Average 


1 72|-1 84} 


1 67 -1 80 


1 33 -1 7S 3 - 


I 11 1 CO- 5 - 


1 4.1 1 1 "1I4 3 


1 29 3 1 S9 


1 23 1 33 } 



















or &lt; \ VADIAN GRAIli 



263 



3ft.- Wrekly Range of Prices of Wheat at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1921. conclud. ,1 

LTRCE: Board of Grain Commissioners for Canada. 



D:v 


No. I 

Northern. 


No. 2 

r thorn. 


No. 3 
Northern. 


Xo. 4. 


No. 5. 


No. 6. 


Feed. 


1921. 

M:V 7.. 


$ 0. $ C. 

1.791-1.88J 


$ C. $ C. 

1.75H-84I 


* c. S c. 

1.681 1.78i 


$ c. S c. 

1.561-1. 66| 


$ c. S c. 

1.451-1- 551 


S c. $ c. 


$ c. c. 


14 


1.78J-1 


1.771-1.821 


1 72 H. 78J 


1 521 1.671 


1.424-1.491 


1.271-1. 30] 





21 


1.79J-1.92$ 


L.T7H 


1.721-1-851 


1.562-1.76 


1 H|-1.65 


1.291-1.49 


1.301-1.34 


28 


1.87 -1 


1.84 -1 


1.80 -1.871 


1.691-1.74 


1 .V2J-1.541 


1.371-1.391 





\crai&lt;i 


1.S11-1.892 


1.78H 


1.7SH 


1.58J-1.7I1 


1.4tH-5ti 


1.51$-1.39? 


1.30J-1 34 


June 4 ...... 


1.88 -1.951 


1.84-1.911 


1.83 -1 


1 7:; ! 


1.56-1.641 


1.41-1.42$ 


_ _ 


11 


i -1.93} 


1 v, . -1 


I 7 .)1-1.82| 


I 71 . 1 


&gt;$-1.63j 


- - 





" 18 


1.82J-1. 89i 


1.81 




1H.72J 


1 :&gt;G 1-1.59$ 








25 


1.841-1.92} 


Jj-1 89$ 


1 77; 1 


1 H6I-1.73J 


- 


- 





30 


1.84$-1.89i 


li-1.862 


1.78H 




- 








Vvi ratjp .. . 


1.852-1.921 


1.83 |-1. 89} 


1.781-1 8S| 


1 69J 1 74} 


1 571-1 $ 


1 11 1 1! 


. 


















July 9 


1.81J-1-83I 


1.791-1.821 


1.702-1.79! 


1.61H-A2I 


1.40 1-1. 40 J 


1.30J-1. 30 J 


1.151-1.151 


" 16 


1.74H-87J 


1.71H-84J 


1.68i-l-82i 


- 


- - 








" 23 


1.82|-1. 86 1 


1 sO -1.831 


1.76 -1 


1 62$-l 651 


- - 


- 





" 30 


1.78 -1.84| 


1.75 -1.82* 


1 71 -1.77| 


1.53 -1.64 


1.38 -1.38 


1.23 





Average 


1.79J-1.851 


1.7t$-1.83 


1 75-1 71} 


1 5i-l.tSi 


1 591-1 59 J 


1.282-1. M{ 


i t.ii-i.i5i 


















Vugust 6 


1.761-1.82$ 


1.73J-1 


1 .1.- 


1 4NI-1.56J 


1.34, 


1.201-1.26$ 


1.02 -1.05$ 


M 13 


1.801-1-90$ 


1 761-1.82$ 


1 K 


1 :,:; 1.571 


S -1.41 








" 20 


1.80i -1.921 


1 72H.SU 


1.63J-1 


1.43J-1 


1.9M-1 


1.201-1.241 





M 

Average 


1. 69|-1. 84J 
1 76H 37$ 


l.7 1 

i.Ttt-i.Mt 


I.S41-1.7S 


1 41 \ 1 
1.4t$-1.54 


1 -J6J-1.31 
1 51 J-1 381 


1.11$-1.16 
1 17$-1 22} 


1.02 -1.05$ 


September 3. 
10 
17. 
24. 

Average.... 


1.50 -1 
1.521-1- 64i 
1.42|-1.58| 
1.421-1.451 

1 46; 1 59J 


1.42}-1. 68] 
1.431-1.56 

1.39H 
1.39J-1.42J 

1 411-1 &gt; 


1.40 -1 
1.39J-1 
1.34H.43J 
1.35H.38J 

1. 571-1. 48i 


1.29 -1.41! 
1.291-1.38 
1.261-1.32) 
1.29H-32J; 

1 28J-l.JtJ 


1.16f-1.26i 
1.171-1-241 
1.14H.20J 
1.17- 1.19J 

1 1S1-1.22J 


i.oii-i.iij 

1.04J 
1.07-1.09? 

1.M1-1.10J 


0.94J 
0.97 -0.99| 

95$-0.99J 


October 1 . 
8. 
15. 
22. 

29. 

Average . . . 


1.281-1.38 
1.13J-1 -&gt;7 
1.17 -1.2i; 
1.081-1.16 
1.09H .12" 

1 15$-1 ?3S 


1.271-1.35 
1.121-1.26$ 
1.141-1.2111 
1.061-1.13 
1.06f-1.101 

1 13? in 


1.23 -1.31 
1.10 -1 
1.111-1 
1.02 -1.08: 
1.02i-1.05i 

l.MI-l.lti 


1.171-1.25$ 
1.04 -1.16^ 
1.051-1. Ill 
0.94 -l.OH 
0.95i-0.98j 

1 05i-l Iti 


1.05H-1- 
0.94$-1.04i 

0.971-1.031 
0.87$-0.94i 
0.89 -0.92J 

94|-l .Mi 


0.951-1.02$ 
0.84$-0.94i 
0.87i-0.93i 
0.78$-0.84} 
0.80 -0.83J 

85 -9.911 


0.851-0.92$ 
0.74$-0.841 
0.771-0.831 
0.68$-0.75i 
0.70 -0.73J 

0.75 -.81* 


















November 5.. 
12.. 
19.. 
26.. 

Average 


1.02 -1.10 

1.094-1-12 
1.07 -1.11 
1.131-1.16 

1 08 -1.15 


0.991-1.081 
1. 06|-1. 09i 
1.04 -1.08J 
1.10f-1.14i 

1 05 -1 103 


0.941-1.03 
1.00$. 1.03, 
0.98$-1.02^ 
1.03$-1.07| 

.MM. 04 } 


0.881-0. 97 J 
0.95f-0 99j 
0.95 -0.98J 
0. 981-1. OOi 

94^-0 99 


0.82J-0.92| 
0.90 -0.92i 
0.87$-0.91| 
0.85 -0.901 

.MM-tli 


0. 73i-0. 82f 
0.82 -0.841 

0.79$-c 
0.78 -0.83| 

t.7SJ-0.83i 


0.63M-72I 
0.721-0.75J 
0.70$-0.75-J 
0.70 -0.75f 

691-0 74J 


















December 3 . 
10. 
17. 
24. 
31. 

Average .... 


1.151-1.191 
1.121-1.18= 
1.051-1.14 
1.121-1.15- 
1.1H-1.13 

1. llf-l.lt 


\ l.HH H- 

1.061-1.13- 
0.991-1.08 
1.06M-09 
i 1.051-1.08 

\ l.Oai-1.10 


1.02}-1.07i 
1.001-1.063 
0.941-1.00! 
1.00^-1.03] 
0.98|-1.02 

O.W1-1.04 


0.981-1.01 
0.931-0.98 
t 0.87J-0.91 
0.91 -0.95 
0.92i-0 .95 

0.92$-0.9 


0.85-0.88J 
0.84 -0.87J 
0. 79^-0. 84J 
0.85 -0.88 
0.851-0.88 

.831-0.87 


0.78 -0.791 
0.75 -0.783 
, 0.701-0-751 
i 0.76 -0.80 
t 0. 761-0. 79j 

i t.75$-0.78 


0.70-0.711 
0.67 -0.70$ 
0.621-0.69$ 
0.70 -0.74 
0.701-0.73! 

| 0.68-0.711 



264 



PRODUCTION 



31. Monthly Range of Average Prices of Wheat at Winnipeg and Fort William, 

1920-1921. 

(Per bushel of 60 Ib.) 
SOURCE: Board of Grain Commissioners for Canada. 



Date. 


No.l 
Northern. 


No. 2 
Northern. 


No. 3 
Northern. 


No. 4. 


No. 5. 


No. 6. 


Feed. 


Averages for 


$ c. $ c. 


$ c. $ c. 


$ c. $ c. 


$ c. $ c. 


$ c. $ c. 


$ c. $ c. 


$ c. $ c. 


January 1920.. 
1921.. 


2.15 

1 8Qf-1.99i 


2.12 
1. 861-1. 96| 


2.08 
1.801-1. 90| 


2.02 
1.73|-1.82| 


1.91 
1.591-1.681 


1.81 
1.461-1. 54 f 


1.71 
1.371-1.451 


February 1920. 
1921. 


2.15 
1.83 -1.91| 


2.12 
1.80 -1.88| 


2.08 
1.755-1-841 


2.02 
1.701-1. 78| 


1.91 
1.581-1.67 


1.81 
1.411-1.49 


1.71 
1.301-1.381 


March 1920.. 
" 1921.... 

April 1920.. 


2.15 
1.881-1-931 

2.15 


2 12 
K851-1.901 

2.12 


2.08 
1.811-1.861 

2 08 


2.02 
1.741-1.79! 

2.02 


1.91 
1.651-1.711 

1.91 


1.81 
1.49 -1.541 

1 81 


1.71 
1.381-1.451 

1.71 


" 1921 


1.72f-1.841 


1.67 -1.80 


1.63 -1.75| 


1.5H-1.62f 


1 431-1.541 


1.29|-1.39 


1.23 -1.331 


May 1920.. 


2.15 


2.12 


2.08 


2.02 


1.91 


1.81 


1.71 


" 1921 


1.81!-1.89f 


1. 78f-l- 86f 


1.731-1.82! 


1.58f-1.705 


1.461-1.561 


1.311-1.391 


1.301-1.34 


June 1920.... 
1921.... 

July 1920. . 


2.15 
1. 85f-l- 921 

2.15 


2.12 
1.831-1.89f 

2.12 


2.08 
1.78f-1.83| 

2.08 


2.02 
1.695-1-741 

2.02 


1.91 
1.571-1.621 

1.91 


1.81 
1.41 -1.421 

1.81 


1.71 
1.71 


" 1921 


1.79|-1.85| 


1.761-1.83 


1.73 -1.79| 


1.591-1-635 


1.391-1.39| 


1.26f-l. 30 J 


1.15f-1.155 


August 1920... 
" 1921... 


2. 42|-2. 45 I 
1.765-1.871 


2.39|-2.42| 
1.72S-1-801 


2. 35|-2. 38 I 
1.64f-1.73 


2.25f-2.28f 
1.461-1.54 


2. 151-2. 17 f 
1.315-1-381 


2.051-2.06 
1.171-1.221 


1.951-1.96 
1.02 -1.051 


September 1920 
1921 


2.71f-2.821 
1. 46f-l. 59i 


2.681-2.791 
1.41i-1.54| 


2.64^-2.751 
1.37i-l-4S| 


2.50-2.6H 
1.28M.36J 


2.39J-2.51 
1.161 1.22 i 


1.04J-1.101 


0.951-0.995 


October 1920.. 
" 1921.. 


2.29|-2.40| 
1. 151-1. 23i 


2.27 -2.381 
1.13|-1.21 


2.191-2.30! 
1.09f-1.16| 


2.12 -2.231 
1.031-1.10! 


2.021-2.13 
0. 94|-1. Olf 


1.92J-1.99 
0.85 -0.91| 


1.82|-1.891 
0.75 -0.81| 


November 1920 
1921 


1.981-2.12! 
1.08-1.13 


1.971-2.11! 
1.05 -1.103 


1.935-2.08 
0.991-1.041 


1.89 -2.02 
0.941-0.99 


1.781-1 .911 
0.861-0.911 


1.671-1.811 
0.781-0.831 


0. 691-0. 74J 


December 1920 
1921 


1.86f-2.00| 
1.11J-1.163 


1.84 -1.97| 
1. 05|-1. lOf 


1.78!-1.93 
0.991-1.04 


1.601-1.731 
0. 921-0. 96j 


1.471-1.58 
0.83H&gt;.871 


1.371-1.441 
0. 751-0. 78J 


1.27 -1.33| 
0.68 -0.711 



32. Weekly Range of Prices of Oats at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1921. 

(Per bushel of 34 Ib.) 
SOURCE: Board of Grain Commissioners for Canada. 



Date. 


No. 2 C.W. 


No. 3 C.W. 


No. 1 Fd. Ex. 


No. 1 Feed. 


No. 2 Feed. 


1921. 
January 8. . 


$ c. $ c. 
0-53 -0-531 


$c. $ c. 
0-50 -0-50| 


$ c. $ c. 
0-50 -0-50f 


$c. $c. 

0-47!-0-48| 


$c. $ c. 
44f-0-45| 


" 15.. 


0-531-0-551 


0.49f-0-5i3 


0.49|_0-51! 


0-47^-0-49f 


0-44V-0-46f 


" 22.. 


0-483-0-53 


0-445-0-49 


0-441-0-49 


0-421-0 46} 


0-391-0-43| 


" 29 


0-471-0 -491 


0-43|-0-451 


0-43|-0-455 


0-411-0-431 


0-381-0 -40| 


Average 


0-501-0-521 


0-47 -0-49! 


47 -0-491 


0-44f-0 -471 


0-411-0-441 














February 5 


0.45J-0.48| 


0-411-0-441 


0-411-0-441 


0-391-0-421 


0-36 -0-39 


12.. 


0-47|-0-491 


0-43|-0-451 


43|-0-451 


0-41J-0-431 


0-385-0-40 


19.. 


0-48?-0-511 


0-44a-0-471 


0-44?-0-47J 


0-421-0-451 


0-391-0-411 


" 26 


0-495-0-501 


0-45f-0-461 


0-45f-0-461 


0-43f-0-441 


0-40f-0-41i 


Average 


0-47J-0 50 


0-43 |-0-45| 


0-435-0-455 


0-415-0-435 


0-381-0-401 














March 5 


0-49J-0.50f 


0-451-0-46| 


0-45i-0-46| 


0- 451-0-441 


0- 401-0 -41| 


" 12. ... 


0-49 0-50i 


0-441-0-46 


0-441 0-46 


0-421-0-44 


0-391-0-41 


19 


0-471-0-481 


0-42f-0-44| 


0-42 |-0 -44f 


-40|-0 -42f- 


0-37| 0-391 


" 26 


0-46!-0-47J 


0-42 -0-42f 


0-42 -0-42f 


0-40 -0-40| 


0-37 -0-371 


Average 


0-481-0 -491 


0-43|-0-44i 


0-43|-0-44J 


0-421-0 -425 


0- 38|-0-39i 















PRICES OF CANADIAN GRAIN 



265 



$8._Weekly Range of Prices of Oats at Wlnniprg and Fort William, 1321 concluded. 



Date. 


No.2C.W. 


Ke.SC.W. 


No. 1 Feed Ei 


No. 1 Feed. 


No. 2 Feed. 


1921. 

April 2 


Sc. $c. 

0-42 -0-47] 
0-43J-0 44 

0-43J-0-45 
0-431-0-46 
0-41 -0-43J 

4-42J-4 45| 




$ c. tc. 

0- 364-0 -42 
0-371-0-39 

0-38H-39 
0-38-0 41 
0-37J-0-38 

371 4 40 




So. So. 

0-36J-0-42J 
0-37J-0-39 
0-38J-0-39 
0-381 0-41] 




S c. So. 

0-344-0-40} 
0-35H)-37 
0-36H&gt;-37 
0-36f-0-39 
0-35f-0-36{ 

4 354-4 384 


So. So. 

0-314-0-37 
0-321-0-35 
0-341-0 -36 
0-34,-0-37 
0-32J-0-35 

4-33J-4 34} 


9 


"Ifl 


" 23 


" 30 


0-37f-0-38 

0-37M-441 


Average 




May 7. . 


0-411-0-42 
0-43 -0 45 
0-43}-0-47 
0-464-0-48 

t 434-4 41 




0-37J-0-38 
0-39 -0-41 
0-39J-0-43, 
0-42i-0-43j 

4M 42 




0-37|-0-38i 
0-39 -0-41 
0-391-0-43 
0-42J-0-43 

4 34f-4 42 




0-351-0-36J 
0-37 -0-39i 
0-371-0 41J 
0-40H&gt;-41J 

437M 44 


0-33H) 34| 
0-35 -0-374 
35|-0 39] 
0-38J-0-40J 

4 35}-4 *i 


" 14.. 


21.. 


" 28 


Af erage 






0-47f-0-49f 
0-46J-0 49i 
0-4ft|-0-4SJ 
0-47f-0-49i 
0-47HM94. 

471-4 491 


0-431-0-44 

411-0 44 
41 -0-43 

0-431-0 45 
0-444-0-45 

4-42-4-44J 


t 


0-42I-0-44J 
0-41H-44 
0-41M)-43i 
0-431-0-45 
0-44J-0-45 

4-42J4 44j 


, 


0-40 -0-42 J 
0-39H)-42; 
0-391-0 4 1. 
0-41 -0-43J 
0-42H) 43} 

4 44{-442i 


0-401-0-421. 
0-39 -0 414 
0-394-0-40J 
0-404-0-43 


11 


18 


" 25 


" 30 


0-41}-0-43 
4 40J-4 42 


Average 




7ly 9. . 


0-451-0-49 
0-48}-0-53 
52H&gt; 53J 
0-50H&gt;-WJ 

411-452} 


0-42|-0-46i 
0-46-0-501 
0-49?-0 50} 
0-491-0-51} 

4 47 -4 4SJ 


0-42t-0-45i 
0-45|-0-50 
0-49{-0-50J 
0-471-0-5U 

4-4}-4 44} 


0-401-0-44 
0-43J-0 -48^ 
0-47J-0-48J- 
0-47}-0-49! 

4 44J-4 471 


0-39}-0-43i 
0-43i-0-48 
0-47J-0-48J 
0-45 -0-47J 

4 431-4 4| 


16 


" 23 . 


" 30 


Average 






0-481-0-511 
0-49 -0-50 
0-464-0-50 
0-47|-0-48 

4-47J-4 54 




0-471-0-50 
0-48 -0 49 
0-45J-0-49 
0-46}-0-47i 

4 47 -4 41 




471-0-491 
0-48*-0-49i 
0-45J-0-49, 
0-461-0-47 

4 47 -4 44 




0-461-0-48 
0-47 -0-48 

0-444-0-48 
0-46 -0 46 

4-44-4-48} 


0-45}-0-48i 
0-45 -0-47 
0-434 0-46] 


" 13.. 


"20 . ... 


" 27 


0-44}-0-45i 
4 44J-4 J 


Average 






0-474-0-48t 

0-464-0-49J 
0-464-0-48} 
0-46}-0-47} 

46f-4 48{ 


0-45f-0- 4 7i 
0-44 -0-46} 
0-43}-0-45i 
0-43}-0-44} 

4-44 -4-4S 


0-45H) 47t 
0-44 -0-46} 
0-43}-0-45| 
0-43}-0-444 

4 44 4-4C 


0-43H&gt;-47| 
0-424-0-44 
0-42 [-0-44; 
0-4l|-0-43 

4-42*4 44i 


0-41|-0-454 
0-404-0-42J 
0-40i-0-424 
0-391-0-41} 

404-0 43 


" 10.. 


17.. 


" 24 


Average 




October 1 


0-44i-0-46 ] 
0-4H-0-44 
41 -0 42 
0-39|-0-41| 
0-39H) *2i 

4-411-4 43 j 


1 


0-42f-0-43| 
0-38H&gt;-42jj 
0-38 -0-39J 
0-36J-0-38J 
0- 36f-0 -39} 

4 381-4 44| 


0-42f-0-43i 
0-38J-0 42| 
0-38}-0-40i 
0-36J-0-38| 
0-36}-0-39i 

4-381-4 44J 


0- 40|-0-42| 
0-36J-0 40| 
0-36J-0-38i 
0-34J-0-36} 
0-34|-0-37i 

3|-4-39 


0-38^-0-40} 
34J-0-38 
0-33|-0-35i 


8 


" 15 


" 22 


0-31J-0-33} 
0-31}-0-34 

4-34i-4-34} 


* 29 


Average 






0-38}-0"*0 
0-41J-0 43, 
0-42| 0-45 
0-44J-0-46 

41H) 43i 




0-35J-0-37i 
0-38i-0 41? 
0- 404-0 -43| 
0-42f-0-43i 

4 311-4- 4H 


0-35J-0-37i 

0-38H)- 4 H 
0-40i-0-43| 
0-43J-0-43J 

4-3fi-4 414 


0-33J-0-35J 
0-364-0-391 
0-38}-0-41^ 
0-41|-0-42i 

37J-4 39! 


0-31J-0-32} 
0-34 -0-37| 
0-36}-0-39t 
0-37J-0-39J 

34J-0 37i 


12 


" 19 


" 26 


Average 




December 3 


0-44f-0-47i 
0-42|-0-46| 
0-40J-0-42I 
0-420-421 
0-41HJ-43 

4 42J-4 44| 


0-42{-0 45i 
0-39|-0-44| 
0-37H)-39| 
0-39 -0-39| 
0-381-0-40 

4-3S4 4-41f 


0-42J-0-45J 
0-39}-0-44| 


t 

L 


0-39J-0-42J 
0-37f-0-42 
0-35f-0-37| 
0-37 -0-37J 
0-36J-0-38 

4371-439} 


0- 361-0-40} 

0-34| 0-40 


" 10 


17.. 


0-37i-0-39i 
0-39 -0-39) 
0-38f-0-40 

4-39f-4 41! 


0-32|-0-34 


" 24.. 


0-34^-0-35} 


31 


0-34J-0-354 
4-34}-4-3V 


Average 





266 



PRODUCTION 



33. Weekly Range of Prices of Barley and Flax at Winnipeg and Fort William, 1921. 



Date. 


BARLEY (per bushel of 48 Ib.) 


FLAX (per bushel of 56 Ib.) 


No.SC.W. 


No. 4 C.W. 


Rejected. 


Feed. 


No.lN.W.C. 


No. 2 C.W. 


No.SC.W. 


1921. 
January 8 


$ c. $ c. 
0-88f-0-93| 
0-94H)-991 
0-86^-0-94| 
0-82^-0-87 
88 -0-93! 


$ c. $ c. 
0-761-0-84 
0-78J 0-851 


S c. $ c. 
0-671-0-71! 
0-67i-0-75i 
0-59^-0-671 
0-561-0-611 
0-821-0 691 


$ c. $ c. 
fi7 3 0-71 3 


$ c. $ c. 

9. fifl _9.flQl 


$ c. $ c. 
1-96 -2-05^ 
2-00 -2-05! 
1.873 9-02 


$ c. $ c. 
1-73 -1-77* 
1-76^-1-82^ 
1-64 -1-78^ 
1-52 -1-68J 
l-66|-l-76f 


15 


n.R7i_n.7(&gt;i 


2-04 2-OQ 3 


" 22 


o- 70^-0 -78i 

0-67i-0-721 
731-0-801 


0-59^-0-671 
0-56i-0-611 
62!-0 69i 


l-91f-2-06 
1- 801-1 -96i 
1 94 -2 05| 


" 29 


l-76i-l-92i 
1-90 -2 Oli 


Average . . . 


February 5... 
12... 
19... 
26... 
Average..,. 


0-77 -0-801 
0-81 -0-85| 
0-831-0-87 
0-78^-0-85J 
80 -0 84 


0-63|-0-66f 
0-67 -0-70| 
0-68^-0-72 
0-68 -0-701 
fO-66!-0 70 


0-52|-0-55! 
0-561-0-601 
0-58^-0-62 
0-57^-0-601 
9 581-0 59f 


0-52|-0-55! 
0-561-0-601 
0-58|-0-62 
0-571-0-601 
561-0 59! 


1- 68|-1 -76i 
l-75|-l-88^ 
l-84|-l-89 
1-79-1-861 
l-7t-l 86 


1-64^-1-72^ 
l-71i-l-84| 
l-80|-l-85 
1-75 -1-821 
1 721-1 81 


1-40 -1-481 
1- 46^-1 -59J 
1-56 -1-60 
1-52 -l-59i 
1-481-1 56f 


March 5 . 


0-781-0-86! 
0- 84^-0 -85J 
0-81 -0-84 
0-81 -0-84 
811-0 85 


0-68^-0-73 
0-721-0-74 
0-69^-0-721 
0-70 0-72! 


0-57J 0-62J 


0-57^-0-61! 
0-61 -0-621 
0- 571-0 -60i 
0-571-0-60^ 
581-0 611 


1-781-1-84 
1-791-1-83| 
1-711-1-741 
1-681-1-71&gt; 
l-741-l-78f 


1-741-1-80 
l-74!-l-791 
1-67 1-70 1 


1-51- 1-56 
1-501-1-55! 
1-42 -1-451 

1-39 -1-42 
1.455 1.403 


" 12. . 


0-61J-0-63 
0-58 -0-60| 
0-58 -0-60 
0-582-0 61 ;[ 


" 19.. 


" 26 .... 


1-641 1-67 1 


Average 


0-701-0 73 


1-701 1-74 1 










April 2 . . 


0-75 -0-84! 
0-72f-0-75 
-731-0- 76 - 
0-75 -0-78 
0-74|-0-77i 
741-0-781 


0-63f-0-72i 
0-621-0-64 
0-621 0-64^ 


O-Slf-0-601 
0-501 0-52 


0-Slf-O -601 
0-501-0-52 
0-491-0-51! 
0-50i-0-54 
0-53 -0-561 
51 -0 55 


1-49 -1-72 
l-48|-l-53 
1-38^-1-501 
1-47 -1-63 
1-471-1-551 
1 46|1 58i 


1-45 -1-68 
1-441-1-49 
1-34 -1-45! 
1- 42|-1 -58^ 
1-431-1-45^ 
1 42 -1 531 


1-19 -1-42J 

1.181 1.003 


" 9 


" 16 . 


0-49!-0-521 
0-51 0-54^ 


1-07 -1-19 

1-15M-3U 
1-161-1-23^ 
1 151-1 27! 


" 23 


0-63|-0-67i 
0-661 0-67! 


" 30 


9.531 Q-571 


Average.,,.. 


63|-0 -87 


51H&gt; 551 


May 7 


0-731-0 -771 
0-74f-0-78f 
0-77 -0-80| 
0-751-0-79^ 
0-751-0 79 


0-681-0-72 
0-691-0-73 
0-72 0-76| 


0-55 -0-59 
0-57 -0-61! 
0-601-0-63^ 
0-61 -0-64f 
0-581-0 621 


0-54-0-581 
0-56 -0-60! 
0-59!-0-62i 
0-60-0-64f 
571-0 81| 


1-571-1-62 
1-60!-1-701 
1-56-1-79! 
1-72 -1-80^ 
1 64|-1 731 


1-531-1-58 
1-561-1-661 
1-62 -1-75! 
1-68 -1-76| 
1 60 -1 691 


1-251-1-30 
1-28 1-1 -381 
1-34-1-47! 
1-40 -1-48^ 
1 32-1-411 


" 14 


" 21 


" 28 


0-701-0-741 
741-0 74 


Average 


June 4 


0-78-0-82 
0-80-0-Slf 
0-781-0-81 
0-78-0-791 
0-75 -0-78^ 
0-77|-0-80^ 


0-73 -0-78| 
0-77i-0-78f 
0-751-0-76^ 
9.74 -0-752 


0-651 0-70 2 


0-651-0-70^ 

fl.fiQi fl.7fl5 


1- 751-1- 83^ 
1-77-1-85^ 
l-80i 1-85 3 


1-711-1 -791 
l-72!-l-81i 
1-76 1 1-81 1 


1-431-1-581 
1-46^-1-56^ 
1-51 -1-53J 
1-501-1-53 
1-451-1-53^ 
1-471-1-55 


" 11 


0-69J 0-701 


" 18 


0-68i 0-70J 


0-68 1 0-70 1 


" 25 


0-69 -0-70| 
0-65 -0-69^ 
671-0-701 


n.fiQ 0-70 1 


1-80 1-82 1 


1&gt;7M 1-78 3 


" 30 . . 


0-701-0-73J 


0-64 -0-69^ 
67i-0-701 


1-75 -1-821 
1-77^-1 84 


l-7l"-l-79 
1 73|-1 80 


Average 


0-74 -0-781 




July 9. . 


0-74f-0-80i 
0-79^-0-83 
0-82-0-84f 
0-761-0-82 
0-781-0-82^ 


0-70 -0-76 
0-751-0-791 
0-781-0-81I 
0-72i-0-77i 
74 -0 78 


0-641-0-70 
0-69J 0-74 


0-63|-0-69 
0-68|-0-73 
0-72 -0-74| 
0-67!-0-72 
0-68 -0 721 


1-77^-1-80 
1-781-1-90 
1-93 -2-011 
1-97^-2 -OH 
1-88^-1 931 


1-731-1-76 
1-741-1-86 
1-89 -1-97J 
1- 93^-1 -97.^ 

1-82|-1-891 


1-47^-1-50 
1-481-1-60 
1-63 -1-71J 
l-67i-l-71J 
l-56i-l-63i 


" 16 . . . 


" 23 


0-73 -0-75! 
0-68f-0-73 
68f-0 731 


" 30 


Average 




August 6 


0- 76|-0 -78? 
0-781-0-82 
0-751-0-821 
0-74^-0-75! 
7S|-0 79! 


0-721-0-74! 
0-731-0-781 
0-731-0-791 
0-72^-0-73! 
0-721-0 76! 


0-68J-0-70! 
0-691-0-73 
0- 691-0 -74i 
0-68!-0-701 
681-0-721 


0-671-0-69! 
0-681-0-72 
0-68!-0-74 
0-68!-0-701 
881-0-7H 


1-941-1 -991 
1- 95^-2-06! 
1-98 -2-08 
1-96^-2 -03^ 
1-96 -2-04 


1-901-1 -951 
1-921-2-031 
1-94^-2-041 
1-93 -2-00 
H 92|-2 01 


1-64|-1-69| 
1-651-1-75! 
1-66 -l-76i 
1-68 -1-721 
1-66 -1-731 


13 


" 20 


" 27 


Average 


September 3 . . 
" 10.. 
" 17. . 
24.. 
Average 


0-74^-0-78! 
0-721-0-75! 
0-67 -0-73i 
0-67 -0-68i 
70H&gt; 74 


0-72 -0-761 
0-69 -0-71! 
0-64 -0-69! 
0-63 -0-65^ 
87 -0 701 


0-66-0-70? 
0-631-0-65^ 
0-52^-0-62 
0-521-0-54 
58|-0 63 


0-56 -0-70! 
0-631-0-651 
0-52^-0-62 
0-52^-0-54 
56 -0 83 


1-901-1-97 
1-93 -2-04 3 
2-041-2-10 
l-97!-2-071 
1 96f-2 04! 


1-87 -1-93^ 
l-89i-2-00! 
2-001-2-06 
1-931-2-031 
1 92f-2 001 


1-62 -1-69 
1-65-1-761 
1-75 -1-8U 
1-68^-1-78 
1 871-1-784 


October 1 
8. ... 
" 15... 
" 22.... 
" 29.... 
Average 


0-58i-0-64i 
0-54 -0-56 
0-56 -0-571 
0-54 -0-57 
0-571-0-60 
56 -0 591 


0-54 -0-601 
0-491-0-52 
0-511-0-521 
-491-0 52-1 
0-52!-0-55 
0-51J-0-54| 


0-45 -0-50^ 
0-41 -0-43i 
0-43^-0-44! 
0-41 -0-45 
0-451-0-48^ 
0.43}i-0 48f 


0-45 -0-50 
0-41 -0-43^ 
0-43M-44? 
0-41 -0-45 
0- 451-0 -48^ 
0- 43^-0 -48J 


1-94 -2-00^ 
1-72 -1-90 

1-78 -1-861 
1-73 -1-76! 
1- 751-1 -8H 
1-781-1-87 


1-90-1-96^ 
1-68 -1-86 
1-74 -1-821 
1-69 -1-72! 
1-71-1-1-77^ 
1 74f-l-83 


1-64 -1-71 
1-42 -1-60 
1-48 -1-56* 
1-43 -1-46! 
1 -451-1 -5H 
I 481-1-571 






November 5. . 
12.. 
19.. 
26. . 
Average 


0-54 -0-58| 
0-57 -0-58 
0-56 -0-57! 
0-56 -0-58 
55H&gt; 58| 


0-49|-0-53| 
0-52f-0-53! 
0-52 -0-54 
0-511-0-541 
51|-0 54 


0-44 -0-48| 
0-47 -0-48 
0-46 -0-47! 
0-421-0-48 
441-0 48| 


0-44 -0-48| 
0-47 -0-48 
0-46 -0-47! 
0-421-0-48 
0-44^-48: 


1-67 -1-77^ 
1-74^-1-76 
1-70 -1-75 
l-73!-l-78! 
1 711-1 76! 


1-63 -1-73J 
l-70i-l-72 
1-661-1-71 
1-69^-1-74^ 
1 671-1 72! 


1-37 -1-47^ 
1.441-1.46 

1-401-1-45 
1-43^-1-481 
1 411-1 46! 


December 3.. 
10.. 
" 17.. 
" 24.. 
" 31.. 
Average 


0-56f-0-57| 
0-55 -0-57i 
0-52 -0-54 
0-53 -0-561 
0-54 -0-55? 
0-54^-0 5i 


0-521-0-53^ 
0-50|-0-53* 
0-47 -0-49 
0-48 -0-5U 
0-49 -0-50! 
0-491-0-51^ 


0- 431-0 -45t 
0-39^-0-45 
0-36 -0-39 
0-38 -0-4H 
0-40 -0-40? 
391-0 42f 


0-431-0-45^ 
0-391-0-45 
0-36 -0-39 
0-38 - - 
0-40 -0-401 
391-0 42| 


1-67 -1-73 
1-641-1-69 
1-69 -1-75 
1-72^-1-791 
1-77^-1-79-1 
1-70 -1 751 


1-63 -1-69 
1-60 -1-65 
1-65 -1-71 
1-681-1-751 
1-73^-1-75-^ 
1 66 -1 71| 


1-37 -1-43 
1-34 -1-39 
1-39 -1-45 
1-421-1-491 
1-47^-1-49^ 
1-40 -1-451 



/ /. /( /&gt; or CANADIAN GRAIN 



267 



. Monthly Range of Average Prices of Barley, Oats and Flax at Winnipeg and 

Fort William, 19 &gt;0-19 &gt;1. 



Date. 


BARLEY 

(per bushel 
of 48 Ib.) 

3C.W. 


.r bushel of 34 Ib.) 


FLAX (per bushel of 56 Ib.) 


No.2C.W. 


No.3C.NV. 


1 Feed 




&gt;.l 
N.C.W. 


N o.2C.W. 


No.SC.W. 


Averages 
























for 


$c. $c. 


$ c. $ c. 


$ c. 


$c. 


$c. $ 


$ c. 


$ c. 


$ c. 


$c. 


$ c. $ c. 


$ c. $c. 


Jan. 


1 72 -1.751 


) 7, i-O 941 


0.881-0.91} 


0.861-0.89 


;i-0.85J 


4.87|-4.85l 


4.77|-4.89i 


4.45J 


-4.57 


1921 


&gt; -0.93J 


J-0^525 


i 17 


. 


0.44J-0 471 


0.41J-0 441 




-2.05i 


1.90 -2.011 


1 . 66 


-1.76 1 


Feb. 








-0.93 


0.87H) 


0.85 


- 


5.075-5.26} 


4.80i 


-4.99J 


\ l i 


-4.65 


1921. 


i -0.&4J 


475-0.50 




-0.45 


0.415-0.435 




r0.40$ 


1.765-1-85 


1 . 7 J 


1 M 


1.48 


-1.56 


Mar 




Ti-0.991 














-5.53} 


5.17 


-5.441 


4 7.1 


-5.04 


1921. 






-0.49J 






JH&gt; 425 






1.78 


1.70 


-1.74} 


1 4.-, 


1 I .i 


April I .t- O 






1 in 1 , 


it ll 














5.18 


-5. 40? 


4.70 


rS.OO 


1921. 














;i-0.36J 




1 58 


1 4. -1 


1.27J 


May 1920 


1 78H 






1.1. ) 


1 171 


1 1: l in 


-1 \:\\ 


4.841 






4.17? 








0.39 






&lt;H).38i 


1.64 




i t;n -1.691 


1.41J 


June ll -O 


1.901 1 










1 24 




- 






4.19|-4.35i 


3.691-3.84 


1921 




0.47 






-0.44; 


0.405-0 


0.401-0 




1.84 


1.731 1.80 


1.55 


July 1920. 




1.12 




1.105 


1.09- 1.18| 




- 


3.82? 






3.09J-3.29! 


1921. 


0.781-0 .82; 


0.49 




0.47 







0.43J-0.46} 


1.861-1.93 


1.82i 


1 891 


1 561-1 63- 


Aug. 


1.375-1.43! 


0.94 


-0.98J 


0.93 


-0.961 


- }-0 91J 







4.70J-3.53 


3.39! 


-3.47| 


2 96 -3.05 : 


IW1 


0.761-0.79; 


0.47 


-0.50 


n 47 


-0.49 


-i -0.48* 




-0.46J 


1.98 


i 


1 !_ 


-2.01 


1.66 -1.73: 


Sept. 


1.201-1 


0.85 


-0.8SJ 


0.771-0.85 


0.761-0.831 




-0.82 


3.39 








H ltt ,-3.17 


1921 


0.7&lt;&gt;l " 71 








i 


44} 


&gt;}-0.43 






1 .rj 


-2.00J 


1.671-1 7f,i 


Oct. 


1.111-1.171 


0.70 


-0.74 


0.661-0 68 J 


1 671 


0.61 





3.06J 




-3.021 


2.52| -2. 65J 




0.56 -0.591 


0.41 




0.381-0.401 




0.34J-0.36* 


1.781-1.87 


1 74 






-1.571 




0.98-1.11 




-O.I 






i) :,! 


0.48H 1 




2.15-2.38J 


1 ,s2 


-2.04; 


1921. 


~&gt;J 5S{ 


0.41 


-0 i 


41- 






-1.7H j 


1.671-1 


1.41 


-1.46= 




O!91|-l .01 








0.46M&gt; 





1.961-2.07 


1.921-2.02J 


I til 


-1.72J 


itn 


lfc-0.551 


0.421-0.44! 


7|-0.39| 


tJ-0.371 




-1.711 


1.66-1.7H 


1.40-1.45J 



3d. Monthly Range of Average Prices in British Markets of Canadian Wheat and 

Oats, 1!&gt;-&gt;0-19 &gt;1. 



Date. 




\VtiK vr (per 1 


Bushel of 60 Ib 


.) 


OATS 

(per bi; 
of 34 Ib.) 


Average for 
Januarv 1920 


.. 1. 
$ c. $ c. 

2.29$ 


No. 2 
$ c. $ c. 

2 


No. 3 
$ c. $ c. 


..4 
$ c. $ c. 


$ c. $ c. 

1.62J-1.65J 


1921 


3.08J-3.11} 


3.00)16-3 03 


2.86i-2.90#o 


2.951-3.06 


1.13 -1.171 


February 1920 


2.29^ 


2.26i 






1.68f-1.7H 


1921 


2.8U-2.84 


2.75i-2.78Ko 


2.67f-2.70J 


2. 601-2. 63 \ 


1. 024-1- 10J 


March 1920 


2.48J 


2.40i 






1.611-1.64 


1921 


2./9f-2.82 


2.75i-2.78J 


2.67i-2.70f 


2.62 -2.65 




April 1920 


2.78} 


2.76 






1.39 -1.44} 


1921 


2.71i-2.74| 


2.68|-2.71i 


2.611-2.64J 


2.56 -2.59 




Mav 1920 


2.79| 


2.76J 






1.48^-1.531 


1921 
June 1920 


2.75 -2.77J 
2.79| 


2.72 -2.75 
2.76J 


2.66 -2.69 


2.615-2.65 


1.62J-1 -65} 


1921 


2.69i-2.72J 


2.66|-2.69 


2.62 -2.64} 


2. 50 1 1-2. 53J 




Julv 1920 


2.79f 


2 76| 






1.62J-1.65? 


1921 


2.6H-2.64J 


2.58i-2.60f 


2.531-2.55! 


2.39 -2.41! 


0.805-0.86 


August 


2.83f 


2.80| 


2.761 


2.72 


1.625-1-651 


1921 


2.70J-2.73f 


2.67^-2.70f 


2.60^-2.63^ 


2.57^-2.60^ 


0.921-0.981 


September 1920 . . 


2.85| 


2.82| 


2 . 7Gi 


2.73J 


1.625-1.65^ 


1921 


2.77i-2.80| 








0. 97|-1. 00^ 


October 1920 


3.10^-3.62 


3.05f-3.53i 


2.97^-3.44? 


2.94^-3.381 


1.611-1.631 


1921 . . . 


2.00^0-2.061 


1.9U-1.96I 


1.751-1.771 


1 70 -1.73 


0.781-0.81 


November 1920 


3.60^-3-62 


3. 51 |-3.53i 


3.40 -3.44| 


3.37 -3.381 


1.55|-1.58^ 


1921 


1.61 -1.64J 


1.581-1-61 


1.51|-1.54| 


1.48|-1.51f 


0.92 -0.94 s 


December 1920 


3.34f-3.36J 


3.26 -3.38fc 


3.141-3. 17| 


3.131-3.131 


1.211-1.29^ 


1921 


1.65H-68J 


1.62|-1.65| 


1.56J-1.571 


1.53|-1.56| 


0.901-0.93- 















268 



PRODUCTION 



36. Yearly Average Prices of Home Grown Wheat, Barley and Oats in England and 

Wales, 1903-1921. 

SOURCE: "London Gazette," published pursuant to Sec. 8 of the Corn Returns Act. 1882. 



Year. 


Wheat. 


Barley. 


Oats. 


Year. 


Wheat. 


Barley. 


Oats. 


per 
qr. 


per 
bush. 


per 
qr. 


per 
bush. 


per 
qr. 


per 
bush. 


per 
qr. 


per 
bush. 


per 
qr. 


. per 
bush. 


per 
qr. 


per 
bush. 


1902 
1903 


s. d. 

28 1 

26- 9 
28- 4 
29- 8 
28- 3 
30- 7 
32- 
36-11 
31- 8 
31- 8 


$ c. 

0-85 
0-81 
0-86 
0-90 
0-86 
0-93 
0-97 
0-82 
0-96 
0-96 


s. d. 

25- 8 
22- 8 
22- 4 
24- 4 
24- 2 
25- 1 
25-10 
26-10 
23- 1 
27- 3 


$ c. 

0-78 
0-69 
0-68 
0-74 
0-73 
0-76 
0-79 
0-82 
0-70 
0-83 


s. d. 

20- 2 

17- 2 
16- 4 
17- 4 
18- 4 
18-10 
17-10 
18-11 
17- 4 
18-10 


$ c. 

0-61 
0-52 
0-50 
0-53 
0-56 
0-57 
0-54 
0-58 
0-53 
0-57 


1912.. 


s. d. 

34- 9 
31- 8 
34-11 
52-10 
58- 5 
75- 9 
72-10 
72-11 
80-10 
71- 6 


$ c. 

1-06 
0-96 
1-06 
1-61 
1-78 
2-30 
2-22 
2-22 
2-46 
2-17 


s. d. 

30- 8 
27* 3 
27- 2 
37- 4 
53- 6 
64- 9 
59- 

75- e 

89- 5 
52- 2 


$ c. 

0-93 
0-83 
0-83 
1-13 
1-56 
1-89 
1-72 
2-21 
2-60 
1-52 


s. d. 

21. 6 
19- 1 
20-11 
30- 2 
33- 5 
49-10 
49- 4 
52- 5 
56-10 
34- 2 


$ c. 

0-65 
0-58 
0-64 
0-92 
0-89 
1-32 
1-31 
1-39 
1-51 
0-90 


1913 


1904 


1914 


1905 


915 .. . . 


1906 


1916 


1907.... 


1917 


1908 


1918 


1909 


!919 


1910 


920 


1911 


1921... 







37. Average Monthly Prices of Flour, Bran and Shorts, at Principal Markets, 1921. 

(SOURCE: For Montreal, Trade Bulletin; for Toronto, Dealers quotations; for Winnipeg and U.S. Cities 

"The Northwestern Miller," Minneapolis) 



Month. 



1921. 



January.... 
February.., 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November. 
December. 



Montreal. 



Flour 
Manitoba 
Standard 

grade. 



Per brl. 

$ cts. 

10-94 

10-70 

10-50 

10-16 

10-50 

10-50 

10-50 

10-50 

10-00 

8-02 

7-42 

7-50 



Flour 

Ontario 

del d at 

Montreal. 



Per brl. 
$ cts. 
8-551 
8-371 
8-501 
7-37i 

7-471 
7-*Qi 
6-60 
6-08 
5-461 
(2)u4-60i 
4-90 



Bran. 



Per ton 
$ cts, 
40-25 
39-25 
37-25 
33-05 
29-25 
27-47 
25-55 
28-06 
28-50 
22-94 
21-78 
25-05 



Shorts. 



Per ton 
$ cts. 
42-25 

37-87 
36-50 
34-65 
31-25 
29-21 
27-15 
29-69 
30-40 
24-94 
23-78 
27-05 



Toronto. 



First Pat 
ents Flour 
(Jute 
bags). 



Per brl. 
$ cts. 
10-90 
10-70 
10-50 
10-00 
10-50 
10-50 
10-50 
10-50 
9-50 



10 
40 
50 



First Pat 
ents Flour 
(Cotton 
bags). 



Per brl. 
$ cts 

11-90 
10-90 
10-70 
10-20 
10-70 
10-70 
10-70 
10-70 
9-70 
8-30 



60 
70 



Bran. 



Per ton 
$ cts, 
40-25 
38-25 
36-25 
31-25 
29-25 
27-25 
25-25 
28-25 
27-25 
23-25 
22-25 
26-25 



Shorts. 



Per ton. 
$ cts. 
40-25 
40-25 
36-25 
33-25 
31-25 
29-25 
26-25 
30-25 
29-25 
25-25 
24-25 
28-25 



Month. 



Winnipeg. 



Flour. Bran. Shorts 



Minneapolis. 



Flour. 



Bran. 



Shorts. 



Duluth. 



Flour. 



1921. 



January 

February... 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October 
November. 
December. , 



Per brl 

$ cts 
10-90 
10-90 
10-65 
10-27 
10-22 
10-45 
10-21 
10-15 

9-65 

7 

7 

7 



74 
12 
30 



Pertou. 

$ cts. 

35-00 

35-00 

31-00 

26-25 

25-00 

25-00 

19-40 

19-00 

19-00 

16-60 

15-40 

17-80 



Per ton. 

I cts. 
37-00 
37-00 
31-40 
27-75 
27-00 
27-00 
21-40 
21-00 
21-00 
18-60 
17-40 
19-80 



Per 

$ cts. 
9-45 - 
9-04 
8-50 
79 
8-76 
8-75 
8-47 
7-74 
8-09 



brl. 

$ cts 

9-80 

9-40 



7-79 



13 
31 
25 



7- 

7 

7- 



8-96 
8-11 
9-02 
9-26 
9-22 
8-25 
8-55 
59 
89 
64 



Per ton . 
$ cts. $ cts. 
26-00 26-62 
20-50 21-37 
21-10 21-90 
16-00 16-50 
15-75 16-33 
14-12 14-75 
13-70 14-05 
13-62 14-00 
12-69 13-25 
12-10 12-60 
14-40 15-20 
20-37 21-12 



Per 

$ cts. 
24-25 - 
20-87 - 
21-70 - 



15-00 
14-00 
14-37 
14-00 
13-00 
15-20 
21-12 



ton. 

c$ts. 

-25-00 

-21-75 

-22-20 

15-87 

16-00 

-15-62 

-14-40 

-15-50 

-15-00 

-13-50 

-15-90 

-21-87 



Per 

& cts. 

8-75 - 

8-69 - 

8-58 

7-62 

8-25 

8-57 

9-04 

8-34 

7-99 

M2 

7-10 

7-32 



brl. 
$ cts. 

- 9-00 

- 8-94 
8-83 



7 



87 
8-60 
8-87 
9-29 
8-66 
8-39 
7-97 
7-35 
7-57 



NOTE. The ton=2,000 Ib. and the barrel=196 Ib. 



Ontario Flour (Seaboard). 



CANADIAN LIVE STOCK PRICES 



269 



38. Average Prices of Canadian Live Stock at Principal Markets, 1919, 1920 and 1921. 

SorjRCx: Markets Intelligence Division, Live Stock Branch, Dominion Department of Agriculture. 



Classification. 


Toronto. 


Montreal. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


^jteens^hoavy finished 


$ cts. 
13-98 
13-66 
11.18 
12-39 

a i 

12-19 
9-58 
7-32 
10-14 
7-74 
10-13 
7-53 
5-49 
8-50 
15-36 
6-52 
9-35 
7-97 
12-32 
10-41 
19-59 
19-16 
18-43 
17-53 
14-95 
14-63 
12-27 
9-09 
9-13 
5-92 


$ cts. 
13-77 
12-89 
10-22 
12-27 
8-65 
12-56 
8-82 
7-67 
10-65 
7-89 
10-46 
6-98 
4-66 

16-79 
8-58 
9-02 
8-23 
11-22 
10-78 
18-98 
18-87 
16-58 
15-41 
13-27 
13-86 
10-04 
8-52 
8-65 
5-36 


$ cts. 
7-73 
7-58 
6-64 
7-24 
5-24 
7-66 
6-18 
4-35 
5-86 
4-52 
5-55 
3-71 
2-49 

10-24 
3-04 
4-87 
3-15 
7-01 
3-90 
11-72 
10-01 
9-56 
8-17 
9-25 
9-59 
7-43 
4-64 
5-25 
2-91 


$ cts. 
14-00 
12-67 
10-86 
11-57 
8-58 
10-45 
8-75 
7-17 
9-74 
7-44 
10-27 
6-44 
5-21 
9-14 
11-98 
7-42 

19-96 
20-24 
17-28 
17-51 
15-62 
13-98 
12-60 

8-86 
7-91 


$ cts. 

13-08 
11-42 
12-34 
8-08 
11-62 
8-81 
7-10 
9-77 
6-91 
11-13 
5-06 
4-48 
10-30 
12-13 
6-99 

19-82 
18-97 
18-06 
16-24 
13-83 
12-79 
10-58 

10-44 
7-17 


S cts. 

8-92 
8-24 
5-97 
7-55 
5-85 
7-19 
5-91 
3-80 
5-88 
4-65 
6-98 
3-43 
2-28 
6-27 
6-94 
2-92 

12-52 
10-11 
12-13 
8-31 
9-92 
8-23 
6-49 

4-56 
3-37 


Steers 1 000-1 200 Ib , good 


Steers 1 000-1 200 Ib , common 


Steers 700-1 000 Ib good . . 


Steers 700-1 000 Ib common 






Heifers, common 


















Stockers 450-800 Ib good 


Stockers 450-800 Ib fair 


Feeders 800-1 , 100 Ib. , good 


Feeders 800-1,000 Ib., fair 


Hogs (fed and WHto~od) selects 


Hogs (fed and watered), heaviw 


Hogs (fed and watered), lights 


Hogs vf ed and watered ), BOWB 


Hogs (fed and watered), stags 














Classification. 


Winnipeg. 


Edmonton. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Steers heavy finished 


$ cts. 
11-35 
11-15 
9-70 
9-80 
7-25 
9-55 
8-18 
6-35 
9-83 
7-03 
7-01 
6-23 
4-87 
7-42 
9-57 

8-39 
6-60 
10-05 
8-24 
18-37 
15-81 
15-55 
11-21 
15-26 
12-63 
7-82 

9-26 
6-79 


$ cts. 
10-12 
10-46 
6-91 
9-80 
6-24 
8-36 
6-42 
5-07 
8-79 
5-91 
6-31 
4-91 
3-65 
6-30 
8-46 

6-48 
5-39 
8-33 
6-49 
18-33 
16-56 
16-01 
11-77 
13-94 
11-11 
6-65 

7-23 
4-81 


1 cts. 
5-41 

5-78 
3-89 
5-67 
4-12 
5-19 
4-04 
2-92 
4-34 
3-18 
3-32 
2-55 
2-06 
2-87 
5-47 

3-52 
2-81 
4-27 
3-61 
12-01 
9-56 
11-00 
6-07 
6-77 
8-88 
6-26 

5-21 
2-98 


$ cts. 
10-90 
9-95 
8-10 
9-45 
7-75 
9-55 
8-75 
6-70 
8-25 
7-25 
6-95 
5-95 
4-91 
7-15 
8-29 

7-95 
7-45 
8-15 
7-90 
18-25 
16-25 
15-85 
12-20 
15-10 
12-25 
11-05 

9-50 
8-50 


1 eta. 

12-28 
9-65 
5-83 
8-30 
5-83 
7-68 
6-18 
5-62 
7-97 
5-71 
6-14 
4-22 
3-54 
8-88 
8-66 

7-12 
5-54 
9-94 

18-11 
17-26 
16-40 
15-07 
16-11 
9-98 
7-61 

7-93 
8-73 


} cts. 
5-27 
5-49 
3-85 
4-77 
3-68 
3-58 

3-47 
2-82 
4-05 
2-96 
2-88 
2-19 
2-04 
3-00 
3-31 
3-46 
2-87 
3-34 
3-06 
10-70 
9-98 
7-44 
6-06 
8-22 
7-58 
5-66 

5-26 
3-54 


Steers 1, 000-1, 00lb , good 


Steere 1 ,000-1 ,200 common 


Steers 700-1 ,000 Ib , good 


Steers 700-1, 000 Ib., common 


Heifers , good 






















Stockers 450-800 Ib , good 


Stockers 450-800 Ib., fair 
Feeders 800-1 000 Ib. , good 


Feeders 800-1 ,000 Ib. , fair 
Hogs (fed and watered \ selects 


Hogs (fed and watered), heavies 


Hogs (fed and watered), lights 


Hogs (fed and watered^, stags 


Hogs (fed and watered), sows 


Lambs good . . 


Lambs, common. 






Sheep, common 





270 



PRODUCTION 



39. Average Monthly Prices of Canadian Live Stock at Principal Markets, 1921. 

SOURCE: Markets Intelligence Division, Live Stock Branch, Dominion Department of Agriculture. 



Classification 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


April 


May 


June 


July 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Montreal- 
Steers, 1,000-1,200 Ib. 
good 


$ c. 
10-22 


$ c. 
9-42 


$ c. 
10-42 


$ c. 
10-37 


$ c. 
9-34 


$ c. 
8-63 


$ c. 
7-44 


$ c. 
6-44 


$ c. 
6-17 


$ c. 
5-59 


$ c. 
5-56 


S c. 

fi-20 


Heifers, good 


9-11 


8-34 


8-95 


9-55 


8-89 


8-04 


6-82 


5-09 


5-67 


4-94 


5-13 


5-80 


Calves, veal 


12-76 


13-74 


9-28 


5-79 


6-88 


5-74 


5-41 


6-20 


7-86 


8-28 


8-37 


9-0 9 


Hogs (fed and water 
ed), selects 


17-51 


16-06 


15-94 


15-21 


12-19 


12-67 


13-50 


13-13 


10-54 


9-53 


9-34 


11-20 


Hogs (.fed and water 
ed), lights 


17-51 




15-50 


15-00 


11-31 


12-94 


13-48 


11-66 


10-68 


9-02 


9-02 




Lambs, good 


12-18 


12-54 


12-13 


12-00 




10-92 


8-83 


7-70 


7-31 


7-77 


7-89 


9-44 


Sheep, light 


6-37 


7-07 


7-59 


7-84 


7-05 


5-14 


4-05 


3-73 


3-83 


3-80 


3-57 


4-69 


Toronto- 
Steers, 100,0-1,200 Ib., 
ffood. 


9-55 


8-77 


9-60 


9-34 


9-04 


7-93 


6-84 


6-85 


6-41 


5-93 


5-61 


6-15 


Heifers, good 


9-06 


7-93 


8-94 


8-81 


8-74 


7-80 


6-67 


6-22 


5-95 


5-28 


5-60 


5-96 


Calves, veal 


15-84 


14-00 


12-72 


9-22 


10-02 


9-21 


7-99 


8-48 


10-63 


10-96 


10-09 


10-15 


Hogs (fed and water 
ed), selects 


15-53 


14-02 


15-26 


12-85 


10-44 


11-19 


12-17 


12-79 


10-15 


9-45 


9-13 


10-33 


Hogs (fed and water 
ed) lights 


13-78 


12-47 


13-04 


10-56 


9-08 


10-68 


9-61 


10-96 


8-10 


7-45 


7-03 


9-4 


Lambs good 


12-41 


11-65 


13-38 


13-52 


12-82 


14-50 


11-30 


9-06 


8-38 


8-35 


8-71 


1-21 


Sheep light 


7-04 


7-29 


8-90 


9-28 


8-14 


5-75 


4-98 


4-44 


3-53 


4-13 


4-00 


5-18 


Winnipeg 
Steers 1,000-1,200 Ib., 
ffooci 


7-45 


7-53 


7-98 


8-18 


8-06 


6-91 


5-53 


4-90 


4-71 


4-37 


4-42 


4-61 


Heifers, good 


7-27 


6-94 


7-27 


7-35 


7-64 


6-72 


5-96 


5-19 


4-20 


4-10 


4-22 


4-82 


Calves veal 


7-43 


8-03 


8-86 


8-61 


8-61 


8-13 


6-21 


5-69 


5-06 


3-30 


3-98 


4-47 


Hogs (fed and water 
ed) selects 


13-90 


13-67 


13 80 


13-35 


11-67 


10-72 


12-05 


13-70 


12-54 


10-99 


9-62 


9-32 


Hogs (fed and water- 
prl ^ Hsrhts 


13-18 


13-14 


12-84 


13-16 


11-75 


10-89 


12-25 


13-64 


11-85 


10-91 


9-68 


9-15 


Lambs good 


10-70 


10-97 


11-62 




11-54 


10-69 


11-13 


9-35 


8-51 


8-10 


7-84 


8-71 


Sheep light 


6-30 


7-06 


7-14 


7-50 


7-33 


6-77 


5-84 


5-95 


4-93 


4-70 


4-43 


4-8C 


Calgary- 
Steers, 1,000-1, 200 Ib. 
wood 


7-52 


7-29 


7-29 


7-12 


7-37 


6-28 


5-64 


4-60 


4-03 


3-73 


3-88 


4-47 


Heifers , good 


6-65 


6-08 


6-38 


6-25 


6-16 


5-44 


5-22 


3-94 


3-70 


3-17 


3-25 


3-3& 


Calves, veal 


7-37 


6-96 


7-48 


6-82 


7-02 


8-10 


6-03 


5-08 


5-32 


3-99 


3-60 


3-90 


Hogs (fed and water 
ed ) selects 


14-89 


13-50 


13-78 


12-66 


10-51 


9-86 


12-20 


13-23 


12-23 


10-20 


8-22 


8-39- 


Hogs (fed and water 
ed), lights 


11-38 


11-00 


10-75 




5-50 


5-50 


9-06 


10-51 


9-18 


7-23 


5-24 


5-37 


Lambs, good 


11-05 


10-87 


10-75 


9-86 


8-74 


9-44 


9-16 


7-48 


7-23 


6-80 


6-78 


6-75 


Sheep, light 


7-22 


7-96 


8-00 


7-75 


7-60 


7-25 


6-31 


5-58 


4-86 


4-62 


4-53 


4-75 


Edmonton 
Steers, 1,000-1, 200 Ib. 
200 d 


7-27 


6-78 


6-93 


6-93 


6-96 


5-95 


5-61 


4-87 


4-56 


3-94 


3-87 


4-11 


Heifers ^ood. ... 


6-39 


6-07 


5-81 


5-71 


6-56 


5-25 


5-25 


4-17 


3-21 


3-20 


3-48 


3-93 


Calves , veal 


7-89 


8-50 


8-50 


9-44 


8-00 


7-54 


6-71 


4-88 


5-07 


4-06 


3-50 


4-00 


Hogs (fed and water 
ed), selects 


14-35 


13-44 


13-37 


12-34 


10-36 


9-14 


11-40 


13-12 


11-09 


9-66 


7-83 


8-62 


Hogs (fed and water 
ed) lights 


10-12 


10-4? 


10-43 


9-91 


8-00 


7-90 


8-10 


9-13 


8-14 


6-43 


5-05 


5-77 


Lambs , good 


9-60 


10-00 


10-13 


9-50 


9-50 


11-28 


9-80 


7-82 


7-05 


6-53 


6-69 


7-46 


Sheep, lio ht 


6-73 


7-00 


7-00 


7-00 


6-50 


6-7o 


6-34 


4-50 


4-35 


3-71 


4-28 


4-50 





























40. Average Prices per Ib. paid by farmers for grade No. 1 Clover and Grass Seed, by 
provinces, during April and May, 1922, and Average Prices for Canada 

during April and May, 1919-22. 



Province. 


Red 
Clover. 


Alsike. 


Alfalfa. 


Sweet 
Clover. 


Western 
Rye. 


Timothy. 


Brome 
Grass. 


Prince Edward Island 


cents 
32 


cents 
26i 


cents 


cents 
16 


cents 


cents 
13 


cents 


Nova Scotia 


32f 


27 


45 


13 


_ 


13* 





New Brunswick 


28| 


25 


25 


18 


__ 


13 





Quebec 


32f 


28 


34 


15 


_ 


10 


_ 


Ontario 


28i 


22 


30* 


10 





11 


_ 


Alanitoba 


47f 


42i 


53^ 


20 


15J 


18 


17| 


Saskatchewan 


64 


40 


53 


23^ 


lei 


18 


16i 


Alberta 


54 


57 


811 


44 


30f 


25 


30 


British Columbia 


55 


53^ 


50i 


37i 


30 


22$ 


30 


Canada 1922 


32i 


26f 


38* 


15f 


17* 


14 


19i 


1921 


401 


! 


5H 


20 


2lJ 


16 


20 


" 1920 


74* 


69 


65 


45 


38 


23 


43 


" 1919 


53k 


44 


43i 


40 


32 


18i 


87| 



INDEX NUMBERS OF AGRICULTURAL PRICES 



271 



II. Au-rasrt Prices per Ib. paid to farmers for Clover and Grass Seed, by provinces, 
during Aprii and May, 19 2, and Average Prices for Canada during 

April and May, 1919-22. 



Provin* 


Bed 

Clover. 


. \l-ike. 


Alfalfa. 


S\\ 
( lover. 


\Votcrn 

i; 


Timothy. 


Brotne 
Grass. 


Prince K&lt;l\var&lt;l Island . 




MB 


!( 


cents 
U 




cents 

101 


cent s 


NOVH Scot ia 











_ 


12 




Brunswick 
Qoabw 


30J 




33 


13 

8! 


- 


12 


- 


Ontario 


18i 


14 




ID 


, 


"I 




Manitolci 








] 1 


74 


g 


M 


Saskatchewan 





_ 


_ 


is 


12f 




"X 
M 


Ubert 


_ 


_ 


_ 






7 


9 


British Columbia 


_ 


__ 


__ 


_ 


_ 






la, 1 .&gt;- - 


n 


16} 


23J 


11* 


101 


9 





1921 








11 


111 




14 


1920 














t 


1919 





36 


38 




27 


16 


304 



















Index Numbers of Agricultural Prices.- Records of UK 
average prices received by farmers for agricultural produce have been 
collected annually since 1909 through the crop correspondents of tin 
Census and Statistics Office and Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 
From these records annual index numbers have been calculated for 
each crop and for the field crop a whole. The average prices for 
the five year pre-war period 1909-1913 have in each case been taken 
as 100, and the figures for each year are expressed as a percentage of 
the- In calculating the index numbers for the combined field 
crops, the various crops have been weighted according to the pro 
portion which the value of each crop in each year bears to the total 
value for that year. Fable 42 and its accompanying illustrative dia 
gram show the great increase which took place in agricultural prices 
during the war period and the fall which took place in 1920 and 1921. 
The year 1921 will indeed be memorable for the great and sudden 
fall in the prices of agricultural produce, and the index numbers pro 
vide a convenient means of measuring its extent, as compared with 
previous years, and especially with the maximum prices, which 
were reached in 1919. For wheat, in 1921, the index number for 
Canada was 117-4, representing a drop of 117-3 points as compared 
with 1920 and of 226-1 points as compared with 1919. The price 
was only 17-4 p.c. above that of the pre-war base-period 1909-13. 
Oats and barley receded by 55 9 points and 76 6 points respectively 
from the records of 1920, and were exactly equal to the pre-war 
average for the five years 1909-13. The hay and clover price re 
mained relatively high, but the index number was 21-8 points below 
that of 1920 and was 102-2 points above the pre-war average. This 
was due however, to the poorest hay crop on record, caused by the 
prolonged drought. The Canadian weighted index number for all 
field crops in 1921 was 147-5, or 57-4 points below that of 1920 and 
47-5 points above that of the base-period. 



272 



PRODUCTION 



% 



CS 


03 

d 

03 
V 

I 



CO 



8 2 

w i 



OS 



Stn 
8 
-c 

| PM 

T* O 

I S* 

O 

a &gt; 
&lt;J 

-H 

e3 

a 







8 

d 
d 

M 

^ 










T-l ** 
OS o. *"" t rH 1 t T-* rH i*H i-^ i-H T-H i if T t CNI 

O o 

O 10 
... ....... ...... 

S3 6^oo^ososc&lt;,o.&lt;ios^co-.oos4,^^ 

^CNeNtNCSieNeoCNcMCNCMeilT-lTHT-li-tT-1 
- 

O 

OS tZ. OO IO t^- *O C*3 CO t 1 kO OO CO !&gt; t* OS OS CO OS 

Bi If (T^I (C^COi ** (-^TH i-H t i i 

* "" ei e3s " as 

&T-(r-li 1 1 ll II Ii-Hi IT- lrH&gt; (&gt; I i I 

-# ^ 

D&lt;T-( Ir-lT-lT-lr-lT-lTH |^H-|T I i I 

CS 

m T~l &lt; I 

&lt;O 5 
CM 

CX T * 1-H 1 1 1-H 1-^ 1 I T-H 

XOSOi-iOOOOOCOOCNOOSOSi-HOS 

O T I 1 I i-^ H 1 t r * f-^ T-H H 1 ) 1 I H 

o . ......... .. 

OS ^OOOOJOOOOSOOOOOOOOOOOJOSOO 

OS ^_ 

e^t w f/3 CNI J&gt; C*~l OS OS LO OO ^^ ^^ ^^ " ^O OS OS 

OS ** Ofl ^&gt; OS ^^ OO t* Oi OS H &lt;"*** OO t^* OS t~^ OS 

o&lt; t-i JH 

HCS^T 1 OOOO ii lOOi IOOO&gt; i 

Ills 



OS 

o 



M 



S 






3 



S, 

fcfi 



&lt;M 

1C 
CN 



(M 

CN 



os 

5 



&lt;M 

CN 



CO 

* 



OS 

05 



3 



OS 

O5 



CO 

o 



! 

u 

o 
"5 

s 



IXDT.X NUMBERS OF AGRICULTURAL PRICES 



273 



INDEX NUMBERS or AVERAGE PRICES OP FIELD CROPS J909-l 
Average Prices of 1909- /3 = 



1909 1910 1911 

354 



1913 1914 1915 1916 1917* 1918 



1919 1920 1921 

3,50 



340 



WHEAT 

OATS * * 

POTATOES 

HAY AND CLOVER- 
ALL CROPS 

CANADA YEAR BOOK 




1910 I9M 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 



3813118 



274 



PRODUCTION 



MISCELLANEOUS AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 

Production and Value of Wool. According to estimates pub 
lished by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, the estimated production 
of wool in 1921 was, by provinces, as in Table 43. 1 

43. Estimated Production of Wool by Provinces, 1921. 



Province. 


Sheep 
and 
Lambs. 


Sheep. 


Sheep s 
wool. 


Lambs. 


Lambs 
wool. 


Total 
wool. 


Prince Edward Island 


No. 
131,763 


No. 

75,368 


Ib. 
527,576 


No. 

56,395 


Ib. 
225,580 


Ib. 
753,156 


Nova Scotia 


324,260 


185,476 


1,298,332 


138,784 


555,136 


1,853,468 


New Brunswick 


236,951 


135,535 


948,745 


101,416 


405,664 


1,354,409 


Quebec . . 


1,006,620 


575,787 


4,030,509 


430,833 


1,723,332 


5,753,841 


Ontario 


1,081,828 


618,806 


4,331,642 


463,022 


1,852,088 


6,183,730 


Manitoba 


131,361 


87,617 


613,319 


43,744 


174,976 


788,295 


Saskatchewan 


188,021 


125,410 


877,870 


62,611 


250,444 


1,128,314 


Alberta 


523,599 


349,240 


2,444,680 


174,359 


697,436 


3,142,116 


British Columbia 


51,457 


29,433 


206,031 


22,024 


88,096 


294,127 
















Total 


3,675,860 


2,182,672 


15,278,704 


1,493,188 


5,972,752 


21,251,456 

















The total wool clip of Canada for 1921 was therefore placed 
provisionally at about 21,251,000 Ib., as compared with 24,000,000 
Ib. in 1920, the estimate for 1920 being subject to correction by the 
census returns when available. At an average value for unwashed 
wool of 14 cents per Ib., the total value of the wool clip of 1921 amount 
ed to $2,975,000, as compared with $5,280,000 in 1920. The average 
prices per Ib., for washed and unwashed wool, by provinces, for the 
years 1915 to 1921 are given in Table 13. For Canada the price in 
1921 was 14 cents per Ib. for unwashed and 22 cents per Ib. for washed 
wool. These are the lowest averages for wool since records were 
first taken in 1909. 

Table 44 shows the total estimates of production and value for 
1921, compared with the years 1915 to 1920, as previously published. 

44. Production and Value of Wool in Canada, 1915-21. 



Year. 


Sheep. 


Production 
of Wool. 


Average 
price per Ib. 
of Wool. 


Value. 


1915.. 


No. 

2,038,662 


Ib. 
12,000,000 


cents. 

28 


$ 
3,360,000 


1916 


2,022,941 


12,000,000 


37 


4,440,000 


1917 


2,369,358 


12,000,000 


59 


7,000 000 


1918 


3,052,748 


20,000,000 


60 


12,000,000 


1919 


3,421,958 


20,000,000 


60 


12,000 000 


1920 


3,720,783 


24,000 000 


22 


5,280,000 


1921 


3,675 860 


21 251 000 


14 


2,975,000 













Egg Production in Canada, 1920 and 1921. Calculations 
published by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics place the egg pro 
duction of Canada in 1921 at 161,971,000 dozen, from 25,780,356 
hens on farms, as compared with 121,604,000 dozen from 25,942,105 
hens on farms in 1920. Eggs from other than farms are not included. 2 

iSee Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics, February 1922 (Vol. 15, No. 162, p. 61). 
Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics, November, 1921 (Vol. 14, No. 159), p. 444. 



MISCELLANEOUS AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS 



275 



Tobacco.- Table 45 -ives the area ;uid yield of tobacco in 
1 Mitario and (Quebec for the three years 1!M! to I JlM. 

45. Area and Yield of Tobacco in Canada, 1919-21. 



Provin&lt; 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


191 J. 


1920. 


1921. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 




acres. 


acres. 


acres. 


Ib. 


Ib. 


Ib. 


Ih. per 


Ib. per 


Ib. per 
















re. 


acre. 


acre. 


Ontario ... 




20,114 


6,553 


17,000,000 


21,688,500 


7,121,962 


1,843 


1,078 


1,091 


Quebec. ... 


.360 


33,000 




16,770,000 


26.400,000 


6,127.000 


750 


800 


1,166 


Totals and averages 


31,586 


53,114 


11,809 


33,770,000 


48.088,500 


13,248,962 


1,069 


905 


1,124 





The prices paid for the Ontario crop of 1921 were for the bright 
tobacco, flue-cured, from 42 to 45 cents per Ib. For white Burley 
the price paid was from 10 to 12 cents per Ib., the average being about 
17-5 cents and the average for the whole being 25 cents per Ib. In 
Quebec, the prices for the best grades of eiuar tobacco of the crop 
of 1921 ranged from 10 to 12 cents per Ib, and the average for the 
whole crop of 1921 did not exceed 10 cents per Ib. For Ontario, the 
average revised price of the crop of 1920 was 15 cents and that for 
Quebec 10 cents per Ib. Applying these av&lt; to the r-iimated 

production, the value of the crops of 1921 was tor Ontario $1,780,490 
(7,121,962 Ib. at 25 cents per Ib.), as compared with $3,253,275 in 
1920 (21,688,500 Ib. at 15 cents per Ib.) and for Quebec $612,700 
0, 127,000 Ib. at 10 cents per Ib.), as compared with $2,640,000 (26,- 
400,000 Ib. at 10 cents per Ib.) in 1920. For both provinces the 
total estimated value of the tobacco crop in 1921 was $2,393,190, 
compared with $5,893,275 in 1920. 1 

Agricultural Instruction Act. Under the Agricultural In 
fraction Act of 1913 (3 Geo. V, c. 5), appropriations are annually 
payable, for a period of ten years ending March 31, 1923, by the Do 
minion Government to each of the Provincial Governments of Canada 
for the encouragement of agriculture "through education, instruction 
and demonstration carried on along lines well devised and of a con 
tinuous nature and for the purpose of assisting in the work of veterin 
ary colleges established in the provinces. The annual appropriation 
now amounts to $1,100,000 and is allocated by provinces as follows: 
Prince Edward Island, $31,749.22; Nova Scotia, $81,716.69; New 
Brunswick, $64,110.80; Quebec, $271,113.76; Ontario, $336,303.26; 
Manitoba, $77,113.11; Saskatchewan, $81,728.48; Alberta, $66,965.- 
62; British Columbia, $69,199.06; Veterinary Colleges, $20,000.00. 
A Report on the Agricultural Instruction Act for the year 1920-21 
was published in 1921 [No. 15a-1922]. 

iFor details of the production of tobacco in Ontario and Quebec by counties, for the year 1921 , see Monthly 
Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics. January 1922 (Vol. 15, No. 161), pp. 28-34. 

3813118^ 



276 



PRODUCTION 



Sugar Beets and Beetroot Sugar. There are three sugar 
factories in Canada which manufacture sugar from Canadian grown 
sugar beets. They are situated at Chatham, Wallaceburg and 
Kitchener, in the province of Ontario, and are under the control of 
the Dominion Sugar Company, Ltd., of Chatham. From 1903 until 
1914, when it went out of business, there was also in operation the 
Knight Sugar Company of Raymond in Alberta. Table 46 gives 
particulars respecting the area, yield and value of sugar beet as a farm 
crop and of the production of refined sugar made from Canadian- 
grown sugar beets for the year 1920, with the comparative figures 
for the years 1911-19. 

46. Area, Yield and Value of Sugar Beets in Canada and Production of Refined 

Beetroot Sugar, 1911-1920. 



Year. 


Acres 
grown. 


Yield 
per acre. 


Total 
yield. 


Average 
price 
per ton. 


Total 
value. 


Production 
of refined 
beetroot 
sugar. 


1911 


Acres. 
20,677 


Tons. 
8-50 


Tons. 
175,000 


$ 
6.59 


$ 
1,154.000 


Ib. 
21,329,689 


1912 


18,900 


10-50 


201,000 


5.00 


1,005,000 


26,767,287 


1913 


17.000 


8-75 


148,000 


6.12 


906.000 


26,149,216 


1914 


12,100 


9-00 


108,600 


6.00 


651,000 


31,314,763 


1915 


18,000 


7-75 


141.000 


5.50 


775,500 


39,515,802 


1916 


15,000 


4-75 


71,000 


6.20 


440.000 


17,024,377 


1917 


14,000 


8-40 


117,600 


6.75 


793,800 


23,376,850 


1918 


18,000 


11-25 


204,000 


12.71 


2,593,715 


50,092,835 


1919 


18,800 


9-50 


180,000 


14.61 


2,630,027 


37,839,271 


1920 


34,491 


9-94 


343,000 


15.47 


5,307,243 


89,280,719 

















The results for the year 1920 constituted a record, whether as 
regards the area, yield and value of the roots grown or the production 
of refined beetroot sugar. The area and yield of the roots grown 
were nearly double and the value of the roots as well as the quantity 
of refined sugar was more than double the returns of 1919. The 
value of the beetroot sugar produced in 1920 was $12,856,424, repre 
senting an average wholesale price per Ib. of 14-4 cents, as compared 
with $3,924,411 and 10-4 cents per Ib. in 1919 and $4,358,077 and 
8-7 cents per Ib. in 1918. 

Maple Sugar. The maple sugar industry of Canada is carried 
on in the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova 
Scotia. From 1851 to 1861 the average yearly production was about 
13,500,000 Ib., from 1861 to 1871 about 17,500,000 Ib., from 1871 to 
1881, 19,000,000 Ib., and from 1881 to 1891 about 22,000,000 Ib. 
During the next decade the yearly average fell to about 21,200,000 Ib., 
and in more recent years to little less than 20,000,000 Ib. In the 
Maritime Provinces the yearly output has rarely exceeded 500,000 Ib. 
Quebec produces about 14,300,000 Ib. and Ontario 5,000,000 Ib. 
per annum. It is estimated that the industry, which represents an 
annual value of almost $2,000,000, is carried on by about 50,000 
growers. Table 47 shows the production and value of maple products 
in the province of Quebec according to the annual statistics of the 
Dominion and Quebec Bureaus of Statistics as follows: 



STOCKS OF T/A .t/.V I.\ CANADA 



277 



47. Maple Products in the Province of Quebec, 1918-1921. 



Year. 


pie 
Sugar. 


Maple 
Syrup. 


Total Value. 


iota 


Ib. 
10.173.622 


gallons. 
1,928,201 


I 

4,418.344 




12,35;} 


1,470.275 


6,396,535 


i n-in 


lo.615. 141 


1,41 


6,7-1 


1921.. 


12,285,514 


1,37 


4,318,970 



Stocks of Grain in Canada -Table 48 shows the quantities 
of "rain in farmers hands tit tho close of the Canadian crop year on 
August 31, 1921, with comparative figures for the two previous 
years as compiled from the estimates of crop correspondents. Adding 
the stocks in the elevators and flour mills, Table 49 shows the total 
quantities of urain in store at the close of each of the crop years, 
1919, 1920 and 1921. 
48. Stocks of Grain in Farmers hands in Canada at the end of August, 1919-1921. 



Grain. 


Total 

produc 
tion in 
1913. 


In farmers 
hun&lt; Is 
Aug. 31, 
lift. 


Tot :il 
produc 
tion in 
1919. 


In farri 
ha; 

AUR 31, 

JO. 


To 
produc 
tion in 

n. 


In farmers 
Linda 
AUK. 31, 
1921. 


Wheat 


000 
bush. 
1.075 

426,313 


p.c. 
I M 

3-79 


000 
bush. 
2.149 
1.437 
16,137 


000 
bush. 
193.260 
56 
394 
10 
5,473 


p.c. 
1-10 
1-39 
M6 
0-62 
1-45 


000 
bush. 

781 

8,515 
63 
79 


000 
bu.-h. 
1,189 
63,311 
1.710 
11,306 
7,998 


p.c. 
0-81 
1-69 
5-59 
0-52 
0-63 


000 
bush. 
8.144 

1,073 
29,657 
58 
51 




Oats 


Rye 


n .. , . 



49. Stocks of Grain in Canada at the close of the Crop Years, 1919, 1920 and 1921. 







Wheat. 




1 


Barley. 




Quantities in 


Aug.30, 
1919. 


AUK- 31, 

- 0. 


Aug. 31, 
1921. 


Aug. 30, 
1919. 


Aug. 31, 
1920. 


Aug. 31, 
1921. 




bush. 
2.149,000 


bush. 
2,122,300 


bush. 
2.144.400 


bush. 
1,437.100 


bush. 
781,100 


bush. 
1,072,900 




762.362 


980,000 


1.566,689 


275,225 


210,000 


792,955 




433.920 


1,603.811 


2,367.181 


244,566 


171,703 


827,962 




2,108,884 


4,316,527 


874.045 


1,388,502 


337,301 


491,884 






30,007 


23.260 


- 


326 


7,718 




_ 


237,780 


719,624 





2,000 


27,287 


Transit by rail 


- 


- 


6.031,889 








628,733 


Totals 


5,454,166 


9.290,425 


13,727,088 


3,345,393 


1,502,430 


3,849,439 
















Quantities in 




Oats. 






Rye. 






bush. 
16.1. 17.100 


bush. 
8,515,200 


bush. 
29,657.300 


bush. 


bush. 
62,900 


bush. 
58,500 




735.258 


560,000 


3.195,676 


6,642 


- 


15,025 




1,371.043 


339,829 


4,668,256 


152,209 


58,209 


393,106 




1,036,555 


240,100 


4,724,616 


- 





23.379 






10,942 


27.562 


- 


308 


5,920 




_ 


14,846 


350,938 


- 


355 


5.698 


Transit by rail 


- 


- 


1.336.001 








328.922 


Totals 


19,279,956 


9,680,917 


43,960,349 


158,851 


121,772 


830,550 

















iSee Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics, September, 1921. (Vol. 14, No. 157), p. 363, and April, 1922 
(Vol. 15, No. 164), p. 126. 



278 



PRODUCTION 



49. Stocks of Grain in Canada at the close of the Crop Years, 1919, 1920 and 1921 

concluded. 



Quantities in 


Flaxseed. 


Aug. 30, 
1919. 


Aug. 31, 
1920. 


Aug. 31, 
1921. 


Farmers Hands 


bush. 

15,047 
37,610 


bush. 
79,200 
48,000 
466,086 
21,629 
1,208 


bush. 
50,700 
195,402 
1,465,369 
53,049 
20 
39,458 


Country Elevators in West. . . . 


Terminal Elevators 


Public Elevators 


Eastern Elevators 


Transit by rail 


Totals 


52,657 


616,123 


1,803,998 





According to Table 49 therefore, on August 31, 1921, about 
13,727,000 bushels of wheat, 3,849,500 bushels of barley, 43,960,000 
bushels of oats, 830,500 bushels of rye and 1,804,000 bushels of flaxseed 
constituted the "carry over" into the new crop year running from 
September 1, 1921, to August 31, 1922. 

Table 50 gives the results of inquiries as to the quantities of 
wheat, and wheat flour expressed as wheat, in Canada on March 31, 
1922, with the corresponding figures for 1918 to 1921. 

50. Stocks of Wheat in Canada, March 31, 1918-22. 



Wheat in 


March 31, 
1918. 


March 31, 
1919. 


March 31, 
1920. 


March 31, 
1921. 


March 31, 
1922. 


Elevators 


20,525,213 
4,802,236 
20,011,179 
31,684,700 


bush. 
69,983,064 
5,390,066 
10,854,840 
32,315,000 


bush. 
30,622,398 
5,575,253 
6,271,697 
34,837,000 


bush. 
35,802,362 
3,635,818 
7,119,983 
48,919,000 


bush. 
58,338,581 
4,000,000 
10,998,505 
41,649,000 


Flour mills 


Transit by rail 


Farmers hands 


Totals 


77,023,328 


118,542,970 


77,306,348 


95,477,163 


111,986,08$ 





Table 51 gives for oats, barley and flaxseed the stocks in Canada 
on March 31, 1922, as compared with the corresponding date of the 
previous year. 

51. Stocks in Canada of Oats, Barley and Flaxseed, March 31, 1921 and 1922. 



Grain in 


Oats. 


Barley. 


Flaxseed. 


March 31, 
1921. 


March 31, 
1922. 


March 31, 
1921. 


March 31, 
1922. 


March 31, 
1921. 


March 31, 
1922. 


Elevators 


bush. 

35,543,135 
670,321 
3,462,583 
206,938,000 


bush. 

21,852,211 
150,000 
6,003,399 
147,604,000 


bush. 

6,048,900 
58,638 
1,205,396 
17,532,000 


bush. 

5,536,623 
14,000 
1,102,649 
14,901,000 


bush. 
3,315,002 

741,039 
1,808,000 


bush. 
1,390,583 

179,711 
618,000 


Flour mills 


Transit by rail 


Farmers hands 


Totals 


246,614,039 


175,609,610 


24,844,934 


21,554,272 


5,864,041 


2,188,294 





Distribution of the Canadian Wheat and Oat Crops.- 

Table 52 shows the distribution of the wheat crops of 1920 and 1921. 



STOCKS &lt;&gt;/ &lt;;h M.\ /-V CANADA 



J7" 



52. Distribution of the Canadian Wheat Crops of 1919 and 1920. 



Items. 


Crop 

year ended 

AUK. 31, 
JO. 


Crop 
year ended 
A.m. SI, 
Jl. 


Itcu 


Crop 
year ended 

" AUK. HI, 
JO. 


Crop 
year ended 
Aug. 31, 
11)21. 




000 bush. 

E C1 K 


000 l&gt;ush. 

Q ^ Is 




000 bush. 
63,926 


000 bush 
136.174 


Carry over Sept. I, 1919-21. 


O,Oli&gt; 


263,189 


1 Exports as flour 


25,541 


30,990 


Gross production 


5 798 


7,^ 


Total exports . 


89,467 


167,164 


Loss in cleaning 


1 fl Q lf\ 


10 


Retained for seed . . . 


32,000 


40,707 


Grain not merchantable 


1U, OOU 

17ii 632 




Milled for f&gt;o&lt;l 


58,000 


39,479 


Net production 


. 




( arried over, August 31, 








100 xni 


ilti 


1920-21 




,000 


lilable for distribution. . 








6.862 


- 















NoTS.-Flour is expressed as wheat on the basis of 1 barrel of flour weighing 196 Ib. being equal to 4i 
bushels of wheat. 

As regards the commercial movement of the crop, Table 52 is 
constructed in general conformity with the data published by the 
Internal Trade Branch of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. It will 
be noted that for the year ended August 31, 1920, the whole of the 
estimated gross production of 193,260,000 bushels of wheat is accounted 
for with the exception of a plus balance of 6,862,000 bushels, or about 
3J p.c. of the total. For 1921, the figures exactly balance. 

Table 53 presents similar data in respect of oats. The bulk of 
this crop is consumed as food for live stock, and the table shows 
ipproximately how the remaining portion of the crop is disposed of, 
including the quantities exported as grain, oatmeal and rolled on 
the quantity retained for seed and the quantity milled for 
consumption, representing chiefly oatmeal and rolled oats used 
human food. The carry over represents gram m the elevators, in 
farmers hands, in transit, etc., and the balance is the quantity con 
sumed in Canada for feeding to live stock, the amount being estimated 
at 379,914,000 bushels in 1921 and 298,862,000 bushels m 
53.-Distribution of the Canadian Oat Crops of 1919 and 1920. 



Items. 


Crop 
year ended 
Aug. 31, 
1920. 


Crop 
year ended 
Aug. 31, 
1921. 


Items. 


Crop 
year ended 
Aug. 31, 
1920. 


Crop 
year ended 
Aug. 31, 
1921. 


ry over, Sept. 1,1919-21. 


000 bush. 

19,372 
394.387 
40.427 
353,960 
1,920 
375,252 


000 bush. 

10,113 
530.710 
34,015 
496.695 
1,021 
507,829 


P vTwirts jm pram 


000 bush. 

15,356 
3,128 
18,484 
39.624 

8,169 
10,113 
298,862 


000 bush. 

28, :r&gt; 

3.046 
31,761 
42,373 

11.008 

42,773 
379,914 


Exports as meal, etc 


Grain not merchantable 




Retained for seed 


Net production 

Imports 


Milled for home consump 
tion 


Available for distribution. . 


Carrv over, August 31, 
1920-21 


Balance for home consump 
tion as cram .... 





i For similar calculations extending over a series of .years both for wheat and oats, see the &gt; Year Book 
of 1920 PP 263-266 and the Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics for April, 1920 (Vol. 13, No. 
140\ p. 75 and April, 1922 (Vol. 15, No. 164), p. 127. 



PRODUCTION 



Per Capita Consumption of Wheat in Canada. It is cal 
culated that for the period of ten years ended August 31, 1919, the 
average per capita consumption of wheat in Canada was 5-8 bushels, 
that during the four years of war (1915-18) the rate was 4-2 bushels 
and that during the five-year pre-war period from 1910 to 1914 it 
was 7 7 bushels. These rates represent the gross per capita consump 
tion after accounting for the whole of the production in the way of 
losses due to cleaning and unmerchantable grain, adding the imports 
and deducting exports and grain retained for seed. During recent 
years the Dominion Bureau of Statistics has perfected arrangements 
for the periodical collection of statistics of wheat milled in Canada. 
These indicate on the basis of three years returns that the per capita 
consumption of wheat is 5-4 bushels, a figure only 0-4 bushels below 
that of 5 8 bushels, the average above given for the ten year period 
ended August 31, 1919. A report on the Flour Milling Industry of 
Canada for 1920, issued in March, 1922, by the Industrial Census 
Division of the Bureau placed the per capita consumption of wheat 
flour in Canada for the calendar year 1920 at 96 barrel, representing, 
at 4-5 bushels to the barrel, 4-3 bushels. According to the quantity 
shown in Table 52 as milled in the crop year ended August 31, 1921, 
viz., 39,479,000 bushels, the per capita consumption is 4-5 bushels, 
an excess difference of only 0-2 bushel. The rate shown by the 
Industrial Census Branch applies, however, only to a single year. 
The milling statistics of the Internal Trade Division include offals, 
whilst those of the Industrial Census Branch represent the pure 
flour as used for food. The rate for the ten years 1910 to 1919 
represents still more calculations that are gross rather than net. 
Altogether the conclusion appears to be justified that the average per 
capita consumption of wheat in Canada is close to 5 bushels, either 
slightly more or slightly less. 

Agricultural Revenue and Wealth of Canada. Table 54 
shows under principal headings the gross agricultural revenue of 
Canada, by provinces, for each of the four years 1918 to 1921. It 
is important to observe that the figures represent gross values, because 
it is not possible to distinguish between crops used as materials for 
other kinds of production, such as the feeding of live stock, nor to 
allow for the costs of production. 1 



iFpr explanation of the methods used in estimating values, see the original article in the Monthly 
Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics for March, 1922 (Vol. 15, No. 163), pp. 85-89. 



AGRICULTURAL WEALTH OF CANADA 



281 



4. Estimated Gross Annual Agricultural Revenue of Canada, by Provinces, 

1918-1921. 

("000" omitted). 



Items. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Canada- 
Field Crops 


S 

1,372,936 


* 
1,537,169 


$ 

1,455,244 


1 

931.865 




194 


,679 


143,854 


98,424 


Wool 


12.400 


11,000 


5, L M) 


2,975 




20d 


251 


260 


260.3:57 


Fruits and Vegetables . . . . 


40 000 


40 000 


40 000 


40 000 




40,000 


40.000 


45.000 


55.000 


Fur Farming 


1,048 


1.048 


1,140 


1,065 




5.258 


7 447 


4, 


4,174 




4,270 


15,620 


5,893 


2,393 


Flai fibre 


2.286 


5.524 


434 














Totals 


1,873 037 


2,096 014 


1,961,715 


1,396 233 












Prince Edward Island 

! iold ( rops 


16 278 


22 367 


18,530 


14 203 




1 772 


2 315 


1,682 


1 059 


Wool 


198 


370 




98 




1,600 


2 231 


4,102 


4,102 


Fruits and Vegetables 


300 


300 


300 


300 


Poultry and Kggs 


720 


720 


810 


990 


Fur Farming . 


833 


833 


767 


679 












Totals 


21 799 


29 136 


26,376 


21 431 












NOT a Scotia- 


42 486 


63 357 


47,847 


29,557 


Farm Animals 


4 654 


5 074 


4,122 


2,235 


Wool 


1 055 




554 


278 


Dairy Products 


632 


3 719 


7 077 


7 077 


Fruits and Vegetables 


3 900 


3 900 


3,900 


3 900 




- 






1,100 




54 


54 


49 


58 


Maple Products 


40 


45 


45 


29 












Totals 


55 21 


77 789 


64 494 


44 234 












New Brunswick- 
Field Crops 


42 891 


53 134 


46 357 


38 326 


Farm Animals 


3 681 


4 869 


3 


2 315 


Woo] 


*569 


. - ; 


370 


176 


Dairy Products 


1 419 


2 214 


4 616 


4,616 


Fruits and Vegetables 


1 600 


1 600 


1 600 


1,600 


Poultry and Eggs 






1,080 


1,320 


Fur Farming 


55 


55 


127 


42 


Maple Products 


50 


53 


53 


63 












Totals 


51 225 


63 569 


5S 137 


48 458 












Quebec- 
Field Crops 


276 777 


309 963 


330 251 


219 154 


Farm Animals 


40 862 


37 683 


31 250 


20 262 


Wool 


3 806 


3 238 


1 478 


1 203 


Dairy Products 


58 004 


68 432 


65 093 


65 093 


Fruits and Vegetables 


9 200 


9 200 


9 200 


9 200 


Poultry and Eggs 


5 040 


5 040 


5 670 


6 930 


Fur Farming 


49 


49 


40 


94 


Maple Products 


4 418 


6 349 


3 180 


2 742 


Tobacco 


2 320 


6 780 


2 640 


613 












Totals 


400 566 


446 734 


448 802 


325 291 












Ontario 

Field Crops 


384 014 


383 574 


375 747 


239 fi27 


Farm Animals 


68 916 


70 288 


59 953 


36 051 


Wool 


3 949 


3 542 


1 663 


615 


Dairy Products 


102 216 


130 041 


124 947 


194 047 


Fruits and Vegetables 


17 200 


17 200 


17 200 


17 200 


Poultry and Eggs 


W400 


14 400 


16 200 


19 800 


Fur Farming 


11 


11 


52 


58 


Maple Products 


750 


1 000 


1 255 


1 340 


Tobacco 


1 950 


8 840 


3 253 


1 780 


Flax fibre 


2 286 


5 524 


434 














Totals 


595 692 


634 420 


600 704 


441 418 













282 



PRODUCTION 



54. Estimated Gross Annual Agricultural Revenue of Canada, by Provinces, 

1918-1921 concluded . 
("000 omitted). 



Items. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Manitoba 

Field Crops 


$ 
180 508 


$ 

182 097 


$ 
133 990 


$ 

72 ISfi 


Farm Animals 


13 781 


12 990 


9 342 


5 738 


Wool 


556 


538 


211 


71 


Dairy Products 


11,420 


13 092 


15 084 


15 084 


Fruits and Vegetables 


1,900 


1 900 


1 900 


1 QOf) 


Poultry and Eggs 


3 640 


3 640 


4 095 


5 005 


Fur Farming 








82 












Totals 


211 805 


214 257 


m622 


100 01 (i 


Saskatchewan- 
Field Crops 


299 362 


340 030 


271 213 


215 fWi 


Farm Animals 


24 033 


22 946 


15*076 


12 22Q 


Wool 


546 


472 


238 


ISn 


Dairy Products 


6 051 


9 346 


13 516 


13 5Ifi 


Fruits and Vegetables 


1 400 


1 400 


1 400 


1 4on 


Poultry and Eggs 


7 840 


7 840 


8 820 


10 780 


Fur Farming 






7i 


27 












Totals 


339,232 


382 034 


310 341 


253 722 












Alberta- 
Field Crops 


113 072 


158 044 


204 292 


82 780 


Farm Animals 


33 164 


26 353 


16 054 


16 OfiS 


Wool 


1,349 


1 172 


528 


375 


Dairy Products 


10 387 


14 620 


17 616 


17 616 


Fruits and Vegetables 


1 500 


1 500 


1 500 


1 500 


Poultry and Eggs 


4 480 


4 480 


5 040 


6 160 


Fur Farming 


26 2 


26 2 


12 


16 












Totals 


163,978 


206,195 


245 042 


124 512 












British Columbia- 
Field Crops 


17,548 


24 603 


27 017 


20 447 


Farm Animals 


3,635 


4 161 


2 441 


2 470 


Wool 


184 


144 


53 


24 


Dairy Products 


6,612 


7,832 


8 286 


8 286 


Fruits and Vegetables 


3,000 


3 000 


3 000 


3 000 


Poultry and Eggs 


2,120 


2 120 


2 385 


2 915 


Fur Farming 


20 


20 


15 


993 












Totals 


33,119 


41,880 


43 197 


37 151 













including Manitoba. Including Manitoba and Saskatchewan. 
Including the Yukon territory. 

The table shows that for 1921 the total agricultural revenue of 
Canada was $1,396,233,000, as compared with $1,961,715,000 in 1920, 
$2,096,014,000 in 1919, and $1,873,037,000 in 1918. The total 
for 1921, viz., $1,396,233,000, shows a decrease as compared with 
1919 of $699,791,000 or over 33 p.c., and as compared with 1920, 
a decrease of $565,482,000, or 28 p.c. The decrease is attributable 
mainly to the fall in prices, which reached their maximum in 1919. 
By provinces for 1921, Ontario leads with a total value of $441,418,000; 
next comes Quebec with the value of $325,291,000; and then follow 
in the order given: Saskatchewan $253,722,000; Alberta $124,512,- 
000; Manitoba $100,016,000; New Brunswick $48,458,000; Nova 
Scotia $44,234,000; British Columbia $37,151,000; and Prince 
Edward Island $21,431,000. As between 1920 and 1921 the differ 
ence is chiefly in field crops and farm animals, the value of the former 
having fallen by $523,379,000, or 35 p.c., and that of the latter by 
$45,430,000, or 31-6 p.c. 



AGRICULTURAL H AM /// // or CANADA 






In Tai&gt;U&gt; 55 aiv given the results of calculations showing, approxi 
mately, by proviiu -. for 1921, the total agricultural wealth of the 
1 )nminion. 

55. Estimated Gross Agricultural Wealth of Canada, by Provinces, 1921. 

("000 omitted). 



Description. 


Prince 
Iward 
Island. 


va 

i in. 


New 
Brunswick. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 




$ 
23,300 


$ 

62,528 


I 
39,587 


I 

:.&lt;is,758 


$ 

734, 108 




14,031 


51,931 


87,773 


257,094 


377,253 




4,475 


5,723 


7, 




97,168 




7,840 


19,716 


19, 


127,515 


224.024 


Poultry 


684 


730 




4,834 


13,628 


\nimals on Fur Farms 


3,730 






378 


293 




21,431 


44,234 


48,458 


325,291 


441.418 














Totals 


75,491 


185,139 


154,915 


1,288,813 


1.887,892 















Description. 


Manitoba. 


Saskut* 
u;in. 


Alberta. 


British 
Columbia. 


Canada. 


Land 


$ 

.468 


$ 

863,961 


$ 

439,460 


S 

169,706 


% 

3,196,876 




74 


1:. 1.703 


66,113 


35. 


1,035,712 




14,887 


111,17(1 


:.l 


4,436 


391,660 




65. 


ir.4,865 


128 


18,638 


766,720 








4,251 


028 


38,007 


\ninials on Fur Farms . 






199 


41 


5,824 


\gricultural Production . 


100,016 


25^ 


124, 


37,151 


1,396.223 














Totals 


843,913 


1.513.14S 


814,338 


2C7.375 


C, 831, 022 















Including Manitoba. 

The gross agricultural wealth of Canada for 1921 is estimated 
at $6,831,022,000, as compared with the estimate for 1920 of $7,612,- 
151,000, a decrease of $781,129,000, or about 10 p.c. The comparison 
is however slightly affected by greater completeness in the items in 
cluded for 1921. 

Agricultural Implements.- -The Dominion Bureau of Statis 
tics reports that the production in 1920 of the group manufacturing 
agricultural implements, including cream separators, pumps and 
windmills, was valued at $50,301,302. The increase in the output 
over 1919 was $9,237,961, or 22-5 p.c. The imports during the calen 
dar year 1920 were $28,188,576, and the exports comprised implements 
valued at $12,399,116. By inference the agricultural implements 
rendered available for the farming community were worth approx 
imately $66,090,762. The chief implement in this connection was 
the tractor of which 1,054 were produced at a valuation of $1,548,840, 
while the imports were 13,494, value $13,459,814, and the exports 
were not separately reported. Making no allowance for exports, 
the number of tractors rendered available was thus 14,548. The thresh 
ers made available for addition to the farming equipment of the 
country were worth approximately $4,513,307. The production of 
harvesters was 35,884, value $6^129,236, and the visible supply 



284 PRODUCTION 



amounted to 28,002 only. The 81,142 ploughs produced in Canadian 
factories were worth $4,773,503, while the visible supply was worth 
about $3,614,324. Cream separators with a value of about $2,506- 
532 were made available, as compared with a production of 31,001, 
value $1,683,634. 

INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS, 

World s Production of Cereals and Potatoes. Table, con 
structed from data published by the International Institute of Agri 
culture, either in the new International Year Book of Agricultural 
Statistics 1909 to 1921, or in the monthly International Crop Report 
and Agricultural Statistics, shows the area and yield of wheat, rye, 
barley, oats, corn and potatoes in various countries of the world 
for the years 1920 and 1921 in countries of the northern hemisphere, 
and for years 1920-21 and 1921-22 in countries of the southern hemi 
sphere (Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, South Africa, Australia and New 
Zealand). The Table includes also for purposes of comparison the 
annual average areas and yields for the five years 1915-19 (1915-16 
to 1919-20 for the southern hemisphere) and the areas and yields of 
1921 in the form of percentages of 1920 (1920-21) and of the five-year 
averages. Owing to the changes in territorial distribution consequent 
upon the war, it is not possible to give the five-year averages in the 
case of certain countries, as for instance Hungary, Latvia, Poland, 
Roumania and Czecho-Slovakia in the case of wheat. Therefore 
the plan adopted is to give two separate totals (1) for all the countries 
for which the data are complete, including the five year averages, 
and (2) for all the countries for which the data are complete in respect 
of the two years 1920 and 1921. 

Wheat. For 33 countries the production of wheat in 1921 was 
2,751,330,000 bushels from 191,572,000 acres, as compared with 
2,660,132,000 bushels from 188,640,000 acres in 1920, and 2, 599,902,- 
000 bushels from 186,965,000 acres, the five year-average. The 
area under wheat in these countries in 1921 was 1.5 p.c. above that 
of 1920, and 2.5 p.c. above the five-year average; the yield in 1921 
was 3 . 4 p.c. above that of 1920 and 5 . 8 p.c. above the five-year average. 
The average yield per acre was in 1921 14.3 bushels as compared 
with 14.1 bushels in 1920 and 13.9 bushels, the five-year average. 
Adding the five countries (Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Roumania, 
and Czecho-Slovakia) the production for 38 countries is 3,129,604,000 



WORLD S PRODUCTION OF CEREALS AND POTATOES 285 

bushels from 204,984,000 acres, as compared with 2,945,338,000 
bushels from 199,775,000 acres in 1920, an increase for area of 2.6 
. and for yield of 6.2 p.c. as compared with 1920. The average 
yield per acre for the 38 countries is 15.3 bushels, as against 14.7 
bushels in 1920. 

Rye. In 19 countries the production of rye was in 1921, 540,- 
298,000 bushels from 25,628,000 acres, as against 437,248,000 bushels 
from 24,480,000 acres in 1920 and against 471,886,000 bushels from 
24,954,000 acres, the annual averages for the five years 1915-19. 
(1915-161919-20). The area was therefore 4.6 p.c. above that of 

1920 and 2.7 p.c. above the five-year average; the yield in 1921 was 
23.6 p.c. above that of 1920 and 14.5 p.c. above the five-year average. 
The average yield per acre was in 1921, 21.1 bushels, as against 17.9 
bushels in 1920 and 18.9 bushels, the five-year avenue. Including 
the six extra countries, making 25 in all, the yield was 804,342,000 
bushels from 39,388,300 acres in 1921, gainst 581,454,000 bushels 
from 36,596,300 acres in 1920, the percentage in. e being 38.3 
for production and 7.6 for area. The average yield per acre for 
the 25 countries wa&lt; 20.4 bushels in 1021 as against 15.9 bushels in 
1920. 

Barley. In 27 countries the total production of barley in 

1921 was 677,261,000 bushels from 30,082,000 acree, as against 700,- 
354,000 bushels from 30,794,000 acres in 1920 and 692,651,000 bushels 
from 30,517,000 acres, the five-year average. As compared with 
1920 the acreage in 1921 was 2.3 p.c. less, and as compared with 
the average it was 1 .4 p.c. less; the total yield was 3.3 p.c. less than 
that of 1920 and 2.2 p.c. less than the average. The average yield 
per acre was 22.5 bushels as against 22.7 bushels in 1920, and for 
the five-year average. Adding the seven extra countries, the total 
production in 1921 for 34 countries amounted to 1,076,746,000 bushels 
from 48,651,000 acres, as against 1,107,200,000 bushels from 49,- 
730,000 acres in 1920; the acreage was thus 2.2 p.c. and the yield 
2.8 p.c. less than in 1920. The average yield per acre was for the 
34 countries, 22.1 bushels in 1921 as against 22.3 bushels in 1920. 

Oats. In 26 countries the production of oats in 1921 was 2,526,- 
313,000 bushels from 95,274.000 acres, as against 3,079,745,000 
bushels from 91,902,000 acres in 1921, and 2,851,385,000 bushels 
from 88,371,000 acres, the five-year average. The area was 3.7 p.c. 



286 PRODUCTION 



above that of 1920 and 7.8 p.c. above the average, whilst the yield 
was 18 p.c. below that of 1920 and 11.4 p.c. below the average. The 
average yield per acre was 26 . 5 bushels in 1921 as against 33 . 5 bushels 
in 1920 and 32.3 bushels, the five-year average. Adding the five 
extra countries the total yield for the 31 countries was 2,835,487,000 
bushels from 105,611,000 acres in 1921, as against 3,320,278,000 
bushels from 101,493,000 acres in 1920, the area being 4.1 p.c. more, 
whilst the yield was 15 p.c. less than in 1920. The average yields 
per acre were 26.8 bushels in 1921, as compared with 32.7 bushels 
in 1920. 

Corn. Fifteen countries produced 3,283,035,000 bushels from 
112,701,000 acres in 1921, as against 3,432,931,000 bushels from 
110,698,000 acres in 1920, and 3,421,186,000 bushels from 115,316,000 
acres the five-year average. The area was 1.8 p.c. above that of 
1920 and 2.3 p.c. below that of the average, the yield was 4.4 p.c. 
below 1920 and 4 p.c. below the average. The average yield per acre 
was 29.1 bushels in 1921, as compared with 31 bushels in 1920 and 
29.7 bushels the five-year average. Adding the three countries of 
Hungary, Poland and Czecho-Slovakia, the total production in 1921 
for the 18 countries was 3,322,488,000 bushels from 115,213,000 
acres in 1921, as compared with 3,493,817,000 bushels from 113,192,- 
000 acres in 1920, the yield being 4.9 p.c. less on an area 1.8 p.c. 
more. The average yield per acre for the 18 countries was 28.8 
bushels, as against 30.9 bushels in 1920. Of the total area under 
corn in 1921 103,850,000 acres, or 90 p.c., were in the United States. 

Potatoes. The yield for 23 countries was 2,539,626,000 bushels 
from 19,956,000 acres in 1921, as against 2,828,170,000 bushels from 
19,310,000 acres in 1920 and 2,525,143,000 bushels from 18,64 [,000 
acres, the five-year average. The acreage in 1921 was 3 . 3 p.c. above 
that of 1920 and 7 p.c. above the average; the yield was 10.1 p.c. 
below that of 1920 and 0.6 p.c. above the average. The yield per 
acre was 127.3 bushels in 1921, 141.1 bushels in 1920 and 135.4 
bushels, the average. Adding the four countries of Hungary, Latvia, 
Poland and Czecho-Slovakia, the total for the 27 countries was 3,361,- 
556,000 bushels from 27,079,000 acres in 1921, as against 3,764,641,000 
bushels from 25,619,000 acres in 1920, the acreage in 1921 being 5.7 
more and the yield 10.7 p.c. less. The average yield per acre for 
the 27 countries is 124.1 bushels, as against 146.9 bushels in 1920. 



WORL&S PRODUCTION OF CEREAL AND ruTATOES 



287 



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288 



PRODUCTION 




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PRODUCTION 



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WORLD S PRODUCTION OF CERKM.S AND POTATOES 



291 




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292 PRODUCTION 



World s Statistics of Farm Live Stock. Table 57 shows 
the numbers of farm live stock (horses, mules, asses, cattle, sheep, 
goats and swine) in the principal countries of the world, as derived 
from the International Year Book of Agricultural Statistics, 1909-1921, 
which was issued in 1922 by the International Institute of Agricul 
ture. In this table a distinction is made between countries of the 
British Empire and those of the rest of the world. The .numbers 
are compared for the two dates of 1911 or nearest year and 1921 or 
nearest year. The letter E signifies an annual or other estimate, 
and the letter C stands for Census. For countries whose boundaries 
have been affected by the war, the numbers of live stock for the second 
of the two periods do not relate to the same territories as for the first 
period. Where this is so the fact is indicated by printing the names 
of the countries in italics. For these countries the increase or de 
crease shown may be due rather to the alteration of territory than to 
actual change, and it is not possible to distinguish between the two 
causes. Where the data are incomplete, or where the figures for 
the two years are not comparable for reasons other than alteration 
of territorial boundary, the figures are printed in italics and are not 
included in the totals. 

In Table 58 the totals for the British Empire are compared for 
the two periods, and the proportion that each description bears to 
the world s total is also shown. The list of countries in the British 
Empire is much more complete than that given in the similar table 
appearing on pp. 269-271 in the Canada Year Book of 1920. It 
includes not only India and the large self-governing Dominions, 
but also the great majority of the Crown Colonies and other British 
Possessions in various parts of the world. It will be noticed that 
horses, asses and cattle show increases of 14.2, 12.6 and 23.1p.c. 
respectively, but that the other descriptions show decreases, mules 
of 18, sheep of 11 . 4 ,goats of 23 . 4 and swine of 6 . 3 p.c. For horses 
the British Empire is shown to possess 10.2, for asses 24. 1, for mules 
3.2, for cattle 37.8, for sheep 44.9, for goats 58.3, and for swine 
6.2 p.c. of the totals for the world, so far as data are available to give 
approximate comparisons for the two periods. 

Table 59 gives the world s totals for each description of live 
stock for the two periods. According to this table the world s totals 
have increased in the case of asses by 7.1, mules by 19.6, and cattle 
by 5.7 p.c., whilst decreases have occurred in the numbers of horses 
by 11.8, of sheep by 16.6, of goats by 13.5, and of swine by 11.4 p.c. 

In addition to the ordinary descriptions of farm live stock, the 
International Year Book shows that buffaloes are maintained in 17 
countries, the largest numbers being in India 21,421,993 (1921), 
Siam 2,508,164 (1920), Egypt 645,537 (1921), the Philippine Isles 
1,388,244 (1919), and the Dutch East Indies 3,273,696 (1918). Of 
camels maintained in 19 countries, the largest numbers are in India, 
549,351 (1920), French West Africa 102,367 (1921), Kenya 103,152 
(1920), Egypt 145,008 (1921), Algeria 197,216 (1915), Morocco 
86,000 (1921), Tunis 170,606 (1919), and Italian Somaliland 2,101,- 
178 (1920). 



ir&lt;&gt;A /.//s STATISTICS &lt;&gt;i /-MAM/ /./ 1 /-: 



293 



57. Numbers of Farm Live Stock in the Principal Countries of the World, datt s 

nearest 1911 and 1921. 

(Italics indicate incomparubility of data at the two periods.) 



Countries. 


Date nearot I .UI. 


.Date in-art-:. t I .IL I. 


Increase (+) 
or 

di-cn-aM. ( ). 


Actual 
date. 




Actual 

date. 




Hm 

I nitt&gt;il Kmii lom . 
Canada 
\owf&lt;&gt;uiullaii&lt; 1 . 


I .UI 
I .UI 
I .UI 
I .UI 
1911 
1911 

I .UI 

1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 

I .UI 
1911 
1911 
1911 

1911 
1911 
I .UI 
1911 


E 
C 
C 

i: 
K 

i. 
i: 

i. 
E 
C 
C 
E 
C 
E 


112 

IS, 288 
59. 
Ml 

4,878 

S.5M 

68,1 
1,664, 

147. 
4,815 
2,950 
719,414 
;:13 
600 
2,278,. 
404 
288&gt; 


1921 
1921 

1917 
1919 
1920 
1920 
1919 
1921 
1920 

1919 
1920 

1920 

1919 
1921 
1920 


i: 

C 

i: 
C 

1. 
1 
E 

i. 
i. 


2,164,805 

49, 

4,155 
950 
8,242 
4.S68 
1,698,940 
.383 
3,600 
1.1 
690,124* 
2,891 
777 
121,201 
337 
9,812 


- 

+ l,218,(Mi . 

- 

-179 

-1 

+184,006 

+12 
-1,215 

-1 

+558 
+177 
+142,976 

-67,025 

+3,524 


Janiai 


Burl I M i&lt; - 


Trinidad an&lt;l TotMBO 


liriti--h 1 iuiana 


Falkland Isles 




India Brit 1 rov 


India Nati 9 
Ceylon 


tl,-!m-n;- . 

Union of South Africa . . 


Kluxlt -ia Soul li 


Mauritius* 




New Zealand 


Fiji Ibles 3 


Total British Empire 


- 


- 


10,054,062 


- 


- 


11,482,554 


+1,428,492 


Austria 


1910 
1911 
1910 

1909 

1911 
I .UI 
1912 
1911 
1910 
1911 
1914 

1910 
1910 

1911 
1911 
1911 
1910 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1910 
1911 
1910 
1912 
1911 

1910 
1911 
1913 
1910 

1915 

1918 
1914 
1911 
1911 
1911 


C 
C 
E 

E 
E 
C 
C 
C 
C 
E 

C 
E 

E 

E 
E 
C 
E 
E 
C 
E 
C 
E 
E 
C 
E 

C 
E 

E 
E 

E 

E 
E 
E 
E 
E 


1,802,848 
261.967 

118,488 

535,018 

297,648 
3,236,110 

4,523,059 

148, 

,51,481 
*,35,000i 

18,625 
167,714* 

824,714 
24,795,241 
9,759,691 
151 
546,035 
588,485 
144,128 
20,277,000 
58,000 
8,894,031 
96,846 
7,289,690 
352,108 

60,114 
457,279 
63,704 
64,430 

478,000 

156,910 
4.934,828 
1,576,146 
40,976 
3,973 


1931 

1920 
1921 
1920 
1919 

1921 

1921 
1920 

1918 
1921 

1919 
1918 

1920 
1920 

1921 

1919 
1919 
1921 
1921 

1917 

1916 
1919 
1915 
1915 
1918 
1915 
1914 
1920 
1918 
1916 
1920 
1916 
1919 
1920 
1918 


E 

1. 
E 
E 

1. 
C 
1 
C 
E 
C 
C 
C 
1. 
C 
C 
C 
i: 
E 
C 
E 

E 

C 
E 
C 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
C 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 


222,055 

681, S57 
597,988 

&gt;50 

802 
363,668 
717,700 
989, 786* 
282,600 
17,652 
221, 
9,187, 415 
1,485,200 
17,717,539 

6,905,168! 

1,059,285 
594,351 
71o,681 
133,847 
19,208,000 

8,823,237 

6,065,230 
391,718 
526,191 
64,717 
779,496 
118,278" 
68,059 
929,385 
490,000 
554,871 
167,708 
4,400,663 
1,479,682 
54,521 
4,079 


-39,912 

+62,970 

-24,367 
-600,760 
-839,716 
+51,873 
+36,291 
-1,633,781 

-973 
+53,348 

+660,486 
-7,077,702 
-2,854,523 
+906,762 
+48,316 
+127,196 
-10,281 
-1,069,000 

-70,794 

-1,224,460 
+39,610 

+4,603 
+322,217 

+3,629 
+12,000 
+10,798 

-96,464 
+ 13,545 
+106 


Belgium... . 


Bulgaria 


Czecho-Slovakia 


Denmark . 


Esthonia*. 


Finland 5 


France 


Germany 
Greece . 


Holland 


Hungary . 


Italy.. 


Latvia 


Luxemburg . 


Norway . 


Poland 


Rumania 


Russia in Europe 


Russia in Asia.. 


Serb-Croat-Shvene State 


Spain 


Sweden 


Switzerland 


United States 


Porto Rico . 


Argentina. 


Bolivia 


Brazil 


Chile 


Colombia . 


Costa Rica 


Cuba 


Guatemala 


Honduras . .... 


Mexico ... 


Paraguay 


Uruguay 


Venezuela. 


China 10 


Japan 


Korea .... ... 


Kuantung. 





Including asses and mules. : Xot including horses in towns, on Native Reserves or on land in Native 
occupation. 3 Horses belonging to Europeans only. 4 Horses on sugar plantation.-. 5 Xot including 
district of Petseri. *H&lt; er three years old. Provisional data and not including army horses. 

8 Not including occupied territory. Rural districts only. 10 Partial data. "Including mules. 



294 



PRODUCTION 



57. Numbers of Farm Live Stock in the Principal Countries of the World, dates 

nearest 1911 and 1921 continued. 
(Italics indicate incomparability of data at the two periods.) 



Countries. 


Date nearest 1911. 


Date nearest 1921. 


Increase (+) 
or 
decrease ( ). 


Actual 
date. 


No. 


Actual 
date. 


No. 


Horses con. 
Philippinas 


1911 

1911 
1911 
1915 


E 

E 

E 
E 


146,641 

226,764 
50,675 
122,8701 


1919 
1920 
1915 
1921 
1921 


E 

E 
E 
E 
E 


255,380 
132,675 
195,633 
33,609 
65,000 


+108,739 

-31,131 
-17,066 


Siam 


Algeria 


Egypt 2 


French Morocco 


Total 


- 


- 


88,753,482 


- 


- 


75,625,041 


-13,128,441 


Total Horses 


1911 
1911 
1911 
1915 

1911 
1911 
1911 

1911 
1915 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 


E 

E 
E 
E 

E 
E 
C 

C 

E 
E 
E 
E 
E 


98,807,544 

2,909 
4,729 
5,370 
10,366 

1,342,274 
166,427 
2,590 

17,772 
1,550 
336,710 
6,272 
404 
121 


1920 
1919 
1920 
1920 
1921 
1920 
1920 
1921 
1920 
1914 
1920 
1920 
1919 
1921 
1920 


E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
C 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 


87,107 595 

4,545 
9,542 
7,110 
7,790 
51,154 
1,371,982 
177,858 
6,206 
82,492 
16,897 
1,600 
523,550 
9,221 
245 
50 


-11,699,949 

+1,636 
+4,813 
+1,740 
-2,576 

+29,708 
+11,431 
+3,616 

-875 
+50 
+186,840 
+2,949 
-159 
-71 


Asses- 
Malta 


Barbados 


British Guiana 


Trinidad and Tobago 


Cyprus 


India Brit. Pro v 


India Native States 


Bechuanaland 


Kenya 


Rhodesia South 


Swaziland 


Union of South Africa 


Australia 


New Zealand.... 


Papua 


Total British Empire 
Austria 


- 


- 


1,897,494 


- 


- 


2,136,596 


+239,102 


1910 
1910 
1910 
1911 
1912 
1911 
1911 

1911 
1911 

1910 
1911 
1911 
1910 
1911 
1910 
1912 
1911 

1911 
1911 
1911 
1910 

1915 

1911 
1911 
1911 
1910 
1915 


C 
C 
C 
E 
C 
C 
E 

E 
E 

C 

E 
C 
E 
E 
E 
C 
E 

E 
E 
E 
E 

E 

E 
E 
E 
C 

E 


68,801 
10,5491 
118,488 
360,590 
11,266 
132,811 
20,093 

4,248 
2,900* 

1,011 
836,741 
1,566 
1,000 
319,315 
172,959 
3,207,940 
32,642 

5,328 
446 
1,886 
2,373 

1 8,000 

9,823 
279,315 
653,981 
39,079 
225,731 


1920 
1921 
1920 

1918 
1920 
1916 
1916 
1921 
1919 
1921 

1917 

1916 
1919 
1915 
1920 
1919 
1916 

1920 
1918 
1916 
1920 
1916 
1920 
1915 
1921 

1921 


E 
E 
E 

C 
E 
C 
C 
C 
E 
C 

E 

C 

E 
C 
E 
E 
E 

E 
E 
C 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 

E 


298,180 
5,576 3 

364,2371 

949,162* 
11,719 
9,776* 
64,965 6 
82,041 
1,014,021 
886 

275,688 

3,221,910 
36,489 
138,681 
3,682 
587 
3,005 

287,989 
19,800 
3,127 
200,439 
8,659,640 
10,444 
268,913 
622,579 

420,000 


-62,410 
-5,690 

+81,030 
+1.77,280 
-680 

-43,627 

+13,970 
+3,847 

-1,646 
+141 
+1,119 

+1,800 

+621 
-10,402 
-31,402 

+194,269 


Belgium 


Bulgaria 


France 


Germany 


Greece 


Hungary 


Italy 


Rumania 1 


Russia in Europe . . 


Russia in Asia 


Serb-Croat-Slovene State 


Spain 


Switzerland 


Porto Rico 


Argentina 


Bolivia 


Brazili , 


Chile 


Colombia 


Curasao 


Dutch Guiana... . 


Cuba 


Honduras 


Mexico 


Paraguay 


Uruguay 


Venezuela 


China 6 


Korea 


Algeria 


Egypt 


Latvia 


French Morocco 


Total 


- 


- 


5,965,581 


- 


- 


6,283,801 


+318,220 


Total Asses.. 






7 SfiS 075 






8 d2fl 27 


-4-557 322 



^Including mules. 2 Not including horses of English army. 3 Provisional data. 4 Not including occupied 
territory. 6 Not including Northern Caucasia. 6 Partial data. 



WORLD S STATISTICS OF /-MAM/ LIVE STOCK 



295 



57. Numbers of Farm Live Stork in the Principal Countries of the World, dates 

nearest 1911 and till continued. 

(Italics indicate incomparability of data at the two periods.) 



Countries. 


Date nearest 1911. 


1 )ate nearest 1921. 


Increase (+) 
or 
decrease (). 


Actual 
date. 


No. 


Actual 
date 


No. 


Mules v 

Malta 


1911 

1911 
1910 
1913 
1911 
1911 
1910 


E 

i 

E 
E 
E 
C 
E 


t,899 

4,187 
4,155 
1,780 
112.C97 
,131 
l.MP 


1921 

1914 
1920 
1920 

1919 
1919 


E 

! 
E 

i: 


10,4*4 

4,769 
2,105 
74,698 
92,7951 
S,90S 


+614 
+325 
-37,999 
-1,136 


Canada 


Barbados 


Trinidad and Tobago 


British (Juiana 


India Brit 1 rov 


1 nion of South Africa 


Australia 


Total British Empire 
Austria 


- 


- 


212,563 


- 


- 


174,367 


-38,196 


1910 
1910 
1911 
1912 
1911 
1911 

1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1910 
1910 
1911 
1910 
1911 

1910 
1911 

1913 
1910 

1911 
1911 
1911 

1911 


C 
C 
E 
C 
C 
C 

E 
E 

E 
C 
C 
E 
E 
E 

C 
E 
E 

E 

E 
E 

i; 

E 


0,607 

ie,ess 

194,040 

1,883 
79,597 
f,*M 

4,600&gt; 
904. 
3,151 
4,323,000 
6,000 
9,000 
534,813 
44,584 
30,335 

3,185 
30,799 
St,9t4 
1S.4S4 

883 
192,484 
25,077 

13,239 


1920 
1921 
1918 

1918 
1916 
1919 
1921 
1931 

1920 
1917 

1919 
1915 
1914 
1918 

1916 
1920 
1920 
1915 
1921 
1911 
1919 
1916 


E 
B 

E 

C 
C 
E 
C 
B 

C 
E 

C 
C 

i: 

C 
E 

E 

i: 
E 
K 
E 


80,600 
37,82S 

111,979 

496, 7 4S* 
1,6SG* 
1,069,408 
&gt;32 
5,427,000 

10,542 
595,194 

51,411 
tOO, 9X1 
169 
64,570 

14,4W 
64,666 
2,167 
174,383 
19,135 
$4.000 
81,324 
1,056 


-113,440 
+25,440 
+32,382 

+164,683 
+681 
+1,104, (100 

+1,542 
+60,381 

+21,076 

-716 

+33,771 

+1,284 
-18,101 
-5,942 

+18,085 


Bulgaria 






Greece 




Italy 


Russia in Europe 


Spain 


Switzerland 
United States 


Porto Rico 


Hawaii 




Bolivia 


Chile. 




Costa Rica 


Cuba 


Guatemala 


Honduras 


I rufEuav 


Venezuela .... 


Korea 


Algeria 


EjCvnt 


French Morocco 


Tunis 


Cape Verde Isles 


Total . 


- 


- 


6,346,211 


- 


- 


7,671,337 


+1,325,126 


Total Mules 


1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 


E 
E 
C 
C 
C 
E 
E 
E 
C 
E 
E 
E 
1. 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
C 
E 


C, 558, 774 

11,866,111 
6,863 
6,533,436 
81,988 
l,*4l 
1,734 
108,114 
1,849 
5,101 
14,025 
81,460 
7,859 
62,091 
103,594,649 
11,290,464 
1,465,380 
44,286 
1,832 
5,796,949 
467M1 


1921 
1920 
1921 

1918 
1919 
1919 

1920 
1920 
1919 
1921 
1920 
1920 
1919 
1919 
1919 
1920 


E 
E 
E 

E 
E 
E 

E 
E 
E 
E 
C 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 


7,845,704 

11,892,951 
3,183 
10,206,205 

1,554 
169,740 
1,400 

10,448 
85,940 
6,794 
51,536 
127,119,492 
16,400,043 
1,599,000 
66,681 
1,567 
5,974,802 


+1.28$ 938 

+26,840 
-3,680 
+3,672,769 

-180 
+61,626 
-449 

-3, 77 
+4,480 
-1,065 
-10,555 
+23,524,843 
+5,109,579 
+133,620 
+22,395 
-265 
+177,853 


Cattle- 

I nited Kingdom 


Malta 


Canada . . 


Newfoundland 


Bermuda 


Bahamas 


Jamaica 


Cayman Isles . .... 


Grenada 


Trinidad and Tobago 


British Guiana 9 


Falkland Isles.. 


Cyprus 


India Brit. Prov. 7 


India Native States 7 


Ceylon* 


Straits Settlements 


Hong Kong 


Union of South Africa 


Basutoland . . 



including mules in towns, on Native Reserves or on land in Native occupation. 2 Not including 
Queensland. Provisional data. 4 Not including occupied territory. 6 Not including Northern 
Caucasia. Not including about 30,000 oxen on the savannahs of the interior, including young buffaloes 
Including buffaloes. 



296 



PRODUCTION 



57. Numbers of Farm Live Stock in the Principal Countries of the World, dates 

nearest 1911 and 1921 continued. 
(Italics indicate incomparability of data at the two periods.) 



Countries. 


Date nearest 1911. 


Date nearest 1921. 


Increase (+) 
or 
decrease ( ). 


Actual 
date. 


No. 


Actual 
date. 


No. 


Cattle con. 
Swaziland 


1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1913 

1911 

1911 
1911 
1911 


E 

E 
C 

E 
E 
E 

E 

E 
E 
E 


57,601 
323,911 
463,923 
59,758 
516,139 
11,075 

17,350 

11,828,954 
2,020,171 
45,000 


1920 
1921 
1920 
1918 
1919 
1916 
1920 
1920 
1920 
1919 
1921 
1920 


E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 


230,000 
426,344 
1,517,293 
80,338 
575,200 
11,000 
2,569,665 
16,910 
68,500 
12,711,067 
3,139,223 
57,463 


+172,399 
+102,433 
+1,053,370 
+20,580 
+59,061 
-75 

-440 

+882,113 
+1,119,052 
+12,463 


Bechuanaland 


Rhodesia South 


Nyasaland 1 


Uganda 2 . 


Zanzibar 


Kenya 


Mauritius 3 


Gold Coast 


Australia 


New Zealand 


Fiji Isles 


Total British Empire 
Austria 


- 


- 


156,220,984 


- 


- 


192,356,174 


+36,135,190 


1910 
1911 
1911 

1909 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1912 
1911 
1910 
1911 

1910 
1910 

1911 
1911 
1911 
1910 
1911 

1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1910 
1912 
1911 

1910 
1911 
1913 
1910 

1910 

1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1913 
1911 


C 

E 
E 

E 
E 
E 
E 
C 
C 
C 
C 

C 

E 

E 
E 
E 
C 
E 

E 
C 
E 
E 
E 
C 
E 

C 
E 
E 
E 

C 

E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 


9,160,009 
1,812,191 
866,143 

2,253,982 
25,982 
1,187,974 
14,435,530 
20,182,021 
298,362 
2,026,943 
7,163,734 

94,183 
1,133,6137 

2,666,9458 
37,317,182 
14,305,235 
957,105 
2,541,112 

2,689,609 
1,443,483 
60,502,000 
28,786,168 
734,266 
30,705,400 
1,640,322 

333,017 
2,329,423 
556,843 
466,215 

816,000 

1,405,026 
906,057 
169,614 
30,864 
1,154 
289,771 
2, 359,1 86" 
1,113,952 


1920 
1921 
1920 
1920 
1921 
1920 
1919 
1920 
1921 
1920 
1921 
1920 
1918 
1921 
1919 
1918 
1921 
1920 
1920 
1920 
1921 
1919 
1920 
1919 
1921 
1921 
1920 

1916 
1919 
1915 
1915 
1918 
1915 
1914 
1920 
1918 
1917 

1916 
1920 
1916 
1919 
1920 
1919 
1918 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 


E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
C 
E 
C 
E 
C 
C 
C 
E 
C 
C 

c 

E 
E 
E 
C 
E 
E 

C 
E 
C 

E 

E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 

C 

E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 


2,113,692 
1,514,953 
854,442 
4,212,. 354 
2,590,903 
142,668 
1,100,986 
13,217,240 
16,839,559 5 
659,398 
2,062,771 
2,148,000 
6,239,741 
779,500 
88,837 
1,049,642 
7,860,547 
4,729,766 
28,382,628 
9,490,414 
4,833,885 
3,396,573 
740,693 
2,550,828 
1,424,856 
65,587,000 
27,392,126 

28,962,180 
2,163,141 
8,034,504 
347,475 
3,965,600 
619,895 
489,185 
2,162,984 
5,600,000 
1,000,000 

7,802,442 
2,077,684 
15, 973, 79* 
1,344,865 
1,489,797 
112,990 
35,443 
1,446 
678,525 
2,620,682 
3,313,059 


-7,046,317 
-297,238 
-11,701 

+336,921 
+116,686 
-86,988 
-1,218,290 
-3,342,462 
+361,036 
+35,828 
-5,015,734 

-5,346 
-83,971 

+2,062,821 
-8,934,554 
-4,814,821 
+3,876,780 
+855,461 

-138,781 
-18,627 
+5,085,000 
-1,394,042 

-1,743,220 
+522,819 

+14,458 
+1,636,177 
+63,052 
+22,970 

-60,161 
+583,740 
-56,624 
+4,579 
+292 
+388,754 

+2,199,107 


Belgium 


Bulgaria 


Czecho-Slovakia 


Denmark 


Iceland 


Finland 4 


France 


Germany 


Greece 


Holland 


Hungary.., 


Italy 


Latvia 


Luxemburg 


Norway 


Poland 


Rumania 


Russia in Europe 


Russia in Asia 


Serb-Croat-Slovene States.. 


Spain 


Portugal 


Sweden 


Switzerland 


United States 


Argentina 


Bolivia 


Brazil 


Chile 


Colombia 


Costa Rica 


Cuba 


Guatemala 


Honduras 


Mexico 


Paraguay . . , 


Peru 


Porto Rico 


Uruguay 


Venezuela 


China 1 


Japan 


Korea 


Formosa 10 


Kuantung 


Saghalin (Japanese) 


Philippines 


Siam 


Algeria 





JNot including animals in towns, on Native Reserves or on land in Native occupation. 2 Not including 
cattle in certain provinces. Battle on sugar plantations. 4 Cattle over two years old. Provisional data. 
Not including occupied territory. Rural districts only, sincluding buffalo3.s. Partial data. "Zebus 
and crossed and imported cattle. "Data for 17 out of 18 provinces and excluding four districts. 



WORLD S STATISTICS OF /-M//.W LI VI I ST&lt;&gt;( K 



57. Numbers of Farm Live Stock in the Principal Countries of the World, dates 

nearest 1911 and 19 il -continued. 
(Italics indicate incomparability of data at the two periods.) 





Date nearest 1911. 


Date nearest 1921. 


Increase (+) 

or 

( ) 


Actual 
date 




Actual 
da 


No. 


Cattle eonrluil. 

Vl)t 


I .lll 
I .UI 
1011 

1911 




886.166 

4..V 
17,77(1 

191,450 


1921 

1920 
1916 

1919 


E 
C 

1. 
C 

c 


595. 
7,518,- 

l,24d, 
634 


-60,202 

+2, 
+H 

+443,373 


M II 1 " I 


Mo/am i n i|Uf . . 


iialiland 


Turn- 


Total 


- 


- 


257,235,920 


- 


- 


244,481,803 


-12,754,117 


Total Cattle 

Sheep 

I mtfl Kingdom .... 


1911 

I .lll 
1911 
1911 

I .UI 
mil 
I .UI 
I Jll 
I .Hl 
1911 
I Jll 
I .UI 
I .UI 
I .UI 
I Jll 
1911 
I Jll 
I Jll 
1911 

1911 

1911 
1911 
1911 


E 

i; 
c 
c 

E 

E 
E 

i: 
i: 

E 

C 
C 
C 

E 

E 

E 


413.45C.904 

30.479,807 
17.653 
2,1 
76,439 
10,412 
li , 373 
19,160 
706,170 

23,280, 
8,4 
90, 
471 
30,656,659 
1,968,999 
558,5361 

131 

418,449 

93,003,521 
23,996,llMi 
4,561 


1921 
1920 

I .i. l 

1918 
1917 

1919 
1921 

1919 

1921 
1917 
- 
1919 

1920 

1920 
1919 
1921 

1920 


E 

E 
C 
E 

E 
C 
E 
E 

C 

E 

E 
E 
E 

E 


436 837,977 

J73.649 
17,853 
3,675,860 

13,848 
11,910 
21,200 

645. 
266,141 
21,983, 
11 , 72. . 785 
68,000 
27.17U 
26,288,960* 

120,186* 
367,818 
40,369 
288,200 
t, 683,406 

1 63, OOOi 
75, 554, DM. 
23,285,031 
1,246 


+23.381.073 

-6,206,188 

+ 1,500,558 

+ ; ; 

-403 
+2,040 

-tii 
s.315 
-1,297,089 
+4,293,154 

2,292 

-4,367,699 

+75,446 
+ 18,238 
-233,659 

-17,449,439 
-711,095 
-3,315 


Ma ^ 


Canada 


\i A h iiindhtni 1 


Bahamas 


Jainaica 


British ( iuiana .... 


;lkland Isles.. 


Cyprus 


India Brit. Prov 


India Nati 


Ceylon 


: ait&gt; Sfttlt inont&gt; 


In ion of South Africa 


Basutoland 


Bechuanaland 


Rhodesia South 


Nyasaland 


Uganda* 


Kenva. . ... 


(Protectorate of South, 
Africa^ 


Gold Coa&gt;; 


Australia 


New Zealand 


Fiji Isles* 


Total British Empire 

Austria 


- 


- 


214,042,720 


- 


- 


189,553,442 


-24,489,278 


1910 
1910 

1910 

1909 

1911 

1910 
1911 
1912 
1911 
1910 
1911 

1914 
1910 
1910 

1911 
1911 
1911 


C 
C 
C 

E 
C 
E 

C 
E 
C 
C 
C 
C 

C 

E 
E 

E 
E 
E 


2,428,101 
IS5.575 
8,669,S60 

726.879 
&lt;JOO 
574,053 

1,329,692 
16,425,330 
5,803,445 
3,545,442 
889,036 
8,548,204 

15,075 
5,580 
1,398,38310 

5,269,493 
35,788,7021 
32. 64.773 l 


1921 

1920 
1921 

1919 
1919 
1920 
1918 
1920 
1921 
1920 
1921 
1920 
1918 
1920 
1919 
1918 
1921 
1920 
1920 
1920 
1920 


E 

E 
E 
C 
E 
E 
C 
E 
E 
E 
C 
E 
C 
E 
C 
C 
C 
E 
E 
C 
C 


368,361 

976,899 
521,932 
68,628 
583,014 
630,291 
815,391 
9,405,870 
5,882,272* 
5,811,418 
668,211 
1,817,000 
11,763,910 
17,853 
4,553 
1.207,923 
2,093,084 
3,850,733 
8,689,996 
36,065,095 
14,477.986" 


-2,059,740 

-204,947 
-31,272 
+8,961 

-514,301 
-7,019,460 
+78,827 
+2,265,976 
-220,825 
-6,731,204 

+2,778 
-1,027 
-190,460 

+3,420,503 
+276,393 


Belgium 


Bulgaria ... 


Czecho-Slovakia 


Denmark 


Faroe Isles . ... 


Iceland 


Esthonia 7 


Finland 


France 9 


Germany 


Greece 


Holland 


Hungary 


Italy.. 


Latvia 


Luxemburg ... 


Norway 


Poland 


Portugal 


Rumania 


Russia in Europe 


Russia in Asia . . 



Including goats. 2 Not including animals in towns, on Native Reserves, or on land in Native occu 
pation. 3 Animals belonging to Natives only. 4 Xot including animals in certain provinces. 5 Includ- 
ing goats in certain districts. 8 Animals belonging to Europeans only. 7 Not including district of 
Petseri. Provisional data. Rams, sheep and goats over one year old. 10 Rural districts only. 
"Partial data. 



298 



PRODUCTION 



57. Numbers of Farm Live Stock in the Principal Countries of the World, dates 

nearest 1911 and 1921 continued. 
(Italics indicate incomparability of data at the two periods.) 



Countries. 


Date nearest 1911. 


Date nearest 1921. 


Increase (+) 
or 
decrease ( ) . 


Actual 
date. 


No. 


Actual 
date. 


No. 


Sheep concluded. 
Serb-Croat-Slovene States 


1910 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1910 
1912 
1911 
1911 
1913 

1911 
1911 
1911 

1911 
1914 
1912 

1911 


C 

E 

E 
C 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 

E 
E 

E 

E 
E 
E 

E 


3,818,95 

15,725,882 


1921 
1919 
1919 
1921 

1921 
1920 

1916 
1919 
1920 
1915 
1920 
1918 
1917 
1916 
1920 
1916 
1919 
1918 
1919 
1918 
1921 
1915 
1921 
1920 
1920 
1919 


C 

E 
E 
C 

E 
E 

E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
C 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
C 
E 


6,772,960 
19,337,447 
1,563,654 
244,435 

37,452,000 
45,309,419 

7,204,920 
4,500,190 
19,809 
383,124 
1,089,976 
600,000 
6,900,000-* 
11,472,853 
118,439 
2,232,168* 
5,098 
1,287 
168,181 
1,000,000 
6,863,971* 
8,941,210 
986,121 
300,000 
1,666,308 
2,661,579 


+2,954,003 
+3,611,565 
+617,945 
+83,021 

-16,181,000 
-35,092,067 

-3,345,010 
+962,462 
-2,212 
-130,526 

+1,362 
-10,330 
+75,564 

+412,600 
+169,937 
+5,000 

+1,974,849 


Spain 


Sweden 


945,709 
161,414 
f,486,g9S 

53,633,000 
80,401,486 
1,449,114 


Switzerland 


Turkey in Asia 1 


United States 


Argentina 


Bolivia 


Brazil 


10,549,930 
3,537,728 
22,021 
513,650 

3,736 
11,617 
92,617 

8,528,610 
816 184 


Chile 


Curasao 


Guatemala 


Mexico 


Paraguay 


Peru 


Uruguay 


Venezuela 


China 


Japan 


Kuantung 


Philippines 


French Equatorial Africa 
French West Africa 


Algeria 


Egypt. . 


Madagascar 


295,000 
686,730 


Italian Somaliland 


Tunis 


Total 


- 


- 


262,591,586 


- 


- 


207,778,951 


-54,812,635 


Total Sheep 


1911 
1911 
1911 

1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 

1911 
1911 

1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1913 
1911 
1911 
1911 


E 
E 
E 

E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
C 
C 

C 
E 

E 
E 
C 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 


476,634,306 

17,587 
1,025 
18,000 

5,732 
10,300 
270,981 
30,900,309 
195,155 
15,011 
11,762,979 
163,593 

601,635 
138,318 

895,248 
6,600 
1,158 

280,086 
617 
619 
6,119 
13,865 


1920 

1917 
1918 
1920 
1920 
1921 
1920 
1919 
1919 
1918 
1920 
1921 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 

1920 
1919 

1920 
1921 
1920 


E 

C 
E 
E 
E 
E 
C 
E 
E 
C 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 

E 
E 

E 
E 
E 


397 332,393 

17, 144 

29,679 
5,000 
4,294 
11,260 
169,249 
24,133,710 
180,000 
20,528 
8,018,871 
250 000 
237,740? 
766,401 
138,681 
805,100* 
3,653,008 

6,400 
218,218 

453 
17,367 
14,531 


-79,301,913 

-443 
+11,679 

-1,438 
+960 
-101,732 
-6,766,599 
-15,155 
+5,517 
-3,744,108 
+86,407 

+164,766 
+363 

-200 
-61,868 

-166 
+11,248 
+666 


Goats- 
Malta 


Turks and Caicos Isles 


Jamaica 


Grenada 


Trinidad and Tobago 


British Guiana 


Cyprus 5 


India Brit . Prov 


Ceylon 


Straits Settlements.. 


Union of South Africa 


Swaziland 6 


Bechuanaland 


Rhodesia South 


Nyasaland 


Uganda 


Kenya 


(Protectorate of Southwest 
Africa) 


Mauritius 8 


St. Helena . 


Australia 


New Guinea 


Papua 


New Zealand 


Fiji Isles 10 


Total British Empire 


- 


- 


44,406,889 


- 


- 


33,996,786 


-10,410,103 



/Including Turkey in Europe. "Including goats. "Partial data. including Senegal and Mauri 
tania 5]sjot including goats under one year old, estimated as equal to 30 p.c. of numbers given. 
"Including sheep. Belonging to Natives only. Not including goats in certain provinces. Animals 
on sugar plantations. 10 Goats belonging to Europeans only. 



STATISTICS OF FARM LIVE STOCK 



299 



57. Number of Farm Live Stock in the Principal Countries of the World, dates 

nearest 1911 and 1921 con inued. 

(Italics indicate incornparability of data at the two periods.) 



Countries. 


Date nearest 1911. 


Date nearest 1921. 


Increase (+) 
or 
decrease (). 


Actual 
date. 


No. 


Actual 
date. 


No. 


Goats concluded. 

Austria 


1910 
1910 
1910 

1909 
1911 
1910 
1911 
1912 
1911 
1910 
1911 

1910 
1910 

1911 
1911 

1911 
1911 
1911 
1910 
1910 
1911 
1910 
1912 
I Jll 
1911 
1913 
1911 

1911 
1011 

1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 

1911 
1914 


C 
C 
C 

E 
E 
C 
E 
C 
C 
C 
C 

C 
E 

E 

E 
C 
E 
C 
C 
E 
E 
C 
E 
E 
E 

E 
E 
E 
E 

E 

E 
E 


1,156,778 
tl7,8S 
1,464,719 

40,257 
671 
10,881 
1,424,180 
3,410,396 
2,638,043 
224,231 
4 6,981 

10,315 
287,686* 

3,639,624 
186,515 

66,136 
341,296 
18,799, 6tl 
S,OS9J95 
5,000 
4,301.955 
467,956 
10.048,570 
210.143 
710 
10.790 
2,636 

100,081 
8,361 
128,513 
8,281 
441,325 
17,647 

3,861,847 
331,016 


1918 

1920 
1921 
1919 
1918 
1920 
1921 
1920 
1921 

1918 
1920 
1919 
118 

1920 
1919 
: 
10 
1920 
1919 
1921 

1920 
1920 

1916 
1919 
1920 
1915 
1919 
I92Q 
1918 
1916 

1919 
1920 
1919 
&gt; 
1919 
1920 

1921 
1915 
1916 
1919 


E 

E 
E 
E 
C 

E 

i: 
E 
C 

C 
C 
C 
C 
E 
E 
E 
C 
C 
E 

C 

E 

C 
E 
E 
E 

C 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
! 

E 
E 
E 


748,007* 

1,174,046 
50,000 
1 , 1)06 
1-J.400 
1,340,890 
4,337,299 
3,418,002 
272,298 

5, 081,558* 
18,686* 
11 , 604 
203,099 
1.49S.689 
3,970,656 
499.922 
656,515 
I,675,t74* 
1.1X150 
329,192 

4,904 
4,670,130 

6,919.550 
459,606 
:&gt;10 
56,600 
3.343 
1,987.869 
93,000 
11,118 
g, 154, 716 
125,089 
l 1,075 
99,259 
7,767 
731,849 
24,216 
1,600,000 
S,61S,196* 
3,768,723 
424,418 
140, $96 


+9,743 
+ 1,235 
+1,519 
-88.290 

+926.903 
+779,959 
+48,067 

+2,289 
-84,587 

+331,032 
+313.407 

+67,014 
-12,104 

-96 
+368,175 

-3,129.020 
+24 
+9,800 
+45.810 
+707 

+25,008 
+12,714 
-29,254 
-514 
+290,524 
+6,569 

-03,124 
+93,402 










Iceland 


Finland . 








Holland 




Italy 


Latvia 


















Switzerland 


Turkev in Kurope 


1 nitod States 


Hawaii 






Brazil . . 


Chile 


Curasao 


Guatemala . 


Dutch Guiana 


Mexico . 


Paraeuav . 


Uruguay 


Venezuela . 


Japan 


Korea 


Formosa 


Kuantung 


Philippines 


French India 


French Equatorial Africa 


French West Africa 


Algeria 


Egypt.. 


Madagascar 


Total 


- 


- 


31,809,106 


- 


- 


31,960,457 


+151,351 


Total goats 


1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 

1911 
1913 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 


E 
E 
C 
C 

E 
E 
C 
E 
E 
E 
E 
C 
C 
E 


76,215,995 

4,250,013 
4,659 
3,610,428 
19,3tl 

31,116 
600 
8,399 
17,000 
35.181 
86.548 
141,076 
1,081,600 
10,801 
18,640 


1921 
1920 
1921 

1915 
1916 
1919 
1920 
1920 
1921 
1919 
1919 
1918 
1920 
1918 
1920 


E 
E 
E 

C 
E 

E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
C 
E 
E 
E 


5,957,243 

3,639,481 
3,227 
3,904,895 

9,700 
31,966 
500 
8,540 
17,350 
16,765 
59,000 
266,905 
1,043,224 
17,761 
21,403 
9,485 


10,258,752 

-610,532 
-1,432 
+294,467 

+850 
-100 
+ 141 
+350 
-18,416 
-27,548 
+125,829 
-38,376 
+6,960 
+2,763 


Swine- 
United Kingdom 


Malta 


Canada 


Newfoundland 


Bermuda 


Jamaica 


Cayman Isles 


Trinidad and Tobago 


British Guiana 


Cyprus . . 


Ceylon . . 


Straits Settlements 


Union of South Africa 


Rhodesia South 2 


Nyasaland 


Kenya 





1 Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia. Provisional data. Not including occupied territory. 4 Not 
including data for the provinces added to Latvia by the Russo-Latvia Treaty of 1920. Rural dis 
tricts only, partial data. Including Senegal and Mauritania. 



300 



PRODUCTION 



57. Numbers of Farm Live Stock in the Piincipal Countries of the World, dates 

nearest 1911 and 1921 concluded. 
(Italics indicate incomparability of data at the two periods.) 



Countries. 


Date nearest 1911. 


Date nearest 1921. 


Increase (+) 
or 
decrease ( ). 


Actual 
date. 


No. 


Actual 
date. 


No. 


Swine concluded. 
Protectorate of S.-W. Africa.. 
Mauritius 1 


1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1912 
1911 
1911 


E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 


7,751 
6,023 
6,000 
1,110,721 
2,866 
348,754 
3,120 


1920 
1919 

1921 
1915 


E 
E 

E 
E 


3,775 
695,968 

349,892 
1,978 


-2,248 
-414,753 

+1,138 
-1,142 


Seychelles 


Australia 


New Guinea 


New Zealand 


Fiji Isles 2 


Total British Empire 


- 


- 


10,764,679 


- 


- 


10,082,630 


-682,049 


Austria 


1910 
1911 
1910 

1909 

1910 
1911 
1912 
1911 
1910 
1911 
1914 

1910 
1910 

1911 
1911 
1911 
1910 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1910 
1912 
1911 

1910 
1913 
1911 
1910 

1915 

1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1911 
1913 

1911 
1915 
1912 
1915 
1911 
1911 


C 

E 
C 

E 

C 
E 
C 
C 
C 

c 

E 

C 
E 

E 
E 
E 
C 
E 
E 
C 
E 
E 
E 
E 
C 
E 

C 
E 
E 
E 

C 

E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 

E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 


6,432,080 
1,229,428 
527, SI 1 

1,467,822 

422,283 
6,719,570 
21,923,707 
227,176 
1,259,844 
7,580,446 
2,722,000 

128,035 
333,7098 

1,021,465 
12,322,966 
1,764,836 
865,769 
2,472,416 
951,164 
570,226 
164,216* 
65,620,000 
2,900,000 
114,146 
18,400,530 
160,050 

69,712 
188,390 
7,061 
154,352 

106,000 

298,709 
572,840 
1,290,387 
57,454 
1,661,931 
748,950" 

110,012 
7,259 
600,000 
15,955 
33,155 
17,898 


1920 
1921 

1920 
1921 
1920 
1918 
1920 
1921 
1920 
1921 
1920 
1918 
1921 
1919 
1918 
1921 
1920 
1920 
1920 
1920 
1921 
1919 
1919 
1921 

1921 
1920 

1916 
1919 
1915 
1915 
1915 
1920 
1914 
1920 
1918 
1917 

1916 
1920 
1916 
1917 
1920 
1919 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1918 
1921 
1915 
1920 
1920 
1921 
1916 
1919 


E 

E 

E 
E 
E 
C 
E 
E 
E 
C 
E 
C 
E 
C 
C 
C 
E 
E 
C 
C 
C 
E 
E 
C 

E 
E 

C 
E 
C 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 

C 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 
E 


1,189,434 
975,748 

2,015,223* 
1,429,908 
260,698 
110,9335 
4,941,960 
15,875,6366 
416,221 
1,519,245 
3,320,000 
2,338,926 7 
482,000 
88,583 
214,305 
5,101,884 
921,312 
2,513,610 
12,271,329 
2,587,896 
3,281,026 
4,433,964 
716,783 
638,761 

56,097,000 
3,227,346 

17,329,210 
292,431 
711,482 
76,198 
102,531 
2,407 
180,092 
1,654,089 
87,000 
400,000 

803,958 
512,086 
44,711,397 
470,082 
977,368 
1,313,067 
85,039 
3,129,676 
749,939 
150,000 
115,958 
111,369 
21,919 
1,000,000 
130,000 
23,592 
17,680 


-5,242,646 
-253,680 

-37,914 

-311,350 
-1,777,610 
-6,048,071 
+189,045 
+259,401 
-4,260,446 
-383,074 

-39,452 
-119,404 

+1,492,145 
-51,637 
+823,060 
+2,415,257 
+1,961,548 
-234,381 
+68,535 

-9,523,000 
+327,346 

-1,071,320 

+132,381 

+6,486 
-85,859 
-4,654 
+25,740 

+171,373 
+404,528 
+22,680 
+27,585 
+1,467,745 
+989 

+1,357 
+14,660 
+400,000 
+114,045 
-9,563 
-218 


Belgium. 


Bulgaria 


Czecho-Slovakia 


Denmark 


Esthonia 4 


Finland 


France 


Germany 


Greece 


Holland 


H ungary 


Italy 


Latvia 


Luxemburg 


Norway 


Poland 


Portugal 


Rumania 


Russia in Europe 


Russia in Asia 


Serb-Croat-Slovene States 
Spain 


Sweden 


Switzerland 


Turkey 


United States 


Argentina 


Boli via 


Brazil 


Chile 


Colombia 


Costa Rica 


Guatemala 


Curasao 


Honduras 


Mexico 


Paraguay 


Peru 


Porto Rico 


Uruguay 


Venezuela 


China 


Japan 


Korea 


Formosa 


Kuantung 


Philippines.. 


Siam 


French Equatorial (Africa) . . . 
French West Africa 


Algeria 


Egypt 


Madagascar 


French W. Morocco... 


Mozambique 


Tunis 


Total 


- 


- 


163,329,587 


- 


- 


144,201,214 


-19,128,373 


Total swine 


- 


- 


174,094,266 


- 


- 


154,283,844 


-19,810,422 



on sugar plantations. 2 Pigs belonging to Europeans only. ^Not including pigs ranging from 
three months to one year old. *Not including the district of Petseri. *Pigs over four months. Pro 
visional data. ?Not including occupied territory. Rural communes only. Including Turkey in 
Asia. Partial data. "Data from 17 out of 18 provinces and excluding four districts. 



\\ nit LI &gt; s STATISTICS OF FARM LIVE XTuc 



301 



58. Numbers of Farm Live Stock in (ho British Empire, dates nearest 1911 and 1921. 



Description 


Date 
nearest 
1911. 


Per cont 
of world s 
total 


Ihite 
m-.-irest 
91. 


Per cent 
of world s 
total. 


Increase 
or 




(+), 
(-). 


Horses 


No. 

10.054,062 


p.c. 
10-2 


No. 
11,482,554 


p.c. 

13-2 


No. 

+ 1,428,492 


p.c. 
4-14-2 


Asses 

Mulrs. . 


7,494 
212,563 


M-] 

3-2 


2,136,596 
174,367 


20-7 
2-2 


4- 239,102 

38,1% 


4-12-6 
-18-0 


Cattle 


156,220,984 


37-8 


192,356,174 


44-0 


+36,135,190 


4-23-1 


Sheep 


214,042,720 


44-9 


189,553.442 


47-7 


-24,489,278 


-11-4 


Goats . 


44,406,889 


58-3 


33,996,786 


51-5 


10 410,103 


23-4 


Swine 


10,764,679 


6-2 


10,082,630 


6-5 


682,OJ .i 


- 6-3 

















59. World s Total Number of Farm I.he Stock, dat-s nearest 1911 and 1921. 



Description. 


Countries. 


Date 

MM 
111. 


Data 

nea; 

1 


Increase 
or 
decreas&lt; 


(4-), 
&gt;(-). 


Horses 


No. 
49 


No. 

98,807 


No. 

87,107,595 


No. 

-11,699,949 


p.c. 
11-8 


Asses 


29 


7,863,075 


8 420 397 


4- 557,322 


4- 7-1 


Mules 


19 


6,558,774 


7,845,704 


4- 1,286,930 


4-19-6 


Cattle 


65 


413,456,904 


436,837 977 


4-23,381,073 


4- 5-7 


Sheep 


51 


476 634,306 


397 332 393 


79 301 913 


16-6 


Goats 


45 


215,995. 


65 957 243 


10,258 752 


13-5 


Swine 


56 


174,094,266 


15-*, 283, 844 


-19,810,422 


11-4 















AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF CANADA. 

Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations. 

Central and Branch Farms. Inaugurated in 1886 by Act of 
Parliament, the Dominion Experimental Farms system was at first 
made up of the Central Farm at Ottawa and four branch Farms: one 
at Xappan, Nova Scotia, for the Maritime Provinces; one at Brandon 
for Manitoba; one at Indian Head for the Northwest Territories and 
one at Agassiz for British Columbia. 

The opening up and rapid settlement of the Dominion have led 
to a corresponding increase in the number of Experimental Farms 
and Stations 1 . These with the two Tobacco Stations now total 24, 
with a total acreage of 12,484, as compared with the original five 
Farms, having a total acreage of 3,472, as established in 1886. Table 
60 shows the present number of Farms and Stations with the acreage 
of each and the date of establishment. 

!The five original farms established in 1886 are known as "Experimental Farms"; those added since 
are styled "Experimental Stations." No distinction in the work is expressed by these titles. 



302 



PRODUCTION 



60. Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations, 1921. 



Farm or Station. 



Central Farm, Ottawa 

Kapuskasing Station 

Harrow Tobacco Station 

Charlottetown Station 

Nappan Farm 

Kentville Station , 

Fredericton Station 

Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere Station. 

Cap Rouse Station 

Lennoxville Station 

La Ferme Station 

Farnham Tobacco Station 

Brandon Farm 

Morden Station 

Indian Head Farm 

Rosthern Station 

Scott Station 

Swift Current Station 

Lacombe Station 

Lethbridge Station 

Invermere Station 

Summerland Station 

Agassiz Farm 

Sidney Station, Vancouver Island. 



Province. 



Ontario 

Ontario 

Ontario 

Prince Edward Island. 

Nova Scotia 

Nova Scotia 

New Brunswick 

Quebec 

Quebec 

Quebec 

Quebec , 

Quebec 

Manitoba 

Manitoba 

Saskatchewan 

Saskatchewan , 

Saskatchewan 

Saskatchewan , 

Alberta 

Alberta 

British Columbia , 

British Columbia 

British Columbia , 

British Columbia.. 



Acreage. 



467 

1,282 

40 

100 

460 

434 

520 

340 

339 

455 

1,200 

65 

625 

280 

680 

650 

520 

640 

850 

400 

53 

550 

1,400 

125 



Date 
estab 
lished. 



1886 
1916 
1909 
1909 
1886 
1912 
1912 
1911 
1911 
1914 
1916 
1912 
1886 
1915 
1886 
1908 
1910 
1920 
1907 
1906 
1912 
1914 
1886 
1912 



In addition there are eight sub-stations, viz: Salmon Arm, B.C.; 
Swede Creek, Yukon Territory; Fort Vermilion, Grouard and Beaver- 
lodge, Alberta; and Forts Smith, Resolution and Providence, North 
west Territories. Experimental work under the Division of Illustra 
tion Stations is conducted on 12 farms in Saskatchewan, 12 in Alberta, 
seven in British Columbia, 32 in Quebec, 10 in New Brunswick and 
11 in Nova Scotia. 

Organization of the System of Experimental Farms.- -The Central 
Farm at Ottawa, as its name implies, is the centre or headquarters 
of the system. Thereat are situated the Director, having control 
and general supervision of the whole, and the chief technical officers, 
having charge each of his special liie of work, both at the Central 
and Branch Farms. At Ottawa, the policy to be pursued through 
out the system is settled by agreement after discussion by the Direc 
tor, the technical officers and the superintendents on whose branch 
farms the work is to be conducted. The technical staff at Ottawa 
supervise the actual experimental work at the Central Farm. At 
the branches, the superintendents are in charge of the carrying out 
of the various lines of general experiment and also conduct experi 
ments which are of local importance. 

The Divisions at Ottawa, which also represent the different lines 
of work carried on throughout the system, and which have each a 
technical officer in charge, are as follows: (1) Animal Husbandry; 
(2) Bees; (3) Botany; (4) Cereals; (5) Chemistry; (6) Extension and 
Publicity; (7) Economic Fibre Production; (8) Field Husbandry; 
(9) Forage Plants; (10) Horticulture; (11) Illustration Stations; (12) 
Poultry and (13) Tobacco. Briefly the main lines of the work of 
these Divisions are as follows: 



AGRICULTURAL KM KRIMKXT STATIONS 303 

Animal 11 u sbandry .- -This Division comprises work with beef 
cattle, dairy cattle and dairying, horses, sheep and swine, and under 
takes experiments in the breeding, feeding, housing and management 
of each of these classes of live stock. 

Bees. The Bee Division covers the breeding, feeding and 
manipulation of bees, and the study of bee products, including their 

marketing. 

Botany.-" r Y]H* work of this Division falls into two classes of 
Kconomic Botany and Plant Pathology. The former includes the 
study of medicinal, poisonous and economic plants. Different 
varieties and strains of fibre plants are also studied, and special 
attention is given t-&gt; tin- life history and control of weeds. The Divi 
sion has also charge &lt; f the Arboretum at the Central Farm. In 
Plant Pathology, in addition to the pathological laboratory at Ottawa, 
th- re laboratories at Charlol m, P.K.I., Fivderictou, N.B., 
St. Catharines, Out., Brandon, Man., Indian Head, Sask., and Sum- 
merland, B.C. Investigations are being conducted into diseas. 
affecting forest trees, fruit trees, cereals, small fruits, potatoes, vege 
tables and tobaccos. 

Cereal*. In the Cereal Division, the work comprises the pro 
duction, by cross-breeding and selection, of new var rains 
and the testing of these as to their suitability for various parts of 

nada. Approved varie ,\vn on a larger scale, and samp 

are distributed free to applicant farmers. Among the more recent 
varieties produced in this Division and now widely grown in Canada 
are the Arthur pea and the Huron, Marquis and Prelude wheats. 
Two interesting varieties now being introduced are the Ruby wheat, 
ripening not quite so early as Prelude but yielding better, and the 
Liberty Hull-less oat, which should greatly widen the field of useful 
ness of this cereal and simplify the processes of its manufacture into 
food for man and beast. The Division also carries on extensive 
milling and baking tests. 

Chemistry.- -The work of the Division of Chemistry comprises 
the analysis of fodders and feeding stuffs, fertilizers, soils, well waters, 
insecticides, fungicides, etc. It also assists other Divisions in chemical 
problems and does a large amount of analytical work for other branches 
of the Department and for military and civilian use abroad. Field 
tests with various kinds and quantities of fertilizers are carried on by 
this Division at a number of the branch farms and stations. 

Extension and Publicity. This Division acts as a connecting link 
between the Experimen tal Farms and the farmer by making the work 
of the former as widely known as possible. Two chief means used 
are the placing of an exhibit at as many fairs as possible each year 
and the extension of the departmental mailing lists. 

Economic Fibre Plants.- -The Division studies the areas in 
Canada suitable for fibre production, the best varieties and strains 
of seed of fibre plants, cultural methods, harvesting, retting and 



304 PRODUCTION 



scutching processes, etc. Chiefly for demonstrational purposes, the 
Division is operating at Clinton, Huron County, Ontario, a leased 
commercial flax mill. 

Field Husbandry. --This Division tests or applies, under field 
conditions, the results obtained by other Divisions more directly 
engaged in scientific research. Some of the main lines of work under 
way are tests of fertilizers, methods of drainage, rotations and cultural 
methods. Data of cost of production of field crops are gathered in 
connection with this work. 

Forage Plants. The Division has for its work the variety testing 
of grasses, leguminous forage plants, field roots and Indian corn; 
plant breeding with these; the collection of genera and species likely 
to be of value as forage plants; the study of the possibilities and 
methods of growing root seed, including sugar beets, in Canada, and 
the distribution for trial of seed of varieties newly obtained and not 
available commercially. 

Horticulture. The work of the Division of Horticulture falls 
under four main heads: vegetable gardening, orcharding and small 
fruits, ornamental gardening and plant breeding. In the three first 
named, the testing of varieties is a main feature, with a view to ascer 
taining the hardiest, earliest, best-yielding and most disease-resistant 
sorts. In plant breeding, the aim is the improvement of existing 
sorts by cross-breeding. Greenhouse work is also given ^ special 
attention at Ottawa. Canaing experiments and demonstrations are 
carried on. 

Illustration Stations. This Division forms another connecting 
link between the Experimental Farms and the farmer. These Stations 
are now 84 in number. Each is located on the farm of a represen 
tative farmer, who does the work according to directions framed to 
illustrate the best rotations, the best varieties of crops, and the best 
cultural methods, as determined by the work of years on the Experi 
mental Farms. 

Poultry. The scope of work of the Poultry Division has been 
greatly extended during the last few years. It now covers the 
following main lines of investigation: artificial and natural incubation, 
poultry breeding, systems of breeding and rearing, production of 
heavy-laying strains, feeding for eggs and table and housing of 
poultry. Poultry survey work, i.e., the endeavour to get groups of 
farmers in various localities to keep accurate records of their poultry 
costs and returns, is already showing results in the better housing, 
breeding and care of the farm flock. Egg-laying contests and record 
of performance work are carried on. 

Tobacco. The Tobacco Division deals with the breeding, variety 
tests and cultural methods, the warehousing and marketing of tobacco. 
A complete analysis of the soils of the tobacco-producing regions of 
Canada is being made. During the growing season, inspectors 



I-XI I- h / \II- .\ T STATIONS 



examine the tobacco fields of as many growers as possible, with a view 
to suggesting the best cultural methods and means of combating 
diseases and insect pests. 

In addition to the work done by the Division of Extension and 
Publicity and Illustration Stations, the results of the work of the 
Experimental Farms arc made available to the fanner (1) by corres 
pondence; (2) by publications; (3) by "Seasonable Hints", now in its 
seventh year, a 16-page pamphlet brought out every four months, 
with a circulation of above 300,000; and (,4) by articles in the press. 
The Farm officers devote considerable time each year to lecturing, 
demonstrating, judging at fairs and assisting at Short Courses in 
Agriculture. Fxcursions to the various farms are also a valuable 
means of bringing the work to the attention of the farmer. 

NOVA SCOTIA . 

College of Agriculture, Truro. About 430 acres are devoted 
to general farming, gardening and investigations. Conducted pri 
marily as a college and distributing station for pure-bred live stock 
and seeds, invest igational work does not occupy so prominent a 
position as it does at a purely experimental station, Nevertheless, 
practical experiments arc being carried on amongst which the following 
are the most important. Ten years experiments with ground lime 
stone have given variable results, but the clover catch has been 
markedly improved on the poorer lands. Club root in turnips, 
cabbage, etc., has been almost perfectly controlled. Upon a run-out 
farm purchased in 1917, experiments are being conducted with basic 
slug, acid phosphate, bone meal, ground limestone and with the 
addition to all these of nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia. On 
the same land an experiment lias been established to ascertain the 
returns of potatoes from applications of potash. Also high grade 
slag with a large percentage of citric soluble phosphoric acid is being 
tested against lower grade slag with little or no citric soluble phosphoric 
acid the product of open hearth furnaces. On all these lands no 
barnyard manure is being used; and an attempt is being made to 
demonstrate the possibility of bringing in land by the use of com 
mercial fertilizers and of a triennial rotation during which a clover 
sod is once ploughed under. A permanent pasture experiment was 
begun ten years ago to determine the value of top dressing with basic 
slag, acid phosphate and wood ashes. Experiments to determine the 
fertilizing value of a crude salt mined at Malagash have given good 
results for mangolds and in some cases also for grain crops. Three 
classes of silage crops are being tried under identical conditions, viz., 
corn, sunflowers and O.P.V. (the College name for a mixture of oats, 
peas and vetches) . The value of the O.P.V. mixture is now thoroughly 
proved under Nova Scotia conditions. Sunflowers have given 
good results for two years; but corn has proved very variable. Field 
and garden experiments have shown good results from the use of 
home grown oats, wheat, turnips and tomatoes, as compared with 
seed of these crops grown elsewhere. Experiments have been begun 
3813120 



306 PRODUCTION 



in the control of the cabbage root maggot, and with insects affecting 
orchard fruits, carrots and other vegetables. The cabbage root 
maggot is now perfectly controlled, but further work remains to be 
done with other root and vegetable pests. In the Poultry Depart 
ment experiments are being conducted with various kinds of feed, 
with the use of electric light in laying pens during the winter and 
with various strains of poultry. A Nova Scotia poultry laying 
contest is being conducted for the third year. Details of the College 
experimental work, including results obtained, are published in the 
Annual Report of the Secretary for Agriculture for the province. 
The College itself enrols about 100 students annually in its regular 
course, and from 300 to 500 annually in various short courses. A 
College prospectus, annually issued, contains complete accounts of 
the nature of the studies in these courses. 

QUEBEC, 

Macdonald College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue.- -The College is 
situated about 20 miles west of Montreal and is incorporated with 
McGill University. The College property comprises 786 acres 
divided as follows: main farm, 584 acres; cereal husbandry plots, 75 
acres; poultry department, 17 acres; orchard, 35 acres; vegetable 
gardens, 25 acres; the campus, including driveways, lawns, trees, 
shrubs, flower beds, school garden and recreation fields for students 
of both sexes, 50 acres. The agricultural engineering, animal 
husbandry, bacteriology, botany, cereal husbandry, chemistry, horti 
culture, physics, poultry, zoology and entomology departments are 
all well equipped for the numerous researches and experiments under 
way. In the School of Agriculture, the courses offered include 4-year 
courses, leading to the B.S.A. and B.Sc. in Agr. degrees, a 4J 
months winter practical course for farmers and farmers sons, and 
various short courses. Postgraduate work can be taken in cereal 
husbandry, entomology, plant pathology, bacteriology, etc. the 
higher degrees offered being M.S. A., M.Sc. and Ph.D. In the School 
of household Science, the courses include a 4-year course, leading 
to the degree of Bachelor of Household Science, a 2-year institution 
administration course, a 1-year homemaker course, three short courses 
each of about 3 months duration in household science, etc. In the 
School for Teachers, courses, under the Protestant Committee of 
the Council of Public Instruction of the Province of Quebec, are 
offered leading to model, kindergarten and elementary diplomas. 
The teaching and experimental staff of the College consists of about 
60 members. The total enrolment for 1920-21 was 486. More 
complete information respecting the work of the College will be 
found on record in the Canada Year Book of 1916-17, pp. 241-242, 
and 1918, pp. 235-237. The annual report of the College and the 
annual announcement should be consulted. 

Oka Agricultural Institute. Situated on the Lake of Two 
Mountains, about 20 miles from Montreal, the Oka Agricultural 
Institute is one of the oldest experimental farms in Canada. It was 



AGRICULTURAL A A / /; A /.U/-:.\ T STATI&lt;&gt;\ 307 

atliliated to the Laval University of Montreal (now University of 
Montreal) on March 25, 190v The total area of the farm comprises 
1,800 acres, including all kinds of soil. Horticulture holds an important 
place. The area d -voted to fruit trees is about 40 acres, and includes 
i.OCO trees (apples, cherries, pears and plums) grown according to 
the most recent methods. Special attention is given to the breeding 
of live stock. The dairy herd is of considerable importance and has 
been entirely formed at the Institute itself. Official milk records 
beinin in 1918 have already resulted in the registration of 37 animals 
in the "Record of Performance", with an average yield exceeding 
10,000 Ib. of milk. The raising of swine, poultry and bees is also 
practised. The poultry houses shelter thousands of birds, amongst 
them the famous hen "Chantecler", bred by the poultry manager 
and registered in the United States Standard of Perfection in 1921. 
Mention should also be made of the modern rabbit hutch 70 ft. x 13 fi ., 
probably unique of its kind in Canada. The Institute can accom 
modate about 150 indoor students. The present curriculum includes 
(1) a scientific course of four years leading to the University degree 
of B.S.A.; (2) a practical course of two years for young men less 
advanced, embracing all the principal agricultural subjects, such 
as general agriculture, cereals, fodder plants, rural and hygienic 
construction, machines and motors, the cultivation of fruits and 
vegetables and the breeding and utilization of farm live stock. The 
famous Oka cheese (Port du Salut) made at this Institute is widely 
known thoughout the North American continent. 

School of Agriculture, Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere. This 

school, with accommodation for 125 boarders, is situated on tin- 
sou them slope of a hill dominating a farm of nearly 600 acres. Within 
one mile of the Intercolonial Railway and on the Quebec-Rividre-du- 
Loup line, it is easily accessible, and attracts thousands of visitors, 
who seek agricultural information from both the School and the 
Dominion Experimental Station, which is not more than a mile from 
the village. The students of the School are divided into (1) those 
taking a four-years agronomic course, and (2) those receiving special 
practical training for two years. The School is affiliated to Laval 
University, Quebec, which awards the degree of B.S.A. (Bachelor 
of Science in Agriculture) to successful stadents of the first class, 
whilst those in the other receive a Certificate of Agricultural Profi 
ciency (Brevet de Capacite" Agricole). Lectures in adjacent parishes 
are frequently given by the School professors, who also conduct 
agricultural pages in two of the largest provincial weeklies for the 
extension of new agricultural information. Cultural experiments are 
a 1 so undertaken at the School, and bulletins are published. 

ONTARIO. 

Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm, 
Guelph.--The College and Experiment Station were established in 
1874 to train young farmers in the science and practice of agriculture 
and to conduct agricultural experiments for the benefit of the 

38131 2(H 



308 PRODUCTION 



province. The land property consists of a little more than 700 acres 
of average loam soil. The farm property consists of 500 acres; experi 
mental plots of about 100 acres and campus and woodlots form the 
remainder. The growth of the institution as an educational centre 
has been very rapid. Academic work at the present time requires 
the space and equipment of sixteen large buildings for dormitories, 
class rooms and laboratories. Courses offered include a four-year 
course for the degree of B.S.A. (Bachelor of Science in Agriculture), 
a two-year course for the Associate Diploma, winter courses for 
farmers a.id farmers sons, summer courses for teachers of the prov 
ince and domestic science courses at Macdonald Institute. The 
teaching and experimental staff consists of about seventy-five mem 
bers. In 1874 the College opened with 28 students. The total 
enrolment in long and short courses in the academic year 1920-21 
was 2,268. More complete information respecting the researches 
and experimental work undertaken at the College will be found on 
record in the Canada Year Book of 1916-17, pp. 243-245, and 1918, 
pp. 238-241. Also reference may be made to the Forty-seventh 
Annual Report of the College, covering the year 1921. 

MANITOBA. 

Manitoba Agricultural College, Winnipeg. Field husbandry 
experiments are conducted in three divisions: (1) Forage Crop Im 
provement; (2) Cereal Crop Improvement; and (3) Soil and Crop 
Management. The work of the Forage Crop Improvement Division 
has for its object the production and improvement of plants suitable 
under Manitoba conditions for pasture and hay and fodder purposes. 
Varieties and strains of forage crops have been imported from the 
United States and European countries, and improvement is being 
obtained by selection and hybridization. The major investigations 
are being conducted with alfalfa and red clover, but some work is 
also being done with sweet clover, timothy, western rye, bromes, 
meadow fescue and meadow foxtail. Profitable results have been 
obtained in the improvement of fodder corn, especially by securing 
early maturing strains. In the Cereal Crop Improvement Division, 
the work consists of the testing and classification of cereal varieties 
with a view to standardization. The crops under study are wheat, 
oats, barley, flax, spring and fall rye, peas and buckwheat. Intro 
ductions of cereals have been made from various parts of the world, 
and selections have been made which promise to be of value. Hy 
bridization for improvement is also followed, and some promising 
crosses are now under test. In the Soil and Crop Management Divi 
sion the projects include soil renovation and soil cultivation experi 
ments, experiments in cereal crops, perennial and annual forage crops, 
hoed crops and cropping sequence. Work is also being done in silage 
and in ascertaining the carrying capacity of the grasses and clovers 
when used for pasture. 

The Departments of Botany, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, 
Physics, Chemistry and Engineering are also doing considerable 
investigational work. 



ACHH ULTURAL EXPERIMENT STA TI&lt; &gt;.VS 309 

SASKATCHEWAN. 

University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon. Hie College of 
Agriculture has over 1,300 acres of land at the University and another 
560 acres about 35 miles distant which were bequeathed to the College 
by a pioneer settler, an ex-student of the University of Cambridge,, 
England. Of the 1,300 acres, 210 acres are set aside for experimental 
work in field husbandry and horticulture. Two hundred and seventy 
acres of prairie were purchased in 1918, 100 acres of which have been 
l.ruken for the Field Husbandry Department. The remaining 800 
acres are operated as a general farm with great diversification of crops. 
The buildings, paddocks, etc., are located on an adjoining half section 
of land designated as the campus or building plot. The College offers 
a four year course leading to the Degree of Bachelor of Science in 
Agriculture (B.S.A.), and a three year associate course for fanners 
sons intending to make fanning their Ufe work. Short courses in 
general agriculture, tillage, crops, live stock, poultry, dairying and 
engineering, are held for adult farmers during the winter months, 
both at the College and at various points throughout the province. 

Practical experiments are undertaken in the departments of field 
and animal husbandry, as well as a variety of scientiiic investigations 
in the departments of chemistry, physics, oiology, engineering, etc. 

ALBERTA. 

College of Agriculture, Edmonton South. A College of 
Agriculture has been established at the University of Alberta, 
Edmonton South. Students completing two years at any of the 
six provincial Schools of Agriculture (situated at Claresholm, Olds, 
Vermilion, Gleichen, Raymond and Youngstown) enter the College 
for a three years course leading to the degree of Bachelor of 
Science in Agriculture. At these Schools various experiments are 
in progress as described in the last edition of the Year Book, 1920, 
p. 286. At the College itself numerous agricultural experiments are 
also being conducted, including the following tests: Determination 
as to whether the present varieties of wheat, oats, barley and peas 
are suitable for the Park Belt sections of Alberta; breeding and 
selection of promising varieties of wheat for earlier maturity combined 
with high milling qualities; the testing of alfalfas, red clover, sweet 
clover and alsike for winter hardiness and of sweet clover in the 
Open Plains sections to determine its drought hardiness; varieties of 
corn and sunflowers for fodder; relative suitability of corn and sun 
flowers for the Park Belt; selection of a suitable grain corn for the 
dry sections; growth of alfalfa and sweet clover for hay and seed; 
nurse crops with clover and timothy; pasturing of dairy cows and 
other cattle; utilization of the best native grasses of Alberta; hay and 
pasture production; effects of frost on grain; production of alfalfa 
seed; factors of hardiness in winter wheat; sunflowers; potatoes; seed 
production; various experiments with cattle, sheep and swine. A 
start has been made in a definite soil survey of the province, beginning 
with the soil-blown area of the south. 



310 PRODUCTION 



BRITISH COLUMBIA. 

Department of Agriculture.- -The experiments conducted by 
the Department of Agriculture include investigations in the three 
branches of Horticulture, Plant Pathology and Soils and Crops. 
Experiments in the control of the Strawberry Root Weevil (Otiorhyn- 
chus ovatus, Linn.) have been conducted during three years. The 
data obtained have been very satisfactory, and it is intended to 
continue the work. Three years of experiments for the control of 
Anthracnose (Neqfdbrcea malicorticis) have demonstrated the advis 
ability of fall spraying with Bordeaux mixture before fall rains 
begin. Demonstration work in orchard cover crops is being carried 
on both in the Kootenays and the Okanagan. The work in the 
Kootenays has been confined principally to the use of vetches. In 
the Okanagan valley vetches were first used and followed by alfalfa, 
particularly in places where the amount of water could be obtained 
that would insure a satisfactory catch of alfalfa. Spraying experi 
ments for the control of Blister Mite have been carried on during the 
season of 1921 with satisfactory results. These will be continued 
during the season of 1922, and the best type of spreaders to use in 
commercial sprays will also be inquired into. An investigation was 
conducted during 1921 to ascertain the most prevalent types of 
potato disease in eight different districts. The results suggest that 
owing to the low percentages of leaf roll and mosaic in the province 
as a whole, there is nothing to prevent the establishment of a success 
ful seed potato industry. The investigation was conducted in con 
junction with the establishment of a seed potato certification system 
by the Soil and Crop Division. Agricultural surveys conducted 
during 1921 were designed to obtain information upon soil and 
climatic conditions in relation to the most suitable types of farming. 

University of British Columbia. Considerable progress has 
been made with the clearing and preparation of land for experimental 
and general farm purposes. The investigational results obtained by 
the Departments of Agronomy and Horticulture are becoming increas 
ingly valuable, especially for farmers and gardeners cultivating upland 
coast soils. In the Department of Animal Husbandry, excellent 
foundation stock has been purchased, consisting of Jerseys, Ayrshires, 
Shorthorns and Herefords. The University has also acquired good 
Yorkshire and Berkshire pigs and Southdown, Shropshire and Oxford 
Down sheep. Seven Clydesdale mares formerly at Colony Farm now 
form the horse-breeding nucleus. Departments of dairying and 
poultry have been organized, and are carrying, on investigational 
and instructional work. In addition to the teaching and investiga- 
tionat work at the University, the members of the Faculty of Agri 
culture, in co-operation with the Dominion and Provincial Govern 
ments, have organized and conducted considerable extension work 
throughout the province. 



FUlf V/, . !/&gt;/: 311 



FUR TRADE. 

I m m : ilxv.it the year 1500 Basque and Breton fishermen came to 
nada to fish and traded for furs in their spare time. As the fashions 
at the French court demanded more and more furs, adventurers came 
for the fur trade exclusively. Font-Grave and Chauvin built Tadoussac 
in 1599 as a centre for trade with the Indians of the Saguenay and, 
when trade routes were found farther inland, Quebec and Montreal 
were built as trading posts. The French government from the first 
i:r:int i-d monopolies of the fur trade, always on the condition that 
the company should bring to Canada a stated number of settlers. 
But settlement and fur trade could never be equal powers settlement 
by driving fur-hearing animals farther afield made t rading increasingly 
expensive, and so a company would make hay while the sun shone 
and would try to keep the sun shining by preventing information as 
to its operations from reaching Fran The de Caen Company sent 

irly to France from l."),()t)() to 20,000 pelts. The -real profits of 
the fur trade, together with its freedom and romance, took all the 
adventurous from the rational pursuits of a settler. Trade spread 
\vest and south by the river routes and convoys brought the furs 
yearly to Montreal and Quebec. 

In the meantime, English navigators had been M-eking a North- 
wt .st r.v to the Orient. By \(V-&gt; 2 their efforts came to an end 

with little practical result, as it seemed, but Hudson bay had been 
accui charted, so that when the first Kngiish fur-trading ships 

came some thirty 3 later, they sailed by charted routes to a safe 

harbour. The first expedition came at the inst: &gt;n of Uadisson 
:l nd ( two French coureurs de bois who had travelled in 

the rich fur country north of Lake Superior. They had sought aid 
in France, but being repulsed turned ; ,gland. The charter of 

the "Adventurers of England trading into Hudson s Hay was 
rained in 1C.70 by Prince Rupert, who became first governor of the 
Company (whence the name Rupert s land). Ill 1070, merchandise 
costing 050 was sent to the Bay and the furs got by barter were 
sent to Endand and sold for 19,500. The dividend on the stock 
of 10,500 was sometimes as high as 100 per cent; then during the 
struggle with the French beginning about 1085 no return was made, 
but with the English victory, the Company resumed payments, 
usually amounting to 20 per cent per annum. Forts were built on 
Hudson bay and James bay at the mouths of rivers, and the Company, 
in the indolent attitude of the monopolist, waited for furs to be brought 

to its posts. 

With the outcome of the Seven Years War, fur trade from the 
south passed out of the hands of the French and until 1771 the English 
were rediscovering the old French routes to the West. A period of 
open competition followed. The discoverer of a new fur district wa- 
soon followed by competitors who undersold him and were undersold 
by him until some or all were ruined and left for new fields. The 
goods were bartered away for a consideration below their values .... 
.... the Indians were corrupted and the English character was 
brought into contempt". At length, the competitors would join 



312 PRODUCTION 



their interests, forming a concern subject to general rules. Such a 
concern was the Northwest Company, founded in 1783-4, with a 
stock divided into 16 shares. No capital was deposited, but each 
party supplied a proportion of the articles needed for trade. The 
Northwest Company pursued a vigorous policy, founding posts to 
control all the best fur districts. The Hudson s Bay Company felt 
the keenness of the competition, and was forced to abandon its ancient 
policy of waiting for furs to be brought to the bay. By 1816 the 
rivals had absorbed or ruined eleven other partnerships and were 
themselves on the verge of ruin. Finally in 1821, the two were 
joined under the name of the older company. The Northwest 
Company brought with it the control of the Pacific and Arctic water 
sheds, to be added to the lands draining into Hudson bay, and over 
the whole region the Hudson s Bay Company secured legal recogni 
tion of its monopoly of the fur trade. There followed forty years of 
great prosperity. "Over 150,000 Indians spent their laborious lives 
in gleaning the wealth of the forests and streams, and over 3,000 
employees took charge of the commodities from the sale of which 
over 60 per cent dividend was annually distributed in profits". The 
Company s rights of exclusive trading in Indian territory expired in 
1859 and ten years later it surrendered its other privileges. In 
return, Canada granted 300,000 to the Company, as well as lands 
about its trading posts, and one-twentieth of the land in the fertile 
belt between the North Saskatchewan River and the United States 
boundary. The Hudson s Bay Company thereupon became a trading 
company with no extraordinary privileges. 

Great changes have come over the Canadian fur trade in recent 
years. During the Great War the important market changed from 
London to the United States, as is shown in the figures for the war 
years. Of the $5,100,000 worth of undressed furs exported to England 
and the United States in 1914, England received $3,000,000; in 1919 
out of $13,300,000 worth only $3,700,000 went to England. During 
the war period, also, Montreal took a position as an international 
fur market. 

Improved methods of capture, together with the advance of 
settlement, have driven fur-bearing animals farther afield and given 
them less chance to escape. Close seasons have been declared for 
Russian sable and Bolivian chinchilla and Canadian beaver, but 
even this has been insufficient, as is shown by a continued decrease in 
the numbers of the animals. The fur trade has taken other methods 
to supply the demand by renaming common and despised furs and 
by encouraging the use of the furs of domestic animals. About forty 
years ago, Persian lamb, astrachan and broadtail came into general 
use, and the increasing demand has always been met, for these are 
the furs of domestic animals which may be bred under supervision. 
Of fur-bearing wild animals in Canada, the fox was most suited for 
domestication, being least disturbed by human beings. The success 
ful breeding of the fox on fur farms came in the period of rising prices 
after 1890 with the introduction of woven wire fencing. Other 
animals have been domesticated, though less successfully than the 
fox raccoon, mink, martin, otter, skunk, muskrat and beaver. For 



FUR TRADE 



313 



1919-20 the total fur production of Canada was valued at $21,387,00."&gt; 
and for 1920-21 at $10,151,591. For the same years the value of tin- 
pelts sold from fur farms was $388,335 ami $626,900; in both 
years the large item in the production was silver fox, which, heinii 
more valuable as well as more tract al&gt;le, is most saccessfully bred. 
Statistics of the number and value of pelts produced are given 
by provinces in Table 61 for the year 1919-20 and 1920-21, while the 
number and value of pelts are given by kinds in Table 62. 

61. Numbers and Values of Pelts purchased by Traders from Trappers and Fur 
Fanners, years ended June 30, 1920 and 19 !1. 



Pro% 



Kd\v:ini I=.l:md 



v Brunswick 

Quebec 

( intario 

Manitoba 

Saskatchewan 

Alberta 

British Columbia 

Yukon 

Northwest Territories 

Canada 

82. Kind, Number, Total Value and Average Value of Pelts of Fur-bearing Animals 

Taken in Canada, year ended June 30, 1921. 



Number of 1 Vita. 


Value of Pelts. 


1919-20. 


1920-21. 


1919-20. 


1&lt;)20-21. 


15,929 


5,678 


$ 660,704 


$ 256,137 


70,042 


53,051 


288,166 


112 


51, 


81,858 


,871 


73,500 


577,7:il 


874,187 


4,587,110 


2. Oh 


834,733 


1,113 


6,418,330 


8,04 


121 


505,177 


3,130, 


1,051 




341,839 


1,828,779 


717,149 


407,946 


53H 


1.550,. 


1,087,1(14 


83. 


L20.4M 


742,410 


507, 134 


354 


iti.ii. :, 


323,467 


78, 189 


154,882 


208,068 


1,121,026 


1,153,840 


3. $00, 0*4 


2,936.407 


M m im-, 


Sit, 151, 594 



Kind. 


Number of 
pelts. 


Total value 
of pel if. 


Average 

viilue PIT 
pelt 
1920-21. 


Average 
value per 
pell 
1919-20. 


Badger 


1 216 


* 

1 176 


$ cts. 

OOA 


$ cts. 

1 AA. 


Bear, black 


6 991 


88 


yo 

19 A9 


1A 97 


Bear, brown 


- - 


7 789 


U ii- 
97Q 


H11 


Bear, grizzly 


137 


3 036 


99 If. 


on on 


Bear, white 


282 


6 043 


*)A A9 


01 77 


Beaver 


164 656 


2 686 472 


frt \)6 
1ft 11 


ol II 

91 in 


Coyote 


14 754 


94 498 


ID 1 1 

6 An 


ZO oU 
nic 


Ermine (weasel) 


386 034 


189 936 


OAn 


OO 

1 ", 


Fisher or pekon 


4 866 


2P.fi 461 


tiC ftfi 


SA A1 


Fox, cross 


3 100 


158 380 


Oo 50 
HI no 


&t 1o 
A1 fil 


Fox, red 


18 137 


210 fi2fi 


01 uy 

nfil 



99 OO 


Fox. silver 


2 843 


41 HO 


01 
1 11 GO 


Lii {.M 
OAR AR 


Fox, blue 


121 


9 287 


101 yy 

7fi 71 


i40 40 
AO B9 


Fox, white 


21 416 


741 551 


&lt;o /o 

7J. R9 


oy o 

1Q O9 


Fox, other 


61 


2W 


O* O4 
499 


oy yj 
Hia 


Lynx 


6 509 


HO ^00 


ft 

91 ftQ 


OO 
91 7K1 


Marten or sable. . 


47 292 


1 081 871 


/o uy 

99 87 


ft /O 1 
19 71 


Mink 


m561 


QfiS ^82 


. of 
891 


o& lo 
11 AQ 


Muskrat 


2 015 481 


2 ift i Vl^t 


Zo 

1 -M 


lo 48 

2c t 


Otter 


10 931 


2fi2 670 


1 /4 
9A fl9 


O4 

9A 1 C 


Rabbit 


6 577 


1 44Q 


/I U_ 
099 


zo lo 
010 


Raccoon 


18 116 


t:c OAA 


Ht 
3nc 


oy 

6 fa 


Skunk 


74 972 


1QA 1^0 


UO 

17U 


00 
3A1 


Squirrel, black 


72 


72 


19 

Inn 


OO 

Ien 


Squirrel, red. .. 




g 


uu 

Of\R 


oy 

099 


Wildcat.. 


8^9 


9 OR4 


uo 

3 CO 


fit 


Wolf 


"&gt; 31fi 


sin CO9 


BZ 

9 en 


i K cn 


Wolverine or carcajou 


960 


17 114 


50 

11 on 


15 69 
91 ni 


Caribou 


64 


4Kc 


io yu 
7 in 


/I Ul 
in n 1 


Deer . . . 


4 004 


7 41Q 


IU 

1K1 


10 yl 

219 


Elk 


16 


41 


01 

2 UK 


Kt 

3m 


Moose 


Q0 


3 CIO 


00 

SCO 


IU 

51 A 


Panther 


17 


on 


OO 
591 


14 

6 en 


Civet cat 


77 


17 


ZO 

099 


O 
OC/\ 


House cat 


1QC 


to 


SM 

Ona 


OU 
OA 7 








Q 


47 


Canada 


2 93 407 


16 111 TU 














~ 


&gt;Wild cat included with lynx in 1919-20. 











314 PRODUCTION 



FORESTRY. 

Forest Areas of Canada. Canada s forest resources are 
included more or less roughly in three areas, (1) the giant fir forest of 
the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast, (2) the northern coni 
ferous forest, stretching in a wide curve from the Yukon, north of 
the Great Lakes to Labrador, and (3) the deciduous, hardwood 
forest, extending from Lake Huron through southern Ontario and 
Quebec to New Brunswick and the Atlantic coast. Varying precipi 
tation, temperature, and soil are the causes resulting in such a division 
into forest areas. It is estimated that 932,416 square miles, about 
one quarter of the total area of the Dominion (3,729,665 square 
miles) is covered by forests, of which about 390,625 square miles can 
be considered as containing saw-timber of commercial size. Of this 
amount, some is at present inaccessible owing to lack of transporta 
tion. 

Types of Forest Growth.- -The most important types of forest 
growth found in the forests of British Columbia are: (1) Douglas 
Fir a strong, hard and light wood highly valued on account of its 
strength and the large sizes in which it can be obtained. Trees 
reach heights exceeding 250 feet and diameters exceeding 8 feet. It 
is an important timber for structural purposes, ties, piles, mine 
timbers, wood-block paving, etc.; (2) Red Cedar also a very large 
type of tree, noted for the durability of the wood, which is light, 
soft and straight-grained; it is the most important wood in Canada 
for the manufacture of roofing shingles; (3) Alaska Pine or Western 
Hemlock a wood much superior to eastern types of hemlock, 
extensively used for pulp and structural purposes; (4) Sitka Spruce 
and Engelmann Spruce with light, soft, and straight-grained wood, 
much used in aeroplane manufacture and for pulpwood. 

In the northern coniferous forest some of the predominant types 
are: (1) White Spruce a soft, light wood found over very wide 
areas, being excellent material for pulp and for construction work 
where durability is not important; (2) Balsam Fir largely used for 
pulp and found over large areas; (3) Larch or Tamarack a swamp 
species, partly destroyed by the larch saw-fly; its wood is much 
sought after for railway ties and shipbuilding purposes; (4) Black 
Spruce the smallest of the spruce species and only used for pulp- 
wood; (5) Jack Pine found growing on poor sites and following 
more valuable species after forest fires; (6) Balm Poplar a widely 
found, deciduous type, of little commercial value. 

Of the most important types found between Lake Huron and 
New Brunswick, mention may be made of: (1) Yellow Birch 
Canada s most important hardwood, used extensively for flooring, 
cabinet work, handles, etc, as it is hard, stiff, strong and takes a fine 
polish; (2) White Pine and Red Pine much used for structural 
purposes but now almost entirely cut from many wooded districts; 
(3) Eastern Cedar a small type much used for shingles, fence posts 
and railway ties; (4) other hardwoods, including Maple, Elm, Ash, 
Oak and Hickory. 



315 



Forest Industries.- -The forests of Canada are mainly owned 
by the Dominion and Provincial Governments and arc leased by them 
to lumber or pulp companies. During recent years, legislation has 
made the sawing of logs and the manufacture of pulp in Canada 
a condition of licenses to cut timber on crown lands, the province 
of Ontario even insisting on the pulpwood of the crown lands bring 
manufactured into paper within the province. Such regulations, 
combined with the great natural advantages which Canada s water 
routes and abundant water power offer to the forest industries, have 
resulted in great increases in the si/e and operations of our pulp 
and paper companies. 

The first paper mill in Canada was erected at St. Andrews, Que., 
in lS():-&gt;. In 1825 Upper Canada s first paper mill was erected at 
(rook s Hollow, its owner receiving a bounty from the government 
for his successful efforts. By 1SS1 there were :&gt; pulp and paper 
mills in the Dominion, with an invested capital of S92,()00. By 
1920, the number of incorporated companies manufacturing pulp 
had inci 1 to 100 with a combined capital of 1221,472,538 (preli 
minary figures). Canada s exports of wood, pulp, and paper are 
next in value and importance to her exports pi . -ultural products, 
exports of unmanufactured wood amounting to $116,260,591, of 
paper to $92,103,307 and of manufactured wood to 71 in 

the fiscal year ended March 31, 1921. The Tnited offers 

permanent and convenient market for the gr. part of the 

products of this industry. 

In the year 1919, the group of industries using timber and 
lumber as their chief raw material comprised -1.900 establishments, 
with a capital amounting to $395,808,490, and a product for the 
year valued at i,017,."&gt;29. Ti industries paid $12,734,049 in 

to 8,608 ;ed employees, and &gt;vJ. 192,121 in wages to 

101,215 w arners. 

N.B.- Much of the above information is taken from a publica 
tion of the Dominion Forestry Branch, Department of the Interior, 
Ottawa, entitled "The Forests of Canada," in which much valuable 
material is available. 

Statistics of Forest Products.- I p to and including the year 
1916 the annual statistics of forest products were collected and 
published by the Forestry Branch of the Department of the Interior. 
For the calendar years 1917 to 1920 such statistics have been collected 
and compiled by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics in collaboration 
with the Forestry Branch of the Department of the Interior, and 
have formed part of the annual census of industry. Summarized 
statistics of the estimated values of forest products are given in 
Table 63, while quantities and values of the cut of lumber, shingles and 
lath are furnished by provinces in Table 64. Statistics of production 
in the great pulp and paper industry are presented in Tables 65 to 70, 
while the three diagrams on page 3 16 illustrate graphically by provinces 
the production in Canada during 1919 and 1920 of (1) pulpwood, 
(2) wood pulp and (3) paper. To the statistics of production are 



316 



PRODUCTION 



appended two tables showing (Table 71) the quantity and value of 
exports or wood pulp by countries, for the fiscal years 1916-1921, 
and (Table 72) the quantity and value of wood, blocks and other, 
exported to United States for the fiscal years 1904-1921. 

Diagrams Illustrating the Paper-making Industry. 



PULPWOOD CONSUMPTION BY PROVINCES 1919-20 



PROVINCES 



HUNDRED THOUSANDS OF CORDS 



CORDS 



1 Z 3 4- S 6 -V 8 9 10 11 1Z 



BRITISH COLUMBIA/ 

f \Q2ft 

NEWBRUNSWICK.J 

U9I9 

NOVA SCOTIA. .{ 92 

(1919 




PULP MANUFACTURED BY PROVINCES 1919-20 



PROVINCES 



HUNDRED THOUSANDS OF TONS 



ONTARIO. 
BRITISH 



"(1919 



NEW BRUNSWICK./ ; 

\ y * j 

/1 920 
U9I9 



NOVA -SCOTIA.. ... 



TONS 




2 18,48 

I94,I26KS^K5S 
89,06 
.75,186 
2,3,i36 
17,659 



PAPER PRODUCED BY PROVINCES 1919-20 








PROVINCES 


HUNDRED THOUSANDS OF TONS 




ONTARIO- { ^ 


TOMS 


12.34.567*9 10 






















506,898 


1 










QUEBEC.. 
















( 19 IP 


45^il 3 OKi ^Mc^vwdxy^Nxxi^w^ 














BRITISH COLUMBIA/ ^ 


i4-?89smamm 

122,316^^^3 




















( 1919 



CANADA YEAR BOOK 1921 



FORESTRY 



317 



$3. Summary Statistics of Forest Products, 1917-1920. 



Variety of Timber. 


1917. 

* 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Lumber, lath and shingles 


1 

93,914,330 


$ 

113,254,684 


$ 

138,041,851 


$ 

188,312,475 


Firewood 


:&gt;00,000 


26,500,000 


25,000,000 


27,500,000* 


Pulpwood 


11:5 


43,302,913 


45.433,056 


67,156,870 


Cross-tie^ 


".oii.OOO 


9,3f&gt;9,520 


9,446,182 


12,183,440* 


Square timber exported 


1,325,192 


1,402,871 


2,148,162 


1,899,444 


Cooppfftgft 


l,70:i, 977 


1,496,205 


1,392,365 


812,578* 


Poles 


600,000 


613,000 




,434* 


Logs exported 


155 


510 202 


_ 


1,836.315 




150,000 


680,000 


_. 


711, 000* 


Round mining timbers 


195,000 


211 





535,5. r ,n 


llnneous exports 
M iscellaneous products 


i 

11.426,945 


500,000 
11,707, 


5,335,257 


&lt;.&lt;75,5H 
3,843,%8 












Total 


176,500,712 


209,547,941 


239,913,598 


306, 660. 819 













Included in "miscellaneous products." *Subject to revision. 



64. Quantities and Values of the cut of Lumber, Shingles and Lath by Provinces, 

1918, 1919 and 1920. 



Province. 


Lumber. 


inglea. 


l.ath. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


hie. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1918. 
Prince Edward Island 


M ft b.m. 

17.. 

B41 
1,110,1 
047 
75, 

- 
1,157,636 
229 


S 

336 
4.002.039 
12,1 

34,168,754 
1,240, 
2,122,307 

28,351. 
10,315 


M 

8.948 

170,486 
.160 
393 

2,162,184 


$ 

21 
633 

5 12, 812 

183 

577 
6.641,174 


M 

16, 

117.521 
78. 
148 
8,1 
17,244 

49,741 


* 

2,901 
41 
-.554 
214,711 
506,516 
22,764 
73,490 

179,041 


Xova Scot ia 


Brunswick 


Quebec 


rio 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Yukon 


Total 


3,886,631 


103,700,620 


2,682,521 


8,184,448 


438,190 


1,3*9,816 


1019. 
Prince Edward Island 


8,971 

.074 
, 593 
884,612 
940.199 
30,353 
42,452 
26,173 
1,175,151 
253 


238,687 
6,262,745 

16,477,477 
30,195,646 
33,671,384 
937. 
1,326,688 
696,518 
32,540,244 
12.680 


8,340 
15.677 
829,318 

312.926 
97,573 
160 

525 
2,150,630 


26. 
59,859 
1,248,623 
1,346,146 
477,269 
1,280 

4,375 
10,360,099 


1,244 
16,261 

144,820 
134,035 
163,582 
7, 5;. 7 
7.856 
100 
45,748 


4,432 
65,974 
636,058 
500,327 
673,381 
32,618 
41,245 
425 
203,298 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


i ntario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Yukon 


Total 


3, 83d, 831 


122,359,748 


2,915,149 


13,524,345 


520,203 


2,157,753 


1920. 
Prince Edward Island 


6,241 
273,987 
515,785 
916,422 
992,901 
58,419 
54,371 
41,229 
1,443,270 


243,883 
9,466,984 
18,374,126 
37,128,201 
43,147,777 
2,058,590 
2,074.621 
1,480,186 
54,394,069 


8,871 
13.635 
260,077 
387.813 
43,739 
123 
1,803 
3,788 
2,135,857 


32.529 
56,554 
1,321,311 
1.839,595 
226,703 
475 
9,105 
17,888 
11,190,999 


1.151 

30,807 
219,060 
160,326 
222,734 
7,704 
13,025 

107,224 


7,270 
196,501 
1,464,499 
950,137 
1,740,434 
52,720 
104,199 

733,119 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Yukon 


Total 


4,302,625 


168,368,437 


2,855,706 


14,695,159 


762,031 


5,248,879 





NOTE. M ft. b.m. signifies 1,000 feet board measure. 



318 



PRODUCTION 



65. Total Consumption and Value of Pulp wood, 1989-20. 



Year. 


Total 
Consump 
tion. 


Total 
Value. 


Year. 


Total 
Consump 
tion. 


Total 
Value. 


1909 ... 


Cords. 
622,129 


$ 
3,464,080 


1915.. 


Cords. 
1,405,836 


$ 

9,426,217 


1910 


598,487 


3,585,154 


1916 


1,764,912 


13,104,458 


1911 .... 


672,288 


4,338,024 


1917 


2,104,334 


"18,817,483 


1912 


866,042 


5,215,582 


1918 


2,210,744 


24,886,475 


1913 


1,109,034 


7,243,368 


1919 


2,428,706 


31,347,686 


1914 


1,224,376 


8,089,868 


1920 


2,777,422 


45,404,889 















66. Quantities and Values of Wood used in the Manufacture of Pulp, 1918-1920. 





Province. 


Wood 
used. 


Value. 


Average 
Value per 
cord. 


Pulp 
Produced. 


Number 
of firms 
reporting. 


1918. 
Quebec . 


Cords. 
1,085,478 


$ 
11,061,191 


$ 
10-19 


Tons. 
802,030 


No. 

27 


Ontario . 


784,691 


10,395,717 


13-25 


505,366 


21 


New Brunswick 


110,133 


920,854 


8-36 


66,619 


5 


Nova Scotia 


11,668 


73,816 


6-32 


10,017 


5 


British Columbia 


218,774 


2,434,897 


11-13 


173,161 


6 














Total 


2,210,744 


24,886,475 


11 -2S 


1 ,557 ,193 


64 














1919. 
Quebec 


1,176,134 


13,830,734 


11-76 


831,291 


29 


Ontario 


840,856 


13,113,794 


15-60 


597,827 


22 


New Brunswick 


140,607 


1,459,942 


10-38 


75,186 


5 


Nova Scotia 


20,751 


153,519 


7-40 


17,659 


5 


British Columbia 


250,358 


2,789,697 


11-15 


194,126 


5 














Total 


2,428,706 


31,347,686 


12-91 


1 ,716 ,089 


66 














1920. 
Quebec 


1,333,815 


20,628,246 


15-46 


974,766 


30 


Ontario 


942,672 


17,131,849 


18-17 


654,401 


20 


New Brunswick 


180,723 


2,553,613 


14-13 


89,069 


5 


Nova Scotia 


24,595 


301,161 


12-24 


23,384 


6 


British Columbia 


295,617 


4,790,020 


16-20 


218,482 


6 














Total 


2,777,422 


45,404,889 


16 34 


1,960,102 


67 















67. Kinds of Wood used in the Manufacture of Pulp by Quantities and Values, 

1918, 1919 and 1920. 







1918. 


i 




1919. 






1920. 




Wood. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Aver 
age 
Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Aver 
age 
Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Aver 
age 

Value. 


Spruce 


Cords. 

1,638,733 


$ 
18,887,125 


$ 
11-53 


Cords. 

1,787,868 


$ 
23,673,783 


$ 
13-24 


Cords. 
1,873,024 


$ 
31,653,419 


$ 
16-89 


Balsam Fir. . . 
Hemlock 


447,243 
89,007 


4,604,987 
1,038,867 


10-29 
11-67 


490,327 
118,013 


6,077,368 
1,221,222 


12-39 
10-34 


687,519 
176,029 


10,504,538 
2,668,630 


15-28 
15-16 


Poplar 


9,885 


100,987 


10-22 


7,228 


98,413 


13-61 


5,732 


75,417 


13-16 


Jack Pine 


25,851 


254,384 


9-84 


5,402 


149,844 


9-72 


15,743 


168,400 


10-70 


All other 


25 


125 


5-00 


9,868 


127,056 


12-89 


19,375 


334,485 


17-26 






















Total 


2,210,744 


24,886,475 


11-26 


2,428,706 


31 ,347 ,686 


12-90 


2,777,422 


45 ,404 ,889 


16-34 























FORESTRY 



319 



68. Quantities of Wood used and of Pulp manufactured, 1916-1920. 






ProceM 
of 
Manufacture. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Xew 

Bruns 
wick. 


&gt; n 
tia. 


British 
Colum 
bia. 


Total. 


Mo lianical ..1916 


( ..rds. 
448,938 


Cords. 
,416 


( \&gt;r&lt;[&gt;. 

IM 


Cords. 
14,437 


48,313 


Cords. 


1917 

1918 
1919 

I .i-ju 

Sulphite.. 1916 


488,765 
543,009 
569,560 

285, 761 


291.767 
,458 
309,060 


6,825 

7, 
6,188 

72,440 


11,668 
751 

- I , 595 


73,699 
74,891 

88.S17 

60,684 


1,479 
87: 
1,010,457 
1,080,618 

727,945 


1917 
1918 
1919 

1920 

Sulphate.. 1916 


377 
410,115 
49.V 

181,818 


470,276 
530,844 
20,136 


77,290 
102.106 
147,570 


- 


119 

168 

177,017 


855,489 
1,045,057 
1,127,659 
1,354,023 

201,954 


1917 
1918 
1919 
IfM 

Soda . ..1916 


212,613 
216,099 
255,685 

7,755 


21,187 
16.H7H 
18,474 


26,01s 
30,866 
26,965 


- 


376 
17. 
29,783 


1174,646 
285,194 
281,360 
330,907 

7 755 


1917 

1918 
1919 
1920 

All processes ..1916 
1917 
1918 
1919 

1920 


6,308 
6,891 

9,978 

924,272 

1,085,478 
l,17t),134 
1,333,815 


1,461 
2.339 
1.896 

637,612 

784,691 
840,856 
942,672 


79,594 

110,133 
140,607 
180,723 


14,437 

11,668 
20,751 
24,595 


108,997 

218,774 
L :&gt;(),358 
295,617 


7,769 

11,874 

1,764,&lt;&gt;12 
2,104,334 
2,210,744 
2,428,706 
2,777,422 



NOTE. For 1917, statistics are not available by provinces. 



vCTURED. 




of 
Manufacture. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


X 
15 runs- 
wick. 


&gt;va 

Scotia. 


British 
Colum 
bia. 


Total. 


Mechanical 1 . 1 . 


Tons. 
4K938 


Tons. 
416 


Tons. 

7 I"i4 


Tons. 
14 437 


Tons. 
48 313 


Tons. 
827 258 


1917 
1918 
1919 
19M 

Sulphite ..1916 


.891 
46t, 
|1 ),457 
558, 149 

142,880 


J77 
351,572 
393,582 

154 530 


7.245 
6,463 
6,447 
6,225 

36 220 


20,355 
10,017 

17,659 
384 


65,620 
91,588 
.767 
108,774 

30 342 


923.731 
879,510 
990,!02 
1,090,114 

363 972 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 

Sulphate 1916 


148,859 
180,972 
185 
263,876 

90 909 


165,173 
216,255 
235,122 
249,022 

10 068 


43,009 
30,766 
56,612 
70,369 


- 


43,392 
66,3-_&gt;&lt;) 
84, 
92,466 


400,433 
494,322 
562,115 
675,733 

100 Q77 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 

Soda 1916 


111,924 
124,507 

126, .4:&gt; 
147,903 

3 877 


12,981 
10,459 
9,931 
10,867 


8 086 
29,390 
12,127 

12,475 


- 


2,863 
15,244 
9,472 
17. 


135,854 
179,600 

158,475 
188,487 

*} 877 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 

Al! processes. . . 1916 


3,576 
3,031 
3,395 
4,838 

686 604 


560 
730 
1,202 
930 

473 014 


43 ?74 


14 417 


78 FI I^I 


4,186 

3,761 
4,597 
5,768 

1 9Qfi 084 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 


784,250 
802,030 
831,291 
974,766 


489,488 
505,366 
597 
654,401 


58,340 
66,619 
75,186 
89,069 


20,355 
10,017 
17,659 
23,384 


111,875 
173,161 
194,126 
218,482 


1,464,3081 
1,557,193 
1,716,089 
1,960,102 



Includes 154 tons described as other fibre. 



320 



PRODUCTION 



69. Tonnage and Value of the Various Kinds of Paper Produced in Canada by 

Provinces, Calendar year 1920. 



Kinds of Paper. 


In Paper Mills. 


In Pulp and Paper 
Mills. 


In all Mills 
Making Paper. 


Quantity. 


Selling 
Value. 


Quantity. 


Selling 
Value. 


Quantity. 


Selling 
Value. 


Quebec- 
Newsprint 


Tons. 

3,297 
16,423 
6,655 
10,424 


$ 

534,975 
7,902,279 
1,059,253 
1,448,635 
2,847,472 


Tons. 

354,888 
7,707 
42,050 
44,261 


$ 

35,354,450 
1,380,167 
6,681,694 
4,207,628 
1,070,902 


Tons. 

358, 185 
24,130 
48,705 
54,685 


$ 

35,889,425 
9,282,446 
7,740,947 
5,656,263 
3,918,374 


Book and writing 


Wrapping 


Boards 


Other papers and paper products 


Total 


- 


13,792,614 


- 


48,694,841 


- 


62,487,455 


Ontario 

Newsprint 


1,764 
35,438 
3,249 
22,861 


345,878 
8,505,567 
759,812 
2,239,520 
1,458,088 


379,179 
13,628 
14,617 
80,495 


32,331,828 
4,080,794 
2,252,385 
5,008,879 
2,664,718 


380,943 
49,066 
17,866 
103,356 


32,677,706 
12,586,361 
3,012,197 
7,248,399 
4,122,806 


Book and writing ... 


Wrapping 


Boards 


Other papers and paper products 


Total 


- 


13,308,865 


- 


46,338,604 


- 


59,647,489 


British Columbia- 
Newsprint 


- 


- 


136,568 
10,721 


12,298,140 
1,408,159 
798,708 


136,568 
10,721 


12,298,140 
1,408,159 
798,708 


Book and writing 


Wrapping 


Boards 


Other papers and paper products 


Total 


- 


- 


- 


14,505,007 


- 


14,505,007 


Canada- 
Newsprint 


5,061 
51,861 
9,904 
33,285 


880,853 
16,407,846 
1,819,065 
3,688,155 
4,305,560 


870,635 
21,335 
67,388 
124,756 


79,984,418 
5,460,961 
10,342,238 
9,216,507 
4,534,328 


875,696 
73,196 
77,292 
158,041 


80,865,271 
21,868,807 
12,161,303 
12,904,662 
8,839,888 


Book and writing ... 


Wrapping 


Boards 


Other papers and paper products 


Total 


- 


27,101,479 


- 


109,538,452 


- 


136,639,931 





70. Production of Paper by Provinces, 1917-1920. 



Province. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Ontario 


Tons. 
383,555 


Tons. 
425,228 


Tons. 
498,792 


Tons. 
560,764 


Quebec 


391,130 


419,980 


456,133 


506,898 


British Columbia 


79,004 


122,516 


135,310 


147,289 












Total 


853, S89 


937 ,724 


1 ,090 ,235 


1,214,951 













FORESTRY 



321 



71. Exports from Canada of Wood Pulp, by Countries, in the fiscal years 1916-1921. 







l .U6. 










Kinds. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


value 
per cwt . 


Quantity. 


Value. 


value 
per cwt. 


deal pulp 
1 "nitrd Kingdom 


Cwt. 

1 .1,023 


$ 

36,7" 


S cts. 
1 93 


Cwt. 


$ 

2,677,923 


* cts. 
4 00 


United States 


3,288,816 


,616 


1 (I. ) 




11 in: 




Japan 


182,. "i in 




1 92 




Ml 417 




Other countries 


4,467 


8,979 


2 01 


1" "41 


761 


3 49 
















Total 


3 ,494 ,S16 


S ,801 ,011 


1 95 


4 ,733 ,997 


14,032,920 


2 % 
















Mechanical pulp 
United Kingdom 


362 




83 


471 




77 


\ "nit fi i 










". Iv 


1 (K) 


France 


410 








47 


" 7.". 


Other countries 


500 


370 


74 


35 


181 


ii &lt;r&gt; 
















Total 


1 I.I 1 : . II ; 


3 ,575 ,537 


77 


S 51 914 


I ;;i i ;:. 


9 




















1918. 






1919. 




1 "nit cd Kingdom 


343,486 


1.603,738 


4 67 


140 364 


fil 1 




U n i t e&lt; : 


728 


It . 171,096 




7 414 






Japan 














her countries 




1 2" 


4 U 


744 


58:-: 


















Total 


5 ,385 ,010 




:: || 


&gt; HI .!! 


ill "I, v. 


: ;:; 
















iianical pulp 
I nited Kinudom 








V28 


3 033 


1 


United 


4,311,694 


6,487,097 


1 50 


3 453 


4 418 555 


1 28 


France 














Other cour/ 


_ 






53 049 


58 327 


1 10 
















Total 


4, 311, 94 


u i-; it!&gt;; 


1 50 


; oj ; M 


4 479 915 


1 ,s 
















Chemical pulp 




1920. 






1921. 




United Kingdom 


846,171 


119 


3 80 


863 797 


4 42o 1 ^ 


"i I 1 


I nitdi 


6,83d 


- 


3 74 


857 






Japan 


802 


- 


4 62 


374 354 






Other countries 


123 


527 094 


4 30 


375 




















Total 


8 ,501 ,942 


33,000,0(3 


; -i 


9 080 964 


.15,060,219 


OC 
















Mechanical pulp 
United Kingdom 


1,93 s - 


1 802 281 


93 


1 783 


3 472 454 


2 48 


United States 


4,045,385 


5 765 N71 


1 42 


, 633 


11 516 607 


3 "J5 


France 


799,794 


808 ""&gt;7 


1 01 


246 


1 33 9 291 


2 43 


Other countries 


4,230 


7,010 


1 65 


380 


170 466 


1 79 
















Total 


6 ,787 ,640 


8,383 419 


t ", 


5 282 042 


16 191 M* 


312 

















72. Quantity and Value of Wood, Blocks and Other, for Pulp, exported to the 

United States, 1904-1921. 



Fiscal Year. 


Cords. 


$ 


Fiscal Year. 


Cords. 


* 


1904.. 


479,238 


1,788,049 


1913 


1 003 ^94 


fi 80fi 44=5 


1905 


593,624 


2,600,814 


1914 


1 08Q 384 


7 388 770 


1906 


614,286 


2,649,106 


1915 


1 010 914 


fi 817 311 


1907 (9mos.) 


452,846 


1,998,805 


1916 


879 934 


5 743 847 


1908 


901,861 


4,655,371 


1917 


982 671 


6 448 189 


1909 


794,986 


4,356,391 


1918 


1 002 127 


8 3^Q 278 


1910 


965,271 


6,076,628 


1919 


1 597 042 


US 386 600 


1911 


936,791 


6,092,715 


1920 


838 TV&gt; 


8 4"yi SO"? 


1912 


879,775 


5,697,901 


1921 


1 615 467 


91 in eiqA 















3813121 



322 PRODUCTION 



FISHERIES. 

The Early Fisheries. Sea fisheries largely depend upon two 
habits of fish those of spawning and feeding in their accustomed 
resorts in estuaries and the open sea. In Canada the feeding grounds 
are northerly and are remarkable for the coldness and purity of 
their waters. The earliest frequenters of the "banks", especially of 
the "Grand Bank", were Breton and Basque fishermen who, according 
to Fernandez de Navarrete, came in their small vessels before 1502. 
The fishing was done by hand line from barrels made fast outside of 
the bulwarks, so that the lines would not foul on the sides of the ship. 
The vessels remained on the "bank" as long as fine weather lasted, 
then returned to France with their catches of from 30 to 50 thousand 
cod. Voyages up and down the coast soon showed that cod were as 
plentiful inshore as on the outer banks, and so it became common 
for a crew to anchor in a bay, build a hut on shore and make daily 
excursions in small boats to the inshore fisheries. Such an establish 
ment was at Tadoussac, founded by Chauvin in 1599. The fish 
was salted and dried on shore, and at the end of the season was 
loaded into the ship to be taken to France. Soon the fishermen 
stayed all winter in America and built the first fishing villages. By 
the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 Britain became absolute owner of 
Newfoundland, excluding France from the rights of fishing and 
drying fish on certain sections of its coast, but France retained the 
fisheries of Cape Breton and the Gulf. The Seven Years War put a 
stop to continuous fishing. At its conclusion, the Robin family of 
Jersey came to Canada and by gradual acquisition came to control 
all the former French fishing stations. The firm of Charles Robin 
and Company devoted itself to the capture of cod, so that until the 
arrival of the Loyalists all other fish were neglected. Inshore fish 
eries only were developed, the Labrador coast fisheries being included 
under this term; no deep-sea fishing vessel put out from Lunenburg, 
which is now the chief centre of the deep-sea fishery, until 1873. 

Methods of Fishing.- -The fisheries of Canada are distinguished 
as Atlantic, Inland and Pacific. Of the annual yield, the Atlantic 
fisheries give 45 per cent, the Pacific 42 per cent and the Inland 13 
per cent. 

Sea fisheries are for convenience described as inshore and deep- 
sea. Of the inshore fisheries those from one to five miles out are 
frequented by boats carrying two or three men and those twelve to 
fifteen miles out by small vessels carrying from four to seven men. 
The fish are largely taken with gill net and trawl. A gill net hangs like 
a wall in the water, buoyed and weighted to keep it upright. The fish 
in trying to pass through are meshed by the gills and strangled. A 
trawl is a line of any length to which are attached at intervals short 
lines or snoods, each one with a baited hook at the end. The deep- 
sea fisheries are worked by vessels of from sixty to one hundred tons, 
carrying from twelve to twenty men. Dories are carried on board 
which, when the vessel anchors, are sent out with two men in each who 
use trawls to take the fish cod, haddock, hake and halibut. The 
inshore fisheries allow a man to farm as well as fish. This, added 



323 



to their greater safety, give- them a following eight times as great 
the deep-sea fisher n 

Atlantic Fisheries. On the Atlantic coast a threat ))ro|)ortion 
of tlie cod is taken inshore because the fish taken out at sea has to 
le so heavily salted. During the spring and summer cod fishermen 
take haddock, splitting and salting it with the rest of their catch. 
But the important haddock H&gt;n come- in the autumn when the 
fish are shipped fresh or else smoked and sold as finnan haddie. 
Halibut, herring, sardines (young herring) and mackerel are of I. 
importance. Then there are oysters which used to he plentiful any 
where on the coast from Halifax to the Hay of ( lialeur. but the produc 
tion has fallen off from 64,640 barrels in ISS-l to M..V_Y&gt;in P. &gt;!&gt;(). Lob 
sters, which formerly were little valued, are now, next to cod, the 
most valuable product of the Atlantic fisheries This change came in 
the late 60 s with the introduction of lobster canning into ( anada. In 
1869, (&gt;1,000 one pound cans were put up. increasing to 17, 000, 000 in 
1881, following which the production fell to 7,s:*X,352 cans in 1&lt;1&gt;0. 
The reason for the decrease is found chiefly in the difficulty of enforcing 
restrictions regarding the capture of undersized or spawning lobsters. 

Inland Fisheries. Of the- inland fishes the salmon of Quebec 
is very important, principally as a gan.e fish. Its habitat formerly 
extended to the rivers flowing into lake Ontario, but before INTO it 
practically cea&gt;ed to frequent them. Salmon is now found in the 
rivers from Labrador to the Hay of Fundy. Any financial profit 
from the fishery comes chiefly from the fees of sportsim-n. The 
most important inland con i;d fish is whitefish, which is found 

in the (Ireat Lakes and lake "Winnipeg and its tributarie When 

the fisheries were first developed in the (Ireat. Lakes, whitefish w&lt; 
so plentiful and so easily captured that large quantities wen 1 used 
afi fertilizer. Overfishinu showed its effect, for from 7.~&gt; ( .)."&gt;,&lt; &gt;W) in 1890 
the Canadian Great Lakes catch fell to 2,S ( .K~&gt;,170 pounds in 1905. 
The catch has risen to 6,978,600 pounds for \\\ 2(), the principal increases 
being shown for lake Krie and lake Ontario, which were stocked from 
the Sandwich hatchery. To the west and north of lake Winnipeg are 
great inland fisheries abounding in whitefish, dore and lake trout, 
which as yet are very slightly developed. 

Pacific Fisheries.- -The conformation of the British Columbia 
coast is especially suitable for fisheries. The shore line is made 
irregular by many deep fjords and estuaries, and from the coast a 
feeding ground for fish in the shape of a sea ledge runs out from 50 
to 100 miles before dropping away to ocean depths. Before there was 
any regular settlement in British Columbia, the Hudson Bay Company 
relied upon dried salmon to support its employees during the winter. 

The salmon of the British Columbia coast is not the true salmon, 
although not unlike it in appearance. The real difference between 
the two is shown in their spawning habits the British Columbia 
salmon never returns to the sea after spawning once, but weakens 
and dies at the headwaters of the rivers. There are five varieties 

38131 2H 



324 PRODUCTION 



of British Columbia salmon. Of these the sockeye is now the chief 
fish of the canneries, because of its fine quality and its even colour. 
In the Fraser river the great runs of sockeye distinguish every fourth 
year as a "big" year, a very striking feature in that river. The 
sockeye on their way to the Fraser river are caught by American 
fishermen in Puget Sound. Thus the catch in the Fraser is falling 
off, but in the northern rivers where there is no interference the runs 
are fairly uniform. The spring or quinnat salmon follows the sockeye 
in importance, having been for many years the only Pacific 
salmon used for canning. The coho, also, has been used for canning, 
and lately the dog salmon has been salted by the Japanese for ship 
ment to the Orient. The humpback, one of the smaller varieties, is less 
valued. The great development of the salmon industry has brought 
about the use of echoes and humpbacks to eke out the supply of sock- 
eyes in the poor years, and coming, as they do at different seasons, 
has given more continuous employment to the fishermen. While 
the Hudson s Bay Company had for more than half a century packed 
salted salmon for shipment in barrels to Australia, the Sandwich 
islands, and elsewhere, the first canning on any large scale took place 
in 1873, when two canneries on the Fraser river packed 8,580 cases. 
The pack has risen to 1,188,381 cases in 1920, or taking a "big" year, 
.1917, 1,556,485 cases. 

For many years the accessibility of the salmon fishery induced 
the neglect of all others. About 1890 the fishery for halibut was 
begun, but in its first years poor transportation facilities prevented it 
from competing with Atlantic halibut. But from 9,025,182 pounds 
in 1899 the Atlantic catch fell to 1,690,478 pounds in 1908 and in 
the same period the Pacific catch rose from 6,877,640 to 17,512,555 
pounds. The same methods are used on both coasts, for many of 
the Pacific coast halibut men formerly operated out of Boston .and 
Gloucester when halibut was more plentiful in those waters. The 
halibut is a migratory fish, so it is impossible to name any fishery 
in which it is most abundant. 

Fish of less importance are herring, sturgeon, cod and anchovy. 
Then there is the whale fishery which has been organized in recent 
years with four stations, two on Vancouver island and two on the 
Queen Charlotte islands. The yearly catch of about 500 includes 
whales of many kinds sulphur-bottom, finback, and humpback with 
an occasional sperm whale. Whale hunting is carried on in fast boats 
with Svend Foyn harpoon guns a method which was introduced 
from Norway. Every scrap of the whale is used oil, whalebone, and 
guano are its products and to an increasing extent, "salted beef". 

During the period following 1896, which is .generally accounted a 
period of great industrial expansion, the fisheries of Canada made 
very slight advances. From $20,407,425 in 1896 their value increased 
to $29,965,433 in 1910-11, but during the period the number of men 
in the industry actually fell off. Even before 1896 the salted fish 
industry had become non-progressive and new developments came 
only with encouragement to the fresh fish and frozen fish industry. Be 
ginning in 1907 the Department of Marine and Fisheries arranged to 



risii /:/;/ 325" 



l&gt;;iy one-third of the express charge^ on less than car-lot shipments of 
fresh fish from Halifax and Port Mulgrave. Previously the shorter 
haul from Gloucester and Boston had allowed American fresh tish 
to enjoy the Canadian market free from competition. Asa result, 
shipments of fresh cod, which in 1900 had been practically nil and 
only 12,389 cwts. in I M)."), advanced to 43,548 cwts. in 1910 and 
) d t&gt; 235 in 1918. But following the removal of government aid the 
shipments have fallen to liM.W CWtB, in 191!) and 118,755 in 1&lt;.)20. 
The Government has always pursued the policy of protecting 
( anadian fisheries. ( losesea&lt;on^ were long enforced to prevent the cap 
ture of spawning fish or where a bed, say of oyMers. is srriously depleted 
it may be left idle for a period. \\ hen licenses are issued occasion is 
taken to specify the minimum size of the fish to he captured and the 
si/e of mesh in the ue 1 But these regulations have lost much of their 
eflieaey beca; -me of Canada s principal fishing grounds are shared 
with the United States, whose fishermen do not feel hound to observe 
the restrictions under which Canadians operate. The full force of 
fisheries regulation doe- not extend beyond territorial waters. 

Fishing Bounties. Under what is known a&lt; the Halifax 
Award, made on November 23, 1S77, a sum of s 1, :&gt;()(),()()() was paid 
by the United States to Canada .mpensation for the use of the 

Canadian fisheries by American fishermen. Later, in an Act of 
1882 (45 Viet., c. 18), pass.-d for the development of tin- fisheries 
and encouragement of the building of fishing vessels, provision was 
made for distributing annually S1."&gt;(U)00 in bounties, representing 
the interest on the above sum, among the owners of fishing vessels 
and among the fishermen engaged in fishing from boats in the deep 
sea fisheries of Canada. An Act of 1891, (."&gt; UV&gt; Viet., c. 42), increased 
the amount to SK ,0.000, the details of the expenditure being settled 
ach year by Order in Council. For the year 1920, payment was 
made on the following basis: to owners of vessels entitled to receive 
bounty, SI per registered ton, not to exceed $80; to vessel fishermen 
entitled to receive bounty, $7.60 each; to owners of boats measuring 
not less than 13 feet keel $1 per boat; to boat fishermen entitled to 
receive bounty, $6.10 each. The claims received numbered 9,071 
of which 9,664 were paid as compared with 13,068 receive* 1 and 
13,061 paid in the previous year. The total amount paid was 
$152,519. Details of the distribution of bounties are given for the 
years 1917 to 1920 in Table 75. 

Fish Culture. Government assistance to the fishing industry 
takes various forms, For many years the government has conducted 
fish hatcheries with a view to restocking the waters which have been 
overfished. In 1920 there were in operation 35 main hatcheries, 11 
subsidiary hatcheries and 6 salmon retaining ponds, from which the 
total distribution during the year amounted to no less than 750,386,790 
eggs, fry and older fish, including 418,290,750 whitefish distributed 
mainly in Ontario and Manitoba, but also in British Columbia, and 
145,753,600 pickerel, distributed in Ontario and Manitoba. Sockeye 
salmon to the number of 90,175,369 were distributed in British 



326 PRODUCTION 



Columbia. In the season of 1921 the total distribution had increased 
to 845,856,651 individuals, mainly fry, including 534,895,800 white- 
fish, 165,625,000 pickerel and 84,789,624 sockeye salmon. The 
expenditure for this service in 1920-21 was $364,789. 

Stations under the direction of the Biological Board of Canada 
for the conduct of biological research into the numerous complex 
problems furnished by the fisheries are established at St. Andrews, 
N.B., and Nanaimo, B.C., the former having a permanent paid staff 
of 8 persons, while nearly 20 scientists conducted investigation there 
in the summer of 1920. Toronto, McGill, Queens, Manitoba, British 
Columbia and the chief Maritime Province Universities send to both 
stations able workers, chiefly professors and trained specialists. The 
life-histories of edible fishes, the bacteriology of fresh and cured fish, 
improved method of handling and preparing fish, and numerous other 
practical problems have been taken up. Scientific memoirs and 
reports are issued each season. 

Transportation and Marketing of Fish. During the war it 
became desirable to increase as far as possible the consumption of 
fish, reserving the less perishable animal foods for export to our 
allies. The government therefore undertook to provide for the 
rapid transit of sea fish on its railway lines to the markets of the inland 
provinces, and to stimulate by a publicity campaign the consumption 
of fish. Though much was accomplished in this direction, the annual 
per capita consumption of fish in Canada is even now estimated by 
the Fisheries Branch of the Department of Marine and Fisheries at 
not more than 20 pounds, a low figure considering Canada s position 
as a fish producing country. The Fisheries Branch has made efforts 
to improve the fast freight service from the Atlantic coast to Montreal 
and Toronto. Assurances have been given that the Canadian 
National fast freight from Halifax and Mulgrave will reach Montreal 
in about 64 hours from Halifax and 72 from Mulgrave, and that 
Toronto will be reached via the Grand Trunk fast freight within 36 
hours from Montreal. 

Capital Invested. In the calendar year 1920 the total capital 
invested in fishing vessels, boats, nets, traps, etc., used in the fisheries 
of Canada, amounted to $50,405,478 as compared with $54,694,026 
in the preceding year. These figures include, contrary to the practice 
of former years, investments in fish canning and curing establish 
ments valued at $20,512,265 in 1920 as compared with $23,200,874 in 
The decline in values is in both cases due to deflation and the 
lower valuations set upon property rather than to any actual decline 
in physical quantity. Of the total for 1920, $25,507,054 was invested 
in connection with sea fisheries and $4,306,159 in connection with 
inland fisheries. Table 73 shows the distribution of capital amongst the 
various descriptions of vessels, boats, nets, traps, etc., used in both sea 
and inland fisheries, and in fish canning and "curing establishments, for 



327 



the calendar years 1919 and 1920. A statement of the value of vessels, 
boats and fishing materials for each of the year- 1880 to 1 ( .MO-11 \\ 
given in the Year Book for 1911, pauv :WO. For subsequent years 
similar information has appeared in tli ir Book annually. 

Number of Employees.- -The t &lt; &gt;t al number of persons employed 

in the fisheries of Canada in the calendar year 1920, as shown by Table 
74. was 7:&gt;,Wii as compared with sii.HH) in 1919 and 87,070 in 1 ( .U8. 
Of the number in 1920, 49,594 were em:aiied in sea fisheries, 7,(H)o in 
inland fisheries and 18,499 in fish canning and curing establishments. 

Production and Value of Fisheries. The total value of the 
products of the Canadian fishing industry in the calendar year 1920 
was 849,241,339 as compared with s:,h,:&gt;()X. 171) in l .H ( .) and SliO. JoO,- 
544, the largest value on record, in 1918. The decline in 1920 is 
shown by Table 76 to have been due in the main to decline in quantity 
rather than decline in price, this decline in quantity being specially 
noticeable in the case of salmon and cod, while in the case of 
halibut a decline in value has been due to lower prices. 

73. Xumber and Capital Value of Fishing Vessels, Boats, Nets, Traps, etc., used 

in the Fisheries of Canada, 1919 and 1920. 





U 


19. 


Itt 


!0. 


Equipment. 


Number. 


Value. 


imber. 


Value. 


Sea Fisheries 

Stciun trawlers 


10 


$ 
1,075,000 


9 


$ 

850,000 


Steam fishing vessels 


27 




31 


688,800 


Sailing and gasoline vessels . . 


1,191 


5,243." 


1,046 


5,783.914 


Boats (sail and row) - - 


16,874 


925 


12,320 


821,660 


Boats (gasoline) 


15,361 


5,430,046 


14,611 


6,011,490 






575 


299 


348,260 


Gill nets seines trap and smelt nets, etc 


144,605 


4,306,899 


94,158 


4,544,019 


Weirs 


808 


1,088,140 


1,054 


774,380 




27,062 


567,257 


26,599 


497,294 




76,761 


134,431 


63,029 


119,534 


Crab traps 


4,000 


24,000 


4,500 


27,000 


Oyster plant and equipment ... . 


1 


20,500 


1 


19,360 


Lobster traps ... 


1,203,571 


1,744,261 


1,290,639 


1,879,619 


Fishing piers and wharves 


2,773 


2,031,570 


2,617 


1,375,650 


Freezers and ice-houses 


827 


2,354,635 


640 


670,469 


Small fish and smoke houses 


8,092 


1,312,948 


7,524 


1,095.605 












Total value 


. , 


27,306,212 


_ 


25,507,054 












Inland Fisheries- 
Steam vessels or tugs 


145 


898,365 


142 


993,357 


Boats (sail and row) 


2,675 


171,212 


2,280 


14C.968 


Boats (gasoline) 


995 


484,107 


1,012 


529,621 


Gill nets . 




1,119,721 




1,246,746 


Seines 


542 


35,362 


426 


34,305 


Pound nets 


1,205 


780,245 


1,108 


777, 107 


Hoop nets . . . 


2,582 


70,018 


2,282 


95,037 


Lines 


1,024 


6,292 


1,016 


7,282 


Weirs 


396 


47,080 


321 


41,058 


Piers and wharves 


316 


146,350 


341 


127,818 


Freezers and ice-houses 


715 


402,624 


600 


359,905 


Small fish and smoke houses 


139 


24,615 


93 


23,170 


Eel traps . 


10 


30 


175 


525 


Fish wheels 


2 


250 


4 


850 


Spears 


199 


669 


122 


410 












Total value 




4,186,940 




4 ,386 ,15 ) 













328 



PRODUCTION 



J3. Number and Capital Value of Fishing Vessels, Boats, Nets, Traps, etc., used 
in the Fish?ries of Canada, 1919 and 1920 concluded. 



Description. 


19 


19. 


19 


20. 


Fish Canning and Curing Establishments. 

Lobster canneries 


No. 
520 


$ 
2 031 409 


No. 

578 


$ 
o 40A qon 


Salmon canneries 


76 


13 961 100 


67 


10 079 ^fi 


Whale oil and fish oil factories 


10 


1 475 121 


11 


1 ^R 147 


Sardine and other fish canneries 


n 




g 


7 t &gt;0 204. 


Clam canneries 


13 


1,131,228 


9 


QO 44Q 


Fish curing establishments 


308 


4,602 016 


267 


5 614 180 












Total of Fish Canning and Curing Establish 
ments 


928 


23,200 874 


940 


20 512 2fi i 












Grand Total Capital Infested in Fisheiies 




54,694 026 




50 405 478 













74. Number of Persons Employed in the Fisheries of Canada, 1919 and 1920. 



Men employed in 


Sea Fisheries. 


Inland Fisheries. 


1919. 


1920. 


1919. 


1920. 


Steam trawlers 


No. 

200 
7,821 
49,994 
870 


No. 

206 
6,858 
41,992 
538 


No. 

887 
5,416 

2,616 


No. 

854 
4,888 

1,861 


Vessels 


Boats 


Carrying smacks 


Fishing not in boats 


Total 


58,885 


49,594 


8,919 


7,603 





Employees in 


In Fish Canning and Curing Establishments. 


1919. 


1920. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Total. 


Lobster canneries 


3,730 
339 

4,582 
377 
2,527 


3,516 

384 

2,415 

8 
478 


7,246 
723 

6,997 
385 
3,005 


4,280 
431 
57 
4,266 
229 
2,452 


4,001 
324 
105 
2,056 
7 
291 


8,281 
755 
162 
6,322 
236 
2,743 


Sardine and other fish canneries 


Clam canneries 


Salmon canneries 


W hale oil and fish oil factories 


Fish curing establishments 


Total 


11,555 
79,359 


6,801 
6,801 


18 ,358 
86,160 


11,715 
68,913 


3,784 
6,784 


18,499 
75 ,696 


Grand Total 





75. Government Bounties to Fishermen in the fiscal years 1917 to 1920. 



Province. 


Number of men who received 
bounties. 


Values of bounties paid. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Prince Edward Island 


No. 

2,397 
14,254 
2,498 
10,360 


No. 
2,333 
14,141 
2,492 
10,875 


No. 

1,805 
13,538 
2,240 
9,667 


No. 

1,187 
11,289 
1,544 
5,560 


$ 
10,756 
86,115 
17,538 
45,484 


$ 
10,392 
85,001 
17,114 
47, 168 


$ 
8,702 
85,521 
16,085 
44,828 


$ 
8,110 
93,873 
13,774 
36,762 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Total 


29 ,509 


29,841 


27 ,250 


19,580 


159,893 


159,675 


155 ,136 


152,519 





FISHERIES 



76.- Quantities and Values of Sea Fish Marketed in ( anada during the Calendar 

Years 1919 and 1920. 



Kinds of Fish. 



Coil, used fr&lt; 

given salted. . . 
smoked fillets. 

smoked 

dried .... 
c:inned 





liver oil, medicinal. 



Haddock, used fresh. 

.nned. . . . 
smoked . 



ET 

dried 



Hake and rusk, used fresh 






iked fillets. 

ioked ........ 

dried ..... 

boneless . . 



Pollock, used fresh 

d... 
smoked fillets. 

dried 

boneless 

canned. . 



Whiting 

Tongues and sounds pickled or dried 



Halibut, used fresh, 
smoked . . . 

salted 

canned.. 



Flounders, brill, plaice, etc. . 
Skate.. 



Soles. 



c\vt. 



. rut. 

; gal. 



if 









II 

cases 






Herring, used fresh 

boneless 

canned cases 

smoked cwt . 

dry-salted 

pickled brl. 

used as bait 

used as fertilizer. . 






Mackerel, used fresh cwt 

canned cases 

salted brl. 

Sardines, canned cases 

sold fresh and salted brl. 

Pilchards, used fresh cwt. 

canned cases 

salted brl. 

used as bait 

Alewives, used fresh cwt . 

salted brl . 

" smoked cwt . 



1919. 


1920. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 




$ 




S 


166,530 


.746 


118,755 


702 




1,711,431 


167,840 


.173 


13,145 


17". 


38,055 


486 


3,: 






3.810 




6,8ii,:a r &gt; 


444 


3,809,470 


1,1 


13,1 


181 






.548 


25,547 


344,215 




_ 


40 


400 


- 


- 


11,049 


11,310 


130, 211 


537,889 


107,500 


,647 






17,020 


129 






67,750 


,,214 


144 






74,440 




,185 


38.835 


237 


139 


2,085 


136 


1,780 


2 1,508 


68,933 


1,1 


10,357 


101 


302,17 J 


40,706 


111 


13,503 


188 




33 




_ 


150 


1,300 


511 


1 .15, 108 


27,370 


199,015 


2,631 


30, 169 


347 


2,810 


16,494 


55,808 


11,960 


26. 


44,689 


207 


17,215 


54 


15 




ti30 


34 


40. 


336,775 


131 


in 




784 


- 


- 


160 


1,280 








53 


284 


36 


274 


1,073 


10,469 


1,144 


10,025 


240,728 


5,114,416 


262,434 


4,533,650 


505 


5,306 


77 


1,128 


15 


120 





- 




- 


41 


410 


28,815 


142,547 


14,695 


70,834 


2,928 


8,620 


1,448 


5,278 


14,377 


91,407 


2,374 


20 012 


63,765 


189,323 


94,771 


206,656 


2,230 


39,651 


611 


6.670 


73,639 


399,963 


33,769 


20 ), 368 


95,912 


536,704 


148,304 


5 0,132 


262,225 


504,972 


512,168 


872,107 


66,701 


517,348 


47, :8 


308,725 


231,286 


418,136 


182,675 


361,319 


24,120 


:4 912 


73,729 


86 187 


106,867 


987, 146 


61,444 


631,144 


1,743 


12,504 


1,869 


12,535 


42,897 


1,036,199 


26, 144 


483,024 


119,225 


593,811 


159,925 


627,972 


187,237 


236,263 


164,101 


232,296 


76 


406 


553 


1,212 


63,065 


370,841 


91,929 


503,937 


78 


624 


1,154 


6,925 


- 


- 


9,937 


28,191 


12,681 


33.9KO 


12,057 


30,870 


17,749 


170,060 


17,143 


155.809 


2,069 


19,418 


1,499 20,198 



330 



PRODUCTION 



76. Quantities and Values of Sea Fish Marketed in Canada during the Calendar 

years 1919 and 1920 concluded. 



Kinds of Fish. 


1919. 


1920. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity . 


Value. 


Bass 




823 
2,243 
460,413 
1,394,215 
7,167 
8,235 
5,882 
842 
512 
917 
44 
75,653 
277 
1,315 
7,792 

3,573 
5,952 
205 
7,396 
100 
24,195 
2,768 
9 
484 
139 
11,023 
6,013 
11,542 
1,722 

22,745 
14,599 
28 
6,446 
85,340 
128,759 
1,305 
281 
14,565 
25,319 
129 
767 
2,094 

70 
6,159 
184 
344 
1,200 
7,360 
18,754 
609,969 
475,047 
360 
8,944 
2,523 
5,129 
4,597 


$ 

13,450 
19,808 
3,824,158 
13,842,140 
62,475 
34,720 
95,559 
8,468 
5,120 
9,046 
685 
834,835 
6,034 
18,613 
67,249 

49,331 
37,368 
2,045 
41,485 
900 
82,930 
23,473 
45 
6,760 
2,405 
31,028 
97,945 
34,790 
2,845 

74,381 
85,744 
70 
55,102 
1,224,882 
4,095,934 
17,527 
281 
153,276 
75,463 
1,548 
17,528 
5,552 

1,294 
18,618 
3,680 
10,320 
108,000 
7,360 
18,110 
530,548 
422,372 
1,230 
8,722 
4,628 
10,862 
32,831 


779 
2,021 
216,865 
1,188,599 
2,667 
33,645 
8,924 
526 

408 

58,056 
338 
884 
11,369 
42 
7,164 
3,816 
38 
1,542 

7,865 
2,256 

394 
2,115 
4,950 
3,351 
8,247 
1,591 

8,986 
17,195 
214 
10,660 
69,000 
163,299 
2,619 
172 
14,526 
8,131 

563 
1,915 

1,058 
4,891 
186 
503 
1,033 
3,720 
12,598 
604,070 
342,686 

2,076 
9,100 
6,260 
580 


$ 

6,857 
16,437 
2,750,351 
12,419,034 
23,131 
151,129 
205,734 
5,011 

5,961 

788,617 
5,470 
15,771 
70,110 
409 
110,683 
19,574 
442 
10,587 

17,090 
22,037 

4,082 
9, 096o 
12,280 
51,104 
31,015 
2,116 

33,383 
114,026 
657 
58,263 
1,434 638 
5,687,484 
30,333 
121 
146,863 
28,848 

13,536 
2,919 

24,712 
14,699 
2,790 
15,090 
82,630 
3,720 
12,598 
338,026 
279,885 

7,515 
3,579 
16,069 
38,230 


Perch 


tt 


Salmon, used fresh 


tt 


canned 


cases 


smoked 


cwt 


dry -salted 


u 


mild cured 


it 


" pickled 


it 


" roe 


tt 


Shad, used fresh.. 





" salted 


brl 


Smelts 




Sturgeon, used fresh 




Trout, fresh 





Black cod, used fresh 




green-salted 




smoked 


it 


Red cod, etc., used fresh 





smoked 


tt 


Albacore, used fresh 


ti 


canned 


cases 


Caplin 


brl 


Eels 


cwt 


Greyfish, canned 


cases 


Octopus 




Oulachons 


tt 


Squid 


brl 


Swordfish 


cwt 


Tom cod 


M 


Mixed fish 


it 


Shellfish: 
Clams and quahaugs 


brl 


canned 


. . cases 


Cockles 


. . cwt 


Crabs 


u 


Lobsters in shell " 


canned 


cases 


Tomalley 




Mussels 


cwt 


Oysters 


. . brl 


Scallops, shelled 




canned 


. . . cases 


Shrimps 


cwt 


Winkles 




Sealskins, fur. . 


No 


hair 




Porpoise skins 


tt 


Whalebone and meal 




Whale fertilizer 


tt 


Porpoise oil 




Seal oil 


&&amp;lt;" 


Whale oil 


M 


Fish oil 


It 


Fish glue 


If 


Fish offal 




Fish bones 


cwt 


Fish skins 


it 


Fertilizer 




Totals 


$ 


- 


20,990,815 


- 


43 ,602 ,059 







FISHERIES 






;7._ Quantities and Values of Inland Fish Marketed in Canada during the Calendar 

Years 1919 and 1920. 



*An ^xf TT^nVt 




Hi 


19. 


is 


20. 


Kinds of r isn. 




Quantity. 


Vo.lue. 


Quantity. 


due. 


\le\s "ives fresh 


. . . . cwt. 


555 


$ 2,775 


142 


S 426 


salted 


.... brl. 


47.-, 


4,987 


230 


HOO 


Bass 


. . . . 


27 


410 




5, 


Carp 


.. 


12, 


54,- 


11,900 




Cattish 


.. 






6,20:5 


313 


Caviar 


Ib, 


7,084 


7,084 


- 


- 


Eel8 


.... cwt. 


9,562 


114 


7,885 




Golcievcs fresh 






:&lt;88 




1(1,685 


smoked 


11 




15,618 


1,248 


22,829 


I lerrin" fre^h . - . 


M 


109,811 




126 


758.17S 


salted . . . 


brl. 


5,7 




6,321 


37,926 


Alaskinonsje 


. . . . C\Vt 


4 


65 


4 




M ixeil tisli 




39,435 


183,057 


261 


160, 


Mullets, fresh 




S33 


884 


183 


lie, 


li 


H 




165,449 


18,955 


190,248 


Pickerel . ... 


M 


51,727 


582.744 


f.l, 883 


631,483 


Pickerel (blue) . . 





U7 


419 


33. 


236,565 


Pike, fresh 







.675 


43,691 


264,896 


Porpoise 


. . . . NO. 


104 


. 40 


71 


4,440 




. . cwt. 


826 


17. 


1,708 


41,580 






1,0 


15,104 


1,048 


12,704 


. . 
Smelts 


14 






62 


744 


Sturgeon . .... 





3,^ 


58. 


3,035 


50,901 


bladders 


SO. 


1 


2 




219 


caviar 


Ib. 


_ 


_ 


6,050 


6,393 


Trout, fresh . . .... 


, . . . cwt. 


63,836 


813,868 


51,489 


663,482 


" salted 


.... brl. 


MS 


30,485 


2,260 


29,380 


Tullibee, fresh 


, . . . cwt. 


49,457 


26h 


38,514 


245,644 


^ " smoked ... . . 




_ 


_ 




675 


Whitefish, fresh 


. c\vt . 


196,953 


1,8 


176,516 


1.969,812 


" salted 


.... brl. 


299 


^87 


3,499 


45.487 














Total.. 




_ 


5 ,517 ,684 





5, (39,280 



78 Yield of the Fisheries of Canada, compared as to Quantity and Value, for 1919 

and 1920. ("000" omitted). 



Kinds of Fish. 


Actual 
value, 
1920. 


.hie 
at prices 
of 1919. 


Actual 
value, 
1 J19. 


Increase 
(+)or 
decrease 
(-). 


Due to 

higher 
(-r) or 
lower 
prices 
(-)- 


Due to 
larger 
(+)or 
smaller 

(-). 
quantities. 


Salmon 


$ 

15,596 


$ 
13,618 


I 

17,890 


* 

- 2,294 


+ 1,978 


$ 

- 4,272 


Lobsters . . . 


7,152 


6,175 


5,338 


+ 1,814 


+ 977 


+ 837 


Cod 


6,270 


7,596 


9,987 


- 3,717 


- 1,326 


- 2,391 


Halibut 


4,535 


5,525 


5,120 


585 


990 


+ 405 


Herrin . . . 


3,428 


4,407 


3,347 


+ 81 


979 


+ 1,060 


Whitefish 


2,015 


1,703 


1,850 


165 


+ 312 


- 147 


Haddock 


1,523 


1,608 


2,049 


526 


80 


- 446 


Mackerel 


1,127 


. 1,260 


2,036 


- 909 


133 


776 


Pickerel 


868 


838 


750 


+ 118 


+ 30 


-f 88 


Sardines . . 


860 


761 


830 


30 


99 


69 


Smelts 


789 


645 


835 


46 


144 


190 


Trout 


709 


709 


863 


154 


_ 


- 154 


Pilchards . 


540 


499 


372 


+ 168 


+ 41 


+ 127 


Hake and cusk 


361 


463 


645 


284 


102 


- 182 


Pollock 


295 


373 


602 


307 


78 


- 229 


Pike 


265 


246 


328 


63 


+ 19 


- 82 


Tullibee 


246 


210 


269 


23 


+ 36 


- 59 


Alewives 


210 


214 


231 


- 21 


4 


17 


Perch . 


206 


209 


185 


+ 21 


- 3 


+ 24 


Black cod 


181 


285 


116 


+ 65 


104 


+ 169 


Clams and quahaugs 


147 


115 


160 


- 13 


+ 32 


45 


Oysters 


147 


153 


153 


- 6 


6 


_ 


Oil, fish 


280 


309 


422 


- 142 


- 29 


113 


Oil, whale 


338 


525 


530 


192 


187 


- 5 


Whale fertilizer 


83 


93 


108 


- 25 


- 10 


15 


Other articles of the fisheries 


1.070 


1,078 


1,492 


422 


- 8 


414 
















Total 


49.241 


49.612 


55,508 


- 7 ,287 


- 371 


- MM 



332 



PRODUCTION 



79. Quantity 1 and Value 2 of Chief Commercial Fishes, fiscal year 1916-17 and 

Calendar Years 1917 to 1920. 



Kind of Fish. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Increase or 
decrease,. 
1920 
compared 
with 1919 
inc.+, dec.. 


Salmon ... cwt . 


1,239,668 


1,642,770 


1,531,773 


1 688 653 


1 284 729 


403 924 


$ 
Lobsters cwt . 


10,882,431 
480,898 


17,411,029 
474,871 


17,869,517 
264,096 


17,889,913 
345,806 


15,595,970 
399 985 


- 2,293,943 
+ 54 179 


$ 
Cod . . . - . ... cwt . 


5,508,054 
2,026,231 


5,654,265 
2,302,987 


3,531,104 
2,206 666 


5,338,343 
2 606 770 


7,152,455 
1 982 706 


+ 1,814,112 
6 9 4 064 


$ 
Halibut.. ..cwt. 


5,449,964 
142,823 


8,281,920 
140,024 


10,083,562 
207, 139 


9,987,612 
243,449 


6,270,171 
262 726 


- 3,717,441 

+ 19 277 


$ 
Herring.. . cwt. 


2,263,573 
1,751,314 


2,066,635 
1,481,708 


5,490,226 
1,973,669 


5,119,842 
1,573 986 


4,535,188 
2 072 723 


584,654 
+ 498 737 


$ 
Whitefish ..cwt. 


3,050,421 
164,992 


3,693,688 
178 838 


4,719,561 
205 044 


3,347,080 
197 403 


3,428,298 
181 764 


+ 81,218 
15 639 


$ 
Haddock cwt . 


1,135,486 
582,028 


1,248,006 
712 416 


1,927,863 
554 366 


1,849,741 
564 574 


2,015,299 
441 745 


+ 165,558 
122 829 


$ 
Mackerel cwt . 


1,711,271 
156,075 


2,936,719 
167 067 


2,796,171 
196,781 


2,048,746 
229,877 


1,522,680 
142 347 


- 526,066 
87 530 


$ 

Pickerel (including blue pickerel) cwt. 

$ 

Sardines bbl. 


924,746 

105,428 
871,719 

315 832 


1,333,354 

86,425 
650,632 

274 359 


1,937,211 

70,088 
649,180 

295 770 


2,035,849 

85,644 
750,163 

214 525 


1,126,703 

95,678 
868,048 

196 649 


909, 146. 

+ 10,034 
+ 117,885 

17 876 


$ 
Smelts.. , cwt. 


1,481,261 
68,629 


1,910,705 
73 153 


2,320,513 
87 555 


830,074 
75 271 


860,268 
58 118 


+ 30,194 
17 153 


$ 
Trout cwt . 


847,357 
88,071 


1,027,555 
75 662 


971,206 
86 608 


835,195 
68 670 


789,361 
55 763 


45,834 
12 907 


$ 
Pilchards . . cwt . 


741,610 


699,950 
1 363 


808,770 
72,723 


862,966 
65 624 


708,633 
88 050 


154,333 

+ 22 426 


$ 
Hake and cusk cwt . 


385,953 


11,810 
321 605 


413,853 
245 051 


371,871 
244 749 


540,265 
175 719 


+ 168,394 
69 03fr 


i 

3&gt; 

Pollock . . , cwt . 


757,456 
143,306 


890,265 
189 908 


844,565 
164 502 


645,570 
227 963 


361,446 
141 302 


284,124 
86 661 


$ 
Pike. . cwt. 


268,756 
73,993 


486,195 
79 383 


574,832 
60 100 


602,264 
58 163 


295,102 
43 691 


307, 162 
14 472 


$ 
Tullibee cwt . 


404,453 
58 537 


429,396 
64 910 


403,514 
74 411 


327,675 
49 457 


264,896 
38 588 


- 62,779 
10 869 


$ 
Alewives ... . cwt . 


301,060 
80 020 


333,686 
98 277 


321,022 
78 616 


268,999 
70 577 


246,319 
65 384 


22,680 
5 193 


$ 
Perch ... cwt 


117,083 
22 773 


196,482 
24 707 


237,994 

27 886 


231,200 
18 547 


209,603 
20 976 


21,597 
-t- 2 429 


$ 
Black cod cwt . 


114,656 

3 


126,723 

3 


150,608 
29 %6 


185,257 
10 527 


206,685 
25 783 


+ 21,428 
4- 15 256 


$ 
Clams and quahaugs brl. 


54 942 




285,034 
40 554 


116,580 
36 446 


181,202 
26 143 


+ 64,622 
10 303 


$ 
Oysters brl. 


195,805 
18 361 


222,965 
13 632 


169,799 
13 916 


160,125 
M565 


147,409 
14 526 


12,716 
3D 


$ 


147,751 


109,265 


123,570 


153,276 


146.863 


- 6,413 



J Caught and landed. ^Marketed. Included with cod. 






St. Total Value of Fisheries by Provinces in the fiscal year 1916-1917 and Calendar 

Years 1917-1920. 



Trovir. 


Fiscal 




Cak-mla 


irs. 






1917. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Prince Edward Island 


$ 

1, oil, 17 . 


% 

l,7Sti,310 


S 

1,148,201 


S 

1,836,844 


S 

1,708,723 


i Scot in 


10,1 


11. |ti&gt;. :?! . 


l.V : 1 


15,171. 


12,742 


New Brunswick 


5, 


088 


6,298,990 


4,979,574 


4,42 


Quebec . 




114,378 


4/ 


731 




Ontario . . 




119 


175,111 


110,750 




Manitol i;i 


1,390,002 


i,- 


l.- 


1,031,117 




Saskatchewan . 






417.01- 




-.472 


-Mlu rta . 


m 


1M.009 








Briti a h Columbia 


14,637. 


21. 


27,2 




,161 


Yukon 


60,lil(i 


400 


37, 


8,800 


33,100 














Total for Canada 


39,3*8,378 


52.312.t44 


60,250,544 


5S.508.47t 


4S,241,33t 



81. Total Value of the Fisheries of Canada in the fiscal years 1870-1921. 



Year. 


Vu! 


:iT. 


Yu . 


r. 


Yalue. 


Y.-ar. 


Value. 


1S70 


t 

6 57 


* 


S 

16 




S 

20,407 


1909-10.. 


S 

629,167 


1871 


I .,1 . . 


. - ; 


17 






I .IIO- 11 




1872 


0,1 111 


1885 


17 




19,667,121 


1911-12 


.872 


1873 


10 


1886.... 


Ib 




21 


1912-13.... 


33,389,464 


1874 


11,681,886 


1887 


18,381. 




21 


1913-14.... 


33,207 


1875 


10 


1SSS 


17,418 


1901 . 


25. 


I .u; : 


31 


1876 


ll,117,000j 


1SS9 


17 


19(v. 


21, . .V.i. 433 


1915-16.... 


,708 


1877 


!_ 00." 




17,714, 


190, 


.101,878 


1916-17.... 




1878 


13 






1904 




1"17&gt; 


52,312 


1879 






171 


190fi 


29, 


1 1)1 Si . 






14 






. 




I .H .n.. 




1881 


1.") M7 


1S J4. . . 




19()7 3 




1&lt;20 


49,241 


1882 


16 S24 


1895. . . 


2H, 


1 1908-0" 


25,451,085 


rc ii 


34,930,935 










1 




: 





Calendar year. 
82. Value of Exports and Imports of Fish and Fish Products, 1902-1921. 



Year. 


Exports, 
fisheries, 
domestic. 


Imports of fish for 
home consumption. 


Y.-ar. 


\ports, 
fisheries, 
domes 


Imports of fish for 
home consumption. 


Dutiable. 


Free. 


Dutiable. 


Free. 


1902 


$ 

14, W 
11,800. 
10,759,029 
11,114,318 
16,025,840 
10,362.142 
13,867,367 
13,319,664 
15,663,162 
15,675,544 


$ 

,.064 

704,577 
718,264 

756,410 
699,218 
795,612 
746 
909,036 
1,123,581 


S 

45! 
63:; 
685 
63d 
1,15 
86v 
1,021 
814,771 
71! 
669,033 


1912. 


$ 
16,704,678 
336,721 
20,623,560 

I!i,f,s7,068 
22.:;77.! 77 
24,889,253 
32,602,151 
37,137 
42,285,035 
33,662,751 


$ 

1,203,045 
1,519,571 
1,469,305 
1.080,225 
804,398 
1,259,799 
966,643 
1,054,848 
2,605,379 
2,416,152 


S 

984,458 
910,923 
5,231 

-&gt;,880 
537,342 
818,613 
1,397,127 
2,079,530 
1,334,718 
1,809,960 


1903 




1904 


1!M4 


1905 


1915 


1906.. 


1917 


1907 1 


1908 


1 1918 


1909 


1919 


1910 


1920 


1911 


1921 







l Nine months. 

83. Exports of the Fisheries, the Produce of Canada, by principal countries, in the 

fiscal years 1920 and 1921. 



Exports to 


1920. 


1921. 


Exports to 


1920. 


1921. 


United Kingdom 


$ 

9,890,805 


S 

7.703,385 


Bermuda 


S 

70,016 


1 

50,503 


Australia 


538,566 


452,664 


Straits Settlements 


304,842 


235,509 


British \V Indies 


1,622,398 


1,490,008 


Fiji Islands 


71,993 


95,595 


British Guiana 


349,843 


335,023 


Egypt and Sudan 


3,566 


8,345 


I sew Zealand 


444,009 


246, 22s 


Other British Possessions . 


127,934 


140,143 




90 845 


50 onq 








Hone Kone.. 


91,760 


444,469 


Total British Empire.. 


1 : ,.&lt;;(!&lt;;,. -.77 


11,254,681 



334 



PRODUCTION 



83. Exports of the Fisheries, Produce of Canada, by principal countries, in the 

fiscal years 1920 and 1921 concluded. 



Exports to 


1920. 


1921. 


Exports to 


1920. 


1921. 


Foreign Countries. 
United States 


$ 

18,568,264 


$ 

15,779,473 


Argentine 


$ 
71 896 


$ 

68 8fi2 


Brazil 


1,522,939 


1,216,243 


Panama 


57 354 


45 Wi 


Cuba 


2,387,528 


1,459,988 


Norway . . 


39 681 


60 801 


Dutch Guiana 


98,131 


55,308 


Sweden . . . 


80 212 


263 598 


Dutch E. Indies 


19,440 


46,848 


China 


215 419 


188 394 


France 


2,617,492 


882,360 


Miquelon and St Pierre 


6 409 


2 fiQQ 


French W. Indies 


33,457 


34,146 


Other foreign countries 


838 732 


543 Qfil 


Italy 


145 120 


10 793 








Japan 


504,333 


527,561 


Total foreign countries 


28 621 419 


22 408 070 


Porto Rico 


1 301,354 


1 169 618 








Chile 


170,997 


51,832 


Grand total of exports 


43 285 035 


33 662 751 















84 Exports of the Fisheries, compared as to Quantity and Value, for 1920 and 1921. 

("000" omitted). 



Kinds of Fish. 


Actual 
value, 
1921. 


Value 
at prices 
of 1920. 


Actual 
value, 
1920. 


Increase 
(+)or 
decrease 
(-). 


Due to 
higher 
(+)or 
lower 

(-) 
prices. 


Due to 
larger 
(+)or 
smaller 
(-) 
quan ties. 


Alewives, salted 


$ 
127 


$ 
151 


$ 
154 


$ 
27 


$ 
24 


$ 
3 


Bait fish 


51 


58 


24 


+ 27 


7 


+ 34 


Codfish, boneless, canned or preserved.. 
Codfish, dry salted 


225 
5,220 


207 
6,014 


199 
8,002 


26 

2 782 


+ 18 
794 


+ 8 
1 988 


Codfish, fresh and frozen 


117 


118 


163 


46 


i 


45 


Codfish, wet salted and pickled 


766 


795 


1,243 


477 


29 


448 


Clams, fresh and canned 


67 


38 


36 


+ 31 


+ 29 


4- 2 


Eels 


84 


80 


86 


2 


4- 4 


6 


Haddock, canned 


36 


30 


166 


130 


4- 6 


136 


Haddock, dried 


295 


237 


549 


254 


58 


312 


Haddock, fresh and frozen 


75 


137 


145 


70 


62 


o 


Haddock, smoked 


152 


141 


138 


+ 14 


+ 11 


-f 3 


Halibut, fresh and frozen 


913 


814 


476 


+ 437 


99 


338 


Herring, lake, fresh and frozen 


810 


734 


661 


149 


+ 76 


+ 73 


Herring, lake, pickled 


14 


18 


98 


84 


4 


80 


Herring, sea, canned 


274 


272 


471 


197 


+ 2 


199 


Herring, sea, dry salted 


991 


971 


775 


+ 216 


4- 20 


+ 196 


Herring, sea, fresh and frozen 


248 


172 


153 


4- 95 


+ 76 


4- 19 


Herring, sea, pickled 


482 


507 


730 


248 


25 


223 


Herring, sea, smoked 


387 


454 


513 


126 


67 


59 


Lobsters, canned 


5,180 


4,579 


4,084 


+ 1,096 


+ 601 


+ 495 


Lobsters, fresh 


1,033 


1,046 


848 


185 


- 13 


-f- 198 


Mackerel, fresh and frozen 


574 


445 


484 


+ 90 


+ 129 


39 


Mackerel, pickled 


564 


634 


948 


384 


- 70 


314 


Pilchards, canned 


269 


289 


339 


70 


20 


50 


Pollock, hake and cusk, fresh and frozen 
Pollock, hake and cusk, dried 


11 
534 


19 
604 


50 
627 


39 
93 


- 8 
- 70 


- 31 
23 


Pollock, hake and cusk, green salted 


68 


91 


212 


144 


- 23 


121 


Salmon, canned 


7,581 


6,032 


12,067 


4,486 


+ 1,549 


6,035 


Salmon, dry salted (chum) 


131 


147 


71 


+ 60 


16 


4- 76 


Salmon, fresh and frozen 


744 


396 


1,420 


676 


+ 348 


1,024 


Salmon, pickled 


207 


183 


208 


1 


+ 24 


25 


Salmon or lake trout 


364 


310 


299 


+ 65 


+ 54 


4- 11 


Sea fish, other, fresh 


31 


87 


35 


4 


56 


+ 52 


Sea fish, other, preserved 


10 


10 


34 


- 24 




24 


Smelts 


774 


738 


764 


-f 10 


4- 36 


26 


Swordfish 


38 


43 


71 


33 


- 5 


28 


Tullibee 


325 


397 


313 


+ 12 


72 


4- 84 


Whitefish 


1,330 


1,117 


1,060 


+ 270 


+ 213 


4- 57 


Fish, other, fresh and frozen 


1,916 


1,802 


1,848 


68 


114 


46 


Tongues and sounds 


18 


9 


8 


4- 10 


4- 9 


4- 1 


Oil, fish, cod 


87 


99 


384 


297 


- 12 


285 


Oil, fish, other 


65 


76 


124 


- 59 


- 11 


48 


Oil, seal 


2 


3 


49 


47 


1 


- 46 


Oil, whale 


95 


96 


682 


- 587 


- 1 


586 


Other articles of the fisheries 


371 


347 


474 


103 


4- 24 


- 127 
















Totals 


33 ,636 


31 ,547 


42 ,285 


8 ,629 


+ 2 ,109 


10 ,738 
















Increase or decrease per cent 








- 20-4 


4- 6-7 


25-4 

















MINERALS 335 



MINING. 

From the point of view of minerals, and the development of 
mining, Canada may be divided into four great areas, ill the Mari 
time Provinces, i . J &gt; Ontario and Q ll( n(l( &gt; (3) the Prairie Provinc: 
(4) British Columbia. 

In the Maritime Provinces the first discoveries of minerals 
were made by Master Simon, a l- reneh mining engineer who, while 
accompanying the de Munts expedition in lh 0-1, discovered iron and 
silver in St. Mary s Hay. native copper at cape d Or, amethysts on 
the eastern shore of the Hay of Fundy and copper ore at port Mou- 
ton. In 1072 IVnys mentions the existence of coal in his concession 
on Cape Breton Island, and in 1077 he was given the right to exact a 
duty of 20 sons per ton on coal. The deposits of coal in ( ape Breton 
were used during the next century by the French at Louisbourg and 
the English at Halifax, while the Pictou county deposits were dis 
covered in 1798. In 1827 the mines came into the pn e-&lt;ion. of the 
General Mining A ociation, which enjoyed a monopoly of Nova 
otia coal mining until 1S.")X, introducing the best Fnglish coal 
mining methods into Canada. From ls.~&gt;4 to 18(iii the years of 
the Reciprocity Treaty- there was a larnr exportation to the Fnited 
States, which afterwards was diverted to the St. Lawrence ports. 
In 1893, 834,019 tons were mined and in P.)20, 6,395,545. Then- 
is coal mining in New Brunswick, especially in the Grand Fake 
district, but the production is relatively unimportant. Iron, which 
was first extracted in Nova Scotia at Xictaux and Torbrook in 
1825, was afterwards found in Colchester County in 1849 and also 
in Pictou County, where coal is found along with it. The last import 
ant mineral of the Maritime Province- i- gypsum, which has been 
mined since the end of the 18th century in the Nova Scotian fields 
at Windsor, Che ticamp, Xappan and St. Anne s bay and in tin- 
New Hrunswick field at Hillsboro. At first, mining wa tried on 
principally in the winter, when the farmers hauled the mineral to the 
ports for shipment to the New Fngland States. Control of the 
industry remained in the United States, whither the gypsum is 
shipped to be refined. 

The same rock formation, which in Ontario yields the gold of 
Porcupine, the silver of Cobalt, and the nickel of Sudbury, passes into 
northern Quebec, but here the undeveloped state of the country 
leaves its wealth conjectural. Deposits of bog iron were discovered 
near Three Rivers in 1667 and opened in 1733. since when they have 
been worked, although with a lessening production, up to the present 
time. In Ontario, iron was found in Leeds County in 1800, at Xor- 
mandale in 1813, and in Michipicoten in 1899. 1843 marks a stage 
in the history of mining in Ontario, for in that year Sir William Logan 
made his report on the geology of Ontario, the effect of which was 
shown in a greatly increased application for prospectors privileges. 
Copper was found in 1847 at the Bruce Mines and in 1882 at Sudbury. 
Although at first copper was thought the chief wealth of the Sudbury 
mines, as witness the name of the first company Canada Copper 



336 PRODUCTION 



Company nickel soon displaced it. Silver Isle was the first import 
ant silver discovery in Ontario, producing, between 1868 and 1884, 
silver to the value of $3,250,000. Silver in Cobalt district was 
disclosed in 1903 by the construction of the Timiskaming and North 
ern Ontario Railway. Production rose to 31,507,791 ounces for 
1911 since when it has fallen to 11,214,317 ounces in 1919. Gold had 
been discovered at Madoc in 1866 in what proved to be a small 
pocket. In 1909 the gold of Porcupine was found and made available 
by a branch of the Timiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway. 
Production continues here, especially at the Hollinger mine, which is 
now the largest gold mine in the world. There are several lesser 
minerals, among them oil in Ontario, and gold in Quebec. Finally 
there is asbestos, the presence of which in the Eastern Townships 
has been known since 1847. No mining was undertaken, however, 
until 1877. From 1890 to 1895 was a period of experimentation 
during which a method was found of using the short fibred parts 
of the mineral. In 1896 there was a production of 10,892 tons, 
which has risen to 188,687 in 1920. 

The Prairie Provinces have a very limited range of important 
minerals. Natural gas was discovered near Medicine Hat during 
the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Likewise, in the 
C.P.R. construction days, coal was found in Alberta, and geological 
estimates now give the province 87 p.c. of the coal reserves of Canada. 
The early fields of any importance were at Canmore and Anthracite; 
subsequent discoveries have shown important deposits at Crowsnest, 
Bankhead and Drumheller. In Saskatchewan there are lignite 
fields at Woods mountains and Cypress hills and in Manitoba at 
Turtle mountain. The coal production of Saskatchewan and Alberta 
in 1901 was 346,649 tons; in 1906 Alberta alone produced 1,385,000 
tons and in 1919, 5,022,412 tons. 

The mining district of British Columbia and the Yukon is a 
continuation of the Cordilleran range which passes through South 
America, Mexico and the United States and everywhere encloses 
great mineral wealth. In 1835 coal was discovered in British Colum 
bia, but was practically neglected until, in 1851, mines were opened 
at Nanaimo, which have been worked ever since. In the late fifties 
gold was discovered along the Thompson river and in 1858 the 
famous Fraser river rush took place. In 1861 Cariboo district was 
reached by the prospectors, and Williams and Lightning Creeks 
discovered. By 1873 the Cassiar district was opened and still pushing- 
north, prospectors entered the Yukon before 1880. Placer mining 
in the rich Klondike district was begun in 1894. The peak year for 
the Yukon was 1900 with a gold production of $22,000,000, but as 
the cruder methods became less effective, production dropped to 
$10,500,000 in 1904 and $1,875,039 in 1919. Lode mining had been 
practically neglected during the period of the gold rushes. The 
mine of galena on Kootenay lake, which had been discovered by 
David Douglas in 1825, had been taken up in 1864 by George Hearst 
of California, but was soon abandoned. The real development of 
lode mining followed the introduction of railways such as the British 



MINERALS 



337 



luml&gt;i:i Southern and the Columbia and Western into southern 
British ( nlumliia in the late 90 s. Lode mining is now principally 
carried &lt;&gt;n between the South Thompson and the United Stat 
boundary for silver-lead, zinc and copper, and on Vancouver Island 
and neighbouring mainland for coal and iron. 

Mineral Statistics.- -The results of the census of mineral 
production taken in I .Hl, were published in the Year Book of 1913 

- l()(i-l!) ( .)). In the present edition the Canadian statistics ^iven 
are limited to those of the Dominion Government and of the Depart 
ments of Mines of the Provincial Governments, To the statistics of 
production in this section have been added statements of the imports of 
Portland cement (Table 104), of the imports of anthracite and bitumi 
nous coal (Table 105) and of the exports of coal (Table 106). Also, 
in view of the coal situation existing in 1922, Tables 107 and 108 have 
been added, the former showing the annual consumption of coal in 
Canada since 1886 and the latter the stati&gt;iic&gt; by provinces of the 
coal made available for consumption in Canada in 1920. 

Mineral Production Compared as to Quantity and Value.- 

Table 87 gives the results of calculations intended to show for each 
mineral product the increase or decrease in total value for 1920, 
compared with 1919, that is due (a) to difference in price and (b) to 
difference in quantity. 

85. Quantities and Values of Minerals produced in Canada, Calendar Years 1920 

and 1921. 



Product. 


JO. 


19211. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Metallic. 

Cobalt metallic, and contained in oxide 
Copper . . 


Ib. 

M 

fine oz. 
ton 

M 

Ib. 

M 

OZ. 

ride oz. 

u 

M 

fine oz. 
Ib. 


ton 

M 

M 
M 

M 


546,023 
81,600 
765,007 
S69 
8,8 
35,953,717 
61,335.706 

913 
595 
513 
13,330,357 
39,863,912 


1 

1. 
14,244,217 

15. Nil. 098 
2,066,997 
538 
3,214,262 
24,534,282 

58,392 
37,680 
31,815 

13,450,330 
3,057,961 


261,966 

47,620. 
92(i 
56. 

66,679,592 
19,293,060 
57 
691 

13,490,747 
53,089,356 


I 
755,956 
5,953,555 
lH.Us.920 
L,87 

3,82 

6, 7:. 
9,690 

21,910 

8,452,493 
- .171,310 


Gold 


Iron, pig, from Canadian ore 


Iron ore sold for export 


Lead.. . 


^Nickel 


Osmium iridium 


Palladium cj 


Platinum 


Rhodium . 


Silver 




Total 


- 


77,939,630 


- 


49,271,291 


Non-metallic. 

Actinolite 


100 
2,459 
178,617 
20,956 
751 
11,016 
16,631,954 
196 
37,873 
11,235 
2,190 
104 
2,444 
429,144 


1,160 

447,848 
14,734,599 
57,602 
22,983 
251,379 
80,693,723 
24,547 
280,895 
240,446 
165,617 

88,136 
1,893,991 


78 
1,491 

92,761 

270 
2,798 
15,057,495 
403 
29,868 
5,519 
1,037 

1,281 
342,521 


975 
233,763 

4,906,230 

9,567 
55,696 
72,451,656 
55,965 
230,754 
136,267 
65,862 

64,067 
1.730.502 


Arsenic, white and in ore 


Asbestos 




Barytes . . 


Chromite 


Coal 


Corundum 


Feldspar 


Fluorspar 


Graphite 


Graphite, artificial 


Grindstones 


Gypsum... 



^Subject to revision. 

3813122 



338 



PRODUCTION 



85. Quantities and Values of Minerals produced in Canada, Calendar Years 

1920 and 1921 concluded. 



Product. 


1920. 


1921.1 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Non-metallic concluded . 
Magnesite 


ton 





gal. 
Vf.cu.ft. 

ton 



brl. 
ton 

M 




M 



$ 

)ducts 

brl. 
No. 

u 




$ 
$ 

ton 

No. 
ton 
$ 
ton 

No. 

t4 

bush, 
ton 

No. 
ton 

$ 

$ 
$ 
$ 
$ 

$ 
$ 
$ 

$ 


18,378 
1,947 
649 
2,203 

16,845,518 
19,128 
4,550 
196,251 

174,744 
128,295 
209,855 
811 
75 
21,671 
260 


t 

512,756 
39,886 
11,029 
376,022 
24,582 
4,232,642 
157,909 
18,650 
822,235 

719,110 
467,821 
1,544,724 
19,496 
2,625 
166,934 
8,600 


2,927 
2,029 
68 
702 

14,460,784 
8,879 
500 
187,541 
30 
32,173 
101,553 
164,658 
624 

10,134 
341 


$ 

81,320 
39,506 
3,400 
70,063 
21,569 
4,947,075 
93,610 
2,000 
546,856 
450 
106,865 
317,711 
1,673,685 
18,850 

144,565 
11,268 


Magnesium sulphate 


Manganese 


Mica 


Mineral water 


Natural gas 


Oxides 


Peat 


Petroleum 


Phosphate 


Pyrites . 


Quartz 


Salt 


Sodium sulphate 


Strontium 


Talc 


Tripolite 


Total 


- 


108,027,947 


- 


88,020,097 


Structural Materials and Clay Pn 

Cement Portland and Puzzolan.. .. 


6,651,980 

303,343,028 
85,137,125 
3,515,000 

49,091 
683 

58,887 

14,527,000 
9,427,334 

45,459,000 
11,530,795 


14,798,070 

4,835,996 
2,004,537 
73,926 

474,113 
591,418 
302,261 
15,022 
209,171 
1,549,090 
46,743 
562,652 
3,818,553 

724,918 
4,291,067 
14,200 

1,508,916 
5,665,693 
240,593 
165,149 


5,752,885 

209,270,838 
79,230,980 
1,920,484 
4,817,902 
2,931 

3,511,585 
124 

5,965,381 
. 31,979 
43,457,036 
11,574,862 


14, 195, 143 

3,343,732 
1,703,968 
48,183 
256,088 
29, 851 
91,685 
452,296 
174, 75& 
1,838 
231,262 
1,666,584 
168,008 
428,604 
2,345,469 
436,728 
662,744 
2,537,249 
22,325 

937,894 
5,155,046 
172, 720 
78,036 


Clay products- 
Brick common 


Brick, pressed 


Brick, moulded and ornamental . . 
Firebrick. 


Fireclav 


Fireclay blocks and shapes 


Fireproofing 


Hollow building blocks 


Kaolin 


Pottery 


Sewerpipe . . 


Terra-cotta lumber 


Tile, drain 


Lime, quick 


Lime, hydrated 


Sand-lime brick . . 


Sand and gravel ... 


Slate 


Stone- 
Granite. 


Limestone 


Marble 


Sandstone 


Total Structural Materials and Clay 
Products 


- 


41,893,088 
108,027,947 
77,939,630 


- 


35,139,260 
88,020,097 
49,271,291 


All other Non-Metallic 


Total value Metallic 


Grand Total 


- 


227,859,665 


- 


172,430,648 





iSubject to revision. 



MINERALS 



339 



86. Increase or Decrease in Quantities and Values of Principal Mineral Products 
for the Calendar Year 1930 as compared with 1919. 



Principal Prod : 


Increase (+) or 
decrease ( ) in 
quantity. 


Increase (+) or 
decrease ( ) in 
value. 


ilt 


Ib. 


+ 15,652 
6,547,110 
- 1,757 
+ 37,412 
7,873,982 
+ 16,790,823 
2,690,300 
+ 7,669,205 


p.c. 
M 

8-72 
0-23 
97-28 
17-97 
37-69 
16-78 
23-82 


$ 

+ 39,130 
+ 215 
- 36. 
+ 1,167.591 
161,225 
+ 6,71f&gt; 
- 4, ::.-- . 144 
4- . :&gt;i:&lt; 


p.c. 
2-95 
1-53 
0-23 
129-82 
5-28 
37-69 
24-15 
29-44 


( onper. . 




Cold 


. oz. 


Pig iron, from Canadian ore 


ton 


: 


.. Ih. 

M 
OZ. 

Ib. 


Nickel 


Silver 
Zinc 


Total metallic 




- 


- 


+ 4,676,837 


6-38 


\ - 


ton 


+ 41,852 

17.-, 
2, 
130,081 
+ 

304 
3,( 

44.1M-, 
1 ~ 


30-60 
28-98 
21-57 
41*50 
61-02 
63-03 
35-06 
15-51 
18-39 

41*51 
33-17 

31-90 
11 
35-48 


+ 3,825,147 
481 
+ 26,280,374 
678, 704 
65,396 
184.291 
314 
+ 605 
HI 
196,406 
146 
+ 4 
+ 2. 
+ 1,507,946 
+ 1,610,607 
240.064 
+ 3,354,414 


35-06 
9-82 
48-30 

65-25 
56-11 
11-34 
1-36 
11*67 
37-58 
10-50 
50-96 
34-89 
65-26 

49-51 
79-37 






Coal 


11 


Gypsum. . 





Graphite 
Magnesite 
Quartz 


M 


Natural gas 


1 ft 


Petroli u:;, 


. . brl 






Salt 




+ fil. 
+ 1,656,723 

+ 2,270.833 
1,166,314 
+ 11,905,000 


Cement 


brl. 


Clay products 


$ 


Lime 




Sand and gravel 


9 

$ 


Sand-lime brick 
Stone 


Total non-metallic 


- 


- 


4- 46,496,438 


44-95 


Grand Total 




- 


- 


+ 51,173,275 


28-98 







87. Mineral Production of Canada, compared as to Quantity and Value, for the 

Calendar Years 1919 and 1930 ("" omitted). 



Produr 


Actual 
lue 
JO. 


ie at 
prir 
119. 


ual 
lue 
1919. 


Increase 

(4-) or 
decrease 
(- 


Due to 

higher(-f) 
or lower 

(.-) 

prii 


Due to 

larger (+) 
or smaller 
(-) 
quan 
tities. 


Metallic. 

Cobalt, metallic and contained in oxide. . 
Copper 


1 , 365 
14,244 


$ 

1,365 
15 252 


1,326 
14 9 8 


$ 

4- 39 
4- 21fi 


$ 

- i nos 


$ 

4- 39 

i i 99^ 


Gold 


15 814 


15 814 


11 810 


Qfi 




T 1,ZZ4 

QA 


Iron, pig, from Canadian ore 


2 067 


1 774 




4- 1 IfiR 


_1_ 9Q9 


OO 

+ ft7 


Iron sold for export 


64 


70 


4fi 


-4- 18 





o/o 
+ t)l 


Lead 


3 214 


2 504 


3 013 


-4- 1fU 


, I. 7ln 


/* 
f.An 


Nickel 


24 534 


24 134 


17 81 


j- c 7ic 


1 1U 


My 

+ R 7\R. 


Palladium 


58 


52 


i 


0, 1 10 
_1_ C.C. 


4- R 


D, MO 

+ An 


Platinum 


38 


44 


4 


4- 34 




g 


w 

+ A(\ 


Silver 


13 450 


U812 


17 802 


&lt;&gt;* 
4 }:;&lt;&gt; 


- 1 .R9 


1\J 
O OOrt 


Zinc 


3 058 


2 Q25 


9 3fi9 


1 ana 


+ 1QQ 


j,yu 

+ c/*o 


Other 


34 


33 


70 


00 


loo 
+ 1 


OOd 
ort 












1 


o 


Total metallic 


77 ,940 


79,179 


73 263 


4- 4 fi77 


- 1 2^9 


+ 5 414&gt; 














9,91O 


Non-metallic. 

Arsenic, white and in ore 


448 


370 


no 


CO 


+ 78 


1Af\ 


Asbestos 


14,734 


14 248 


10 QflQ 


4- 3 891 


/o 
4Rfi 


11U 
+ 1 11CL 


Asbestic 


58 


61 


fifi 


o 


T* ^oo 

Q 


o,ooy 

e 


Chromite 


251 


295 


99O 


( f OO 


O 

4.1 


o 

+ RR 


Coal 


80 693 


fif&gt; llfl 


54 41 ^ 


J-9A oon 


** 

1 1 A KAt 


DO 
+ 1 1 *7Q7 


Feldspar 


281 




Rfi 


-r^o, iou 

+ 1Qe 


-\- it, Old 

+ fiS 


11, 161 

+ 1Q7 


Fluorspar. . 


240 


217 


OR 


4- 149 


Oo 
93 


\6I 
11Q 



38131 22* 



340 



PRODUCTION 



87. Mineral Production of Canada, compared as to Quantity and Value, for the 
Calendar Years 1919 and 1920 ("000" omitted) concluded. 



Products. 


Actual 
value 
1920. 


Value at 
prices of 
1919. 


Actual 
value 
1919. 


Increase 

(+)or 
decrease 

(-). . 


Due to 

higher(+) 
or lower 

(-) 
prices. 


Due to 
larger (+) 
or smaller 
(-). 
uantities. 


Non- metallic concluded. 
Graphite 


$ 
165 


$ 
161 


$ 
100 


$ 
+ 65 


$ 
+ 4 


$ 

+ 61 


Grindstones.. 


88 


73 


60 


+ 28 


+ 15 


13 


Gypsum 


1,894 


1,744 


1,215 


+ 679 


150 


529 


Magnesite 


512 


535 


32* 


+ 184 


23 


207 


Magnesium sulphate 


40 


24 


9 


+ 31 


+ 16 


+ 15 


Mica. . . 


376 


219 


274 


+ 102 


157 


55 


Mineral pigments Barytes 


23 


13 


8 


15 


10 


+ 5 


Oxides 


158 


183 


113 


+ 45 


25 


70 


Natural gas 


4,233 


3,528 


4,176 


+ 57 


+ 705 


648 


Petroleum 


822 


601 


736 


86 


+ 221 


135 


Pyrites 


719 


517 


523 


+ 196 


+ 202 


6 


Quartz 


468 


712 


528 


60 


- 244 


+ 184 


Salt 


1,545 


1,978 


1,398 


+ 147 


- 433 


580 


Talc 


167 


135 


116 


51 


+ 32 


+ 19 


Other articles 


113 


96 


107 


+ 6 


+ 17 


- 11 
















Total non-metallic 


108 ,028 


92,083 


76,002 


+32 ,026 


+15 ,945 


+ 16,081 
















Structural Materials and Clay Pro 
ducts. 

Cement, Portland.. 


14,798 


13,053 


9,802 


+ 4,996 


+ 1,745 


+ 3,251 


Brick, common 


4,836 


4,033 


3,850 


+ 986 


+ 803 


+ 183 


Brick, pressed . 


2,004 


1,492 


1,304 


+ 700 


+ 512 


188 


Brick, moulded and ornamental 


74 


98 


10 


64 


24 


88 


Fireproofin 01 


581 


409 


345 


+ 236 


+ 172 


+ 64 


Sewer pipe 


1,549 


1,007 


1,074 


+ 475 


+ 542 


- 67 


Tile, drain 


563 


446 


617 


54 


+ 117 


- 171 


Other clay products 


1,047 


816 


706 


+ 341 


+ 231 


+ 110 


Lime 


3,819 


3,047 


2,311 


+ 1,508 


+ 772 


736 


Sand-lime brick . 


725 


657 


485 


240 


68 


172 


Sand and gravel 


4,291 


2,982 


2,680 


+ 1,611 


+ 1,309 


302 


Other articles ... 


7,605 


6,219 


4,237 


+ 3,367 


+ 1,386 


+ 1,982 
















Total Structural Materials and 
Clay Products 


41,892 


34,259 


27,421 


+14,471 


+ 7,633 


+ 6,838 
















Grand Totals 


327 ,860 


205,521 


176,686 


+51,174 


+22 ,339 


+ 28,835 

















J. Value of Mineral Production in Canada, 1886-1921. 



Calen 
dar 
Year. 


Total value. 


Value 
per 
capita. 


Calen 
dar 
Year. 


Total value. 


Value 
per 
capita. 


Calen 
dar 
Year. 


Total value. 


Value 
per 
capita. 


1886.. 



10,221,255 


f cts. 
2-23 


1898 . 


$ 
38,412,431 


$ cts. 
7-32 


1910.. 


$ 
106,823,623 


$ cts. 
15-44 


1887 


10,321,331 


2-23 


1899 


49,234,005 


9-27 


1911 


103,220,994 


14-32 


1888 


12,518,894 


2-67 


1900 


64,420,877 


12-04 


1912 


135,048,296 


18-32 


1889 


14,013,113 


2-96 


1901 


65,797,911 


12-16 


1913 


145,634,812 


19-35 


1890 


16,763,353 


3-50 


1902 


63,231 836 


11-36 


1914 


128,863,075 


16-75 


1891 


18,976,616 


3-92 


1903.. .. 


61,740,513 


10-83 


1915 


137,109,171 


17-44 


1892 


16,623,415 


3-39 


1904 


60,082,771 


10-27 


1916 


177,201,534 


22-05 


1893 


20,035,082 


4-04 


1905 


69,078 999 


11-49 


1917 


189,646,821 


23-18 


1894 


19,931,158 


3-98 


1906 


79,286,697 


12-81 


1918 


211,301,897 


25-36 


1895 


20,505,917 


4-05 


1907 


86,865 202 


13-75 


1919 


176,686,390 


20-84 


1896 


22,474,256 


4-38 


1908 


85,557,101 


13-16 


1920 


227,859,665 


26-40 


1897 


28,485,023 


5-49 


1909 


91,831,441 


13-70 


19211.. 


172,430,648 


19-62 





















1 Subject to revision. 



MINERALS 



341 



8S. Value of Minerals produced in Canada by Provinces in the Calendar Years 

1919, 19-&gt;0 and 19 21. 





191! 


). 




). 


1921 


. 


Province. 


Valtu-. 


I .T cent. 
of total. 


Value. 


I T cent . 
of total. 


Value. 


IVr cent. 
of total. 



Hrun&gt;\\ 
( hielx c . . . . 


* 

- LM.-. 
1,77 
21 


p.c. 

13-27 
1-00 

12-114 


1 

34,130,017 

1 , 7.s7 
28,880 


P.O. 

14-98 
l-M 

12-68 


S 

32. 

l.v 
Il,ii7 ,,087 


I 1 0, 

18-89 
Mid 
8-51 


( &gt;nt ario 


67,917,998 




81.715 




64,511, 


31-61 


Manitoba . 








1 U 


2,1)75,807 


1-20 


Sask :ii 
Mhept a. 


21 


11 - .14 




14-74 


1,086,610 

28, 91 7 


0-63 
16-78 


British Columln.-i . 
Yukon Territory 




19-73 
I- 10 


1,57 


17-30 

0-69 




17 
1-12 


Total 


17C,C8C,3M 


IIMI Oil 


227,858 ,6*5 


100 00 


172.4M.C48 


100 00 

















M. Quantity of Gold produced in Canada by Pro\iim-s during; the Calendar 

\;irs 1901-1921. 



Year. 


Nova 

Scotia. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


Alberta. 


British 

( olumbia 


Yukon 
Territory. 


Total. 


1901.. 
1902.... 
1903 
1904 ... 


Oz. fine. 
10,362 


Oz. fint 1 . 
14:. 
391 
180 

140 


Oz. fiiif. 
11. 
11,118 

9,( 

1. 


Baa. 


Oz. fine. 

484 
48 


Oz. line. 

108 

975 


tne. 
870.7.MI 

701 


fine. 

1,167.216 
1,032,161 
911,539 
796.374 


1905 


707 


191 


t02 


- 


121 




381,001 


684,951 


1906 


12 


165 


3,i 


_ 


39 


269,886 


- 70,900 


556,415 


1907 


13,1 


_ 




- 




23&lt;i 


152 


405,517 


1908 


11. 


_ 


212 


- 


50 


858 


174 


476,112 


1909 


10,193 


193 


1,1 


- 


25 


250. 


191 


45:- 


1910 


7, . 


124 


3,089 


- 


89 


.386 


221,091 


493,707 


1911.. ..- . 


7.781 


613 


2,062 


_ 


10 


238 


187 


473,159 


1912 


4, 


642 


86, 


- 




251, M." 


268,447 


(ill. 885 


1913 


2,174 


701 


219,801 


- 


- 


297 


282,838 


80: 


1914 


2,904 


1,299 


26S 





48 


252,730 


.940 


773,178 


1915 .... 


6,636 


1,099 


406,577 





195 


273,376 


230,173 


918,056 


1916 


4,562 


1,034 


492,481 




82 


219,633 


212,700 


930,492 


1917 


2,210 


1,511 


423.261 


440 





133 


177,667 


738,831 


1918 


1,176 


1,939 


411 


1, 


27 


180, 163 


102,474 


699,681 


1919 


850 


1,470 


505,739 


724 


24 


167,252 


90,705 


766,764 


1920 


690 


955 


564,995 


781 


- 


124,808 


72.778 


765,007 


192H 


439 


635 


708,213 


207 


49 


150,792 


65,994 


926.329 





















91. Value of Gold produced in Canada by Provinces during the Calendar Years 

1901-1921. 



Year. 


Nova 
Scotia. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


Alberta. 


British 
Columbia. 


Yukon 
Territory. 


Total. 


1901. 


* 
546,965 


S 

3,000 


S 

244,837 


1 


$ 

15,000 


S 

5,318,703 


S 

18,000,000 


S 

24,128,503 


1902 


ti_ 7.357 


8,073 


,828 


_ 


10,000 


5,961,409 


14,500,000 


21,336,667 


1903 


527,806 


3,712 


188,036 





1,000 


. .,036 


12,250,000 


18,843,590 


1904 


214 


2,900 


40,000 


- 


500 


5,704,908 


10,500,000 


16,462,517 


1905 


283,353 


3,940 


91,000 


_ 


2,500 


5,902,402 


7,876,000 


14,159,195 


1906.. 


252,676 


3,412 


66, 193 




800 


5,579,039 


5,600,000 


11,502,120 


1907 


282,686 




66,399 


_ 


675 


4,883,020 


3,150,000 


8,382,780 


1908 


244,799 


_ 


66,389 


_ 


1,037 


5,929,880 


3,600,000 


9,842,105 


1909 


210,711 


3,990 


32,425 


_ 


525 


5,174,579 


3,960,000 


9,382,230 


1910.. 


163,891 


2,565 


63,849 


- 


1,850 


5,403,318 


4,570,362 


10,205,835 



Subject to revision. 



342 



PRODUCTION 



91. Value of Gold produced in Canada by Provinces during the Calendar Years 

1901-1921 concluded. 



Year. 


Nova 
Scotia. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


Alberta. 


British 
Columbia 


Yukon 
Territory. 


Total. 


1911.. 


$ 
160,854 


$ 
12,672 


$ 
42,625 


$ 


$ 
207 


$ 
4 930 145 


$ 
4 RQ4 574 


$ 

Q 781 077 


1912 


90,638 


13,270 


1,788.596 


_ 


1 509 


5 205 485 


5 549 2Qfi 


12 fi48 7Q4 


1913 


44,935 


14,491 


4,543,690 






fi 14Q 027 


R QAfi 7Cn 


1fi "WS Q93 


1914 


60,031 


26,708 


5,545,509 




992 


5 224 3Q3 


K. -IVX 074 


is QQ-J 007 


1915 


137,180 


22,720 


8,404,693 




4 026 


5 651 184 


4 758 OQ8 


18 Q77 Qf)1 


1916 . 


94,305 


21,375 


10,180,485 




1 695 


4 540 21 fi 


4. QQfl onn 


10 934 Q7ft 


1917 


45,685 


31,235 


8,749,581 


9 095 




2 7fi4 fiQ&lt;? 


Q ft 72 703 


tej 979 QQ9 


1918... . 


24,310 


40,083 


8,516,299 


139 638 


558 


3 624 47fi 


2 118 Wi 


14 4R3 fiSQ 


1919 


17,571 


30,388 


10,454,553 


14 966 


500 


3 457 406 


1 875 03Q 


ir: OCA JOQ 


1920 


14,263 


19,742 


11,679,483 


16 145 




2 580 010 


1 504 4^ 


1"i 814 OQ8 


1921 


9,075 


13,127 


14,640,062 


4,279 


1 013 


3 117 147 


1 3fi4 217 


iq 140 Q20 





















NOTE. For the years 1862 to 1900, see Canada Year Book, 1916-17, pp. 268 and 269. 

92. Quantity and Value of Silver produced in Canada during the Calendar Years 

1887-1921. 



Year. 


Oz. 


Value. 


Year. 


Oz. 


Value. 


Year. 


Oz. 


Value. 


1887. . 


355,083 


$ 
347,271 


1898.. 


4,452,333 


$ 
2,593 929 


1909 


27 529 473 


$ 
14 178 504 


1888 


437,232 


410,998 


1899 


3,411,644 


2,032,658 


1910 


32 869 264 


17* 580*455 


1889 


383,318 


358,785 


1900 


4,468,225 


2,740,362 


1911 


32 559 044 


17* 355* 272 


1890 


400,687 


419,118 


1901 


5,539,192 


3,265,354 


1912 


31 955 560 


19 440 165 


1891 


414,523 


409,549 


1902 


4,291,317 


2,238,351 


1913 


31,845 803 


19 040 924 


1892 


310,651 


272,130 


1903 


3,198,581 


1,709,642 


1914 


28,449 821 


15 193 631 


1893 




330, 128 


1904 


3,577,526 


2,047 095 


1915 


26 625 960 


13 228 842 


1894 


847,697 


534,049 


1905 


6,000,023 


3,621 133 


1916 


25 459 741 


16*717 l21 


1895 


1,578,275 


1,030,299 


1906 


8,473,379 


5,659,455 


1917 


22 221 274 


18 091 895 


1896... 


3,205,343 


2,149,503 


1907 


12,779,799 


8,348,659 


1918 


21 383 979 


20 693 704 


1897 


5,558,456 


3,323,395 


1908.. 


22,106,233 


11,686,239 


1919 


16 020 657 


17 802 474 














1920.... 


13,330,357 


13,450,330 














19211... 


13,490,747 


8,452,493 





















93. Quantity and Value of Silver produced in Canada, by Provinces, during the 

Calendar Years 1901-1921. 



Year. 


Ontario. 


Quebec. 


British 
Columbia. 


Yukon 
Territory. 


1901.. 


Oz. 
151,400 
145,000 
17,777 
206,875 
2,451,356 

5,401,766 
9,982,363 
19,398,545 
24,822,099 
30,366,366 

30,540,754 
29,214.025 
28,411,261 
25,139,214 
22,748,609 

21,608,158 
19,301,835 
17,198,737 
12,117,878 
9,907,626 

9,709,156 
sion. 


$ 
89,250 
75,632 
9,502 
118,376 
1,479,442 

3,607,894 
6,521,178 
10,254,847 
12,784,126 
16,241,755 

16,279,443 
17,772,352 
16,987,377 
13,779,055 
11,302,419 

14,188,133 
15,714,975 
16,643,562 
13,465,628 
9,996,795 

6,083,175 


Oz. 

41,459 
42,500 
28,600 
15,000 
19,620 

17,686 
16,000 
13,299 
13,233 
7,593 

18,435 
9,465 
34,573 
57, 737 
63,450 

98,610 
136,194 
178,675 
140,926 
61,003 

38,084 


$ 
24,440 
22,168 

15,287 
8,583 
11,841 

11,813 
10,452 
7,030 
6,815 
4,061 

9,827 
5,758 
20,672 
31.646 
31,524 

64,748 
110,885 
172,907 
156,600 
61,552 

23,861 


Oz. 
5,151,333 
3,917,917 
2,996,204 
3,222,481 
3,439,417 

2,990,262 
2,745,448 
2,631,389 
2,649,141 
2,407,887 

1,887,147 
2,651,002 
3,312,343 
3,159,897 
3,565,852 

3,392,872 
2,655,994 
3,921,336 
3,713,537 
3,327,028 

3,350,357 


$ 
3,036,711 
2,043,586 
1,601,471 
1,843,935 
2,075,757 

1,997,226 
1,793,519 
1,391,058 
1,364,387 
1,287,883 

1,005.924 
1,612,737 
1,980,483 
1,731,971 
1,771,658 

2,227,794 
2,162,430 
3,794,755 
4,126,556 
3,356,971 

2,099,133 


Oz. 
195,000 
185,900 
156,000 
133,170 
89,630 

63,665 
35,988 
63,000 
45,000 
81,418 

112,708 
81,068 
87,626 
92, 973 
248,049 

360,101 
119,605 
71,915 
27,556 
19,190 

393,092 


$ 

114,953 
96,985 
83,262 
76,201 
54,093 

42,522 
23,510 
33,304 
23,176 
46,756 

60,078 
49,318 
52,393 
50,959 
123,241 

236,446 
97,379 
69,594 
30,621 
19,363 

246,288 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906.. 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911.. 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 . 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


19211 


Subject to revi 



MINERALS 



343 



93. Quantity and Value of Silver produced In Canada, by Provinces, during the 

Calendar Years 1901-1921 cmcludt&gt;&lt;l. 



Year. 


Nova 

Scotia. 


New 

Brunswick. 


Manitoba. 


1917 


Oz. 
25 


$ 
16 


Oz. 
445 


$ 

363 


Oz. 

7,201 
13,316 
20,760 

15,51(1 
33 


$ 

5,863 

12,886 
:.069 
15,649 
20 


1 01 a 


1019 


1090 


19211 





NOTE. For the years 1887 to 1900, see Canada Year Book, 1916-1917, p. 271. 

94. Quantity and Value of Copper produced in Canada, toy Provinces, during the 

&lt; alt-ndar Years 1901-1921. 



Year. 


Ontario. 


Quebec. 


British Columbia. 


Total. 


1901 . 


Lb. 

8.695,831 
7.408.202 
7.172,533 
4.913,594 
8,779,259 

10.638.231 
14.104.337 
15.005,171 
15,746.699 
19.259.016 

17.932.2f,:; 
22,250,601 
25.885.929 
28.94S.211 
39,361.464 

44,997,035 
7,774 
47,074.475 
24,346,623 
32,059.993 

12,821,385 


1 

1,401.507 
: , 278 

.070 
1,368,686 

2,050.838 
2.821,432 
1. .S1, 883 
2.044,237 
2.453.213 

2.219,297 
3,635,971 
3,95. 
3,937,536 
6.799.693 

12,240.094 
11,651,461 
11,593.502 

5,596,392 
1,602,930 


Lb. 

1,527.442 
1.640.000 
1.152.000 
760.000 
1.621,243 

1.981.169 
1,517,990 
1.283 

1,088,212 
877.347 

2,436.190 
3.282,210 
3,455.887 

4,2C. 
4.197,482 

5.703,347 
5.015,560 
5,869.649 
1.695 
880,638 

352,308 


I 

246, 17&gt; 
1 . 0.666 
152.467 
97,455 
252,752 

381.930 
30:: 
169,330 
141 
111,757 

301 
536.346 
527,679 
571,488 
725,115 

1,551,424 
1,36 
1.41 
503. 105 
15.: 

44,045 


Lb. 

27,603,746 
29.636.057 
34,359.921 
35.710.128 
37,692,251 

42,990.488 

17.274.614 
35,658.952 
35,270,006 

35.279.558 
50,526.656 

45,791.57 J 
41.219.202 
56.692,988 

63.642.550 
0.959 
62, Sr. 
2,079 
19,771 

34,447,127 


$ 

4.448,896 
3.44 
4.647.785 
B.110 

5.876,222 

8,287.706 
8.168.177 
6.244.031 
4.629.245 
4.492.693 

4.366.198 
8.256.561 
6. 991. . Hi 
5.606.636 
9,793,714 

17.312.046 
15.601.275 
2.560 
8,317.884 
7.911,019 

4,306,580 


Lb. 

37,827.019 
38,684 
42.684.454 
41,383,722 
48.092.753 

55,609,888 
50,455.047 

63.561,809 

52.4!): . 
55.692.369 2 

55,648.011 
77.832.127 
76,976,925 
75,735,960 
100.785,150 

117,150.038 

109,227,332" 
118,769,434 

75.05. 
81,600,691 

47,620,820 


$ 

6,096,581 

4,4&lt;&gt;T 
5,649,487 
0.635 
7.497,660 

10,720,474 
11,293.268 
5,244 
6.M4.754 
7,094.0942 

6.886,998 
12.718.548 
11.753.606 
10.301.606 
17,410,635 

31,867,150 

. . . 

0,536 
14.028.265 
14,244.217 

.3,555 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911.. 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916. 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


192P 





PRODUCTION OF COPPER IX MANITOBA AND yrKON TERRITORV (INCLUDED IN TOTALS). 



Year. 


Ifaiuto 

(included in totals) . 


Yukon Territory, 
(included in totals) . 


1912 


Lb. 

1,116,000 
2,3:. 
3,348,000 
3,062,577 


303,329 
576,234 
625,775 
534,604 


Lb. 

1,772,660 
1,84 
1,367,050 
.216 
2.807,096 
2,460,079 
61&lt;J 
165,1-1 
277,712 


289,670 
281,489 
185.946 
92,113 
763,586 
^650 
152,663 
30,874 
48,475 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920. 


192H 





NOTE. For the years 1886 to 1900, see Canada Year Book, 1916-17, p. 272. 

1 Subject to revision. 

Includes 236,000 lb., valued at $36,431, produced in Nova Scotia and Yukon Territory, not 

.rnt6l V 

Includes 36,960 lb., valued at $10,045, from New Brunswick and Alberta, not given separately. 



344 



PRODUCTION 



95. 



Quantity and Value of Nickel produced in Canada during the Calendar Years 

1889-1921. 



Year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1889.. 


Lb. 

830,477 


$ 
498 286 


1900 


Lb. 

7 nan 007 


Q 307 707 


1Q1 1 


Lb. 

O/1 AOQ 7/1 A 


$ 


1890 


1,435,742 


933 232 


1901 


q io 047 


4 ^04 W} 


1010 


o4,Uyo, /44 

yl yl ,* 1 C ,1 rt 


10,229,623 


1891.... 


4,035,347 


2 421 208 


1902 


10 fiO.3 410 


K. fVOK QflO 


1Q1 7 


44,o41, 04^ 


lo,452,463 


1892 


2,413,717 


1 399 956 


1903 


12 W^ ^10 


SflfiO f)rtA 


lyio 

1O1/1 


49,0/0, 772 


14,903,032 


1893 


3,982,982 


2 071 151 


1904 


10 ^47 883 


4 910 1 ^3 


iyi4 
1011; 


45,517, yo7 


13,655,381 


1894 


4,907,430 


1,870 958 


1905 


18 87fi ^1 r &gt; 


7 ^0 ^Ofi 


1Q1 A 


oo, ouo, oo7 
oo neiQ c^ti/i 


20,492,597 


1895 


3,888 525 


1 360 984 


IQOfi 


21 4-QO Q^ 


8 CMC QQ,&lt; 


lyio 

1 O1 7 


o2, u5o,5o4 


29,035,498 


1896 


3,397,113 


1 188 990 


lQf)7 


01 1QQ 700 


9KOK Xf\7 


lyi/ 

1O1 O 


8^,ooO,280 


33,732, 112 


1897 


3,997,647 


1 399 176 


1908 


1Q 14^ 111 


, OOO,&lt;lM 
80Q1 K9C 


iyio 

1Q1O 


92,o07,293 


37,002,917 


1898 


5,517,690 


1 820 838 


1909 


2fi 289 QQ1 


Q 4fi1 877 


iyiy 

1OOfl 


44,o44,oso 


17,817,953 


1899 


5,744,000 


2 067 840 


1910 


37 271 033 


U1C1 qin 


ly^u 

1Q01 1 


61, ooo, 70o 


24,534,282 
















Iy,2y&lt;5,0ou 


,752,571 



96. Production of Principal Minerals in Canada for the Calendar Years 1909-1921. 



Year. 


Lead. 


Iron Ore 

Shipments. 


Zinc Production. 


1909.. 


Lb. 

45,857,424 
32,987,508 
23,784,969 
35,763,476 
37,662,703 
36,337,765 
46,316,450 
41,497,615 
32,576,281 
51,398,002 
43,827,699 
35,953,717 
66,679,592 


$ 

1,692,139 
1.216,249 
827,717 
1,597,554 
1,754,705 
1,627,568 
2,593,721 
3,532,692 
3,628,020 
4,754,315 
3,053,037 
3,214,262 
3,828,742 


Tons. 

268,043 
259,418 
210,344 
215,883 
307,634 
244,854 
398,112 
275,176 
215,302 
211,608 
197,170 
129,072 
58,508 


$ 

659,316 
574,362 
522,319 
523,315 
629,843 
542,041 
774,427 
715,107 
758,621 
885,893 
693,386 
517,987 
227,134 


Tons. 

11,682 
14,834 
17,542 
16,097 
19,932 
26,544 


S 

2,991,623 
2,640,817 
2,862,436 
2,362,448 
3,057,961 
2,471,310 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


19211 





PIG IRON. 



Year. 


Nova Scotia. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Totals. 


1909.. 


Tons. 

354,380 
350,287 
390,242 
424,994 
480,068 
227,052 
420,275 
470,055 
472,147 
415,870 
285,087 
332,493 
169,504 


1 

3,453,800 
4,203,444 
4,682,904 
6,374,910 
7,201,020 
2,951,676 
5,463,575 
7,050,825 
10,387,234 
10,451,400 
7,141,641 
7,687,614 
4,407,104 


Tons. 

4,770 
3,237 
658 

7,449 
7,701 
8,835 
683 


$ 

125,623 
85,255 

17,282 

419,521 
331,797 
379,348 
17,758 


Tons. 

407,012 
447,273 
526,635 
589,593 
648,899 
556,112 
493,500 
699,202 
698,333 
2 ~72,232 
624,993 
749,068 
495,489 


$ 

6,002,441 
6,956,923 
7,606,939 
8,176,089 
9,338,992 
7,051,180 
5,910,624 
9,700,073 
14,638,726 
22,624,250 
17.104,151 
22,252,062 
12,882,714 


Tons. 

757,162 
800,797 
917,535 
1,014,587 
1,128,967 
783,164 
913,775 
1,169,257 
1,170,480 
1,195,551 
917,781 
1,090,396 
665,676 


$ 

9,581,864 
11,245,622 
12,307,125 
14,550,999 
16,540,012 
10,002,856 
11,374,199 
16,750,898 
25,025,960 
33,495,171 
24,577,589 
30,319,024 
17,307,576 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 1 





Subject to revision. Includes a small tonnage made in electric furnaces in British Columbia. 



MINERALS 






96. Production of Principal Minerals in Canada for the ( alondar Years 1909-1921 

concluded. 

Co 



Y.MT. 


Nova 

Scotia. 


New 
Hruns- 
wio 


chrwan. 


AlbtTta. 


British 
(\&gt;luiul&gt;i:i 


Yukon 
ri- 
tnry. 


Total 
produc 
tion. 


Value. 


1 


Tot 

5,652,089 


Tons. 

4&gt;.,029 


Tons. 

192,12:, 


Tons. 
4,741 


Tons. 

2,60 


To- 


Tons. 
1,475 


$ 

iM. 7*1. 236 


1910 


1,142 




181 


14, 1"" 


0,745 


1C., 185 


1, l."&gt;2 


30,90&lt;&gt;.7, . 


1911 




7sl 




1,511,036 


2 . :. \ 


2,840 


11,32 


,646 


1912 


7.7^ 


r, 










14,51 


:;&lt;i,oi .U)44 




7,980,073 


70,311 


2k 


4,014.755 


2,714,420 


19,722 


15,012,178 


1,940 


I M t 








1.015 




13 


7,529 


33,471,801 


1915 




127 


240,107 


3,3ti 


2,06 


9,724 


7,023 


32,111,182 


1916 


6,912.14(1 


It 


,300 




1.061 


3,300 


14. l- 


38,817,481 


1917 




L89 


H:. 








14 046,759 


13, 1" 


1918 


5,81* 


- 21J 




2,816 






7,926 


55,19 







179,108 


,169 






1,100 


l.2ls 


54,41 


1920 
11121 


1,828 


161,164 

18s 




".217 






16,62: 

15,057,21.2 


77. ML 1 
72,451,li56 





















97. Prod notion of Asbestos and Ashestlc in Canada for the Calendar Years 1909-1921. 



Year. 


Asbestos. 


Asbestic. 


Total. 


1909 


Tons. 

63,349 
77 
101 
111 
186.951 

111,142 
133 

141 
136 
it,: 
93,761 


1 


T&lt;m 

23 

021 

74(1 

21,031 

20,7td 
18 

16,7 .&lt;7 

171 

.956 

i 


* 

17,188 
17 
21 
19,707 
l .t,016 
17 
21,819 
29, (172 
47 
33 
917 

.-)7,601 

i 


Tons. 

87,300 
I02.2i: 
127,414 
136,301 
161,086 
117 

L54 
153,781 

15s 

188 

.761 


* 

2,301,775 
73,603 
: [,108 

7,279 

3,84 
i J.806 
3,6; 

JS.869 
; 0,383 
8,970.7 .7 
Id, .175, 369 

112 

4,90i.j::n 


1910 


1911 


1912 


3,117.572 

3,830,909 

7,18 
6,804 
10 
13.677.841 

4,911 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 ... 


19211.. 





98. Production of Cement in Canada for the Calendar Years 1902-1921. 



Year. 


Natural rock cement. 


Portland cement. 


Total cement. 


1902 


brl. 

127,931 
92,252 
56,814 
14,184 
8,610 
5,775 
1,044 


% 

98,932 
74,655 
50,247 
10,274 
6,052 
4,043 
815 


brl. 
.V.!4,594 

;.74i 

910,358 
1,346,548 
2,119,764 
2,436,093 
2,665,289 
4,067.7(1!) 
4,753,975 
5,692,915 
7,132,732 
8,658,805 
7.172,480 
5,681,032 
5,369,560 
4,768,488 
3,591,481 
4,995,257 
6,651,980 
5,752,885 


- 

1,028,618 
1,150,592 
1,287,992 
1,913,740 
3,164,807 
M.777,328 
3,709,139 
5,345.802 
6,412.215 
7 -,44,537 
9,106,556 
11,019,418 
9,187,924 
6,977,024 
r,. 547, 728 
7,724,246 
7,076,503 
9,80 
14,798,070 
14,195,143 


brl. 

722,525 
719,993 
967,172 
1,360,732 
2,12 
2,441,868 
2,666,333 
4,067,709 
1.753,975 
5,692,915 
7,132,732 
8,658,805 
7,172,480 
5,681,032 
5,369,560 
4,768,488 
4,481 
4,995,257 
6,651,980 
5,752,885 


S 

1,127,550 
1,225,247 
1,338,239 
1,924,014 
3,170,859 
3,781,371 
3,709,954 
5,345,802 
6,412,215 
7,644,537 
9,106,556 
11,019,418 
9,187,924 
6,977,024 
6,547,728 
7,724,246 
7,076,503 
9,802,433 
14,798,070 
14,195,143 


1903 


1904 


1905 . 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 1 





Subject to revision. 



Included with asbestos. 



346 PRODUCTION 



IRON BLAST FURNACES IN CANADA IN 1921 

Of 20 blast furnaces in Canada, 8 were in blast in 1921 for varying periods of 
time. The total daily capacity of the twenty furnaces was 3,908 gross tons. The 
companies, with numbers and capacities of furnaces, were as follows: 

DOMINION IRON & STEEL Co., of Sydney, C.B.: Six completed furnaces; one 
of 315 tons capacity, two of 230 tons, and three of 215 tons capacity each per day. 
For the first five months only one furnace was in blast; a second furnace started 
operations in June and blew out during December, four furnaces being idle through 
out the year. 

NOVA SCOTIA STEEL & COAL Co., LTD., New Glasgow, N.S.: Two stacks and 
one set of stoves at Sydney Mines, C.B., with a daily capacity of 223 and 250 tons. 
Idle throughout the year. 

LONDONDERRY IRON & MINING Co., LTD., Londonderry, N.S.: One furnace of 
100 tons daily capacity. Idle throughout the year. Not operated since 1908. 

MIDLAND IRON AND STEEL Co., LTD., Midland, Ont.: One furnace of 120 tons 
daily capacity, operated during January, part of February and out of blast for the 
remainder of the year. 

PARRY SOUND IRON Co., LTD., Midland, Ont.: One furnace at Parry Sound of 
90 tons capacity. Purchased from Standard Iron Co. and being rebuilt. Idle 
since 1913. 

STANDARD IRON Co., LTD., Deseronto, Ont.: One furnace at Deseronto of 60 
tons daily capacity. Idle throughout the year. 

THE STEEL Co. OF CANADA. LTD., Hamilton, Ont.: Two furnaces with a daily 
capacity of 375 and 230 tons. One furnace remained in blast for the entire year and 
the other operated part time for the first four months only. 

ELECTRIC FURNACES IN 1921 

THE ELECTRO METALS LTD., of Welland, Ont., equipped with 8 electric furnaces, 
were engaged in producing ferro-silicon of 15p.c., 50 p.c., 75 p.c., and 80 p.c. grades. 

THE ALGOMA STEEL CORPORATION, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. : Producing spiegel- 
eisen in blast furnaces. 

The following firms were also engaged during 1921 in recovering low grade 
ferro-silicon as a by-product in the manufacture of artificial abrasives in electric 
furnaces: The Abrasive Co. of Canada, Ltd., Hamilton; The Canadian Carborun 
dum Co., Niagara Falls, Ont. 

STEEL FURNACES IN 1921- 

The following firms were engaged in producing steel ingots and castings in 
Canada during 1921: 

THE ALGOMA STEEL CORPORATION, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont.: Basic open hearth 
steel furnaces, eight of 50, one of 60 and three of 75 G.T. capacity each per heat or 
melt. 

BALDWIN S CANADIAN STEEL CORPORATION, Toronto, Ont.: Nine Heroult 
electric steel furnaces with a capacity of 6 tons each per heat. 

BEAUCHEMIN & FILS, LTD., Sorel, P.Q.: Two Baillot s converters with a capacity 
of 3,000 pounds each per blow. 

CANADIAN STEEL FOUNDRIES, LTD., Pointe St. Charles, P.Q.: One standard 
Bessemer converter of If tons capacity per blow. 

CANADIAN STEEL FOUNDRIES, LTD., Longue Pointe, P.Q.: Two basic open 
hearth steel furnaces with a capacity of 25 tons each per heat. 

CANADIAN STEEL FOUNDRIES, LTD., Welland, Ont.: Three basic open hearth 
steel furnaces with a capacity of 20 tons each per heat. 

THOS. DAVIDSON MFG. Co., LTD., Montreal, P.Q.: Four electric steel furnaces 
with a capacity per heat of 6 tons each. 

DOMINION FOUNDRIES AND STEEL LTD., Hamilton, Ont.: Two Heroult electric 
steel furnaces with a capacity per heat of 6 tons each. 



347 



DOMINION IKON \NI SN.KL Co., LTD., Sydno\ . N.S.: T\v. l;isic open hearth 
9 uitli a capacity per heat of 100 tons each, and ten 1J.( &gt;.H. steel furnaces 
with a capacity per heat of 50 tons each. 

LA COMPAGMI I . X. DROLET, Quebec, P.(,&gt;.: &lt; &gt;ne side blown Baillot converter 
with a capacity of one ton per blow. 

HULL IRON AND STEEL FOUNDRIES, LTD., Hull, P.Q.: One Heroult electric 
steel furnace with a capacity of 5 tons per heat; two Tropenas converters with a 
capacity of li tons each per Mow. 

\\"M. KKNNEDY & SONS, Collingwood, Ont.: One 4$ ton three phase non-tilting 
electric furnace. 

MANITOBA ROLLIM; MILL Co., LTD., Selkirk, Man.: one B.O.1I. steel furnace 
with a capacity of 10 tons per heat. 

THE MANITOBA STEEL FOUNDRIES, LTD., Montreal, P.Q.: One Snyder single 
phase of 2 tons capacity per heat. 

NOVA SCOTIA STEEL AND COAL Co., LTD., Sydney Mines, N.S.: Five B.O.H. 
steel furnaces, 3 with a capacity of -"&gt;4 tons each, and 2 of 45 tons each per heat. 

OPSAL STEEL Co., LTD., Vancouver, B.C.: One 2 ton electric steel furnace. 

STEEL COMPANY OF CANADA, LTD., Hamilton, Ont.: Eleven B.O.H. steel fur 
naces, 4 of 75 tons each, 5 of 50 tons each, and J with a capacity per heat of 25 tons. 

SWEDISH CRUCIHLK STEEL COMPANY OF CANADA, LTD.. Windsor, Ont.: One 
side blown Bessemer with a. capacity of 2 tons, three crucible steel furnaces of 18 
pots per furnace and the same number of pots may be used at a heat. 

The following firms were ftlflO en&lt;:a^ed in prodm-inn steel in 1921: Canadian 
Brakeshoe Co., Sherbrooke, P.Q.; Canadian KWtrie Steel Co., Montreal, P.Q.; 
Joliette Castings A: Forcings, Ltd., .lohette, ! .(,).: National Farming Machinery, 
Ltd., Montmagny, I .Q.; Vancouver Engineering Works, Ltd., \ ancouver, B.C. 

Mines Departments of Provincial Governments. In addi 
tion to the Mino Department of the Dominion Government, from 
whose reports the foregoing tables and information have been com 
piled, there are Departments of Mines of the Provincial Govern 
ments of Nova Scotia. NYw Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario and British 
Columbia, as well as the Mines Branch of the Department of Public 
Works of the Provincial Government of Albert 

Nova Scotia. In Nova Scotia, the principal mining product is 
coal. According to ihe animal report of the Department of Public 
Works and Mines for the year ended Sept. 30, 1921, the quantity of 
coal raised in that year was 5,373,230 long tons, as compared with 
5,687,970 in 1920 (decrease 314,740), 5,004,757 in 1919, 5,265,404 
tons in 1918, 5,803,661 tons in 1917, and 6,496,472 tons in 1916. 
While the total number of men employed at the collieries in 1921 was 
12,276, an increase of 968 over the previous year, the lack of demand 
for coal caused loss of working time at the mines, the number of 
colliery days worked being only 3,021,120, as compared with 3,375.- 
954 in 1920. The production of other minerals in 1921 was, in short 
tons, as follows, the corresponding figures of 1920 being given within 
parentheses: pig iron 158,611 (280,586) ; steel ingots, 203,662 (361,742) ; 
limestone, 78,932 (249,993); coke, 233,799 (382,608); gypsum, 185,- 
934 (174,520); building stone, 4,507 (8,040). The number of bricks 
made was 11,993,790, as compared with 18.350,354 in 1920, and the 
production of drain-pipe and tile was 826,254 feet, as against 1,164,- 
270 feet in 1920. The production of gold was 379 oz., as compared 
with 744 oz. in 1920. 



348 



PRODUCTION 



New Brunswick.- -The annual report for the year ended 
October 31, 1921, of the Minister of Lands and Mines, shows that the 
quantity of coal shipped in the year 1920-21 was 140,142 long tons, 
as compared with 135,297 long tons in 1919-20. The output of 
gypsum from the Hillsboro quarries was about 45,000 tons. Crude 
oil to the amount of 229,434 gallons was produced by the New Bruns 
wick Gas and Oilfields, Ltd., during the year, an increase of 54,607 
gallons over the previous year. 

Quebec.- -The annual report on mining operations in the pro 
vince of Quebec shows that the value of the mineral production of the 
province for the calendar year 1921 amounted to $15,522,988, as 
compared with $28,392,939 for 1920, the latter being the highest 
figure on record; the 1921 figures show a decline of no less than 
45 p.c., due to the great depression and the low prices which pre 
vailed. Of the total, the products of the mines proper amounted 
in 1921 to $5,634,177, of which $5,549,282 was of non-metallic min 
erals, as compared with $15,771,852 in 1920; the product of metallic 
minerals was $84,895, as compared with $483,888; building materials 
were valued at $9,888,811, as compared with $12,054,857. The 
values of the principal products in 1921, with the comparative values 
for 1920 given in parentheses, were as follows: asbestos, $5,199,789 
($14,749,048); cement, $5,410,276 ($6,545,053); brick, $1,198,471 
($1,956,473); limestone, $1,523,027 ($1,584,316); lime $624,574 
($682,477) ; granite, $369,122 ($494,372); marble, $167,664 ($228,353); 
building sand, $263,813 ($206,433). Table 99 shows the annual 
value of the mineral production of Quebec for the years 1900 to 
1921. 

99. Value of the Mineral Production of Quebec, 1900-21. 



Year. 


$ 


Year. 


$ 


Year. 


$ 


1900.. 


2,546,076 


1907.. 


5,391,368 


1914 


11,732,783 


1901 


2,997,731 


1908... . 


5,458,998 


1915 


11,465,873 


1902 


2,985,463 


1909 


5,552,062 


1916 . 


13,287,024 


1903 


2,772,762 


1910 


7,323,281 


1917. 


16,189,179 


1904 


3,023,568 


1911 


8,679,786 


1918 


18,707,762 


1905 


3,750,300 


1912 


11,187,110 


1919. ... 


20,813,670 


1906 


5,019,932 


1913 


13,119,811 


1920 


28,392,939 










1921 


15,522,988 















Ontario. Preliminary figures compiled by the Ontario Bureau 
of Mines show that the total value of the mineral production of 
Ontario in the calendar year 1921 was $48,128,387, as compared 
with $73,076,747 in 1920, $58,883,916 in 1919, $80,308,972 in 1918, 
$72,093,832 in 1917, $65,303,822 in 1916 and $54,245,679 in 
1915. The value for 1920 was among the highest on record and the 
falling off in 1921 is attributed to the depression. Of the total value 
in 1921, $27,574,202 represents the value of the metallic and $20,554,- 
185 the value of the non-metallic production. Gold shows a pro 
duction of 709,509 oz., of the value of $14,624,085, as compared with 
565,283 oz., valued at $11,686,043, in 1920. The total shipments of 
silver amounted to 8,412,059 fine oz., of the value of $5,497,160, as 



.W/.Y/.7MLS 



compared with 1 1 ,():. -1 15 oz. in 1920, of the value of $10,873,496, 
showing a considerable decline in value per oz. Table 100 shows the 
total production ami value of silver at the Cobalt and Gowganda 

in]) cadi year from 1904 to 1921. The total for the IS years is 
322,858,563 oz., of the value of $198,099,336. The value of the 
output of non-metallic products for 1921 was 17 p.c. less than in 
1920. This decrease in the value of non-metallic minerals was 
largely due to the decreased production of brick and building stone, 
while the lam- decline in the value of metals produced is explained by 
the decline of the value of nickel production from $5,003,631 in 1920 
to $2,010. 7:&gt;0 in 1 HM, and of silver from $10,873,496 to s.Vl!7,lf&gt;0. 

IN. Production of Silver at the Cobalt and Gowganda Camp, Ontario, 1M4-21. 



Year. 


Oz. 


Val 


rage 
price 


ir. 


Oz. 


Value. 


rage 
price 
per oz. 


. 


206 875 


$ 

1 1 1 . 887 


Cents. 
57-2 


1914.. 


29,681,975 


9 

16,553,981 


Cents. 
57-8 


1905 


2,451,356 


1.360.J 


60-4 


1-.H4 




lJ.7iM.461 


54-8 


1906 


5,401.766 


3,667,551 


66-4 


i !)i:. 




112,1:15.816 


1 ..69 


1907 


10.0":!, ".11 


6, 1 


67-5 


1916 


19.915,090 


12.643.176 


65-66 


1908 




9,133,378 




1 ji: 


IIU.893 


121,013 


81-42 


1909 


25,- 


r.v , 


51-5 


I .ug 


17. (if, 1,694 


17 


98-20 


1910 


30,645, 1M 


i:, 




mi 


11,214 


12,738 


111-12 


1911 


791 


847 







10,846 


lO.ti.VMTl 


100-90 


1912 


- 43,859 


17,408,935 


60-8 




8,2 


5.413, 


65 


























Total 


5, 858, 69* 


158, 099, 336 


61 38 



Alberta.- The Mines Branch of the Department of Public 
Works states that the total production of coal in Alberta during the 
calendar year 1921 was ."&gt;, 937,1! "&gt; short toi s compared with 
6,908,923 tons in 1&lt;)1_&gt;1), a decrease of 971,728 tons. Of natural gas tin- 
production in the province was, according to the Mining, Metal 
lurgical and Chemical Branch of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, 
5,079,044 thousand cubic feet as compared with 5,633,442 thousand 
cubic feet in 1920. 

British Columbia. According to the Annual Report for 
1921 of the Provincial Mineralogist, the total value of the mineral 
production of British Columbia from 1852 to 1921 was $734,259,619, 
distributed among the different mineral products as follows: Placer 
gold, $76,177,403; lode gold, $105,557,977; silver, $55,259,485; lead, 
$48,330,575; copper, $166,393,488; zinc, $21,848,531; coal and 
coke, $225,409,505; building stone, bricks, etc., $34,072,016; miscel 
laneous minerals, etc., $1,210,639. Table 101 shows the value of the 
total mineral production of the province from 1852 to 1921, inclusive. 
The value of the total mineral production for the calendar year 1921 
was $28,066,641, a decrease from that of the previous year of $7,476,- 
443, or 21 p.c. The principal mineral products of British Columbia 
are gold, silver, lead, copper, zinc and coal. Table 102 shows the 
quantity and value of the mineral production of British Columbia for 
the three calendar years 1919-1921. The decrease in 1921 was in 
the main due to a decline both in the quantity and value of silver, 
copper and zinc production. 



350 



PRODUCTION 



101. Value of Total Mineral Production of British Columbia, 1852-1921. 



Year. 


Value. 


Year. 


Value. 


Year. 


Value. 


x 

1852-1892.. 


$ 
81,090,069 


1902.. 


17,486,550 


1912 


$ 
32 440 800 


1893 


3,588,413 


1903 


17,495,954 


1913 


30 296 3Q8 


1894 


4,225,717 


1904 


18,977,359 


1914 


2fi 388 895 


1895 i 


5,643,042 


1905 


22,461,325 


1915 


29 447 508 


1896 


7,507,956 


1906 


24,980,546 


1916 


42 290 462 


1897 


10,455,268 


1907 


25,882 560 


1917 


Q7 010 3Q2 


1898 


10,906,861 


1908 


23,851,277 


1918 


41 782 474 


1899 


12,393,131 


1909 


24,443 025 


1919 


33 2Qfi 31 ^ 


1900 


16,344,751 


1910 


26,377 066 


1920 


35 543 084 


1901 


20,086,780 


1911 


23,499,072 


1921 


28 066 641 






















Total 


734,259,619 















102. Quantity and Value of Mineral Products in British Columbia for the Calendar 

Years 1919-21. 



Products 


19 


19. 


19 


20. 


19 


21. 




Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Gold, placer oz. 


14,325 


$ 
286,500 


11 080 


$ 
221 600 


11 660 


$ 
233 200 


Gold, lode , " 


152,426 


3,150,645 


120 048 


2 481 392 


135 663 


2 804 154 


Silver " 


3,403 119 


3 592 673 


3 377 849 


3 235 980 


2 R73 38Q 


1 *iQ1 201 


Lead Ib. 


29,475,968 


1,526,855 


39 331,218 


2 816 115 


41 402 288 


1 693 354 


Copper " 


42,459,339 


7,939,896 


44,887,676 


7 832 899 


39 036 993 


4 gyg 624 


Zinc " 


56,737,651 


3,540,429 


47,208,268 


3 077 979 


49 419 372 


1 952 065 


Coal 1 . ton 


2,267,541 


11,337,705 


2,595,125 


12 975,625 


2 483 995 


12 419 975 


Cokei " 


91,138 


637,966 


67 792 


474 544 


59 434 


416 038 


Miscellaneous products . . $ 




1,283,644 




2,426,950 




2,077,030 


Total $ 


_ 


33 ,296 ,313 




35 543 084 




28 066 641 

















tons of 2,240 Ib. 

World s Production of Gold and Silver. Table 103, taken from 
the Annual Report for 1921 of the Director of the United States 
Mint, gives by countries the quantity and value of the world s pro 
duction of gold and silver for 1919 and 1920. For 1920 the total 
production of gold amounted to 16,203,123 fine oz., of the value of 
$334,808,866, as compared with 17,629,937 fine oz., valued at $365,- 
789,684 in 1919, and 18,416,386 fine oz., valued at $380,700,489 in 
1918, the decline being due to the increasing cost of operating gold 
mines during these years, while the value of gold per ounce remained 
the same. By countries, the Union of South Africa (Transvaal, Cape 
Colony and Natal) led in 1920 with a production of 8,158,455 
ounces, or slightly more than half the total. The United States 
came second, with a production of 2,476,166 oz., the Commonwealth 
of Australia third with 943,768 oz., Canada fourth with 765,007 oz., 
Mexico fifth with 738,472 oz., and Southern Rhodesia sixth with 
552,498 oz. The world s total production of silver in 1920 was 
174,749,702 fine oz., valued at $178,001,005, as compared with 
176,459,648 oz., valued at $197,633,675 in 1919, being a slight decline 
in quantity and a substantial decline in value, the average price of 
silver in New York being $1-0194 per oz., in 1920, as compared with 



MINERALS 



351 



sl iL OSli in MUD. l&gt;y countries, the lead in silver production in 
I .rjO \VMS taken by Mexico with 66,662,253 o/., followed by the 
United States with 55,361, 573 oz., Canada coming third with 13,330,- 
557 oz. 

103. Quantity and Value of the World s Production of Gold and Silver for the Calen 
dar Years 1919 and 1920. 

in the Annual Report of the Director of the United States Mint.) 



Countries. 


1919. 


1920. 


Gold. 


Sil- 


Gold. 


Sil. 


North America 

1(1:1 . ... 


fine oz. 
76t, 
2,918,628 
75&gt; 


$ 
SO, 423 


lint- 


t 


line OZ. 
.007 

5, If,f, 


$ 

.-,1.1- 


fin&gt; 





Unit -.l States... 
Mexico 


Total 


4,443,746 


91,S60,3SS 


&lt;7. :nr 


I55,26.194 


3,979,645 


82,266,566 


BUI 


n. h 


Central Am 
States and West 
Indies 


159,638 


3,300,000 


l.OOO 


3,138,436 


ir 


1,000 


2,700,000 




South America 
nt ina 


193 

96.750 

37. 

290. 2 51 
38,700 

16 
15,932 
63, 
65 

20 


4,000 
5,000 
2,000.000 
765.000 
6,000,000 
800,000 

33:, 

1,100.000 
1,34 
10 
600,000 


25 

1,900.000 
40,000 

8,000 
9,82: 
4,100 


44 

8,967 
11,008,881 


87 
33 

36 

14 
43 
62 
387 

2: 


3,000 

700.000 
5,800.000 
750,000 

i.OOO 
i.OOO 

8,000 
500,000 


1,800,000 
000 
35,000 

] 

&gt; 8,000 

9,196,282 
4,000 


20 

1,834 

489,312 
35,679 

8,155 

9,374,690 
-^ 

4,078 


vi:i 


/.i\ 


Chile 


&gt;mbia. 


nlor . ... 


Guiana 
Hritish 


I )utch 


French 


Peru... 




!u 


Total 


64.1,344 


13,257,02? 


14 ,753 ,160 


16,536,374 


592 ,4W 


12,246,051 


13,763,282 


14,030,290 


Europe 

Austria. 


6,076 
7,298 

225 
739 

532,115 

482 


125,602 
150,863 

4,651 
15,276 

10,999,791 
9,964 


1.-..432 
58c 
000 
41. ) 
160.000 
i.OOO 
312,820 

400,000 
20,000 
1,548,228 
31,507 
100,000 


17 
65! 
13 

392.305 
350,631 

448.348 
22.417 
1,73* 
35,315 
112,087 


8,761 
7,300 

193 
726 

70,000 
484 


181,106 
150,904 

4.000 
15,000 

1,447,028 
10,000 


13 

1.069 
12.000 
50.000 
150.000 
350.000 
346,706 

50.000 
15,000 
3,191,387 
30,000 
100,000 


14,256 
693,262 
12,233 
50 /(TO 
152,910 
356, 790 
353.432 

50,970 
15,290 
3,263.301 
30,582 
101,940 


Czecho-Slovakia 
France 


Great Britain... . 
Greece 


Italv 


Norway 


Russia and Si 
beria 


Serbia 


Spain . 


Sweden.. . . 


Turkey 


Total 


546,935 


11,306,147 


3,599,320 


4,034,369 


87,461 


1,808,038 


4,989,147 


5 ,085 ,936 


Australasia 
New South 
Wales 


65,839 

589 
121,030 
3,224 
136,428 

734.066 
222,063 
7,686 
11,919 


1,361,013 

12,176 
2,501.912 
66,646 
2,799,545 
15,174,488 
4,590,449 
158.884 
246,388 


5,886,947 

92,098 
561 
6,121 
223,332 
453,, 501 
525,343 


6,598,502 

103,174 
629 
6,861 
250,326 
508,390 
588,841 


48,907 

800 
114,181 
3,000 
152,792 
617,842 
188,337 
6.246 
11,919 


1,010,997 

16. 
2,360.327 
62.015 
3.158.486 
12,771,925 
3,893,265 
129,116 
246.388 


5,886,947 

274.235 
1,005 
6,231 
223,332 
453,567 
623,359 


6,001,154 

279.555 
1.024 
6,352 
227.665 
462.366 
635,452 


Northern Terri 
tory 


Queensland 


South Australia.. 
Victoria 


West Australia... 
New Zealand. . . 
Tasmania 


Papua . . 


Total 


1,301,844 


26,911,501 


7,187,963 


8,056,723 


1,144,024 


23,649,056 


7,468,676 


7,613,568 





352 



PRODUCTION 



103. Quantity and Value of the World s Production of Gold and Silver for the Calen 
dar Years 1919 and 1920. concluded. 



Countries. 


1919. 


1920. 


Gold. 


Silvei. 


Gold. 


Silver. 


Asia 
British India 
China 


fine oz. 
507,260 
159,637 
135,450 

31,444 
92, 592 

16,402 
1,835 
233,405 
21,573 

20, 186 


$ 
10,485,992 
3,300.000 
2,800,000 

650.000 
1,914,043 

339,059 
40,880 
4,824,908 
445,953 

417,282 


fine oz. 
2,165,606 
65,000 
20,000 

1,006,842 

1,000 
4,950,468 
6,269 

25,000 


$ 
2,427,362 
72,857 
22,417 

1,128,539 

1,121 

5,548,831 
7,027 

28,022 


fine oz. 
436,719 
145,125 
145, 125 

29,025 
90,922 

12,853 
1,935 
266,934 
16,353 

20,186 


$ 
9,027,778 
3,000,000 
3,000,000 

600,000 
1,879,525 

265,695 
40,000 
5,518,015 
338,046 

417,282 


fine oz. 

2,870,595 
70,000 
25,000 

1,027,956 

1,000 
5,212,366 
5,179 

25,000 


$ 

2,926,285 
71,358 
25,485 

1,047,898 

1,019 
5,313,486 
5,279 

25,485 


Chosen (Korea) . 
East Indies 
British 


Netherlands... 
Federated Malay 
States 


Indo-China 


Japan . 


Sarawak 


Taiwan (For 
mosa) 


Total 


1,219,784 


25 ,218 ,117 


8 ,240 ,185 


9,236,176 


1 ,165 ,177 


24,086,341 


9,237,096 


9,416,295 


Africa- 
Algeria 


108,442 

225,226 

19,232 
579 

3,990 
22,505 

9,675 

224 
593,222 

8,331,651 


2,241,695 

6,102,862 

294, 195 
11,969 

82,481 
465,220 

200,000 

4,630 
12,262,984 

172,230,473 


170,813 
10,000 

304 

17,682 
1,000 

8,591 
172,000 

891,304 


191,459 
11,209 

340 

19,819 
1,121 

9,629 
192,790 

999,036 


96,804 

230,948 

14,232 
579 

3,990 
22,505 

8,708 

569 
552,498 

8,158,455 


2,001,113 

4,336,771 

294, 195 
11,969 

82,478 
465,220 

180,000 

11,762 
11,421,128 

168,648,178 


150,000 
10,674 

304 

17,682 
1,000 

5,883 
158,982 

892,593 


152,910 
10,881 

310 

18,025 
1,019 

5,997 
162,066 

909,909 


Belgian Congo. . . 
British West 
Africa 
Gold Coast, 
Ashanti and 
Nigeria 


Egypt and 
Abyssinia. . . 
Eritrea 


French West 
Africa, 
Guinea and 
Ivory Coast. 
Madagascar 


Portuguese 
East Africa 
Rhodesia 
Northern 


Southern 


Transvaal ] 


Cape Colony . . . [ 
Natal J 


Total 


9,314,746 


193,896,509 


1,271,694 


1,425,403 


9,089,288 


187,452,814 


1 ,237 ,118 


1,261,117 


Total for the 
World 


17,629,937 


365,789,684 


176,459,648 


197,633,675 


16,203,123 


334,808,866 


174,749,702 


178,001,005 





104. Imports into Canada of Portland Cement, 1898-1922. 



Fiscal 
Year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty 
paid. 


Fiscal 
Year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Duty 
paid. 


1898. . 


Cwt. 
1 073 058 


$ 
355,264 


$ 
121 969 


1910 


Cwt. 
490,809 


$ 
158,487 


$ 
47,984 


1899 


1 300,424 


467,994 


147 146 


1911 


1,283,721 


494,081 


138,969 


1900 


1,301,361 


498,607 


147,067 


1912 


2,592,025 


936,425 


292,914 


1901 


1,612,432 


654,595 


179,550 


1913 


4,958,814 


1,955,177 


597,727 


1902 


1,971,616 


833,657 


233 754 


1914 . . 


709,104 


332,564 


69,658 


1903 


2,316,853 


868,131 


271,004 


1915 


287,402 


123,613 


26,034 


1904 


2,476,388 


995,017 


290,778 


1916 


94,136 


37,048 


9,382 


1905 


3,228,394 


1,234,649 


384,866 


1917 


63,074 


29,719 


6,307 


1906 


2,848,582 


963.839 


328,342 


1918 


26,243 


17,417 


2,624 


19071 


1,551,493 


523,120 


162,250 


1919 


26,687 


26,437 


2,667 


1908 


2,427,381 


852,041 


259,549 


1920 


45,458 


47,156 


3,720 


1909 


1,460,850 


475,676 


159,077 


1921 


132,187 


153,513 


10,502 










1922 


24,952 


34,304 


1,920 



















l Nine months. 



MINERALS 



353 



115. Imports into Canada of Anthracite and Bituminous Coal for home 
consumption during the fiscal years 19(11-1922. 


Fiscal Year. 


Anthracite, 
Free of Duty. 


Bituminous Coal, 
Dutiable. 


1901 


Tons. 
1,933,283 

1,652,451 
1.456,713 
2.275,018 
2,604.137 
2,200.863 
2,014,846 
3,091.159 
3,059.663 
3.152,851 
3,465,774 
4,118,379 
4,237,310 
4,385,799 
4,383,497 
4,429.143 
4,572,440 
5,256.294 
4.752,788 
5.090,767 
4,839,559 
4,416,255 


$ 

7,923,950 

7,021,939 
7.028.664 
10,461,223 
12.093.371 
10,304,303 
9,487,574 
14,199,609 
14,034,020 
14,456,315 
15,750.340 
19.306,639 
20.399,279 
20,734.126 
20.927,539 
20.460.571 
22.806,156 
28.047.226 
26,191,798 
32,647,759 
39,058.148 
39,000.610 


Tons. 
2,516,392 

3,047,392 
3,511.421 
4,053,900 
4,176,274 
4,495.550 
3.807,604 
7,640,121 
6.763,352 
7.017,271 
7,745,571 
10.500.662 
11.060.910 
13.754.244 
9,124,499 
9,631,101 
12,931.075 
16.400,000 
16,569,025 
12,552,910 
15,407,996 
12,752,059 


$ 

4,956,025 

5,712,058 
7,776,717 
9,108,208 
8,022,896 
8,360,349 
7.491.045 
14.843,789 
13.151,449 
13.070,343 
14,597,268 
20,333,268 
20.447,587 
26,140,676 
16.135,920 
10,219,206 
19.270,270 
46.277,715 
44,411,207 
27,424,870 
72,239,952 
39,258.115 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 




NOTE. Anthracite coal dust is included under anthracite coal. For records of previous years, see 
Year Book, 1911, page 420. iXine months. 



106. Exports of Coal, the produce of Canada, 1903-1922. 



Fiscal Year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Fiscal Year. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


1903 


Tons. 
1,797.951 


$ 

5,542 434 


1913 


Tons. 
2 OT*) QQ^ 


$ 

K KCK flQQ 


1904 


1.646,505 


4,346.660 


1914 


1 408 820 


Q 70"? 7fi&gt; 


1905 


1,615,322 


3,930,802 


1915 


1 ."112 487 


44fifi 918 


1906 


1,820,411 


4,643 198 


1916 


1 Q71 10X 


en-io 7A 


1907 (9mos.) 


1,285,346 


3,346,402 


1917 


1 SQQ ISn 


6817 nil 


1908 


1,877,258 


4,810,284 


1918 


1 Q02 010 


8 a a A ft-} a 


1909 


1,613,892 


4,505,221 


1919 


1 82fi fi^Q 


lfl 1AQ 700 


1910 


1,826,339 


5,013,221 


1920 


2 120 138 


IT 1QQ fifift 


1911 


2,315,171 


6,014 095 


1921 


977 OftO 


1fi 101 4.7R 


1912 


1,494,756 


4,338,128 


1922 


1 9V* OW 


IT 182 440 















3813123 



354 



PRODUCTION 



107. Annual Consumption of Coal in Canada, 1886-1921. 



Calendar Year. 


Canadian. 


Imported. 


Total, 
tons. 


Tons 
per 
capita. 


Short tons. 


p.c. 


Short tons. 


p.c. 


1886 


1,595.950 
1,848,365 
2,013,925 
1,992,988 
2,360,196 

2,606,490 
2,464.012 
2,823,187 
2,743,376 
2,467,109 
2,639,055 
2,799,977 
3,023,079 
3,631,882 
3,989,542 

4,912,664 
5,376,413 
6,005,735 
6,697,183 
7.032,661 
7,927,560 
8,617,352 
9,156,478 
8,913,376 
10,532,103 

9,822,749 
12,385,696 
13,450,158 
12,214,403 
11,500,480 
12,348,036 
12,313,603 
13,160,731 
11,849,046 
14,388,541 

13,070,217 


45-9 
45-7 

37-8 
44-4 
47-8 

46-7 
44-4 
47-6 
48-5 
45-7 
45-1 
47-3 
48-0 
47-0 
47-8 

50-5 
51-0 
52-2 
49-2 
48-9 
51-7 
45-0 
47-3 
47-9 
50-2 

40-5 
46-0 
42-6 
45-5 
48-1 
41-3 
37-2 
37-8 
41-1 
40-9 

41-9 


1,884,161 
2,192,260 
3,314,353 
2,490,931 
2,581,187 

2,980,222 
3,082,429 
3,110,462 
2,917,818 
2,933,752 
3,206.456 
3,124,485 
3,274,981 
4,092,361 
4,361,563 

4,810,213 
5,165,938 
5,491,870 
6,909,651 
7,343,880 
7,398,906 
10,549,503 
10,195,424 
9,711,826 
10,438,123 

14,424,949 
14,549,104 
18,132,387 
14,637,920 
12,406,212 
17,517,820 
20,810,132 
21,611,101 
16,982,773 
20,815,596 

18,103,620 


54-1 
54-3 
62-2 
55-6 
52-2 

53-3 
55-6 
52-4 
51-5 
54-3 
54-9 
52-7 
52-0 
53-0 
52-2 

49-5 
49-0 
47-8 
50-8 
51-1 
48-3 
55-0 
52-7 
52-1 
49-8 

59-5 
54-0 
57-4 
54-5 
51-9 
58-7 
62-8 
62-2 
58-9 
59-1 

58-1 


3,480,111 
4,040,625 
5,328,278 
4,483,919 
4,941,383 

5,586,712 
5,546,441 
5,933.649 
5,661,194 
5,400,861 
5,845,511 
5,924,462 
6,298,060 
7,724,243 
8,351,105 

9,722,877 
10,542,351 
11,507,605 
13,606,834 
14,316,541 
15,326,466 
19,166,855 
19,351,902 
18.625,202 
20,970,226 

24,247,698 
26,934,800 
31,582,545 
26,852,323 
23,906,692 
29,865,856 
33,123,735 
34,771,832 
28,831,819 
35,204,137 

31,173,837 


0-758 
0-871 
1-137 
0-946 
1-031 

1-153 
1-133 
1-198 
1-130 
1-066 
1-140 
1-143 
1-200 
1-454 
1-561 

1-810 
1-927 
2-055 
2-346 
2,362 
2-425 
2-947 
2-820 
2-682 
2-960 

3-365 
3-657 
4-196 
3-490 
3-041 
3-717 
4-049 
4-175 
3-401 
4-079 

3-547 


1887 


1888 


1889 


1890 


1891 


1892 


1893 


1894 


1895 


1896 


1897 


1898 


1899 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 . 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 





108. Coal made available for Consumption in Canada, by Provinces, Calendar Year 

1920. (Short tons). 



Province. 


Canadian Coal 


Imported 
from 
the 
United 

States. 


Coal 
available 
for 
con 
sumption. 


Output. 


Received 
from 
other 
Provinces. 


Shipped 
to 
other 
Provinces. 


Exported. 


Prince Edward Island 

Anthracite 


Tons. 


Tons. 
120,670 


Tons. 


Tons. 
2 


Tons. 

5,544 
513 


Tons. 

5,544 
121,181 


Bituminous 


Total 


- 


120,670 


- 


2 


6,057 


126,725 


Nova Scotia 

Anthracite 


6,437,156 


664 


1,421,102 


1,245,673 


45,334 
3,044 


45,334 
3,774,089 


Bituminous 


Total 


6,437,156 


664 


1,421,102 


1,245,673 


48,378 


3,819,423 


New Brunswick 

Anthracite 


171,610 


1,045,771 


38,911 


113,050 


57,859 
936 


57,859 
1.066.35& 


Bituminous 


Total 


171,610 


1,045,771 


38,911 


113,050 


58,795 


1,124,215 





MINERALS 



355 



It8. Coal made available for Consumption in Canada, by Provinces, Calendar 

Year 1920. condiuk d. (Short tons.) 



Province. 


Canadian Coal. 


Imported 
from 
the 
United 
States. 


Coal 
available 
for 
con 
sumption. 


Output. 


Received 
from 
other 
Provinces. 


Shipped 
to 
other 
Provinces. 


Exported. 


Quebec 

Anthracite 


Tons. 


Tons. 

280.880 


Tons. 


Tons. 
1.372 


Tons. 

1,544,456 
3,503,410 


Tons. 

1,544,456 
3,782,918 


Bituminous 


Total 


- 


280,880 


- 


1,372 


5,947,866 


5,327,374 


Ontario, Central- 
Anthracite 


- 


12,028 


- 


mm 


2,945,782 
10,373,324 


2,945,782 
10,385,352 


Bituminous 


Total 


- 


12,028 


- 


- 


13,319,196 


13,331,134 


Head of Lakes- 


- 


629 
14,271 


- 


- 


295,682 
1,963,579 


295,682 
1,964,208 
14,271 


Bituminous 


Lignite. 


Total 


- 


14,tN 


- 


- 


2,259,261 


2,274,161 


Manitoba- 
Anthracite 


- 


1,356 
259,066 
604.465 


- 


721 


17,509 
43,547 


18.865 
301,892 
604.465 


Bituminous 


Lignite 


Total 


- 


8*4,887 


- 


721 


61,956 


925,222 


Manitoba and Head of 
Lakes 1 

Anthracite 


- 


1.356 
259,695 
618.736 


- 


721 


313,191 
2,007,126 


314,547 
2,266,100 
618,736 


Bituminous 


Lignite 


Total 


- 


879,787 


- 


721 


2,329,317 


3,199,383 


Saskatchewan- 
Anthracite 


335, 222 


4,657 
176,618 
1,138,600 


151,018 


3,132 


206 
335 


4,863 
174,021 
1,322,804 


Bituminous 


Lignite 


Total 


335,222 


1,319,875 


151,918 


3,132 


741 


1,591,688 


Alberta- 
Anthracite 


127,513 
3,419,147 
3,361,105 


9,278 
599 


11,072 
366.568 
1,658,895 


3,106 


517 
607 


116,958 
3,059,358 
1,702,809 


Bituminous 


Lignite 


Total 


1,907,7(5 


9,877 


2,936,535 


3,10* 


1,124 


4,879,125 


British Columbia and 
Yukon- 
Anthracite 


3,095,011 


5,059 
69.225 
51,978 


148,248 


1,191,167 


75 
13,137 


5,134 
1,837,958 
51,978 


Bituminous 


Lignite 


Total 


3,095,911 


126,2(2 


148,248 


1,191,1(7 


13,212 


1,895,979 


Canada 

Anthracite . 


127,513 
13,122,924 
3,696,327 


- 


- 


2,558,223 


4,912,964 
15,902,632 


5,040.477 
26,467,333 
3,696,327 


Bituminous 


Lignite 


Total 


16,94$ ,7(4 


- 


- 


2,558,223 


20,815,596 


35,204,137 





J These figures are the sum of those given under the two previous headings. 

38131 



356 PRODUCTION 



MANUFACTURES. 

Manufacture is defined as the operation of making wares from raw 
materials, by the hands, by art or by machinery, thus adding, in the 
phraseology of the economist, new utilities and therefore additional 
value, to the already existing utilities and values of the raw material. 
Manufacture, in primitive societies and in the pioneer stages of new 
communities, is normally carried on within the household for the 
needs of the household, as was the case among the early settlers of 
Canada in the seventeenth and -eighteenth centuries. At a later 
period in the evolution of society, manufactures are carried on in 
specialized workshops for the needs of the immediate locality or 
neighbourhood, as was generally the case in Eastern Canada in the first 
half of the nineteenth century. Later still, as a consequence of the 
introduction of machinery operated by steam or electric power the 
so-called "Industrial Revolution -and of the cheapening of trans 
portation, manufacture has to an increasing extent been concentrated 
in factories, often employing hundreds and even thousands of persons 
and producing for a national or even for an international market. 
So far as Canada is concerned, this "industrial revolution" may be 
said to have commenced shortly before Confederation and to be still 
in progress. The growth of manufacturing production since 1870 
is outlined in this article and the accompanying Table 109, while the 
increasing importance of manufacturing for the international market 
may be illustrated by reference to the statistics of Table 7 of the 
Trade and Commerce section of the 1920 Year Book, which shows that 
Canadian exports of manufactured produce increased from less than 
$3,000,000 per annum on the average of 1871-1875 to $435,000,000 
in the post-war fiscal year ended March 31, 1920. 

The kind of manufactures to be established in a community will 
in the beginning be largely determined, more especially where trans 
portation charges are high, by the type of raw materials available 
in that community. For example, probably the first agricultural 
process to be carried on by Europeans in what is now the Dominion of 
Canada, was the raising of a crop of grain at Port Royal, Nova Scotia, 
in 1605; the first manufacturing processes were the construction of a 
mill equipped with a water wheel and the grinding of the grain into 
flour in the autumn of the same year. Other earlier manufactures 
were also necessarily connected with the satisfaction of the primary 
needs of human beings for food, clothing and shelter, and with the 
other primary need for protection. At a census of occupations taken 
in 1681, we find a comparatively large number of tailors and shoe 
makers, masons and carpenters, gunsmiths and edge-tool makers, 
enumerated. 

The earlier manufactures were necessarily of a rather crude and 
primitive type, concerned with the preparation of commodities 
which were too bulky to bear the heavy transportation charges of 
those days, when only one round trip per annum could be made 
between France and Quebec, and vessels were constantly subject to 
the storms of the North Atlantic and very frequently to the attacks 



MANUFACTURES 357 



of the English. Indeed, although the colonial policy of France 
under the old regime aimed at preventing the manufacture in Canada 
of any article which could be imported from the mother country, 
the uncertainties of transportation due to the colonial wars of the 
period France and England were at war for 34 years out of the 74 
years between 1689 and 1763 led to a necessary relaxation of 
restrictions. On the occasion of the English capture of a convoy in 
1705, the colonists were driven to manufacture rough cloth out of 
whatever fibres they could obtain, such as the Canadian nettle and 
the inner bark of the basswood. Such events led to the introduction 
of sheep-raising and the growth of the domestic manufacture of 
homespun woollens. The number of sheep in the colony increased 
from 1,820 in 1706 to 12,175 in 1720, 28,022 in 1765, 84,696 in 1784 
and 829,122 in Lower Canada alone in 1827. This increase in sheep 
approximately measures the growth of the manufacture of homespun 
woollens. 

In the days when ships were built of wood, a country where wood 
was so plentiful as in Canada possessed the raw materials for pro 
duction. Font-Grave" built two small vessels at Port Royal in 1606 
and one at Tadoussac in 1608. Talon in 1666 built on his private 
account a ship of 120 tons, and in 1672 a vessel of 400 to 500 tons 
was on the stocks at Quebec. Ships were built for the French navy 
and for the West India trade. Under the British regime shipbuilding 
was conducted on a large scale in Quebec and New Brunswick, the 
industry reaching its climax of prosperity about 1865, when 105 
Quebec-built ships with a tonnage of 59,333 tons were placed on the 
register. Thereafter iron and steel ships gradually supplanted the 
wooden vessels. The forests of Canada have since provided the 
raw material for the great pulp and paper industry. 

The development of mines has been of comparatively recent 
date. Iron deposits in the St. Maurice regions were worked as 
early as 1733 and furnaces set up there for smelting in 1737 were in 
fairly constant operation until 1883. The iron and steel used in 
manufacturing in Canada, as well as the coal which has supplied the 
manufacturing industries with power, have in the main been imported 
from the United States, chiefly because the principal manufacturing 
centres of the country in the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes region 
were fairly conveniently situated with regard to the coal and iron 
supplies of the United States, and far away from the coal and iron 
supplies of the Maritime Provinces. In recent years the shortage 
of coal is made up for by the increasing use of electric power, but 
the great bulk of the pig-iron used in Canadian manufactures is still 
imported. 

During the first half of the nineteenth century, the manufactures 
carried on in Canada were mainly domestic carried on in the house 
hold or in small adjoining buildings. In 1827, according to census 
records, there were in Lower Canada 13,243 spinning-wheels, and 
1,153,673 French ells of home-made cloth, 808,240 French ells of 
home-made flannel, and 1,058,696 French ells of home-made linen 
were produced. In 1842 Upper Canada produced 433,527 yards of 



358 PRODUCTION 



home-made cloth, 166,881 yards of home-made linen and 727,286 
yards of home-made flannel, and in 1848, 624,971 yards of fulled cloth, 
71,715 yards linen and 1,298,172 yards flannel. Nova Scotia in 
1851 produced 119,698 yards fulled cloth, 790,104 yards non-fulled 
cloth, and 219,352 yards flannel. Such production of homespun 
goods did not materially interfere with the market for the more 
elaborate factory-made goods imported from the United Kingdom, 
but supplied the numerous daughters in the large families of the 
pioneers with useful work in their own homes. 

The factory system of production, because of the great econ 
omies in production made possible by the division of labour and the 
use of mechanical power, was to come into vogue in Canada as well 
as in the mother country and the United States. In 1858 and 1859, 
the Government of the then province of Canada adopted the policy 
of granting " incidental protection to the growing industries of the 
province, and denied the right of the colonial secretary to disallow 
the tariff legislation of these years in deference to the protests of 
British manufacturers. From that time to the present there has 
been an element of protection in the Canadian tariff, though at 
Confederation the tariff was lowered to meet the wishes of the Mari 
time Provinces, which were commercial rather than manufacturing 
communities. 

The first post-Confederation census of Canadian manufacturing 
production was taken in 1871, as for the previous year, and the 
summary statistics of this and subsequent censuses are given in Table 
109, which shows a striking increase in manufactures during the period 
of nearly half a century which the statistics cover. Owing to the 
increase in prices and the emergency production of munitions this 
growth has been particularly great in recent years, while the increased 
use of hydro-electric power in the coal-less industrialized districts of 
Ontario and Quebec has been another great factor in recent indus 
trial development. 

In the present as in the past, Canadian manufacturing pro- 
ducton has been chiefly dependent upon the use of Canadian raw 
material, though this has recently been less true than formerly. 
Raw cotton, for example, is imported from the Southern States, 
hides from the Argentine, rubber from the Straits Settlements and 
Malay Peninsula, sugar from Cuba and the British West Indies, and 
wool from Australia and New Zealand, to supply the raw material 
for Canadian manufacturing industries. Nevertheless, as stated by 
Prof. Mavor of Toronto in the Oxford Survey of the British Empire, 
the most important industrial activities in the Eastern industrial 
region, are as of old necessarily devoted to the exploitation of the 
raw materials with which the region abounds and to the manufacture 
of these. The forest industries take a prominent place, including 
the preparation of timber for construction purposes; the manufac 
ture of doors and windows; of matches, of wood pulp and paper. 
Naturally also, the manufacture of food products is an industry of 
the greatest importance in a food-producing country, and the manu 
facture of agricultural machinery is also an important branch of 



MANUFACTURES 359 



industry. During the period of development since the commence 
ment of the present century, the manufacture of such materials of 
construction as iron, steel and cement has come to be of the greatest 
importance. 

Growth of Large-Scale Production.- The growth of large- 
scale production in manufactures during the past fifty years is 
evident from the statistics of Table 109, though this tendency has 
been less marked in Canada than in more highly developed industrial 
communities, with larger populations able to absorb a larger amount 
of standardized commodities. Even so, in the electoral district of 
South Toronto, the most important manufacture &lt;; centre of Ontario, 
the census of 1911 showed that one-half of the industrial establish 
ments employed 90 p.c. of the workers. In the period immediately 
preceding the Great War many consolidations of previously indepen 
dent manufacturing plants were effected, involving large economies 
in the purchase of materials and in selling expenses. 

The historical Table 109 shows fairly well the advance of the 
Industrial Revolution (which might better be called Evolution) in 
Canada. The average capital per manufacturing establishment, 
the average number of employees per establishments, the average 
value of products per establishment, have been fairly continuously 
on the increase. If the consolidation of industry lessens the chances 
of an employee becoming a master, it must also be remembered 
that the amounts paid to employees in salaries and wages have also 
increased, so that the position of the average employee has been 
greatly ameliorated, though the lack of statistics on Canadian prices 
before 1890 prevents us from accurately comparing the purchasing 
power of the average wages of the worker in 1870 and of the employee 
of 1919. 

The comparability of the statistics of the various censuses is 
seriously affected by the different methods employed in taking the 
census. In the censuses of 1870, 1880 and 1890, all manufacturing 
establishments were included, the instructions to enumerators 
running as follows: "An industrial establishment is a place where 
one or several persons are employed in manufacturing, altering, 
making up or changing from one shape into another, materials for 
sale, use or consumption, quite irrespectively of the amount of 
capital employed or of the products turned out. All repairs, mending 
or custom work are understood to be industrial products and are to 
be entered accordingly, by value, in the returns of industrial estab 
lishments". 

In the statistics for 1900, 1905, and 1910, however, only estab 
lishments employing five hands and upwards were included. The 
1901 instructions are that no manufacturing establishment or factory 
will be so recognized for census purposes which does not employ at 
least five persons, either in the establishment itself or as pieceworkers 
employed out of it. This, however, did not apply to cheese and butter 
factories nor to certain mineral products. The 1911 instructions 
stated that every factory in operation during the whole or part of 



360 PRODUCTION 



1910, and employing five or more persons, was to make a full report. 
All flour mills, saw and shingle mills, lime kilns, brick and tile works, 
butter and cheese factories, fish curing plants, electric light and 
power plants whatsoever were nevertheless to be included. The 
statistics for 1915 included only establishments having an output of 
$2,500 or over, irrespective of the number of persons employed, 
except in the case of flour and grist mills, butter and cheese factories, 
fish preserving factories, saw-mills, brick and tile yards, lime kilns 
and electric light plants, where all plants were included. 

In the census of industry of 1917, the limit of output was with 
drawn and all establishments reporting to the Bureau were included, 
the effect being an increase in the number of establishments included 
from 21,306 in 1915 to 34,392 in 1917 an increase due mainly to 
change of method, rather than to a change in the actual number of 
industrial establishments existing in the Dominion. Similar methods 
have been pursued in the censuses of 1918 and 1919, so that the 
results for the three years are strictly comparable, a fact which has 
been the guiding principle in framing the tables included in this part 
of the Year Book. As the establishments included for the first 
time in the 1917 census were those which carried on business only 
on a small scale, their inclusion affected only to a minor extent the 
statistics of those engaged in production and of the value of products. 

Recent Censuses of Manufactures. The census of manu 
factures has since 1917 been taken by the Dominion Bureau of 
Statistics annually instead of quinquennially. The last of the 
quinquennial censuses was taken in 1916 for the calendar year 1915, 
and the first annual censuses were taken in 1918, 1919 and 1920 for 
the calendar years 1917, 1918 and 1919. 

In any comparison between the results of the 1915 quinquennial 
census and the subsequent annual censuses the rapid rise in prices 
must be borne in mind, and in comparisons between these annual 
censuses themselves the same factor must be taken into account. 
The Canadian index number of wholesale prices was 293.2 for 1919 as 
compared with 278.3 for 1918, 237.0 for 1917 and 148.0 in 1915. 
Under such circumstances it was inevitable that considerable in 
creases in the money value of products should have been recorded, 
and that wages and salaries paid should also have greatly advanced 
since 1915. 

Summary statistics of manufactures for 1917, 1918 and 1919, are 
contained in Table 111, significant features of which are the increase 
in capital, salaries, wages, and value of products during the period. 
More detailed statistics by groups of industries are given in Table 112, 
which shows among other things, an extraordinary decline in the value 
of iron and steel products and of chemical products in 1919 as com 
pared with 1918, accounted for by the transition from war to peace. 
This decline was observable both in the cost of raw materials and in 
the value of finished products, while the comparative stagnation 
in these industries was also reflected in a decline in the number of 
wage-earners, the number in the iron and steel industry, for example, 



MANUFACTURES 361 



falling from 69,466 in 1918 to 56,442 in 1919, and in the chemical 
industry from 16,541 to 12,216. The miscellaneous industries 
group also declined greatly in value of products and in number of 
employees owing to the cessation of the manufacture of ammunition, 
which fell in gross value of product from $186,034,920 in 1918 to 
$3,709,428, and in number of wage-earners from 35,046 to 1,321. 

On the whole, it may be stated that 1919, partly owing to the 
higher prices, was a very prosperous year for Canadian manufac 
tures outside of the munitions and war supplies industries. 

Statistics of number of establishments, capital, cost of materials, 
and value of products, are given for some 300 different industries for 
the years 1917, 1918, 1919, in Table 112, and statistics of the number 
of salary-earning and wage-earning employees and of salaries and 
wages paid in these same industries are given in Table 113. Among 
the chief of these individual industries are the butter and cheese 
industry, the flour and grist mill industry, the slaughtering and meat 
packing industry, the refined sugar industry and the log products 
industry, each of which turned out in 1919 gross products exceeding 
$100,000,000 in value. Industries having a ross product of between 
$50,000,000 and $100,000,000 in 1919 were biscuit and confectionery, 
bread and other bakery products, cottons, foundry and machine shop 
products, rolling mills and steel furnaces, boots and shoes, smelting, 
wood pulp and paper. For details regarding capitalization, products, 
number of employees and wa.ues paid in these and other industries, 
the reader is referred to the tables. 

The growth and prosperity of most of the cities and large towns 
of Canada is intimately connected with the condition of their manu 
facturing industries. Statistics of the manufacturing industries in all 
cities and towns of over 5,000 population throughout the country, as 
ascertained at the censuses of 1917 ,1918 and 1919, are given in Table 
114. As a consequence of the return to peace time conditions, the 
figures for 1919 are in many cases strikingly reduced from those of 
1918, as in the cases of Sydney and Sault Ste. Marie. Cities having a 
gross manufacturing production of over $100,000,000 each in 1919, in 
the order of the value of their products, were Montreal, Toronto, 
Hamilton, Winnipeg. Vancouver, the only city in the $50,000,000 
to $100,000,000 class in 1919, produced manufactures to the gross 
value of $88,104,138. Other important manufacturing cities pro 
ducing in 1919 goods to a gross value of between $30,000,000 and $50,- 
000,000 were, in the order of value produced, London, St. John, 
N.B., Ottawa, Kitchener, Sydney, Brantford, Oshawa, Calgary, 
Quebec, Edmonton and Peterborough. For details the reader is 
referred to Table 114. 

Summary statistics of the number of salaried and wage-earning 
employees of manufacturing industries, with the amount of salaries 
and wages paid in 1919, are given in Table 115. Information collected 
at this census regarding weekly wages of employees in manufacturing 
industries, is tabulated by groups of industries and by wage groups in 
the Wages subsection of the Labour, Wages and Prices section of the 
Year Book, and to this the student of industrial wages is referred. 



362 



PRODUCTION 



109. Historical Summary of Statistics of Manufactures, by Provinces, 1870 to 1919. 

(All establishments irrespective of the number of employees.) 



Provinces. 


Estab 
lish 
ments. 


Capital. 


Em 
ployees 


Salaries 
and wages. 


Cost of 
materials. 


Net 
Value of 
products. 


Gross 
Value of 
products. 


1870. 
Canada 


No. 
41,259 

4,912 
3,479 
13,818 
19,050 

49,722 

1,617 
5,493 
3,005 
15,754 
23,070 
334 
415 
24 

75,964 

2,679 
10,495 
5,429 
23,034 
32,151 
1,031 
770 
375 


$ 
77,964,020 

6,041,966 
5,976,176 
28,071,868 
37,874,010 

165,302,623 

2,085,776 
10,183,060 
8,425,282 
59,216,992 
80,950,847 
1,383,331 
2,952,835 
104,500 

353,213,000 

2,911,963 
19,730,736 
15,821,855 
116,974,615 
175,972,021 
5,684,237 
14,404,394 
1,713,179 


No. 
187,942 

15,595 
18,352 
66,714 
87,281 

354,935 

5,767 
20,390 
19,922 
85,673 
118,308 
1,921 
2,871 
83 

369,595 

7,910 
34,944 
26,675 
116,753 
166,322 
4,403 
11,507 
1,081 


$ 
40,851,009 

3,176,266 
3,869,360 
12,389,673 
21,415,710 

59,429,002 

807,208 
4,098,445 
3,866,011 
18,333,162 
30,604,031 
755,507 
929,213 
35,425 

100,415,350 

1,101,620 
7,233,111 
5,970,914 
30,461,315 
49,730,359 
1,905,981 
3,586,897 
425,153 


$ 
124,907,846 

5,806,257 
9,431,760 
44,555,025 
65,114,804 

179,918,593 

1,829,210 
10,022,030 
11,060,842 
62,563,967 
91,164,156 
1,924,821 
1,273,816 
79,751 

250,759,292 

2,092,067 
16,062,479 
12,501,453 
80,712,496 
127,737,371 
5,688,151 
5,119,258 
846,017 


$ 
96,709,927 

6,531,848 
7,935,927 
32,650,157 
49,591,995 

129,757,475 

1,570,998 
8,553,296 
7,451,816 
42,098,291 
66,825,714 
1,488,205 
1,652,968 
116,187 

219,088,594 

2,253,843 
14,905,913 
11,348,202 
66,747,087 
111,504,555 
4,467,031 
6,880,670 
981,293 


$ 
221,617,773 

12,338,105 

17,367,687 
77,205,182 
114,706,799 

309,676,068 

3,400,208 
18,575,326 
18,512,658 
104,662,258 
157,989,870 
3,413,026 
2,926,784 
195,938 

469,847,886 

4,345,910 
30,968,392 
23,849,655 
147,459,583 
239,241,926 
10,155,182 
11,999,928 
1,827,310 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 
Quebec 


Ontario 


1880. 
Canada 


P.E. Island 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 
Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


British Columbia. . 
The Territories... . 
1890. 
Canada 


P.E. Island 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 
Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba . 


British Columbia. 
The Territories 




(Establishments with five hands and over.) 


1890. 
Canada 1 


14,065 

14,650 

334 
1,188 
919 
4,845 
6,543 
324 

105 
392 

12,547 

223 
720 
531 
4,115 
6,163 
280 
55 
97 
363 

19,218 

442 
1,480 
1,158 
6,584 
8,001 
439 
173 
290 
651 

15,593 

261 
781 
630 
5,743 
6,538 
499 
238 
282 
621 


446,916,487 

2,081,766 
34,586,416 
20,741,170 
142,403,407 
214,972,275 
7,539,691 

1,689,870 
22,901,892 

833,916,155 

1,553,916 
74,599,538 
26,461,664 
251,730,182 
390,875,465 
27,070,665 
3,820,975 
5,400,371 
52,403,379 

1,247,583,609 

2,013,365 
79,596,341 
36,125,012 
326,946,925 
595,394,608 
47,941,540 
7,019,951 
29,518,346 
123,027,521 

1,958,705,230 

1,841,690 
125,754,562 
45,970,488 
530,312,464 
946,619,114 
94,690,750 
14,736,860 
41,198,897 
157,580,405 


272,033 

339,173 

3,804 
23,284 
22,158 
110,329 
161,757 
5,219 

1,168 
11,454 

383,920 

2,770 
23,754 
19,170 
116,748 
184,526 
10,113 
1,376 
1,983 
23,480 

515,203 

3,762 
28,795 
24,755 
158,207 
238,817 
17,325 
3,250 
6,980 
33,312 


79,234,311 

113,249,350 

445,998 
5,613,571 
5,748,990 
36,550,655 
56,548,286 
2,419,549 

465,763 
5,456,538 

162,155,578 

409,915 
9,139,371 
6,497,161 
46,514,619 
80,729,889 
5,800,707 
681,381 
1,129,272 
11,253,263 

241,008,416 

531,017 
10,628,955 
8,314,212 
69,432,967 
117,645,784 
10,912,866 
1,936,284 
4,365,661 
17,240,670 

383,311,505 

543,954 
17,175,818 
8,767,230 
80,324,171 
140,609,691 
13,389,569 
2,440,062 
4,791,281 
15,269,729 


266,527,858 

1,319,058 
13,161,077 
10,814,014 
86,679,779 
138,230.400 
7,955,504 

1,121,342 

7,246,684 

601,509,018 

1,816,804 
26,058,315 
18,516,096 
184,374,053 
297,580,125 
30,499,829 
2,747,266 
9,998,777 
29,917,753 

791,943,433 

1,499,066 
36,194,004 
21,314,643 
213,754,115 
110,670,537 
38,529,386 
7,417,166 
20,699,967 
41,864,549 


368,696,723 

214,525,517 

1,007,650 
10,431,436 
10,158,456 
71,608,215 
103,303,086 
4,971,935 

843,645 
12,201,094 

564,466,621 

1,319,666 
26,647,869 
16,906,206 
166,527,603 
282,230,100 
23,173,780 
3,584,866 
8,790,048 
35,286,483 

589,603,792 

1,087,757 
33,151,815 
15,989,257 
167,449,884 
304,861,302 
21,952,060 
5,938,040 
8,716,254 
30,457,423 


481,053,375 

2,326,708 
23,592,513 
20,972,470 
158,287,994 
241,533,486 
12,927,439 

1,964,987 
19,447,778 

706,446,578 

1,696,459 
31,987,449 
21,833,564 
216,478,496 
361,372,741 
27,857,396 
2,443,801 
4,979,932 
37,796,740 

1,165,975,639 

3,136,470 
52,706,184 
35,422,302 
350,901,656 
579,810,225 
53,673,609 
6,332,132 
18,788,825 
65,204,236 

1,381,547,225 

2,586,823 
69,345,819 
37,303,900 
381,203,999 
715,531,839 
60,481,446 
13,355,206 
29,416,221 
72,321,972 


1900. 
Canada 


P.E. Island 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 
Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Alberta and 
Saskatchewan 
British Columbia 
1905. 
Canada 


P.E. Island 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 
Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 
1910. 
Canada 


P.E. Island 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 
Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba . . 


Saskatchewan . 


Alberta 
British Columbia 
1915. 
Canada 


P.E. Island 


Nova Scotia. . . . 


New Brunswick 
Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 



^These statistics are not available by Provinces. 

NOTE For 1915 the number of employees in establishments employing 5 hands and over has not been 
compiled. 



MANUFACTURES 



363 



109. Historical Summary of Statistics of Manufactures, by Provinces, 1870 to 191$. concluded. 
(All establishments irrespective of the number of employees.) 



Provinces. 


kb- 

lish- 
mcnts. 


Capital. 


Em 
ployees. 


iries 
and wages. 


Cost of 
materials. 


Net 
Value of 
products. 


Gross 

Value of 
products. 


1915. 
Canada 


No. 
21.306 


$ 

1,994,103,272 


No. 
497,170 


$ 

;v&gt;,S9,291 


S 

802,135,362 


1 

605,001,27s 


$ 

1,407,137,140 


r I Nluml 


291 


1,006,564 




4 ,7 




1,126,142 


2,646,469 


Nova Scotia 


- 


126,539,183 


33, 5M 


16,316,712 


37,738,161 


33,122,595 


70,860,756 


New Brunswick 

( &gt;uel&gt;ec 


714 
7,158 


46,290,014 

548,! 72,;i7;i 


17. 
148, 


8,765,433 
80,217.258 


21,495 

2 If,, 4ii7.SU 


16,336.710 
171,402,741 


37,832,034 
387,900,585 


Ontario 


287 




05 


1H, 072, 317 


415 


312.637,320 


727,923,274 


Manitoba 


840 




19,668 


13,614,857 


38,513, r,i4 


DM), 670 


61,594,184 


Saskatchewan 


457 


16,788. 


3,- 


705,754 


7,678,410 


J4.158 


14,162.574 


\llnTti 


$84 


42. 


7,255 


5,074,742 


21,121,439 


9,471, 3!I4 


:).5 .I2,833 


British Columbia. . 
1917. 
Canada 


1,007 
34.392 


158,636,983 
2,786,64.r. &gt; 7 


21,054 
674,910 


14,567,751 
,&gt;.)0,192,069 


,284,883 
1,605,730,640 


31,339,548 
1,409,847,300 


73,624,431 
3,015,577,940 


P.E Island 


534 


:!74 


1, 


837 


12,488 


2,11 


5,517,910 


Nov:i Scotia 


2,117 


136,521 


31, 


23.553,090 


109,736,731 


66,tv,2,2!i4 


176. 36.), 025 


New Brunswick. . . . 
Quebec 


1,423 
10,042 




21.363 
211,018 


13,822,446 
158.134. 


,090 
403,422.445 


,084,376 

427.191,584 


62,417,41-6 
830,614,029 


Ontario 


14, 






708 


,842,054 


710,896,601 


1,533,738.655 


M anitoba 


1,329 


101,145,033 


670 


19,599,051 


,131.719 


49, 67:;, 162 


122,804,881 


Saskatchewan 


1,4 


33,114 


8,210 


7,007. 


23. 


17,208,251 


40,657,746 


Alberta 


1,317 


63,215,444 


11,524 


10,387, 


806,94] 


27,772,482 


71,669,423 


British Columbia. . 
Yukon 


1.77J 
11 


221,436,100 
3,739,171 


40,098 
71 


38,269,366 
118,801 


92,489,277 
26,403 


78,936,339 
336,786 


171,425,616 
363,189 


1918. 
Canada 


35,797 


3,034,301,91.) 


678.337 


(29,790,644 


1,900,252,314 


1,557,784,661 


3,458,036,975 


P.E. Island 


;-; 




1,417 


777,067 


3,547,800 


2,146,078 


5,693,878 


Nova Scotia 


l . . ) 


133,262,649 


29, 


.63,978 


93,540 


66,869 


100,409,890 


New Brunswick 
Quebec 


1,364 
10,540 


74,470,879 
860,468,768 


19,888 
207,494 


14,247,388 
175,800,005 


34,513,640 

472.444 


33,819,429 

448, 176,. ".72 


68,333,069 
920,621,171 


Ontario 


15,365 


1,508,011,435 


333,972 


320,740,214 


1,00^ 


800,242,297 


I,M)!,067,001 


M anitoba 


1,444 


105,983.159 


215,887 


23,389,683 


92,600,183 


52,431,327 


145,031,510 


Saskatchewan 


1,422 


39,476,260 


8,066 


8,496,172 


30,614,183 


19,395,452 


50,009,635 


Alberta.. 


1,252 


61,405,933 


9,894 


10,249,465 


54,740,907 


17,101,515 


82,434,422 


British Columbia. . 
Vukon 


1,786 
15 


244,697,241 
3,638,929 


44,039 
61 


50,422 
104,509 


109,403,517 
22.124 


106,772,000 
238,758 


216,175,517 
260,882 


1919. 
Canada 


38.344 


I^MyMMN 


682,434 


689,435,70) 


1,875,615,877 


1,645,115,712 


3,520,731,589 


P.E. Island 


539 


^67,035 


1,1 


973,306 


4,269,843 


2,599,741 


6,869,584 


Nova Scotia 


2,249 


131,914,231 


28,105 


24,557,105 


74,928,099 


65,196,996 


140,125,095 


New Brunswick 
Quebec 


1,439 
11,061 


89,958,882 
936,712,12:. 


24,248 
205,. r &gt;M 


19,244,350 
189,732,521 


53,471,290 
517,596,980 


46,534,315 
470,987,843 


100,005,605 
988,574,823 


Ontario 


16,438 


1,583,161.271 


i23 . 


6, 579, 559 


943,622,018 


793,921,978 


1,737,543,996 


Manitoba 


1,629 


111,535,665 


. 7,354 


30,695,829 


90,539,234 


62,480,875 


153,020,109 


Saskatchewan 


1,534 


35,869,588 


9,479 


11,437,427 


35,437,613 


24,314,873 


59,752,486 


Alberta 


1,379 


66,673,667 


12,997 


15,186,068 


55,796,219 


39,059,540 


.4,855,759 


British Columbia. . 
Yukon 


2,064 
19 


268,419,281 
3,574,623 


49,671 

42 


60,964,272 
65,272 


99,944,539 
20,042 


139,850,449 
169,102 


239,794,988 
183,144 



















110. Summary Statistics of Manufactures of Canada, 1917, 1918 and 1919. 

(All establishments irrespective of the number of employees.) 



Items. 


1917 


1918. 


1919. 


Increase 
p. c. 
1918-19. 


Establishments 


. No. 


34,392 
2,786,649,727 
81,026 
73,605 
94,992,246 
1,291 
601,305 
455,199,823 
757 
1,605,730,640 
1,409,847,300 
3,015.577,940 
87,682 
17,157 
3,109,606 


35,797 
3,034,301,915 
84,764 
75,221 
107,503.074 
1,429 
603,116 
522,287,570 
866 
1,900,252,314 
1,557,784,661 
3,458,036,975 
96,601 
14,197 
3,520,544 


38,344 
3,230,686,368 
84,229 
88,316 
130,855,002 
1.482 
594,118 
558,580,707 
940 
1,875,615,877 
1,645,115,712 
3,520,731,589 
91 .820 
15,374 
3,401,663 


7.12 
6.47 
0.63 
17.41 
21.72 
3.71 
1.49 
6.95 
8.54 
1.30 
5.61 
1.81 
4.95 
8.29 
3.38 


Capital . ... 




Average capital per establishment 




Employees on salaries 


. No 


Salaries 




Average salary 




Employees on wages 


. No. 


Wages 




Average wage 




Cost of materials f . . 




Value added in manufacture 




Value of products 




Average value products per establishment 
Piece Workers 1 No. 


Earnings of piece workers 


. $ 







NOTE Minus ( ) denotes decrease, 
earnings. 



&gt;Not included in general statistics of number of employees or 



364 



PRODUCTION 



111. Summary Statistics of Manufactures, by Groups 



Groups of Industries. 


Establishments . 


Capital. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1 . Food products 


No. 

8,009 
4,112 
1,049 

4,463 
1,249 
1,819 
433 
333 
913 

2,311 
176 

970 
201 
2,378 
5,976 


No. 

7,968 
4,191 
1,064 

4,594 
1,672 
1,762 
391 
337 
793 

2,392 
153 

893 
204 
2,595 

,6,788 


No. 

8,031 
4,366 
1,135 

4,966 
2,057 
1,803 
405 
312 
558 

2,942 
144 

897 
177 
2,610 
7,941 


1 

299,032,589 
203,308,587 
307,407,980 

289,169,396 
76,315,861 
224,176,986 
48,178,985 
117,903,392 
79,420,372 

123,459,129 

27,277,858 

219,766,079 
42,966,932 
680,385,347 
47,880,234 


$ 

340,499,122 
237,724,097 
339,483,020 

334,104,182 
76,652,767 
242,046,328 
47,973,751 
134,377,823 
73,528,361 

132,757,003 
32,948,356 

179,799,539 
57,444,939 
742,635,175 
62,327,452 


$ 

359,366,536 
265,819,050 
349,929,834 

395,808,490 
88,272,360 
288,974,274 
45,236,675 
138,133,759 
86,081,326 

145,351,322 
37,639,965 

122,883,658 
72,114,691 
753,834,956 
81,239,472 


2. Textiles 


3 . Iron and steel products 


4 . Timber and lumber and re-manufac 
tures 


5. Leather and its finished products 
6. Paper and printing 


7 . Liquors and beverages 


8 . Chemicals and allied products . . 


9 . Clay, glass and stone products 


10. Metals and metal products other 
than steel 


11. Tobacco and its manufactures 


12. Vehicles for land and air transporta 
tion 


13. Vehicles for water transportation 
14. Miscellaneous industries 


15. Hand trades 


Totals 


34,392 


35,797 


38,344 


2,786,649,727 


3,034,301,915 


3,230,686,368 





Groups of Industries. 


Employees on 
Salaries. 


Salaries Paid. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1 . Food products 


No. 

9,684 
7,969 
7,088 

6,823 
2,717 
7,236 
1,070 
2,881 
998 

3,407 
1,296 

5,737 
872 
13,587 
2,240 


No. 

12,036 

7,569 
7,082 

6,593 
2,319 
7,797 
949 
2,850 
978 

3,682 
1,039 

3,573 
1,403 
14,836 
2,515 


No. 

13,864 
10,537 
8,051 

8,608 
2,855 
9,547 
927 
2,815 
1,018 

4,672 
1,325 

4,088 
1,432 
15,268 
3,309 


$ 

10,823,434 
11,128,445 
9,790,373 

9,689,696 
3,735,282 
9,393,948 
1,696,576 
4,003,162 
1,386,870 

4,681,735 
1,773,794 

6,351,749 
998,341 
16,601,693 
2,936,948 


$ 

14,420,250 
11,711,389 
11,566,806 

9,835,274 
3,372,088 
11,041,001 
1,619,113 
4,524,669 
1,493,600 

5,578,802 
1,563,801 

5,247,893 
1,923,055 
20,304,583 
3,300,750 


$ 

17,681,234 
14,946,343 
13,518,253 

12,734,049 
4,751,016 
14,844,110 
1,484,443 
4,803,087 
1,792,118 

6,551,620 
2,367,599 

6,679,565 
2,616,933 
21,175,982 
4,908,650 


2 . Textiles 


3. Iron and steel products 


4. Timber and lumber and re-manufac 
tures 


5. Leather and its finished products 
6. Paper and printing 


7. Liquors and beverages 


8. Chemical and allied products 


9. Clay, glass and stone products .... 


10 . Metals and metal products other than 
steel 


11. Tobacco and its manufactures 


12 . Vehicles for land and air transporta 
tion 


13 . Vehicles for water transportation 
14. Miscellaneous industries 


15. Hand trades 


Totals 


73,605 


75 ,221 


88,316 


94,992,046 


107,503,074 


130,855 002 





MANUFACTURES 



365 



of Industries, 1917, 1918 and 1919. 



Cost of Afaterials. 


Value of Products. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


I 


$ 


S 


$ 


1 


S 


564,959,467 
141,953,358 
204,732,121 


636,392.864 
196, 080. (). )7 
238,483,815 


736,404,245 
227,841 
120,772,003 


754,637,940 
265,448,565 
400,385,086 


839,086,118 
J, 385, 878 
443,455,779 


949,234,158 
400,902,541 
299,480,387 


87,169,851 
61,303,948 
51,129,102 

12,859,171 
65,575,226 
5,408,152 


94,000,304 
58,755,0% 
62,276,642 
13,476,912 
93,754,000 
9,497,591 


132,917,264 
85, 187, si)4 
73,664,746 
15,263,7:10 
66,421,263 
8,161,940 


" ,522,189 
104,804,689 
148,396,426 
29.935,226 
118,618,658 
32,374,060 


251,699,154 
94,577,196 
167,367,972 
28,266,256 
173, 649,07:-! 
35,354,311 


354,617,529 
l: 9.980,237 
203,502,828 
33,820,948 
1:- 2, 889, 030 
35,983,529 


90,790,104 
19,092,845 


91,819,081 
19,039,791 


47,791,682 
27,651,755 


171,650,905 
46,786,233 


170.042,852 
55,411,487 


149,016,160 
64,272,208 


102,258,684 
13,385,578 
165,881, 1M 

29,731,83* 


105,561,485 
30,296,947 
!,091 
27,284,638 


113,845,317 

34,37) 
142,169,549 
43,148,702 


197,488,770 
!,678 
386, 41 
80,864 


205,213,617 
76,680,411 

485,082,107 
814,764 


215,530,983 
88,454,i:i9 
337,909,365 
135,137.547 


1,605,730,610 


1,900, 352 ,314 


1,875, 15,877 


3,015,577,940 


3,458,M,975 


3,520,731,589 



Employees on Wages. 


Wages Paid. 


1917 


1918. 


1919. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


* 


1 


$ 


49,062 
78,906 
70,071 
92,139 


52,294 
79,110 
69,466 
87,286 


56,334 
80.475 
56,442 
101,215 


35,301,754 
42,801,869 
68,947,610 
58,757,260 


38,576,094 
46,205,413 
79,076,l l. r ) 
66,587,955 


48.238,630 
58,451,594 
63,439,558 
82,492,121 


18,450 
40,510 
4,325 
14,953 
11,079 


19,237 
40,742 
4,006 
16,541 
9,918 


21,678 
42,142 
4,326 
12,216 
9,795 


11,789,029 
30,504,946 
3,167,655 
12,255,227 
9,418,414 


12,507,227 
34,640,392 
3,145,442 
17,588,912 
9,061,712 


17,426,647 
42,112,540 
3,731,562 
12.774,051 
10,272,443 


26,280 
8,940 


25,128 
9,104 


24,555 
9,358 


22,735,232 
4,218,041 


24,810,997 
4,935,829 


25,929,364 
5,372,536 


47,817 
12,289 
94,534 
31,950 


39,035 
21,041 
92,385 
37,823 


45,953 
23,102 
60,796 
45,731 


43,272.215 
12,886,720 
74.212,694 
24,931,157 


42,066,775 
25,186,327 
88,372,871 
29,525,409 


60,009,352 
27,925,335 
55,074,162 
45,330.812 


601 ,305 


603,116 


594,118 


455,199,823 


522,287,570 


558,580,707 



.* Sf r mTf st ? tlstlcs ** d th se of the two following Tables may be compared with the corresponding 
statistics for 1915 given on pages 285-293 of the 1916-17 edition of the Year Book, under the reservation 
that in 1915 statistics were secured only from establishments having an output of $2 500 or over exceot i 
the case of flour and grist mills, butter and cheese factories, fish preserving factories, saw-mills brie and 
tile yards lime kilns and electric light plants, in which cases all establishments were included. In the 
above Table, and in those that follow, all establishments in all industries are included. 



366 



PRODUCTION 



112. Statistics of Number of Manufacturing Establishments, Capital, Cost of 



No. 

1 

2 
3 
4 
5 

6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 

26 
27 

28 
29 
30 

31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 
65 
66 
67 
68 
69 


Groups and Kinds of Industries. 


Establishments. 


Capital. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


I. Food Products 


No. 
8,009 

25 
3 

2,026 

3,399 
6 
12 

49 
19 
4 
49 
982 
1,098 
8 
118 
7 
31 
9 
3 

(1) 
7 

(2) 
4 
69 

10 
13 
8 
3 
39 
8 

4,112 

46 
11 
3 
4 
5 
1,555 
170 
1,406 
172 
8 
3 
26 
4 

(1) 
21 
55 
84 
12 
198 
102 

(1) 
8 
3 
6 
14 
4 
5 
4 
(4) 
12 
9 
6 
3 
17 
34 
80 
3 
8 
11 


No. 
7,968 

24 
4 

1,930 

3,351 
5 
9 
37 
21 

(1) 
94 
939 
1,188 
31 
130 
6 
30 
7 
4 

(1) 
5 
(2) 
7 
67 

11 
16 
8 
5 
33 
6 

4,191 

47 
13 
3 
4 
6 
1,490 
147 
1,503 
192 
8 
6 
26 
7 
3 
32 
87 
84 
10 
199 
108 

(1) 
8 
4 
6 
17 
7 
7 
6 
7 
13 
7 
3 
4 
13 
20 
75 
5 
10 
4 


No. 
8,031 

22 
4 
325 
1,690 
3,258 
5 
10 
39 
24 

(1) 
77 
928 
1,255 
31 
122 
8 
40 
9 
3 
3 
7 
8 
13 
82 

(3) 
16 
8 
5 
34 
5 

4,366 

46 
14 
(1) 
(1) 
8 
1,523 
145 
1,545 
231 
7 
6 
27 
9 
3 
30 
107 
88 
11 
208 
114 
3 
12 
4 
4 
16 
7 
8 
6 
11 
13 
8 
5 
4 
16 
25 
77 
7 
10 
8 


$ 
299,032,589 

1,961,828 
223,634 

35,538,738 

16,148,203 
2,873,022 
3,094,648 
6,621,831 
3,377,943 
291,881 
1,300,779 
20,366,701 
72,573,982 
457,267 
8,354,097 
149,138 
2,752,600 
704,380 
158,090 

(1) 
2,031,565 
(2) 
102,187 
68,145,347 

17,044,264 
375,988 
31,818,133 
20,564 
2,316,395 
229,384 

203,308,587 

3,140,423 
5,693,056 
450,267 
671,747 
2,534,799 
9,307,153 
23,219,325 
6,001,022 
17,689,249 
7,454,701 
104,020 
40,047,538 
24,585 

(1) 
444,858 
852,423 
10,584,764 
575,423 
12,349,578 
29,073,961 

(1) 
417,081 
1,250,876 
173,156 
1,292,853 
81,601 
197,777 
55,706 
(4) 
1,176,031 
2,223,164 
410,094 
2,097,095 
1,159,935 
695,452 
15,350,625 
94,850 
2,783,576 
3,619,823 


$ 

340,499,122 

2,259,753 
419,812 

40,272,208 

19,079,912 
3,440,928 
3,694,339 
5,614,866 
4,051,708 

(1) 
3,708,452 
30,334,129 
78,303,022 
4,004,125 
9,777,305 
140,366 
2,787,517 
760,881 
403,550 

(1) 
3,027,967 
(2) 
18,510 
74,958,487 

12,011,269 
1,116,853 
37,256,851 
79,117 
2,848,248 
128,947 

237,724,097 

3,218,150 
8,259,332 
468,767 
911,824 
2,691,460 
7,672,674 
25,703,795 
6,332,963 
19,020,092 
10,056,519 
532,889 
53,796,394 
116,839 
938,378 
1,445,211 
1,539,555 
12,647,413 
585,714 
14,431,530 
31,092,866 

(1) 
598,867 
592,228 
205,482 
1,368,633 
146,900 
223,131 
90,371 
358,168 
730,821 
2,890,431 
125,750 
3,313,267 
1,317,371 
520,602 
19,268,202 
411,974 
3,767,390 
332,144 


$ 
359,366,536 

2,661,424 
437,163 
/ 8,908,317 
\ 222,558,093 
21,959,213 
3,892,627 
5,201,523 
6,112,630 
6,428,813 

(1) 
1,225,485 
23,200,874 
76,411,423 
3,698,132 
10,133,682 
261,583 
4,597,528 
873,442 
270,661 
83,129 
1,317,771 
2,251,703 
86,293 
93,363,791 

(3) 
1,036,751 
38,725,542 
77,251 
3,487,223 
104,469 

265,819,050 

2,162,913 
7,831,046 
(1) 
(1) 
2,421,464 
11,335,745 
27,293,401 
6,415,745 
23,343,671 
8,979,407 
758,467 
58,732,941 
280,634 
971,423 
1,855,294 
2,372,722 
15,087,269 
510,519 
14,553,814 
34,149,593 
70,558 
931,157 
748,244 
350,196 
1,652,274 
155,158 
252,536 
176,906 
563,345 
930,813 
3,661,373 
486,252 
5,609,430 
1,865,544 
605,533 
21,717,226 
899,361 
4,572,952 
1,514,124 


Baking powder and flavouring 


Beef extracts 


Biscuits and confectionery \ 


Bread and other bakery products/ 
Butter and cheese 


Chewing gum 


Cocoa and chocolate products .... 
Coffee and spices 




Confectioners supplies 


Evaporated fruits and vegetables. 
Fish prepared 


Flour and gristmill products 


Foods preserved 


Fruit and vegetable canning 


Ice cream cones 


Jams and jellies 






.Prepared flour 


Rice cleaning and polishing 






Slaughtering and meat packing. . . 
Slaughtering, not including meat 




Sugar refined 








II. Textiles 










Carpets 




Clothing men s factory 


Clothing women s custom 






Cotton and wool waste 


Cottons 






Flax dressed 


Fur goods 


Furnishing goods men s 


Furs dressed 


Hats caps and furs 


Hosiery and knitted goods 




Laces and braids 


Linen . 


M ats and rugs 


Neckwear 




Quilted goods 


Regalia and society emblems 
Shirts collars and cuffs 


Shoddy 


Silk and silk goods 


Textiles, dyeing and finishing 
Thread 


Waterproof clothing 


Wool carding and fulling 


Woollen s;oods 


Wool pulling 


Woollen yarns 


All other industries. . 



NOTE. Figures in parentheses are references to foot notes. For their significance see pages 374 and 375. 



MANUFACTURES 



307 



Materials and Value of Products, by Individual Industries, 1917, 1918, 1919. 



Cost of Materials. 


Value of Products. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


$ 


$ 


1 


1 


1 


1 


514,959,467 


636,392,S64 


736,404,245 


754,637,940 


839,086,118 


949,234,158 


1,464,869 


1,800,801 


2,158,297 


2,947,682 


3,153,706 


3,963,790 


114.140 


1,161 


282,613 


- ,600 


700,615 


662,694 


44,201,470 


51,152,127 


\ 28,30(1 
33,682,533 


77,223,581 


85,555,848 


/ 52,238,131 
\ 52,3hs 


72,011,677 


79,848,476 


101,711 


85,731,339 


94.927.032 


119,316,569 


948,192 


1,379,754 


1,806,193 


2,193,846 


3,006.748 


3,688,5-)4 


2,87 


3,835,479 


5,7d 


5,270,316 


6,306,379 


9,718,185 


6,746,909 


6,258,527 


8,113, 554 


9,840,150 


8,517,581 


10,892,892 


6,255,130 


9,433,762 


12,481,946 


8,090,897 


12,413,818 


15,880,033 


34,282 


(1) 


(1) 


24: 


(1) 


(1) 


1,162,757 


3, la 


951 


2,47 


4,873.572 


1,676,317 


18,482,484 


21,55 . 


19,32i 


26,7S7,114 


34,007,628 


32, 172, 7. M 


183,586,936 


218,646,546 


,835,706 


224,191 


1,537,122 


262,78ti 


140,795 


3,338,079 




443.029 


4,922,4iiL 


4,988,128 


10,463,221 


8,751,574 




1C 


14,027 


16, 017, (MM 


112,600 


120,204 


216 




.,154 


5io,a r &gt;,s 


1,783,769 


3,167,129 


6,540,7 . : 


17,783 


4,80 


9,042,851 


545,263 


669,246 


657,942 


1,000.784 


1,21 


1,152,652 


349,694 


662,352 


654,647 


60! 


858,499 


988,817 


(1) 


(1) 


191,284 




(1) 


200.102 


2,529,954 


3,236,090 


4,011,027 


3,329,62 


3,687,855 


4,603,812 


(2) 


(2) 


1,914,740 


(2) 


(2) 


3,328,422 


47,071 


84,103 


24~ 


78,781 


123,() .)7 


383,815 


117,196,755 


140,626,199 


175,13:; 


153,279,252 


185,806,221 


233,936,913 


38,669,565 


30,396,905 


(3) 


53,441,466 


43,425,445 


(3) 


523,404 


823,301 


916.822 


873.934 


1,368.438 


1,450,160 


W, 179, 911 


45,403,037 


86,308,204 


73,329,260 


58,812,219 


102,630,086 


51,003 


61,933 


70 


69,550 


93,627 


127,053 


1,267,687 


1,651,107 


2,12 


2,947,549 


3.473,727 


4,267,568 


217,711 


84,763 


148,376 


330,174 


164,082 


230,894 


141,953,358 

1,585,691 


19 ,0*0,057 

3,091,497 


227,841,353 

1,502,538 


265,448,545 

2,613,887 


242,385.878 
4,575,109 


4*0,902,541 

2,491,567 


3,469,752 


16,845,513 


14,417,112 


12,490,588 


19.536.283 


16,949,134 


164,797 


225,946 


(1) 


323,989 


460,260 


(1) 


470,117 


701,413 


(1) 


834,606 


1,077,475 


(1) 


1,192,063 


1,085,390 


1,878,318 


1,881,631 


1,850,182 


3,114,461 


6,092.339 


7,300,189 


11,025,710 


14,195,406 


15,943,600 


22,718,260 


16,189,255 


18,121,914 


25,842,772 


31,334,575 


33,835,793 


47,780.306 


5,202,602 


7,372,837 


7,206,605 


11,180,815 


14,529,681 


15,279,448 


15,505,720 


18,321,089 


24,358,284 


32,174,842 


32,364,340 


44,381,117 


5,055,642 


8,395,039 


7,479,383 


8,323,391 


13,714.620 


9,813,149 


78,005 


909,051 


1,550,771 


20,2,301 


1,227,889 


1,866,659 


19,506,546 


34,289,862 


43,816,517 


40,139,202 


66,399,228 


82,642,949 


26,038 


69,873 


163,676 


70,794 


213,999 


425,521 


(1) 


351,637 


504,967 


(1) 


614,749 


832,985 


93,800 


869,673 


386,701 


485,416 


1,872,293 


1,452,128 


848,920 


1,884,617 


2,384,348 


1,523,552 


3,057,422 


3,991,614 


8,312,877 


10,527,796 


12,161,847 


14,554,670 


17,876,956 


21,236,715 


266,804 


164,818 


212,319 


1,071,805 


802,083 


960,188 


8,446,416 


8,438,424 


12,027,858 


15,551,825 


17,112,425 


20,790,334 


19,443,108 


26,527,287 


26,635,683 


33,770,588 


45,755,129 


45,207,292 


(1) 


(1) 


84,209 


(1) 


(1) 


158,240 


290,252 


431,360 


702,241 


666,264 


822,764 


1,363,663 


229,150 


241,296 


249,117 


645,628 


538,933 


521,306 


24,141 


101,797 


140,479 


179,747 


215,483 


259,715 


1,185,101 


1,261,228 


1,746,751 


2,102,255 


2,368,159 


3,388,737 


69,310 


114,589 


121,226 


127,184 


199,549 


187,881 


121,574 


126,635 


196,917 


240,287 


314,516 


379,606 


22,195 


38,956 


50,883 


66,983 


110,758 


140,018 


(4) 


482,069 


571,823 


(4) 


758,823 


1,014,420 


1,442,905 


2,133,008 


1,307,640 


2,561,382 


2,784,853 


1,907,309 


837,041 


1,436,229 


1,975,539 


2,372,001 


2,451.220 


3,317,181 


160,426 


31,685 


91,775 


398,559 


80,656 


274,054 


988,487 


1,718,064 


2,519,225 


2,619,456 


3,007.877 


4, 120^507 


1,033,642 


1,435,081 


1,457,041 


2,197,808 


2,379,429 


2,844,044 


624,163 


525,901 


380,477 


857,098 


745,245 


576,749 


11,807,969 


15,301,474 


15,437,410 


18,647,576 


25,063,515 


28,082,977 


180,841 


468,332 


2,537,234 


219,984 


621,214 


2,861,809 


2,383,011 


4,311,902 


3,844,539 


3,640,468 


6,499,445 


6,195,493 


3,602,658 


426,586 


871,418 


5,182,002 


603,923 


1,375,005 



No. 



1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

f 

7 

8 

t 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 



31 
32 
33 
34 
15 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 
65 
66 
67 
68 
69 



368 



PRODUCTION 



112 Statistics of Number of Manufacturing Establishments, Capital, Cost of Materials 



No. 


Groups and Kinds of Industries. 


Establishments. 


Capital. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 

32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 

56 
57 

58 
59 
60 
61 
62 

63 
64 


III. Iron and steel products 


No. 

1,049 

58 
18 
3 
3 
7 
19 
10 
4 

629 
8 
4 
5 
(6) 
76 
10 
3 

(1) 
40 
5 
13 
8 
4 
4 
26 
8 
9 
24 
3 
20 
19 
9 

4,463 

19 
24 
3 
8 


No. 

1,064 

66 
26 
3 
3 
7 
21 
10 
3 

667 
6 
12 
4 
5 
31 
11 
(1) 
(1) 
46 
6 
13 
10 
4 
3 
15 
9 
7 
21 

26 
18 
11 

4,594 

20 
27 
3 
7 
83 
3 
27 
103 
8 
238 
7 
3,095 
712 
3 
35 
52 
10 
6 
14 
12 
9 
38 
69 
13 

1,672 

4 
161 

754 
18 
, 562 

28 

139 
6 


No. 

1,135 

64 
18 
3 
3 
5 
20 
9 
3 

731 
6 
13 
3 
5 
35 
9 

(1) 
3 
41 
5 
12 
10 
4 
4 
28 
9 
6 
30 

28 
19 
19 

4,966 

17 
26 
3 
5 
82 
3 
34 
97 
8 
270 
7 
3,410 
733 
4 
45 
45 
13 
7 
17 
12 

(1) 
39 
77 
12 

2,057 

6 
161 
1,125 

22 
593 

28 

113 
8 
1 


$ 

307,407,980 

23,502,637 
17,488,547 
1,187,121 
78,650 
1,982,537 
2,149,527 
845,453 
590,757 

69,915,032 
312,972 
148,140 
2,232,349 
(6) 
41,192,567 
32,500,389 
117,531 

(1) 
91,894,777 
705,824 
2,312,285 
1,002,378 
2,136.518 
37,964 
1,646,665 
635,470 
482,131 
3,073,079 
148,016 
4,353,351 
3,668,343 
1,066,970 

289,169,396 

353,555 
491,262 
313,805 
709,757 
14,803,366 

(1) 
1,847,754 
2,871,475 
1,400,908 
30,091,111 
543,063 
149,266,019 
37,841,915 
1,368,296 
1,023,128 
4,199,748 
633,448 
450,398 
713,369 
382,118 
735,156 
35,958,756 
2,824,289 
346,700 

76,315,861 

1,084,988 
31,486,345 
481,704 
518,541 
9,095,402 
1,912,248 

30,582,483 
970,009 
184,141 


$ 

339,483,020 

28,891,924 
21,293,248 
1,318,553 
120,373 
2,412,286 
2,903,208 
1,829,811 
666,647 

84,122,446 
291,515 
2,327,076 
1,676,549 
519,222 
13,514,230 
35,974,894 
(1) 
(1) 
109,538,103 
570,456 
2,936,726 
1,306,940 
2,515,699 
33,100 
3,340,241 
699,237 
562,634 
6,108,273 

6,921,002 
3,351,249 
1,739,378 

334,104,182 

324,298 
472,155 
229,621 
755,503 
6,981,100 
114,942 
1,910,995 
2,031,469 
918,623 
22,661,391 
715,613 
182,254,740 
31,806,543 
2,301,622 
891,978 
820,599 
813,686 
375,755 
585,324 
436,419 
847,173 
71,708,223 
3,632,136 
514,274 

76,652,767 

1,170,197 
33,274,753 
1,000,574 
536,840 
8,485,259 
2,614,518 

28,435,806 
1,134,820 


1 

349,929,834 

31,277,375 
19,734,810 
1,724,802 
112,354 
2,129,628 
8,565,003 
1,846,360 
779,752 

100,606,542 
732,652 
3,035,989 
1,542,179 
572,517 
14,672,043 
35,766,836 

(1) 
284,994 
88,106,635 
555,866 
2,459,281 
1,356,585 
3,106,256 
40,391 
2,154,991 
606,404 
604,291 
9,906,419 

11,466,745 
3,422,999 
2,759,135 

395,808,490 

570,512 
754,841 
53,903 
679,973 
7,343,737 
122,705 
2,128,291 
2,020,404 
1,167,274 
24,400,099 
980,880 
231,203,247 
39,144,039 
2,493,997 
1,009,643 
2,478,060 
1,923,580 
926,780 
807,981 
576,801 

(1) 
69,896,588 
4,273,129 
852,026 

88,272,360 

1,535,308 
38,680,581 
1,677,408 
711,382 
7,983,049 
1,486,830 

34,623,567 
1,555,890 
18,345 


Boilers and engines 


Bridges, iron and steel 


Cash carriers and registers 


Castors . 


Chains .... 


Cutlery and edge tools 


Dies and moulds 


Files 


Foundry and machine shop pro 
ducts 


Gas machines 


Hardware 


Hardware, carriage and saddlery. 
Horseshoes 


Iron and steel products 


Iron, pig 


Knitting machines 


Needles 


Rolling mills and steel furnaces. . . 
Safes and vaults 


Saws 


Scales 


Sewing machines and attachments 
Skates 


Stamps and stencils 


Stoves and hot air furnaces 


Structural ironwork 


Tools and implements 


Transmission machinery 


Wire 


Wire fencing 


All other industries 


IV. Timber and Lumber and 
their re-manufactures 


Artificial limbs and trusses 


Baskets 


Billiard tables 


Boxes cigar . 


Boxes wooden 


101 

(1) 
25 
110 
11 
247 
8 
2,879 
753 
3 
37 
63 
11 
5 
17 
12 
8 
34 
75 
10 

1,249 

4 
185 
386 
18 

485 
28 

136 
5 
2 


Clothes pins 


Coffins and caskets 


Cooperage 


Corks 


Furniture and upholstered goods. . 
Lasts and pegs 


Log products 


Lumber products 


Matches 


Picture frames 


Pumps and windmills 


Refrigerators 


Shooks, box 


Show cases 


Wickerware 


Woodenware 


Woodpulp 


Woodworking and turning 


All other industries 


V. Leather and its products 


Belting and hose leather 


Boots and shoes 


Boot and shoe repairs 


Boot and shoe supplies 


Harness and saddlery 


Leather goods 


Leather, tanned, curried and 
finished 


Trunks and valises 


All other industries. . 






NOTE. Figures in parentheses are references to foot notes. For their significance see pages 374 and 375. 



MANUFACTURES 






and Value of Products, by Individual Industries, 1917, 191S, 1915 cont inn. &lt;!. 



Cost of Materials. 


Value of Prodm" 


No. 


1917. 


1918. 


l .U9. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


$ 


1 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 




204,7:K,l2l 


:; vis {,815 


120 ,772 ,003 


400,3*5,086 


443,455,779 


299,tsi),:is7 




13,106 


12 


9,78 


26,269,442 


I7o,t:&gt;7 


2 1. 70S ,143 


1 


5,772,752 


5,708,826 


1,822,722 


16,321,936 


22,954.919 


12,258,486 


2 


171 




17,656 


653,806 




1,231,505 


3 


21 




43,182 


50,147 




88, 


4 


ti:. ; 




79 . 


1,758,576 


2,020,295 


1,61 


5 




909,398 


1,36 


1,89.1. lilti 


2,993,27(1 


5,075,597 


6 


185,717 


271 


;,909 






80: 


7 


,77ll 


I J 1,062 


89,589 


633,760 


745,660 


605.370 


8 


23,623,101 


27,788,059 


26,301,7(11 


66,945,483 


82,493,897 


81,710,215 


9 


130, 7 .".&lt; 


^,190 


130,477 


&gt;,543 


339,003 


&gt;,138 


10 


L3d,527 


1,094, us.; 


77. 


..12s 




2,782,621 


11 


&gt;,806 


1,018,862 


544 


3,424,090 


3,860,327 


1,941,826 


12 




140 


16 


(6) 




392 


II 




11,356,319 


9,371,449 


58,797,766 


19,366,041 


16,623,477 


14 


10 


26,164 


6,811,898 


.7H7.060 


102,900 


24,965,092 


15 


, .71 


(1) 


(1) 


81. 


(1) 


(1) 


1 


(1) 


(1) 


33. 


(1) 


(1) 


346,2112 


17 


108,63s 


135,30s 


43,950,662 


170,679,000 


209,706,319 


89, 229, 1H 


is 


135,444 


134 


28s 






1,068,073 


19 


73s 


60:: 


531 


2,0 


1,70(1 


1,639,153 


20 


56s 


417,317 




14,416 




1,580,339 


21 


567.497 


:.12,431 


891,097 


1, 68 


1,561,791 


2,61 


22 


7,578 


2,606 


10. 




18 


43 


&gt;:{ 


947,609 


1,190,136 


1,59 






4,809 


24 


97 


175,519 


..846 


30" 




454,211 


25 


- ,500 


261 


140,172 


481,410 




468,390 


- (, 


888,7i)s 


1,890,836 


1,639,249 


2, 27(1, tul 


6,761,886 


4,6:. 


27 


91 


- 


- 


24" 


_ 


_ 


28 


3,407,028 


5,015,819 


5.31 


S.187,145 


$0,831 


10,084,232 


29 


3,3:; 


3,550,1127 


3,589,849 


73,667 


5,11 


5,205,481 


30 


2,059,208 


92s 


971,296 


3,0( 


1,884,533 


3,31 


31 


87,169,s:,l 


94,000,304 


132,917,?&lt;51 


l- 


251 ,699 ,1.i I 


3.", 1,617, 529 






7,417 


42 


515,915 


,219 


,116 


32 


147. OH 


183 


227 




615,112 




33 


20 . 


17 


10,263 




51 


40,700 


34 


362 


.,014 


1,715 


725 




70! 


II 


8.855.8G2 


4,912,7.-.:. 


4,680,303 


20 


9,319,302 


8,741,102 


36 


(1) 


22,616 


32 


(1} 


83 


!.- 


37 


590,927 


938,713 


1,073,873 


1,401 


1,955,925 




38 


1,237,903 


1,377,983 


1,583,075 


2,473,813 


2,467,676 


-&gt;:&gt;, 210 


39 


336,466 


407,347 


2,664 


67s 


776.045 


1,119,329 


40 


6.423.32S 


6,708,417 


9,666,073 


15,941,159 


17,875,440 


25,166,305 


41 


100,988 


101,596 


171,284 


355,640 


416,527 


;,844 


42 


40,725,028 


45,876,832 


72,691,337 


115,884,905 


146,333,1H2 


222,652,070 


43 


15,472,957 


17,201,157 


21,617,726 


29,347,148 


29,425,925 


37,074,414 


44 


610,930 


771,077 


1,076,788 


1,784,618 


1,575,680 


4,872,419 


II 


298,526 


296,405 


222,772 


815,072 


737,078 


1,011,603 


46 


532,556 


454 


656,232 


2,340,394 


1,102,929 


1,521,737 


47 


417,812 


315,257 


927,537 


813.552 


648,807 


1,900,026 


48 


701,636 


360,274 


415,242 


1,183,137 


543,700 


792,540 


49 


242,507 


238,141 


467,497 


751,208 


:&gt;:&gt; 1,457 


1,095,005 


50 


119,310 


163,260 


318,135 


464,760 


540,225 


751,015 


51 


223,723 


205,436 


- 


583,923 


524,718 




52 


7,556,233 


10,768,036 


13,560,287 


24,496,679 


30,895,556 


34,869,831 


53 


1,651,386 


1,848,493 


1,709,763 


3,234,510 


3,424,190 


3,798,695 


54 


109,923 


267,868 


452,077 


273,578 


538,188 


913,196 


55 


1 ,303 ,948 


58 ,755 ,096 


85,187,804 


104,804,689 


94,577,196 


129,980,237 




852,328 


707,387 


1,245,101 


1,249,841 


963,994 


1,798,954 


56 


26,780,543 


27,318,772 


40,523,696 


49,170,062 


46,387,665 


63,579,035 


57 


300,912 


611,974 


1,174,756 


852,783 


1,776,137 


3,242,204 


58 


624,648 


575,460 


974,069 


1,060,996 


965,805 


1,541.785 


59 


4,779,949 


4,617,800 


4,812,851 


8,768,722 


8,117,978 


8,610,614 


60 


775,831 


917,035 


1,065,703 


1,478,447 


2,004,204 


2,306,376 


61 


26,624,477 


23,681,659 


34,297,878 


41,117,128 


33,273,925 


46,925,933 


62 


462,271 


325,009 


1,066,767 


900,020 


1,087,488 


1,913,961 


63 


102,989 





26,983 


206,690 


- 


61.375 


64 


3813124 



370 



PRODUCTION 



112. Statistics of Number of Manufacturing Establishments, Capital, Cost of Materials 



No. 


Groups and Kinds of Industries. 


Establishments. 


Capital. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 

17 

18 
19 
20 
21 

22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 

43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 

61 
62 


VI. Paper and printing 


No. 

1,819 

7 
83 
4 
73 
6 
26 
3 
5 
613 
916 
40 
9 
3 
5 
23 
3 

433 

335 

7 
74 
13 
4 

333 

3 

3 

(1) 
3 
6 
65 

(1) 
9 
12 
3 
23 
4 
46 
97 
7 
6 
10 
13 
13 
(1) 
10 

913 

11 

(8) 
251 
11 
220 
3 
(10) 
11 
18 
66 
18 
237 
4 
6 
(8) 
7 
. 

42 

jj 
f&gt; 


No. 
1,762 

77 
3 
79 
5 
31 
(7) 
5 
600 
860 
46 
12 
4 
5 
26 
2 

391 

305 
6 
63 
11 

6 

337 

3 

(1) 
4 
4 
7 
38 
3 
10 
15 

(1) 
19 
5 
45 
118 
5 
10 
9 
12 
13 
4 
13 

793 

12 
(8) 
(9) 
10 
141 
(9) 
230 
9 
22 
66 
16 
213 
(1) 
(9) 
9 
8 
3 

48 
3 
3 


No. 

1,803 

12 
80 
3 

78 
5 
33 
(7) 
4 
640 
858 
42 
10 
4 
5 
27 
2 

405 

320 
5 
57 
16 

7 

312 

3 

(1) 
3 
4 
7 
34 
4 
7 
15 
4 
18 
12 
45 
102 
5 
10 
7 
7 
13 

(1) 
12 

558 
5 
6 
(9) 
8 
91 
(9) 
179 
8 
24 
52 
18 
(5) 
(1) 
(9) 
8 
(12) 
3 

156 

(5) 


$ 

224,176,986 

224,843 
7,695,125 
49,146 
6,560i512 
39,210 
8,404,264 
1,863,133 
324,734 
19,444,104 
30,978,517 
4,314,437 
210,299 
1,148,920 
317,260 
142,424,385 
178,097 

48.178,985 
4,905,062 
12,005,809 
29,580,433 
1,144,963 
542,718 

117 ,903 ,39? 

341,418 
8,643 

(1) 
345,551 
37,001 
22,162,727 

(1) 

15,846,540 
2,763,101 
36,495 
4,273,288 
536,500 
29,495,363 
6,047,732 
343,316 
16,498,819 
1,609,140 
3,670,806 
4,050,951 
(1) 
9,836,001 

79,420,372 

3,097,289 
(8) 
18,740,386 
34,109,104 
2,478,127 
579,287 
(10) 
5,344,573 
601,352 
4,495,629 
2,159,321 
3,022,915 
322,414 
2,458,383 
(8) 
94,140 
74,839 

1,292,524 
475,289 
74.800 


$ 

242,046,328 

88,210 
8,871,831 
39,493 
7,098,668 
32,796 
12,520,765 
(7) 
360,072 
20,345,8tt6 
30,110,354 
4,197,663 
234,815 
1,557,294 
333,165 
157,115,716 
139,680 

47,973,751 

4,073,133 
10,0,18,168 
32,433,507 
932,887 
516,056 

134,377,823 

432,440 

(1) 
8,468,035 
439,598 
67,942 
26,029,530 
194,917 
13,943,670 
3,064,111 

(1) 
4,493,292 
1,215,645 
15,784,610 
8,821,901 
342,566 
35,745,410 
1,819,274 
3,784,664 
3,612,573 
1,133,850 
4,983,795 

73,528,361 

4,533,523 
(8) 
(9) 
26,120,913 
1,265,271 
(9) 
22,180,566 
7,433,525 
623,211 
4,048,217 
1,123,129 
2,885,743 

(1) 
(9) 
989,451 
37,999 
87,596 

1,760,683 
117,375 
311.159 


$ 

288,974,274 

121,490 
8,471,923 
51,057 
8,112,958 
37,238 
16,553,276 
(7) 
220,916 
22,099,455 
35,886,918 
5,057,939 
195,318 
2,081,829 
461,084 
189,317,500 
305,373 

45,23fi,675 

6,545,803 
8,154,002 
28,119,447 
1,481,934 
935,489 

138,133,759 

511,414 

8,588,883 
453,850 
146,954 
13,495,257 
245,642 
12,837,988 
3,545,554 
17,683 
3,925,108 
1,376,049 
17,830,072 
11,711,837 
441,438 
43,158,655 
2,961,036 
6,332,658 
5,760,395 

(1) 
4,793,291 

86,081,326 

597,777 
3,990,232 
(9) 
39,475,774 
1,049,868 
(9) 
23,939,746 
7,231,774 
730,350 
4,106,774 
857,026 
(5) 
(1) 
(9) 
1,036,751 
(12) 
130,434 

2,934,820 
(5) 


Blue prints 


Boxes and bags, paper 


Fly paper 


Lithographing and engraving 


Maps 


Paper 


Paper board 


Paper patterns . 


Printing and bookbinding 


Printing and publishing 


Stationery goods 


Stereotyping and electrotyping 
Wall paper 


Waxed paper 


Wood pulp and paper 


All other industries 


VII. Liquors and beverages 


Aerated and mineral waters 


Liquors, distilled 


Liquors, malt 


Liquors, vinous 


Malt 


VIII. Chemicals and Allied Pro 
ducts 


Ammonia .... 


Ashes, pot and pearl 


Carbide of calcium 


Carbonic acid gas 


Disinfectants 


Drugs and chemicals 


Dyes and colours 


Explosives 


Fertilizers 


Insect powder 


Oils 


Oxygen gas 


Paints and varnishes 


Patent medicines 


Perfumery and cosmetics 


Petroleum 


Salt 


Starch and glucose 


Wood distillation 


Wood preservative 


All other industries 


IX. Clay, Glass and Stone 
products 


Abrasive goods 


Abrasives, artificial 


Brick, tile and pottery 


Cement, Portland 


Cement products 


Fire clay and fire brick 


Clay products 


Glass 


Glass stained, cut and ornamental 
Lime 


M irrors and plate glass 


Monuments and tombstones 


Paving blocks 


Sewer pipe 


Sand, lime and brick 


Stone, artificial 


Statuary and art goods 
Stone, monumental, ornamental 
etc 


Wall plaster 


All other industries. . 



NOTE. Figures in parentheses are references to foot notes. For their significance see pages 374 and 375- 



MANUFACTUR1 



371 



and Value of Products, l&gt;&gt; Individual Industries, 1917, 1918, 1919. continu. &lt;!. 



Cost Of Matt-rials. 


Value of Pnnlu 


No. 


1917. 


1918, 


1919. 


191 


1918. 


1919. 


$ 


- 


1 


1 


$ 


- 




51,129,102 


62 27B lil? 


73 664,746 


IHJM.4M 


167,367,972 


203,502,828 






70,001 


ill 




ltil.fi)&gt; 


221 


1 


5,061,013 


5,0 


5,47 


10,31.; 


11,816 


11,376,79! 


2 


55,461 


41 




124 


86 


172,041 


3 


1.99 


JO, 452 


-.7.117 


SI ,973 




8,925,205 


4 


8,901 






170 


52.18(1 


72,572 




5,37 




8,67 


li 1 


16 


6 


410,971 






1,623,287 (7) 




7 








. 71 


60^ 


-,11- 


8 




7,97 


9,01 














10,963,74* 




3o 


40 


10 






- 








11 




17- 




112 


515,547 




12 


1,218 


eo; 


84 


1,04 


1,816,193 




13 








515,719 




1 . ! &lt;( 


It 


21 




31 


75,621 


8,V 


15 




..MI 


113 


_ I 


140,721 




16 


OM9,in 


13,476,912 


1. 5,263,738 


29,935,22C 


18,2611 


; { . { v&gt;)) , )(s 






2,21 






12,166 




17 




71.1 7&gt; 










18 


6,74 






15 




20,169,074 


19 










511,217 


1,55 


2 


1,0. 






I,4f 




S.851 


21 


65,575,226 


93.75I.IHNI 


66,421,263 


133,618,158 


173,619.073 


122,889,030 




,124 




1,478 


- . 1 7: 




331 


22 


10 












23 




1,7- 


1,1.. 






3,8i 


24 








184 






u 


Id 


44 




60, 


117. 


159 


M 


9,5t, 


10. 


2,01 


21,662,174 


38, 


27 




S.191 




(1) 


. .L- 


28 


13, 


19,262,115 


2,01 




28, ; 


29 


1,22 


1,594 


1,4! 






11,097 


N 


021 






71 




It,. 


31 


i,998 


5,759,895 


7,9o 


5,011 


0,512 




32 




41 








840.11! 


33 


9,8- 




10, 


.,954 


17 


19, 


34 


2,91 


4,944,510 


18,461 


1,014 


12 


13 


35 


171,139 


168,604 




47; 


418,076 




3&lt; 


14,454,933 


24 


26,264,839 


1,303 


37,866,907 




37 


3,777,833 
2,169,821 


541,887 
4,992,705 

3,319,731 


5,70 
1,173,473 


1,046,717 

5,261,176 


1.712,158 

-,71- 
7,634,122 


1, 714, 961 

! 1,273 
&lt;7,037 


38 
39 
40 


(1) 
1,847,323 


281 
70- , 44ii 


1,188,478 


(1) 
4,413,138 


478,235 
4,155,020 


(1) 
5,463,654 


41 
42 


5,408,152 

1,212,623 


9,497,591 

1,900,285 


8,161,910 

62,940 


32,374,060 

3,181,932 


35,354,311 

5,439,046 


35,933,529 

232,970 


43 


(8) 


(8) 


1,206,384 


(8) 


(8) 


3,012, 


44 


~" 


(9) 


(9) 


4,324,243 




(9) 


l.i 


(17) 
912,139 


1,70 
757,281 


2,078,524 
383,684 


7,825,922 
3,926,634 


7,156,480 
1,486,245 


8,769,833 
921 


4$ 
47 


(9) 


(9) 


(9) 


360,685 


(9) 


(9) 


48 


(10) 

1,306,934 
220,982 


496,771 
2,056,739 
230,612 


(17) 
2,267,686 
473,878 


(10) 
4,873,471 
615,718 


6,409,005 
6,662,106 
744,727 


7,901,24!) 
7,171,006 
1,153,712 


49 
50 
51 


(17) 
393,960 
943,712 


585,266 
357,133 
900,789 


(17) 
504,355 

(5) 


1,558,487 
1,056,347 
2,628,073 


2,273,163 
687,441 
2,872,117 


2,068,752 
1,010,453 


52 
53 
51 


16,742 


(1) 


(1) 


73,814 


(1) 


(1) 


55 


(9) 


(9) 


(9) 


748,477 


(9) 


(9) 


56 


(8) 
11,887 
11,331 


43,150 
34,321 
10,761 


79,243 
(12) 

20,489 


(8) 
38,259 
64,526 


194,323 
174,839 
70,056 


455,005 
(12) 
127,850 


57 

58 
59 


266,546 
46,581 
64,715 


350 ,438 
56,997 
14,290 


1,084,757 

(5) 


876,045 
107,975 
113,452 


1,035,154 
111,723 
37,886 


3,158,552 

(5) 


60 
61 

n 


38131 24| 



372 



PRODUCTION 



112. Statistics of Number of Manufacturing Establishments, Capital, Cost of Materials 



No. 


Groups and Kinds of Industries. 


Establishments. 


Capital. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1 
2 
3 
4 
4 
6 
7 
:8 
9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 

121 
22 

23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
51 

32 
33 

34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
53 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 


X. Metals and metal products 
other than iron and steel. . . . 


No. 

2,311 

4 
8 
76 
6 

(1) 
14 
3 
4 

4 
438 
9 
7 
19 
3 
22 
1,656 
15 
(15) 
17 
6 

176 

30 

146 

970 

3 
11 

24 
13 
125 

758 
23 
13 

201 

131 
70 

2,378 

90 
122 
15 
8 
13 

(1) 
31 
4 
6 
68 
21 

(1) 
3 
4 

(1) 
7 
5 
3 
14 
3 
7 
75 
666 
6 
12 
3 
12 
4 
(1) 


No. 

2,392 

4 
8 
73 
7 
3 
13 
3 
3 

4 
459 
9 
7 
20 
3 
24 
1,704 
14 
13 
17 
4 

153 

29 
124 

893 

(1) 
10 
25 
4 
112 
711 
21 
8 
2 

204 

114 
90 

2,595 

84 
91 
7 
8 
3 
4 
31 
4 
10 
78 
20 

(1) 
3 
4 
4 
8 
4 
3 
14 
5 
6 
68 
795 
5 
13 
3 
14 
4 
(1) 


No. 

2,942 

4 
11 

59 
8 
3 
23 
3 
(13) 

(14) 
776 
10 
8 
18 

(1) 
23 
1,963 
11 
(15) 
14 
8 

144 

30 
114 

897 

11 

42 
5 
152 
661 
16 
10 

177 

99 

78 

2,610 

88 
4 
7 
5 

(1) 
3 
36 
6 
10 
78 
19 
3 
3 
3 
4 
7 
4 
3 
16 
6 
9 
95 
805 
5 
14 
4 
14 
6 
3 


$ 

123,459,129 

5,219,730 
758,509 
13,525,945 
444,0.94 

(1) 
479,673 
23,418 
2,200,512 

1,643,550 
4,607,579 
811,026 
132,847 
3,973,199 
288,238 
4,480,231 
26,615,027 
2,401,524 
(15) 
55,056,235 
797,792 

27,277,858 

9,038,196 
18,239,662 

219,766,079 

2,044,426 
28,192,858 
3,155,893 
1,212,331 
68,763,298 
15,281,317 
2,841,371 
98,274,585 

42,966,932 

1,465,342 
41,501,590 

680,385,347 

70,493,801 
66,112,367 
517,748 
1,180,636 
933,0.52 

(1) 
650,165 
14,467 
6,602,967 
1,901,602 
793,247 

(1) 
26,145 
12,950 

(1) 
15,271,939 
105,041 
439,865 
3,296,856 
1,835,431 
303,904 
38,523,398 
356,004,168 
3,226,664 
701,495 
1,965,594 
602,988 
1,024,970 
(1) 


$ 

132,757,003 

5,022,703 
474,612 
17,939,658 
598,111 
125,271 
2,012,309 
30,233 
1,138,379 

840,917 
5,090,563 
382,209 
268,923 
4,715,038 
294,318 
5,626,700 
28,531,076 
2,494,543 
112,335 
56,135,981 
923,124 

32,948,356 

9,663,557 
23,284,799 

179,799,539 

(1) 
31,550,353 
3,386,271 
1,890,968 
72,322,688 
14,904,531 
3,053,391 
52,217,295 
474,042 

57,444,939 

1,145,906 
56,299,033 

742,635,175 

74,410,603 
54,112,884 
237,235 
1,253,580 
594,441 
20,200 
972,858 
176,789 
12,100,057 
2,625,918 
920,556 

(1) 
23,527 
6,940 
254,413 
17,811,917 
153,878 
424,747 
3,764,487 
2,026,045 
250,400 
43,285,405 
401,942,402 
2,837,995 
843,550 
2,134,355 
918,007 
342,374 
(1) 


$ 

145,351,322 

6,932,197 
2,249,398 
15,054,981 
701,343 
98,127 
695,673 
35,427 
(13) 

(14) 
7,720,361 
552,125 
311,810 
5,056,170 
(1) 
5,039,679 
31,258,215 
2,624,346 
(15) 
66,038,681 
1,432,789 

37,639,965 

12,890,715 
24,749,250 

122,883,658 

34,949,739 
8,364,991 
2,150,427 
i\^ 

15, 512 "683 
2,835,214 
59,070,604 

72,114,691 

1,260,663 
70,854,028 

753,834,956 

84,331,715 
4,725.283 
320,732 

878,398 

(1) 
46,783 
1,194,542 
144,994 
14,202,879 
2,987,412 
1,260,836 
1,832,781 
24,379 
10,788 
325,283 
24,528,611 
188,330 
520,945 
4,058,092 
6,314,089 
317,912 
45,956,399 
416,512,010 
2,748,014 
1,042,302 
3,650,979 
723,770 
755, 196 
140,701 


Aluminium ware 


Babbit metal and solder 


Brass castings 


Brass and iron beds 


Copper smithing 


Electroplating 


Engravers supplies 


Ferro alloys 


Gold and silver, reducing and 
refining 


Jewellery and repairs 


Lamps and lanterns 


Lightning rods 


Metallic roofing and flooring 


Pins 


Plumbers supplies 


Plumbing and tinsmithing 


Silversmithing 


Stamped enamelware 


Smelting 


All other industries 


XI. Tobacco and its manufac 
tures 


Tobacco, chewing, smoking and 
snuff 


Tobacco, cigars and cigarettes. . . . 
XII. Vehicles for land and air 
transportation 


Aeroplanes 


Automobiles 


Automobile parts and accessories. 
Bicycles 


Car repairs 


Carriages and wagons 


Carriage and wagon materials .... 
Cars and car works 


All other industries 


XIII. Vessels for water transpor 
tation 


Boats and canoes 


Shipbuilding and repairs 


XIV. Miscellaneous industries... 

Agricultural implements 


Ammunition 


Artificial feathers and flowers .... 
Asbestos 


Asphalt 


Beekeepers supplies 


Blacking 


Boiler compound 


Boots and shoes, rubber 


Brooms and brushes 


Buttons 


Celluloid goods 


China and glass decorating 


Church ornaments 


Clocks and watches 


Coke 


Combs 


Conduits 


Corsets and supplies 


Cream separators 


Dental supplies 


Electric apparatus and supplies. . . 
Electric light and power 


Elevators 


Elevator repairs 


Enamelware . . 


Fancy goods . . 


Fire extinguishers 


Fireworks.. 



NOTE. Figures in parentheses are references to foot notes. For their significance see pages 374 and 375. 



MANUFACTl-lt! 






and Value of Pr.xlurts, by Individual Industries, 1917, 1918, 1919. continued. 



Cost of Nf:iU-ri:il&gt;. 


\ uliK- (if I roilu 


V... 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1917. . 


1918. 


1919. 




$ 


$ 


8 




$ 


$ 




90,790,104 

l. ; 
15,671 

131 


91,S19,OH1 

1. 
14 

41 
[65 
091 
010.444 


47,791,682 

641 
2,0 
7,194, 

204 

41 


171 -R*&gt;u .if***) 
1,742 

3,747,005 


s 
1,7 

117, KM 

4,! 


149 ,016,1 fin 

7." 

13,760,311 
1,1 

111 


1 
1 

t 
1 
6 

7 
8 


1,8 

1,919,1 

164 

3.113. 

6. 

35,t.71 
71,103 


3,133,073 
130 

3. 

. 

36,103,696 


3. 

3, i 
1.1 

614 


1 

5, 
11 . 
1 , 7 . 8,865 


1,331,010 

471 
6, 

5,0 

41 

,054 


6, ; 

410 
(15) 
51 
1,34 


9 
10 
11 
12 
18 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 


19,092.r. 


19,039,791 


- 27,MI,7.M 


46,786,233 


55,411,1"; 


64,272, !0s 




3,791,055 
15,301 


4,818,988 
14,220,803 


8,57 
19,073,280 


14,641 


17.527,513 


18,188,905 

.303 


21 
22 


10? ^ &gt;! 


10. ,-&lt;! , l&gt;~t 


113,845,317 


197,488,770 


188,213,617 


215,530,983 


97 


35,585 

7( 12.. -.11 
14,969,7(11 
5,04 
1.416,576 
680,450 


14,870,744 

1,745,414 

40,! .M 
11,880 


51 
11,431 

18 
1 . 4 

32,188,412 


6,077,176 

54 
6,519,868 
1,41 

36,939,211 

10,93&lt;i 
4, 6.56 
78,564,527 


(1) 
66,814 

1,801,262 
40,972,617 
7,488 

&lt; M3.523 


80, HI * 
U.824 

1 . 1" 

6,198 
3,011,598 

59,962,319 


ft 

24 

2( 
27 

28 
2S 
3d 
31 


,*906 
12,664,672 


30,298,947 

589,."..-.! 
29,707,396 


34,:m,VM 
33,799,235 


37,244,478 
1,96 

35,281,350 


78,630, til 

1,831,000 

74,799,411 


88,454,139 
1,964,426 

86,489,713 


33 
32 


Iff ,381, Hi 

15,641,019 
42,tV26,603 
178,317 
130,473 
262, 55C 
(1) 
523.603 
10,328 
3,224,010 
1,348,647 
301,323 

(1) 
3,695 
15,060 
(1) 
7,065,551 
80,584 
323, 94 / 
1.519.5W 
614,82. ! 
544.771 
20,158,00 


223,533,091 

17,319,840 
100,947,392 
190,594 
106,708 
117,008 
12,358 
1,050,115 
55,630 
5,785,027 
1,958,433 
313,948 

(1) 
4,671 
15,570 
302,55,: 
9,042,59," 
133,321 
523,411 
1,782,004 
1,163,571 
697, 88[ 
13,780,66; 


142,169,549 

16,978,378 
1,506,802 
:2,202 
214,725 

(1) 
38,391 
920,603 
70,305 
7,862,961 
2,147,857 
430,800 
320,220 
9,978 
16,970 
339,739 
9,275.94:- 
179,56* 
425,13: 
2.250,76 r 
475,34= 
779, 26f 

is. 257, en 


385,420,222 

32,471,300 
112,866,838 
564,416 
402,277 
674,900 
(1 
1,101,461 
27.720 
9,682,793 
2,395,876 
800,356 
(1 
14.30C 
37.90C 
(1 
10.635.03C 
220,936 
507,53 
3,275,26 
1,750,07 
723,73 
40,204,24 
44,536.84 


485.0K-.M07 
.673 
186,031 
4 -.0,603 
317,066 
295,170 
28,328 
1,822,949 
137,876 
17,188,075 
3,473,876 
986,332 

(1) 
13,555 
36,650 
474,673 
13,826,778 
303,188 
711,063 
3, 495. 7. V? 
2,348,614 
812.53C 
30,045,39? 
53,449,133 


87 , 715, *331 

3,709,428 
676,014 
546,870 

(1) 
73,715 
1,875,202 
188,144 
19, 351, 794 
4,284,915 
1,343,629 
514,175 
21,24( 
41,300 
500.7." 
13,145,22? 
396,433 
667,159 
4,332,737 
1,826,273 
999, 96f 
34,187,65* 
57,486,45* 


3^ 

3; 
3( 
3 
3* 
3! 
41 
41 
4; 
41 
4 
4. 
4 
4 
4 
4 
& 
5 
5 
& 
5 
& 
5 


1,037,23( 
81,26! 
3 SO, 65 
459,01 
163,36 
(1 


569,201 
82S,05&lt; 
260, 151 
439,62 
20.6K 
) (1 


553, (XX 

609,71 
463, 97* 
322, 08( 
565,34. 
)l 119,59 


2,608,33 
485,05 
1,213,00 
998.57 
549,38 
J (1 


2,023.83? 
1,211,26? 
1,048,52: 
1,087,40? 
93, 80i 
(1 


1.483.65C 
1,340.97* 
1,932,37? 
997, 56C 
841, 16( 
I 251. 99&lt; 


8 

5 
5 
6 

6 

1 



374 



PRODUCTION 



112.-Statistics of Number of Manufacturing Establishments, Capital, Cost of Materials 



No 


Groups and Kinds of Industries. 


Establishments. 


Capital. 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 

12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 

54 
55 
56 
57 

58 
59 
60 
61 
62 


XIV. Miscellaneous Industries- 
concluded. 
Flour paste 


No. 

4J 
51 

1 

(1 
1 

(1 
1 

5( 
1 

52 
11 
24 
15 

i 

437 

(1) 
i 

/ 
i 

(1) 
(1) 
4 
4 
57 
22 
16 
70 
34 

(1) 
7 

(1) 
(1) 
10 
14 
5 
10 
5 
9 
5 
7 
10 
(1) 
8 
6 
13 
71 

5,976 

497 
96 
3,694 

293 
900 
15 
34 
42 
405 


No. 

4; 
5 
1 

i 

i. 

ft 

I: 

47 

1 
29 
26 
10 

502 

(1) 

r 
t 
C 
v 

L 
( 

(1) 
4 
6 
61 
20 
15 
71 
28 

f. 

8 

(1) 
4 
10 
15 
5 
10 
5 
10 
6 
7 
13 
4 
7 
5 
18 
77 

6,788 
675 
114 
3,964 

312 
995 
15 
26 
43 
644 


No. 

(1 

3&lt; 
5 
1 
1 

(1 
1 

1 

55 
13 

4] 
1 
46 
27 
20 
557 

i 

O 
C 
U 

6 
i 

4 

t 

64 
22 
15 
95 
26 
3 
10 
3 
4 
7 
14 
5 
8 
5 
13 
7 
8 
11 

(1) 
9 
6 
4 
37 

7,941 

1,239 
136 
3,867 

361 
1,475 
11 

(U) 
48 
804 


$ 

69,79 
184,84 
23,709,14 
4,375,29 
930,55 
304,30 
(1 
1,787,76 
(1 
833,23 

13,650 
88,92 
273,41 
4,067,696 
539,008 
45,538 
9,600,982 
1,814.320 
603,74 
66,336 
136,143 
1,364,373 

(1) 
168,141 
14,905 
550,419 
(1) 
(1) 
149,049 
259,522 
3,806,035 
21,793,016 
1,916,952 
440,574 
10,380,117 

(1) 
320,999 

(1) 
(1) 
51,862 
227,626 
233,726 
319,060 
111,610 
94, 133 
662,950 
97,843 
58,917 

(1) 
1,737,108 
113,025 
1,915,181 
11,612,062 

47,880,234 

4.431,926 
417,862 
7,972,422 

5,484,452 
24,905,927 
834,939 
674,181 
1,571,867 
1,586,658 


$ 

84,50 
255,70 
27,018,83 
6.291,26 
1,562,08 
428,82 
33,90 
1,707,82 
80,616 
1,022,089 

70,770 
196,616 
387,293 
4,380.520 
544,396 
53,541 
8,431,876 
1,427,400 
769.059 
140,015 
3,043,185 
1,458,953 
(1) 
150,696 
26,260 
45,200 
47,496 
(1) 
156,875 
908,121 
4,887.374 
19,575,680 
2,266,254 
487,447 
13,086,933 
7,830 
355,531 
(1) 
282,369 
55,300 
369,219 
317,878 
367,562 
69,544 
119,196 
738,020 
120,541 
118,171 
375,907 
2,331,392 
159,387 
1,673,044 
9,701,104 

62,327,452 

5,832,710 
439,015 
8,431,021 

5,871,812 
36,722,958 
685,482 
803,881 
1,206,790 
2,333,783 


$ 

(1) 
300,219 
28,185,654 
6,467,669 
1,620,433 
446,543 

(1) 
1,683,574 
86,576 
1,234,672 

67,943 
214.360 
173,472 
5,998,895 
588,411 
51,372 
8,687,532 
1,857,355 
991,773 
142,565 
4,591,188 
1,788,731 
4,821,450 
133,527 
24,918 
2,225,349 
37,487 
65,088 
180.844 
800,860 
5,416,146 
28,584,715 
2,487,705 
739,128 
12,017,281 
13,662 
479,106 
198,581 
310,096 
56,779 
502,685 
333,208 
473,637 
110,185 
145,777 
1,256,766 
159,120 
97,653 

(1) 
2,258,899 
124,176 
37,634 
4,819,402 

81,239,472 

13,668,655 
527,539 
9,042,362 

7,954,354 
45,011,116 
502,124 
(U) 
1,341,910 
3,191,412 


Fringes, cords and tassels. . 


Gas, lighting and heating. . . 


Gloves and mittens. . 


Glue 


Hairwork 


Hay, baled 


Ice, manufactured 


Incubators 


Inks 


Instruments, mathematical anc 
scientific 


Jewellery cases 


Labels and tags 


Mattresses and spring beds. 


Mica, cut 


Mops 


Musical instruments 


Musical instrument materials 
Optical goods 


Patterns 


Phonographs and gramophones. . 
Photography 


Photographic materials 


Pipe and boiler covering 


Pipes, tobacco 


Plaster. 


Plaster products 


Printer supplies 


Pulleys 


Railway supplies 


Roofing and roofing materials. . . . 
Rubber and elastic goods 


Seed cleaning and preparing 
Signs 


Soap 


Spinning wheels 


Sporting and athletic goods 


Steam boiler packing 


Surgical appliance.? 


Sweeping compounds 


Toys and games 


Typewriters and supplies 


Umbrellas 


Vacuum cleaners. . 


Washing compounds 


Washing machines and wringers. . 
W r ax candles 


Weatherstrips.. 


Whips 


Window blinds and shades 


Window fixtures 


Not specified 


All other industries. . . . 


XV. Hand Trades 


Automobile repairs 


Bicycle repairs 


Blacksmithing. .... . 


Dyeing and cleaning and laundry 
work 


Housebuilding 


Interior decorations . . 


Laundries, steam 


Lock and gunsmithing 


Painting and glazing 





(1) Included in all other industries. 

Included in flour and grist mill products 1917 and 1918. 

(3) Included in slaughtering and meat packing in 1919. 

(4) Included in men s furnishing goods in 1917. 

(5) Included in stone, monumental, etc. 

(6) Included in iron and steel products in 1917. 

(7) Included in paper in 1918 and 1919. 

(8) Included in abrasive goods in 1917 and 1918. 



MANUFACTURE* 



375 



and Value of Products, by Individual Industries, 1517, 1918, 1919.-ronrlud.Ml. 



( \i.-t of Materials. 


Value of 1 rodu 


\0 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1917. 


191s 


1919. 




| 


$ 


$ 


1 


1 


$ 




113 


15 i 


(1) 


151 


217.71: 


(1) 


1 


M 


144 


210 




310 


4sH. r.i t 




3.243,851 

I K) 


3.471.214 

812 
97,614 


7,718 


10.691 
10.885.011 

205 


8, U.; 
11.078,231 
1,488,147 


11.H44.021 
9,310,255 

1,510.112 


3 
4 
5 
( 


(1 &gt; 


084 


l 




110 


(1) 


7 


\ * 




20 




187 


:.695 


8 


(1) 




68,454 


- 




126.080 


9 


615 








1,741 


2.019,037 


10 


9,166 


H2 


36 


1 U.497 


77 


103 


11 


22 




731 


71,877 


128 


188 


12 




107 


95,610 




&gt; stil 


247 


13 




3,0 






6,11 




14 

4 p&gt; 


152,334 




: HI 


107 


411 


: 14! 


15 






75 






114,667 


U. 


3,07 


3,30 


3,95!,417 









17 

4 O 


706. 151 


761 


1,0. 




1,740,014 




18 


197 






661,431 




1. HO 1.721 


19 




184 


7s: 


136, 112 






20 


39 




;.02 


137 


-1.517 




21 








1.7! 


2,28 


3, 18H. !5( 


22 

.1.1 


1 


1 


1,161.981 




l 


2,691. K&gt; s 


2.1 


80 


127 


88,493 


15: 


I.6H 




24 




13 


L8 








25 


211 






241 


HI, 013 




. ( 




311 






7~ 


7s 


27 


l 








1 


137 


28 


61 


v- 




149,167 


198 


171,87 


2J 


7! 






21 


718,711 


727 


30 


2,61 


11,870 


4.1)11. 1&lt;&gt;- 


1.7- 




7. (17. 


31 


16, 


15, 


19,671 








. . . 


3,4t&gt; 


1,58 






6, 112.11- 


7 138.2K 


3.1 




112,781 








1 . i; ; 


34 


11,707. 15&gt; 


It 


1" i)7:i is 


17,847.074 




17,384 


35 


1 


1.048 






7.1s. 




3C 


221 


HH: 


246,860 


399,234 




57 


3; 


(1 


I 


7! 




(1 


146,77 


3* 


1 

1 


72 


10 


l 




1 . 25&lt; 


3! 


21,368 


715 


27 


.04 


: . 36 


17 


U 


78,689 


III 


196,91 


215,405 


J \l 




41 


140,749 






,41 




447.17 


43 


274,4 l 




!,518 




66 




1 


105 


11 


125 




Is7.77 


),320 


44 


71.77 


74.727 


118 


165.77! 


20 i 


292, 2fl 


l- 


276,63 


331,712 




615 




1,336,14 


41 


37. M 


52,894 


73.707 


1L 


97,86 


13! 


4 


31,94 


58,148 


36, 103 




136 


100.21 


f 


(I 


149,977 


(J) 




316,98 


(1 


4! 


941,41 


969,515 


2,704,978 


1,161,78 


2,202,05 


3,908,99 


51 


64,23 


169.63C 


59,065 


169,050 


366,14 


203,35 


5 


415,74 


519, 98 


27,677 


1,249,516 


2,076,36 


110,40 


5 


3,752,7(14 


3,273,043 


1,969,999 


8,015,111 


9,341,43 


4,753,01 


5: 


29,731,83 


27,284,63* 


43,148,702 


89,884,273 


89,814,7(4 


135,137,54 




1,961.77 


1,835,981 


4,375,085 


5,091,06 


6,461,26 


12,022,84 


5 


186,22 


137.49C 


I86,35C 


426,94 


504,51 


534,32 


5, 


1,758,74 


1,752.051 


1,976,138 


6,987,512 


7,638,34 


8,495,615 


5 


1,254,73 


1,280,69! 


1,573,075 


7,089,29 


8,003,56 


11,556,724 


5 


22,740,92 


20,;; 


32,753,754 


M.668 


60,522,15 


94,495,22. 


5! 


251,27 


317,011 


99,851 


586,17 


676,82 


431,043 


5 


153,87 


128, 12f 


(ID 


831.24 


885,05 


(11] 


(i 


530,26 


265,29f 


196,241 


1 H 7 1)5 


13,84 


1.033,09); 


6 


894,03* 




2,010,20* 


3,856,71 


4,129,22 


6,568,674 






(9) Included in clay products in 1918 and 1919. 

(10) Included in brick and tile in 1917. 

(11) Included in dyeing, cleaning and laundry work in 1919. 

(12) Included in cement products in 1919. 

(13) Included in pig iron in 1919. 

(14) Included in smelting in 1919. 

(15) Included in plumbing and tinsmithing in 1917 and 1919. 
&lt;16) Included in 1919 with railway capital shown on page 533. 
(17) Included in 1919 with primary production of minerals. 



376 



PRODUCTION 



113.-Statistics of Number of Salary-Earning and Wage-Earning Employees, and of Salaries and Wages 



No 


Groups and Kinds of Industries. 


Employees on 
Salaries. 


Salaries Paid. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 

26 
27 

28 
29 
30 

31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 

3; 

38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
63 
64 
65 
66 
67 
68 
69 

M^, 


I. Food products 


No. 
9,88 

18 
1 

2,08 

1,552 
100 
166 
235 
83 
18 
44 
636 
1,486 
32 
243 
13 
112 
c 
P 
i 

(1) 
34 


No. 
12,03 

17 
4 

2,353 

3,317 
80 
12, 
259 
101 

(1 
65 
615 
1,389 
137 
250 
15 
115 
18 
17 
(1) 
20 
(2) 

2,125 

310 
49 
333 



111 

rj 
i 

7,569 

155 
128 
15 

18 
,43 
374 
1.410 
505 
1,163 
73 
27 
386 
12 
12 
43 
108 
562 
J6 
919 
724 

(1) 
22 
19 
11 
213 
6 
1 
9 
5 
28 
45 
7 
76 
96 
13 
269 
12 
34 
10 


No. 
13,864 

185 
39 
fl,486 
11,244 
3,46 
87 
146 
262 
106 
(1 
53 
679 
1,431 
188 
270 
21 
180 
27 
38 
6 
21 


$ 
10,823,43 

271,74 
27,19 

2,143,75 

535,470 
126,98 
205,92 
440,804 
115,723 
22,862 
63,34 
668,987 
1,953,695 
33,80 
314,325 
20,82? 
134,278 
14,560 
7,370 
(1 
69,231 
(2 

2,211,683 

402,593 
70,954 
487, 686 

456,106 
23,531 

11,128,445 

179,027 
118,234 
14,800 
19,082 
79,399 
659,555 
497,846 
2,152,032 
2,613,173 
117,443 
20, 744 
502,456 
4,602 
(1) 
20,843 
73,791 
826,471 
71,550 
1,024,541 
764,952 

(1) 
30,131 
34,450 
12,601 
183,253 
6,300 
13,575 
9,200 
(4) 
52,355 
224,966 
20.960 
51,958 
117,413 
34,176 
389,237 
2,396 
29,810 
155,123 


$ 
14,420,25 

239,62 
62,28 

2,983,48 

2,268,82 
114,90 
218,45 
340,42 
144,510 
(1 
96,97 
699,68 
2,161,030 
227,493 
309,780 
21,994 
168,176 
22,462 
21,282 
(1 
40,117 
(2 

2,771,852 

698,264 
62,916 
576,489 
2,680 

1 K a lot 


$ 
17,681,234 

258,533 
62,781 
f . 2,318,690 
\ 1,462,233 
2,676,236 
167,350 
230, 136 
510,813 
163,036 
(1) 
47,030 
694,315 
2,431,607 
299,601 
344.926 
31,630 
298,981 
32,549 
35,852 
10,690 
44,003 
95,089 
9,184 
4,249,084 

(3) 
105,817 
883,709 
6,465 
198,819 
12,075 

14,946,343 

207,536 
184.844 
(1) 
(1) 
147,860 
965,499 
2,829,341 
731,725 
2,720,346 
145,538 
43,424 
858,518 
30,016 
27,408 
55,219 
195,072 
1,266,506 
51,461 
1,157,547 
1,390,394 
6,515 
75,906 
56,202 
12,596 
344,671 
10,450 
24,150 
16,242 
26,594 
79,151 
80,836 
6,812 
122,936 
186,408 
34,107 
633,739 
55,911 
74,556 
90,307 


Baking powder and flavouring 
extracts 


Beef extract 


Biscuits and confectionery. . 


Bread and other bakery products; 
Butter and cheese 


Chewing gum 


Cocoa and chocolate products 
Coffee and spices 


Condensed milk 


Confectioners supplies 


Evaporated fruits and vegetables 
Fish, preserved 


Flour and gristmill products 


Foods, prepared 


Fruit and vegetable canning 


Ice cream cones . . 


Jams and jellies.. 


Macaroni and vermicelli. . . 


Maple sugar and syrup 


Prepared flour 


Rice cleaning and polishing. . . 


Prepared breakfast food . 


(2) 
1,861 

306 
62 
275 

101 
17 

7,969 

150 

78 
g 

15 
53 

613 
491 
1,758 
1,244 
70 
12 
298 

; 
(1) 

26 
49 
643 
24 
896 
582 

(1) 
15 
29 
12 
166 
6 
10 
9 
(4) 
25 
154 
29 
47 
80 
23 
248 
3 
25 
72 


79 
9 
3,187 

(3) 
89 

436 
t 

121 

8 

10,537 

125 
102 
(11 

(1) 
89 
643 
3,533 
564 
1,454 
79 
41 
365 
24 
22 
38 
123 
667 
23 
879 
777 
15 
36 
21 
10 
196 
6 
13 
13 
15 
36 
59 
5 
75 
95 
11 
277 
19 
52 
35 


Sausage 


Slaughtering and meat packing. . . 
Slaughtering, not including meal 
packing 


Stock foods 


Sugar, refined 


Tallow, refined 


Vinegar and pickles 


All other industries. . 


100, i/ 

10,446 

11,711,389 

248,686 
225,23.5 
29,617 
25,079 
51,880 
539,728 
2,280,975 
653,886 
1,887,685 
122,125 
44,650 
821,281 
9,120 
17,851 
39,988 
109,220 
885,884 
54,874 
1,210,20.8 
1,082,832 

(1) 
42,308 
35,470 
17,381 
209,011 
8,32C 
90C 
11,10* 
8,710 
75,517 
60,671 
7,822 
91,134 
154,718 
28,853 
515,394 
10,808 
67,386 
25,074 


II. Textiles 


Awnings, tents and sails 


Bags, cotton 


Batting 


Blankets and sweat pads. . 


Carpets .... 


Clothing, men s, custom 


Clothing, men s, factory. . . 


Clothing, women s, ?ustom. 


Clothing, women s, factory.. 


Cordage, rope and twine 


Cotton and wool waste 


Cottons 


Embroidery 


Felt goods 


Flax, dressed 


Fur goods 


Furnishing goods, men s 


Furs, dressed 


Hats, caps and furs. . . 


Hosiery and knitted goods. . . . 


Lace curtains 


Laces and braids 


Linen 


Mats and rugs 


Neckwear 


Oiled clothing 


Quilted goods 


Regalia and society emblems. . . 


Shirts, collars and cuffs 


Shoddy 


Silk and silk goods 


Textiles, dyeing and finishing. . 
Thread 


Waterproof clothing 


Wool carding and fulling. . . . 


Woollen goods. . . 


Wool pulling 


Woollen yarns 


All other industries 





NOTE. Figures in parentheses are references to foot notes. For their signiHcance see pages 384 and 385 



MANUFACTURES 



377 



Paid in Manufacturing Establishments in Canada, by Individual Industries, 1917, 1918, 1919. 



1 in) ploy ces on v 


W:im--i Paid. 






1917. 


1918. 


19! 


1917. 


If 18. 


1919. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


$ 


S 


$ 




I!) ,062 


,594 


5 ,:{:?l 


SI, Ml ,7*4 


38,576,091 


48,238,530 






413 




Ml 






1 


33 






15 






2 


16, I ll 


16. 


no 

\ - 


10,960,606 


11 




3 
4 


3,410 


3,988 


4,147 


7,779 


3,234.771 


4,091,076 


5 








161 


178.611 




i. 


1,011 


1,041 




r .291 






7 











405 


8 








417,471 







41 


(1) 








(1) 


10 




1,002 








-.771 


11 


5,509 








19,210 


13 




6,018 






SI, 663 


13 


112 








241 


14 


2,594 






1,04 


1,2! 


2,073 


15 










17. 17., 


871 


16 












r,l ; 


17 




216 


87 




!,617 


18 




101 


74 


14,504 


50 


.006 


19 


(1) 






1 




9, 1M 


20 








63,o:&gt;7 


G.5 




21 


(2) 






(2) 






22 


19 


14 




14 


12. 71(i 


30,672 


23 


6,879 


7,986 


10.034 


5,7i; 


7,- : 


11,053,304 


24 


1,226 


1,395 


(3) 


1,0-1- 


1,41, 


(3) 


25 


86 








406 


81 


26 


2,252 




3,054 


1,887,142 


2,050,400 


14,185 


27 


4 


11 








6,940 


28 


410 


461 


528 




297 


460 


29 




50 


30 


2* 


25,623 


21,970 


30 


78,906 


79,110 


80, i ::&gt; 


42,801,869 


MJH.fll 


58 ,451 ,.&gt;!&gt;&lt; 










,971 


385,604 


298,706 


31 












55! 





61 


82 


(1) 








33 


. it; 


221 


(l) 


101 


127.800 


1 


34 




480 


7M 


814 


358,572 


552.641 


35 


5,705 






3,30 


3,2( 


4,658,921 


36 


8,599 


7,551 




Jl , 217 




12,161 


37 


4,577 




4,514 


17.002 


2,57 


11,223 


38 


11 


9,690 






6,118,561 


9,062,555 


39 


1,130 


1.097 




642.004 


889. lilt 


806,614 


40 


u 


112 


108 


22 


77. 1.14 


.109 


41 


15,053 


15.618 


15 


6.591,856 


8,406,062 


10, 112, .,7: 


42 


31 


144 


181 


21,586 


73,121 


134,150 


43 


(1) 




99 


(1) 


.l , 505 


7fi 


44 


278 


703 


638 


101,701 


390,353 


386.0- : 


45 


267 


470 


505 


204,363 


426,827 


525,506 


46 


5,248 


5,075 


5,176 


2,160,867 


2,363,875 


2.839,569 


47 


488 


463 


480 


347 


329, 267 


821.455 


48 


3,558 


3,866 


3,573 


2,457,943 


2,665,674 


2,960,180 


49 


11,080 


11,903 


11,607 


5,730,517 


6,148,350 


7,014,245 


50 


(1) 


1 


22 


(1) 


(1) 


15,641 


51 


152 


193 


292 


72,290 


90.773 


159 


53 


208 


124 


1.55 


96,647 


68,00? 


89,697 


53 


76 


76 


90 


40,104 


42,757 


58,101 


54 


547 


511 


502 


253.129 


263,675 


342,659 


55 


58 


75 


65 


18 


30 


32,369 


56 


106 


91 


115 


39.417 


36,226 


71,448 


57 


23 


40 


50 


12,4!*} 


24,084 


30,127 


58 


(4) 


2tt 


396 




126,072 


176,264 


59 


251 




196 


202,4.50 


209,247 


186.732 


60 


824 


&lt;I75 


1 , 235 


39: 


438,695 


617,924 


61 


143 


31 


54 


88,496 


20,823 


53,461 


62 


443 


546 


566 


169,489 


271,698 


117,167 


62 


428 


361 


447 


288,877 


315,935 


473,014 


64 


84 


38 


51 


53,567 


35,431 


43,125 


65 


5,208 


5,203 


5,349 


3,404.071 


3,246,928 


3,900,818 


66 


12 


27 


66 


8,493 


24,486 


71,276 


67 


481 


824 


932 


308, 128 


4.54,582 


555,585 


68 


448 


81 


237 


408,316 


42,115 


156,962 


69 



378 



PRODUCTION 



113. Statistics of Number of Salary-Earning and Wage-Earning Employees, and of Salaries and Wages 



No 


Groups and Kinds of Industries. 


Employees on 
Salaries. 


Salaries Paid. 


1917. 


1918 


1919 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
13 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 

32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 

56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 

63 
64 


III. Iron and steel products 


No. 

7,08* 
93$ 
58f 
32 
2 
64 
84 
56 
. 11 

2,541 

27 
8 
74 
(6) 
983 
82 
4 
(1) 
751 
43 
102 
40 
77 
3 
83 
27 
23 
111 
21 
-161 
121 
39 

6,823 

44 
26 
6 

28 
509 

(1) 
78 
70 
37 
828 
24 
3,159 
995 
29 
55 
142 
46 
19 
72 
138 
18 
373 
114 
13 

2,717 

51 
1,675 
62 
34 
399 
90 

354 
37 
15 


No. 

7,08 

75 
59 
2 

8 
2 
6 
1 

2,87 
1 
8 

7 
2 

33 
6 

(1 
(1 
1,04 
38 
100 
4 
79 

62 
33 

27 
214 

(1) 
194 
130 
67 

6,593 

26 
( 

33 
175 

7 
65 
53 
35 

788 
29 
3,568 
876 
39 
18 
28 
29 
12 
31 
28 
20 
602 
79 
36 

2,319 

39 
1,559 
15 
24 
237 
118 

290 
37 


No. 

8,05 

69 

58 
1 

7J 
21 

7 
1 

3,62 
2 
10 
9 
2 
380 
83 
(1 
14 
86 
18 
103 
42 
117 

10 

29 
39 
234 

(1) 
262 
122 
104 

8,608 
5i 
37 

7 
17 
197 

c 

77 
55 
27 
942 
30 
5,048 
1.028 
36 
54 
112 
70 
16 
75 
32 

(1) 
547 
113 
30 

2,855 
53 
1,831 
29 
41 
405 
105 

328 
62 
1 


$ 

9,790,37 

1,345,82 
861,04 
40,77 
2,08 
81,57 
100,82 
51,14 
21,01 

3,327,98 
38,51 
3,49 
114,66 
(6 
1,267,05 
189,30 
6,41 
(1 
1,121,74, 
67,033 
134,476 
52,572 
97,260 
3,340 
125,703 
35.182 
37,732 
178,397 
26,100 
214,178 
183,852 
61,080 

9,689,696 

76,099 
25,860 
4,180 
37,139 

752,479 

(1) 
109,697 
64,780 
46,751 
969, 153 
39, 144 
4,781,300 
1,412,298 
40,752 
77, 878 
215,665 
52,986 
13,995 
91,728 
70,772 
21,236 
631,997 
139,525 
14,282 

3,735,282 

84,492 
2,226,313 
25,596 
34,743 
463,396 
124,420 

690,066 
59,086 
27.170 


$ 

11,566,80 

1,196,77 
. 1,041,00 
35,84 
7,08 
86,85 
41,01 
64,44 
26,19 

4,451,28 
36,27 
136,10 
126,28 
38,74 
582,89 
210,270 
(1 
(1 
1,886,940 
56,00 
153,15o 
61,170 
111,22 
4,04 
119,718 
39,280 
49,385 
392,979 

(1) 
310,903 
206,350 
94,539 

9,835.274 

10,411 
30,677 
4,900 
39,727 
325,715 
6,966 
109,398 
65,628 
55,856 
1,021,499 
45,366 
5,373,880 
1,155,648 
63,347 
17,434 
41,682 
34,742 
11,950 
56,647 
32,611 
20,299 
1,152,906 
102,231 
55,754 

3,372,088 

65,970 
2,183,325 
9,580 
41,192 
281,286 
153,424 

571,359 
65,952 


$ 

13,518,253 

1,363,144 
1,021.334 
40, 135 
1.450 
91,095 
272,677 
69,779 
35, 182 

5,849,529 
32,225 
177,208 
141,503 
36,648 
656.349 
197,703 

(1) 
19, 970 
1,643,812 
78,569 
142,440 
62,724 
121,657 
3,355 
178,049 
37,392 
57,976 
399,151 

(1) 
429,764 
209,001 
148,432 

12,734,049 

99,576 
51,281 
7,656 
32,318 
374,469 
6,869 
136,302 
65,215 
48,931 
1,447,294 
54,337 
6,976,832 
1,500,796 
68,067 
95,381 
124,040 
101,636 
32,100 
112,179 
51,107 

(1) 
1,114,845 
161,517 
71,301 

4,751,016 

111,241 
2,927,037 
34,866 
51,757 
482,773 
200,127 

823,364 
116,467 
3 384 


Boilers and engines 


Bridges, iron and steel 


Cash carriers and registers. 


Castors 


Chains 


Cutlery and edge tools 


Dies and moulds 


Files 


Foundry and machine shop pro 
ducts 


Gas machines 


Hardware. . 


Hardware, carriage and saddlery 
Horseshoes . . . 


Iron and steel products 


Iron, pig 


Knitting machines 


Needles 


Rolling mills and other furnaces. 
Safes and vaults 


Saws 


Scales 


Sewing machines and attachments 
Skates 


Stamps and stencils. . . . 


Stoves and hot air furnaces 


Structural iron work 


Tools and implements 


Transmission machinery. . 


Wire 


Wire fencing . 


All other industries . . . 


V. Timber and lumber and their 
re-manu.factures 


Artificial limbs_and trusses 


Baskets 


Billiard tables 


Boxes, cigar 


Boxes, wooden 


Clothespins... 


Coffins and caskets 


Cooperage 


Corks 


Furniture and upholstered goods . . 
Lasts and pegs 


Log products 


Lumber products 


Matches. . 


Picture frames . 


Pumps and windmills. . 


Refrigerators 


Shooks, box 


Showcases . . . 


Wickerware . . . 


Woodenware 


Wood pulp 


Woodworking and turning 


All other industries. . . 


V. Leather and its finished pro 
ducts 


Belting and hose leather 


Boots and shoes . . 


Boot and shoe repairs. 


Boot and shoe supplies. . 


Harness and saddlery 


Leather goods 


Leather, tanned, curried and 
finished 


Trunks and valises . . . 


All other industries. . 



NOPE. Figures in parentheses are references to foot notes. For their significance see pages 384 and 385. 



MAXUFACTURES 



379 



Pld In Manufacturing Establishments In Canada, b&gt; Individual Industries, 1917,1118, 1919.- MB. 



Employees on Wages. 


\V;uxi .-&gt; Paid. 


No 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


$ 


I 


S 




70,071 


69,46* 


56 ir. 


68,947,610 


79,076,215 


63,439,:&gt;:&gt;s 






w 




S3, 379 


7,71 


6.203,31!) 


1 


4,895 








5,815,402 


2,43 


2 


87 




85 


111.104 


61,706 


10i 


3 




22 




10 


10 


23,41" 


4 


434 






380,418 


371 


30s 


5 


491 




154 






786 


&lt; 






366 


266.407 


311 


HS 


7 


201 


234 




151.992 


214 


209, 175 


8 


21 


.586 


21,680 


18.692.s21 




23,411 


1 








10!) 


142 


120.727 


11 






700 


17 . 


842 


.966 


11 


1.4 2:. 


1, 161 


661 


1.27 




717 


r 




105 


114 


(6) 


60, 


75 


i: 


11 




2,691 


10,184.693 




2,6t. 


14 


1,241 






1,59 




2,140,649 


15 




l 




191 


1 




14 


1 


I 


21 , 


1 


(1) 


145 


1&lt; 


15,021 


19 


13 


is 


25,767 


1C. 


^ 


183 


his 




154 


Iti2. ! Hi 




1! 








7,073 


,706 


401.310 


21 












342,611 


21 


- 


855 






19fi 


940,:. 12 


r 


13 


7 




10 




16 


1 




117 




511 


:,:, 


so ;. 


24 


11 . 








ll().7s] 




2; 


7s 






69 


91 


363 


24 


-- 


1.71" 


1,14: 


116,211 


1,840.133 


1.2,s 


2 


58 


1) 


(1) 






1 


2* 




1,181 






1.031 


L, 370,044 


2J 








:.ii&gt;. ill 


47^ 


: 019 


34 






14! 


171 




41 


31 


92,139 


87,286 


101 ,21.1 


7:&gt;7 ,260 


66,.}H7,9.M 


82,492,121 




112 




117 


717 


7ft, 147 


3* 


367 




3% 


I4S 


17: 


S.561 


3: 








78 


13 


11 


3 








147 




is; 


& 












2,11 


34 






91 


l 


39. 1H 


52,361 


3 


461 


474 


622 


309.014 


353,744 


, . r )73 


3i 




72. 


692 


611 


1,511 


591.000 


3! 




152 


217 


101,109 


7 . s 


15t&gt; 


41 




7,071 


8,110 


4 .- 


4, 17: 


6.418,75! 


4 


164 


204 


271 


107 


144,888 


218 


4! 


54 


57 


- 420 


34,412.411 


44. 4 1: 1 


54,022 


4i 


8,260 






3. 190 


4.435 


6,916,228 


4 


14! 




621 


Is; 


1,167 


",227 


4. 








21 


194,141 


252 


41 


1,188 




418 


1,05 




435,700 


4 


159 




465 


11!) 367 


106,608 




1 


1 r_ 


135 


222 


267. 730 


96 


189,537 


4! 


199 


140 


206 


169,786 


140,354 


235,410 


54 






333 


101 


his. 781 


205,393 


n 




199 


(1 


13t. 


111,086 


(1) 


5; 


5,661 






4,524,191 


6,355,928 


7,81 





1,304 


1, 13s 


1.175 


731,402 


747,300 


961,479 


5 


56 


152 


205 


50,691 


92,941 


150,542 


5. 


18,459 


19 237 


21.678 


11.789,029 


12.507 227 


17,426,647 






61 


108 


57. 49 


91 


51 


11,338 


12,105 


13,144 


7,020,431 


7.241,772 


10,248,437 


5 


43.5 


918 


1,44 


260,47:, 




1,214,531 


5! 


268 


250 


278 


146. 172 


150,27, r 


195,293 


5 ( 




l,63| 


1,682 


1,148,231 


1,13! 


1,292,006 


61 


562 


666 


659 


280,277 


369,314 


436, 140 


6 


3,774 


3,341 


3,833 


2,670,040 


3,486 


3,579,415 


6 


325 


261 


483 


177,618 


127.024 


368,877 


6 


34 


_ 


- 


-S, 13S 


- 


- 


i. 



380 



PRODUCTION 



113. Statistics of Numbers of Salary-Earning and Wage-Earning Employees, and of Salaries and Wages 



No 


Groups and Kinds of Industries. 


Employees on 
Salaries. 


Salaries Paid. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 

17 

18 
19 
20 
21 

22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 

43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 

52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 

61 
62 

No 


VI. Paper and printing 


No. 

7,23t 

26 
384 

38J 
6 
142 
15 
54 
1,501 
3,110 
368 
38 
130 
10 
1,051 
10 

1,070 

294 
152 
560 
38 
66 

2,881 
14 
1 

(1) 
16 
3 
570 
(1) 
186 
103 
12 
192 
46 
667 
548 
25 
226 
36 
76 
38 
(1) 
122 

998 

64 

(8) 
205 
79 
99 
1? 
(10) 
93 

5S 
54 

82 
151 
4 
34 

(8) 
2 
5 

44 

2 
8 

?nces t&lt; 


No. 

7,797 
11 
34 

40^ 
1 
20 
(7 
49 
1,370 
3,772 
30 
34 
145 
15 
1,125 

K 
i 

949 

257 
135 
510 
22 
25 

2,850 

14 
(1) 
69 
19 
7 
356 
7 
177 
103 

(1) 
166 
65 
614 
669 
33 
270 
40 
71 
29 
13 
128 

978 

101 

(8) 
(9) 
76 
46 
(9) 
25 
117 

43 

t;&lt;&lt; 
44 
131 
(1) 
(9) 
16 
8 
5 

49 
10 
4 

3 foot D 


No. 
9,54 
41 

50 

30 

(7 
3 
1,60 
4,48 
354 
20 
20 
18 
1,556 

927 

350 
51 
450 
41 
35 

2,815 

1 ( 

(1) 
73 
24 
4 
184 
14 
95 
92 
1 
76 
79 
695 
796 
25 
332 
49 
82 
31 

(1) 
146 

1,018 

18 
76 
(9) 
167 
54 
(9) 
236 
117 

55 

73 
44 

(5) 
(5) 
(9) 
14 
(12) 
8 

156 

(5) 

otes. 


$ 

9,393,94* 

29,67 
622,454 
6,60: 
561, 40J 

5.82C 
238,974 
32,212 
43,90? 
1,946,948 
3,472,690 
467, 187 
47,462 

1 Q 1 AD 


$ 

11,041,00 

16,14 
560,55 
5,55 
682,25 
10,46 
426,56 
(7 
47,76 
2,007,61 
4,337,79 
462,01 
53,80 
269,98 
35,12 
2,116,14s 
9,22. 

1,619,113 

312,51" 

342,377 
896,898 


$ 

14,844,110 

16,610 
734,782 
7,650 
950,739 
3,300 
561,853 
(7) 
35,029 
2,515,916 
5,931,471 
546,142 
23,389 
409,849 
50,599 
3,013,972 
12,809 

1,484,443 

437,004 
70,169 
858,557 
66,799 
51,914 

4,803,087 

24,359 

(1) 
118,064 
31,496 
7,092 
367,743 
19,345 
194,868 
124,593 
44 
146,555 
120,176 
1,264,867 
1,293,091 
83,251 
507,657 
91,834 
156,994 
39,006 
(1) 
212,052 

1,792,118 

36,732 
117,633 
(9) 
325,909 
46,394 
(9) 
437,057 
255,027 

90, 154 

102,803 
76,789 
(5) 
(5) 
(9) 
17,822 
(12) 
10,178 

275,620 
(5) 

js 384 and 385. 


Blue prints 


Boxes and bags, paper 


Fly paper 


Lithographing and engraving 
Maps 


Paper 


Paper board 


Paper patterns 


Printing and bookbinding 


Printing and publishing. . 


Stationery goods . . . 


Stereotyping and electrotyping . . 
Wall paper 


Waxed paper .... 


loo, ioy 

34,439 
1,701,941 
14,118 

1,696,576 

350,047 
326,831 
925,629 
57,027 
37,042 

4,003,162 

22,316 
500 

(1) 
20.133 
2,696 
782,666 
(1) 
364,528 
97,254 
14,356 
238,998 
43,182 
1,072,361 
673,449 
53,293 
263,614 
50,346 
92,312 
42,315 

(1) 
168,843 

1,385,870 
84,963 
(8) 
273,113 
117,002 
134,708 
20,438 
(10) 
168,531 

66,357 
60,928 
110,957 
174,130 
9,270 
72,347 
(8) 
1,900 
5,056 

73,976 
5,200 
7,994 

For their signi 


Wood pulp and paper. . . 


All other industries 


VII. Liquors and beverages 


Aerated and mineral waters 


Liquors, distilled 


Liquors, malt 


Liquors, vinous.. 


Malt 


28,591 
38,730 

4,524,669 

23,666 

(1) 
89,138 
22,932 
6,112 
858,373 
11,065 
345,395 
132,216 
(1) 
185,997 
73,364 
921,708 
1,034,050 
62,208 
369,705 
69,263 
98,594 
36,890 
18,969 
165,024 

1,493,600 

130,381 
(8) 
(9) 
124,385 
57,235 
(9) 
394,378 
210,512 

72,834 
107,287 
65,408 
189, 789 
(1) 
(9) 
19,827 
8,963 
4,938 

88,208 
9,378 
10,077 

ficance see pag&lt; 


VIII. Chemicals and allied pro 
ducts 


Ammonia 


Ashes, pot and pearl 


Carbide of calcium 


Carbonic acid gas. 


Disinfectants 


Drugs and chemicals 


Dyes and colours 


Explosives 


Fertilizers 


Insect powder.. 


Oils 


Oxygen gas 


Paints and varnishes 


Patent medicines. . 


Perfumery and cosmetics.. . 


Petroleum . . 


Salt 


Starch and glucose 


Wood distillation 


Wood preservative 


All other industries 


IX. Clay, glass and stone pro 
ducts 


Abrasive goods . . 


Abrasives, artificial 


Brick tile and pottery 


Cement, Portland. . . . 


Cement products 


Fire clay and fire brick 


Clay products 


Glass 


Glass, stained, cut and orna 
mental 


Lime 


Mirrors and plate glass 


Monuments and tombstones 


Paving blocks 


Sewer pipe 


Sand, lime and brick. 


Stone, artificial. . . 


Statuary and art goods 


Stone, monumental, ornamental, 
etc 


Wall plaster 


All other industries. . 


rE. Figures in parentheses are refen 



MANUFACTUR1 



381 



Paid In Manufacturing Establishments In Canada, by Individual Industries, 1917, 1918, 1919--con. 



Employees on Wages. 


1 
\Yages Paid. 

. 


X,.. 


1917. 


1919. 


1919. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


$ 


$ 


$ 




40,510 


40,742 


42,142 


30,504,946 


34,640,392 


4-&gt;,m,540 




44 


29 


43 


744 


19,796 





1 


3,427 


3,207 


3,447 


1.543,915 


1,623,929 


1,997,736 


2 


37 


17 


10 


10.561 




&lt;i.550 


3 


2,008 


2,086 


2,412 


1,580,441 


1,795,^ 


2,385.493 


4 


27 


| 


22 


16.616 


4,034 


1(1,833 


& 


1,561 


2,103 


2,828 


1,017,049 


1,624,047 


2.126,556 


f 


302 


(7) 


(7) 


.907 


(7) 


(7) 


1 


102 


100 


97 


43. 


49.691 


60 


i 


7,389 


7 | 


7.921 


5,150,974 


6,330,032 


7,297,536 


1 





8,605 


9,015 


1,861 


6,587,627 


113,394 


1C 


1,27] 


1.377 


1,563 


73H 


849 


1,184,781 


11 


113 


116 


66 




lid 


83, ( .M 4 


IS 


263 


356 


427 




! MM 


.,030 


1 


- 


73 


80 


341 


57,75." 


71,527 


1 


14,153 


14,999 


14 


12.236,571 


15 


17.62 .). 


1 


62 


71 


79 






39, Ml 


14 


4,325 

1,209 


l.iii t; 
1. 11^ 


4,326 

1,649 


IJflf.HI 

isl 


3,145,442 


3,731,562 
1,109,128 


r 





444 




41! 




10 . 


it 


2,389 


2.241 




1,831 


1,90* 


2,27. 


11 


57 




105 


41 


64 


100 


21 


61 


107 


123 


.316 


11 . 


139,077 


2 


14,953 

26 


1C, 511 


12,21* 

2d 


12,255,227 

24,880 


i;,.ihs,9l2 

30 


12,771,051 

29,411 


2" 


2 


(1) 


(1) 


800 


(1) 




I 


(1) 


\"/ 

975 


719 


n; 


96:: 


804,928 


2 


21 


30 


30 


23.05 


3(i 


35,923 


2 


20 


g 


18 


14. 1C 


6,657 


19,498 


2 


3,478 


3,936 


i 


2,32 


5,01 


1,099,959 


2 


(1) 


32 


31 


(1 




17 


2 




2,662 




3,19 




..316 


2 


315 


281 


276 


176 




228,985 


3 


4 


(1) 


4 


1,79 


(1 


2,940 


:{ 


490 


213 


235 


: 17( 


,.71 


261 


3 




128 


173 


47 


71 


189 


3 


1,317 




1 . 636 


882 


948,63 


1,262,130 


3 


1,252 


1,630 


1,988 


677,973 




1,26 


3 


74 


62 




4:-; 


.626 


66 


3 


2,620 


2,935 


3,513 


2,628.971 


3,449,14 


4,694,961 


3 


257 




257 


180,22 


3,00 


256,935 


3 


615 


636 






541,550 


604,647 


3 


470 


647 


412 


561 


675,09 


355,742 


4 


(1) 


49 


,1: 


(1 


19,88 




4 


712 


656 


685 


694,15 


799,28 


971 


4 


11,079 


9,918 


9,795 


9,418,41 


9,061,71 


18,272,443 




741 


1,074 


84 


683,86 


1,113,96 


72,066 


4 


(8) 


(8) 


466 


(8 


(8 


651,661 


4 


2,160 


(9) 


(9) 


2,110,84 


(9 


(9) 


4 


1.420 


1,183 


1,298 


1,314,52 


1,287,50 


1,510,366 


4 


1.422 


473 


265 


1,117,34 


386, 12 


267,672 


4 


133 


(9) 


(9) 


133,88 


(9 


(9) 


1 


(10) 


2,368 


2,983 


(10 


2, 111, .57 


3,004,377 


1 


2,234 


2,215 


2,46c 


1,671,09 


2,011,05 


2,510,191 


5 


255 


292 


362 


160,828 


111,35 


307,716 


5 


72C 


782 


775 


516,48 


682,44 


697,031 


1 


19C 


137 


15C 


146,61 


96,07 


158,515 


( 


917 


78? 


(5 


898,44 


728,63 


(5) 


1 


31 


(1] 


(5, 


23,95 


(1 


(5 


1 


42? 


(9, 


(9 


292,94 


(9 


(9, 


i 


(s; 


e; 


141 


(8 


62,86 


151, 20f 


&gt; i 


X 


7&lt; 


(12 


17,84 


60,67 


(12. 


J 


44 


4! 


6 


29,30 


32,79 


56,97-S 


i i 


321 


35* 


731 


267,25 


336,13 


884, 66? 


i ( 


2( 


3 


(5 


19,19 


25,30 


(5 


) 1 


20 24 - 13,99 


15,22 





( 



40 
41 



43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 

51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 

60 
61 
82 



382 



PRODUCTION 



113. Statistics of Number of Salary-Earning and Wage-Earning Employees, and of Salaries and Wages 



No 


Groups and Kinds of Industries. 


Employees on 
Salaries. 


Salaries Paid. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 

21 
22 

23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 

32 
33 

34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 


X. Metals and metal products 
other than iron and steel 


5 No. 
3,40 

4 
1&lt; 
46C 
4c 

d; 

3S 

e 

43 

27 
338 
96 
9 
155 
17 
237 
1,265 
96 
(15) 
502 
14 

1,296 

314 
982 

5,737 

304 
904 
127 
109 
1,338 
426 
82 
2,447 

872 
66 
806 

13,587 

1,070 
1,703 
34 
21 
34 
(D 
61 
2 
337 
132 
69 

(D 
3 

(D 
45 
65 
11 
241 
114 
25 
1,521 
3,345 
103 
67 
48 
70 
33 
(1) 


No. 
1 3,685 

7- 
2 
63( 
3( 
i 
3 
f 
5C 

34 
314 
58 
27 
187 
11 
214 
1,213 
114 
21 
612 
11 

1,039 

121 
918 

3,573 

(D 
694 
117 
89 
1,316 
331 
96 
668 
262 

1,403 

46 
1,357 

14,836 

1,129 
1,714 
39 
22 
16 
1 
91 
9 
569 
178 
56 

(D 
2 
1 
31 
35 
25 
11 
375 
109 
11 
1,681 
3,973 
64 
42 
43 
81 
9 
(1) 


No. 
5 4,675 

9 r 
12( 

) 46; 
45 
1 
5C 



(13) 

(141 
962 
61 
24 
267 
(1) 
217 
1,571 
114 
(15) 
637 
34 

1,325 

346 

979 

4,088 

937 

355 
42 
1,490 
244 
71 
949 

1,432 

48 
1,384 

15,268 

1,368 
63 
38 
30 

(D 
5 
107 
19 
583 
225 
64 
32 
3 
1 
8 
78 
19 
12 
312 
156 
22 
2,094 
4,556 
87 
56 
59 
51 
44 
7 


$ 
4,681,73; 
61,041 

30,50! 
662, I2i 
38,38 
(1 
35,24( 
5.71C 
67,29( 

54,524 
359,531 

82,927 
11,271 
317,821 
21,943 
349,603 
1,346,792 
137,054 
(15) 
1,071,168 
28,782 

1,773,794 

476,021 
1,297,773 

6,351,749 

223,424 
1,376,692 
266,147 
92,643 
1,487,68 
472,48 
109,79 
2,322,87 

S98,341 

66,376 
931,965 

16,601,693 

1,329,736 
2,953,093 
36,197 
43,042 
45,445 

(D 
84, 707 
2,760 
268, 758 
167,020 
79, 775 
(1) 
468 

(D 
62,111 
28,882 
23 244 
197,859 
121,045 
33,739 
1,962,259 
3,443,302 
148,414 
91,695 
76.734 
89,560 
46,923 

m 


$ 
5,578,805 
103, 52&lt; 
32,135 
965,681 
38,24( 
5,06( 
42,22. 
5, 90S 
52.97C 

63,725 
374,254 
101,223 
29,221 
341,299 
16,165 
326,248 
1,537,238 
195,982 
26,117 
1,295,918 
25,660 

1,563,801 

150,731 
1,413,070 

5,247,893 

(D 
1,297,338 
271,253 
105,814 
1,728,845 
409,212 
161,241 
919,036 
355,154 

1,923,055 

54,633 
1,868,422 

20,304,583 

1,650,338 
3,849,039 
38,058 
41,087 
20,303 
284 
160,326 
17,575 
610,581 
262,435 
81,266 
(D 
442 
300 
30,797 
77, 780 
21,673 
25,986 
331,770 
120,454 
15,692 
2,304,938 
4,300,908 
88,050 
72,480 
68,650 
108,109 
12,260 

m 


$ 

2 6,551,620 
1 125,910 
150,098 
801,754 
68,017 
8,508 
71,143 
6,966 
(13) 

(14) 
827,241 
128,268 
39,102 
422,161 
(D 
288, 977 
2,053,184 
201,898 
(15) 
1,296,374 
62,019 

2,367,599 

752,612 
1,614,987 

6,679,565 

1,560,633 
486,297 
42,557 
2,631,474 
345,488 
120,960 
1,492,156 

2,61S,933 

79,026 
2,537,907 

21,175,982 

1,992,305 
104,022 
50,833 
81,122 
(D 
4,684 
180,549 
32,375 
708,494 
338,510 
98,372 
27,373 
830 
1,200 
15,952 
127,566 
27,424 
32,422 
411,501 
475,174 
35,038 
3,092,940 
5,533,945 
130,684 
93,988 
84,035 
111,521 
54,406 
Ifi.fi28 


Aluminium ware 


Babbit metal and solder 
Brass castings 


Brass and iron beds 


Copper-smithing.. 


Electroplating 


Engravers supplies 


Ferro alloys 


Gold and silver reducing and 
refining 


Jewellery and repairs . . . 


Lamps and lanterns 


Lightning rods.. . . 


Metallic roofing and flooring 


Pins 


Plumbers supplies 


Plumbing and tinsmithing. . . 


Silversmithing 


Stamped enamelware. . 


Smelting 


All other industries 


XI. Tobacco and its manufactures 

Tobacco, chewing, smoking and 
snuff 


Tobacco, cigars and cigarettes. . . 

XII. Vehicles for land and air 
transportation 


Aeroplanes 


Automobiles 


Automobile parts and accessories. 
Bicycles 


Car repairs 


Carriages and wagons 


Carriage and wagon materials .... 
Cars and car works 


All other industries 


XIII. Vessels for water transpor 
tation 


Boats and canoes 


Shipbuilding and repairs 


XIV. Miscellaneous industries... 

Agricultural implements 


Ammunition 


Artificial feathers and flowers 
Asbestos 


Asphalt 


Beekeepers supplies 


Blacking 


Boiler compound 


Boots and shoes, rubber 


Brooms and brushes 


Buttons 


Celluloid goods 


China and glass decorating 
Church ornaments 


Clocks and watches. . 


Coke 


Combs 


Conduits 


Corsets and supplies 


Cream separators 


Dental supplies 


Electric apparatus and supplies... . 
Electric light and power 


Elevators 


Elevator repairs 


Enamelware 


Fancy goods 


Fire extinguishers 


Fire works.. 



NOTE. Figures in parentheses are references to foot notes. For their significance sae pages 384 and 385. 



MAM FACTURBS 






Paid In Manufacturing Fstablishments In &lt; an;tcl:i. by Individual Industries, 1911, 191S, 1919- MB. 



Kniployet s on Wages. 


Wam-s Paid. 


No 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1917. 


1918. 


1018. 


No 


No 




1 


1 


S 




2S.MO 


If ,121 


. 1,555 


22, 735. :: 


34.S10.997 


25,929,354 












740,134 


. (197 


1 


117 










248 


2 


3,642 






3. 






3 


11., 


in 




,834 


ir 


159 


4 


1 






l 


.075 




5 




118 


196 




- .V.M 


HI 


C 






12 






13 


7 








171 






8 


157 


127 




147 




U 


* 




1,781 




1,157 




2,517 


10 








184 






11 




14 






17 


143 


12 




1.II.V- 


985 








U 




115 


1 








It 


1,550 


1.109 








781,461 


U 






10 








16 








447 






17 


II 












18 














19 


184 






16^ 






20 


8,910 


9,104 


i IT 


l.M*,041 


4,881,91 


1,81 




2.069 








1.01 


1,101 


21 






7,124 




3,9: 


1,177.17.- 


n 


47, M7 


39,03.1 


45,953 


B, 171, HI 


42,066 


80,OW,3.V! 








_ 


1,71 


1 





.". 












52, 1M 


24 




1,147 


1,378 






2,144 


25 






821 








26 


15 


IS.21J 


21,741 


14. &gt;7. 11." 


16 




27 














28 














M 


19 


11 


13 


17,687 


12 


17 


30 


















31 


12,289 


.M ,041 


, 3,10? 


lt.t.7ll 


25, IRC ,327 


27, &gt;:,,:.-) 
















32 


11,370 


20 




12 


24,481 


r, 084, 871 


33 


94 ,534 


M 


n r 


71,212,694 


8S.DS.871 


.1.1,071,162 




0,562 






8,0! 


8.618,201 


10,125 


34 


37 


oil- 






42,06."! 




:M 


291 




231 


150,1ft 


88,174 


147 


.:., 


121 




84 


79,101 


59 


77,771 


37 


216 


106 


(1) 


5,212 


116. l.Vi 


(1) 


38 




6 


e 


1 






39 


108 


183 


184 


103 


121 


14 


40 




8 


8 




8,718 




41 


3,661 


5.363 




1,916,305 


3,218,445 


3,834,845 


42 


ss; 


911 


1,075 


478,608 


585. I ll 


7. "MI:,: 


43 


547 


616 


610 


186.314 


315,906 


447,410 


44 


1_ 




105 


(1) 


(1) 


HO.oo: 


*5 


i 


4 


- 
( 


4,224 


3,276 


5,047 


46 


19 




12 




8,208 


9,25! 


47 


(1) 






1 


44,219 


44,704 


48 


1,081 


1,088 


854 


1,069,940 


1,395,773 


1,503.70: 


49 


110 


115 


144 


47,211 


53,117 


90,062 


50 




4: 


51 


38,036 


39 


41, 


51 


1,419 


1,449 


1,331 


503.261 


451,183 


562,524 


52 


438 


513 


337 


409,150 


399.653 


39! 


53 


41 




62 


17,851 


30 


63.689 


54 


8,234 


7,178 


7,458 


6,061,850 


6,144,903 


6,591,93.3 


55 


5,501 


5,667 


5,205 


4,334,413 


6,053.334 


5,953,187 


56 


971 


385 


390 


964,482 


463,083 


554,831 


57 


144 


139 


186 


168,879 


147.336 


212.432 


58 


364 


273 


447 


305,072 


263,15. 


520,484 


59 


331 


353 


208 


186,618 


217,590 


138,415 


60 


83 


43 


84 


60, 774 


39,071 


76,893 


61 


(1 


(1) 


44 


(1) 


(1) 


23,584 


62 



384 



PRODUCTION 



113 Statistics of Number of Salary-Earning and Wage-Earning Employees, and of Salaries 

1917, 1918, 1919 



No 


Groups and Kinds of Industries. 


Employees on 
Salaries. 


Salaries Paid. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 

12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 

54 
55 
56 
57 

58 
59 
60 
61 
62 


XIV. Miscellaneous Industries- 
concluded. 
Flour paste. ... 


No. 

23 
615 
244 
26 
19 

(1) 
44 

(1) 
63 

9 
12 

188 
26 
4 
297 
30 
74 
8 
11 
117 
(1) 
10 
2 
15 
(1) 
(1) 
10 
13 
206 
1,033 
120 
68 
288 
(1) 
39 

(1) 
(1) 
10 
27 
20 
25 
20 
13 
30 
2 
8 

(1) 
131 
11 
57 

458 

2,240 

302 
9 
102 

432 
1,167 
28 
30 
45 
125 


No. 

6 
21 
569 
301 


No. 

(1 
23 
586 
373 
57 

1 

c 

(1) 
32 

I 

104 

6 
11 

12 

196 
58 
4 

197 
40 
131 
15 
242 
93 
163 
8 
3 
32 
3 

9 
30 
177 
1,206 
200 
88 
356 

38 
16 
16 
8 
41 
24 
36 
11 
30 
58 
3 
10 

(1) 
172 
13 
6 
212 

3.309 

236 
6 
87 

652 
2,075 
32 

(11) 
22 
199 


$ 

8,650 
35,618 
491,753 
309,354 
45,514 
33,615 

(1) 
48,202 

(1) 
90,475 

9,434 

17,899 
239,422 
20 714 


* 

8,830 
38,518 
492,479 
485,003 
66,453 
14,945 

51,313 
5,148 
142,167 

2,916 
14,695 
32,438 
249,446 
18,867 
912 
312,360 
90,032 
14fi ftW 


$ 

(1) 
52,660 
563,271 
563,701 
81,724 
11,826 

(1) 
53,397 
4,200 
222,445 

16,108 
18,203 
14,734 
420,520 
42,737 
3,769 
329,610 
109,355 
163,695 
24,230 
277,077 
121,456 
225,757 
15,200 
3,306 
46,729 
3,000 

11,718 
69,936 
343,104 
1,510,118 
277,645 
147,124 
574,937 

44,969 
21,402 
18,421 
16,344 
62,498 
53,263 
71,579 
19,957 
44,098 
66,915 
3,100 
13,579 

(1) 
223,249 
22,094 
9,520 
297,809 

4,908,650 

336,609 
8,900 
75,887 

834,898 
3,299,678 
57,243 

(11) 
44,593 
250,842 


Fringes, cords and tassels 


Gas, lighting and heating 


Gloves and mittens . . 


Glue 


49 
13 

38 

C 

t 

77 

( 

1&lt; 
20 
176 
21 

c 

209 
35 
115 
14 
105 
97 

(1) 
3 
2 
1 
3 

(1) 
8 
33 
134 
918 
175 
51 
363 

15 

(1) 
26 
7 
33 
23 
21 
12 
18 
34 
5 
7 
28 
132 
20 
70 
488 

2,515 

428 
17 
66 

554 
1,209 
33 
42 
29 
137 


Hairwork 


Hay, baled 


Ice, manufactured 


Incubators . 


Inks 


Instruments, mathematical anc 
scientific 


Jewellery cases 


Labels and tags 


Mattresses and spring beds .... 


Mica, cut 


Mops 


2,928 
415,500 
41,082 
80,251 
6,732 
7,762 
105,494 

(1) 
13,711 
832 
17,980 
(1) 
(1) 
9,496 
23,235 
246,139 
1,173,261 
193,767 
82,293 
433,787 
(1) 
21,109 

(1) 
(1) 
15,866 
20,067 
38,107 
35,990 
24, 127 
16,492 
34,992 
3,250 
7,267 
(1) 
206,510 
15,800 
43,317 
577,131 

2,936,948 

334,780 
6,810 
73,080 

462,424 
1,814,832 
28,423 
27, 765 
61,837 
126,997 


Musical instruments 


Musical instrument materials 


Optical goods 


Patterns 


21,250 
127,600 
115,620 
(1) 
5,400 
995 
300 
3,618 
(1) 
10,480 
61,532 
185,104 
1,147,040 
241,378 
68,310 
546,672 

18,000 

(1) 
34,294 
15,857 
44,190 
42,926 
31,800 
20,551 
26.435 
44,952 
5,374 
8,041 
39,476 
197,909 
28,857 
117,242 
608,644 

3,309,750 

442,490 
11,786 
71,129 

575,708 
1,911,528 
46,958 
37,035 
48,032 
156,084 


Phonographs and gramophones. . . . 
Photography 


Photographic materials 


Pipe and boiler covering 


Pipes, tobacco 


Plaster 


Plaster products 


Printer supplies 


Pulleys 


Railway supplies 


Hoofing and roofing materials 
Rubber and elastic goods 


Seed cleaning and preparing 


Signs 


Soap 


Spinning wheels 


Sporting and athletic goods 


Steam boiler packing 


Surgical appliances 


Sweeping compounds 


Toys and games 


Typewriters and supplies 


Umbrellas 


Vacuum cleaners 


Washing compounds 


Washing machines and wringers. . 
Wax candles 


Weather strips 


Whips 


Window blinds and shades 


Window fixtures 


Not specified 


A 11 other industries 


XV. Hand Trades 


Automobile repairs 


Bicycle repairs 


Blacksmithing 


Dyeing and cleaning and laundry 
work 


Housebuilding 


Interior decorations 


Laundries, steam 


Lock and gunsmithing 


Painting and glazing 




(1) Included in all other industries. 
(2) Included in flour and grist mill products, 1917 and 1918. 
(3) Included in slaughtering and meat packing in 1919. 
(4) Included in men s furnishing goods in 1917. 
(5) Included in stone, monumental, etc. 
(6) Included in iron and steel products in 1917. 
(7) Included in paper in 1918 and 1919. 
(8) Included in abrasive goods in 1917 and 1918. 



MANUFACTURES 



385 



and Mages Paid in .Manufacturing Establishments in Canada, by Individual Industries 

conclude 1 



Employees on Wages 


\VuKt -, Paid. 


No. 


1917. 


I .US. 


l .H9 


j_ 

1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


9 


9 


9 




2 


2 


1 (1 


11,20 


9 


3 (1 


1 


10 


11 


14 






9 


2 


1,11 


1,89 


D 1 , !i:i 


1,112,98 


M.M: 1 


9 2. ll .i.-M 


3 


2,75. 


3,52 


9 


l.Oli!). 11 


Lien. r&gt; 


5 1,61!). .LI 


4 


18 


26 




101 


8,91 


1,51 


5 


81 


8 ( 


101 


51,531 


58.09, 




6 




1 


(1 


l 






7 


r.n 


is; 


12 




146,12 


17 


8 


(i 

t 1 1 





3} 


1 


:&gt;- . 12- 


30,661 


9 


14( 


15: 


16: 


111 


136,291 


14i 


19 




*/ 


n 


U 


2, 1 .If 


9,724 


13,872 


11 


H 

IOC 


6 


Si 






50 


12 


III 
1,181 

882 

, 


l , os: 
65.1 


10* 
1,246 
631 


1,277 
136 


lit), 295 


1,281,748 

137 


13 
14 
15 


U 

.451 


17 

2,851 


U 

2,427 

71! 


1 1 , tif.4 
.0.017 
501?, 77 1 


12,26; 

1.S7I. 144 
517 


2,121,873 

J, l. iti 


16 
17 

18 


3- s 




496 


174.440 


262 


807 


19 


64 
61 

(1) 

OC 


119 

879 

(1) 


100 
1,184 

951 

718 


57 

53,630 
454,883 
(1) 


41 
380 
447,969 
(1) 


.H7.207 
7 7.-&gt;, 392 


26 

21 
22 
23 


28 


22 


26 


23 


22,389 


.266 


24 


71 


13 


31 


9.048 


10,905 




25 


it 

(1) 
(1) 

59 
43 


18 
37 

(1) 
68 
106 


337 

11 
58 
108 


5- 

(i) 

47 


It 
33,325 
(1) 
58,371 
89, 


53,745 
13 
59 
102,161 


26 
27 
28 
29 

30 


5,227 
356 
326 

1,061 

^i \ 


663 
1,901 

281 

1,165 


713 
5,628 
310 
499 
1,131 


1,187 

3,911,605 
188,710 

648,359 


3,53 

20i 

1,068,971 


724.430 
5,493,910 
198,011 
521,223 
884.717 


31 
32 
33 
34 
35 


UJ 

200 
(1) 
(1) 


3 
193 
(1) 


2 
1M 

26 


(1) 
79. 

(1) 
(1) 


1,840 

104 

(1) 
14 


1. 83 
128,290 
20.891 

22,988 


36 
37 

38 
39 


121 
44 
156 

99 


193 
50 

135 

1 f\ 


8 
223 

129 


6,815 
49, 

30 
61 


10. 
181,817 

36,251 
79,808 


7,403 
157.810 
48,224 
75.034 


in 
41 
42 
43 


mm 

48 
163 
19 
17 
(1) 
323 
76 
371 
2. 142 


19 
47 
174 
26 
27 
63 
2s)0 
65 
295 
2,585 


31 
49 
263 
29 
23 
(1) 
302 
70 
27 
734 


20 
34,722 
120,263 
9,930 
12,534 

(1) 
169,059 
42, 792 
330,791 
1,710,470 


16, 228 
29,691 
145,024 
14,108 
22.474 
50, 772 
193,106 
66,460 
260,480 
1,698,251 


24,213 
41,471 
231,281 
20,430 
20,0&lt;1 
(1) 
224,070 
58, 165 
26,379 
643,317 


44 
45 
46 
47 

48 
49 

51 
52 
53 


31,950 

1,542 
153 
4,036 


37,823 

2,022 
237 
4,369 


45,731 

3,382 
198 
4,414 


24,931,157 

1,200,958 
121,551 

2,588,207 


29,525,409 

1,853,450 
141,626 
3,275,969 


45 ,330 ,812 
3,395,843 
165,281 

3,994,016 


54 
55 
56 


5,229 
17,714 
162 
633 
1,045 
1,337 
~~ _ 

fQI Tnnt.,.rl. 


5,234 
19,898 
205 
655 
443 
4.760 


6,529 
27, 938 
125 
(11) 
527 
2,618 


2,962,200 
16,321,008 
173,711 
350,079 
411.998 
801,445 


3,089,750 
18,781,641 
142,594 

409 
304,078 
1,526,719 


4,425,441 
30,220,161 
123,358 

U 
408,2.52 
2,598,460 


57 
58 
59 
6f 
61 
62 



-:-~~~ "" v "* jr H i ""&lt;-&gt;&lt;a u iyio and 
(ill) J eluded in brick and tile in 1917. 

!l9 "! U ^ " dyein S- cleaning and laundry work in 1919. 
Included in cement products in 1919. 
Included in pig iron in 1919. 

(14) Included in smelting in 1919. 

(15) Included in plumbing and tinsmithing in 1917 and 1 tl i 
381,3125 



386 



PRODUCTION 



114. Statistics of Manufactures by Cities and Towns of 5,000 population and over, 1917-1919. 



Cities and Towns. 


Estab 
lish 
ments. 


Capital. 


Em- 

loyees . 


Salaries 
and 
wages. 


Cost 
of 
materials. 


Value 
of 
products. 


P. E. Island 

[ 
Charlottetown \ 


1917 
1918 
L91P 

1917 
L918 
1919 
1917 
1918 
191P 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1917 
1918 
191P 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1917 
1918 
191? 
1917 
1918 
1919 

M917 
1918 
191P 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1917 
1918 
1919 

[1917 
1918 
19 1C 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1917 
1918 
1918 
1917 
1918 
19K 
1917 
19ie 
191? 
191 
191* 
[191! 
[191 
{191! 
191 
191 
191 
191 
191 
191 
191 


No. 

62 
61 

84 

46 
47 
57 
43 
47 
55 
245 
285 
290 
63 
69 
66 
19 
23 
24 
15 
16 
15 
91 
75 
112 
13 
15 
15 
39 
44 
63 
49 
58 
65 

38 
41 
54 
40 
51 
76 
237 
280 
307 

25 
33 
39 
10 
13 
27 
45 
49 
75 
42 
48 

ee 

3 

47 
6f 
2( 
31 
3? 
1 2,34 
i 2,37, 
) 2,64! 
40 
42- 
38 
7 6 
6 
3 8 


.$ 

1,100,823 
1,307,506 
2,340,341 

9,055,934 
12,205,539 
9,124,425 
7,157,769 
8,863,923 
14,010,641 
10,376,410 
17,848,860 
17,721.536 
12,240,588 
11.506,872 
6.597.27F 
209,861 
239,047 
253,652 
110,212 
102,948 
116,244 
56,579,071 
104,965,289 
37,136,427 
1,673,171 
3,407,013 
2,592,434 
2,746,888 
2,229,071 
3,168,443 
2,526,869 
3,470,948 
3,857,417 

4,081,834 
7,665,834 
1,469,050 
2,452,570 
3,499,277 
7,319,623 
24,343,720 
26,787.911 
26,129,347 

10,171,421 
11,586,366 
13,186,344 
321,157 
498,539 
1,590,375 
12,158,510 
11,341,689 
16,896,399 
1,990,679 
1,890,163 
2,220,027 
18,027,071 
18,850,201 
17.686.70C 
615, 50( 
953, 43( 
914, 511 
[ 383,357,635 
5 468,401,48( 
3 409,908,18; 
34,434,13 
\ 35,900,97! 
i 32,829,20. 
7,035,47( 
t 5,982,78 
i 6,654,17! 


No. 

730 
624 

772 

2,375 
2,255 
1,753 
1,656 
1,598 
1,838 
5,257 
8,315 
6,721 
3,156 
2.615 
1,284 
135 
177 
234 
45 
74 
54 
3,473 
3,664 
2,673 
409 
413 
313 
1,067 
1,029 
928 
915 
1,188 
1,028 

1,230 
1,592 
644 
888 
1,194 
3,214 
5,694 
6,504 
5,855 

1,361 
1,375 
1,434 
6? 
82 
520 
3,00: 
3,335 
3,494 
1,153 
1,004 
1,397 
6,356 
4,847 
t 2,794 
i 464 
) 534 
! 577 
) 114,43* 
) 157, 87* 
! 111.08$ 
I 11,85; 
J 11,13 
; 10,42( 
) 2,12 

2,30: 

* 2,33( 


$ 

355,497 
410,954 
547,172 

1,787,666 
1,974.727 
1,631,201 
1,680,030 
1,393,839 
2,044,727 
3,861,114 
5,639,915 
6,990,740 
2,655,438 
2,403,816 
1,218,796 
89,119 
127,448 
160,701 
29,874 
33.254 
38.080 
3,727,477 
4,698,262 
4,105,317 
345,913 
384.584 
284,201 
593,140 
601,280 
675,441 
467,692 
632,591 
675,479 

590,196 
1,163,904 
534,124 
460.665 
732,113 
3,348,447 
3,432,477 
5,057,189 
5,050,992 

852,494 
804,995 
1,324,904 
82.337 
62,688 
476.316 
2,072,383 
2,431,477 
3,103.467 
497,546 
576,113 
997,763 
7,636,286 
6,222,824 
2,920,34? 
313,20. 
489,407 
430,06$ 
I 94,335,04 
110,196,215 
i 116,481,01? 
! 8,023,99^ 
6,980,83( 
) 7,698,63( 
1 3,088,52 
1,261,48. 
) 1,522,43( 


$ 

1,090,525 
1,388,636 
1,872,827 

3,320,673 
3,618,118 
4,067,328 
9,264,298 
7,359,953 
13.371,856 
6,227,258 
7,130,571 
7,638,749 
9,429,973 
9,979,597 
3,555,562 
81,470 
90,117 
130,375 
30,814 
33,76? 
33,815 
32,484,798 
38,626,353 
21,658,37? 
3,126,626 
3,918,536 
3,147.959 
1.424,99? 
1,954,011 
2,234,929 
1,367,283 
2,490,379 
2,289,391 

1,289,546 
1.419,094 
1,525,215 
1,093,177 
1,985,982 
3,253,685 
15,297,555 
16,880,922 
27,199,925 

1,701,788 
1,335,029 
1,821,258 
61,813 
105,238 
358,316 
6,997,868 
7,687,168 
5,929,711 
1,359,129 
1,688,746 
1,678,436 
15,260,333 
15,359,00? 
5,573.15? 
302. 12 
700.50? 
&gt; 402. 30^ 
249,177.50( 
) 291,973,46( 
) 329,622,471 
\ 16,382,301 
i 16,119,42; 
i 17, 318, IK 
1,108,83: 
5,472,27 
) 5,300,35^ 


I 

2.033.085 
2,554.004 
3,201,061 

7,251,739 
8,603.537 
8.004,323 
12,415,786 
10,569,655 
17,581,851 
15,247,469 
19,339,836 
21,955,162 
16,132,835 
14,815,223 
7,347,266 
233.443 
284,370 
343,830 
98,393 
105.585 
108,141 
75.075,428 
61,474,843 
36.460,254 
7,671,198 
5.602,175 
5,576.778 
3,167.625 
3,841,129 
3,952.165 
2,180,492 
4.441,658 
4,139,263 

3.045,455 
3,310,269 
2,525,217 
2,132,503 
3,526,243 
7,526,945 
24,630,917 
28,247,037 
40,263,494 

4,613,353 
4,106,962 
4,741,459 
176.499 
216,126 
928,409 
13,671,229 
15,139,468 
15,181,622 
2,560,694 
3,146.530 
3,500,244 
32,172,210 
27,156.203 
15,259,704 
909.824 
1,897,791 
1,406,773 
i 493.727,258 
, 552,114,605 
581,543,595 
34,857,741 
32,754,192 
33,126,504 
5,433,903 
8,402,361 
I 9,965.477 


{ 
Nova Scotia 

Arnherst 


Dartmouth \ 


Halifax \ 


New Glasgow 
North Sydney 


Springhill 


Sydney 


Sydney Mines 


Truro 


Yarmouth 


New Brunswick 

Fredericton &lt; 


Moncton 


St. John 


Quebec 

Chicoutimi 


Fraserville 


Hull 


Joliette 


Lachine 


Levis 


Montreal 


Quebec 


St Hyacinthe 





MANUFACTUR1 



387 



114. Statistics of Muniifartiin.s by I ltles and Towns of 5,000 Population and over, 1917-1919 

continued. 



Cities and Tu\. 


Kstah 
lish- 

itir 


Capital. 


Km- 
ployeeg 


and 

\\--.ir 


materials. 


Value 
of 

product- 


Quebec concluded. 
St Johns 

Bon 
rbrooke 


i -i 

191 

1 U 

191 

191 

191 
- I .ll 

191 

, 191 

Il91 

{191 

,1 H 

[191 

191 

1 U 
1917 

mis 
191: 

1917 

1918 
1911 
1911 

191! 
1917 
1918 
1919 

1917 
1918 
191! 
1917 

mis 

1919 
1917 
191s 
1910 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1917 
1918 
1911 
1917 
1918 
1910 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1917 

191S 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1917 
1918 
1919 
1917 
191S 
1919 
1917 
1918 
1919 


No. 

4 

4 

4 


10 
4 

5 
6 

89 
10 

17. 

19 
66 
66 
73 

104 
117 
31 
38 
35 
42 
42 
47 
34 
46 
47 
55 
65 
70 
77 
77 
87 
10S 
111 
123 
133 
129 
157 
666 
686 
746 
19 
20 
26 
107 
108 
153 
179 
172 
194 
57 
52 
72 


$ 

26, i r 
17, 12* 

11,3 

M.V. 
17. 1 

17,22! 

i.lOS 

11,259 

1,74 

37 

40 
41 

12.747 
9,1! 
14,04. r i 

6,4.; 

16,072.1-^ 
5,881.00 

1.1 
1.4.V 
1.754,022 
^,457 
5,777.48 
4,087,883 
7.899.982 
7. 90o.fi 70 
7,538,590 
7,555,250 
18,217 
18,820.791 
11,824.255 
23,334,040 
13,582,891 
9,550,306 
10,272,367 
12,796,306 
141,377,160 
142,336.442 
165,500,399 
2,869,760 
5,144.386 
3,393,19? 
11,709,810 
13,739. 
20,900,645 
20,346.802 
20,997,159 
26,956,878 
3,185,647 
4,253,161 
4,551,224 


No. 

. 

5 
6 

- ! 

117 
4,247 

11 
144 

1.41! 
1,196 

8,288 

1,161 
2.501 

3,062 
485 
601 

470 
471 

1 . 7.SH 

1,145 
1,757 
1,877 
1.973 
1.899 
2,456 
2.159 
4,092 
4,252 
3,880 
3.485 
3,005 
3,667 
31,780 
31,116 
30,29.? 
145 
168 
334 
3,255 
3,116 
2,671 
6,512 
6.534 
7,811 
1,165 
1,183 
942 


1,61 

H.14- 
M- 

1.147 

! 1 . 09&gt; 

4 17! 

M4." 
1.049 

1.0" 

ri.iso 

l.lo 
886.02 

56 

24 

36: 
1.48 

1,60 
1,192.442 

894.30" 
1.132.75 

1,46 ). 19 
1 . .V, 
3,480. 
2,771.696 
3, 400, 70S 
3,891.825 
3,773,812 
2,699,119 
2,694.670 
3,470,931 
29,691,852 
32,293,612 
32,997,963 
144,326 
177,673 
382,374 
4,099,645 
2,633,523 
2,437,850 
4,486,502 
5,127,610 
7,183,314 
90?, 866 
875,982 
782,521 


$ 

1.05.- i; 
1,267,324 

: 1. t2l 
1,0 

8,094,701 

1 4: 
i:. 
318 
1,731 

1 

53.7W 

l.O- l 

11,384 

55. 

ill 1.417 

11.401 
1,672,972 

.601 

19. lo 
17 

10 
13,451 

39,323 

17) 
1. 1 
7 &lt;1,010 
1,139,755 

2,884.947 

1,851,507 
2,525,423 
3,691,335 
3,550,575 
8,368,424 
15,342,633 
9,589,800 
6,162,837 
5,699,331 
6,306.841 
6,309,148 
6,996,457 
8,492,891 
88,900,205 
118.595,728 
80,062,412 
6,331,046 
4,913,844 
4,641,372 
5,622,225 
6,215,657 
4,475,012 
15. 276, 827 
14.910.675 
19,865,770 
1,852,287 
1,967,053 
1,624,758 


$ 

2.618, 175 

1,7; 
11 
1" 
1 . 103,771 

784,401 

11. 

17.7;)ii, Hit 
16 

10. 569,110 
11,984,411 
240 
467 
852,739 

1,558,331 
1,414,009 
2,330.116 
4,445,860 
5.855. 
t88 
111,499 
226 
35, hi:; 
57 
6,810.404 
6,6 
14. 159,855 

is .Tss .ssa 

10.468.341 

10,216.324 
7,882,940 
2.0S3.015 
1,627.039 
2,147,522 
5,422.068 
5,895.134 
4,715.297 
5,474,869 
7,803,208 
8,627,344 
14,695,208 
23,487,689 
15,530,874 
13,710.934 
13,410,433 
13,539,983 
12,391,917 
13,863.404 
15.450,609 
163,506,406 
193,638,400 
149,767,630 
7,644,353 
6,036,690 
5,777,724 
11,191,954 
12,149,450 
8,987,481 
30,171,284 
30,462,367 
37,385,267 
4,996,704 
3,913,911 
3,644,999 


Tlu-tford M i] 
Thnv Hivi-r- 


Valleyfield 


Verdun 

Ontario- 
Barrio 


Brantford 


Brock vi lie . . 


Chatham &lt; 


Cobalt.. 


Cobourg 


Col ling wood.. .. &lt; 


Cornwall . . ^ 


Fort William... 


Gait.. 


Guelph 


Hamilton 


Kenora ... 


Kingston 


Kitchener 


Lindsay.. 


38131 25i 



388 



PRODUCTION 



114.~Statistics of Manufactures by Cities and Towns of 5,000 Population and over, 1917-1919 continued. 



Cities and Towns. 




Estab 
lish 
ments. 


Capital. 


Em 
ployees . 


Salaries 
and 
wages. 


Cost 
of 
materials. 


Value 
of 
products. 


Ontario concluded. 
London 


1917 
1918 


No. 

393 

380 


$ 

29,953,419 
34,547,811 


No. 

10,153 
10,254 


$ 

7,595,096 
8,702,694 


$ 

17,895,357 
20,505,633 


$ 

34,615,211 
39,104,056 


Niagara Falls 


1919 
1917 
1918 


424 
101 
93 


33,921,346 
61,681,147 
51,199,485 


10,710 
3,509 
3,048 


10,040,406 
3,400,627 
3,275.006 


21,539,082 
5,505,891 
8,013,750 


41,930,921 
19,414,572 
18,406,805 


North Bay 


1919 
1917 
1918 


111 
37 
39 


70,013,768 
828,020 
863,279 


3,743 
691 
764 


4,444,077 
651,112 
1,186,256 


6,950,272 
800,837 
948,027 


23,591,110 
1,651,966 
2,051,579 


Orillia 


1919 
1917 
1918 


52 
55 
57 


937,357 
4,707,225 
5,672,584 


970 
1,925 
2,062 


1,153,602 
1,694,769 
2,030,220 


852,930 
2,174,859 
3,097,527 


2,381,027 
6,022,161 
6,922,541 


Oshawa 


1919 
1917 
1918 


60 
56 
56 


5,144,876 
10,002,112 
12,739,486 


1,104 
3,199 
3,583 


1,059,697 
2,860,915 
3,700,042 


1,894,721 
18,221.104 
18,105,870 


4,068,033 
25,252,060 
30,504,030 


Ottawa 


1919 
1917 
1918 


66 
388 
404 


10,808,126 
38,698,865 
37,784,469 


3,698 
11,873 
12,099 


4,196,641 
8,938,176 
10,604,485 


23,759,720 
14,667,832 
24,069,990 


34,442,352 
34,671.203 

42,279,417 


Owen Sound 


1919 
1917 
1918 


452 
99 
94 


41,546,342 
6,519,695 
6,614,849 


11,383 
2,447 
2,682 


11,240,252 
1,580,060 
2,048,270 


16,984.269 
2,214,182 
2,854,274 


38,731,298 
5,059,971 
7,003,954 


Pembroke 


1919 
1917 
1918 


96 
43 
51 


7,242,404 
3,442,248 
3,827,281 


2,468 
2,116 
1,954 


2,227,794 
1,442,652 
2,126,136 


3,093,366 
1,697,937 
2,507,481 


7,419,038 
4,757,708 
6,020,466 


Peterborough 


1919 
1917 
1918 


62 
127 
116 


4,297,787 
16,365,589 
20,322,222 


1,642 
3,972 
4,513 


1,524,207 
3,139,647 
4,203,123 


2,457,807 
11,700,958 
17,858,747 


5,194,850 
21,994,351 
27,504,683 


Port Arthur 


1919 
1917 
1918 


158 
50 
46 


22,037,123 
8,459,684 
12,668,135 


4,406 
1,710 
2,412 


3,808,348 
1,843,216 
2,770,781 


20,989,573 
1,794,774 
3,558,923 


30,310,043 
5,657,277 
8,133,822 


Port Hope 


1919 
1917 
1918 


69 
43 
25 


11,036,157 
1,646,660 
1,676.011 


2,663 
567 
536 


3,042,738 
393,687 
460,534 


2,235,003 
779,714 
509,171 


7,610,427 

1,847,492 
1,798,928 


St. Catharines 


1919 
1917 
1918 


51 
140 
149 


2,450,403 
16,891,228 
17,512,116 


686 
6,311 
5,501 


635,338 
6,146,396 
6,437,964 


668,449 
11,586,300 
10,221,638 


1,984,448 
26,455,033 
22,610,388 


St. Thomas 


1919 
1917 
1918 


174 
90 
103 


14,837,188 
5,091,093 
5,347,809 


4,180 
2,060 
2,543 


4,277,569 
1,710,047 

2,987,622 


7,073,518 
5,130,662 
7,271,345 


15,721,125 
7,977,954 
12,795,216 


Sarnia 


1919 
1917 
1018 


119 

74 
80 


7,320,105 
13,243,874 
21,887,038 


2,717 
2,641 

2,778 


4,106,218 
2,952,666 

2,848,488 


7,155,659 
7,573,762 
16,536,782 


12,782,714 
27,588,859 
25,547,612 


Sault Ste. Marie 


1919 
1917 
1918 


96 

77 
86 


20,842,706 
43,918,282 
69,234,987 


2,555 
3,784 
4,154 


3,030,174 
4,496,350 
5,361,241 


14,915,559 
14,805,932 
28,781,533 


24,305,545 
34,745,338 
44,556,426 


Smiths Falls 


1919 
1917 
1918 


104 
49 
47 


50,692,142 
3,675,702 
3,702,439 


3,204 

789 
638 


5,047,499 
606,064 
561,625 


9,734,302 
1,353,482 
1,028,380 


27,791,991 
2,591,624 
1,923,030 


Stratford 


1919 
1917 
1Q18 


60 
101 

97 


3,704,175 
5,643,929 
6,593,259 


703 
3,093 
3,068 


672,310 
2,105,510 
2,408,135 


1,207,680 
4,660,971 
6,516,577 


2,477,029 
8,429,843 
11,171,537 


Toronto 


1919 
1917 
1Q18 


116 
2,388 
2,835 


6,157,597 
374,872,238 
379,492,078 


3,390 
104,480 
106,248 


3,360,911 
95,691,124 
105,920,198 


6,691,650 
235,779,057 
265,988,540 


12,276,927 
456,250,198 
507,802,722 


Welland 


1919 
1917 
1918 


3,200 
68 
84 


412,449,242 
21,458,989 
26 751 880 


98,945 
5,187 
5,719 


105,000,426 
5,013,151 

7,186,418 


281,689,830 
12,391,388 
17,195,633 


511,648,448 
27,799,152 
37,462,265 


Windsor 


1919 
1917 
1918 


87 
179 
162 


25,101,240 
9,901,948 
20 244,130 


3,879 
2,870 
2,555 


4,622,730 
2,531,124 
2,416,422 


12,167,140 
4,314,854 
4,950,808 


23,397,595 
10,441,736 
11,765,271 


Woodstock 


1919 
1917 
1918 


194 
92 
101 


14,528,184 
6,561,175 
6 504 722 


3,096 
2,178 
1 874 


3,624,131 
1,485,909 
1 415 007 


9,067,598 
3,613,048 
4 230 397 


17,087,777 
6,276,568 
7,202,661 


Manitoba 

Brandon 


1919 

1917 
1918 


113 

63 

65 


7,117,448 

3,865,691 
4 224 592 


2,003 

738 
711 


1,583,610 

660,405 
718,025 


4,824,568 

2,386,972 
3,611,875 


8,995,390 

4,615,713 
5,346,633 


St. Boniface 


1919 
1917 
1918 


85 
29 
30 


4,704,000 
1,353,719 
1 828 946 


805 
393 
556 


1,024,014 
297,951 
516,442 


3,748,409 
1,756,493 

1,889,342 


5,881,380 
2,851,612 
3,693,128 


Winnipeg . . 


1919 
fl917 

{1918 


44 

676 

779 


2,345,526 
88,556,837 
82,709,029 


708 
18,111 
19,181 


754,068 
15,729,178 
18,773,622 


2,385,551 
58,495,921 
77,689.693 


3,711,413 
98,101,632 
118,154,995 




[1919 


876 


80,378,258 


23,175 


24,122,564 


70,155,501 


119,836,108 



MANUFACTURES 



389 



114. StatMirs of Manufactures by Cities and Towns of 5,000 Population and over, 1917-1919 

conclude 1. 



:ind Towns. 




i!&gt;- 
limh- 
me 


Capital. 


Em- 

plo&gt; 


: ies 
and 




Cost 
of 
material*. 


Value 
of 

pnxlur 


Saskutrhcwan 

Pri:. ; t &lt; 


1!U7 
1918 

I!M7 
[918 


No. 

69 

101 
34 
33 


$ 

1,111 
0,213 


No. 

1,354 
1,311 


I 

1,151,633 

1,4, 


$ 

&gt;i.lM 

14 
12,781 


t 

1 1 , SS" 
18 
18, 

jo ) i)tv.; 



on 
Albert :i 


1910 

1918 
L919 
1917 
1918 

I .HT 
1918 


44 
LOO 

117 

121 

157 


I * 
047 


Ml 

1 , 4v.. 
- .017 

1,649 

3,914 


1,48 
1,21 


1.81 

18 

1 413 


12 

10, 

342,231 
vi mi r\7-i 




1917 








1 1 1 1 


111 
11 


18 

1(17 Q7R 



Lethbridge 1 


1917 


50 


1! 


4i:, 


4, 66:).. l:i 


17 


, , -71! 


icine Hal \ 


1917 

1918 


85 




604 

1 () :&gt; 


1 O 1 


1.271 

If) 


11 

HI ^J 


British Columbia 

Xanaiiii . 


1!M7 


71 
47 


1 , 740, 762 


560 


1,10 

355.654 

1 -,, 


Hi 
1.41 


137,756 

2,51, 

3*^1 1 


New W ,-r 
North Vancouver 
Vancouver. . 


l ( J17 
1918 
1919 
1917 
1918 

1917 
L918 


620 


10,171 
24.963 

r..i: 


2,40 ) 

1,815 

14 

Is 


1.91 

11,404 

21 


.710 

,0.462 
31 

AU 


0,796 
7,961 
11 

6,31 

57.172,309 

07 7e n i i 


Victoria 


1917 
1918 


826 
225 
213 


n. 214 


18,161 
4,017 
44fifl 


21,1 

2.70 

3O CO =CC 


44 

6COQ 1Q 


91 , loD.Uil 

88.101 
10,970,780 






270 


14,403,41 


5,583 


7.256,889 


&gt;. lob 
9.563,548 


1 ,384 
23,893.642 



115. Male and Female Employees on Salaries and Wages, by Provinces, 1919. 



Provinces. 


Employees on 
Salaries. 


Salaries. 


Employees on 
Wages. 


Wages. 


Males. 


Females. 


Males. 


Females 


Prince Edward Island 


No. 

179 
1,796 
1,627 
19,685 
33,501 
3,314 
1,313 
1,860 
4,575 
11 


No. 

34 

429 
520 
6,403 
11,044 
725 
213 
382 
705 


$ 

156,463 
2,958,871 
3,045.668 
36,539.000 
67,249,359 
6.384.682 
2,210,491 
3.420,999 
8,874,480 
14,989 


No. 

1,074 
22, 
18. 
137,979 
225.853 
20.389 
7.374 
9.537 
41,728 
28 


No. 

318 
2,941 
3,217 
41.494 
52,974 
2.926 
579 
1,218 
2,663 
3 


$ 

816,843 
21,598,234 
16,198.682 
153.193.521 
269.330.20Q 
24,311.147 
9,226.936 
11,765,069 
52,089,792 
50.283 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta. , 


British Columbia 


Yukon 


Canada 


7,861 


20,455 


130,855,00? 


485,785 


108,333 


558,580,707 





390 



PRODUCTION 



WATER POWERS OF CANADA. 

By J. B. CHALLIES, C. E., M.E.I.C., Director, Dominion Water Power Branch, 

Department of the Interior, Ottawa. 

Prior to the world war the price of fuels was such that ample 
motive power could be secured through their agency at such reasonable 
cost that the development of water power only took place where the 
natural facilities greatly favoured it or where coal costs were relatively 
high. With the advent of war coal costs soared and supplies became 
uncertain, whilst power requirements became vastly greater and in 
consequence greatly stimulated the development of water power. 
The return of peace has not yet produced any marked amelioration 
in the coal situation, although the reduction of industrial activity 
has considerably reduced the power demands. 

At the present time any great activity in water power develop 
ment awaits improvement in financial and industrial conditions, but 
the general stock-taking throughout the world in regard to water 
power resources continues and there can be no reasonable doubt that 
as conditions improve the development of water power will attain 
even greater proportions. 

The United States Geological Survey in 1921 issued an Atlas 
illustrating the water power resources of the world, which it places 
at 439,000,000 horse power, 43.3 per cent of which are in Africa and 
14 . 1 per cent in North America. The developed water power is 
estimated at 22,829,000 horse power, more than half of which is on 
this continent and over 12 per cent in Canada. 

In Table 116 are listed the more important water power countries, 
together with their population and water powers. It is interesting 
to note that, with the exception of Norway, Canada has the greatest 
per capita development, and next to the United States, the greatest 
actual development, whilst its undeveloped resources are proportion 
ately the greatest. 

116. Developed and Available Water Power of leading Countries. 

Water Power. 



Countries. 


Population. 


Developed. 


Available. 


H.P. 


Per 

1000 
population. 


H.P. 

(Minimum). 


Sweden 


5,814,000 
2,700,000 
40,000,000 
4,000,000 
41,500,000 
105,683,108 
8,788,483 


1,460,000 
1,350,000 
1,150,000 
1,070,000 
1,400,000 
9,823,540 
2,762,880 


251 
500 
287 
267 
34 
93 
314 


4,500,000 
5,500 000 
3,800,000 
1,400.000 
4,700,000 
28,000,000 
18,255,316 


Norway 


Italy 


Switzerland 


France ... 


United States 


Canada 





With this brief reference to the water powers of the world we 
may proceed to a more particular consideration and analysis of 
those of the Dominion. It has already been shown that Canada is 
richly endowed with water power resources and is in the forefront as 



OF HYDRO t KMKAI. KLKCTKIC STATIONS INDlfATKl) BY M MHKKS. 






Intlal- 
latton 






Plant or Syvem 



Onrr 



lalion 



Municipality of Prince Rupert 
Nanaimo Kler I... P A IK-jim* Co. Lid 

I .i.l 
do 

do 

do 
We* Kootenay P A L. Co UJ 

Canary Power Co. Lid. 

,!.. 

Caltary Water Power C,. I .id 
Winnipeg Klectnc Ky. Co. 
.Inv ol Winnipeg 
aMaVcBrookl Co I I.I 
K inmmli.iuu Po&lt; 
OntariiiM r P Cnmminion 

real Lakn Power Co Ud. 
Northern Canada Power ( o l.id 

Northern Ontario I iht A"Power Co. 

do 

do 

do 

The Wahnapitae P..rr &lt; ., lid 
do 

Ontario M K. P. Commimon 
M.IIII. ipality of Onllia 
Ontario H . K P (!ommi*inn 
do 



K .f. 

\.t0 
450 


. 

38.UI6 




- .. 



K2SO 





5V) 



2.200 

- 



Central Ontano Sytle 
Niagara Fallt Planti 



Wallham Plant 
Bonnechere River I ljnii 
Calanufie Planl 
Kideau System 
Chaudiere Planti 

Detchenet Plant 
Cedart Kapidi Plant 
j!&lt;- PI. in I 

Mhce Planl 
Chamhly Planl 
l.ai hinr Plant 
Municipal Syiem 
Sherbrooke Plant 
Drummc.ndville Plant 
Shawmifan Kail* Pljnrt 
(jrand \ 

jnl 
jjnt 

Chaudirrr Kivrr Planl 
C.rand rill. Plant 

1 jnl 

,.*h Plant 
Si Mar(:&gt;reii Rav Planti 



Ontjrn&gt; H K P Commiauon 

Canadian Niagara Power CA 

Toronto Power Co 

Ontano H t P Commixon 

Pembroke Klectru- l.ihl Co UJ 

Municipality of Renfrew 

Calaboi; ! X P Co Ud 

Ontario H K P Coninudion 

Onaw i 

Ottawa & Hull Power & Ml* Co Ud 

Hull Klectnc Co 

Montreal 1. H A P Contolidated 

do 

Canadian l.i&lt;hi A Power Co Ud 
Montreal L H A P ConK.l.djtei! 

Municipality ol Sherrm&gt;oke 
Southern ( anada Power Co Ij.l 

do 

Shiwtniin Water A Power Co Ud 
l^aurenlidc I 
Quebec Railway 1 I Hi A Power ( o 

I aurennan Power 
Canadian Kleclnc I idhl Co. 
Halliunl Lumber Co Lid 
St Stephen Klectnc U*l 
N B I *er Commnamn 

Water Power Conimiiaion 



HP. 

36.SSO 

.. 
-i 

- 




" 

S.7SO 
12.700 
JO. 100 

16.060 
..400 
21.600 
IS.800 

4.050 



2.200 



24.000 
, 



600 
II. 1(0 

M 



Total f&lt;r Slalioni lied 1 .( 
Tola! Water Power Inalallaiiont in Canada 2.470JMI 







r jr^o^v/ie 
MMjfeston 

. P / / r* . i i 



flfie 





Prepared in Dom,n,on Water Paver Branch, Oep of In tenor, Ottawa. 



KATCHEWAN i 



$ ; Saskatoon 



Swift Current 
vPi 



LEGEND. 

Industrial treat f*d by Central Water Power Stations 
? Individual Water Pow&lt; 
m&gt; &gt; Fuel Plant \. 




Department of the Intt-nor. Canada. 

MON. SIM JAMES . LOUCHCCO. Mini.!.,. 
W. W COT. C M.O.. O.puty 

Dominion Water Power Branch. 

J B Cnell.. C E Director. 



RCES AND CHARACTER 
OF POWER 

FOR 

MAL CENTRES &. DISTRICTS 
IN CANADA 

Scale of Miles. 



200 



AUGUST. !2I 




Ml^^ 

LIST OF HYDRO CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS INDICATED BY NUMBERS. 


No: 


Plant or System 


Owner 


Instal 
lation 


No. 


Planl or System 


Owner 


1 
2 


Woodworth take Plant 
Millstone River Plant 


Municipality of Prince Rupert 
Nanairao Elec.L . P. & Heating Co. Lid. 


H.P. 
1.650 
450 


18 
19 


Central Ontario System 
Niagara Falls Plant* 


Ontario HEP Commission 
Canadian Niagara Power Co 


3 


Goldslream Plant 


B C. F.lec. Ry. Co. Lid. 


3.400 






Toronto Power Co 




Jordan River Plant 


do 


25,000 






Ontario HEP Commission 


4 


Coquillam-BunUrn Klann 


do 


84.000 


20 


Waltham Planl 


Pembroke Electric Light Co Ltd 




Stavt Fslls Plsnt 


do 


39.600 


21 


Bonnechere River Plants 


Municipality of Renfrew 


5 


Bonnington Falls Plants 


West Kootenay P & L. Co. Ltd. 


- II 




Calabogie Plant 


Calabogie Electric L & P Co Ltd. 




Cascade Plant 


do 


900 


22 


Rideau System 


Ontario HEP Commission 


6 


Kananaskis Falls Plant 


Calgary Power Co. Ltd. 


.. 


23 


Chaudiere Plants 


Ottawa Electric Co Lid 




Horseshoe Falls Planl 


do 


20,000 






Ottawa & Hull Power & Mfg Co. Lie 




Eau Claire Planl 


Calgary Water Power Co. Ud. 


780 




Deschenes Planl 


Hull Electric Co 


7 


Pinawa Planl 


Winnipeg Electric Ry. Co. 


35,597 


24 


Cedars Rapids Planl 


Montreal L. H & P Consolidated 




Point du Boil Planl 


Municipality of Winnipeg 


46.400 




Soulanges Plant 


do 


8 


Kenora Planl 


Backus- Brooks Co. Ltd 


3.400 




Si Timoihee Plant 


Canadian Light & Power Co. Lid. 


9 


Kakabeka Falls Plant 


Kaministiquia Power Co. 


34.250 


25 


Chambly Plant 


Montreal L H & P Consolidated 


10 


Nipigon Planl 


Ontario H F.. P Commission 


25.000 




Lachine Planl 


do 


11 


Saull Sle. Marie Planl 


irrat Ijkes Power Co. Lid. 


21.200 


26 


Municipal System 


Municipality of Sherbrooke 


12 


Wawailin Planl 


Northern Canada Power Co. Ltd. 


14.900 




Sherbrooke Planl 


Southern Canada Power Co Ltd 




Sandy Falls Planl 


do 


4.900 


27 


Drummondville Planl 


do 


13 


Hound Chutes Plant 


Northern Ontario Light Sf Power Co. 


5,340 


28 


Shawmigan Falls Plants 


Shawmigan Water & Power Co. Lid. 




Matabitchouan Planl 


do 


11.000 




Grand Mere Planl 


Laureniide Power Co. 




Fountain Falls Plant 


do 


3.000 


29 


Si. Gabriel Planl 


Quebec Railway Lt Hi A Power Cf 




Charlton Planl 


do 


1,080 




Monlmorency Planl 


do 


14 


Secord Planl 


The Wahnapitae Power Co. Ltd. 







St. Fereol Riant 


Laurentian Power Co 




Dryden Planl 


do 


6.050 


30 


Chaudiere River Plant 


Canadian Electric Light Co. 


15 


Nipissing System (South K . 






31 


Grand Falls Plant 


Batliurst Lumber Co Ltd. 




Plant) 


Oninrio H. K. P. Commission 


2.200 


32 


Milliown Plant 


St. Stephen Electric Light Co. 


16 


Swift Kapidt Planl 


Municipality of Orillia 


6.360 


33 


Musquash Plant 


N B Electric Power Commission 




Big Chute Planl 


Ontario H K. P. Commission 


6.200 


34 


St. Margarets Bay Plants 


N S. Water Power Commission 


17 


Wasdells Falli Planl 
Fugenia Falls Plant 


do 

&lt;lo 


l ?5j Total for Stations li 




Tola! Water Power Installations in Can 






nimon water roiver Braitcn t uep. or Inte 




WATER I OW E RS OF CANADA 



391 



regards thrir utilization. In fact, practically every large industrial 
centre throughout the Dominion is now served with hydro-electric 
energy and has within easy transmission distance ample reserves for 
the future. Over 90% of the prime motive power of the central 
electric stations of Canada is hydro power. The main-spring of 
industrial progress in the central provinces, which have no indigenous 
coal supplies, is water power. 

Table 117 shows the distribution of available and developed power 
in Canada. 

117. Available and Developed Water Power in Canada, March 1, 19T. . 





Available 
at 80% 


-4-hr, power 
Hicioney. 




Provinces. 


At ordinary 
min. flow 
h.p. 


At eet.llow 
fur inax.dev. 
( Depend 
able for 
6 months) 
h.p. 


Turbine 
Installation 
h.p. 


British Columbia 


1,931,142 


5,103,460 


305 315 


Alberta . .... 


47." 


1 137 605 


33 187 


Sfwlcfttrhrtwap , , . . 




1,087 756 




Manitoba 




. ) 7 


104 147 


Ontario . . 




18 I . d 


1 212 650 


Quebec . . . 




1 1 


1 01 


New Brunswick 


50 


T O 807 


30 180 


Nova Srotiu. 


761 


\ * 264 


46 948 


Prince Edward I&gt;land 


3,000 




1 869 


Yukon and Northwest Territories 


I2i&gt; 


275,250 


13 199 










Total 


18,255,316 


32 075 998 


2 7$2 Kg* 











The figures listed in columns 2 and 3 in the above table represent 
24-hr, power and are based upon rapids, falls and power sites of 
which the actual existent drop or the head possible of concentration, 
is definitely known or at least well established. Innumerable rapids 
and falls of greater or lesser power rapacity which are not as yet 
recorded, are scattered on rivers and streams from coast to coast, 
and will only become available for tabulation as more detailed survey 
work is undertaken and completed. This is particularly true of the 
more unexplored northern districts. Xor is any consideration given 
to the power concentrations which are feasible on rivers and streams 
of gradual gradient, where economic heads may be created by the 
construction of power dams, excepting only at such points as definite 
studies have been carried out and the results made matters of record. 

The figures in column 4 represent the actual water wheels 
installed throughout the Dominion. These figures should not be 
placed in direct comparison with the available power figures in Columns 
2 and 3 for the purpose of deducing therefrom the percentage of the 
available water power resources developed to date. The actual 
water wheel installation throughout the Dominion averages 30% 
greater than corresponding maximum available power figures calcul 
ated as in column 3. The figures quoted above therefore indicate 
that the at present recorded water power resources of the Dominion 
will permit of a turbine installation of 41,700,000 horse power. In 



392 



PRODUCTION 



other words, the present turbine installation represents only 6 .6 per 
cent of the present recorded water power resources. 

The above figures may be said to represent the minimum water 
power possibilities of the Dominion. 

As illustrative of this, the detailed analyses which have been 
made of the water power resources of the provinces of New Bruns 
wick and Nova Scotia have disclosed most advantageous reservoir 
facilities for regulating stream flow. It is estimated that the two 
provinces possess within their respective borders 200,000 and 300,000 
commercial horse power. These figures provide for a diversity factor 
between installed power and consumers demands. 

Table 118 analyses the developed water power and is interesting 
in that it shows the extent to which the great pulp and paper industry 
of the Dominion owes its development to water power. 

The statistics concerning the central station industry are 
further analysed in Table 119. The territory served by and the primary 
power installed in central stations are graphically indicated on the 
map facing page 390 and the diagram facing page 392. The statistics 
concerning the pulp and paper Industry are analysed in Table 120. 

While it was noted at the beginning of this brief summary that 
water power activity in general awaits improvement in financial and 
industrial conditions, it should be further noted that in Canada such 
activity has been very considerable in spite of adverse conditions. 
During 1921 installations have been made which amount to prac 
tically 300,000 horse power, this figure including both new construc 
tion and the erection of new turbines and generators in existing water 
power stations. At the present time there are several new develop 
ments in course of construction and there is every indication that for 
a long time to come the development of water power in Canada will 
make great and continued progress. 

118. Developed Water Power in Canada, March 1, 1922. 



Provinces. 


Turbine Installation in H.P. 


In 
Central 

Stations. 1 


In 
Pulp and 
Paper Mills 2 


In 
Other 
Industries. 3 


Total*. 


Per 1000 
Population. * 




207,656 
32,380 

93,355 
948,372 
696,593 
8,978 
14.992 
245 
10,000 


48,800 

170,624 
224,412 
14,668 
17,999 


48,859 
807 

10,792 
93,654 
94,380 
6,534 
13,957 
1,624 
3,199 


305,315 
33, 187 

104,147 
1,212,650 
1,015,385 
30, 180 
46,948 
1,869 
13,199 


584 
57 

170 
414 
432 
78 
90 
21 
3,170 


















Yukon 




2,012,571 


476,503 


273,806 


2 ,762 ,880 


315 





ilncludes only hydro-electric stations which develop power for sale. Includes only water power 
actually developed by pulp and paper companies. In addition to this total, pulp and paper companies i 
chase from the hydro power central stati 9 ns totalled in column 1, 72,122 h.p. in Ontario and 88,455 h.p. 
in Quebec The total hydro power utilized in the pulp and paper industry is tnereiore o&lt;i/,y3 
Includes only water power actually developed in connection with industries other than the central station 
and the pulp and paper industries. These industries also purchase blocks of power from the central stations 
totalled in Column 2. "Total of all turbines and water wheels installed in Canada. Average of 
developed water power per 1000 population. 













y 



o 


o z 
j 2 

i .*.&lt;*. 






- 







H h i I - 

(/) 0) 

Z M &lt; 5 I 
- 2 i II 

^^ -^ ~m n 

u jJ- Z 










GO 

g 


5-^5 h 1! 

- 1 z -^ 

; y S g | | 

-J 

D: &lt;^ s 5 i 

^ rr ii 












o 


s - 

E z 
a g 


































o 
o 


1 










eo 

a 












ru 
O 


ZZZdJl 


\ 








o 


s &lt; 

z 1 8 5 &lt; | | 
-os^SkE" 

UJ 1 5 z 

P S o &lt; &lt; S 
a. z: z to &lt; s: m 


t_ 

u- 

ac 
u. 



C 


1 
i 
I 
I 
1 

r 


c 

- 

a 

&lt; 

H 
Z 

C 


) 




: 
i 






a 
a 

UJ 

en 
cr 
o 

r 



en 

D 
O 






&gt; 



8 



w.\r I-:R r&lt;&gt;\vKRs OF CANADA 



393 



119.- Dcu loped Water Power in Canada Utilized in the Central Electric Station 

Industry, March 1, 19r,. 



Provinces. 


Commercial Stations. 


Municipal Stations. 


Total. 




Installation. 


No. 


Installation. 


No. 


Installation. 


Gener 
ator 
K.Y 


Turbine 
H 


Gener 
ator 
K.V.A. 


Tur 
bine 
H.P. 


Gener 1 
ator 
K.V.A. 


HP. 
per 
turbine 
Unit. 


1I.P. 
per 
Station. 


Total 
Turbine 
11 


British Columbia 
Alberta .... 


3 
3 
80 

7 
6 

1 

N 


128,496 
. 250 

11,063 
40^ 

1, 19fl 

6,000 


197 
32 

8,168 
10,000 


8 

1 

u 

10 


6,356 

,000 
34* 

i:i 

9.6S4 


9,875 

67.HMI 
.038 

17 

13 


30 

4 

117 
95 
9 

17 
6 

1 


134,852 
68,063 

6,576 
10,880 
307 
6,000 


3,776 
2,491 

4,913 
3,248 
3,210 
528 
750 

5,000 


6,922 

10, 

23, 
8,106 

41 
10,000 


207,656 
,380 

93,355 

14 

245 
10,000 


&gt;owan 
Manitoba 


rio 






nswick. . 


Prin. .id I. 
Yukon .... 


Canada 


1,139 ,551 


1 ,448 ,524 


M 


435,233 


584,047 


&gt; 


1, 5*5,784 


3,077 


7,137 


or&gt;.. -.71 





Conuii- us include all pi Munirip &gt;ns include all publicly o\\ned. 

i this table -us of the Industry made by the Dominion Bn 

of S in co-operation with the Dominion Water Power I .rai. 

120. Developed Water Power in Canada I tilized in the Pulp and Paper Industry, 

March 1, 19r,. 



Provinces. 


No. 
of 

Mills. 


In:- id Purchased Power II. P. 


Turbine in&gt;tallation in the In 
dustry. 


Purchased 

H y &gt; 
trie 


Total 

Hydro- 
El 

. 4+ 
Col. 6.)* 


Total 
Ctilized 
in the In- 

try 
(Col. 6+ 

6.) 


Direct 

dn 


Hy 

Eta 

drive. 1 


Total 3 


British Columbia 


5 
41 
54 
3 
10 


27,975 
430 
,900 

17,919 


20,825 
81,194 

64 

12,300 
80 


48,800 
171 

412 
14,668 
17 


.122 
88 


20. 

152 

12,300 
80 


48,800 
,748 

14,668 
17.999 


Ontario 


Quebec 


\ew Brunswick 


Nova Scotia 


Canada 


113 


297,592 


178,911 


476 ,503 


160,577 


339,488 


| ; * 





Includes all turbines actually installed in the industry and directly driving mill equipment. 
Includes all turbines actually installed in the industry and transmitting power through electric drive. 
3 Total of the turbine capacity actually installed in the industry. Includes only power purchased from 
hydro-electric central stations for the operation of pulp and paper mills. Total of the hydro-electric 
power used in the industry. Total of the water power used in the industry. 

IX. TRADE AND COMMERCE. 

Historical. In the early history of the American continent 
each of the different European nations establishing settlements in 
the New World endeavoured to monopolize the commerce of its 
colonies, prohibited the ships of other nations from resorting to 
them, and prohibited its colonials from importing European goods 
from other countries, generally granting them, however, preferential 
treatment in its own market. Under these circumstances the colonial 
wars in America were carried on, by governments permeated by the 
mercantile spirit, for " ships, colonies and commerce. " Owing to 
this fact, wars resulting in the transfer of colonies from one European 
power to another involved great economic as well as political changes 
in the community so transferred. The traders who had previously 



394 TRADE AND COMMERCE 

controlled the trade between the colonial power and its colony found 
their occupations gone, while new traders from the conquering state 
arrived to take over the import and export trade, which thereafter 
flowed in new channels, perhaps no more artificial than those which 
had previously existed. 

Throughout the earlier part of the French regime in Canada the 
foreign trade of the colony was in the hands of the monopolistic 
chartered companies, of which the Company of One Hundred Associ 
ates was the most notable. When its monopoly was cancelled in 
1663, the foreign trade of Canada still remained a preserve of the 
merchants of Old France. Upon the conquest of the country by the 
British, the French merchants who had their offices in Quebec and 
Montreal for the most part returned to France, and the trade of the 
colony fell into the hands of the traders from England, Scotland and 
New England who had swarmed into the country at the heels of the 
invading armies. Some of their descendants are still among the 
leaders of Canadian import and export trade. 

For the first half century of British rule, Canadian commerce 
was carried on almost exclusively with or through the United King 
dom, the merchants of New England complaining, after the American 
revolution, of being shut out from the Canadian trade. The geo 
graphical juxtaposition of the United States to British North America 
was however, a factor which could not permanently be ignored. 
Smuggling became more and more prevalent as the process of settle 
ment extended westward along the international boundary. In 1822 
Great Britain made considerable trading concessions to United 
States traders. In 1846 she abolished the preferential treatment 
which she had given to Canadian wheat and by 1860 all vestige of 
preference to colonial products had disappeared from the British 
tariff. As a consequence the colonies, which, like Canada, were by 
this time enjoying responsible government, could not any longer be 
refused the right to control their own commerical policy a fact 
which was emphasized in an important report prepared in 1859 by 
the Minister of Finance, Sir A. T. Gait, and forwarded to the British 
Government. This report declared that the responsibility of the 
Canadian Government must be to the Canadian people, more especi 
ally in matters of taxation, (the greater part of the revenue being 
raised by customs duties), and that the Canadian Government must 
affirm the right of the Canadian Parliament to adjust the taxation 
of the people in the way it deemed best, even if this should happen 
to meet with the disapproval of the British Ministry. This doctrine 
remained unchallenged by the British Government, and coming at a 
time when all important parties in Great Britain had accepted free 
trade as a fait accompli, it facilitated the setting up of a protective 
tariff in Canada, designed to secure the establishment in Canada of 
manufacturing industries at a time when British opinion desired 
that the colonies should concentrate their attention on the produc 
tion of food and raw materials, importing from Great Britain the 
manufactured commodities which they required. 



TRADi: STATISTICS 395 



The immediate effect of Confederation was to abolish the tariff 
barrier- which existed between the provinces entering the Dominion. 
Ajg tin- area of Canada increased until, except for Newfoundland and 
Labrador, it became conterminous with British North America, the 
area of internal free trade was thereby extended, while protection again-t 
outside competition was maintained. The tariff was the same against 
all countries, British or non-British, until 1897, when the British 
preferential tariff was established in the shape of a remission of a 
percentage of the duty generally imposed, a method of preference 
abandoned in 1904 for a specially low rate of duty on almost all 
imported dutiable commodities. In 1907 an intermediate tariff 
w:. iblished for use as a basis of negotiation with foreign countries 
in the interests of Canadian trade, the list of countries whose goods 
are entitled to special treatment being in 19 J J as follows: France, 
her coloni d protectorates, Belgium. Italy and the Netherlands 
(all these under special Treaties): Argentine Kepub.ic. Colombia. 
Denmark, Japan, Norway, Russia, Spain, Sweden. Switzerland and 
Venezuela (under reciprocal most favoured nation clause treatment). 
The general tariff i&lt; in force with respect to the products of all other 
foreign countri* There is also in the Canadian customs tariff an 
anti-dumping clause, providing that in the case of imported articles 
of a kind made or produced in Canada, if the export or selling price 
to the Canadian importer is less than the fair market value in the 
country whem e imported, there shall be levied, in addition to the 
duties otherwise payable, a special duty according to the difference 
between the selling price for export and the fair market value for 
home consumption, but such -pecial duty shall not exceed 15 p.c. 
ad valorem, nor be levied on goods when the normal duties are 50 
p.c. ad valorem, nor on goods subject to excise duty. 

Drawbacks of 99 p.c. of duties paid on imported materials are 
allowed by the customs laws and regulations in cases where articles 
manufactured from such materials are afterwards exported. 

Trade Statistics. In the consideration of the foreign trade 
statistics of Canada, the following facts should be borne in mind: 
First, statistics are given since 1907 for the fiscal years ended March 
31. Secondly, imports means always imports for consump 
tion" and this term does not necessarily imply that the goods 
have been actually consumed in Canada, but only that they have 
passed into the possession of the importer; the value given for goods 
imported is the fair market value thereof when sold for home con 
sumption on the principal markets of the country whence and at the 
time when the goods were exported to Canada. Thirdly, the 
term "Canadian produce" includes all imported articles which have 
been changed in form or enhanced in value by further manufacture 
in Canada, such as sugar refined in Canada from imported raw 
sugar, flour ground from imported wheat, and articles constructed 
or manufactured from imported materials; the value of "Canadian 
produce" is its value at the time of exportation at the Canadian ports 
from which it is shipped. Fourthly, the term "foreign produce 






396 TRADE AND COMMERCE 

applies to the exports of foreign goods which had previously been 
imported (re-exports); the value of "foreign produce" is the actual 
cost of the goods. 

A general view of the aggregate trade of Canada for the years 
from 1868 to 1922 is furnished in Table 1, giving the imports of mer 
chandise for home consumption, dutiable and free, and the exports of 
Canadian and foreign produce, the total trade as here given being 
the aggregate of the two. Necessarily, difficulties have been met 
with in maintaining comparable statistics through such a length of 
time, one of the most serious of these arising through different methods 
adopted in dealing with exports of foreign produce. The shrinkage 
in the exports of foreign produce between 1919 and 1922 for example 
has been due to change of statistical method rather than to actual 
diminution in value or volume of such goods exported. For the 
past two years re-exports of foreign products from bonded ware 
houses have no longer been included in Canadian trade statistics 
either as imports or as exports, while the exports of foreign produce 
have during this period been composed of goods which had previously 
been entered as imports for home consumption. Such goods, there 
fore, are shown as debited to Canada when entering this country 
and should, therefore, be credited to Canada when re-exported. 
Consequently, in determining our visible balance of trade in Table 
2, it has been necessary to set off the total exports of the past two 
years against the imports for home consumption. The same table 
gives the per capita imports for home consumption and exports of 
Canadian produce since Confederation. 

From Table 2 it will be observed that the so-called "balance of 
trade" has been against Canada (i.e., the imports for home con 
sumption have exceeded the exports of Canadian produce) in forty- 
four years out of the fifty-five years since Confederation, and that 
this adverse balance reached its highest point in 1913, just before 
the war. After 1913 the unfavourable trade balance diminished, 
and in 1916, for the first time since 1898, it gave place to a favourable 
balance of trade, which continued down to 1920, but was replaced by 
a comparatively small adverse balance of trade in 1921 and a small 
favourable balance in 1922. For 1916 the exports of Canadian 
produce were 146-03 p.c., for 1917, 136-20 p.c., for 1918, 159-99 p.c., 
for 1919, 132-73 p.c., for 1920, 116-43 p.c., for 1921, 97-60 p.c. and 
for 1922, 100-82 p.c. of the imports for home consumption, exports of 
foreign produce having been included with domestic exports for the 
last two years, for reasons stated above. 

The values of coin and bullion imported and exported, these 
movements from 1914 on representing fiduciary transactions rather 
than trading exchanges, are shown in Table 3. Amounts collected 
.in export duties from 1868 to 1892, and in import duties from 1868 to 
1922 are stated by years in Table 4. Tables 5 and 6 give the sta 
tistics of our exports of Canadian produce and our imports for home 
consumption respectively, figures being furnished of our trade with 
the United Kingdom, United States and other countries since 1868. 
These figures show the overwhelming predominance of the two great 



AGGREGATE EXTERNAL TRADE 397 

English-speaking countries in our foreign trade; in the fiscal year 
ended March 31, 1922, for example, 80-1 p.c. of our exports of domes 
tic produce was shipped to these two countries, which in the -mie 
year together provided 84-7 p.c. of our imports for home consumption. 
Tables 7 and 8 show respectively by years the percentage proportions 
of imports from the United Kingdom and the United States to 
totals of dutiable and free imports since 1901, and the ad valorem 
rates of duty collected on imports from these countries from 
The exports of domestic produce to the United Kingdom, the United 
States and all countries are published, classified according to origin 
under the new classification of the Dominion Bureau ot Statistics, 
for the four fiscal years 1919 to 1922, in Table 9, while Table 1C 
similarly classified table of imports. Tables 11 and 12 are, as in 
former years, the mvat detailed tables of imports and exports, pub 
lished for the four fiscal years 1919 to l\r&gt; 2. In Tables 13, 14 and 
15, the recent foreign trade of Canada is analyzed according 
origin, degree of manufacture and purpose for which commodities 
are used. The course of our recent trade with the West Indies is 
shown in Tables 16 to 18. Customs duty collected at ports of entry 
throughout Canada is given in Table 20, imports under our different 
rates of tariff in Table 21, while our trade is analyzed by countries in 
Tables 22 to 25. Tables 26 and 27, showing respectively British 
imports of food commodities and United States exports of such 
commodities, for the past five years, are added for the purpose of 
informing our traders concerning the imports of their great customer 
and the exports of their great competitor. 

Aggregate External Trade. The aiiim-gate external trade of 
Canada for the fiscal year ended Mar. 81 . I .HTJ. was valued at $1,501,- 
731,341, as compared with $2,450,587,001 for the preceding fiscal 
year, a falling off of nearly 40 p.c. This is, on paper, an unpre 
cedented decline, and was doubtless partly a real decrease, due to 
the depression which prevailed during the latter year. However, the 
index number of wholesale prices issued by the Department of Labour, 
averaged for these two twelve-month periods, shows that in the 
later period the index number was 235-1 as compared with 315-1 
in the earlier, a drop of 25-5 p.c. From this it may be inferred that 
the falling off of 40 p.c. in our trade was to the extent of approxi 
mately 25 p.c. due to falling prices and to the extent of approxi 
mately 15 p.c. due to declining quantities. 

In regard to balance of trade, our exports to the United Kingdom 
were $299,361,675 of domestic, plus $1,001,518 of foreign produce, as 
compared with imports of $117,134,576, a favourable visible balance 
of trade of $183,228,617, as compared with $100,255,109 in the 
preceding year, a result partly attributable to the British coal strike 
of the summer of 1921. Our visible adverse balance of trade with 
the United States was in 1922 only $210,682,930 as compared with 
$295,475,684 in 1921, a reduction which is rather significant in view 
of high protective duties lately levied by the United States against 
commodities which are to a large extent produced in Canada. 



398 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



1. Aggregate External Trade of Canada, 1868-1922. 



Fiscal 
Year. 


IMPORTS OF MERCHANDISE ENTERED 
FOR HOME CONSUMPTION. 


EXPORTS OF MERCHANDISE. 


Total of 
Imports 
for Home 
Consumption 
and 
Exports 
(Merchan 
dise.) 


Dutiable. 


Free. 


Total. 


Canadian 
Produce. 1 


Foreign 
Produce. 


Total. 


1868 
1869 
1870 


$ 
43,655,696 
41,069,342 
45,127,422 


$ 
23,434,463 
22,085,599 
21,774,652 


$ 
67,090,159 
63,154,941 
66,902,074 


$ 
48,504,899 
52,400,772 
59,043,590 


$ 
4,196,821 
3,855,801 
6,527,622 


$ 
52,701,720 
56,256,573 
65,571,212 


$ 
119,791,879 
119,411,514 
132,473,286 


1871 
1872 
1873 

1874 


60,094,362 
68,276,157 
71,198,176 
76,232,530 
78,138,511 

60,238,297 
60,916,770 
59,773,039 
55,426.836 
54,182,967 


24,120,026 
36,679,210 
53,310,953 
46,948,357 
39,270,057 

32,274,810 
33,209,624 
30,622,812 
23,275,683 
15,717,575 


87,211,388 
104,955,367 
124,509,129 
123,180,887 
117,408,568 

92,513,107 
97,126,394 
90,395,851 
78,702,519 
69,900,542 


57,630,024 
65,831,083 
76,538,025 
76,741,997 
69,709,823 

72,491,437 
68,030,546 
67,989,800 
62,431,025 
72,899,697 


9,853,214 
12,798,182 
9,405,910 
10,614,096 
7,137,319 

7,234,961 
7,111,108 
11,164,878 
8,355,644 
13,240,006 


67,483,268 
78,629,265 
85,943,935 
87,356,093 
76,847,142 

79,726,398 
75,141,654 
79,154,678 
70,786,669 
86,139,703 


151,697,656 
183,584,632 
210,453,064 
210,536,980 
194,255,710 

172,239,505 
169,268.048 
169,550,529 
149,489,188 
156,040,245 


1875 
1876 


1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 


1831.. 

1882 


71,620,725 
85,757,433 
91,588,339 
80,010,498 
73,269,618 


18,867,604 
25,387,751 
30,273,157 
25,962,480 
26,486.157 


90,488,329 
111,145,184 
121,861,496 
105,972,978 
99,755,775 


83,944,701 
91,137,657 
87,702,431 
79,833,098 
79,131,735 


13,375,117 
7,628,453 
9,751,773 
9,389,106 
8,079,646 


97,319,818 
101,766,110 
97,454,204 
89,222,204 
87,211,381 


187,808,147 
212,911,294 
219,315,700 
195,195,182 
186,967,156 


1883 
1884 
1885. . . . 


1886 

1887 


70,658,819 
78,120,679 
69,645,824 
74,475,139 
77,106,286 


25,333,318 
26,986,531 
31,025,804 
34,623.057 
34,576,287 


95,992,137 
105,107,210 
100,671,628 
109,098,196 
111,682,573 


77,756,704 
80,960,909 
81,382,072 
80,272,456 
85,257,586 


7,438,079 
8,549,333 
8,803,394 
6,938,455 
9,051,781 


85,194,783 
89.510,242 
90,185,466 
87,210,911 
94,309,367 


181,186,920 
194,617,452 
190,857,094 
196,309,107 
205,991,940 


1888 


1889.... 
1890 


1891 .... 
1892.... 
1893 
1894 
1895.... 


74,536,036 
69,160,737 
69,873,571 
62,779,182 
58,557,655 


36,997,918 
45,999,676 
45,297,259 
46,291,729 
42,118,236 


111,533,954 
115,160,413 
115,170,830 
109,070,911 
100,675,891 


88,671,738 
99,032,466 
105,488,798 
103,851,764 
102,828,441 


8,798,631 
13,121,791 
8,941,856 
11,833,805 
6,485,043 


94,470,369 
112,154,257 
114,430,654 
115,685,569 
109,313,484 


209,004,323 
227,314,670 
229,601,484 
224,756,480 
209,989,375 


1896 
1897 
1898 
1899.... 
1900.... 


67,239,759 
66,220,765 
74,625,088 
89,433,172 
104,346,795 


38,121,402 
40,397,062 
51,682,071 
59,989,244 
68,304,881 


105,361,161 
106,617,827 
126,307,162 
149,422,416 
172,651,676 


109,707,805 
123,632,540 
144,548,662 
137,360,792 
168,972,301 


6,606,738 
10,825,163 
14,980,883 
17,520,088 
14,265,254 


116,314,543 
134,457,703 
159,529,545 
154,880,880 
183,237,555 


221,675,704 
241,075,530 
285,836,707 
304,303.296 
355,889,231 


1901.... 
1902.... 
1903.... 
1904.... 
1905.... 


105,969,756 
118,657,496 
136,796,065 
148,909,576 
150,928,787 


71,961,163 
78,080,308 
88,298,744 
94,999,839 
101,035,427 


177,930,919 
196,737,804 
225,094,809 
243,909,415 
251,954,214 


177,431,386 
196,019,763 
214,401,674 
198,414,439 
190,854,946 


17,077,757 
13,951,101 
10,828,087 
12,641,239 
10,617,115 


194,509,143 
209,970,864 
225,229,761 
211,055,678 
201,472,061 


372,440,062 
406,708,668 
450,324,570 
454,965.093 
453,436,275 


1906.... 
1907 2 ... 
1908.... 
1909.. . 
1910.... 


173,046,109 
152,065,529 
218,160,047 
175,014,160 
227,264,346 


110,694,171 
98,160,306 
134,380,832 
113,580,036 
143,053,853 


283,740,380 
250,225,835 
352,540,879 
288,594,196 
370,318,199 


235,483,956 
180,545,306 
246,960,968 
242,603,584 
279,247,551 


11,173,846 
11,541,927 
16,407,984 
17,318,782 
19,516,442 


246,657,802 
192,087,233 
263,368,952 
259,922,366 
298,763,993 


530,398,082 
442,313.068 
615,909,831 
548,516,562 
669,082,192 


1911.. 
1912.... 
1913.... 
1914.... 
1915.... 


282,723,812 
335,304,060 
441,606,885 
410,258,744 
279,792,195 


170,000,791 
187,100,615 
229,600.349 
208,935,254 
176,163,713 


452,724,603 
522,404.675 
671,207,234 
619,193,998 
455,955,908 


274,316,553 
290,223,857 
355,754,600 
431,588,439 
409,418,836 


15,683,657 
17,492,294 
21,313,755 
23,848,785 
52,023,673 


290,000,210 
307,716,151 
377,068.355 
455,437,224 
461,442,509 


742,724,813 
830,120,826 
1,048,275,589 
1,074,631,222 
917.398,417 


1916.... 
1917.... 
1918.... 
1919.... 
1920.... 


289,366,527 
461,733,609 
542,341,522 
526,594,658 
693,655,165 


218,834,607 
384,717,269 
421,191,056 
393,217.047 
370,872,958 


508,201,134 
846,450,878 
965,532,578 
919,711,705 
1,064,528,123 


741,610,638 
1,151,375,708 
1,540,027,788 
1,216,443,806 
1,239,492,098 


37,689,432 
27,835,322 
46,142,004 
52.321.479 
47,166,611 


779,300,070 
1,179,211,100 
1,586,169,792 
1,268,765,285 
1,286,658,709 


1,287,501,204 
2,025,661,978 
2,549,702,370 
2,188,476,990 
2,351,186,832 


1921. 
1922.... 


847,561,406 
495,620,744 


392,597,476 

252,183,588 


1,240,158,882 
747,804,332 


1,189,163,701 
740,240,680 


21,264,418 
13,686,329 


1,210,428,119 
753,927,009 


2,450,587,001 
1,501,731,341 



i Including exports to the United States estimated "short" in the years 1868-1900. "Nine months. 



TRADE .\M&gt; ro.\M//-;/iV7-; 



AGGREGATE XTERNAL TRADE OF CANADA. \90\-\922. 



1961 CC 03 04 05 06 W W 09 1910 II 12 f tt 14 15 7 I6 



AQQRECJATE TRADE 
EXPORT* 




X,.TE. Figures at the sides of the chart are in millions of dollars. Each vertical line 
represents one year from 1901 to 1922, and each horizontal line represents $50,000,000 
from zero to $2,550,000,000. 



To face page S98. 



VALUE PER CAPITA OF EXPORTS AND IMPORTS 399 

2 -Ratio of Exports to Imports and Value per capita of Exports, Imports and Total 

Trad is 1SGS-19T*. 



Oft] 

Year. 


Excess of 
Imports 

fiitcri d 
for 
Consump 
tion over 
.. .rts of 

nadiaa 

Produce. 


Excess of 
Exports of 
( .madian 

Product- 

OVIT 

Imports 
entered 

for Con 
sumption. 


Percent 
age 1; 

I 1 :\|KMtS 

of 
nnadian 
Prod 
to 
Imp 

i-ntrri d 
OB- 
umption. 


l.-tiinatcd - 
opulation. 


YAH i: PEN CAPITA OF 


Exp" 

:ui:i(lian 

Prod 


mpoi 


Total 
Trade. 


Igfig 


$ 

18,5 5.260 
10,754,169 

7,858,484 

M.I 

39, 12 1. -M 
47,971,104 
46,439,890 

47.61)8,745 
20.021,070 

26," 
I 36,051 
16,271,494 

6,543,628 
17,007,527 
:U, 159, 065 
26,139,880 
70,624,040 
Is, 
24.146,301 
19,289.556 
28,825,740 
26,424,987 

216 
1H. 127, 947 
9,682,032 
5,219,147 

12,061,624 
3,679,375 

499,533 
718,041 
10, 693-, 135 
45,494,976 
61,109,268 
48,256,324 
69,680,529 
105,579,911 
45,990,612 
91,070,648 

178,408,050 
232,180,818 
315,452,634 
187,605,559 
46,537,072 

29,730,763 


1 

2,999,155 

2,152,550 
4,346,644 
17,014,713 
18.241,500 

233,409,504 
304,924,890 
576.495,210 
296,732,101 
174,963,975 

6,122,677 


7. 30 
8S-OT 

68 

61 

62 
37 
78-36 
28 
75 -IM 
79-32 
104-29 

92-77 
84-70 
71-97 
75 
79-33 
81-00 
77-03 
80-84 
73-58 
76 

79-50 
86-00 
91-59 
95-21 
102-14 
101-13 
111 
114-44 
91-97 
97-95 

99-85 
99-77 
95-37 
81-45 
75-85 
83-13 
72-29 
70-18 
84-17 
75-51 

60-72 
55-66 
53-09 
69-78 
89-89 
146-03 
136-20 
159-99 
132-73 
116-43 

97-60 
100-82 


3,372,000 

&lt;&gt;oo 

3,454,000 

3,518,000 
3,611,000 
3,6r&gt;s.niHi 
00 
iOO 
000 
4.013. 
4,079,000 
4,146.000 
4,215,000 

4,337.000 
4.384,000 
4,433,000 
4.4S5.000 
4,53 ..000 
4,5M,000 
4.638,000 
4,688,000 
4,740,000 
4,793,000 

4,844,000 
4,889,000 
4,936,000 
4,984,000 
5.034,000 
.-).&lt;) Mi. 000 
5,142,000 
5,199,000 
5,259,000 
5,322,000 

5,403,000 
5,532.000 
5,673,000 
5,825,000 
5,992,000 
6,171,000 
6,302,000 
6,491,000 
6,695,000 
6,917,000 

7,206,643 
7,365,205 
7,527,208 
7,692,832 
7,862,078 
8,035,584 
8,180,160 
8,328,382 
8,478,546 
8,631,475 

8,788,483 
8,966,834 


$ cts. 
14-38 
15-35 
17-09 

16-38 
18-23 
20-87 
20-06 
17-93 
18-36 
16-97 
16-67 
15-06 
17-29 

19-36 
21-47 
19 
17-80 
17-43 
10 
17-46 
17-36 
16-94 
17-79 

18-31 

20 
21-37 
20-84 
20-43 
21 
24-04 
27-80 
26-12 
31-75 

32-84 
35-43 
37-79 
34-06 
31-85 
38-16 
28-65 
38-05 
36-24 
40-37 

38-06 
39-40 
47-26 
56-10 
52-07 
92-29 
140-75 
184-91 
143-47 
143-60 

135-31 
82-55 



19- 90 
18-60 

l J-37 

23-94 

2H-OI-, 
:&lt;:; 

30-21 

23-41 

in 
18 
16-58 

20-86 
35 
27-49 
23-03 
21 
20-92 
22-66 
21-47 
23-02 
23-30 

23-02 
23-55 
23-33 
21-88 
20-00 
20-72 
20-73 
24-29 
28-41 
32-44 

33-13 
35-56 
39-68 
41-87 
42-05 
45-98 
39-70 
54-31 
43-10 
53-54 

62-82 
70-93 
89,17 
80-49 
57-99 
63-24 
103-48 
115-69 
108-48 
123-33 

141-11 
83-39 


$ cts. 
34-28 
33 
36-46 

40-32 
47-29 
54-M 
26 
48-14 
41 
40-42 
38-83 
04 
33-87 

40-22 
40 
47-27 
41-43 
39-41 
37-86 
40-12 
38-83 
39-96 
41-09 

41-33 
43-81 
44-70 
42-72 
40-43 
42-29 
44-77 
52-09 
54-53 
64-19 

65-97 
70-99 
77-47 
75-93 
73-90 
84-14 
68-P5 
92-36 
79-34 
93-91 

100-88 
110-33 
136-43 
136-59 
110-06 
155-53 
244-23 
300-60 
251-95 
266-93 

276-42 
165-94 


: , ., . 


1870 


1871 




1873 


. ^ ; 


1875 


Is7i 


Is77 


1878 


1S79 


isso 


1881 


1882 


1883 


1884 


1885 


1886 


1887 


1888 


1889 


1890 


1891 


1892 


1893 


1894 


1895 


1896 


1897 


1898 


1899 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


19071 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 . 


1922 





Excess of imports for home consumption over total exports, or of total exports over imports for home 
consumption. These amounts represent the true balance of trade, since for the last two years goods 
as foreign exports have previously been entered as imported for home consumption. 

Percentage of total exports to imports for home consumption. 



400 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



3. Movement of Coin and Bullion, 1888-1918. 


Fiscal Year. 


Total 
Imports. 


EXPORTS. 


Total Im 
ports and 
Exports of 
Coin and 
Bullion. 


Canadian. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


1868 


S 
4,895,147 
4,247,229 
4,335,529 
2,733,094 
2,753,749 
3,005,465 
4,223,282 
2,210,089 
2,220,111 
2,174,089 
803,726 
1,639,089 
1,881,807 
1,123,275 
1,503,743 
1,275,523 
2,207,666 
2,954,244 
3,610.557 
532,218 
2,175,472 
575,251 
1,083,011 
1,811,170 
1,818,530 
6,534,200 
4,023,072 
4,576,620 
5,226,319 
4,676,194 
4,390,844 
4,629,177 
8,152,640 
3,307,069 
6,053,791 
8,695,707 
7,554,917 
9,961,340 
6,670,527 
7,029,047 
5,887,737 
9,611,761 
5,514,817 
9,226,715 
25,077,515 
4,309,811 
14,498,451 
131,483,396 
33,876,227 
26,986,548 
11,290,341 


$ 
4,866,168 
4,218,208 
8.002,278 
6,690,350 
4,010,398 
3,845,987 
1,995,835 
1,039,837 
1,240,037 

129,328 
306,447 
309,459 
310,006 
256,571 
207,532 
327,298 
1,045,723 
1,101,245 
1,670,068 

2 

1,219 
667 
315 
86,087 
290,281 


$ 

733,739 
168,989 
704,586 
1,771,755 

971,005 
371,093 

631,600 
2,184,292 
2,026,980 
56,531 
5,569 
17,534 
1,978,256 
2,439,782 
817,599 
1,502,671 
3,824,239 
1,529,374 
4,068,748 
4,491,777 
3,165,252 
3,577,415 
2,914,780 
6,987,100 
1,978,489 
1,669.422 
619,963 
2,465.557 
1,844,811 
9,928,828 
13,189,964 
16,637,654 
1,589,791 
2,594,536 
7,196,155 
7,601,099 
16,163,702 
23,559,485 
29,365,701 
103,572,117 
196,460,961 
3,201,122 


$ 
4,866,168 
4,218,208 
8,002,278 
6,690,350 
4,010,398 
3,845,987 
1,995,835 
1,039,837 
1,240,037 
733,739 
168,989 
704,586 
1,771,755 
971,005 
371,093 
631,600 
2,184,292 
2,026,980 
56,531 
5,569 
17,534 
1.978,256 
2,439,782 
946,927 
1,809,118 
4,133,698 
1,839,380 
4,325,319 
4,699,309 
3,492,550 
4,623,138 
4,016,025 
8,657,168 
1,978,489 
1.669,422 
619,963 
2,465,557 
1,844,811 
9,928,828 
13,189,964 
16,637,654 
1,589,793 
2,594,536 
7,196,155 
7,601,099 
16.163,702 
23,560,704 
29,366,368 
103,572,432 
196,547,048 
3,491,403 


$ 
9,761,315 
8,465,437 
12,337,807 
9,423,444 
6,764,147 
6,851,452 
6,219,117 
3,249,926 
3,460,148 
2,907,828 
972,715 
2,343,675 
3,653,562 
2,094,280 
1,874,836 
1,907,123 
4,391,958 
4,981,224 
3,667,088 
537,787 
2,193,006 
2,553,507 
3,522,793 
2,758,097 
3,627,648 
10,667,898 
5,862,452 
8,901,939 
9,925,628 
8,168,744 
9,013,982 
8,645,202 
16,809,808 
5,285,558 
7,723,213 
9,315,670 
10,020,474 
11,806,151 
16,549,355 
20,219,011 
22,525,391 
11,201,554 
8,109,353 
16,422,870 
32,678,614 
20,473,513 
38,059,155 
160,849,764 
137,448,659 
223,533,596 
14,781,744 


1869 


1870 


1871 


1872 


1873 


1874 


1875 


1876 


1877 


1878 


1879 


1880 


1881 


1882 


1883 


1884 


1885 


1886 


1887 


1888 


1889 


1890 


1891 


1892 


1893 


1894 


1895 


1896 


1897 


1898 


1899 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 (9mos.) 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 





NOTE. Information as to imports and exports of coin and bullion in the fiscal years 1919 to 1922 is not 
available for publication. Up to 1919 "Silver bullion in bars, blocks, ingots, drops, sheets and plates, 
unmanufactured," was included in "coin and bullion," but since that time it is regarded as "merchan 
dise." The figures from 1899 of the above table have been revised in accordance with the new 
arrangement. 



DUTIES COLLM TKD o.V EXPORTS AND IMPORTS 



101 



4,Duties coUected on Etports, 1888-1892, and on Imparts for Harne Consumption, 

4O4O tlffk 



Year. 


Duties 
collt 
on 
Exports. 


Duties 
collected 
on 

Imports. 


Year. 


Du; 
rtilliTti tl 
on 
Exports. 


1 )tr 
collected 

CM 
Imports. 


.. - 


$ 

17.986 


$ 
8,801,446 


1881 


1 

8,141 


S 

18,492,645 


-. . 


14,403 


8,284,507 


1882 


8,810 


21,700,028 


1870 


37,912 


9,425,028 


1883 ;. 


9,756 


23,162,553 


1871 


36,066 


11,807,590 


1884 


8,515 


20,156,448 


1872 


24,809 


13,020,684 


1^.1 


12.305 


19,121 254 


1873 


20,152 


12,997,578 


1886 


20,726 


19,427,398 


1S74. 


14,565 


14,407 318 


1887 


31,397 


22,438,309 


1S7"&gt; 


7,243 


15,354,139 


1888 


21,772 


22,187,869 


1876 

1877 


4,500 
4,103 


12,828,614 
12,544,348 


1889 
1890 


42,207 
93,674 


23,742,317 
23,921,2:54 


IQ7D 


4.161 


12,791 


1891 


64,803 


23,416,266 


iftTfl 


4,272 


12,935,269 


1892 


108 


20,550,474 


1880 


8,896 


14,129,953 





















Y.-ar. 


Duties 
collected 
on 
Imports. 


:ir. 


Du 1 
collected 
on 
Imports. 


Y.-ar. 


Dui 
collected 
on 
Imports. 


1893 


I 

21,161,711 


S 

1903.. 


1 

37,110,355 


1913 


$ 

115,063,688 


1RM 


19,379,822 


1904 


40,954,349 


1914 


107,180,578 


18Q5 


17,887,269 


1905 


42,024,340 


1915 


79,205,9101 


IfflM 


20,219,037 


1906 


46,671,101 


1916 


103,940,1011 


1897 


19,891,997 


1907 (9 months) . . . 


40,290,172 


1917 


147,631,4551 


1898 


22,157,788 


1908 


58,331,074 


1918 


161,595,6291 


18QQ 


25,734,229 


1909 


48,059,792 


1919 


158,046,3341 


1900 


28,889.110 


1910 


61,024,239 


1920 


187,524,1821 


1901 


29,106,980 


1911 


73,312,368 


1921 


179,667,6831 


1902 


32,425,532 


1912 


87,576,037 


1922 


121,477,7631 















Includes war tax. 

NOTE. Duties on Exports were not collected after the year 1892. 



3813126 



402 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



5. Exports to the United Kingdom, to the United States and to other Countries 
of Merchandise, the Produce of Canada, 1868-1922. 



Fiscal year. 


Exports to 
United 
Kingdom. 


Per cent Can 
Exports to 
U.K. to total 
Can. exports 
(Mdse.) 


Exports to 
United 

States. 


Per cent Can 
Exports to 
U.S. to tota 
Can. exports 
(Mdse.) 


Exports to 
Other 
Countries. 


Total 
Exports of 
Canadian 
Produce. 


1868 


$ 

17,905,808 
20,486,389 
22,512,991 

21,733,556 
25,223,785 
31,402,234 
35,769,190 
34,199,134 
34,379,005 
35,491,671 
35,861,110 
29,393,424 
35,208,031 

42,637,219 
39,816,813 
39,538,067 
37,410,870 
36,479,051 
36,694,263 
38,714,331 
33,648,284 
33,504,281 
41,499,149 

43,243,784 
54,949,055 
58,409,606 
60,878,056 
57,903,564 
62,717,941 
69,533,852 
93,065,019 
85,113,681 
96,562,875 

92,857,525 
100,347,345 
125,199,980 
110,120,892 
97,114,867 
127,456,465 
98,691,186 
126,194,124 
126,384,724 
139,482,945 

132,156,924 
147,240,413 
170,161,903 
215,253,969 
186,668,554 
451,852,399 
742,147,537 
845,480,069 
540,750,977 
489,152,637 

312,844,871 
299,361,675 


p.c. 

36-9 
39-1 
38-1 

37-7 
38-3 
41-0 
46-6 
49-1 
47-4 
52-2 
52-7 
47-1 
48-3 

50-8 
42-3 
45-1 
46-9 
46-1 
47-2 
47-8 
41-3 
41-7 
48-7 

48-8 
55-5 
55-4 
58-6 
56-3 
57-2 
56-2 
64-4 
62-0 
57-1 

52-3 
55-8 
58-4 
55-5 
50-9 
54-1 
54-7 
51-1 
52-1 
50-0 

48-2 
50-7 
47-8 
49-9 
45-6 
60-9 
64-5 
54-9 
44-5 
39-5 

26-3 
40-4 


$ 

25,349,568 
26,717,656 
30,361,328 

29,164,358 
32,871,496 
36,714,144 
33,195,805 
27,902,748 
30,080,738 
24,326,332 
24,381,009 
25,491,356 
29,566,211 

34,038,431 
45,782,584 
39,513,225 
34,332,641 
35,566,810 
34,284,490 
35,269,922 
40,407,483 
39,519,940 
36,213,279 

37,743,430 
34,666,070 
37,296,110 
32,562,509 
35,603,863 
37,789,481 
43,664,187 
38,989,525 
39,326,485 
57,996,488 

67,983,673 
66,567,784 
67,766,367 
66,856,885 
70,426,765 
83,546,306 
62,180,439 
90,814,871 
85,334,806 
104,199,675 

104,115.823 
102,041,222 
139,725,953 
163,372,825 
173,320,216 
201,106,488 
280,616,330 
417,233,287 
454,873,170 
464,028,183 

542,322,967 
293,906,643 


p.c 

52-3 
51-0 
51-4 

50-6 
49-9 
48-0 
43-3 
40-0 
41-5 
35-8 
35-9 
40-8 
40-6 

40-5 

48-6 
45-1 
43-0 
44-9 
44-1 
43-6 
49-6 
49-2 
42-5 

42-6 
35-0 
35-4 
31-4 
34-6 
34-4 
35-3 
27-0 
29-0 
34-2 

38-3 
34-0 
31-6 
33-7 
36-9 
35-5 
34-4 
36-8 
35-2 
37-3 

38-0 
35-2 
39-3 
37-9 
42-3 
27-1 
24-4 
27-0 
37-4 
37-4 

45-6 
39-7 


$ 

5,249,523 
5,196,727 
6,169,271 

6,732,110 

7,735,802 
8,421,647 
7,777,002 
7,607,941 
8-031-694 
8,212,543 
7,747,681 
7,546,245 
8,125,455 

7,269,051 
8,538,260 
8,651,139 
8,089,587 
7,085,874 
6,777,951 
6,976,656 
7,326,305 
7,248,235 
7,545,158 

7,684,524 
9,417,341 
9,783,082 
10,411,199 
9,321,014 
9,200,383 
10,434,501 
12,494,118 
12,920,626 
14,412,938 

16,590,188 
20,104,634 
21,435,327 
21,436,662 
23,313,314 
24,481,185 
19,673,681 
29,951,973 
30,884,054 
35,564,931 

38,043,806 
40,942,222 
45,866,744 
52,961,645 
49,430,066 
88,651,751 
128,611,901 
277,314,432 
220,819,659 
286,311,278 

333,995,863 
146,972,362 


$ 

48,504,899 
52,400,772 
59,043,590 

57,630,024 
65,831,083 
76,538,025 
76,741,997 
69,709,823 
72,491,437 
68,030,546 
67,989,800 
62,431,025 
72,899,697 

83,944,701 
94,137,657 
87,702,431 
79,833,098 
79,131,735 
77,756,704 
80,960,909 
81,382,072 
80,272,456 
85,257,586 

88,671,738 
99,032,466 
105,488,798 
103,851,764 
102,828,441 
109,707.805 
123,632,540 
144,548,662 
137,360,792 
168,972,301 

177,431,386 
196,019,763 
214,401,674 
198,414,439 
190,854,946 
235,483,956 
180,545,306 
246,960,968 
242,603,584 
279,247,551 

274,316,553 
290,223,857 
355,754,600 
431,588,439 
409,418,836 
741,610,638 
,151,375,768 
,540,027,788 
,216,443,806 
,239,492,098 

,189,163,701 
740,240,680 


1869 


1870 


1871.. 


1872 


1873 


1874 


1875 


1876 


1877 


1878 


1879 


1880 


1881. 


1882 


1883 


1884 


1885 


1886 . . 


1887 


1888 


1889 


1890 


1891. 


1892 


1893 


1894 


1895 


1896 


1897 


1898 


1899 


1900 


1901.. 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 1 


1908 . 


1909 


1910 


1911.. 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 .... 


1921.. 


1922 





1 Nine months. 



A\D IMl ORTS OF CANADA 



403 



.- Imports from the United Kingdom, from the United States and from other 
Countries of Merchandises entered for Home Consumption, 1868-1922. 



Fiscal year. 


Imports from 
I niU iI 
Kingdom. 


IVrcent 
Imports from 
U.K. toTi.t.-il 
Imports, 
(mclse.) 


Imports from 
United 

ies. 


Per cent 
Imports from 
to Total 

Imports. 

(md 


Imports from 
Otl 
Countries. 


Total 

Imports for 
1 1 ome 
imption. 


1868 
1869 


$ 

37,617,325 
35,496,764 


p. c. 

56-1 
56-2 


$ 

22,660,132 

21 


p.c. 

33-8 
34-0 


1 

6,812,702 
6,160,797 


1 

67,090,159 
63.154,941 


1870 


37,537,095 


56-1 


n.607 


32-4 


7,667,742 


66,902,074 


1871 
Is?. 


48,498,202 
62. 


57-6 
59-7 


586 
7 11 , 995 


32-3 
32-1 


8,530,600 
9,004,118 


84,214,388 
104,955,367 


1873 


67. 


54-6 


45,189,110 


36-3 


11,3. ::. iiTl 


124,500,120 


1874 


61.424,407 




51,70(1 




I0,o),:&gt;7i 


l- :;.ls(),887 


1875 


60,009,084 


-.11 




41-7 


8,469,126 


117,408,568 


1-7 . 
Is77 ..... 
1878 


40 
821 

37,252,769 


. 

4 1 2 


48. 


53-1 


7,933,974 

5,41s 
5, 141), 2(17 


02.ftl3.Hi7 
04,126 

90, :; . -,., SM 


1879 


77s 






53-6 


5, 


7s, 7(12, 519 


1880 


33,764,439 


48-3 


28. 


40-3 


7,942,320 


69,900,542 


1881 


42,885,11: 


47-4 


36,338,701 


40-6 


11,264,486 


90,488,329 




50,356,268 






42-3 


13,735,081 


111,145,184 



1883 


51,679. 








15,034,491 


121. Mi 1,496 


1884 

- 
1SS6 
1887.... 


41,925,121 

10. (Ul. 448 
39,033.000 
41.74 1.356 


39-6 

4H-1 
40-7 


49 

45.-&gt;7ti,:&gt;1(&gt; 
Ms, 651 
It 


47-d 
45-7 
44-6 
42-6 


ll,2f,l,969 
14,147,817 

14.14d 
15,569,952 


105. !:_ . .i7s 
99,755,775 
95.W2.137 
105,107,210 


1888 






46.41(1 


46-1 


1.VOM.688 


100,671,628 


18S9. 






50, (&gt;-".. 4 1 .i 




16,817 


109 


1890 

1891.. 
1892 


J77.009 

4. . 018, 943 
41,063,711 


38-8 
37-7 


. 1 :;&gt;,:&gt;, 661 
52,033.477 


46-0 

46-7 

ll- i 


17.039,903 

17,481,534 
. 570 


111,682,573 

111,533,954 
115,160,413 


1893 


4 2. 52!), 340 


36-9 






20. 


115,170,830 


1894 


37,035.963 


34-0 








109, 070, .ill 


1895 


31,059,332 


30-9 


:&gt;(). i7!i.&lt;Mi4 


49-8 




100,675,891 


1S96 


32,824,505 




390 


50-8 


19,007. 


105,361,161 


1897 


29,401,lss 








20,193. 


106,617,827 


1898 


32,043.41 )! 






59-2 


19,438, 


126,307,162 


1899 


36,966 


24-7 


88,506,881 


59-2 




149,422,416 


1900 


44,280.041 


25-7 


102.224.917 


59-2 


26.146,718 


172,651,676 


1901 


42,820,334 


24-1 


107,377 906 


60-3 


27 732 679 


177 930 919 


1902 


49,022,720 


25-0 


115,001,533 


58-4 


32 713 545 


196 737 804 


1903 


58,793,038 


26-2 


129,071,197 


57-3 


37, 230,. ) 71 


225 094 809 


1904 


61,724,893 




143,329,697 


58-7 


38,854,825 


243,909,415 


1905 


60,342,704 


24-0 


152,778,576 


60-6 


38,842 934 


251 964 214 


1906 


69,183,915 


24-4 


169,256,452 


59-6 


45,299,913 


283 740 28 


19071 


64,415,756 


25-8 


149,085,577 


59-5 


36 724 502 


250 225 835 


1908 


94,417,320 


26-8 


205,309,803 


58-2 


52,813,756 


352 540 879 


1909 


70,682,600 


24-5 


170,432,360 


59-0 


47,479,236 


288 594 196 


1910 


95,337,058 


25-8 


218,004,556 


58-9 


56 976 585 


370 318 199 


1911. 


109,934,753 


24-3 


275,824 265 


60-8 


66 965 585 


452 724 603 


1912 


116,906,360 


22-4 


331,384,657 


63-4 


74 113 658 


522 404 675 


1913 


138,742,464 


20-7 


436,887,315 


65-0 


95 577 275 


671 207 234 


1914 


132,070,406 


21-4 


396 302 138 


64-0 


90 821 454 


61 Q 103 QQ8 


1915 


90,157,204 


19-8 


297,142,059 


65-2 


68 656 645 


455 Q55 Q08 


1916 


77,404,361 


15-2 


370,880,549 


73-0 


59 916 224 


508 201 134 


1917 


107,096,735 


12-7 


665,312,759 


78-6 


74 041 384 


846 450 878 


1918 


81,324,283 


8-4 


792,894,957 


82-3 


89 313 338 


Qfi3 532 "178 


1919 


73,035,118 


8-0 


750,203,024 


81-6 


96 473 563 


Q1Q 711 705 


1920 


126.362,631 


11-9 


801,097,318 


75-3 


137 068 174 


1 064 528 123 


1921.. 


213,973,562 


17-3 


856,176,820 


69-0 


170 008 500 


1 240 158 882 


1922 


117,134,576 


15-7 


516 105 107 


69-0 


m564 fi4Q 


747 804 1^2 

















: Xine months. 

38131 



404 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



7. Percentage Proportions of Imports from United Kingdom and United States, 
respectively, to totals of dutiable and free in the 22 fiscal years 1901-1922. 



Fiscal Year. 


UNITED KINGDOM. 


UNITED STATES. 


Dutiable 
to total 
dutiable. 


Free 
to total 
free. 


Dutiable 
and free 
to all 
imports. 


Dutiable 
to total 
dutiable. 


Free 
to total 
free. 


Dutiable 
and free 
to all 
imports. 


1901 . 


p.c. 
29-92 
29-54 
30-85 
30-18 
29-88 

30-40 
32-05 
32-64 
29-84 
31-60 

29-82 
26-69 
24-47 
24-95 
24-31 

17-97 
16-35 
10-70 
9-50 
13-44 

20-07 
19-20 


p.c. 
15-50 

17-94 
18-84 
17-73 
15-14 

15-03 
16-04 
17-35 
16-31 
16-49 

15-05 
14-72 
13-43 
14-26 
12-61 

11-63 
8-24 
5-54 
5-90 
8-93 

11-17 

8-72 


p.c. 
24-10 
24-95 
26-15 
25-34 
23-98 

24-42 
25-79 
26-83 
24-52 
25-78 

24-34 
22-42 
20-71 
21-35 

19-79 

15-24 
12-67 

8-45 
7-97 
11-87 

17-25 
15-66 


p.c. 
50-58 
50-72 
50-10 
52-07 
52-21 

51-74 
51-93 
50-59 
51-76 

52-29 

54-14 
58-72 
62-57 
60-81 
60-27 

68-93 
71-91 
79-16 
79-10 
72-04 

64-19 
62-97 


p.c. 

74-66 
70-11 
68-46 
69-14 
73-13 

71-90 
71-28 
70-51 
70-20 
69-22 

72-05 
71-74 
69-78 
70-16 

72-85 

78-29 
86-59 
86-29 
84-74 
81-26 

79-51 
80-88 


p.c. 
60-30 
58-40 
57-29 
58-71 
60-58 

59-59 
59-50 
58-16 
59-00 
58-81 

60-84 
63-37 
65-03 
63-96 
65-13 

72-95 

78-57 
82-27 
81-50 
75-25 

69-04 
69-02 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 (9 months) 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 . 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921.. 


1922.. 



NOTE. For the years 1868 to 1900, see Canada Year Book, 1916-17, pages 403-4. 

8. Average ad valorem Rates of Duty collected on Imports from United Kingdom, 
United States, and all Countries in the 55 fiscal years 1868-1922. 



Year. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United j All 
States. 1 Countries. 


Year. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 

States. 


All 
Countries. 


Average ad valorem rate of duty on 


Average ad valorem rate of duty on 


Duti 
able 
Im 
ports. 


Total 
Im 
ports. 


Duti 
able 
Im 
ports. 


Total 
Im 
ports. 


Duti 
able 
Im 
ports. 


Total 
Im 
ports. 


Duti 
able 
Im 
ports. 


Total 
Im 
ports. 


Duti 
able 
Im 
ports. 


Total 
Im 
ports. 


Duti 
able 
Im 
ports. 


Total 
Im 
ports. 


1868 . 


p.c. 

16-9 
16-8 
16-4 
16-4 
15-6 
16-5 
18-1 
18-8 
19-4 
20-1 
20-5 
24-0 
24-5 
24-1 
24-3 
24-4 
24-8 
25-7 
26-1 
29-1 
29-3 
28-8 
29-0 
29-4 
29-8 
30-0 
30-1 


p.c. 

13-5 
13-4 
13-5 
12-7 
10-9 
12-8 
14-8 
15-0 
16-2 
17-3 
18-0 
20-0 
20-5 
19-9 
19-2 
19-1 
19-0 
20-0 
20-8 
22-9 
22-4 
22-1 
21-7 
22-1 
22-3 
22-3 
22-6 


p.c. 

20-1 
19-5 
16-3 
18-0 
17-7 
17-4 
17-3 
19-2 
18-7 
20-4 
23-2 
23-1 
22-0 
21-5 
21-1 
20-7 
21-2 
22-8 
23-8 
26-2 
25-4 
26-6 
26-0 
26-5 
26-7 
27-0 
26-7 


p.c. 

7-3 
7-8 
8-4 
7-1 
6-5 
7-1 
7-9 
9-3 
7-9 
9-4 
13-1 
16-0 
15-5 
15-0 
14-8 
14-9 
14-5 
15-8 
16-2 
15-3 
14-7 
15-8 
14-9 
15-1 
14-6 
13-7 
13-7 


p.c. 

20-2 
20-2 
20-9 
19-6 
19-1 
18-3 
18-9 
19-6 
21-3 
20-6 
21-4 
23-3 
26-1 
25-8 
25-3 
25-3 
25-2 
26-1 
27-5 
28-7 
31-8 
31-9 
31-0 
31-4 
29-7 
30-3 
30-9 
30-5 


p.c. 
13-1 
13-1 
14-1 
14-0 
12-4 
10-4 
11-7 
13-1 
13-9 
13-3 
14-2 
16-4 
20-2 
20-4 
19-5 
19-0 
19-0 
19-2 
20-2 
21-3 
22-0 
21-8 
21-4 
21-0 
17-8 
18-4 
17-8 
17-8 


1896 


p.c. 

30-2 
30-7 
29-5 
26-6 
25-6 
24-7 
24-0 
23-3 
24-1 
24-8 
24-6 
24-3 
24-2 
25-8 
25-1 
24-6 
25-0 
25-1 
25-2 
27-1 
28-4 
24-9 
24-3 
22-3 
22-1 
20-9 
24-8 


p.c. 

22-4 
21-1 
20-8 
19-8 
18-2 
18-3 
17-2 
16-7 
17-6 
18-5 
18-7 
18-4 
18-3 
19-0 
18-9 
18-9 
19-1 
19-6 
19-5 
20-5 
19-1 
17-6 
17-3 
15-3 
16-2 
16-6 
20-1 


p.c. 

26-7 
26-7 
26-1 
26-3 
25-0 
24-8 
25-2 
24-9 
25-2 
26-1 
24-8 
24-2 
24-6 
24-9 
24-8 
24-7 
25-0 
24-9 
24-8 
25-1 
25-0 
22-7 
20-5 
20-9 
22-5 
20-3 
23-0 


p.c. 
14-5 
14-3 
13-3 
13-2 
13-2 
12-4 
13-2 
13-3 
13-7 
13-5 
13-1 
12-8 
13-3 
13-2 
13-6 
13-8 
14-9 
15-8 
15-6 
14-3 
13-5 
11-4 
11-1 
11-6 
14-0 
12-9 
13-9 


p.c. 
30-0 
30-0 
29-7 
28-8 
27-7 
27-5 
27-3 
27-1 
27-5 
27-8 
27-0 
26-5 
26-7 
27-5 
26-8 
25-9 
26-1 
26-1 
26-1 
27-4 
27-2 
23-8 
21-5 
21-5 
22-5 
20-6 
24-5 


p.c. 
19-2 
18-7 
17-5 
17-2 
16-7 
16-4 
16-5 
16-5 
16-9 
16-7 
16-5 
16-1 
16-6 
16-7 
16-5 
16-2 
16-8 
17-1 
17-3 
16-8 
15-5 
13-0 
12-1 
12-3 
14-7 
14-1 
16-2 


1869 
1870 


1897 


1898 


1871 


1899 


1872 


1900 


1873 


1901 


1874 . 


1902 


1875 


1903 . . . 


1876 


1904 


1877 


1905 


1878 . . . 


1906 


1879 


1907 (9 m.) 
1908 


1880 


1881 . . 


1909 


1882 


1910 


1883 


1911. . . 


1884 


1912 


1885 


1913 


188fi 


1914 . . 


1887 


1915 


1888 
1889 


1916.... 


1917 


1890 


1918. . . 


1891 
1892 


1919 


1920 


1893 ,. 
1894 


1921 


1922 


1895... 





EXPORTS KY &lt;-L.\S*KS OF 



405 



9 Exports to the United Kingdom, to the United Slates and to all "iintrU ? , by classes of Merchandise, the Product- of (anada, 
by values and percentages, 1919-19 !2. 

(According to new ( h^ilication.) 
V \i 





80UJU1 

ilV 


g i Is i I ii 


8 

(0 

9 

S 


8KVI. ) II &gt;\ 1 " :! VI \H Dl I,) 


S5 CO CO CO 00 !- CM 00 


= 




- r* S 

^- . ^- O3 00 CM OO 

* OO ro 00 co * 


-i 00 O " CO CO CO ~ 

ex "** 


fC 1 - - l S: &lt;? 
~ ri &lt;M 

CO 


/ 

_- /. 

i 


iC-fCMOO (M- J iC 

-^ 1C "^ ** 
CO O CO O ~l O CO_ 


] 


CO OO OO O O "M OO 
^ CO CO CO O O CO 


i 
| 


--. QO O CO *J 
** 1C CO O5 O CO CO 


i ^ ic 


(~^ OO ~* OO"^ ^ CM 
} ^M 


I nited 
Kingdom. 


C "*" *^ ^" 


j 


00 " CO OS Q 
1C IO CO CM If) O O COCO 


i 

i 


ci - 2 
-- 


CO O 1C ~ CM - OO 
CM 


o ^-^ *^ ^* co ~^ 

1- -1 


- 1 

35 

-H 


All 

intries. 


CO O5OO^ t &gt; -CO OOO CO^ 


1- 

i 

E 


* oe coco co r~ *.2 

CO OO 1C O5 ^ OO 


1 


V ejT co cf c&gt; 

.* CM 9 OO CO O CO 

CO ~ 


1C -i COCO CO CO &lt; CM 
CM 


CM OO OC ~~ 

OO ^^ OO t* 1 " ^* "* "^ "^ 


United 


^ * T 

i-&lt; o oc " - ~ c *i 30 . 


j 


i- 


1^ -- COCM -* c 15 

OJ CO OO CO 1C -^ CO 

r CO ^ Oi CO J C *"f CITJ 
CO 


S 


" " ^. 0" 05 - 

.A OO CM rc ri i - 
O r- O --O O 


t-i CO .11 
CM 


(Jniti 

Kingdom. 


?; 5 S ?s 2 ^ 

^&lt; CO TI " ^ 1C CO 


- 
7 


00 S 3! 2 S SCM 

_ ^4 OO l"~ cO ^ o cj CN 


S 
| 


M ~~ -O CO - " 

^ ** 


OS O *- O CO -, ,-. Tt 

a * &lt;* ~ 


5 Oi 


"a 


All 




i- ri 

t- 


i 

r 
f 


r- CO O O O CO ^ SJ 2? 
.- CO t- CM 35 -*&lt; 00 1- 


\ 


CM i - r co - 
._ gv ^ CM ^* OO t ~ ~~ 
** i^ o: 


ro in ei r- * 
Z. CM 


to *&gt; co o ~&gt; 

.-- CO -f O CO 

* 


IU .1 


o !&gt; co o " co tcr&gt;- 
-; -r c- 3" 

O J -" Tl 


Z 




CO OS CM ^* O* l-OOt^ 
CM CO ~^ 1O O ~ O5iC 


i 




1 - -M VC I - OO 

i - / OOOOO 

* {2 r .- 


-, OO ~ OO CO ^~- 


1C O &gt;M CO C 1- 1 - 


United 
Kingdom. 


O5 r t "i _ 
m *! O ^^ " /" 
OO i- - 1 i- r T-I 

1- / S ~ S ~l 


S 

1 


- OS O O- ^ CO tj- 

o co r* *c CM oo 


S 

1H 


00 O OO CO O O * 
^ iC CM 


--. ~l iO O5 CO 

co -r " 




35 
35 


All 


S oc -S M co r - 

co" O O O5 O O C i 

.^^ "* o co ^o ^^ *- ^ ^o - ^ 

OO C5OiCC~-T-l cOt^-CO 


1 




^&lt; O CO CM O5 
I- CO 1- 1- 1C ~-&lt; 


I 

i 


^ CM CM "^ ? 


OO ^f OC ^h ~* OS 
CM C^ 


W8 

I -M!" I 


^ I&gt; ^} ~ ~~ 1C -C CO 

^JH AC CO t^" ^* * ^* ~ ~ 


~ 

pi 
r 

X 


~ OO OO ^^ c3i ^^ 
CO CO OO5 t^- CO t-t 


g 

1-1 


1C r^ TI O: :O "1 00 &gt;" 

.^ t&gt;. -^r ~ cr;^ ic " t iC 

O COCO TI t&gt;- COOO 


t^- O"*00-&lt;i&lt;--i -^i co O 
2. -M CM -- 1 


1C -!f TI I--I CO - ~ ~S- 
CO ~l Tl CM 1C CO I 


r " 

5*P 

5 bt 

-J 


/ :r. co c-i ic ^" c c; 

o oo oo -^ cc&gt;_oc_"i^ 

**co oo -r co c^ "".^ 
co" r&gt;- ,-H ^ oc CMO^J" 

t^ CM - ^H i-^ C-l 1^ 




M 


S- (^ CO O5 O CO COCO 
CO CM O O &gt;O rCN 


S 

i 


--CV1 COOCMCMCO OCO^ 
D, CO CM *0 




fe Q_ C -*^ O Ci fc* ^ U^ 

4J * C ^ flj ^. ^ 
^ u i; ^ _ _C^ 51 2 

|||fip|l||lli|?tt 1 

- c3 5"^ ^"E*- - " - -~ - " - ~ 
} &gt; ** liz ^ 


g| oi g ,j- : ^g | . 

^i O. -^ o a, 03 B ^* 13 

BJCC ^^TJ^-S 1 " iS : H3 

L |;J I lUif. l 

li_:ill{r s=jj| l 

M ^5 C 5 "** ^ ^ O *n 00 CD w ^ * t- S ^ ^3 
^ O fl ^ %* *""* O J^ *" ^ ^ "^* . CJ "^ /- ^ 

H S "^ S -S -^ 8 3 o o -u o c3 ox &s 

^. i-y ./ r -\ _^ 

&gt; &lt;&lt; ^ ^ i-i&lt;; ?; o &lt; 



406 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 1 








j 


OO O5 t^. r Oi to r^ 

1 S i 1 i g 

T}&lt; 10 1^ rt 0~ CO" 


1 


o 




J -^j 


^^t^-^oiosS Sl^JS 


^^ 


S 




o 


CN_eO_05_t^cq tC eo 0^ 

f2 S S JS " =" &gt;" "* o" 


s 


1 




O 


^ CO CO i-J c^l CM 10 


tS 


1 





Si 


I 1 S 3 g 1 5 S s 


^4 




i 


1| 


- 1 S 1 1 i g" I 1 1 


il 

o 

^ 


I 




PCQ 


8 fe S S 8 2 f S 


a 








i-H 


WS 


d 




9 o 


1 1 1 ^ 1 g S S 


^&gt; 


g 




C if 


* I i i S i S i 1 g 


-* 

eo 


S 

z 




p s 


c^ o oj oo" &lt;M" eo co" r-T 





1 . 




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iliili 22S 


i 


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gj 

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fc ifSSlif- ^ 5 io^+&lt;oo 

SS S S S K 8 S S 8 

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o 

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r 


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53 S S S S S g 

^H , (^j u&gt; * "J 


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M 

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a a 

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Kingdom. 


S 8 i S 1 1 1 S i 

^ ^ oo o 06" oo" i r 
gj s s s g q g 


r- 

eo" 
M 
C* 


U ** 

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00 

0&gt; 


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10 0_ Ci !&gt;._ eO_ 00_ 10 00 S 


i 

e 


* &gt;* o 




P02 


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^ 
o 


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w 8 







00 I ?5 O t-- ?~ S 10 Fi 




i g 3, 


1 


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&lt;-H^*IOOeOO 0-^00 

" .co^c^t^o^e^ 10 coS 


1 


C? fit 




S M 


C5_t~-_coiO_CD_CO O3 ^H^3 
f^* CO ^^ ^H e & CO fQ ^&lt; fy&gt; 

TH t^. ^^ 


w 







PH 




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iH 


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1 
tt 






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^^c^ooco^^ 5^ o 
&gt; ^o* o" cT i&gt;-" oT o" e^T oT 

^ ^&lt;OOiO2C^^ lOoOC3i 
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^^ 

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0)W03 t3 u . t;-t J Oo5 O O-u o -CQ-S 


3 

o 
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&gt; &lt; t&lt;* ^ /$ & O&lt;i 





IMPORTS BY CLASSES OF MERCHANDISE 



407 



1 




i 


^SSSSS SSS 


S 







u 


CJCO OO 4&lt;-i CO 00 C05O 


1 


= 




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1 


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ll 


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1 


i 




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ft S 3 


1 


1 




.i 


3c33$ S S S 


s 


^ 




*j 


j^&lt; -^ 0&gt; ^0&gt; - &lt;0 CliO 


g 


e 




&lt;! 

^ ^ 


ft M 


H 






& 






ft! 

** i. 


o&gt; 


ii 


^HO ^HIOCO O--OO 

O. -&gt; i ci e^ 


s 
1 


s I 











0V&gt; 

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&i 






S/S rtf\ ^P 


~ 






s o 1 


. . . 


. 


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Q. -H IO 


s 


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^ 


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Oh 
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/ ^ ^ 

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ft^icO" 3 * 2^* 


s 

pi 


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1 






Sir 




T)6 



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coeo ^.J&gt;e&lt;i iocoo 

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s 

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p.S 






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1^ 


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t-O^COOOS 00- 




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gS f-j 8 | 1 IJ, 1 




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f 

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|- 3 1 1 1 | 5 1|i ^ 1 

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iy ii si ^ i ii Hi 11 1 


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o ^ 53 S ^ *^ ~*^ O 3 O ^ +^ O fl5 O _c^ O&gt; JZ2 










t*J r^* ^^ *^ ^T ^7 -^ 
^^ ^&lt; H^ E* H^ r 4 ^H ^^ 





408 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



11. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and All Countries in quan 
tities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1919-1922. 



No 


Principal articles by classes. 


1919. 




United 
Kingdom. 


United 

States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 

2 
3 
4 

5 
6 

7 

8 
9 

to 

11 
12 

13 
14 
15 
13 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 

23 
24 
25 
26 
27 


I. Vegetable Products. 

(Except Chemicals, Fibres and Wood). 
Beverages, Distilled and Fermented 
Brewed 
Ale, beer and porter. . gal 


2,85 
12,00 
25,91 
52,92 

3,80 
1,21 
12 
. 18 


38,68 
34,90 

5,89 
20,98 
190,20 
507, 18 

20 
10 
74 


253,33 
186,62 

2,98 
7,64 
408,48 
1,178,84 
226,90 
577,72 

6,31 

2,08 
3,68 
8,00 


146 
199 

272,439 
750,078 
787,983 
2,103,945 

10,482 
3,720 
420 
738 


$ 
Distilled 

Gin gal 


$ 
Whiskey gal 


$ 
All other spirits, n.o.p gal 


$ 
Fermented 
Cider gal 


$ 
Wines gal 


$ 

Total beverages, distilled and fer- gal. 
mented.... 


104 


32,692 
68,328 


235,003 

563 ,285 


901 ,69 
1 ,960 ,92 


1 ,071 ,470 
2 ,858 ,680 


Fruits, fresh 
Apples, green or ripe brl 


345,567 
1,806,56 

10 

732,935 
105,149 
833 651 


23,686 
101,014 
70,314 
39,720 

299,225 
42,267 
152,118 
1,495 
155 


405,05 
2,041,07 
70,830 
41,805 

1,208,393 
166,59 
1,805,434 
71,664 
7,260 


590,400 
3,140,269 

4,405 

1,100,500 
76,167 
1,870,981 
60 
21 


$ 
Berries, all kinds , $ 


All other fresh fruits, n.o.p 


Dried and preserved 
Apples dried lb 


$ 
Canned or preserved fruits $ 


Fruits, dried, n.o.p lb 


15,830 

2,388 


$ 
Total fruits $ 


2 ,747 ,759 


405 ,588 


4 ,132 ,996 


5 ,091 ,813 


Grains, flours and kindred products 
Grains 
Barley bush 


2,260,395 
3,394,384 
100 
617 

8,497,888 
7,360,011 
980 
4,200 
60,813 
372,696 
600 
75 
17,999 
34,929 
37,317,648 
86,776,303 


165,380 
283,453 
57,637 
222,497 
391,962 
632,085 
7,333 
9,546 
767,889 
647,408 
12,335 
47,695 
145,243 
628,543 
65,338 
6,530 
387,070 
828,289 
1,992,409 
4,203,920 


3,505,497 
5,289,780 
58,049 
225, 186 
394,962 
632,085 
9,266 
14,265 
17,879,783 
15,193,527 
28,845 
130,157 
249,233 
1,202,837 
1,098,210 
87,800 
463,380 
962,742 
41,808,897 
96,985,056 


12,686,866 
18,138,354 
1,074 
4,680 

131 

259 
3,610,792 
3,300,477 
2,193 
8,160 
60,730 
210,678 

947,480 
1,644,138 
51,426,131 
122,108.193 


$ 
Beans bush 


$ 
Buckwheat bush 


$ 
Corn, Indian bush 


$ 
Oats bush 


$ 
Peas, split bush 


Peas, whole bush 


$ 
Rice lb 


$ 
Rye bush 


$ 
Wheat bush 


$ 
Total grains $ 


97,943,215 


7 ,509 ,966 


120,723,435 


145,414,939 


Flour and milled products- 
Bran, shorts and middlings cwt 


32,854 

2,274 
17,777 

443,111 

2,368,347 


1,461,021 
2,775 
22,340 
6,664 
16,900 
23,381 
125,747 
1,030,240 
7,764 


1,592,212 
7,828 
65,281 
721,346 
1,687,214 
761 , 520 
4,032,567 
1,279,145 
86,538 


540 
1,170 
42,773 
372,364 

694,112 
3,717,224 
695,200 
42, 134 


$ 
Cornmeal brl 


$ 
Malt bush 


$ 
Oatmeal and rolled oats rwt 


& 
Rice meal and rice flour lb 


$ 



EXPORTS (&gt;! CANADA 



109 



11.- -Exports of Canada to I nited Kingdom, I nid-d States and All Countries in quan 
tities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 19 19-1 9?*! oom, 



1930. 


11. 


1922. 


United 


All 


United 


1 nitfii 


All 


United 


United 


All 




( ountries. 


Kinnilnm. 




Count i 


Kingdom. 


States. 


( nunti ; 


. . 178 


MO, 118 


102 


51 


j | 

793,172 


3,000 


312 


472,735 




146,077 




125 


912,964 


4,080 


687,4t&gt;7 


,285 


_ 




_ 




972 


_ 


_ 


4 


_ 




_ 









- 


15 


1,286 




i ;4,7il 


1,616 


370, Ms 


84,155 


20,228 


193,773 


5,374 


1.5111 i ,: 




17 


7, I.YS 


193,270 


285, K: 






1,374 


14 




1,124 


13 






Mi, 081 


1,959 


19. 


374 


587,277 


17,684 


3,166 


805 


24,672 


40,256 


_ 


61,787 


72,544 


11 


US, 404 


131,431 


36,906 


43,334 





17.-, 


5 2 


3,871 




71 


_ 


6,014 


- 


4 




_ 




2,100 


- 


18,087 


BU 


51 


6, 


- 


177 


3,658 


Ml 


2,0*8,936 


I.-.H or. 1 


284,187 


1, ?71,6.&gt;s 


112 ,331 


451 ,432 


VM.679 


707 .099 


1.KV{.271 


391 JUi 


439 .::{ 


3,260,197 


201 .rn 


992 , J7(J 


1 &gt;1 m 


.,000 


87:: 


1.272,533 


4S.107 




I.: 1 . 15, 938 


486,415 


1.M 


856,760 


4,242,219 


7,902,013 


17! 




14.209 


-1,41 .! 








_ 






- 


:;i; 


,025 


114 


141,710 




554.111! 


5"c 




48 


1,118 


L,273,9M 


3,977,306 


1,112,885 


125,756 


,t),999 


1,109,360 


840,874 




167 


514,727 


lss.774 


15 


315 


116 


91 




l .s,105 


3,17 


514,239 


71 


751 




2,708 


1.2" 










84,178 







11,880 


20. 


- 


655 


- 


5,810 


7 


- 


797 


1,587 


1 ,5; 4 ,838 


8, 304 ,215 


8,616,167 


1,266 ,441 


16,326,878 


7,381,146 


3,611,370 


11,481 


1.060,081 


14,995,031 


7,94 


301 


8,56 


9,481,888 


5.1 .7 


12,580, 


1,15; 


20,20&gt; 


10,561,195 


47: 


11, 469,050 


-2.7.4 


3,018 


9,821.0*7 


101 


ion 




12 


14 






11 


M7.069 


7,965 


120 


764 




1,218 


14,257 


32 


188 


188, 7! 4 


19, 


247 


27! 


83,822 


13 




jr.) ,337 


149,337 


2 2, (124 


315,815 






137 


362 


?4,1 T 


37,101 


2 


8,616 


17,560 




17,247 


25, 


,049 


68,17 


10 


16,692 


34,615 




20,240 


30,074 


3,751,111 


10,768,872 


7,096,419 


4.765,202 


14,321,048 


20,735,804 


3,217,419 


M, 196, 127 


3,059,427 


9.849.4M 


6,62 


4,694,519 


14,152,033 


10, 738, 4117 


1,446,014 


18.717,105 


22,377 


59,389 


613 


2,402 


56,263 


- 


20,885 


84. 


76,494 


222,707 


2,415 


9,395 


241,092 


- 


69,941 




13.5,051 


^546 


31,77, ) 


47,696 


113,262 


15,976 


154,2!&gt;0 


177,715 


540,481 


920,440 


181,780 


3,812 


606,342 


68,448 


1,921 


569,653 


4,237,542 


5,954,284 


166,600 


27S,200 


2,357,384 


- 


885 


172 


496,416 


668,077 


11,89! 


22,523 


1.732 


- 


66 


6,761 


1,018,327 


2,113,302 


1,108,789 


717,086 


3,201.430 


1,110,899 


105,631 


3,181 


1,560,499 


3,475,834 


2,331,294 


1.344,976 


6,231,170 


1,096,888 


97,597 


3,526,639 


6,661,588 


77,978,037 


29,294,612 


42,324,894 


129.215,157 


92,498,351 


16,592,797 


136,489,238 


14,000,932 


185,044,806 


73,489,796 


91,442,298 


310.952,138 


119,976,127 


23,335,277 


179,990,730 


91,546,637 


220 ,573 ,759 


93,224,170 


98,635,857 


344 ,317 ,521 


139,535,865 


25,597,691 


210,321,665 


1,229,398 


1,314,911 


4,670 


719,948 


819,781 


4,791 


854,829 


954,616 


2,779,255 


2,983,843 


6,170 


1,236,851 


1,481,097 


3,957 


939,910 


1,103,899 


249 


54,941 


242 


840 


24,588 


395 


- 


19,348 


1,617 


454,528 


2,000 


7,722 


187,003 


2,244 


- 


.4,178 





613,040 


39,747 


- 


629,620 





30,549 


124 


- 


1,320,773 


39,747 


- 


1,350,201 


- 


63,625 


237,510 


5,517 


806,203 


357,241 


O f O^n 


397,266 


571,347 


12,710 


651,135 


22,495 


4,283,772 


2,096,098 


19,709 


2,343,965 


2,214,820 


43,994 


2,525,407 


51,660 


746,860 


1,08 


60,250 


1,360,068 


1,064,640 


240 


1,064,880 


2,415 


44,549 


68,328 


1,219 


84,298 


22,572 


34 


22,606 



No. 



2 
3 
4 

5 
6 



8 
9 

1* 

11 
12 



13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 



23 
24 
25 
28 
27 



410 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



11. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and All Countries in quan 
tities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1919-1922. con. 



No 


Principal articles by classes 




1919. 










United 
Kingdom 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


I. Vegetable Products con. 

Flour and milled products concluded. 
Rye flour . brl. 


236 


1 fifi7 


1 Q07 


nfiRA 


2 


$ 
Screenings cwt. 


2,393 


22,830 


25,283 


,U04 

107,565 


3 


$ 
Wheat flour brl 


5 254 254 


8 800 


Q 20*1 4^Q 


5Qf)A Q11 


4 


$ 
All other meal brl 


56,365,188 


99,794 
701 


99,931,659 
9 n1 


61,494,045 

1 S**^ 




$ 


- 


1,086 


24,969 


15,479 




Total flour and milled products $ 


58,786,559 


1,830,482 


107 ,445 ,723 


65,749,981 


5 


Bakery Products and prepared food 
Biscuits and bread cwt. 


33 729 


2 074 


78 04Q 


749 


6 

7 


$ 
Cereal foods, prepared, all kinds... $ 
Macaroni, spaghetti and vermicelli Ib. 


440,388 
3,678,132 


23,999 
211,589 


1,319,925 
4,247,249 


13,545 

1,048,826 
Q KQ7 77f&gt; 


8 


$ 
Cornstarch Ib 


- 


- 


- 


363,284 
01 Ron 


9 


$ 
Potato starch Ib 


- 


- 


- 


6,724 

cc ono 




$ 


- 


- 


- 


6,945 




Total grains, flours and kindred 
products. $ 


160,848,294 


9,576,036 


233 ,736 ,332 


212,603,985 


10 


Oils, vegetable, and by-products 
Oilcake cwt 


8 028 


12 357 


43 04fi 


901 91Q 


11 


Oils, vegetable, n.o.p gal. 


22,764 
6 596 


31,740 
602 429 


119,275 
743 574 


946,083 

nQQI 




$ 


7,696 


617,533 


857,334 


32,587 




Total oils, vegetable, and by-products $ 


30,460 


619,273 


976,609 


978,670 


12 


Rubber and its products 
Raw and partly manufactured 
Waste cwt 




14 3R 1 ! 


UQr; 


1 978 


13 


$ 
Belting Ib 


- 


129,925 


129,925 


8,662 

9 9Q*v 


14 


$ 
Boots and shoes $ 


205 429 


1,667 
135 990 


14,332 
2 058 715 


1,295 
82Q 1&lt;U 


15 


Clothing, including waterproofed $ 


1,720 


517 


13 784 


782 


16 


Hose , $ 


6 550 


151 282 


IQi i lfi 


OK 107 


17 


Tires $ 


154 439 


407 Ifi2 


3 Olfi Q74 


J ZAS 140 


18 


All other mfs. of India rubber, n.o.p. ... $ 


10,688 


83,492 


200,304 


69,665 




Total rubber and its products $ 


378,826 


910,035 


5 ,629 ,590 


4 482 844 














19 


Seeds for sowing 
Clover bush. 


64 983 


160 677 


226 344 


27 154 


20 


$ 
Flax bush 


966,660 


2,380,931 


3,361,170 


694,760 
S4 0*52 


21 


$ 
Grass bush 


1 292 


45 919 


47 444 


316,134 
422 


22 


$ 
All other seeds, n.o.p. ... $ 


7,148 
303 


89,594 
43 498 


98,356 
56 707 


2,513 
2 891 
















Total seeds for sowing $ 


974 ,111 


2,514,023 


3,516,233 


1 016,298 














23 


Sugar, molasses, syrups and confectionery 
Confectionery $ 


922,743 


246,739 


1,962 744 


5 002 031 


24 


Maple sugar Ib. 


169 270 


4 412 178 


4 703 366 


33 379 


25 


$ 
Maple syrup gal. 


48,569 
3 785 


977,443 
2 182 


1,062,895 
6 950 


7,565 
1 664 


26 


$ 
Molasses gal. 


6,072 


4,411 


12,202 


2,941 
34 532 


27 


$ 
Sugar house syrup gal. 


- 


- 


- 


16,540 
399 644 




$ 


- 


- 


- 


172,097 



EXPORTS OF CANADA 



411 



11. Exports of Canada to I a i ted States, I nited Kingdom and All Countries in quan 
tities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1919-19T-J. con. 



1920. 


1921 


1922. 




United 


All 


I niti il 


I nited 


All 


United 


United 


All 







Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


Stir 


Countries. 




9,590 


35,786 




450 


10,833 


357 




1,502 


1 


74,099 


7,768 


- 


5,179 


104,613 


2,091 


- 






1,271,695 


1,271,695 


7,763 


1.12 


1.1" 


- 


385,714 


385,714 


2 


1,126,799 


1.11 


10,847 


651,370 


702.114 





.661 


53,661 






8,863,068 


2,74 


1,187,750 


6,017,032 


4,737 020 


570,567 


7,41 


3 


337,514 


94 


28,896,091 


12,023,090 


66,520,490 


33.943,40V 


3,824,832 


53,478,150 




257 


2,156 


- 






; - &gt; 


244 


6,305 


4 


2,520 


18,387 





3,439 


6,805 


22,320 


2,092 


31,740 




4,396,714 


104 ,793 ,347 


31,119,2*1 


13,948,579 


72,780,616 


36,211,412 


4,928,148 


57 ,557 ,097 




1,510 


14,647 




3,571 


9,038 


7 


1,582 


5,291 


5 


14,787 


..721 





29 


139,532 


158 


16,596 


84,346 




5,399 


1,087 


803,24v 


20 


854 


773,292 


15,997 


816 


6 


- ; 


4,442.176 




268 


2,:&gt;45,359 


2,476,796 


463 


2,695,016 


7 


6.763 


MS, 981 


26 . 


u 


,560 


218,556 


63 


240,642 




11,500 


120 


1,720 


6,410 


34,009 


- 


- 


13,205 


8 


878 


10,056 


220 


434 




- 


- 


1,148 




169,025 


400.02:) 


- 


- 


570 


- 


- 


30 


9 


8,433 


257 








63 








6 




25,929,810 


.{, 7,146,022 


125,416,.-)1? 


112,635,110 


418,394,683 


176,739,223 


30,558,495 


272,021,479 




20,725 


437 


89,799 


13,850 


195,247 


59, 180 


15,640 


413,916 


10 


61,149 


1,465,366 


296,044 


3f&gt; 


66:: 


143,517 


32,189 


1,010,152 




918,673 


975 


32 


251,982 


27:. 


102 


375,840 


397,923 


11 


757,999 


878,346 


125 


146,261 


197,482 


235 


73,992 


91,192 




819,148 


2,343,712 


296,169 


184,714 


861,316 


143,752 


106,181 


1,101,344 




64,423 


65,701 




.696 


22,716 




17,192 


17,192 


12 


433,477 


442,139 


- 


133,316 


133, 51b 


- 


62,623 


62,623 




285 


.902 


- 


10,303 


99,359 


_ 


615 


106,746 


13 


269 


24,455 


- 


7,755 


83,869 





455 


56,197 




3,203 


1,750,967 


457,561 


2,684 


1,524,969 


212,491 


8,217 


709,299 


14 


6,055 


56,640 


411 


276 


36,534 


1,172 


5,776 


19,253 


15 


102,230 


169,822 


8,192 


142,328 


225,435 


1,648 


122 


143,589 


16 


253,249 


7,395,172 


3,641,720, 


179,133 


8,253,986 


1,098,428 


72,750 


2,811,652 


17 


62,638 


230,768 


100,399 


199,748 


581,219 


14,332 


158,937 


259, 196 


18 


861,121 


10,069,963 


4,208,283 


665 ,240 


10,839,528 


1,32$, 171 


431,013 


4,061,809 




157,868 


186,328 


43,426 


123,524 


179,255 


22,625 


229,110 


260,661 


19 


3,583,510 


4,314,341 


723,093 


1,098,783 


2,005,460 


191,452 


1,546,933 


1,816,504 




79 


35,009 


51,304 


9,224 


60,528 


14,132 


1,266 


15,418 


20 


926 


327,139 


357,974 


16,518 


374,492 


39,239 


4,191 


43,476 




57,196 


58,535 


1,388 


81,130 


93,690 


1,200 


83,479 


86,339 


21 


146,424 


152,408 


6,848 


167,445 


202,554 


5,796 


316,420 


326,369 




46,827 


52,967 


432 


23,142 


28,562 


17,398 


20,950 


43,337 


22 


3,777,687 


4,846,855 


1 ,088 ,347 


1,305,888 


2,611,068 


253,885 


1,888,494 


2,229,686 




132,728 


5,988,324 


419,623 


57,524 


1,190,718 


45,736 


29,124 


440,174 


23 


3,971,435 


4,005,124 


18,924 


7,979,970 


7,999,233 


28,511 


2,052,774 


2,092,715 


24 


1,114,304 


1,121,959 


5,499 


1,956,637 


1,962,258 


4,409 


158,799 


164,389 




6,790 


9,270 


1,785 


9,373 


11,254 


768 


2,739 


3,659 


25 


15,702 


20,669 


5,295 


26, 162 


31,767 


2,054 


6,794 


9,152 




1,753,225 


1,787,757 


205 


883,685 


887,667 


3,381 


1,277,646 


1,290,425 


26 


163,004 


179,544 


955 


95,879 


102,398 


470 


60,104 


66,007 




50,044 


449,734 


- 





_ 


_ 


_ 





27 


22,770 


194,891 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 





412 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



11. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and AH Countries in quan 
tities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1919-1922. con. 



No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


1919. 




United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 
2 

3 

4 
5 
6 

7 
8 

9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 

16 
17 

18 
19 
20 

21 
22 
23 
24 

25 
26 
27 

28 
29 
30 


I. Vegetable Products concluded. 
Sugar, molassses, etc. concluded. 
Sugar, all kinds, n.o.p . lb. 


52,980 
4,823 


216 
19 


2,052,935 

169,708 


129,704,089 
11,824,363 
599,807 


$ 
Syrups, n.o.p $ 


Total sugar, molasses, syrup, and 
confectionery $ 


982,207 


1,228,612 


3,207,549 


17,625,344 


Tea and coffee 
Coffee and imitations of . lb. 


1,830 
952 

62,828 
35,911 

2,596 

2,562,729 
94 
2,200 
641,275 
560,485 


665 
226 

27,611 
9,496 

823 
8,656 
30,649 
5,907 
6,218 


36,219 
10,488 

90,453 
45,414 

65,359 

4,549,798 
8,750 
32,84g 
771,741 
701,115 


30 
15 

181,176 
94,430 
2,209 
7,361 
2,310,005 
2,586,913 
8,093 
2,947 
235,465 
198,596 


1 

Tobacco 
Tobacco, manufactured lb. 


S 

Cigars lb. 


$ 
Cigarettes lb. 


1 

Stems and cuttings . cwt. 


All other tobacco lb. 


$ 
Total tobacco $ 


3,163,921 


47,186 


5,394,535 


2,890,247 


Vegetables, fresh- 
Beets, sugar ton 


1,917,597 
3,323 


2,898 
29,873 
1,813,496 
1,643,855 
2,223,426 
628,889 

2,811,076 
159,425 


2,898 
29,873 
2,822,550 
2,832,350 
2,235,218 
633,028 

9,154,622 
191,549 


16,902,987 
1,360,419 
36 

8 


$ 
Potatoes bush 


$ 
Turnips bush 


$ 
All other vegetables, fresh $ 


Vegetables, prepared- 
Canned vegetables lb. 


$ 
Dried vegetables . lb. 


f 

Other vegetables $ 


Total vegetables $ 


1,920,920 


5,273,118 


12,841,422 


1,360,427 


Other vegetable products 
Alcohol, wood gal. 


316,894 
584,646 
166,117 
1,431,860 

1,317 

6,533 
103,947 

3,200 

808 

27,212 
25,175 
1 
9 

50,545 


920 
2,116 
1,723,161 
6,323,484 

65,558 
759,817 
699,333 
471,432 
7,280,936 
11,960 
1,260 
23, SOS 
7,106 
19,648 

289,363 
236,764 
12,172 
76,238 

115,518 


327,313 

606,550 
1,890,978 
7,759,852 

174,077 

759,817 
699,333 
492,208 
7,666,491 
14,580 
1,715 
65,930 
18,791 
23,510 

340,148 
281,875 
12,247 
77,155 

177,192 


167,380 
298,796 
72,785 
354,543 

1,312 

4,878 
95,786 

213 
10,871 

17,789 
24,815 
6 
66 
5,352 
5,901 
7,534 


$ 
Flax, seed, n.o.p bush 


$ 
Fodders, other, n.o.p $ 


Groceries, all kinds, n.o.p . $ 


Gum, chicle lb 


S 
Hay ton 


$ 

Hops lb 


S 
Xuts lb 


f 

Plants, shrubs and trees . . $ 


Roots, herbs, bark, flowers, etc., for 
medicinal use, n.o.p $ 


Sea grasses and plants $ 


Senega root lb. 


$ 
Straw ton 


$ 
Vinegar. . sa l 


$ 
Other agricultural products. . . $ 


Total vegetable products (except 
chemicals, fibres and wood) $ 


173,312,085 


35 ,975 ,346 


288,893,218 


249,708,190 



i:\r()RTS OF CAXADA 



413 



11. Exports of Canada to I nited Kingdom, lnited States and All Countries in quan 
tities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1919-1922. con. 



1920. 


1921. 


1922. 




United 


All 


United 


I nit.-il 


All 


United 


United 


All 


.NO 






Kingdom. 


States. 


Count 1 1 


Kingdom. 


St:r 


Count n 




4,772,911 


821,907 


1,114,141 


56,889,790 


65.7d . 


113,17s 


373.775 


1U),SN3,112 


1 


504 




247,181 


9,999,566 


11,837. .130 


9,050,710 


34 


10,922 




3,564 


7:0, 209 


5.481 





11,454 


19,257 





19. 




i .!.-!;.. -.! .-. 


:.. . 


C8t,014 


12,135,768 


15,136,525 


9,1*2,636 


289,784 


11,C*1,I.7 




68 


85 




4,118 


13,473 




1,135 


10,884 




11,273 


17 


- 




5,351 





374 


1,548 




23, 695 


22.: 


160.112 


26 


200,153 


340,487 


11 


171,001 


1 


21 


130,264 


90 




13d 






17: 




15 




995 


1 


6,745 


277 


7 




| 


50 


14 




8 


13.288 


1.350 


24 






735 


3,07 


29,536 


17. 


69,861 


- 




24,205 


( 


1,002 


3,324,055 


20,184 


- 


41 







2 1 . 743 




1,788 


12,861 


70 






- 




7,410 


| 


1,400 


7,353 


2,638 


3,640 




1,3211 




37,075 






7,871 






13.514 


147 


6,733 


12 


1 


1,970 


211,830 


3 . 1 73 


9,485 


17,718 


176 


11,279 


18,686 




39,50* 


3,688,181 


lit ,1*4 


47,612 


210,844 


118,635 


21,307 


259,629 










11 


11 




10 


10,481 


I 


70, 


70 





10:; 


Iii3. 175 


- 


..151 


151 




5,480,754 







1,684 


5.0:: 


- 


1,822,004 


8,755,529 


11 


6,819,405 


9,107 


- 


8,328.862 




- 


1,21 


16,676 




7. I M 


2,15 


- 




1.7- 


- 


1,648,803 


1,664,223 


1 




.1)1: 


- 


H; 




- 


.,044 


461 




140 


187 


363 


105,281 


192,121 


383 


212.479 


242.451 


1 


195 


19,107,690 


2,928,361 


84d 


4,779,128 


- .M9.062 


1.539,644 


4,74 


1, 


41,274 


1,527 


274. lid 


312 


4 (is. 203 


2,192 


.379 


321 




2,8d 


3,473,721 


- 


.541 


219.005 


1,500 


21,960 


25 


1 


679 


,026 


- 


.964 


59,747 


396 


4,590 


5,419 


1 


8, 699,999 


11,656,483 


274,403 


9,078,427 


10,841,366 


232,971 


1,999,256 


4,030,988 




_ 


168,849 


113.2M 


198,022 


411,296 


95.717 


10 


213,653 


1 


- 


3d 2,63o 


173,868 


o41,229 


784,228 


105,544 


18 


210,734 




1,020,192 


1,092.077 


- 


1,34 


1,343,591 





3,615,vr 


3,615,835 


1 


4,713,993 


5,0 . 


- 


3,473,610 


3.473.6H 


- 


6,584,372 


84,372 




1,111,926 


l,14i.4M 


1,158 


842,035 


.132,406 


54,151 


357,313 


424,530 


1 


7,124 


80,655 


1,894 


2,558 


113,020 


U 


2,688 


125,838 


1 


593,423 


593,423 


- 


131,15: 


131,152 


- 


11,12: 


11,122 


2 


734,414 


734,414 


- 


197,416 


197,416 





3,396 


3,396 




201,586 


218,581 


374 


162,763 


178 


4,076 


10,435 


31,287 


2 


3,675,105 


4,087,670 


9,626 


3,712,97! 


4,210,594 


96, (Ml 


347,104 


650,379 




- 


6,698 


19,265 


26,976 


75,308 


789,283 





780,515 


Z 


- 


1,171 


18,492 


20,226 


55,433 


377.123 


_ 


379,668 




122,012 


123,993 


17,880 


15,538 


35,272 


22,840 


27 


50 


2, 


16,534 


16.968 


4,330 


4,298 


9,123 


5,717 


7,013 


12,860 




93,726 


98,320 


412 


88,971 


1*7,074 


497 


83,666 


87,025 


2 


116,12 


128,369 


1,892 


67,532 


71,532 


1,833 


39,24! 


44.158 


^ 


47,134 


,57,039 


- 


39. 7: 


47,632 


- 


21,83] 


33,389 


2 


388,616 


415,223 


26,687 


236,834 


268,363 


10,564 


156,683 


181,894 


2 


558,926 


594. 0^ 


26,178 


252,863 


283,830 


7,46 


108,097 


124,748 




5,350 


5,539 


- 


6,909 


7,042 


140 


2,424 


2,826 


2 


41,708 


44,842 


- 


69,979 


72,181 


2,285 


21,256 


27,674 




17,301 


33,485 


- 


64,761 


72,882 


_ 


64,322 


66,957 


2 


9,869 


20,376 


- 


21,721 


25,220 


_ 


20,406 


21,848 




270,034 


292,028 


11,367 


54,222 


69,617 


111,394 


112,068 


305,890 


3 


55,735,69? 


416,122,771 


141,343,424 


147,081,112 


^ ,924,672 


198,322,593 


47,587,231 


.317,814,106 





414 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



11. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and AH Countries in quan 
tities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1919-1922. con. 



No 






1919 


. 








United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


II. Animals and their products (except 
chemicals and fibres). 

Animals, living, for improvement of stock 
Cattle No. 










2 


$ 
Poultry No. 


- 


- 


- 


53 


3 


* 
Sheep No. 


- 


- 


- 


590 


4 


$ 
Swine No. 


- 


- 


- 


- 


1 


$ 
Other animals, living 
Cattle one year old or less, n.o.p No. 





39,838 


39,917 





6 


9 

Cattle, over one year old, n.o.p No. 


- 


722,421 
268,724 


723,463 
271,579 


479 


7 


$ 
Horses No. 


7,278 


29,135,247 
2,360 


29,346,02 7 
10,457 


70,200 
173 


8 


Poultry, n.o p No. 


1,709,150 


430,161 


2,302,220 


36,045 


9 


$ 
Sheep, n.o.p No. 


125 


382,013 
119,037 


383,526 
120,131 


- 


10 


$ 
Swine, nop . No. 


- 


1,595,444 
31,450 


1,609,862 
32,053 


- 


11 


$ 
All other animals, living, n.o.p $ 


6,250 


753,749 
116,619 


760,040 
153,131 


325 
















Total, animals, living $ 


1 ,715 ,525 


33 ,135 ,654 


35 ,278 ,269 


107 ,160 














12 


Bones, horns, hoofs and their products $ 


_ 


239,991 


245,550 




13 
14 


Fishery products, n.o.p. 
Codfish, haddock, ling, and pollock, fresh, cwt. 
$ 
Codfish, dry salted cwt. 


7,703 
51,920 
11,097 


87,858 
508,739 
294,972 


95,599 
561,022 
665,055 


2,682 
26,470 
1,509 


15 


1 
Codfish, wet salted and pickled cwt. 


93,231 


3,276,965 

297,477 


8,535,071 
297,616 


19,273 


n 


$ 
Codfish smoked cwt. 


3,254 


2,117,688 
10,841 


2,118,668 
14,938 


1,765 


17 


$ 
Codfish, boneless, canned, etc cwt. 


35,361 


142,086 


182,773 


16,241 
2,019 




$ 


- 


- 


- 


33,182 




Total codfish $ 


180 ,512 


6,045,478 


11 ,397 ,534 


95,166 














IS 


Halibut, fresh cwt. 


18,914 


26,194 


45,118 


_ 




$ 


238,855 


390,130 


695,195 


- 


19 


Herring fresh or frozen cwt. 


2,104 


337,095 


339,199 





?0 


S 
Herring pickled cwt. 


13,672 
86 


1,353,035 
172,059 


1,366,707 
245,744 


391 


21 


$ 
Herring, canned cwt. 


430 
76 


953,956 
3,869 


1,348,359 
52,451 


1,56? 

1 


?!2 


$ 
Herrin smoked . . ..... . . cwt. 


1,161 
2,356 


53,784 
41,604 


694,667 
49,825 


7 
1 


23 


$ 
Herring, sea, dry salted cwt. 


18.627 


311,997 


389,372 


20 




$ 


- 


- 


- 


- 




Total herring . . $ 


33,890 


2 ,672 ,772 


3 ,799 ,105 


1,590 














24 


Lobsters, fresh cwt. 


_ 


42,487 


42,499 


_ 


25 


$ 
Lobster, canned cwt. 


17,981 


788,774 
21,079 


789,038 
48,902 


26,887 




$ 


872,867 


878,370 


2,230,064 


1,988,364 




Total lobsters $ 


872,867 


1 ,667 ,144 


3,019,102 


1,988,364 














26 


Mackerel, fresh cwt. 


322 


55,131 


55,455 





fl7 


$ 
Mackerel, pickled cwt. 


3,544 


562,741 
63,087 


566,321 
66,905 







$ 


- 


802,947 


849,823 


- 




Total mackerel $ 


3,544 


1,385,688 


1,416,144 


_ 















EXPORTS OF CANADA 



415 



11. E\iNrts of Canada to Tufted Kingdom. i nit-d States and All Countries in quan 
tities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1919-1922. con. 



1920. 


1921. 


19: 


XT_ 


United 


All 


I m 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


iNo. 


Sfcr 


Count i 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Count i 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Count i 




2,372 


2,827 




1 , 271 


1,342 




664 


667 


1 


1,02" 


1,078,874 


- 


616 


635 


_ 


267 


272,085 








28 


12 013 


I. 


79 




8 444 


1 


52. 







,091 


64 


895 


56 


58. 




2,168 


2,158 


- 


1,027 


1.1 iv 




1,011 


1,02 


| 


109 




- 


64 


66, 


_ 


84,217 


34,41" 




140 


144 


- 






_ 






4 


9,841 




- 






- 


3,910 






84. 


M 


_ 


72, 7:: 1 


72 


jp 


51 


51,334 


| 


1,769,518 


1.771,07: 


- 


1,47 


1,47 


_ 


413,188 


1! 




415 


431,12* 


131 


22 




35,418 


121 


in: 


f 


41,23 


43,214 




19, 




4,139,391 


3,29 


.. .111 














_ 


2,121 




7 


49:; 


70s 


11,100 


651,121 


780, (177 


. 


517 






60:. 


604,117 


- 




707 


_ 






8 


612 


613 





1.514 


78! 


_ . 


,481 


J.40 




178 




- 




185 


1,178 


. 97,11! 


if) 


9 


1,97 


1,99 


- 


1,71(0,992 


1,71 


13, 


636,612 















1,179 


_ 


2,449 


3,109 


It 


16 J 


170 







14 


_ 


6(1 


67,548 




.,881 


297 


4,050 




351 


315 


48! 


486,906 


11 


47,717,J23 


50,02,HH 


34,9rt 


fv ( ill |ww 


25 ,883, MS 


4,153,831 


, 470 ,571 


11,985,487 




341,342 


351,733 


- 


319,668 


320,505 


- 


82,582 


84,357 


12 


68,151 


71.142 


. 


46. 


46. 


234 


41. 


41 


13 




357 


- 


1,119 




1,110 


154,001 


15- 






.,340 




.217 


,918 




148 


780,063 


14 


2,50 


9,178,857 


15 


957 


6,04 





1,002, 7: 14 


6,11 




24:^ 




- 


146,931 


146,312 








13 


1,41 


1,454,650 





830 


83-1,1-7 


_ 








11,575 


14 


- 




14 


124 


13 


14,348 


1C 


112,352 


144 


- 


147 


154,807 


1,282 


. 75&lt; 


146, 641 




21 


.360 




16. 


K090 




13, 


14 


17 


289 


367,141 


4.054 




262,735 


It 


160,034 


,028 




4 ,686 ,8 


11 ,502 ,4*4 


19,17&lt;; 


2 ,3(9 ,705 


7 ,504 ,351 


6,667 


2,114,523 


7 ,247 ,207 




32,504 


32,590 


_ 


55,636 


55,695 


941 


65,165 


66,339 


18 


474,450 


476,140 





912,046 


913,085 


16,690 


835,166 


854,992 




336,076 


336,106 


_ 


377,679 


377,089 


_ 


213,267 


213,312 


19 


814,391 


814 


- 


1,058,039 


1,068,124 


_ 


396,607 


396,860 




83,359 


192,325 


- 


40,015 


124 





51, -.75 


108,182 


20 


400,01) 


827,482 


- 


177.055 


496 


_ 


212,152 


398,689 




1,324 


35,646 


- 


1,545 


2(1 


6 


457 


11,740 


21 


13,967 


470,968 


- 


18,710 


274,354 


79 


3,880 


93,339 




62,894 


73,747 


17 


54,963 


65,074 




26,21! 


47,085 


22 


426,570 


521,038 


83 


313 


389,791 


_ 


109,153 


201,064 




40,834 


448,251 


- 


7,812 


561,675 





40 


643,574 


23 


59,100 


775,389 





16,282 


991,309 


- 


453 


1,000,427 




1,714,039 


3 ,409 ,498 


83 


1,583,450 


3 ,209 ,810 


79 


722,24* 


2,090,379 




42,707 


42,707 


_ 


52,643 


52,643 


_ 


72,926 


72,926 


24 


848,421 


848,421 


- 


1,033,738 


1,033,738 


_ 


1,403,257 


1,403,257 




17,716 


59,246 


23,446 


31,462 


66,585 


33,249 


15,691 


72 440 


25 


1,073,454 


4,083,678 


2,006,994 


2,230,393 


5,179,569 


1,797,467 


736,521 


3,756,443 




1,912,875 


4,932,099 


2,006,994 


3,264,131 


6 ,213 ,307 


1 ,797 ,467 


2 ,139 ,778 


5,159,700 




52,295 


52,295 


_ 


48,141 


48,141 


_ 


58,195 


58,195 


26 


483,955 


483,955 


- 


573,712 


573,712 





560,074 


560,074 




74,703 


91,661 


- 


28,410 


61,298 


_ 


29,651 


44 066 


27 


800,297 


948,634 





293,454 


564,228 


- 


268,061 


383,617 




1,284,252 


1 ,432 ,89 


- 


867 ,156 


1 ,137 ,940 


- 


828,135 


943 ,91 





416 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



11. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and All Countries in quan 
tities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1919-1922. con. 



No 


Principal &lt;irticl(?s by cl&ssGS 




1919. 










United 
Kingdom. 


United 

States. 


All 

Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


II. Animals and their products (except 
chemicals and fibres) con. 
Fishery products, n.o.p. concluded. 
Oysters $ 


16 


5,003 


5 346 


79 


2 


Salmon, fresh and frozen . cwt. 


3,86f 


71,269 


80 338 


4 648 


3 


$ 
Salmon, smoked cwt. 


74,717 


698,366 
147 


794,332 
180 


94,438 


4 


$ 
Salmon, canned cwt. 


292,651 


2,578 
19 368 


3,360 

478 137 


310 451 


5 


s 

Salmon, dry salted (chum) cwt. 


7,115,783 


354,331 

82,237 


10,297,803 
82 237 


7,582,373 


6 


$ 
Salmon, pickled cwt. 





298,280 
5,980 


238,280 
10,556 


467 


7 


$ 
Salmon or lake trout . cwt . 


- 


99,701 
25 , 555 


144,194 
25 567 


5,120 


8 


$ 
Sea fish, other, fresh cwt. 


391 


263,900 
12,124 


264,035 
12 641 


- 


9 


$ 
Sea fish, other, picklec^ cwt. 


1,833 
96 


124,780 
704 


127,049 

804 


- 


10 


Sea fish, other, preserved cwt. 


640 
911 


4,834 
9,143 


5,509 
183 512 


453 


It 


$ 
Smelts cwt. 


15,956 


66,834 
55,622 


358,509 
55 624 


7,253 


12 


$ 
Fish, bait $ 


- 


677,825 
50,468 


677,855 
51,242 


- 


13 


Fish, all other, fresh $ 


63,526 


2,474,722 


2,588,286 


18,319 


14 


Tullibee cwt. 




39 582 


39 582 






$ 


- 


231,971 


231,971 


- 




Total fish $ 


8,602,139 


17,600,764 


36,166,278 


9,815,979 














15 


Other fishery products $ 


18 869 


197 839 


226 348 


20,229 
















Total fishery products, n.o.p. $ 


8,621,008 


17,793,61)3 


38,392,62(5 


9,836,208 














16 


Furs, hides, leather and their products 
Furs, dressed $ 


16,125 


39,017 


85,381 


35,532 


17 


Furs, undressed $ 


3,744,034 


9,630,255 


13,531,789 


3,939,539 


18 


Furs, manufactured $ 


3,796 


14,192 


120,451 


83,846 
















Total furs $ 


3,763,955 


9,743,464 


13,737,621 


4,058,917 














19 


Hides and skins other than fur & 




7,651,05? 


7,651,071 


6,176 


20 


Leather, unmanufactured 
Harness, leather Ib. 




5,730,674 


5,810,897 




21 


1 

Sole leather Ib. 


1,878,774 


3,993,575 
2,603,67f 


4,009,179 
4,810,791 


2.046 
3,979,583 


22 


$ 
Upper leather Ib. 


825,518 
316,622 


1,119,566 
324,970 


2,163,808 
739,747 


1,613,398 


23 


$ 
Other unmanufactured leather $ 


1,153,036 
2,197 


872,976 
307,141 


2,220,162 
363,769 


4,529,964 
144,403 


24 


Leather, manufactured 
Boots and shoes $ 


495,977 


400,641 


1,130,334 


2,754,076 


25 


Harness and saddlery $ 


28,855 


140,528 


175,164 


574 


26 


Other manufactures of leather $ 


23,109 


2,341,452 


2,375,296 


188,691 
















Total leather . $ 


2,528,692 


9,175,879 


12,437,712 


9,233,152 














27 


Hair $ 




259,622 


259,622 




28 


Meats, fresh 
Beef, fresh cwt. 


916,449 


329.356 


1,258,027 


287,305 


29 


I 

Mutton and lamb, fresh cwt. 


19,991,934 


6,026,867 


26,223,955 


4,873,257 
3,208 


30 


$ 
Pork, fresh cwt. 


- 


23,048 


24,104 


51,887 


31 
32 


$ 
Poultry and game, dressed or undressed . . $ 
Meats cured, canned or otherwise prepared- 
Bacon and hams, shoulders and sides .. cwt. 


168,515 
1,210,362 


572,621 
62,922 

29,380 


592,955 
257,749 

1,246,887 


236,643 
2,209,456 




$ 


39,149,845 


882,953 


40,242,175 


69,293,178 



EXPORTS OF CANADA 



117 



11. Exports of Canada to I iiited Kingdom, United States and all Countries in quan 
tities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1919-1922. con. 



1920. 


1921. 


1922. 










Mn 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


ll U. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Count i 




12,236 


12,548 




5,961 


6,369 


36 


3,79f 




1 


307,555 


813,419 


2,004 


715 


87,168 


8,875 




106,702 


2 


1,321,679 


1,420,171 


60,460 


656,380 


743,812 


244,436 


735,064 


993,373 




97 


143 


40 




I8fl 


- 


115 


647 


3 


1,626 


2,710 


m 


1,517 




- 


1,951 


7,301 




62,248 




168 


12 


30- 


159,004 






4 




12.0li7.:&lt;l!i 


5,584,566 


387,018 


7,5 


3,47 


18,457 






7,733 


. 277 


- 






- 


5,083 


84 


5 


26,41V 


71,051 


- 


2,295 


131,160 





8,768 


331 




8,076 


11,447 




8,979 


10,978 


5 




14,570 


6 


170,000 


308 


4,904 


183,568 


207 


50 


181 


331,355 




28. 




- 


.842 


20 


- 


81,141 


81,141 


7 


29s 


2 .iS,696 


- 




36:&lt; 


- 


346 


&gt;,569 




4,850 


4,886 


- 


12 


12 


- 




4,198 


8 


35,370 


35,535 


- 


31,080 


31 


- 


20 






53 


344 




151 


20) 


18 




171 


9 


462 


1,789 


600 


1,332 


1,983 


90 




3,105 




819 


1,632 





475 




2 


108 


112 


10 


18. 


33 









150 


1,856 


2,03( 




61,995 


61 


- 






- 


82. 




11 


763,942 


708,943 





77; 


774 


- 


1,064 


1. 064. 3V. 




23 


34,593 





50,^71 


51 


- 






12 


8,033,170 


3,050,489 


- 


3,331 


3,330,22! 


- 


3,14s. in; 


3,11 


13 


1" 







63, 




- 


33 


,979 


14 


813,733 


312,7: :; 


- 


321 


324 





118,884 


118 




17,180,250 


40,887,172 


7,679,338 


15,286,047 


33,130,003 


5,540,898 


12,572,061 


29,339,877 




237,631 


289,575 


3,085 


197,123 


200,361 


100 


34,133 


41.070 


15 


17,417,881 


40,976,747 


7,682,423 


15,483,170 


33,330,364 


5,540,998 


12,606,194 


29,389,957 




33,180 


94,688 


20,701 


89,809 


168,2i:&gt; 


13,110 


13 


41,013 


16 


16,540,822 


20,628,109 


3,500,714 


7,9:i 


11,731 


4,25 


10, 460, .i"l 


14,70n, 337 


17 


20,532 


19U, 171 


148 


35,938 


881,168 




51,301 


141,849 


18 


16,493,534 


20,921,971 


3,676,493 


8,007,500 


12,230,444 


4,329,451 


10,526,247 


14,978,199 




19,738,006 


19,762,646 


17,874 


4,708,612 


4.732,207 


47,686 


3,936,788 


4,027,427 


19 


_ 


_ 


_ 




_ _ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


20 


816,957 


834,909 


3,655 


41 f, 


435,076 


2.-), 031 


830,513 


360,248 




934,379 


5,524,409 


337,369 


828,85" 


1,391,510 


1,7:: 


3,71 


5,iil4,385 


21 


729,103 


2,773,642 


184,151 


429,568 


870,183 


516,140 


1,126,450 


1,710,518 




- 


- 





- 





- 








22 


2,182,668 


7,421,047 


2,189,945 


7H7,284 


3,397,075 


1,149,446 


1,125,004 


2,344,024 




515,553 


712,670 


63,178 


337,678 


436,094 


7,530 


304,831 


350,410 


23 


350,874 


5,679,720 


904,078 


276,015 


1,441,338 


82,764 


162,850 


272,346 


24 


98,946 


109,101 


3,564 


119,423 


144,786 


155 


81,194 


34,359 


25 


164,623 


526,063 


23,543 


276,196 


356,817 


5,247 


84,010 


00,880 


26 


4,858,724 


18,057,152 


3,372,114 


2,652,723 


7 ,081 ,369 


1,786,313 


3,165,461 


5,171,785 




332,112 


339,785 


195 


226,105 


226,365 


1,453 


135,522 


136,975 


27 


344,180 


1,038,995 


88,838 


358,383 


519,994 


57,973 


216,478 


283,566 


28 


5,892,484 


18,868,06!! 


1,262,349 


5,820,181 


8,331,298 


662,313 


2,550.00: , 


3,324,037 




46,586 


61,401 


- 


62,421 


64,055 


7,730 


69,988 


78,770 


29 


1,027,172 


1,314,573 


- 


1,595,111 


1,626,792 


122,177 


1,198,783 


1,342,146 




12,844 


15,250 


2,948 


9,338 


16,014 


75!i 


7,146 


10,493 


30 


268,827 


322,384 


7.-), 738 


316,151 


493,220 


14,000 


175,478 


i,442 




129,648 


430,728 


12,763 


523,128 


585,859 


127,575 


750,490 


916,347 


31 


14,798 


2,236,426 


974,228 


5,997 


982,338 


986,623 


1,404 


992,080 


32 


424,639 


70,123,580 


31,201,380 


203,960 


31,492,407 


22,873,449 


47,991 


23,012,480 





3813127 



418 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



11. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and AH Countries in quan 
tities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1919-1922. con. 



No 


Principal articles by classes. 


1919. 




United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 
2 
3 
4 
| 
6 

7 
8 
9 
10 
11 

12 
13 
14 
15 
16 

17 

18 
19 
20 
21 

22 

23 
24 

25 
26 
27 

28 


II. Animals and their products -concluded. 
Meats cured, canned or otherwise prepared con. 
Beef, pickled, in barrels cwt 


8,440 
155,685 

7,456,82, 
3,087,592 

331,056 
10,660,125 
3,454,672 
399,775 


8,043 
146,445 
663,850 
176,256 

15,311 
416,415 
4,491,959 
652,258 


20,07 
370,85 
14,140,71 
5,701,510 

349,077 
11,118,069 
8,116,892 
1,082,889 


1,077 
23,825 
2,347,122 
993,858 
180 
190 
14,746 
453,578 
657 
18,282 
8,626,310 
1,119,799 


$ 
Canned meats, n.o.p lb 


Extracts of fluid beef lb 


&gt; 
Pork, dry salted cwt 


$ 
Pork, pickled, in barrels cwt. 


$ 
A.11 other meats, n.o.p lb 


$ 
Total meats . . $ 


73,613,471 


8 ,916 ,737 


85 ,590 ,161 


77,064,497 


Milk and its products 
Cream . . gal 


9,915,131 
4,530,177 
120,056,420 
27,525,634 
30,525,473 
4,530,933 


485,015 

620,725 
827,973 
226,777 
2,918,651 
1,199,226 
150,065 
48,265 
17,554,913 
2,058,831 


485,015 
620,725 
827,973 
226,777 
13,659,157 
6,140,864 
152,207,037 
35,223,983 
50,786,856 
7,035,297 


3,932,674 
2,323,479 
89,977,759 
25,720.370 
30,941,398 
5,031,162 


$ 
Milk, fresh. .. gal 


$ 
Butter lb 


$ 
Cheese lb 


$ 
Milk, condensed, canned or preserved . lb. 

$ 
Total milk and its products 


36,536,744 


4,155,7601 


19 ,249 ,582 


33 ,075 ,011 


Oils, fats, greases and waxes 
Animal oils, neat s foot, etc gal 


10,742 
26,412 

8,886 
12,420 

3,685 
45,977 

2,678 
81,168 

1,087 
16,157 


72,764 
121,337 
295,050 
396,675 
74,637 
109,382 
43,352 
66,144 
118,277 
123,511 

34,192 

148,698 
21,998 
600,821 

12,531 
154,387 


83,466 
147,749 
297,305 
399,666 
83,523 
121,802 
43,352 
66,144 
120,060 
124,476 

37,883 
194,695 
26,407 
727,581 

13,792 
173,491 


38,743 
119,515 
10,306 
11,457 
21,602 
34,866 
2,8?9 
4,924 
730 
650 

10,231 
137,289 
45,579 
1,522,018 

13,099 
195,912 
20,203 

8,984 


$ 
Cod liver oil.. gal 


$ 
Seal oil gal 


$ 
Whale oil . . o a l 


$ 
Other fish oil. . gal 


$ 
Other fats, greases and waxes 
Grease and grease scraps cwt 


$ 
Lard cwt 


| 

Lard compounds and substitutes. . cwt 


$ 
Tallow cwt 


$ 
Wax lb 


$ 
Total oils, fats, gi eases and waxes . . $ 

Other animal products 
Eggs f l oz 


182 ,134 


1,720,955 


1 ,955 ,604 


2 ,035 ,615 


632,921 
329,253 

340,197 
81,608 
381,540 

8,268 


26,907 
13,076 
93,147 
12,038 
2,540 
362,099 
14,028 

784,950 


733,445 
381,558 
93,147 
380,565 
92,187 
814,017 
14,02 

798,071 


5,679,510 
3,309,364 
1,783 
3,615 
878 
118,477 

38,756 


$ 
Glue and glue stock &lt;$ 


Honey lb 


$ 
Sausage casings 


Tails $ 


Tankage cw t 


Other animal products, n.o.p $ 


Grand total Animals and their products 
(except chemicals and fibres) . ... $ 


127,812,198 


94,067,557 


244,990,826 


138,885,994 





Includes casein valued at $1,936 in 1919 and $1,413 in 1922. 



CANADA 



li._ Exports of Canada to I nited Kingdom, lulled Statrsand All Countries in quan 
tities and \aliirs by classes of home produce In the four fiscal years lf)l!)-19&gt;&gt;. c.-a 



mo, 


itsi. 


1 










No 


United 


All 


I niti-.l Tnitt-d 


All 


United 


1 nitrtl 


All 






( mint p. 


Kingdom. 




( ounti :&lt; 


Kingdom. 


St.-r 


( ount 1 1 




2,001 


61 






15,072 


37 


4 


183 


1 






_ 




178,291 


512 




5,676 




112 


2,812,; 








110,004 




708,321 


1 


27 


1.102.X1J li-s.101 




220, 137 


207,583 


1,288 


213 






17.078 


in 




20 


- 










12,106 








- 






















12,345 


{ 


1,757 


1,06 






198 


33 




155 




:;. ixs 


12,076 






5,118 


- 




6,410 


i 




1.160 


15 


110 


- 


1,908 


679 




7,004 


15, 


5,107,218 




11,060,647 




1,180,551 


16,188 


( 




1,898,180 




43 


1 255,091 






150 




8,47t,M5 


96,181,234 


33,1(2,064 


8,998,192 


44,591,529 


24 ,34:&gt; 


1 S,1H J 


29, v., :,I7 




780 






1,27 J, l .i:&gt; 


1,279,195 




1,671,978 


1,671,678 


1 


1,12 


1,12 


_ 


1,987, I ii 


1,98 


- 


2. t: 


2,47 




1,985,113 


J5.113 


_ 


1,508,618 


1,508,618 


- 


11,299 


11,299 


1 






_ 


112,918 


412,916 


- 


311,922 


3 11, . 22 




10,693,311 


17,612,605 






19, U4 


:?.7: 




0,591 


1 


:i2.727 


1.01 




5,12 


i . t ; 


1,08 






1.4114 128,395,777 122&gt;5i: 541,950 


133 


L2J 




133,849,760 


11 


1,575,21 1 ixi 




24,007 


IX . 1 






15, 4( ^ 14.91 


147,451 


111. 1X0 




84,042 


1 


11,166 


8,517,771 


14,723 


i2,31fl 






844,888 


5.110 




11, Ml ,141 


56,398,983 


38,686,253 


8,994,539 


.v: K83.K67 


:; ;:&gt; &gt; 


1,141,841 


38 ..U? ,-i37 




si 




13 




Id 


8,112 




..132 


1 


577 






1.H71 




14 


141 








_ 






211 


199,213 


203,823 


1 


L097 


- 




87 




77 


7 . 




14 




_ 






- 




IX 


1 


14,621 


187 


_ 











12, lit 




50 


557 


_ 


78 


78 







65 


1 


^.007 




_ 


&gt;: 




- 


27.1 ox 


27.10.x 




155 


157,153 


_ 









101 


101 


1 


123,337 


124,482 


- 






- 


21 


21,771 




1,431 


80,436 


113 


21.170 


21 


1 , 24B 


^.349 


40,760 


1 


506,143 


2,187 


2.14 .i 


10 i.57 .&gt; 


108,917 




155 


169,126 




11,379 


76,218 


12,612 


1 


30.961 


32,530 


19 


47 


1 


321,248 


2,42 


202,990 


U 


617 


47 ; 


241 


68f, 




1 . 330 


1 . 5x4 


86 


22 


. 


- 


- 


11,850 


1 


21,023 


28,503 


2.424 


511 


57,095 


- 


- 


156,373 




43,&lt; 13 . .I. v.1 


- 


18,512 


! 


H 


15, 


It. 


2 


085 


999 


_ 


165,396 


172,146 


351 


77.52:, 


. 806 




117,412 


155,601 


24,356 


76,471 


102,173 


10,288 


34,320 


45,643 


2 


.-.7.9.54 




6,594 


37,270 


41 


2,160 


7,766 


10,276 




2 ,781 ,39? 


5 ,745 .:. t ! 


253 ,824 


554 ,507 


1 ,298 ,725 


496,699 


372 ,716 


1 ,392 ,267 




131,999 


6,000,528 


6,266,169 


191,258 


ti. 579, 853 


3,917,870 


311 


4,399,534 


2 


7(1.514 


3,496,827 


4.229,608 


118,513 


4.4. 


1,839,880 


126,851 


2,03&lt;,352 




122,529 


124,915 


2.77 


141,728 


145,599 


1,086 


123,538 


125,100 


2 


26,236 


33,142 


60 


36,164 


36,929 


1,245 


70,590 


74,107 


2 


6,000 


7,632 


20 


8,996 


9,195 


162 


12,208 


12,840 




298,389 


564.222 


138,682 


296,069 


579,674 


93,755 


305,595 


,803 


2 


30,902 


30,902 


_ 


18,32 . 


18.329 


_ 


9,413 


9,413 


2 


357, 138 


357,438 


- 


232,641 2:52,681 





260. x77 


270,377 


2 


890,811 


890,811 


- 


554,506 


1,706 


- 


308 


314,396 




115.846 


161,385 


33,311 


120,755 


159,549 


3,359 


128.220 


134,578 


2 


130,997,017 


314,017,944 91,291,301 


75,751,441 


188,359,957 


70 ,368 ,963 


48 ,391 ,355 


135,798,720 





7 
8 
I 



3813127 , 



420 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



11. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and All Countries in quan 
tities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1919-1922. con 



No 


Principal articles by classes 




1919. 










United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom . 


1 


III. Fibres, Textiles and Textile Products. 

Cotton and its products 
Cotton waste cwt 




3 698 


4 72fi 


K O9A 


2 


$ 
Cotton clothing $ 


- 


51,412 


69,212 


109,245 
fififi fi U 


3 


Cotton fabrics and cotton duck. . . . yds. 


22] 


9,383 084 


10 312 627 


469 698 


1 


$ 
Manufactures of cotton, n.o.p. $ 


65 
22,838 


2,310,722 
269 986 


2,859,241 
563 752 


409,242 
5Q 1Q3 
















Total cotton and its products $ 


22,903 


2,632,120 


3 492 205 


1 244 334 














5 


Flax, hemp, jute and their products- 
Flax fibre and flax tow $ 




827 327 


827 327 


34 &lt;i 46=1 


6 


Other articles $ 




1 016 


1 016 


QQQ 
















Total flax, hemp, etc $ 




828 343 


828 343 


345 8*18 














7 


Silk and its products $ 


2,071 


9 049 


36 270 


49 198 














8 


Wool and its products 
Wool lb 


277 IOC 


4 575 364 


4 881 839 


195 081 


9 


I 

Clothing, wool, knitted $ 


199,750 


3,079,896 


3,302,846 


149,237 
129 343 


10 


Clothing, wool, n.o.p $ 








oaq 947 


11 


Woollens, n.o.p $ 


510,785 


2 807 00 


3 518 850 


426 62fi 
















Total wool and its products. $ 


710,535 


5 ,886 ,905 


6,821 696 


1 004 453 














12 


Vegetable fibres and their products 
Binder twine cwt 


3,360 


82 997 


113 105 


8 005 


13 




V 

Mixed textile products 
Rags $ 


65,320 


1,928,533 


2,574,734 


128,013 
684 657 


14 


Cordage, ropes and twine $ 


38,374 


247,683 


457 959 


48 254 


15 


Felt, manufactures of $ 




7,024 


30 559 


2 191 


16 


Oilcloths, all kinds sQ.yd. 


_ 




116 007 


113 890 


17 


$ 
Sails, awnings, tents and tarpaulins $ 


- 


216,749 


42,610 
275 060 


29,047 
1 515 


18 


Wearing apparel, n.o.p. . 
Braces or suspenders $ 








147 772 


19 


Corsets and parts of $ 


_ 


_ 




85 246 


20 


Gloves and mitts $ 


_ 






20 252 


21 


Hats and caps $ 


5,306 


3,504 


44 710 


10 455 


22 


Clothing and wearing apparel, n.o.p $ 


615,958 


10,432,554 


13,426,235 


2,544 


23 


Other articles $ 








47 638 
















Total fibres, textiles and textile 
products $ 


1,460,667 


22,192,464 


28,030,381 


3 ,851 ,357 














24 


[V. Wood, wood products, and paper. 

Books and printed matter. . $ 


56,307 


269,569 


408,507 


122,555 




Paper 










25 


Bags, boxes and cartons $ 


_ 


_ 




5,083 


26 


Bond and writing paper cwt 


_ 


_ 





899 


27 


$ 
Book paper cwt 


- 


- 


- 


8,319 
3 911 


28 


$ 
Hangings or wall paper roll 


- 


134,084 


3,859,108 


29,697 
631,431 


29 


$ 
Printing paper cwt 


9,310 


12,245 
11 880 069 


360,567 
13 248 542 


70,059 
467 372 


30 


$ 
Paper board $ 


38,484 
873 331 


36,031,358 
1 887 389 


40,718,021 
3 037 279 


1,700,965 
1 661 218 


31 


Roofing paper, all kinds $ 


95,717 


127,313 


310,778 


51,453 


32 


Wrapping paper cwt. 


5,059 


76,219 


325,792 


154 063 


33. 


$ 
Other paper and mfs. of. . $ 


30,649 
2,676 


454,377 
108,583 


2,452,296 
983 968 


1,200,525 
86 258 
















Total paper. . $ 


1,040,857 


38 621,265 


47,862 909 


4,813 577 




- 











i:\TORTS OF CANADA 



421 



11.- Kxports of Canada to I nited Kingdom. United States and All Countries in quan 
tities an&lt;l values by class of home produee in the four fiscal years 1919-1922. con . 



1920. 


1921. 


1922. 










No 


I nited 


All 


ted 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 




Stir 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 






Kingdom. 


Stir 


Countries. 




3,695 


9,858 




887 


1,014 




1,065 


1,196 


1 


68,919 


188,679 


- 


17. 


18 





. -: 


10,250 




7,806 


2,885,887 






1,728.166 


9! 


1,486 


217 


2 




9,91 


209,276 


I ll 


1,7! 




77,341 


,976 


3 


141 


2,68 


274 


.210 


072 


24 


126 


289 




17d 


390,838 


71 


112,606 


313 


30. 


0,032 


382,872 


4 


384,091 


6,148,6*7 


689,518 


181, M:, 


3,843. 117 


154,972 


367 ,002 


900,269 




982,422 


1,439,898 


,863 


404,059 


S.32C 


100,643 


62,702 


K&gt;7,865 


5 


83,184 


117 


6,841 


15 


57 




7.372 


14,174 


6 


1,*65,688 


1,556,923 


587,794 


429,1*4 


1 ,.r&gt;6,*21 


105,146 


70,074 


182,039 




41,245 


176,461 


158,710 


23,543 


343,077 


128,707 


13,308 


209,715 


7 


8,859,682 


(.7L 1 ; 


ISO 


7,128,065 




16,033 


1,011,270 


1,034,433 


8 






54 








5,563 


.01: 




:,ti i 


i, a 


82, 


119 




2:&lt; 


.886 


186,515 


9 


li(&gt; 


4,07 


.746 


1. VI, 830 


1,21 


4,471 


771 


139 


10 


275 


5,481.201 








11 , 801 


525,469 


601,107 


11 


8,238,886 


16,959,725 


283,619 


2,758,*52 


7, 85* ,5*3 


42,567 


903,692 


1,169,661 




141 


280,915 


17,831 


.,184 


186,124 


14,767 


6,811 


83 


12 


3,0:: 


5,530,908 


7,939 


24,198 




194 


107,021 


431,128 




9*4,211 


1,633,17! 


I.4M 






& , 


487 


608,119 


13 


.772 


,534 








11,135 


13 


,164 


14 


33,308 


.17 




19,743 


101 


6,830 


8,333 


87,726 


15 


318 


,200 


- 




83 


- 


14 


58,203 


16 


180 


112,140 


- 


28 


47 


- 




24,934 




1,825 


9,216 


1,380 


5.1M 


11,711 


- 


1,470 


3,271 


17 


25 


230,285 


199,308 


91 


287,071 


32,223 


1,690 


47,266 


18 


202 


430,830 


182,051 


.991 


1,250,567 


233 


159 


709,722 


19 


622,043 


t;. )S,45C 


2,014 


Sli 




252 


93 


29,712 


20 


2,25 


64,83 


2,353 


7,77- 


130,438 


6,988 


1,75 


22,234 


21 


3,102 


36,732 


1,445 


55( 


27,14 


- 


2,653 


5,8& 


22 


72,180 


247,456 


12,755 


53,430 


179,299 


18,09? 


18,261 


75,173 


23 


12,472, 4.&gt;t&gt; 


34,028,314 


2,643,202 


7,122,882 


18,783,884 


1,020,612 


1,996,634 


4,.VS5,987 




353,344 


603,318 


187,603 


557,317 


941,209 


93,672 


351,06? 


622,501 


24 


3,531 


69,407 


4,288 


7,646 


123,952 


7,042 


12,316 


71,487 


25 


145 


27,157 


5,913 


10 


60,558 


- 


307 


6,497 


26 


1,545 


315,48 


72,261 


134 


989,068 


- 


3,286 


84,125 




- 


47,57i 


6,860 


1,438 


65,19- 


280 


42 


17,362 


27 


- 


436,530 


81,011 


11,514 


779,763 


4,681 


689 


201,764 




25,01 


3,159,118 


509,160 


70,86 


5,108,287 


314,106 


49,60: 


2,359,284 


28 


2,898 


324,14 


134,323 


17,078 


831.77: 


68,055 


10,664 


445,536 




12,553,34 r 


14,272,51 


88,84f 


13,376,836 


15,112,586 


54,028 


14,106,128 


15,138,327 


29 


46,809,178 


53,203,79 


444,130 


68,792,519 


78,922,137 


222,355 


59,891,120 


64,635,627 




2,559,29 


4,568,066 


2,065,845 


2,423,49. 


5,267,842 


694,642 


1,217,403 


2,306,525 


3d 


230,313 


592,87 


12,860 


106,740 


354,690 


29,759 


65,709 


168,155 


31 


44,89 


362,68 


90,365 


18,929 


340,946 


46,572 


2,017 


162,625 


32 


354,306 


2,917,19 


966,616 


165 


3,672,780 


388,50- 


16,540 


1,264,654 




406,273 


826,12 


64,094 


645,712 


1,161,303 


9,888 


263,067 


355,545 


33 


50,367,339 


63,253,41 


3,845,428 


72, 17* ,129 


92,103,307 


1,424,926 


61,480,794 


69,533,418 





422 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



11. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and All Countries in quan 
tities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1919-1922. con. 



No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


1919. 




United 
Kingdom 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 
2 

3 
4 
5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 

15 
16 

17 

18 
19 

20 
21 
22 

23 
24 
25 
26 

27 

28 

29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 

35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 


IV. Wood, wood products and paper-concluded 
Logs and round timber 
Fence posts $ 


62,699 

4,284 
4,566 

291 

70,062 
3,682,438 
35,032 
1,128,285 
5,103 
161,939 

281,147 
3,658,588 

2,562 

3,788 

194,464 


101,017 
124,624 
63,709 
148,468 
3,206 

212,092 
139,154 

228,531 

52,208 
1,350,321 
1,070,188 
30,898,60 
34,261 
863,173 

935 
213,638 
73,070 

586 
104,904 
305,134 
1,009,888 
3,541 
246,647 
1,860,475 
5,951,980 
144,121 

14,477 
73,124 
1,597,042 
15,386,600 
24,269 


105,217 
184,32, 
65,965 
154,767 
34,967 

244,154 
140,320 

243,171 

135,082 
5,547,243 
1,159,923 
34,057,271 
41,438 
1,100,899 

935 
1,401,936 
3,731,658 

17,251 
105,451 
308,590 
1,023,588 
9.056 
256,002 
1,881,195 
5,9;5,353 
475,460 

14,673 
74,477 
1,597,042 
15,386,600 
24,269 


60,529 
300 
208,838 

910,467 
814,893 

703,765 
26,996,484 

10,498 
330,695 
9,557 
865,566 
275,913 
303,800 

26,337 

131.734 
14,779 
419 
2,722 
233,292 


Logs, cedar M ft 


1 

Logs, hardwood $ 


Logs, spruce $ 


Logs, all other, n.o.p $ 


Masts and spars $ 


Piling Lin ft 


$ 
Poles, hop, hoop, telegraph and other. ... $ 
Posts, sleepers and railroad ties No. 


$ 
Sawmill and planing mill products 
Deals and deal ends M ft 


$ 
Planks and boards M f t 


$ 
Scantling M ft 


$ 
Timber, square, Douglas fir. . . M ft 


$ 
Timber, square, white pine M ft 


$ 
Timber, square, other, n.o.p $ 


Other lumber, n.o.p $ 


Other sawmill and planing mill products 
Doors, sashes and blinds .$ 


Knees and f uttocks $ 


Laths M 


$ 
Mouldings, trimmings, etc $ 


Pickets $ 


Shingles M 


$ 
Shocks $ 


Other unmanufactured wood 
Firewood . ... cord 


$ 
Pulpwood cord 


_ 
Other articles of the forest produce $ 


Total wood and wood products, 
unmanufactured $ 


9,182,051 


57,386,207 


70,380,333 


30,265,882 


Wood and wood products, manufactured 
Cooperage, barrels, empty .... $ 


465 
11,184 

140,364 
611,399 

2,528 
3,033 

4,028 

1,576 
54,212 
158,709 
844,606 


46,529 

339 
101,551 

7,414,825 
26,256,265 

3,453,149 
4,418,555 

16,148 

3,336 
42,298 
257,778 
31,142,829 


50,540 

4,870 
133,262 

8,332,930 
30,226,856 

3,508,726 
4,479,915 

155,264 

113,405 
96,635 
656,658 
35,917,405 


300 

8,960 
80,095 

1,086 
4,890 
151,949 
610,189 
693,136 
2,597,040 
1,938,225 
1,802,281 

263,157 
61,271 
191 
796,655 
599,239 
6,824,268 


Pails, tubs, churns and other hollow wood- 

enware $ 


Staves and headings. ... . . $ 


Wood pulp 
Chemically prepared pulp cwt. 


$ 
Chemical pulp, sulphate (kraft). . . . cwt. 


$ 
Chemical, sulphite, bleached cwt. 


$ 
Chemical pulp, sulphite, unbleached cwt. 


Mechanically ground pulp cwt 


1 
Other manufactures of wood- 
Furniture $ 


Handles, all kinds. ... . $ 


Matches . . $ 


Spool wood $ 


All other manufactures of wood $ 


Total wood manufactured.. . $ 


Total wood, wood products and 
paper $ 


11,123,821 


127,399,870 


154,569,154 


42,028,282 





/;.Y/ o/,TN or CANADA 



123 



11. Kxports of Canada to I niled kingdom. Inited States and All &lt; on n tries in quan 
tities and \alncs by (lasses of homo produce in the four fiscal years 1919-19 !*!. con 



JO. 


1931. 


191 






Ml 




1 "nitril 
Kingdom. 


aited 


All 
( mini ni 


I 
Kin- 


United 

Bta 


All 
( ountri. 






163 






.915 








1 


177 




_ 






- 


140 


77 


1 




547 


_ 


17 


184 


- 


1,004,228 


1. 




17" 


181 

. ln7 


95.5IH 

001 


1,791 




40 
5. 


111 
411 
706 


n .i 


1 
I 



















6 


1,11 


1.1- 

1,2:: 
1,104 


912 
1,30 


187 

Mi, 580 


714 


- 


1,01 

lit. 

,040 

510 


1,21 

1.071,892 


7 

1 

9 

10 


14,874,541 


2.085,262 

75 


42s 

20. H . 


1,061 

r. 


7! 


113.223 
5,31 


93M 
30 


1.15- 


11 

12 




078 












16 


13 


18,194 


777.177 








12 




l.ll 


f . 












1,339 





1 ,7 .i7 


U 


. 




215 






177 


- 


203,247 




83. 
17 


1,487 


111 






103 


15 




1.1 
li 




81 


79 


8,103 








119 


11 

4 C 












- 






1 y 


820 




7 




1 


12 


. 1 70 




1! 


3,6:; 

J6.77! 

10.77.". 
180 


10.- 1 


13 

11 








2,217,474 


6,0 
7." 1 
1,114 

2,740 


2&lt; 

21 

21 

1 


1 5 


15 








_ 


12 


12 


2^ 


61 71: 







116 


r- 


- 








8, 15 1. MI: 


"4,803 


- 


1,61 

21 


1.61 

21 









1 




IS "&gt; ."&gt; 


- 


.010 


37 


2,003 


K.A 

tPt , "to. 


5 . 1 50 


21 


70,807,220 


105,353,420 


23,236,125 


83,957,338 


115,6S4,47a 


5,946,741 


58 ,90,473 


79,790,996 




4,63 


22,85 


200 


45,661 


52,934 


3,896 


28,296 


4S 


2 


2,96 


43,88 


9,920 


15.531 


49.70 


3,377 


17 


22 


2 


58,76 


156,31 


29 


105,699 


19s 


470 


19,745 


26.1^7 


2 ( 
3 


2,437,99 


- ,518.02 


- 




2,354,00 


: 




2,377,55(1 


1 


7,997,01 




_ 


12, 04-1. or,: 


12,160.73 


- 


7,880,357 


7." 




*87&gt; 


}. 220, 76- 


27,901 


l.til 




1,69 


1.703.40f 


59,501 


3 


4, 683 ,!( &gt; 


6.291,45 


1,581 


J20.521 


15.195,06 


13,74 


7,440,41 


5,617 






4,863,15 


5,891 


3,531,184 


4,795,04 


.17 


2.110.57: 


61,470 


3 


"&lt;).7i! 


18,381,56 


4,160,567 


21,583,34! 


27.70: 


1,291,65 


-1,128 


:&gt;6,2 f )p 




4,045,38 




1,397,78! 


3,268 


5,282,04 


1,787,77 


17,127 


:6.7io 


3 


5. 765 ,87 


8 ,383 ,41 


3,472,454 


11.552.47: 


16,491,81 


5.218.42 


4,713,49 


10,456,092 




24,66 


!,37 


271.72; 


57,931 


804,964 


9.12 


89,65 


230,124 


3 


44,77 


13! 


22.09J 


86,076 


137,98 


22,34 


205,23. 




3 




74,91 


1 . 851 




121.15 


- 





88,98! 


3 


57. Is 


853,84 


764, 20. r 


99,32 


863,53 


804,40 


32,900 


840,52! 


3 


- 1: 


1 471,48 


1,67? 


914,11! 


2,051,81 


831.52 


i,824 


1.556,83? 


3 


32,1 


44,703,78 


9,492.22 


59,326,77: 


75,832,48 


8.198,95 


27,543.33 


38,97- 


4 


153, 686,14 


213,913,94 


36,761,38 


216, 011,551 


284,561,47 


15,664,29 


148,065,67 


179 ,925 ,887 





39 
40 



424 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



11. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and All Countries in quan 
tities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1919-1922. con . 



No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


1919. 




United 
Kingdom. 


United 

States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 
2 

3 
4 

5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 

11 
12 

13 
14 
15 

16 
17 

18 
19 
20 

21 

22 
23 
24 

25 

26 
27 

28 
29 

30 
31 
32 

33 
34 


V. Iron and its products. 

Chromite (chromic iron) ton 


5,436 
986,454 
81 
2,807 
1,218 
78,118 

602 
32,462 
8,379 
763,854 
3,053 
89,227 
786,944 

289,046 
277,604 


15,639 
372,767 

mfiOl 


15,693 
372,767 

mfiQl 


80 

700 
132,301 
111 
3,876 
442 
29,869 
10 
1,090 
202 
10,410 
495 
57,856 
2,197 
62,060 
657,421 
5,430 

91,536 
38 

3,135 

43,785 
94,745 


s 

Iron ore ton 


$ 
Agricultural implements 
Cream separators and parts of $ 


671,195 

40,886 
29 
5,085 
13 
465 
15 
946 

140 
12,257 
111 

6,686 
739 
28,965 
77 &gt;i74 


671,195 

185,910 
8,363 
1,524,442 
1,859 

78,262 
nrjyi 


Harvesters and binders No 


$ 
Hav rakes . No 


S 
Mowing machines No 


$ 
Reapers No . 


760,688 
457 
39,573 
8,582 
450,367 
11,172 
1,091,992 
10,396 
227,769 
2,436,347 
3,491 

602,597 
516,151 
914,214 


$ 
Cultivators ... . No 


$ 
Drills No. 


$ 
Harrows No . 


$ 
Ploughs and parts of $ 


Seeders $ 


17,529 
33,989 
48,545 


Garden and farm tools $ 


Spades and shovels $ 


Threshing machines, separators and parts 
of $ 


Other agricultural implements and ma 
chines ... 


Parts of agricultural implements and ma 
chines .... $ 


Total agricultural implements $ 


3 ,306 ,516 


272 ,927 


8 ,831 ,803 


1 ,193 ,641 


Engines 
Internal combustion engines and parts of. No. 
$ 
locomotives and parts of No. 


1 

627 

901,418 

268,527 
1,679,334 


90 
28,504 

439,985 

39,189 
. 213,170 


1,479 
290,797 

2,631,893 

762,898 
4,898,885 


341 
811,877 

7,786 
64,446 
2,011,989 
578,620 
67,420 
388,145 
173,682 
919,226 
12,386 
36,228 


$ 
Steam engines and parts of $ 


Hardware and cutlery. 
Bolts and nuts cwt. 


$ 
Cutlery $ 


Hardware, n.o.p .... $ 


Nails, brads, spikes and tacks, all kinds., cwt. 

* 
Nails, wire .... cwt. 


$ 
Needles and pins, all kinds $ 


Screws, all kinds $ 


Total hardware and cutlery 


2,580,752 


653,155 


7,530,778 


4,011,040 


Machinery (except agricultural) 
Adding and calculating machines $ 


31,572 
3,413 
208,229 
15 
131,018 


6,995 
138,346 
65 
10,353 
137 
5,247,911 


11,087 
182,514 
4,035 
256,285 
13,172 
5,983,142 


7,437 
42,189 

71,796 
2,318 
184,046 
36,306 
497,174 


Lawn mowers No 


$ 
Linotype machines and parts of $ 


Sewing machines and parts of $ 


Typewriters No 


$ 
Washing machines, domestic, and wringers $ 
Other machinery and parts of, n.o.p $ 


Total machinery (except agricul 
tural) $ 


370,834 


5,403,742 


6,448,200 


831 ,511 





l-XTORTS OF CANADA 



425 



11. Exports of Canada to Tinted Kingdom, Tinted States and All Countries in Quan 
tities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1919-1922. con. 



1920. 


1921 


1922. 










XT- 


Unitivl 


All 


United 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


INO. 


- 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 




Count n 


Kingdom. 


:tes. 


Count i 




6,845 


6,845 




8,246 


8,246 




1,750 


1 , 750 


1 


127 


127 


- 


151 


151 


- 


21,201 


21,201 




7,485 


7. Is. . 


- 


17 


17 


20 


4,765 


4,785 


2 


32,421 


121 





93.1 . 7 


93,197 




16 


16,158 




121 




2,635 




l.")7,208 


618 


41,175 


l . 2,432 


3 


2,071 


14 


1,486 


1,835 








2,161 


4 


437 


2,8 . 


30i 


389, 92S 


2,82 


70. 




1,013 




17 


1,813 


240 








1 


1 . 220 


5 








,712 




7.771 








16 


1:5.17. 


1,102 




13 








6 


1.110 


854,831 


7^ 


20 . 


1.00 


35,832 




1,762 




- 


1,691 




- 


1,751 


- 


_ 


lie 


7 


- 






- 


201 





_ 


12 




900 




L02 


892 


7,150 


18 




3,005 


8 


78,714 


.214 






488 




28,324 


180,158 




125 






30 




_ 




:;. ii;s 


9 


19.675 


32s 


10,117 




421.847 


_ 


3,443 


.700 




1 , 243 


9,124 


1,059 




11 








19 


1- 


5,211 


19 


,878 


35:. 


10. 


19,111.- 


134.063 




670,695 


2, 493,714 


441,786 


1,19 


3,0 


.956 


25". 


l,4tj:,. . i .i 


11 





3* 





1,267 


27 


- 




6,141 


12 


8,892 


125,281 


82 




28! 


44,653 


550 


, 504 


13 


66.30P 


268,11s 




116,909 


.,001 


33 


35,253 


195,555 


14 


1,5 , 


1,975,549 


4,038 


804,648 


81s 


- 


131,741 


688,609 


15 


35,142 


244,038 


91,903 


.441 


514,313 


34,14.-, 


19,386 


221,843 


1C 


191 


928,029 


133,006 


396,164 


1,367,180 


92.204 


4o,234 


781 


17 


3,281,988 


11,614,400 


1 ,183 ,976 


3,439,149 


12,527,373 


371,142 


583,005 


5,345,398 




42 


3,168 


109 


81 


718 




326 




18 


9,263 


1,201,847 


120,434 


48,490 


262,77.", 


118,160 


40. 


220,555 




10 


150 


- 


2 


68 


_ 


3 


35 


19 


97,175 


6,606,233 


- 


.960 


3,472,594 


- 


8,487 


1,207,411 








" 


" 


"* 





3,811 


.190 


20 


937 


11,839 


15,858 


4,012 


32,ld7 


2,974 


847 


9,127 


21 


12,033 


110,554 


1 74 , 555 


29,302 


344,877 


17,638 


5,751 


69,414 




651 


2,720,920 


1,435,093 


9,342 


1,535,106 


560,956 


1,465 


804,70!) 


22 


53,087 


885,410 


133,944 


145,733 


697,983 


4,350 


32,600 


89,554 


23 


14,247 


145,349 


17 


10,182 


87,633 


400 


2,258 


14,152 


24 


95, 168 


883,781 


137 


75, 


677.172 


5,128 


19,567 


105,708 




204,041 


550,014 


30:; 


144,574 


504,713 


2,122 


5,039 


23,267 


25 


1,098,339 


2,945,137 


1,907,864 


938,777 


3,871,470 


14,680 


36,655 


123,696 




65,841 


124,422 


1.774 


55,047 


85,335 


286 


39,049 


46,504 


26 


565 


60,602 


76,452 


664 


120,098 


30 


163 


13,449 


27 


1 ,325 ,84 


7,730,826 


3 ,887 ,161 


1 ,254 ,610 


7 ,332 ,041 


603,058 


135 ,250 


1,253,124 




_ 




71,907 


5,208 


396,507 


45,038 


3,877 


126,199 


28 





8,005 


20,838 


1 


21,952 


3,423 


1 


4,012 


29 


- 


46,451 


110,599 


5 


120,229 


20,222 


6 


26,819 




25,794 


27,476 


5,000 


3,998 


20,210 


_ 


17,051 


19,126 


30 


93,403 


725,853 


117,358 


99,670 


896,988 


76,176 


112,485 


715,569 


31 


52 


3,245 


2,406 


49 


3,978 


1,480 


38 


2,631 


32 


7, 158 


260,627 


203,080 


5,571 


332,720 


119,684 


3,010 


201,920 




12,003 


56,569 


182,278 


3,843 


195,079 


17,560 


1,536 


22,685 


33 


3,974,727 


5,299,615 


734,474 


1,935,735 


3,807,755 


406,812 


557,233 


1,468,700 


34 


4,113,085 


6,416,591 


1,424,698 


2,054,030 


5,769,488 


685,492 


695,198 


2,581,018 





426 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



11. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and All Countries in quan 
tities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1919-1922. con . 



XTn 






1919. 










United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


V. Iron and its products concluded. 
Rolling mill products 
Bars and rods ton 


2,878 


11,838 


92,995 


24,483 


2 


f 

Rails ton 


172,398 


759,450 
8,503 


7,844,004 
12,978 


1,375,212 


3 




&lt;3&gt; 

Metallic shingles and laths and corrugated 
roofing $ 


3,261 


282,752 
431 


624,257 
17,680 


92 


4 


Structural steel ton 










5 


$ 
Tubing and pipe $ 


- 


- 


- 


439 882 
















TotaJ rolling mill products $ 


175,659 


1,042,633 


8,485,941 


1 ,815 ,186 














| 


Smelted products 
Billets, ingots and blooms . . . ton 


13 


29,123 


51 164 


26,415 


7 


$ 
Ferro-silicon, etc ton 


638 
12.54C 


1,203,04-5 
7,423 


2,270,721 
21,624 


1,213,061 
2,255 


8 


S 
Pig iron ton 


1,898,030 


586,006 
1,677 


2,620,923 

4,882 


147,317 






- 


45,604 


313,500 







Total, smelted products $ 


1,898,668 


1,834,655 


5,2C5,144 


1,360,378 














9 


Vehicles, chiefly of iron 
Automobiles, freight No. 




7 


2,567 


425 


10 


$ 
Automobiles, passenger . No. 


1,472 


7 500 

52 


1,313,770 
11 613 


426,849 

807 


11 


t 

5 

Automobiles, parts of $ 


713,920 

8 708 


39,295 
282 273 


5,989,908 
1 552 296 


967,465 
1 933 265 


12 


Bicycles and parts of $ 




3 226 


105 375 


20 176 


13 
14 


Cars and coaches, railway, and parts of . . $ 
Other vehicles, n.o.p. . .... $ 


884,600 


266,204 


13,776,252 


2,795 
















Total vehicles, chiefly of iron 


1,607,228 


598 498 


22 737 601 


3 350,553 














15 


Wire, barbed cwt. 






21 276 


5 , 603 


Hi 


$ 

Wire, woven fencing $ 


16,507 


9,394 


138,857 
40,406 


30,958 
50,410 


17 


Other wire, n.o.p $ 


315,497 


124,370 


2,711,040 


857 , 604 
















Total wire . $ 


332,004 


133,764 


2,899,303 


938 ,972 














18 


Other iron and steel products 
Castings, n.o.p $ 




434, 19f 


448,087 


4.648 


19 


Forgings $ 









2,372 


20 


Furniture . ... $ 





_ 





16,141 


21 


Guns, rifles and firearms, all kinds . $ 


100,795 


1,229, 65 J 


1,860,279 


2,283 


f&gt; 


Lamp and lanterns . $ 


13,394 


16,91C 


91,325 


83,237 


23 


Scales and weighing beams $ 








22 271 


?4 


Scrap iron and steel $ 





1,277,131 


1,282,825 


778,132 


25 


Stoves, all kinds $ 


6,027 


24,154 


87,275 


24,163 


26 


Tinware .... $ 


3,381 


2,412 


2:0,002 


12,714 


?7 


Tools, hand or machine, n.o.p. $ 


583,600 


815,612 


2,132,671 


136,522 


28 


Other manufactures of iron and steel, n.o.p. $ 


336,368 


7,884,738 


12,335,933 


478,519 




Total iron and Its products ... $ 


11 ,315 ,853 


22,696,645 


81,910,926 


15,874,157 














29 


VI. Non-ferrous metals and their products. 

Aluminium in bars, blocks, etc cwt. 


76,612 


61,441 


202,839 


54,669 


30 


$ 
Aluminium, manufactures of $ 


2,505,444 
5,930 


2,078,641 
138,413 


6,712,053 
189,704 


1,609,310 
1,372 


31 


Brass and its products 
Brass, old and scrap. ..." cwt. 




72,685 


72,865 




3? 


1 

Brass rods, sheets, tubing, etc. cwt. 


18,803 


1,148,819 
12,303 


1,148,819 
38,188 


75 


33 


Brass valves . . $ 


508,860 


313,609 


1,033,961 


2,680 
86,349 


34 


Brass, mfs. of, n.o.p $ 





_ 


_ 


















Total brass and its products $ 


508,860 


1,462,428 


2,182,780 


89,029 















or CANADA 



127 



11.- Exports Of Canada to Inited Kingdom. lnited States and All Countries in q nan - 
titles and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1!M9-1!)T&gt;. ron 



. (). 


1921. 


1922. 










v, 


United 


All 


I Ilitcil 


I nitcd 


All 


United 


United 


All 


iMO. 


9ta&lt; 


( mint ; 


Kingdom. 


St:ites. 





Kmir loin. 


States. 


( iinnti 




10. 


; 52 




4,178 


6!). 




324 


5,432 


1 


MM:; 


3,0: 


17,318 






20 


19,231 


27. 




12 




- 


40 






16 


16, 


I 


484 


1,48 





1,595,714 


2.11 


- 


.. 112 


1,108 








_ 












.1 


5,000 















1,235 


1 


37; 




- 


172 


124 


_ 


17 


152,770 




Ml 












16 


1,23 


5 


1,6H6,SO 


7,428,8*7 


. , ir. .s7i 


2,298,157 


10. !r. ::. . I,!! 


174,719 


744,r. l 


2,498,447 




21. in* 




I ,137 


i.7s; 


5(1 




16 


n; 


6 


1.4" 


2.7; 




Hi: 


2,912,471 


_ 


912 






18 




1,344 




21,045 




in 


11,083 


7 


863,340 


1,22 




748 






1,407 


j.583 










51 


71). Hid 








8 




2.654,833 


77! 


1,8." 




I 


,219 






4,768,707 




3,67 


I,K 


|,9Jf,9JI 


31 ,302 


-,-, ,.-,&gt; 


622,919 




13 


4 . 1 :&lt;:; 


til! 


4 






8 




| 


82 


1,342 












611 






20 






15 




100 


13 


10 




12 


1,422,548 




11 






7, llM.fil l 




1,471 


7,466 




0,093 




1,160 


116,129 


1,151,453 


11 




13 


26,300 












1? 


18 


1,702,052 


- 


18 








2.777.7:;^ 


13 


113 


17:: 


3&lt;; 


277,112 






H 1 


142,151 


U 


584,923 


19,9:&gt;,71I 


2,215,099 


3,299,387 


I9,s?",11.-, 


. 3,831 


19,499 


12,113,847 




189 


13, 


_ 


2 


19,513 


_ 




11,458 


M 




:: 


- 


12 


134,187 


_ 


_ 


42 




9,712 


95 


10.- 




144 






u 


16 


277,873 


1,622 




Is; 


l. .l 


77 






17 


&gt;SV&gt; I 


1,798,224 


734 ,855 


499,339 


Z, 171,1. 1 


195 ,916 


3,849 


:j-&gt;7,:,7i 




1,877 


101,456 


1" 


806,!)7t; 




2,718 


171, OM 


197,647 


18 


1,867,176 


1,871,791 


17 






1,924 


50. 


52 


19 


1,086 


51 


ll&lt;078 


2,563 


1,247 


32 


3.02. 


57 


20 


1,862 


1, 8Hs.tr, 


874 




31.2(17 


1,101 


; 


11,405 


1 




103,401 


2H.014 


7,252 




14 


1 , 507 


031 


W 


33.534 


106,801 


14.413 


21,915 






14 


M H" 


n 


8,48 


1,300,663 


150,677 


1,251.787 


1,442,747 




7,(i 11 


706,510 


n 


42,886 




12,186 


34 


141 




24,212 




?: 


2,453 


42 


1,55(1 


55,944 


73,445 


1 , 1 2s 




2K 


&gt;(&gt; 


81,228 


66^ 


14:; 


75, 




93 


112 


, 001 


27 


1,62 


2,67 


1,039,085 


750,375 


3,038,691 


43,013 


211,15!i 


516,64! 


28 


25,717,121 


81 ,785 ,829 


17,653,826 


19,639,413 


76,599,741 


4,758,888 


4,693,020 


28,312,272 




120,073 


192,06 


36,288 


98,678 


140,051 


323 


80, 


60 


?9 


3,562,112 


5,680,871 


1,154,260 


3,138,471 


4,41 


6,767 


577,153 


1,1s 




53,778 


64 


2,037 


29,119 


228,820 


290 


14. 


2,791 


.30 


01,451 


91,512 


107 


21,335 


21,442 




33 853 


33 930 


31 


1,216,263 


1,217,940 


1,176 


270,432 


271, 60P 


_ 


191 


200,214 




3,982 


5,013 


30 


30 


82 


63 


30 


93 


3? 


101,467 


133,829 


1,200 


1,681 


3,428 


1,972 


398 


2 370 




88,585 


21(2,388 


146,490 


2,675 


324,001 


89,314 


1,601 


13:; 


33 




~ 










5,198 


7,652 


19,329 


34 


1,406,315 


1,614,157 


148,866 


274,789 


599,038 


96,484 


209,403 


355,784 





428 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



11. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and AH Countries in quan 
tities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1919-1922. con 



No 


Principal articles by classes 




1919. 










United 
Kingdom . 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


VI. Non-ferrous metals and their products- 
concluded. 
Copper and its products 
Copper, fine, contained in ore, matte, cwt. 
regulus, etc $ 


106,055 
818 830 


550,069 
7 865 361 


656,124 

8 684 191 


25,634 
1Q2 244 


2 


Copper, blister, bars, sheets, wire, etc., 
and mfs. of, n.o.p $ 




11 674,317 


11 716 083 


287 607 


| 


Copper, pig, old and scrap.... cwt 




31 983 


31 983 


20 70 ^ 




$ 


- 


590,905 


590,905 


386,786 




Total copper and its products $ 


818 ,830 


20 130 583 


20 991 179 


866 637 














4 


Lead and its rroducts 
Lead, metallic, contained in ore, etc.. cwt 




225 511 


225 511 




6 


$ 
Lead in pigs, etc cwt . 


9,470 


1,286,080 
11 441 


1,286,080 
27 908 


71 41 fi 




$ 


69,303 


83,469 


368,867 


537,551 




Total lead and its products cwt. 


9,470 


236 ,952 


2ff3 419 


n41S 




$ 


69 ,303 


1 ,369 ,549 


1,654,947 


537 ,551 


6 


Nickel, cobalt and their products 
Cobalt metallic Ib. 


43,255 


217 849 


287 735 


176 49^ 


7 


$ 
Cobalt, alloys Ib. 


105,421 
38,824 


568,688 
1 302 


740,686 
57 068 


193,252 
4 858 


8 


$ 
Nickel, fine, contained in ore, matte or cwt. 
speiss $ 


158,376 
104,601 
1 540 803 


5,792 
655,288 
8 444 716 


231,990 
759,889 
9 985 519 


17,240 
60,203 
1 226 883 


9 


Nickel, fine cwt. 


18 845 


915 


31 755 


2 240 




$ 


693,743 


31,395 


1,184,820 


78,400 




Total nickel and its products $ 


2 498 343 


9 050 591 


12 143 015 


1 515 775 














10 


Precious metals and their products 
Gold bearing quartz, nuggets, etc $ 




9,201,983 


9 202 033 




11 
1?! 


Silver contained in ore, concentrates, etc. oz. 
1 
Silver bullion oz . 


10 243 363 


3,973,695 
3,677,313 
3 851 300 


3,973,695 
3,677,313 
15 785 783 


125,220 
152,154 
3 232 951 


13 


$ 
Other articles $ 


10,241,434 
18 000 


3,862,640 
358,108 


15,842,329 
376 108 


3,653,042 
36 350 
















Total precious metals and their 
products $ 


10,259 434 


17 ,100 ,044 


29 097 783 


3 841 546 














14 


Zinc and its products $ 




449,713 


449 713 


403 483 


15 


Electric apparatus $ 


31,869 


433,392 


2 167 545 


110 881 


16 


Other non-ferrous metal products $ 


2,252,370 


1,039,260 


3,672 013 


284 985 
















Total non-ferrous metals and their 
products $ 


18,9JO,443 


53,252,314 


79 2 SO 732 


9 2so 569 














17 


VII. Non-metallic minerals and their products. 

Clay and clay products $ 


1 020 


157,106 


171 944 


11 150 


18 


Coal and its products 
Coal ton 


147,062 


1,201,395 


1,826.639 


180 685 


19 


$ 
Coke ton 


1,069,395 


6,114,931 
26,761 


10,169,722 
26 971 


1,651,188 


20 


$ 
Tar and pitch . gal 


- 


211,967 


214,228 


- 


21 


$ 
Cinders S 


- 


810 


810 


- 
















Total coal and its products $ 


1 ,069 ,395 


6,327 708 


10 384 760 


1 651 188 














22 


Graphite and its products $ 


7 


195,816 


195,934 


212 


23 


M ica and its products $ 


55 051 


312 603 


369 577 


53 411 


24 


Petroleum and its products 
Oil, coal and kerosene, refined gal. 


1,525,753 


628,825 


2,742,047 


503,287 


25 


$ 
Oil, coal and kerosene, crude gal. 


144,844 
13,940 


61,079 
200,598 


273,633 
221,336 


40,677 
510 158 


28 


$ 
Oil, mineral, n.o.p gal 


2,594 
4 164 


20,535 
979 338 


24,011 
1 081 389 


32,712 




$ 


1,054 


219,207 


250,785 


- 



EXPORTS OF CANADA 



429 



11. Exports of Canada to I nited kingdom, I nited States and AH Countries in quan 
tities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1919-192?. -ooc 



1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


No. 

1 

2 

3 

4 
5 

1 

7 

8 
9 

10 
11 

12 

13 

14 
15 
16 

17 
18 
19 
20 
21 

22 

23 

24 
25 
26 


I nitt-cl 
States. 


All 
Count i 


l"nitt &lt;l 
Kingdom 


I D 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 

Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Count i 


394, 391 
5,060,974 

6.727,207 
11,331 
165,571 


420,033 

5,2.- 

8,065,027 
.554 
561,087 


87,042 
653,780 

635,512 


1,637 
3,683,192 

7,664,391 


361,679 
4,336,972 

8,900,303 
76,814 


50,870 
382,45 

35,040 


52,469 
646,966 

4.U 

:,876 
221,662 


103,339 
1,029,41" 

4,720,15" 
60,85 
579,53 


11,953,752 


13,879,332 


1,289,292 


11,424,397 


13 ,314 ,089 


417 ,491 


5,221,318 


6,329,105 


107,894 
506,789 
16,679 

72,240 


107,894 
506, 789 
102,013 
686,355 


- 


74,603 
358,978 

1 
17 


74,603 
35s 
36,505 
166,678 


78,912 
369,083 


44 

175,781 

157 


44,86" 
176,78 

364,31: 
1,543.186 


124,573 
572,092 


209,907 
1,193,144 


- 


74,604 
358,995 


111,108 
525,656 


18,912 


44,904 
175 ,938 


409,179 
1,718,967 


82,728 
193.844 
267 
1,156 
256,646 
3,918,315 
117.172 
3,61.1,122 


260, 3T 
38 . 

19,663 
816,841 
6,146,198 

124,558 
3,894,023 


22.4.V. 

9,929 
49,160 
111,188 
1,89! 
1,20 J 
4: 1 


118,853 
276 

1,120 

4:; 

1,89 


142,432 
34: 
11 
54 
-,337 
7,23! 
61 
2,17 


5,754 
31,511 
55,366 
930,677 

r 


32,818 

98,22: 

6,505 
120,900 

.407 
780,345 


59,410 
141,134 
7,078 

,943 
1,078,192 

46,104 
1,613,510 


7,728,437 


9,448,780 


2,054,529 


7,064,717 


9,801,886 


962,341 


999,467 


2,839,205 


5,376,289 
2,437,286 

- &lt;&gt;,453 
2,487,873 
2,779,067 
- ,720 


5,974,334 

2,5G2,:.M 
2,781,70:, 
9,817,058 
11,473,896 
309,070 


195 

5,386,464 
4,401,852 
1,000 


3,036,084 
2,441,270 

1,^70,244 
-.4,931 
1.726,602 
381,355 


3,038,779 
2,441,27(1 
1,870,244 
10,889,780 

382, 355 


326 

5,610,024 
3.6: 
200 


2,531,724 
8,211,86! 

, 1 , 3,xa 
3,5." 
2,241,30! 
283,039 


2,532,o.-,&lt; 
8,211,86! 
2,031,88! 

10,839,7(17 
6, 67!), .CM 
284,209 


11 ,057 ,o?9 


20,139,005 


4,403,047 


7,014,285 


14,548,566 


3,634,823 


7,087,117 


11 ,527 ,563 


238,841 
222,115 
744,035 


950,082 
424,476 
1,152,202 


292,146 
341,003 
188,336 


86,129 
13* 
499,660 


963,962 
651,481 

887,900 


189,499 
162,731 

168,097 


2,477 
97,897 
301,867 


2,448,741 
485,321 
639,603 


37 ,545 ,943 


54,975,413 


9,873,516 


30,029,799 


i:, 929 ,377 


5,997.:.7li 


14 ,687 ,280 


27 ,885 ,998 


196,195 

1,071,772 
5.700,441 
17,773 
161,386 
985,958 
46,402 
375 


220,744 

2,120,138 
13,183,666 
17,872 
162,481 
2,644,417 
94,202 
375 


4,678 

81,477 
941,299 


240,128 

1,031,870 
6,287,861 
37,790 
399.620 
738,035 
50,400 
105 


323,989 

2,277,202 
16,501, 47&gt; 
38,031 
402,435 
8,622,210 
571,773 
105 


1,894 

350,014 
2,720,872 

34 
10 


91,746 

1,188,326 
7,095,769 
26,647 
300,003 
965,921 
61,137 
316 


257,624 

1,953,053 
13,182,440 
26,671 
300,457 
2,307,528 
248, 155 
316 


5 ,908 ,604 


13 ,440 ,724 


941 ,299 


6,737,986 


17,475,791 


2,720,882 


7 ,457 ,225 


13 ,731 ,368 


113,867 
566,463 

1,175,189 
170,704 
607,895 
40,6C6 
109,965 
25,744 


114,105 
774,369 

2,757,581 
351,890 
1,289,259 
84,373 
165.033 
53,593 


1,892 
45,050 

292,936 
32,135 
140 
95 


118,501 
611,023 

215,214 
27,219 
1,154,627 
144,164 
91,476 
19,929 


120,473 
660,218 

553,566 
79,625 
2,424,142 
295,784 
190,036 
87,326 


85 
21,826 

1,493,682 
98,503 

77 
73 


41,057 
205,444 

2,407 
656 
2,462,005 
139,201 
421,995 
70,090 


41,149 
230,429 

1,482,560 
209,930 
7,435,539 
424,533 
473,963 
93,225 



430 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



11. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and AH Countries in quan 
tities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1919-1922. con. 



No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


1919. 




United 

Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 
2 

3 
4 
5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 

11 
12 
13 

14 

15 
16 
17 

18 
19 

20 
21 
22 

23 
24 
25 

26 
27 

28 
29 
30 
31 


VII. Non-metallic minerals and their 
products concluded, 
^etroleum and its products con. 
Oil, gasoline and naphtha g&l- 


43 
IS 
17,612 
168,227 


375 

171 
29,411 
332,743 


361,081 
106,464 
61,709 
620,960 


86 
30 
29 
253 


S 
Wax, mineral cwt. 


$ 
Total petroleum and its products. . . $ 

Stone and stone products 
Abrasives $ 


316,734 


633,735 


1 ,275 ,853 


73 ,672 


2,123 


2,162,420 
116,500 

2,890 
69,019 
81,784 
155,735 
66,919 
122,245 
897,851 
228,012 
2,692 


2,168,132 
118,873 

15,945 
69,034 
82,047 
155,877 
67,052 
129,795 
897,851 
228,012 
2,692 


8,288 

20 
25 
132 

681 


Buildirg and paving stone $ 


Cement . cwt. 


$ 
Gypsum or plaster, crude ton 


S 
Lime . cwt. 


$ 
Plaster of Paris, ground, etc. $ 


Sand and gravel . ton 


- 
Other stone products $ 


Total stone and stone products. . $ 

Asbestos products 
Asbestos ton 


2,123 


2,783,462 


2,812,548 


9,126 


10,594 
899,559 


104,041 
6,890,724 
23,729 
246,831 
5,402 


125,361 
8,910,210 
23,883 
247,812 
45,146 


7,594 
768,456 

5,201 


S 
Asbestos sand and waste ton 


$ 
Asbestos, manufactures of $ 


Total asbestos products $ 


899 ,559 


7,142,957 


9,203,168 


773,657 


Miscellaneous non-metallic minerals 
Feldspar . . . ton 


724 

26 

1C 


116, 34P 

12,112 
796,236 
237,582 
944,267 
206,378 
129,416 


116,349 
36,145 
796,262 
237,582 
944,267 
210,531 
144,966 


160 

544 
459,082 
55,679 

1,570 
31,866 


S 
Glass and glassware n o p $ 


Magnesite, crude, refined, etc $ 


Pyrites and sulphur contained in pyrites., ton 
$ 
Talc, crude and refined $ 
Other non-metallic minerals and products $ 

Total non-metaFie minerals and 
their products . $ 


2 ,314 ,649 


19,758,145 


26,6(i2,304 


3,121,157 


VIII. Chemicals and allied products. 

Acids $ 


9,OOC 
16,675,173 


75,793 
10,100 
19,289,483 


75,857 
30,190 
37,506,294 


370,308 
48,900 

385,281 


Dyes and tanning materials $ 


Explosives and cellulose products, n.o.p $ 


Ammonia sulphate cwt. 


K 
O 


8,760 
58,101 
1,037,569 
2,857,446 
199,435 


206,319 
1,231,524 
1,037,569 
2,857,446 
232,06" 


16,853 
73,383 


$ 
Cyanamid . . cwt. 


$ 
Other fertilizers, manufactured, n.o.p. . $ 


Total fertilizers $ 


1 

I 


3,114,982 


4,321,037 


73,383 


Paints, pigments and varnishes. $ 


205, 86f 
455,877 


218,026 

529 


1,800,02, 
560,025 


748,092 
219,165 


Soap .... . . S 


Inorganic chemicals, n.o.p. 
Acetate of lime cwt. 


28,415 
145,340 
153,979 
578,126 
172,948 
249,523 


4,405 
8,551 
947,710 
3,685,436 
307,073 
381,058 


43,286 
203,084 
1,183,76 
4,720,783 
640,30, 
908,659 


77,292 
208,418 
151,689 
627,721 
163,236 
263,200 


$ 
Calcium carbide . cwt. 


$ 
Cobalt oxide and cobalt salts Ib. 


* 

w 

Soda and sodium compounds 1 Ib. 


S 



1 Included in other chemicals, n.o.p., 1919-21. 



1-:\1 &lt;H&lt;TS OF CANADA 






11. K\ ports of Canada to Inited Kingdom, r nitcd Slates and All Countries in quan 
tities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1919-19 i. -con. 



1980. 


mi. 


192 










\o 


United 


All 


1 llitril 


I niti-.l 


All 


United 


United 


All 


. &gt; ( . 




( mint i 


Kingdom. 




( (Hint i 


Kingdom. 


Stal 


( mint i 




1,198 


1,311,996 










in 




1 




,376 


- 


58,719 


100 


- 




160,85) 












22 


- 


ti 


1- 


1 




1,006 




7J 




- 


123 






712,383 


l,23i 


116.M 


318,319 


766, im 


98,576 


215 , 107 


SX.S.SM 




1,458,071 


1,474,171 


124 


1,90 


1,94 




17. 




{ 


it- 










:,(i 






1 




- 




i, a 


1,127 


- 




.Us 


:&gt; 




660,884 






2,107,180 


- 


24 










- 






- 


1,671 




6 




.521 


- 


,053 


42 


- 


404 






1,414 




- 


,80 


IT; 


- 


227,607 




7 


:i; 


,212 







411 


- 


217,991 


221 




13] 


141 


- 


664 


222 





10 




8 


1,075,283 


1,0, 





1 . .-&gt;&lt; 


1,50 


- 


1,381 




9 


133 




- 






- 


200 













54,111 


11! 


- 






10 


2,18 


2,8(2,442 


21,884 


4,335,298 


5,416,518 


1 ,339 


1,894 .:&gt;r 


2,614,021 




M 


10.-) 


12, 


m 


154,152 




17,178 




11 


6,504, fttt 


2,02; 


1,3., 




12 


311 






















146 


u 




















10,111 


2,816 


16 


72 









153 


13 


6, 752, 577 


f Mi, 172 


i,U7, MI 


8,471.853 


n.ttt.MS 


314,286 


16,583 


4 787.030 




24 


24 




4! 


4! 


1 




584 


II 


121 


122 


- 






30 


141 


;i; 




38 


1,447 


in 






80 




1,054 


u 


228 








5,74; 




17 




16 




83,640 


- 






- 




7,878 


17 


..174 




- 






- 


31,500 


81,500 




232,886 


5,457 


- 


201,286 


20 


- 


138 


138,949 


18 


28,151 


757,331 


8 


164 


206,45: 


3 


l- 


,74! 


19 


17,IS8,2C6 


30,342,926 


3,127,33s 


22,270,117 


41,121,892 


3,253,427 


12,605,032 


22,616,684 




260,4.-): 


901,397 


419,630 


310,015 


1,069,667 


20,939 


M, 


90,116 


2 




58 


31,300 


202 


33 


28,868 


15, 


46,944 


21 


4,0; 


1,675,047 





,- 7,401 


1,271,702 





19! 




22 


32,042 


431,362 


7,082 


20,752 


300,013 


2,801 


93,258 


338,066 


r.i 


156,322 


2, 065.1 (Hi 


40 


96,144 


1,519,262 


7,809 


204,543 


78S 




1,277,319 


1,277,319 


- 


883 


883 


- 




35; 


24 


1,422,797 


4,422,797 


- 


3,01 


3,018,057 


- 


903,233 


1,233 




200,637 


206,134 





45] 


5,857 





522.00! 


524,981 


25 


4,779,756 


6,694,037 


40,726 


3 ,563 ,042 


4,993,176 


7,809 


1,629,78C 


2,213,3.i1 




126,901 


1,625,418 


934,40(1 


154,055 


1,756,045 


162,903 


89,908 


423,604 


26 


3,886 


1,000,722 


24,260 


2,474 


143,627 


138,882 


3,517 


22, 


27 


30,066 


133,94S 


53,147 


10 


80 




13,130 


22,109 


28 


.636 


319,182 


178,528 


30,087 


26 i 


- 


1.5,561 


28. 




632, 39fl 


882,510 


27,088 


973,177 


1,086,138 


1 


478,885 


513,650 


29 


4,627 


19,899 


110,390 


4,159,844 


4,618,335 


4 


2,122,083 


2,261,054 




201,44! 


507,693 


171,598 


140,115 


415. 7. ,1 


11,212 


164,717 


302,386 


30 


298,708 


797,489 


399,420 


306.352 


891,045 


23,. ) lv 


339,747 


538,083 




- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


11,219 


11,325,1 .^ 


19,677,573 


31 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


365 


840,443 


1,491,018 





432 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



11. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and AH Countries in quan 
tities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1919-1922. con , 



No. 

1 
2 

3 
4 

5 

6 

7 
8 

9 

10 
11 
12 

13 
14 

15 

16 
17 

18 

19 
20 

21 

22 
23 
24 
25 

26 
27 


Principal articles by classes. 


1919. 




United 
Kingdom. 


United 

States. 


All 

Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


VIII. Chemicals and allied products concluded. 
Inorganic chemicals, n.o.p. concluded. 
Other inorganic chemicals $ 


25,485 


357,855 


408,048 


11,189 


Total inorganic chemicals, n.o.p.. . . $ 

Other chemicals, nop $ 


998,474 


4,432,920 


6,266,089 


1,110,528 


1,832,457 


3,529,767 


6,240,302 


640,279 


Total chemicals and allied products $ 

IX. AH other commodities. 

Amusement and sporting goods $ 


20,176,855 


30,671,606 


56 ,799 ,799 


3 ,595 ,936 


39,680 
30,280 

6,402 
39,300 
75 


40,788 
87,621 

35 

17,686 
16,359 
68,008 


139,374 
187,345 

24,530 
96,330 
218,791 
160,538 


122,859 
6,243 

73,244 
206,046 
140,899 
50,662 


Containers Packages, all kinds, empty $ 
Household and personal equipment 
Brooms and whisks $ 




Stationery $ 




Total household and personal 
equipment $ 


3 45,777 


102,088 


500,189 


470,851 




- 


37,226 


42,919 


1,190 


Musical instruments 


12,972 


15 
36,844 
100 
28,332 
39,733 


236 
52,071 
301 
72,496 
146,567 


261 
19,747 

188 
55,724 
98,282 


$ 
Pianos No. 


$ 


Total musical Instruments $ 


12,972 


104,909 


271 ,134 


173,753 


Scientific and educational equipment 


130,953 
159,954 


1,045,270 
269,491 


1,302,886 
580, 149 


127,886 
375, 101 
167,332 


Films for photographers use and for mov- 
in f pictures $ 


Philosophical and scientific apparatus and 
instruments $ 


Total $ 


290,907 


1,314,761 


1,883,035 


670, 319 


Ships and vessels 


35,023 
15,599,625 


31,276 
2 
5,800 
436 
179,900 


56,649 
6 
8,382 
50,867 
21,423,349 


14,099 
5 
2,175 
49, 144 
19,812,000 


Gasoline launches No . 


$ 
Ships sold to other countries ton 


$ 
Total ships and vessels $ 


15,599,625 


216,976 


21 ,488 ,380 


19,828,274 


Vehicles, chiefly of wood 
Aeroplanes and parts of $ 


1,294,152 
213 


3,192,086 
4,227 


4,530,268 
65,334 


36,830 


Buggies, carriages and parts, carts and 
wagons $ 


Total vehicles, chiefly of wood $ 


1,294,365 


3,196,313 


4 ,595 ,602 


36 ,830 


Paintings $ 


4,125 

3,843 
152,882,900 

74,020 
3,975,912 


333,261 

3,215 
37,855,417 
215,720 
29,147 
185,480 
4,249,831 
915,317 


340,426 

93,489 
213,432,531 
217,196 
29,147 
185,480 
4,391,278 
7,558,088 


23,642 

43,344 
83,264 

788,967 
579,459 


All other commodities, n.o.p. 
Brushes, all kinds $ 


Cartridges gun rifle and pistol $ 


Contractors outfits $ 


Junk, except metallic and rubber cwt. 


$ 
Settlers effects . $ 


Other miscellaneous $ 


Total, all other commodities $ 


174 ,254 ,406 


48,858,923 


255,326,463 


22,828,995 


Total exports, Canadian mdse S 


540,750,977 


454,873,170 


1,216,443,806 


489,152,637 





EXPORTS OF CANADA 



433 



11. Exports of Canada to United Kingdom, United States and All Countries In quan 
tities and values by classes of home produce in the four fiscal years 1919-1922. con- 
cluded. 



1920. 






1921. 






1922. 




No 


I nited 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 

Kingdom. 


Tnited 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 




420,334 


501,761 


16,800 


250 


351.537 


4,877 


156,657 


223,168 


1 


3 ,343 ,305 


5,218,331 


70, ,139 


4 ,747 ,042 


6,122,495 


28,795 


3,474,491 


4,541,696 




1,217,614 


2,407,857 


1,070,483 


2,290,627 


4,191,382 


551,333 


457,920 


1,477,109 


1 


13,803,067 


22 ,581 ,04S 


3,225,947 


11,694,858 


19,582,051 


939,529 


5 ,937 ,114 


9,271,027 




50. 

- ia 

145 
15,715 
20,070 

159, . 77 


191,868 
39,791 

96,640 
316,862 

276, J: 4 
285 


32,569 

22,829 
140,392 
105,135 
22,476 


32,323 
16,063 

161 
20,832 
,613 
213 


98,631 
27,959 

57.327 

282,690 


8,069 
9,280 

9,096 
23.901 
61,710 

3,983 


27,891 
74,677 

85 
8,174 

16,171) 
132 


52,912 
107,571 

24.657 
80,021 

163,74.-, 
.,356 


. 
1 

1 

I 

1 


195 ,897 


975,908 


290,833 


255,630 


971,888 


90,690 


156,808 


434 ,779 




32,319 


37,046 


- 


12,785 


16,480 


- 


58,904 


63,329 





18 
,018 
160 
62,378 


737 
71,298 

221 
210,067 


210 
24,875 
583 
1! 1,073 
118 


4 

30,680 
104 
41,373 
46,504 


589 

1,581 

487 
377 


40 
4,531 

18, Ml 


11 
54,575 

3b 

70,934 


216 
72,517 

273 

103,llv 
178,704 


11 
1] 

i; 


112,118 


502,287 


334 ,475 


118,557 


951 ,326 


30,795 


164,011 


354 ,339 




2,352 
1,049,993 
47,323 


176,166 
1,486,079 
364,409 


215,558 
54,871 
105 


771 
2,378,524 

34 


244 
2,493,694 
199,587 


141,497 
15,632 
33,619 


260 
2,245,754 
28,632 


153.212 
2,352,235 

115,221 


i, 
i 
i, 


1,099,668 


2,026,654 


375 ,981 


2,413,841 


2 ,937 ,504 


190,748 


2 ,274 ,646 


2 ,620 ,668 




10,402 
11 
15,126 
589 
104,900 


65,424 

84,871 
164,948 
50,248,567 


20,818 

12,723 
4,840,000 


80,004 
54 
43,118 
6,531 
1,637,000 


129,294 
56 
44,718 
4f&gt;,595 

17,17:. 


2,078 
4 
2,810 


32,806 
20 
63,447 

1,318,000 


45,049 
38 
82,957 
7,396 
3,114,200 


11 
i 

1! 


130,428 


50,398,862 


4,860,818 


1 ,760 ,122 


17 ,349 ,135 


4,888 


1,414,253 


3 ,242 ,206 




864,784 
5,000 


864,784 
47,195 


1,735 
150 


56,562 
380 


60,247 
24,658 


456 
435 


37,349 
1,661 


38,375 
16,914 


1! 

1 


869,784 


911 ,979 


1,885 


60,942 


84,90.) 


891 


39 ,010 


55,289 




59,356 

3,817 
7,016,804 
34,974 
74,566 
140, . :)." 
6,587,817 
240,174 


83,085 

125,047 
7,366,733 
34,974 
74,566 
140,255 
7,631,498 
1,256,921 


17,541 

37,122 
11,949 
3,695 

907,729 
50,336 


78,432 

1,349 
1,072 
69,790 
65,956 
184,787 
7,574,512 
143,817 


96,114 

214,917 
52,674 
74,285 
65,956 

184 
8,822.207 
499,730 


14,479 
18,920 
14,562 

580,931 
69,316 


57,179 

3,394 
1,271 
47,479 
37,456 
117,891 
5,346,795 
132,985 


72,563 

73,990 
15,070 
66,146 
37,456 
117,891 
6,408,583 
317,509 


2 

2 
2 
2 
2, 

2( 
2 


16,582,481 


71 ,722 ,908 


6,924,933 


12,730,854 


32,389,669 


1,035,792 


9,943,325 


14,030,001 




464,028,183 


1,239,492,098 


312,844,871 


542,322,967 


1,189,183,701 


299,361,675 


293 ,906 ,643 


740,240,680 





3813128 



434 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and All Coun 
tries in quantities and values by classes entered for consumption in the four 
fiscal years 1919-1922. 



No 


Principal articles by classes. 


1919. 




United 
Kingdom. 


United 

States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 

6 

7 
8 

9 
10 

11 
12 
13 
14 
15 

16 
17 

18 
19 
20 

21 

22 
23 

24 

25 
26 


I. Vegetable products (except chemicals, fibres 
and wood). 

Beverages, distilled and fermented 
Brewed . 
Ale, porter, etc gal. 


8,899 
10,939 

2,092 
8,821 
2,863 
10,530 
11,721 


8,990 
9,399 

3,416 
12,098 
1,465 
7,444 
41 
256 
3,743 
4,449 
2,405 
4,256 
4,410 
34,113 
5,497 
4,974 


17,90. 
20,344 

101,416 

378,694 
8,870 
30,419 
18,827 
59,574 
92,908 
84,230 
4,188 
7,446 
208,675 
976,700 
6,584 
7,098 


28,192 
46, 153 

4,106 
29,132 
1,694 
10,161 
63,734 
301,742 
23,580 
63,951 
606- 
4,552 
808,076 
5,311,444 
2 
9 


$ 
Distilled. 
Brandy, etc gal. 


$ 
Cordials and liqueurs all kinds gal. 


$ 
Gin, all kinds, n o.p gal. 


8 
Rum gal. 


50,907 
6,067 
8,076 

i 


$ 
Vermouth gal. 


$ 
Whiskey gal. 


6 
204, 029 
941,448 
17 
50 


$ 
All spirituous or alcoholic liquors, n.o.p.. . gal. 

$ 

Total distilled beverages gal. 


226 ,793 
1 ,019 ,838 


20 ,977 
67 ,590 


441 ,633 
1 ,544 ,246 


901 ,798 
5,720,991 


$ 
Fermented. 

Wines. 

Wines non-sparkling gal. 


4,823 
9,121 

42 
295 


123,005 
102,292 

145 
1,373 


218,134 
215,845 

2,978 
25,995 


10,893 
35,780 

188 
7,413 


S 
Champagne, and all other sparkling wines 
in bottles doz. 


1 

Total wines $ 


9,416 


103 ,665 


241 ,840 


43 ,193 


Total distilled and fermented 
beverages S 


1 ,040 ,193 


235 ,187 


1 ,860 ,963 


5,813,683 


Fruits, fresh 
Apples brl. 


894 
113 


281,316 
1,372,644 
15,032,278 3 
740,168 
1,663,431 
3,715,747 
719,563 
105,290 
21,832 
171,124 
4,842,4701 
6,490,486 
622,406 
1,084,518 

10,654,515 
535,432 

277,556 
111,244 
425,543 
835,330 


281,316 
1,372,644 
15,036,0783 
740,377 
1,665,414 
3,716,713 
719,563 
105,290 
21,382 
171,124 
5,063,5311 
6,490,486 
622,406 
1,128,075 

10,654,515 
535,432 

277,592 
111,244 
425,543 
840,485 


200 
326,276 
70,762 
6,371 
3,685 

11 


$ 
Apricots, quinces, etc lb. 


$ 
Bananas bunch 


$ 
Cherries lb. 


$ 
Cranberries.. brl. 


Grape fruit or shaddocks $ 


Grapes lb 


Lemons and limes $ 


Oranges 2 $ 


Peaches . . lb . 


$ 
Pears 4 lb. 


$ 
Pineapples $ 


Plums bush 


$ 
Fruits, other fresh $ 


Total fruits, fresh $ 


1,007 


14,728,228 


14,999,212 


81,029 


Fruits, dried 


- 


1,188,619 
238,943 


2,555,805 
480,870 


- 




$ 



^Includes oranges in 1919. 2 Included with grape fruit or shaddocks in 1919. includes pears in 1919. 
Included with apricots, quinces, etc., in 1919. 



IMPORTS OF CANADA 



r. Imports of Canada from the I nited Kingdom, the United States and AH Coun 
tries in quantities and values by classes entered for consumption in the four 
fiscal years 1919-lftr:. 



A - - 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


s^ o 


bed 


All 


: 


1 


All 


I "nitivl 


1 nitfj 


All 






Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 




( oualri. 




10,568 


38 


785 


6/ 




306 


3,611 


700 


1 


.836 


58, 




769 




,051 


0,322 


110 




3,904 


149, 


9,012 




355 


1,669 


21 


113 


2 


14,133 


.,494 


90. 


20. 


3, 


31. 




1,715, 






10,419 


4,351 


563 


45. 


3J 


70 


17. 


3 


13, 


53. 




4,806 


312 


71,373 


164 






2,470 


183, 


197 


360 




82 






4 


9,204 






4, 


4,171. 


1,51 


621 


2,350,110 




10,307 


211 






.271 


15,872 




111,009 


5 






28s 


13. 




250 


17,583 








19 


3,989 


493 




1.171 




19,004 


6 


19,908 


70 


19 


2,882 




8,103 


113 


60 




003 


861 




178 


1,056 


.711 


61 


908,221 


7 


110, 


5,423,636 


20,353,005 


53,404 


,000 


16,950, 


1,10 


18,194,027 








1,031 












8 


2,638 


17. 




74,894 




3,206 


4,670 






80,154 


1. 111. Ml 


1 ,897 ,017 


208,201 


3,554,214 


941 ,419 


65,737 


1,368,297 




195,369 


7, 56.). Ml 


22 ,856 ,969 


1,663,196 


:. 22 1,707 


18,865,590 


1,1-29,611 


23 ,224 ,714 




427,872 


693,583 


2H. 


50 


625,682 


,588 


10,414 


317,284 


1 


001,056 


1,223,421 


12 


7 . 


1,6.- 


102 


16,093 


799,591 




2,190 


13,395 


2,898 


90 


30,390 


958 


347 


21,023 


1C 


24,489 


267,101 


94,970 


1,207 


Hi 


32,554 


4,690 


385,087 




685,545 


1,490,522 


224,235 


81,023 


2,277,763 


135,109 


20,783 


1 ,184 ,678 




927,388 


9 ,152 ,339 


23 ,211 ,493 


1,764,558 


34,653,630 


19,106,34 


1 ,161 ,992 


n .:&gt;;: ,729 




145,088 


145,088 




,319 


273,319 




110,702 


110,70 


11 


1,053,744 


1,053,744 


- 


1,528,606 


1,528,606 


- 


680,832 


680,83 




1,430,034 


1,430,034 


20 


630,399 


630,419 





1,078,530 


1,07 


15 


114 


114,378 


12 


57 


,050 





76,438 


76,43 




1,844,559 


1,81 


- 


l,700,2,ss 


1,71 


- 


2,159,381 


2,15 


i; 


4,947,007 


4,947,007 


- 


5,415,511 


5,415,511 


_ 


5,210,811 


5,211,09 




1,138,351 


1,138,351 


- 


477 


47: 


_ 


857,304 


1,604 


i 


212,508 


212,508 




108,737 


108,737 


- 


100,580 


167 




33,704 


33,704 


- 


21,841 


21,841 


_ 


16,953 


16,95 


i, 


247,790 


247,796 





173,634 


173,634 





200,654 


200,66 




622,406 


665,496 





741,167 


791,726 





656,302 


711,99 


i 


8,624,620 


8,979,296 


600,414 


5.979,901 


6,632,035 


608,08 


6,917,481 


7,669,62 


i 


865,104 


942, 35* 


199,113 


717,711 


858, 34C 


109,96 


695,235 


831,52 




1,270,862 


1,378,597 


2,416 


867, 46S 


1,005,616 


4,29 


1,158,298 


1,446,44 


i 


6,225,150 


6,534,261 


4,777 


6,159,335 


6,322,541 


8,41 


6,335,104 


6,594,10 


i 


14,219,162 


14,219,16: 


12C 


6,195,284 


6,195,404 


54 


10,927,502 


10,928,04 


2 


640,771 


640,771 


5 


442,207 


442,26, 


21 


583,231 


583, 45C 




19,273,867 


19,280,135 





12.482,28* 


1 12,484,934 




10,367,293 


10,370,28, 


2 


1,065,301 


1,065,705 


_ 


797,381 


797,64, 


- 


584,398 


584,59 




334, 99( 


338,052 


_ 


328,914 


329,00 


_ 


451, 71c 


453,01 


* 


125,93-S 


125,93^ 


If 


106,747 


106,76, 


1 


106,447 


106,45 


2 


544,391 


544,391 


23( 


476,22? 


476,45 


17 


404, 29? 


404,46 




933,42^ 


946,561 




638, lie 


640,63 


1,72 


524,075 


532,83 


2 


19,077,83* 


i 19,631,631 


136 .60. 


1 18,452,05! 


&gt; 18,947,76 


125,03 


17,737,097 


f 18,488,63, 




471, 79( 


472,15. 




686,862 


687,05 




598,52? 


599,33 


2 


109, 23( 


i 109,33 


- 


164,49 


164,53 


_ 


107,97 


108, 14 




792, 8 1( 


) 6,414,10: 


132,241 


975,70 


4,934,91 


219,69 


983,00? 


7,195,24 


2 


162, 74( 


1,053,39&lt; 


) 23,27&lt; 


) 152,332 


5 849,89 


29,67 


126, 1(X 


1,117,95 





38131 



436 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and All Coun 
tries in quantities and values by classes entered for consumption in the four 
fiscal years 1919-1922 con. 



No. 



Principal articles by classes. 



I. Vegetable products con. 

Fruits, dried concluded. 
1 Dates lb. 

$ 
Figs lb. 

$ 
Peaches lb. 

$ 

4 Prunes and plums, unpitted lb. 



v 

5 Raisins lb. 

$ 

6 All other fruits lb. 

$ 

Total dried fruits lb . 

$ 

7 Fruit juices gal. 

$ 

Fruits, otherwise prepared- 
Citrons, lemons and orange rinds in brine $ 
9 Fruit in air-tight-cans, etc lb. 

$ 

10 Jellies, jams and preserves, n.o.p lb. 

$ 

11 Olives in brine and otherwise gal. 

$ 
Total fruits, otherwise prepared $ 

Grand total fruits $ 

Grains, flours and kindred products 
Beans, n.o.p bush. 

13 Corn (Indian) for purpose of distillation, bush. 

I 

14 Corn (Indian) not for purpose of distilla 

tion bush. 

$ 

15 Oats bush. 

$ 

16 Peas bush. 

$ 

Rice, uncleaned, unhulled or paddy lb. 

$ 

18 Rice, cleaned lb. 

$ 

19 Wheat bush 

$ 

Total grains $ 

Flour and milled products 

20 Cornmeal brl 

$ 
Rice and sago flour, rice meal, etc lb. 

Sago and tapioca flour lb. 

$ 

23 Wheatflour brl. 

$ 
Other milled products 

24 Malt, whole, crushed or ground lb. 

$ 

25 Sago and tapioca lb. 

$ 

26 Other breadstuffs $ 

Total flour and milled products.. $ 



1919. 



United 
Kingdom 



20 



6,522 
14,272 



14,400 
1,45 
1,619 
122 



1,579 



16,860 



20 
221 



12 



36 



2,072 
131 



400 



67,268 

4,027 

584 



17,984 



United 

States. 



1,620,160 
361,116 

1,517,587 
230,417 



10,424,661 

930,351 

34,210,841 

3,167,862 

4,548,835 

554,790 



53,510,7C3 
5,483,479 



141,294 
176,579 

3,084 

9,187,909 

971,513 

94,705 

24,924 

67,886 

51,578 



1,160,063 



21,440,227 



78,143 
470,576 
210,756 
249,198 

10,504,781 
15,811,484 
4,276,914 
3,359,754 
17,528 
102,404 
828,170 
56,208 
997,520 
160,129 
45,820 
109,172 



I 



20,357,114 



91,020 
803,220 
424,666 

53,091 
765,485 

63,407 
5,433 

64,287 

578,146 

24,614 

21,894 

2,580 

389,162 



2,026,997 



All 
Countries. 



1,628,878 
362,340 

1,846,198 
260,830 



10,429,623 

930,894 

34,337,814 

3,190,546 

4,698,597 

576,222 



55,496,915 
5,801,702 



197,182 
207,707 

16,263 

9,735,741 

1,025,212 

169,285 

34,494 

148,830 

89,648 



1,165,879 



22,174,368 



265,079 

1,369,999 

210,756 

249,198 

10,527,998 

15,837,229 

4,276,915 

3,359,754 

32,849 

156,152 

32,482,144 

1,385 038 

21,057,986 



! 



,008,751 
303,440 
516,542 



23,920,852 



91,022 

803,241 

1,243,197 

85,800 

1,115,552 

78,217 

5,564 

66,177 

578,146 

24,614 

4,494,431 

206,179 

401,270 



2,305,629 



United 
Kingdom. 



531,244 
71,131 



9,262 
2,264 



540,506 
73,395 



11,962 
18,605 

81,580 

109,281 

12,232 

,151,193 

194,151 

160 

25 



287,994 



461,020 



3,594 
23,855 



1,679 

3,309 

24 

264 



6,710 

378 

2 

6 



30,099 



114,369 
7,249 
8,111 



43,877 



1M TOUTS OF CANADA 



137 



1 &gt;. Imports of &lt; anada from the I "nitccl Kingdom, the I nitecl States and All Coun 
tries in quantities and \alnes by classes entered for consumption in the four 
fiscal years 11-1!K^. -con. 



19- 


1921. 


1922. 


No 


I nited 


All 


United 


1 


All 


oited 


Unitrd 


All 




tes. 


Countries. 


KiiiEdom. 


tes. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


Sta: 


Countries. 




3,282,096 


3,850,936 


284,370 


3,742,638 


4, 097, Of is 


1,086,558 


5, 275, .11?:. 


6,461,995 


1 


r&gt;7. 


754,994 


35,174 


551. 


60:: 


84,276 


670,068 


766,042 




i,104 


4.5C 


46. 


1, MM;, 701 


-0,145 


158,657 




3,637,348 


2 


,794 


,70ii 


3,612 


23x 


7,432 


13,461 


286,01: 


4.V4.461 




3.11 


3,M 




1.154.N43 


1.154,843 





1,46! 


1,45 


3 


561,719 


561,719 





210,351 


21d 





176 


176,929 




! \ -I- 


14,491,800 


_ 


10,489,100 


10. 





13. 


13,7(i:&gt;.7 .&lt;:&gt; 


4 


a, 006 


2,0:; 


_ 


1.4:i8,027 


1,469,102 


- 


1,277,912 


1.278,539 




1,941 


37,619,365 


83,838 


20,390.188 


24,979,194 


99,10 . 


24,177 


27,666,692 


5 


12,073 


5,420,276 


19,016 


4,363,940 


5,482,589 


16,126 


4,242.809 


5,13! 




1,51 


1,791,479 


_ 


1,532.71(1 


1,734,400 


- 


918,952 


1,50. 


6 


164,105 


295,827 


- 


117,878 


162 





73. 


159,987 




63, 755, 456 


72,292,349 


.in in 


40,8*8,749 


50,752,138 


1 -,l ir.M 


49,484,337 


61,959,357 




9,550,889 


10,956,781 


81,981 


7.262.4N 


9,279,241 


143,533 


6,961,394 


9,151,256 




114,524 


205,419 


23,764 


30,785 


106,445 


15,651 


26,857 


75,312 


7 


206,731 


255,294 


50. 


109,591 


178,331 


15,085 


130,475 


166,877 




50,631 


134,407 


53,093 


10 


.522 


14,836 




24,136 


8 


11. 484, 555 


12,799,483 


88,976 


13,390 


19, 


lls 


6, 261. r,l 


8,096,222 


t 


0,261 


1,697,834 


Id 


1,960,243 






5,172 


&gt;,308 






1,499,985 


860,011 


24: 


l.W.lOfi 


570,751 


88,176 


77 


10 


65,161 


271 


;,160 


7. ,,846 


7,745 


107,718 


,731 


173,271 




84,952 


134 






138,854 


- 


73 


181,858 


11 


85 


124 


- 


70 


193 





67,550 


145,029 




1,7(1,955 


2,228,27 


288,212 


2,107,122 


3,459,391 


130,714 


872,948 


1.312,744 




3l.597.17fi 


33, 71,673 


556,598 


27,931,258 


31,855,642 


414,362 


25,791,914 


29,119,512 




MO 


444,698 


4,075 


151,518 


20: , 


5,002 


60,726 


148,157 


12 




4,030 


21,165 


497 


637,632 


20,614 


197,876 


376 




302 


202,583 




318,804 


318,804 


- 


365,417 


365.417 


13 


318,202 


318,202 


- 


344 


344,467 





230,941 


230,941 




8,668,200 


8,766,708 


10 


0,482 


9,658,960 


26 


13,755,545 


13.755,571 


14 


7,585 


14,052,977 


23 


12,084,398 


11,278 


- 


8,482,336 


8,482,404 




3,127.681 


3,129,360 




,734 


939, . .".." 


1,266 


118,065 


119,334 


15 


2. US, 672 


2,451,981 





660,433 


661,030 


1,835 


70,157 


71.993 




.433 


72,188 


22 


52,4* 


67 


3 


26,302 


33,810 


1C 


317,77: 


328,192 


266 


234,848 


248.200 


14 


86,286 


106,334 




55,447 


43,935,264 




7,779,558 


34,990,378 





11,932,192 


37,232,644 


17 


1,110,848 


3,273,335 


_ 


644,692 


2,640,824 





436,506 


1,:; ,3,035 




16,4: 


25,642,291 


41,100 


10,879,583 


15,598,940 


203,740 


13,899,306 


21,254,638 


18 


1,636,046 


2,120,956 


2,510 


800,650 


1,140,264 


10,04 . 


660,141 


978,164 




. ,082 


92,087 





134.1M 


134,113 


- 


371,651 


371,656 


19 


189,130 


189,142 


- 


280,250 


280.266 


- 


522,029 


522,071 




20,924,948 


24,391,806 


23,964 


15,592,912 


18,275,650 


33,275 


10,711,113 


12,187,459 




26,31" 


26,354 




28,627 


28,630 




35,960 


35,960 


20 


216,298 


216,594 


- 


207,610 


207,610 


- 


136,263 


136,263 




579,09 


701,787 


2,220 


328,903 


416,284 


10,048 


93,927 


175,74* 


21 


62,078 


72,922 


349 


32,917 


41,680 


1,127 


8,535 


16,010 




495,138 


725,08 


38,970 


1,301,088 


2,137,141 


157,218 


966,281 


1,642,167 


22 


36,838 


43,15o 


2,071 


76,711 


125,610 


6,238 


28,854 


47,847 




15,70 


15,80 


1 


27,554 


27,583 


10 


39,751 


39,900 


23 


166,080 


167,250 


12 


269,366 


269,867 


127 


271,407 


273,159 




2,950,730 


2,950,73 


1,980 


7,229,715 


7,231,695 


2,640 


, 9,081,419 


9,084,059 


24 


128,71 


128,71o 


226 


319,088 


319,314 




261,413 


261,637 




242,342 


4,553,57 


55,327 


441,998 


2,704,340 


108,012 


226,235 


3,882,799 


25 


21,744 


301,15 


5,360 


17,658 


139,015 


3,104 


10,669 


128,985 




250,35 


280,58 


4,358 


280,580 


308,292 


8,69" 


147,063 


172,231 


2f 


979,301 


1,337,860 


41,676 


1,381,494 


1,620,246 


55,396 


1,037,704 


1,245,748 





438 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and AH Coun 
tries in quantities and values by classes entered for consumption in the four 
fiscal years 1919-1922. con. 



No. 



Principal articles by classes. 



I. Vegetable products con. 

Prepared foods and bakery products 
1 Biscuits, sweetened . lb. 

$ 
Biscuits, not sweetened lb. 

$ 
Bread , passover $ 

4 Cereal foods, prepared, in packages not 

exceeding 25 lb lb. 

$ 

5 Cereal foods prepared, n.o.p $ 

6 Macaroni and vermicelli lb. 

Total prepared foods and bakery 
products $ 

Other kindred products 

"7 Arrowroot lb. 

$ 
Milk food and other similar preparations. $ 

Total grain, flours and kindred 
products $ 

Gums and re-ins 
t) Arabia, amber, etc lb. 

$ 
Australian, copal, damar, etc lb. 

$ 
Chicle or sappato gum, crude lb. 

I 

Lac, crude, seed, button, stick and shell., lb. 

13 Resin or rosin in packages cwt. 

I 

Total gums and resins $ 

14 Nuts, all kinds $ 

Oils, vegetable, and by-products 

15 Oil cake and meal cwt. 

* 


Castor oil gal. 

$ 

Chinawood and rosin oil $ 

Cocoanut, palm and palm kernel oil gal. 

$ 
Cocoanut oil, n.o.p gal. 

s 

Cotton seed oil, crude gal. 

$ 
Cotton seed oil, n.o.p gal. 

$ 
Essential oils, n.o.p lb. 

$ 
Flaxseed or linseed oil raw or boiled lb. 

$ 
Olive oil gal. 

Total oils, vegetable $ 

Total oils, vegetable, and by 
products $ 



1919. 



United 
Kingdom. 



876 

271 

414 

46 



33,329 

6,543 

17 



6,877 



341 

95 

27,642 



52,998 



32,482 



32,587 



30,251 



3,501 
5,861 

11,511 

14,756 



22,395 
75,853 



79 
239 



97,433 



97,433 



United 

States. 



22,919 



5 
421 



168 
568 
43,899 
121,709 



,912,471 

181,246 

56,988 

49,843 

5,516 



414,622 



21,593 

3,458 

360,845 



23,163,036 



814,336 



473,511 
304,574 



337,099 
1,216,508 



2,347,822 



2,258,535 



491,842 

1,304,191 

30,198 

83,686 

719,667 

515,400 

631,054 

13,918 

25,727 

4,596,851 

7,403,369 

169,200 

286.879 

313,880 

519,008 

60,383 

11,199 

10,688 

33,363 



10,090,875 



11,395,066 



All 
Countries. 



I 



35,823 

6,927 

443,935 

47,172 
121,709 

956,461 
188,757 

57,610 
115,272 

12,764 



431,939 



360,603 

55,720 

389,883 



27,107,023 



1,144,257 



1,967,521 
1,141,543 



337,099 
1,216,508 



3,514,817 



3,475,002 



. 



495,855 
313,088 
56,078 
135,006 
806,496 
2,390,107 
3,089,637 
28,950 
45,123 
4,596,851 
7,403,369 
169,650 
287,419 
398,104 
676,281 
70,299 
12,657 
20,429 
64,428 



13,000,337 



14,313,925 



United 
Kingdom. 



214,041 
75,053 
66,382 
16,107 



47,906 

11,396 

1,974 



104,530 



35,349 

4,647 
29,088 



212,241 



35,322 

13,144 

110,729 

19,545 



18,593 
24,770 



57,469 



220,973 



111,610 
206,335 

17,977 
34,762 



215 

643 

32,321 

90,266 

532,607 

038,697 

3,574 

26,912 



1,413,204 



1,413,204 



IMPORTS OF CANADA 



439 



1 !. -Imports of Canada from tin- I nited Kingdom, the United States and All Coun 
tries in quantities and values by classes entered for consumption in the four 
fiscal years 1919-19?!- con. 



1920. 


1921. 


1922. 










No. 


I nited 


All 


United 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 




Sfcr 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Count i 


Kingdom. 


suites. 


Countries. 




121,741 


352, 136 


201,817 


141 




..369 




11)2.02 . 


1 




106,81fi 


87, 727 


14 


107 




11.:, u 


M, ln&gt; 






J.867 


199JH: 


521,420 




309 


26! 


5!I7. 10 


2 




0] 


26, 




1,418 


31 


1, I M 


76 




150, 2ti." 


150 


- 


101 


103.772 


- 




L3JJ 


3 


2.01 


2,079,552 


34.401 


629,025 


670.047 




867 




4 


230,211 




8,740 


70,618 




11.477 


89, 


102 




57 


60,7s- 


4,97.? 




37 


1,47: 


26 




5 


881 


.i41),960 




85i 


Ml. 004 




886.12 . 


1,091 


6 


106,461 


115,895 


21 


111,550 


lit 


- 


93,826 


114,811 




636.941 


;.!. 


128,393 


387,282 


549.006 


92.046 


;{!&gt;s,x:5: 


,V&gt;6.74P 




10,976 


202,032 


4,830 


13,582 


141 




39.614 


184 


7 


1,780 


.140 


781 


1.207 


13 






13,552 




380,966 


411 


73,883 


480,908 


556 


45.1.-.: 


355. ( Mi: 


1,866 


8 


22.923.93fi 


26. 931. :: 


268,700 


17.SI3.713 


21,014,801 


226,626 


12,506,712 


14.375.S.M 




366,900 


467,982 


270,594 


18:. 


. 74 . 


91,411 




459,291 


9 


125,438 


I. . 1,856 




80 


146 


14.HI4 


62 


^7 




1,7! 


1, MO, 840 


76, l .7 


1,84- 


19,77* 28,962 


1,317 


1,127,14:; 


10 




357 




392,798 




6,293 








.117 


2,0* 


- 




514 


- 




492.08C 


11 


014 


1 , .". ! 


_ 


131 




_ 


171,511 








77 


836 




1 . 7!2 


1,07 




12 


1,1! 




















336 






1 






13 


1,459,395 


1,459,395 


2,201 






6 




.048 




3,199,18-4 


4,716,231 


150,235 


2,884.338 


3,316.011 


21.758 


1.553,478 


1.791.433 




3,142,417 


5,889,573 


343,546 


2,129,665 


4,8s 


186 


1,893,434 


4,534 


14 


( 7,106 


98,106 


1,578 


186,236 


:,862 


500 


104,609 


106,113 


15 


333,071 


336,310 


10,757 


,278 


50 : 






(,095 




31 


143,717 


95,875 


10,645 






11,471 


103,380 


16 


70. 


.231 


201,694 


.001 




80,878 


15 


.438 








1,958 


678 




10 


301 


312 


17 






142 


904,517 


1,10! 


45 


1,285.17! 


1,342 


18 


1,17 


1,255,664 


221 


1,1." 


1,4, 


41. 


954,222 


1,008,897 




121 


12! 


34 




126,526 


9,362 


54,017 


63 


19 




267,020 


85,709 


181 


.,867 


14,190 


78,572 


,040 




5,789,859 


5,789,859 


- 


4,173,007 


4,173,007 


- 


4,886,834 


4,886,834 


20 


9,5! 


9,518,484 


- 


3,944,645 


3,944,645 


- 


3,283,915 


3,283,915 




191,361 


101,091 


797 


167,241 


168,038 


388 


69,639 


70,040 


21 


372 


373,232 


1,675 


221,868 


223,543 


849 


56,623 


57,487 




311,868 


388,395 


45,806 


212,447 


235,400 


30,723 


274,868 


346,047 


22 


739,891 


971,598 


162,269 


55: 


874,628 


70,042 


395,128 


556,703 




288,651 


4,836,108 


5,375,276 


492,521 


9,955,926 


239,887 


103,372 


416,231 


23 


63. 


1,106,531 


1,310,413 


97,400 


1,425,452 


16,779 


10,241 


34,543 




106,7:54 


202,302 


2,693 


69,601 


136,764 


4,284 


91,305 


190,242 


24 


324,678 


633,903 


13,786 


227,831 


518,254 


13,905 


226,982 


498,412 




13,959,003 


15,973,417 


2,043,493 


7,593,638 


10,328,589 


270,173 


5,622,249 


6,317,924 




14,292,674 


16,309,727 


2,054,250 


8,083,916 


10,829,754 


271,823 


5,847,618 


6,547,019 





440 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and All Coun 
tries in quantities and values by classes entered for consumption in the four 
fiscal years 1919-1922 con. 



No 


Principal articles by classes. 


1919. 




United 
Kingdom. 


United 

States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 
2 

3 
4 

5 
6 

7 
8 

9 
10 

11 
12 

13 

14 
15 

16 
17 

18 

19 

20 

21 
22 
23 


I. Vegetable products con. 

Plants, trees, shrubs and vines . . $ 


13,549 

548,488 
208,454 
17,121 
166,484 


369,285 

4,819,213 
2,314,508 
1,024,171 
1,093,046 


468,863 

19,227,232 
7,794,260 
1,045,140 
1,287,601 


20,872 

6,764,275 
3,626,381 
22,973 
326,024 


Rubber and its products 
Rubber and gutta-percha, crude caout 
chouc lb 


$ 
Tires for vehicles, all kinds $ 


Manufactures of India-rubber, n.o.p $ 


Total rubber and its products ... $ 


630,315 


6,380,323 


12,315,711 


4,282,954 


Seeds 
Clover seed lb. 


32,442 


348,685 
16,187 
116,118 
546,666 

543,630 


348,685 
17,660 
121,213 
632,082 

543,630 


128,252 
84,669 
980 
13,165 
100,672 


$ 
Flax seed bush 


$ 
Garden, field and other seeds $ 


Timothy seed lb. 


$ 
Total seeds | 


137,088 


1,782,359 


1, 987.99S 


335 ,829 


Starch and its products $ 


2,721 

13,648 
3,195 

775 
65 


339,775 

1,262,224 
246,210 
575,535 
38,099,183 
11,978,138 


347,944 

1,907,121 
332,952 
3,849,981 
718,982,416 
35,385,037 


9,389 

561,535 

184,608 
70,816 
6,016 

578 


Sugar and its products 
Candy and confectionery . lb 


$ 
Molasses and syrups, n.o.p.. $ 


Sugar, cane and beet lb 


$ 

V 

Total sugar and its products. . . $ 


3,260 


12,800,784 


39,568,991 


256,002 


Cocoa and its products 
Cocoa beans, not roasted, crushed or 
ground cwt 


- 


51,290 
717,571 


167,551 

2,178,714 


15,560 
343,485 


$ 

Cocoa paste, cocoa or chocolate prepara 
tions, etc ... lb. 


957 
454 

4,480 
963 


1,761,817 
361,351 
4,028,303 
1,241,222 


1,766,298 
362,527 
4,032,783 
1,242,185 


62,452 
30, 151 
1,555,832 
668,923 


$ 
Cocoa butter lb 


$ 
Total cocoa and its products ... $ 


1,417 


2,320,144 


3,783,426 


1,042,559 


Coffee, green, imported direct. . . lb 


27.462 
3,073 


- 


14,509,843 
1,585,992 


1,277,738 
417,173 


8 
Total coffee and chicory lb. 


29,406 
3,439 


765,929 
269,745 


15,363,098 
1,865,612 


1,289,168 
422,072 


$ 
Spices $ 


118,465 
28.076 
7,167 

19 
102 
17,197 
61,995 
107,634 
259,422 


327,548 
112,019 
29,394 

24,329,409 
10,325,820 

3,955 
23,681 
963 
3,060 
365,132 
319,703 


818,620 
17,174,279 
3,793,724 

25,103,080 
10,910,010 

29,770 
159,069 
21,085 
73,137 
499,451 
589, 905 


395,467 
2,901,458 
1,122,828 

26, 128 
34,873 

21 
171 
14,732 
66,517 
118,512 
287,339 


Tea lb 


$ 
Tobacco 

Tobacco, unmanufactured lb. 


Tobacco, manufactured 
Cigars lb 


$ 
Cigarettes lb 


$ 
Tobacco, cut , lb 


$ 
Total tobacco . lb 


154,414 
381,561 


24,742,742 
10,695,273 


25,726,472 
11,815,350 


221 ,059 
506,690 


$ 



IMPORTS OF CANADA 



111 



1 &gt; Imports of Canada from the I iiited Kingdom, I ho Tinted States and All Conn- 
trios in quantities and \alnos by classes entered for consumption in the four 
fiscal years l!H-lri. -con. 



1920. 


mi. 


193 


No 


Unit 


All 

.utries. 


Bttad 

Kingdom. 


I n 
Sfci 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


Tinted 


All 
Countries. 




477,368 


709,507 


721 


450,380 


993,045 


23,621 


343,845 


934,242 


1 


1,388,440 

2,! 
L. 987, 259 

1,032,144 


24.433,498 
12. Old. 732 

1.404 


4,734,734 
{83,864 

31.007 
515,069 


7. .-,14.661 
1,97 
2,193.992 

1.1C 


22,806,201 

8,887,11)0 
Ml 
1,688,865 


820,963 

401 
10,254 
390 


13,278,344 
2,268,279 
1.151 

785,592 


18,952,465 
3,437,716 
1.1SS.981 
1,202,623 


t&gt; 

3 
4 


8,244,814 


18, 659,435 


3,568,581 


7,255,178 


15,486,960 


828,055 


5,233,577 


7,142,258 




2,534,024 
1,21 
49,890 
250, 2 . 1 
560,315 
11,480,702 
1 4S6.594 


2,60. 
1,30 
107 
431 
721,549 
11,498,560 
1.4\8,800 


70 

4,475 
62,703 


2,596,382 
559.276 
31." 
1,221, I M 
601.055 

-1.201 

814 


2,598,380 
56C 
536 

2,01 
721,463 
-1,201 
814,023 


481,640 
100 
140 
876 
55,950 
1.090 
547 


3,063,040 
613 

1 , O .IO 

476,896 
12,851 

925,803 


3,547,080 
715,201 

284,476 
11."), 605 
592,773 
12, 
926,350 


5 



7 

8 


3, fill, 478 


4,210,782 


242,854 


3,440,667 


4,732,501 


265,019 


2,077,032 


2,936,335 




340,550 


353,865 


14,053 


513.191 


553,562 


16,541 


233,326 


270,685 


9 


1,8*2,504 
475,644 
661,806 

340,622, 136 
404 


2,897,011 
74) 
4,4i 
,082,73* 
68,457,361 


878.860 
32f&gt; 

5,04 

,724 


1,283,907 
396,796 
60! 
167,844,267 
20,471,695 


2,483,597 
- .230 
-8,383 
706,825,703 
78,276,361 


1,497,753 
409,161 
52,146 
3,120 
283 


1,080,747 

197, IN l 

,209 
166,444,888 
9,0:. 


3,131,802 

1,68* 

883,2*3,112 
41,624 


10 

11 

It! 


23,684,991 


73,618,354 


1,395,383 


21,479,853 


86,670,230 


461 ,590 


9,660,328 


44,440,911 




93,790 

7.77 


166,494 

3,55 


9,778 
150,832 


61,117 
858.586 


lit. 
1.717,316 


29,301 
286,839 


71,541 
687,282 


163,973 
1,557,382 


13 


1.437,51 
411, MO 
7,06 
2,941,311 


1,535,17 

1.-.X.184 
8,630,460 
3,615,33 


1,121,305 

412.121 
427,16 
171.633 


705,908 
126,510 
2,68*. 1 " 
876,043 


1,863,549 
i,03 

1,105,314 


443,134 
.064 
869,11 
268,304 


640,118 
91,992 
3,688,213 
.839 


1,149.967 
205,30 
5,124,46 
1,430,214 


II 


5,391,02 


7,626,74a 


734,585 


1,861,139 


3,376,66 


651 ,20 


1,779,113 


3,192,89 






19,028,18 


1,358,714 




16,293,94 


971,438 





20,049,31 


1( 


- 


4,449,75 


433,61 


- 


3,814,09 


185,84 


~~ 


3,020,76 




1,577,77 
590,00 


20,759,37 
5,077.10 


1,429,93 
461,66 


1,120,46 
390, 71 


17,791,37 
4,284,50 


996,42 
197,33 


1,612,420 
452.65 


21,745,55 
3,491,81 


1 


444,44 

1.227,65 
309,683 


1,130,90 
32,339,35 
8,336,16 


598,83 
12,058,58 
3,886,38 


318,16 
326,58 
85,68 


1,158,06 
33,422,90 
9,668,78 


519,47 
12,390,35 
3,632,50 


267,53 
275, 18 
55,72 


1,053,52 
38,844,70 
9,132,09 


1 
1 


23,398,74 
12,878,16 


24,345,29 
13,604,75 


47,40 
38,54 


19,032,36 
12,108,28 


20,007,41 
13,083,29 


17,76 
7,64 


19,848.43 
8,108,63 


20,870,50 
8,867,46 


2 


1 77 


26,69 


14 


1,15 


28,66 


16 


1,00 


15,08 


2 


10 90 


175,13 


1,44 


7,69 


205,32 


1,31 


7,90 


125,26 




3 57 


19,92 


13,54 


10,80 


25,61 


20,24 


5,39 


27,13 


2 


10,87 


84,36 


72,13 


27,58 


105,30 


86,39 


17,43 


110,26 




350,43 


504,72 


160,91 


279,86 


474,00 


154,65 


182,86 


359,72 


1 


372,01 


674,89 


489,51 


346,22 


852, 74 


445,44 


243,82 


699,26 




23,77.&gt;,9.i 
13,185,99 


25,982,14, 
14,673,55 


266,09 
690,89 


19,348,48 
12,510,05 


20,604,16 
14,356.29 


254,06 
664,18 


20 ,064 ,323 
8,399,87 


21,360,66 
9 ,947 ,90 





442 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12.-Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and AH 

an 



No 



Principal articles by classes. 


~ 

_ 


. 

191! 


&gt;. 








United 
Kingdom. 


United 

States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


I. Vegetable products concluded. 
Vegetables, fresh $ 


K( 








I 


Vegetables, canned lb 


C7 COf 


51/17 O/i ( 


3,190,44^ 


100,270 


3 


$ 
Sauces and pickles . . ea i 


7,371 

4.7 A71 


, 14/,/4( 
505, 60( 

1O1 7A( 


) 5,617,981 

580,881 


60 
20 


4 


$ 
Miscellaneous vegetable products- 
Alcohol, industrial gal 


103, 32* 


121, /Uc 

154,45$ 

nOKf 


287,43;: 
328, S5i 


79,842 
201,657 


5 


Hops lb 


7 1Q* 


,80,: 

11,681 


11,855; 
11,681 




6 


8 
Turpentine, spirits of gal 


1 , lo/ 

4,117 


233,631 


237, 74^ 


31,658 
28,720 


7 


$ 
Yeast . . lh 


- 


565,174 


920,363 
565,174 


21 
56 




$ 


- 


977,556 


3,808,590 
977,569 







Total vegetable products (except 
chemicals, fibres and wood). . . . $ 


2,823,002 


103 ,925 ,162 


157,506,654 


17,004 533 


8 


n. Animals and their products (except chemi 
cals and fibres). 

Animals, living $ 


mi 07 


1/IA7 OC9 






9 


Bone, ivory and shell products . $ 


100 ^17 


, 40 / , ooo 


,647,192 


196,178 


10 


Feathers and quills ... $ 


1Q IIP; 


9QP f\RA 


oo9,385 


156,551 


11 


Fishery products- 
Cod, haddock and pollock, fresh lb. 






355,287 


67, 185 


12 


$ 
Halibut, fresh lb 


- 


38,112 


64,343 


_ 


13 


$ 
Oysters, shelled, in bulk g- a l 


- 


/Zo, L6Z 

32,263 

lie C77 


615,678 
73,82 


_ 


14 


I 
Salmon, fresh lb 


- 


110, oil 
244,855 


110,577 
244,855 


_ 


15 


$ 
Sardines and anchovies box 


- 


19,232 

roi KOI 


968,567 

57,573 


_ 


16 


Cod, haddock, pollock, dried lb 


143 


051, dZi 

61,736 

QA COO 


648,683 
70,397 


212,391 
33,961 


17 


$ 
Herrings, pickled or salted lb . 


- 


oU, Ooo 

3,903 

OOO 10Q 


,71b,283 

477,638 


- 






11,932 


Zoo, loo 
22,411 


1^,45.3,818 
688,864 


620,557 
46,435 




Total fishery pioducts $ 


14 7Q1 


871 1Af 












oli,6ib 


,593,4$ 


138,999 


18 


Furs, hides, leather and their products 
Fur skins, all kinds, not dressed $ 


47 410 








19 


Fur skins, wholly or partly dressed $ 


is 179 


3Q7 cin 


, o/o, 179 

COfT Anf\ 


318,383 


20 


Hatters furs, not on the skin $ 


Id, 1 i L 

41 Q43 


oy/ , DIU 


Doo , 4o(J 


104,769 










OU7,o37 


49,923 




Total furs and skins . . $ 


ion ?OQ 


4 *^f*7 4.*)Q 










* 




,0^0.8/4 


697 ,910 


21 


Total hides and skins $ 


K1 /IftO 








22 


Leather and manufactures of 
Belting leather $ 








659,217 


a 


Calf, kid or goat, lamb and sheep skins, 
dressed, waxed, or glazed $ 


91 Q90 


lo, vOi 

3KOO fl/IQ 


,dOo 


,761 


24 


Glove leathers, tanned or dressed ... $ 




, 0/O,U4o 

9 C71 R]0 


3, 544, 963 

2Q71 f\-tQ 


91,061 


25 


Upper leather, including dongola, etc. $ 


*)! 242 


404. 907 


,o/l, Olo 
ACE* cii Q. 


lo, 122 


26 


Boots and shoes, slippers and insoles $ 


78 QQ4 


2fiOQ 391 


450, Olo 


dZlfOOt 












94 , UU9 




Total leather and manufactures 

of c 


*&gt;&gt;Q JAff 


UOO1 O1 1 












,-. ;1 ,411 


,4oa ,787 


1 ,125 ,507 


27 


Hair and bristles $ 


Qfi 707 


oor or/( 


A 9 A1 9 




28 


Meat- 
Beef, fresh, chilled or frozen lb 




OOO, 504 
1 Ai c 740 


4o^, 61i5 

1 C1 C OCQ 


162,220 


29 


$ 
Mutton and lamb, fresh, chilled or frozen lb 

1 


- 


299,066 
1,696,612 
383,477 


1, 010, 80O 

299,084 
5,928,089 
913,870 


- 



IMPORTS OF CANADA 



443 



1 &gt; imports of Canada from the Inited Kingdom, the United States and All Coun 
tries in quantities and values by classes entered for consumption in the four 



192d. 


1921. 


1082. 

1 


S T o. 


1 nited 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


I niU d 
tes. 


All 
Countries. 


United 

Kingdom. 


I" nited 
toe. 


All 
Countries. 


3,960,602 
14,012,753 
1,144,488 
MS, 697 

205,384 

307.598 
.,878 
1,752,331 
984 
1,025,723 
1,373,706 
3,247,391 
878,242 


4,292,272 
11. sun, 253 
1,301, 
341 

320,388 
229,242 
1,850,742 
1,065,224 
1,025,744 
1,372,764 
3,247,776 


111,418 
1,1 

10 
; 
B7.486 

48. 
5 
48 


4,563,463 

,158 
111 
128 

006 

1,447. 
1. 1 
507 
791 
1,131,170 
1,577.500 
465,421 


4,890, 
193 
1,124,041 

500,148 

1,342,794 
1,650,254 
1,681, 
1.0(1(1,711 
791 
1,131,224 
1 . 57 


142,644 

.175 

114,087 

252,389 

20 
100 

39,940 

4 
12 


3,547,191 
3,747, 
371,480 

59,911 
98,706 

95,712 

2,055,543 

757,941 
1,764,055 
578,487 


3,916,586 
6,407,327 

1,311 

400,447 

IM.882 

641,915 

2,141, 
77^ 
977,^71 
757 
1,704,108 
578 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 
6 

7 

8 


10 

11 
12 
13 
11 
15 
16 
17 

18 
19 
20 

21 
22 

23 
24 

! 25 
28 

i 

J 27 

I 28 

29 

5 


142 ,510,266 


2 12 ,075,38* 


38,724,130 


121 ,082 ,297 


281,081,334 


27 ,949 ,006 


85,336,700 


173 ,274 ,288 


2,372,530 
478,425 
488 

2,658,136 
100 

1,0 . 

11" 

174,414 
106,061 
100,013 

.870 

41,441 
153 

33 . 


^0,377 
.,094 

2,836,678 
108,014 

2,01 

174.411 
40&lt;&gt;.o5i 

3, 461, .Us 
11 


397. 7 JM 
867,021 

91,920 

1,008 

4 
1,0! 
83 


801,718 

.317 

897 
36,007 
498 
60. 

11 

91 
310 


8,071,001 
1,01 
583 

1,111,052 
2,61 

11 

1,57 

.717 

1,001 
427 


11SJ24 
45 

,513 
.5,909 


75,813 
188 

I . ii 

.,784 
.989 
46: 
48,712 
!,106 

.(ISO 


2,504,015 
305 
307,511 

721 
.660 
2,550.7 .i7 
196,416 
132,106 

2,074,790 
165,106 

47 
8,11 
470,713 
10,024,124 

330,771 


1 ,687 ,581 


3 ,678 ,019 


201 


1,11 


3 ,947 ,608 


156 ,689 


1,210,177 


3, 071 ,:: 


0,410,845 

68( 
_ ,378 


10,295,065 
1.8! 

2,301 


319 


3,60 


1,1: 
8,810 


32,792 


6,218,494 

153, 188 


8,585 
1,21 
245,90) 


10,989,174 


12,87: 


509,919 


4 ,689 ,101 


6,586,523 


169,295 


7 ,025 ,455 


8 ,151. .11 7 


12,627,98? 
123, 2Sc 
5,848,651 

2,0: 

1,489,51; 

2,611,96- 


22,654,661 
251,04 * 

) 5, 95t), 7,1: 
2,09 
1,811,401 
[ 2,711,62: 


40: 
395, 59c 

152,18? 
!)4,S4. : 
356,49^ 
358,45 


4,436,390 

7:3,7:;t 

l,643,49i 
5,40f 
508 

1,803,441 


10,652,787 
469,331 

1 ,799,30? 
1 2.068.9K 
868,29? 
2,175,205 


75,402 
150, 04? 

58,40( 
10,81- 
155,171 
335,761 


3,405,012 
35,58? 

1,648,43? 
686,37? 
429,40? 
977,78? 


5,898,087 
185,636 

1,731, 60S 
711,872 
603,13* 

1,327,561 


15,742,09 


I 17,102,80 


I 2 ,075 ,62 


7,842,171 


L 10 ,545 ,00 


1 1 ,139 ,06! 


1 5 ,318 ,60? 


J 6,875,585 


473,42 

1,811,60 
230,24 
2,365,10 
490,18 


740,90 

9 1,811,60 
230,24 
5 4,842,90 
2 803,77 


111,25 

9 

4 

4 


601,671 

1,541,43 
290,12 
2,910,73 
1 562,80 


959,92 

1,632,86 
299,54 
7 7,847,70 
3 1,272,16 


65,97 

: 
1 

1 
5 


339,84 

72,80 
20,05 
2,630,35 
420,79- 


532,22! 

73,51! 
i 20,08, 
7 3,416,33 
i 533,00 



444 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



K- ~ S&lt;la 



"* 



No. 



Principal articles by classes. 



II. Animals and their products concluded. 

Meats concluded. 
Pork, fresh, chilled or frozen lb. 

Bacon and hams, shoulders and sides, 
cured ]b. 

$ 
Canned meats, poultry and game lb. 

4 Pork, dry salted and in brine lb. 



5 Soups and extracts $ 

Total meats 

Milk products 

6 Butter lb. 

7 Casein lb. 

8 Cheese lb 

i 

Total milk and milk products $ 

Oils, fats, greases and waxes 

9 Animal oils gal. 

$ 

10 Fish, whale and seal oils gal. 

11 Lard lb. 

Lard compound, etc lb. 

13 Grease, rough lb. 

$ 

14 Grease and degras lb. 

15 Oleomargarine lb 

t 

Total oils, fats, greases and waxes . . $ 

Miscellaneous animal products, n.o.p. 

! -Eggs doz. 

$ 
17 Gelatine and isinglass lb. 

$ 

Glue, powdered or sheet and liquid $ 

Honey and imitations thereof lb. 

$ 
Sausage casings, n.o.p $ 

Total animals and their products 
(except chemicals and fibres.) ... $ 



21 
22 
23 

24 
25 

26 



III. Fibres, textiles and textile products. 

Cotton and its products 
Cotton, wool or raw cotton, not dyed lb. 

$ 
Crochet and knitting cotton lb. 

$ 
Sewing cotton thread in hanks lb. 

$ 

Sewing thread on spools $ 

Yarn, cotton, No. 40 and finer.. . . . . . . . . . . lb. 

f 
Yarn, cotton, polished or glazed lb. 



the United States and AH Coun- 

n the four 



1919. 



United 
Kingdom. 



18,513 



18,563 



4 
27 



2,004 
401 

46,247 
6,363 



6,795 



140,836 
74,290 
45,179 



17,502 



993 ,123 



United 

States. 



3,495,320 
809,574 

1,192,377 

270,367 

453,728 

98,616 

11,180,719 

2,432,286 

542,544 

5,154,384 



All 
Countries. 



203,372 
62,462 

33,319 

164,305 

61,301 



3,516,020 
813,266 

1,195,818 

271,556 

531,403 

113,495 

11,187,399 

2,434,115 

682,855 



5 ,905 ,271 



1,939,062 
715,671 

33,319 

172,943 
64,867 



184,314 



249,563 

415,875 
28,686 
37, 137 

604,461 

144,850 
,115,997 

401,986 
,048,930 

495,129 
,724,861 

224,617 
,217,916 

180,656 



841 ,089 



268,013 

416,099 

368,454 

541,951 

644,969 

152,381 

2,115,997 

401,986 

17,253,689 

1 



1 



2 ,949 ,656 



,558,819 
627,058 
482,751 
310,885 
249,848 
324,466 
84,496 
202,084 



5,332 

3,847 

221,832 

355,814 

287, 684 

398,625 

167,026 

621,509 

839,109 

38,848 

62,419 



31,068,553 



875,751 
945,850 
255,034 
4,217,916 
1,180,656 



5,091,895 



1,755,122 
681,849 
679,219 
411,466 
295,191 
453,978 
103,508 
372,113 



111,717,913 

34,004,891 

192,296 

143,211 

333,132 

413,169 

359, 100 

1,620,555 

2,000,398 

139,229 

125,046 



41,505,094 



111,723,536 

34,008,824 

414,299 

499,411 

620,821 

811,810 

533,723 

2,242,064 

2,839,507 

178,077 

187,465 



United 
Kingdom. 



20 
12 

240,819 
91,824 



23,252 



214,555 



48, 160 
7,646 
2,014 
1,014 



8,853 



53 

126 



55,103 
.14,635 
173, 185 
18,996 
91,097 
10,640 



54,951 



3 

30 

265,381 

181,595 

93,676 

102,740 

18,503 

7,726 



3,789,311 



323,786 

639,680 

194, 160 

275,582 

95,162 

868,490 

,413,941 

17,563 

28,567 



IMPORTS OF CANADA 



445 



12. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the I nited States and Ail Coun 
tries in quantities and values by classes entered for consumption in the four 
fiscal years 1919-19T&gt; (m . 



1920. 


1921. 


1922. 




XT 


United 


All 


I nited 


Tinted 


All 


United 


I nited 


All 


No. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 




46,293,256 


46,305,353 




22,402,444 


22,402,444 




28,595,181 


28,600,126 


1 


14,496,277 


14,407,467 





3,862,311 


3,862,311 


611 


4,443,123 


4,443,933 




4,973,539 


4,977,954 


303 


6,817,359 


6,823,423 


1,200 


6,901,466 


6,902,688 


2 


: 184,4 


1,38! 


111 


1,545,380 


1,548,084 


496 


1,242,414 


1,242, Ills 




585,280 


1,017,871 


1,130,112 


450,71H 




817,478 


475,227 


2,251,556 


3 


182 


331,727 


304,180 


134,857 


557,811 


193,090 


117 


,218 




13,303,215 


13,311,133 


- 


12, DOS. 14 . 


12.911,847 


400 


9,422,215 


9,42 


4 


3,150,515 


3,15 


- 


2,172,715 


2,17 




978,033 


978,468 




697 


755,352 


10 


..300 


818,409 


1,630 


769,450 


772,202 


5 


21,379,8*2 


22,100,333 


5*8,455 


10,128,794 


11,428,483 


303,322 


8,395,529 


9,942,611 




188,271 


397,955 


112 


2,207,077 


11,428 


2,163,984 


1,363,021 


6,078,882 


6 


96,098 


176 




886,555 


5,709 




458,306 


1,883,013 




1,14 


1,234 


224 


170,954 


l.Oi 


_ 


105 


217,613 


7 


145 


159, 177 


125 


23.571 


120,017 





11. 


1! 




349,488 


362,693 


7,401 


45: 


551,040 


26,546 


724,981 


877 


8 


194,791 


206,500 


4,582 


20&lt;- 


[,447 


11,801 


226 390 


325.2U7 




465,877 


572,053 


0,3d 


1,182,180 


2,255,561 


646,774 


742,767 


2,288,273 




in, OH 


1,069 


9,086 


175 


184,72n 




6G 


,709 


t 


080,919 


1,919 


11,935 


267,830 






69 


60,1 ( .i2 




46,805 


162,040 




iH/, o44 


201 




34,606 


128,41Ki 


10 




1,078 


2,133 








21 


71,844 




7,2 . 




- 


11. 


11 




1,109 


1,245 


11 


1,720,076 


1,720,088 


- 


1,90 


1,902,768 


11 


948,068 


948 




2,374,180 


2,467,511 


;,412 




3,2! 


310,416 


2,778,063 


3,088,479 


12 


480,575 


5(X&gt; 


70.271 


M21 






;,4io 


2,980 




7,511,137 


9,657,7t;:; 


637 


13,574,343 


14,310 


18,086 


16,442,645 


16,524 


13 


1,141,225 


1,379,829 


57,013 




.2,550 




1,044,309 


1,04 




1,094,914 


1,186,011 


16 . 


718,712 


906,395 


185,188 


809,994 


1,004, UK; 


14 


124,912 


135 


11,916 




91 


7,337 


57,836 






6,4!&gt;: 


6,497,031 


- 




4,63 


6,000 


1,339,784 


1,345,784 


15 


1.872,104 


1,872,104 





1,206,351 


1,206,351 


1,399 


255,994 


257 




6, 155 ,279 


6,659,263 


183,681 


5,448,882 


5,896,714 


56,641 


2,674,528 


2,792,790 




5,900,279 


5,977,480 


1 


5,201,417 


5,341,936 


6 


9,377,769 


9,637,303 


16 


2,814,484 


2,837,442 


15 


2, . 92, 912 


2,344,297 


39 


3,162,143 


3,239,480 




550,066 


983,988 


402,119 


422,030 


1,103,800 


267 


230,224 


747,887 


17 


377 


663,228 


273,945 


302,313 


756,568 


119,922 


222,013 


461,100 




369,255 


471,509 


150,064 


531,917 


701,877 


102,247 


158,189 


295,385 


18 


126,625 


281,838 


39,144 


203,936 


683,149 


10,947 


407,306 


555,989 


19 


35,106 


63,272 


5,939 


42,640 


128,751 


1,845 


75,099 


92,534 




223,418 


364,489 


2,133 


234,912 


395,401 




236,946 


313,844 


20 


77 ,010 ,313 


5,098,74* 


5 ,148 ,873 


43,911,179 


61 ,722 ,390 


3 ,092 ,895 


36 ,118 ,620 


46,645,789 




96,471,550 


96,471,550 


312 


97,903,804 


98,631,504 


276,971 


94,961,143 


95,385,978 


21 


33,854,457 


33,854,457 


156 


28,164,088 


28,541,989 


69,145 


16,207,537 


16,321,317 


w 


142,634 


467,915 


268,985 


77,713 


352,259 


17,892 


57,746 


93,603 


22 


144,111 


787,980 


783,885 


108,251 


906,157 


47,152 


71,031 


145,397 




207,501 


401,661 


325,102 


201,585 


526,687 


393,905 


210,170 


604,146 


23 


303,729 


579,311 


731,229 


396,759 


1,127,988 


422,906 


238,249 


661,294 




332,231 


429,263 


179,970 


377,137 


571,634 


70,729 


215,348 


315,395 


24 


1,080,144 


1,948,634 


1,786,252 


948,071 


2,739,433 


1,125,451 


1,240,100 


2,371,419 


25 


1,538,809 


2,952,750 


4,098,071 


1,949,410 


6,054,981 


1,115,769 


1,266,305 


2,395,075 




236,032 


253,595 


78,405 


189,695 


268, 100 


3.873 


254,869 


258.742 


28 


198,838 


227,405 


159,467 


198, 702 


358,169 4,692 


129,727 134,419 





446 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and All Coun 
tries in quantities and values by classes entered for consumption in the four 
fiscal years 1919-1922. con. 



No. 



1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

7 
8 

9 
10 



11 
12 
13 

14 
15 

16 
17 

18 



19 

20 
21 



22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 



30 
31 
32 







1919. 








United 
Kingdom. 


United 

States. 


All 

Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


III. Fibres, textiles and textile products con. 

Cotton and its products concluded. 
Yarn, knitting, hosiery yarn, etc Ib. 


94,812 


1,039,356 


1,137,074 


96,315 


f 

Other cotton thread, n.o.p Ib. 


155,220 
10,632 


742,587 
180,626 


901,065 
192,547 


138,290 
36,281 


$ 
Fabrics printed, dyed or coloured yd. 


18,761 
16,321,696 


242,853 
26,849,670 


263,226 
43,737,679 


63,805 
17,356,047 


Grey unbleached cotton fabrics yd. 


5,046.691 
1,201,990 


6,990,071 
7,280,215 


12,157,316 

8,486,765 


7,261,336 
1,695,969 


$ 
Uncoloured cotton fabrics, bleached, etc. yd. 
$ 
White or bleached cotton fabrics yd. 


155,835 
1,000,816 
52,311 
5,940,916 


926,549 
135,336 
17,362 
7,774,656 


1,082,826 
1,136,152 
69,673 
13,809,688 


343,122 
2,195,428 
655,987 
3,098,274 


$ 
Towelling and towels $ 


1,173,529 
610,138 


1,725,215 
327,776 


2,921,405 
985,466 


869,886 
1,304,228 


Velvets, velveteens and plush fabrics yd. 


2,295,777 


596,895 


3,141,001 


1,343,258 


I 

Laces and embroidery $ 


1,568,942 
1,323,321 


659,18? 
1,152,125 


2,453,167 

2,892,747 


965,479 
1,774,322 


Wearing apparel $ 


327,587 


3,607,608 


4,212,201 


523,792 












Total cotton and its products. ... $ 


14,769,293 


59,148,319 


75,260,504 


19,339,240 


Flax, hemp and jute 
Jute or hemp yarn, dved or coloured Ib. 


76,946 


3,622,023 


3,698,969 


2,848,642 


. 
Jute cloth or jute canvas, uncoloured yd. . 
$ 
Other manufactures of $ 


22,762 
2,460,680 
492,252 
2,440,362 


679,424 
4,677,690 
840,089 
1,983,835 


702, 186 
64,900,679 
8,505,893 
4,585,809 


617,598 
18,962,464 
3,574,781 
4,023,088 












Total flax, hemp and jute $ 


2,955,376 


3,503,348 


13,793,888 


8,215,467 












Silk and its products 
Silk, raw Ib. 


7,171 


232,527 


241,036 


27,118 


$ 
Silk fabrics of which silk is the chief com 
ponent part . $ 


35,112 
34,433 


1,514,917 
730,353 


1,558,392 
842,703 


149,754 
19,412 


Silk fabrics, n.o.p 8 


919,821 


8,170,632 


15,901,018 


1,637,210 


Clothing, silk, n.o.p $ 


86,982 


990,015 


1,283,579 


168, 140 


Ribbons, all kinds and materials $ 


261,243 


1,481,545 


1,869,669 


389,496 












Total silk and its products $ 


1,646,587 


13,971,575 


23,053,261 


3,272,348 












Wool and its products 
Wool, raw Ib. 


350,263 


527,813 


15,878,832 


3,674,511 


f 

Noils and waste and worsted tops $ 


202,722 
4,930,688 


513,785 
693,956 


9,228,051 
5,625,090 


2,510,145 
4,148,050 


Yarns composed wholly or in part of wool, 
worsted, the hair of the goat, etc Ib. 


1,859,951 


173,311 


2,033,262 


1,738,834 


$ 
Yarns, woollen or worsted, n.o.p Ib. 


3,047,060 
272,029 


390,100 
13,172 


3,437,160 
286,356 


3,332,307 
240,560 


$ 
Carpets and rugs $ 


486,396 
293,876 


24,541 
304,006 


518,221 
623,520 


571,283 
980,464- 


Cloths and dress goods 
Cassimeres, cloths and doeskins yd. 


983,268 


493,329 


1,478,773 




$ 
Coatings and overcoatings yd. 


2,470,811 

408,428 


1,073,742 
41,932 


3,551,034 
450,360 


2,979,764 
58,717 


$ 
Fabrics of wool, or cotton and wool yd. 


1,056,091 
2,027,795 


111,763 
56,367 


1,167,854 
2,084,162 


163,382 
2,515,403 


$ 
Tweeds yd. 


1,360,292 
505,938 


31,762 
65,794 


1,392,054 
571,732 


2,024,231 
2,030,392 


Women s and children s dress goods, etc. sq. yd. 
$ 
Worsted and serges, including coatings 1 . . . yd. 
$ 
Wearing apparel 
Clothing, women s and children s $ 


784,622 
2,575,173 
1,958,456 

106,509 


103,907 
41,232 
41,251 

1,136,416 


888,529 
2,630,464 
2,013,788 

1,246,919 


4,033,443 
3,890,395 
4,696,049 
4,003,100 
10,061,336 

190, 71& 


Socks and stockings, wool $ 


492,211 


74,965 


567,401 


973,081 


Clothing, ready-made $ 


339,285 


491,962 


832,103 


619,608 












Total wool and Its products $ 


23,567,074 


8,139,089 


40,298,998 


38,555,688 













^Included with coatings and overcoatings in 1919. 



IMPORTS OF CANADA 



447 



I 1 *.- Imports of Canada from the I nlted Kingdom, the Tinted States and All Coun 
tries in quantities and values by classes entered for consumption in the four 
fiscal years 1919-192?. con. 



ttt 


1921. 


1 




ted 


All 


United 




All 


United 




All 


0. 




Countr. 


Kingdom. 




Count i 


Kingdom. 




Counti i 






I.63C 






1,11 








1 


10: 




34: 




1,07 


























2 


311 




144 




47 
















18. 




3 




18 


12 




21 






12 






12 






11 








4 


1,84 


- . 18 


1,44 


1. 1- 








1,10 






5,12 




2. 1 : 










.1 


614 


1.2- 


1,61 




: , 17 


.:&gt;7i 




757,042 




11,18 


14.477 


4.7 




It 








6 




3,50 






4,1. 


.301 


1.400 








1,78 








17,814 


374 


LOU*, ir. 


7 


441 


l,8d 






l,6i 




11. 


084 


8 










1..V 




419 


MOO 




1.2! 




3,11 


1,017,541 


6, 1- 




864 


4,071.1,7(1 


I 


4,51 


5, 30.5,74^ 


1,841,196 


1 . 02s 








3,550.770 


10 


68,219,37? 


89,367.984 


37,103,816 


58,384,465 


99,816,591 


14.016,757 


35,251,452 


52,477,828 




3,068,690 


6.70- 




1,751, i 




1,51 


1,030,870 


2,638,368 


11 


,688 


1,445,77; 


770.800 


: 987 


1,562 


ir 


142 


1.407 












61.242, 124 




21 


68. :!(L. 7! 7 


12 




8,632,7*7 








699,832 


1,1 






1,656,569 


5,84 


5,271,986 


1,28 




17,323 


1,0, 


3.8.V 


13 


3,732.912 


15,923.836 


8,549,354 


I M . ; 


li. 926. 119 


3.462.762 


2,276,438 


8, 061, 367 




313.614 


34:: 


13,628 








361 


1,029 


14 


1,228,511 


3,4( 


101,898 


2,40 .i. 120 




34 


2,501,394 


2,655,756 




1.491. tM 


1.75.-). 77: 


95 


591 


1.428,172 


49,758 


28s 


753,562 


15 


. ..7: 


20,88V 


1,8ft 


2,37 


16.832 


887 


2,84 


13,270,916 


16 


1,711 


2. ISO, 907 


821,281 


984 


1.H1I..V.I.- 


163,606 


1.077,018 


IC/jo CCO 
,OOo 


17 


1,595,05? 


2.84 


63:. 


86* 


3,882.360 


16* 


692,359 


1,881,919 


18 


15.866.297 


34,432,789 


4,272,850 


8.690.263 


29.720.792 


1,823,796 


8,275,412 


21,942,338 




5,110,606 


11,777,890 


2,110,738 


6,670,530 


9,285,663 


5,37 


2,805,468 


12,586,695 


19 


3,464.210 


7. (172. 211 


1,677, 182 


3,071.117 


^S,665 


1,591.771 


641 


3,160,302 




1,665,830 


6.176,394 


5.154.407 


1,051,577 


6^673! 288 


2,714,797 


211,112 


3,357,699 


20 


174.007 


1,932,760 




no. 01; 


2. 882. 1 Of 


1,765,523 


16,481 


1,798,759 


21 


402.. V&gt;7 


12,087 


6.253.721 


158,340 




1,982,356 


24,072 


2,034,893 




79, 770 


321,896 


303,. -&gt;s7 


43,713 


349, 125 


241,983 


27, 154 


270,377 


22 


71 


653,970 


837,610 


64 


919,535 


862,745 


44,588 


418,106 




382,751 


1,437,939 


2,102,583 


270,205 


2,597,358 


1,106,830 


258,548 


1,559,610 


23 








_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


24 


2,557,961 


5,598,264 


3,128,107 


1,322,393 


4,674,100 


1,705,781 


653,527 


2,729,954 




76,042 


US, 359 


64,925 


3,403 


69,031 


46,341 


2,142 


49,049 


25 


126,550 


289,932 


199,501 


10,576 


211,820 


77,601 


5,367 


84,003 




80,016 


2,595,419 


1,789,598 


10,826 


1,800,424 


1,936,077 


11,668 


1,949,745 


26 


71,886 


2,096,117 


1,664,341 


16,854 


1,681,195 


1,191,072 


15,136 


1,208,155 




2,222,791 


4,265,399 


2,139,688 


420,268 


2,585,883 


1,706,666 


191,246 


1,925,303 


27 


3,089,115 


7,158,551 


4,513,330 


794,727 


5,378,147 


2,072,431 


329,751 


2,448,274 




56,222 


4,044,853 


4,757,529 


658 


4,921,659 


3,783,880 


1,600 


3,917,642 


28 


43,138 


4,951,614 


5,418,919 


1,584 


5,808,510 


1,719,411 


819 


1,834,304 




3,665,824 


7,685,015 


5,238,820 


1,103,932 


6,453,434 


5,297,056 


566,657 


6,053,591 


29 


6,201,993 


16,303,136 


14,566,067 


2,252,381 


17,097,360 


9,001,126 


1,032,920 


10,329,758 




2,225,566 


2,430,866 


268,642 


1,293,434 


1,586,551 


234,284 


1,310,254 


1,569,205 


30 


172,943 


1,146,065 


2,783,319 


80,892 


2,864,938 


1,329,983 


40,436 


1,371,731 


31 


859,671 


1,479,768 


1,286,794 


600,262 


1,889,869 


894,196 


364,161 


1,267,454 


32 


22,399.955 


63,493,535 


52,767,847 


12,092,437 


67,017,640 


27,232,945 


5,422,910 


35,227,691 





448 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and All Coun 
tries in quantities and values by classes entered for consumption in the four 
fiscal years 1919-22. con. 



No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


1919. 




United 
Kingdom. 


United 

States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 
2 
3 

4 

5 

6 

7 
8 
9 

10 
11 

12 

13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 

19 

20 
21 
22 
23 
24 

25 

26 
27 

28 
29 

30 
31 

32 
33 
34 


EH. Fibres, textiles and textile products con 
cluded. 
Vegetable fibres and their products 
Binder twine Ib. 


4,524 
70,386 

29,617 
61,562 
213,495 
322,398 
1,171,242 
174,619 
6,443 

29,564 
21,242 

298,526 
144,613 

1,970 

76,096 
169,657 


22,374,574 
5,457,632 
306,692 
6,078,106 

254,627 
97,664 
499,534 
2,111,563 
1,845,133 
184,072 
301,876 

394,330 
279,526 

1,842,950 
844, 704 

374,446 

238,599 
459, 192 


22,374,574 
5,457,632 
314,150 
6,216,817 

284,244 
161,206 
723,653 
2,435,098 
3,100,533 
367,320 
308,478 

667, 289 
305,056 

2,167,953 
1,129,674 

376,914 

320,022 
629,408 


100 

29 
109 
3,803 

28,872 
416,891 

343,648 
278,886 
1,037,540 
469,632 
1,120,119 
216,219 
13,911 

146,626 
33,027 

301,226 
204,354 
151,250 
14,385 
195,910 
198,491 
35,842 


$ 
Manila grass cwt. 


$ 
Sisal grass cwt. 


$ 
Mixed textile products 
Rags and waste $ 


Yarn Ib. 


$ 
Oil cloth , all kinds $ 


Cordage and twines $ 


Curtains and shams $ 


Webbino 1 , elastic, over one-inch wide .... $ 


Wearing apparel (knit and woven), hats 
and caps 
Braids or plaits of chips, palm leaf, etc ... $ 
Hatters bands (not cords) bindings and 
hat sweats, etc $ 


Hats, caps and bonnets, straw, grass or 
chip $ 


Hats, caps and bonnets, beaver, silk or felt $ 
Hats, caps and bonnets, n.o.p $ 


Corsets, all kinds $ 


Gloves and mitts $ 


Knitted goods of every description $ 


Dressing antiseptic surgical, etc.. $ 


Total fibres, textiles and textile 
products $ 


45,968,360 


106,768,458 


178,190,241 


74,653,042 


IV. Wood, wood products and paper. 

Books and printed matter 
Newspapers and quarterly, monthly and 
semi-monthly magazines $ 


44,129 
59,774 
15,070 
10,918 
49,869 
194,527 


2,010,310 
559,348 
835,863 
389,293 
430,396 
149,832 


2,054,729 
625,990 
851,662 
403,527 
481,816 
389,137 


40,529 
94,446 
33,434 
19,631 
55,519 
205,089 


Photographs chromos, etc. $ 


Advertising pamphlets, etc. . $ 


Bank notes, bonds, bills of exchange $ 


Labels for cigar boxes, fruits, etc $ 


Bibles, prayer books, etc $ 


Total books and printed matter. .. $ 

Paper and manufactures of 
Cardboard, millboard, strawboard, news- 
board etc . . $ 


815,683 


7,502,261 


8,496,934 


1,039,609 


930 
38,475 
11,851 
4,282 
501 
11,984 
5,512 
2,754 


929,257 
6,217,162 
600,635 
5,678,090 
328,263 
1,767,382 
248,043 
862,072 


930,187 
6,259,327 
613,052 
5,696,059 
330,171 
1,780,441 
255,273 
883,328 


2,382 
48,270 
15,000 
106 
118 
26,229 
12,852 
14,901 


Book and printing paper, not coated Ib. 


9 

Wrapping paper, all kinds Ib. 


w 

Hangings or wall paper roll 


$ 
Boxes or containers, printed or not $ 


Total paper and manufactures (ex 
cept books and printed matter) . . $ 

Wood and wood products, unmanufactured 
or partially manufactured 
Fence posts and railroad ties $ 


243,771 


8,424,048 


8,886,393 


317,740 





1,599,825 
29,655 
1,281,584 
649,355 
109,550 
48,908 
2,532,913 
67,601 
2,364,923 


1,599,825 
29,655 
1,281,584 
689,790 
113,171 
48,911 
2,533,325 
67,601 
2,364,923 


1 
51 


Cherry, chestnut and hickory M ft 


$ 
Mahogany . . . ft. 


t 

Oak M ft. 


$ 
Pitch pine M ft. 


$ 



IMPORTS OF CANADA 



449 



12. Imports of Canada from the liiited Kingdom, the Inited States and All Coun 
tries in quantities and values by classes entered for consumption In the four 
fiscal &gt;ears 1919- 19r&gt;. oon. 



1920. 


1921. 


1922. 










No 


I lUtod 


All 


United 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


i^ V/ 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


Sta 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 




16,304,17s 


16,304.479 




34,641,459 


34,755,071 


106,660 


46,651,936 


46.75S 


1 


3,4! 


10.524 


- 


5,461 


A 897 


17,842 


51,011 


7,368,892 




148,460 


152,610 





78 




- 


21,010 




2 


1,91 


1,98! 


- 


1,405,797 


1,515,962 


_ 


is: 


1,548 




Z.077 


301 


21,8841 




865.911 


18,032 


126,934 


145,272 


3 


2,7 . 


3,2: 


876 


8,770,810 


3,060.571 


182.. -.0: 


854,749 


l.O. is.l H 




2,140,604 


2,484,410 




1 .74,206 




85,177 


1,136 


724,70: 


4 




360 


301 


111 


612,109 


5,778 


is.;, ii-i 


570.4.51 


5 


365.1-r. 


1. t 


1.17 




2,037. 11: 


695,17. 


5,251 


1,347,871 




2.0:. 










1,141 


764 


1,258,671 


6 




^S,800 


l,8 


1.:. 76, 002 


:;.:. 


961.01! 


856,917 


1,872,032 


7 


241 


474,778 




151 








40o 


8 


53:; 


.-. i ; 


50 


581,216 


58! 


19 


361 


381,491 


9 


615,842 


1,070,521 


147,598 


401,831 


1,258,935 


45,545 


283,288 


560,070 


10 


522,298 


580,556 


61,393 


411,594 


719,666 


34,283 


361,790 


544,389 


11 


1,08 


1,41 




693,119 


1,171. t i7 


861,661 


1,748 


948,729 


12 


l.li 


1 , 50 




69s 




,943 


t,ls 


1,01 


13 


Lin 


1,282,15) 


m 


860.1:.!- 


1,24 


160. 741 


767,249 


1,587 


14 


1,650 




16,587 


286. (it:. 






272,742 


.411 


u 


104 




591. 


10; 




^_ 7 


113 


437 


16 


3S:&gt; 


607,603 




,848 


MI 1.671 


189,782 


!C4 




17 


- 7&gt; 


515 


120,715 


33! 


461,181 


.844 


..881 


330.7(11 


18 


UMM.66I 


?:!. :&gt;.&gt;. 7 7 


lll,:!4s,051 


101,738,045 


243,608,342 


50,892,567 


67,659,112 


139,997,137 




2,378,283 


2,420,576 


43,705 


2,625,625 


2,67 


47,911 


.7,432 


2,607,312 


19 


801.094 


r,986 


154 


1,081 


l.i .57, 569 


124,944 


868,821 


1,022,184 


20 


1,375,364 


1,411,925 


68,968 


1,735,818 


1,807,330 


64 


1,731,942 


1,814,055 


21 


442,512 


46s 


.031 


,302 


67! 


23,816 


471,616 


501,769 


22 


508.777 


568,712 


.872 


621.108 


702.029 


41,571 


46:; 


50s 


23 


176,704 


181.962 


234,786 


189,690 


665.074 


252,933 


,767 


660, 184 


24 


9,899,147 


11,240,814 


1,794,318 


11,113,768 


13,575,457 


1,727,336 


9,884,329 


12,173,175 




929,980 


932,362 


39,687 


1,6-V 


1,697,548 


1.5 


825,883 


842, 193 


25 


5,3s 


5,434,828 


36ii 


6,953,832 


7,321,606 


172,979 


4,924,50ft 


5,145,50f) 


26 


600 


615,999 


7.-.. 770 


i.344 


946. 1^ 


34,234 


416,342 


45: 




5.231 


5,25 


208,975 


6,501,440 


6,785,824 


149,460 


3,902,140 


4,063,613 


27 


502.887 


511,136 


31,115 


7 17,. 550 


795.320 


17,712 


246,189 


266,063 




2,073,058 


2,100,679 


..573 


1,783,040 


1,869,849 


81,335 


1,096,429 


1,193,260 


28 


340,525 


5,272 


45,350 


458,010 


512,071 


36,678 


243 


289.2. !4 




1,003,130 


1,031 


32,871 


1,405,262 


1,473,436 


19,507 


742,732 


803.075 


29 


9 ,303 ,9.&gt;(i 


9, 936.77N 


851,508 


12,239,VH 


13,636,399 


598,567 


6,812,575 


7,937,605 




1,105, 34S 


1,105,348 




1,749,192 


1,749,192 




1,835,196 


1,835,196 


30 


14,929 


14,929 


- 


10,024 


10,024 


- 


6,095 


6,095 


31 


932,018 


932.01S 


- 


1,136,901 


1,136,901 


- 


481,568 


481,568 




1,7.57,619 


1,757,619 


1,230 


2,146,590 


2,258,002 


31,399 


675,989 


707,988 


32 


320,492 


320.492 


638 


548,325 


561,371 


6,743 


128,975 


13:. 




46,843 


46,844 


- 


37.327 


37,418 


- 


20,552 


20,599 


33 


3,319,218 


3,319,269 


- 


4,506,207 


4,517,795 


- 


1,541,668 


1,548,494 




29,541 


29,541 


- 


37,468 


37,468 


- 


27,895 


27,895 


34 


1,034,053 


1,034,053 


- 


1,773.164 


1,773,164 


- 


724,657 


724,657 





3813129 



450 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and AH Coun 
tries in quantities and values by classes entered for consumption in the four 
fiscal years 1919-1922. con. 



No 


Principal articles by classes 




1919. 










United 
Kingdom. 


United 

States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


IV. Wood, wood products and paper-concluded. 
Wood and wood products, unmanufactured 
or partially manufactured con. 
Lumber, rough sawn, or dressed on one side 
only . . M . f t 




66, 826 


66 960 


1 


2 


$ 
Veneers of oak, rosewood, mahogany, 
etc $ 





2,493,598 
324,594 


2,504,926 
324 594 


113 
201 
















Total wood products, unmanufac 
tured or partially manufactured $ 


1 ,991 


13,289,775 


13,347,387 


10,375 


3 


Wood and wood products, manufactured 
Barrels, emptv No. 


6 


105,369 


106,517 


786 


4 


$ 
Staves of oak, sawn, split or cut M 


18 


125,308 
4,860 


126,435 
4 860 


997 


| 


$ 
Corks ... Ib. 


8,418 


276, 156 
76,133 


276, 156 
210 761 


21,044 


6 
7 


$ 
Wood pulp and fibre 
Fibre, kartavert, indurated fibre, etc $ 
Soda pulp Ib 


9,270 
263 


58,627 

271,312 
1,745 544 


107,093 

271,607 
1 745 544 


20,358 
96 


8 


$ 
Unbleached sulphite pulp Ib 


- 


80, 624 
18,875,030 


80,624 
18 875 030 


- 


9 


$ 
Wood pulp, mechanically or chemically 
prepared Ib. 





377,543 
2,769,631 


377,543 
2 769 631 


7,164 


10 


$ 
Furniture, house, office, cabinet, etc $ 


- 


52,829 


52,829 


1,870 
59,955 
















Total wood, wood products and 
paper 


1 ,116 ,407 


33 ,680 ,584 


35,399 852 


1 ,515 ,780 














11 


V. Iron and its products. 

Iron ore ton 




1 386 933 


2 227 919 




1? 


$ 
Agricultural implements 
Cream separators and steel bowls for.. . . $ 


730 


5,048,456 
594,083 


5,932,001 
651 991 


28,300 


18 


( ream separators, materials for $ 




546,491 


569,806 


2,561 


14 


Harvesters, self-binding No 




2,508 


2,508 




15 


S 
Mowing machines No . 


- 


439,638 
1,464 


439,638 
1,464 


- 


1(5 


$ 
Potato diggers No . 


- 


90,580 
1,024 


90,580 
1,024 


- 


17 

18 


$ 
Cultivators and weeders and parts of $ 
Drills, seed No 





66,690 
162,208 
6,196 


66,690 
162,208 
6,196 


- 


19 


$ 
Harrows and parts of $ 


- 


201,460 
403,670 


201.460 
403,670 


31 


20 


Ploughs and parts of $ 




2,513,059 


2,513,059 


20 


21 


Threshing machine separators No . 




1,226 


1,226 




22 


$ 
Threshing machine separators, parts of . . . $ 





1,006,062 
397,095 


1,006,062 
397,095 


164 




Total agricultural implements. . . $ 


10,557 


8 ,903 ,930 


8 ,995 ,011 


51 ,127 


23 


Boilers, engines, pumps and windmills 
Boilers, steam and parts of $ 


55 154 


216 805 


271,959 


64,155 


24 


Boilers, n.o.p. and parts of $ 


286 


147,860 


148,146 


7,839 


25 


Engines 
Engines, automobile 1 No 










26 


$ 
Engines, gas and gasoline No . 


35 


48,181 


48,216 


157 


27 


$ 
Engines, steam No 


10.238 
2 


6,369,355 
ISO 


6,379,593 

182 


40,979 
11 


28 


$ 
Locomotives for railways No . 


4,313 


280,066 
79 


284,379 
79 


5,929 




$ 





631 


31 


- 



Included with engines, gas and gasoline in 1919. 



IMPORTS OF CANADA 



451 



l . Imports of Canada from (fie Inited Kingdom, the United States and All Coun 
tries in quantities and values by classes entered for consumption in the four 
fiscal years l19-19r&gt;. con. 










1920. 


1921. 


1922. 










Nn 


United 


All 


Uaited 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


1" \J 




Countries. 


Kingdom. 


Sta ! 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Count ri 




76, 702 


76,767 


1 


49,320 


49,510 




48,569 


48,787 


1 


3,016,974 


3,021,015 


114 


3,107.519 


3,119,994 


152 


1,631,840 


1,640. ( 104 




549.767 


549,968 


17 


649,845 


649,862 


- 


264,834 


264,834 


2 


14,433,19? 


14 ,507 ,557 


9,235 


18 ,877 ,713 


19,024,778 


24 ,82 


9,259,584 


9,364,065 




276,077 


277,985 


1.425 


20- 


205,077 


117 


126,223 


127,016 


3 


352.1-27 


864,215 


1,871 


.,370 


..970 


257 


168,302 


166,160 




6,640 




_ 




6,369 





2,814 


2,814 


4 


383,928 


881,028 


- 


459, 106 


459, IOC 


- 


184,283 


184,283 




112,456 


33S 


43,062 


97,394 


526,018 


33,884 


45,445 


261,914 


5 


97,469 


195,942 


45,877 


71,188 


330,719 


33,581 


43,730 


185,270 




442 


442,650 


2,299 


478,073 


480,389 


1,063 


209,169 


300,450 





1,054,209 


1,65 


_ 


1,41 


1,41 


- 


:,701 


813,71)1 


7 


77,056 


77,056 


_ 


94,898 


,898 


- 


,1M 


86,160 




23,348.342 


23,448,342 


_ 


28,980, 


28,986. 


mm 


27,o. .M27 


27,034 


8 


477,070 


477,070 


- 


1,301,266 


1,301,266 


- 


1,009,905 


1,009,905 




1,152,956 


1,160,120 


2,145 


19,764,137 


19,766,282 


2,800 


466,135 


46S,!i3r&gt; 


9 


51,44.-) 


53,315 


652 




1,271,403 


842 


1! 


20, 




1,343,984 


1,461,411 


112,064 


1,433.518 


1,686,159 


101,537 


947,872 


1,219,689 


10 


49 ,719 ,034 


43,183,267 


&gt;,14i..7l 


.V, 355 ,847 


57,441,884 


2, 57 ,120 


31,424,411 


35,791,487 




1,144.430 


1,632,011 




1.305,512 


1,950,291 




509, 185 


656,902 


11 


4,093,839 


4,601,716 


- 


5,038,900 


5,995,038 


- 


1,721,438 


1,936,247 




733,038 


796,096 


101,557 


721,652 


992,404 


25,699 


211,531 


325,755 


12 


641,210 


643,852 


11,707 


1,105,208 


1,116,915 


630 


436,693 


439,067 


13 


1,661 


1,661 


m 


5,485 


5.485 


- 


1,316 


1,316 


14 


316,657 


316,657 


m 


1,001,575 


1,001.575 


_ 


319,807 


319,807 




848 


848 


_ 


1,271 


1,271 


_ 


522 


522 


15 


54,463 


54,463 


_ 


79,275 


79.275 





36,143 


36, 143 




698 


698 





1,298 


1,298 


- 


259 


259 


16 


53,015 


53,015 


M 


101,267 


101,267 


_ 


23,618 


23,618 




78,432 


78,432 


m 


177,170 


177,170 


112 


62,583 


62,695 


17 


4,083 


4,083 


2 


3,102 


3,106 


_ 


700 


792 


18 


233,459 


233,459 


150 


211,345 


211,580 


_ 


38,041 


38,079 




255,357 


255,388 


216 


382,554 


382,770 


168 


71,010 


71,178 


19 


1,795,438 


1,795,598 


12 


2,526,472 


2, 526,503 


41 


554,705 


554,846 


20 


911 


911 


_ 


1.767 


1,767 


_ 


1,934 


1,934 


21 


808,059 


808,059 


_ 


1,534,572 


1,534,572 





2,187,872 


2,187,872 




442,505 


442,669 


135 


1,056,794 


1,056,929 


- 


550,337 


550,337 


22 


,792,245 


,878,752 


145,84$ 


11,430,226 


11,758,491 


59,503 


5,32,141 


5,479,517 




164,250 


228,414 


346,824 


232,461 


579,285 


59,262 


65,383 


124,645 


23 


209,924 


217.763 


21,250 


260,973 


282,223 


6,560 


151,233 


157,793 


24 


42.434 


42,434 


_ 


20.087 


20,087 


1 


12,176 


12,177 


25 


8,402,351 


8,402,351 


1,028 


5,387,416 


5,388,444 


2,087 


3,117,839 


3,119,926 




29,414 


29,585 


297 


14,330 


14,627 


162 


4,722 


4,885 


26 


2,960,728 


3,004,442 


82,673 


2,175,077 


2,257,870 


70,161 


899,338 


970,402 




244 


255 


13 


144 


157 


5 


68 


73 


27 


454,403 


460,332 


61,214 


443,968 


505,182 


28,695 


184,072 


212,767 




55 


55 


_ 


52 


52 


1 


21 


22 


28 


523,732 


523,732 


- 


542,643 


542,643 


4,816 


110,320 


115,136 





38131 



452 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and All Coun 
tries in quantities and values by classes entered for consumption in the four 
fiscal years 1919-1922. con. 



No. 



Principal articles by classes. 



V. Iron and its products con. 

Engines concluded . 

1 Portable engines with boilers in combina 
tion and traction engines for farm 
purposes No. 

$ 

Traction engines, gas or gasoline for farm No. 
purposes, costing not more than $1,400.. $ 

3 Pumps, hand, n.o.p No. 

$ 

4 Pumps, power and parts of No. 

$ 

Total boilers, engines, wind 
mills and pumps $ 

5 Castings $ 

% Chains $ 

Cutlery 

7 Knives and forks of steel, plated or not. . . $ 

8 Penknives, jack-knives and pocket-knives $ 

9 All other cutlery $ 

Hardware 

10 Builders , cabinet makers , etc $ 

11 I ocks of all kinds $ 

1? Butts, and hinges $ 

13 Nails, spikes and tacks $ 

14 Needles and pins 

15 Nuts, rivets and bolts, etc $ 

Total cutlery and hardware $ 

Excavation and road machinery 

16 Scrapers, railroad and road $ 

17 Steam shovels and electric shovels $ 

Household machinery 

18 Carpet sweepers and hand vacuum No. 

cleaners $ 

19 Sewing machines No. 

$ 

20 Sewing machines, parts of $ 

21 Washing machines, domestic No . 

$ 
Mining machinery 

22 Mining, smelting and reducing machinery, 

etc $ 

23 Ore crushers and rock crushers, stamp 

mills, etc $ 

Office or business machinery 

24 Adding and calculating machines No . 

$ 

25 Cash registers and parts of $ 

26 Typewriting machines No . 

$ 
Printing and bookbinding machinery 

27 Machines, specially designed for ruling, 

etc $ 

28 Newspaper printing presses No . 

$ 
Printing presses and lithographic presses $ 

30 Typecasting and typesetting machines, 

etc $ 

Other machinery 

31 Air-compressing machines 1 $ 

32 Coal-handling machines $ 

33 Cranes and derricks No. 

I 

9 

34 Cyclometers, pedometers, etc $ 

35 Fire-extinguishing machines, etc $ 

38 Lathes, power $ 

37 Machine drills. . $ 



1919. 



United 
Kingdom. 



2,134 



32 

28,769 



100,894 



9,302 
36,503 

51,398 
32,045 
80,077 

9,186 

1,574 

41 

2 

150,763 
2,626 



369,468 



1,227 

32,334 

5,640 



14,097 
68,680 

1 
25 

213 

275 
2,265 

25,441 



United 

States. 



627 

1,480,304 

14,480 

14,078,663 

18,352 

206,402 

6,343 

906,722 



25,738,608 



1,938,874 
564,465 

150,860 
216,298 
502,576 

523,845 
407,403 
85,600 
395,193 
256,111 
585,461 



3,273,611 



61,350 

205,598 

18,264 

97,659 

9,230 

267,719 

392,707 

11,923 

276,921 



751,325 
753,248 

1,554 

557,364 

120,470 

12,048 

787,561 



375,458 
46 

237,080 
481,100 

746,536 



357,572 
111 

503,849 
143,731 
117,127 



All 
Countries. 



627 

1,482,438 

14,480 

14,078,663 

18,352 

206,402 

6,377 

935,802 



25,839,783 



1,948,584 
601,732 

202,402 
271,405 
601,428 

533,622 

418,189 
85,641 
395,196 
433,905 
588,089 



3,740,876 



61,350 
205,598 

18,264 

97,659 

10,457 

300,053 

398,347 

11,923 

276,921 



765,422 
821,928 

1,554 

557,364 

120,470 

12,054 

787,666 



375,671 
46 

237,080 
481,375 

748,801 



383,013 
111 

503,849 
143,731 
117,127 



United 
Kingdom. 



22 

444 

39 

37,361 



158,297 



43,336 

298,792 

139,859 
229,942 
164,204 

28,673 
8,127 
1,85 
51 

215,958 
4,382 



819,430 



2,079 

59,572 
26,956 



18,851 
14,597 



3 

108 



1,320 

525 
45 

74,139 
600 

15,626 

97 

12,448 
65,382 



Included with ore and rock crushers in 1919. 



IMPORTS OF CANADA 



163 



12. Imixwts of Canada from the I nited Kingdom, the United States and All Coun 
tries in quantities and values by classes entered for consumption in the four 
fiscal years 1919-1922. con. 



1920. 


1921. 


1922. 










Mn 


United 


All 


ited 


1 "nited 


All 


United 


United 


All 


IX O. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 




4 2 






1,003 


1,003 




109 


109 


1 


1,28 


1,28 


6,276 


2,44 


2,446,321 


3,484 


522,175 


525 






6,797 


- 


11 


11,402 


3 


1,768 


1,771 


2 


5,91 


5,01 





10,160,949 


10,160,949 


4,016 


1,340, OK; 


1,344,032 




28,888 


,910 


Ml 






443 


15,060 


15,558 


3 


247, 47^ 




3,411 


293,451 


J.901 


2,369 


254,631 


257 














61 


4,090 


4,154 


4 


10 


94s 


52 


1,201,506 


1,21 


73,415 


68:; 


762,847 




27.705,319 


22,8fiS,351 


57t,6t4 


25,220,438 


25,800,403 


258,017 


8,289,063 


8,554,540 




1,958,311 


2,001,765 


46,713 


2,336,218 


2,383,662 


89,622 


1,171,193 


1,291,561 


5 


709,278 


1,008,890 


308,571 




1,304,654 


99,307 


:Uil,648 


464,288 


( 


266,424 


407,493 


417,256 


101.749 


,916 


284,979 


118,023 


411,460 


7 


l: i-2, 882 


1,792 


,927 


104,297 


7&lt;H 






;,798 


8 


517,422 


70- 


149 


54:; 


1.1156,626 


5,080 


321 


635,512 


t 


657.47: 


686,200 


70. 


70:. 


784, M:. 


51 


SOI, 560 


442,910 


10 


560 




22,. ".11 


676,41s 


702,142 


10 


1,823 


33: 


11 


116,300 


118 




164,(l7s 




3,113 


88,341 


91 


12 


170. in;; 


17" 




30d 


30:: 




1,192 




13 


308,11V, 


53:: 


842 




i,105 


216,212 


20^ 


427 


14 


457,580 


461 


8,127 


56 . 


578,17(1 




:;r 


321,873 


15 


3,395,196 


4,309,529 


1,938,58; 


2,815,885 


5,890,877 


1,209,022 


2,094,983 


:t, 170,471 




138,707 


138,707 




109,018 


109,018 




28,524 


28,524 


1C 


m 




- 


56! 




- 


238,691 


238,691 


17 


18,985 


18,985 


4 


8,161 


8,165 




8,715 


8,724 


18 


280 


28i&gt; 




151 




174 


17 


177,134 




13. 


15 




8,806 


11,081 


1 , 07li 




5,334 


19 


513,129 


571,770 


83,890 


377 


461,449 


43,123 


265,178 


^,307 




491 


521 


62,841 


613 




, 723 


407 


489,806 


20 


10. 


10 


1 


9,469 




- 


4,860 


4,860 


21 


485,975 


1,978 


21 


, 615 


615,486 





349,207 


349,207 




864,654 


884,780 


26,873 


658,501 


691,094 


14,698 


597,967 


612,665 


22 


408,118 


1,718 


59,400 


729,420 


788,820 


52,324 


557,008 


609,332 


23 


2,133 


2,133 


_ 


2,606 


2,622 


_ 


1,603 


1,607 


24 


923,512 


923,512 


- 




955,373 


- 


298,554 


300, 137 






-.,994 


- 


322,007 


322,007 


- 


227,431 


227,431 


25 


15,397 


15,403 


58 


14 


14,853 


3 


10,421 


10,431 


2 


1,04. 


1,04 


3,046 


998,481 


1,001,587 


214 


630,986 


631,356 




519,975 


521,295 


8,384 


777,007 


791,029 


29,362 


268,627 


302,248 


27 


81 


81 


- 


94 


94 


- 


36 


36 


28 


365,127 


305,127 


- 


648,377 


648,377 


_ 


318,055 


318,055 




582,103 


582,628 


7,172 


982,937 


991,128 


46,252 


644,957 


694,124 


29 


899,994 


900,039 


248 


1,244,256 


1,244,504 


2,237 


886,371 


888,715 


30 


249,639 


323, 77S 


41,960 


263,219 


305,179 


23,319 


152,207 


175,526 


31 


102,777 


103,377 


1,759 


166,818 


168,577 


29,433 


137,441 


166,874 


32 


121 


121 


4 


104 


108 


1 


68 


69 


33 


1,005,199 


1,020,825 


31,560 


848,157 


879,717 


4,607 


427,905 


432,512 




253, 190 


253,860 


152 


178,290 


178,442 


66 


192,051 


192,117 


34 


159,544 


159,641 


- 


151,098 


151,098 


- 


42,548 


42,909 


35 


741,330 


753,778 


22,763 


542,246 


565,337 


10,577 


116,091 


130,182 


36 


975,034 


1,040,416 


187,915 


744,169 


932,084 


26,552 


206,758 


233,395 


37 



454 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and All Coun 
tries in quantities and values by classes entered for consumption in the four 
fiscal years 1919-1922. con. 



No 


"Prinoinfll firtiolf^ Viv f*la^p*Q 




1919. 










United 
Kingdom. 


United 

States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


V. Iron and its products con. 

Other machinery con. 
Paper and pulp machinery $ 


616 


761,577 


762 193 


280 fifU 


?! 


Rolling-mill machinery $ 




420,792 


420 792 




3 


Saw-mill machines $ 




118 066 


11Q 05fi 




4 


Textile machinery of a class or kind not 
made in Canada and parts of $ 


127,577 


2,081,151 


2 209 228 


218 272 


5 


Other machinery composed wholly or 
in part of iron or steel and parts of .. . $ 


353,058 


16,144,397 


16 527 451 


578 050 


6 


Rolling mill products 
Rolled iron or steel and cast steel in bars, cwt. 
bands, hoops, etc $ 


39,517 
1,310,379 


1,365,437 
10,059,372 


1,409,072 
11 419 193 


56,485 
920 740 


7 


Rolled iron or steel hoop, scroll or strip, cwt. 
No. 14 gauge and thinner.. . . $ 




162,068 
780,096 


162,068 
780 096 


606 
3 241 


8 
9 


Rolled iron or steel hoop, band, scroll or cwt. 
strip, 14 gauge and thinner, galvanized. $ 
Steel, rolled, for saws and straw cutters, cwt. 
not tempered or ground $ 


156 
4,019 


141,112 
701,261 
21,315 
350,338 


141,112 
701.261 
21.291 
354,357 


2,161 
14,985 
1 
11 


10 


Bar iron or steel, rolled cwt. 


729 


1,034,292 


1,035,021 




11 


$ 
Forgings of iron or steel lb. 


2,76^ 
56,803 


3,211,132 
3,586,913 


3,213,900 
3 643 718 


- 


12 


Iron and steel railway bars or rails ton 


4,703 


379,076 
10,236 


383,779 
10 236 


- 


13 


_ 
Shafting, round, steel, in bars, etc cwt. 


- 


546,830 
47,817 


546,830 
47,817 


- 


14 


$ 
Plates and sheets 
Boiler plate of iron or steel cwt. 


1,301 


244,394 
267,708 


244,394 
269 009 


473 


15 
16 


$ 
Canada plates, Russia iron, terne plate. . . cwt. 

$ 
Iron sheets and plates, tin cwt. 


6,808 
895 


1,214,821 
135,941 
745,016 

1,448,880 


1,221,629 
135,941 
745,016 
1 449 775 


1,411 
1,934 
15,485 
9 476 


17 


$ 
Rolled iron or steel plates not less than cwt. 
30 inches in width $ 


11,176 


11,263,164 
487,549 
1,637,273 


11,274,340 
487,549 
1 637 273 


118,661 


IS 


Rolled iron or steel plates or sheets, cwt. 
sheared or unsheared, etc $ 


- 


153,357 
573,364 


153,357 
573 364 


- 


19 


Rolled iron or steel sheets, polished or cwt. 
not $ 


260 
1,532 


785,371 
4,351,479 


785,631 
4 353 Oil 


15,120 
116 256 


20 
21 


Sheets, flat, of galvanized iron or steel. . . cwt. 

Skelp iron or steel, sheared or rolled in cwt. 
grooves $ 




136,693 
809,100 
1,329.151 
4,439,785 


136,693 
809,100 
1,329,151 
4,439 785 


21,869 
163,883 


22 
23 


Rolled round wire rods of iron or steel cwt. 

Rolled iron or steel angles, tees, beams, cwt. 
etc $ 


460 
1,763 


891,002 
2,484,028 
610,645 
1,929 304 


891,002 
2,484,028 
611,105 
1 931 067 


271 
1 6Q3 


24 


Rolled iron or steel angles, beams, chan- cwt. 
nels and other rolled shapes, etc.. . . $ 


682 
2,297 


1,142,466 
3,577,039 


1,143,148 
3 579 336 




25 


Steel plate cwt. 




181,257 


181 257 




26 


Seamless steel or wrought-iron boiler 
tubes $ 


16,388 


594,355 
2,176,229 


594,355 
2,192 617 


67 653 
















Total rolling mill products $ 


1 ,639 ,351 


62,151,289 


63,843,164 


1,508 948 














27 


Smelted products $ 


2,124,757 


4,436,713 


6,590,629 


266 742 


28 


Springs $ 


319 


407,103 


407 583 


791 


29 


Stamped and enamelled products $ 


50.790 


2,100,289 


2,152 838 


66 244 


30 


Tools and hand implements $ 


16,908 


1,519,337 


1,538,859 


95 466 


31 


Vehicles, chiefly of iron 
Automobiles, freight No. 


3 


1,741 


1,744 


7 


32 


$ 
Automobiles, passenger No. 


11,330 


2,263,418 
6,473 


2,274,748 
6,473 


19,945 
3 


33 


$ 
Automobiles, parts of $ 


11,995 


5,326,510 
6,648,775 


5,326,510 
6 660 770 


8,134 
14 034 
















Total vehicles, chiefly of iron $ 


55,797 


17,650,234 


17,706,216 


110,934 















IMI ORTS OF CANADA 



455 



r,. Imports of Canada from the Vnited Kingdom, the United States and AH Coun 
tries in quantities and values by classes entered for consumption ill the four 
fiscal &gt;ears 1919-19r,. .-.m. 



1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


\o 


Tinted 


All 


I nited 


1 


All 


United 


Doited 


All 


* ~ \J * 






Kingdom. 


States. 


( iiuntries. 


Kingdom. 




Countries. 




1,041,685 




690.110 


1,711.7 - 


2,4s 


860,190 


1,756.634 


2,130,341 


1 








64t. 


641 


- 




5.134 


2 


200, 125 


. I. 1 :. 


1.4:Y, 


320 


821 





115 


117 


3 


2,901,862 


3,120,134 


1,240.449 


4,757,100 


6. 015. I M 


647,439 


1,799,866 


1,151 


4 


17,386,182 


18,065.134 


1,066,066 


19,704,650 


20.977,346 


630,329 


8,521,363 


9,274,698 


5 


998.01: 


l,OG1.71i 


151 


1,977,212 


2,138.578 


46.371 


351, 


406.785 


6 


5,83! 






11. 


13,876 


458,182 








122.512 


t.118 




212.71s 




. 


85 




7 


501 


504.877 


7:&gt;. 4IM 


1,158.614 


1.015 





28! 






189.551 


141 




218 


224 




62,11s 


117 


8 


_ .166 


707 


74 


1,1 


1.21 




281.577 


288.927 






274 




30.s71 










9 


32:: 




24 


177 




844 


78.963 


807 




888,221 


688,221 




1,86 


1,670.518 




647. Kil 


667.100 


10 


1,854.011 


1,854,011 


8,041 






14,760 


1,48 


1,531.563 




2,91 


2,91 


19,998 


5.4! 






11.317 




11 


194 


194.166 


1,510 


390 




56 








7,206 


7,206 




20 






16.828 


16.851 


12 


37C 


370,824 


_ 


980. KM 


980. Ml 


560 


85s 


859.613 




31 


31 


53 




420 


- 


17.144 


17,144 


13 


144,807 


144,807 


2,170 


40." 


407 


- 


69,744 


69.744 




148,805 


149.278 


_ 


260,900 


260 


_ 


60.433 


60.433 


14 


526,133 


527 


_ 


1.01 


1,01 


- 


154.114 


154.114 




174.087 


171.021 




188.167 




18.982 




154.171 


15 


901.7:"- 


917.207 


89 


1,11 




84 




2,120 




928.77! 


J.247 


21 


1,164.192 


1,1- 


267 


471 


1.213 


16 


8,568.218 


6,67 


7,317 


8,605.1:;" 


8,9! 


1,288.213 


2,727.087 


4,0! 




41! 


419,843 




877 


-^7; 


188 


249.802 


,990 


17 


1,168,601 


1, 1- 


_ 


2,6" 






1.150 


- .532 




.971 


246.971 










118 


119. 7U 


18 


868 


&gt;.598 


1.452 


1,17 


1.17 


5.895 


288,304 








597,607 


60,634 


988 


1,01 


13 


447 


462,868 


t!l 


2,979,161 


3,116.007 


62,s 


5,861 


6,497,410 


65 


2.008.662 


2,081,857 




161,090 


182 


89,060 


419.673 




19,113 


254 




20 


912,819 


1,076,702 


982,085 


2,584,206 


3,5t&gt;6,291 


106,809 


1,28 


6.552 




1,701 


1,706.789 




2,0. 




- 


1,011.681 


1,011.685 


21 


4,330.586 


4.330.586 


_ 


6,05! 


6,05 


- 


1,990,511 


1,990,511 




625, 126 


625, 126 


_ 


562,009 


562.009 


1,154 


326,565 


346.886 


22 


1,515,169 


1,515,169 


_ 


1,630,836 


1,630,836 


2,231 


681,914 


726 




416.7V. 


417,053 


1,308 


998,022 


999,330 


506 


213,857 


214,450 


23 


1,135.348 


1,137.041 


11,846 


2,871,511 


2,883,362 


2,122 


487,914 


490. 1!! 




1,069.037 


1,069,037 


1,721 


2,038,791 


2,040.512 


- 


637,877 


637,877 


24 


2,824,277 


2,824,277 


4,411 


5,962,361 


5,966,772 


- 


1,389,573 


1,389,573 




272,22: 


272,22: 


_ 


525,810 


525,810 


- 


89,527 


89.527 


25 


729.927 


729,927 


- 


1, 532,521 


1,532,521 


- 


189,212 


189,212 




1,252.973 


1,320,626 


134.483 


2,505.642 


2,640,125 


15,217 


439.633 


456.923 


26 


41,717,551 


43,429,365 


4,756,252 


70,750,358 


75,604,655 


2,070,889 


19,554,392 


21 ,791 ,664 




1,442,401 


1,709,143 


753,657 


3,750,261 


4,583,053 


76,584 


805,706 


916,094 


27 


738,358 


739, 15: 


2,329 


557.121 


559,454 


3,210 


177,932 


181,17: 


28 


947,306 


1,016,777 


100,209 


935,24 


1,01 


71,030 


784,342 


868,286 


29 


1,942,036 


2,050,286 


199,366 


2,315,480 


2,562,029 


93,270 


1,059,952 


1,181,696 


30 


2,267 


2,274 


22 


1,683 


1,706 


11 


790 


806 


31 


3,811,139 


3,831,084 


100,325 


3,476.163 


3,578,938 


37,411 


1,492,290 


1,537,765 




10,802 


10,805 


12 


5,891 


5,907 


74 


7,092 


7,181 


32 


11,196,327 


11,204,461 


53,781 


8,339,704 


8,399,537 


392,578 


9,062,184 


9,501,362 




12,660,789 


12,674.823 


30,601 


11,729,731 


11,760,367 


20,694 


10,189,926 


10.211,791 


33 


31,786,952 


31,897,920 


327 ,577 


26,393,390 


26,729,697 


538,908 


21,994,154 


22,588,897 





456 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and All Coun 
tries in quantities and values by classes entered for consumption in the four 
fiscal years 1919-1922. con. 



No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


1919. 




United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 

Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 
2 

3 
4 

5 
6 
7 

8 

9 
10 
11 

12 
13 
14 

15 

13 
17 

18 

19 
20 

21 
22 


V. Iron and its products concluded. 

Wire 
Barbed fence wire of iron or steel cwt. 


503,305 

15,790 
140,328 


241,868 
1,080,458 

378,827 
1,492,975 
430,788 

44,927 
500,738 


241,868 
1,080,458 

378,827 
1,492,975 
937,024 

60,717 
641,066 


618,198 

28,642 
300,611 


$ 
Wire, curved or not, galvanized iron or 
steel, Nos. 9, 12, 13 gauge cwt. 


$ 
Wire rope, stranded or twisted wire $ 


Wire, steel, valued at not less than 2Jc. 
per Ib. for the manufacture of rope cwt. 

$ 

Total wire $ 


686,991 


4,818,533 


5,509,397 


956,7*9 


Other iron and steel products 
Axle and axle parts, etc $ 


3,103 
112 

483 
4,869 

149,966 


2,023,778 
785,953 

191,731 

1,630,778 

10,914,113 


2,026,881 
786,065 

192,214 
1,635,647 

11,107,926 


5,977 
6,338 

8,488 
72,217 

287,734 


Fittings, iron or steel, for iron or steel pipe $ 
Locomotive and car wheel tires, in the 
rough cwt. 


$ 
Manufactures, articles or wares of iron or 
steel, etc $ 


Total iron and its products $ 


6,132,274 


185,116,309 


192,527,377 


6,637,067 


VI. Non-ferrous metals and their products. 

Aluminium and its products 
A lumina cwt . 


118,652 
48,291 
407 


1,902,296 
2,296,721 
169,719 
66,465 
198,151 


1,902,296 
2,296,721 
288,371 
114,756 
202,726 


201,094 
64,889 
2,695 


$ 
Aluminium in ingots, blocks, etc Ib. 


$ 
Aluminium, manufactures of $ 


Total aluminium and its products $ 

Brass and its products 
Brass in bars and rods, coils, etc cwt. 


48,723 


2,782,727 


2,836,122 


76,467 


135 
3.020 
607 
38,855 
31,523 


211,735 
11,246 
189,646 

140,062 
581,237 
238,231 
438,719 
2,017,745 


211,735 
11,536 
192,537 

140,197 
584,257 
238,838 
477,574 
2,059,424 


577 
11,637 
889 
18,813 

41 

1,388 
99,074 
38,106 
77,307 
89,776 


$ 
Brass, old and scrap cwt. 


$ 
Brass in strips, sheets or plates, not polish 
ed cwt. 


$ 

Brass tubing, not polished, etc Ib. 


$ 
Wire cloth, or woven wire of brass $ 


Manufactures of brass, n.o.p $ 


Total brass and its products $ 


71,353 


4,472,737 


4,557,140 


242,547 


Copper and its products 
Copper, in bars and rods, in coil or other 
wise cwt. 


2,991 


1&lt;&gt;5,926 
4,014,210 
3,591.000 
886.395 

13,259 
404,456 

446,338 
188,779 
500,283 


165,926 
4,014,210 
3,591,000 
886,395 

13,259 
404,456 

446,338 
188,779 
503,882 


155 
5,421 

36,779 
10,396 
38,038 


$ 
Copper, in blocks, pigs or ingots Ib. 


$ 
Copper, in strips, sheets or plates, not 
polished cwt. 


$ 
Copper, tubing in lengths of not less than 
6 feet Ib. 


$ 

Copper, all other $ 


Total copper and its products. . . . $ 


2,991 


5,994,123 


5,997,722 


53,855 



IMPORTS OF CANADA 



457 



r. Imports of Canada from the lnited Kingdom, the t iiited States and All Coun 
tries in quantities and tallies by classes entered for consumption in the four 
tiM-al years 1919-1922. con. 



11)20. 


1921. 


199 


No. 


United 

tes. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


I nitt- l 

Btel 


All 
Countn 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 

StiU 


All 
Countries. 


482,892 
2,056,092 


90S 

2,05ii.ii .i2 


- 


418,554 
1,934,159 


41S 

l.l.V. 


- 


166,033 
699,744 


166,133 
700,094 


1 


B1.230 

1,086,257 
7,822 


321 

i,o 
1,020 


2,921 
1,000,586 


,182 

1,500 


..407 
1. 127,421 
3,712 


1 
13 
,760 


105,137 
(64,416 
75,627 


196,138 
1,004 


2 
1 


21,43!) 
195,084 


B0.081 

495,ti . f&gt; 


54 
757 


502,413 


1,259,670 


r 1.082 
182,204 


6,245 
60. 


1 


4 

. 


4,886,006 


5,843,123 


2,021.886 




8,01 


M8.1XI 


; :,:; 




3,523,632 
1,081,990 


3,529,609 

1 , 02 


332 
17,234 


2,41. 


1,06 


1,182 

20, 


1, (47, 014 


1 , ti-i 


95,090 
.413 


103,578 
691,630 


606,137 


188,638 
11,120 





88. 


79,607 


107,669 
1,015,867 


7 


9,810,907 


10,112,138 


682,369 


12,oo.- 


13,293,383 


553,711 




7,7 


8 

9 
10 
11 

12 
13 


78,S61,08 


186,319,876 


16,698,085 


226.8K 


245,125,703 


8,986,238 


99,951,737 


110,210,539 


1,41 
1,017,400 
297,407 

283,351 


4tt 

1.4 
1,21 


239,948 
98 
8,954 


1,181,313 
1,67 
1,40 

330 


1,181,313 
361,227 


94 
31,897 


1M 

,455 

sOlO 


1 14, 561 
1,456 
692 

,243 


2,630,54? 


2,747,385 


tw, an 


3,013,971 


3,252,236 


88,08$ 


1,320,389 


1,475,670 


14,380 
347 
17,158 
204,110 


14, 

,089 
18 

227,317 


4,231 
91,811 

390,000 


17,341 

1 .1.869 
270,496 


21,573 
47S.634 
44,005 
663,468 


1,583 
23,364 
2,905 
32,681 


6,477 
116,270 

23,655 
111,016 


8,060 
139,634 

26,614 
144,142 


14,703 
401,345 
664.7V- 
.,883 
1 , 537 
2,059,781 


14,744 
402,733 

763,856 
281 
400,844 
2, K 


2,037 
66 

ioa 

81,569 
229,982 


11,291 

30 

MM 

26:; 
381 
2.473,200 


13,334 
..350 
1,030,676 
366,884 

48 . 
2,735,360 


218 
4,846 
32,210 
8,411 
98,204 
180,654 


13,126 
258,736 
776,545 
182 
181,576 
1,680,100 


13,344 
263,582 
808 

190,998 
289,821 
1,904,052 


14 
15 

16 
17 

18 
19 


4,304,931 


4,565,756 


979,675 


5,055,178 


6,098,647 


353,260 


2,837,520 


3,248,229 


296,783 
6,037,473 
4,866,769 
1,021,208 


296,783 
6,037,473 
4,866,769 
1,021,208 


183 
7,127 


331,707 
5,716,937 
7,448,447 
1,396,327 


331,890 
5,724,064 
7,448,447 
1,396,327 


30 
736 


113,419 
1,641,111 
401,119 
54,138 


113,449 
1,641,847 
401,119 
54,138 


15,425 
445,921 


1 0,580 
451,342 


129 
4,589 


19,958 
77,535 


20,094 
582,328 


515 

11,858 


16,687 
377,893 


17,202 
389,751 


20 


449,561 
156,940 
785,411 


486,340 
167,336 
890,676 


158,791 
66,264 
319,660 


765,517 
257,343 
1,185,054 


924,308 
323,607 
1,586,200 


22,858 
5,762 
33,279 


675,781 
155,273 
479,368 


698,639 
161,035 

541,288 


21 
22 


8,446,953 


8,568,035 


397,640 


9,128,864 


9, 612, 26 


51,635 


2,707,783 


2,788,059 



458 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and AH Coun 
tries in quantities and values by classes entered for consumption in the four 
fiscal years 1919-1922. con. 



No 


Principal articles by classes 




1919. 










United 
Kingdom. 


United 

States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 


VI. Non-ferrous metals and their products- 
concluded. 
Lead and its products 
Lead, old, scrap, pig and blocks. . Ib 


26 


101 664 


101 853 


1 076 Ofi7 


2 


$ 
Manufactures of lead, n.o.p $ 


159 
8,137 


689,654 
93 797 


690,464 
107 556 


88,290 
23 556 


3 


Lead, all other $ 


2 613 


148 058 


150 671 


28 945 
















Total lead and its products $ 


10,909 


931,509 


948 691 


140 791 














4 


Nickel, cobalt and their products 
German, Nevada and nickel silver $ 


1,630 


233 144 


234 928 


6 428 


5 


Nickel plated ware $ 


17,520 


1,094 998 


1 126 008 


46 126 
















Total nickel, cobalt and their 
products $ 


19,150 


1,553,648 


1,586,442 


52,554 














6 


Precious metals $ 


42,224 


3,523 701 


3,593 165 


226 869 


7 


Tin and its products $ 


1,606,990 


208,777 


2,153,396 


2, 116 792 


8 


Zinc and its products $ 


363 


1,227,073 


1,227,436 


1 579 


9 


Clocks and watches $ 


26,838 


1,719,156 


2,448,449 


27,043 


10 


Electric and gas apparatus 
Electric batteries, storage No 








181 


11 


$ 
Electric dynamos and generators $ 


- 


- 


- 


4,245 
4 972 


12 


Electric light fixtures and parts of $ 


1,803 


267,873 


272,776 


3 846 


13 


Electric meters $ 








37,222 


14 


Lamps, electric incandescent No. 


__ 


. 


_ 




15 


$ 
Motors, electric, generators and dynamos $ 


32,305 


2,319,742 


2,353,722 


1,479 
18,342 




Total electric and gas apparatus . $ 


89,980 


10,554,304 


10,676,725 


177,887 


1C 


Printing materials $ 


1,225 


158,736 


160,432 


11 665 


17 


Lamps, side lights, head lights, etc $ 


8,369 


1,367,563 


1,829,533 


23.112 


18 


Ores of metals, n.o.p cwt. 


33 


829,063 


829,096 


1,008 






49,255 


970,928 


1,089,396 


37,767 




Total non-ferrous metals and 
their products $ 


2,035,873 


37,938,045 


41,649,431 


3,339,207 














19 


VII. Non-metallic minerals and their 
products. 

Clay and clay products 
Bricks, fire, etc $ 


120,013 


3,314,223 


3,434,743 


87,476 


20 


Tableware of china, porcelain, etc $ 


1,328,307 


101,323 


1,726,620 


1,885,363 
















Total clay and clay products $ 


1,789,629 


4,857,898 


6,965,251 


2,500,680 














21 
22 


Coal- 
Anthracite coal, grate, egg, stove, etc.. . . ton 

Anthracite coal, n.o.p ton 


111 
949 


4,345,084 
24,805,609 
407,593 


4,345,195 
24,806,558 
407,593 


- 


23 


1 

Bituminous coal, slack, etc ton 


226 


1,385,240 
3,042,057 


1,385,240 
3,042,283 


- 


24 


$ 
Bituminous, coal, round ton 


330 
290 


7,661,765 
13,526,452 


7,662,095 
13,526,742 


344 






1,235 


36,747.877 


36,749,112 


2,578 




Total coal ton 


627 


21,321,186 


21,321,813 


344 




$ 


2,514 


70,600,491 


70,603,005 


2,578 


?!5 


Coke ton 




1,075,491 


1,075,491 






$ 


- 


8,160,916 


8,160,916 


- 




Total coal and coal products $ 


2,514 


78 ,S37 ,222 


78,939,742 


8,452 















IMPORTS OF CANADA 



459 



12. Imports of Canada from the I nited kingdom, the I nited States and All Coun 
tries in quantities and tallies by classes entered for consumption in the four 
liscal &gt;ears 1919-19?&gt;. -eon. 



1920. 


11. 


1922. 


bed 


All 


\ niti-d 
Kingdom. 


Doited 

St;. 


All 
Countr 


United 

Kingdom 


United 

States. 


All 
Countries. 


6,356,075 

11; 

13. . 


12, 
680,77!i 
172 
1,807 


16, 1U 

. 72-1 

58, 7:; 1 


L91 
13:&gt; 
50,120 


24. 12.-&gt;, 000 
1,97 


86s 
3S 
32 
17,555 


387,972 
27.- 
07 
9,161 


1,491,662 
71 
139 
28 


542,35; 


937,312 


1,493,232 


377,248 


1,824 


89,010 


101,116 


239,396 


409,407 
1,55 


411,203 

0,047 


10:; 


484 
1,71 


526,741 
1,84 


12,530 
96,285 


213,035 

i. r 


232 
1,28 


,V,&gt;13,220 


,V. 76,?15 


141,908 


. 155,871 


2,629,926 


109,964 


1,153,919 


1 ,601 ,32* 


1,10! 

931 

1,414 

97, 
1,470.479 
1,039,067 

24:: 

1, 158,407 

.ii,639 


5.435,704 
8,13 

1,47 

1,01 
732 

280,868 

i.703 


665.280 

w, 
u 

93. 
24 

41,031 


2,0:: 

1. 1 

2,10 
1,221 

1,163 

7S.807 


2,96! 

3,923,523 

1,456 

1,323,664 

5,047.4(1 
I, It 


442.21.-, 

30 
30 
37 

5,301 

30 

21! 


1,052,188 

1,158 

-..71! 
1,215,891 

14, 797 

802 
1, 81 

171 

801,375 

17:; 
1,5.: 


1,548,876 
1,590 

403. lit; 
2,129.811 

802 
8,725 
347 

3,196,717 
578 
1,753,161 


15,371,461 


15,790,354 


580,311 


16,343,425 


17,182,859 


577,411 


10,217,200 


11,224,429 


277,323 
791,145 

~&gt;.506 

59&lt;). 130 


291,676 
.,390 
537,. .Is 
663, 186 


20.859 
56,967 


301,316 
80". 
42,960 
I7fl 


325.034 
87d 
43,lo:. 
176,989 


2K 


,02?- 

139,982 
1.313.045 


299,226 
50S 
13!), 982 
1,313,045 


46.S68.193 


52,103 ,813 


6,680,955 


i:&gt;, Mi 1,290 


55,553,15 , 


8,588,851 


25,327,286 


29,753,096 


1,:. 72, 863 
113,834 


1,660,339 
2,528,500 


297,602 
8.531,267 


2,715,216 
149,974 


3,021,600 
4,499,183 


152,260 
71,626 


931,282 
178,853 


1,083,484 
3,469,022 


3,307,233 


6,371 ,567 


5,067,492 


4,805,451 


10,781,592 


3,517,852 


2,474,815 


6,778,365 


4,890,793 
31,942,384 
199,974 
705,375 
2,372,984 
5,174,211 
9,179,582 
22,248,081 


4,890.7!):; 
31,942,384 
199,974 
705,375 
2,372,984 
5,174.211 
9,179,926 
22,250,659 


399 
2,000 
1,082 
6,492 


4,360,569 
37,576,001 
478,990 
1,482,147 
2,359,758 
11,393,600 
13,046,030 
60,831,440 


4,360,569 
37,576,001 
478,990 
1,482,147 
2,360,157 
11,395,600 
13,047,839 
60,844,352 


110 
1,355 

5,083 
30,620 


4,219,235 
38,509,678 
196,686 
487, 777 
2,748,258 
7,033,899 
9,998,718 
32,193,596 


4,219,569 
38,512,833 
196,686 
487, 777 
2,748,258 
7,033,899 
10.003,801 
32,224,216 


16,643,333 
60,070,0.51 


16,643,677 

60,072,629 


1,481 

8,492 


20,245,347 
111,283,188 


20,247,555 
111,298,100 


5,193 
31,975 


17,162,97 
78 ,224 ,950 


17,168,314 

78,258,725 


381.606 
2,476,450 


381,606 
2,476,450 


- 


548,582 
6,247.931 


548,582 
6,247,931 


- 


232,174 
1,673,171 


232,174 
1,673,171 


62,793,913 


62,802,365 


10,446 


117 ,851 ,412 


117 ,868 ,288 


100,860 


80,273,866 


80,376,526 



No. 



I 

; 



4 
I 



6 
7 

8 
9 

10 

11 
12 
13 
14 

15 



16 
17 
18 



19 
20 



21 
22 
23 
24 



25 



460 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12. 



Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and AH Coun 
tries in quantities and values by classes entered for consumption in the four 
fiscal years 1919-1922. con. 



No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


1919. 




United 
Kingdom 


United 

States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 

2 
3 
4 

r. 

u 

6 
7 
8 
9 
10 

11 

12 
13 

14 
15 
16 

17 

18 

19 

20 
21 

22 
23 
24 

25 
26 
27 

28 
29 


VII. Non-metallic minerals and their pro 
ducts concluded. 
Glass and its products 
Glass balls, and cut, pressed or moulded 
crystal glass tableware . $ 


10,415 
10,832 
69,707 
5,680 


422,748 
644,495 
919,961 
1,504,495 


439,536 
715,769 
989,668 
1,514,377 


16,803 
23,324 
56,725 
59,893 


Glass carboys or demijohns, bottles $ 


Plate glass . . $ 


Glass, window, common and colourless.. . $ 
Total glass and its products $ 


191,573 


5 ,013 ,906 


5,364,911 


363 ,568 


Petroleum and its products 
Crude petroleum in its natural state gal. 


5,926 
3,365 


236,809,939 
13,661,429 
139,635,201 
7,923,24e 
3,769,926 
423,166 
5,577,972 
1,927,225 
2,824,542 
738,802 
24,647,623 
5,106,783 


260,819,944 
14,666,967 
139,635,201 
7,923,246 
3,901,449 
433, 796 
5,805,893 
1,956,262 
2,825,812 
739,449 
29,882,932 
5,574,659 


17,619 
10,129 

80 
98 


$ 
Petroleum imported to be refined gal. 


$ 
Coal and kerosene, distilled or refined gal. 


$ 
Lubricating oils gal 


$ 
Gasoline under 725 specific gravity gal. 


$ 
Petroleum, products of, n.o.p. . . . gal 


$ 
Total petroleum, asphalt and their 
products 


24,699 


31 511 604 


33, Of 9 ,779 


17,854 


Stone and stone products $ 




187, 169 

1,202,890 
700,395 
518,072 
11,200 
14,500 


3,292,563 

59 
236,625 
121,211 
1,087,434 
298,708 
266,430 
152,110 
194,464,002 
2,039,980 


3,607,251 

1,250,018 
1,899,062 
755,301 
1,096,780 
315,148 
266,430 
152,110 
194,634,613 
2,042,172 


143,007 

3,012,444 
271,930 
250,504 
7,360 
3.670 
44 i; 434 
320,585 
1,120 
177 


Miscellanous non-metallic minerals and 
their Products 
Diamonds, unset $ 


Salt for the use of the sea or gulf fisheries. . cwt. 

$ 
Salt in bulk, n.o.p cwt 


8 
Salt, n.o.p., in bags, barrels, etc cwt. 


Sulphur and brimstone, crude lb 


$ 
Total non-metallic minerals and 
their products $ 


4,132,824 


128,819,978 


135,250,417 


6,945,566 


VIII. Chemicals and allied products. 

A.cids $ 


201,130 

963,366 
325,068 

104.993 
7,208 


723,321 

1,644,002 
3,937,236 

273,903 
934,068 


975,757 

3,023,532 
4,577,074 

384,739 
941,516 


474,767 

1,113,429 
510,119 

157,879 
19,211 


Total drugs, medicine and pharmaceutical 
preparations $ 


Total dyeing and tanning materials $ 


Explosives and cellulose products 
Nitro compounds $ 


Cellulose products $ 


Total explosives and cellulose pro 
ducts $ 


112,201 


1 ,207 ,971 


1 ,328 ,255 


177,090 


fertilizers 
Soda, nitrate of , or cubic nitre lb. 


1 

1 

146 


49,398,278 
2,235,371 
337,657 
46,103 

984,662 


84.033,351 
3,294,369 
449,657 
65,423 

984,808 


1,374,468 
41,438 

11,990 


$ 
Potash muriate and sulphate of, crude lb. 
$ 
Other fertilizers compounded or manufac 
tured, n.o.p $ 


Total fertilizers $ 


147 


3 ,281 ,937 


4,360,401 


54,217 


Total paints, pigments and varnishes $ 


111,905 
37,885 
35,256 


3,301,071 
1,226,190 
294,807 


3,422,510 
1,267,868 

458,874 


222,210 
92,321 
132,543 


Total soaps $ 


Perfumery, cosmetics and toilet preparations $ 
Total soaps, perfumery, cosmetics 
and other toilet preparations... $ 

Inorganic chemicals 
Sulphate of alumina or alum cake lb. 


73,141 


1,520,997 


1,726,742 


224,864 


56,000 

724 


736,017 
85,507 


56,000 
724 
738,055 
85,822 


51,200 
804 
1,102,352 
66,406 


$ 
Ammonia, nitrate of lb 


$ 



IMPORTS OF CANADA 



Kit 



l I. Imi&gt;orts of Canada from the Tufted Kingdom, the I nited States and AH Coun 
tries in quantities and values by classes entered for consumption in the four 
tiscal years 1919-19T*. -eon. 



1920. 


1921. 


1922 


Mr&gt; 


Tnin-d 


All 


ited 


1" nited 


All 


I nited 


United 


All 




Sta 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


tea. 


Count r i 


Kiimdoin. 


Sta 


Countries. 




649,11", 


673,004 


42,753 


919,585 


1,019,744 


47,478 


431,266 


552,859 


1 


855,916 


910,402 


32 


1. 1 


1,584.2(17 


19, 121 




738 


2 


751,436 


1,150,527 




,298 


2,144,513 


310,742 


182,2.-.:, 


1,2115,506 


3 


1,621,982 


1,891,512 


. 374 


1,390,708 


2,872,1.-.! 


40,249 


28,1U7 


624,386 


4 


5,914,3*3 


, 924,459 


1,939, 4*1 


7,149,830 


11,983,928 


*8f.,899 


2,977,298 


5,392,534 




186,483,433 


298,540 




,754 


311, 710. n.-.7 






39 1,292, OH (i 


5 


12,753. 7&lt;. 1 


15,571 


- 


20,067,907 


.012 


- 


12,Hf,0,563 


111, 010,945 




99,41. 


100, 7&gt; 


- 


119,0 4,080 


ll .I.U - 


- 


51,947 


51,947,659 


9 




1.708,921 


- 


7,107 


8,257.107 


- 


2.74 


2,74. 




6,880,311 




- 


16,719,782 


16,720 


700 


1.7H1 


2,611 


7 


1,312 


1,064,487 


- 


2.. -.78, 711 


:s,802 


1.17 


451 


451,473 




4,833,1X1 


5,01 


16,476 


5,110,415 


5, 12 


14,117 


4,92 


4,940,282 


8 


1,71 


1,7" 




2.. -.10, 277 


2,519,610 


10,439 


1,667,740 


1.H78.915 




4,97 


4,982,755 





9,400,589 


9,400,824 


- 


I 1 , :;."&gt;*, 013 


22, lit ,721 


9 


1,287, (in; 


I. 2X8,566 


- 




2,61 


- 


4,008,254 


11,664 




27,701,555 


32. 




41, 132,890 


51,251 


2,450 


;o,o&lt;4 


j, ni 


19 


5,731.7 i" 


il. 204, 840 


64 


10, 073 


11,016,740 


4,424 


259,714 


264, i:;&gt; 




28,525 ,941 


32 ,095 ,285 


25,5(2 


47,878,962 


51,438,351 


32,224 


25,988,191 


34, &gt;r.&gt;,0ft:5 




3,030,761 


3,284,176 


303,019 


4,419,304 


4,836,784 


180,449 


2,5r 


2,9:. 


11 


55,400 


4.470,846 


1,885,614 


146,lin! 


M,1BO 


1,1:; 


54,012 


3,146,466 


12 


212,981 


1,321 


,718 


301 


- 1,617 


48, 




1,037,143 


13 


1! 12, 980 






152 






164 


1 . 03f. 




991 


i,oo:&gt;,o.-,i; 


50. 


1,016,187 


l.OC 


11 


876 


941,968 


14 


270,632 


275 


1,045 








27; 






230,386 


671,820 


451 


19:; 


S.016 


,389 


213,096 


722 


15 


15; 


47; 


353 


146,621 


i,612 


-.,164 


i :. &gt; 


486,032 




158,350,597 


158,351.717 


1.041 


237.7S7.380 


237 




157,168 


157 


16 


l.Sf 


1.2 




1,71 


1,73 


211 


1,271,397 


1,272,170 




108,5 J.l ,324 


121,951,176 


9,118,493 


iss I . . 04.1 


299,995,113 


6,324,799 


118,233,478 


137,604,140 




534,117 


l,054,34o 


404 




J,197 


96, 760 


300,646 


494,889 


17 


1,805,801 


3,402,1132 


1,307.077 


l,f,79,047 


7,913 




1,34 


2,477,473 


18 


4,664,391 


5,623,720 


818,211 


4,44 


6,031,566 


.,526 


2,898,444 


4,00 


19 


375,965 


556,836 


..040 


430,17^ 


750,385 


26,880 


147,142 


201,184 


20 


1,101,181 


1,12 


41 


1.370,429 


1,42 


55,832 


99? 


1,07 


21 


1 ,477 ,146 


1,C78,893 


337,765 


1,800,607 


2,179,759 


82,712 


1,141,388 


1,277,568 




9,923,005 


9,923,605 


33,892 


49,212,429 


52,579,803 


5,877 


22,832. 


22,838,20s 


2? 


,890 


38 . 


2,510 


1,63 


1,737,622 


288 


581,619 


581,907 




2,855,15(1 


6,897,3!f&gt; 


589.678 


4,210,616 


18,314,74^ 


558,670 


5,14 


8,667,354 


23 


170,815 


285,131 


35,1)70 


166,756 


84c 


22,002 


152,619 


24! 




734,641 


748,382 


2,770 


1,181,898 


1,187,481 


18,484 


539,664 


569,129 


24 


1,624,442 


1 ,753 ,307 


172 ,056 


3 ,503 .303 


1,427,564 


49,994 


1,674,461 


1 ,887 ,384 




3,541,145 


3,8: 


509, 128 


3,513,581 


4,251,620 


440,894 


1,926,621 


2,838,466 


25 


1,424.181 


1,082 


103,883 


1. 244.1177 


1,424,446 


.704 


1,0: 


1,211,553 


26 


&gt;,854 


1,096,101 


H4.487 


470,763 


1,202,585 


63 


441,363 


!).V 


27 


1,953,03.1 


2, 630,18ft 


198,370 


1,715,440 


2,627,031 


137 ,281 


1,486,215 


2,166,12 




20,742,76-. 


20,793 


455,530 


20,923,453 


21,378,983 


385,544 


16,047,073 


16,432,750 


28 


".,846 


326,650 


9,504 


358,842 


363,346 


6,217 


27.5,352 


281,574 




1,481,025 


3,066,879 


2,707 


661,757 


1,9&gt;- 


- 


1,144,332 


2,017,078 


29 


S2.215 


184,396 


404 


34,390 


142,999 


- 


61,986 


127,484 





462 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



12. Imports of Canada from the United Kingdom, the United States and All Coun 
tries in quantities and values by classes entered for consumption in the four 
fiscal years 1919-1922. concluded. 



No. 


Principal articles by classes. 


1919. 




United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


All 
Countries. 


United 
Kingdom. 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 

13 
14 

15 
16 

17 

18 

19 
20 

21 

22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 

30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 


VIII. Chemicals and allied products- 
concluded. 
Inorganic chemicals concluded. 
Sal ammoniac Ib. 


209,846 
23,853 

43,040 

22,845 
2,240 
292 
14,861,757 
230,889 
1,561,847 
27.746 
224,428 
15,087 
27,139 
575 
32,890,788 
216,068 
1,017,725 
21,857 


484,009 
67,382 
2,526,418 
220,482 
11,958.547 
174,362 
322,896 
180, 183 
2,309,525 
180,800 
71,398,304 
1,685,034 
5,547,213 
123,026 
11,155,053 
507,037 
10,644,76? 
170,771 
34,726,974 
410,378 
24,452,390 
265,504 
3,102,469 
307,891 


693,855 
91,235 
2,526,718 
220.607 
11,958,547 
174,362 
473,703 
261,653 
2,311,765 
181,092 
86,260,061 
1,915.923 
7,109,060 
150,772 
11,379,483 
522,124 
10,671,902 
171,346 
67,617,762 
626,446 
25,470,115 
287,361 
3,102,469 
307,891 


774,282 
85,199 
518,616 
49,436 
194,450 
5,509 
182,503 
72,414 
6,890 
589 
1,030,102 
19,274 
3,371,055 
67,542 

2,478,750 
40.609 
543,980 
14,763 
24,239 
2,593 


$ 
Copper, sulphate of (blue vitriol) Ib. 


$ 
Chloride of lime, etc Ib. 


s 
p 

Cream of tartar in crystals or argols Ib. 


$ 
Borax in bulk Ib 


$ 
Soda ash or barilla Ib. 


Soda, bicarbonate of Ib. 


$ 
Soda, caustic Ib. 


$ 
Soda, sal Ib 


$ 
Soda, sulphate of.crude, known as salt cake Ib. 
$ 
Soda, silicate of, in crystals or solution. . . Ib. 

Acid phosphate, not medicinal Ib. 


$ 
Total inorganic chemicals $ 


738,720 


5,776,4S8 


6,582,532 


574,649 


Other chemicals, n.o.p. 
Camphor Ib. 


19,107 
27,441 
1,197,468 
324,108 
13,658 
37,034 


15,317 
19,068 
393,969 
100,020 
143.631 
236,328 


69,925 
91,646 
1.591,437 
424,128 
157,571 
273,381 


10,475 
25,384 
634,082 
157,794 
15,734 
97,633 


$ 
Cyanide of potassium Ib. 


$ 
Ink, printing $ 


Polish or composition, knife or other $ 


Total chemicals and allied products $ 

IX. AH other commodities. 

Amusement and sporting goods 
Cinematograph or moving picture films, 
positives $ 


3 ,397 ,055 


28,719,765 


34,282,647 


4,154,345 


22, 143 
28,208 


924,511 

708,489 


947,033 
972,137 


55,441 
76,686 


Toys, all kinds $ 


Total amusement and sporting 

goods $ 


55,880 


1,722,573 


2,017,134 


150,680 


Brushes $ 


32,974 
613,065 

5,000 
50,681 
20,167 
13,198 
6,570 
8,936 
74 
174, 186 
23,889 


377,098 
652,594 

227,005 
215,428 
807,927 
724,833 
477,316 
440,105 
161,197 
481,457 
319,695 


606,771 
1,455,277 

314,278 
300,364 
1,037,025 
750,771 
497,927 
465,474 
161,275 
754,757 
358,736 


61,544 
981,272 

57,907 
71,470 
22,501 
50,030 
13,832 
46,026 
15 
489,341 
53,102 


Packages $ 


Household and Personal equipment 
Boot, shoe, shirt and stay laces $ 


Boots, shoes, slippers, etc $ 


Buttons, all kinds $ 


Jewellery $ 


Pencils, lead $ 


Pocket books, portfolios, etc $ 


Spectacle frames, eye-glass frames $ 


Tobacco pipes, all kinds, etc $ 


Braids, cords, fringes, tassels $ 


Total household and personal 
equipment $ 


783,842 


4,983,627 


6,692,672 


991,181 


Musical instruments $ 


26,455 
70,239 
861 
424 
13,978 

3,995,379 


3,012,920 
2,146,047 
3,850,361 
703,168 
195,992 

54,007,956 


3,164,227 
2,280,782 
3,881,424 
704,497 
217,593 

58,537,936 


52,436 
153,503 
694,123 
1,339 
265,134 

1,860,165 


Scientific and educational equipment. . . $ 


Ships and vessels $ 


Vehicles, chiefly of wood $ 


Works of art $ 


Miscellaneous articles imported under 
special conditions $ 


Total all other commodities $ 


6,436,160 


94,168,170 


103,399,992 


8,323,780 


Total imports merchandise. . $ 


73.035.118 


750.203.024 


919.711,705 


126,362,631 



IMPORTS OF CANADA 



463 



12. Imports of Canada from the lulled Kingdom, (ho I nited States and All Coun 
tries in quantities and values by classes entered for consumption in the four 
fiscal years 1919-1922. conchu !&lt;&lt;!. 



1920. 


1921. 


1922. 




United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


United 


United 


All 


0. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countries. 


Kingdom. 


States. 


Countrir&gt; 




45* 


1 , 2. 


1,1- 


29! 


1,438.231 


458,331 


389,2!H 


854,671 


1 


48.511 




137,901 




173.10- 




30 


71 






2.301.17s 




1,780, Ml 




578 


833,740 


1,51 


2 


147 


197 




12! 


17. 


30 


56, 


96, 




20,2: 


20 


,461 


921 


30 




17. 


18,ooo, 17: 


3 




36s 


47 


1,176,515 


1,2- 


11 


384,621 






1.498 










.611 


Is 


lot 


4 


13s 


370 


044 


111 




52 


50 


216 




3, tils. 071 


3,6 


65.314 


2,6!&gt; 


2,66 


751 


2.14 


5,181 


5 




&gt; 881 




21. 


218 




126 






0,211 


52.016 


67 


12,145 


12 


1,740 


6,0 


6,811 s.v; 


6 


-.5.810 


1,07 


1 . 7.x 


314 


316.01:: 


16 


110 


|:&lt;., 




2,003 


7,47 


4.218,50-1 




8.21 


261,921 


6,007,867 


9,788 


7 


9(5 


164, los 






200 




137,811 


147.441 




6,0! 


17,854 


11 




8,31 ! I d 


982 


12.0.12, 101 


13. 


8 


1.888 


224,888 


It 






40 


501 


541 




10,619,962 


10, til! 


11,200 






17! 


9,601.701, 


9,77 





15s 


15s 


17o 




Is,, 




195 


200. s 7." 




51,44 


53. 


630,108 


84,:::i2. lm 


86,052 


10. 


57,900 


57,919,007 


10 


369,033 


409,642 


7,730 


1,01 


1.043.175 




696,837 


696,971 




(5,340 


21. 


9R7 


27 


28 


2 1C, 


8,881.917 


23,071 


11 




.057 






34 1, 


16.610 








3,176,843 


3,201.082 


54 


1,194 




83 




3, 470, is:; 


12 


334,660 


337 


4,900 


313.280 


318,189 


8,262 


25.", 


262.1s.- 




5,052,525 


5,832,751 


869,754 


6,113,013 


7,244,920 


419,761 


4,635,451 


5,369,678 




49,514 


67.130 


1,594 


57.128 


60.984 


2.627 


50,404 


61,667 


13 


138,894 


184 




93 


101 


2.481 


44 


54,216 




269,524 


903,606 


977 


.881 


1,21 




67 


1,72! 


14 


6"&gt; 




240,575 




300.140 




16,918 


1,607 




181.913 


197 


20. 163 


1,111 


217 


18,871 


144 




15 


273.056 


371,165 


141 


282,986 




77.501 


14(1 


22.- 


16 


23,854,300 


29,886,102 


6,048,717 


26,776,364 


36,334,612 


3,238,465 


17,688,482 


24,041,885 




1,311,691 


1,367,132 


,581 


1. (520. 424 


1.660,892 


29,640 


1,716,161 


1,754,285 


17 


1.038.844 


1,296,454 


367,494 


1.177,606 


1,935,202 


161.124 


906.04o 


1,376.084 


18 


2,616,836 


3 ,077 ,476 


455,646 


3,046,654 


4,112,324 


237,588 


2,858,381 


3,535,160 




474,528 


767, 183 


171,660 


504,221 


1.077.71S 


104,505 


316,319 


607,100 


19 


800,757 


2,124,532 


1,763,773 


966.683 


3,432,883 


1,005,143 


630,330 


2,050,153 


20 


247,833 


370,665 


98,318 


188,246 


355,629 


19,405 


84,704 


122,916 


21 


328,941 


434,262 


206,406 


285,877 


524,555 


46,035 


171,632 


243,922 


22 


1,099.983 


1,329,092 


62.839 


832,. J4. 


1,213,064 


40,057 


524,140 


690.382 


26 


1,120.530 


1,242,010 


203.392 


811,858 


1,174,102 


9 1,00 7 


663.877 


880, 205 


2 


559.804 


582,498 


68,256 


793.686 


873,967 


48,922 


661,400 


721,846 


25 


652,991 


746,245 


179,766 


509,784 


754,326 


134,397 


450,185 


652,796 


26 


170,410 


170,712 


420 


211,102 


211,553 


113 


114,876 


115,011 


27 


486,651 


1,204,889 


977,221 


350,946 


1,661,023 


823,039 


133,180 


1,322,322 


28 


410,745 


515,788 


123,806 


455,171 


792,688 


63,591 


554,465 


819,971 


29 


6,477,622 


8,269,220 


2,282,246 


5,793,461 


9,416,005 


1,547,923 


4,382,579 


6,981,560 




4,122,624 


4,329,093 


131,465 


3,096,608 


3,486,744 


74,883 


2,040,439 


2,353,531 


30 


3,029,921 


3,282,803 


299,259 


3,211,916 


3,765,608 


. 262,074 


2,721,148 


3,405,251 


31 


5,495,478 


6,191,136 


599, 739 


2,411,450 


3,034,247 


236,836 


600,591 


849,958 


3 J 


731,260 


732,682 


3,599 


951,256 


964,880 


2,918 


518,324 


521,283 


33 


314,813 


621,520 


337,306 


435,903 


875,350 


231,681 


186,436 


540,280 


34 


10,447,734 


12,843,580 


7,506,391 


11,509,450 


19,494,853 


5,195,273 


7,558,378 


13,501,708 


35 


50,653,209 


62,344,780 


17,061,864 


50,150,028 


72,688,072 


11,470.236 


34,365,281 


50,485,971 




801,097,318 


1,064,528,123 


213,973,562 


853,176,820 


1,240,158,882 


117,134,576 


516,105,107 


747,804,332 





464 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



13. Imports (Dutiable and Free) and Exports of Canadian and Foreign Produce 
by Main Classes, during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1917-21. 



Classes. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Imports. 

Vegetable Products (except 
chemicals, fibres and wood). 
Dutiable 


$ 

73,962,399 


$ 
84,233,176 


$ 
84,619,145 


$ 
156,821,370 


$ 

184,814,030 


I ree 


51,908,269 


64,725,712 


72,887,509 


85,254,019 


76,267,334 














Total 


1?5,870,681 


148,958,888 


157,506,654 


242,075,389 


261,081,364 














Animals and their Products 
(except chemicals and fibres) . 
Dutiable 


45,153,434 


41,054,713 


24,554,327 


52,933,661 


36,407,665 


Free 


18,681,088 


19,515,452 


16,950,767 


42,165,082 


25,314,725 














Total 


63,834,522 


60, HO, 165 


41,505,094 


95,098,743 


61,722,390 














Fibres, Textiles and Textile 
Products. 
Dutiable 


102,352,276 


94,540,642 


105,186,945 


156,536,643 


171,058,642 


Free 


40,515,762 


57,770,640 


73,003,296 


75,023,234 


72,549,700 














Total 


142,868,038 


152,311,282 


178,190,241 


231 ,5,*9, 877 


243,608,342 














Wood, Wood Products and Pa 
per. 
Dutiable 


14,448,912 


15,901,269 


18,610,573 


24,837,227 


33,969,792 


Free 


9,482,353 


12,569,446 


16,789,279 


18,346,040 


23,479,592 














Total 


33,931,265 


28,470,715 


35,399,852 


43,183,267 


57,449,384 














Iron and its Products. 
Dutiable 


129,867,974 


160,678,802 


136,580,414 


155,244,390 


202,323,458 


Free 


23,383,405 


34,569,911 


55,946,963 


31,075,486 


43,302,245 














Total 


153,251,379 


195,248,713 


192, 27, 377 


18.6,319,876 


245,825,703 














Non-Ferrous Metals and their 
Products . 
Dutiable 


17,990,469 


24,857,388 


22,779,305 


32,781,310 


39,923,514 


Free 


21,473,741 


21,345,665 


18,870,126 


19,322,603 


15,630,388 














Total 


39,464,210 


46,203,053 


41,649,431 


52,103,913 


5,553,902 














Non-Metallic Minerals and their 
Products (except Chemicals). 
Dutiable 


42,192,419 


81,317,323 


89,202,250 


61,395,487 


122,636,171 


Free 


37,035,126 


48,471,181 


46,048,167 


60,560,689 


83,458,942 














Total 


79,227,545 


129,788,504 


135,250,417 


121,956,176 


206,095,113 














Chemicals and Allied Products. 
Dutiable 


12,683,981 


13,924,935 


17,847,452 


17,894,483 


19,992,459 


Free . 


15,989,017 


13,915,641 


16,435,195 


11,991,619 


16,342,153 














Total 


28,672,998 


27,840,576 


34,282,647 


29,886,102 


36,334,612 














All other Commodities . 
Dutiable 


23,081,745 


25,833.274 


27,114,247 


35,210,594 


36,435,675 


Free 


166,248,508 


148,307,408 


76,285,745 


27,134,186 


36,252,397 














Total 


189,330,253 


174,140,682 


103,399,992 


62,344,780 


72,688,072 














Total Imports. 
Dutiable 


461,733,609 


542,341,522 


526,494,658 


693,655,165 


847,561,406 


Free 


384,717,269 


421,191,056 


393,217,047 


370,872,958 


392,597,476 














Total 


846,450,878 


963,532,578 


919,711,705 


1,064,528,123 


1,240,158,882 














Duty collected (Includes War 

Tax) 


147,831,455 


151,595,629 


158,046,334 


187,524,182 


179,667,683 








_ __ _ _ 







IMPORTS OF CANADA 



466 



13. Imports Dutiable and Freei and Exports of Canadian and Foreign Produce, by 
Main Classes, during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1917-21 concluded. 



Classes. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Exports. 

Vegetable Products (except 
Chemicals, Fibres* Wood) 
Canadian Produce 


386,011,190 


$ 

587,431,967 



288,893,218 



416,122,771 


- 
482,921 


Foreign Produce 


8,808,153 


It 




1 .14: 


1,818,545 














Total 


394,819,343 


02,011,355 


314,615,902 


422,544 714 


484,743,217 














Animals and their Products (ei- 
o-pt C hfinicals & Fibres).. 
Canadian Produce 


157,577,393 


209, 4%, 71 2 


2H . Hifl,826 


314,017 "It 


18* 


foreign Produce 


8,114,872 


7. 717. u7: 


4,079 


6,565 660 


1,433 501 














Total 


165, $92, 265 


. 17 . I: . &gt;7 


. .-,1 :;:,l ili: 


320,583,604 


189,793,438 














Fibres, Textiles and Textile 
Products 


11,979,554 


30,804,815 


030,381 


34,028,314 


18,783,884 


Foreign Produce 


560,477 


1,184,031 


1.89 


3,9 


2,626,801 














Total 


12,549,031 


31,988,841 


29,864,975 


37 952 079 


21,419 685 














Wood, Wood Products and 
Paper. 
Canadian Produce 


103,052,217 


116,384,814 


154,569,154 


213 


284,561 47^ 


Foreign Produce 


743,318 


Il7t 


308,949 


53 ") 


551,189 














Total 


194,395,535 


111 733,890 


154 878 103 


I 1 in .: 


285 112 667 














Iron and its Products. 
Canadian Produce 


63,310,063 


64,837,223 


81,910,926 


81,785,829 


76,500,741 


Foreign Produce 


5 64 


1 i:-l 


6 179 760 


18 058 937 


8 582 412 














Total 


8,955,37? 


74 428,436 


^ ti iu i,&gt;( 


Tl -|l I ! 


v. ii-.; i.v; 














Non-Ferrous Metals and their 
Produr 
Canadian Produce 


90 263,731 


80 




54 976 413 


45 939 377 


Foreign Produce 


231 




? !4i 


2 5 (i 


846 500 














Total 


90,494,793 


90.263,669 


80,227 878 


57,574 252 


46,785,877 














Non-Metallic Minerals and their 
Products (except chemicals) 
Canadian Produce 


14,842,774 


19,984,236 


26,662,304 


30,342 


40,121,892 


Foreign Produce 


549,503 


2,00 


3 2 i 


842 930 


888,775 














Total 


15, 39?, 277 


21,987,033 


29,870 245 


31 185 856 


41,010,667 














Chemicals and Allied Products. 
Canadian Products 


52,592,935 


49,131,084 


56,799,799 


22,581,049 


19,582,051 


Foreign Products 


606,623 


721,164 


1,331,193 


3,556,274 


1,111,680 














Total 


53,199,558 


49 ,812, -Ms 


58 130 992 


26 137 323 


20 693,731 














All other Commodities. 
Canadian Produce 


271,145,911 


372,433,769 


255 326 466 


71,722,908 


32,389,669 


Foreign Produce 


2,576,105 


9,253,759 


3,405,133 


4,663 944 


3,405,015 














Total 


273,721,926 


381,687,528 


258 731 599 


76 386 852 


35 794 684 














Total Exports. 
Canadian Produce 


1,151,375,768 


1,540,027,788 


1,216,443,806 


1,239,492,098 


1,189,163,701 


Foreign Produce 


27,835,332 


46,142,004 


52 321 479 


47 166 611 


21 264 418 














Total 


1,179,211,100 


1,588 169 792 


1 268 765 285 


1 286 658 709 


1 210 428 119 














Total Trade. 
Imports merchandise ... . 


846,450,878 


963,532,578 


919 711 705 


1 064 528 123 


1 240 158 882 


Exports merchandise 


1,179,211,100 


1,586,169,792 


1,268,765 285 


1 286 658 709 


1,210 428 119 














Total 


2,025,661,978 


2,549 702,370 


2 188 476 990 


2 351 186 832 


2 450 587 001 















3813130 



466 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



14. External Trade of Canada, by Main Groups and Degrees of Manufacture accord 
ing to Origin, Year ended March 31, 1921. 



Origin. 


Imports for Consumption. 


Exports, Domestic. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


Total. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


Total. 


Articles of Agricultural or 
Vegetable Origin 

Raw materials 


$ 
4,379,179 
1,323,715 
84,691,774 


$ 
95,746,927 
27,867,830 
73,857,849 


$ 
116,027,670 
86,073,222 
197,703,006 


$ 
102,977,914 
42,385 
39,678,411 


$ 
119,701,522 
353,213 
30,065,190 


$ 
377,953,496 
1,712,774 
110,242,257 


Partly manufactured ar 
ticles 


Fully or chiefly manu 
factured articles 

Total 


90,394,688 


197,472,606 


399,803,898 


142,698,710 


150,119,925 


489,908,527 


Articles of Animal Origin 

Raw materials 


2,995,807 
14,158,423 
45,632,846 


24,035,345 
9,847,749 
29,539,331 


34,964,629 
25,798,508 
95,827,070 


9,748,983 
2,463,779 
71,817,483 


52,319,728 
2,813,024 
7,699,844 


64,849,426 
6,103,807 
92,024,869 


Partly manufactured ar 
ticles 


Fully or chiefly manu 
factured articles 

Total 


62,787,076 


63,422,425 


156,590,207 


84,030,245 


62,832,596 


162,978,102 


Articles of Marine Origin 

Raw materials 


24,825 
179,238 


918,972 
347,625 


1,321,991 
2,976,001 


63,545 
20,962 
7,618,878 


9,638,854 
841,422 
5,299,197 


9,739,501 
867,923 
23,055,327 


Partly manufactured ar 
ticles 


Fully or chiefly manu 
factured articles 


Total 


204,063 


1,266,597 


4,297,992 


7,703,385 


15,779,473 


33,662,751 


Articles of Forest Origin 

Raw materials 


24,704 
21,582 
3,224,246 


1,883,243 
20,450,218 
31,434,293 


1,941,464 
20,514,217 
37,091,922 


400,792 
31,482,313 
5,083,447 


23,827,367 
105,612,392 
87,336,466 


24,298,362 
150,884,447 
110,420,307 


Partly manufactured ar 
ticles 


Fully or chiefly manu 
factured articles 


Total 


3,270,532 


53,767,754 


59,547,603 


36,966,552 


216,776,225 


285,603,116 


Articles of Mineral Ori 
gin 

Raw materials 


370,007 
4,548,624 
30,418,760 


150,313,792 
11,164,099 
315,661,268 


154,403,559 
16,367,055 
357,244,112 


4,889,869 
10,093,082 
16,576,941 


31,672,077 
21,536,700 
26,785,613 


48,926,839 
36,443,731 
88,340,996 


Partly manufactured ar 
tides 


Fully or chiefly manu 
factured articles. . . . 


Total 


35,337,391 


477,139,159 


528,014,726 


31,559,892 


79,994,390 


173,711,566 


Articles of Mixed Origin- 

Raw materials 


1,768,689 
20,211,143 


2,079,243 
61,029,036 


4,312,117 
87,592,339 


276,406 
9,609,681 


669,859 
16,150,499 


951,135 
42,348,504 


Partly manufactured ar 
tides 


Fully or chiefly manu 
factured articles 


Total 


21,979,832 


63,108,279 


91,904,456 


9,886,087 


16,820,358 


43,299,639 


SUMMARY. 
Raw materials 


7,794,522 


272,898,279 
71,409,139 
511,869,402 


308,659,313 
153,065,119 

778,434,450 


118,081,103 
44,378,927 
150,384,841 


237,159,548 
131,826,610 
173,336,809 


525,767,624 
196,963,817 
466,432,260 


Partly manufactured ar 
tides 


21,821,033 
184,358,00 


Fully or chiefly manufac 
tured articles 


Grand total 




213,973,562 


856,176,820 


1,240,158,882 


312,844,871 


542,322,967 


1,189,163,701 


Approximate values o 
Principal Canadian Ex 
ports produced wholl 
or chiefly from Impori 
ed materials, included it 
above statement: 















TRADE BY MAIN GROUPS 



467 



II. r:\tcrnal Trade of C anada. by Main (Groups and Decrees of Manufacture accord 
ing to Origin. Year ended March 31, 1921. &lt; oiu lud. .1. 



Origin. 


Imports for Consumption. 


Exports, Domestic. 


I nitctl 
Kingdom. 


United 


Total. 


United 
Kingdom. 


United 
States. 


Total. 


Articles of Agriculturalor 

VejJt tibU- Orii-iii 

"Raw materials 


1 


1 


- 


$ 

11,895 

5,494,262 


22,523 
349,573 
13,789,472 


* 

.,732 
355, 173 
.103,066 


Partly manufactured ar 
ticles. . 


Fully or chiefly manu 
factured articles 


Total 


- 


- 


- 


5,506,157 


14,lfil,58 


29,681,971 


Articles of Animal Origin 

Fully or chiefly manu 
factured articles 


- 


- 





158,710 


23,543 


343,077 





15. Summary of the Trade of Canada, by Main (iroups. Compiled on a Classification 
According to Purpose, Fiscal Year ended March 81, 19&gt;1. 



- 


Imports for Consumption. 


Exports of Canadian Produce. 


&gt;m 
I m 
Kingdom. 


from 
United 


Total 


To 

T nited 
Kingdom. 


To 

I m 
States. 


Total. 


FOOD, DRINK AND 
TOBACCO. 

Beverages and infu.-: 
Bevei an-. s, alcoholic .... 
Browed 


$ 

18,046, 

-Ml. 493 
127,387 

227 

2,902 

94,970 
76,386 

50,699 

4,760,076 

411,031 
461 

3,886,382 
3,851,218 

35,164 
5,244,686 
7,320 
193,711 
23,964 

41,355 
5,107 
36,248 

128,393 
151,921 
181,604 
4,499 
62,551 
114,554 
505,899 
136,606 
81,081 
288,212 
368,495 
2,829 

365,666 
70.271 


$ 

35,701 

18 
S.196 

M 

168,007 
109,591 

58,416 
.137 
76,735 
390.71s 
85,684 
64.401 
21 
96,783,761 
308,097 
16,902,849 
15,248,445 

1,267,122 
621, l&gt; 1!i 
645,903 

387,282 
908,361 
974,630 
682,850 
123,070 
168,710 
27,821,667 
18,452,055 
7,262,490 
2,107,122 
10,128,794 
5,009,386 

5,119,408 
2.299.889 


177,318 

,630 

32,L - ) 4,7ll7 
55,186 

2,27 
1,65! 

. r-: 
36-1 

178,331 

191 
14,453, 

500,634 

9,668,785 
8,259,079 
1,40 
181,113,126 
815,430 
19.984,402 
17,931,183 

1,504,213 
682,317 
821,896 

549,006 
1,770,713 
3,672,488 
974,827 
916,016 
1,781,645 
31,677,311 
18,947,769 
9,270,241 
3,459,301 
11,428,483 
5,771,871 

5,656,612 
2.370.160 




I 

1,560 
375,560 
86 
371 
812 

812 
1 812 

219,115,632 
19,350 
125,399,280 
93,224,170 

31,102,264 
31,062,517 
39,747 

1,072,846 

7,679,338 
60,460 
7,596,747 
22,131 
8,612,490 
7,909,477 
188,774 
514,239 
33,162,064 
1,350,850 

31,811,214 
205.414 


S 

64 
18,417 

46 
51 

51 
12,785 

12,785 
1,539 

1,539 

189,705,317 
23,719,386 
110,746,455 
98,635,857 

12,060,358 
12,060,358 

50,240 

15,235,173 
9,351,133 
2,859,477 
3,024,563 
1,198,118 
1,102,498 
21,055 
74,565 
8,998,102 
8,263,571 

734,531 
526 


$ 

2,6;.4,7:,1 
2,67 
.112,964 
1,700,617 
59,339 
52,565 
6,774 

6,774 
16,480 

16,480 
5,351 

5,351 

612,929,170 
23,977,107 
416,208,242 
344,317,521 

70,597,375 
69,247,174 
1,350,201 

1,293,346 

33,078,718 
9,440,223 
13,637,568 
10,000,927 
10,320,878 
9,246,581 
322,777 
751,520 
44,501,520 
11,037,169 

33,464,351 
674.429 


Distilled... 
Fermented 


!er .... 


Wines 


irkling... . 


rklinj?... 


Beverages, non-alcoholic. . 
Lime and other fruit 
juices 


Mineral and aerated wa 
ters 


Infusions 


Cocoa and chocolate. . . . 
Coffee and chicory. . . 


Tea 


Black 


Green 


Food? . ... 


Animals for food 


Breadstuffs. . 


Grains 


Flour and other milled 
products 


Flour and meal 


Other milled products. 
Bakery products and 
prepared foods . ... 


Cocoa and chocolate. . 


Fish 


Fresh 


Canned .... 


Dried, smoked, salted. . 
Fruits 


Fresh . . 


Dried 


Otherwise prepared 


Meats 


Fresh 


Cured, pickled or pre 
pared .... 


Lard.. 



3813130$ 



468 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



15. Summary of the Trade of Canada, by Main Groups, Compiled on a Classification 
According to Purpose, Fiscal Year ended March 31, 1921. con. 



Classes. 


Imports for Consumption. 


Exports of Canadian Produce. 


From 
United 
Kingdom. 


From 
United 

States. 


Total. 


To 

United 
Kingdom. 


To 
United 
States. 


Total. 


FOOD, DRINK AND 

TOBACCO concluded. 
Food concluded. 
Milk and its products 


$ 
80,110 

80,110 
343,546 

111,212 

47,869 
184,465 
593,396 
598,832 
1,395,383 
325,963 
93,405 
972,724 
3,291 
377,615 
111,415 
1,616 
264,584 
29,208 

347,374 

1,630,663 
652,347 
978,316 

2,469,377 

1,562,334 
1,312,177 
43,705 
15,010 
191,442 
335,127 

79,773 
492,143 
12,791,987 
54,305 
596,346 
877,408 
1,798,614 
1,208,197 
3,040,149 
261,216 
281,363 
511,640 
4,162,749 

17,536,958 
1,712,977 
453,888 
2,957,817 
2,102,583 
855,234 
127,407 
4,086,978 
42,753 
4,044,225 
5,711,881 
146,822 
99,627 


$ 

1,639,517 
45,973 

1,593,544 
2,129,665 

87,491 
991,632 
1,050,542 
624,483 
318,167 
21,479,853 
396,796 
341,190 
20,471,605 
270,262 
5,331,769 
4,563,463 
639,370 
128,936 
16,082 
465,421 
5,434,517 

962,814 
401,775 
561,039 

13,108,360 

9,336,371 
3,377,160 
2,625,669 
81,460 
3,252,082 
1,654,368 

593,530 
1,524,091 
13,155,534 
154,459 
2,351,786 
187,992 
115,962 
2,252,804 
1,264,482 
18,931 
529,672 
472,459 
5,806,987 

14,413,033 
661,779 
535,649 
456,533 
270,205 
186,328 
2,115,314 
1,382,827 
919,585 
463,242 
639,979 
1,826,044 
1,638.609 


$ 

2,683,217 
45,973 

2,637,244 
4,889,294 

562,975 
1,467,250 
2,859,069 
1,372,199 
1,158,067 
86,070,230 
802,230 
6,716,273 
78,276,334 
275,393 
6,521,956 
4,890,550 
1,131,258 
500,148 
50,030 
465,453 
6,683,693 

3,170,575 
1,273,001 
1,897,574 

16,444,594 

11,531,160 
5,298,413 
2,672,629 
97,666 
3,462,452 
2,020,929 

749,806 
2,142,699 
28,422,709 
226,726 
2,993,731 
1,599,983 
2,313,043 
4,057,388 
4,333,044 
290,250 
847,786 
1,088,398 
10,672,360 

35,106,517 
2,382,300 
1,022,234 
3,725,627 
2,597,408 
1,128,219 
2,384,357 
6,397,944 
1,019,744 
5,378,200 
6,662,607 
1,972,866 
1,755,449 


$ 
38,686,253 

38,686,253 
4,330 

1 4,330 

684,014 
419,623 
955 
247,161 
16,275 
274,403 
363 
274,040 

4,388,696 

26,127 
26,127 

488,092 

184,225 
55,048 

129,177 
177,396 

105,552 
20,919 
2,430,733 

1,361,639 
24,084 

2,353 

1,042,657 
952,193 

312,807 
4,678 

4,678 

299,636 
26,662 


$ 

8,094,530 
2,400,377 

5,694,153 
4,298 

4,298 
655 

12,135,768 
57,524 
95,879 
9,999,566 
1,982,799 
9,078,427 
8,982,151 
96,276 

21,721 
472,158 

9,875 
9,875 

693,042 

551,302 
226,423 

324,879 
22,747 

34,546 
84,447 
656,687 

278,699 
6,568 

7,774 

363,646 
321,334 

28 

28 
60,506 
5,343 

5,343 

103,513 

106,268 


$ 

52,863,867 
2,400,377 

50,463,490 
9,123 

9,123 
7,982 

15,136,525 
1,190,718 
102,398 
11,837,930 
2,005,479 
10,841,366 
10,373,416 
467,950 

25,220 
5,284,193 

72,987 
72,987 

2,531,640 

930,940 
308,175 

622,765 
1,294,730 

199,587 
106,383 
8,633,525 

2,966,307 
99,459 

130,438 

5,437,321 
3,938,647 

47, 169 

47,169 
919,211 
65,250 

65,250 

1,092,067 
264,307 


Milk and cream, fresh 
Milk products and prepa 
rations 


Nuts 


Cocoanuts and their pro 
ducts 


Other nuts, not shelled. . . . 
Other nuts, shelled. 


Salt 


Spices .... 


Sugar and sugar products 
Confectionery 


Molasses and syrups 


Sugar 


Miscellaneous 


Vegetables 


Fresh 


Dried and canned 


Pickles and sauces 


Vinegar 


Yeast 


Other food products 


Tobacco and smokers sup 
plies 


Tobacco . . . 


Smokers supplies... 


PERSONAL AND 
HOUSEHOLD 
UTILITIES. 

Books, printed matter, sta 
tionery and educational 
supplies 


Books, pamphlets, printed 
matter and maps. . 


Books 


Newspapers . . . 


Maps and charts 


^ Printed matter, n.o.p.... 
Stationery. 


Educational equipment 
(except text books) 


Works of art 


Clothing. .. 


Blouses and shirtwaists. . . 
Boots and shoes . . 


Gloves and mitts 


Handkerchiefs. 


Hats and caps . . 


Hosiery 


Shawls 


Shirts 


Underwear 


Miscellaneous clothing 
Household equipment and 
supplies 


Bedding 


Cutlery 


Floor coverings. 


Wool carpets 


Other coverings 


Furniture 


Glassware and pottery 
Glassware 


China and pottery. 


Household linen 


Household machinery 
Kitchen equipment. . 



TRADE BY MAIN GROUPS 



469 



15. Summary of the Trade of Canada, by Main Groups, Compiled on a Classification 
According to Purpose, Fiscal Year ended March 31, 1921 f&lt;&gt;n. 




Imports for Consumption. 


Exports of Canadian Produce. 


From 
United 

Kingdom. 


From 

I nited 
States. 


Total. 


To 

United 
Kingdom. 


To 
United 
States. 


Total. 


PERSONAL AM) 

HOI M 1101 l&gt; 1 Tll.l- 

TIKS Concluded. 
1 1 1 ii.-ehold Soap 


$ 

103,318 
340,154 

487,331 
1,308,758 
1,967,482 

1,907,769 
.713 

136,113 
35,368 
16,416 
460,564 

120,661 

3,016,563 
194 

7Ls 
45,011 
2,055,286 
620,957 

135, 1 41 
101,557 

526 
11,518 

505 
21,037 
297 
389,858 

378,556 
11,302 

6,276 
7,717 

46,509 
32,721 

2,436 

6,226,092 
1,484,450 

3,347,705 
3,04 
211,22 


$ 

1,023 
1,OW 

,936 
2,567,495 
3,495,718 

1,165 
2,104,553 

6,283,611 
3,145,549 
1,753,220 
71,898 
1,312,944 

1,877,980 

9,367,149 
1,297,783 
335,305 
350,496 
818,045 
6,5 . 
29,651,875 
9,61 
721,652 

3,37 
1,294,916 

2,64 
562,610 
1,017,594 
1,029,452 

711,085 
318,367 

14,472,641 
3,428,281 

159,494 
299,066 

600,781 

49,914 
48,248,813 
1,439,463 

34,281,612 
2,273,74 
1,932,50 


1,419,227 

2, 

83t. 
4,053,988 
8,608,493 
4,684,970 

:i,145 
3,520,700 
1,800,667 
107,021 
2,3 

2,004,389 

13,71! 
0,071 

L,W 

900,488 
9,822,137 
30,965,774 

.0,10; 
- ,404 

3,373,144 
1,31 

2,643,465 
588,906 
1,017,891 
1,419,517 

1,089,641 
329,876 

14,478,917 
3,435,998 

206,390 
841,69 

603,242 

49,914 
55,983,374 
3,019,512 

37,947,272 
2,278,96 
2,144,05 


$ 

24. 
1,767 

282,383 
140,393 
140,393 

421,915 
334 
54,871 

32,569 

16,424 

993,367 
16,693 
200 
9,858 
966,616 

1,319,910 
1,183,076 
2,635 

477,587 
390,610 

4,038 
175,200 
133,006 
15,600 

450 
15,150 

117,108 

3,564 
412 

150 
1,552,742 

1,009,46 
274,98 


* 

2,474 
12 

43, 190 
20,832 
20,832 

2,529,404 
118,557 
2,378,524 

32,323 

1,901,681 

801,278 

48,238 
45,661 
_ (&gt;, 022 
165,291 
16,063 
6,086,951 
3,439,149 
78,675 

1,343,494 
622,112 

804,648 
194,056 
396,164 

1,727,847 

750,261 
977,586 

707,181 

119,423 
88,971 

4,380 

2,332,750 
50,874 

1,946,514 
10,779 


$ 

143,627 
5,907 

1,401,109 
282,690 
282,690 

3,543,651 
951,326 
2,493,694 

98,631 

1,946,601 

4,&gt;54,916 
215,319 
52,934 
185,924 
3,672,780 
27,959 
15,714,199 
12,527,373 
157,208 

4,920,996 
4,204,944 

818,052 
1,058,993 
1,367,180 
1,906,556 

773,907 
1,132,649 

1,013,752 

144,786 
97,074 

24,658 

6,237,676 
51,285 

4,536,982 
729,227 


ilet article.-!, n.o.p 


Window curtains and fix- 

tur&gt; 


Miscellaneous hou.-ehold 


Jeweller; -onal orna 
ments and timepieces 


Jewellery and personal 
ornaments 


Timepieces 


Recreation equipment and 
supplies 


Musical instruments and 
supplies.. . . 


Picture machines and 
supplies 


Equipment (or indoor 

games 


Miscellaneous amuse 
ment supplies 


PRODI &lt; FKS, KQL IP- 
MENT. 

Abrasives 


Containers, wrapping and 
packing materials 


Bags or sacks 


Barrels 


Cordage 


Wrapping paper 


Miscellaneous 


Farm equipment 


Agricultural implements... 
Dairying machinery. . . . 
Planting and tillage 
implements 


Harvesting equipment . 
d separation mach- 
inerv 


Other agricultural im 
plements.. 


Parts of agricultural 
implements 


Animals (except animals 
for food) 


Animals for improve 
ment of stock 


Animals, other 


Engines for farm pur 
poses 


Fencing 


Harness and horse equip 
ment 


Plants, trees and shrubs. . . 
Vehicles, chiefly for farm 
use 


Miscellaneous farm equip 
ment 


Industrial equipment 


Fishermen s equipment. . . 
Industrial and trade mach 
inery (except boilers 
engines and mining ma 
chinery) 


Office or business ma 
chinery 


Metal working 
machinery . . 



470 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



15. Summary of the Trade of Canada, by Main Groups, Compiled on a Classification 
According to Purpose, Fiscal Year ended March, 31, 1921 con. 



Classes. 


Imports for Consumption. 


Exports of Canadian Produce. 


From 
United 
Kingdom. 


From 
United 

States. 


Total. 


To 

United 
Kingdom. 


To 
United 

States. 


Total. 


PRODUCERS EQUIP 
MENT concluded. 
Industrial, paper and pulp- 
mill machinery 


$ 

690,110 
1,245,989 
1 197 334 


$ 

1,711,795 
4,932,506 
23,431,068 

1,559,761 
1,032,618 
2,253,516 
2,315,480 
1,243,397 

4,122,966 
153,251,865 

3,112,479 
17,193,513 
1,428,687 
3,806,205 
11,958,621 
128,559,050 
111,283,188 
10,902,080 
6,373,782 
2,858,003 

1,528,820 
2,927,597 

38,618,292 
694,898 
3.336,039 
231,178 
2,025,101 
10,479,324 
2,690,927 
250,960 
10,220,674 

3,401,391 
615,166 
2,786,225 
973,843 
3,076,710 

1,237,247 
13,385,790 
2,485,015 
1,899,630 
3,436,683 

5,564,462 
291,974,495 

641,477 
77,448,113 

39,637,886 
4,309,026 
22,632,821 
1,395,908 

760,008 
503,861 
2,174,428 

6,034,175 
4,462,381 

14,404,994 


$ 

2,487,993 
6,H9,562 
24,836,694 

1,651,754 
1,080,079 
3,284,091 
2,562,029 
1,642,518 

4,796,119 

154,786,824 

3,624,560 
18,038,445 
1,429,239 
3,952,398 
12,656,808 
128,574,870 
111,298,100 
10,902,194 
6,374,576 
2,865,049 

1,683,900 
2,941,395 

44,278,517 
695,854 
3,824,811 
273,026 
5,341,986 
10,526,868 
2,763,081 
254,201 
10,274,465 

4,431,539 
839,460 
3,592,079 
1,056,075 
3,076,710 

1,759,901 
14,892,117 
2,647,077 
1,902,547 
4,729,177 

5,613,316 
450,128,640 

714,087 
189,860,777 

48,498,612 
19,970,388 
98,379,275 
3,321,977 

1,165,971 
609,431 
3,804,202 

14,110,921 
6,046,139 

23.699.999 


$ 

734,474 

11,794 
215,558 
143,139 

172,790 
1,571,230 

120,434 
373,093 
4,517 
13,255 
355,321 


$ 

1,935,735 

13,143 
771 
75,863 

8,877 

236,708 
11,333,626 

48,490 
158,725 
10,540 
67,608 
80,577 
6,932,096 
6,287,861 
51,290 
592,945 
4,187,063 

7,252 

67,596,125 

232,374 
1,721,393 

172,015 
137,224 
1,014,522 

58,347,387 

154,055 
82,735 
71,320 
92,024 
2,992,294 

2,732,837 
14,312,812 
3,531,059 
6,551,667 
1,305,888 

2,924,198 
223,695,917 

2,981,869 
2,498,750 
412,801 

3,320 

66,998 
37,212 

14.679.592 


$ 

3,807,755 

40,649 
244,223 
538,967 
88, 733 

736,837 
23,503,291 

262,775 
1,248,172 
39,293 
93,572 
1,115,307 
17,209,287 
16,501,478 
109,547 
598,262 
4,715,150 

67,907 

111,249,269 

256,223 
2,740,878 

424,165 
3,106,170 

4,548,642 
86,704,209 

1,756,045 
1,655,441 
100,604 
102,797 
5,721,568 

5,888,572 
17,403,573 
3,538,075 
8,062,256 
2,611,068 

3,192,174 
296,294,317 

8,682,607 
3,466,585 
4,248,653 

25,204 

942,165 
70,967 

21.788.240 


Textile machinery 


Other machinery 


Mining and metallurgica 
equipment 


86,273 
36,662 
29,233 
199,366 
391,592 

.650,811 
1,203,331 

511,961 

589,053 
490 
134,787 
453,776 
8,624 
8,492 

132 
6,546 

87,147 
13,699 

2,602,909 
275 
452,089 
41,751 
754,570 
47,544 
66,142 
2,769 
26,047 

769,596 
211,179 
558,417 
66,627 

375,499 
424,067 
147,744 
1,470 
242,854 

31,999 
109,298,654 

72,610 
84,373,942 

7,212,725 
14,849,333 
55,752,754 
1,853,004 

55,295 
105,031 
396,223 

4,149,577 
818,241 

2,087,196 


Printing equipment 


Photographic equipment . 
Tools, n.o.p 


Transmission equipment . . 
Miscellaneous industrial 
equipment 


Light, heat and power equip 
ment and supplies 


Boilers and engines 
(except for farms) 


Electric apparatus 


Batteries 


Dynamos and motors. . . . 


Other 


Fuel 


941,299 
941,299 

110,390 
26,014 

28,030,418 
197 

345,553 
2,045,343 
21,317,750 

934,409 
915,455 
18,954 
5,265 
1,303,196 

2,078,705 
1,640,134 

323,848 
1,088,347 

227,939 
36,184,088 

1,144,669 
635,719 
217,908 

1,966 

289,076 
31,300 

5.679.218 


Coal 


Fuel oils 


Other fuel 


Illuminants 


Other light, heat and 
power equipment 


Lubricating oils and greases. 

PRODUCERS MATER 
IALS. 

Building and construction 
materials 


Asphalt and its products 
Brick and tile.. . . 


Cement, lime and plaster 
Glass for building 


Iron, structural 


Iron piping 


Nails 


Lumber and timber 


Paints and painters ma 
terials . . 


Paints and varnishes 
Painters materials 
Stone, marble and slate. 
Railway materials 


Miscellaneous construct 
ion materials 


Farm materials 


Fertilizers 


Fodders 


Seeds 


Miscellaneous farm mater 
ials 


Manufacturers materials 
For explosives and ammun 
ition 


For textiles and clothing. . 
Fibres for spinning or 
cordage manufacture. . 
Yarn for weaving 


Piece goods for clothing. 
Thread for sewing 


Buttons and button ma 
terials 


Corset materials 


Hat materials 


Other textile and cloth 
ing materials 


For dyeing and tanning 
For fur and leather goods 
manufacture. . . . 



TRADE BY MAIN GROUPS 



471 



15 -summary of the Trade of Canada, by Main Groupg, CompUed on a &lt; lassiflcation 
V((ordin K to Purpose, Fiscal Year ended March 31, 1921-conclud 


1 


Imports for Consumption. 


Exports of Canadian Produce. 


Classes. 


From 
United 
Kingdom. 


From 
United 

States. 


Total. 


To 
United 
Kingdom. 


To 

United 
States. 


Total. 


PRODUCERS MATER- 

1 ALS concluded. 
For fur and leather goods 
manufacture con. 


1 

411,776 
492,734 
1,166,748 
15,938 

240,575 
2,715,204 

2,395,343 
887 
40,837 
297,390 

1,232,901 

2,563,619 
1,590,923 
608,574 
982,349 

1,523,436 
5,752,638 
3,592,912 

73,476 
624,953 

361,139 
184,707 

109,953 
31,007 
34,309 
14,249 
20,060 
1,163 
263,814 
7,227 

256,587 

374, SOS 
10,16f 
9,314 

1,004,412 
209,84$ 
201,45( 

46,29! 
187,41 
323,84! 

97- 


$ 

4,079,443 
4,436,340 
5,056,393 
832,818 

7,110,413 
8,443,807 

19,253,309 
1,008,167 
7,159,955 
579,653 

9,474,993 

3,927,933 
14,713,538 
9,842,746 
4,870,792 

10,242,927 
53,396,055 
59,706,780 

1,248,748 
30,725,718 

29,625,717 
23,545,598 

637,626 
2,193,992 
2,888,026 
982,384 
1,905,642 
360,475 
1,100,001 
984,947 

115,054 

160,964 
297, 55f 
280,752 

1, 604,860 
181,575 
, 2, 071, 861 

643, 77( 
18,31 
907,11! 

1,330,69 
1 735,58 


$ 

5,834,373 
10,652,737 
6,356,952 
855,937 

8,386,163 
11,653,815 

21,715,047 
1,010,532 
7,246,243 
1,006,853 

10,770,044 

10,982,313 
16,212,110 
10,451,320 
5,760,790 

12,811,253 
59,423,671 
68,589,594 

1,326,269 
31,470,194 

30,081,528 
23,738,842 

747,772 
2,310,941 
2,922,335 
.,633 
1,925,702 
361,638 
1,388,666 
1,015,232 

373,434 

551,26* 
356,664 
363,061 

1 3,066,172 
541,621 
2,363,65^ 

734,33; 
228, 91 J 
1,262,26! 

1,331,66 
J 758,71 


$ 

3,220,415 
17,874 
2,440,929 

2,554,671 
4,114,791 

22,095 
997,220 

8,699,149 

655,685 
9,019,264 
3,266,026 

11,446,225 

6,585,407 
2,152,029 

29,225 
3,641,72(1 
726,952 
726,952 

35,481 
4,860,818 
4,860,818 

28.07C 
555,804 

_ 



26,67 

1 

11,94&lt; 

5 
3 


$ 

7,971,562 
4,726,941 
1,981,089 

22,438,954 
4,388,805 

86,076 
295,289 

128,005,646 

133,316 
8,320 

8,320 
709,205 
8,623,142 
41,308,491 

485,842 
5,233,164 

3,473,042 

2,911,- &gt; 2 . 

4,253 
IT J.133 
46,447 
27,960 
18,487 
331,980 
1,760,122 
1,760,122 

320, 39S 

28.33G 
82,072 

3,86? 

628,471 

. - 


1 

11,899,276 
4,750,536 
5,138,428 

25,070,427 
9,441,881 

137,988 
2,160,322 

152,736,357 

133,516 
32,132 

32,132 
3,152,268 
23,725,887 
49,161,725 

488,512 
48,956,077 

31,606,942 
18,241,446 

235,622 
8,253,986 
4,425,933 
3,472,594 
953,339 
449,955 
17,349,135 
17,349,135 

355,362 

972,083 
87,427 

31,207 
1,324,376 


Hides 


T.oat luT ..... 


Oth*r materials... 


For smelters and metal 




For manufacture of mach 
inery, implements, tools 

an*l pu t lt*r v . . 


For manufacture of electri- 


Col U-H-in 

For manufacture of furni 
ture and wood en ware... . 
For manufacture of musical 


For paper-making, paper 
goods, printing and book 
binding 


For rubber-working indus- 


For vehicles and vessels... 




Other materials for chemi- 

r*n\ iieincr industries . . 


Other materials for metal- 


Other manufacturers ma- 

t iri*ils 


TR \NSPORTATION 
\M&gt; (OMMl M- 
CATION. 

Telegraph and telephone 
equipment (except bare 


" c / : 
"V*v&gt;ir&gt;1f&gt;a nd vessels 


Vehicles (except farm 


\ 11 tnmr&gt;V&gt;i\es 


Motor cycles, bicycles, 


"RiiHher tires 


Railway rolling stock. . . 


"Rail WAV cars 






^Viins and boats . 


Equipment for ships 
and boats 


MEDICAL SUPPLIES. 

Alkaloids and their salts 


Drujscs crude 


Medicinal and pharmaceuti 
0\ preparations 


Oils, chiefly for medicinal us( 
Medical and dental eq pmenl 

ARMS. KXPLOSIVES 
AND WAR STORES. 




Ammunition and explosives 

GOODS FOR EXHI 
BITION. 


Other goods 


14,17 



472 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



16. Values of Exports (domestic and foreign) to the British and Foreign West Indies, 
by Countries, during the fiscal years 1920-1922. 



Countries. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Exports, 
domestic. 


Exports, 
foreign. 


Exports, 
domestic. 


Exports, 
foreign. 


Exports, 
domestic. 


Exports, 
foreign. 


British Guiana 


$ 

3,109,381 
10,869,276 


$ 

12,628 
94,991 


$ 

3,594,118 
13,030,225 


$ 

13,275 
104,583 


$ 

2,298,105 
9,976,969 


$ 

26,349 
166,163 


British West Indies 


Total, British West 
Indies 


13,978,657 


107,619 


16,624,343 


117,858 


12,275,074 


192,512 


Cuba 


6,329,783 
2,256 
470,934 
42,569 
131,905 
14,686 
174,543 
1,489,667 
169,186 


528,878 
15 
1,930 
40 
82 

401 
100,000 


6,573,768 
1,131 
140,589 
44,508 
135,427 
1,474 
95.135 
1,315,716 
247,436 


636 
972 
4,125 

460 

3,750 
141 


3,974,432 
2,275 
66,082 
45,433 
127,509 
841 
71,967 
1,301,979 
64,497 


13,670 
12 
22 
49 
38 

_ X 


American Virgin Islands 1 
French West Indies 


Dutch West Indies 


Dutch Guiana 


French Guiana 


Hayti 


Porto Rico 


Santo Domingo 


Total, Foreign West 
Indies 


8,825,529 


631,346 


8,555,184 


10,084 


5,655,015 


13,791 


Total Exports to the 
British and Foreign West 
Indies 


22,804,186 


738 ,965 


25,179,527 


127 ,942 


17,930,089 


206 ,303 





formerly Danish West Indies . 

Values of Imports entered for home consumption (dutiable and free) from the 
British and Foreign West Indies, by Countries, during the fiscal years 1920-1922. 



Countries. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Imports, 
dutiable. 


Imports, 
free. 


Imports, 
dutiable. 


Imports, 
free. 


Imports, 
dutiable 


Imports, 
free. 


British Guiana 


1 

7,047,053 
7,350,219 


$ 

365,878 
4,764,751 


$ 

8,678,971 
7,901,396 


$ 

406,137 
5,399,882 


$ 

6,150,199 
5,874,863 


$ 

16,465 
2,238,590 


British West Indies 


Total, British West 
Indies 


14,397,272 


5,130,449 


16,580,367 


5,806,019 


12,025,062 


2,255,055 


Cuba 


16,764,341 
87,943 
174,472 
180 
10,675,287 


821,187 
1,730 


29,971,455 

156,056 
52 

7,578,738 


771,784 

500 
56 


12,323,872 

42,050 
5 
4,065,870 


718,696 

100 
40 


Dutch Guiana 


Hayti 


Porto Rico 


Santo Domingo 


Total, Foreign West 
Indies 


27,702,223 


822,917 


37,706,301 


772,340 


16,431,797 


718,836 


Total Imports from the 
British and Foreign 
West Indies 


42,099,495 


5 ,953 ,366 


54,286,688 


6,578,359 


28,456,859 


2,973,891 





TRADE WITH WEST IXD1ES 



473 



18. Value of Imports and K\ports from and to British and Foreign West Indies. 

1M1-1I22. 



-&lt;-al 
Year. 


IMPORTS FROM 


EXPORTS (DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN) TO 


British 

and British 
Guiana. 


roiu;n 

and Foreign 
Guiana. 


Total. 


British 
West Indies 
and British 
Guiana. 


Foreign 
\\ t-st Indies 
and For&lt; 
Guiana. 


Total. 


1901 


$ 

1,406,480 
1,70 

7,001 

8,5s 

3,804 
9, 004. 4. 1 

10. 
10,550 
9,44 

11,895, 
11,431, 80S 

17 
i:&gt;,184,897 
19,527,721 

.386,386 

14,280,117 


$ 

594,768 

711 

1, Mo, 110 

.2,006 
11,199 
H.127 
10,817 

:,, i! 
11,612 

4 . 
..117 

no 

38,478,641 
17,150,633 


* 

2,001,248 

3,01 
1, 124 
9,3C 
8,H 

9,818,830 
10,819,531 

12,324,619 
l:;. ill 
14 
15,646,661 

14,2tl.S,804 
17 

172,314 
48,052,861 

60,865 
490,750 


$ 

2,297,804 
8,132 

2,188,542 

0,468 
-.4,073 
3,6 

:t),005 

4, 617. it, l 

11,105 

5,14 

5, or 

5,346,805 
6,818,553 
8,886,796 
12,958 
14,086,276 

16,742,201 
12,467,586 


984,306 

1,471,843 
1,42 

1,4 

i , t,;,f, 
1,497,240 
0,502 

2,3s 
ll.ftM 
7,508 

15,009 

2,31 
4,0s 
5,129,505 

6,503,851 
9,456,875 

8,565,268 
5,668,806 


J2.110 

4,171,010 
4,08i&gt;,(ititi 
13,571 

4,1,7 

5,186,970 

5,060,4:;;; 
(2,168 

7,237,604 
7,54 
ii. .118, 613 
7,697,196 

7,11 
7,66 
10,903,780 
14,016,301 
19,462,673 
23,543,151 

2:,, 307, 469 
18,136,392 




. 
1903 


1004 ... 


1905 


1906 


19071 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 





1913 





19152 





1&gt;M72 


I MX- 1 


1 U i- . ... 


1920- 


I .i-M- 








mont 2 Imports for home consumption. 

NOTE. Foreign West Indies include Culm, Danish, Dutch and French West Indies, Dutch and French 
Guiana, Hayti, Porto Rico and Santo Domingo. The Danish West Indies are now the American Virgin 
Islands. 

19. Imports of certain Articles of Raw Material for home consumption, 1902-1922. 



Fiscal Year. 


Rags, 
all kinds. 


Broom 
corn. 1 


Hides, 
horns, pelts, 
etc. 1 


Sugar, raw. 


Tobacco, 
raw. 


1902 


Cwt. 
367,373 


I 
202,487 


$ 

5,086,052 


Ton. 
159,348 


Lb. 

11,329,674 


1903 


241,286 


165,231 


5,662,744 


180,849 


13,380,504 


1904 


254,484 


197,982 


4,916,222 


183,405 


14,248,303 


1905 


1,116,215 


17.5,412 


5,240,717 


163,717 


13,859,152 


1906 


1,697,801 


196,804 


6,811,267 


210,215 


14,519,658 


1907 (9 months) 


156,102 


167,654 


5,843,511 


142,334 


14,347,476 


1908 . . 


323,453 


238,512 


4,908,871 


217,281 


15,690,076 


1909 


256,617 


246,701 


5,218,108 


226,712 


15,994,878 


1910 


496,057 


432,146 


8,237,014 


231,152 


13.753,141 


1911 


536,604 


389,173 


8,105,330 


271,532 


17,204,271 


1912 


564,296 


437,001 


8,903,727 


281,402 


17,203,513 


1913 .. 


750,003 


377,462 


13,486,459 


310,101 


22,153,588 


1914 


716,882 


324,590 


8,831,010 


347,168 


17,598,449 


1915 


540,922 


285,574 


12,842,558 


335,820 


18,595,957 


1916.. 


510,472 


337,688 


12,441,731 


298,433 


20,834,672 


1917 .. 


780,062 


449,137 


12,863,893 


365,772 


17,702,637 


1918... 


505,643 


851,933 


8,794,289 


382,807 


17,824,947 


1919 


570,211 


1,119,700 


5,426,008 


359,470 


25,103,080 


1920. . 


352,413 


840,180 


22,654,661 


540,787 


24,345,295 


1921.. 


316,315 


511,222 


10,652,787 


347,594 


20,007,411 


1922 


216,915 


327,114 


5,898,087 


432,212 


20,870,509 















iValue only; the Trade and Navigation Returns do not give quantities. 



474 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



19. 



-Imports of certain Articles of Raw Materials for home consumption, 

1902-1922 concluded . 



Fiscal Year. 


Cotton woo! 
or raw cot 
ton and 
waste. 


Hemp, 
undressed. 


Wool, raw. 


Gutta per- 
cha, India- 
rubber, etc., 
crude. 


1902.. 


Cwt. 
fiQQ 578 


Cwt. 

ififl 704 


Cwt. 

1 OQ Af&gt;7 


Cwt. 


1903 


735 7fiO 


19Q QC 


ll/o, DU/ 

7Q O/I7 


2y, 104 


1904 


557 7fi5 


19Q QCK 


/y,y4&lt; 

70 on.) 


28,615 


1905 


fi^fi *iQ4 


1AO K9Q 


&lt;O, o4 

7 A 1 7O 


62, 134 


1906 


675 4Q5 


mor;7 


&lt;O, 1/2 
ftQ 1 1 C 


28,103 


1907 (9 months) 


662 548 


7*1 037 


DO, 115 
on 990 


24,916 


1908 


522 552 


MC ORQ 


A1 9O9 


*(), 021 


1909 


653 160 1 


fiQ ttW 


oi,zyz 

CC QOQ 


25,562 


1910 


680 8351 


KO Oil 2 


7A 971 


-iU,oyl 




1911 


812 622 ! 


01 ni72 


&lt;4,//i 
RA 90A 


o5,o55 


1912 


727 9391 


82 fifil 2 


D4,ZZ4 
71 Q^A 


/o,Uo5 


1913 


774 578 J 


fi4 QQ02 


(1, 0% 
0.9 f&gt;Q9 


44,olo 

r/* fiCK 


1914 


769 930 i 


K.X. t;792 


y^ , uy^ 

79 W1 


00,055 
A A K.f\A 


1915 


730 325 i 


55 3702 


101 QAfl 


44 , 5U4 

CC r.j r 


1916.. 


QRQ R7Q1 


Kn 014.2 


91 1 407 


OO,U4o 


1917 


877 6341 


IT S4fi2 


AlLftVl 
14K 019 


yy, io2 


1918 


880 3741 


AK. 1772 


HO, olZ 
1 1 c qcr&gt; 


!U/,ooU 


1919 


1 117 2351 


72 8X72 


110, ooU 

1 ^S 7fi7 


ioU,yoo 

1 no 070 


1920 


964 7151 


4fi in^S 


lOo, /0( 

m717 


iyi,2/^ 

O/lyl OOC 


1921.. 


986 315 1 


47 OQfl2 


, * I/ 

09 779 


^44,000 
OOQ HAO 


1922 


953 860 x 


77 8 ^ 2 


19K O7 


^^o,UoZ 
1 O (COX 










ioy,o2o 



1 Cotton waste included with rags, all kinds. Includes dressed hemp. 

20. Value of Total Exports and Imports entered for Consumption, and the duty 
collected thereon, at certain Ports during the fiscal years ended March 31 

1920 and 1921. 



Ports. 


1920. 


1921. 


Total 
Exports. 


Imports for 
Consump 
tion. 


Duty 
Collected. 


Total 
Exports. 


Imports for 
Consump 
tion. 


Duty 
Collected. 


P. E. Island. 
All Ports 


$ 
326,442 

54,562,947 
7,940,561 
15,526,430 
78,029,938 

19,227,123 
114,257,976 
8,388,957 
141,874,056 

20,195,094 
18,795,927 
12,832,243 
85,981,041 
353,138,249 
22,464,945 
6,834,527 
63,077,966 
599,318 
4,009,032 
587 ,928 ,342 


$ 
1,014,875 

20,532,135 
4,264,167 
8,261,120 
33,057,422 

84,363 
26,990,916 
6,794,669 
33,869,948 

254,789 
2,466,429 
2,256,864 
573,618 
246,898,636 
19,951,075 
226,248 
8,642,758 
5,322,954 
22,401,991 
308.995.382 


$ 
150,280 

3,504,205 
397,047 
1,042,551 
4,943,803 

19,065 
5,308,915 
837,482 
6,185,462 

40,874 
132,434 
270,477 
66,191 
47,921,848 
3,053,788 
19,408 
869,402 
550,568 
2,684,463 
55 .609 .4.-.H 


$ 
593 ,013 

36,669,918 
13,980,514 
14,933,538 
65 ,583 ,970 

22,657,021 
81,440,495 
9,649,237 
113,746,753 

17,697,251 
14,686,692 
14,033,709 
56,436,691 
263,743,335 
28,799,768 
7,947,356 
56,362,267 
389,297 
6,382,682 
406.479 (UK 


i 

1 ,248 ,526 

24,749,731 
4,234,634 
9,839,036 
38,823,401 

211,589 
32,857,033 
8,870,938 
41,939,560 

243,604 
2,755,353 

2,154,278 
686,559 
286,597,463 
26,663,862 
456,872 
10,869,485 
5,928,938 
26,138,744 

2fi2 1&lt;I: 1 IN 


$ 
198,203 

3,221,249 
295,926 
856,094 
4,373,169 

44,763 
4,358,176 
974,490 
5,377,429 

37,235 
154,597 
200,055 
41,805 
47,102,591 
4,772,664 
17,107 
931,338 
506,003 
2,390,733 

.".fl 1:&gt;.l &gt;1 


Nova Scotia. 
Halifax 


Sydney 


Other ports 


Total 


New Brunswick. 
McAdam Jet 


St. John 


Other ports 


Total 


Quebec. 
Abercorn 


Athelstan 


Beebe Jet 


Coaticook 


Montreal 


Quebec 


St. Armand 


St. Johns 


Three Rivers 


Other ports 


Total.. 



EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF CANADA 



475 



2f._Value of Total Kv ports and Imports entered for Consumption, and the duty 
collected thereon, at certain Ports during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1920 

and 1921 concluded. 







1920 






1921 




Ports. 


Total 
Exports. 


mports for 
Consump 
tion. 


Duty. 
Collected. 


Total 
Exports. 


mports for 
Consump 
tion. 


Duty 
Collected. 


Ontario. 
JJrantford 


$ 


$ 
7,224,511 


S 

916,243 


$ 


I 

9,169,163 


$ 
960,541 




82,534,720 


3,143,461 




59,624,694 


4,528,855 


693,309 




15,075,513 


3,219,626 




15,659,654 


3,574,330 


208,299 




12,204,744 


1.311,721 


284,lH .i 


33, 828, ,K)7 


2,699,133 


465, 158 


Fort William 


12,554,135 


8,976,515 


874,332 


89,470,594 


12,407,513 


868,270 


Hamilton 


983,309 


41.903. 


8,114,470 


807,244 


53,268,905 


6,506,816 


Kitchener 





12,676 


l,602.1i!.s 


- 


11,552,575 


1,350,557 







12, 479, 1 * . 1 


1,896,482 





14,494,177 


1,905,464 


TCiijrara Kftlls 


66 056 865 


7 61 


1,551,1)74 


54,457,525 


10,951,302 


1,857,865 




_ 


15,285 


4,859,727 


- 


10,336,576 


2,672,806 


Ottawa 


; 


18,755,041 




- 


18,675,313 


:i07,204 


Port Arthur 


7.721,640 


f4,715 


4H, 810 


46,879,487 


6,742,71 .) 


397,091 


Prescott 


14. 


1,984,293 


304 


19, 380, 244 


3,318,562 


353,791 


St Catharines 


1,971 


7,841 


1,281,864 


- ,891 


12,173,096 


1,157,358 


Sarnia 


31,309,051 


15,256,836 


1,004 


36,827,289 


.798,307 


1,165,403 


Suult Ste Marie 


15,736,589 


6,74 


,831 


18,029,970 


1 1 , t:; ! 


1,177,407 


Toronto 


2,595,510 


235,437,854 


42,949,765 


1,737,255 


242,909,783 


38,626,922 


Trenton 




400, i:&gt; 


50 


- 


587,739 


58,789 


Welland 


_ 


10,497,130 


910,845 





12,365,676 


743,459 




48,372,433 




10,663,.17 


47,565,159 


41,714,789 


8,774,954 


Other ports 




IM.769 


10, 2:-; l 


5,057,351 


.036,969 


10,280,234 


Total 


312,588,479 


529 ,310 ,004 


99, 565 ,833 


429 ,648 ,264 


6*2,737,014 


82 ,532 ,697 


Manitoba. 


32.723,305 


1,64 


144,636 


22,977,401 


1,983,088 


157,094 






60, 


11,565,330 


141,069 


58,886,539 


10,792,181 


Other ports 


1.41 




443,34 


2,304,012 


3,9:. 


446,053 


Total 


34 ,573 ,C89 


55,289,988 


12,153,3*7 


25,422,482 


64,823,482 


11 ,395 ,:r, s 


Saskatchewan. 
\orth Portal 


30,004,295 


&gt;,05" 


42,534 


21,649,314 


1,118,567 


72,150 


Regina 


"..171 


7,7; 


1. - 74, 544 


197 


11,986 


2,187,000 


Other ports 




8, i 


1,379,953 


607 


8.611,77: 


1,219,686 


Total 


30,852,848 


10,618,40" 


2 ,697 ,03 


22,453,551 


21,716,892 


3,478,836 


Alberta. 
Calgary 




8,939,763 


1,847,583 




11,074,988 


2,039,225 


Other ports 


2,209,91 


9,943,% 


1.785,91 


l,2f,5,68 


13,152,324 


2,107,766 


Total 


. 2,209,91 


18,883,725 


3 ,633 ,502 


1 ,265 ,682 


24,227,31 


4,146,991 


British Columbia. 


10,833,594 


1,253,67 


236,381 


11,848,10 


1,467,12 


242,813 


New Westminster 


11,049,75 


1,524,08, 


243,207 


8,925,109 


1,601,77 


194,415 


Vancouver 


39,535,283 


49,256,91 


9,21 


50,049,50 


64,731,91 


9,558,083 


Victoria 


22,286,47 


10,540,004 


1,181,902 


3,533,53 


8,585,30 


1,202,808 




14,200,204 


4,538,65 


678,676 


10,675,22 


5,139,17 


742,885 


Total 


97,905,31 


67,108,3% 


11 ,543 ,104 


85,031,47 


81 ,615 ,288 


11 ,941 ,004 


Yukon District. 
All ports 


390,76 


368,11 


58,881 


204,20 


498,423 


59,927 


Prepaid postal parcels dut 
received through P. O 
Department 




11,954 


3,54e 




33,82 


9,278 
















Grand Total 


1,268,658,70 


1,064,528,123 


187,524,182 


1,210,428,11 


1,240,158,88 


179 ,6(7 ,683 

















NOTE The values given in this table of imports and exports at the leading ports of entry indicate 
that merchandise of the value stated was entered inwards or passed outwards at the ports in question, 
but do not imply that the imports were for consumption at these ports or that the exports originated there. 



476 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



21. Imports of Canada by values entered for consumption from British Empire and 
Foreign Countries under the General, Preferential, and Treaty Rate Tariffs in 
the two fiscal years 1920-1921. 



Countries. 


1920. 


1921. 


General. 


Preferen 
tial. 


Treaty 
rates. 


General. 


Preferen 
tial. 


Treaty 
rates. 


British Empire, totals 


$ 
15 ,002 ,451 

10,648,575 
307,611 
501,810 
210,694 
1,404,046 
25,690 

1,438,668 
23,460 
319,757 
50,214 
71,926 

554,963,203 

49,723 
586,297 
4,227,352 
42,560 
749,753 
4,177,022 
1,129,526 
1,747,789 
499,716,625 
643,111 
66,871 
315,603 
106,265 
41,404,706 


$ 
102,111,057 

80,374,308 

6,848,409 
6,836,359 
4,427,861 
539,969 
714,146 

1,959,537 
360,635 
49,833 


$ 
2,255,894 

2,222,086 
3,631 

25 

29,477 

675 
19,322,580 

112,138 
4,124,542 

7,161 
8,603,278 
299,818 
5,743,006 

55,923 
345,990 
20,577 

10,127 


$ 
38,709,037 

33,856,392 
333,015 
652,523 
592,910 
732,184 
388,265 
880 
1,958,368 
74,240 
55,076 
13,094 
52,090 

625,181,444 

94,927 
2,745,858 
13,168,820 
533,080 
3,091,057 
4,564,441 
1,779,015 
3,609,665 
544,010,980 
1,164,079 
127,059 
350,634 
208,924 
49,732,905 


$ 
160,941,132 

134,281,317 

7,248,849 
8,086,061 
5,290,958 
1,676,729 
1,509,506 

2,129,254 
683,016 
( 34,442 


$ 
2,054,425 

1,998,197 
3,199 
24 

15 
52,598 

392 
20,675,368 

601,821 
2,730,521 

110,207 
6,270,662 
483,668 
9,925,538 

68,963 
339,016 
36,362 

108,610 


United Kingdom 


Australia 


British West Indies 


British Guiana 


India 


New Zealand 


Fiji Islands 


Hong Kong 


Newfoundland 


Cevlon 


Straits Settlements 


Other Possessions 


Foreign countries, totals... 

Austria-Hungary 


Belgium 


France 


Germany 


Holland 


Japan 


Spain 


Switzerland 


United States 


Italy 


Norway 


Sweden 


Alaska 


Other countries 





22. Aggregate Trade of Canada by Countries for the fiscal year ended March 31, 1922. 



Countries. 


Imports 
for 
Corsumption. 


Exports of 
Canadian 
Produce. 


Total Trade. 


British Empire- 
United Kingdom 


$ 

117,134,576 


$ 
299,361,675 


$ 

416,496,251 


Africa 
British East 


7,110 


168,203 


175,314 


British South 


127,738 


3,890,390 


4,018 128 


British West 


19,202 


144,778 


163,980 


Bermuda 


98,246 


989,113 


1,087 359 


British East Indies 
Ceylon 


2,187,329 


94,480 


2 281, 80& 


India .... 


5,279,857 


1,637,145 


6,917 002 


Straits Settlements 


1,445,774 


608,294 


2,054 06 


Other British East Indies 


15,460 


1,256 


16,716 


British Guiana 


6,166,664 


2,298,105 


8,464,769 


British Honduras .... 


79,756 


150,964 


230 720 


British West Indies 
Barbados 


2,994,559 


1,377,984 


4,372,542 


Jamaica 


2 213,873 


2,214,164 


4,428,037 


Trinidad and Tobago 


1,678,658 


4,555,023 


6,233,681 


Other British West Indies 


1,226,363 


1,829,798 


3,056,161 


Egypt 


68,563 


494,575 


563,138 


Gibraltar 




195,757 


195,757 


Hong Kong 


2,114,977 


1,411,699 


3,526,676 


Newfoundland . . 


1.387,766 


9,317,639 


10.705,405 



AGGREGATE TRADE OF CANADA 



477 



r. 



Trade of Canada by Countries for the fiscal year coded March 31, 

1922 concluded. 



Countries 


Imports 
for 
Consumption. 


Exports of 
Canadian 
Produce. 


Total Trade. 


British Empire concluded. 
Oceania 



1,041,027 


$ 

10,678,600 


I 

11,719,627 


i. iii 


1,%6,180 


124,390 


2,090,570 




1,783,500 


4,128,531 


5,912,031 


Other British Possessions 


.063 


169,335 


192,398 


Total British Empire 


149,060,241 


345,841,898 


494,902,139 


Foreign Countries 


2,355,100 


3,233,423 


5,588,523 




3,817,931 


12,359,300 


if,, i,,,i :u 




1,495,245 


2,002,44) 


3,497,694 


Chile 


30,471 


290 


311,149 


Chins 


1,410,552 


1,900,627 


3,311,179 




860,500 


127,199 


487,708 


Central American States 


1,142 


335,517 


3 1, 659 


Culvi 


13,042,568 


3,974,432 


17,017,000 




851,924 


26,046 


377,970 




11 .), 315 


2,243,181 


2,362,496 




J . 7i". 


597,523 


600,252 




13,467,803 


8,208.1 l S 


21,676;031 


French Africa 


1 1 , 573 


535, 69&lt; 


547,269 


French West Indies 


- 


66,082 


66,082 




19 


429,191 


448,216 




- 


1.330 


1,330 


Germany 


2,006,513 


4,5i 


6,516,060 




1,0 


5,247.n:;r 


6,281,016 


Havti 


4J.050 


71,987 


114,017 


Italy 


1,387,370 


15,335,818 


16,723,188 


Japan 


8,192,238 


14,831,520 


23,023,758 




- 


.331 


23,331 


Mexico 


3,798,202 


1,197,597 


4,995,799 


\ i t herhinds 


4,001 . 14" 


9,58! 


13,585,069 


Dutch East Indies 


833,101 


.5 ! 


1,784,670 


Dutch Guiana 


- 


127,601 


127,509 


Dutch West Indies 




45 


46,938 


\ ( &gt;r\vay 


409,359 




3,008,806 


I* mama 


- 


178,771 


178,770 


Peru 


6,983,403 


71,683 


7,055,086 


Poland and Danzig 


24.194 


271 . :.7t 


295,770 


Portugal 


220,956 


87,664 


308,620 


Portuguese Africa 


- 


17f), 02 


175,029 


Russia 


1,683 


2,617,730 


2,619,422 


Santo Domingo 


4,065,911 


64,497 


4,130,407 


Siam 


5,659 


56,029 


61,688 


Spain 


1,782,440 


816,97 


2,599,417 


Sweden 


245,295 


1,220,196 


1,465,491 


Switzerland 


8,671,60 


345,62 


8,017,234 


Turkey 


852,50 


641,42 


1,493,929 


United States 


516,105,10 


293,906,643 


810,011,750 


Alaska 


276,80 


293,184 


569,991 


Hawaii 


114,900 


60,560 


175,460 


Philippine Islands 


189,264 


170,82 


360,085 


Porto Rico 


10 


1,301,979 


1,302,084 


Uruguay 


47,84 


151,29 


199,138 


Venezuela 


294,30 


512,49 


806,804 


Other Foreign Countries 


161,74 


599,99 


761,748 










Total Foreign Countries 


598,744,09 


394,398,78 


993,142,873 










Total I in nor ts and Exports 


747,804,33 


740,240,68 


1,488,045,012 



Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica. 

The total trade in this Table does not correspond with that of the Table on page 398, because exports 
of foreign produce are not included here. 



478 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



23. Values of Exports from Canada of Home Produce to the British Empire and to 
Foreign Countries in the five fiscal years 1918-1922. 



Countries. 


.1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


British Empire total 


$ 
888 ,788 ,376 


f 

605,159 789 


$ 
561 788 003 


$ 
403 452 219 


$ 
345 841 898 


United Kingdom 


845 480 069 


540 750 977 


489 152 637 


312 844 871 


000 QA1 A7K 


Australia 


8 653 635 


14 019 629 


11 415 623 


18 112 861 


10 678 fiflO 


New Zealand 


4 089 823 


6 227 892 


6 987 008 


11 873 000 


4 128 V?1 


Bermuda 


814 550 


1 179 025 


1 249 020 


1 523 992 


Q8Q 113 


British Africa 


5 186 116 


12 242 408 


9 825 526 


15 556 593 


4 203 371 


British Guiana 


1 978 323 


2 646 169 


3 109 381 


3 594 118 


2 2Q8 10"i 


British Honduras 


13 468 


51 808 


29 350 


38 783 


lljfl ORA 


British India 


2 995 630 


2 905 426 


4 818 053 


4 196 350 


1 637 14^ 


Egypt and Sudan 


579 702 


924 932 


227 652 


Q14 718 


4Q4 Wi 


Straits Settlements 


761 607 


844 244 


1 742 554 


1 843 744 


608 2Q4 


East Indies, all other 


17 238 


82 071 


201 652 


348 804 


Ql i 736 


British West Indies 


6,838 563 


10 200 582 


10 869 276 


13 030 225 


9 976 969 


Fiji Islands 


169 040 


117 962 


124 005 


170 879 


124 390 


Gibraltar 


193 


607 637 


4 380 054 


509 814 


195 757 


Hong Kong 


1,003 900 


995 116 


1 343 867 


2 000 825 


1 411 699 


Newfoundland 


10 191 564 


11 325 235 


16 175 443 


16 676 728 


317 fiQQ 


All other 


14 955 


38 676 


136 902 


215 914 


169 335 


Foreign countries total 


651 239 412 


611 284 017 


677 704 095 


785 711 482 


394 398 782 


Alaska 


505 066 


300 112 


432 744 


482 312 


293 184 


Argentina 


1 203 142 


4 603 130 


6 126 457 


8 171 980 


3 233 423 


Austria-Hungary 






33 168 


129 536 




Belgium 


4 909 453 


950 318 


28 463 855 


40 252 487 


12 359 300 


Brazil 


974 368 


4 088 534 


2 703 488 


2 835 191 


2 002 449 


Central Am. States 1 


56 302 


175 699 


181 351 


473 936 


335 517 


Chile 


314 384 


2 321 329 


890 960 


864 309 


290 678 


China 


1 954 055 


2 856 933 


6 665 805 


4 906*571) 


1 900 627 


Denmark 


39 230 


42 039 


2 938 026 


523 485 


2 243 181 


Dutch East Indies 


344 196 


996 575 


1 492 775 


2 426 087 


951 569 


France 


201 053 676 


96 103 142 


61 108 693 


27 428 308 


8 208 228 


French Africa 


795 


72 815 


362 637 


1 312 859 


535 696 


Germany 






610 528 


8,215,237 


4 509,547 


Greece 


4 262 


16 902 


29 588 984 


20 834 577 


5 247 035 


Hawaii 


493 027 


709 246 


163 970 


132 798 


60 560 


Holland 


2 462 574 


198 985 


5 653 218 


20 208 418 


9 582 924 


Italy 


3 336 059 


13 181 514 


16 959 557 


57 758 343 


15 335 818 


Japan 


4 861 244 


12 245 439 


7 732 514 


6 414 920 


14 831,520 


Mexico 


482 428 


568 943 


410 825 


1 086 197 


1 197,597 


Norway 


173 491 


1 149 123 


4 798 299 


5 119 365 


2 599,447 


Peru 


99 377 


283 022 


273 967 


614 472 


71,683 


Philippines 


33 153 


68 551 


292,547 


511,741 


170,821 


Portugal 


14 878 


367 446 


197,385 


1 476,894 


87,664 


Roumania 






12,953,605 


3,801,584 


15,383 


Russia 


4,008,475 


6,164,658 


1,492,041 


246,719 


2,617,739 


St. Pierre and Miquelon 


345,303 


523,488 


748,573 


590,055 


429, 190 


Spain 


98 256 


231 095 


1,096,053 


5,110,725 


816,977 


Sweden 


15 596 


19,220 


4,449,105 


5,528,361 


1,220,196 


Switzerland 


3,921 


7,665 


1,484,416 


1,410,777 


345,626 


Turkey 




621 023 


2,336,717 


2,791,538 


641,422 


United States 


417,812,807 


454,873,170 


464,028,183 


542,322,967 


293,906,643 


Uruguay 


97 916 


332 952 


689,538 


816,503 


151,291 


Venezuela 


103 935 


40 441 


404 , 007 


278,541 


512,499 


West Indies Cuba 


4,015,940 


5 035 975 


6 329,783 


6,573,768 


3,974,432 


American Virgin Islands 2 


11,010 


324 


2,256 


1,131 


2,275 


Porto Rico 


751,436 


1,071,805 


1,489,667 


1,315,716 


1,301,979 


Santo Domingo 


45 087 


39 663 


169,186 


247,436 


64,497 


Other West Indies 


171 989 


162 946 


513,503 


185,097 


111,515 


All other 


442 581 


859 795 


1,435,709 


2,310,442 


2,238,650 















1 Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. 
2 Formerly Danish West Indies. 



VALUES OF IMPORTS IXTO CANADA 



479 



il. Values of Imports into Canada of Merehandisc entered for Consumption from 
the Ilritish Empire and from Foreign Countries in the five fiscal years 1918-1922: 
also of &lt; niii and Bullion. 



Countries. 


13. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


British Empire total 

I niti d Kingdom 


128 ,055 ,371 

81,324,283 


$ 

r!:i.&lt;i71.540 
7:?. 035, 118 


1 

174 ,351 ,659 

126,362,631 


$ 

266,002,688 

213,973,562 


$ 

149,060,241 

117,134,576 


Aust ralin 




4, 


1,371,77:, 


7 .i 1,980 


1,041,027 


New Zealand 




136 


3, 494, MM) 


4,219, 


1,783,500 


Bcnnudjk 


M 


056 




76,958 


98,246 


British \frica 




1,308,016 


919,078 




154.050 




6,716, 


6,747,072 


7,412,931 


9,085,108 


6.166,664 








,043 


134, 


,756 




9,: 


8,395,290 


7,785,254 


6,7(ir., 7.-, 1 


5,279,857 




3,120,996 


5,081,1 


5,269,180 


5.385,611 


1,445,774 


- 1 Iinlii-i all other 


3, ( .i77. 


1,746,481 


3,181,978 


2,355,042 


2,202,789 


British \\Vst Indies 


10,550,550 


8,4:57.- 


12,114. 


14,833,740 


8,113,453 


Fiji 


1,151,369 




714,306 


1,510,: 


1,966,180 


Hoim; Konn . . 


1,805,515 




3,: 


3,516,760 


I , 114, 977 


Newfoundland 




3,098,834 


2,146,414 


2,886,203 


1,387,766 


Egypt and Sudan 


4,: 


1-1,073 


10.J71 


31)1,326 


68,563 


All other 




611 


1,968 


11,555 


,063 


Foreign Countries -total 


- :i |ss 17.1 


79S, 040,165 


*90,176,464 


974,156,194 


598,744,091 


Alaska 


10,374 


52,787 


415,585 


309,463 


276,807 


Argentina 


984,955 


1,139,267 


3,402,554 


2,552,831 


2,355,100 


Austria-Hungary 


75 




49. 


L64 


34,637 


Belgium 


12, 


6,- 


1*11,407 


4,693,368 


3,817,931 


Brazil 


990.777 


1,156,: 


1,973,768 


2,151,066 


1,495,245 


Central Am. States 1 . 




393 


343. 


376,301 


519,142 


Chile 




1,059,557 


240 


.579 


20,471 


China 


1,336,890 


1,95-1,466 


1,205,2 


1,897,346 


1,410,552 


Denmark 


14,388 


41, 


105,310 


119,994 


119,315 


Dutch East Indies 


2,831. 


3,334. 


3,709,400 


,764 


833,101 


Dutch Guiana 


20:1 


117 


87,943 





- 


France 


5,274,064 


3, 632, COO 


10,630,865 


19,138,062 


13,467,803 


French Africa 






_ 


240 


11,573 


Germany 


1M 


75 


44,255 


1,547,685 


2,006,513 


Greece 


20. 


33 


.830 


817,157 


1,033,981 


Hawaii 


30,840 


3,467,856 


403,687 


225,750 


114,900 


Holland 


1, 054,171-. 


.409 


2,266,169 


4,237,7! ! 


4,002,145 


Italv 


771,187 


.112 


999,040 


1,745,330 


1,387,370 


Japan 


12,255, 


13,618,1: - 


13,637,287 


11,360,821 


8.192,238 


Mexico 


1 , 790 


584,047 


2,648,915 


2,185,399 


3,798,202 


Norwav 


141,058 




461,848 


616,978 


409,359 


Peru 


2,362,243 


2,580,813 


5,072,408 


4,171,912 


6,983,403 


Philippines. 


23,329 


169,896 


47,014 


229,907 


189,264 


Portugal 


238,420 


111,689 


312,912 


517,222 


220,956 


Russia 


8,477 


83,888 


14, 


17,390 


1,683 


St. Pierre and Miquelon 


3,809 


7,092 


40,297 


56,257 


19,026 


Spain 


808,807 


697,643 


1,528,298 


2,317,179 


1,782,440 


Sweden 


110,172 


178,855 


360,353 


555,927 


245,295 


Switzerland 


3,146,482 


1,780,812 


7,758,051 


14,143,448 


8,671,608 


Turkey 




_ 


233,478 


683,656 


852,507 


United States 


791,906.125 


750,203,024 


801,097,318 


856,176,820 


516,105,107 


Uruguay 


50,481 


328,687 


322,086 


455,105 


47,847 


Venezuela . . . . 


301,292 


149,155 


299,240 


451,357 


294,305 


West Indies Cuba 


1,085,547 


3,040,953 


17,585,528 


30,743,239 


13,042,568 


American Virgin Islands 2 






_ 


296 


- 


Porto Rico 


136 


2,488 


1,910 


552 


105 


Santo Domingo 


6,615,961 


4,728,732 


10,675,287 


7,578,794 


4,065,910 


Other West Indies 


187 


_ 


_ 


5,176 


1,505 


All other 


324,700 


341,213 


801,533 


886,863 


914,177 


Coin and Bullion 


12,279,173 























Guatemala, Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. 
*Forme Danish We Undies. Austria only. 



480 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



25. Value of Merchandise imported into and exported from Canada through the 
United States during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1920-1921. 



Countries whence imported and to which 
exported. 


Merchandise imported 
through United States. 


Merchandise exported 
through United States. 


1920. 


1921. 


1920. 


1921. 


United Kingdom 


$ 

4,365,089 
212,608 
82,032 
1,881,087 
1,116,751 
1,658,397 
193,251 
2,321,832 

91,111 
53,733 


$ 

4,215,939 
69,817 
29,920 
1,282,176 
1,021,464 
1,442,071 

2,590,659 
500 

116,737 
530,033 
484,542 
35,516 


96,856,014 
3,747,244 
2,604,339 
4,576,708 
197,604 
131,785 
29,294 
2,448,455 
140,483 
185,285 
278,861 
1,406,917 
1,419,831 
142,609 


$ 

68,721,906 
3,231,020 
1,606,328 
1,595,421 
74,676 
86,441 
32,315 
1,681,099 
62,357 
178,582 
80,151 
850,555 
753,714 
88, 122 


Australia 


British Africa 


British India 


British East Indies (Ceylon)) 


British Guiana 


British Honduras 


British West Indies 


Egypt and Sudan 


Gibraltar 


Hong Kong 


New Zealand 


Straits Settlements 


Other British Possessions 


Total, British Empire 


11 ,975 ,891 


11,819,374 


114,165,429 


79,042,687 


Argentina 


1,017,398 
3,666 
1,193,927 
20,895 

54,853 
1,697,125 
12,791 
299,128 
58,853 

694,289 

71,521 
143,210 
245,926 
414,428 
165,220 
418,132 
3,559 

410,251 
19,494 

43,965 

4,748,995 

549,053 
137,966 
266,371 
30,420 
253,453 
26,753 
144,878 
12,430 


735,856 
41,318 
542,695 
58,708 

186,216 
754,940 

12,787 
174,291 

623,294 

194,722 
127,053 
219,637 
536,532 
1,515,794 
73,625 
8,476 

793,348 

10,163 
101,030 

5,862,360 

354,241 
24,744 
355,511 
252,746 
87,239 
5,624 
395,070 
68,184 


3,036,023 
4,698,279 
2,028,709 
177,126 
824,893 
719,018 
2,523,948 
2,138,778 
1,458,143 
13,556 
370,860 
6,859,978 
126,206 
9,019,188 
172,732 
2,781,873 
4,404,149 
4,619,831 
352,151 
681,769 
234,703 
241,262 
173,410 
652,321 
76,695 
1,742,878 
92,250 
164,116 
22,490 
757,911 
915,158 
115,182 
591,907 
100,737 
223,641 
403,568 
975, 272 i 


2,116,194 
18,527,235 
1,176,461 
1,407,537 
805,506 
327,430 
2,154,660 
414,719 
2,031,581 
39,481 
67, 664 
10,973,633 
120,915 
1,696,895 
93,068 
15,841,607 
18,082,516 
1,604,614 
1,011,866 
880,215 
280,557 
451,263 
9,778 
415,871 
850,933 
361,441 
3,339 
230,370 
67,997 
3,470,441 
2,077,011 
1,365,778 
2,596,228 
147,655 
193,375 
278,447 
5,482,993! 


Belgium 


Brazil 


Central American States 


Chile 


China 


Cuba 


Denmark 


Dutch East Indies 


Dutch Guiana 


French West Indies 


France 


French Africa 


Greece 


Hayti 


Holland 


Italy 


Japan 


Mexico 


Norway 


Panama 


Peru 


Philippine Islands 


Porto Rico 


Portugal 


Roumania 


Russia 


Santo Domingo 


Siam 


Spain 


Sweden 


Switzerland 


Turkey 


U. S. of Colombia 


Uruguay 


Venezuela 


Other countries 


Total, foreign countries 


13 ,158 ,950 


14,116,204 


54,490,711 


96 ,937 ,274 


Grand Total 


25,134,841 


25,935,578 


168,656,140 


175,979,961 





ilncludes $572,803 exports to Germany in 1920 and $5,062,975 in 1921. 



I oal) IMI ORTSOI- Till: UNITED K 



481 



. Quantities and Values of Selected Animal and Agricultural Food Products 
imported into the I nited Kingdom, by Countries whence imported, during the 
five calendar years, 1916-19 0. [From th- British Annual Statement of Trade, 1!L0.] 

(Values converted at par &lt;&gt;i evimnge. l = $4.86f.) 



Iinix)rt8 by Countries. 


1016. 


17. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Bur 
lluj-i.i 
I 
adeo 

$ 

I VmiKirk . c\s t . 
1 
herlands . c\s t . 
S 
nee &lt;-\\t. 
S 

I nitcd States . c\v t , 
1 
Arncntina cut . 
1 
-tralia &lt; 


HI 

970,111 

.Ml 
1. 1 

50, :&gt;(&gt;,, ;&gt;iu 
7,526 

131,618 
11,061 

11, 
l..v 
ir 


34 

707 
14,021 
10,534 
516 

142 

6,851. :.17 


4(1 
3,7:, 

79 . 
4,770 
360, DM 
196,593 
11 
313, 143 
18,478,977 
540,072 


126,851 

290 
19,212,797 
1,641 

101 

a 

7s 
211 
13, 
,. ,7: 
16,275,171 
11; 


19,308 
1,305,849 
1 
214 
817,268 
57,245,846 
102,567 
7,706,279 

5,138 
37,261 

i , 71 1,473 
138,862 
9,921,157 

2: ; 


$ 

New Zealand cwt . 
S 
Canada c\\ t . 
$ 

( t her count rit s . . c\\ t 


13,. 71 
101, 5S1 
4,16 

11 


15,551 

36 1 H 


32,718 

37: 

22,381 .. .UN 
61,971 
3,7 
3! 


25, 
318 

19,o:&gt;o,7ii i 
33 
2,032.L til 


IT.,! (74. 230 
,406 
18,630 

32,110 

2,322,617 

111 


S 








622,150 




Total . .. C\M 


2,175,415 


1 ^\::, .111 


1,578 558 


1 ,...! "Ill 


1 702 &lt;:{ 


1 


K.-l 177 


!H !.-,! 107 


6,212,724 


96,624,877 


11 9. 321. .i7:t 


( h.vse 
N ct herlaiuU 


11 


14,865 




7 .i "17 


11" 196 


$ 

France &lt; 


3,11 

7 i:.u 






1 "7 . 


1,411 

!! 3"4 


1 

itzerland cwt . 


15.5.10., 




4,915 


15,455 
190 


14,907 


$ 

V CWt 




: 71 


_ 


22,31fl 
180 


.,384 
951 


1 

1 nited States cwt 


,127 
274 


22 


17 


17.171 
16 Iti i 


.547 
73 344 


% 

\ Zealand c\\ t . 


"11 


600 7(Hi 


16,100, 1M 

til 0,655 


608,952 
1,23! 


2,525,1 

642 


% 
Australia cwt 


16,314 
1 


l .i.4ti .i,903 


18,735,182 
47 258 


41,148,635 

11" 73ti 


I.".lti2,185 
63 279 


$ 

Canada cwt . 


1" 
1,50.") &lt;i I ^ 


1 7o7 .UH 


1,38 

i. r 


4,043,884 
647,212 


2,505,958 
1,129,758 


$ 

Other countries . cwt 


36,169,938 
564 


56,010 


lf&gt;l,000 
13 229 


23,821,058 
"&gt;\ 714 


42,897,379 
85 859 





13,408 


18. 


7i,058 


870,534 


2,809,678 


Total cwt 


2 604 124 


2 946 066 


i :j."&gt;7 103 


2 118 250 


2 750 260 


? 


63, 00?. 7 


!H 716.965 


77,408.508 


73,830,351 


100,418,537 


Eggs 
Russia gt. hund.- 


734,441 


58,845 






9 183 


- 
Sweden gt. hunds. 


2,0.: 
4,102 


143, 187 


- 


- 


70,177 
45 461 


* 
Denmark gt. hunds 


14,230 

1,392 111 


1,654 900 


1 170 535 


1 638 067 


401,592 
3 939 437 


1 

Netherlands... . gt. hunds 


6,342,128 
84 737 


10,951,066 
20 - &gt; 177 


12,614,560 


13,510,431 
620 


34,224,139 

48 474 


$ 

France gt. hunds. 


404,260 


1,050,675 


- 


5,743 

6 584 


358,906 
15 160 


S 

China gt. hunds. 


231,005 


320 539 


- 


34,383 
272 585 


120,869 
731 334 


$ 

Egypt gt. hunds. 


689,714 
1,889,947 


1,242,279 
1 602 671 


79 807 


1,682,344 

758 7 9 8 


4,013,053 
5 16 740 


1 


4,743,335 


4,941,321 


3,480,494 


4,529^280 


2,858,923 



NOTE. Throughout this table the cwt. is the long cwt. of 112 lb., and for eggs thegreat hundred= 120. 

3813131 



482 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



26. Quantities and Values of Selected Animal and Agricultural Food Products 
imported into the United Kingdom, by Countries whence imported, during the 
five calendar years, 1916-1920 C3n. 

(Values converted at par of exchange- l = $4.86f.) 



Impprts by Countries. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918 


1919. 


1920. 


Eggs Concluded . 
Canada ..gt. hunds. 


1,431,778 


672,761 


388,985 


1,476,962 


807,281 


$ 
United States gt. hunds. 


5,712,435 

779,716 


4,007,130 
349,339 


3,245,405 
337,345 


10,854,720 
1,408,606 


7,197,474 
331,185 


$ 
Other countries gt, hunds. 


2,877,188 
58,540 


1,964,639 
61,170 


3,003,882 
29,743 


10,731,448 
82,243 


2,692,294 
576,253 


$ 


228,324 


360,085 


147,684 


569,838 


4,366,684 


Total gt. hund". 


6,606,377 


4,922,402 


2,656,415 


5,644,395 


7,060,508 





23,079,353 


24,660,382 


22,492,025 


41,918,187 


56,304,111 


Bacon 
China cwt. 


21,632 


63,037 


75,818 


258,271 


28,265 


$ 
Sweden / cwt. 


326,480 


1,844,389 


2,948,942 


11,037,327 


1,191,477 
4,515 


Denmark cwt. 


1,641,613 


1,123,155 


21,491 


6,644 


184,734 
704,075 


$ 
Netherlands cwt. 


44,227,843 
171,908 


37,803,282 
144,116 


923,951 


320,241 


35,606,334 
4,152 


$ 
United States . . cwt. 


4,503,579 
4,004,410 


4,302,216 
3,467,085 


8,645,318 


5,893,514 


185,060 
3,362,264 


$ 
Canada . cwt. 


81,997,620 
1,594,114 


102,500,147 
1,767,085 


362,745,600 
1,719,736 


253,625,769 
2,094,248 


143,343,284 
1,493,008 


$ 
Other countries cwt. 


36,225,442 

2,278 


54,956,901 
3,096 


72,797,298 
11,099 


91,886,244 
28,521 


63,893,182 
15,351 


$ 


43,392 


118,600 


441,305 


1,277,758 


718,611 


Total . . cwt. 


7,435,955 


6,567,574 


10,473,562 


8,281,198 


5,611,630 


9 


167,324,356 


201,524,535 


439,857,096 


358,147,339 


245,121,882 


Hams 
United States cwt. 


1,493,606 


1,126,736 


1,419,008 


1,718,363 


283,591 


$ 
Canada cwt . 


31,984,561 
60,205 


34,120,127 
50,070 


57,928,814 
110,683 


74,286,630 
74,762 


12,646,652 
25,776 


$ 
Other countries cwt. 


1,285,535 
1,025 


1,593,731 
3,360 


4,508,232 
25,252 


3,179,997 
20,029 


1,153,760 
14,984 


$ 


24,863 


106,767 


968,934 


836,565 


662,256 


Total cwt. 


1,554,836 


1,180,166 


1,554,943 


1,813,154 


324,351 


$ 


33,294,959 


35,821,625 


63,405,980 


78,303,192 


14,462,668 


Lard 
United States cwt. 


1,866,568 


1,379,498 


2,586,187 


1,833,685 


1,149,600 


$ 
Canada cwt. 


32,961,914 
35,004 


40,278,222 
23,784 


96,396,364 
89,493 


77,517,561 
79,292 


50,512,890 
125,260 


$ 
Brazil cwt. 


582,808 


654,878 
10,016 


3,355,411 

25,288 


3,355,046 
38,416 


5,354,628 
1,840 


$ 

China cwt. 


26,176 


334,180 
63,961 


881,869 
30,946 


1,456,652 
158,354 


53,144 
143,500 


$ 

Other countries cwt. 


359,374 
6,079 


1,661,850 
22,935 


977,343 
28,490 


5,887,085 
68,583 


5,368,430 
26,300 


$ 


79,764 


590,331 


898,186 


2,659,531 


970,802 


Total.. cwt. 


1,933,827 


1,500,194 


2,760,404 


2,178,330 


1,446,500 


$ 


33,983,860 


43,519,461 


102,509,173 


90,875,875 


62,259,894 


Wheat- 
United States cwt. 


64,544,100 


54,208,300 


24,757,610 


31,769,300 


45,422,300 




Japan cwt. 


223,849,595 


242,417,300 


110,348,133 


150,386,881 


339,878,783 
2,420,500 


China cwt. 


- 











17,531,485 
330,000 


S 

Argentina cwt. 


4,495,700 


6,700,600 


14,389,400 


6,819,100 


2,535,742 
30,930,800 


I 
British India cwt. 


16,652,332 
5,611,900 


30,020,296 
2,744,700 


64,501,816 
621,400 


30,921,175 
100 


186,708,168 
20,000 


$ 


21,698,617 


12,361,499 


2,882,132 


180 


170,333 



Mo-no.- For eggs the great hundred=120. 



FOOD IMPORTS OF THK UNITED KlXdDOM 



483 s 



&gt;6. Quantities and Values of Selected Animal and Agricultural Food Products 
Imported into the Inited Kingdom, by Countries whence imported, during the 
live calendar years, 1916-1920- o n 



p;ir of 



l=$4.86f.) 



Imports by Countr 


1916. 


W17. 


1918. 


1919. 


11)20. 


\\heat-conclud 
Australia. . . . cwt 


I 1 !, 551, 000 
74,194,027 


13,700 
18,408,300 

1 .".1,406 
563,369 


2.013.70C 

15, &lt;&gt; 

196,801 

889,767 


14.952.70C 
66,801,96 
17,864,90 

85,212,04 

1.17,2!) 


1 !,%(&gt;, 100 
.10,695,044 
10,189,400 
75,831,651 
226 
848,431 


oada 

Other couir . \vt. 
$ 

Total 
$ 

Barley 
Turkey in Asi:\ 

Tuni&gt; 
I liiti il States . . cwt. 
Chile c-wt. 
Argentina cwt. 
British India. . cwt. 
nada . . cwt. 
Roumania cwt. 
Russia .... 


in :-. 320 
350 4 ;;. :!) i 


; .-,.. 

411. .MM ||.{ 


57,947,610 
258,410,035 


71.1i:{,00&lt; 
33 .9S,544 


109,328,326- 
714,199,637 


96,000 

41 
9,01 

.,800 

. l.V. 

1,4 
2,86 

2,841,200 
8,940,437 

301,000 


5,643,900 
27,974 
75. 
357 
7,000 
1,72 
1,391 
6,14 
1. i* 
18,463 

149,000 


4,070,800 
21,354,461 

952,000 
5,036,786 

2,900 
15,344 


i,500 
8, Id 
I0,7 .i:;,20i 
67,764 
351,801 
14,931 
221,50( 
1,0: 
5,100 
24 
4,830,200 
23,525,150 

152, KM 
856,738 


28,600 
130,115 

6,227,400 
36,765,166 
867,700 

5,435,444 
410,000 
2,054,112 

2,691,200 
14,067,990 
1,442,800 
6,570,078 
20.-), 800 
. 4S.649 
..2:), 200 
4,391,511 


other countries. . . cwt. 
$ 

Total . cwt. 

Oats 
1 ni ted States cut 


1.VM9.5M 
50, 667, 9 &gt;7 


9,138,500 
43,643.561 


;&gt;.or&gt;. &gt;i&gt;o 

26, 406..-)!)! 


16,643,901 
86,805,064 


12,667,700 
70,363,065 


5,102,101 
13,290,682 
,800 
.S.082 
4,44 
10,735,059 
1.71*4,400 
4,44 
260,700 
718,431 


8,114,701 

3ti. 

1,21 

5,60 
924 

3,094,178 
2,2; 
10,760,433 
156,100 
589,500 


6, 0&lt; 
30,434,610 
-.200 
154,517 
1,524,271 
8,018,607 
3,40&lt;.7()li 
17,500 


2,956,421 
14,516,099 
528,000 
2,793,102 
1,06 

940,500 
4,397,715 
216,800 
1,076,935 


1114,600 
941,7112 
27,900 
117,422 
4,676,200 
20,995,131 
(iH7,500 
3,227,884 
533,200 
2,247,281 


Chile .. . c\vt 


Argentina cwt 


Canada cwt 


Other countries cwt 


$ 

Total cwt 


12,503,500 
31,854,484 


12,821,700 
56,247,697 


10,982,570 
56,108,029 


6,711,421 
32,723,258 


6,101,600 
27,412,576 


- 

Peas, whole 
Canada cwt 


12,530 
75,287 
1,485 
9,354 
458,210 
3,839,016 
307,970 
1,124,701 
25,564 
132,801 
79,910 
649,520 
7,330 
50,024 
84,160 
321,229 
4,172 
23,079 


11,700 
92,540 
950 
7,373 
507,850 
6,177,976 
448,070 
2,643,681 
44,340 
348,453 
101,870 
1,249,482 
47,560 
521,634 
57,360 
315,151 
56,050 
601,287 


50,430 
803,978 
240 
5,801 
687,544 
10,829,078 
893,380 
7,338,846 
48,940 
493,859 
409,820 
5,880,350 
41,526 
506,868 
15,220 
86,242 
28,137 
310,459 


37,756 
429,172 
6,445 
82,169 
541,140 
6,825,690 
12,960 
170,528 
171,580 
1,615,386 
83,280 
1,253,639 
81,350 
772,472 
155,900 
940,673 
42,980 
431,088 


12,620 
202,935 
41,306 
362,650 
191,380 
1,543,161 
100 
1,587 
86,630 
858,621 
36,384 
751,618 
38,180 
315,228 
114,420 
689,782 
50,700 
339,353 


Netherlands cwt 


Japan cwt 


$ 

British India cwt 


New Zealand cwt 


| 

1 nited States cwt 


$ 

Australia cwt 


China cwt 


Other countries cwt 


$ 

Total cwt 


981 ,331 
6 ,325 ,011 


1,275,750 
11 ,957 ,577 


2,175,237 
26,256,795 


1 ,133 ,391 
12 ,550 ,817 


571 ,720 
5,064,935 


* 



38131 



484 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



26. Quantities and Values of Selected Animal and Agricultural Food Products 
imported into the United Kingdom, by Countries whence imported, during the 
five calendar years, 1916-1920. concluded. 

(Values converted at par of exchange. l = $4.86f.) 



Imports by Countries. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Corn 
Brazil cwt . 


34,900 


295,618 


163,500 


89,800 




$ 
United States cwt. 


120,450 
6,991,800 


1,306,121 
10,670,300 


980,731 
7,921,277 


427,605 
871,700 


1,632,000 


Argentina cwt. 


18,833,981 
20,843,700 


40,683,255 
9,578,200 


35,909,260 
3,584,000 


3,318,088 
13,914,800 


7,109,776 
29,237,100 


$ 
Canada cwt. 


60,795,432 
2,174,000 


38,696,438 
1,635,700 


16,905,632 
129,200 


54,251,804 
188,600 


114,401,015 
343,500 


$ 
S. Africa (British) cwt. 


5,856,133 
2,490,600 


6,156,572 
2,679,000 


563,823 
2,442,600 


1,062,335 
1,400,700 


1,604,428 
430,700 


$ 
E&lt;rypt (British) . cwt 


6,799,454 
1,161,300 


11,760,042 
600 


11,058,668 


6,191,836 


1,757,665 


$ 
India (British) cwt. 


3,174,181 
54,400 


1,538 
500 


198,400 





2,400 


$ 
Other Br. Possessions cwt. 


168.960 
35,100 


1,884 
19,100 


872,647 
48, 700 


44,500 


12,167 
26,360 


$ 
Roumania cwt. 


95,148 


86,223 


265,623 


227,716 


105,680 
1,691,100 


$ 
Other countries cwt. 


373,410 


129,900 


2,500 


350,800 


6,253,462 
476,900 


$ 


993,330 


519,380 


12,483 


1,301,176 


1,962,479 


Total . ... cwt 


34,159,210 


25 ,008 ,918 


14,490,177 


16 ,860 ,900 


33 ,840 ,060 


$ 


98 ,837 ,089 


99 ,211 ,453 


Jiii ,568 ,867 


66 ,780 ,560 


133 ,206 ,672 


Flour, wheat 
United States ... . cwt 


5,182,049 


8,401,782 


17,963,100 


10,274,070 


5,837,400 


$ 
Australia . . . . cwt . 


21,397,405 
501,360 


49,384,125 
1,851,900 


116,942,701 
1,679,100 


72,629,247 
1,577,000 


52,911,665 
1,481,200 


$ 
Canada cwt. 


2,227,006 
4,227,611 


11,941,666 
3,955,500 


11,515,964 
5,564,700 


11,144,136 
5,566,100 


11,318,514 
2,318,601 


$ 
China cwt. 


17,860,740 


25,548,915 
116,500 


37,336,410 
929,200 


39,530,936 
190,700 


21,478,717 
2,067,600 


$ 
Japan.. . . cwt. 


23,900 


705,219 
356,400 


6,423,075 
136,900 


1,302,729 
31,200 


15,856,296 
1,100 


$ 
Other countries cwt. 


107,442 
25,405 


2,198,944 
17,000 


920,627 
86,600 


214,323 

72,000 


7,446 
263,839 


$ 


106,997 


106,040 


517,015 


394,283 


1,824,470 


Total.. cwt 


9 ,960 ,325 


14,339,782 


26,359,600 


17,711,070 


11,969,740 


$ 


41 ,699 ,590 


89 ,884 ,909 


173,655,792 


125,215,654 


103 ,397 ,108 


Oatmeal 
United States cwt . 


150,083 


489,971 


633,646 


332,763 


66,023 


$ 
Canada cwt. 


661,341 
183,114 


4.174,052 
176,961 


5,059,406 
242,924 


2,553,769 
219,618 


514,275 
86,368 


$ 
Bother countries cwt. 


824,530 


1,262,296 
359 


1,820,401 
8,704 


1,652,861 
4,376 


685,416 
2,421 


$ 


- 


2,166 


60,920 


35,064 


17,807 


Total. cwt 


333 ,197 


667 ,291 


885 ,274 


556 ,757 


154 ,812 


S 


1 ,485 ,871 


5,438,514 


6,940,727 


4 ,241 ,694 


1,217,498 


Rolled Oats 1 - 
United States cwt. 


309,575 


1,468,658 


1,826,569 


653,383 


258,947 


$ 
Canada.. -. . .cwt. 


1,562,370 
323,028 


12,189,180 
107,563 


15,052,562 
47,344 


5,653,612 
161,444 


2,435,314 
253,845 


$ 
Other countries cwt. 


1,720,547 
193 


762,815 
2,723 


369,711 

5,479 


1,367,937 
1,067 


2,693,062 
10,380 


$ 


1,022 


26,548 


42,427 


8,088 


80,928 


Total cwt. 


632 ,796 


1,578,944 


1 ,879 ,392 


815 ,894 


523 ,172 


$ 


3 ,283 ,939 


12,978,543 


15 ,464 ,700 


7 ,029 ,637 


5,209,304 



Including other oat products in 1920. 



EXPORTS &lt;&gt;! Till : I MTI .l) STATES 



is:, 



&gt;7. (Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Kvpitrted from the 
I nited States to Principal Countries for the years ended June 39, 19l, 1917 and 
the calendar years 191S, 1919 and 1930. 

in tin- I" S Ki-p..rt&lt; mi Fori kn Coinim-m and Navigation.) 



1 :\i.rt- liy ( mi: : 


Jun. 


December 31. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1 .I20. 


Live Cattle 

Belgium N". 


47 

1,7: 
81fi 
109,016 

107 
1,411 
162,515 

101 
4,217 


1,476 
B8.4M 

99,406 
402,728 

231 
5)6 
32,854 


1 , 333 
122,623 

318 
41,00t&gt; 
7.3H 
667,415 

186,116 

430 
95,598 


9,067 
1,759,021 
l. 
627,6 
11,314 
2,179,401 

10 
2,151 
11,192 

858 

823.LT&gt;&lt; 
IK 
189,424 


20,300 
5,734,85(1 
. 0,766 
2,043,021 
184 
43,144 
100 
20,000 
81 
8,336 
1 . ii: 4 
57ft, 194 
27,758 
1,47s. 77 
11,539 


Cuba 


% 

ince 


I 

I niU d Kingdom 
* 
Bermuda EfO. 
$ 
Canada HO, 
$ 
Mexico N" 
$ 

( &gt;thlT COUIltrie- . 

$ 

Total.. 

$ 

I.ive Hogs 
1 nit ed Kingdom \c 


21,287 

i. 378 ,248 


13,387 

94 9, .:o:t 


17,181 
l,6tt,7M 


69,859 

6,4:{,.V&gt;1 


85,302 

10,752,525 


93, l^ 
2,152 
21,407 

113,996 


1,901 

24 
10,403 

It,: 
9,288 
146,925 

11,614 


132 

4,062 

276,475 
53 


3,987 
85,392 
19,947 

521,035 
811 

77,484 


178 
6,230 

5,237 
135,009 
49,021 
1,494,739 
814 
87,806 


1 
Mexico. . . 


$ 

Cuba 
* 
OtluT oouatrim NO, 
$ 

Total.. 
$ 

I.ivi 1 Horse* 
France N&lt;&gt; 


22,148 

238,718 


21 ,926 

HI; 


in ::o- 
BS,7M 


&gt;.\ :\: 
SH3 ,911 


:. ,250 

1,723,784 


181 

43,995,577 

6,7:. 
49,41. 
10,807,690 

M. ,311 

11,448,925 
4,661 
270,884 
630 
112,101 
481 
143,379 


117,842 
26,946,646 
21 
5,274,571 

100,110 
20,594,684 
- s.546 
4,763,909 
2,659 
10 
1,000 
155,910 
7,044 
1,682,660 


811 
174,740 
33,547 
7,134,298 
13,032 
1,992,305 
749 
42,475 
2,930 
480,652 
101 
34,005 


862 
287,516 
8 
43,000 
98 
100,600 
9,848 
1,358,404 
5,438 
271,642 
737 
133,575 
2,700 
661,659 


266 
136, 100 
12 

6,000 
356 
307,600 
7,062 
1,250,872 
3,285 
230,483 
2,200 
437,687 
1,157 
347,658 


$ 
Italy N" 


$ 

1 nited Kingdom NO. 


I 

Canada 


1 
M cxico NO . 


I 

Cuba NO. 


S 

Other countries NO. 


$ 

Total . .NO. 


357,553 
73 ,531 ,14$ 


278 ,74 
59 ,525 ,329 


51 ,170 
9,858,329 


19,691 

2,858,396 


14,33S 
2,716,400 


$ 

Live Mules 
France NO . 


15,059 
3,716,945 
66,063 
13,359,070 
922 
118,668 
2,838 
347,206 
1,629 
273,181 
17,151 
3,435 850 
8,253 
1,709,392 


12,376 
2,683,428 
51,303 
10,443,687 
2,435 
402,829 
2,807 
262,283 
2,124 
350,151 
32,797 
6,941,460 
32,847 
6,717,016 


12,267 
2,474,050 
2,497 
463,282 
1,244 
130,278 
435 
90,670 

876 
202,373 


342 
38,518 
3,696 
503,203 
2,039 
440,688 

1,045 
206,771 


339 
135,600 

156 
26,450 
5,214 
834, 159 
2,037 
576,284 

1,343 
293,850 


S 

United Kingdom NO. 


$ 

Canada NO 


$ 

Mexico NO . 


S 

Cuba NO . 


* 

Egypt NO . 


$ 

Other countries NO. 


- 
Total. . .NO. 


111 ,915 
22 ,960 ,312 


136,689 
27,800,854 


17 ,319 
3 ,360 ,653 


7,122 
1,189,180 


9,089 
1 ,866 ,343 


$ 



486 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the years ended June 30, 1916, 1917, and 
the calendar years 1918, 1919 and 1920. con. 





June 


30. 


I 


December 31 




Exports by Countries. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Live sheep 
Canada NO . 


48,149 


56,648 


7,512 


29,620 


6,724 


$ 
Mexico NO . 


195,879 
436 


341,863 
760 


104,580 
115 


273,924 
4,421 


58,582 
39,630 


$ 
Japan NO . 


2,622 
34 


9,922 
32 


1,810 
93 


74,746 
176 


416,337 
729 


$ 
Other countries NO . 


3,000 
3,659 


1,400 
1,371 


5,800 
242 


12,242 
314 


69,450 
1,795 


S 


30,034 


14,750 


8,692 


9,062 


27,321 


Total NO. 


52 ,378 


58 ,811 


7,962 


34 ,531 


48,878 


$ 


231 ,535 


367 ,935 


120 ,882 


369 ,974 


571 ,690 


All other animals, including fowls 
Cuba $ 


40,038 


49,792 


76,752 


154,223 


214,081 


Canada $ 


122,380 


160,098 


163,472 


207,321 


248,701 


Mexico $ 


68,802 


123,830 


32,834 


57,373 


142,908 


Other countries $ 


100,117 


57,660 


15,587 


45,785 


96,528 














Total $ 


331 ,337 


391 ,380 


288,645 


464,702 


702,218 














Barley 
Belgium. bush. 


25,595 


200,679 


1,783,545 


2,330,882 


1,469,499 


$ 
Denmark bush. 


22,667 
1,260,268 


234,073 

722,284 


2,668,357 


3,314,343 
1,419,723 


2,384,639 


France bush. 


960,270 
349,221 


710,282 
273,949 


2,866,026 


1,897,225 
16,626 


800 


$ 
Canada bush. 


292,908 
6,545 


223,300 
308,102 


5,188,815 
498,714 


22,438 
746,921 


2,240 
206,415 


$ 
Greece bush. 


4,054 

880,268 


316,698 
91,000 


743,237 


967,663 
465,683 


267,079 
246,022 


$ 
Italy bush. 


697,979 


72,800 
201,593 


3,190,683 


726,325 
410,418 


390,538 


$ 
Netherlands bush. 


2,698,426 


302,390 
2,840,163 


5,570,839 


410,418 
6,302,411 


557,791 


$ 
Norway bush. 


1,982,369 
2,445,716 


2,924,706 
1,217,792 


218,442 


8,023,947 
115,035 


673,330 
68,001 


$ 
Sweden bush. 


1,917,414 
517,096 


1,366,275 
459,696 


334,883 


179,888 
368,743 


114,876 


8 
United Kingdom bush. 


355,629 
18,646,114 


703,660 
9,112,279 


9,775,514 


492,248 
24,783,469 


14,262,383 


$ 
Mexico bush. 


13,970,963 
232,588 


10,850,329 
42,981 


15,241,942 
36,955 


36,761,108 
80,793 


21,641,125 
105,991 


$ 
Panama bush 


168,939 
971 


46,298 
194 


51,814 
24 


115,081 
424 


164,335 
926,752 


$ 
Other countries bush 


72C 
410,352 


266 
910,365 


44 
435,316 


1,058 
570,712 


1,443,977 
10,573 




289,621 


1,276,205 


765,446 


920,577 


83,050 


Total bush 


27,473,160 


16 ,381 ,077 


18,805,219 


37 ,611 ,840 


17 ,854 ,227 


$ 


30 ,663 ,533 


19 ,027 ,082 


30,565,377 


53 ,832 ,319 


27 ,165 ,189 


Bran and middlings, total ton 1 


14 ,813 


7,428 


7,372 


4,517 


3,091 


$ 
Buckwheat, total bush 


433 ,288 
515 ,304 


279,650 
260 ,102 


337 ,285 
1,420 


233 ,114 
186 ,074 


162,958 
299,693 


K 
| 


481 ,014 


350,606 


3,021 


307 ,454 


543 ,468 


Corn 
Belgium bush 


4,550 


581,371 


3,467,151 


1,009,969 


71,787 


$ 
Denmark bush 


4,191 
9,527,032 


590,771 
7,075,254 


6,371,356 


1,607,493 
334,711 


89,485 
173,357 


$ 
France bush 


7,764,187 
2,560,014 


9,205,072 
1,533,183 


1,369,962 


602,472 
6 


196,407 
190,537 


$ 
Italy bush 


2,113,714 
400 


1,758,032 
1,156,664 


2,462,494 
2,196,321 


27 


404,114 


$ 
Netherlands bush 


400 
5,705,625 


1,519,306 
7,923,706 


3,951,495 
46,004 


100,168 


423,604 


$ 
Sweden bush 


4,699,487 
432,618 


8,237,912 
399,574 


92,009 


167,192 


519,717 


$ 


351,928 


462,577 


- 


- 


- 



1 Ton equals 2,240 Ib. 



EXPORTS OF THE UMTED STATES 



187 



4&gt; 7. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
liiited Slates to Principal Countries for the years ended June 30, 1916, 1917, and 
the calendar years 1918, 1919 and 1920. con. 



orts by Countries. 


- 
June 30. 


December 31. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


n concluded. 
( ifriirinv bush. 


6,637,138 

4,438,128 

7S.934 
3. 

88n 


24,493,817 
. 7. 
15,724 
16,158 

2,948, inn 


I. ), 658, 493 
29,041,245 
13,228,954 
19,530,071 

1,074,099 
1,84 1,445 
L21 

,404 


948,493 
1,58."&gt;, &gt;"&gt; &gt; 
6,542, 
10,690 

1:1:; 

1,91 

3,441. lf&gt;:&lt; 
158 
282,855 


1,323,770 
1,633,161 
2,706,805 

4,222,501 
10,064,668 
14,6:50,123 
770,814 

1,893,793 
3,5 
142 

2:IS,958 


United Kingdom bush. 


Canada bush . 


Mrvi- , bush. 


Cuba bush. 


Other countries bush. 
Total bush. 


58 ,217 ,012 
30,78(1 


til.7 JO,M-: 
72,497,204 


39,S99,091 
69 ,269 ,:j 9 


Il,i92,r&gt;:t3 
18 ,624 ,S6 


17,761.420 
26, 453, G81 


$ 

Corn meal 
United Kingdom brl 


96. 

., . . 1 

li:5, 17: 

211 
6 
30 

3,139 
10 

1 

86,969 
33:. 


178,211 

154 

,472 
1 
4 

8,233 

330 
1,139 

86,11. 
439,042 


480,717 
5,161,275 

1,17 
70,634 
696,008 
3,700 

1,661 

),803 

24 \ 
78,235 
.54,120 
. . u:i-J 
31,868 
332, (371 

337,312 
3,588,894 


17. 
1,44! 

20,812 
187,805 

537,0 If, 
10. 
91,405 
283, 
2,923,511 
1,161 

90 
75s 
239,096 
1,936,473 
145,664 
1,426,922 

173,951 
1,599,903 


117,610 
975,177 
44,667 
341,842 
146,330 

1 , - 1 
83,034 

288,084 
1 
5 

1,406 
13,449 
25,614 

186,012 

414,004 
3,678,963 
84,499 
748,910 


Canada brl. 


British West Indies . . . brl. 


Dutch West In&gt; brl. 


S 

Jtalv brl- 




Belgium. . brl. 
1 

Netherlands brl. 


S 

rzerland brl 


S 

EevDt . brl. 


Other countries brl. 


S 

Total . brl. 


419 ,979 

1 ,601 ,2.&gt; 


508 ,113 

2, 7.i7.321 


1,790,016 
18,761,103 


1 ,202 ,434 

10 ,920 , ls7 


867 ,165 

7,478,398 


$ 

Dried grain and malt sprouts, total. . ton 1 

Oatmeal and rolled oats 
Netherlands lb. 


1,63.3 

47 , 1 1" 


1 .:.-. 
47,809 


217 
13,394 


1,960 

125 ,886 


401 
23,949 


11,524,815 
298,300 
4,700,171 
136,324 
28,626,849 
907,044 
13,886,912 
543,954 


3,623,851 
116.04 . 
18,265,844 
700,986 
69,086,773 
2,711,188 
19,926,876 
962,931 


6,051,981 
395,386 
255,585,340 
14,639,040 
37,560,694 
2,318,654 


49,080,564 
2,382,325 
8,700,665 
410,467 
73,954,909 
4,117,928 
89,230,499 
5,088,662 


12,000,633 
594,490 
519,350 
25,568 
30,670,797 
1,616,672 
22,729,735 
1,654,616 


% 
Norway lb. 


United Kingdom lb. 


Other countries lb. 


$ 

Total lb. 


54,748,747 

1 ,885 ,622 


110 ,903 ,344 
4 ,191 ,154 


299,198,015 
17 ,353 ,080 


220 ,966 ,$37 
11 ,999 ,382 


65,920,515 
3 ,891 ,346 


1 

Oats- 
Belgium bush 


40,937,766 
20,977,863 

27,802,289 
13,819,165 
3,891,48 
1,848,03 


86,851 
68,000 
53,561,600 
32,258,495 

11,761,339 
7,108,222 
4,550,437 
2,699,830 


18,861,125 
16,977,337 
356,803 
331,835 
7,831,938 
6,837,538 


8,120,038 
6,678,566 
14,186,235 
11,626,830 
2,598,113 
2,042,303 
1,849,270 
1,643,220 
2,819,985 
2,318,083 


2,600,526 
2,556,026 
6,274,945 
6,187,025 

499,114 
460,626 


France bush 


S 

Switzerland bush 


- 
Italy bush 


Netherlands bush 


S 



= 2,2401b. 



488 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the years ended June 30, 1916, 1917, and 
the calendar years 1918, 1919 and 1920. con. 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Oats concluded. 
Sweden bush . 


17,987,407 
8,848,888 
2,663,834 
1,072,101 
1,158,890 
586,522 
1,477,217 
833,213 


14,889,314 
10,417,599 
856,859 
439,323 
1,378,842 
885,728 
1,859,159 
1,157,784 


54,541,721 
48,062,866 
30,696,141 
23,916,056 
1,690,332 
1,631,598 
484,872 
464,407 


156,240 
124,000 
20,579,701 
17,982,037 
2,433,463 
1,765,055 
2,126,272 
1,844,482 
425,162 
410,718 


30,000 
22,500 
134,624 
109,087 
1,245,766 
916,229 
1,606,224 
1,608,685 
486,675 
477,926 


$ 
United Kingdom bush. 


$ 
Canada bush . 


$ 
Cuba bush. 


$ 
Other countries bush. 


$ 
Total.. bush. 


95,918,884 
47,985,790 

25,602 
801 ,054 


88,944,401 
55,034,981 

46,112 
1,693,752 


114,462,932 
98,221,637 

9,652 
466,242 


55,294,479 
46,435,294 

12,124 
784,296 


12,877,874 
12,338,104 

10,481 
579,914 


$ 
Mill feed- 
Total ton 1 


$ 

Rye- 
Belgium bush. 


2,047,562 
2,184,698 

1,668,750 
1,753,234 
8,026,225 
8,475,126 
1,189,097 
1,288,827 
1,434,010 
1,506,360 
139,711 
137,541 

26,000 
27,560 

1,082 
1,153 


1,168,437 
1,718,728 
46,540 
97,736 
772,569 
1,156,940 
7,452,594 
12,444,294 
379,101 
604,253 
1,293,060 
2,271,565 
1,129,469 
1,605,223 
1,017,883 
1,700,431 

362 
461 


304,206 
683,766 

467,000 
1,060,300 

690,424 
1,385,964 

3,702,426 
7,462,648 
120,615 
202,176 
1,756,764 
3,574,613 
336,650 
693,952 

252, 554 
552, 199 


2,736,984 
5,056,864 
739,993 
1,388,919 
1,276,566 
2,300,128 
1,810,605 
3,266,237 
5,054,730 
8,944,487 

18,068,982 
35,254,238 
1,385,498 
2,063,613 
661,231 
1,183,615 
838,063 
1,658,689 
6,000 
10,080 

319,514 
659,362 


11,924,341 
25,403,356 
214,285 
535,712 
54,722 
105,870 
7,012,562 
15,691,106 
4,666,629 
10,272,619 

718,781 
1,410,880 
6,501,468 
13,413,809 
2,415,084 
4,612,682 
12,973,968 
27,471,994 
1,801,275 
4,194,708 
7,139,942 
15,741,694 
1,233,189 
2,398,082 
274,292 
670,835 
139,952 
316,190 


$ 
Denmark bush. 


$ 
Switzerland bush. 


$ 
Netherlands bush . 


$ 
Norway bush. 


$ 
Sweden bush. 


$ 
United Kingdom bush. 


$ 
Canada bush . 


$ 
Italy bush. 


$ 
France bush. 


$ 
Finland bush. 


$ 
Germany bush . 


$ 
Gibraltar bush. 


$ 
Poland and Danzig bush. 


$ 
Other countries .. bush. 


$ 
Total bush. 


14.532,437 
515,374,499 


13,260,015 
21,599,631 


7,631,639 
15,615,618 


32,898,166 
61,786,232 


57,070,490 
122,239,537 


$ 

Rye Flour 
Belgium brl. 


18,891 
98,177 
52,168 
287,123 
6,002 
35,281 
4,167 
20,135 
4,483 
24,020 
33,908 
182,205 


890 
9,614 
59,632 
438,458 
1,508 
8,914 
3,207 
19,546 
1,718 
10,967 
6,959 
37,848 


438,233 
4,462,893 
96,897 
1,021,747 
403,845 
4,599,370 
133,310 
1,479,421 
46,509 
473,314 
213,437 
2,197,273 
113,844 
1,215,712 


86,946 
857,679 

230,072 

2,148,643 
8,809 
72,526 
8,025 
61,111 
826,629 
8,246,875 
105,549 
1,037,674 


14,845 
151,614 

282,905 
2,739,258 
20,691 
245,988 
3,452 
39,532 
335 
2,536 
41,518 
459,510 


$ 
France brl. 


$ 
Norway brl. 


$ 
Netherlands brl. 


I 

Canada brl. 


$ 
United Kingdom brl. 


$ 
Other countries brl. 


8 
Total.. brl. 


119,619 
646,941 


73,914 
525,347 


1,446,075 
15,449,730 


1,266,030 
12,424,508 


363,746 
3,638,438 


$ 



iTon=2,2401b. 



/:.Y/m 7 N or y///: i \ m*:n STATIC 



189 



?7. (Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
l nited States to Principal Countries for the years ended June 30, 191G, 1917, and 
the calendar &gt;cars 1918, 1919 and 19*0. con. 



1 \port- by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1916. 


1(H7. 


1918. 


1919. 


L980. 


Wheat- 

Kt l"iuni . bust 


. .682,919 
3,342,519 
21,802,818 

Big 

,270 
11,686,691 

l.V 1.M 

81,441 
38,191 
21,070 
26,224,787 

1,863,212 
:t&gt;,493 
7,041,606 

1.7- 
6,090,614 
182 
199,961 

67,388,601 

1,824 
1,154,715 
l,34i 

1,171,371 

599,604 

12,764 

6,128,623 


2,698,044 
4,s.s7,416 
16,253,262 
31,698,762 

2,480. 14fi 
4 
1,811,158 
9,01 
i:&lt;.74c.,5i2 
26 
19,127,675 
031 
8,15 
ti. 114,705 
600 
1,576,600 
851,550 
1,454,474 

6,045.7 ." 
12,028 
17,976,120 
189, 129,196 

4,71 
9.851 

33:&lt; 

5,058 
6,887 

96,607 
Ji&gt;1, 904 
5,721 
2,901,143 


12,688,186 
80,107,271 

. i::i 
14,676,271 

1,475,449 
3,481,796 

16,337,436 
38,263,712 
2,236,354 
5,770,866 
383,144 
91s 
460,066 
1,104,149 
lid 
258,687 

1,499,548 

; 1.7114 

43,146,559 
100,848,344 
86,498,421 

iil.4i4.108 
16,500 

39,17i, 
1 
2 

43 
150 
3,712 
9,416 


24,476,490 
59,!ioi.ns:: 
27,590,718 
M, 552,585 

1,510,909 
3,574,010 

96, L 1 :. 1 .-. 
23d 

38,-- r,i,vs:; 

91,054.&lt;L s 
l,962,L 4 .t 
4,84N.:&gt;1" 
933 
2,240 
988,427 
2,372,223 
138,133 
370,000 

6,134,334 
15,531,481 
41, 818, 552 
107,503,619 
1,421,613 
3,314,818 
ISO 
281 

28 
60 

34 

224 
682,812 
1,641,264 


20,665,729 
55,832,260 
26,444,984 
72,870,900 

8,246,213 
22.511,012 
4,181,694 

10,813,1V-. 
1,415,360 
3,817,491 
:&lt;L ,11 0,050 
85,356,226 

ll,9lL ,ti( ; .L 

32,678,644 
7H7,522 
2,211,030 
1,287,465 
3, 337, (ifi .i 
7,091 
18,562,652 
1,012,835 
2,615,059 
367,363 
1,074,673 
77,368,545 
215,241,:;77 
14,811,672 
41,280,833 
2,829,192 
8,201,002 
:.(i 1,880 
1,237,984 
1,107,080 
3,438,796 
539,887 
1,660,203 
2, 891,387 
7,713,338 
7!)!), 819 
2,225,456 
713,044 
1,755,920 
1,113,521 
3.039.68J 


France . l&gt;ush. 


$ 
( Irrnumy . Imsh. 

Gibraltar bush. 
$ 
Greece . bush. 


% 

Italy . bush 


Netherhui- bu&gt;h 
I 
Norway bush . 

Portugal . . . bush 


Spain bush 


elm bush 


I 

Switzerland l&gt;usli 


I 
United Kingdom .. bush 
$ 

Canada bush 


$ 
Brazil . . . bush 


$ 

Peru busli 
$ 
Egypt . . . bush 


British S. Africa.. . ..bush. 
1 
French Africa . . bush 
$ 
Morocco bush 


* 

Panama . bush 


$ 
Other countries . . . bush 


$ 

Total . bush 


173 ,274, MS 
215 ,532 ,81 


149 ,831 ,427 
2*8,179,705 


111,177,103 
250,612,978 


148,086,470 
356 ,898 ,296 


218 ,287 ,334 
596 ,975 ,396 


* 

\\hoat Hour- 
Belgium . . . . . . . brl. 


98,559 
.,924 
286,202 

1,717,925 

2,886,757 
16,642,736 

152,777 
922,102 
453,387 
2,455,490 
1,074,319 
6,048,099 
219,644 
1,318,349 
912,743 
5,377,349 


168,405 
1,366,495 

1,429,128 
11,958,809 

7,359 
39,455 
388,708 
3,000,200 
987,686 
7,838,168 
591,182 
4,087,784 
715,077 
5,626,941 


1,233,526 
13,943,165 
43,044 
470,753 

5,015,150 
55,447,319 

224,604 
2,428,851 
48,735 
704,238 
2,929,005 
34,078,295 
105,090 
1,284,629 
192,086 
2,329,363 


867,434 
9,399,923 
140,854 
1,584,563 
41,729 
499, 124 
263,497 
2,985,683 
4,718,188 
50,374,636 
42,324 
467,957 
1,312,677 
14,105,753 
136,023 
1,679,564 
3,006,825 
32,726,716 
1,082,207 
12,795,766 
45,715 
493,535 


884,876 
9,677,967 
37,715 
434,929 
369,165 
4,256,109 
1,155,6801 
12,457,3541 
273,840 
2,492,315 
1,077,675 
11,856,373 
51,823 
619,372 
252,026 
2,943,838 
1,410,243 
15,115,928 
730,943 
8,636,848 
160,935 
1,797,301 


$ 
Denmark brl. 


$ 

Finland brl. 


$ 

Austria-Hungary brl. 


France brl. 


S 
Germany brl. 


Gibraltar brl. 


* 

Greece . brl. 


% 

Italy. . brl. 


I 

Netherlands brl. 


- 
Norway brl. 


1 



Austria only. 



490 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the years ended June 30, 1916, 1917, and 
for the calendar years 1918, 1919 and 1920. con. 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Wheat flour concluded. 
Sweden brl. 


95,043 
567,761 

3,145,030 
17,532,505 
34,639 
200,632 
50,424 
254,717 
522,857 
2,879,138 
728,143 
4,135,632 
35,458 
219,686 
372,159 
2,108,267 
1,124,562 
6,468,442 
130,454 
740,494 
221,455 
1,343,503 
127,908 
793,449 
734,726 
4, 216 , 205 
493,403 
2,355,715 
171,758 
985,466 

356,263 
1,620,227 
54,475 
269,609 
385,371 
1,989,941 
652,150 
3,608,442 


21,883 
187,278 
55 
372 
3,015,525 
21,947,731 
24,082 
195,340 
77,115 
580,326 
511,884 
4,154,649 
930,564 
7,543,254 
1,072 
5,000 
372,242 
3,003,576 
1,016,675 
8,661,925 
129,922 
1,082,102 
127,458 
1,012,033 
143,858 
1,246,137 
301,614 
2,743,818 
79,997 
482,944 
146,812 
1,185,658 

61,800 
306,756 
4,083 
35,652 
76,089 
420,480 
612,503 
4,485,591 


49 
586 
577,851 
6,349,631 
10,013,533 
113,037,706 
20,023 
234,755 
61,045 
621,523 
39,464 
447,963 
65,834 
728,274 
81,355 
869,636 
111,582 
1,245,682 
541,564 
5,894,603 
33,425 
393,531 
378 
4,344 
10,771 
131,080 
596 
4,864 
20 
238 
530 
6,263 

22 
337 
357,420 
3,995,793 


32,217 
322,115 
204,270 
2,291,091 
10,440,148 
115,699,430 
24,111 
287,661 
7,316 
80,154 
423,165 
4,783,264 
502,477 
5,639,847 
1,094 
13,834 
221,346 
2,332,141 
1,408,698 
15,648,989 
80,712 
913,801 
268,243 
3,240,491 
108,247 
1,304,426 
279,564 
3,384,773 
200 
2,600 
124,893 
1,454,532 

10,597 
110,902 
2,528 
27,850 
54,904 
620,288 
697,678 
8,181,339 


140,991 
1,486,310 
11,577 
138,934 
3,435,239 
37,203,126 
30,097 
376,874 
25,250 
277,585 
418,101 
5,031,678 
243,439 
2,862,188 
.1,046,978 
11,138,206 
354,953 
3,888,746 
1,389,990 
17,044,543 
131,669 
1,607,460 
361,321 
4,838,964 
155,544 
2,014,166 
623, 198 
8,396,972 
2,527 
28,628 
165,895 
2,105,734 
2,249,558 
24,505,724 
192,936 
1,992,470 
107,024 
1.201,949 
143,469 
1,617,888 
2,219,315 
26,425,969 


$ 
Switzerland brl. 


$ 
United Kingdom brl. 


$ 
British Honduras brl. 


$ 
Canada brl. 


$ 
Central Am. States brl. 


$ 
Mexico . brl. 


$ 
Egypt brl. 


$ 
British W Indies brl. 


$ 
Cuba brl. 


$ 
French W. Indies brl. 


$ 
Hayti brl. 


$ 
Other West Indies brl. 


Brazil brl. 


$ 
Chile brl. 


$ 
Venezuela . brl. 


$ 
Poland and Danzig brl. 


$ 
Hong Kong.. brl. 


$ 
Japan.. brl. 


$ 
Philippine Islands brl. 


$ 
Other countries brl. 


$ 
Total.. . brl. 


15,530,669 
87 ,337 ,805 


11,943,778 
93 ,198 ,474 


31,706,700 
344,853,433 


36,449,881 
293,452,748 


19,853,992 
334,472,448 


$ 

Eggs- 
United Kingdom doz . 


8,255,909 
2,205,146 
7,916,534 
1,728,760 
8,046,128 
1,660,745 
2,177,635 
539,790 


4,359,192 
1,461,494 
10,850,678 
3,305,017 
7,447,257 
2,045,344 
2,269,297 
757,056 


5,493,717 
2,652,037 
2,959,157 
1,172,184 
10,048,002 
3,606,957 
2,437,402 
1,017,036 


15,626,519 
8,254,167 
9,243,677 
4,317,323 
10,463,181 
4,607,199 
3,456,093 
1,633,542 


4,311,216 

2,427,267 
7,078,137 
3,333,658 
12,440,565 
6,347,594 
3,011,854 
1,460,625 


$ 
Canada doz. 


$ 
Cuba doz . 


$ 
Other countries doz. 


$ 
Total doz. 


26 ,396 ,306 
6,134,441 


34 ,936 ,434 
7,568,911 


20,938,378 
8,428,214 


38,789,470 
18,813,231 


26,841,772 
13,569,144 


$ 

Apples, dried 
United Kingdom Ib. 


1,163,641 
82,747 
2,316,126 
210,046 
575,274 
50,508 
1,878,251 
147,590 


2,739,091 
213,953 
941,210 
83,929 
233,651 
17,727 
187,286 
13,109 


696,357 
87,322 
190,700 
31,500 
156,470 
18,158 


5,748,424 
755,058 
3,512,038 
657,108 
2,283,759 
400,006 
490,503 
93,068 


2,483,708 
323,686 
893,514 
162,421 
169,200 
31,147 
1,283,225 
218,723 


$ 
Denmark Ib. 


$ 
Norway Ib . 


$ 
Netherlands Ib . 


$ 



I: \1&gt;ORTS OF Till : r\ITED STATES 



491 



&gt;7. (Quantities and Values of Animal anil Agricultural Products Exported from the 
1 nitcd States to Principal Countries for the years ended June 30, 1916, 1917, and 
for the calendar years 191S, 1919 and 1920. -oon. 



Kxpmt.s by Count r 


June 30. 


Deci iuluT 31. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Apples, dried concluded. 

Ion ... lb. 


v.),064 
584 
8,426,818 

229,147 


1,146,625 
80,161 

388,608 


185 
45 
1.151 

174,325 


7,3d 
1.2 .- 
5,3. r &gt; 
907 


1,47 
316, 1S2 
2,518, 

.828 


Other countries lb. 


Total... U&gt;. 
1 

App n or ripe 
Denmark.. bfl. 


16,219,171 

i,30t.r.M 


10.3.i7.791 
797, 1*7 


; IOC "- 
311 .:&gt;.&gt;() 


24,704,3:.!) 
-l.109.s-js 


8,827,806 
1, .108 ,987 


56. 

,1711 

43 
113 

301 

44 

1,V 

n 

91 
,741 


11,989 
54 

25,838 
20,41(1 
101 
1,147,413 
i.nv.i 
:: l ; 
94N 
58,453 
413 
25 
161,177 

114, till 


2,201 
19,804 

667 

12.-. 
837,202 
331 
1,467,319 

43. 

45, (177 
33 

109 
714 


33,281 

1)5(1 
457,119 
117,586 
1,607,143 
1,21 
57,126 
158,859 
1,12 
15,159 

10. 
206,536 

95 

821* 


13,982 

145,632 

14,432 
ir&gt;li,052 
(17,434 
778,026 
1,250,033 
9,788,479 

1,52 

,688 
374,070 
24 
284, 1M 
3,766 
33,900 
117,362 
1,000,985 


% 

. den l&gt;rl. 
$ 

rway brl. 

toil Kingdom brl. 


I 

brl. 


S 

I ntiiui brl. 


Brazil .- brl. 


S 

Australia brl. 
S 
Other countries . brl. 
S 

Total.. . brl. 


i i ... EH 
:..:.i 


1,739,997 

7,7 J, 1 W6 


" ,916 

3, ir&gt;, w.i 


1,712,367 
14,471,282 


1 ,797 ,711 
14,088,7: 


S 

Berries, total $ 

Peaches, dried 
United Kingdom . . lb. 


$39,476 


822,i&gt;7J 


887 ,561 


1 ,181 ,742 


791 ,555 


3,516 

- ,446 

S, 021,477 

374,359 


1,128,811 

0,917 

227,844 
3,737,860 

. :&gt; 1 1 


2,073,060 

2, 1. 

614,480 
79,090 


1,290,116 
175, "ill 
3,326,675 

4,405,543 
802,734 


3,877,743 
669,585 
1,609,354 
310,934 
2,437,734 
485,090 


Canada lb. 


$ 

Other countries lb. 
S 

Total . lb. 


13,739,:m 

894..&gt;s7 


8,173,588 

so.5 .(;&gt; 


4,839,598 
144 ,4U 


9, .:! 
1,. 159,873 


7 ,924 ,831 
1 ,465 ,609 


$ 

Pears 

United Kingdom 
Canada $ 


139,974 
241,154 

84 
123,855 
10. 


545,916 
432,180 
*,349 
126,340 
153,474 


7,196 

748,676 
114,544 
,857 
32,568 


234,180 
1,141,222 
191,431 
.074 
112,764 


761,965 
909,370 
205,608 
191,275 
133,903 


Cuba S 


Brazil S 


Other countries . $ 


Total 


691 ,732 


1,356,259 


928 ,841 


1,764,871 


2,202,121 




ilay 
France ton 1 


101,893 
1,862,352 

9,104 
203,264 
12,701 

189, 80S 
20,635 
329,176 
10,814 
229,515 
11,643 
216,184 
4,697 
93,592 
6,841 
143,136 


41,084 
810,194 
521) 
12 
4,107 
73,265 
26,070 
484,114 
8,611 
183,414 

840 
18,170 
4,288 
104,599 


1,429 
42,494 
6,381 
183,535 
6,859 
185,613 
11,210 
403,193 

360 
11,617 
2,103 

77,578 


1,001 
40,275 
14,394 
401,076 
6,793 
147,068 
6,879 
259,249 

1,241 
47,004 
1,834 
68,303 


1,324 
46,408 
45,431 
1,222,628 
11,282 
326,184 
2,490 
104,320 

484 
19,885 
2,143 
77.971 


$ 

United Kingdom . . . ton 1 


Canada ton 1 


S 

Mexico ton 1 


$ 

Cuba. . ton 1 


$ 

Australia ton 1 


$ 

Philippine Islands ton 1 


Other countries ton 1 


: 
Total.. . ton 1 


178 ,336 
3 ,267 ,028 


85,529 
1,685,836 


28,342 
904 ,030 


32,142 
962 ,975 


63 ,154 
1,797,396 


1 



^00=2.240 lb. 



492 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the years ended June 30, 1916, 1917, and 
the calendar years 1918, 1919 and 1929. con. 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Hides and skins, calf 
Canada . Ib 


1,563,924 
465,919 
10,445 
3,718 


1,332,399 
540,602 
41,639 

8,857 


2,188,293 
851,512 
25,000 
15,000 


4,340,084 
3,086,227 
314,251 
131,398 


956, 148 
613,950 
183,505 

65,748 


$ 
Other countries Ib. 


$ 
Total.. Ib. 


1,574,369 
469 ,637 


1,374,038 
549 ,459 


2,213,293 
866 ,512 


4,654,335 
3,217,625 


1 ,139 ,653 
679 ,698 


$ 

Hides and skins, cattle 
France Ib. 


190,491 
42,077 

285,492 
77,271 
10,283,069 
2,278,413 
1,742,877 
365,056 
782,261 
176,108 


487,070 
114,500 

713,167 
198,967 
4,376,575 
1,307,414 
1,350,123 
315,448 
438,526 
105,028 


62,000 
20,300 

51,020 
30,772 

1,599,216 
454,819 
273,361 
64,465 
352,550 
111,595 


3,288,491 
838,207 
1,860,000 
742,140 

1,064,278 
340,167 
328,550 
169,635 
1,133,017 
472,697 
6,559,849 
2,76.9,697 
1,232,270 
430,461 
1,529,477 
534,352 


946,519 
148,199 

504,085 
226,451 
741,228 
256,177 
115,700 
58,850 
216,587 
87, 163 
5,641,545 
1,998,751 
1,949,232 
604,104 
1,370,570 
381,447 


$ 
Finland Ib . 


$ 
Germany . Ib 


$ 
Belgium Ib. 


$ 
Italy Ib. 


$ 
Netherlands Ib . 


$ 
Canada .... Ib 


* 

Japan Ib 


$ 
Other countries Ib 


8 
Total Ib 


13 ,284 ,190 
2 ,938 ,925 


7 ,365 ,461 
2 ,041 ,357 


2 ,338 ,147 
681 ,951 


16 ,995 ,932 
6 ,290 ,356 


11 ,485 ,466 
3,761,142 


$ 
Hides and skins, horse, total . . Ib. 


266 ,743 
34,481 


179,704 
32 ,900 


54,471 
13 ,864 


467 ,240 
135 ,176 


655,017 
142,706 


s 

Hides and skins, all other 
Canada Ib . 


1,345,753 

284,916 
650,964 
147,292 


707,578 
224,232 
344,468 
122,883 


374,406 
169,620 
124,742 
45,873 


824,599 
341,865 
1,981,365 
910,299 


645,883 
340,503 
3,475,898 
1,278,837 


$ 
Other countries Ib. 


$ 
Total Ib. 


1,998,717 
432 ,208 


1 ,052 ,046 
347 ,115 


499,148 
215 ,493 


2,805,964 
1 ,252 ,164 


4,121,781 
1,619,340 


$ 
Honey, total Ib. 


252,487 


736,139 


11 ,598 ,857 
2,223,396 


9 ,075 ,602 
1,955,091 


1,539,878 
265,352 


$ 

Hops 
United Kingdom Ib. 


19,703,283 
3,900,893 
626, 126 
95,259 
28,023 
6,050 
37, 728 
5,320 
2,014,658 
379,407 


823,654 
101,939 
801,162 
121,614 
59,205 
12,861 
286,168 
43,222 
2,854,687 
494,290 


76,424 
13,014 
749,503 
151,795 
40,000 
20,000 
328,115 
86,195 
2,476,310 
699,594 


12,523,653 
5,324,596 
2,493,098 
1,143,269 
1,054,067 
444,969 
1,416,703 
734,786 
3,309,983 
1,184,635 


21,421,599 
14,386,054 
1,968,821 
1,103,767 
10,200 
2,550 
533,799 
375,551 
1,689,636 
1,220,550 


$ 
Canada Ib 


$ 
France . Ib 


$ 
Japan Ib. 


$ 
Other countries Ib. 


$ 
Total.. Ib. 


22 ,409 ,818 
4,836,929 


4,824,876 
773 ,926 


3,670,352 

970 ,598 


20,797,504 
8,832,255 


25,624,055 
17,088,472 


$ 

Meat Products- 
Beef, canned 
France . Ib. 


6,508,241 
861,964 
1,967,935 
349,299 
38,205,216 
7,546,162 


17,653,357 

4,231,426 
187,634 
45,456 
40,218,190 
9,960,653 


39,791,821 
14,031,746 
47,675,117 
18,437,206 
51,250,973 
18,068,783 


1,837,883 
752,282 
15,405,107 
6,454,156 
13,947,951 
5,255,462 
2,407,790 
881,899 


27,367 
7,747 
512 
126 
1,795,554 
693,605 


$ 
Italy Ib. 


$ 
United Kingdom Ib. 


$ 
Austria-Hungary Ib. 


$ 



493 



Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
I nilcd States to Principal Countries tor the years ended June 30, 1916, 1917, and 
for the calendar years 191X, 1919 and 19 M. n 





JoaeSO. 


1 VriMllliiT 31. 


1916 


1017. 


1918. 


1919 


1020. 


i-annrd concluded. 
Poland ami Uunzk U 
$ 
Bcl"ium lb. 


.,17 
4,0 


9,476,944 
:iN,495 


144,848 

116,157 

188 
72 
2,494,216 
884,046 


6,471,198 
2,712,116 
2,128,219 
694,053 
2,016,928 
394 
5,530,871 
1,545,636 
4,121,380 
1,540,967 


16,722,800 
3, H3.I177 
703,419 
208,309 
144,133 
.443 
2,342 
94,026 
20.SU, 
7, MJ 
39,027 
1,29 


imany lb. 

hcrlaml- lb. 
$ 
den ..... H&gt;. 


$ 

other countries ll&gt;. 
I 

Total lb. 
1 

Beef, fresh 
! ranee. . lb. 
$ 
Italy lb. 

I nited Kingdom, lb. 

Bermuda.. lb. 
$ 
Canada lb. 
I 
Panama 11) 
% 
Egypt... 

Belgium . lb. 


5t, 843 ,715 
9,43t, 


(,; r,36 123 
16.94fi.030 


141,457,13 

51,498,010 


5.1 M ; :;:; 
20 ,S72 ,964 


23 ,766 ,000 
).7S9,711 


100,444 

i. ll 

117, 40 .l. JSN 

1. ). i:^ 
046 
102,721 

10. 1 
1,262,217 

58&lt;) 


38.042,276 

277 
1,569,318 
1 . .-, . 
17. :v. , s. 095 
1,326,911 
160,193 
17.771,159 
171,961 

360 
45,650 

11_&gt;, 667 


47,170,950 
9,410,674 
8,877,471 
1,715, 
146,080, 

189 

10. 

1,7 
104,207 

in:,, 000 
18, 

429,524 
74,724 


21,37.-,. 175 
4,621,068 
573,602 
17,206,380 

171 
2, IL&gt; 1,011 
481. 
51,950 
16,278 

23,469,602 
5,044,664 
31,083,572 
199,608 
13,7ov 
3,364,77ti 
5,942,657 
1,469,841 
2,277,192 
405,215 


730,217 
1 1 1 , 285 
211,447 
40 

i.tiO .l. iss 
1,010,012 

1,18 

231,277 

2,33o,o&lt;;:; 
393,236 
86, 
23,146 

35,205,492 
7,098,318 

.159,680 
5,167,412 

IT), 022, lOfi 
3,098,622 

2,117,885 
351,897 


$ 

nnanv lb. 


Netherlnntl- 11). 


1 

den 11) 


$ 

Other countries .. lb. 



Total.. lb. 
% 

Beef, pickled and other, cured 
Belgium . . . lb. 


231.211,000 

28.8M5.999 


197,177,101 

. (,. ITT.?:! 


514,341,529 

10!K60.&gt;.33 


174,426,999 

I0.-fso,747 


89 ,649,1 is 
17,564,887 


I, MS, 864 
454,684 
919 

109.740 
400 
51 
1,316,434 
140.224 
95,838 
10,617 
12,003,390 
1,429,897 
5,101,349 
480,680 
498,740 
57,675 
5,027,163 
465,498 
2,241,972 
226. (125 
1,090.532 
104,102 


19.9X6,803 
2,022,259 

30,000 
3,600 

2,604,065 
326,267 
4,986,920 
453,215 
7.489,665 
1,063,334 
9,394,712 
1,177,374 
4.800 
684 
6,802,524 
834,354 
1,652,345 
210,114 
1,146,700 
150,227 


26,758,655 
4,508,276 

3,228,816 
755,069 
2,044,979 
358,092 
1,052,426 
158,514 
5,418,221 
944,444 
944,830 
161,648 
564,685 
100,504 


9,687,576 
1,936,658 
1,945,120 
418,157 
2,567,542 
483,191 
4,312,960 
799,256 
2,325,748 
523,292 
5,569,743 
1.317,147 
1,373,553 
176,805 
3,033,172 
799,493 
5,676,761 
1,019,972 
732,386 
141,465 
792,750 
162,661 


819, 475 
147,632 
500,943 
83,664 
1,604,050 
256,865 
876,505 

100,0 Hi 

1,700,784 
105,335 
4,210,631 
735,397 
2,016,022 
244,227 
430,437 
86,497 
5,596,298 
708,152 
2,407,272 
285,955 
824,861 
106,959 


~ 
Denmark . . lb. 


$ 

Germany lb. 


Xorwav ... lb. 


therlands . . . lb. 


t 

United Kingdom ... lb. 


$ 

Canada lb. 


$ 

Italy. lb. 


$ 

Newfoundland and Labrador lb. 


$ 

British W. Indies lb. 


$ 

British Guiana lb. 


$ 



494 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the years ended June 33, 1918, 1917, and 
for the calendar years 1918, 1919 and 1920. con. 



Exports by Countries 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Beef, pickled, etc. concluded. 
Dutch Guiana . lb. 


938,367 
91,749 
4,334,639 
456,744 


749,490 
96,124 
3,205,643 
390,807 


672,200 
133,279 
3,521,208 
801,394 


404,200 
83,203 
4.383,213 
877,571 


1,227,584 
166,765 
3,556,308 
541,451 


$ 
Other countries lb . 


$ 
Total lb. 


38,114,682 
4,034,195 


58,053,667 
6,728,359 


44,206,020 
7,921,220 


42,804,724 
8,739,141 


25,771,178 
3,659,815 


$ 

Beef products 
Oleo oil 
Canada lb. 


37,338 
5,233 

3,872,410 
480,181 
1,135,364 
124,117 
111,165 
13,340 
6,614,373 
790,640 

29,762,451 
3,558,189 
14,062,716 
1,796,590 
9,234,361 
1,180,544 
30,657,569 
3,684,779 
1,896,196 
230,463 

5,261,971 
605,039 


475,952 
85,137 

2,199,170 
391,141 
532,219 
68,459 
95,881 
20,377 
2,764,095 
430,716 

8,081,795 
1,201,373 
15,907,144 
2,745,117 
2,247,553 
310,078 
31,761,124 
5,316,644 
1,761,149 
294,394 

1,284,029 
201,583 


5,409,619 
1,307,061 

205,445 
45,648 
946,517 
228, 809 
182,641 
48,137 
30,000 
6,225 

2,240,000 
500,000 
57,783,111 
12,782,449 
2,081,016 
520,516 

228,001 
54,476 


1,377,794 
375,638 
8,461,473 
2,252,853 
4,589,290 
1,343,554 
3,479,879 
974,034 
3,454,606 
895,999 
8,025,918 
2,427,011 
2,126,704 
688,209 
4,811,612 
1,367,792 
8,656,192 
2,620,902 
3,494,255 
1,113,896 
20,791,549 
6,113,654 
1,890,493 
547,878 
2,635,801 
800,803 
395,088 
123,883 
1,394,510 
379,234 


2,048,289 
481,796 
1,030,628 
206, 628 
437,918 
93,878 
2,706,173 
670,232 
93,597 
16,133 
1,531,297 
321,766 
3,428,958 
715,479 
20,107,202 
4,390,570 
10,566,827 
2,389,285 
3,320,805 
755,460 
17,593,177 
3,913,808 
1,475,586 
331,710 
6,801,573 
1,556,259 
2,160,125 
512,926 
1,066,189 
229,279 


$ 
Belgium lb. 


$ 
France lb. 


$ 
Greece lb. 


$ 
Switzerland lb. 


$ 
Denmark lb . 


$ 
Germany lb. 


& 
Netherlands lb. 


$ 
Norway . lb. 


$ 
Sweden lb. 


$ 
United Kingdom lb. 


$ 
Newfoundland and Labrador... lb. 
$ 
Turkey in Europe lb . 


$ 
Turkey in Asia lb. 


$ 
Other countries ... lb. 


$ 
Total lb. 


102,645,914 
12,469,115 


67,110,111 
11,065,019 


69,106,350 
15,493,321 


75,585,164 
22,025,340 


74,368,344 
16,585,209 


$ 

Oleomargarine, imitation butter, 
total lb. 


5,426,221 
640,480 


5,651,287 
901,659 


8,909,108 
2,398,908 


22,939,589 
6,576,760 


16,557,746 
4,567,120 


$ 

Beef tallow 
Belgium . lb. 


934,795 
92,226 
320,267 
27,585 
4,652,446 
390,588 
1,257,370 
102,281 
875,491 
58,112 
980,880 
78,990 
7,267,494 
576,690 


1,519,426 
223,263 

1,688,719 
192,686 
157,171 
17,831 
1,223,622 
134,300 
418,067 
53,203 
10,202,364 
1,179,626 


2,276,518 
407,502 

133,604 
23,382 
23,170 
3,885 
975,143 
158,711 

814,222 
152,947 


5,478,257 
912,091 
10,603,756 
1,787,882 
5,606,612 
1,056,305 
46,344 
8,510 
4,663,847 
667,394 
1,983,768 
241,018 
4,573,884 
739,932 
5,997,315 
956,980 


444,200 
79,402 
998, 152 
177,394 
2,492,308 
454,140 
378,368 
52,724 
6,308,446 
782,788 
2,498,912 
329,498 
71,860 
13,003 
7,499,392 
1,061,726 


$ 
France lb . 


$ 
Netherlands lb. 


$ 
Italy lb. 


$ 
United Kingdom lb. 


Cuba lb. 


$ 
Sweden lb. 


$ 
Other countries lb. 


$ 
Total lb. 


16,288,743 
1,326,472 


15,209,369 
1,800,909 


4,222,657 
745,977 


38,953,783 
6,370,112 


20,691,638 
2,950,675 


$ 



EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES 



495 



. ;. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
1 nited States to Principal Countries for the years ended June 30, 1916, 1917, and 
for the calendar years 191S, 1919 and 1920. con. 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1019, 


1920. 


Bacon - 
-tria-IIungary Ib. 

I lt-l^ium 11). 


80,180 

1 , .)- . 
6,8 
,743 

52.:." .. UN 
6,41 

1,4. 

10. 
1.4: 
12,846,171 

,386,900 
3,0&gt; 

14,906,277 
2,01 

48,740 
39,590,591 

13,543,082 

1.685,946 
7,387 
831.540 


5&gt;s 

77 
1. 

539,108 

l . ,:;7&gt;,346 

11 MLT), 101 
1.. Mil, 376 

1,460,095 

1,065,440 

J.407 

65,1 .12, 17-! 
118,70! 
21,366,115 
14,914,902 
2,531 
50,111 
814,895 


67,444,015 
18,909,533 

98,496,402 
27,131,653 

98,079,060 
25,678,054 

1.680,601 
5,319 

789.25:. 

24,4.54,474 
,j,376 
lii. 101, 208 
4,449,579 
78,843 
2,105,504 


10, 368, . 4:. 

90 

28,040, .i:&gt;0 

11,955 

178,431 
50,462 
53,449 
17,370,068 
!9,93I 
1,7. 
48. 
14,899 
112,028,898 
,836,052 
152,222 
10,421 
13,700,781 
it), 090 
51,891,124 
16,286,475 
5()7,l.vt,21 .i 
167 
34, _ -&gt;:;. 1 . 7 
10,707 
15,956,981 
4,179,328 
59,519 
1,180,787 


2.929.787 1 
t.21,358 1 
35,086,345 
7,252,773 
6,64 

25,040,866 
50,881 
76,035,297 

17,112,675 
777,175 
158,771 
18,. s4-t.ii 11 
10,134 
61,759,267 
13,046,478 
W.290 
1,658,071 
,125 
10 .), 308 
17,410.673 
3,919,127 
344,555,982 
92,403,339 
12,473,768 
13,683 
21,190,518 
4,378,657 
6,586,224 
1,716,790 


s 

Denmark ,.. 11 &gt;. 
$ 
France Ib. 
$ 

rnianv. 11&gt;. 
$ 

Gibraltar. 11&gt;. 

Italv ... Ib. 
S 

Netherlands .. . Ib. 


$ 

rvvay It). 


$ 

Finland... ]1&gt;. 

* 

Sweden Ib 


$ 

1 nited Kingdom Ib. 


$ 

Canada 11 &gt; 


$ 

Cuba Ib 


I 

Other countries Ib 


1 

Total.. Ib. 
f 

Hams and shoulders, cured 
Belgium Ib 


579.808.78C 
7 s. 615, 616 


667,151,972 
117. 221, M8 


1,104.788,031 

31.1,968,064 


1,190,297,494 
373. 91 3, 227 


:{&lt;;, tiTa.:.: 1 ; 

156,296,908 


2,792,605 
367,070 

1 , 2: -: 
570,235 
99,846 
251,025,755 
35,899,072 
2,673,658 
370,783 
976,051 
152,842 
11,493,464 
1,875,091 

29,566 
5,044 

13,712 
2,074 
27,713 
4,150 
370,742 
52,868 
34,645 
4,929 
4,302,942 
737,752 


25,86:; 

4,226,651 
547 
111 
217,434,561 
40,801,138 
5,617,090 
1,021,892 
629,807 
132,332 
9,867,826 
1,880,230 

1,354 
297 
387,277 
84,479 
1,359,854 
254,010 

5,494,441 
1,172,901 


5,853,423 
1,387,335 
30,336,829 
7,829,576 

470,415,228 
127,586,544 
11,112,784 
3,098,318 
109,670 
34,855 
8,707,061 
2,512,966 

7,102,044 
2,078,892 
48 
17 
603 
257 
3,575,351 
1,146,128 


30,054,740 
8,899,197 
103,201,727 
31,447,698 
8,569,661 
2,707,214 
338,028,382 
109,685,518 
7,457,307 
2,191,013 
270,746 
103,877 
9,863,103 
3,112,929 
1,935,863 
650,879 
5,282,356 
1,718,850 
7,626,584 
2,420,958 
6,010,496 
2,028,599 
65,245,793 
20,080,683 
4,358,920 
1,382,235 
2,820,714 
940,297 
6,069,271 
2,058,890 


6,596,959 
1,390,308 
26,209,164 
6,900,327 
1,589,470 
402,418 
116,256,553 
31,691,150 
6,354,128 
1,526,333 
345,113 
128,836 
15,612,342 
5,033,220 
794,3761 
170,3901 
37,822 
9,669 
2,145,129 
625,331 
12,523 
4,789 
3,236,225 
801,498 
247,502 
55,711 
87,642 
24,037 
5,721,807 
2,123,571 


France Ib. 


I 

Netherlands Ib 


1 nited Kingdom Ib. 


Canada Ib. 


Panama Ib 


$ 

Cuba Ib 


$ 

Austria-Hungary Ib 


Denmark . Ib 


$ 

Germany Ib 


Gibraltar Ib 


Italy Ib 


$ 

Norway Ib 


Sweden Ib 


Other countries Ib 


$ 

Total Ib 


282,208,611 
40,803,022 


2S6.656.581 
49,574,041 


537,213,041 
145,674,888 


596,795,663 

189,428,837 


185,246,755 

50, 887, 88 


* 



Austria only. 



496 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the years ended June 30, 1916, 1917, and 
the calendar years 1918, 1919 and 1920. con. 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Lard 
Belgium Ib. 


70,132,156 
7,327,075 
2,874,017 
293,333 
42,282,883 
5,075,237 

236,760 
28,682 
160,000 
21,360 

3,487,719 
390,806 
13,281,671 
1,467,341 
1,473,199 
168,656 
2,324,407 
251,881 
192,075,591 
21,640,498 
6,330,140 
635,024 
5,510,876 
610,323 
8,736,712 
966,395 
53,811,784 
5,930,069 
3,716,378 
425,405 
20,577,045 
2,402,291 


96,761,185 
13,815,450 
841,110 
156,441 
54,867,832 
10,712,463 

115,975 
21,545 

4,981,846 
1,058,998 
20,446,110 
2,838,460 
1,888,539 
327,776 
260,170 
38,429 
178,110,633 
32,616,184 
5,375,768 
984,930 
2,658,120 
453,596 
13,261,559 
2,270,025 
48,732,924 
8,819,512 
3,842,692 
686,141 
12,525,077 
2,208,963 


116,784,152 
31,757,658 
75,000 
20,000 
35,841,676 
9,349,535 

12,609,344 
3,898,760 

1,145,112 
273,258 

1,020 
275 
560,295 
174,098 
309,987,044 
78,985,740 
2,478,926 
669,571 
334,889 
95,559 
15,452,095 
4,451,219 
46,008,414 
13,044,755 
1,339,946 
418,727 
6,200,988 
793,996 


155,802,228 
46,338,651 
33,505,333 
11,051,160 
96,296,935 
27,958,403 
15,184,232 
5,206,527 
2,771,503 
938,594 
3,867,419 
1,179,864 
32,247,743 
10,245,235 
39,495,017 
13,990,079 
2,463,197 
806,057 
68,596,924 
22,377,490 
1,257,190 
393,627 
24,483,937 
8,645,694 
219,306,542 
68,323,623 
5,090,459 
1,454,658 
227,169 
72,605 
7,134,448 
2,127,709 
44,766,460 
14,111,770 
2,407,180 
824,444 
5,997,695 
1,937,259 


55,021,415 
12,917,017 
6.329,275 
1,429,018 
48,755,791 
13,335,794 
2,919,4901 
674,6921 
462,524 
125,898 
197,122 
50,618 
1,912,574 
454,567 
127,836,008 
28,785,385 
23,153,676 
5,334,923 
91,297,867 
21,212,245 
1,018,106 
262,125 
5,000,274 
1,177,049 
128,771,843 
29,002,972 
12,730,298 
2,630,226 
861,422 
209,192 
17,302,006 
4,000,496 
65,720,975 
15,907,936 
2,897,992 
680,464 
20,061,293 
5,180,824 


$ 
Denmark Ib . 


$ 
France. . . . , , Ib. 


$ 
Austria-Hungary . Ib. 


$ 
Finland Ib . 


$ 
Gibraltar Ib. 


$ 
Switzerland Ib. 


Germany Ib. 


$ 
Italy Ib. 


$ 
Netherlands Ib . 


$ 
Norway Ib . 


$ 
Sweden Ib . 


$ 
United Kingdom Ib. 


$ 
Canada Ib . 


$ 
Central American States Ib. 


$ 
Mexico Ib . 


$ 
Cuba Ib. 


$ 
Ecuador Ib. 


$ 
Other countries Ib. 


$ 
Total . Ib. 


427,011,338 
47,634,376 


444,769,540 
77,008,913 


48,817,901 
144,933,151 


760,901,611 
237,983,449 


612,249,951 
143,371,441 


$ 

Lard, neutral 
Denmark Ib. 


2,078,710 

238,988 

9,059,503 
1,152,883 
2,222,742 
269,909 
1,365,257 
169,431 
12,114,029 
1,419,691 
7,586,349 
795,495 


1,022,499 
171,136 

2,657,914 
432,566 
3,234,094 
594,283 
275,423 
40,935 
8,627,547 
1,615,051 
1,758,763 
314,118 


5,433,851 
1,364,634 
873,313 
248, 146 


5,445,681 
1,781,589 
950,837 
367,789 
9,313,883 
3,169,227 
1,653,325 
541,719 
1,472,806 
470,401 
2,000,074 
715,891 
2,120,531 
678,767 


497,480 
119,197 
118,584 
37,610 
2,998,410 
755,581 
1,885,917 
504,596 
1,064,260 
297,730 
14,255,712 
3,486,755 
2,417,708 
604,573 


$ 
Germany Ib. 


$ 
Netherlands Ib. 


$ 
Norway Ib . 


$ 
Sweden Ib . 


$ 
United Kingdom Ib. 


$ 
Other coun trues Ib. 


$ 
Total.. Ib. 


34,426,590 
4.046,397 


17,576,240 
3,168,089 


6,307,164 
1,612,780 


22,957,137 
7,725,983 


23,238,071 
5,806,042 


$ 

Pork, canned 
France Ib . 


644,780 
117,700 
7,842,565 
1,488,344 
1,123,387 
209,542 


1,103,011 
304,305 
3,354,628 
1,003,834 

1,438,487 
337,466 


2,312,844 
632,565 
1,994,851 
787,892 
959,647 
355,935 


1,011,205 
372,424 
3,068,054 
1,461,563 
1,712,447 
588,377 


98,649 
25,617 
1,209,065 
580,953 
494,527 
145,550 


$ 
United Kingdom Ib. 


$ 
Other countries Ib. 


$ 
Total . Ib. 


9,610,73? 
1,815,586 


5,896,126 
1,645,895 


5,267,342 
1,776,392 


5,791,706 
2,422,364 


1,802,241 
752,120 


$ 



Austria only. 



EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATUS 



497 



27.- Quantities an&lt;l Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
I uited States to Principal Countries for the years ended June 30, 1916, 1917, and 
for the calendar years 1918, 1919 and 1920.- -cx&gt;n. 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


Deci inbiT 31. 


1916. 


17. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Pork, fresh 
France . Ib. 


2,270,173 
, 75t 
26,402,608 

82,962,200 

- 4,831 
1,37 

200, 139 


919,724 

1 . 0,397 

3,6-1 

J4.M5: 

161,11 . 


433,301 
120,54 
9,500, 417 

2,4 
1,08 

61 

151 


2,019,460 
74 
1,197.244 
2i7,000 
21,905,577 
6,897,591 
1,654,697 
1,506 


1.2S0.610 
- ,204 
l .i,404,504 
4,627,126 
12,717,549 
17,146 
4.902,573 
1,34 


$ 

United Kingdom Ib. 


Canada . . Ib . 


$ 

Other countries. . Ib. 


S 

Total . 11). 


H no:, -,. 
:. ,. l!l 


56.435,615 

8,875,889 


11,632,635 
2,907,894 


28.776 !7s 
V {17,557 


;{S ,;o, -. .it; 
9,090,463 


$ 

Pork, pickled 
France Ib. 


1,550.777 
,973 
13,124,077 
1,644,441 
17,835 
1,701,831 
7,070,090 
651,794 
4,410.54 
:,604 
7,846.918 

877.977 
91,806 
1.014,309 
101,428 
824 
91.686 
38.288 
4,200 
8,867,831 
930,401 


829,354 
121 

6,0: 
929,881 
16,929,411 
2,5d 
6,28 
907 
3,542,lf.( 
1,271 
7,700,421 
1,14 
1,08 
164 
163,121 
23.878 
324,556 
49,485 

4,099.635 
577,887 


302,254 
,012 
2,102,744 
616,636 
14,708,735 
S5.902 
6,30 
1,28 
1,887, HIS 
438,819 

1,893,101 

1,040,430 
7,410 
.295 
5,439 
200 
50 

2,641,451 
626,915 


605,398 
140.585 
3,378,871 

,,487 
8,372,791 
2,17!,7(I7 
-1,214 
1.0S9.045 
1,02 
1,074 
6,560,984 
1,70! 
205,700 

1,4 .)6,050 
337,786 
3,193,955 
816 
1,34 
271,052 
3.095,149 
824,761 


660,187 
i:;4.555 
1. 902, 869 
410,054 
15,480,971 
3.032.7SO 
1,84 

2,251,061 
4M.955 
4,77 
1.082,474 
w 1,185 
180,715 
616,760 
114,991 
616,062 
138,875 
1,224,444 
169,552 
5,430,960 
1,019,093 


1 

United Kingdom Ib . 


Canada.. Ib. 


$ 

Newfoundland and Labrador Ib . 
$ 
British West Indies. . Ib. 


$ 

Cuba Ib. 


$ 

British Guiana . .... Ib. 


1 

Belgium Ib. 


$ 
Norway Ib . 


I 

Netherlands Ib. 


$ 

Other countries Ib. 


$ 

Total.. Ib. 


63,460,743 

6,72,3.&gt;6 


48,992,721 

6,941,306 


36,671,660 
8,535,017 


34,113,875 
8,632,518 


38,708,841 

7,670,024 


1 

Lard compounds, etc. 
Norway Ib. 


1,482,211 
151,929 
18,486,477 
1,811,903 
11,895,200 
1,141,470 
2,203,495 
218,141 
1,811,814 
208,848 
1,583,880 
151,177 
4,597,585 
417,006 

8,400 
1,246 
3,380,556 
326,388 
7,393,683 
719,326 


1,360,285 
244,069 
13,507,936 
1,947,989 
14,164,676 
2,203,477 
2,190,320 
304,051 
1,498,965 
246,101 
375,925 
60,326 
6,863,487 
1,011,210 
5,809,610 
723,877 
2,810 
408 
3,863,594 
558, 138 
6,721,885 
970,207 


4,345.867 
995,934 
8,608,423 
2,054,469 
353,087 
84,090 
223,780 
.59,773 
257,099 
68,975 
6,886,888 
1,654,381 
14,379,164 
3,347,502 

2,187,574 
536,632 
6,735,528 
1,456,780 


2,703,928 
728,050 
62,739,201 
15,795,065 
8,611,137 
2,333,358 
414,197 
112,630 
1,603,608 
432,763 
247,033 
69,380 
4,620,050 
1,230,234 
22,644,891 
5,300,526 
9,319,915 
2,318,564 
2,727,296 
708,582 
9,331,694 
2,576,733 


1,484,598 
300,932 
4,008,562 
790,657 
6,918,040 
1,601,336 
450,309 
105,259 
2,126,471 
564,451 
341,133 
97,325 
6,217,160 
1,328,533 
451,510 
149,218 
8,400 
2,310 
2,932,641 
683,685 
7,112,634 
1,595,169 


1 

United Kingdom Ib. 


$ 
Cuba . Ib. 


Panama Ib. 


$ 
Hayti Ib. 


$ 

Philippine Islands Ib. 


Mexico Ib. 


$ 

Belgium Ib. 


Gibraltar Ib 


British West Indies Ib. 


Other countries Ib. 


$ 

Total.. Ib 


52.8W.311 
5,147,434 


56,359,493 
8,269,844 


43,977.410 
10,258,536 


124,962,950 
31,605,885 


32,051,458 
7,218,845 


$ 



3813132 



498 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the years ended June 30, 1916, 1917, and 
for the calendar years 1918, 1919 and 1920. con. 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Mutton . 
United Kingdom Ib. 


2,109,031 
259,993 
2,925,052 
366,739 
518,835 
70,150 


177,443 
25,739 
2,449,497 
351,293 
568,636 
104,494 


87,744 
22,967 
1,368,497 
319,568 
174,574 
44,597 


24,122 
8,697 
2,594,402 
529,050 
390,640 
94,920 


176,326 
40,179 
1,818,988 
395,593 
1,580,095 
322,754 


Canada Ib. 


$ 
Other countries b. 


$ 
Total.. Ib. 


5,552,918 
696,882 


3,195,576 
481,526 


1,630,815 
387,132 


3,009,164 
632,667 


3,575,409 
758,526 


$ 

Poultry and game 
United Kingdom $ 


1,381,590 
41,152 
138,656 


1,134,206 
73,097 
120,045 


790,091 
19,589 
125,368 


4,328,896 
47,914 
183,468 


444,299 
11,164 
301,285 


Canada $ 


Other countries $ 


Total S 


1,561,398 


1,327,348 


935,048 


4,560,278 


756,748 




Sausages, canned 
France Ib . 


1,989,735 
445,207 
1,951,409 
383,090 
178,713 
24,430 
2,085,218 
317,924 
1,618,010 
99,215 


622,725 
155,943 

1,516,008 
358,971 
3,052,056 
549,803 
1,104,161 
251,603 


86,272 
26,044 
44,213 
14,131 
2,666,046 
719,574 
2,419,947 
686,926 
1,133,124 
370,524 


1,409,553 
646,912 
200 
110 
2,267,506 
740,076 
2,437,961 
662,910 
2,083,116 
711,936 


769,544 
327, 197 
49,533 
26,445 
120,061 
39,134 
4,200,420 
1,295,699 
2,018,733 
656,209 


$ 
Italy Ib. 


8 
United Kingdom Ib. 


$ 
Cuba Ib. 


$ 
Other countries Ib . 


S 

Total . Ib. 


6,823,085 
1,269,866 


6 ,294 ,950 
1 ,316 ,320 


6,349,602 
1 ,817 ,199 


8 ,198 ,336 
2 ,761 ,944 


7,158,291 
2 ,344 ,884 


$ 

Sausage, all other 
Belgium Ib. 


4,540,163 
1,035,512 
451,214 
95,879 
2,074,014 
335,394 
1,524,845 
265,446 


5,785,905 
1,685,424 
589,115 
145,835 

984,724 
210,430 
1,774,727 
399,821 


3,619,171 
1,324,069 
240,867 
87, 707 
1,466,584 
491,042 
702,732 
222,555 


1,784,024 
737,628 
7,744,982 
3,468,765 
332,856 
133,052 
1,219,154 
475,983 
2,808,219 
1,096,422 


611,910 
214,550 
4,743,643 
1,969,405 
272,634 
97,867 
2,959,714 
1,178,823 
1,921,194 
. 726,929 


$ 
France Ib. 


$ 
Canada Ib. 


$ 
Cuba Ib. 


$ 
Other countries Ib . 


$ 
Total Ib. 


8,590,236 
1,732,231 


9 ,134 ,471 
2,441,510 


6 ,029 ,354 
2,125,373 


13 ,889 ,285 
5,911,850 


10,509,095 
4,187,574 


$ 

Sausage casings 
Belgium Ib. 


149,763 
51,260 
18,989 
5,332 
1,236,063 
233,394 
1,158,827 
240,301 

1,747,011 
271,118 
1,941,600 
234,577 
2,342,442 
395,488 
4,211,261 
1,038,442 
842,472 
208,435 


340,067 
190,317 

14,960 
2,992 
1,993,491 
557,465 

2,695 
1,291 
1,605,435 
249,818 
27,500 
4,745 
590,871 
194,768 
812,098 
311,170 


847, 724 
572,294 
85,704 
79,023 

288,503 
121,226 

704,830 
284,929 

1.040,290 
945,714 
605,593 
373,456 


1,177,174 
213,800 
1,262,494 
450,205 
630,394 
203,894 
2,195,758 
257,983 
1,503,512 
505, 763 
4,484,173 
506,125 
5,641,052 
659,067 
2,410,091 
452,898 
912,238 
93,059 
3,396,378 
2,821,196 
314,820 
267,091 


921,597 
132,688 
300,528 
223,271 
141,833 
42,293 
972,360 
154,108 
1,172,235 
238, 688 
8,462,441 
953,852 
4,566,985 
423,802 
2,325,917 
479,287 
603, 118 
81,055 
2,489,453 
1,669,582 
1,026,690 
697, 801 


$ 
Caiada Ib. 


$ 
Switzerland Ib . 


$ 
Denmark Ib. 


$ 
France Ib. 


$ 
Germany Ib . 


$ 

Netherlands Ib . 


$ 
Spain Ib. 


Sweden Ib. 


$ 
United Kingdom Ib. 


$ 

Australia Ib. 


9 



EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES 



199 



27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
Tnitcd States to Principal Countries for the years ended June 30, 1916, 1917, and 
for the calendar years 1918, 1919 and 1920. con. 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Sausage casings concluded. 
New Zealand lb 


293,26 
78,67 
767,20 
110,65 


279,38? 
119,89 
451,55 
109,49 


186,78, 
124,09 
277,894 
110,94 


141,88 
135,48 
407,05 
243,27 


569,813 
363,661 
1,685,217 
400,847 


Other countries lb 


$ 
Total. . lb 


14,708,89 

2,867,68 


i, 118 ,06 

1,741,95 


4,037,39 
2,611,68 


25,477,02 
6,809,83 


25,238,187 
5,860,935 


$ 

Stearine from animal fats 
Belgium lb 


21,72 
3,47 

427,344 
41,71 
2,890,20 
304,163 
1,725,92 
196,23 
1,638,24 
164,34 
1,553,67 
178,350 
4,805,13 
573,378 


568,20 
89,61 
1,549,91 
215,81 
77,57 
9.62 
1,755,90 
242,19 
2,349,02 
317,58 
1,639,684 
241,110 
4, 9%, 059 
682,380 


63,79 
13,89 

866,44 
173,04 
2,917,40 
542,47 
1,766,19 
380,00 
4,936,39 
1,181,744 


2,111,08 
278,53 
1.413,47 
287,634 
3,007,98 
540,50 
3,197,37 
(112,33 
3,907,89 
810,694 
1,020,77 
209,82 
1,21 
1,002 
4,982,27 
1,177,62 


509,623 
83,159 
155,442 
30,410 
320,600 
52,720 
3,366,512 
546,692 
1,410,672 
257, 103 
3,500,969 
573,288 
2,131,584 
420,907 
6,117,576 
1,523,299 


Denmark lb 


France lb 


Netherlands lb 


United Kingdom lb 


1 
Canada . lb 


Cuba lb 


Other countries lb 


$ 

Total lb 


13 ,082 ,24" 
1,461,661 


12,936,357 
1,798,317 


10,550,24 
2,291,160 


20,854,724 
4,171,151 


17,512,978 

3 ,487 ,578 


$ 

All other meat products, canned 
Belgium 


6,582 
214,802 
1,101,928 
920,183 
98,677 
492,833 


691,438 
58,370 
2,531,862 
399,203 
639,779 


17,265 
1,531,396 
2,943,356 
3,557,096 
112,137 
658,746 


578,720 
1,944,271 

11 1 Q Of\j4 


16,684 
24,002 
1,616 
4,628,383 
135,089 
1,674,502 


France 


Italy 


United Kingdom 


, llo,zy^ 
7,729,010 
187,920 

1OQO A tiA 


Canada 


Other countries 


Total $ 


, OU6 , **& 


2,835,005 


4,320,652 


8,819,996 


12,950,669 


6,480,276 


All other meat products 
France 


195,668 
311,235 
3,171,417 
194,357 
149,570 
352,928 
110,047 

42,104 
11 
13,264 
543,261 


197,287 
35,081 
2,124,183 
702,151 
74,188 

7,365 

51,306 
6,159 

762,852 


1,432,273 
313,274 
3,455,205 
388,410 
60,707 
10,166 

1,283,657 


1,598,498 
1,410,235 
4,104,343 
526,817 
126,500 
385,749 
221,668 
218,764 
399,903 
424,472 
981,141 
1,244,522 


241,126 
49,917 
1,999,281 
517,448 
112,165 
40,701 
408,814 
1,211,024 
42,702 
1,152,364 
35,967 
1,358,080 


Italy 


United Kingdom 


Canada 


Panama 


Belgium 


Denmark 


Germany 


Gibraltar 


Netherlands 


Sweden 


Other countries 


Total.. 


5,083,882 


3,960,572 


6,943,692 


11,642,612 


7,169,589 


Butter- 
United Kingdom lb 


5,433,282 
1,441,094 
262,046 
80,619 
2,013,392 
503,696 
621,527 
185,612 
426,200 
81,815 


20,839,583 
6,705,608 
325,829 
112,602 
1,323,653 
425,314 
573,580 
214,683 
443,430 
105,660 


22,250,115 
9,105,373 
144,626 
60,259 
12,518 
5,110 
422,334 
216,156 
423,530 
140,308 


21,817,613 
10,682,229 
52,693 
27,543 
274,893 
160,802 
471,812 
284,589 
364,410 
153,737 


3,898,845 
2,175,922 
48,137 
28,357 
855,150 
505,443 
565,274 
355,919 
552,700 
216,427 


Bermuda lb 


$ 

Canada lb 


Panama lb 


Hayti lb 


1 



38131 



500 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



27 Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the years ended June 30, 1916, 1917, and 
for the calendar years 1918, 1919 and 1920. con. 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


B u tter concluded . 


167,395 
50,493 

232,905 
59,934 
141 
40 
62,435 
19,819 
1,641,080 
481,323 

2,627,078 
685,660 


558,369 
208,254 

88,802 
39,129 
21,000 
5,000 
34,000 
9,180 
2,606 
1,202 
2,624,240 
922,538 


313,615 
166,501 

40,000 
27,800 

79,948 
41,070 
4,824 

2,787 

57,777 
28,481 
2,445,128 
1,075,108 


429,608 
273,205 
481,538 
250,492 
2,856,293 
1,481,416 
1,033,096 
505,546 
778,154 
437,940 
1,367,982 
629,119 

1,075,128 
569,918 
3,553,265 
2,047,910 


798,596 
555,124 
319,666 
179,878 
5,214,778 
3,030,979 
2,558 
835 
701,042 
413,223 
450 
225 

220,650 
152,252 
4,309,889 
2,527,819 


V 


$ 


$ 


$ 

France ID* 


Norway lb . 


$ 


$ 
Italv lb. 


$ 


$ 
Total lb. 


13,487,481 
3,590,105 


26 ,835 ,092 
8,749,170 


26,194,415 
10,868,953 


34,556,485 
17,504,446 


17 ,487 ,735 
10,142,403 



Cheese 


38,077,657 
6,318,598 
2,566,944 
413,243 
445,237 
83,518 
1,602,632 
297,495 

10 

f 
4 

59,765 
10,883 

168,389 
31,349 
1,473,667 
275,001 


55,399,101 
12,820,197 
6,247,702 
1,309,194 
350,837 
79,822 
1,406,606 
357,204 

4,136 
1,018 
45,821 
9,513 
15,484 
3,953 
802,876 
217,070 
1,777,450 
442,062 


38,967,953 
8,815,236 
247,127 
71,310 
289,682 
96,679 
3,121,445 
964,198 
203,426 
64,133 

1,847.880 
494,307 
15,195 
4,131 
539 
191 
858,444 


585,823 
163,578 
282,958 
125,154 
173,309 
59,843 
2,348,575 
814,423 
1,197,176 
446,562 
1,206,852 
415,318 
639,407 
306,152 
3,291,655 
1,241,567 
1,406,371 
586,525 
918,521 
344,351 
2,109,074 
846,104 


5,233.407 
1,138,132 
841,647 
296,448 
316,405 
102,096 
2,875,070 
1,006,199 
571,287 
197,606 
149,658 
43,798 
18,862 
6,173 
535,645 
201,005 
1,427,874 
451,305 
1,181,528 
401,126 
3,140,146 
1,210,365 


6 
Canada lb. 


5 


$ 
C u ba lb. 


$ 


$ 


$ 
France. lb. 


$ 




$ 


$ 


293,712 
2,852,981 
931,369 


$ 

Total ... lb. 


44,394,301 
7,430,089 


66 ,050 ,013 
15,240,033 


48 ,404 ,672 
11 ,735 ,266 


14,159,721 
5 ,349 ,577 


16,291,529 
5,054,253 


$ 
Milk, condensed 


652,895 
48,406 

1,351,216 
120,976 
490 
44 

12,150 
780 

1,441,681 


1,318,033 
128,942 

929,583 
112,895 
390,788 
39,647 
108 
12 

92,000 
10,950 
7,049,194 
587, 150 
5,425,284 
631,972 


11,340,919 
1,567,823 

9,552,897 
1,144,234 
26,557,402 
4,038,680 
530 
66 
1,654 


4,578,983 
661,453 
10,444,819 
1,416,445 
13,068,494 
1,953,491 
39,467,731 
5,130,223 
10,475,590 
1,526,549 
8,625,216 
1,068,596 
10,233,562 
1,667,264 
18,746,372 
2,408,537 
10,130,675 
1,212,213 
6,444,295 
908,881 


2.243.S27 
375,158 
1,023,7001 
189,1061 
28,582,257 
4,736,538 
2,113,256 
324, 708 
4,130,643 
503,350 
1,126,561 
126,375 
312,442 
51,086 
1,459,444 
224,084 
12,491,128 
1,749,532 
8,723,888 
1,325,129 


$ 
Austria-Hungary lb. 


$ 


$ 

Gibraltar lb. 


$ 
Italy lb. 


$ 
Norway lb . 


$ 
Sweden lb. 


$ 


249 
91,945 
13,253 
34,371,600 
4,808,363 
5,863,190 


$ 
British India lb. 


$ 
Straits Settlements lb. 


101,746 
492,493 
46,628 


S 


947,741 



J Austria only. 



EXPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES 



501 



27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the years ended June 30, 1916, 1917, and 
for the calendar years IHls, 1919 and 1920. eon. 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Milk, condensed concluded 
Belgium ID. 


4,538,792 
318 
3,07 
5,041 
4,353,071 
315,491 
2,374, 1M 
198,725 
85 
6,526,087 
4,071,203 

1,499,271 

US, 658 
27,678,974 
2,426,046 
2,608,797 
222,916 
4,749,560 
417,827 
2,587,328 
184,778 

13,027,480 
1,084,448 


25,153,971 
1,847,909 
4,495.800 
497 
30 
-0,696 
l- ,SoO,7l&gt;4 
t, 258, 169 
91,330,504 

17,772 

-.625 
(6,742 

531,981 
30. 
:?, 1(14,657 
5,801,270 
i.708 
4,221,372 
472,271 
7,729,034 
692,169 

20,341,938 

2,207,838 


45,504,596 
6,353,820 
2,369,049 
393,485 
10,941,488 
5,075,594 

268,879,340 
33,338,459 
2,443,751 
328,054 
4,142,818 
606,804 
31,759,473 
4,893,689 
;7,745 
866,856 
3,735,838 
634, 137 
8,039,055 
1,102,047 

50,605,464 
6,711,543 


61,596,636 
9,329,764 
5,555.679 
800,445 
114,818,165 
16,903,612 
11,821,267 
1,853,052 
420,928,450 
59,849,249 
3,599.564 
511,248 
2,946,455 
436.636 
33.461,993 
4,899,391 
2,269,288 
333,906 
4,123,127 
647,936 
14,085,937 
1,892,725 

45,443,116 
6,481,721 


17,943,347 
2,804,296 
4,481,405 
721,887 
58,833,303 
8,048,370 
5,623,693 
872,145 
123,528,070 
20,414.760 
4,48H,260 
663.866 
7,982,170 
1,202,959 
50,430,447 
8,146,333 
3,304,846 
528, 108 
5,048,340 
837,604 
12,463,085 
1,773,712 
17,604,055 
2,863.203 
37,139,815 
5,756,957 


China lt&gt;. 


France lb. 


Netherlands lb. 


S 

United Kingdom . . lb. 


Panama lb . 


Mexico lb. 


S 
Cuba lb. 


S 

Hong Kong.. lb. 






Poland and Danzig lb. 


S 

Other countries lb . 


$ 

Total... lb. 


159,577,620 
12 ,712 ,952 


259,141,231 
25 ,136 ,641 


551,139,754 

72,824,897 


852,845,414 
121 ,893 ,337 


411,677,982 
64,239,264 


$ 

Milk, all other, including cream, 
total $ 


524 ,428 


253 ,629 


528,607 


1,729,884 


1,381,389 


Oil cake and oil-cake meal, linseed 
and flax seed 1 


1,325,840 
23,035 
1,402,658 
28,053 

2,101,271 
40,287 

157,552,771 
2,915,634 
13,100 
273 
445,707,867 
8,334,952 
25,532,292 
444,333 
7,280,397 
148,562 


6,384,269 
125,749 
8,834,584 
177,538 

60,500 
1,018 

130,434,093 
2.352,952 
4,408,251 
93,420 
292,984,477 
5,596,874 
86,400,787 
1,737,283 
7,477,433 
167,676 


29,597,736 
768,449 
30,797,280 
769,258 

15,422,381 
423,494 
10,136,985 
288,070 


4,897,344 
145,992 

20,249,230 
559,192 
80,622,811 
2,876,246 
46,023,678 
1,589,583 
263,503 
5,951 
104,614,268 
3,832,858 
84,678,808 
3,087,412 
12,401,841 
405,997 


3,372,125- 

100,953 

16,762,238 
516,500 



25,904,744 
865,223 
42,135.337 
1,626,455 

98,188,316 
3,266,190 
42,425,875 
1,424,329 
6,835,344 
243,050 


S 

Norway lb. 


Germany lb. 


Sweden lb. 


S 
Belgium lb . 


1 

Denmark lb . 


* 

France lb. 


S 

Netherlands lb . 


$ 

United Kingdom lb. 


S 
Other countries lb. 


S 

Total... lb. 


640, SIS, 196 
11,935,129 


536 ,984 ,394 
10 ,252 ,510 


85 ,954 ,382 
2,249,271 


353 ,751 ,483 
12 ,503 ,231 


235 ,624 ,977 
8,942,799 


S 

Seeds, grass clover 
United Kingdom lb. 


1,984,648 
325,420 
95,263 
16,017 
4,801,731 
916,162 
234,578 
37,345 


2,168,921 
390,773 
534,913 
101,855 
1,918,005 
361,772 
1,265.054 
238,115 


3,324,689 
1,019,593 

2,223,744 
696,605 
437,093 
119,926 


3,564,730 
1,576,313 
2,170,528 
696,693 
1,734,139 
791,018 
474,352 
142,292 


1,741,250 
569,811 
959,987 
447, 127 
1,351,275 
649,563 
933,183 
261.639 


1 

Denmark lb. 


Canada lb. 


S 

Other countries lb. 


f 

Total.. lb. 


7,118,220 
1,294,944 


S ,886 ,893 
1 ,092 ,515 


5 ,985 ,526 
1,836,124 


7,943,749 
3,206,316 


4,985,695 
1,928,149 


1 


K)il cake and oil-cake meal only in 1918, 1919 and 1920. 





502 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
United States to Principal Countries for the years ended June 30, 1916, 1917, and 
for the calendar years 1918, 1919 and 1920. con. 



Exports by Countries. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. - 


1919. 


1920. 


Seeds, grass timothy 


1,097,165 
76,729 
38,650 
3,106 
1,261,112 
87,981 
10,935,730 
847,692 
277,600 
22,793 


493,405 
42,408 

3,020,241 
194,895 
11,196,094 
666,328 
430,173 
34,189 


348,900 
29,549 
394,760 
43,240 
1,118,961 
119,732 
6,280,498 
638,271 
421,265 
50,362 


2,019,380 
272,470 
1,379,265 
168,406 
2,061,849 
253,751 
7,489,175 
892,071 
396,689 
46,573 


458,012 
50,372 
220,211 
20,017 
2,875,019 
344,075 
8,569,337 
1,092,524 
1,399,555 
159,344 


$ 

Norway lb. 


$ 

United Kingdom lb. 


Canada... lb. 


$ 
Other countries lb. 


S 

Total.. lb. 


13,610,257 
1,038,301 


15 ,139 ,913 
937 ,820 


8,564,384 
881,154 


13,346,358 
1,633,271 


13,522,134 
1,665,332 


$ 

Other grass seeds 


853,681 
109,301 
1,919,804 
192,425 
839,541 
100, 199 


1,159,988 
128,079 
2,282,433 
194,148 
2,223,626 
378,874 


890,771 
225,301 
1,488,335 
185,385 
573,087 
132,018 


1,856,228 
299, 750 
1,567,318 
207,242 
1,016.944 
210,110 


1,178,246 
243,251 
1,322,426 
209,494 
1,751,480 
360,056 


Cftnftda ,...,,-,...,,,,,,., lb. 


$ 


$ 

Total.. lb. 


3 ,613 ,026 
401,925 


5 ,666 ,047 
701 ,101 


2,952,193 
542,704 


4,440,490 
717 ,102 


4,252,152 
812,801 


S 

Potatoes 
Canada bush. 


230,115 
160,247 
280,725 
233,653 
104,776 
102,788 
2,324,882 
2,143,545 
472,983 
339,391 
182,277 
158,956 
422,002 
347, 160 


574,190 
610,648 
154,268 
290,946 
179,731 
335,423 
1,278,148 
1,815,705 
6,750 
13,475 
69,789 
125,329 
226, 125 
322,853 


781,574 
766,915 
76,287 
122,819 
352,274 
453,441 
2,396,550 
4,113,877 
2,970 
5,740 
10,994 
21,868 
232,538 
349,689 


610,622 
885,550 
60,647 
119,099 
315,523 
470,143 
2,325.097 
4,394,344 
2,200 
5,000 
238, 723 
53,409 
304,510 
547,658 


856,430 
1,708,439 
77,247 
235,498 
287,191 
551,436 
2,679,684 
7,151,772 
1,108 
2,365 
7,071 
19,577 
244,834 
530,841 


$ 
Panama bush. 


$ 

Mexico bush. 


$ 
Cuba bush. 


$ 


V 

Brazil bush . 


$ 


$ 

Total , bush. 


4,017,760 
3,485,740 


2 ,489 ,001 
3,514,379 


3 ,853 ,187 
5,834,349 


3,642,322 
6,475,203 


4,153,565 
10,199,928 


$ 

Vegetables, canned 
France $ 


35,031 
1,055,983 
333,664 
123,288 
211,960 
120,542 
115,409 
533,817 


51,523 
1,667,265 
1,214,766 
228.845 
424,483 
106,353 
100,984 
970,917 


6,324,482 
3,463,795 
896,211 
53,821 
217,511 
254,693 
174,418 
1,034,588 


838,600 
5,449,395 
1,713,022 
111,829 
1,024,804 
107,736 
217,624 
1,892,381 


15,579 
680,585 
1,566,330 
139,394 
1,385,549 
247,494 
320,063 
2,005,365 


United Kingdom $ 


Canada $ 


Panama $ 


Cuba $ 


Australia $ 


Philippine Islands $ 


Other countries $ 


Total $ 


2,529,694 


4,765,136 


12,419,519 


11,355,391 


6,360,359 


Vegetables 
Beans and dried peas 
Belgium bush. 


183,072 
563,027 
59,772 
172,277 
1,329 
5,296 
2 
6 
80,082 
275,402 
782 
2,582 


346,766 
1,418,374 
13,750 
71,161 

66,787 
298,241 
246,920 
1,178,657 


1,521,854 
9,013,291 
280,394 
1,636,781 
40 
205 
82,676 
491,195 
5,369 
32,643 


242,796 
1,309,778 
1,055,506 
5,973,316 
199,801 
1,126,487 
166,393 
957,693 
86,086 
425,280 
8,008 
25,244 


20,528 
83,672 
17,844 
86,092 

1,714 
9,673 
17,263 
91,916 
57,116 
202,836 


France. . bush. 


$ 
Gibraltar bush. 


$ 

Italy.. . bush. 


$ 

Norway bush. 


$ 


S 



GRAIN STATISTICS 



503 



27. Quantities and Values of Animal and Agricultural Products Exported from the 
I iiiird States to Principal Countries for the years ended June 30, 1916, 1917, and 
for the calendar years 1918, 1919 and 1920 concluded. 





June 


30. 


] 


December 31 







1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Vegetables concluded . 
Beans and dried peas concluded. 
United Kingdom bush. 


55,849 


331,850 


69,277 


1,573,241 


40,803 


Canada bush. 


185 

292,565 


1,509,394 

531 


422,317 
57,859 


8,454,529 
68,719 


319,733 
99,438 


S 

Cuba bush . 


914,679 
625,628 


2,926.035 
450,603 


349,910 
534,521 


336,762 
541,758 


409,785 
915,949 


$ 

Germany bush. 


2,342,520 


2,186,218 


3,035,365 


2,414.582 
23,305 


4,398,648 
298,010 


$ 

Poland and Danzig bush. 


- 


- 


- 


88,296 


1,201,664 
400,627 


S 

Other countries. bush. 


461,302 


176,295 


169,316 


305,913 


1,378,476 
191 122 


S 


1,453,139 


839,662 


934,027 


1,518,281 


905,274 


Total... . bush. 


1,769,383 


2,164,94.1 


2 ,721 ,306 


4 ,271 ,526 


2, 069,414 


$ 


5,914,1*8 


It, 427 ,7r; 


15 ,915 ,734 


22,130,248 


t, 087,769 



GRAIN STATISTICS. 

Tables 28 to 32 give the principal statistics relating to the 
storage, inspection, grading and shipment of Canadian grain, the 
trade in which is regulated by the Dominion Government under The 
Canada Grain Act, 1912 (2 Geo. V, c. 27) 1 . Probably no country 
in the world possesses a system for the sale and shipment of its grain 
products so complete and elaborate as is that of Canada. In this 
system the grain elevator plays an important part. Few grain 
growers, especially the prairie provinces, have anything like adequate 
storage facilities, and the grain, as produced, is moved through a 
series of public elevators and warehouses, as well as over loading 
platforms, until finally placed in the holds of ocean-going vessels. For 
the calendar year ending December 1922, the total storage capacity of 
the 3,924 grain elevators and warehouses in Canada was 231,633,420 
bushels, these figures being comparable with a total of 523 elevators and 
warehouses having a capacity of 18,329,352 bushels in 1901. For the 
purposes of grain shipment the country is divided into the eastern 
and western inspection divisions, the former including Quebec and 
the Maritime provinces and the portion of Ontario lying east of 
Port Arthur; the latter comprises the Northwest provinces and terri 
tories, British Columbia and that portion of Ontario lying west of 
and including the city of Port Arthur. 

Shipment of Canadian Grain. When grain was first shipped 
from western Canada it was hauled by the farmer, either loose or in 
sacks, to flat warehouses or simple wooden storehouses, built by grain 
dealers along the railway line. Elevators were introduced shortly 
after the year 1880. They were designed to take advantage of the 
flowing property of grain in bulk, and their equipment enabled the 
grain to be handled much more easily than was possible with the 
primitive warehouse. They have grown rapidly in number, whilst 
the old flat warehouse has practically disappeared. Dissatisfaction 

. See Canada Year Book, 1912, p. 450. 



504 TRADE AND COMMERCE 

with the elevators on the part of farmers resulted in the introduction 
of what are called "loading platforms." The loading platform is a 
wooden structure on a siding on to which a farmer can drive his team 
and from which he can shovel the grain into the car. There are now 
in existence some 1,921 loading platforms, distributed as follows: 
Manitoba, 579; Saskatchewan, 874; Alberta, 461; and British Col 
umbia, 7. They have a loading capacity of 4,498 cars simultaneously, 
and during the last crop year some 22,765,201 bushels of grain were 
handled over these platforms. 

Grain Elevators. As a general rule the elevators are owned and 
operated by commercial companies or farmers co-operative companies. 
When the farmer takes his grain to an elevator he can either sell the 
grain to the operator, in which case it is called "street grain/ or he can 
hire a bin in the elevator to keep his grain distinct from all other grain, 
in which case it is called "special binned grain/ or he can store it 
with other grain of the same grade. If he stores the grain either in a 
special or general bin, he arranges with the railway company for a car, 
and the elevator loads the grain into the car to his order. When the 
grain is loaded he can either sell it on the spot as track grain, or send 
it forward consigned on commission. The farmer hauls the grain 
unsacked, and bulk handling is universal. Under The Canada Grain 
Act the Dominion Government has power itself to erect and operate 
terminal grain elevators. One such elevator is in operation at Port 
Arthur, and 4 other government elevators are in operation at Moose- 
jaw Saskatoon, Calgary and Vancouver. 

There are six different kinds of elevators defined in the Grain 
Act, viz., (1) "country elevators/ situated at railway stations 
and receiving grain for storage before inspection; (2) "public eleva 
tors/ which receive grain for storage from the western inspection 
division after inspection; (3) "eastern elevators/ for the storage 
after inspection of eastern grown grain; (4) "terminal elevators," 
which receive or ship grain at points declared to be terminal; (5) 
"private terminal or hospital elevators," used for cleaning or 
other special treatment of rejected or damaged grain; under regulations 
governing sample markets all grain received into such elevators must 
be their own property, though the owner or owners of grain may 
contract for the handling or mixing of grain in such elevators; and (6) 
"manufacturing elevators," used or operated as part of any plant engaged 
in the manufacture of grain products in the western inspection division. 
Of these different kinds of elevators the most important, so far as 
the western grain trade is concerned, are the terminal elevators, 
which are situated at Fort William and Port Arthur, the twin cities 
at the head of lake Superior. They are called "terminal elevators," 
not because they are situated on lake Superior, or because they have 
been built at the lake terminal yards of the railway lines, but because 
the inspection of western grain ends at them. The grade given as it 
leaves the elevators at these points is the final grade, on which it is 
sold and delivered, both in Eastern Canada and in foreign markets. 
The grain stored in these elevators may be sold in Eastern Canada or 



GRAIN STATISTICS 505 



in the United States or in Europe, and may be shipped through either 
( anadian or United States channels. At the present tim3 there are 11 
of these terminal elevators (seven at Fort William and four at Port 
Arthur), and their total storage capacity is about 37,850,000 bushels, 
and 1M private terminal or hospital elevators with a capacity of 
15,435,000 bushels (14 at Fort William and 7 at Port Arthur). 

Grain Inspection and Grading.- All grain grown in Canada 
and shipped in car-load lots or cargoes from elevators is subject to 
government inspection and grading, and the grain is sold both at 
home and abroad on the inspection certificate entirely by grade and 
not by sample. As each car arrives at an inspection point it is 
sampled and graded by qualified samplers and inspectors appointed 
under the Act. When the grain arrives at the terminal elevators it 
is weighed, cleaned and binned according to grade under the direct 
supervision of the inspectors, and a warehouse receipt is issued by tin- 
elevator operator to the owner of the grain. When the grain is ordered 
out of the terminal elevator in car or cargo lots, it is again weighed 
and inspected, and it must be grader I out as graded in; that is, if it 
was received into the terminal elevator as No. 1," grain of equal 
quality must be shipped out. Thus the identity of grade of exported 
grain is carefully preserved through every stage of movement. The 
principal inspection point for western grain is at Winnipeg. The 
work is done by inspectors who are qualified by an examination held 
by the Board of Grain Examiners appointed by the Board of Grain 
Commissioners. Rules and regulations governing the duties of 
the above Inspectors are approved by the Grain Commissioners and 
the inspection is performed in offices rented by the Government in 
the Grain Exchange Buildings at Winnipeg and Fort William. 

Description of Grades. Under the Act, Canadian grain is 
divided into five general classes, viz., "No grade," "Condemned," 
"Rejected," "Commercial grade" and "Statutory grade." "No 
grade" means all good grain that has an excessive moisture, being 
tough, damp or wet, or otherwise unfit for warehousing. "Condemned 
grain" means all grain that is in a heating condition or is badly bin- 
burnt, whatever grade it might otherwise be. "Rejected grain" 
means all grain that is unsound, musty, dirty, smutty or sprouted, 
or that contains a large admixture of other kinds of grain, seeds or 
wild oats, or that from any other cause is unfit to be classed under any 
of the recognized grades. "Commercial grade" means grain which, 
because of climatic or other conditions, cannot be included in the 
grades provided for in the Act. More particularly it means that the 
grain of one year may vary from that of the preceding year, and that 
a proportion of it therefore cannot be dealt with under the grades laid 
down in the Act, and must be provided for by grades defined by the 
Standards Board, appointed under sections 48 to 51 of the Act. 
"Statutory grades" means grain of the highest grades which are 
defined by Parliament, embodied in the Grain Act. There are four 
of these grades for Manitoba spring wheat, three each for Alberta 
Red and White winter wheat and two for Alberta Mixed winter 



506 TRADE AND COMMERCE 

wheat. In the same way there are statutory definitions of the 
highest grades of oats, barley, rye and flaxseed. Thus the statutory 
definitions can only be changed by Parliament; they do not vary with 
the crop, but are constant. The commercial grades, on the other 
hand, are fixed by the Standards Board, and may vary from year to 
year. The Act defines four grades of western spring wheat, viz., No. 
1 Hard, No. 1 Northern, No. 2 Northern and No. 3 Northern, whilst 
the Standards Board has defined three additional grades, viz., No. 4 
Northern, No. 5 Northern and No. 6 Northern. But wheat of any of 
the six grades of Northern may fall under the general categories of no 
grade," "condemned," or rejected." Grain, as inspected and graded 
at Winnipeg, is received into the terminal elevators, but is again 
finally inspected and graded in bulk as it is loaded into the lake 
steamers. For this final grading the grain is sampled at three places, 
viz., in the tunnels as the grain flows from the storage bins to the 
working house, on the floor of the working house and on the steamer 
as it pours from the shipping bin to the hold. 

Recent Developments.- -The construction of the Panama 
Canal has necessitated the provision of elevator and inspection 
facilities for grain to be shipped by this route. To meet the new 
requirements it has been decided to erect at the Hudson bay and 
Pacific coasts transfer elevators similar to those at Montreal, Halifax 
and St. John, and at strategic points in the interior, terminal elevators 
similar to the elevators at Fort William and Port Arthur. Elevators 
have been erected at Moosejaw, Saskatoon, Calgary and Vancouver. 
The first two have been in operation since October 1914; while 
the Calgary elevator commenced operations in September 1915 and 
the Vancouver elevator in November 1916. These have a total 
storage capacity of 10,750,000 bushels. These elevators bring the 
work of inspection somewhat nearer to the grain-growing area. In 
addition, they provide, for the first time in Western Canada, hospital 
apparatus upon the grain field to treat damaged grain. The 
elevators also give a certain amount of additional storage capacity, 
which is useful in periods of congestion. Besides, they place in the 
hands of the producer a commercial document in the shape of 
a warehouse receipt to enable him to realize money on his product 
at the current rate of interest and dispose of it as he sees fit. It was 
not intended that these elevators should take the place of the Lake 
terminal elevators for grain shipped east, or that they should 
be very much utilized for east-going grain during the period of navi 
gation on the Great Lakes. They were built partly because of 
the need of hospital apparatus on the grain-growing area, partly 
because of the advisability of having some reserve storage for time of 
emergency, and partly because of the necessity of providing for the 
Panama Canal route in a way that would give the route a fair trial. 
During the past year this route has become a large factor in carrying 
grain to Europe. The enormous quantity of grain grown in 
Western Canada and the difficulty of shipping it all by the eastern 
route a difficulty enhanced by the shortness of the period of 



GRAIN STATISTICS 



507 



navigation and the long rail haul from the grain fields to the At 
lantic constitute conditions which have led to the hope that the 
Panama Canal will be an immense gain to the grain growers of 
Alberta. 

Table 28 shows for the license years 1901 to 1922 the number of rail 
way stations at which elevators are placed, the number of elevators and 
warehouses and their total storage capacity, the figures being given by 
provinces for the country elevators of the west, and by description of 
elevators for the rest of the country. Tables 29 and 30 give statistics 
of the inspection of grain for the fiscal years 1920, 1921, 1922, and 
1914-22 and Tables 31 and 32 of the shipment of grain by vessel and 
rail for 1920 and 1921. 

28. Number and Storage Capacity of Canadian Grain Elevators in the license years 

1901-1922. 



COUNTRY ELEVATORS IN MANITOBA. 



Year. 


Sta 
tions. 


Ele 
vators. 


Ware 
houses. 


Capacity. 


Year. 


Sta 
tions . 


Ele 
vators. 


Ware 
houses. 


Capacity. 




No. 


No. 


No. 


Bushels. 




No. 


No. 


No. 


Bushels. 


1901. 


167 


333 


76 


10,323,272 


1912. 


336 


705 


10 


22,410,500 


1902. 


180 


427 


69 


12,255,000 


1913. 


338 


698 


10 


22,253,150 


1903. 


216 


558 


59 


16,121,400 


1914. 


346 




6 


21,690,000 


1904. 


234 


651 


46 


19,297,000 


1915. 


348 


678 


8 


22,045,500 


1905. 


247 


669 


33 


19,557,630 


1916. 


348 


682 


6 


22,113,000 


1906. 


271 


699 


33 


20,656,100 


1917. 


352 


672 


- 


21,250,000 


1907. 


275 


685 


32 


20,502,200 


1918. 


366 


690 


- 


21,825,000 


1908. 


282 


685 


20 


21,015,600 


1919. 


371 


702 





22,926,300 


1909. 


300 


678 


13 


20,558,500 


1920. 


379 


695 


- 


23,024,500 


1910. 


312 


696 


11 


21,624,500 


1921. 


380 


692 


_ 


22,073,600 


1911. 


329 


707 


12 


21,813,800 


1922. 


386 


701 


^ 


22,159,100 



COUNTRY ELEVATORS IN NORTHWEST TERRITORIES. 



1901.... 


50 


88 


21 


2,436,080 1904. 


86 


261 


18 


7,917,000 


1902.... 


60 


111 


18 


3,194,000 1905. 


109 


298 


13 


8,934,000 


1903.... 


66 


176 


23 


5,105,000 











COUNTRY ELEVATORS IN SASKATCHEWAN. 



1906. 


113 


307 


15 


8,951,060 


1915. 


653 


1,619 


5 


48,074,500 


1907. 


161 


452 


10 


12,989,500 


1916. 


710 


1,782 


1 


52,943,000 


1908. 


176 


508 


8 


14,666,500 


1917. 


732 


1,945 


_ 


58,625,000 


1909. 


254 


615 


14 


17,924,500 


1918. 


752 


2,117 


_ 


64,384,200 


1910. 


330 


835 


9 


24,314,500 


1919. 


753 


2,160 


_ 


67,331.664 


1911. 


374 


904 


5 


26,465,000 


1920. 


753 


2,165 





68,058,470 


1912. 


430 


1,007 


5 


29,314,000 


1921. 


767 


2,184 


_ 


68,867,020 


1913. 


513 


1,246 


6 


36,503,000 


1922. 


782 


2,224 


_ 


70,181,320 


1914. 


647 


1,465 


5 


42,995,000 













COUNTRY ELEVATORS IN ALBERTA. 



1906. 


27 


43 


2 


1,715,500 


1915. 


219 


449 


14 


16,089,000 


1907. 


49 


71 


10 


2,785,500 


1916. 


249 


525 


11 


18,807,000 


1908. 


59 


109 


6 


3,818,900 


1917. 


285 


670 


_ 


23,106,000 


1909. 


72 


120 


14 


4,386,400 


1918. 


304 


808 


_ 


28,833,000 


1910. 


121 


229 


17 


8,080,400 


1919. 


314 


830 


_ 


32,148,000 


1911. 


130 


249 


13 


8,764,500 


1920. 


334 


853 


M 


33,462,000 


1912. 


142 


279 


14 


9,863.000 


1921. 


350 


897 


_ 


35,716,000 


1913. 


168 


321 


19 


11,565,500 


1922. 


357 


915 


_ 


36,092,000 


1914. 


195 


397 


11 


14,793,000 













508 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



28. Number and Storage Capacity of Canadian Grain Elevators in the license years 

1901-1922 con. 

COUNTRY ELEVATORS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. 



Year. 


Sta 
tions. 


Ele 
vators. 


Ware 
houses. 


Capacity. 


Year. 


Sta 
tions. 


Ele 
vators. 


Ware 
houses. 


Capacity. 




No. 


No. 


No. 


Bushels. 




No. 


No. 


No. 


Bushels. 


1907. . 


2 


3 





320,000 


1915. 


5 


7 


1 


440,000 


1908.... 


4 


3 


2 


276,000 


1916. 


5 


6 


1 


459,000 


1909.... 


3 


3 


- 


168,000 


1917. 


6 


9 


_ 


527,000 


1910.... 


6 


6 


1 


441,000 


1918. 


6 


10 


_ 


548,000 


1911.... 


7 


6 


2 


444,000 


1919. 


8 


13 


_ 


613,000 


1912.... 


7 


6 


o 

*J 


487,000 


1920. 


7 


13 


_ 


561,000 


1913.... 


6 


7 


2 


562,000 


1921. 


7 


12 


_ 


517,000 


1914.... 


6 


7 


2 


562,000 


1922. 


7 


12 


- 


531,000 



TOTALS OF COUNTRY ELEVATORS. 



1901.. 


217 


421 


97 


12,759,352 


1912. 


915 


1,997 


31 


62,074,500 


1902.... 


240 


538 


87 


15,449,000 


1913. 


1,025 


2,272 


37 


70,883,650 


1903.... 


282 


734 


82 


21,226,400 


1914. 


1,194 


2,558 


24 


80,040,000 


1904.... 


320 


912 


64 


27,214,000 


1915. 


1,225 


2,753 


28 


86,649,000 


1905. . . . 


356 


967 


46 


28,491,630 


1916. 


1,312 


2,995 


19 


94,322,000 


1906.... 


411 


1,049 


50 


31,323,200 


1917. 


1,375 


3,296 




103,508,000 


1907.... 


487 


1,212 


52 


36,597,200 


1918. 


1,428 


3,625 


_ 


115,600,200 


1908. . . . 


521 


1,305 


36 


39,777,000 


1919. 


1,446 


3,705 


_ 


123,018,964 


1909.... 


629 


1,416 


41 


43,037,400 


1920. 


1,473 


3,726 


_ 


125,105,970 


1910.... 


769 


1,766 


38 


54,460,400 


1921. 


1,504 


3,785 


_ 


127,173,620 


1911.... 


840 


1,866 


32 


57,487,300 


1922. 


1,532 


3,852 





128,963,420 



INTERIOR TERMINAL ELEVATORS. 



1913-14. 


1 


1 




1,000,000 


1918-19.. 


5 


5 




11,500,000 


1914-15. 


3 


3 





8,000,000 


1919-20.. 


5 


5 


_ 


11,500,000 


1915-16. 


(1) 


4 


- 


10,500,000 


1920-21.. 


5 


5 


_ 


11,500,000 


1916-17. 


(1) 


4 





10,500,000 


1921-22.. 


5 


5 


_ 


11,500,000 


1917-18. 


(5) 


5 





11,500,000 













INTERIOR HOSPITAL ELEVATORS. 



1913-14. 


(3) 


5 




680,000 


1918-19.. 


5 


5 




460,000 


1914-15. 


(3) 


6 


- 


805,000 


1919-20.. 


5 


5 


_ 


485,000 


1915-16. 


(3) 


7 


- 


825,000 


1920-21.. 


5 


6 


_ 


585,000 


1916-17. 


(3) 


6 


- 


805,000 


1921-22.. 


4 


6 


_ 


605,000 


1917-18. 


(4) 


5 





505,000 













BRITISH COLUMBIA TERMINAL AND PUBLIC ELEVATORS. 



1915-16. 


(1) 


2 




1,266,000 


1919-20. . 


1 


2 




1,266,000 


1916-17. 


(1) 


2 





1,266,000 


1920-21.. 


1 


1 


_ 


1,250,000 


1917-18. 


(1) 


2 


_ 


1,266,000 


1921-22.. 


(1) 


1 


_ 


1,250,000 


1918-19. 


a) 


2 


~ 


1,266,000 













NOTE. Figures in parentheses are excluded from the grand total. 



GRAIN STATISTICS 



509 



28. Number and Storage Capacity of Canadian Grain Elevators in the license years 

1991-1922 concludiM 1 . 

ONTARIO TERMINAL ELKVAT&lt; 



Year. 


Sta 


F.le- 


Ware 


Capacity. 


Year. 


Sta 


Ele 


Wure- 


Capacity. 




tions. 


vatora. 


houses. 






tions. 


vators. 


houses. 






No. 


No. 


No. 


Bushels. 


No. 


No. 




No. 


Bushels. 


1901 


2 


5 


_ 


000 


HI 12 . 


4 


15 


_ 


25,700,400 




3 


6 


H 


7,100,000 


19131.. 


4 


20 


- 


28,380,000 


1903 


3 


6 


_ 




I . Hi.. 


4 




- 


41,455,000 


1904 


3 


7 


_ 


13,422,000 


L915.. 


4 




- 


,180,000 


1 ( K)5 


3 


10 


_ 


17,912,000 


l .illi&gt;.. 


4 




- 


43,085,000 


1906 


3 


9 


_ 


18,580,000 


L917.. 


4 


26 


- 


45,325,000 


1907 


3 


8 


M 


18. 


L918*.. 


4 


29 


- 


49,370,000 


190S 




10 


_ 


17, OSS, 700 


191 


4 


31 


- 


51,405,000 


1909 


3 


10 


_ 


18,852,7iHi 


1 . 1201.. 


4 


30 


- 


52,255,000 


1910 


3 


13 





21,740,70(1 


l . 21i.. 


4 


30 


- 


54.685,000 


1911.... 


4 


15 





700,400 


I .L . 


2 


32 


" 


53,285,000 



ONTARIO MILLING KLKVATOR8. 



1906 . 


1 


1 




550,000 


1915.. 


2 


3 




1,700,000 


1907 


1 


1 


_ 


550,000 


1916... 


2 


3 


- 


1,700,000 


1908 .. 


2 


3 


_ 


1,700,000 


1917... 


2 


3 


- 


1,700,000 


1909 


1 


2 


_ 


1.300, 000 


L918... 


2 


3 


- 


1,700,000 


1910 


2 


3 


_ 


1,700.1 


1919... 


2 


3 


- 


1,800,000 


1911 


2 


3 


_ 


1,700,000 


1920... 


2 


4 


- 


1,840,000 


1912 


2 


3 


_ 


1,700.000 


L... 


2 


4 


- 


1,840,000 


1913.... 


3 


3 


- 


1,700,000 


192. 


2 


4 


- 


1,840,000 


1914.... 


2 


3 


*" 


1,700,000 













ONTARIO COUNTRY ELEVATORS. 



1911 




1 




40,000 


1917.. 




1 




40,000 


1912 . 


_ 


1 


_ 


40,000 


1918... 


_ 


1 


- 


40,000 


1913.... 


_ 


1 





40,000 


l .U9... 


- 


1 


- 


40,000 


1914.... 





1 


- 


40,000 


1920... 


- 


- 








1915.... 


- 


1 


- 


40,000 


1921... 


- 








~ 


1916.... 





1 


- 


40,000 


1922... 


^ 


" 






PUBLIC ELEVATORS. 


1909.. 


14 


18 




14,826,000 


1916.. 


15 


22 


_ 


29,250,000 


1910.... 


14 


20 


_ 


16,365,000 


1917... 


16 


22 


- 


30,700,000 


1911.... 


17 


24 


_ 


20,535,000 


1918... 


17 


24 


- 


31,610,000 


1912.... 


16 


21 


_ 


19,135,000 


1919... 


17 


25 


- 


31,790,000 


1913.... 


17 


23 


_ 


25,220,000 


1920 .. 


17 


25 


- 


33,805,000 


1914.... 


16 


22 


_ 


29,850,000 


1921... 


17 


24 


- 


34,180,000 


1915.... 


15 


22 





29,250,000 


1922... 


14 


24 





34,180,000 


GRAND TOTAL OF CANADIAN ELEVATORS. 


1901.. 


219 


426 


97 


18,329,352 


19122.. 


937 


2,037 


31 


108,649,900 


1902.... 


243 


544 


87 


22,549,000 


19132.. 


1,049 


2,319 


37 


127,224,550 


1903.... 


285 


740 


82 


29,806,400 


1914*.. 


1,220 


2,613 


24 


154,765,000 


1904.... 


323 


919 


64 


40,636,000 


19152.. 


1,252 


2,813 


28 


168,624,000 


1905.... 


359 


977 


46 


46,403,630 


1916... 


1,338 


3,059 


19 


180,988,000 


1906.... 


415 


1,059 


50 


50,453,200 


1917... 


1,402 


3,360 


- 


193,844,000 


1907.... 


491 


1,221 


52 


55,222,200 


1918... 


1,461 


3,694 


- 


211,591,200 


1908.... 


526 


1,318 


36 


58,535,700 


1919... 


1,480 


3,777 


- 


221,279,964 


19092... 


647 


1,446 


41 


78,016,100 


1920... 


1,507 


3,797 


- 


226,256,970 


19102... 


788 


1,802 


38 


94,266,100 


1921... 


1,538 


3,855 


- 


231,213,620 


19112... 


863 


1,909 


32 


105,462,700 


1922... 


1,559 


3,924 


* 


231,633,420 



Including Hospital Elevators. 2 i nc i u ding Public Elevators in the Eastern Inspection Division. 
NOTE. The present average capacity of railway cars for the carriage of grain is for Wheat 1,275, Oats 
2,000, Barley 1,400, Flax 1,100, and Rye 1,275 bushels for the crop of 1921. 



510 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



29. Quantities of Grain Inspected during the fiscal years 1920-1922. 





19 


20. 


19 


21. 


19 


22 


Grades of Grain. 


Eastern 
Division. 


Western 
Division. 


Eastern 
Division. 


Western 
Division. 


Eastern 
Division. 


Western 
Division. 


Wheat, Spring 

Man. No. 1 Hard. . . 
Northern No. 1 
No. 2 
No. 3... 


Bush. 


Bush. 

178,850 
41,717,375 
26,452,650 
19,226,375 


Bush. 


Bush. 

160,000 
71,487,500 
42,891,250 
42 192 500 


Bush. 


Bush. 

2,757,825 
66,725,850 
46,909,800 
53 806 275 


" No. 4... 


_ 


3,591,700 




8 907 500 




18 465 825 


" No. 5... 





1 470 000 




1 927 500 




4 044 4^0 


" No. 6 




923 650 




535 000 




1 204 47"&gt; 


Feed 




401 800 




147 500 




29 T 800 


Rejected Smutty 
No. 1.... 




467 950 




538 750 




716 550 


No. 2 














No grade 




16 509 325 




11 401 250 




11 965 875 


Condemned 




94 325 




53 750 




24 225 


No established 
grade 




4,900 




10 000 




16 575 


Commercial grades- 
No. 1 


2,000 




446 306 


33 750 


209 588 




No.2 


1,200 




75 786 




45 816 




No. 4 




51 450 










No. 5 




17 150 










No. 6 


_ 


7,350 










No. 1 Spring 


70, 152 




14 121 




1 100 




No. 2 " 


107,996 




136 221 




31 480 




No. 3 " 


11 421 




37 214 




6 950 




Rejected 


6,460 




6 302 




3 000 




No grade 


8,500 




3 000 




1 000 




Goose No. 1.. . 




9,800 








: 


" No.2 


135,485 


1,225 


3 900 




1 000 


- 


" No. 3.. . . 


17 913 




4 200 




2 000 




Rejected 


7,000 




1 000 




3 000 


_ 


Rejected 




4 485 950 




3 830 000 




2 768 025 


No. 1 Durum. . 




15 925 




52 500 




67 575 


No. 2 " 




37,975 




90,000 


_ 


276,875 


No. 3 " 


_ 


18,375 




118,750 


_ 


322,575 


No. 4 " 








3 750 




24 225 


Rejected 












6,375 


Durum Spring 


_ 








_ 


53,550 


Red Durum 












28,050 


U.S. Durum- 
Amber No. 2 






2,798,583 




1,891,248 




Amber No. 3 





LLI 


3,963,062 


mm 


581,484 





Mixed No.2.. 






160,647 


_ 


2,715,349 





" No. 3 








_ 




I - 


No. 2 Mixed D... 
Wheat 










1,024,191 




Dark No. 2 Nor 
No. 4 Special. . . . 


- 


3,884,475 


- 


686,250 


70,718 


- 


No. 5 " 




937,125 




127,500 


_ 


_ 


No. 6 " 




215,600 




30,000 


_ 


_ 


No grade 













mm 


Smutty Wheat and 
Rag weed .... 












12,750 


Spring and Durum. 
Wheat and Rye 
Rejected and 
Sprouted 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


105,825 
30,600 
fc* 
9,544,650 


Durum and Barley. 





- 











1,275 


Total Spring 
Wheat 



368,127 


120,721,300 


7,650,342 


185,225,000 


6,587,924 


221,065,875 

















GRAIN STATISTICS 



511 



2S. Quantities of Grain Inspected during the fiscal years 1920-1922 con. 





19 


20. 


19 


21. 


19! 


22. 


Grades of Grain. 


Eastern 
Division. 


Western 
Division. 


Eastern 
Division. 


Western 
Division. 


Eastern 
Division. 


Western 
Division. 


Wheat, Winter 
U.S. Hard Winter- 
No. 1 . . 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 

794,614 


Bush. 


Bush. 

4,061,611 


Bush. 


No. 2.. 


31,536 





7411,760 


^ 


8,828,266 


_ 


No. 3 







79,306 


_ 


159,424 


_ 


No. 2 Red Hard 

Winter 










530,067 


_ 


White Winter 
. 1.. 


6,397 




34,501 




3,455 




No. 2 


33,100 





452 


__ 


18,236 


_ 


No. 3 


18,100 





% 38, 


m 


4,000 


_ 


No. 1 Wint. 




L _ 




_ 




15,300 


.. 2 " 













__ 


3,825 


White Winter con. 
Rejected 


3,000 




14,258 




12,500 




No grade 







9,401 


_ 




_ 


Mixed Winter 
No. 1 


1,100 




7,497 








No. 2.. 


43,000 




439,624 


_ 


103,330 


_ 


No. 3.. 


28,416 




135,006 


_ 


56,303 


_ 


No. 4 




** 


4,635 


_ 




_ 


No grade 


2,500 


_ 


48,641 


_ 


6,245 


_ 


Rejected 


19,800 


_ 


45,142 


_ 


120,883 


_ 


U.S. No. 1 




_ 


8,115 


B 




_ 


Alberta Red Winter- 
No. 1.. 




18, 


4,560 


83,750 




22,950 


No 


13,828 


14,700 


184,098 


23,750 


16,918 


10,200 


No.3.... 


28,644 


3 675 


77,186 


500 


27,600 


2,550 


No. 4... 






200 






1,275 


U.S. No. 1 Red 
Winter 






249,804 








U.S. No. 2 Red 
Winter 






1,104,864 




5,012,449 




Rejected 


11,000 


__ 


38,794 


_ 


36,040 


_ 


Smutty 




^_ 




1,250 




_ 


No grade 


2,000 




4,138 


2,500 


_ 


_ 


Alberta White Winter- 
No. I .... 




26,950 










..3 





4,900 








_ 


_ 


No. 4 


_ 




_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


Rejected 





_ 







_ 


H 


No grade. . 


_ 


1 225 




_ 


_ 


_ 


Commercial grades 
No. 1 W.W 


5,100 




14,061 




56,862 




No. 2 WW 


11,865 







_ 


1,780 


_ 


No. 1 M.W... 


11,865 


fm 


2,200 


_ 


47,340 


_ 


No. 2 MAY 


3,200 







_ 




_ 


No. 1 R.W 


5,000 





_ 


^ . 


_ 


_ 


No. 2R.W 


1,200 


_ 


14,554 


_ 


1,200 


_ 


No grade, tough . . 




- 




- 


90 


- 


Total Winter Wheat 


268,78* 


69,825 


4,558,630 


113,750 


19,104,599 


56,100 


Total Spring and 
Winter Wheat 


636,913 


120,791,125 


12,208,972 


185,338,750 


25,692,523 


221,065,875 
















Indian Corn 
No. 1 American... 






1,500 




1,246,709 




No. 2 American 


290,872 





16,222 


m 


56,437,158 


_ 


No. 3 American 


171,762 


__ 


184,445 


_ 


137,778 


_ 


No. 4 American 




_ 




_ 


49,190 


_ 


Rejected 


1,100 





14,410 


__ 


5,200 


_ 


American, other. . . . 
Argentine corn 


8,674 


- 


56,188 
42,055 


- 


11,152 

4,284 


- 
















Total Corn 


472,408 


7,000 


314,820 


2,000 


51391,471 


5,000 

















512 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



29. Quantities of Grain inspected during the fiscal years, 1920-1923 concluded. 



Grades of Grain 


19 


20. 


19 


21. 


19 


22. 




Eastern 
Division. 


Western 
Division. 


Eastern 
Division. 


Western 
Division. 


Eastern 
Division. 


Western 
Division. 


Oats- 
Extra No. 1 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


No. 1... 




25 350 




2 000 




Qfl 000 


No. 2 


94,343 


8 796 450 


375 315 


oo 000 


fi Q80 


1 ^ ^34 000 


No. 3 


285,512 


10 315 500 


1 411 206 


IQ 170 floo 


59 1Q3 


MOQ4. 000 


No. 4 


41,250 




294 069 


13 818 000 


30 350 




U.S. Rejected 














Feed extra No. 1.... 
Feed No. 1 


- 


5,682,030 
7 174 050 


- 


4,558,000 
fi 340 000 


- 


5,508,000 
fi 9QO 000 


Feed No. 2 




7 092,150 




fi 2fifi 000 




4 2fi8 000 


Rejected 


137,618 


1,604,850 


215 071 


1 304 000 


182 8^0 


5Q2 ooo 


No grade 


6,750 


17,364 750 


130 792 


18 Q12 000 




22 582 000 


Condemned 




25,350 




22 000 




44 000 


Mixed 


_ 


1,296,750 




1 176 000 




88fi 000 


Speltz . . 


_ 


1,950 




2 000 






U.S. No. 2.... 


65,755 












U.S. No. 3 


32,416 












U.S. No. 3 clipped.. 


13,632 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


Total Oats 


677,276 


59,379,450 


2,426,453 


65,662,000 


272,373 


70,528,000 
















Buckwheat 
No. 2.. 


40,770 




141 014 




289 878 




No. 3 


2,511 




7 450 




17 727 




No grade 


35,263 




19 173 




9 170 




Rejected 


42,851 




5 631 




15 750 


















Total Buckwheat 


121,395 


2,000i 


173,268 


- 


332,525 


- 


Barley 
No. 1.. 


1,250 












No. 2 


214,193 




1 250 








No. 3, extra.. 


688 875 


25 650 


145 531 


99 400 


4 370 


58 800 


No. 3 


414,802 


5,451,300 


358 309 


5 026 000 


151 509 


7 051 800 


No.4 


55,399 


3,809,700 


110 380 


3 094 000 


96 365 


3 101 000 


Feed 




1,672,650 




1 313 200 




624,400 


Rejected 


31,466 


1 166 400 


86 557 


1 029 000 


255 527 


786 800 


No grade 


3,800 


3 518 100 




3 085 600 




3 252 200 


Condemned 








9 800 




2 800 


Smutty 


_ 


_ 




8,400 




1,400 


Barley and Rye 
U.S. No. 1.... 


- 


- 


91 430 




. 


1,400 


U.S. No.3 


_ 




49,999 




51 701 


















Total Barley 


1,409,785 


15,643,300 


843,456 


13,665,400 


559,472 


14,880,600 
















Rye, all grades . . , 


414,510 


2,172,350 


1,387,493 


2,967,500 


221,401 


3,966,525 


U.S. Rye 


677,892 




4,572 841 




6,845 117 


















Flaxseed 
No. 1 N.W.C 




1 801,000 




3 146 525 




2,993,100 


No. 1 M 


_ 












No. 2C.W 


_ 


295,000 




712,725 




566,500 


No. 3C.W 


_ 


83,000 




522,450 




78, 100 


No grade 


_ 


124,000 




232,200 


_ 


162,600 


Rejected 




32,000 




422 475 




28,600 


Condemned 







_ 




_ 


1,100 


Fake Flax 


_ 










2,200 
















Total Flaxseed.... 


- 


2,335,000 


- 


5,036,375 


- 


3,832,400 


Peas, all grades 


29, 888 




3 000 




10 781 




Screenings 




669,000 




455 000 




484,000 

















No grade given. 



GIIAIN STATISTICS 



513 



St. Quantities or Grain inspected during; the fiscal years ended March 31, 

1914-19?.!. 



Grain. 


Eastern Division. 


Western 
Division. 


Grand 
Total. 


Kingston. 


IVtcrboro. 


Toronto. 


Montreal. 


Total. 




Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Wheat... 1914 


1,000 


40,968 


104. 


128,000 


274,558 


154,995,750 


IV) ,270, 308 


1015 





38, 


. 702 


2, 


2, SOU, 7 74 


107,.H0.7:&gt;0 


110,723,524 


1018 








.777 


1,412, 


1,789, 


- 77,000 


253.066,023 


1017 


- 


- 


.871 






1112,070,700 


102,70. 


1018 


- 





701 


144 


.118 


,100 


1 .4, 208,218 


1010 


- 


- 




371 


758,203 


124. 


125.607 


1020 


_ 


- 








120,7 .)!. 


121,428,038 


1021 








2,087,i 


10,121 


12,208,972 


185,338,750 


107,547,722 


1 ._&gt;_&gt; 


- 


- 


774 




J92.523 


221,065,875 


246,758,398 


Corn 1914 


m 


_ 


21,130 


72,990 


94,120 


_ 


94,120 


1018 


_ 


_ 


16, 


111,501 


127 


_ 


127,906 


1016 








18,. 


112 


130 





130,573 


1917 


_ 





- 


1,288,779 


1,286,779 


- 


1,2S 


1018 


_ 


_ 


1," 




745 





745,025 


1019 


- 





- 




,340 


- 


1,340 


1020 


_ 


_ 


- 


472,408 


,408 


7,000 


,408 


1021 


_ 





- 




314 


2,000 


.,820 


iosa 


- 


- 


5,355 


51,880,116 


."&gt; 1,891. 471 


5,000 


51,896,471 


Oats 1914 


_ 


200 


543. 


582 


679,439 


73,035,300 


73,714,739 


1915 


_ 


109 




I, 


H7 


.800 


38,587,217 


1916 


- 


- 


1,376, 


1,7 


100,512 


68,649,000 


71,740,512 


1017 





- 


4 1 






150,750 


.Ml. 054,049 


1018 


- 


- 




.900 


887,702 


850 


80,297 


1019 


. 


- 


1, 


1.8 


3,438,172 


36,154,000 


39,592,172 


1020 





- 








150 


60,056,726 


1021 








643,412 


1.7V5.041 


2,4 


65,662,000 


68,088,453 


1922 


_ 


_ 


241,140 


31, 




70,528,000 


70,800,373 


Buck 
















wheat. .1914 





62,771 


72,730 


4,108 


139,609 


- 


139,609 


1915 


- 


23,760 


284 


28,008 


33t 


- 


336,092 


1916 


_ 


_ 




127 




- 


467,255 


1017 


_ 





77,802 


37. 


115, 


- 


115 


1918 


_ 





71 


386 


,038 


- 


126,038 


1919 








293, .U 4 


U50 


355 


- 


355,964 


1020 


- 







38, 


121,395 


2,000 


;,395 


1021 


_ 


_ 


145,506 




173,268 


- 


173,268 


1922 


- 


- 


262,262 


70,263 


332,525 


- 


332,525 


Barlev...l914 


_ 


_ 


125,812 


9,297 


135,109 


15,944,500 


16,079,609 


1915 





1,100 


230,122 


24,146 


255,368 


4,953,000 


5,208,368 


1916 


- 


- 


,367 


30,220 


352,587 


9,574,100 


t&gt;,687 


1917 








134,691 


10, 


140,618 


10,627,500 


10,773,118 


1918 








310 


165,927 


485,519 


10,743,200 


11,228,719 


1919 


- 





727,017 


773,420 


1,500,467 


9,595,600 


11,097,067 


1020 


_ 





557 


851 


1,409,785 


15,643,800 


17,053,585 


1921 








237,868 


605,588 


843,456 


13,655,400 


14,508,856 


1922 


- 


- 


189,040 


370,432 


559,472 


14,880,600 


15,440,072 


Rye. 1914 





11,857 


4,980 


162,900 


179,737 


72,000 


251,737 


1915 


_ 


4,854 


144,765 


97,178 


246,787 


123,000 


369,797 


1916 


_ 





374,782 


179,157 


553,939 


116,000 


669,939 


1017 








251,592 


691,448 


943,040 


190,000 


1,133,040 


1918 


- 


- 


218,994 


389, 133 


608, 127 


478,000 


1,086,127 


1919 


- 


- 


162,461 


33,289 


195,750 


1,020,000 


1,215,750 


1920 


_ 


_ 


163,395 


929,007 


1,092,402 


2,172,350 


3,264,752 


1921 





- 


333,318 


5,627,016 


5,960,334 


2,967,500 


8,927,834 


1922 





- 


97,431 


6,969,087 


7,066,518 


3,966,525 


11,033,043 


Flaxseed.1914 


_ 





- 


- 





18,432,750 


18,432,750 


1915 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


4,001,600 


4,001,600 


1916 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


3,303,600 


3,303,600 


1917 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


7,086,200 


7,086,200 


1918 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


6,862,900 


6,862,900 


1919 


- 


- 


- 


14,351 


14,351 


3,075,900 


3,090,251 


1920 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


2,335,000 


2,335,000 


1921 


- 





- 


- 


- 


5,036,375 


5,036,375 


1922 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


3,832,400 


3,832,400 



3813133 



514 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



30._Quantities of Grain inspected during the fiscal years ended March 31, 

1914-1922 concluded. 



Grain. 


Eastern Division. 


Western 
Division. 


Grand 
Total. 


Kingston. 


Peterboro. 


Toronto. 


Montreal. 


Total. 




Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Bush. 


Peas 1914 


_ 





1,667 


2,900 


4,567 


_ 


4,567 


1915 


_ 


_ 


12,300 


- 


12,300 


- 


12,300 


1916 


_ 


_ 


14,944 


400 


15,344 





15,344 


1917 


_. 


_ 


10,619 


3,025 


13,644 


- 


13,644 


1918 


__ 


_ 


1,000 


3,100 


4,100 


- 


4,100 


1919 





_ 


8,871 


2,858 


11,729 





11,729 


1920 


_ 


_ 


19,072 


10,816 


29,888 


- 


29,888 


1921 


_ 


_ 


2,000 


1,000 


3,000 


- 


3,000 


1922 


_ 


- 


10,781 


- 


10,781 


- 


10,781 


Screen- 
















ings .1916 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


281,000 


281,000 


1917 


_ 


- 


- 


- 


- 


452,000 


452,000 


1918 


- 


- 














~ 


1919 


_ 


_ 


_ 











- 


1920 


__ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


669,000 


669,000 


1921 





_ 


_ 





- 


455,000 


455,000 


1922 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


484,000 


484,000 


Total.... 1914 


1,000 


177,796 


874,566 


453,777 


1,507,139 


262,667,3001 


264,174,4391 


1915 


- 


177,504 


1,761,298 


4,674,160 2 


6,612,962 2 


153,038,1503 


159,651,112 


1916 


- 


- 


2,823,415 


3,585,818 


6,409,233 


333,200,700 


339,609,933 


1917 


- 


- 


1,343,606 


2,688,352 


4,030,958 


305,586,150 


309,617,108 


1918 


- 


- 


1,354,420 


2,232,209 


3,586,629 


291,032,050 


294,618,679 


1919 


- 


- 


3,116,970 


3,750,006 


6,866,976 


174,696,025 


181,563,001 


1920 


- 


- 


1,570,596 


2,869,741 


4,440,067 


200,999,725 


205,439,792 


1921 


- 


- 


3,449,643 


18,480,660 


21,930,303 


273,127,025 


295,057,328 


1922 


- 


- 


1,408,783 


84,416,880 


85,825,663 


314,762,400 


400,588,063 



includes 186,000 bushels of screenings and 1,000 bushels of speltz, 
Includes 78,308 bushels of Argentine corn, 
includes 206,000 bushels of screenings. 



31. Shipments of Grain by Vessels from Fort William and Port Arthur for the navi 
gation seasons 1920 and 1921. 







1920. 






1921. 




Vessels. 


To 
Canadian 
ports. 


To 
American 
ports. 


Total 
shipments. 


To 
Canadian 
ports. 


To 
American 
ports. 


Total 
shipments. 


Canadian Vessels- 
Wheat... 


Bush. 

55,683,046 


Bush. 
57,746,415 


Bush. 
113,429,461 


Bush. 
69,454,217 


Bush. 

84,474,599 


Bush. 
153,928,816 


Oats 


10,388,752 


3,980,269 


14,369,021 


39,335,427 


5,835,494 


45,170,921 


Barley 


5,761,120 


830,808 


6,591,928 


9,398,118 


2,503,745 


11,901,863 


Flaxseed 


587, 144 


1,180,528 


1,767,672 


952,110 


3,476,189 


4,428,299 


Rye 


1,050,851 


1,144,058 


2,194,909 


839,197 


1,611,089 


2,450,286 


Total 


73,470,913 


64,882,078 


138,352,991 


119,979,069 


97,901,116 


217,880,185 


Mixed grains . . Ib . 
Screenings., tons. 


3,252,397 


5,884,353 
46,354 


9,136,750 
46,354 


59,192,484 
9,379 


21,884,466 
20,501 


81,076,950 
29,880 



BOUNTIES 



515 



. . Shipments of &lt;.r;iin by vessels and all rail routi- from Fort William and Port 
Arthur for the crop years ended August 31, 1920 and 1921. 



drain. 




1919-20. 






1920-21. 






Veweb, 


Rail. 


Total. 


\ i-ssels. 


Rail. 


Total. 


Whealr- 
No 1 Hard . 


Bush. 
15 


Bush. 


Bui 

i:&gt; 


Bach. 
67,402 


Bush. 


Bush. 
, 402 


No. 1 Northern, 
i. 2 Northern... 
No. 3 Northern.. . 
Sundry grades.. . . 


28, .iM,HO 

1! 

15,147,257 

It. 


4,607.117s 
2,70 


33 
22 
17,483,291 
10,248,702 


60,631,759 

31,542,214 
7,0(5 


I , . 

0,517,685 

"4,850 


600,325 
37,777,539 
37,960,899 

9,614,086 


Total Wheat... 


8t,8M,lS5 


32 X - S 


,889,103 


123,121,254 


17,897,997 


141,019,251 


Oats 


16,607,176 


8,158,129 


24,76") 


39,300,488 





4") _".!, 609 


Hurley.. . . 


;:. ui .i 






10,110,010 


1,56 


11,685,900 


Flaxseed 


718.584 


S.451 


l.-J- 


1,641 


i,050 


8,749,691 


Rye.. 


1,281 


11,164 




2,061,628 


120,468 


12,097 
















Total Grain . 


10,H5.t84 


22v1,6tl 


128,487,H 


178,1 ll.o M 


.fi.ir&gt;..v.-i 


204,25,548 



BOUNTIES. 

The only bounties being paid by the Dominion ( Jovernment in 192L- 
22 are for the product ion of crude pet roleum, zinc ;ind linen yarns. Boun- 
t ies on iron and steel ceased in 1911 and on lead in 1D1S. The total 
paid on lend bounties from 1S99 to 1918 amounted to xi,979, 2H&gt; 
for 1,1X7,K&gt;9,X7S lh. of lead. 1 For crude petroleum the amount 
paid in 1921 was 8l01,7(if&gt; on (&gt;, 7s 1. ;;;;:; imperial gallons, beinu 
at the rate of I 1 , cents per gallon and making the total paid from 190.") 

to 192L $3,119.201 on 207.9Hi.77s gallons. Zim- bounties are 

granted under the provisions of the Act. s-9 ( leo. \. &lt;. ."&gt; ! , not to 
exceed 8400,000 to 31st -Inly, 1920. The bounty paid equals t In 
difference between the standard market price of zinc and 9c. per ll&gt;. 
There was paid in 191S-19 the sum of $108, n 10.107,701 II). 

of zinc sold; in 1919-20 there was paid $249,246 on !."&gt;. IS i,r&gt;9 I 
Ib. of zinc sold and in 1920-21 there was paid s|2.19l on 3,&lt;i3"&gt;,l99 
lh. of zinc sold. Total amount paid s-100.000 on 2X,929,:&gt;97 lh. 

The total amount of bounties paid from is!)-; to 1921 wa- s22.o .")7,- 
453; of this amount S10,785,827 was for iron and steel; s|. 979, 210 
for lead; $3,119,201 for crude petroleum (Table 33); s:j(i7.9;&gt;2 loi- 
manila fibre; $400,000 for zinc; and 8V217 f &gt; linen yarns in 1921. 
The Year Book of 1915, pa&lt;&gt;es 459 and 1(&gt;0, gave a description of the 
bounties that have been payable since 1SS3, a&lt; well as tables showing 
for each commodity the quantities on which bounties were annually 
paid, and the amounts of such bounties for the years 1896 to 191") 

inclusive. 

S3. Bounties paid in Canada on Crude Petroleum, 1905-1921. 



Fiscal Year. 


Quantity. 


Bounty. 


Fiscal Year. 


Quantity. 


Bounty. 


1905.. 


gal. 
23,336,478 


$ 

350,047 


1914 


gal. 

x &gt;4 219 


f 
m513 


1906 


19,410,480 


291,157 


1915 


7 685 127 


115 277 


1907 


17,770,205 


266,553 


1916 .. . 


7 278 4.V2 


109 177 


1908 


26,081,139 


391,217 


1917 


6 761 885 


101 428 


1909 


17,379,871 


260,698 


1918 


7 566 457 


113 497 


1910 


13,572,587 


203,589 


1919 


10 812 482 


162 187 


1911 


10,706,418 


160,596 


1920 


6 887 498 


103 31 ? 


1912 


9,462,380 


141,936 


1921 


6 784 333 


101 765 


1913 


8 616 767 


129 252 














Total 


207,946,778 


3,119,201 















Statistics of bounties paid on lead are given by years on p. 454 of the 1920 Year Book. 



38131- 



-331 



516 TRADE AND COMMERCE 

THE COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE SERVICE. 

The Commercial Intelligence Service maintained by the Depart 
ment of Trade and Commerce is designed to further the interests 
of Canadian trade in other parts of the Empire and in foreign coun 
tries. To this end there are established throughout the world offices 
administered by Trade Commissioners. These Trade Commissioners 
make periodical reports upon trade and financial conditions, varia 
tions in markets, and the current demand or opportunity for Canadian 
products. They also secure and forward to the Department in 
Ottawa specific inquiries for Canadian goods and in general exert 
their best efforts for the development and expansion of overseas 
markets. These reports, inquiries, etc., are summarized weekly 
in the Commercial Intelligence Journal issued by the Commercial 
Intelligence Service at Ottawa, which is supplied gratis to Canadian 
manufacturers and other interested. 

Canadian Government Trade Commissioners are stationed in 
the United Kingdom at London, Manchester, Liverpool, Bristol and 
Glasgow. They are also located at Bridgetown, Barbados; Kingston, 
Jamaica; Buenos Aires; Rio de Janeiro; Shanghai; Havana; Paris; 
Rotterdam; Milan; Yokohama; Auckland, New Zealand; Cape Town; 
Calcutta; Singapore and New York. There are in addition Canadian 
Commercial Agents in Sydney, N.S.W., Christiania and Nassau, 
Bahamas. Under an arrangement made by the Minister of Trade and 
Commerce of the Dominion of Canada with the British Foreign Office 
in 1912, Canadian manufacturers, exporters and others interested in 
trade matters may secure information and advice from H.B.M. 
Consuls in Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Egypt, Mexico, Panama, Peru, 
Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Uruguay and Venezuela. 

PATENTS, COPYRIGHT, TRADE MARKS, ETC. 

Patents. Letters patent, which in England have been in the 
gift of the Crown from the time of the Statute of Monopolies and 
beyond, are in Canada a purely statutory grant and have been so 
from the first. The earliest act is one of Lower Canada, passed in 
1824, wherein provision is made for the granting of patent rights 
to inventors who are British subjects and inhabitants of the province. 
Upper Canada passed its Act in 1826 and Nova Scotia and New 
Brunswick passed theirs at later dates. After the Union a consoli 
dating act was passed in 1849, applying to both Upper and Lower 
Canada, and the B.N.A. Act assigned the granting of patents exclusive 
ly to the Parliament of Canada. The Dominion Patent Act of 1869 
repealed the provincial acts and has formed the basis of all suc 
ceeding acts. 

The Patent Act as it now stands (R.S.C., 1906, c. 69), provides 
in section 7 that "Any person who has invented any new and useful 
art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, which was not 
known or used by any other person before his invention thereof, 
and which has not been in public use or on sale with the consent or 
allowances of the inventor thereof, for more than one year previous to 



P.(TI \ TS, COPYRIGHT, TR\D -: M l/ t AX El 



517 



his application for patent therefor in Can. ul-i. in iv . . oSt :iiu a p itont 
granting to such person an exclusive property in such invention." 
The exclusive right in the patent ha&lt; duration for eighteen ye 

The first Canadian patent wax issued under the Lower ( V-in-ida 
Act of 1824 to Noah Gushing O f (^ueh KM patents wore granted 
under the Acts of Upper and Lower ^ la, an 1 iri 1 -r the consoli 

dating and later Acts of the provinc s of C.rii-li 3,160 patents Wijre 
granted. Thegrowthof invent ion isshownby thefact t ha? in IDJlalone, 
1 ,645 Canadian patents were issued to Canadians by th - Patent office. 

Applications for patents in Canada from inventors in other 
countries were first received in 1872. In that year the total number 
of applications for patents made to the Canadian Patent Office, 
Department of Agriculture, wa&lt; 7~&gt; 2, arid the total fees amounted 
to $18,652. The business of the Office has continued gradiiilly 
to expand, and the number of applications and total fees in 
creased each year without a break from the beginning of the present 
century until the fiscal year ended March 31, 1913, when 8,681 
applications were received, and the total fees amounted to $218,12."). 
In 1921 there were 13,446 applications with fee- .Tn-niiiting to$3 U,712. 
For the fiscal year ended March 31, 1921, the number of patents 
granted was 11,152. Of the patents granted, 7,711 or 69.44 p.c., 
were issued to United States inventors, 1,645 to Canadian and 786 
to British patentees, while Germany with 287, 1 with 134 and 
Australia with 105 patents came next in number of patents issued. 
Table 34 shows the dist ribut ion of the Canadian patentees by province 
of residence for the years 1912 to 1921. 

$*. Number of Canadian Patentees, by Province of Residence, for the fiscal year 

1913-19*1. 



Provinces. 


1912. 


1913. 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Prince Edward Island 


No. 


No. 
4 


No. 
2 


No. 
o 


No. 
j 


No. 

O 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


Nova Scotia 


30 


20 


39 


3T 


21 


M 


10 


01 


Oft 


rtrt 


New Brunswick 


17 


25 


30 


20 


17 






ZI 


n 

oo 


jy 

00 


Quebec 


233 


277 


278 


27S 


097 


OO7 


99H 




mm 


OO 


Ontario 


531 


584 


607 


JUM 


140 


dfi^ 


01 

70S 


QSR 


Olf 

ftOC 


0.3 1 


Manitoba 


72 


105 


115 


V7 


8Q 


01 


O1 


ooD 
RR 


DOO 

oo 


7Uo 


Saskatchewan 


47 


58 


59 


66 


fii 


AO 


84. 


7R 


SO 

1 1 1 


llo 


Alberta 


56 


61 


46 


71 


til) 


CQ 


c. I 




7K 


y-i 


iiy 


British Columbia 


97 


122 


157 


12fi 


qo 


79 


01 
81 


to 

7A 


1/17 


127 


Territories and Yukon 






1 


2 


i 


i 


oo 
i 


i\J 


14/ 


























Totals 


1,083 


1.256 


1 14 


1 281 


1 121 


1 A41 


fk"!t 


s*ia 


It - j 














1,1 .d 




ViA 


o7o 


,4ol 


,615 



It will be seen from the table that the more populous provinces 
of Ontario and Quebec obtained the largest absolute number of 
patents, but a calculation of the number of patentees in relation to 
the census population shows that for the fiscal year 1921 the greatest 
relative inventiveness was displayed in British Columbia. Thus in 
;his province, in 1921, one patent was granted to every 2,983 persons, 
the other provinces as regards the number of persons to each patent 
granted being placed in order as follows: Ontario, 4,144; Yukon, 4,157; 
Alberta, 4,633; Manitoba, 5,170; Saskatchewan, 6,366; Quebec, 7,134- 
New Brunswick, 11,754, Nova Scotia, 18,063 and P. E. Island, 44,307. 



518 TRADE AND COMMERCE 

Copyrights.- -The first Act of the Province of Canada relating 
to copyright was passed in 1841 (4-5 Viet., c. 61), allowing copyright 
to any resident of the Province on depositing with the Provincial 
Registrar a copy of the work and printing in the work a notice of the 
entry. In 1842 an Imperial Act (5-6 Viet., c. 45) gave to a work 
first published in the United Kingdom protection throughout the 
Empire. As at that time the United States had no agreement with 
the United Kingdom as to copyrights, United States publishers 
reprinted in cheap editions books copyrighted in the United Kingdom 
and many such books naturally found their way into Canada. By 
the Foreign Reprints Act of 1847 (10-11 Viet., c. 95), the Imperial 
Government made it possible for Canadians to secure these cheap 
editions on making provisions safeguarding the rights of the British 
authors. This was done by Canada in 1850 by an "Act to impose a 
Duty on Foreign Reprints of British Copyright Works" (13-14 
Viet., c. 6) and the duty so imposed was continued by the first Domin 
ion Act of 1868 (31 Viet., chaps. 54 and 56), the latter Act author 
izing the Governor-in-Council to impose a duty not exceeding 20 
p.c. ad valorem on such reprints and to distribute the proceeds among 
the owners of the copyrights. 

By the B.N. A. Act exclusive legislative authority in matters of copy 
right was assigned to the Dominion Parliament. In 1875 an Act 
was passed (38 Viet., c. 88) allowing a copyright for 28 years to 
persons domiciled in Canada or in any British Possession, or who, 
being citizens of any country having an international copyright 
agreement with the United Kingdom, had registered their claim and 
complied with the usual conditions. 

In 1886 an International Copyright Act (49-50 Viet., c. 33) was 
passed by the Imperial Parliament, giving to Queen Victoria the 
right to accede to the Berne Convention. As Canada thus became a 
member of the Berne Convention with the privilege of withdrawal, 
books published in Canada by Canadians secured the same privi 
leges as books published first in the United Kingdom, an author of 
any country subscribing to the Convention obtaining in any other 
country in the union the same rights as an author of that country. 
An Imperial Act of 1911 set forth general copyright regulations for 
the Empire, but did not extend to any self-governing Dominion 
unless declared by the Dominion Parliament to be in force therein. 
No such declaration has been made by the Parliament of Canada. 

At the present time copyright protection in Canada and through 
out the British Empire in a literary or dramatic work may subsist 
by virtue of the British Copyright Statutes of 1842 and 1886, on con 
dition that the work is first published within the Empire. The term of 
this copyright is the life of the author and 7 years after his death or 42 
years from the date of first publication, whichever period is the longer. 

A copyright restricted to Canada may subsist under the Cana 
dian Copyright Act (R.S.C., 1906, c. 70). The work must be printed 
or produced and published in Canada and registered before publication. 
The term of copyright is 28 years, with a renewal period of 14 years in 
favour of the author if living or of his widow and children if he is dead. 



PATENTS, cni lKIGUT, TRADK W.lA /v N, I-TC. 519 

The Copyright Act of 1921. which is not yet effective in Canada, 
gets down in section 4 of tlif qualifications for a copyright and in 
M-ction :&gt;. its duration. " ( opyriuht shall subsist in Canada, 
in every original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic work, if the 
author was at the date of the making of the work a British subject, 
a citixen or subject of a foreign country which has adhered to the 
Berne) Convention and the Additional Protocol. . . or a resident 
within Hi- Majesty s Dominioi Hie term for which tin 1 copy 
right -hall subsist -hall, except as otherwise expressly provided by 
thi&lt; Act. be the life of the author and a period of fifty years aft 
his death". Section i:* provides that if at any time the owner of 
the copyright I aiis to print the book in ( anada and satisfy the reason 
able Mian demand therefor, anyone may apply for a license 
to the Minister administering the Act. who may, if the owner fails 
to print an edition, urant a license to the applicant on the latter 
paying a royalty to the owner. 

Copyright protection is extended to records, perforated rolls, 
cinematographic i\\\\\&gt; or other contrivances by means of which a 
work may be mechanically performed. The intent ion of the Act is to 
enable Canadian author- to obtain full copyright protection through 
out all parts of Jlis Ma; a Pominio oivi.un countries of the 
Copyright Cnion and the Cnited E 3 of America, as well as in 
;iada. 

This Act has not yet been brought into force by Proclamation. 

Copyright, Trade Marks, Etc.- -The report for th- yen- end -.1 
March .Yi, i ( .)21, of the Copyright and Trad" Mark&lt; branch of the 
Department of Trade and Commerce shows that the fees received 
for copyrights, trade mark.-, industrial designs and timber mark- 
amounted to si;:;. 171 for the fiscal year 1 J JO- J 1 . a- compared with 
0. i:&gt;l in 1919-1&lt;)20. S10.179 in 1918-19, -Mi:, in 1917-1X, and 

$28,643 in 1910-17. Registrations of copyrighl in 1920-21 numbered 
1,729 againsl 2,028 in 1919-20, I,4."&gt;r, in in 18-19, 1,440 in 1017-ls 
and 1,384 in 1916-17; of trade marks 2,128 in 1920-21 against. l,7:r&gt; 
in 1919-20, 919 in 1918-19, 987 in 1&lt;M7-IS: of industrial designs ;U&lt;&gt; 
against 180 and of timber mark- 58 against 22. 

Electric Light and Power. Klectric light and power compan 
ies are subject to registration and inspection under the Electricity 
Inspection Act, 1907 (0-7 I&lt;Mw. VII, c. 14), and the production of 
electrical energy for export is regulated by the Electricity and Fluid 
Exportation Act, 1907 (0-7 Edw. VII, c. 1 Both Acts were admin 
istered by the Department of Inland Revenue until September 1, 1918, 
when, by Order in Council of June 3, 1918, their administration \\ 
transferred to the Department of Trade and Commerce. The statistics 
published in connection with these Acts are given in Tables 35 and 36. 

The st at ist ics of the total electric energy generated in Canada in 1919 
and 1920 are contained in Table 37. From these statistics it appears 
that out of a total production of electrical energy in 1920 amounting to 
."&gt;,894,732,000 kilowatt hours, 1,019,572,011, or about 17.3 p.c., were 
exported. 



520 



TRADE AND COMMERCE 



35. Number of Electric Light and Power Companies registered under the Electricity 

Inspection Act in the Fiscal Years, 1913-1921. 



Provinces. 


1913. 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Prince Edward Island 


No. 
5 


No. 
5 


No. 

6 


No. 

6 


No. 
7 


No. 

7 


No. 
8 


No. 
11 


No. 

1] 


Nova Scotia 


36 


37 


35 


35 


38 


36 


37 


37 


4 


New Brunswick 


25 


24 


24 


24 


23 


25 


25 


27 


2J 


Quebec 


65 


70 


53 


61 


79 


94 


133 


140 


184 


Ontario 


230 


262 


282 


287 


308 


317 


328 


328 


37] 


Manitoba 


18 


16 


16 


16 


18 


20 


23 


23 


2i 


Saskatchewan 


15 


52 


54 


54 


58 


59 


65 


86 


95 


Alberta 


28 


39 


36 


36 


41 


45 


47 


53 


4f 


British Columbia 


36 


57 


55 


55 


60 


60 


62 


63 


Tt 


Yukon 


2 


2 




































Totals 


460 


564 


561 


574 


632 


663 


738 


768 


88C 























36. Electrical Energy generated or produced for Export in Canada under authority 
of the Electricity and Fluid Exportation Act during the Fiscal Years, 1916-1921. 



Companies. 


Electric Energy Generated or Produced for Export. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Ontario Power 
Company of 
Niagara Falls, 
Niagara Falls, 
Ontario 


k.w. hours. 
199,135,160 
400,521,090 

34,652,000 
13,144,070 

3,075,893 

330,626 
11,937,700 

230,820 
358,753,000 
i 


k.w. hours. 
328,442,040 
315,227,479 

118,356,500 
16,572,984 

3,459,825 

296,190 
13,692,820 

273,500 
428,390,000 
i 


k.w. hours. 
321,768,400 
256,005,960 

138,062,000 
14,225,610 

4,190,996 

327,832 
14,242,756 

118,791 
380,635,000 
i 


k.w. hours. 
316,921,400 
254,633,727 

141,511,000 
18,060,373 

4,954,661 

290,530 
9,373,700 

265,378 
395,966,000 
1,301,200 


k.w. hours. 
319,362,000 
203,601,550 

108,237,000 
12,043,120 

6,122,638 

354,780 
14,541,734 

273,696 
282,225,000 
2,997,000 


k.w. hours. 
328,256,600 
172,251,210 

102,884,000 
15,803,451 

7,877,398 

385,678 
21,626,236 

281,038 
364,432,000 
5,774,400 


Canadian Niagara 
Power Compa 
ny, Niagara 
Falls, Ontario... 
Electrical Devel 
opment Com 
pany (Toronto 
Power Co.), 
Niagara Falls, 
Ontario 


Ontario and Min 
nesota Power 
Company, Fort 
Frances, Onta 
rio 


Maine and New 
Brunswick Elec 
trical Power 
Company, Ltd., 
Aroostook Falls, 
N.B 


British Columbia 
Electric Ry. 
Co., Vancouver, 
B.C 


Western Canada 
Power Co., Van 
couver, B C.. 


Sherbrooke Rail 
way and Power 
Company, Sher 
brooke, Que 


Cedars Rapids 
Mfg. and Power 
Co., Cedars Ra 
pids, Que 


West Kootenay 
Power and Light 
Co., Ltd., Ross- 
land, B.C 


Totals 


1,021,780,359 


1,224,711,338 


1,129,577,345 


1,143,277,969 


949,758,518 


1,019,572,011 





VFirst exportation in November, 1918. 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



521 



37. Electrical Enemy (ienerated in 1919 and 1920, by Provinces. 



Provinces. 


Kilowatt Hours. 


Provinces. 


Kilowatt Hours. 


1919. 


I J- U. 


1919. 


1920. 


I rincc I Mward Island. 
Nova Scotia.. 


840,000 
35,088,000 
1s,:i41,000 
1,923,560,000 
2,802,886,000 
17 .i,655,000 


1,075,000 
33,731,000 
25,632,000 
1,914,698,000 
9,000 
207,131,000 


Saskatchewan 


43,035,000 
381,000 

397,880,000 
9,538,000 


47,866,000 
114,101,000 
485,177.000 
8,332,000 


AlbiTta .... ... 


v Brunswick 


British Columbia 
Yukon 


Quebec 


Totals 


Manitoba 


5,497,204,000 


5,894,732,000 







TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS. 

Canada is a country of magnificent distances, nearly 4,000 miles 
in length from cast to west, its relatively small population of 
8,788,483 being in the main thinly distributed along the southern 
borders of its vast area. Different parts of the country are shut off 
from each other by areas which are almost wildernesses, such as 
the region lying between New Brunswick and Quebec, and the vast 
areas north of lakes Huron and Superior, the latter dividing the 
chief industrial region of Ontario and Quebec from the great agricul 
tural areas of the prairies. To such a country with such a popu 
lation, producing, like our western agriculturalists, mainly for export, 
or, like our manufacturers, largely for consumption in distant portions 
of the country itself, cheap transportation is a necessity of life. 
Before 1850, when the water routes were the chief avenues of trans 
portation and these were closed by ice for several months, the business 
of the country may be said to have been during the winter in a state 
of stagnation or hibernation. The &gt;team railway was therefore 
required for the adequate economic development of Canada, more 
particularly for linking up with the economic and industrial world 
the vast productive areas of the Canadian west, and thus promoting 
their development. The construction of the Canadian Pacific rail 
way gave to Canada as an economic unit length, but it was "length 
without breadth." The building of the newer transcontinental rail 
ways has for the first time given the country breadth a fact which 
in another ten years, as settlement fills the extensive areas thus 
opened up, will be more evident than it is to-day. 

Railway transportation, though in many parts of the country 
essential, is nevertheless expensive, particularly in these last few 
years, and for bulky and weighty commodities. Hence new 
enterprises have either been undertaken or are under consideration 
for improving water communication, such as the new and deeper 
Welland canal, the deepening of the St. Lawrence canals, and of 
the channel between Montreal and Quebec, and the utilization of 
the Hudson Bay route for the transportation of w r estern grain to the 
British and continental European markets. 

Problems of transportation are, therefore, of vital importance in 
the economic life of Canada, occupying a large part of the time and 
thought of our Parliaments and public men. Scarcely less important, 



522 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 

from the social and from the economic point of view, is the develop 
ment of methods of communication, in a country so vast and so thinly 
peopled. The post office has been a great, though little recognized, 
factor in promoting solidarity among the people of different parts of 
the Dominion, while telegraphs and telephones have gone far to 
annihilate distance, the rural telephone, in particular, having been 
of great social and economic benefit in country districts. That the 
use of the automobile has also been of great benefit in promoting 
social intercourse among the dwellers in rural districts is evidenced 
by the fact that in Ontario alone, 64,045 passenger cars were owned 
by farmers in 1921. The press, again, assisted by cheap telegraph 
and cable rates, and reaching through the mails all over the country, 
has been of great use in developing national sentiment. To sum up, 
it may be said that the progress of modern inventions, not least 
among which is the radiophone, now coming into use, is going far 
to eliminate that isolation and loneliness which in the past were 
such characteristic features of Canadian rural life, and have thrown 
their gloomy shadow across the pages of Canadian literature. 

The statistics of transportation and communications comprised 
in this section include those of steam and electric railways, motor 
vehicles, express companies, canals, shipping, telegraphs, telephones 
and Post Office. The statistics of railways and canals, telegraphs, 
telephones and express companies, are taken from the reports of the 
Transportation Branch, Dominion Bureau of Statistics. The shipping 
statistics are taken from the Report of the Department of Marine 
and Fisheries and the Shipping Report issued by the Department of 
Customs. The postal statistics are from the Report of the Post 
Office Department. 

STEAM RAILWAYS. 

Historical.- -The first Canadian railway was constructed in 
1836, between St. Johns, Quebec, and La Prairie, with the object of 
shortening the journey between Montreal and New York. It was 
only 16 miles long and was operated by horses, for which locomotives 
were substituted in 1837. A second railway from Montreal to Lachine 
was opened in 1847, and a third line to St. Hyacinthe in 1848. In 
1850, however, there were only 66 miles of railway in all Canada. 

The railway era in Canada may be said to have begun in 1851, 
when an Act was passed providing for the construction of a main 
line of railway between the two Canadas. The result was the com 
pletion of the Grand Trunk railway between Montreal and Toronto 
in 1856, its extension westward to Sarnia in 1859, and eastward to 
Riviere du Loup in 1860. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence railway 
from Portland, Maine, to the Canadian boundary, was leased for 999 
years, and in 1859, on the completion of the Victoria Bridge across 
the St. Lawrence at Montreal, the Grand Trunk had a through route 
800 miles long from Portland to Sarnia. A line from Detroit to Port 
Huron was leased in 1859, the Champlain roads in 1863, the Buffalo 
and Lake Huron in 1867, while the Chicago and Grand Trunk was 
completed from Port Huron to Chicago in 1880. In 1881 the 



STKA.M RAILWAYS 523 



( Jeorgian Hay and Lake Krie system with 171 miles was incorporated, 
and in the following year the amalgamation with the (ireat Western 
(904 miles) took place, and the Midland system (473 miles) \\ 
incorporated into the Grand Trunk. In 1888 the Northern railway, 
which had been opened from Toronto to Barrie in 1S."&gt;:&gt;, and the 
Hamilton and Northwestern railway, were taken over by the ( i rand 
Trunk. In 1891 the completion of the St. (lair tunnel gave direct 
communication with the railways of the Tinted States. In the 
seventies the gauge had been changed from the original "&gt; ()" to the 
standard gauge of T S\". 

The Intercolonial railway between the Maritime ! rovinces and 
&lt; anada had been proposed a&lt; early as the thirti- In 1X14 the 
Imperial (Jovernment made a survey for a military road, and in lXf)l 
agreed to recommend to Parliament cither a guarantee of interest 
or an advance of the sum required to build a railroad. Differences of 
opinion as to route resulted in the project falling through, but in 
ls~v&gt; Nova Scotia undertook to construct by iSti J a trunk line from 
Halifax to the New Brunswick frontier, with branch lines to 1 ictou 
and Victoria Beach. In both Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, 
however, the scheme of an Intercolonial railway broke down for lack 
of funds, and in IXtiT there were only Mil miles of railway in the 
Maritin: 19(i miles in New Brunswick, including lines from St. 
.John to Shediac and from St. Andrews to Richmond; 1 b~&gt; miles in 
Nova Scotia, including lines from Halifax to Truro and Windsor, and 
from Truro to Pictou. These under the B.N.A. Act parsed to the 
Dominion (Government. The latter on its part undertook t he com 
pletion of the railway, and in 1X7&gt; the line was opened. In 1X79 
the Riviere du Loup branch of the (irand Trunk was acquired, and 
in 1S9X the Drummond Countie- Railway from Chaiidiere Junction 
to Ste. Rosalie Junction was leased and running rights obtained 
from the latter point over the (Irand Trunk tracks into Montreal, 
the Intercolonial thus becoming a competitor for the business of the 
commercial metropolis of Canada. 

As early as 1X49 a pamphlet published by Major ( armichael- 
Smyth advocated the construction of a Canadian Pacific railway 
nearly along the present route. In IX.") 1 a Parliamentary Committee 
reported against the undertaking of the enterprise at that time. In 
1X71 the terms under which British Columbia entered ( on federation 
pledged the Dominion to commence the Pacific Railway within two 
years, and complete it within ten years. The work of construction 
of the railway as a public work actually commenced in 1874, but was 
not very rapidly pushed forward. In 1881) the Government entered into 
a contract with the Canadian Pacific Railway Syndicate, granting to 
the syndicate all portions of the line completed or under construction, 
a cash subsidy of 825,000,000 and a land grant of 25,000,000 acres, 
free admission of materials for construction, and protection for 20 
years against competing lines. The company on its side agreed to 
complete the railway to a fixed standard by May 1, 1891, and there 
after to maintain it efficiently. As a matter of fact the last spike 
on the main line was driven on Nov. 7, 1885. Like the Grand Trunk, 



524 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 

the Canadian Pacific railway now began to acquire small branch lines 
as feeders; among them being the North Shore, Quebec, Montreal, 
Ottawa and Ontario in 1881, the Winnipeg to Manitou line in 1882, 
the Ontario and Quebec, the Credit Valley and the Toronto, Grey 
and Bruce in 1883, the St. Lawrence and Ottawa and Manitoba 
Southwestern, 1884, the North Shore, Nova Scotia, in 1885, the 
Atlantic and Northwest, 1886, the West Ontario Pacific, 1887, the 
Sudbury and Sault Ste. Marie, 1888, the New Brunswick railway, 
the Columbia and Kootenay in 1890, the Montreal and Ottawa and 
Montreal and Lake Maskinonge in 1892. 

The second transcontinental railway, the Canadian Northern, 
was begun in 1896 with the completion by Mackenzie and Mann of 
the 125 mile line of the Lake Manitoba Railway and Canal Company, 
chartered in 1889. Next were acquired the charters of the Winnipeg 
and Hudson Bay, the Manitoba and Southeastern, the Ontario and 
Rainy River, and the Port Arthur, Duluth and Western. Assisted 
by the Manitoba Government, which desired to establish competition 
with the Canadian Pacific railway, the Canadian Northern next 
secured the Manitoba lines of the Northern Pacific, and in 1902 
completed its line from Winnipeg to Port Arthur. By securing 
guarantees of bonds from the Dominion and Provincial Governments 
it was enabled to complete the great scheme of a transcontinental 
road, opening up in Ontario and in the West large undeveloped areas 
which are now in process of settlement. 

Before the continental ambitions of the Canadian Northern 
were generally understood, the question came up of building an 
additional transcontinental line. About the end of the century, the 
Grand Trunk began to look with envy at the large and increasing 
revenues drawn by the Canadian Pacific Railway from the great 
Northwest. In 1902, the Grand Trunk submitted to the Dominion 
Government a proposition to construct a line from North Bay to the 
Pacific Coast, provided that a grant of $6,400 and 5,000 acres of 
land per mile should be made. The Government in 1903 submitted a 
counter-proposition that the line, instead of terminating at North 
Bay, should be continued east to Moncton, New Brunswick, the 
eastern section from Moncton to Winnipeg to be constructed by the 
Government and leased to the Grand Trunk for a fifty-year period, 
the railway paying no rent for the first seven years and 3 p.c. on the 
cost of the railway for the remaining 43 years. The western half of 
the railway from Winnipeg to Prince Rupert was to be built by the 
Grand Trunk, the Government guaranteeing interest on bonds to 
75 p.c. of the cost of construction, not exceeding $13,000 per mile on 
the prairie section and $30,000 per mile on the mountain section. 
This proposition was accepted and construction commenced on the 
National Transcontinental and the Grand Trunk Pacific. 

With two new transcontinental main lines besides branches under 
construction, Canadian railway mileage was doubled between 1900 
and 1915, increasing from 17,657 miles in the former year to 35,582 
miles in the latter. The builders of the new lines, as well as the 
Canadian Government and people, had expected that immigration 



STEAM RAILWAYS 525 



of capital and labour from Europe would rapidly settle the areas 
tributary to the new railroads and give thorn abundant and lucrative 
traffic, as had been the case with the C.P .R. Instead the war came, 
and European labour and capital were conscripted for the struggle, 
immigration fell off, while cost of operation increased, owing to the 
scarcity of labour and material in Canada. The interest on the 
bonds had to be met, and in 1915 the Government felt it necessary to 
give assistance to the railways. In H)l(), after having again made a 
loan to the Grand Trunk Pacific railway and the Canadian Northern 
Railway Company, a Royal Commission was appointed by Order in 
Council of July 13, 1916, to investigate: (1) the general problem of 
transportation, (2) the status of each of the three transcontinental 
systems, (3) the reorganization of any of the said systems, or their 
acquisition by the State and (4) other matters considered by the 
( ommission to be relevant to the general scope of the inquiry. Alfred 
Holland Smith of Xew York, Sir Henry Drayton of Ottawa and Sir 
George 1 aish of London, England, were originally appointed to the 
Commission. On the resignation of the latter, William M. Acworth 
was appointed to take his place. The majority report of the Com 
mission, which was signed by Sir Henry Drayton and Mr. Acworth, 
has formed the basis of the subsequent railway policy of Canada. 
Their recommendation was that the public should take control of 
the Canadian Northern, of the (irand Trunk Pacific and of the 
Grand Trunk proper: and that they should be administered on purely 
business principles by a Board of Trustees, such compensation as 
seemed proper to be decided by arbitral ion and given to the share 
holders of the Canadian Northern and the (Irand Trunk. 

Canadian Government Railways.- -The Intercolonial Railway, 
built as a condition of Confederation and completed in 1876, and the 
Prince Edward Island railway opened in April, 1875, have since their 
construction been owned and operated by the Dominion Govern 
ment. In 1903 the Dominion Government undertook the construction 
of the eastern division of the National Transcontinental railway 
from Moncton, N.B., to Winnipeg, to be leased to the Grand Trunk 
Pacific Railway Company for a period of 50 years. On the failure 
of the latter company to take over the operation of the road when 
completed in 1915, the Government itself undertook its operation- 
expenditure up to March 31, 1921, 8167,812,568. (Table 18). Thus on 
March 31, 1918, the Canadian Government railways had a total 
mileage of 5,150.08, comprising the Intercolonial railway, 2,305.23 
miles; St. John and Quebec railway, leased under authority of Chapter 
49 of the Statutes of 1912, 127-72 miles; Prince Edward Island 
railway, 313-82 miles; and National Transcontinental railway, 
2,403-31 miles. Under Orders in Council of May 22, 1918, and 
August 30, 1918, the Moncton and Buctouche, the Elgin and Have- 
lock, St. Martin s railway, the York and Carleton railway and the 
Salisbury and Albert railway were taken over. Also, under Order in 
Council of December 1, 1919, the Lotbiniere and Megantic railway; 
under Order in Council of June 10, 1920, the Caraquet and Gulf 



526 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 

Shore railway and under Order in Council of June 12, 1920, the Cape 
Breton railway, were incorporated in the Government railway 
system. The Hudson Bay railway with 332-5 miles of steel rail at 
the end of 1920, and 214 miles operated, out of its total length of 424 
miles, has been declared to be comprised in the Canadian Government 
railways and is being operated to a limited extent by the board of 
directors of the Canadian Northern Railway. Its cost to Mar. 31, 
1922, was $20,536,106, of which $14,346,116 was chargeable to the 
railway and $6,189,990 to the terminals at port Nelson. During the 
calendar year 1921 its gross earnings were $29,475, its working 
expenses $101,396 a deficiency of $71,921. 

Canadian Northern Railway. In pursuance of an Act passed in 
1917 (7-8 George V, c. 24), intituled an Act providing for the acqui 
sition by His Majesty of the capital stock of the Canadian Northern 
Railway Company, and an agreement entered into under the Act, 
the Government acquired the entire capital stock of the Canadian 
Northern Railway Company, except five shares issued in exchange 
for Canadian Northern Railway income charge convertible debenture 
stock. Having thus acquired control, -the Government, in Septem 
ber, 1918, appointed a new board of directors of the Canadian Northern 
Railway Company. This board, under Order in Council of Novem 
ber 20, 1918, became also a board of management of the Canadian 
Government railways, with all the powers theretofore vested in the 
general manager of the Canadian Government railways. The use of 
the general term "Canadian Government Railways" to describe both 
systems was authorized by Order in Council of December 20, 1918, 
the corporate entity of each system being, however, preserved. 
The Canadian Northern system, at the time of its acquisition by the 
Government, had a total mileage of 9,566 5 miles. 

The Grand Trunk Pacific. During 1916, 1917 and 1918, the 
Grand Trunk Pacific received advances from the Government total 
ling $19,639,837 to enable it to "carry on" during difficult times. 
Towards the close of the fiscal year 1918-19, approximately $950,000 
of the $7,500,000 authorized in the estimates of that year remained 
unexpended. The company desired to use this to pay interest on 
Grand Trunk Pacific Debenture Stock, but the Government insisted 
that deficits in operation should have priority over all other charges, 
and made the remittance conditional upon that understanding. As a 
result, the company notified the Government that it would be 
unable to meet the interest due on its securities on March 1, 1919. 
This was followed on March 4, by a notification from the company 
that it would be unable to continue operation of the railway after 
March 10. As it was necessary in the interests of the immense terri 
tories served by the railway to maintain the operation of the railroad, 
the Minister of Railways was appointed receiver from midnight of 
March 9, and for a time the road was operated apart from the Cana 
dian National Railways. In October, 1920, the management was 
transferred to the Canadian National Railways, and 1921 was the 
first complete year of the operation of this road as an integral part of 
the Canadian National System. 



STEAM RAILWAYS 527 



The d raml Trunk.- The desire of the parent organi/ation. the 
( Irand Trunk, to lie relieved of it- obligations in ivspeet of the ( irand 
Trunk Pacific, led to negotiations early in 1918 for the taking over 
and inclusion of the (irand Trunk in the &lt; lovernment system of 
railway-. These continued until October, 1919, and resulted in 
Chapter 17 of the 2nd Session of that year, an Act to acquire tin- 
Grand Trunk Railway System. This legislation provided for the 
-ale and purchase of the preference and common stock, the value of 
which was to be determined by arbitration. ( )n certain other stock-. 
namely, the 4 p.c. guaranteed stock and the debenture stocks, the 
Government agreed to guarantee the payment of dividends and 
interest, provided the voting power- exercised by the &gt;hareholders 
should cease on the provision of the guarante- The guarantee- 
were to take ctt ect on the appointment of a committee of management 
representative of both the company and the (lovernment. The 
committee of management, which coii&gt;i-ted of C. A. Hayes and S. .1. 
llungerford. representing the Canadian National Railways, \V. 1 ). 
Robb and Frank Scott . representing the ( Irand Trunk, with President 
Howard (I. Kelley, of the (irand Trunk, as chairman, held its first 
meeting on May 21. 1920, from which date the (lovernment assumed 
its liability under the Act already referred to. The arbitrators 
appointed were Sir Walter ( assels, ( hairman; Sir Thomas White, for 
the Government: and Hon. W. II. Taft. for the Grand Trunk. The 
arbitration proceedings commenced on February 1. 1921. The 
agreement under the (irand Trunk Acquisition Act limited the time 
for the completion of the arbitration proceeding- to nine months from 
the date of the appointment of the arbitral. The arbitrators had 

been appointed on July 9, 1920, and the arbitration proceeding 
had not been completed when the proceedings lapsed on \pril 
1921. 

This difficulty led to further delay, and to reinstate the arbitra 
tion proceedings necessitated more legislation. With this in view. 
an Act respecting the Grand Trunk arbitration was put through and 
became law on May :*. 1921. This legislation provided for the 
reviving of the arbitration proceedings, conditional upon the resigna 
tion of the Grand Trunk Knglish directorate, the substitution of a 
Canadian Board, and the establishment of the head office in Canada. 
The English directors resigned on May 20. and the Canadian Hoard 
was appointed, as follows: Sir Joseph Flavelle, Bart.. Toronto; 
Howard G. Kelley, Montreal; A. J. Mitchell, Toronto; E. I.. New- 
combe, K.C., Ottawa; and J. N. Dupuis. Montreal. The arbitration 
proceedings were revived on June 1, and the hearing finally concluded 
on July 8. The award was made on Sept. 7, the chairman , Sir Walter 
Cassels, and Sir Thomas White holding that the preference and 
common stocks of the Grand Trunk Company had no value in view 
of the financial condition of the Grand Trunk, consequent upon its 
Grand Trunk Pacific entanglements. Hon. W. H. Taft dissented 
from this finding, holding that the securities in question should be 
valued at not less than $48,000,000, his contention bein^ that the 
preference and common stocks would be earning dividends in five 



528 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 

years time. The acquisition agreement provided for an appeal on a 
point of law, and as the majority of the arbitrators had declined to 
hear evidence as to replacement value of the physical property of the 
system, an appeal was made to the Judicial Committee of the Privy 
Council. This appeal was dismissed on July 28, 1922. 

The Grand Trunk lines, both in Canada and United States, are 
now Government-owned and are being operated in close co-ordination 
with the Canadian National Railways, but under separate manage 
ment pending the taking over of operations by the new board of 
directors of the Canadian National Railways, whose appointment was 
announced by the Prime Minister on October 4, 1922. The new 
Board will have control of the unified management and operation 
of all Canadian Government railways. 

Quebec Bridge.- -The Quebec Bridge was built by the Dominion 
Government to replace the structure which fell during the erection 
in 1907. The contract for the substructure was let in 1909, and for 
the superstructure in 1911. The bridge was opened for traffic in 
October, 1917, although not entirely completed until August, 1918. 
It was officially opened by H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, on August 
22, 1919. The main span is the longest in the world, being 1,800 
feet centre to centre of piers, or 100 feet longer than that of the 
Forth Bridge in Scotland. The total cost of this structure to March 
31, 1921, was $14,831,175. The bridge is of the cantilever type and 
carries a double track railway and accommodation for foot traffic, 
but no highway. The bridge forms a connecting link in the Canadian 
National Railway system, and is operated as a part of such systems. 

Summary .- -The operating mileage of the Canadian Government 
lines at December 31, 1921, was 17,338 miles. The gross earnings 
during 1921 amounted to $126,691,456, the operating expenses to 
$142,784,357, involving a loss on the operation of the system of 
$16,092,901 for the year as compared with $36,842,970 for 1920, or an 
improvement as compared with 1920, of $20,750,069. The Grand 
Trunk system, which is to be consolidated with the Canadian Govern 
ment lines, has an operated mileage of 4,776. Its operating revenue 
(including the Central Vermont Railway system which is controlled 
by the Grand Trunk) was in the calendar year 1921, $109,097,558 
as compared with operating expenses of $104,725,040, leaving a net 
revenue from railway operation of $4,372,518, a slight improvement 
as compared with the preceding year. 1 

The Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada. 

In the early days of railway building in Canada, the provinces 
were more concerned with rapid development than with rate regula 
tion. Under the Railway Clauses Consolidation Act of 1851, rates 
were fixed by the directors of the railway, subject to the approval of 
the Governor in Council. Beyond this, competition was relied upon 
to bring rates to a reasonable level. As time went on, however, those 

1 For detailed statistics of the operation of Government lines of railway in 1921, see 
the annual statement by the Minister of Railways and Canals in Hansard of April 11, 1922. 



BOARD OF RAILWAY COMMISSIONERS FOR CANADA 529 

who believed in the efficacy of competition as a regulator were dis 
illusioned, For example, complaints were made Unit Uie Grand 
Trunk gave low through transit rates, say from Chicago to New 
York, through Canada, and recouped itself by high non-competitive 
rales in Upper Canada. In 1888 the supervision of rate- was given 
to the Railway Committee of the Privy Council, silting in Ottawa. 

At the turn of the century, two reports were prepared for the 
Department of Railways and ( anal- by Professor S. J. McLean, the 
first setting down the experience of railway commiions in England 
and the United States, and the second disclosing Canadian rate 
grievances with a recommendation that regulation by commission be 
adopted in Canada. The second report found that non-competitive 
rates were exorbitant as compared with competitive ones and that 
the railways had exercised thtir right to vary rates without notice, to 
the grea shippers. Among the weako of the Railway 

Committee as a rate regulating body was its fixed station at Ottawa, 
which made the cost &lt;f appearing before it practically prohibitive. 

Besides, members of Parliament had no necessary aptitude for dealing 
with railway rates, and of their two function- -political and adminis 
trative 4 -the political was to them the more important. 

The Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada, as provided 
for by the amended Railway Act of 190;;, was organized on February 
1, 1904. In the beginning, its membership consisted of a Chief Com 
missioner, a Deputy Chief and one Commissioner. In 1908 the 
membership was increased by the inclusion of an Assistant Chief 
Commissioner and two other Commi i &gt;ners. According to the Act, 
the Board may be divided into two sections of three, but since any 
two members constitute a quorum, two commissioners usually hear 
all but the more important cases, and, agreeing, give the decision of 
the Board. 

The powers of the Commission, in brief, are in matters relating 
to the location, construction and operation of railway-. The mo 
important of these powers has to do with rate regulation. Passenger 
rates are divided into standard and special, freight rates into standard, 
special and compatitive. Standard rates are maximum rates and the 
only ones which must be approved by the Board before they are 
applied. Special and competitive rates, being less than maximum 
rates, may be applied by railways without the Board s approval, 
provided that a change of rates has been advertised. But important 
rate adjustments usually come to the notice of the Commission, for 
the changed rate alters the extent of the territory in which a shipper 
can compete and on this account he is apt to appeal the case to the 
Commission. It is a knotty question to maik the boundaries of 
competitive areas to decide whether Nova Scotian manufacturers 
should be given rates which will allow them to compete west of 
Montreal, or again, whether high construction and operation costs in 
British Columbia should enforce a rate which prevents her goods from 
moving far into the prairies. By an amendment to the Railway Act, 
the regulation of telephone, telegraph and express rates was given to 
3813134 



530 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 

the Commission, but with narrower powers than were given to it in 
dealing with railways. 

The procedure of the Board is informal as suits the nature of its 
work, for experience has shown that hearings in strict legal form give 
the parties to the argument uncompromising attitudes. If possible, 
matters are settled by recommendations to the railway company or 
the shipper; thus, during 1921, 88 p.c. of the applications to the Board 
were settled without formal hearing. The Railway Committee had 
kept its station at Ottawa, giving only formal hearings, so that the 
grievances of those who could not afford to appear in person or pay 
a counsel went unredressed. The itineraries of the Railway Com 
mission are arranged so that evidence may be taken at the least 
expense to those giving it. 

Any one of the Chief, Assistant or Deputy Chief Commissioners, 
depending upon which one is presiding, gives final judgment on 
points of law. On questions of fact the findings of the Board are 
final and are not qualified by previous judgments of any other court. 
Questions of law and jurisdiction are differentiated. In the first ca*e, 
the Board may, if it wishes, allow an appeal to the Supreme Court; 
in the second the applicant needs no permission to present his appeal. 

The Railway Committee of the Privy Council being a committee 
of the Cabinet was responsible to Parliament. When the powers of 
the Committee were made over to the Railway Commission the 
responsibility was retained but necessarily by a different means. 
There is now provision for an appeal from any decision to the 
Governor in Council, who may also of his own motion interfere to 
rescind or vary the action of the Board, but the power to rescind or 
vary usually consists in referring a matter to the Board for recon 
sideration. In the period 1904 to 1918 there were appeals from 62 of 
the 6,900 cases given formal hearing, which is to sayO-9 p.c., and of 
these less than one-sixth have been granted. 

Statistics of Steam Railways. 



Mileage of Steam Railways.- -The increase in the steam 
railway mileage of Canada for the calendar year 1920 was 326 miles, 
the largest increase since 1917. On December 31, 1920, the total 
railway mileage in operation was 39,384. Until 1919 the railway 
year ended on June 30, but in that year it was changed to the cal 
endar year, consequently in most of the tables 1919 appears twice. 
Table 1 records the steam railway mileage in Canada as at the end 
of each railway year from 1835 to 1920, and Table 2 the steam rail 
way mileage of Canada by provinces, as at the end of each railway 
year from 1914 to 1920. 

Capital Liability of Steam Railways.- -The capitalization of 
the steam railways of Canada as at the end of the railway years 
1876 to 1920 is given in Table 3. In the latter year the total capital 
ization was $2,170,030,128. This amount included $1,323,705,962 of 
stock and consolidated debenture stock, and $846,324,166 of funded 
debt. 



STI-:.\M RAILWAYS 



Statistics of Individual Companies. Table 4 gives the 
mileage, capital liability (including funded debt), earnings ami oper 
ating expenses of the steam railways of Canada for the calendar 
year 1920. The aggregate earnings were s l ( .r_&gt;. 101 . 10 1 , as eoni))ared 
with operating expenses of $478,248,154, an operating ratio which 

is shown by Table 5 to have been !7 . IS per cent. 

Passenger and Freight Traffic. Tables 5 and 8 present 
analytically the statistics of railway passenger and freight traffic in 
( anada during recent years. Table 5 shows that the ratio of oper 
ating expenses to receipts in 1920 was the most unfavourable of any 
year since 1!KU. largely on account of the tremendous wage bill for 
the year, as given in Table 9. Table 6 -hows gro-&gt; earnings, oper 
ating expenses and net earnings per mile of line and gro-&gt; earnings 
and operating expenses per train mile. Table 7 shows the distribution 
of the operating expenses of steam railway.- for the last four railway 
years, while Table 8 giv&lt; -ummary analysis of passenger trailic 

and freight trailic since HMO, and Table 9 shows the number of 
employees, their salaries and wa tnd the ratio of the latter to 

gross earnings and operating expenses for the railway years from 
1907 to lU JO. Table 10 giv itisties of mileage and railway stock 

from 1 ( .H) to 11)20. and Tables 11 and 12 give the tonnage of the 
chief commodities hauled as freight on steam railways between 1017 
and 1920. the last year being under a new classification of commod- 
itie 

Government Aid to Private Railways. In order that the 
private railways of ( anada might be constructed in advance of 

tlement as coloni/ation roads or through thinly-settled distri* 
where little traffic was available, it wa&lt; Qecessary for Dominion, 
Provincial and even Municipal Governments to extend some form 
of assistance. In our earlier history, when our Governments had 
plenty of Crown land and little cash, the subsidies granted to railwa 
frequently took the form of land grants, which had the advantage 
of giving the railway a direct interest in opening up the country, 
though it sometimes led to the railways holding large tracts of land 
idle for speculative purposes when intermixed ( rown lands had been 
homesteaded, thus retarding the settlement of agricultural land. 
Table 13 shows the areas of the land granted as subsidies to steam 
railway companies by the Dominion and Provincial Governments, 
with the names of the companies in the case of the Dominion Govern 
ment. The total area so granted up to Dec. 31, 1920, extends to 
58,121,916 acn 

As the country grew wealthier, the objections to the land grant 
method became more apparent, and aid was more frequently given 
in the form of a cash subsidy per mile of line, a loan, or a subscription 
to the shares of the railway. From 1851 up to Dec. 31, 1920, as 
shown analytically in Table 14, the total value of such aid granted 
to steam railways in Canada, exclusive of the capital of two Govern 
ment railways (I.C.R. and P.E.I.R.), amounted to $281,771,322. 
Of this sum $221,911,278 represents aid granted by the Dominion 

38131341 



532 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



Government, $43,469,371 that granted by the Provincial Govern 
ments, and $16,390,673, that granted by municipalities. Table 15 
records the details of the most recent type of assistance given to private 
railways, viz., by the guaranteeing of their bonds or of the interest 
thereupon. These guarantees enabled the railways receiving them 
to borrow money, generally from British investors, at rates of interest 
considerably lower than would otherwise have had to be paid. Up 
to Dec. 31, 1920, guarantees amounting to $455,813,641 had been 
authorized by the Dominion and Provincial Governments, and 
guarantees amounting to $399,183,329 had actually been earned by 
the railways concerned. 

Government Expenditure on Construction of Government 
Steam Railways. In Table 16 are given statistics of the cost of 
construction (capital expenditure), the working expenses, revenue, 
and operating surplus or deficit of Canadian Government-owned 
railways by years since their commencement, with totals to the end 
of 1920. In Table 17 this total capital expenditure is divided up 
according to the railway lines on which the money was spent. 

Railway Accidents. In the past few years the attention of 
the public has been directed by the "safety first movement to the 
prevention of accidents on railways as well as in manufacturing 
establishments. Table 18 gives in a summary form the statistics 
of accidents occurring in connection with steam railways in Canada 
from 1888 to 1920, while Table 19 includes the details of the accidents 
which took place during the last three railway years for which statis 
tics are available. 



1. Record of Steam Railway Mileage, June 30, 1835-1919, and Dec. 31, 1919-1920. 



Year. 


Number 
of miles 
in 
operation . 


Year. 


Number 
of miles 
in 
operation . 


Year. 


Number 
of miles 
in 
operation . 


Year. 


Number 
of miles 
in 
operation . 


1835 




1857 


1 444 


1879 


6,858 


1901 


18,140 


1836 


16 


1858 


1,863 


1880 


7,194 


1902 


18,714 


1837 


16 


1859 


1,994 


1881 


7,331 


1903 


18,988 


1838 


16 


1860 


2,065 


1882 


8,697 


1904 


19,431 


1839 


16 


1861 


2,146 


1883 


9,577 


1905 


20,487 


1840 


16 


1862 


2,189 


1884 


10,273 


1906 


21,353 


1841 


16 


1863 


2,189 


1885 


10,773 


1907 


22,452 


1842 


16 


1864 


2,189 


1886 


11,793 


1908 


22,966 


1843 


16 


1865 


2,240 


1887 


12,184 


1909 


24,104 


1844 


16 


1866 


2,278 


1888 


12,163 


1910 


24,731 


1845 


16 


1867 


2,278 


1889 


12,628 


1911 


25,400 


1846 


16 


1868 


2,270 


1890 . . . 


13,151 


1912 


26,727 


1847 


54 


1869 


2,524 


1891 


13,838 


1913 


29,304 


1848... . 


54 


1870 


2,617 


1892 


14,564 


1914 


30,795 


1849 


54 


1871 


2,695 


1893 


15,005 


1915 


35,582 


1850 


66 


1872 


2,899 


1894 


15,627 


1916 


37,434 


1851... 


159 


1873 


3,832 


1895 


15,977 


1917 


33,604 


1852 


205 


1874 


4,331 


1896 


16,270 


1918 


38,879 


1853 


506 


1875 


4,084 


1897 


16,550 


1919 


38,896 


1854. 


764 


1876 


5,218 


1898 


16,870 


1919 


39,058 


1855 ... 


877 


1877. 


5,782 


1899 


17,250 


1920 


39,384 


1856 


1,414 


1878 


6,226 


1900 


17,657 























STEAM RAILWAYS 



533 



2. Steam Railway Mileage by Provinces, June 30, 1914-1919, and Dec. 31, 1919-1920. 



Provinces. 


Juno 30. 


Dec. 31. 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1919. 


1920. 


Ontario. 
Quebec 


9.255 
4.043 
4.076 
5,089 
2,545 
1.978 
1,839 
1,365 
279 
102 
224 


10,702 
4.677 
4,498 
5,327 
3,174 
3,100 
1.962 
1.367 
275 
102 
398 


11,320 
4,733 
4.309 
5.378 
3,894 
3,604 
1,957 
1,436 
275 
102 
426 


11,049 
4,734 
4,194 
6,124 
4,444 
3,885 
1,959 
1,422 
278 
102 
413 


11,057 
4,791 
4,168 

6, nil 1 

4,273 
4,247 
1.959 
1,428 
279 
102 
413 


11,000 
4,860 
4,190 
6,148 
4,285 
4,238 
1.948 
1,432 
279 
102 
414 


10,988 
4,877 
t,193 
6,141 
4,354 
4,287 
1,993 
1,435 
276 
100 
414 


11,001 
4,041 
4,403 
6.220 
4.474 
4,325 
1,816 
1,438 
279 
69 
418 


Manitoln . 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


New Brunswick 


Nova Scotia . 


Prince Edward Island 


Yukon 


In United States 


Canada 


39,795 


35,582 


37.434 


38,604 


38,879 


38,896 


39,058 


39,384 





NOTE. The mileage shown in the Unit. M relates entirely to lim-s which cro-s American terri * 

toryin passing from one point in Canada to another; such lines, ;il though not heretofore included in Canadian 
mileage, are operated wholly for the purposes of Canadian tratlio There is a large addition. tl mileage 
in the United States, which is owned and operated by Canadian railway.-, but of which no account is taken 
in these statistics. 



3. Capital Liability of Steam Railways, June 30, 1876-1919, and Dec. 31, 1919-1920. 



Year. 


Stocks. 


Funded 
Debt. 


Total. 


Year. 


Sto( 


Funded 
Debt. 


Total. 


1876 


$ 

180,955,657 


$ 

76,079,531 


257.035.188 


1899.. 


I 

391.300,360 


I 

362,053,495 


1 

753,353,855 


1877 


182,578,994 


79.676,382 


262.255,376 


1900 


410,326,095 


373,716,704 


784.042,799 


1878 


191,331,767 


83,710.938 


275,042,705 


1901 


424.414.314 


391.6% 


816,110.837 


1879 


192,674,553 


81,151,628 


273,826,lsl 


1902 


460,401,863 


404,806,847 


865,208,710 


1880 . 


189,956,177 


80,661,316 


270,617,493 


1903 


483,770,312 


424,100.762 


907,871,074 


1881 


199,527,981 


84,891,313 


284,419,294 


1904.. 


492,752,530 


449,114,035 


941,866,565 


1882 . 


214,468,465 


92,487,932 


306, 956, HOT 


1905 


526.353,951 


465. 543, %7 


991,897.918 


1883 


269.092,615 


102,134,295 


371,226.910 


1906 


561,655,395 


504,226,234 


1,065,881,629 


1884 


285,077,822 


109,310,963 


394,388,785 


1907 


588,568,591 


583,369,217 


1,171,937,808 


1885 


312,182,162 


141,370,963 


453,553,125 


1908 


607,891,349 


631,869,664 


1,239,761,013 


1886.. . 


317,141,948 


169.359,306 


486,501,254 


1909.. 


647.534,647 


660,946,769 


1,308,481,416 


1887 . 


324.128,738 


194,801,553 


518,930,291 


1910 


687,557,387 


722,740,300 


1,410,297,687 


1888.. 


327.493,882 


228.617,728 


556,111,610 


1911 


749.207,687 


779,481,514 


1,528,689,201 


1889.. 


332,559,672 


251,675.226 


584,234,898 


1912 


770,459,351 


818,478,175 


1,588,937,526 


1890 


338 177,386 


266,885,707 


605,063,093 


1913 


918,573,740! 


613,256,952 


1, 531,830,692 


1891.. 


339,769,786 


292,291.654 


632,061,440 


1914.. 


1,026,418,123 


782,402,638 


1,808,820, 761 1 


1892.. . 


344,400.282 


305,120.200 


649,520,482 


1915 


1,024,085,983 1 


851,724,905 


1,875,810,888 


1893 


371,877,287 


307,225,888 


679,103,175 


1916 


1,024,264,325! 


868,861,449 


1,893,125,774 


1894.. 


361,760,508 


327,003,803 


688,764,311 


1917 


1,089,114,87s 1 


896,005,116 


1,985,119,991 


1895 


361,449,590 


330,785,546 


692,235,136 


1918 


1, 093, 885.495 1 


905,994,999 


1,999,880,494 


1896.. 


361,075,340 


336,137,601 


697,212,941 


1919.. 


1,100,301,195 


914,823,515 


2,015,124,710 


1897 .. 


367,611,048 


348,834,086 


716,445.134 


1919 


1,104,409,122 


931,756,484 


2,036,165,616 


1898 


378,151,790 


354,946,865 


733,098,655 


1920 


1,323,705,962 


846,324,166 


2,170,030,128 



















Including consolidated debenture stock of the Canadian Pacific Railway, $163,257,224 in 1913, $173,- 
307,470 in 1914, $176,284,882 in 1915 and 1916, $216,284,882 in 1917, 1918, 1919, and $435,294,722 in 1920 for 
C.P.R. and other roads. 



534 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



4. Mileage, Capital Liability, Earnings and Operating Expenses of Steam Railways 

for the Calendar Year 1920. 



Name of Railway. 


Miles 
operated. 


Capital 
Liability. 


Earnings. 


Operating 
expenses. 


Algoma Eastern 


No. 

89-45 


$ 
5,630,000 


$ 
1 194 612 


$ 
747 666 


Algoma Central and Hudson Bay 


346-20 


20,504,800 


2 646 304 


2 409 538 


Atlantic, Quebec and Western 


104-50 


6,598,675 


280 910 


349 828 


Alberta and Great Waterways 


120-70 


7,450,000 


151 373 


235 017 


British Yukon 


101-12 


4,978,879 


184 362 


132 117 


Brandon, Saskatchewan and Hudson Bay 


69-45 


2,150,000 


84,826 


223,367 


Canada and Gulf Terminal 


38-40 


1,740,000 


149 334 


100 748 


Canada Southern 


380-54 


37,630,000 


23,149 990 


17 243 773 


Canadian National: 
Canadian Govt. Rys 


4,359-96 




44 537 804 


54 987 gso 


St. John and Quebec 


172-07 


8,954,395 


265 242 


457 971 


Canadian Northern 


9,586-40 


449 327,041 


65 103 916 


81 544 331 


Canadian Pacific, including leased lines 


13,308-30 


630,473,748 


217 665 474 


182 312 967 


Cape Breton 




1,000,000 


12 278 


20 924 


Caraquet and Gulf Shore 


_ 


1,750,000 






Central Canada 


48-50 


2,625,000 


48 591 


135 322 


Central Vermont 


125-36 


2,161,915 


550 294 


486 800 


Crows Nest Southern 


74-18 


4,295,000 


409 764 


426 937 


Cumberland Railway and Coal Co 


32-00 




221 897 


184 496 


Detroit River Tunnel 


2-72 


21,000,000 






Dominion Atlantic 


273-58 


8,431,500 


2,189,147 


1 983 874 


Eastern British Columbia 


14-00 


420,000 


58,946 


72 013 


Edmonton, Dunvegan and British Columbia 


406-80 


9,670,000 


1,108,642 


1,809,160 


Essex Terminal 


21-00 


720,000 


259, 166 


264 876 


Esquimalt and Nanaimo 


199-20 


7,332,000 


1,508,482 


1,132 162 


Fredericton and Grand Lake 


35-00 


605,000 


145,673 


106 458 


Grand Trunk Pacific (including branch lines) 


2,744-20 


277,438,644 


14,408,550 


24,543,064 


Grand Trunk 


3,562-87 


472,193,464 


81,170,179 


75 594,816 


Hereford 


53-06 


1,600,000 


105,856 


256,795 


International Bridge Coy 


1-02 


2,012,260 






Inverness Railway and Coal Co. (C.N.R.) 


60-91 




_ 


_ 


Kent Northern 


28-00 


63-000 


43,538 


40 735 


Kettle Valley 


371-08 


13,905,000 


1 166,315 


1 318 370 


Lake Erie and Detroit River 




4,400,000 






Lake Huron and Northern Ontario 


15-00 


1,190,000 


10,874 


10 313 


Lotbiniere and Megantic 




50-000 






Maine Central 


5-10 




30,359 


31,383 


Midland Railway of Manitoba 


6-40 


4,800,000 


626,430 


586,006 


Maritime Coal and Ry. Co 


16-40 


3,623,600 


159, 798 


104,218 


Massawippi Valley 


35,46 


800,000 


303,635 


434,781 


Montreal and Atlantic 


184-40 


5,243,000 


2,241,047 


2,179,807 


Morrissey , Fernie and Michel 


10-85 


1 263,000 


118,531 


114,181 


Manitoba Great Northern 


91-77 


2 066,000 


72,581 


182,142 


Napierville Junction 


28-46 


600,000 


648,677 


440,165 


Nelson and Fort Sheppard 


55-42 


2,846,800 


103,383 


236,830 


New Brunswick Coal and Ry. Co 


58-00 


i 


65,693 


108,547 


New Westminster Southern.., 


4-68 


600,000 


5,227 


2,573 


North Shore, N.B.2 


8-63 


133,000 






Northern New Brunswick and Seaboard 


16-90 


595,500 


_ 


_ 


Ottawa and New York 


56-90 


2,100,000 


396,637 


516,194 


Pere Marquette in Canada 


199-04 


5,870,000 


5,114,476 


3,508,661 


Pacific Great Eastern 


290 50 


64,519,488 


522,282 


878,048 


Phillipsburg Ry. and Quarry Co. 3 


6-00 


164,500 






Quebec Central 


277-00 


9,615,009 


3,542,000 


2,749,620 


Quebec Oriental 


100-00 


2,214,574 


462,390 


424,575 


Quebec Ry., Light and Power Co 


30-97 




176,695 


175,924 


Quebec, Montreal and Southern 


192-18 


7,000,000 


787,977 


862,884 


Rober val and Saguenay 


37-00 


3,330,000 


417,128 


364,421 


Red Mountain 


9-47 


412,600 


11,337 


49,584 


Rutland and Noyan 


3-39 


200,000 


9,745 


23,699 


St. Clair Tunnel 


2-24 


3,200,000 






St. Lawrence and Adirondack 


46-14 


2,155,567 


1,506,307 


1,003,331 


Sydney and Louisburg (Dom. Coal Co.) 


77-01 


5 


1,529,108 


1,450,391 


Temiscouata 


122-18 


4,099,669 


433,038 


366,833 


rimiskaming and Northern Ontario 4 .. 


328-50 




4,497,412 


3,837,068 


Thousand Islands 


6-33 


110,000 


68,293 


53,627 


Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo 


99-95 


10,167,500 


3,229,726 


2,375,918 


Van Buren Bridge Co 




500,000 






Vancouver, Victoria and Eastern 


230-75 


23,500,000 


1,052,855 


1,503,802 


Wabash Ry . Co. in Canada 






5,135,998 


4,550,823 












Total.. 


39.383-59 


2,170,030,128 


492.101.104 


478.248,154 



x Owned and operated by New Brunswick Government. 2 Not operating. 3 Did not report. Con 
structed and operated Sv Ontario Government Commission. 5 General capital of Dominion Coal Co. 



STEAM RAILWAYS 






5. Steam Railway Statistics, Years ended June 30, 1901-1919, and for Calendar 

Years 1919 and 1920. 





Miles 
in 
opera 
tion. 


Total 

Train 
miles. 


Passengers. 


Freight. 


tnings. 


( Derating 


10 Of 

to 

ipts. 


1901 


is, 140 


53,34 . 


18,385. 


To 

36,999,:;;i 


$ 


1 




p.c. 
69,06 


1902 


714 








,503 


57 




1903 


Is 


60, 




47.373.417 






70-25 


1904 


131 


61 






100, L I 1 


74,563,162 


74-40 


1905 




;,114 




50,893,957 


106,467 


. 573 


75-12 


1906 


11 






:,7. , ;. 


125 


87,129,434 


69,52 


1907 




75,118 






146,738,214 


103,748 


70-70 


1908 










,:il4 


107 


73-04 


1909 


- 1,104 








145 


10! 


72-11 


1910 . . 




J41 




71 


.217 


120,405,440 


69-22 


1911 


400 


89,716.533 


37,0 .i7.7ls 


884,282 


,733,494 


131.084 


69-43 


l&lt;il. 
lH:i 


721 
,304 


L 71 
113 


41.124.181 


89. 




150 
L82.01I 


70-90 


1914 


30 


107,vi:&gt;,_ 7:J 




101 




178 




1915 . 


35 


93,218,479 


,035 






147 




1916 


37 


111,075,890 




109,659,088 






68-94 


1917 




115 




121, 


310,77: 




71-72 


1918 






41 \^ 


lL 7 


1,160 






1919 


3s 






116 


i.901 






1919 (Dec. 31) 




107 


47 940 456 


111 








1920 ( " ). 


3! 


117,ovi,819 




127 


,101,104 




97-18 



















IE. For the years Is7."&gt; to 1900. IT Book, 1910-17, page 

1 Revised figures. 

Earnings and Operating; Expenses of steam Railua&gt;s per mile of line and per 
train mile, for the &gt;ears ended June 30, 1909-1919, and for calendar years 

1919-1939. 



Year. 


Gross 
Earnings . 


Operating 

:irn*es. 


Earnings. 


OSS 

Earnings . 


ing 
penses. 


Per mile of line. 


Per train mile. 


1909 ... 


- 
6,017-89 
7,033-93 
7,430-45 
8,209-07 
8,760-50 
7,893-60 
5,616-41 
6,943-00 
8,051-00 
8,493-54 
9,846-18 
10,461-32 
12.495-00 


$ 

4,339-53 
4,868-60 
5,158-85 
5,639-48 
6,211-38 
5,811-83 
4,151-57 
4,823-00 
5,774-00 
7,046-00 
8,789-00 
9,645-00 
12,143-00 


1,678-36 
2,165-33 
2,271-60 
2,569-59 
2,549-12 
2,081-77 
1,464-84 
2,120-00 
2,277-00 
1,447-54 
1,057-18 
816-32 
352-00 


1-816 
2-036 
2-103 
2-173 
2-263 
2-253 
2-144 
2-358 
2-683 
3-006 
3-683 
3-817 
4-192 


1 

1-309 
1-409 
1-460 
1-493 
1-604 
1-659 
1-585 
1-623 
1-925 
2-494 
3-292 
3-520 
4-074 


1910 .. . 


1911 


1912 


1913 . . . 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 . 


1918 . 


1919 


1919 (Dec. 31) 


1920 ( " ) 





536 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



7. Distribution of Operating Expenses of Steam Railways for years ended June 86, 
1918 and 1919, and for calendar years 1919 and 1920. 



Items of Expenditure. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1918. 


1919. 


1919. 


1920. 


Ways and structures 


$ 
51,614,858 
57,304,235 
6,342,394 
146,660,355 
12,033,594 


p.c. 

18-84 
20-92 
2-32 
53-52 
4-40 


$ 
69,034,242 
78,397,270 
6,545,933 
172,550,923 
15,338,141 


p.c. 
20-19 
22-93 
1-91 
50-47 
4-50 


$ 
82,343,530 
85,577,378 
7,242,438 
184,214,447 
17,411,300 


p.c. 
21-85 
22-71 
1-92 
48-90 
4-62 


$ 
100,186,413 
115,613,430 
9,648,506 
233,473,462 
19,326,343 


p.c. 
20-95 
24-17 
2-02 
48-82 
4-04 


Equipment 


Traffic expenses 


Transportation 


General expenses 


Total 


273, 955 ,436 


100 00 


341,866,509 


100-00 


376,789,093 


100-00 


478,248,154 


100 00 





8. Summary Analysis of Statistics of Passenger and Freight Services and Receipts, 

1910-1920. 

PASSENGERS. 



Year ended June 30. 


Number of 
Passengers 
carried. 


Number of 
Passengers 
carried 
one mile. 


Number of 
Passengers 
carried one mile 
per mile 
of line. 


Average 
Receipts 
per passenger 
per mile. 


1910.. 


No. 
35,894,575 
37,097,718 
41,124,181 
46,185,968 
46,702,280 
46,322,035 
43,503,459 
48,106,530 
44,948,638 
43,754,194 
47,940,456 
51,318,422 


No. 
2,466,729,664 
2,605,968,924 
2,910,251,636 
3,265,656,080 
3,089,031,194 
2,483,708,745 
2,727,122,648 
3,150,127,428 
3,161,082,402 
3,074,664,369 
3,658,492,716 
3,522,494,856 


No. 
99,742 
102,597 
108,888 
111,353 
100,309 
69,802 
72,611 
79,829 
81,306 
79.048 
93,668 
89,440 


cents 
1-866 
1-944 
1-943 
1-973 
2-007 
2-021 
1-954 
1-946 
2-122 
2-557 
2-631 
2-916 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1919 (Dec. 31) 


1920 ( " ) 




Year ended June 30. 


Average 
Receipts 
per 
passenger. 


Average 
passenger 
journey 
in miles. 


Average 
passengers 
per train. 


Passenger 
revenue per 
passenger 
train mile. 


1910.. 


$ 
1-282 
1-360 
1-375 
1-394 
1-328 
1-083 
1-083 
1-140 
1-492 
1-796 
2-008 
2-002 


Miles. 
69 
70 
71 
71 
66 
54 
55 
59 
70 
70 
76 
68 


No. 
59 
60 
62 
62 
59 
50 
53 
59 
64 
63 
70 
64 


$ 
1-313 
1-348 
1-390 
1-223 
1-185 
1-016 
1-042 
1-160 
1-709 
2-012 
2-259 
2-360 


1911.. 


1912... 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1919 (Dec. 31) 


1920 ( " ) 




FREIGHT. 


Year ended June 30. 


Tons of 
Freight 
carried. 


Tons of 
Freight 
carried 
one mile. 


Tons 
carried one 
mile per 
mile of 
line. 


Freight 
receipts 
per ton 
per mile. 


1910.. 


Tons. 
74,482,866 
79,884,282 
89,444,331 
106,992,710 
101,393,989 
87,204,833 
109,659,088 


Tons. 
15,712,127,701 
16,048,478,295 
19,558,190,527 
23.032,951,596 
22,063,294,685 
17,661,309,723 
28,195,364,264 
31,186,707,851 
31,029,072,279 
27,724,397,202 
26,950,598,322 
31,894,411,479 


Tons. 
635,321 
631,829 
731,776 
785.820 
716,359 
496,355 
753,202 
807,948 
798,093 
712,783 
690,015 
809,832 


cents 
0-739 
0-777 
0-757 
0-758 
0-742 
0-751 
0-653 
0-690 
0-736 
0-962 
1-003 
1-071 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


121,916,272 
127,543,687 
116,699,572 
111,487,780 
127,429,154 


1918 


1919 


1919 (Dec. 31) 


1920 ( " ) 





STEAM RAILWAYS 



537 



8. Summary Analysis of Statistics of Passenger and Freight Services and Receipts 

1910-1920 c nduded. 

FliKKiHT COnclU i 



Year ended June 30. 


Receipts 

pt-r ton 
hauled. 


Average 
length of 
freight haul 
in miles. 


Average 
train load 
in tons. 


Average 

number 
freight tons 

PIT loaded 

car. 


Revenue 
per 

freight 
train 
mile. 


1910.. 


* 
560 


Miles. 


Ton* . 
311 


To 
17-13 


$ 

2-316 


1911 . 


561 


_ 


305 


16*91 


2-376 


1912 . 


i 


. 


325 


17 


2-494 


1913 


-I 


216 




19-01 


&gt; ; 


1914... 


614 


217 


353 


19-18 


2-619 


1915 . . 


520 


202 


344 


18-43 


2-279 


1916 ... 


1-679 




411 


20-91 


*2-686 


1917.. 


1-766 


256 


436 


24 


3-006 


1918 


1-789 


243 




23-10 


3-359 


1919 


2-286 




412 


23-46 


4-256 


1919 (Dec. 31) 


2-1 




4:;t 


22-21 


4-358 


1920 ( " ) 


2-629 


250 


457 


23-05 


4-892 















9. Number of Steam Railway Employees, Amount of Salaries and Wages, and 
Ratios of the latter to Gross Families and Operating Expenses for years ended 
June 30, 1907-1919, and for calendar years 1919-1920. 



Year ended June 30. 


Employees. 


Salaries 
and 


Ratio to 
gross 
earnings. 


Ratio to 
operating 
expenses. 


1907.. 


No. 
124.012 


$ 
58.719 403 


p.c. 
40-01 


p.c. 
56-60 


190S.. 


106 404 


60 376 607 


41-09 




1909.. . 


105 


63 216 662 


43-58 


60-43 


1910.. . 


768 


67,167 793 


38-61 


55-78 


1911.. 


141 


74 613 738 


39.53 




1912 
1913 


.901 

178 


623 

11") 74 


39-79 
45 OQ 


57-92 


1914.... 


159,142 


111 762 972 


45-97 


: 


1915 


124,142 


90 215 727 


45-15 


61-09 


1916... 


144,770 


104 300 647 


39-82 


57. Oc 


1917 


146.175 


12!) 626 187 


41-85 


58-34 


1918 


143,493 


I") 71 


46-14 


&&&) 


1919 


158,777 


208 939 995 


54-56 


fil-lo 


1919 (Dec. 31) 


173 728 


233 323 074 


57 1 


u i f 
fil-Q 


1920 ( " 


185 177 


290 510 518 


5Q-04 


fin -72 










1 



If. Mileage and Rolling Stock of strain Railways for years ended June 30, 1916-1919 

and for calendar years 1919-1920, 



Mileage and Equipment. 


Year ended June 30. 


Year ended 
December 31. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1919. 


1920. 


Mileage and Engines. 
Miles in operation 


No. 
37.434 
8,456 
37,434 
2,489 
5,490 

2,187 
706 
409 
519 
215 
138 
556 
1,458 
138 


No. 

38.604 
9,224 
38,604 
2,481 
5,626 

2,168 
687 
418 
534 
216 
155 
562 
1,462 
175 


No. 

38,879 
9,294 
38,879 
2,523 
5,756 

2,172 
595 
406 
568 
196 
166 
555 
1,514 
204 


No. 

38.896 
9.392 
38.896 
2,543 
5,879 

2,172 
618 
396 
701 
203 
164 
550 
1,513 
195 


No. 
39,058 
9.685 
39,058 
2,547 
5,947 

2,209 
592 
382 
671 
204 
162 
548 
1,584 
Ififl 


No. 
39,384 
9,892 
39.384 
2.590 
6,030 

2,212 
582 
362 
673 
196 
187 
584 
1,479 
985&gt; 


Miles of sidings 


Miles of steel rails in main line 


Miles of steel rails in double track 


Engines in use 


Passenger Cars. 
First class . 


Second class 


Combination 


Emigrant 


Dining 


Parlour 


Sleeping 


Baggage, express and postal . . 


Other... 



538 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



10. Mileage and Rolling Stock of Steam Railways for years ended June 30, 1916-1919 

and for calendar years 1919-1920 concluded. 



Mileage and Equipment. 


Year ended June 30. 


Year ended 
December 31. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1919. 


1920. 


Freight Cars. 
Box 


No. 

144,696 
25,542 
7,775 
15,598 
416 
4,740 
2,847 


No. 

145,290 
25,322 
7,883 
15,649 
731 
5,234 
3,390 


No. 

150,074 
23,414 
8,556 
16,949 
485 
5,893 
3,664 


No. 

153,520 
24,768 
9,189 
18,375 
419 
6,022 
4,965 


No. 

154,044 
25,657 
11,023 
17,908 
414 
5,591 
5,158 


No. 

155,964 
24,939 
11,164 
20,249 
414 
6,204 
5,555 


Flat 


Stock 


Coal 


Tank 


T? fif ri vpffttoT 


Other.. ^ 





11. Commodities hauled as Freight on Steam Railways for years ended June 30 

1917-1919, and the calendar year 1919. 







June 30. 




December 
31. 




1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1919. 


Products of Agriculture 
Grain 


Tons. 
16,491,090 


Tons. 
13,985,361 


Tons. 
11,285,463 


Tons. 
11,432,613 


Flour 


3,374,965 


3,919,476 


3,051,415 


3,659,096 


Other mill products 


1,684,176 


1,722,985 


1,534,421 


1,717,858 


Hay.. 


1,042,395 


1,522,626 


1,650,194 


1,527,945 


Tobacco 


44,482 


51,252 


56,508 


52,245 


Cotton 


154,256 


349,385 


170,657 


190,985 


Fruit and vegetables 


1,649,779 


1,604,126 


1,769,150 


2,027,459 


Other products of agriculture 


686,311 


722,459 


617,655 


725,430 


Products of animals 
Live stock 


1,554,560 


1,515,471 


1,752,176 


1,924,932 


Dressed meats 


645,094 


764,121 


1,073,921 


1,102,869 


Other packing house products 


596,349 


644,023 


946,949 


758,629 


Poultry, game and fish 


373,514 


424,728 


550,115 


406,399 


Wool 


62,456 


90,455 


73,557 


79,755 


Hides and leather 


249,794 


250,713 


281,055 


341,920 


Other products of animals 


499,120 


559,821 


596,443 


664,972 


Products of mines 
Anthracite coal 


7,623,874 


9,033,037 


7,361,435 


8,944,464 


Bituminous coal 


21,782,484 


25,076,008 


23,440,474 


17,565,702 


Coke 


1,641,448 


1,735,596 


1,354,697 


908,988 


Ores .... 


5,570,215 


5,491,452 


4,084,964 


2,875,038 


Stone, sand, etc 


3,910,562 


3,850,855 


3,402,681 


4,187,380 


Other products of mines 


2,006,054 


2,002,543 


1,765,570 


1,989,782 


Products of forests 
Lumber. 


10,100,749 


10,478,969 


9,955,898 


10,901,996 


Other products of forests 


8,989,933 


10,372,485 


11,298,507 


9,676,718 


Manufactures 
Petroleum and other oils 


1,414,800 


1,636,594 


2,035,899 


1,251,735 


Sugar 


797,763 


912,113 


899,984 


1,126,166 


Naval stores 


108,958 


133,168 


66,129 


12,715 


Iron, pig and bloom 


1,723,249 


1,745,383 


1,460,466 


1,141,055 


Iron and steel rails 


1,100,245 


1,104,996 


1,475,576 


1,017,251 


Castings and machinery 


1,920,301 


1,997,184 


1,638,116 


1,234,033 


Bar and sheet metal 


1,562,313 


1,784,228 


1,544,779 


1,183,619 


Cement, brick and lime 


2,698,166 


2,192,898 


1,883,550 


2,532,952 


Agricultural implements 


469,142 


529,677 


469,230 


1,167,659 


Wagons, carriages, tools, etc 


672,939 


566,720 


567, 194 


194,295 


Wines, liquors and beers 


218,977 


223,350 


193,091 


466,601 


Household goods and furniture 


438,483 


499,751 


443,875 


10,681,644 


Other manufactures 


8,795,971 


9,036,745 


8,164,138 


4,870,882 


Merchandise 


6,070,858 


5,047,616 


4,421,320 


910,062 


Miscellaneous.., 


3.151.203 


3,952,872 


3,362,320 


33,936 



N77&lt;:.1.U RAILWAYS 






11. Commodities hauled as Freight on Steam Railways for years ended June 
1917-1919 and the calendar year 1919 opnoluded. 

\IMAKY. 



Produc 1 




June 30. 




December 
31. 




1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1919. 


Products of agriculture 
Pnxluet.- of anim.-il.s. 
Product* of mini s . . . 


us 

127,464 
3,9 


Tons. 
^77,670 
4,: 
47,189,401 


Tons. 
20,135,463 

4 1,409, MM 


Tons. 
21,333,631 

5,27(),47ti 
36,471 






$1,454 


21,254,405 


20,578,714 




21,1 


807 


20,842,027 


2G,SSO,607 


Mpreh;uidi-e 


6,070, 


5, 047, tilti 


i-J 1.320 


910,062 


Miscellaneous 




8,9 


3,862, 


33,936 


Totals 


1&gt; 1,916,3721 


127,543,687 


116,699,572 


111,487,780 



Includes as not distributed, 39,244 tons in l .U7 :md 12. in 1918. 



12. Commodities hauled as Freight on Steam Kail\\a&gt; s during the calendar year 19*&gt;0. 

1 LA88IFI 



Agricultural Products- 
Wheat 

Corn 

Oats 

Barley 

Rye 

v 

&lt; &gt;thcr grain 

Flour 

Other mill products 

Huv and ,-tra\v 



Other fruit (fre- 

Potatoes 

Other fre-h vegetahlf- 
Other agricultural pro&lt; i 



I , i,, I 



Animal Product 

Horses 

( attle and calves 

Sheep , 

Hogs 

Dressed meats (fresh) 

Dressed meats (cured or salted) 
Other packing house products . . . 

Poultry 

Eggs 

Butter and cheese 

Wool 

Hides and leather 

Other animal products 



Total 



Mineral Products 

Anthracite coal 

Bituminous coal 

Lignite coal 

Coke 

Iron ore 

Other ores and concentrates 

Base bullion and matte 

Clay.gravel, sand, stone (crushed) 
Slate-dimension or block stone. . 
Crude petroleum 



Tons. 



.MM, 561 
41.-), 498 

7,893 
!,387 

t.405 

.r,i:. 
788 
2 1 2, 961 









&gt;:{,304,979 



120,911 
,061. 

. i.-:. 

243,311 

.743 

120,083 

489,734 

78,828 

90,461 

196,957 

101,533 

260,301 

272,000 



3,801,130 



9,513,891 
22,933,445 

240,249 
1,109,449 

899,546 
2,127,184 

173,851 
4,473,155 
1,216,140 
1,051,006 



Mine Products concluded. 

iiiltum 



Other mine products 



Total 



s 

. poles, cordwood 



Pulp wood 

Lumber, timber, box shocks, 
staves, heading .... ... 

&lt; Ml. ..luets 



Total 



Manufactures ind Miscellaneous 
Refined petroleum and its products 

- tr 

I ron pig and bloom 

Kails and fastenings 

Bar and sheet iron structural iron 



pipe. 



Castings, machinery and boilers. . 

Cement 

Brick and artificial stone 

Lime and plaster 

Sewer pipe and drain tile 

Agricultural implements and ve 
hicles other than auto s 

Automobiles and auto trucks 

Household goods 

Furniture 

Liquor and beverages 

Fertilizers, all kinds 

Paper, printed matter, books 

Wood pulp 

Fish (fresh, frozen, cured, etc.).... 

Canned meats 

Canned goods (all canned food 
products other than meat) 

Other manufactures and miscel 
laneous 

Merchandise. . 



Total.. 

Grand Total. 



Tons. 



248,672 
307, ir&gt; 
782,245 



I. ,, 075,968 



2,517,580 

405,211 

3,932,206 

10,572,971 
4,850,912 



22,278,880 



1,263,856 

1,166,039 

- ,921 

751,077 



2,231,908 

~),906 

1,176,451 

1,912,172 

276,039 

77,112 



756,424 
563, CO 1 
197,727 
197,336 
279,063 
222,552 
1,624,809 
,877,805 
182,943 
10,992 

305,662 



10,061,340 
5,111,959 






32,925,394 
127,429,154 



1 Includes 42,803 tons not classified. 



540 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



13. Areas of Land Subsidies granted to Steam Railways by the Dominion and Pro 
vincial Governments up to December 31, 1920. 



By the Dominion Government to: 



Acres. 



Alberta Railway and Irrigation Co 1, 101, 712 

Alberta Great Waterways Railway Co 1,007 

Canadian Pacific, main line 18, 196, 172 

Calgary and Edmonton Railway Co 1, 817, 700 

Great North West Central Railway Co 320,000 

Manitoba North Western Railway Co I t 500, 992 

Manitoba South Western Colonization Railway Co 1, 396, 263 

Saskatchewan and Western Railway Co 98, 880 

C.P.R. Pipestone Extension, Souris Branch 200,094 

C.P.R. Souris Branch 1,406,932 

Canadian National 

Canadian North Western Railway Co 745 

Canadian Northern Alberta Railway Co 1,527 

Canadian Northern Manitoba Railway Co 73 

Qu Appelle, Long Lake and Saskatchewan Railroad and Steamboat Co 1,622,922 

Canadian Northern Railway Co 3,789,721 

Edmonton, Dunvegan and British Columbia Railway Co 3, 678 

Grand Trunk Pacific 28, 229 

Grand Trunk Pacific Branch Lines 1,499 

Total by Dominion Government 31 ,488 ,146 

By Provincial Governments: 

Quebec 13, 324, 950 

British Columbia 8, 119.221 

New Brunswick 1,788,392 

Nova Scotia 160, 000 

Ontario 3, 241,207 

Total by Provincial Governments 26,633,770 

Total area of Dominion and Provincial land grants to steam railways 58 ,121 ,916 

14. Analysis of the Total Financial Aid given to Steam Railways up to Dec. 31, 1920. 

By the Dominion Government. By Provincial Governments. 

$ $ 

Cash subsidies 114, 625, 658 Cash subsidies 33, 593, 898 

Loans 9, 575, 473 

Loans 58,076,533 Subscriptions to shares 300,000 

Paid to Quebec Government 5,160,053 Total 43,469,371 

Cost of lines handed over to C.P.R 37, 785, 319 By Municipalities. 

Implement Clause of Grand Trunk Pa- Cash subsidies 12, 893, 528 

cific 6, 263, 715 Loans. . .. : 1 , 071, 645 

Subscriptions to shares 2,425, 500 

Total 16, 390 , 673 

Total 221,911,278 Grand Total 281,771,322 

15. Aid to Railways in the form of Guarantees of Bonds, Interest, etc., by the 
Dominion and Provincial Governments up to Dec. 31, 1920. 

Guarantees 

Government. Authorized. earned. 

$ $ 

Dominion 238,880,792 234,484,537 

Manitoba... 25,663,553 25,663,553 

Alberta 59, 495, 900 39. 633. 658 

Saskatchewan 47,725,000 23, 170,661 

Ontario 7,860.000 7,860.000 

British Columbia 68,135,000 60,317,524 

New Brunswick 7,871,396 7,871,396 

Quebec 182,000 182.000 

Total.. 455,813,641 399,183,329 



N77-.M.U If Ml. WAYS 



!. Cost of Construction, Working Expenses and Revenue of Government Railways, for the 

&gt;cars 1868-1900, 1901-1921, and before Confederation. 



. 



Before Confederation . . 

1868-1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 



1906 

1907 (9mos.). 

1908 

1909 

1910.. 



1911. 
1912. 
1913. 
1914. 
1915. 



1916. 
1917. 
1918. 
1919. 
1920. 
1921. 



Total 



Cost 
of con 
struction. 



13,881,461 
114,091,210 



l .t,060 

ti. 125, 482 

6,10 
7.174 

(584,005 

21, 



,466 

17. :&lt;::&gt;, 968 
21. so:. 



21,168 

12.003 

34.699,417 

40, 1 .:;.1M 

11.593,148 

6,535 



470,24.3,722 



Working 
Expenses.* 



81,391,472 

5.739,052 

1,099 

8,906,154 
7,893,653 

10.037,879 
11,07 

li . 174,454 

19,40 

33.40 

48,194.710 
43,770.971 



432,755,446 



Revenue. 2 



73,226,382 
5,213,381 
5,91* 

6,6L&gt; 
7.050,892 

0,553 
6.50 .i,lsr, 
9,534,569 

9,61 
10,249,394 

4,317 
12,14 

18,427,909 

38,01 
41,40 
36,81 



Surplus (+) 

and 
deficit ( ). 



-8,165.090 

-525.671 

+57.891 

+ 110.465 

-972,703 

-1,855,262 

+56,900 
+ 180,440 

-60,726 
-870, 167 
+552,060 



-40,687 
-57 

-1(14,908 
&gt;,097 

-979.471 
5,148 



-5,875.900 
-6,792.649 
-6,956,621 



-46,889,054 



ss $40,000 receive. 1 from St. John City for the ("arleton Branch nil way =-$470,203,722. Cost of 
Quebec Bridge not included. Includes Windsor Branch. 

NOTE. For the years 1868 to 1900, see Canada Year Book, 1916-17, page 437. 

17. Capital Expenditure by Dominion Government for construction of Government Steam Rail 
ways to March 31, 1921. 



Raih 1 - 



Intercolonial 132, 922, 112 

Now forming parts of the Intercolonial: 

Cape Breton 3,964,433 

(Word and New Glasgow 1,949,063 

ern Intension 1,324,043 

Drummond County 1,464,000 

Montreal and European Short Line 333,943 

Canada Eastern 819, 000 

Canadian Government Railways Rolling Stock 39,589,062 

Prince Edward Island 12,806,036 

National Transcontinental 167,812.568 

Canadian Pacific 62, 789, 776 

Annapolis and Digby 660.683 

Yukon Territory Works (Stikine-Teslin Ry.) 283.324 

Carleton Branch 48,410 

Hudson Bay Railway 20.439,773 

International Railway of New Brunswick 2,896,354 

New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island Railway 618,315 

Quebec and Saguenay Ry 7, 708, 325 

Governor-General s Cars 71,539 

European and North American Ry 88,363 

Nova Scotia Ry 208,510 

Elgin and Havelock Ry 1 18. 204 

Moncton and Buctouche Ry 149. 616 

Salisbury and Albert Ry 299, 779 

St. Margins Ry 239, 783 

York and Carleton Ry 22.048 

Canadian Northern Ry 10,000,000 

Caraquet and Gulf Shore Ry 229, 600 

Lotbiniere and Megantic Ry 346,715 

Miscellaneous Expenditure , 18,345 

Quebec Bridge.. 14,831, 743 

Grand Total.. 485,053,465 



542 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



18. Number of Passengers, Employees and others killed and injured on Steam 
Railways for the years ended June 30, 1888-1919, and for calendar years 1919-1920. 



Year. 


Passengers. 


Employees. 


Others. 


Totals. 


Killed. 


Injured. 


Killed. 


Injured. 


Killed. 


Injured. 


Killed. 


Injured. 


1888-1900.. 


176 
16 
14 
53 
25 
35 

16 
70 
28 
36 
62 

28 
48 
41 
27 
17 

20 
24 
32 
36 


966 
135 
176 

258 
234 
244 

233 
355 
345 

281 
279 

297 
493 
667 
415 
336 

309 
438 
344 
307 


1,104 
118 
152 
186 
192 
208 

139 

259 
224 
209 
295 

227 
234 
324 
224 
115 

174 
209 
178 
174 


8,459 
970 
932 
945 
912 
919 

890 
1,569 
1,793 
1,679 
1,605 

2,715 
2,924 
3,407 
3,161 
2,573 

4,332 
4,596 
5,352 
5,432 


1,661 
183 
164 
181 
178 
225 

206 
269 
184 
260 

258 

236 

288 
377 
349 
247 

274 
219 
200 
176 


1,785 
212 
220 
250 
259 
194 

242 
228 
222 
226 
255 

317 
363 
498 
463 
362 

337 
401 
393 
412 


2,941 
317 
330 
420 
395 
468 

361 
598 
436 
505 
615 

493 
568 
742 
600 
379 

468 
452 
410 
386 


11,210 
1,317 
1,328 
1,453 
1,407 
1,355 

1,365 
2,152 
2,360 
2,186 
2,139 

3,329 
3,780 
4,572 
4,039 
3,271 

4,978 
5,435 
6,089 
6,151 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911.. 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916.. 


1917 


1918 


1919 


Total, to June 30, 1919 


804 


7,112 


4,945 


55,165 


6,135 


7,639 


11,884 


69,916 


1919.. 


34 
29 


392 

481 


197 
167 


6,349 
7,719 


209 
197 


476 
480 


440 
393 


7,217 
8,680 


1920 





NOTE. For the years 1888 to 1900, see Canada Year Book, 1916-17, page 443. 

19. Number of Persons Killed and Injured on Steam Railways, year ended June 30, 
1919, and for the calendar years 1919 and 1930. 

(A) IN ACCIDENTS RESULTING FROM MOVEMENT OF TRAINS, LOCOMOTIVES OR CARS. 



Descriptions of Persons. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1919. 


1919. 


1920. 


Passengers 


Killed. 

34 
151 
112 
60 
2 


Injured. 

296 
1,860 
133 
177 
80 


Killed. 

33 
162 
129 
68 
7 


Injured. 

372 
1,904 
132 
239 
65 


Killed. 

28 
145 
106 
78 
3 


Injured. 

456 
2,513 
170 
237 
26 


Employees 


Trespassers 


Non-trespassers 


Postal clerks, expressmen, etc 


Total 


359 

11 
18 
19 

3 
30 
22 
206 
5 
45 


2,546 

172 
159 
275 
35 
47 
306 
317 
385 
31 
819 


399 

11 
35 
29 
1 
4 
29 
9 
61 
2 
14 


2,712 

176 
194 
261 
26 
60 
346 
303 
125 
41 
744 


360 

12 
29 
23 

22 
8 
70 

9 


3,402 

242 
223 
313 
43 
74 
419 
308 
165 
31 
1,151 


Description of Accident 1 
Coupling and uncoupling 


Collisions 


Derailments 


Parting of trains 


Locomotives or cars breaking down . . . 
Falling from trains or cars 


Jumping on or off 


Struck by trains, etc 


Overhead obstruction 


Other causes 


Total 


359 


2,546 


195 


2,276 


173 




2,969 





Passengers and Employees only Dec. 1919 and 1920. 



ELECTRIC A .l//,ir.n.s 



19. ^ Y unlbe^of IVrsons Killed and Injured on Steam Railways. &gt;ear ended June 30, 
1919, and for the calendar years 1919 and 19 JO concluded. 

(B)I\ : IH\N mm : TI\ o FROM Men DK THAI \s, LOCOMOTIVES oi: 



Description of lVr~on-;. 


Jun. 


I )eremher 31. 


1919. 


1919. 


1920. 


Stationmcn 


Killed. 

8 
6 
6 


Injured. 
1,44 . 

11 


Killed. 

6 
10 
17 

1 
5 


Injured. 

1,7 
1.3 

40 


Killed. 

5 
6 

11 
1 

10 


Injured. 
710 
1,050 

1,191 
25 
47 


Shopmen 


Triinrnrn :m&lt;l Trackmen 


( Mhcr employee-. . . 





Othf 


Total 


?7 


3.M5 


41 


4,505 


S3 


5,278 



KLK&lt; TKH RAILWAYS. 

The cheap and reasonably rapid conveyance of human beings i&gt; a 
necessity of the modern urban life which falls to the lot of an annually 
increasing percentage of the population of Canada. This necessity 
of life is supplied throughout Canada by the electric street railway, 
generally operated by the development of the water powers which 
are so important a feature of ( anadian economic life. 

Historical.- Replacing the horse-cai used in Montreal 

and Toronto as early as l.Mil, electric Mreet railways were first 
seen in operation in Canada in 1SS."&gt;. when a su&lt; il experimental 

railway was constructed and operated at the Toronto Exhibition 
Ground Before many \ their safety and convenience resulted 

in the discarding of the older system. An electric system. 7 miles in 
length was opened at &gt; itharines in l.vsT. using the double over 

head trolley. This was followed by the completion of the Ottawa 
Electric railway in 1MM. and the electrification of the Montreal and 
Toronto systems in 1892. The street railways of other KaMern 
cities were generally electrified during t ho nineties, while in the 
newer western cities electricity was used from the commencement. 
In the cities of the Mast . elect ric st reef railways are generally operated 
by private companies under franchises from the city, while in a 
considerable number of cities in Ontario and the West the street 
railways are owned and operated by the city, a fact which is indicated 
for 1920 in Table 23 by the word "municipal" in the name of the 
railway. In 1921, on the expiry of the 30 year franchise of the 
Toronto Street railway, the line in this second largest city of Canada 
was taken over by the city and is now being operated by a trans 
portation commission. 

Where possible, water-power with turbine engines is used for 
generating purposes. Where this is not available, steam power is 
necessary and although a more expensive method, modern devices 
have greatly reduced the cost per h.p. Many difficulties are met in 
operating the cars during the winter season, due to snow, ice and 
sleet. These, however, have been overcome by the use of sweepers, 
scrapers and plo^\ The single overhead trolley system has been 
found the most suitable and is in general use. 

Great advances have been made during recent years in the 
construction and use of suburban or inter-urban lines, their mileage 



544 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



now comprising a large percentage of the total. The greatest part 
of this track is in the Toronto, Niagara and Lake Erie district, on 
which considerable freight traffic is carried, and on the Pacific coast, 
where, the British Columbia electric railway operated 421 freight 
cars in 1920. 

Development of Electric Railway Traffic. Figures for the 
year 1893 show that 30 companies with a paid-up capital of about 
$9,000,000 operated 256 miles of railway. By 1897, 35 companies 
made returns showing 583 miles of track, 1,156 cars, 26,431,017 miles 
run, 83,811,306 passengers carried and capital of $18,727,355. In 
1904, 46 companies showed 766 miles of track, 2,384 cars, 42,066,124 
miles run, 181,689,998 passengers, and capital of $30,314,730. Steady 
increases up to 1920 show that during that year 66 companies actually 
in operation, with 2,427 miles computed as single track, 5,240 cars, 
114,481,406 miles run and 804,711,333 fare passengers carried, had a 
capital of $170,826,404. The number of employees in the service of 
electric railways on Dec. 31, 1920, was 17,341 as compared with 
16,940 in 1919. Total salaries and wages for the year 1920 were 
$24,235,932, as against $20,211,576 in 1919. 

Statistics of Electric Railways. Summary statistics of the 
operation of electric railways in Canada from 1901 to 1920 inclusive 
are given by years in Table 20. In Table 21 statistics of the mileage 
and equipment are given for the last three railway years, and annual 
statistics of the capital liability of electric railways are furnished 
from 1908 in Table 22. Detailed figures for railways of the miles 
operated, the capital liability, the earnings and operating expenses 
are given for 1920 in Table 23, while Table 24 gives by years from 
1894 to 1920 the number of passengers, employees and others killed 
and injured on electric railways in Canada. 

20. Summary Statistics of Electric Railway Operation, years ended June 30, 1901- 

1919, and for calendar years 1919-1920. 



Year. 


Miles 
in 
Opera 
tion. 


Total 
Car 
Mileage. 


Passengers. 


Freight. 


Gross 
Earnings. 


Working 
Expenses. 


Ratio 
of expen 
ses to 
receipts. 


1901.... 


Miles. 
674-58 


Miles. 
31,750,754 


No. 
120,934,656 


Tons. 
287, 926 


$ 
5,768,283 


$ 
3,435,162 


p.c. 
59-55 


1902 


557-59 


35,833,841 


135,681,402 


266,182 


6,486,438 


3,802,855 


58-63 


1903 


759-36 


38,028,529 


155,662,812 


371,286 


7,233,677 


4,472,858 


61-83 


1904 


766-50 


42,066,124 


181,689,998 


400,161 


8,453,609 


5,326,516 


63-01 


1905 


793-12 


45 959 101 


203 467 217 


510 350 


9 357 125 


5,918,194 


63-25 


1906 


813-74 


50 618 836 


237 655 074 


506 04 


10 966 871 


6,675,037 


60-87 


1907 


814-52 


53,361,227 


273,999,404 


479 731 


12 630 430 


7,373,251 


58-38 


1908 


992-03 


56,964,881 


299 099,309 


732 475 


14 007 049 


8,695,880 


62-08 


1909 


988-97 


60,152,846 


314,026 671 




14,611,484 


8,885,235 


60-81 


1910 


1 047-07 


65 249 166 


360 964 876 


852 294 


17 100 789 


10,121,781 


59-19 


1911 


1 , 223 73 


72 618 806 


426 296 792 


1 228 362 


20 356 952 


12,096,134 


59-42 


1912 


1,308-17 


82 070 064 


488 865 682 


1 435 525 


23 499 250 


14,266,675 


60-71 


1913 


1 356-63 


89 005 216 


597 863 801 


1 957 930 


28 216 111 


17 765 372 


62-96 


1914 


1,560-82 


98 917 808 


614 709 819 


l 845 *923 


29 691 007 


19 107 818 


64-36 


1915 


1,590-29 


96 964 829 


562 302 373 


1 433 602 


26 922 900 


18 131 842 


67-35 


1916 


1,673-77 


82 516 612 


580 094 167 


1 936 674 


27 416 285 


18,099,906 


66-02 


1917 


1,743-54 


84 073 046 


629 441 997 


2 333 539 


30 237 664 


20 098,634 


66-47 


1918 


1.616-36 1 


84 435 323 1 


487 365 456 1 


2 497 53Qi 


24 299 890 1 


17 535 975 1 


72-16 1 


1919 


1,696-52 


106 961 607 


686 124 263 


2 474 892 


35 696 532 


26,839,071 


75-18 


1919 (Dec. 31).. 
1920 ( " ).. 


1,686-78 
1,698,76 


110,206,344 
114,481,406 


749,334,380 
804,711,333 


2,374,612 
2,691,150 


40,698,586 
47,047,246 


31,385,702 
37,242,483 


77-12 
79-16 



J Not including Montreal Tramways and several other units. 



ELECTRIC RAILWAY* 



545 



21.- Mileage and Equipment of Electric Railways for the year ended June 30, 1919, 

and for calendar years 1919-1920. 



Mileage. 


1919. 


1919. 


1920. 


Cars. 


1919. 


1919. 


1920. 


-th of first main 


No. 


No. 


No. 


Passenger c 
closed 


No. 

3,077 


No. 
3 120 


No. 
3 300 


track 


1,696-52 


1,686-78 


1,698-76 


Passenger cars 
















open 


538 


513 


371 


Length of second main 
truck.. 


482-36 


484-63 


509-35 


Passenger &lt; 

combination 


725 


7fifi 


ftft7 










lit cars 


726 


718 


G69 


Total length of main 
track. . 


1 178-88 


2,171-41 


2,208-11 


Mail, express and 
baggage cars 


41 




44 


I on^th of sidings and 








nation, 
freight 


16 


17 


21 


turnouts 


220-92 


228-16 


219-14 


\Vork cars . 


208 


207 


Ififl 










Snow ploughs.. 


60 


62 


60 


Total, computed as single 










135 


142 


143 


track ... 


2,399-80 


2,399-57 


2,427-25 


. 
Cellaneous 


144 


08 


1A7 










oinotivea... 


49 


48 


54 



22. Capital Liability of Electric Railways, years ended June 30, 1908-1919, and for 

calendar years 1919-1910. 



Year. 


Stocks. 


Funded 
Debt. 


Total. 


Yew. 


Stocks. 


Funded 
Debt. 


Total. 


1908... 


S 

50,295,266 


$ 

37,114,619 


$ 

87,409,885 


1915.. 


$ 

66 696 675 


1 

83 647 327 


$ 

1,50 344 00*&gt; 


1909 


:&gt; 1.946, 4 33 


39,658, 


91,604,989 


1916 


67 738 275 


87 157 309 


I r i4 S r ) r .S4 


1910 


58,653,826 


43,391,153 


102,044,979 


1917 


70 606 520 


90 628 219 


Ifil 2,4 7^0 


1911 


62,251,203 


49,281,144 


111,532,347 


. 


73 864 820 


088 273 


167 25. OQ. 


1912 


70,S1M&gt;,11&gt; 


52,012,828 


122,841,946 


1919 


93 042 368 


78 852 188 


mVf)4 *A 


1913 


62,079,767 


79,155,864 


141.235.631 


1910 


91,757 418 


81 283 922 


mo4i un 


1914 


66,311,098 


81,284,244 


147,595,342 


1920 .. . 


91,321 955 


79 504 449 


170 826 404 



















NOTE. The totals here givjn do not include $493,346 aid paid by Governments and Municipalities. 

23. Mileage, Capital, Earnings and Operating Expenses of Electric Railways, year 

ended December 31, 1910. 



Name of Railway. 


Miles 
operated. 


Capital 
Liability. 


Earnings. 


Operating 
expenses. 


Brandon Municipal 


Xo. 
9-90 


S 

450 000 


$ 

45 219 


1 

50 ^KO 


Brantford Municipal 


14-61 


521 500 


m7 U 


147 f&gt;T3 


Brantford and Hamilton 


23-19 


960 000 


287 747 


1C7 7*17 


British Columbia 


244 g4 


17 421 485 


K 940 688 


4OQ7 Aftfi 


Calais Street 


7-00 


200 000 


55 608 


Ct 7SQ 


Calgary Municipal 


66-50 


2 365 173 


921 80fi 


70Q 104 


Canadian Resources Development Co 


1-75 


14 843 


32 


XQ9 


Cape Breton Electric Co 


30-59 


2 455 000 


345 988 


901 Q7fi 


Chatham, Wallaceburg and Lake Erie 


37-05 


1 455 100 


197 167 


107 ^ ! i2 


Cornwall Street Ry., Light and Power Co 


4-00 


200 000 


64 351 


41 7^8 


Edmonton Radial 


32-82 


3 054 557 


74T fi2T 


A7 Ana 


Fort William Municipal 


20-61 


1 337 000 


184 381 


1fi1 flfiS 


Fort William Terminal Ry. and Bridge Co 




125 000 






Grand River 1 


18-55 


551 000 


395 065 


328 201 


Guelph Radial 


8-70 


169 870 


77 781 


CA r 


Hamilton and Dundas Street 


6-98 


200 000 


103 038 


107 K4fc 


Hamilton, Grimsby and Beamsville 


22-60 


385 000 


207 387 


994 9=17 


Hamilton Radial 


22-86 


271 150 


220 371 


OOA AQO 


Hamilton Street 


17-40 


1 545 000 


1 015 884 


C17 CQ7 


Hull Electric Co 


16-54 


292 000 


335 217 


OQn 9R9 


International Transit Co 


4-30 


049 500 


100 O 5 ^ 


70 Aft* 


Kingston, Portsmouth and Cataraqui 


6-00 


183 100 


72 741 


fil 7*38 


Kitchener and Waterloo Street 


3-28 


129 865 


%04T 


79 017 


Lethbridge Municipal 


2-80 


440 949 


AQ AO 


CE cni 


Lake Erie and Northern 


51-00 


3 817 500 


3fiO 129 


Qnfi 400 


Levis County 


11-50 


922 900 


143 4fi8 


14R fi7^ 


London Street 


27-48 


1 156 480 


524 728 


4^4 ^7 


London and Port Stanley 


24-50 


2 OOfi 104 


636 6^2 


4^1 800 


Moncton Tramway Co. 1 


2-72 


1 382 400 


17 028 


10 7AO 


Montreal Tramways 


141-08 


40 608 996 


U606 000 


Q VAZ A=C 


Montreal and Southern Counties . . 


52-67 


1. 000. 000 


476.044 


506 &lt;553 



formerly Kitchener, Waterloo, Wellesley and Lake Huron. 
Representing all divisions of the Company. 

3813135 



546 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



23. Mileage, Capital, Earnings and Operating Expenses of Electric Railways, year 

ended December 31, 1920 concluded. 



Name of Railway. 


Miles 
operated. 


Capital 
Liability. 


Earnings. 


Operating 
expenses. 


Moosejaw 


No. 
9-00 


$ 
795,372 


$ 
127,634 


$ 
104 844 


New Brunswick Power Co. 1 


14-30 


5,100,000 


406,951 


375,031 


Nelson Municipal, 


2-13 


81,000 


20,518 


16,689 


Nipissing Central.. . 


15-37 


530,000 


118,116 


139 716 


Niagara Falls, Park and River 


11-91 


600,000 


208,223 


151 429 


Niagara, St Catharines and Toronto 


75-20 


2,023 000 


969,266 


884 582 


Niagara, Welland and Lake Erie 


1-87 


283,000 


30,431 


17 556 


Nova Scotia Tramways and Power Co. 1 


12-60 


7,838,800 


660,147 


636,778 


Oshawa 


9-00 


40,000 


290,233 


177,728 


Ottawa 


24-56 


2,246,900 


1,786,066 


1,257,690 


Peterborough Radial 


7-64 


476 200 


96,013 


96 851 


Port 4rthur Municipal.. 


12-43 


817 470 


192,694 


154 883 


Pictou County Electric Co. 1 


9-20 


1,130,000 


113,754 


101 520 


Quebec Railway, Light and Power Co. (Citadel 
division) . . 


19-09f 




] 842,999 


640,816 


Quebec Railway, Light and Power Co. (Montmorency 
division) 


27-501 


5,775,670 s 


j 352,865 


273,948 


Retina Municipal 


25-59 


1,586,288 


349,604 


298,486 


Sandwich Windsor and Amherstburg 


35-11 


1,086,000 


493,818 


352,402 


Sarnia Street 


8-25 


174,100 


99,593 


82,808 


Saskatoon Municipal . 


12-63 


827,03 6 


269,080 


260,916 


Schomberg and Aurora . . 


14-44 


550,000 


26,950 


25,056 


Shawinigan Falls Terminal 


3-75 


493,800 


90,251 


71,466 


Sherbrooke Railway and Power Co. 1 


9-39 


2,827,000 


85,501 


103,102 


St Thomas Municipal .... 


6-25 


146,863 


24,214 


28,202 


Suburban Rapid Transit (Winnipeg) 


17-26 


600,000 


174,973 


158,312 


Sudbury Copper Cliff Suburban . 


7-90 


282,946 


55,299 


45,054 


Sydney and Glace Bay 




872,000 






Three Rivers Traction Co 


7-10 


805,700 


164,993 


101,327 


Toronto Street 


62-04 


14,274,360 


7,909,892 


6,626,508 


Toronto Suburban 


65,90 


4,128,000 


465,508 


438,600 


Toronto Civic 


10-26 


2,536,737 


547,220 


586,819 


Toronto and York Radial 


72-32 


2,000,000 


1,036,443 


807,814 


Waterloo Wellington Ry Co 


3-45 


79,200 


13,403 


12.423 


Windsor Es^ex and Lake Shore Rapid 


36,17 


1,750,000 


280,402 


216,607 


Winnipeg Selkirk and Lake Winnipeg 


38-48 


1,153,200 


201,325 


154,859 


Winnipe Street 1 .. 


63-65 


19,212,200 


3,697,299 


2,545,587 


Woodstock Thames Valley and Ingersoll 


10-20 


340,000 


25,842 


23,577 


Yarmouth Light and Power Co J 


3-00 


590,000 


60,900 


23.773 












Totals.. 


1.698 76 


170.826.404 


47,047.246 


37.242.483 



1 Representing all Divisions of the Company. 2 Including capital for lighting, power and gas plants. 

24. Number of Passengers, Employees and others Killed and Injured on Electric 
Railways, years ended June 30, 1894-1919, and for calendar years 1919-1920. 



Van-r- 


PASSE? 


v GERS. 


LMPL( 


JYEES. 


OTH 


ERS. 


TOT 


ALS. 


i ear. 


Killed. 


Injured. 


Killed. 


Injured. 


Killed. 


Injured. 


Killed. 


Injured. 


1894-1899 


1 


23 


2 


9 


9 


12 


12 


44 


1900 




6 




_ 


2 


7 


2 


13 


1901 


3 


158 


1 


58 


11 


98 


15 


314 


1902 


9 


410 


1 


33 


22 


120 


32 


563 


1903 


10 


504 


7 


62 


22 


212 


39 


778 


1904. 


10 


508 


3 


64 


40 


272 


53 


844 


1905 


30 


862 


3 


87 


23 


347 


56 


1,296 


1906 


11 


1,085 


2 


127 


34 


441 


47 


1,653, 


1907. 


27 


988 


7 


216 


37 


532 


71 


1,736 


1908 


18 


1,156 


6 


188 


43 


539 


67 


1,883 


1909 


11 


1,303 


7 


218 


50 


618 


68 


2,139 


1910.. 


14 


1.595 


13 


227 


68 


716 


95 


2,538 


1911 


11 


1,784 


8 


300 


83 


586 


102 


2,670 


1912 


16 


1,950 


8 


442 


86 


736 


110 


3,128 


1913 


17 


1,662 


12 


392 


44 


490 


73 


2,544 


1914 


9 


1,757 


13 


469 


42 


581 


64 


2,807 


1915 


14 


1,554 


6 


413 


44 


638 


64 


2,605 


1916 


18 


1,905 


4 


305 


28 


819 


50 


3,029 


1917 


11 


1,541 


10 


395 


42 


792 


63 


2,728 


1918 


9 


1,451 


12 


383 


56 


762 


77 


2,596 


1919 . .... 


10 


1,600 


37 


621 


47 


1,290 


94 


3,511 




















Totals to June 30, 1919. . 

1919 


259 

4 


23,802 

1,717 


162 

29 


5,009 

951 


833 

58 


10,608 

1,505 


1,254 

91 


39,419 

4,173 


1920.. 


9 


1,968 


7 


658 


75 


1,434 


91 


4,060 



VKIIICLKS 



MOTOR VKI1H LKS. 

The earliest motor vehicles were propelled by steam, the history 
of the gasolene motor ear commencing with the construction of a 
successful gasolene engine by Daimler in 1884. Until 11)00 France 
remained the headquarters of the industry, possessing in (lie latter 
year more than half of the 10,000 cars in operation in Kurope, while 

in the United States the number of cars was only aboul Too. Shortly 

afterwards the invention of the Ford car resulted in a keen com 
petition to bring motor cars within the reach of the average man. 
profits being secured from large production rather than high pric- 
Detroit became the centre of the automobile industry of the Tinted 
States and the Canadian side of the Detroit river .became the head- 
quart ers of the Canadian industry. As a consequence the popula 
tion of such border towns as Windsor, \Valkerville, and Sandwich has 
greatly increased in the pa&lt;t decade, while Ford City, which had no 
existence in 1911, had 5,870 inhabitants in 1921. 

Like many other inventions, the motor car commenced a- 
toy, then as (he luxury of the rich, whil now it rank- as a c:,mf.;rt of 
those in moderate circumstances and may even become a necessity of 
life to the in . Of late years it has been increasingly used for 

economic purposes and to-day the great majority of cars effect 
substantial economies in time or in moi ey for their owners, partly 
or wholly offsetting their cost of upkeep. In the past few years, 
the motor truck the freight automobile ha&gt; ;i umed considerable 
economic importance, and this year it is separately classified in Fable 
27 of this section. 

The increase of the use of motor vehicles in Canada has been 
very rapid. In 19)1 the number of motor vehicle-; registered 
in Ontario was only ."&gt; :}. . In 1907. 2.DW motor vehicles were registered 
in six Provinces, and in 19!)S, :{.0:W in eight provinces, the motor 
car being at that time prohibited in 1 rince Kdward Island. From 
these small beginnings Table 26 shows an increase to 465,378 motor 
vehicles in 1921, an increas" over 192!) of ")S,:;i 1. or more than the 
total number of motor vehicles registered in 191)1. In Table 27 are 
given the numbers registered by provinces in 1921, classified as pas 
senger cars, commercial cars or trucks, and motor cyclt 

According to statistics collected for 1920 by the National Auto 
mobile Chamber of Commerce of the Cnited States, Canada in that 
year ranked next to the United States and Creat Britain among the, 
countries of the world in the number of its motor vehicles. In 1921 
it possessed a motor vehicle for every 19 of its population. 

In a recent government report the statement is made that "the 
automotive transport industry is just beginning to be a factor in the 
transportation of passengers and freight in this country. Railways 
have found that the handling of less than car-load lots of freight is 
often unprofitable business; it follows that commercial trucks are 
being used in greater numbers to carry lighter shipments of property 
between some of the larger centres served by adequately surfaced 

38131 35i 



548 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 

highways." While the increased passenger and freight rates are 
probably the main cause of the comparatively slow increase in recent 
years in railway traffic (see Table 5 of this section), there can be no 
doubt that motor vehicles are now doing much transportation work 
formerly performed by steam and electric railways. 

Motor Vehicles Acts and Regulations in Force. 

The following is a brief synopsis of the laws and regulations in 
force in each province, and Table 25 summarizes the legal speed 
limits by provinces under the varying conditions specified. 

Prince Edward Island. Under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1913, 
with amendments and regulations, all cars must be registered in the 
office of the Provincial Secretary. In addition to the registration fee, 
an annual tax is payable on the 1st of May, but this is not required of 
non-residents unless the car is used in the province during more than 
four weeks in one year. All drivers of cars, owners included, must be 
eighteen years old and must be licensed. Every car must have a 
lock, or other device, to prevent it from being operated when left 
unattended. The speed limits are, in cities, towns and villages 7J 
miles an hour, in places which are closely built up 10 miles, where 
there is not a clear view of the road for at least 200 yards 12 miles, 
and in all other places 15 miles an hour. The number of cars regis 
tered in 1921 (up to December 31) not including dealers registration 
was 1,751. 

Nova Scotia.- -The Motor Vehicle Act, 1918, requires cars to 
be registered by the Provincial Secretary, who issues permits renew 
able annually on January 1. Cars belonging to persons residing out 
of Nova Scotia need not be registered if cars are registered in the 
place where owners reside, and are used as passenger cars. This 
privilege is given for a period of not more than three months in each 
year. If owners come into the province to reside permanently or to 
carry on business they must register. No person under 16 may 
operate a motor vehicle, and paid chauffeurs must be at least 18 and 
must take out licenses. Cars must have devices which will prevent 
their operation when left unattended and must also have mufflers. 
The speed limits are, in cities, towns and villages and in places where 
there is no clear view of the road for at least 50 yards, 15 miles an 
hour, at cross-roads and bridges, 15 miles, and in other places 25 miles 
an hour. During 1921 the number of permits issued for cars was 
14,205, including 155 motor cycles. 

New Brunswick. Under the Motor Vehicle Law, 1915, as 
amended May, 1917, the registering and licensing authority is the 
Department of Public Works. Cars must be re-registered every third 
year, and besides the registration fee, an annual fee is payable on 
January 1. Non-residents may operate cars registered in another 
province or state during not more than 21 days in any year without 
registration in New Brunswick. The driver of a car must be 18 
years old, and must be the owner or a member of his household, a 



MOTOR VEIIH I., 549 



licensed chauffeur or a person accompanied by a chauffeur; all chauff 
eurs must take out licenses and must pass a qualifying examination 
before issue of the license. The speed limits are, in cities, towns 
and villages 12 miles an hour, in places which are closely built up, 
15 miles an hour, and in other places where the road cannot be seen 
clearly for 200 yards, 20 miles an hour. 

Quebec. The law as to motor vehicles is contained in the 
Revised Statutes, 1909, chapter 4, s. xxi, and amending Acts. Cars 
must be registered in the office of the Provincial Treasurer and 
re-registered annually on March 1. Save in the cases of taxi-cabs and 
auto-busses or similar vehicles which run daily or periodically between 
the province and neighbouring provinces or states, no registration 
in the province is required of cars registered outside the province, 
provided that similar exemption is granted by law of the state or 
province in which the tourist resides. All drivers of cars must be 
licensed, and must not be less than 18 years old. Cars, when left 
unattended, must be locked in such a way as to prevent their use, 
and all cars must have mufflers. The speed limits are, in citi&lt; 
towns and villages, 16 miles an hour, on highways where the land is 
closely built up, 16 miles an hour, at bridges and cross-roads and 
within a distance of five hundred feet before reaching a railroad 
crossing, 8 miles an hour, and in open country 25 miles an hour. 
Motors must stop for street cars which are standing to take on or 
discharge passengers. 

Ontario.- -The Acts concerning motor vehicles are the Motor 
Vehicles Act, R.S.O., 1914, c. 207, the Highway Travel Act, R.S.O., 
1914, c. 206, the Load of Vehicles Act, 6 Geo. V, c. 49, and the 
Public Vehicles Act, 10 Geo. V, c. 76, and amending Acts. The 
registering authority is the Department of Public Highways, which 
issues permits that remain in force for the calendar year. Cars may 
be used without registration for not more than three months in one 
year, if registered in some other province, or for 30 days in one year 
if registered in certain of the United States which have entered into 
agreement with the province of Ontario. No person under 16 
years old may drive a car, and those between the ages of 16 and 18, 
as well as all paid chauffeurs, must be licensed. Cars must be 
equipped with mufflers. The speed limit in cities, towns, and villages 
is 20 miles an hour, in other places, 25 miles an hour, at road and 
intersections, one-half of these rates of speed. A motor may not 
pass a street car which has stopped for passengers to get on or off. 
At street intersections a vehicle approaching from the right has the 
right-of-way. All cars are required to be equipped with non-glaring 
headlights. 

Manitoba. Under the Motor Vehicle Act, cars must be regis 
tered in the office of the Municipal Commissioner, and the regis 
tration is renewable annually on January 1. Chauffeurs must not 
be under 18 years old, and must have licenses; other drivers 
must not be under 16 years of age. Cars must have mufflers and 



550 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 

devices to prevent their use when left unattended. The speed limits 
in cities, towns or villages are 10 miles an hour at street intersections 
and 15 miles an hour elsewhere. There is also a limit of 20 miles 
an hour in certain rural municipalities. Motors must stop when 
behind standing street cars. The provisions of the Act relative to 
registration and display of registration numbers do not apply to a 
motor vehicle owned by a non-resident of the province, other than 
a foreign person, firm or corporation doing business in the province, 
provided that the owner thereof shall have complied with the pro 
visions of the law of the province, foreign country, state or territory 
of his residence relative to registration of motor vehicles and the 
display of his registration number thereon, and shall conspicuously 
display his registration numbers as required thereby. These pro 
visions, however, shall be operative as to a motor vehicle owned by 
a non-resident of Manitoba only to the extent that under the laws 
of the province, foreign county, state or territory of his residence 
like exemptions and privileges are granted to motor vehicles duly 
registered under the laws of and owned by residents of Manitoba. 

Saskatchewan.- -The licensing authority under the Vehicles 
Act is the Provincial Secretary. Licenses expire annually on De 
cember 31. Every motor vehicle, except motor cycles, must expose 
two number plates: one on the front and one on the rear. Motor 
vehicles must carry lights at night, and the front lights must be 
dimmed to prevent glare. Motor liverymen must be licensed. Non 
residents may use cars for 30 days under permit from the Provincial 
Secretary without registration in the province. No person under 
the age of 16 may drive a car, and paid chauffeurs must take out 
licenses. A chauffeur s license may be granted to applicants over 
16 and under 18 on passing special examination test. Cars must 
have mufflers. There are no speed limits, but special precautions 
are prescribed against accidents. Motor vehicles must stop for 
street cars which are taking on or discharging passengers. 

Alberta.- -The law relating to motor vehicles is contained in the 
Motor Vehicle Act, 1911, and amending Acts, and the Highways Act, 
1911. Cars must be registered, with descriptions, in the office of the 
Provincial Secretary, who issues certificates, which are renewable 
annually on January 1. Paid chauffeurs must be licensees, and all 
drivers must not be under 16 years old, if male, or 18 years if 
female. Cars must be equipped with mufflers. The speed limits are 
20 miles an hour in cities, towns and villages, and 10 miles an hour 
at street crossings and bridges, while there is special provision for 
speed of fire vehicles going to fires. A motor car may not pass a 
street car which has stopped for passengers to get on or off. Regu 
lations may be made by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council pro 
viding for permits to a resident of the United States or of any province 
in Canada who has complied with provisions of the law regarding 
registration of his motor vehicle in the state or province in which he 
resides, to operate an unregistered car in Alberta. Such exemption 
or privilege applies to such persons only to the extent to which 



VEHICLES 



under the laws of the said state or province similar exemptions or 
privileges are granted with respect to motor vehicles registered under 
the laws of and owned l.y residents of Alberta. The same applies to 
drivers licenses. The Provincial Secretary may revoke or suspend 
the license of any chauffeur convicted under the provisions of the 
Liquor Act of selling or having for sale intoxicating liquor. Provision 
is made for the impounding of cars l&gt;y the authorities where t he- 
owners or driver- are convicted of driving cars while intoxicated or 
convicted under other sections of the Act relating to speeding and 
juvenile driving. 

British Columbia.- Under the Motor Vehicle Act, and amend 
ing Acts, cars are required t.. l&gt;e registered with the Superintendent 
of Provincial Police. Licenses expire on December Foreign 

registered cars may l&gt;e used tor touring in the province under a 
touring license issued by the Superintendent of Provincial Police. 
Cars registered outside the province may be used for 90 days free. 
No person under the age of 17 may drive a car, and paid chauffeurs 
must take out lieen&gt;- The speed limit.- are: in cities, towns and 
villages, 15 miles an hour, in wooded country If) miles, and in open 
country 30 miles an hour. A motor may not pass a standing street 
car at more than ."&gt; miles an hour and must stop if it overtakes the 
car while taking on or discharging passengers. 

Yukon Territory.- -The Motor Vehicle Ordinance. No. 14, 
1914, requires all cars to be registered in the office of the Territorial 
Secretary, who issues certificates, renewable annually on July lf&gt;. A 
non-resident may operate an unregistered motor for not more than 
90 days. No male under Hi. and no female under Is years of age 
may drive a motor. In cities, towns and villages the speed limit is 
15 miles an hour, or 10 miles an hour at street intersections. 

25. Speed Limits in miles per hour for Motor Vehicles by Provinces. 







et 






Woodwl 




In citi 


intcr- 


Wli. 




country or 


Province. 


towns or 


stions, 


rlo- 


Open 


i nn U il 




villain 


briilur-, 


built up. 


country. 


view. 






etc. 










Miles 


Miles 


Mi 


Mil.- 


Miles 




per hour. 


per hour. 


per hour. 


per hour. 


per hour. 




10 


_ 


10 


15 


12 


N ova Scotia 


15 


15 





. .-&gt; 


15 


Xew Hrun^wick 


12 





15 





20 


Quebec 


16 


8 


16 







( )ntario 


20 










12J 


Manitoba 


15 


10 


20 1 








Ylberta 


20 


10 











Rriti^h Columbia 


15 


. 





30 


15 


Yukon Territory 


15 


10 
























NOTE. Saskatchewan has no specified speed limits. See "Saskatchewan" on page 550. 
1 Limit in certain specified rural municipalities. 



552 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



26. Number of Motor Vehicles registered in Canada by Provinces, 1907-21. 



Year. 


P.E. 

Island. 


Nova 
Scotia. 


New 
Bruns 
wick. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Mani 
toba. 


Saskat 
chewan. 


Alberta. 


British 
Colum 
bia. 


Canada. 


1907.. 


No. 


No. 
62 


No. 


No. 

254 


No. 

1,530 


No. 


No. 
54 


No. 
55 


No. 
175 


No. 

2 130 


1908 




65 


104 


296 


1,754 


412 


74 


65 


263 


3 033 


1909 




69 


167 


485 


2,452 


662 


149 


275 


504 


4 763 


1910 




148 


299 


786 


4,230 


1,524 


531 


423 


1,026 


8 967 


1911 




228 


483 


1,878 


11,339 


2,436 


1,304 


1,631 


2,220 


21 519 


1912 . . 




456 


700 


3 535 


16 266 


4 099 


2 286 


2 505 


4 289 


34 136 


1913 


26 


511 


824 


5,452 


23,700 


5,475 


4,659 


3,773 


6,138 


50,558 


1914 


31 


1,324 


1,328 


7,413 


31,724 


7,359 


8,020 


4,728 


7,628 


69,598 


1915 


34 


1,841 


1,900 


10,112 


42,346 


9,225 


10,225 


5,832 


8,360 


89,944 


1916 


50 


3,012 


2,965 


15,335 


54,375 


12,765 


15,900 


9,516 


9,457 


123,464 


1917 


303 


5,350 


5,251 


21,213 


83,308 


17,507 


32,505 


20,624 


11,645 


197,799 


1918 


639 


8 100 


6 434 


26 897 


114 376 


24 012 


50 531 


29,300 


15 370 


275,746 


1919 


967 


10 210 


8,306 


33 547 


144 804 


30 118 


56 855 


34,000 


22 420 


341,316 


1920 


1,419 


12 450 


11,196 


41 562 


177 561 


36 455 


60 325 


38,015 


28 000 


407,064 


1921 


1,751 


14,205 


13,615 


54 670 


206 521 


40,215 


61,184 


40,235 


32,900 


465,378 

























NOTE. The number of motor vehicles in the Yukon (never more than 100) is included in the totals 
for Canada, 1914-21. 

27. Types of Motor Cars registered in Canada, by Provinces, 1921. 



Provinces. 


Passenger 
Cars. 


Commercial 
Cars or 
Trucks. 


Motor 
Cycles. 


Total. 


Prince Edward Island 


No. 
1,679 


No. 

65 


No. 

7 


No. 
1,751 


Nova Scotia 


12,550 


1,500 


155 


14,205 


New Brunswick 


12,585 


875 


155 


13,615 


Quebec 


47,365 


5,596 


1,709 


54,670 


Ontario . . ... 


181,978 


19,554 


4,989 


206,521 


Manitoba .. 


37,415 


1,825 


975 


40,215 


Saskatchewan 


59,061 


1,784 


339 


61,184 


Alberta 


38,171 


1,681 


383 


40, 235 


British Columbia 


32,000 


i 


900 


32,900 


Yukon 


68 


9 


5 


82 












Total ... 


422,872 


32.8S9 2 


9,617 


465,378 













1 Included with passenger cars. 2 Exclusive of British Columbia. 

EXPRESS COMPANIES. 

Express service is an expedited freight service on passenger 
trains." But express companies do not own the means of performing 
their services, they use railway facilities by virtue of contracts with 
the railway companies. Express companies in Canada have had 
close relations with the railways practically from the beginning. 

The Vickers Express Company, at first, did business as a stage 
company in south-western Ontario. Later it conducted an express 
business on the Toronto, Grey and Bruce and on the Northern rail 
way. When the Canadian Pacific railway acquired the Toronto, 
Grey and Bruce, the Vickers Express Company did business for a 
time in the same car with the Dominion Express Company but soon 
went out of existence. 

The Dominion Express Company had been incorporated in 
1882 with a capital stock of $1,000,000. Between 1882 and 1904 the 
original shareholders assigned their stock to trustees, who thenceforth 



EXPRESS COMPANIES 553 

held it for the C.P.R. The transfer of the stock became evident in 
1904, when at a special meeting the shareholders of the company 
increased its capital to $2,000,000. 

In 1865 the Canadian Express Company was incorporated with a 
nominal capital of $500,000, of which $275,200 was subscribed. In 
1891 the Grand Trunk Railway Company purchased the capital 
stock for $660,000, and thenceforth the stock of the company \\ 
held for the Grand Trunk by trustees, all of whom were directors of 
the railway. 

The Canadian Northern Express Company was incorporated in 
1902 with a nominal capital of $1,000,000, of which $300,000 was 
issued. Five thousand dollars was paid in cash and the remainder 
was issued as paid up stock. Mackenzie, Mann and Company, Limited, 
received all but five $100 shares, which went to qualify directors. The 
connection between the railway and the express company consisted 
in the two companies having practically the same directors. 

Since the taking over of the C.N.R. and the G.T.R. by the Gov 
ernment the express businesses of the two have been amalgamated 
to simplify matters. Beginning September 1, 1921, the operations 
of the Canadian Express Company and the Canadian National 
Express Company were consolidated under the name of the second, 
and the staffs of the two companies were rearranged, where nee* 
sary, to constitute the staff of the new company. 

Before 1915, an express company in Canada was not liable for 
delay or damage caused by anything quite beyond its control, thus 
maintaining itself as an entity separate from the railway company. 
But in 1915 this liability was qualified, and thenceforth an express 
company became liable for delay or injury of goods if either were 
caused by the railway company in whose cars the goods were being 
carried. 

Goods are sent by express for quick transit, so that express 
companies do not have to compete with freight rates by rail or water. 
Thus in its first tariff, the Dominion Express Company, in pursuance 
of its contract with the C.P.R., gave a rate of 2J times the maximum 
first, class railway freight rate for the same goods carried the same 
distance. An express company usually pays the railway company a 
percentage of its gross earnings; for example, the Canadian Express 
Company paid the Grand Trunk 50 p.c. But the railway by con 
trolling the stock has an additional revenue; and since express com 
panies have little equipment but offices and, therefore, have slight 
expenses for upkeep, the railway receives in the end practically all 
the profits of the express company above bare operating expenses. 

Express Company Operations.- -There were operating in 
Canada in 1920, the last year for which the statistics of the Trans 
portation Branch of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics are available, 
five distinctly Canadian express companies, viz., the Canadian 
Express Co., the Canadian National Express Co., the Central Canada 
Express Co., the Dominion Express Co., and the British America 
Express Co. They are organized under powers conferred by Acts 



554 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



of the Dominion Parliament, and their business consists in the for 
warding of parcels through the railway companies, in the transfer of 
luggage and in the issue of money orders, travellers cheques, letters of 
credit and other forms of financial paper. Three other express 
companies situated in the United States, but consolidated during the 
war period, like the United States railways, under the operation of a 
single management appointed by the United States Government, 
and referred to here as " American Railway," also do business in 
Canada. The total capital liability of the five Canadian companies 
on December 31, 1920, stood at $4,918,800. 

Statistics showing the operating mileage of express companies in 
Canada are given for the last four statistical years in Table 28, of 
earnings by companies and of operating expenses in Tables 29 and 
30 and of the express companies business in financial paper in Table 
31. 

28. Operating Mileage of Express Companies in Canada, by Routes, by Provinces 
and by Companies, for the years ended June 30, 1918-1919, and for the calendar 
years 1919 and 1920. 





June 


s 30. 


Dec 


. 31. 




1918. 


1919. 


1919. 


1920. 


By routes over 
Steam roads 


Miles. 
39,900-98 


Miles. 
40,259-54 


Miles. 
40,449-93 


Miles. 
40,851-84 


Electric lines 


365-70 


336-70 


398-50 


301-30 


Steamboat lines 


2,945-30 


2,912-30 


2,912-30 


2,862-30 


Stage lines 


36-00 


57-00 


57-00 


84-00 


Miscellaneous 1 


19,298-00 


16,813-00 


16,813-00 


16,813-00 












Totals 


62,545-88 


60,378 54 


60,630-73 


60,912-44 


By Provinces 
Prince Edward Island 


495-90 


500-05 


499-95 


499-95 


Nova Scotia 


1,512-27 


1-538-27 


1-569-07 


1,947-07 


New Brunswick 


2,264-27 


2,291-28 


2,518-79 


2,548-78 


Quebec 


6,108-40 


6,281-78 


5,423-99 


5,426-30 


Ontario 


11,107-88 


11,178-20 


11,907-98 


11,701-08 


Manitoba 


4,323-56 


4,359-06 


4,402-35 


4,296-26 


Saskatchewan 


6,155-10 


6,124-70 


6,148-20 


6,167-50 


Alberta 


4,458-50 


4.341-60 


4,600-90 


4,773-80 


British Columbia 


5,846-48 


5,889-80 


5,755-70 


5,777-60 


Yukon 


647-00 


728-00 


669-00 


637-00 


Other 


19,626-52 


17,145-80 


17,134-80 


17,137-10 












Totals 


62,545-88 


60,378-54 


60,630,73 


60,912-44 


By companies 
American Railway Express Co. 


1,189-34 


2,821-942 


2,821-942 


2,656-542 


British America Express Co. . . 


414-04 


414-04 


414-04 


414-04 


Canadian Express Co 


15,077-14 


14,855-12 


14,963-00 


15,308-00 


Canadian Northern Express Co 


8,371-49 


8,657-29 3 


8,809-793 


8.920-70 3 


Central Canada Express Co 


728-80 


728-80 


728-80 


728-80 


Dominion Express Co 


35,112-19 


32,901-35 


32,893-16 


32,884-36 


Great Northern Express Co 


675-24 


4 


4 


4 


Wells Fargo & Co. . 


977-64 


4 


4 


4 












Totals 


62,545-88 


60,378-54 


60,630-73 


60,912-44 













J The miscellaneous mileage is almost entirely on ocean steamship lines. 
3 Canadian National. 4 Included under American Railway Express Co. 



2 American Railway. 



555 



29. Earnings of K\ press Companies for the years ended June 30, 1915-1919, and for 

the calendar years 1919 and 1920. 



Compnnie- 


Revenue 
from 
transport 
ation. 


Money 
( &gt;ni- 
domestic. 


Honey 

Orders, 

foreign. 


Trav.-l- 
lers 1 

( hr&lt;ii;. 

domestic. 


Travel 
lers 
( lu-(|i:- 
foreign. 


\inerican H:iil\v:iv Express 


1 

196,022 


$ 


1 


$ 


$ 


British Lmericfl Expmi 


630 


_ 


_ 






( anadian Kxi 


8,317,465 


106,094 


_ 


1 044 


_ 


Canadian National Express 


: 


- 7.260 


_ 




_ 


( t ntral ( anada (express 


104 




_ 


_ 


_ 


Dominion Express 


In. 666, 545 


177,677 


33,093 


10,052 


5,355 














Total, 1920, Dec. 31 
Total, 1919, Dec. 31... 


29,8*6,284 
.M.3i,i;M 


311 ,31 

233.502 


33, Ml 
1,089 


12,996 

."&gt;,162 


5,355 

1 1176 


Total, 1919, June 30 


. 0,6."1 ,77 , 


III .437 


1,237 


1 617 


3 023 


Total, 1918, June 30 
Total, 1917, June 30 


ivii6,:{s:t 
16,353,461 


267,151 
rw, 7. "&gt;i 


19,790 
20,727 


1,698 
4,171 


1,311 
2 269 


Total, 1916, June 30 


12,428,645 


202,i:&gt;x 


23,670 


4,515 


429 


Total, 1915, JuneM.. 


10,917,619 


186,58* 


15,239 


3,429 


1,7*4 


Companies. 


"C.O.D." 
Cheques. 


Other 

earnini 


Total 
rnings. 


Total 
expcn- 


Net 
earnings. 


American Railway Express . . 


$ 


$ 

48 515 


* 

14 537 


$ 

2 476 798 


I 

232 261 


Hritish America Expre.-s 


_ 




33 630 


30 509 


3 121 


( anadian Express 


606 


11,711 


8,502,833 


8,629 1M;&gt; 


126,382 


Canadian National Express 


4:i,866 




3,559,168 


3,649,099 


89 .131 


Central Canada Kxpri ss 






104 579 


98 


5 281 


Dominion Express 


115,049 


59,985 


16,067,757 


17,422,546 


- 1,354,789 














Total, 1920, I)oc.31 


222.521 


121,224 


39,512,504 


3 2,3*7 ,465 


1 794 S61 


Total, 1919, Dec. 31 
Total, 1919, June 30 


iv. 173 
163 37 


571 

506 1.*&gt;s 


25,3.*6,.Vil 
21 543 071 


6,:wo.&gt;o- 
, :{ ^9.") ri7 


971,281 
- 1 752 446 


Total, 191*, .linn :tl&gt; 


157 ,933 


112 M 


18 68*,*88 


is :{7t :{.Vi 


303 736 


Total, 1917, June 311 


133, M3 


17!) 


16 s. Ui :!7J 


16, 010 649 


" " 72" 


Total, 1916, June 30 


116, 7MI 


M 13 


12 NT ^ !Hi ; 


12,OH7 210 


7*7 692 


Total, 1915, June :to 


110,829 


76,3!&gt;&gt; 


ll,:s,7.vi 


ll.3fifi.157 


27 ,405 



Includes $14,273 revenue from outside operations. 
2 Includes $26,954 revenue from outside operations. 

NOTK. -"American Railway Kxpre.-&gt;" include.- t he Ann-rican Express Co., G re;.t Northern Express Co. 
Wells, Fargo & Co., consolidated during the war under the operation of the I nite d .- &gt;\ ern merit . 

30. Operating Expenses of Express Companies for the years ended June 30, 1915-1919, 

and for the calendar years 1919 and 1920. 



Companies. 


Mainten 
ance. 


Traffic 
expenses. 


Transport- 
tat ion 
expenses. 


General 
expenses. 


Total 
operating 
expenses. 


American Railway Express 


- 
70,003 

190,802 
53,414 

258,481 


? 

2,002 
1,111 
14,635 
6,723 
148 
89,219 




1,417,387 
9,176 
4.262.062 
1,707.416 
43,099 
7,044,716 


$ 

.54,970 
200 
1 .17, 860 
136 
7,815 
550,057 




1,544,362 
13,487 
4,665,359 
1,904,139 
51,061 
7,942,472 


British America Express 


( anadian Expres&lt; 


Canadian National Express 


C entral ( anada Expie-s 


Dominion Express 


Total, 1920, Dec. 31.. 


572,700 
502,452 
393,871 
341 ,M.-, 
269 ,576 
194,726 
107 ,618 


113 ,838 
152,003 
9 l &gt;,97 &gt; 
94,008 
78,219 
73 ,962 
90,693 


14,483,856 
11,758,203 
10,Mf,ftl 

*. 267,730 
6,510,790 
5,041,155 
4,981,846 


950. 4S7 
M,994 
739,053 
642,0*3 
829,071 
484,674 
152,747 


16,120,880 
13,227,6.Vi 
11,792,499 
9,354,666 
7 ,S7 ,656 
5,794,517 
5,632,904 


Total, 1919, Dec. 31 


Total, 1919, June 30 . 


Total, 1918, June 30 


Total. 1917, June 30 


Total, 1916, June 30 


Total, 1915, June 30 





556 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



30. Operating Expenses of Express Companies for the years ended June 30, 1915-1919, 
and for the calendar years 1919 and 1920 concluded. 



Companies. 


Total 
privileges. 


Taxes. 


Total 
expenses. 


American Railway Express 


$ 

918,424 


$ 

14,012 


$ 

2 476 798 


British America Express 


16,814 


208 


30 509 


Canadian Express 


3,898,815 


65,041 


8 629 215 


Canadian National Express 


1,731,173 


13,787 


3 649 099 


Central Canada Express 


48,237 




99 298 


Dominion Express 


9,395,997 


84,077 


17,422 546 










Total, 1920, Dec. 31.. 


16,009 460 


177 ,125 


32 307 465 


Total, 1919, Dec. 31 


12,936,615 


166 ,535 


26 330 802 


Total, 1919, June 30 


11,347,767 


155 ,251 


23,295 517 


Total, 1918, June 30 


8 ,875 ,181 


146,505 


18,376 352 


Total, 1917, June 30 


8,052,606 


270,387 


16,010 649 


Total, 1916, June 30 


6,146,399 


146 ,294 


12,087,210 


Total, 1915, June 30 


5,610,224 


123 ,029 


11,366,157 











31. Business transacted by Express Companies in financial paper for the years 
ended June 30, 1918-1919, and for the calendar years 1919 and 1920. 



Description. 


June 30. 


Dec. 31. 


1918. 


1919. 


1919. 


1920. 


Money Orders, domestic 


$ 

59,635,453 
2,291,157 
2,196,588 
174,057 
14,563,936 
341,209 
37,820 
1,236,706 


$ 

49,371,467 
2,291,459 
552,570 
334,153 
15,844,486 
269,704 

1,609,359 


$ 

52,460,478 
2,222,908 
837,093 
267,320 
18,062,985 
208,333 

2,639,576 


$ 

65,289,817 
2,315,114 
513,242 
226,940 
22,413,731 
162,193 

1,668,138 


Money Orders, foreign 


Travellers cheques, domestic 


Travellers cheques, foreign 


"C.O.D." cheques 


Telegraphic transfers 


Letters of credit issued 


Other forms . . . 


Total 


80,476,926 


70,273,198 


76,698,693 


92,589,175 





CANALS. 

Historical. Before the period of extensive railway construction 
which commenced for Canada in the 1850 s, the water routes, more 
especially the St. Lawrence, the Great Lakes, and the Ottawa, were 
the chief avenues of transportation. These routes were interrupted 
at certain points, necessitating portages. The canals of Canada 
were, in the main, constructed to eliminate the toil of unloading, 
transporting, and reloading at the portages. 

The earliest mention of canals in Canada is in connection with 
the Lachine canal, begun by early French settlers in 1700, but only 
after the conquest of Canada by the British were improvements of the 
main water routes made, and in the early part of the 19th century 
increased internal and foreign trade and the introduction of steam 
navigation resulted in more attention being given to this work. 
Although for a time the canals were constructed primarily for military 
purposes, they soon became essential to the commercial life of the 
country. 

Canal Systems. There are six canal systems under the control 
of the Dominion Government in connection with navigable lakes and 
rivers. They consist of the canals (1) between Port Arthur or Fort 



CANALS 557 



William and Montreal; (2) from Montreal to the international bound 
ary near lake (liamplain; (3) from Montreal to Ottawa; (4) from 
Ottawa in Kingston and Perth; (5) Trenton, lake Ontario, to lake 
Huron (not completed) ; and (6) the St. Peter s canal from the Atlantic 
ocean to Bras d Or lakes, Cape Breton. The total length of the 
waterways comprised within these systems is about 1,594 statute 
miles, the actual mileage of canals constructed being 117-2. 

The St. Lawrence group, part of the Montreal to Port Arthur 
system, comprises seven separate canals at different points between 
Montreal and Prcscott, not including the so-called "submerged" 
canal or channel dn-dged through shallow parts of the river between 
Montreal and Quebec. Chief of these is the Lachine canal, origi 
nally designed to be a mile in length, with a width of 12 feet and a 
depth of 18 inches. First opened in 1824 and finally completed in 
1901, it is now navigublr by vessels drawing 14 feet of water. 

The Wellaml (anal, connecting lake Ontario with lake Erie, 
overcomes their difference in 1 tvel &lt;.f 325J feet. Commenced in 
1824, it was opened in 1829, and has since been remodelled on 
several occasions. At present the channel from Port Colborne 
to Thorold is being altered to admit the passage of large lake 
boats, and a new channel from Thorold to a point 3 miles east of 
Port Dalhousie is in course of construction. The total distance 
traversed by the Xew Welland from lake to lake will be 25 miles. 
The difference of level between the two lakes, will be overcome 
by seven lift locks, each having a lift of 462 feet. The locks are 
to be 800 feet long and 80 feet wide in the clear and will provide 
a depth of 30 feet of w r ater over the mitre sills. The width of the 
canal prism is to be 200 feet. A new breakwater is being built at 
Port Colborne, extending 2,000 feet farther into the lake than the 
present breakwater. Extensive harbour works are contemplated for 
the lake Ontario entrance at Port Weller. It is expected that upon 
the completion of the New \Yelland there w r ill be a reduction of about 
2 cents a bushel in the freight rate on east-bound grain shipments 
and that a large proportion of Canadian grain now being shipped by 
Buffalo and New York will be diverted to the St. Lawrence route. 

The Sault Ste. Marie canal, next in importance to the Welland 
in respect to tonnage carried, was opened for navigation in 1895 and 
has been of vital importance to the traffic in grain and iron ore on 
the Great Lakes. Although a marked decrease in tonnage is shown 
during the last ten years, much of this is due to the depression in the 
iron industry and to improved facilities offered by the American 
Sault Ste. Marie canal. 

The Rideau Canal route [systems (3) and (4) above], comprising 
the canals on the Ottawa river, besides those between Ottawa and 
Kingston, was placed in operation to provide a safer route, for both 
military and civil purposes, than the St. Lawrence offered. Between 
the completion of the Rideau Canal in 1834 and the completion of 
the Grand Trunk railway between Montreal and Toronto, it was 
regularly used by tens of thousands of immigrants en route to Upper 
Canada. 



558 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 

The Trent canal, a partially completed route between Trenton, 
on lake Ontario, and Georgian bay, by way of Rice lake, the city 
of Peterborough and town of Lindsay and lake Simcoe, is as yet 
of little importance as a traffic route. The abundant power available 
at many points is, however, of great value to the Ontario Hydro- 
Electric Power Commission. At Peterborough the canal is equipped 
with the largest lift-lock in the world. 

The St. Peter s canal, constructed between the years 1912 and 
1917, connects the Bras d Or lakes with St. Peter s bay on the south 
east coast of Cape Breton island. It consists of a tidal lock 300 
feet in length and 48 feet in breadth, and provides for a minimum 
depth of 18 feet of water on the lock sills. 

Projected Canals. Of the proposed canal schemes, the Georgian 
Bay route and the deepening of the St. Lawrence waterway are the 
most prominent. The former, first travelled by Champlain in 1615, 
from Montreal along the Ottawa and French rivers to Georgian bay, 
has been strongly advocated on numerous occasions. Its great cost, 
however, and the loss of tims in locking, present serious drawbacks 
to the undertaking. The construction of the proposed deep waterway 
along the St. Lawrence from lake Ontario to the sea, for purposes 
of navigation and power development, has for the present been de 
ferred, after consideration by the governments of Canada and the 
United States. 

Canals and their Traffic Statistics. In Table 32 are given 
the names and locations of the canals of Canada, their length and 
lock dimensions; in Table 33 statistics of canal traffic during the 
navigation seasons of 1920 and 1921. Following a decrease in the 
total tonnage passing through Canadian canals of 1,259,883 in 1920, 
the season of 1921 shows an increase of 671,638 tons over the previous 
year, this increase being due to heavy grain shipments on the 
Welland and St. Lawrence canals in 1921. Depression in the iron 
industry has caused decreases in traffic through both the Canadian 
and American canals at Sault Ste. Marie, though recent improve 
ments effected in the American canal have led to a great falling off in 
the traffic of the Canadian canal, which in 1921 was only 4.68 p.c. 
of the amount in 1913, the record year. That canal traffic in Canada 
is mainly a matter of the summer and fall months is shown by the 
statistics of Table 34. From Table 35 it is evident that farm pro 
ducts and mine products provide the chief traffic for Canadian canals. 
Table 36 gives the principal articles carried through Canadian canals 
in 1920 and 1921. Tables 37 and 38 contain the statistics of traffic 
through the Sault canal and through all Canadian canals for the 
years 1900 to 1921, inclusive, by nationality of vessel and origin of 
cargo. Table 39 gives statistics concerning the use of each of the 
Canadian canals during the navigation seasons 1914 to 1921. In 
Tables 40 and 41 are given statistics of the sums spent by govern 
ments before and since Confederation as current and capital 
expenditure on the canals of Canada. 



CANALS 



559 



Panama Canal. The Panama canal, which was opened to 
commercial traffic on August If), 1914, is a waterway which is des 
tined to he of the greatest importance to the British Columbian ports 
from which vessels now leave direct for Creal Britain and Kuropean 
ports throughout the year. During the war the great expectations 
based upon the opening of the Panama canal were not reali/ed owing 
to the scarcity of shipping, but with the decline in ocean freight 
rates an increase in traffic between our Pacific ports and Kurope 
is occurring. Statistics showing the amount of traffic through the 
Panama canal and the nationality of vessels passing through it are 
given in Tables 42 and 43. The first cargo of Canadian wheat 
passed through the canal on February 9, 1921, on the steamer 
"Buenos Aires," of the Johnson line. 

32. Canals of Canada, Length and I o&lt; K Dimensions, 1921. 



Name. 


Location. 


l.i-nut h 
in 
Miles. 


Lock-. 




Minimum dimension-. 


Lcactfa 


Width. 


Depth. 


Sr Lawn-nee and (Ireat 

Lak&lt; 

Lachine 


Mcntrcal to Laehine 
ftdee Point tn ( oti-au Landing... 
( urnwall to I)irkin.-m s Landing 
:n ~ I ciint Kapid 


14-00 
11-00 
[26 

:,-17 
Ml 

0-12 
0-78 

:&gt; 7:, 
126-25 
7-00 

0-12 
12-00 

89-0 
114-6 
30-0 
0-49 


B 

6 
1 


1 

1 
:. 

47 
2 

1 
9 

18 
23 
1 
1 
1 


Ft. 

270 
280 

270 

270 
900 

200 
200 
200 
134 
184 

200 
118 

175 
134 
142 
300 
215 


46 
46 

f, 

r, 

45 

44 
60 

45 
IB 
45 

33 
33 

45 
22-5 

33 
33 
33 

48 
45 


Ft. 

14 
15 

14 
14 

14 
11 
12 

14 
19-5 

Q 

9 
9 
5 
5 

7 
7 

t 

8-3 
6 
6 
18 
30 





Cornwall 


Farran s Point. . . . 


Rapide Plat 


Rapide Plat, Morri^liuri; 


Galops 


lriK|iioi&gt; to ( ardinal 


Murrav 


1st Ir Murray, Pay of (Juiir 
Port Dalhou.Mc, Lake Ontario t&lt;&gt; 
Pur ( lolbome rie 


Welland 


Sault Ste. Mario 


St. Mar\ V Rapids. 47 mile&gt; wot &lt;&gt;i 
1 /ike I luron.. 


Ottawa and Rideau 
rivers 
Ste. Anne Lock.. . 


Junction of St. Lawrence and Ottawa 
river.- 


Carillon 


Carillon Rapids, Ottawa river 


Grenville 


Sault Hapids, Ottawa river 
"tawa to Kingston 


Rideau 


Richelieu river. 
St. ( hirs Lock 


Rideau Lake to Perth (Tay Branch) 
St. Ours, Que 


Chambly 


Chaniblv to St Johns Que 


Miscellaneous 
Trent 


Trenton to Peterborough Lock, 
Peterborough 


St. Peter s 


Peterborough Lock to head of Lake 
Couchiching 


Sturgeon Lake to Port Perry (Scugog 
Branch) 


St. Peter s Bay to Bras d Or Lakes, 
Cape Breton, X.S 


St. Andrew s 


Red River, 15 miles north of Winni 
peg 







560 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



33. Canal Traffic during the Navigation Seasons of 1920 and 1921, by direction and 

origin of Cargo. 



Canals. 


FROM CANADIAN TO 
CANADIAN PORTS. 


FROM CANADIAN TO 
UNITED STATES 
PORTS. 


FROM UNITED 
STATES TO UNITED 
STATES PORTS. 


Up. 


Down. 


Up. 


Down. 


Up. 


Down. 


1920. 
Sault Ste. Marie 


Tons. 

238,164 
101,916 
215,226 
3,466 
12,739 
132,213 
14,501 
68,527 
16,457 
5,577 


Tons. 

850,828 
532,104 
686,670 
12,450 
48,634 
2,494 
179,907 
26,543 
37,203 
198 


Tons. 

97,647 
379,932 
210,058 


Tons. 
202,855 
33,280 

32,186 


Tons. 

54,621 
950 


Tons. 

862,696 
8,192 
996 


Welland 


St. Lawrence 


Chambly 


St. Peter s 


Murray 


Ottawa 


Rideau 


Trent 


St. Andrew s 


Total 


808,786 

208,104 
198,064 
398,440 
4,008 
13,283 
44,960 
14,593 
64,050 
14,442 
5,892 


2,377,031 

1,187,064 
1,626,441 
1,758,958 
7,248 
42,840 
320 
140,501 
28,593 
29,805 
339 


687,637 

2,241 
61,297 
217,446 
70,335 

3 


268,321 

87,161 

15,349 
830 

13,184 


55,571 

56,150 
12,592 
750 


871,884 

354,023 
7,123 


1921. 
Sault Ste. Marie 


Welland 


St. Lawrence ... . . ... 


Chambly 


St. Peter s 


Murray 


Ottawa 


Rideau 


Trent 


St. Andrew s 


Total 


965,836 


i, 822, 109 


351,322 


116,524 


69,492 


361 ,146 





Canals. 


FROM UNITED 
STATES TO CANA 
DIAN PORTS. 


TOTAL FREIGHT. 


ORIGIN OF CARGO. 


Total 
Cargo. 


Increase (+) 
or de- 


Canadian. 


United 

States. 


on previous 
year. 


Up. 


Down. 


Up. 


Down. 


1920. 
Sault Ste. Marie. 
Welland 


Tons. 
182 , 564 
13,596 

1,278 
6,735 


Tons. 

86,090 
1,535,263 
1,738,262 
99,348 

250 
2,767 


Tons. 

475,349 
200,513 
608,754 
213,524 
12,739 
133,491 
21,236 
68,527 
16,457 
5,577 


Tons. 

2,002,469 
2,075,559 
2,459,208 
111,798 
48,634 
2,744 
212,093 
29,310 
37,203 
198 


Tons. 

1,286,251 
717,452 
1,285,272 
228,022 
61,373 
134,707 
226,594 
95,002 
53,596 
5,775 


Tons. 

1,191,567 
1,558,620 
1,782,690 
97,300 

1,528 
6,735 
2,835 
64 


Tons. 

2,477,818 
2,276,072 
3,067,962 
325,322 
61,373 
136,235 
233,329 
97,837 
53,660 
5,775 


Tons. 

-1,660,267 
+ 105,393 
+ 176,343 
+ 82,361 
- 3,506 
+ 27,985 
+ 14,891 
- 5,702 
+ 707 
+ 2,012 


St. Lawrence 
Chambly 


St. Peter s 


Murray. 


Ottawa 


Rideau 


Trent 


St. Andrew s 
Total 


204,173 

83,029 
4,224 
3,759 

3,491 


3,461,980 

19,820 
1,166,681 
1,339,363 
97,859 

2,366 


1,756,167 

349,524 
276,177 
620,395 
74,343 
13,283 
44,960 
18,084 
64,053 
14,442 
5,892 


6,979,216 

1,648,068 
2,800,245 
3,113,670 
105,937 
42,840 
320 
153,685 
30,959 
29,805 
339 


4,094,044 

1,483,444 
1,036,410 
1,547,743 
82,421 
56,123 
45,280 
168,278 
92,015 
44,083 
6,231 


4,641,339 

514,148 
2,040,012 
2,186,322 
97,859 

3,491 
2,997 
164 


8,735,383 

1,997,592 
3,076,422 
3,734,065 
180,280 
56,123 
45,280 
171,769 
95,012 
44,247 
6,231 


1,259,883 

- 480,226 
+ 800,350 
+ 666,103 
- 145,042 
5,250 
- 90,955 
- 61,560 
2,825 
9,413 
+ 456 


1921. 
Sault Ste. Marie 
Welland 


St. Lawrence 
Chambly 


St.Peter s 


Murray 


Ottawa 


Rideau 


Trent 


St. Andrew s 
Total 


94,503 


2,626,089 


1,481,153 


7,925,868 


4,562,028 


4,844,993 


9,407,021 


+ 671,638 





CANALS 



501 



34. Distribution of Total Canal Traffic, by months, 1916-1921. 



Months. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


January 


Tons. 


Tons. 
533 


Tons. 


Tons. 
759 


Tons. 
60 


Tons. 
422 




474,710 


63,651 


88,446 


404,928 


53,834 


248,026 


May 


2,967,906 


3.026,990 


3,351.440 


2,278.145 


1,263,740 


1,233,905 




4,232,338 


3,575.885 


2,749.323 


1,530,317 


1,234,352 


1,376,156 


July 


3,655,110 


4,013,982 


2,580.177 


1,483,124 


1,272,797 


1,456,306 




3,643,436 


3,520,647 


2.332,796 


1,224,110 


1,458,549 


1,331,327 




3,318,774 


2,708,184 


2.687.581 


1,162,970 


1,258.744 


1,293,724 




2,754,812 


2,544,732 


2.940.663 


1,100,455 


1,217,795 


1,425,691 


November 


1,967,168 


2,500,096 


1,933,627 


702,457 


856,417 


910,420 


December 


569,237 


284,235 


219,566 


108,001 


119,095 


131,044 
















Total 


23,583,491 


22,238,935 


18,883,819 


9,995,266 


8,735,383 


9,407,021 

















35. Tonnage of Traffic by Canals and Classes of Products, 1920-1921. 



Canals. 


Farm 
Products. 


Manu 
factures. 


Forest 
Products. 


Mine 
Products. 


Total. 


1920. 
Sault Ste Marie 


Tons. 
1,047,568 


Tons. 
270,179 


Tons. 
53,904 


Tons. 
1,106,167 


Tons. 
2,477,818 


Welland 


438.399 


205,214 


170,153 


1,462,306 


2,276.072 




484,188 


207,857 


531,106 


1,844,811 


3,067,962 




21,966 


19,185 


204,684 


79,487 


325,322 


St Peter s 


9,924 


7,032 


1,053 


43,364 


61,373 






8,515 




127,720 


136,235 




5,141 


21.860 


105,502 


100.826 


233,329 


Rideau 


3,639 


16.996 


7,922 


69,280 


97,837 


Trent 


2,075 


1,934 


49,466 


185 


53,660 




101 


130 


5,274 


270 


5,775 














Total 


2,013,001 


758,902 


1,129,064 


4,834,416 


8,735,383 














1921. 
Sault Ste Marie 


1,438.140 


258,527 


45,880 


255,045 


1,997,592 


Welland 


1,873,943 


204,689 


155.081 


842,709 


3,076,422 




1,902,024 


295,644 


363.412 


1,172,985 


3,734,065 




6,365 


9,516 


71,586 


92,813 


180,280 


St. Peter s 


12,519 


6,867 


491 


36,246 


56, 123 






780 


75 


44.425 


45,280 




5,386 


19,767 


50,689 


95,927 


171,769 




2,455 


14,197 


4,613 


73,747 


95,012 


Trent 


1,629 


2,197 


39.855 


566 


44,247 


St. Andrew s 


3 


455 


5,730 


43 


6,231 














Total 


5,242,464 


812,639 


737,412 


2,614,506 


9,407,021 















36. Principal Articles carried through Canadian Canals during the Navigation 

Seasons of 1920 and 1921. 



Articles. 


1920. 


1921. 


Increase. 


Decrease. 


Barley 


Tons. 
174,386 


Tons. 
224,315 


Tons. 
49,929 


Tons. 


Buckwheat 


11 


1,729 


1,718 


_ 


Corn . 


19,232 


1,551,947 


1,532,715 


_ 


Oats... 


156,657 


599,066 


442.409 


_ 


Rye.. 


78,965 


118,388 


39,423 


_ 


Flax 


31,034 


40,688 


9,654 


_ 


Peas . . . . 


19 


128 


109 


m 


Wheat 


1,248,863 


2,172,442 


923,579 


_ 


Flour. . 


252,152 


456,093 


203,941 


_ 


Hay. 


26,557 


10,288 




16,269 


Other mill products 


4,390 


44,123 


39,733 




Fruit and vegetables 


4,037 


3,549 




483 


Potatoes 


4,657 


6,012 


1,355 




Live stock 


1,151 


992 




159 


Poultry, game and fish 


1,844 


2,984 


1,140 




Dressed meats 


14 


30 


16 


_ 


Other packing house products . . 


2,091 


2,766 


675 


- 



3813136 



562 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



36. Principal Articles carried through Canadian Canals during the Navigation 

Seasons of 1920 and 1921 concluded. 



Articles. 


1920. 


1921. 


Increase. 


Decrease. 


Hides and leather 


Tons. 
33 


Tons. 
18 


Tons. 


Tons. 
15 


Wool 


53 


17 


_ 


36 


All other animal products 


6,855 


6,889 


34 




Agricultural implements 


5,754 


19,757 


14,003 


_ 


Cement, bricks and lime 


52,046 


18,300 




33,746 


Household goods and furniture 


3,445 


3,417 


_ 


28 


Iron, pig and bloom 


12,416 


7,806 





4,610 


Iron and steel , all other 


34,328 


69,807 


35,479 




Petroleum and other oils 


174, 143 


238,993 


64,850 


^ 


Sugar 


17,080 


58,681 


41,601 


_ 


Salt 


14,135 


10,911 




3,224 


Wines, liquors and beer 


6,192 


5,132 


_ 


1,060 


Merchandise not enumerated 


439,363 


379,835 


_ 


59,528 


Pulp wood 


732,662 


491,041 


^ 


241,621 


Sawed lumber 


333,773 


193,230 





140,543 


Squared timber 


8,267 


11,465 


3,198 




Shingles 


4,708 


3,214 




1,494 


Other woods 


49,654 


38,462 


_ 


11,192 


Hard coal . . . 


360,535 


341,522 


_ 


19,013 


Soft coal 


3,038,017 


1,651,740 





1,386,277 


Coke 


2,460 


10,202 


7,742 


_ 


Copper ore 


8,076 


9,140 


1,064 


_ 


Iron ore . 


858,184 


127,615 




730,569 


Other ore 


1,410 


9,547 


8,137 




Sand, etc 


565,734 


464,740 




100,994 












Total 


8.735,383 


9,407.021 


671,638 















37. Traffic through the Canadian Sault Ste. Marie Canal during the Navigation 
Seasons 1900-21, by Nationality of Vessel and Origin of Freight. 





Canadian. 


United States. 






Tonnage of Freight. 


VOQT- 






TV\f ol 


Tntil 




i ear. 










X Obeli 


A OLctl 

Vessel 










No. 


Vessel 
Tonnage. 


No. 


- Vessel 
Tonnage. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


Canadian. 


United 

States. 


Total. 


1900. . 


1,790 


577,310 


1,291 


1,617,438 


3,081 


2,194,748 


255,264 


1,780,413 


2,035,677 


1901.... 


2,796 


775,151 


1,408 


1,674,597 


4,204 


2,449,748 


494,613 


2,325,781 


2,820,394 


1902.... 


3,080 


1,366,930 


1,964 


3,237,372 


5,044 


4,604,302 


1,140,623 


3,588,645 


4,729,268 


1903.... 


2,711 


1,615,939 


1,640 


3,146,807 


4,351 


4,762,746 


1,362,820 


4,149,048 


5,511,868 


1904.... 


2,637 


1,555,042 


1,325 


2,675,663 


3,962 


4,230,705 


1,212,145 


3,818,560 


5,030,705 


1905.. 


3,970 


1,803,288 


1,692 


3,734,349 


5,662 


5,537,637 


1,304,355 


4,169,051 


5,473,406 


1906.... 


3,922 


1,959,252 


1,758 


4,399,872 


5,680 


6,359,124 


1,632,683 


4,941,363 


6,574,046 


1907.... 


3,217 


2,154,688 


3,132 


9,961,281 


6,349 


12,115,969 


1,957,334 


13,630,831 


15,588,165 


1908.... 


3,289 


2,603,222 


2,004 


7,035,655 


5,293 


9,638,887 


2,092,231 


10,666,985 


12,759,216 


1909.... 


2,597 


2,988,936 


3,734 


14,850,738 


6,331 


17/839,674 


3,366,495 


24,494,750 


27,861,245 


1910.. 


2,744 


3,173,494 


5,228 


20,187,704 


7,972 


23,361,198 


3,345,619 


33,050,068 


36,395,687 


1911.... 


2,713 


3,108,880 


4,068 


16,252,340 


6,781 


19,361,220 


3,177,581 


27,774,128 


30,951,709 


1912.... 


2,643 


3,296,229 


5,213 


22,536,015 


7,856 


25,832,244 


4,090,362 


35,579,293 


39,669,655 


1913.... 


3,279 


3,793,434 


5,006 


22,181,007 


8,285 


25,974,441 


4,954,734 


37,744,590 


42,699,324 


1914.... 


3,011 


3,473,292 


2,966 


13,827,870 


5,977 


17,301,162 


3,609,747 


23,989,437 


27,599,184 


1915.. 


3,000 


3,041,003 


1,331 


5,443,812 


4,331 


8,484,815 


2,561,734 


5,189,223 


7,750,957 


1916.... 


4,595 


4,089,937 


2,094 


8,703,187 


6,689 


12,793,124 


4,155,911 


12,657,738 


16,813,649 


1917.... 


3,199 


3,182,960 


2,138 


8,712,604 


5,337 


11,895,564 


2,875,590 


12,571,502 


15,447,092 


1918.... 


3,067 


2,436,500 


1,992 


7,594,042 


5,059 


10,030,542 


1,336,861 


11,576,850 


12,913,711 


1919.... 


3,140 


2,817,096 


929 


3,671,634 


4,069 


6,488,730 


1,606,311 


2,531,774 


4,138,085 


1920.. 


3,239 


2,415,775 


771 


2,725,431 


4,010 


5,141,206 


1,286,251 


1,191,567 


2,477,818 


1921.... 


3,464 


2,676,320 


399 


1,115,072 


3,863 


3,791,392 


1,483,444 


514,148 


1,997,592 



CANALS 



")63 



38. Traffic through all Canadian ( anals during the Navigation Seasons 1900-1921, 
ly Nationality of Vessel and Origin of Freight. 









Freight Carried. 




Canadian Vessels. 


I ni tod States 












Originating in 


&lt; &gt;rininating in 




Year. 






.uada. 


1 niti-d States. 


Total. 




No. 


Registered 
Tonna 


No. 


Tonnage. 


Tons. 


Per cent 
of Total 


Tons. 


IVrcent 
of Total 


Tons. 


1900. 


21 


4,1- 


5,502 


2,4(" 










5,01 


1901. 




M),264 




2,482.274 


- 


- 


- 


- 


5,66 




22,198 


4. 1^ 






- 


- 


- 


- 


7,51 


1903.. 


2:: 


5,21 






- 


- 


- 


- 


&lt;,203,817 


1904. 


21,851 


4. 772,100 


6,253 


3, 655, .tor, 


- 


- 


- 


- 


56,236 


1905.. 


23, 


5,191,191 


7,085 


5,096,241 


- 


- 


- 


- 


9,371,744 


1906.. 


25 




7,319 


5,685,315 


- 


- 





- 


10,523,185 


1907. . 


833 


28,911 




11,604,834 





. 


- 


- 


20,543,639 


1908. 


29,040 


6, 780,7V 


7. ls 


8,521.i:5:i 


5, Oil. 1 . 117 




12,190 


71 t 3 


17,502,820 




22,507 


7,811.57s 




16. 




21-8 


, . 1 


7v2 


33.720,748 


1910.. 


.337 


8,931,790 


11,462 


21,777,297 




18-3 


106,994 


81-7 


42,&lt;i .H),608 


1911.. 


25 


9,172,192 


10,370 


18,231 


12,907 


20-5 


30 


7 .i.;. 


030,353 


1912 


27,371 


10 


11 


24. &gt;::;. 1 .HI 




19-7 


210,716 


80-3 


47,587,245 


1913. 


28 


12. 07s, oil 


10. 


24,238,788 


11 


21-3 


40 




053,913 


[914 


26. I. . . 


12,050 


7,742 


15,636,414 


J2.206 


25-3 


641,031 


717 


37, 023.237 




21. 


9,3 . 


6,415 


^&gt;,ioi 


6,7* 


44-7 


8,4d 


,-,:&gt;:; 


15,l ..x,S&lt;i:i 


1916.. 


23.002 






10.tit)0,839 


7,481 


81-7 


16,096 


68-1 


:,491 


1917.. 


2 1.588 


1,694 




10,259,772 




M-8 


16,274 


73-2 


22,238 


1918.. 


K 909 


7.8(i 




9,616,200 


59,477 


17- x 


15,514, Mi 




18,883,619 


1919.. 


20. 




4.092 


59,173 


4,861 


48-7 


6,1! 


.-)!:; 


15,266 


1920.. 


I 1 :!, 038 






3,838,890 


4.094,044 


46-9 


4,641,339 




8,73 


1921.. 


tt.no 


10,079,388 




10.178 


4,5, 


48-5 


4,84 


ll&gt; 5 


9,407.021 



NOTE. For Canadian Can il Traffic from 1886 to 1899, see 1 . 02 Year Hook, p. 398. 

39. Traffic through individual Canadian Canals during the Navigation Seasons 

1911-19 , !. 

8AULT 8TK. MAHIE CANAL. 





Canadian Vessel.-. 


Doited 






Year. 








ipht 








in- 

ers. 


til. 


Total. 


Vene] 

Tonnace. 


Steam- 


il. 


Total. 


\ e-M-l 

Tonn. n 




carried. 




Xo. 


No. 


Xo. 


T( 


No. 


No. 


No. 


Tons. 


No. 


Ton^ 


1914 


2,674 


337 


3,011 


3,47:; 


2, 


!1 


2,966 


13 S 


30,446 


27,599,184 


1915 


742 


258 


3,000 


3,041,003 


l.i 


4 


1. 


143,812 


25.047 


7,750,957 


1916 


3,908 




4, 


4,089, 


2,072 




2,1 


703,187 


3!, 734 


16,813,649 


1917 


2 


276 


8,199 





2, l )7 


81 


2. 


7lL ,t&gt;04 


26,5.-,:, 


15,447,092 


1918 


2,786 


2S1 


8,067 


136,500 


1,976 


16 


1,9 


$94,042 


l ti.986 


12,1113,711 


1919 


2,807 


333 


140 


517,096 


- 


39 




3,671. 


41,() .i 


4.138,085 


1920 


2,882 


357 


3,239 





666 


105 


771 


2,725,431 


43,455 


2,477,818 


1921 


3,234 


230 


3,464 


2,&lt;&gt;76,320 


319 


80 


399 


1,1 15, 072 


42,767 


1, .197, 592 



WELLAND CANAL. 



1914 


2,592 


310 


2,902 


2,878,4s: 1 , 


735 


5.5 


790 


757,212 


25 


3,860,969 


1915 


1,760 


366 


2,126 


2,032,348 


758 


38 


796 


822, si7 


7 


3,061,012 


1916 


1,658 


434 


2,0)2 


1,794,722 


786 


61 


847 


718 




2,544,964 


1917 


2,096 


458 


2,554 


2,284,873 


631 


66 


697 


491 


_ 


2,490,542 


1918 


1,726 


362 


2,088 


1,760,301 


970 


134 


1,104 


.088 


_ 


2,174,2&lt;&gt;,s 


1919 


2,038 


306 


2,344 


1,924,419 


853 


16 




691,595 


_ 


2,170,779 


1920 


2,009 


421 


2,430 


2,013,817 


610 


84 


694 


514,439 


_ 


2.276,072 


1921 


2,673 


365 


3,038 


2,761,228 


714 


18 


732 


568, 143 





3,076,422 



ST. LAWRENCE CANALS. 



1914 


5,304 


3,678 


8,982 


4,505,235 


854 


409 


1,263 


776,490 


106,618 


4,391,493 


1915 


4,474 


2,625 


7,099 


3,422,991 


981 


561 


1,542 


841,792 


78,303 


3,409,467 


1916 


4,258 


2,389 


6,647 


3,129,072 


1,194 


484 


1,678 


1,016,367 


81,623 


3,368,064 


1917 


4,068 


3,25 ) 


7,327 


3,511,986 


1,026 


348 


1,374 


819,102 


81,249 


3,391,144 


1918 


3,430 


2,257 


5,687 


2,839,918 


1,122 


488 


1,610 


970,107 


45,943 


3,031,134 


1919 


3,910 


1,972 


5,882 


3,107,773 


878 


188 


1,066 


769,172 


72,006 


2,891,619 


1920 


3,774 


2,371 


6,145 


3,233,029 


545 


268 


813 


442,250 


62,397 


3,067,962 


1921 


6,241 


2,165 


8,406 


3,939,233 


674 


130 


804 


545,610 


56,905 


3,734,065 



38131 36i 



564 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



39. Traffic through individual Canadian Canals during the Navigation Seasons, 

1914-1921 con. 



CHAMBLT CANAL. 





Canadian Vessels. 


United States Vessels. 






Vaat- 






"PoQcpn- 


TiVpiorVlt, 


1 Bar. 


Steam 
ers. 


Sail. 


Total. 


Vessel 
Tonnage. 


Steam 
ers. 


Sail. 


Total. 


Vessel 
Tonnage. 


gers. 


carried. 




No. 


No. 


No. 


Tons. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


Tons. 


No. 


Tons. 


1914 


167 


179 


346 


52,736 




2,348 


2,348 


241,672 


2,677 


436,905 


1915 


308 


180 


488 


58,998 


1 


2,300 


2,301 


235,193 


2,640 


478,707 


1916 


247 


261 


508 


64,064 


1 


1,810 


1,811 


186,298 


1,669 


398,977 


1917 


142 


258 


400 


65,806 


_ 


2,060 


2,060 


202,970 


707 


434,818 


1918 


146 


425 


571 


86,402 


_ 


1,726 


1,726 


177,320 


1,783 


369,186 


1919 


138 


245 


383 


65,604 


1 


1,039 


1,040 


107,605 


1,403 


242,961 


1920 


135 


365 


500 


77,666 


2 


1,293 


1,295 


134,978 


1,206 


325,322 


1921 


260 


134 


394 


58,869 


2 


842 


844 


87,931 


1,149 


180,280 



8T. PETER 8 CANAL. 



1914 


451 


741 


1,192 


80,252 


1 


7 


8 


413 


351 


54, 180 


1915 


37 


34 


71 


5,650 





- 


- 


- 


8 


2,895 


1916 


30 


103 


133 


9,201 











- 


6 


9,629 


1917 


316 


828 


1,144 


82,405 


1 


1 


2 


89 


585 


62,254 


1918 


232 


835 


1,067 


68,741 


_ 


4 


4 


546 


479 


59,716 


1919 


291 


864 


1,155 


78.412 


16 


1 


17 


1,522 


322 


64,879 


1920 


306 


888 


1,194 


82,908 


8 


_ 


8 


524 


1,881 


61,373 


1921 


340 


769 


1,109 


76,327 


4 


4 


8 


698 


757 


56,123 



MURRAY CANAL. 



1914 


656 


258 


914 


210,747 


47 


10 


57 


2,889 


15,893 


83,907 


1915 


478 


74 


552 


124,506 


48 


_ 


48 


1,407 


12,223 


30,728 


1916 


514 


135 


649 


108,260 


30 


_ 


30 


1,025 


4,868 


46,680 


1917 


669 


197 


866 


134,929 


25 





25 


2,570 


1,996 


57,603 


1918 


342 


96 


438 


114,573 


15 





15 


1,146 


4 


44,735 


1919 


436 


150 


586 


152,610 


16 


5 


21 


2,434 


1,099 


108,250 


1920 


504 


247 


751 


142,812 


22 


11 


33 


812 


3,414 


136,235 


1921 


293 


139 


432 


57,726 


41 


12 


53 


1,145 


7,104 


45,280 



OTTAWA CANAL. 



1914 


930 


1,267 


2,197 


392,516 




275 


275 


27,257 


23,835 


335,132 


1915 


788 


861 


1,649 


297,434 


_ 


391 


391 


39,464 


27,258 


272,370 


1916 


782 


877 


1,659 


302,012 


_ 


328 


328 


33,851 


22,812 


237,651 


1917 


693 


821 


1,514 


293,997 


_ 


282 


282 


29,085 


22,774 


214,835 


1918 


572 


593 


1,165 


218,992 


_ 


323 


323 


34,498 


14,939 


167,170 


1919 


510 


1,132 


1,642 


286,089 


1 


147 


148 


15,019 


21,380 


218,438 


1920 


360 


1,013 


1,373 


249,934 





178 


178 


19,195 


550 


233,329 


1921 


832 


874 


1.706 


229,469 





101 


101 


11,130 


2,712 


171,769 



RIDEAU CANAL. 



1914 


2,208 


392 


2,600 


176,904 


22 


13 


35 


2,611 


19,730 


151,739 


1915 


1,817 


253 


2,070 


144,787 


_ 


6 


6 


586 


18,664 


120,781 


1916 


1,512 


160 


1,672 


117,341 


_ 


12 


12 


1,214 


12,544 


105,430 


1917 


1,350 


154 


1,504 


105,666 


_ 


16 


16 


1,964 


11,552 


84,549 


1918 


1,031 


125 


1,156 


75,487 


_ 


8 


8 


3,316 


16,926 


54, 136 


1919 


1,502 


331 


1,833 


122,576 


_ 


2 


2 


192 


17,026 


103,539 


1920 


1,271 


438 


1,709 


118,751 


7 


2 


9 


1,124 


14,785 


97,837 


1921 


1,227 


214 


1,441 


99,832 





2 


2 


204 


11,484 


95,012 



TRENT CANAL. 



1914 


2,915 


732 


3,647 


174,647 










85,218 


67,715 


1915 


2,855 


578 


3,433 


172,780 


_ 


_ 


- 


- 


82,391 


49,904 


1916 


3,011 


484 


3,495 


165,486 


_ 


_ 





- 


104,736 


45,009 


1917 


2,548 


419 


2,967 


142,979 


_ 


_ 





- 


93,599 


48,924 


1918 


2,711 


829 


3,540 


171,996 


9 


_ 


9 


137 


98,437 


64,893 


1919 


3,011 


583 


3,594 


155,895 




_ 





- 


101,561 


52,953 


1920 


4,871 


672 


5,543 


160,584 


25 


_ 


25 


137 


97,849 


53,660 


1921 


4,589 


607 


5,196 


152,870 


26 


~~ 


26 


245 


100,049 


44,247 



CANALS 



: 



Traffic through individual Canadian Canals during the Navigation Seasons, 

1914-1921 concluded. 



ST. ANDREW 8 CANAL. 





Canadian Vessels. 


I nited States Vessels. 


Passen 


Freight 


Year. 


Steam- 


Sail. 


Total. 


sel 
Tonnage. 


Steam - 


Sail. 


Total. 


-sel 
Tonnage. 


gers. 


curried. 




No. 


No. 


No. 


Tons. 




No. 


No, 


To: 


No. 


Tons. 


1914 


197 


137 


334 


106,044 


_ 


_ 


- 


- 


2,.- 


42,013 


1915 


664 


433 


1.087 


97,710 


- 


- 


- 


- 


4,295 


21,982 


1916 


302 


250 


552 


58,934 


- 


- 


- 





3,i 


13,438 


1917 


85 


28 


113 


26,093 





- 


- 


- 


5.902 


7,174 


1918 


99 


31 


130 


28,062 


m 


- 


- 


- 


6,654 


4,640 


1919 


92 


31 


123 


25,499 


- 


- 


- 


- 


6,160 


3,763 


1920 


93 


61 


154 


26,367 





- 


- 


- 


4, 


5,775 


1921 


76 


458 


534 


27,514 











~ 


7,202 


6,231 



SUMMARY. 



1914 


18,094 


8,031 


26, 125 


12.050,856 


4,614 


3,128 


7,742 


15,636,414 


287,326 


37,023.237 


1915 


15.923 


5,652 


21.575 


9,398,207 


3,110 


3,300 


6.41.-. 


:S5. 101 


250 


I. ..I .is, 803 


1916 


16,222 


5,780 


22,002 


9,839,1 


4.083 


2,717 


6.800 


10,660,839 


263, (i^ 


23,583.491 


1917 


14,890 


6,698 


21,588 


9,831,694 


3,790 


2,804 


6. 


10,259,772 


244. .M .i 


. :. . L :;S, 935 


1918 


13.075 


5,834 


18,909 


7,800,972 


4,092 


608 


6.791 


9,616,200 


212,151 


!v^;,619 


1919 


14,735 


5,947 


20.682 


8,735, 


2.655 


1.437 


4,092 


5,259,173 




5,266 


1920 


16,205 


6,833 


23,038 


8,521,643 


1,885 


1,941 


3,826 


3.838,890 




8,735,383 


1921 


19,765 


5,955 


25,720 


10,079,388 


1,780 


1.189 


2,969 


2,330,178 


230, !_". 


9,407,021 



40. Total Expenditure and Revenue of Canals 1868-1921 and before 

Confederation. 



Fiscal Year. 


Expenditure Chargeable 


Total 
Expendi 
ture. 


Revenue 
of 
Canals. 


To 
Capital. 


To 
Income. 


To 
Revenue. 1 


For 

Staff. 


For 
Repairs. 


Before Confed 
eration 


$ 

20,593,866 
58,449,977 
2,360,570 
2,114,690 
1,823,274 
1,880,787 
2,071.594 

1.552,121 
887,839 
1,723,156 
1,873,869 
1,650,707 

2,349,474 
2,560,939 
2,259,257 
2,829,661 
5,490,796 

6,142,149 
4,304,589 
1,781,957 
2,211,935 
4,579,565 
5,449,962 


1 

98,378 
2,857,040 
147,768 
216,703 
277,596 
302,409 
354,353 

319,877 
264.111 
508,010 
728. 125 
489,256 

440,270 
442,012 
331,987 
389,285 
444,730 

397, 665 
399,414 
111.553 
164.046 
798. 113 
1,193,143 


$ 

820,973 
61,939 
65,711 
63,175 
66,067 
64,515 

62,172 
66,251 
105,519 
106,066 
111,756 

103,398 
110,019 
121,371 
147,729 
140,236 

139,952 
137,907 
149,859 
156,558 
158,153 
192,944 


$ 

7,618,245 
314,095 
317,839 
390,282 
381,017 
431,500 

447,963 
329,630 
473,639 
475,515 
515,585 

511,306 
585,900 
605, 24 s 
642,845 
675,771 

697,532 
700,022 
743,857 
733,091 
745,986 
815,979 


1 

5,915,591 
262,876 
263.768 
294.114 
350,279 
401,743 

375,889 
287,231 
411,661 
433,958 
491,793 

471,530 
555,710 
535, 136 
574,039 
562,599 

529,565 
486, 168 
540,331 
698.878 
713,335 
920,993 


1 

20,962,244 
75,661,826 
3,147,248 
2,978.771 
2.848,441 
2,980,559 
3,323,705 

2,758,022 
1,835,062 
3,221,985 
3,617,533 
3,259,097 

3,875,978 
4,254,610 
3,852,999 
4,583,559 
7,314,132 

7.906,863 
6,028,100 
3,327.557 
3,964.508 
6,995,152 
8,573,021 


1 

12,401,918 
315,426 
300,414 
230,213 
79.537 
78,009 

108,068 
105,003 
144,882 
199,501 
193,384 

221,138 
264,114 
307, 568 
380, 188 
427,763 

446.722 
461.423 
414,868 
387.655 
442,193 
366,011 


1868-1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 (9 months) 
1908 


1909 


1910 


1911.. 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916.. 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


Totals 


136,942,734 


11,675,844 


3,152,360 


19,152,847 


16,077,187 


87,000,972 


18,275,998 





1 Expenditure for Staff and Repairs, Canals in general. 

NOTE. For the years 1868 to 1900, see Canada Year Book, 1916-17, page 462. 



566 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



41. Capital Expenditure for Construction and Enlargement of Canals for the 
fiscal years 1868-1921, and before Confederation. 



Canals. 


Expenditure, 
Previous 
Years. 


Expenditure, 
1920-21. 


Total Cost. 


Beauharnois 


$ 1,636,690 


$ 


$ 1,636,690 


Carillon and Grenville 1 


4,191,756 




4,191,756 


Chambly 


780,996 





780,996 


Cornwall 


7,246,304 


_ 


7,246,304 


Culbute Lock and Dam 


382,391 


_ 


382,391 


Lachine 


14,132,685 


_ 


14,132,685 


Lake St Francis 


75,907 





75,907 


Lake St Louis 


298,176 


- 


298,176 


Murray 


1,248,947 


_ 


1,248,947 


Rideau 


4,210,274 


_ 


4,210,274 


Sault Ste Marie 


4,935,809 


_ 


4,935,809 




7,904,045 


_ 


7,904,045 


St Anne s Lock and Canal 


1,170,216 


_ 


1,170,216 


St. Lawrence River and Canals 
North Channel . 


1,995,143 




1,995,143 


River Reaches 


483,830 


^ . 


483,830 


Galops Channel . 


1,039,896 


mm 


1,039,896 


St Peter s 


648,547 


__ 


648,547 


St Ours Lock . . 


127,229 


_ 


127,229 


Tav 


489,599 


_ 


489,599 


Trent 


18,274,532 


379,664 


18,654,196 


Welland 


29,399,406 




29,399,406 


Welland Ship Canal 


20,270,436 


5,070,298 


25,340,734 


Farrans Point . . 


877,091 




877,091 


Galons 


6,143,468 


V 


6,143,468 


Wilhamsburg Rapide Plat ! ! ! 


2,159,881 


_ 


2,159,881 


Williamsburg 


1,334,551 


_ 


1,334,551 


Canals in general 


34,967 


_ 


34,967 










Totals.. 


131,492,772 


5,449,962 


136,942,734 



i The records relating to cost of construction by Imperial Government were destroyed by fire in 1852, 
and the statistics are not included in this table. 

42. Traffic through the Panama Canal, by Nationality of Vessels, for the years 

ended June 30, 1918-1921. 





191 


18. 


191 


19. 


19S 


!0. 


192 


11. 


Nationality. 


Atlantic 
to 
Pacific. 


Pacific 
to 
Atlantic. 


Atlantic 
to 
Pacific. 


Pacific 
to 
Atlantic. 


Atlantic 
to 
Pacific. 


Pacific 
to 

Atlantic. 


Atlantic 
to 
Pacific. 


Pacific 
to 

Atlantic. 


Argentinian 


No. 


No. 
1 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


Belgian 


_ 


_ 


_ 


1 


- 


1 


1 


1 


Brazilian 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


2 


1 


1 





British 


303 


396 


306 


296 


393 


360 


502 


470 


Canadian 




_ 


2 


- 


- 


x 


- 


- 


Chilean 


50 


46 


48 


45 


38 


41 


40 


23 


"Chinese 




2 


2 


2 


2 


- 


2 


2 


(Colombian 


_ 


_ 


1 


- 


- 


1 


- 


- 


Costa Rican 


10 


10 


6 


6 


- 


1 


8 


8 


Cuban 




_ 





- 


- 


- 


- 


1 


Danish 


44 


56 


37 


42 


4 


5 


28 


32 


Dutch 


31 


18 


6 


13 


17 


12 


26 


24 


Ecuadorian 




_ 


- 


1 


- 


- 








Finnish 


_ 


_ 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


2 


French 


19 


33 


29 


75 


9 


51 


26 


18 


German 




_ 


- 


- 


5 


12 


3 


16 


Greek 


1 


1 


1 


2 


- 











Italian 


2 


2 


- 


- 


13 


13 


13 


12 


Japanese 


33 


20 


47 


40 


84 


34 


86 


50 


Jugo-Slav 




_ 


- 


- 


- 


- 


1 


1 


Mexican 


_ 


1 





1 


- 


- 


4 





Norwegian 


145 


151 


56 


72 


46 


60 


76 


64 


Panamanian 


1 


3 


- 


- 


3 


1 


5 


3 




41 


42 


34 


31 


37 


38 


32 


28 








_ 


- 


1 


1 


- 





Russian 


_ 


2 


3 


- 


2 


- 


1 


3 




5 


7 


2 


3 


20 


21 


22 


22 


Swedish 


12 


14 


12 


17 


10 


9 


15 


10 


United States 
Uruguayan 


224 


404 


268 


518 


493 
1 


636 


579 


631 


Total.. 


921 


1,209 


860 


1,165 


1,180 


1,298 


1,471 


1,421 



(AVALS 



567 



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568 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



SHIPPING. 

In the beginning of Canadian shipping furs were carried in 
canoes by water routes to the ocean ports. After 1665, Talon, as 
intendant, carried shipping a step beyond this by giving government 
aid to the building of ships for the West Indies trade and for the 
French navy, but the industry lost ground through the use of poor 
materials and the high cost of construction. 

With the coming of the U. E. Loyalists and their establishment 
as farmers in what is now Ontario, western trade took on a different 
character and set aside the birch bark canoe for the bateau and 
Durham boat. The route from Montreal to the Upper Lakes was 
broken at three places from Montreal to Kingston transportation 
was by bateau or Durham boat, from Kingston to Queenston schoon 
ers were used, then there was the portage road from Queenston to 
Chippawa and finally schooner again to the destination. The 
charge for transporting a barrel of rum from Montreal to Kingston was 
from $3.00 to $3.50 and freight charges on other goods were propor 
tions of the rate on this standard article. 

In 1809, the "Accommodation", the first Canadian steamship, 
was built for the Hon. John Molson to run between Montreal and 
Quebec. By 1818 Molson had formed a company, the St. Lawrence 
Steamship Company or the Molson Line. On lake Ontario, the 
"Frontenac", beginning with 1817, was used on a weekly service 
between York and Prescott, and following this beginning came a 
period of great activity in lake and river shipping. In 1845, the 
"Gore" reached lake Huron by way of the Welland canal to carry on 
transport trade in the Upper Lakes where previously there had not 
been enough traffic to support a large ship. Shipping on the Upper 
Lakes became brisker now, for there were settlers to be carried from 
Buffalo to the western United States and grain to be brought back. 
In this period Canadian shipping made its profit by carrying American 
goods, for there was little traffic originating in the Canadian near- West. 

After 1850 there was railway competition to contend with. By 
1852 Chicago was joined to New York and by 1854 Toronto to 
Collingwood and Hamilton to Windsor. The competition of rail 
ways meant the weeding out of the less efficient ships; passengers now 
forsook the steamships, and railways took over the transportation 
of perishable goods. But the new roads opened up traffic areas for 
water transport as well as for themselves; grain became an important 
article of lake transportation and the new ships were built for the 
carriage of bulky commodities. 

The building of wooden ships had centered at Quebec ever 
since the beginnings were made by Talon. In 1825 ships having 
a tonnage of 24,592 were built there. From this time forth the 
industry maintained its position until the depression caused by the 
altered trade relations of Great Britain to Canada. Under the 
Reciprocity Treaty the industry revived, but after 1865 it declined and 
practically disappeared as steel ships became more common. Before 
1800, fishing had occupied the seamen of the Maritime Provinces, 



569 



but in the nineteenth century larger ships were built for foreign 
trade. Until 1865 the shipbuilding industry advanced in those 
parts, hut by 1871 iron hulls had replaced Wooden ships, and further, 
the years of the Reciprocity Treaty had seen the exportation to the 
United States of practically all the M ant hues hackmatac, which 
was the finest of all soft woods for shipbuilding. The building of 
passenger boats and freighters is carried on now at various ports 
on the Great Lakes; in British Columbia, where there is native 
coal and iron, ships are built, especially at Vancouver, Esquimalt 
and Prince Rupert. 

Ocean shipping was begun only towards the middle of last 
century with the advent of steamships. In 1833, the Royal William, 
a Canadian ship, which had been built to ply between Quebec and 
Halifax, crossed the Atlantic from Pictou to London. A few years 
later, Samuel Cunard enlisted English capital and in 1838 obtained 
a seven years contract from the British government to carry mail 
across the Atlantic. His company, the Cunard line, pursued a con 
servative course; wooden ships were built for it long after iron hulls 
were a proven success, likewise paddle wheelers when these had been 
largely replaced by twin screws. By 1867, the company s business 
had shifted to New York, and in that year the terminal was moved 
thither from Halifax. The Allan line had a somewhat similar 
early history, but it has maintained itself as a Canadian line, pur 
suing a more modest course than the Cunard in the size and speed of 
its vessels. Now both the C.P.R. and C.N.R. own ocean fleets as 
extensions to their railway systems. 

The Department of Marine: Administration of the general 
shipping interests of Canada is divided between the Marine Depart 
ment and the Department of the Naval Service. 1 The Marine 
Department includes the control, regulation, management and super 
vision of various services, chief amongst which are (1) administration 
of the Canada Shipping Act and other Acts of the Dominion Govern 
ment relating to marine transportation; (2) pilotage; (3) the con 
struction and maintenance of lighthouses, lightships, fog alarms, buoys 
and beacons; (4) ports, harbours, piers, wharves and breakwaters; 
(5) the Meteorological Service of Canada; (6) sick and distressed 
seamen, and the establishment, regulation and management of marine 
and seamen s hospitals; (7) river and harbour police; (8) inquiries into 
the causes of shipwrecks and casualties and the collection of wreck 
statistics; (9) the inspection of steamboats; (10) the construction 
and maintenance of the St. Lawrence River Ship Canal and (11) 
the maintenance of winter communication between Prince Edward 
Island and the mainland. The net revenue of the Marine Depart 
ment for the fiscal years ended March 31, 1920 and 1921, was $303,002 
and $396,617 respectively, and the expenditure for the same periods 
was $38,301,080 and $26,038,902, as compared with $4,459,165 in 
the fiscal year ended March 31, 1919. 

1 For information relating to the Department of the Naval Service refer to heading 
"Naval Service of Canada," in the index. 



570 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 

Canadian Government Merchant Marine. During the 
closing years of the war, the Dominion Government, realizing the 
need for a mercantile fleet, not only as a means of developing Canada s 
export trade but also as a means of assisting our national railways 
and of providing employment, placed orders with Canadian ship 
building firms for the construction of 63 steel cargo vessels of 6 
different types. These vessels were intended primarily to co-operate 
with British shipping in supplying the necessities of war, as well as 
to provide in times of peace the means of carrying abroad the products 
of Canada s farms, forests, mines and factories, without which 
Canada could not hope to take full advantage of the opportunity 
of expanding her export trade. 

Prior to Dec. 31, 1919, 19 vessels had been delivered by the 
builders. During 1920 the total number delivered was increased 
to 47, while during 1921 an additional 18 vessels were completed, 
bringing the total at Dec. 31 of that year up to 65 vessels with a 
total deadweight tonnage of 380,097. In regard to ownership and 
operation, a separate company has been organized for each vessel 
and the capital stock of each is owned by the Canadian Government 
Merchant Marine, Limited. Under an operating agreement with 
each of these companies, the Canadian Government Merchant 
Marine, Limited, operates all of the steamers and keeps a separate 
account for each company. Promissory notes have been given to 
the Minister of Finance and Receiver-General for the total capital 
stock of each vessel, with interest payable at 5| p.c. per annum. 

According to the second annual report of the Canadian Govern 
ment Merchant Marine, Limited, a surplus of $1,004,233 (without 
provision for interest charges) is shown from the operations of this 
government-owned fleet as at Dec. 31, 1920. At the close of the 
third year of operation, however, as a result of the world-wide 
depression in the shipping industry and particularly of the addition 
of more ships to the fleet, the annual report as for Dec. 31, 1921, 
shows a deficit, after all charges, of $9,116,144. As a result, the 
Board of Directors has proposed the reduction of the number of 
vessels to 37, retaining only the larger, speedier and specialized 
ships, the reduction of the capital cost, (about $72,500,000) to what 
may be considered present replacement value (about $28,500,000), 
and the payment of interest to the government only if earned after 
allowing for depreciation. 

At present, regular cargo services are maintained to points in 
the United Kingdom and European Continent, to Australia and 
New Zealand, to British India and the Straits Settlements, to the 
West Indies (which is also served by a three-weekly passenger 
service), to Newfoundland, to South America, to China and Japan 
and to California. In addition, voyages have been made to many 
points on the continent, Cuba, the East Indies, Russia and Egypt, 
exclusive of frequent coastwise service on the Atlantic. A few of 
the smaller boats have at times been moved to the Great Lakes to 
assist in the transportations of eastbound grain. 



SHIPPING 



571 



Offices of the company outside of Canada arc located in London, 
in the West Indies, and in Australia, New Zealand and Newfoundland, 
while agencies jiive the company representation in all the principal 
shipping centres of the world. 

Shipping Statistics. Of the following Fables 44 to 51 are 

compiled from the shipping reports of the Department of Customs 
and Excise and Tables 52 to 59 from the reports of the Department 
of Marine. Table 44 gives summary statistics by nationalities of 
sea-going vessels, exclusive of coasting vessels, entered and cleared 
at Canadian ports during the fiscal years 1920 and 1921. Entrances 
and clearings of sea-going vessels at principal ports in the fiscal 
year 1921 are given in Table 45, while Table 46 gives detailed statis 
tics of sea-going vessels by countries, whence arrived and countries 
to which departed, for 1921. Tables 47 and 48 are historic tables, 
giving entrances and clearings for sea-going vessels and for sea-going 
and inland vessels, exclusive of coasting vessels, respectively, from 
the commencement of the century. Statistics of the coasting trade 
for the past five years are given in Table 49, and statistics of the trade 
on the lakes and rivers between Canada and the Tinted States in 
Table 50. Statistics of vessels built and registered in Canada and 
sold to other countries are given in Table 51. 

In Table 52, taken from the report of the Department of Marine, 
are statistics showing the number and net tonnage of vessels on the 
registry of shipping in Canada for 1!)1(&gt; to MM .), the figures showing 
the effect of the recent ship building programme. Table 53 shows 
steam boat inspections during the fiscal year 1919-1920. fable 54 
shows the number of seamen shipped and discharged at Canadian 
ports from 1908 to 1919. Table 55 gives the Canadian wrecks and 
casualties up to 1920 and Table 56 shows the marine and danger 
signals from 1911 to 1920. Tables 57 and 58 show the current 
trend of the revenue and expenditure of the Department of Marine, 
the heavy expenditure in the fiscal years 1920 and 1921 being attri 
butable to the large shipbuilding programme undertaken in those 
years. Table 59 is an historic table giving revenue and expenditure 
statistics of the Department of Marine since 1868. 

44. Sea-going Vessels (exclusive of Coasting Vessels) Entered and Cleared at Canadian 

Ports during the fiscal years 1920 and 1921. 



Nationalities. 


Number 
of 

Vessels. 


Tons 
Register. 


Freight. 


Number 
of 
Crew. 


Tons 
Weight. 


Tons 
Measure 
ment. 


1920. ENTERED. 
British 


2,733 
5,783 
8,565 


6,035,787 
2,041,096 
3,933,491 


1,124,085 
436,489 
1,317,152 


141,593 
135,246 
33,199 


197,085 
98,866 
140,064 


Canadian 


Foreign 


Total 


17,081 


13,010,374 


2,877,736 


310,038 


436,015 


CLEARED. 
British 


2,778 
6,211 

8,788 


6,285,207 
2,393,538 
4,555,635 


4,610,350 
1,111,411 
2,360,627 


833,178 
238,091 
323,067 


178,998 
107,635 
154,546 


Canadian 


Foreign 


Total 


17,777 


13,234,380 


8,082,388 


1,394,336 


441,179 





572 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



44. Sea-going Vessels (exclusive of Coasting Vessels) Entered and Cleared at Canadian 
Ports during the fiscal years 1920 and 1921 concluded. 



Nationalities. 


Number 
of 
Vessels. 


Tons 
Register. 


Freight. 


Number 
of 
Crew. 


Tons 
Weight. 


Tons 
Measure 
ment. 


1920. 
TOTAL ENTERED AND CLEARED. 
British 


5,511 
11,994 
17,353 


12,320,994 
4,434,634 
8,489,126 


5,734,435 
1,547,900 
3,677,779 


974,771 
373,337 
356,266 


376,083 
206,501 
294,610 


Canadian 


Foreign 


Total 


34,858 


25,244.754 


10,960,114 


1,704,374 


877,191 




1921. ENTERED. 
British 


2,250 
6,234 

8,874 


5,389,120 
2,866,100 
4,261,283 


1,091,848 
699, 133 
1,306,731 


247,897 
89,300 
30,295 


165,494 
142,198 
132,254 


Canadian 


Foreign 


Total 


17 ,358 


12,516,503 


3,097,712 


367 ,492 


439,916 


CLEARED. 
British 


2,276 
6,256 
8,750 


5,156,499 
2,644,384 
4,599,343 


3,570,943 
1,453,858 
2,247,502 


827,235 
301,259 
349,417 


145,786 
143,581 
143,727 


Canadian 


Foreign 


Total 


17,282 


12,100,226 


7,272,303 


1,477,911 


433 ,091 


TOTAL ENTERED AND CLEARED. 
British 


4,526 
12,490 
17,624 


10,546,619 
5,510,484 
8,860,626 


4,662,791 
2,152,991 
3,554,233 


1,075,132 
390,559 
379,712 


311,280 
285,779 
275,981 


Canadian 


Foreign 


Total 


31,640 


24,916,729 


10,370,015 


1,845,103 


873,010 





45. Sea-going Vessels Entered and Cleared at the Principal Ports of Canada, 

fiscal year, 1921. 



Ports. 


British. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


Anyox, B C. ... 


15 
122 
74 
37 
24 
203 
22 
286 
161 
40 
14 
31 
14 
28 
30 
1,281 
18 
30 
288 
188 
157 
68 
411 
268 
38 
514 
10 
812 
384 
12 
302 


5,594 
2,599 
11,461 
10,001 
7,510 
70,915 
32,940 
48,776 
21,169 
19,124 
26,194 
20,411 
414 
4,666 
36,961 
2,151,871 
21,302 
31,682 
52,247 
25,929 
17,463 
2,385 
3,731 
227,024 
1,594 
63,975 
13,376 
3,010,986 
88,262 
11,473 
48.838 


21 
4 
46 
14 
12 
14 
20 
365 
153 
1 
37 
61 
59 
9 
39 
558 
9 
5 
303 
9 
314 
89 
309 
360 
79 
30 
16 
313 
1,875 
16 
28 


10,637 
178 
56,840 
18,476 
5,536 
2,676 
17,108 
8,209 
9,653 
211 
40,821 
28,142 
935 
1,885 
54,577 
935,388 
15,718 
5,490 
108,994 
227 
22,115 
5,217 
3,685 
151,795 
3,896 
2,588 
11,400 
825,917 
312,456 
35,451 
347 


36 

126 
120 
51 
36 
217 
42 
651 
314 
41 
51 
92 
73 
37 
69 
1,839 
27 
35 
591 
197 
471 
157 
720 
628 
117 
544 
26 
1,125 
2,259 
28 
330 


" 16,231 
2,777 
68,301 
28,477 
13.046 
73.591 
50,048 
56,985 
30,822 
19.335 
67,015 
48,553 
1,349 
6,551 
91,538 
3,087,259 
37,020 
37,172 
161,241 
26,156 
39,578 
7,602 
7.416 
378,819 
5,490 
66,553 
24,776 
3,836,903 
400,718 
46,925 
49.184 


Arichat, N.S 


Baddeck, N.S 


Bathurst, N.B 


Bridgewater, N.S 


Britannia Beach, B.C 


Campbellton, N.B 


Carnpobello, N.B 


Canso, N.S 


Charlottetown, P.E.I 


Chatham, N.B 


Ghemainus, B.C 


Clark s Harbour, N.S 


Digby, N.S 


Gaspe, Que 


Halifax, N.S 


Hantsport, N.S 


Hillsboro, N.B 


Ladysmith, B.C 


La Have, N.S 


Liverpool, N.S 


Lockport, N.S 


Lord s Cove, N.B 


Louisburg, N.S 


Lower East Pubnico, N.S 


Lunenburg, N.S 


Moncton, N.B 


Montreal, Que 


Nanaimo, B.C 


New Westminster, B.C 


North Head. N.B... 



SHIPPING 



573 



45. Sea-going Vessels Entered and Cleared at the Principal Ports of Canada, 

fiscal year, 1921 concluded. 



Ports. 


British. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


No. 


Tonnage. 




1,285 
85 
99 
12 
91 
167 

u 

1,500 
333 
18 
566 
44 
614 
45 
26 
32 
23 
58 
100 
843 
37 
115 
1.534 
1,809 
98 
174 
454 


424,580 
150,951 
34,113 
14,338 
76,700 
26,914 
18,181 
134,687 
1,396,658 
33,902 
46,947 
4,910 
1,386,365 
23,679 
591 
4,625 
3,953 
15,496 
3,859 
1,205.020 
104.132 
338,496 
2,370.350 
1,594,092 
2,585 
152,309 
313,912 


357 
161 
86 
5 
195 
13 
51 
2,602 
49 
4 
1,618 
149 
1,109 
82 
125 
206 
95 
91 
55 
403 
4 
321 
1,080 
1,799 
52 
99 
171 


235,729 
207,274 
27,538 
2,676 
97,244 
8,077 
70, 174 
112,473 
87,598 
6,116 
29,406 
7,507 
559,865 
13.574 
2,858 
15,113 
9.362 
52.001 
1,823 
424,839 
5,362 
303.379 
1,557.791 
2,127,983 
512 
78,167 
14,302 


1,642 
246 
185 
17 
286 
180 
63 
4,102 
382 
22 
2,184 
193 
1,723 
127 
151 
238 
118 
149 
155 
1,246 
41 
436 
2,614 
3,608 
150 
273 
625 


660,309 
358,225 
t.1,651 
17,014 
173,944 
34,991 
88,355 
247,160 
1,484,256 
40,018 
76,353 
12,417 
1,946,230 
37,253 
3,449 
19,738 
13,315 
67,497 
5,682 
1,629,859 
109,494 
641,875 
3,928,147 
3,722,075 
3,097 
230,476 
328,214 


Ocean Falls, N.S 




Pictou N S 


Powell River, B C 


Port Hawkesbury N.S 


Port Hastings, N S .. 


Prince Rupert, B C 


( )ucl&gt;ec Que .. 




St. Andrews, N.B 


St. George, N.B 


St John, N.B. 


St. Martin s, N.B 


-tephens, N.B 


Sandy Point, N.S 


Shelburne, N.S 


Sidney, B.C 


Steveston, B.C 


Sydney, N.S. 


Three Rivers, Que.. . 


Union Bay, B.C 




Victoria, B.C. .. 


White Rock, B.C 


Windsor, N.S 


Yarmouth, N.S. . ... 





4$. Sea-going Vessels Entered Inwards and Outwards by Countries, 1921. 

VESSELS ENTERED INWARDS. 



Countries whence 
arrived. 


British. 


Canadian. 


Foreign. 


No. 
of 
Ves 
sels. 


Tons 
Register. 


Crew 
No. 


No. 
of 
Ves 
sels. 


Tons 
Register. 


Crew 
No. 


No. 
of 
Ves 
sels. 


Tons 
Register. 


Crew 
No. 


Great Britain 


672 
31 
11 
63 
753 
12 
42 
18 
41 

7 
14 
10 

1 
6 
29 
4 
9 
343 
151 
23 
10 


3,027,799 
156,221 
35,204 
152,610 
386,617 
40,531 
231,528 
112,493 
107,811 

29,296 
35,705 
42,244 

2,115 
17.688 
2,125 
26,087 
12,273 
867,685 
12,884 
78,110 
12,094 


95,340 
4,699 
462 
5,948 
13,581 
659 
7,690 
1,952 
1,704 

347 
471 
732 

23 
274 
169 
657 
196 
25,511 
3,000 
1,245 
834 


154 
6 
1 
148 
415 
6 

41 
4 

2 
6 

2 

4 
36 

11 
3,622 
1,725 
47 
4 


260,126 
20,318 
100 
70,703 
237,933 
15,544 

261,032 
11,091 

5,470 
24,627 
2,791 

5,556 
5,377 

3,259 
1,789,138 
80,382 
69,962 
2,691 


4,337 
266 
7 
1,519 
7,014 
251 

17,346 
149 

81 
1,918 
42 

98 
295 

82 
91,904 
15,575 
1,242 
72 


92 

36 
5 
53 
5 
12 
4 
55 
19 
48 
41 
81 
40 
29 
11 
164 

14 

5,805 
2,280 
69 
11 


209,077 

89,675 
3,483 
72,904 
10,669 
35,128 
12,136 
145,396 
22,109 
126,568 
108,106 
426,315 
193,846 
68,965 
35,687 
30,859 

19,740 
2,415,932 
70,683 
155,317 
8,688 


3,194 

1,462 
84 
1,460 
163 
512 
211 
2,341 
335 
1,749 
1,693 
10,013 
1,503 
880 
395 
6,464 

436 
77,317 
19,189 
2,254 
599 


Australia 


Gibraltar 


British W. Indies 


Newfoundland 


Other British possessions.. 
Belgium 


China 


France 


Denmark 


Holland 


Italy 


Japan 


Mexico 


Norway 


Peru 


St. Pierre 


Russia 


Spain 


United States 


Sea Fisheries 


Other countries 


Sea, Cable and Admiralty 
Total 


2,250 


5,389,120 


165,494 


6,234 


2,866,100 


142,198 


8,874 


4,261,283 


132,254 





574 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



46. Sea-going Vessels Entered Inwards and Outwards by Countries, 1921 concluded. 



VESSELS ENTERED OUTWARDS. 







British. 






Canadian 






Foreign. 




Countries to which 
departed. 


No. 
of 
Ves 
sels. 


Tons 
Register. 


Crew 
No. 


No. 
of 
Ves 
sels. 


Tons 
Register. 


Crew 
No. 


No 

of 
Ves 
sels. 


T9ns 
Register. 


Crew 
No. 


Great Britain 


586 


2,372,906 


65,451 


176 


348,812 


6 112 


132 


234 194 


3 427 


Australia 


51 


237,369 


5,963 


11 


36,570 


450 


:; 


4 899 


55 


British Oceania 


15 


54,480 


1,138 


8 


27,078 


324 


g 


15 516 


284 


British South Africa 


38 


123,622 


1,883 


1 


646 


16 


17 


34 986 


466 


British West Indies 


2 


445 


13 


71 


57,657 


1,296 


13 


17 930 


412 


Newfoundland 


754 


345,947 


14,148 


462 


255,190 


7,468 


32 


30 481 


620 


British Guiana 


26 


73,557 


2,806 


12 


14,896 


304 








Gibraltar 


8 


27,999 


357 








15 


40,185 


630 


Other British possessions. 
Argentina 


19 
10 


79,838 
25,963 


1,237 
435 


8 
13 


17,192 
35,836 


308 
474 


3 
19 


7,734 
23,235 


92 

323 


Belgium 


34 


158,537 


4,692 








28 


95,620 


1,379 


China 


19 


120,998 


2,203 


51 


310,369 


19,588 


3 


10,447 


256 


Cuba 


3 


1,099 


24 


43 


29,347 


671 


23 


17,676 


390 


Brazil 


4 


1,020 


26 


8 


11,176 


160 


1 


1,062 


12 


France 


70 


204,266 


4,035 


4 


4,849 


100 


91 


130,318 


3,266 


Greece 


13 


39,608 


532 








18 


43,824 


633 


Holland 


14 


48,029 


666 


1 


387 


7 


35 


70,303 


1,094 


Italy 


13 


39,243 


532 


2 


4,300 


53 


73 


217,144 


3,166 


Japan 


20 


97,378 


1,965 


1 


3,039 


274 


73 


369,888 


7,956 


Mexico 


1 


3,407 


37 


3 


3,133 


57 


36 


165,406 


1,311 


Norway 








1 


3,007 


45 


26 


70,731 


1,013 


Peru . 


2 


5,896 


101 


2 


2,768 


50 


2 


2,709 


47 


St. Pierre 


30 


2,544 


220 


46 


7,520 


401 


46 


10.178 


994 


United States 


321 


957,857 


30,365 


3,542 


1,383,017 


89,481 


5,049 


2,778,157 


83,654 


Sea fisheries 


176 


22,321 


3,957 


1,733 


64,328 


15,396 


2,950 


103,200 


29,614 


Other countries 


34 


97,124 


1,907 


56 


23,041 


534 


43 


95,179 


1,896 


Sea, Cable and Admiralty 


13 


15,046 


1,093 


1 


226 


12 


13 


8,341 


737 


Total 


2,276 


5,156,499 


145,786 


6,256 


2,644,384 


143,581 


8,750 


4,599,343 


143,727 























47. Sea-going Vessels Entered and Cleared at Canadian Ports with Cargo and in 

Ballast, 1901-1921. 



Fiscal Years. 


British. 


Canadian. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Tonnage. 


No. 


Tons 
Register. 


No. 


Tons 
Register. 


No. 


Tons 
Register. 


1901.. 


4,319 
4,363 
4,647 
4,997 
4,614 

5,104 

4,488 
6,356 
5,795 
5,780 

6,870 
6,766 
7,307 
7,418 
6,949 

6,817 
7,387 
7,337 
6,099 
5,511 
4,526 


6,694,133 
6,865,924 
7,753,788 
8,045,817 
8,034,652 

9,059,453 
7,576,721 
10,329,515 
10,405,370 
11,038,709 

12,712,337 
13,342,929 
13,896,353 
15,711,849 
13,931,091 

12,417,944 
16,144,873 
16,959,790 
14,054,166 
12,320,994 
10,545,619 


9,910 
11,413 
11,282 
11.045 
11,279 

12,201 
7, 880 
10,562 
10,946 
10,875 

10,607 
10,966 
11,810 
12,786 
11,903 

12,386 
12,241 
10,998 
11,115 
11,994 
12,490 


1,677,138 
1,937,227 
2,085,568 
1,979,803 
2,269,834 

2,304,942 
1,899,141 
2,606,660 
2,806,278 
3,498,361 

3,341,998 
4,618,163 
4,530,835 
5,160,799 
4,005,011 

3,894,731 
4,343,448 
4,343,853 
3,758,528 
4,434,634 
5,510,484 


12,476 
14,530 
12,403 
14,002 
11,904 

12,511 

8,107 
12,886 
13,441 
13,147 

12,467 
15,134 
16,549 
15,811 
15,060 

18,559 
18,500 
16,597 
15,132 
17,353 
17,624 


6,171,791 
5,928,337 
6,001,819 
5,801,085 
5,283,969 

5,479,034 
4,429,012 
6,555,096 
6,554,228 
6,267,243 

6,242,851 
6,628,513 
7,803,910 
8,695,838 
7,466,484 

8,514,975 
8,778,753 
11,483,484 
7,448,699 
8,489,126 
8,860,626 


14,543,062 
14,731,488 
15,841,175 
15,826,705 
15,588,455 

16,843,429 
13,904,874 
19,491,271 
19,765,876 
20,804,313 

22,297,186 
24,589,605 
26,231,098 
29,568,486 
25,402,586 

24,827,650 
29,267,074 
32,787,127 
25,261,393 
25,244,754 
24,916,729 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906.. 


1907 (9mos.) 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1011.. 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 . 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 





NOTE. For 1868-1900, see Canada Year Book, 1911, p. 379. 



SHIPPL\&lt;i 



575 



48. Sea-going and Inland Vessels exclusive of Coasting Vessels arrived at and 

departed from Canadian Ports, 1901-1931. 



Fiscal Years. 


British. 


Canadian. 


Foreign. 


Total 
Tonnage. 


No. 


Tons 
Register. 


No. 


Tons 

Register. 


No. 


Tons 
Register. 


1901. 


4,319 

4.363 
4,647 

4,614 

5,104 
4,408 

5,795 
5,780 

6,870 
6,766 
7.307 
7,418 
6,949 

6,817 
7,387 
7,337 
6,099 
5,511 
4,526 


6,694,133 
6,8. 
7,75 
8,045,817 
8,034,652 

9,059,453 
7.576,721 

10,329,515 
10.405,370 
11,038,709 

12,712,337 
13 
13,896 

15,711,849 
13,931,091 

l J.417.944 
Hi, 144, 873 
16,959,790 
14,054,166 
12,320 
10,545,619 


30,211 
202 
31 
30 
29, 729 

32.239 
30.654 
28,795 
29,247 
28, 635 

29,670 
27,949 

4_&gt;.tiL l 
30 
29,359 

37,900 
39,978 
34,786 
37,023 
37,388 
39,877 


8,540.089 
9,654,528 
10,482,940 

11,047,447 

11.241,015 
11,582,409 
11,717,846 
13,805,790 
15,680,534 

16,380,146 
18,069 

20,677,938 
17,026,121 
17,504.751 

17.372,836 

20, L".IO, L&gt;:&gt;1! 
19,890,461 
17,567,061 
hi. soil. 619 
22,236,962 


33.302 
40, 14s 
53,545 
35,739 
35,647 

37,644 
25,263 
40,461 
38,677 
41,650 

40,892 
45,399 
47,303 
5f&gt; 
48,635 

75,411 
74,850 
70,781 
52,273 
52,827 
50,370 


10,795,586 
13,504,952 
15.41S.315 
13,201,098 
13,195,721 

14,430,804 
11,436,761 
17,527,670 
16,490,443 
17,848.748 

18,337,062 
21,560,215 
23.L 7:&gt;,4&lt;&gt;2 
181,513 
22,168,311 

27,930,318 
277,419 
29,952,237 
21,607.821 
20,302,920 
21,866,049 


26,029,808 
30,025,404 
33,655.043 
31.202.205 
32,277,820 

34,732,172 
30,595.891 
39.575.031 
40.701,603 
44,567,991 

47,429,545 
r.L&gt;,973,127 
57,849,783 
61.919,483 
53,604,153 

57,721,098 
65,712.544 
66,802,488 
53,229,048 
49,493,533 
54,648,630 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906.. 


1907 (9 mos.) 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911.. 


1912 ... 


1913 . 


1914 


1915 


1916.. 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 





NOTE. For 1868-1900, see Canada Year Book, 1911, p. 380. 
49.-BrItixh and Foreign Vessels employed In the (ousting Trade of ( anada, 1917-1921. 





1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


VESSELS ARRIVED 
British 
Steam \o 


65 846 


63 586 


59 076 


61 859 


fil 187 


Tons register 


9 43M 


28 *&gt;08 601 


24 666 439 


7 711 784 


25 294 751 


Number of crew 


1 304,873 


1 21 


i r&gt; ( i ."ii4 


1 209 243 


1 207 878 


Sail \o 


17 Itil 


14 945 


13 552 


13 143 


12 1 &gt;0 r i 


Tons register 


3 260 636 


3 OS2 450 


- 


2 785 198 


2 790 484 


Number of crew 


65 247 


04 663 


4Q 2?0 


48*708 




Foreign 
Steam Xo 


391 


479 


701 


5Q4 


680 


Tons register 


299,883 


681 724 


7*56 161 


n ! 771 


428 017 


Number of crew 


7,142 


11 515 


16 310 


12 381 


11 OQ2 


Sail X 


418 




343 


204 


180 


Tons register 


79, 144 


43 914 


m7QO 


50 ( l ( ) 


14 2Q3 


Number of crew 


3 257 


1 871 


2 027 


1 227 


1 014 


Description of vessels 
Steam, screw No 


59 680 


58 74 T 


14 4fi1 


^fi Q99 


KA OQ^ 


Steam, paddle " 


5 057 


4 0X8 


Q S41 


Q 7Q7 


4 04 9 . 


Steam , sternwheel " 


1 500 


1 232 


1 471 


1 7Q4 


1 79Q 


Sail , ships " 


38 




1 


3 


7 


Sail, barks " 


932 


1 


2 





2 


Sail, barkentines " 


10 


1 


1 


9 


4 


Sail , brigantines " 


1 




2 




3 


Sail, schooners " 


13,347 


11 733 


10 031 


9 62*) 


8 810 


Sail, sloops, barges, canal boats, 
etc " 


3,251 


3 506 


3 818 


*? 714 


Q OQQ 


VESSELS DEPARTED 
British 
Steam No 


62 500 


60 750 


tjfi 407 


^q 004 


CQ 704, 


Tons register 


28 411 647 


2fi 0"^ 617 


90 Ao nin 


9 A 414 91 


94 7Q^ Q4fi 


Number of crew 


1 242 047 


1 Ififl Q81 


1 OR^ 019 


i i co 400 


1 1Q1 KCA 


Sail No 


17 507 


15 217 


1^ 991 


19 S^Q 


HQ44 


Tons register 


3 204 652 


2 910 028 


9 7Q1 17A 


o fifio 79^ 


9 57fc S04 


Number of crew.. 


64.303 


56.502 


47 844 


4fi 1.1.1 


40 8Q9 



576 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



49. British and Foreign Vessels employed in the Coasting Trade of Canada, 

1917-1921 concluded . 





1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


VESSELS DEPARTED concluded. 
Foreign 
Steam No 


260 


354 


558 


454 


566 


Tons register 


118,383 


457 605 


543 600 


350 310 


351 522 


Number of crew 


3,742 


7 846 


10 813 


8 624 


8 697 


Sail No 


376 


311 


266 


262 


152 


Tons register 


87,548 


44,621 


118 668 


57,950 


49,396 


Number of crew 


3,184 


1 613 


2 442 


1 400 


731 


Description of Vessels 
Steam, screw No. 


56,569 


55,928 


51,994 


54,334 


54,481 


Steam , paddle 


4,703 


3,948 


3,486 


3,323 


4,251 


Steam , sternwheel 


1,488 


1,228 


1,485 


1,801 


1,628 


Sail, ships 


26 




1 


1 


2 


Sail, barks 


934 


1 


2 


6 


5 


Sail, barkentines 


11 




1 


2 


1 


Sail , brigantines 


2 


2 


1 




5 


Sail, schooners 


13,665 


12,050 


11,787 


9,465 


8,638 


Sail, sloops, barges, canal boats, 
etc " 


3,245 


3,475 


3,695 


3,647 


3,445 















50. Canadian and American Vessels, trading on Rivers and Lakes between Canada 

and United States, exclusive of ferriage, 1917-1921. 






1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


VESSELS ARRIVED 
Canadian 
Steam No 


13,026 


10,292 


11,774 


11,587 


12,420 


Tons register 


7,697,451 


7,326,058 


6,664,144 


5,883,911 


7,884,184 


Number of crew 


239,914 


275,804 


207,523 


235,405 


288,117 


Sail No. 


875 


1,518 


1,087 


967 


1,298 


Tons register 


341,931 


418,482 


416,124 


269,908 


404,180 


Number of crew 


4,387 


5,475 


5,132 


3,653 


4,917 


American 
Steam No 


25,788 


24,594 


16,325 


16,499 


14,089 


Tons register 


9,617,072 


8,643,144 


6,708,059 


5,611,030 


6,059,357 


Number of crew 


275,494 


264,221 


180,420 


191,569 


169,904 


Sail No. 


2,139 


2,196 


2,034 


1,147 


1,550 


Tons register 


622,010 


661,297 


521,317 


319,415 


480, 733 


Number of crew 


7,693 


7,348 


6,589 


3,912 


6,366 


Description of Vessels 
Steam, screw No 


36,200 


32,923 


26,992 


26,664 


25,118 


Steam, paddle 


2,562 


1,911 


1,031 


1,384 


1,359 


Steam, sternwheel 


52 


52 


76 


38 


32 


Sail, schooners 


781 


1,063 


729 


642 


809 


Sail, sloops 


18 


21 


17 


11 


13 


Sail , barges 


2,215 


1,970 


2,375 


1,461 


2,026 


Sail, barks " 




660 






_ 


VESSELS DEPARTED 
Canadian 
Steam No . 


12,941 


10,454 


11,896 


11,847 


12,384 


Tons register 


7,565,126 


7,351,692 


6,320,430 


5,976,120 


8,046,127 


Number of crew 


250,397 


223,094 


217,673 


236,263 


261,338 


Sail No. 


895 


1,524 


1,151 


993 


1,285 


Tons register 


342,296 


450,376 


407,835 


305,046 


391,987 


Number of crew 


4,555 


5,574 


5,009 


3,963 


5,186 


American 
Steam No . 


25,455 


24,419 


16,160 


16,249 


15,140 


Tons register 


9,550,386 


8,417,326 


6,385,048 


5,532,881 


5,947,482 


Number of crew 


272,675 


270,472 


178,345 


184, 109 


169,675 


Sail No. 


2,968 


2,975 


2,622 


1,579 


1,967 


Tons register 


709,198 


746,986 


544,698 


350,468 


517,851 


Number of crew 


9,077 


8,426 


7,610 


5,150 


6,398 


Description of Vessels 
Steam, screw ... No . 


35,764 


32,901 


26,983 


26,672 


26,384 


Steam, paddle 


2,560 


1,697 


1,027 


1,386 


1,097 


Steam, sternwheel 


72 


275 


46 


38 


43 


Sail schooners 


938 


869 


716 


677 


536 


Sail sloops . 


4 


22 


22 


10 


16 


Sail, barges . . " 


2,921 


3,608 


3,035 


1,885 


2,700 



SHIPPING 



577 



51. Vessels built and registered in Canada and Vessels sold to other Countries, 

fiscal years 1901-1921. 



Fiscal Year. 


Built. 


Registered. 


Sold to other Countries. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


Value. 


1901.. 


240 
260 
295 
214 
248 

323 
229 
361 
303 
264 

247 
326 
324 
289 
224 

167 
184 
216 
277 
352 
220 


21,956 
28,288 
30,856 
28,397 
21,865 

18,724 
33,205 
49,928 
29,023 
24,059 

22,812 
31,065 
24,325 
46,887 
45,721 

13,497 
28,638 
53,912 
104,444 
1(14,074 
95,838 


327 
316 
312 
243 
335 

420 
257 
357 

277 
220 

234 
302 
328 
230 
237 

325 
334 
336 
327 
459 
323 


35,156 
34,236 
41,405 
33,192 
27,583 

37,639 
31,635 
78, 144 
32,899 
33,383 

50,006 
30.021 
30,225 
46,909 
55,384 

102,239 
105,826 
70,350 
102,883 
237,022 
188,915 


5 
27 
21 
11 
21 

45 
17 
28 
16 
14 

17 

18 
20 
27 
21 

21 
47 
63 
85 
68 
69 


4,490 
11,360 
11,172 
7,208 
3,696 

9.487 
3,855 
4,515 
3,644 
5,047 

5,885 
4,265 
7.976 
8,258 
17,044 

4,529 
24,954 
25,252 
48.965 
53,407 
34,623 


$ 
66,468 
235,865 
220,602 
87,115 
100,363 

187,725 
68, 190 
132,900 
98,643 
133,800 

201,526 
140,350 
610,650 
169,618 
1,150,950 

192,575 
4,398,570 
5.330,850 
14,612,338 
17,819,477 
8,456,573 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 (9 months) 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911.. 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916.. 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920.. 


1921 





NOTE. For 1874-1900, see Canada Year Book, 1911, p. 383. 

52. Number and Net Tonnage of Vessels on the Registry of Shipping, Canada, 

calendar years 1916-1928. 



Description . 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1019. 


1920. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


No. 


Tonnage. 


Steamers 1 


4,202 
3 
12 
9 
7 
2,565 
589 
528 
495 
1 
14 
9 
4 
1 
189 
11 
3 
6 
1 
4 

1* 

2 

1 
2 

8,659 


491,550 
2,791 
14,442 
5,329 
1,013 
155,331 
18,417 
98,741 
73,529 
3 
360 
99 
1,379 
15 
59,440 
1,035 
42 
331 
17 
472 

6 
238 

17,964 
587 


4,264 
2 
12 
7 
5 
2,471 
558 
493 
499 

14 
9 
4 
1 
189 
11 
3 
6 
1 
4 

1* 
2 

1 
2 


523,200 
1,364 
14,128 
4,269 
818 
158,438 
16,213 
95,650 
75,277 

360 
99 
1,379 
15 
59,536 
1,035 
42 
331 
17 
472 

6 
238 

17,964 
587 


4,366 
1 
12 
6 
4 
2,307 
536 
493 
594 

13 
9 
4 
1 
192 
11 
2 
6 
1 
4 

1 
2 

1 
2 


555,983 
11 
14,128 
4,093 
599 
157,940 
17,861 
96,364 
87,612 

352 
99 
1,379 
15 
59,664 
1,035 
30 
329 
17 
472 

6 

238 

17,964 

587 


4,442 
1 
12 
7 
4 
2,237 
526 
479 
624 

13 
9 
4 
1 
185 
10 
1 
6 
1 
4 

3 

2 

2 


605,426 
11 
14,056 
4,726 
599 
178,500 
17,678 
98, 157 
91,735 

352 
99 
1,379 
15 
57,516 
971 
14 
331 
17 
472 

516 

18,738 
587 


4,281 
1 
12 
6 
4 
2,904 
420 
436 
610 

13 
4 
4 
1 
180 
9 
1 
6 
1 
4 

3 

2 
2 


676,259 
11 
14,056 
4,329 
599 
171,284 
15,761 
98,668 
91.570 

352 
42 
1,379 
15 
56,142 
838 
14 
331 
17 
472 

516 

18,738 
587 


Ships 


Barks 


Barkentines 
Brigantines 


Schooners 


Sloops 


Barges 


Scows 


Yachts 


Yawls 


Cutters 


Drill boats 


Drill scows 


Dredges 
House-boats 
Horse-ferries. ... 
Floating lights.. 
Pile drivers 


Lightships 


Cat boats and 
luggers. . 


Lighters 


Floating dry 
docks 


Rock breakers. 
Total 


943,131 


8,559 


971,438 


8,568 


1,016,778 


8,573 


1,091,895 


8,904 


1,151,980 





Including 273 paddle-wheel steamers with a registered tonnage of 55,099 tons and 4,008 screw steamers 
with a registered tonnage of 621,160 tons for the year 1920. Lugger only. 



3813137 



578 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



53. Steamboat Inspection during the Fiscal Year 1919-1920. 



Division. 


Number of Vessels Inspected. 


Number of 
Vessels not 
Inspected. 


Vessels regis 
tered or owned 
in the Dominion. 


Vessels regis 
tered or owned 
elsewhere. 


No. 


Gross 
Tonnage. 


No. 


Gross 
Tonnage. 


No. 


Gross 
Tonnage. 


Halifax 


160 
108 
100 
94 
169 
97 
286 
82 
68 
57 
211 
122 


76,841 
48,310 
28.748 
43,054 
73,323 
39,695 
263,837 
33,222 
32,792 
8, 163 
116,381 
61,975 


14 

4 
2 

2 
11 
36 

1 

4 
24 


30.837 
10,863 
504 

3,529 
9,676 
30,373 

681 

40,148 
27,361 


28 
42 
9 
30 
79 
38 
69 
13 
69 
14 
44 
39 


3,680 
9,552 
644 
9,801 
14,281 
3,870 
10,732 
1,846 
6,938 
1,135 
35,617 
10,218 


St. John, N.B 


Quebec 


Sorel 


Montreal 


Kingston 


Toronto . 


Collingwood 


Port Arthur 


Edmonton . 


Vancouver . 


Victoria 


Total 


1.554 


826,341 


98 


153,972 


474 


108,314 





Division. 


Number of Ves 
sels subject to 
Inspection when 
in Commission. 


Number of Ves 
sels added to 
the Dominion 
register. 


Number of Ves 
sels lost, broken 
up or destroyed . 


Halifax 


202 
154 
111 
124 
250 
146 
391 
95 
138 
71 
259 
185 


111,358 
68, 725 
29,896 
52,855 
91,133 
53,241 
304,942 
35,068 
40,411 
9,298 
192,146 
.99,555 


11 
5 

1 
8 
7 
4 
19 
8 
8 
1 
14 
3 


15,605 
1,542 
115 
8,175 
27.870 
3,121 
30. 460 
10,013 
11,868 
113 
33,344 
1,043 


6 
3 
1 
3 
7 
8 
22 
2 
4 
6 
1 
7 


2,622 
197 
17 
560 
5,832 
1,945 
5,984 
357 
435 
872 
1,468 
1,202 


St. John, N.B 


Quebec 


Sorel 


Montreal 


Kingston 


Toronto 


Collingwood 


Port Arthur 


Edmonton . . . . 


Vancouver . . 


Victoria. . . . 


Total . 


2,136 


1,088,628 


89 


143,268 


70 


21,491 





Seamen Shipped and Discharged. Table 54 shows, for each 
year from 1908 to 1920, the number of seamen shipped and discharged 
at Canadian ports under the provisions of the Canada Shipping Act 
(R.S. 1906, c. 113, ss. 141-143). 



54. 



-Number of Seamen Shipped and Discharged at Canadian Ports, calendar years 

1908-1920. 



Year. 


Seamen 
Shipped. 


Seamen 
Discharged . 


Year. 


Seamen 
Shipped. 


Seamen 
Discharged. 


1908 


18,013 


11,542 


1914... 


18,987 


14,989 


1909 


20,502 


11,573 


1915 


22, 797 


14,319 


1910 


16,735 


11,069 


1916 


20,902 


16,689 


1911 


13,748 


11,301 


1917 


16,998 


14,145 


1912 


13,708 


11,290 


1918 


16,516 


12,930 


1913 


16 975 


13,749 


1919 


18,208 


13,649 








1923 


22,569 


19,719 



Wrecks and Casualties.- -The statement in Table 55, supplied 
by the Department of Marine, applies to vessels of every nationality 
in respect of wrecks and casualties in Canadian waters and to Cana 
dian vessels in respect of wrecks and casualties in other waters. The 
returns in some years cover wrecks and casualties of previous years. 



SHIPPING 



579 



55. Canadian Wrecks and Casualties for 1870-1990, for the years ended June 30, 

1901-1917, and for the calendar years 1918-1920. 



Year. 


Cas 
ual 
ties. 


Net 
tonnage. 


Lives 
lost. 


Stated 
damages. 


Year. 


Cas 
ual- 
tie.^ 


Net 
tonnage. 


Lives 
lost. 


Stated 
damages. 


ic7n lanft 


No. 

Q R7n 


Tons. 
3 577 367 


No. 
5 096 


1 

61 525,760 


1912 


No. 

293 


Tons. 
269,569 


No. 

59 


I 

1,053.768 


igni 


136 


47*. 181 


126 


285.782 


1913 


275 


270.905 


160 


1,%3,870 


1902 


222 


105,814 


132 


835,916 


1914 


266 


210,368 


1,083 


4,983,775 


1QOS 


237 


162 297 


32 


409.991 


1915 


280 


214,036 


70 


1,459,012 


i , ; 


192 


81,143 


9 


489,699 


1916 


308 


242,996 


67 


1.377,442 


ion; 


178 


79,588 


15 


621,267 


1917 


239 


715 


152 


4,850.145 


. i, 


) ni 


139,586 


14 . 


573,420 


1918* 




312. 92S 


402 


1.818.895 


1007 


317 


i:il,441 


55 


672,466 


1919* 


240 


20o.720 


100 


1,80- 


1908 


307 


120,269 


34 

M 


1,390.891 

11 Q 1 Qfifi 


1920* 


U7 


222,928 


28 


1,643.825 


1909 
1910 


34o 
321 


lo9,9Uo 
211,505 


i\ 

101 


, lot , yoo 
1,M 


Totals 


14,757 


7,633,610 


7,942 


91,408,253 


1911 


271 


122,619 


48 


942.093 

































NOTE. For the yc:ir&gt; 1-7 mada Year Book, 1911, p. I 

^Includes 1,042 lives l&lt;t in the "I impress of Ireland" disaster. =ExoIudimr damage to.-arKo estimated 
at $4,310,350. Includes 328 lives lost in the "Princess Sophia" disaster. Calendar years. 

56. Comparative Statement of Marine Danger Signals, fiscal years 1911-1921. 



Description. 


1911. 


1912. 


1913. 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Light stations 


No. 
952 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


Lights 


1,291 


1.452 


1,393 


1,461 


1,521 


1,555 


1,560 


1,575 


1,577 


1,578 


1,598 


Light ships 


13 


12 


12 


12 


12 


12 


12 


9 


9 


10 


9 


Light boats 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


- 


Light keepers 


976 


975 


1.020 


1,040 


1,066 


1,099 


1,126 


1.128 


1,122 


1,120 


1,130 


Fog whistles 


14 


13 


14 


13 


11 


11 


11 


11 


10 


9 


8 


Sirens ... 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


1 


1 


Diaphones 


82 


83 


89 


98 


105 


110 


113 


124 


128 


131 


134 


Fog bells 


23 


2 , 


26 


26 


29 


31 


32 


30 


N 


32 


33 


Hand fog horns 


129 


137 


145 


150 


148 


161 


156 


154 


156 


149 


148 


Hand fog bells 




2 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


5 


5 


4 


4 


Gas and whistling buoys 


260 


281 


299 


319 


336 


327 


330 


334 


339 


336 


343 


Whistling buoys 


28 


27 


29 


30 


31 


11 


32 


32 


31 


31 


30 


Bell buoys 


55 


65 


71 


82 


86 


89 


87 


87 


86 


89 


90 


Submarine bells 


10 


10 


10 


13 


21 


22 


22 


18 


15 


12 


11 




8 


9 


9 


9 


9 


8 


8 


8 


6 


7 


7 


Fog horns 


12 


14 


11 


12 


10 


7 


5 


3 


3 


1 


1 


Fog alarm stations 


9 


9 


12 


11 


12 


13 


13 


13 


12 


13 


1? 



























NOTE. Besides the foregoing, in 1921 there were 49 lighted spar-buoys, floats and dolphins, 5,018 
unlighted buoys and 548 unlighted dolphins, spindles and beacons. 

57. Revenue of the Department of Marine, fiscal years 1916-1921. 



Heads of Revenue. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


W20. 


1921. 


Harbours piers and wharves 


$ 

57.829 


$ 

86,110 


S 
95,259 


S 

76,760 


S 

71,210 


$ 
106,047 


Earnings of Dominion steamers 


35,071 


22,802 


9,581 


13,621 


13,181 


4,051 


Decayed pilots fund 


5,669 


5,230 


5,316 


5,605 


5,304 


7,281 


Steamboat inspection fund 


3,677 


2,618 


1,589 


1,486 


3,049 


73,306 


Steamboat engineers fees 


1,415 


1,419 


1,204 


1,288 


1,545 




Sick mariners fund 


72,546 


76,994 


63,636 


69,244 


46,314 





Examination masters and mates 


4,828 


4,600 


4,486 


3,274 


3,863 


4,232 


Casual revenue, sundries 


279,678 


373,314 


46,225 


224,547 


112,965 


123,895 


St John pilotage dues . . 












25 892 


Halifax pilotage dues 


_ 


_ 


_ 





_ 


47 447 


Halifax pilots general account . 


__ 


_ 


_ 





4,261 




Halifax pilots pension fund 





_ 





_ 


4,664 


1,527 


British Columbia, pilotage revenue 
Miscellaneous 


744 


1,411 


1,516 


954 


34,521 
2,125 


2,939 
















Total revenue 


461,457 


571,498 


228,812 


396,779 


303 002 


396 ,617 

















33131 37 



580 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



58. Expenditure of the Department of Marine, fiscal years 1916-1921. 



Heads of Expenditure. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Ocean and River Service 
Boilers for SS. "Montcalm" 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 
37,750 


$ 


Life-saving service 


_ 





_ . 


_ 




59 685 


Motor patrol in B.C 


__ 


_ 


, 


! 


_ 


69,121 


Repairing the Aranmore 





_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


76,217 


Dominion steamers and icebreakers . . . 
Two steamers for Maritime Provinces. 
Wrecking plants (subsidy) 


1,124,708 
45,000 


1,035,251 
37,500 


1,108,539 
42,500 


1,193,371 
102,656 
35,000 


1,447,842 
35,000 


1,799,421 
35,000 


Other items of expenditure 


44,210 


33,042 


41,635 


33,822 


37,910 


42,171 
















Total 


1,313,918 


1,105,793 


1,192,674 


1,364,849 


1,558,502 


2,081,615 


Lighthouse and Coast Service 
Agencies, rent and contingencies 


143,881 


150,437 


165,967 


171,270 


177,146 


188,475 


Administration of pilotage 


41,580 


44,436 


52,068 


91,077 


103,913 


120,040 


Salaries and allowance to light- 
keepers 


449,961 


462,407 


464,091 


519,103 


599,979 


644, 768 


Maintenance and repairs to light 
houses, etc 


604,625 


652,591 


700,707 


668,050 


751,953 


786,389 


Construction of lighthouses, etc 


564,665 


331,222 


357,543 


349,291 


357,853 


398, 146 


Breaking of ice 


30,600 


34, 150 


25,141 


39,515 


40,000 


40,000 


New steamer for St. Lawrence 


14,377 












Signal service 


57,848 


51,859 


53,254 


54,236 


59,840 


68,735 


Other items of expenditure 


30,222 


42,187 


41,538 


18,705 


29,321 


16,565 
















Total 


1,937,759 


1,769,289 


1,860,309 


1,911,247 


2,120,005 


2,263,118 


Public Works, chargeable to Capital- 
Ship Channel, River St. Lawrence 
Dredging plant, River St. Lawrence, 
Montreal to Father Point 


981,761 
767,078 


1,084,770 
261,221 


656,422 
94,537 


425,333 
70,913 


484,186 
65,964 


507,212 


Shipbuilding 




_ 






33,014,390 


19,994,514 


New steamers for River St. Law 
rence 


188,251 










_ 


Award Estate D. J. McCarthy 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


3,228 


_ 


Allowance to Mrs I. Pinard 


_ 


1,000 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


Six salt water tugs 


_ 




_ 


46,528 


_ 


_ 


New icebreaker 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


972 


Sorel Shipyard 


_ 





_ 


_ 





100,414 
















Total 


1,937,090 


1,346,991 


750,959 


542,774 


33,567,768 


20,603,112 


Scientific Institutions 
Meteorological Service 
Total 


172,390 


193,886 


193,237 


188,188 


200,734 


208,592 
















Compassionate allowance to dependants 
of SS "Simcoe" 








61,500 






Honorarium to J. T. Rowan 


_ 


_ 





350 


- 


- 




66,741 


66,818 


53,169 


74,291 


48,562 







64,884 


67,560 


70,381 


72,874 


82,633 


97,704 




205,496 


194,778 


211,148 


212,390 


222,399 


231,810 




23,333 


23,669 


29,621 


30,702 


36,140 


58,671 




_ 


_ 


- 


- 


461,512 


234,448 




_ 


_ 


_ 





2,825 


3,264 


Steel purchase 


_ 


_ 





- 


- 


189,720 


Classification arrears 


_ 


_ 








- 


65,998 


Retirement Act 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 





850 
















Total expenditure 


5,621,611 


4,768,784 


4,361,498 


4,459,165 


38,301,080 


26,038,902 

















TELEGRAPHS 



581 



55._Total Revenue and Expenditure of the Department of Marine, fiscal years 

1868-1921. 



Year. 


Reve 
nue. 


Expen 
diture. 


Year. 


Reve 
nue. 


Expen 
diture. 


Year. 


Reve 
nue. 


Expen 
diture. 


1868 


1 

71,811 


* 

371,071 


1886.. 


$ 

91,885 


1 

980,121 


1904... 




128,507 


$ 

2,150,940 


1869 


75 351 


360,900 


1887 


102,238 


917,557 


1905 


121,815 


4,747,723 


1870 


71 490 


367,189 


1888 


99,920 


883,251 


1906 


139.475 


5,066,253 


1871 


70 254 


389,537 


1889 


99.940 


1,023,801 


19071 


106.260 


3,637,600 


1872 


79*324 


518,958 


1890 


115,507 


807,417 


1908. . 


177.591 


5,374,774 


1873 


114 756 


706,818 


IV.) 1 


104,248 


885,410 


1909 


169,502 


5,498.531 


1874 


108 350 


845,151 


lv&gt;2 


106,582 


861,427 


1910 


156,957 


4,692.771 


1875 


91 235 


844,586 


1893 


107,390 


898,720 


1911 


154,492 


4,197,420 


1876 


107,984 


970, 146 


1894 


165,870 


905,654 


1912 


185.579 


4,911,141 


1877.. 


105,907 


820,054 


1895.. 


99,557 


895,828 


1913 


185,725 


5.213,223 


1878 


100 850 


786,156 


1896 


103,012 


793,634 


1914 


217,034 


5,828.027 


1879 


84, 144 


755,359 


1897 


111,009 


867,773 


1915 


795,550 s 


6,202,908 


1880 


91 942 


723 391 


1898 . ... 


120,602 


856,192 


1916 


461,457 


5,621,611 


1881 


108 304 


761,731 


1899 


126,528 


1,102,602 


1917 


574,498 


4,768,784 


1882 


109 125 


774,832 


1900 


130,229 


982,562 


1918.. 


228,812 


4,361,498 


1883 


104,383 


825,011 


1901 


144,919 


1,029,925 


1919 


396,779 


4,459,165 


1884 


118 080 


927,242 


1902 


148,607 


1,501,619 


1920 


303,002 


38.301,080 


1885 


101,268 


1,129,901 


1903 


139,876 


1,671,495 


1921 


396,617 


26,038,902 





















Nine months. Includes $493,000 sale of steamer "Earl Grey", sold to Russian Government. 



TELEGRAPHS. 

Canada s first telegraph line was erected in 1847 between Toronto, 
Hamilton, St. Catharines and Niagara. In the same year the 
Montreal Telegraph Co. was organized, and a line built from Quebec 
to Montreal and Toronto. At the close of the year, the Montreal 
Telegraph Co., having absorbed the original one, had 540 miles of 
wire in use, 9 offices, 35 employees, and had sent out 33,000 messages. 
Equipment of very high quality was used by the early companies. 

Development of new companies was rapid, new lines radiating 
from Montreal in all directions. The Grand Trunk Telegraph Co., 
with a line from Quebec to Buffalo, offered considerable opposition to 
the Montreal Co., and soon a combination of the two with the Great 
North Western Telegraph Co. was formed. This company con 
trolled telegraph service in Canada until the building of the C.P.R. 
While private companies extended their service to meet the require 
ments of the more densely populated areas of the country, the Cana 
dian Government built and operated lines in many other districts, 
2,548 miles of wire being under government control in 1897. The 
Government lines existing prior to the taking over of the Canadian 
National and the Great North Western and the Grand Trunk Pacific 
Telegraph service were constructed largely for the purpose of supplying 
telegraphic service to outlying communities. On March 31, 1921, 
their system comprised ll,205f miles of pole line, 13,645 miles of 
wire and 354 \ miles of cables. They had 1,248 offices and in the 
fiscal year 1921 dispatched 636,471 messages as compared with 
584,346 in 1920. 



582 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



Telegraph Systems.- -The Canadian telegraph system is com 
posed of lines owned by the Dominion Government and by chartered 
railway and telegraph companies. The Government system includes, 
besides the lines originally constructed by the Government, those 
previously owned by the Great North Western Telegraph Co., the 
Grand Trunk Pacific Telegraph Co., the Canadian Northern Railway 
Co., and the National Transcontinental Railway. The system is 
now operated by the Great North Western Telegraph Co., under 
the name Canadian National Telegraph Co. 

The Canadian system, inproportion to population, is one of the 
most extensive in the world, and is maintained despite many consider 
able climatic and geographic disadvantages. In the operation of rail 
ways, the receipt and despatch of market reports and its usefulness to 
the press, its services to the nation are invaluable. 

Submarine Cables. Six transoceanic cables have a terminus 
in Canada five of them on the Atlantic and one on the Pacific coast. 
The first date on which the cable was shown to be of commercial 
value was in 1866, and up to the present their use has greatly in 
creased. The Atlantic cables are controlled by English and American 
interests. The Pacific cable, from Canada to Australia and New 
Zealand, has been in operation since 1902 and is owned by a partner 
ship of the Governments of Great Britain, New Zealand, Australia 
and Canada. 

Marconi Wireless. Since the first transatlantic wireless message 
in 1901 and the organization in Canada of the Marconi Wireless 
Telegraph Co. in 1903, communication has been established between 
many stations throughout the country and with the outside world. 
Plans are at present under way for a wireless route which will en 
circle the world by means of stations in Canada and other parts of 
the Empire. 

60. Summary Statistics of all Canadian Telegraphs, for calendar years 1919 and 1920. 



Items. 


Year Ended Dec. 31. 


1919. 


1920. 


Gross Revenue .... . $ 


9,499.358 
7,813,259 
1,686,099 
51,415 
214,629 
7,606 
4,536 
14,200,346 
934,875 
895,181 


11.337,428 
9,589,982 
1,747,446 
52,393 
238,866 
7,508 
4,825 
15,589,711 
1,162,204 
7,045,661 


Operating Expenses ... $ 


Net Operating Revenue ... $ 


Pole Line Mileage Miles 


Wire Mileage " 


Employees . No. 


Number of Offices " 


M essages , Land " 


Cablegrams " 


Amount of Money transferred $ 





TELEGRAPHS 



683 



l Telegraph Statistics of Chartered Companies, June 3, 1911-1919, and for the 

calendar years 1919 and 1920. 












Number 


Number 


Companies. 


Year. 


Miles of 
line. 


Miles of 
wire. 


of 
messages. 6 


of 
offices. 




1911 


10,726 


50.568 


3,812,159 


1,194 




19121 


9,582 


46,311 


4,400,443 


1,175 




1913 


9,582 


30,134 


4.559,972 


993 




1914 


9,563 


30,134 


4,756,322 


993 




1915 : 


16,337 


50.342 


4,627,530 


1.335 


fannrlinn ^Jntionn.1 TVlpCTanH Co 


1916 * 


17,696 


53,881 


5,580,956 


1,393 


(formerly Great Northwestern Telegraph Co.) 


1917* 
1918* 


No info 
16,521 


rmation 

49,893 


available 

5,655,830 


1,416 




1919 


16,521 


49.893 


5,768,216 


1,518 




1919J 


18,420 


56.481 


6,400,476 


1,633 




1920 * 


19,687 


72,126 


7,340,585 


1,576 




1911 


12,866 


87,703 


3,921,4773 


1,424 




1912 


13.182 


96,296 


4,642,820 


1,524 




1913 


13,824 


102,857 


4,831,119 


1,532 




1914 


14,561 


105,780 


4.225,000 s 


1,520 




1915 


14,633 


106,066 


3,965,142 


1,564 




1916 


14,617 


106,143 


4,914,519 


1,663 




1917 


14,649 


111,867 


5,283,764 


1,640 




1918 


14,559 


112,242 


5,351,022" 


1,600 




1919 


14,395 


109,153 


5,369,074 


1,523 




1919 


15,061 


114.796 


5,764,834 


1,683 




1920 


14,412 


121,002 


6,290,074 


1,587 




1911 


2,598 


11,599 


572,081 


219 




1912 


2,576 


11,674 


618,214 


216 




1913 


2,278 


12.504 


621.423 


235 




1914 


2.832 


17,463 


694.447 


235 




1915 


2,819 


17,130 


677,976 


235 




1916 


3.082 


18,106 


647.445 


241 




1917 


3.087 


17,666 


722,633 


238 




1918 


2.866 


15,712 


689,281 


225 




1919 


3,660 


15.000 


758,682 


225 




1919 


3,631 


15,103 


801,709 


225 




1920 


3,638 


16,789 


757,067 


225 




1911 


294 


2.299 


211,920 


25 




1912 


300 


2,670 


167,326 


26 




1913 


343 


1.407 


147,634 


27 




1914 


343 


1,407 


136,258 


27 




1915 


332 


1,413 


120,170 


28 


Tiiniskamin* and Northern Ontario Railway 


1916 


332 


1,670 


111,225 


28 




1917 


339 


1,684 


123,787 


28 




1918 


339 


1.684 


114,907 


29 




IK19 


330 


1.675 


119,086 


29 




1919 


330 


1.675 


130,685 


30 




1920 


330 


1,694 


142,538 


29 




1911 


214 


517 


4,497 


6 




1912 


378 


700 


- 


7 




1913 


314 


413 


- 


8 




1914 


424 


799 


_ 


8 




1915 


424 


799 





8 


Algoma Central Railway 5 \ 


1916 


424 


799 


_ 


8 




1917 


424 


799 


_ 


8 




1918 


424 


799 


_ 


8 




1919 


424 


801 


- 


8 




1919 


424 


801 





8 




1920 


334 


729 





8 




1913 


85 


89 


- 


3 




1914 


85 


89 


- 


4 




1915 


85 


171 





4 


Algoma Eastern Railway 5 


1916 


85 


171 


_ 


4 




1917 


85 


171 


- 


4 




1918 


85 


171 


- 


4 




1919 


85 


171 


- 


4 




1919 
loon 


85 

7 


171 

17A 





4 

j 



1 This Company leased its property and plant in New York State to the Western Union Co., which 
accounts for the reduction in the figures of 1912. 
Including the Canadian Northern Railway Co. 
Not including press messages, 
including 962 miles of cables. 

These are telephone lines, and are used for both despatching and commercial business. 
Cablegrams not included. 



584 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



61. Telegraph Statistics of Chartered Companies, June 30, 1911-1919, and for the 

calendar years 1919 and 1920 concluded. 



Companies. 


Year. 


Miles of 
line. 


Miles of 
wire. 


Number 
of 
messages. 1 


Number 
of 
offices. 




1911 


1,963 


6,004 


101,048 


92 




1912 


2,310 


8,780 


133,677 


112 


, 


1913 


2,948 


10,728 


155,027 


120 




1914 


3,185 


14,894 


146,689 


134 




1915 


4,639 


13,229 


182,003 


213 


Grand Trunk Pacific Telegraph Co 


1916 


5,190 


20,052 


218 606 


233 




1917 


5,179 


20,050 


252,577 


279 




1918 


5,273 


22,005 


251,532 


279 




19192 


2,820 


14,296 


307,537 


187 




1919* 


2,817 


14,306 


307,537 


187 


1 


1920 2 


2,817 


14,204 


281,428 


152 




1911 


44 


783 


40,508 


62 




1912 


44 


783 


46,999 


61 




1913 


44 


783 


49,308 


61 




1914 


44 


783 


43,180 


59 




1915 


44 


664 


45,451 


54 


The North American Telegraph Co. Ltd 


1916 


44 


664 


53 340 


50 




1917 


44 


664 


58,802 


46 




1918 


44 


664 


57,439 


46 




1919 


44 


664 


112,322 


38 




1919 


44 


547 


113,046 


24 




1920 


44 


547 


105,233 


24 




1911 


4,367 


13,073 


_ 


227 




1912 


5,232 


15,195 








Canadian Northern Railway Co 


1913 


5,457 


17,209 


1,120,676 


352 




1914 


5,924 


18,233 


1,040,846 


373 




Includ 


ed in G. 


N.W. (no 


w Canadian 


National) 




1911 


313 


M 


_ 


w 




1912 


1,171 





- 







1913 


1,429 


_ 


- 





National Transcontinental Railway 3 


1914 


1,798 


_ 


_ 


mi 


(Now Canadian National). 


1915 


1,990 


4,834 










1916 


2,003 


5,089 










1917 


2,009 


4,581* 


- 


- 




1918 


2,009 


6,483 









Cablegrams not included. 

Statistics of lines in Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick not included. 

Number of messages and offices included in returns from the Grand Trunk Pacific Telegraph Company. 
4 The decrease in wire mileage is due to the elimination of over 500 miles of metallic train despatching 
telephone circuits which are not used for the transmission of commercial messages. 

Wireless Telegraph Coast Stations. Table 62 shows the 
name, situation and range in nautical miles of the radiotelegraph or 
wireless telegraph coast stations, as operated by the Department of 
the Naval Service, and Table 64 the number of messages and words 
handled and the cost of maintenance for the stations of the east 
and west coasts and of the Great Lakes. For the year 1920-21 the 
total number of messages was 414,943, as compared with 341,333 in 
1919-20 and of words handled 7,234,213, as compared with 6,128,990 
in 1919-20. Table 63 gives the names of the Canadian Government 
steamers that are equipped with radiotelegraphic apparatus, with 
the range of miles for each steamer. A transatlantic wireless service 
is carried on by the Glace Bay, N.S., and Newcastle, N.B., Stations, 
which work with Clifden and Ballybunion, Ireland, respectively. A 
commercial wireless service is maintained via the Glace Bay Station, 
the charge being 18 cents per word as against 25 cents by cable. A 
commercial wireless service is maintained with Bermuda, via the 
Canadian Government wireless station at Barrington Passage, N.S., 
the rate charged per word being 28 cents as against 42 cents by cable. 



WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY 



58* 



2. Coast Stations for Communication by Wireless Telegraphy with Ships at Sea, 

fiscal year 1920-21. 



Name of Station. 



EAST COAST 

Barrington Passage 

Belle Isle, Nfld 

Point Armour, Nfld 

Harrington, Que 

St. John, N.B 

Cape Race, Nfld 

Grindstone Island, Que 

Fame Point, Que 

Clark City, Que 

Father Point, Que 

Grosse Isle, Que 

Quebec, Que 

Montreal, Que 

Cape Sable, N.S 

Cape Bear, P.E.I 

North Sydney, C.B 

Camperdown, N.S 

Sable Island, N.S 

Halifax, N.S 

Lurcher Lightship 



Direction Finding Stations. 



CansoD/F 

Cape Race D/F. 
Chebucto D/F. . 
St. John D/F.... 



GREAT LAKES. 



Port Arthur, Ont 

Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. 

Tobermory, Ont 

Midland, Ont 

Point Edward, Ont. . . 

Port Burwell, Ont 

Toronto, Ont 

Kingston, Ont 



WEST COAST. 



Gonzales Hill, B.C. (Victoria) 

Point Grey, Vancouver, B.C 

Cape Lazo, B.C 

Estevan Point, B.C 

Dead Tree Point, B.C 

Digby Island, B.C., Prince Rupert. 



Alert Bay, B.C 

Bull Harbour, B.C. 



HUDSON BAT. 



Port Nelson. 
Pas, Man 



LICENSED COMMERCIAL STATIONS. 

Public Commercial. 



Glace Bay, C.B. 
Newcastle, N.B. 
Louisburg, C.B., 



Nova Scotia 

Belle Isle Straits 

Belle Isle Straits 

ulf of St. Lawrence 

Red Head, N.B 

North Atlantic 

ulf of St. Lawrence (Magdalen Island) 

oulf of St. Lawrence 

( iulf of St. Lawrence 

3t. Lawrence River 

3t. Lawrence River 

3t. Lawrence River 

St. Lawrence River 

North Atlantic. 



Glace Bay, C.B. 



Situation. 



Northumberland Strait 

North Sydney, C.B 

Entrance to Halifax Harbour. 

North Atlantic 

Halifax Dockyard 

Lurcher Shoal 



Nova Scotia 

Newfoundland . . 
Nova Scotia 
New Brunswick. 



Port Arthur, Ont 

Sault Ste. Marie, Ont 

Kntrance Georgian Bay, Ont. 

Georgian Bay, Ont 

Lake Huron 

Lake Erie 

Toronto Island, Ont 

Barriefield Common 



Victoria, B.C 

Entrance Vancouver Harbour 

Strait of Georgia, near Comox, B.C. . . 

West Coast Vancouver Island, B.C 

South of Graham Island, Q.C.I 

Digby Island, Entrance Prince Rupert 

Harbour 

Cormorant Island, B.C 

Hope Island, Vancouver Isd., B.C 



Hudson Bay 

For communication with Port Nelson 
only 



Near Glace Bay, C.B .... (Transatlantic) 

New Brunswick 

Cape Breton (Transatlantic) 

Cape Breton (Press Service to ships 
subscribing to this service) 



Range 

in 

nautical 
miles. 



1,500 
250 
150 
150 
250 
400 
200 
250 
250 
250 
100 
150 
200 
250 
150 
100 
250 
300 
100 
100 



150 
250 
150 
150 



350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 
350 



250 
150 
350 
500 
200 

250 
350 
350 



750 
750 



3,000 
2,500 
Recep 
tion only 

700 



586 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



62. Coast Stations for Communication by Wireless Telegraphy with Ships at Sea, 

fiscal year 1920-21 concluded. 



Name of Station . 



Situation . 



Range 

in 

nautical 
mile-j. 



Private Commercial. 

Granby Bay 

Kingcome Inlet, B.C 

Thetford Mines 

Shawinigan Falls 

Maisonneuve 

Swanson Bay 

Ocean Falls 

Buckley Bay 

Thurston Harbour 

Port Alice 

Margaret Bay 

Iroquois Falls 

Twin Falls 

Victoriaville 

Quebec 

Anyox 

Buckley Bay 

Hamilton 

Toronto 

Thurston Bay 

Myrtle Pt 



Granby Bay, B.C 

Kingcome Inlet, B.C 

Thetford Mines, Que 

Shawinigan Falls, Que. . 

Montreal, Que 

Swanson Bay, B.C 

Cousins Inlet, B.C 

Massett Inlet, B.C 

Thurston Harbour, B.C. 
Quatsino Sound, B.C 

Smith Inlet, B.C 

Iroquois Falls, Ont 

Twin Falls, Ont 

Victoriaville, Que 

Quebec City 

Anyox, B.C 

Buckley Bay, Q.C.I... 

Hamilton, Ont 

Toronto, Ont 

Thurston Bay, B.C 

Myrtle Pt., B.C 



100 
100 
200 
200 
200 
150 
150 
100 
100 
100 
100 
20 
20 
200 
200 
100 
100 
50 
50 
100 
100 



63. Canadian Government Steamers Equipped with the Radiotelegraph, fiscal 

year 1920-21. 



Name. 


Range. 


Name. 


Range. 


Aberdeen 


Miles 
100 


Aranmore 


Miles 
150 


Acadia 


200 


Bellechasse 


150 


Arleux 


100 


Lauren tian 


150 


ArmpTiti^rf*3 


100 


Loos 


100 


Ajras 


100 


Malaspina 


200 


Ravfipld 


100 


Margaret 


200 


fjflrf IPT* 


100 


Montcalm 


150 


Dollard 


150 


Newington 


100 


Druid 


100 


St. Eloi 


100 


TT.ctpvflTl 


200 


P. E. Island 


100 


fri vpnph v 


100 


St. Julien 


100 


frill no FA 


100 


Sheba 


200 




100 


Stadacona 


150 


T A MrTCpp 


150 


Stanley 


150 




100 


Thiepval 


100 




150 


Thos. J. Drummond 


150 











64. Business and Cost of Maintenance of Radiotelegraph Stations for the fiscal 

years 1919-20 and 1920-1921. 







1919-20. 






1920-21. 




Stations . 


Messages 
handled. 


Words 
handled. 


Cost of 
main 
tenance. 


Messages 
handled. 


Words 
handled. 


Cost of 
main 
tenance. 


East Coast 


No. 
147,208 


No. 
2,860,821 


$ 
62,908 


No. 
205,413 


No. 

3,766,863 


$ 
60,622 


Great Lakes 


20,157 


370,021 


28,258 


24,339 


398,234 


29,231 


West Coast 


173,968 


2,898,148 


57,340 


185,191 


3,069,116 


70,811 


Hudson Bay 2 


i 


i 


i 


2 


2 


2 


Totals 


341,333 


6,128,990 


148,506 


414,943 


7,234,213 


160,664 

















iBorne by Department of Railways and Canals. ^Hudson Bay stations not in operation in 1920-1921. 



TELEPHONES 587 



TELEPHONES. 

Telephone development in Canada dates from the year 1880, 
when the Bell Telephone Co. was incorporated by Act of Parlia 
ment. Although at this time all patents and lines were owned by 
the Canadian Telephone Co., they were dependent on the Bell Co., 
to which they sold out in 1882. By 1883 the first submarine tele 
phone cable had been laid between Windsor and Detroit, and during 
the year the Bell Co. operated in Canada 4,400 rental earning 
telephones, 44 exchanges and 40 agencies, with 600 miles of long 
distance wire. It controlled development in all the provinces except 
British Columbia, where the greater part of the system has always 
been in the hands of the British Columbia Telephone Co., Ltd. 

With rapid growth of private companies in the Maritime pro 
vinces the lines of the Bell Co. were disposed of in 1888, to the Mari 
time Telegraph and Telephone Co. in Nova Scotia, and to the New 
Brunswick Telephone Co. in New Brunswick, an interest in these 
corporations being retained under the terms of sale. A develop 
ment of a different kind is seen iii the three prairie provinces, where 
well organized systems were sold to the governments of Manitoba and 
Alberta in 1908 and to Saskatchewan in 1909. The lines in Ontario 
and Quebec are still largely owned by the Bell Telephone Co. 

Telephone Systems. In all the provinces, besides the large 
telephone companies, are many smaller systems, both urban and 
rural, usually owned privately or co-operatively. The number of 
independent lines is particularly large in Saskatchewan. The 
steady growth in the use of telephones is shown in Table 67, particu 
larly by the increase of 77,508 telephones in 1920 as compared with 
1919. For each 100 of population, there were 9-8 telephones in 
use during 1920, over 40% of the total being in Ontario. In this 
respect Canada ranks second among the countries for which such data 
is available. 

Telephone Statistics- -Telephone statistics for 1920, published 
by the Transportation Branch of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, 
show a considerable increase in telephones during the year, especially 
when the increased rates are considered. These statistics are sum 
marized in the following tables which also give comparative figures 
for preceding years. The term capitalization as used in Table 65 
includes both capital stock and funded debt. Table 66 gives sta 
tistics of the number of telephone companies reporting to the Depart 
ment of Railways and Canals, the remarkable feature being the 
growth of the number of co-operative companies since 1911. Table 
67 furnishes statistics of instruments in use and mileage of wire 
since 1911, while Table 68 gives financial statistics of Canadian 
telephone systems since 1912. Interested persons are referred to 
the Bureau s report on telephone statistics for more detailed informa 
tion. 



588 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



65. Progress of Telephones in Canada for the years ended June 30, 1916-1919, and for 

the calendar years 1919 and 1920. 



Items. 


June 30. 


December 31. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1919. 


1920. 


Capitalization 


$ 

76,920,314 
88,520,020 
18,594,268 
11,147,201 
7,852,719 

No. 

1,592 
1,600,564 
548,421 
15,247 
14-6 
5-0 


$ 

79,121,702 
94,469,534 
20,122,282 
12,095,426 
8,882,593 

No. 
1,695 
1,708.202 
604,136 
16,490 
13-4 
4-7 


$ 

85,274,691 
104,368,628 
22,753,280 
13,644,518 
10,410,807 

No. 
2,007 
1,736,062 
662,330 
17,336 
12-2 
5-0 


$ 

91,004,925 
113,296,160 
24,600,536 
16,167,992 
13,048,055 

No. 
2,047 
1,822,372 
724,500 
19,057 
12-2 
4-5 


$ 

100,587,833 
125,017,222 
29,401,006 
20,081,436 
15,774,586 

No. 
2,219 
1,956,830 
778,758 
20,491 
11-3 
4-5 


$ 

116,689,705 
144,560,969 
33,473,712 
28,044,401 
17,294,405 

No. 
2,327 
2,105,101 
856,266 
21,187 
10-2 
4-2 


Cost 


Revenue 


Operating expenses 


Salaries and wages 


Telephone Companies 


Wire mileage 


Telephones 


Employees 


Persons per telephone 


Persons per mile of wire 





66. Number of Telephone Companies reporting to the Department of Railways and 
Canals, by Provinces, December 31, 1920, with totals for the years ended June 
30, 1911-19 and Dec. 31, 1919 and 1920. 



Provinces. 


Govern 
ment. 


Muni 
cipal. 


Stock. 


Co-op 
erative. 


Part 
nership. 


Pri 
vate. 


Total. 


1920. 
Prince Edward Island 


No. 


No. 


No. 

1 


No. 

42 


No. 


No. 


No. 

&gt;&lt; 
43 


Nova Scotia 






17 


100 




1 


208 


New Brunswick 






17 


12 




5 


34 


Quebec 






74 


68 


1 


23 


166 


Ontario. 


2 


75 


200 


258 


8 


51 


594 


Manitoba 


1 


7 


3 


22 




2 


53 


Saskatchewan 


1 


4 


317 


881 






1,203 


Alberta 


1 


1 


6 


22 




T 


31 


British Columbia , 




1 


11 








12 


Yukon 






1 








1 


















Totals, 1920, Dec. 31 


5 


88 


647 


1 495 


9 


83 


2,327 


















Totals, 1919, Dec. 31 


5 


89 


666 


1 346 


18 


95 


2,219 


Totals, 1919, June 30 


5 


83 


690 


1,163 


11 


96 


f 1 
2,047 


Totals, 1918, " 


5 


74 


735 


1,085 


12 


96 


2,007 


Totals, 1917, " 


5 


73 


645 


841 


17 


114 


1,695 


Totals, 1916, " 


4 


67 


622 


765 


23 


111 


1,592 


Totals, 1915, " 


4 


62 


584 


601 


28 


117 


1,396 


Totals, 1914, " 


4 


58 


611 


297 


48 


118 


1,136 


Totals, 1913, " 


4 


52 


543 


262 


63 


151 


1,075 


Totals, 1912, " 


3 


35 


368 


133 


31 


113 


&lt; 
683 


Totals, 1911, " 


3 


25 


308 


101 


18 


82 


537 



















TELEPHONES 



589 



C7. Telephones In use, mileage of Wire and number of employees, by Provinces, 
December 31, 1920, with totals for the years ended June 30, 1911-19, and Dec. 31 , 
1919 and 



Provinces. 


Telephones in i: 


Mileage 
of wire. 


Number of 
employees. 


Central 
Energy. 


Magneto. 


Total. 


**?*V. 1920. 


No. 
1,893 
21,372 
14.839 
99,653 
213.257 
45,574 
32,900 
31.119 
63,986 


No. 

2,884 
12,514 
11,973 
35.877 
151,541 
24.328 
57,606 
23.363 
11,436 
151 


No. 

4,777 
33,886 
26.812 
135.530 
364,798 
69.902 
90.506 
54,482 
75,422 
151 


Miles. 
4,906 
59.316 
37,039 
379,028 
789,301 
221.747 
219.591 
215.870 
177.631 
672 


No. 
83 
944 
705 
4,337 
9,232 
1,748 
1,276 
1,098 
1,755 
9 




















Totals, 1920, Dec. 31 


524,593 


331 ,673 


856,266 


2,105,101 


21,187 


Totals, 1919, Dec. 31 


474,541 
424,535 

384, 87 
352,770 

323,109 
313 ,225 
310,166 
269, M:i 
212,732 
174.994 


304,217 
299,965 
277,643 
251 ,366 
225,312 
219,865 
210,978 
193,828 
158,152 
127.765 


778,758 
724 ,500 
662,330 
604,136 
548,421 
533,090 
521,114 
463,671 
370,884 
302.759 


2,105,240 
1,951,562 
1,848,466 
1,708,203 
1,600,564 
1,452,360 
1,343,090 
1,092,587 
889,572 
687.782 


20,491 
19,057 
17,336 
16,490 
15,247 
15,072 
16,799 
12,867 
12,783 
10.425 


Totals, 1919, June 30, 


Totals, 1918, * 


Totals, 1917, " 


Totals, 1916, " 


Totals, 1915, ** 


Totals, 1914, " 


Totals, 1913, " 


Totals, 1912, " 


Totals. 1911. 



68. Capital Liability, Cost, Revenue, and Operating Expenses of Telephones, Dec. 
31, 1920, with totals for the years ended June 30, 1912-19, and Dec. 31, 1919 and 1920. 









Cost of 










Capital 


Funded 


Property 




Operating 


Net 


Provinces. 


Stock. 


Debt. 


and 


Revenue. 


Expenses. 


Revenue. 








Equip 














ment. 








1920. 


I 


$ 


$ 


S 


* 


$ 


Prince Edward Island . . . 


164,096 


100.000 


403,531 


95,228 


91,073 


4,155 


Nova Scotia 


3,200,363 


1,500,400 


5,094,604 


1,473,131 


1,253,213 


219,918 


New Brunswick 


2,199.555 


62,347 


2,745,716 


913,088 


754,389 


158,699 


Quebec 1 


23,946.321 


17,281,742 


61,954,139 


17,753,981 


13,899,957 


3,854,024 


Ontario 


2,471,730 


1,729,104 


6,889.412 


1,655.133 


1,458,740 


196,393 


Manitoba 


28,863 


16,193,419 


16,301,960 


2,704.533 


3,120,327 


415,794 


Saskatchewan 


835,355 


23,833,584 


24,320,563 


3,727,003 


2,720,205 


1,006,798 


Alberta 


42,120 


17,365,738 


16,675,270 


2,266,682 


2,163,182 


103,500 


British Columbia 


3,196,435 


2,473,333 


9,981,502 


2,864,552 


2,565,391 


299, 161 


Yukon 


65,000 




194,272 


20,381 


17,924 


2,457 
















Totals, 1920, Dec. 31.... 


36,149,838 


80,539,867 


144,560,969 


33,473,712 


28,044,401 


5,429,311 


Totals, 1919, Dec. 31.... 


35,227,233 


65,360,600 


125,017,222 


29,401,006 


20,081,436 


9,319,570 


Totals, 1919, June 30. .. 


38,482,080 


58,522,844 


113,296,159 


24,600,536 


16,167,992 


8,432,544 


Totals, 1918, " 


29,803,090 


55,471,601 


104,368,627 


22,753,280 


13,644,518 


9,108,762 


Totals, 1917, ... 


29,476,367 


49,645,335 


94,469,534 


20,122,282 


12,095,426 


8,026,856 


Totals, 1916, 


29,416,956 


47,503,358 


88,520,021 


18,594,268 


11,147,201 


7,447,067 


Totals, 1915, 


28,947,122 


45,337,869 


83,792,583 


17,601,673 


12,836,716 


4,764,957 


Totals, 1914, " 


28,644,340 


41,647,554 


80,258,356 


17,297,269 


12,882,402 


4,414,867 


Totals, 1913, " 


26,590,501 


33,256,503 


69,214,971 


14,897,278 


11,175,689 


3,721,539 


Totals, 1912, " 


21,533,605 


24,743,247 


56,887,799 


12,273,627 


9,094,689 


3,178,938 



1 As the head office of the Bell Telephone Company is situated in Montreal, its very large business 
i: i utssarily accredited to Quebec, though largely transacted outside of that province. 



590 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 

THE POST OFFICE. 

A postal service was established between Montreal and Quebec 
as early as 1721, official messengers and other travellers making a 
practice of carrying letters for private persons. When Canada came 
under British rule, the Post Office was placed on a settled footing by 
Benjamin Franklin, then deputy postmaster-general for the American 
colonies, who visited Canada in 1763, opened post offices at Quebec, 
Montreal, and Three Rivers, and also established courier communica 
tion between Montreal and New York. Since 1755 Halifax had had 
a post office and direct postal communication with Great Britain. 

As a consequence of the outbreak of the American Revolution, 
the first exclusively Canadian postal service, a courier route from 
Halifax to Quebec, was established, involving a seven weeks trip 
and expenses of about 200, of which only one-third was met by 
postal charges. Up to 1804 the postal facilities of Upper Canada 
consisted of one regular trip by courier each winter with whatever 
mail might reach Montreal during the season of navigation. Charges 
were necessarily high, $1.12 being paid on ordinary letters from 
London to Toronto via Halifax. 

The first post office in Toronto was opened about 1800. By 
1816 there were 19 offices in the two Canadas, and in 1827 this number 
had increased to 114. At this time the system consisted pr marily 
of a trunk line of communicat on between Halifax, Quebec, Montreal, 
Toronto, and Amherstburg, over which couriers travelled at varying 
intervals. Branching off this line were routes to Sorel, Sherbrooke, 
St. Johns, Hull, Hawkesbury, Perth and Richmond, with most deliveries 
made once or twice a week. 

Hitherto the Post Office had been under the control of the Imperial 
Department, but considerable agitation resulted in the service being 
transferred on April 6, 1851, to the several provinces. Only enough 
mutual control was maintained to ensure the continuance of Imperial 
and intercolonial relations. The provinces had complete jurisdiction 
over the establishment and maintenance of systems and rates. 

At Confederation the provincial systems were transferred to the 
Dominion. The Post Office Act of 1867 established a service 
throughout Canada. The domestic rate on letters was reduced from 
5 to 3 cents per half-ounce and in 1870 the rates to the United States 
and Great Britain were reduced from 10 to 6 cents and from 12J to 6 
cents respectively per half-ounce. In 1875 a convention between 
Canada and the United States reduced postal rates between the 
countries to the domestic level. In 1878, on the admission of Canada 
to the Postal Union, letter postage to the countries of the Postal 
Union was reduced to 5 cents per half-ounce. After a conference in 
1897 Imperial penny postage (2 cents per half -ounce) was established 
on Dec. 25, 1898, while the domestic rate was reduced from 3 to 2 
cents per ounce. These rates were maintained until 1915, when a 1 
cent war tax, still in force, was imposed on all 2 cent letters, on post 
cards and postal notes. Recently the rate to Great Britain has been 
increased to 4 cents per ounce and that to the Postal Union has 
been raised to 10 cents per ounce. 



POSTAL STATISTICS 591 



The Post Office Department is administered by the Postmaster- 
General. Besides the several administrative branches within the 
Department, the Dominion is divided into 15 districts, each in charge 
of a Post Office Inspector. The Canadian system embraces a ter 
ritory more extensive than that served by any other systems except 
those of the United States and Russia, and must do this with a 
much smaller population. 

Money Order and Savings Bank Services.- -The auxiliary 
postal services the money order service and post office savings 
bank have expanded enormously between Confederation and the 
present time. In 1868 there were 515 Money Order offices in operation, 
issuing orders to an amount of 3,342,574. In 1921, these figures had 
increased to 5,197 and $173,523,322. The Post Office savings banks 
wen- established in 1868, deposits for the first year being $861,655. In 
1921 the 1,328 banks in operation showed deposits for the year of 
$6,631,685, and total balance due to depositors of $31,605,594. 

Rural Mail Delivery. A system of rural mail delivery was 
inaugurated in Canada on October 10, 1908, limited at that time to 
existing stage routes, persons residing on such routes being entitled 
to have mail boxes put up in which the mail carrier was to deposit 
mail matter and from which he was to collect mail matter and carry 
it to the post office. As a consequence of the public approval of 
this scheme new regulations, taking effect on April 1, 1912, made all 
persons residing in rural districts along and contiguous to well defined 
main thoroughfares of one mile and upwards eligible to receive their 
mail in this manner, while couriers of rural mail routes were also 
required to sell postage stamps and take applications for and accept 
money, money orders and postal notes. The result has been an 
increase in the number of rural routes from approximately 900 in 
1912 to 3,750 in 1921, having 194,790 mail boxes as against approxi 
mately 25,000 in 1912. The establishment of these routes has been 
an important factor in the recent amelioration of the conditions 
of Canadian rural life. 

Postal Statistics. During the fiscal year 1921 there was an 
increase of 407 miles in the system over which the mails are carried 
by railway, bringing the total actual track mileage for the carriage of 
mails on March 31, 1921, to 35,949 miles. The total mileage of 
mail conveyance by railway was 41,215,804 miles as against 39,355,268 
in the previous year, indicating reasonably, rapid expansion in the 
postal service. Statistics of the number of post offices in operation 
on March 31, 1921, are given in Table 69, of postal revenue for 1920 
and 1921 in Table 70 and of revenue and expenditure of the Post 
Office Department since 1890 in Table 71. A list of mail subsidies 
and steamship subventions is given in Table 72. Table 73 is an 
historic table showing the operation of the money order system 
from 1901, while Table 74 gives detailed statistics of money orders 
for recent years. Table 75 deals with the number and value of 
postal notes in recent years and Table 76 with the issue of postage 
stamps in the past two fiscal years. 



592 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



69. Number of Post Offices in Operation in the several Provinces of Canada, March 

31, 1921. 



Provinces. 


Post Offices. 


In 
Operation 
Mar. 31, 
1920. 


Estab 
lished 
during 
Year. 


Closed 
during 
Year. 


In 

Operation 
Mar. 31, 
1921. 




137 

1,845 
1,145 
2,288 
2,572 
794 
1,430 
1,191 
826 
23 
5 


14 
5 
28 
39 
14 
21 
28 
26 
1 


1 
15 
16 
23 
29 
10 
35 
32 
18 
1 


136 
1,844 
1,134 
2,293 
2,582 
798 
1,416 
1,187 
834 
23 
5 






















Total 


12,256 


176 


180 


12,252 





70._statistics of Gross Postal Revenue of Offices collecting $10,000 and upwards, 

for the fiscal years 1920 and 1921. 



Name of Post Office. 


1920. 


1921. 


Name of Post Office. 


1920. 


1921. 


P. E. Island. 


$ 
56,426 


$ 
55,511 


Quebec. 

Chicoutimi 


$ 

15,897 


$ 
21,288 




19,609 


20,655 


Coaticook 


10,916 


10,892 








Granby 


14,675 


15,093 


THn+*i! fin* *f*Avinf*P 


149 804 


152 403 


Hull 


21,824 


26,221 








Joliette 


16,785 


19,910 








La Tuque 


11,503 


13,702 








Montreal 


2,738,298 


3,182,947 




39, 182 


42,377 


Quebec 


380,528 


424,267 




12,009 


14, 166 


Richmond 


10,083 


10,417 




15,178 


15,764 


Rimouski 


9,484 


11,926 




13,807 


14,263 


St. Hyacinthe 


28,578 


31,885 


f"11afo T^av 


15,754 


17,491 


St. Johns 


15,366 


18,370 




343,958 


396,208 


St. Lambert (Chambly) 


22, 125 


i 


TCpntvillf* 


17,569 


18,759 


Shawinigan Falls 


20,446 


22,960 




11,335 


11,579 


Sherbrooke 


85,428 


96,955 




33,217 


36,141 


Sorel 


11,173 


11,309 


"NTrtt +h ftvrlnpv 


17,084 


17,993 


Thetford Mines 


12,229 


13,588 


Pictou 


13,265 


14,271 


Timiskaming Station 


5,536 


10,074 


SvHnf^V 


60,613 


67,623 


Three Rivers 


45,510 


51,255 




9,664 


10.344 


Valleyfield 


10,119 


11,602 


Truro 


45,785 


51,074 


Victoriaville 


12,714 


14,263 




17,356 


18,145 








Wolfville 


11,843 


12,456 


Total for Province 


4,813,338 


5,408,224 


Yarmouth 


24,700 


26,321 








Total for Province 


1.195,204 


1.303,666 


Ontario. 












Amherstburg 


8,297 


10,417 








Arnprior 


14,199 


14,496 








Aurora 


11,207 


11,369 


iXCW lrilIlaV\itK 

"Rofhiir^t 


11,852 


13,505 


Aylmer West 


12,813 


13,812 




18 224 


19 080 


Barrio 


25,093 


25,112 




12 937 


13,586 


Belleville 


48,554 


51,839 




9 274 


11,390 


Bowmanville 


12,690 


12,632 




58,785 


61,663 


Bracebridge 


12,670 


12,557 




105 545 


324,358 


Brampton 


21,617 


22,221 




12 893 


13,776 


Brantford 


120,470 


134,049 


Q+ Trthn 


250 832 


267,516 


Bridgeburg 


15,941 


16,235 


Q* Qfp n Vipn 


17,228 


18,043 


Brockville 


44,791 


48,306 


Qn/tlr villa 


12,933 


14,893 


Campbellford 


10,617 


10,542 




14,339 


14,845 


Carleton Place 


13,424 


14,243 




17,526 


18,647 


Chatham 


63, 127 


67,552 








Cobalt 


26,261 


25,133 




854 155 


1 123 007 


Cobourg 


21,518 


22,01i 








Cochrane .... 


10,927 


13,40. 


^Included in Montreal. 













POSTAL STATISTICS 



593 



71. Statistics of Gross Postal Revenue of Offices collecting $10,000 and upwards, 

for fiscal years 1920 and 1921 con. 



Name of Post Office. 


1920. 


1921. 


Name of Post Office. 


1920. 


1921. 


Ontario con. 
Collingwood 


1 

23.904 


$ 

24,052 


Ontario concluded 
Tilsonburg 


I 
14,589 


$ 

14 414 


Cornwall 


29,682 


30,710 


Timmins 


17 211 


17 284 


Dundas 


17.287 


17,512 


Toronto 


4,896 480 


4 947 777 


Dunnville 


16,152 


18,620 


Trenton 


19,199 


18 590 


Fergus 


14,657 


14,494 


\V:ilkerton 


11,047 


11 217 


Ford 


12,742 


15,435 


Walke-rville 


55.989 


56 732 


Fort \Vi Ilium 


64,975 


68,916 


Wallaceburg 


12,890 


13 425 




10,674 


12.646 


Waterloo 


24 673 


26 978 


Gait 


53.940 


59,440 


UVlland 


44 578 


46 202 


Gananoque 


16,141 


17,237 


Weston . 


14,351 


14 800 


George to wn 


10,057 


10,168 


Whitby. 


11.642 


11 267 


Goderich 


17.442 


17,426 


Windsor 


156 426 


208 673 


Grimsby 


11,150 


12,373 


Wingham 


10 879 


11 853 


Guelph 


93, 608 


98.523 


"Istock 


43 801 


47 926 


Haileybury 


15 590 


16 148 








Hamilton 


489,571 


544,834 


Total for Province 


10 993 258 


U416 (85 


Hanover 


13 123 


1" tji 








Harriston 


10.148 


10.210 








Hespeler 


10,948 


10 781 


Manitoba. 






Huntsville 


11,793 


12,312 








Ingersoll 


23.265 


24,681 


Brandon 


97,207 


102 461 


Iroquois Falls 




12,246 


Dauphin 


22, 109 


24 539 


Kenora 


17,168 


20,223 


Neepawa 


11 539 


12 28 


Kincardine 


^85 


11,165 


Portage la Prairie 


38. 143 


39 472 


Kingston 


120, 766 


108,255 


Virden 


9,687 


10 078 


Kitchener 


87,294 


29,082 


Winnipeg 


2,585,451 


2 838 805 


Leamington 


14 ( )&lt;&gt; 


15 685 








Lindsay . ; 


29,629 


30,545 


Total for Province 


3 261 473 


3 577 832 


Lis towel 


H; 


n OQfi 








London 


369,378 


388,716 








Meaford 


11,161 


11 237 


Saskatchewan. 






Midland 


20 322 


21 101 








Mount Forest 


10,137 


9,618 


van 


18 092 


19 717 


Napanee 


19,353 


20,028 


I lurnholdt 


11 712 


12 936 


New Liskeard 


11,739 


12,106 


Lloyd minster 


9,930 


10 107 


Newmarket 


It 


16,472 


Maple Creek . 


10,746 


12 553 


Niagara Falls 


7-5,699 


87,289 


Melfort 


12,987 


14 074 


North Bay 


40,450 


42,717 


Melville 


10 208 


12 533 


Oakville 


12,705 


13,867 


Moosejaw 


129 957 


138 049 


Orangeville 


10,728 


11,625 


North Battleford 


24,099 


25 965 


Orillia 


41,035 


42.107 


Prince Albert 


45 763 


47 882 


Oshawa 


49,601 


53,998 


Regina . 


599 195 


588 582 


Ottawa 


470, 141 


510,842 


Saskatoon 


2^9 728 


248 511 


Owen Sound 


44,974 


45.230 


Shaunavon 


9 610 


12 360 


Paris 


16,658 


17,157 


Swift Current 


32 986 


38 074 


Parry Sound 


14,907 


14,444 


Weyburn 


30. 196 


32 494 


Pembroke 


28,319 


29.642 


York ton 


32,793 


37 282 


Perth 


2 9 519 


25 701 








Peterborough 


93,089 


95,833 


Total for Province 


2 311 457 


2 452 275 


Petrolia . . . 


13 219 


13 820 








Picton 


15,236 


15,867 








Port Arthur 


50,447 


51,799 








Port Col borne 


13 983 


14 617 


Alberta. 






Port Hope 


19,968 


20,362 








Prescott 


11,274 


12,730 


Banff . . 


11 396 


14 634 


Preston 


18,481 


20,405 


Calearv 


493 445 


558 569 


Renfrew 


26,710 


27,249 


Camrose 


14 535 


15 248 


St. Catharines.. 


78,545 


85,243 


Drum heller . . 


12 541 


15 713 


St. Mary s 


16,244 


16.804 


Edmonton 


367 120 


420 4fi6 


St. Thomas 


54,803 


58,742 


Hanna . . 


9 280 


10 744 


Sandwich 


11,007 


9,522 


Lacombe 


11 769 


11 931 


Sarnia 


55,532 


61,495 


Leth bridge 


59 462 


84 681 


Sault Ste. Marie 


69, 195 


77,894 


Macleod 


10 646 


11 028 


Seaforth 


10,453 


10,547 


Medicine Hat 


49 278 


52 Q54 


Simcoe 


19,160 


19,819 


Red Deer 


n544 


18 02 


Smiths Falls 


25,468 


26,251 


Stettler 


10 425 


HI 50 


Stratford 


50, 165 


54,734 


Vermilion. . . 


12 023 


11 213 


Stratford Station 


9,120 


11,969 


Vegreville 


10 053 


10 100 


Strathroy 


11,590 


11, 609 


Wetaskiwin 


U778 


In 721 


Sturgeon Falls 


8 368 


10 529 








Sudbury , 


47,062 


50,529 


Total for Province 


1 817 049 


2AOO 7QQ 


Thorold.. 


11.708 


18.460 









3813138 



594 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



70. Statistics of Gross Postal Revenue of Offices collecting $10,000 and upwards, 

for fiscal years 1920 and 1921 concluded. 



Name of Post Office. 


1920. 


1921. 


Name of Post Office. 


1920. 


1921. 


British Columbia. 

Chilliwack 


$ 
13,166 


$ 
14,831 


Yukon. 


$ 


$ 


f^rnnhrnolc 


15 637 


17 742 








Duncan Station 


11,726 


14,841 


Total for Yukon 


10,034 


11,702 


Fernie 


15 296 


17 948 








Kamloops 


28,853 


32,192 








Kelowna 


17,288 


19,960 


SUMMARY. 






Nanaimo 


25, 629 


26,672 








Nelson 


37,411 


40,548 


P.E. Island.... 


149,804 


152,403 


New Westminster 


53,520 


58, 108 


Nova Scotia 


1,195,204 


1,303,666 


North Vancouver 


14,535 


15,595 


New Brunswick 


854,155 


1,123,007 


Penticton 


15,280 


19,270 


Quebec 


4,813,338 


5,408,224 


Prince Rupert 


32,531 


36,120 


Ontario 


10,993,258 


11,416,685 


Revelstoke 


11,997 


12,816 


Manitoba 


3,261.473 


3,577,832 


Trail 


11,357 


11,424 


Saskatchewan 


2,311,457 


2,452,275 


Vancouver 


826, 142 


919,848 


Alberta 


1,817,049 


2,022,739 


Vernon 


26,178 


30,260 


British Columbia 


1,886,561 


2,073,163 


Victoria 


252,451 


251,864 


Yukon 


10,034 


11,702 














Total for Province 


1.886.561 


2.073.163 


Totai.. 


37.292.333 


29.541.696 



71. Revenue and Expenditure of the Post Office Department for the quinquennial 

years 1890-1910, and for the fiscal years 1911-1921. 



Fiscal Years. 


Net 
revenue. 


Expendi 
ture. 


Deficit. 


Surplus. 


1890 


$ 2,357,389 


$ 3,074,470 


$ 717,081 


$ 


1895 


2, 792, 790 


3,593,647 


800,857 




1900 


3,183,984 


3,645,646 


461,662 


_ 


1905 


5,125,373 


4,634,528 




490,845 


1910 


7,958,547 


7,215,337 


_ 


743,210 


1911.. 


9,146,952 


7,954,223 




1,192,729 


1912 


10,482,255 


9,172,035 


mm 


1,310,220 


1913 


12,060,476 


10,882,805 


mm 


1,177,671 


1914 


12,956,216 


12,822,058 


mm 


134,158 


1915 


13,046,650 


15,961,191 


2,914,541 




1916.. 


18,858,410 


16,009,139 




2,849,271 


1917 


20,902,384 


16,300,579 





4,601,805 


1918 


21,345,394 


18,046,558 


_ 


3,298,836 


1919 


21,602,713 


19,273,584 


_ 


2,329,129 


1920 


24,449,917 


20,774,385 


__ 


3,675,532 


1921.. 


26,331,119 


24,661,262 





1,669,857 



NOTE. For all other years since 1868, see Canada Year Book, 1911, p. 288. 

72. Mail Subsidies and Steamship Subventions, fiscal years 1919-1921. 



Service. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Canada and the West Indies or South America, or both 


$ 


$ 


$ 327,564 


Canada and Great Britain 


424,323 


229,345 




Canada and South Africa 


60,833 


133,833 


146,000 


Canada and Australia or New Zealand or both on Pacific Ocean. . . . 
Canada (Atlantic) and Australia and New Zealand 


166,624 
23,333 


124,968 
70,000 


124,642 
140,000 


Canada, China and Japan 


180, 992 


367, 187 




Canada and Newfoundland 


56,357 


57,587 


20,295 


Ferry service between Campment, 1 Ours island and mainland of 
Georgian bay 




167 


3,000 


St. John and Digby 


20,000 


19,391 


9,584 


St. John, Digby, Annapolis and Granville 


2,000 


2,000 


2,000 


St. John, N.B., and Minas Basin and Margaretsville, N.S 


2,250 


6,500 


3,750 


St. John, Westport and Yarmouth . . . , 


10,000 


10,000 


10,000 


St. John, Halifax, West Indies or South America 


222,743 


340,667 




St. John and Bridgetown 


2,500 


2,500 


2,000 


Halifax, La Have, and La Have river ports 






3,731 


Halifax and Sherbrooke 


1,692 


2,000 




Halifax, Mahone, Tancook Isle, etc 


1,927 


3,000 


_ 


Halifax and Newfoundland 


8,000 


10,000 


5,000 


Halifax, Canso and Guysboro 


5,000 


5,000 


6,596 


Halifax and Spry bay and ports in C. Breton . . . 


4,000 


4,000 


3,846 


Halifax and West Coast of C.B. . 


4,000 


4,000 


4,000 



POSTAL STATISTICS 



595 



72. Mail Subsidies and Steamship Subventions, fiscal years 1919-1921 concluded. 



Service. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Halifax south Cape Breton and Bras d Or lake ports 


$ 4,000 


$ 6,000 


$ 6,000 


Magdalen islands and mainland ... 


18,000 






Grand Manan and mainland 


10.000 


12,500 


15,000 


Quebec and Gasp6 basin 


")00 






Quebec and ports on the .shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and 
between ports in P.E. Island, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and 
Magdalen islands 




63,380 


68,906 


Pictou and Montague Murray Har!&gt;our, etc., and Georgetown 


3,580 


ti.OOO 


6,000 


Pictouand New Glasgow and Ant i^oni-h ( ounty port -and Mulgrave 
Pt Mul^rave and Guysboro. .... 


5,500 


1,500 
5,204 


1,500 
1,660 


Pt MuUrave, St I eter s, etc 


8,500 


5,980 


6,208 


Pt Mulgrave and ( an-o 


6,500 




11,500 


Pictou BiulCTBVG and ( het icamp 


7,500 


7,500 


7,500 


Petit de Grat and Mulgrave I.C.R. terminus 


6,208 


6,900 


8,062 


Baddeck and lona 


5,825 


S25 


6,825 


Sydney am 1 W hycocomagh 


3,000 


4,000 


4,000 


Sydney to Bras d Or lake ports and ports () n cast and west coasts 
of C B 




8,421 


14,000 


Sydney and bav St. Lawrence ports 


6,000 


6,000 


9,000 


St. Catharines bay and Tadoussac 


887 






Victoria, Vancouver and Skagwav 


11.. 


||,i)9 


23,594 


Charlottetown , Victoria ami Holiday s Wharf 
Victoria and Vancouver island (west coast) 


4,375 


2,031 

4.375 


2,500 
15,000 


Victoria and San Francisco 


481 


1,077 


2,740 


North Shore River St. Lawrence, betwet-n Quebec :md Harrington. 
Newcastle. Neuac and Escuminae, Mirainichi river and hay 
Pelee island and mainland .... . . ... 


000 
2,500 
8,000 


3,000 
DOO 


3,000 
8,000 


Kroude s point and Lockport . . ... 





1,000 




Prince Rupert, B.C., and Queen Charlotte islands 


21,000 


21,000 


21,000 


Vancouver and ports on Howe sound 




2,340 


3,202 


St John and St \ndre\\&gt;, X B 


4,000 


4,000 


4,000 


Vancouver and northern ports of B.C 


16,800 


16,800 


24,800 


Expenses in connection with the supervision of subsidized steamship 
services .... 


2,257 


3,512 


3,604 










Total subsidies and subventions 


1,391,H50 


1,632.90C 


1,094,50 



NOTE. The figures in the above table are taken from the "Canada Public Accounts," as issued by the 
Finance Department: they represent the amounts paid in connection with contracts made under statutory 
authority by the Department of Trade and Commerce for trade .-er vices, including the conveyance of mails. 

73. Operation of the Money Order System in Canada, fiscal years 1901-1921. 



Fiscal Year-. 


Orders 
issued in 
Canada. 


Value 
of ord&lt; 
issued in 
Canada. 


Payable in 


Value 
of orders 
issued 
in other 
countries 
payable in 
Canada. 


Canada. 


Other 
countries. 


1901 


No. 
1,151,024 
1,446,129 
1,668,705 
1,869,233 
1,924,130 

2,178,549 
1,485,278 
2,990,691 
3,596,299 


$ 

17,956,258 
23,549,402 
26,868,202 
29,652,811 
32,349,476 

37.355,673 
32,160,098 
49,974,007 
52,627,770 
60,967,162 

70,614,862 
84,065,891 
101,153,272 
109,500,670 
89,957,906 

94,469,871 
119,695,535 
142,959,167 
142,375,809 
159,224,937 
173,523,322 


$ 

14.324,289 
18,423,035 
20,761,078 
21,706,474 
23,410,485 

26,133,565 
21,958,855 
31,836,629 
36,577,552 
41,595,205 

45,451,425 
52,568,433 
61,324,030 
66,113,221 
64,723,941 

75,781,582 
97,263,961 
116,764,491 
116,646,096 
135,201,816 
155,916,232 


$ 

3,631,969 
5,126,367 
6,107,124 
7,946,337 
8,938,991 

11,222,108 
10,201,243 
18,137,378 
16,050,218 
19,371,957 

25,163,437 
31,497,458 
39,829,242 
43,387,449 
25,233,965 

18,688,289 
22,431,574 
26,194,676 
25,729,713 
24,023,121 
17,607,090 


1 

2,592,845 
3,575,803 
4,604,528 
5,197,122 
5,602,257 

6,533.201 
5,393,042 
7,933,361 
7,794,751 
8,048,467 

8,664,557 
8,712,667 
9,081,627 
9,807,313 
9,707,383 

9,868,137 
9,704,610 
9,385,627 
10,351,021 
10,050,361 
6,680,971 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 (9 mos.) 


1908 


1909 


1910 


4,178,752 

4,840,896 
5,777,757 
6,866,563 
7,228,369 
6,990,813 

7,171,375 
8,698,502 
9,919,665 
9,100,707 
9,947,018 
11,013,167 


1911.. 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916.. 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 





NOTE. For 1868 to 1900, see Canada Year Book, 1911, p. 289. 

38131 



596 



TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS 



74. Money Orders by Provinces, fiscal years 1917-1921. 



Provinces. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Money order offices in 
Canada 


No. 
4,810 


No. 
4,930 


No. 
4,953 


No. 
5,106 


No. 
5,197 


Prince Edward Island 


45 


48 


50 


53 


62 


Nova Scotia 


327 


331 


333 


342 


344 


New Brunswick 


211 


217 


216 


232 


238 


Quebec ... 


1,044 


1,065 


1,069 


1,093 


1,111 


Ontario 


1,495 


1,497 


1,483 


1,507 


1,520 


Manitoba ... 


319 


327 


331 


340 


344 


Saskatchewan 


567 


594 


615 


636 


650 


Alberta 


404 


440 


443 


476 


490 


British Columbia 


393 


406 


408 


422 


433 


Yukon Territory 


5 


5 


5 


5 


5 


Money orders issued in 
Canada 


No. 
8,698,502 


No. 
9,919,665 


No. 
9,100,707 


No. 
9,947,018 


No. 
11,013,167 


Prince Edward Island 


40,893 


43,806 


44,406 


52,195 


59.098 


Nova Scotia 


506, 145 


539,671 


590,313 


652,649 


756. 168 


New Brunswick 


236,791 


264,547 


279,021 


342,868 


428,648 


Quebec 


1,052,738 


1,110,542 


1,114,461 


1,247,392 


1,374,724 


Ontario . 


2,695.440 


3,136,558 


2,757.205 


3,086,535 


3,658,178 




722,677 


867,968 


744,702 


779,379 


.815,550 


Saskatchewan 


1,657,826 


1,938,431 


1,692,030 


1,762,494 


1,804,663 


Alberta 


1,068,085 


1,259,922 


1,088,261 


1,176,999 


1,245,872 


British Columbia 


706,546 


748,746 


784,115 


840,874 


865,054 


Yukon Territory 


11,361 


9,474 


6,193 


5,633 


5,312 


Receipts for money orders issued in 
Canada 


$ 
119,695,535 


$ 
142,959,168 


$ 
142,375,809 


$ 
159,224,937 


$ 
173,523,322 


Prince Edward Island 


597,404 


684,849 


711,259 


837,384 


890,038 


Nova Scotia 


6,780,049 


7,877,907 


9,376,962 


10,326,440 


11,241,946 


New Brunswick 


3,485.667 


3,996.863 


4,494,810 


5,679,866 


6.725,201 


Quebec 


14,352,704 


15,669.298 


16,750,568 


19,135,849 


20,982,946 


Ontario . 


32,832,189 


40,576.601 


40.482,359 


47,127,150 


54,348,199 


Manitoba, 


9,601,765 


11,869,796 


12,036,194 


13,151,959 


13,727,900 


Saskatchewan 


26,923,050 


31,964.231 


27,982,176 


28,592,371 


29,144,606 


Alberta , 


15,295,643 


18,399.046 


16,338,633 


18,532,956 


20,173,523 


British Columbia 


9,512,470 


11,671,635 


14,045,759 


15,696,988 


16,146,385 


Yukon Territory 


314,594 


248,942 


157,089 


143,974 


142,578 


Number of money orders paid in 
Canada 


No. 
7,455,696 


No. 
7,923,732 


No. 
8,033,665 


No. 
9,104,136 


No. 
9,864,184 


Prince Edward Island 


29,952 


31,999 


35,228 


33,787 


36,599 


Nova Scotia 


235,466 


235,606 


247,749 


288.529 


419,594 


New Brunswick 


147,600 


138.946 


142,906 


207.579 


704,072 


Quebec 


894,383 


1,232,482 


875,334 


956,990 


1,057,289 


Ontario 


2,891,703 


2,595,537 


3,238,259 


3,775,383 


3,551,679 


Manitoba 


1,823,670 


1,936,761 


1,786,195 


1,992,408 


1,790,933 


Saskatchewan 


779,872 


1,025,124 


977,016 


1,062,526 


929,641 


Alberta 


327, 758 


355,988 


364,033 


391,786 


971,594 


British Columbia 


323,961 


370,261 


365,824 


394,094 


401,910 


Yukon Territory 


1,331 


1,028 


1,121 


1,054 


873 


Amount of money orders paid in 
Canada 


$ 
105,772,270 


$ 
125,267,851 


$ 
127,219,233 


$ 
146,405,784 


9 
162,992,196 


Prince Edward Island 


546,470 


617,456 


713.725 


713,292 


800,594 


Nova Scotia 


4,032,907 


4,432,929 


5.027.434 


5,616,039 


6,764,328 


New Brunswick 


2,485,838 


2,576,597 


2.937,008 


3,955,777 


10,415.372 


Quebec 


12,588,943 


16,761,173 


14.647,863 


17,206,557 


22,998,684 


Ontario 


35,747,683 


40.013.727 


44.029,412 


53,250,399 


52,562,211 


Manitoba 


25,160.629 


31,430.519 


29,017.441 


32,092,104 


31,633,328 


Saskatchewan 


12,483,206 


15,399,242 


15,228,040 


16,668,206 


18.303.344 


Alberta 


6,862,799 


7,420,506 


7,675,350 


8,328.840 


10.368,069 


British Columbia 


5,826,471 


6,587,920 


7,914,636 


8,548,570 


9,128,855 


Yukon Territory 


37,324 


27,782 


28,324 


26,000 


17,411 















POSTAL STATISTICS 



- : 



75. Number and Total Values of Postal Notes, fiscal years 1916-1921. 



Value. 


1916. 


1917. 


19: 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 



20 


No. 
235,354 


No 
286.587 


No. 
235.579 


No. 
191.362 


No. 
166.078 


No. 

144,084 


25 


353,452 


328.095 


327, 138 


306,642 


275,214 


227.789 


30 


271,804 


245,720 


229,152 


222,590 


204,429 


175,564 


40 


252.862 


251.056 


244,294 


228,783 


229,954 


240,085 


50 


464.551 


444.1177 


433, 142 


417.145 


409,967 


389,935 


60 


234,171 


234,783 


23:i 


220,2911 


220.006 


5,510 


70 


125,914 


127,929 


133.578 


124,850 


131,031 


146,247 


75 . 


249.645 


&gt;,858 


234,081 


22:&gt; 


188,561 


173,389 


o so 


l )2,601 


190,440 


198.667 


188,117 


189,654 


196,695 


90 


202,720 


201,414 


202,228 


185,790 


191,881 


208,922 


1 00 


923,004 


958,563 


t,89I 


891 


851,11s 


864,275 


1 50 


371 


417.791 


426 


420,503 


433,896 


467,034 


2 00 


564,010 


599, 4 lv 


.,685 


725.992 


603,156 


619,726 


2 50 


220. 709 


263,41 .. 


276,419 


266.918 


277,871 


277, 796 


3 00 


347 


404,652 


424,815 


.,243 


421,983 


452,632 


4 00 


216,076 


257,961 


284.362 


276, HID 


278. 762 


317,232 


5 00 


400,618 


435,421" 


453,310 


47: 


479,251 


499,089 


10 00 


237.401 


276,709 


303,245 


277,764 


277,306 


300, 787 


Total no 1 \vd ...No. 


5,863,865 


6,179,507 


6,207,793 


6.067,213 


5,830.118 


5,927,791 


Total value, including po&gt;taue :-t:imps 


10,766,951 


11,943,859 


12,535,579 


12,368,069 


12,122,720 


12,792,855 


Commission received . $ 


122. 90S 


131,757 


134,516 


131 


127 


132 


..d to po.-t masters... No. 
Value of notes issued . $ 


6,068,140 
11,251.125 


6.386.535 
12,430,270 


6,339,230 
12,948,457 


6,094,255 
12,548,384 


1.171 
12,304,949 


5,902.035 
13,026,166 

















7. Issue of Postage Stamps, etc., fiscal years 1920-1921. 





Issue 


1920. 




1921. 


Denominations. 


Number. 


Value. 


Number. 


Value. 


1 


No. 
264,990.800 


$ 

2,649,908 


No. 

272,271,500 


1 

2,722,715 


2 


275,349,700 


5,506.994 


288,531.300 


5,770,626 


3 


371,778.700 


11.153,361 


403.395,000 


12,101,850 


5 


23,622,850 


1,181,142 


23.930,850 


1,196,543 


7 


14,784,800 


1,034.936 


12,454,100 


871,787 


10 


20,869,975 


2,086.997 


25,735,700 


2,573,570 


20 


2,883,000 


576.600 


4,168,300 


833,660 


50 


460.405 


230, 203 


667,325 


333,663 


10 Special Delivery 


311,435 


31,144 


396.065 


39,607 




643,900 


6,439 


714,000 


7,140 


2 " 


1,241,950 


24.839 


1,594,350 


31.887 


5 " 


293,150 


14,658 


400, 100 


20,005 


1 cent stamp books, 25c each 


367,767 


91,942 


372,521 


93,130 


2 cent stamp books, 25c. each 


260, 173 


65,043 


274.690 


68.672 


1 cent rolls (sidewise) 


34,938 


176,786 


51,518 


260,681 


2 " " 


27,609 


277,747 


33,889 


340,923 


3 " 


41,867 


630.517 


48,351 


728, 166 


1 cent rolls (endwise) 


3,288 


16.637 






2 " " 


3.063 


30,814 


1.405 


14, 134 


1 cent post bands at $1 20 per 100 


758. 200 


9.098 


762,800 


9,154 


1 cent post cards 


8,025.300 


80,253 


9,850,700 


98,507 


2 cent post cards 


13,417.100 


268.342 


12,361,000 


247,220 


1 cent advertising cards, 16 on sheet 


362,000 


3.620 


250,000 


2,500 


2 " " 


724,000 


14,480 


470,000 


9,400 


1 cent advertising cards, 8 on sheet. ......... 


831,000 


8,310 


876.000 


8,760 


2 " 


2,646.000 


52, 920 


3,116,000 


62,320 


1 cent advertising cards, single 


883,000 


8,830 


1,645,500 


16,455 


2 


64,000 


1,280 


77,000 


1,540 


2 cent post cards for Postal Union countries . . 
2 cent reply post cards 


4.050 
209.850 


81 
4,197 


204.400 


4,088 


1 cent special wrappers 


768.900 


7,689 


857, 100 


8,571 


6 cent reply coupons 


31,165 


1,870 


29.010 


1,741 


1 cent stamped envelopes, $1.20 per 100 


987, 175 


11,846 


770,075 


9,241 


1 cent stamped envelopes, $1.30 per 100 






844.250 


10,975 


2 cent stamped envelopes, $2.20 per 100 


2,621,450 


57,672 


1,406,475 


30.942 


3 cent stamped envelopes, $3.30 per 100 






1,437,450 


33,061 












Totals 


1,010,303,560 


26,317,195 


1,069,998,724 


28,563,234 













598 LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



XL LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES. 

OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE. 

The occupations of the people of a country at any given time 
are mainly determined by its natural resources and the stage which 
has been reached in their development. The outstanding character 
istics of Canada are its enormous extent, its immense natural resources 
and the comparatively slight development of these, only the southern 
portions of the country being as yet at all developed. The developed 
areas fall into four economic units with quite distinct physical char 
acteristics, first, the Maritime Provinces, where lands, forests, mines 
and fisheries are the chief natural resources; secondly, Ontario and 
Quebec, with lands, forests, mines and abundant water power for 
manufacturing purposes; thirdly, the Prairie Provinces, where the 
land is the chief natural resource except in Alberta, which contains 
immense coal deposits; lastly, British Columbia with fisheries, forests, 
and mines, where agriculture plays a comparatively minor part. 
Though, when the country as a whole is considered, the immense 
fertile areas of arable land must be considered as its chief natural 
resource, in different parts of its vast expanse other resources pre 
dominate, and give the key to the chief occupations of the people. 

In Canada, as in other new countries, the labouring population 
(using the term in its widest sense) bears a larger proportion to the 
total than is the case in older civilizations where there exists more 
realized wealth. 

In addition to our native-born workers, great numbers of young 
males and smaller numbers of females, who have nothing to sell but 
their personal services, immigrate from older countries to Canada 
to find here a better market for their labour. Thus both the sex 
distribution and the age distribution of the population of Canada 
is rendered somewhat abnormal, an unusually large percentage of 
that population being of working age and of the male sex that is, 
of the sex which is most generally gainfully employed. 

These statements may be illustrated from the Canadian census 
of 1911. (See Table 1). In that year out of a total population 10 
years old and over of 5,514,388 in the nine provinces, 2,723,634 
were returned as gainfully employed, being 49-39 p.c. of such popu 
lation, or 37-93 p.c. of 7,179,650, the total ascertained population 
of the nine provinces. Thus, three out of every eight persons in 
the Dominion were gainfully employed, or four out of every eight 
persons ten years old and upwards. 

Male Labour. Considering the male population of 10 years 
old and upwards, it was found at the census of 1911 that no less 
than 79 54 p.c. or nearly four-fifths were gainfully employed. Further, 
if we take out those under 15 as being more properly at school training 
for the future than gainfully employed in the present and those over 
65 as having earned the right to rest, we find that of the total male 
population between 15 and 65 no less than 92-73 p.c. was gainfully 
employed, a percentage which is increased to 96-28 p.c. if we con- 



OCCUr AT IONS OF THE PEOl LK 



599 



sider only those in the main productive 40 year period between 
25 and 64 years old inclusive. Thus Canada is shown by its stat 1st irs 
to be emphatically, in so far as the males are concerned, a workers 

country. 

Female Labour.- -The growth of the employment of females 
in gainful occupations between 1891 and 1911 is shown in Table 2. 
The figures found there may be supplemented by the information 
that iii 1891, 11-07 p.c., in 1901, 12-01 p.c., in 1911, 14-31 p.c. of 
the female population 10 years old and over were gainfully employed 
-an increase from one-ninth to one-seventh of the female population 
of these ages during the 20 year period a rate of increase which, 
in view of the labour conditions of the war and reconstruction period, 
will probably be found to have been maintained in the present decade. 
It is significant that among females the age period during which 
there is the maximum of gainful employment is shown by the census 
to be that from 15 to 2-1 years inclusive. Of the female population 
of these am-s, 27 -78 p.c. were in 1911 gainfully employed, a percentage 
which fell to 12-14 p.c. for the period 25 to 64 years inclusive. As 
every employer of female labour knows, the decline is due to the 
absorption of female labour by marriage and home duties. 

1. Persons Engaged in Gainful Occupations in Canada, by Ages, 1911. 



Ay;e periods. 


Males 10 years of age 
and over. 


Females 1C years 

an 1 o\ 


Total 
amber. 


_M-"&lt;1 in gainful 
upation*. 


Total 

numb 


_ra^e&lt;l in gainful 
opations. 


Number. 


Per cent 
of total. 


Number. 


Per cent 
of total. 


10 to 14 years . 


353,876 
.071 
1,682,522 
194,176 


17,376 
620 

1,619,885 
100,580 


4-91 
84-48 
96-28 
51-80 


344,500 
1147 
1,384,228 

172,141 


7,777 
17!), 992 
168 
9,018 


2-26 
27-78 
12-14 
5-24 


1") to I year- 


25 to 64 vears 


65 years and over 


Total It years and over 


2,965,645 


2,358,813 


79 54 


2,548,743 


364,821 


14 31 



Number of Males and Females 10 years of Age and over Engaged in Gainful Occu 
pations, by Provinces, 1881 to 1911. 





1881.1 


189 


1. 


190 


I. 


191 


I. 


Province. 


Male 
and 
Female. 


Male. 


Female. 


Male. 


[ male. 


Male. 


Fe 
male. 


Prince Edward Island 
Nova Scotia . 


No. 
34,094 
141,526 


No. 
31,673 
134,859 


No. 
4,030 
22,595 


No. 
30,113 
137,566 


No. 

3,404 

18,44^ 


No. 
27,956 
148,991 


No. 
3,950 
24,370 


Xew Brunswick. . . 


105,289 


94,261 


13,456 


98,058 


13,807 


103,275 


16,491 


Quebec 


425,947 


397,438 


53,066 


434,720 


77,245 


552,140 


101,101 


Ontario 


625,591 


535,765 


94,460 


645,322 


108,625 


836,135 


154,878 


Manitoba 


23,162 


50,669 


4,315 


77,418 


8,57". 


155,900 


22,206 


: Saskatchewan 
Alberta 


} 3,993 


20,759 


994 


45,145 


2,993 


/ 195,247 
\ 149,687 


13,275 
11,923 


British Columbia. . . . 


17,983 


44,955 


3,074 


76,541 


4,762 


189,482 


16,627 


Canada.. 


1,377,585 


1,410,379 


195,990 


1,541.83? 


237.949 


2,358.813 


364.821 



x Workers were not classified by sex in 1881. 



600 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



Distribution of Labour Force by Industries. The dis 
tribution of the Canadian labour force by industries at the censuses 
from 1881 to 1911 is given by numbers and percentages employed in 
Table 3. The most notable features of this table are the great 
absolute increase of 52-7 p.c. between 1901 and 1911 in the gainfully 
employed population, the comparative decline of the agriculturists 
(in spite of the large absolute increase in their numbers) from 48 1 
p.c. of the occupied population in 1881 to 34-3 p.c. in 1911, the 
increase of manufacturing workers from 11-7 to 18-0 p.c., of the 
traders from 5-7 to 10-4 p.c. and of transportation workers from 
2-9 to 8-0 p.c. of the occupied population in the 30 year period. It 
should, however, be borne in mind that under present day conditions 
of specialization in industry many of those employed in trade, trans 
portation and manufactures are doing work which formerly was per 
formed by agriculturists and other primary producers for themselves. 

3. Numbers and Percentage Distribution by Industries of Persons Engaged in 

Gainful Occupations, 1881 to 1911. 

NUMBERS. 





1881. 


1891. 


1901. 


1911. 


Agriculture 


No. 
662 266 


No. 

735 207 


No. 

716 860 


No. 
933 735 


Building trades 


230 873 


185 599 


213 307 


246 201 


Domestic and personal service... . 


90 085 


139 929 


163 670 


214 012 


Civil and municipal government 


7,938 


18 267 


17 306 


76 604 


Fishing and hunting 


28 500 


30 045 


27 225 


34 812 


Forestry 


8 116 


12 812 


16 764 


49 Q14 


Manufactures 


161,535 


227 080 


274 175 


491 342 


Mining 


7,160 


16 127 


28 650 


62 767 


Miscellaneous 


13,005 




490 




Professional 


48 461 


62 623 


83 219 


120 616 


Trade and merchandising 


78,905 


109,632 


160 410 


283 087 


Transportation 


40 741 


69 048 


80 756 


217 544 












Total Workers 


1,377,585 


1,606,369 


1,782,832 


2.723.634 













Workers Engaged. 



PERCENTAGES IN EACH INDUSTRY. 



Industry. 


Workers Engaged. 


1881. 


1891. 


1901. 


1911. 


Agriculture 


p.c. 
48-1 
16-8 
6-5 
0-6 
2-1 
0-6 
11-7 
0-5 
1-0 
3-5 
5-7 
2-9 


p.c. 
45-8 
11-6 

8-7 
1-1 
1-9 
0-8 
14-1 
1-0 

3-9 
6-8 
4-3 


p.c. 
40-2 
12-0 
9-3 
1-0 
1-5 
0-9 
15-4 
1-6 

4-6 
9-0 
4-5 


p.c. 
34-3 
9-0 
7-8 
2-8 
1-3 
1-6 
18-0 
2-3 

4-5 
10-4 
S-0 


Building trades 


Domestic and personal service.. . 


Civil and municipal government.. 


Fishing and hunting 


Forestry 


Manufacture 


Mining 


Miscellaneous 


Professional 


Trade and merchandising 


Transportation 


Total Workers 


100 


100 


100 


100 





DISTRIBUTION OF LABOUR BY PROVINCES 



601 



Distribution of Labour Force by Provinces. --The extremely 
varied character of the occupations of the Canadian people, as 
conditioned by the various utilized natural resources of our im 
mense territory, may be illustrated by reference to Table 4, which 
shows that in 1911 out of every 1,000 gainfully employed males, 
the number employed in agriculture varied from 127 in British 
Columbia to 673 in Saskatchewan and 684 in Prince Edward Island. 
Only 1 out of every 1,000 gainfully employed males was employed in 
mining in Prince Edward Island and 3 in Saskatchewan, as compared 
with 82 in British Columbia and 115 in Nova Scotia. In forestry 
only 2 out of every 1,000 were employed in Saskatchewan, Manitoba 
and Prince Edward Island, as compared with 62 in British Columbia. 
In fishing and hunting, the variation was from 3 per thousand in 
Manitoba to 98 per thousand in Nova Scotia. The males gainfully 
employed in manufacturing industries varied from 35 per thousand 
of the occupied population in Saskatchewan to 220 per thousand in 
Ontario. From this widely differing occupational distribution of 
the population in different parts of the country arise many of the 
divergencies of interest which are reflected in Canadian social mid 
political life. 

The industrial distribution of female labour is considerably 
more uniform than is the case with male labour, though even here 
there are great variations. In the largest class, those err ployed in 
domestic and personal service vary from 338 per 1,000 in Ontario to 
536 in Saskatchewan, while in manufactures they vary from 57 in 
Saskatchewan to 335 in Quebec. Comparing the sexes, we find an 
enormously larger percentage of the gainfully employed women than of 
the gainfully employed men occpied in professional pursuits. Out of 
the 57,835 women returned as employed in professional pursuits in 
1911, no fewer than 34,063 were teachers. 

4. Percentage Distribution by Sexes of the Persons engaged in Gainful Occupations 

by Industries and Provinces, 1911. 



MALE. 



Occupations. 


Prince 

Edward 
Island. 


Nova 
Scotia. 


New 

Bruns 
wick. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Mani 
toba. 


Saskat 
chewan. 


Al 
berta. 


British 
Col 
umbia. 


All Industries. 

Agriculture 


100 

68-4 


100 
31-7 


100 
43-4 


100 
36-5 


100 
36-0 


100 
44-3 


ICO 

67-3 


100 

53-0 


100 

12-7 


Building trades 


6-2 


8-4 


11-4 


12-3 


10-0 


11-9 


7-3 


8-1 


12-7 


Domestic and personal 
service 


1-1 


2-0 


2-3 


3-1 


3-1 


3-6 


2-4 


3-5 


5-8 


Civil and municipal gov 
ernment 


9 


3-0 


1-9 


3-1 


3-0 


3-1 


2-0 


2-8 


5-6 


Fishing and hunting 


4-8 


9-8 


2-8 


8 


4 


3 


9 


6 


2-4 


Forestry 


2 


2-1 


4-3 


2-0 


1-3 


2 


2 


5 


6-2 


Manufactures.. . 


6-5 


14-5 


15-7 


19-6 


22-0 


9-5 


3-5 


5-7 


16-7 


Mining 


1 


11-5 


8 


1-0 


2-0 


6 


3 


3.5 


8-2 


Professional . . 


2-2 


2-0 


2-1 


2-9 


2-7 


3-1 


1-9 


2-4 


3.4 


Trade and merchandising. 
Transportation 


5-6 
4-0 


7-5 
7-5 


7-8 
7-5 


11-2 
7-5 


10-8 

8-7 


13-0 
10-4 


7-0 

7-2 


8-5 
11-4 


10-9 
15-4 























602 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



4. Percentage Distribution by Sexes of the Persons engaged in Gainful Occupations 

by Industries and Provinces, 1911. concluded. 



FEMALE. 



Occupations. 


Prince 
Edward 
Island. 


Nova 
Scotia. 


New 
Bruns 
wick. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Mani 
toba. 


Saskat 
chewan. 


Al 
berta. 


British 
Col 
umbia. 


AH Industries. 

Agriculture 


100 

14-7 


100-0 

6-3 


100 

5-5 


100 

3-0 


100 

3-7 


100 

4-1 


100 

12-1 


100 

10-4 


100 

2-4 


Building trades 


1 




1 




1 


1 


_ 


1 


1 


Domestic and personal 
service 


39-5 


46-0 


40-3 


37-1 


33-8 


44-9 


53-6 


46-0 


42-0 


Civil and municipal gov 
ernment 


7 


9 


1-0 


6 


1-4 


9 


1-8 


1-9 


1-1 


Fishing and hunting 


4 


1 






1 


_ 


2 


_ 


4 


Forestry 




_ 


__ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


Manufactures 


18-9 


18-6 


23-8 


33-5 


30-7 


12-7 


5-7 


8-7 


19-6 


Mining 




1 














1 


Professional 


16-6 


16-6 


18-1 


15-2 


14-5 


19-4 


18-0 


20-7 


19-5 


Trade and merchandising. 
Transoortation . . 


8-6 
5 


10-0 
1-4 


10-0 
1-2 


9-0 
1-6 


13-8 
1-9 


14-0 
3-9 


7-4 
1-2 


10-4 
1-8 


12-2 
2-6 



Distribution of Labour Force by Nativity. While at the 
census of 1911, those born outside of Canada constituted approxi 
mately only 22 p.c. of the total population, these 22 p.c., because 
they contained a large proportion of young, strong males, contri 
buted no less than 31-91 p.c. of those engaged in gainful occupations. 
As is shown in Table 4, they constituted even a larger proportion of 
those engaged in domestic and personal service, in civil and muni 
cipal government, in mining and transportation, while they fell 
short of reaching their general proportion to the occupied population 
in agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting that is, in all the primary 
industries except mining. 

5. Numbers and Percentage Distribution by Nativity, Sex and Industries of Persons 

Engaged in Gainful Occupations, 1911. 

NUMBERS. 



Class of Occupation. 


Total Workers. 


Male Workers. 


Female Workers. 


Male. 


Female. 


Born in 
Canada. 


Born 
outside of 
Canada. 


Born in 
Canada. 


Born 
outside of 
Canada . 


Agriculture 


917,848 
245,990 

75,133 

72,531 
34,547 
42,901 
392,781 
62,706 
62,781 
240,903 
210,692 


15,887 
211 

138,879 

4,073 
265 
13 
98,561 
61 
57,835 
42,184 
6,852 


667,207 
157,274 

38,597 

40,356 
31,601 
31,403 
253,882 
29,890 
43,811 
167,289 
115,143 


250,641 

88,716 

36,536 

32,175 
2,946 
11,498 
138,899 
32,816 
18,970 
73,614 
95,549 


11,954 
176 

90,904 

3,522 
258 
8 
81,240 
51 
49,862 
34,471 
5,539 


3,933 
35 

47,975 

551 
7 
5 
17,321 
10 
7,973 
7,713 
1,313 


Building trades 


Domestic and personal 
service 


Civil and municipal gov 
ernment 


Fishing and hunting 


Forestry 


Manufactures 


Mining 


Professional 


Trade and merchandising. 
Transportation 


All Occupations 


2,358,813 


364,821 


1,576,453 


782,360 


277,985 


86,836 





DOMi\i&lt;&gt;\ Di-:r.\i{TMi&lt;:\T OF LABOUR 



603 



5. Numbers and Percentage Distribution by Nativity, Sex and Industries of Persons 

engaged in Gainful Occupations- conclud&lt; d. 

PKRCKNTA&lt; 



( la oi &lt; rupat inn. 


Total \V&lt;rk. 


Male \\orkei 


Female Work 


Male. 


I &gt; male. 


Horn in 
( ana-la. 


Horn 

&lt;&gt;Utsi(lc ()f 

( anada. 


Horn in 
( anada. 


Born 

outside of 
( anada. 


\nriculture .... 


30 
99-91 

10 

M 
99-24 
99 .17 
79-M 
99-90 
52-05 
55-09 
M 


1-70 
.09 

r,i -89 

B 
78 
.03 
20-08 

09 
47-95 
14-91 

3-i:. 


72-69 
63-94 

51-37 

55-64 
91-47 
73-20 
64-84 
47-67 
69-78 
69-44 
54-86 


27-31 
38-08 

(8-63 

H-36 
8 
28-80 
:;:. 36 
52 
30-22 
30-58 
U 


75-24 
83-41 

65-45 

47 

97 
61-54 
43 

no 

21 
81-72 
80-84 


24-78 

10-59 

34-55 

13-53 
2-65 
3.48 

17-57 
16-40 

13-79 
18-28 
19-16 


Huildin" t radi-- 


Domestic and persona 

vioe 
Civil iiiul municipal gov 
ernment 


Fishini? and hunting . 


Fores trv.. 


Manufacture- 
Mining 


Professional 
Trade and merchandising. 
Transportation 

AH Occupation* 


86 61 


13 39 


66 83 


33 17 


76 20 


23 84 



DOMINION DEPARTMENT OF LABOUR. 

The Department of Labour of the Dominion ( lovernmcnt was 
established in 1900 under the authority of the Conciliation Act, 1900 
(63-64 Viet., c. 24). Its chief duties originally comprised the admin 
istration of certain provisions of i\\\- -tatute designed to aid in the 
prevention and settlement of labour disputes, the administration of 
the Government s fair wage policy for the protection of workmen 
employed on the Dominion Government contracts and works aided 
by grant of public funds, the collection and classification of statistical 
and other information relative to conditions of labour, and the pub 
lication of a monthly periodical known as the Labour Gazette." 
From 1900 to 1909, the Department was administered by the Post 
master General, who was also Minister of Labour. It was consti 
tuted a separate Department under the Labour Department Act, 
1909 (8-9 Edw. VII, c. 22). 

The work of the Department was greatly increased in 1907 by 
the passage of the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act, 1907 (6-7 
Edw. VII, c. 20). The Department is also charged with the adminis 
tration of an Act passed in 1918 known as the Employment Offices 
Co-ordination Act (8-9 Geo. V, c. 21), and of the Technical Education 
Act, enacted in 1919 (9-10 Gep. V, c. 73). The scope of the Depart 
ment has increased in other directions, especially in the investigation 
of questions relating to the cost of living. 

Industrial Disputes Investigation Act.- -The Industrial Dis 
putes Investigation Act, 1907 (6-7 Edw. VII, c. 20) has attracted con 
siderable favourable attention from legislators and publicists through 
out the world. It distinctly forbids strikes or lockouts in industrial 
disputes affecting mines and public utilities, until the matters in 



604 LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 

dispute have been submitted for the report of a Board of Conciliation 
and Investigation, consisting of three members, two appointed 
by the Minister of Labour on the recommendation of the respective 
parties to the dispute, the third on the recommendation of the first 
two, or if they fail to agree, by the Minister himself. After their 
report has been made, either of the parties to the dispute may reject 
it and declare a strike or lockout, which, however, is likely to involve 
the loss of the sympathy and support of the general public. The 
effect has been to diminish greatly the number of strikes and lockouts 
in such industries. On the application of the parties to the dispute, 
the machinery of the Act may be extended to other industries. A 
review of the proceedings under the Industrial Disputes Investigation 
Act from its enactment in March, 1907, to the end of the fiscal year 
1921, shows that in the fourteen years, 509 applications were received 
for the establishment of boards of conciliation and investigation, 
as a result of which 370 boards were established. In all but 33 
cases strikes (or lockouts) were averted or ended. In the fiscal 
year ended March 31, 1921, 63 applications for the establishment 
of boards of conciliation and investigation were received, and 37 
boards were established. Strikes (or lockouts) were averted in all 
but six cases. 

Fair Wages Branch. The Fair Wages Branch of the Depart 
ment of Labour is charged with the preparation of schedules of 
minimum wage rates, which are inserted in Dominion Government 
contracts, and must be adhered to by contractors in the execution of 
the respective works. The number of fair wages schedules prepared 
since the adoption of the Fair Wages Resolution in 1900 up to the end 
of the calendar year 1921 is 3,930, of which 26 were prepared during 
the year 1921. 

Fair wage conditions are also inserted in contracts for the manu 
facture of certain classes of government supplies, and in contracts 
for all railway construction to which the Dominion Government has 
granted financial aid, either by way of subsidy or guarantee. 

The Department of Labour is also frequently consulted by 
other departments of the Government regarding the wage rates to be 
observed in connection with work undertaken on the day labour 
plan. 

Labour Legislation. Much attention is devoted to labour 
legislation. Information as to new laws enacted by the Dominion 
and the Provinces is kept up to -date, while notes or articles regarding 
their provisions are published in the " Labour Gazette." Since 1917, 
the Department has published annual reports containing the text of 
Canadian labour laws enacted during the year, together with an 
introduction summarizing this legislation under subject headings. 
These reports are based on a consolidation of Dominion and Pro 
vincial labour legislation as existing at the end of 1915, which was 
made from the most recent Revised Statutes and the subsequent 
annual volumes of statutes up to 1915 and which formed the Depart 
ment s report on labour legislation for 1915. Reports on the labour 



DOM I A70.V DEPARTMENT OF LABOUR 605 

laws enacted in the four subsequent years have been published in 
regular order. The report for 1920 is similar to that for 1915, being 
a consolidation of Canadian labour legislation as existing at the end 
of 1920. The text of the Dominion and Provincial labour laws 
forms the larger part of the volume. In order to preserve the uni 
formity of the series, the legislation enacted in 1920 is summarized 
in a manner similar to that of the preceding reports. Another part 
of the introduction takes the form of an outline of the principal 
developments in the field of labour legislation in Canada during the 
quinquennium 1915-20. In this connection, consideration is given 
to the action taken at the International Labour Conferences held at 
Washington and Genoa pursuant to the Treaty of Versailles. 

The advantage of uniformity in the laws relating to the welfare 
of persons engaged in industrial work in the several provinces was 
pointed out by the Royal Commission of 1919 on Industrial Relations 
in Canada. This view was supported by a resolution of the National 
Industrial Conference which was held in Ottawa in September, 1919. 
A commission was established in 1920, composed of representatives of 
the Dominion and Provincial Governments and of employers and 
workers respectively, to consider the foregoing subject. This com 
mission met in Ottawa between April 26 and May 1, 1920, and 
formulated recommendations looking to greater uniformity in the 
provincial laws relative to workmen s compensation, factory control, 
mining and minimum wages for women and girls. 

Joint Industrial Councils. One section of the report of the 
Royal Commission of 1919 on Industrial Relations, related to shop 
committees and industrial councils. The Commissioners strongly 
urged the adoption in Canada of the principles underlying the Whitley 
Councils and other kindred systems. The subject was discussed also 
at the National Industrial Conference, composed of representatives 
of the Dominion and Provincial Governments and representative 
employers and labour men, held at Ottawa in September, 1919. 
The committee to which the matter was referred reported unani 
mously in the following terms :- 

"Your committee is of the opinion that there is urgent necessity for greater 
co-operation between employer and employee. We believe that this co-opera 
tion can be furthered by the establishment of joint industrial councils. Your 
committee does not believe it is wise or expedient to recommend any set plan 
for such councils. 

"We therefore recommend that a bureau should be established by the 
Department of Labour of the Federal Government to gather data and furnish 
information whenever requested by employers and employees or organizations 
of employers or employees that whenever it is desired to voluntarily establish 
such councils the fullest assistance should be given by the bureau." 

While it has not been deemed necessary or desirable at the 
present time to establish a bureau for the purposes outlined in the 
resolution of the National Conference, the department has entered 
heartily into the spirit of the resolution and has continued and extended 
its study of joint industrial councils and kindred systems. Employers 
throughout Canada, at the request of the department, have furnished 



606 LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 

information regarding joint councils or committees in their establish 
ments, and the information thus received, together with information 
regarding similar systems in other countries, has been assembled and 
published as a supplement to the "Labour Gazette" of February, 1921. 
During the same month a conference on these matters took place 
at the call of the Minister of Labour, there being present representa 
tives of a number of the larger employing companies in Canada which 
have established joint councils with their employees. 

At a joint meeting of representatives of the international unions 
of the building trades and members of the Standing Labour Com 
mittee of the Association of Canadian Building and Construction 
Industries, and representatives from special branches of the industry, 
held at Hamilton, May 26, 1920, resolutions were unanimously 
carried, setting up a National Joint Conference Board of the Building 
and Construction Industries of Canada, to be composed of joint 
representatives elected or selected by the Association of Canadian 
Building and Construction Industries and five members elected or 
selected by the representatives of the building trades international 
unions. The resolution included a request that the Dominion 
Government appoint a representative to act as chairman and con 
venor of this National Joint Conference Board. The functions of the 
Board are of an educational and advisory nature, but it may deal 
with disputes referred to it for settlement by affiliated local organ 
izations or establish local industrial boards. It is also charged with 
the encouragement of the organization of employers and workmen 
of the building and construction industries into local joint industrial 
boards for the settlement of disputes in the building and construction 
industries of Canada, and local joint industrial boards have been 
organized in the building trades in Hamilton, Ottawa, London, 
Toronto, Saskatoon and Vancouver. 

The Canadian Railway Board of Adjustment No. 1 formed 
during the war, though not precisely a joint council, is a board of 
twelve members, one-half of whom are representatives of railways, 
named by the Canadian Railway Association, and one-half repre 
sentatives of the six railway workers unions which are parties to the 
agreement: (1) Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers; (2) Brotherhood 
of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen; (3) Order of Railway Con 
ductors; (4) Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen; (5) Order of Rail 
road Telegraphers; (6) United Brotherhood of Maintenance-of-Way 
Employees and Railway Shop Labourers. The agreement provided 
for the reference to the board of all disputes and that the decision of 
the board should be final. The board served admirably during the 
war and the agreement has since been formally renewed. The same 
plan is perhaps not applicable in its entirety to other industries, but 
its continuance and marked success are illustrations of the increasing 
disposition to dispose of industrial differences by direct negotiation 
between the parties concerned. 



TIIK INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION 607 

CANADA AND T11E INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION. 1 

The International Labour Organisation was set up in accord 
ance with Part XIII of the Treaty of Versailles. The general object 
of the Organization is given in the preamble to that document :- 

"Whereas the League of Xutions has for its object the establishment of 
universal peace, and such a peace can be established only if it is based upon 
social justice; 

"And whereas conditions of labour exist involving such injustice, hardship 
and privation to large numbers of people as to produce unrest so great that the 
peace and harmony of the world are imperilled) and an improvement of those 
conditions is urgently required; as, for example, by the regulation of the hours 
of work, including the establishment of a maximum working day and week, 
the regulation of the labour supply, the prevention of unemployment, the 
provision of an adequate living wage, the protection of the worker against 
sirkm-s. &lt;li-r;ise and injury arising out of his employment, the protection of 
children, young persons and women, provision for old age and injury, pro 
tection of the intere-ts of workers when employed in countries other than their 
own, recognition of the principle of freedom of association, the organization of 
vocational and technical education and other measures; 

"Whereas also the failure of any nation to adopt humane conditions of 
labour is an obstacle in the way of other nations which desire to improve the 
conditions in their own countries; 

"The High Contracting Parties, moved by sentiments of justice and 
humanity as well as by the desire to secure the permanent peace of the world, 
agree to the following." 

The scheme of organization provides for an International Labour 
Conference to be held at least once a year and a permanent Inter 
national Labour Office. 

The International Labour Conference is composed of four 
delegates from each Member of the Organization, two representatives 
of the government, one of the employers and one of the workpeople. 
Its task is to consider proposals dealing with questions similar to 
those laid down in the preamble, and to embody its findings in draft 
conventions or recommendations. Each Member binds itself to 
bring such of these conventions and recommendations as are adopted 
by a two-thirds majority of the Conference before the competent 
authority or authorities. The authority has complete liberty to 
decide whether or not it will ratify any or all of these conventions and 
what action, if any, it will take on the recommendations. 

It is of special interest to Canada that the Treaty recognizes 
the limited power of a federal government and provides that in the 
case of a federal state, the authority of which to enter into con 
ventions on labour matters is limited, the federal government may 
treat a draft convention as a recommendation only. 

Article 396 of the Treaty states that "the functions of the Inter 
national Labour Office shall include the collection and distribution 
of information of all subjects relating to the international adjustment 
of conditions of industrial life and labour and particularly the exam 
ination of subjects which it is proposed to bring before the Conference 
with a view to the conclusion of international conventions and the 
conduct of such special investigations as may be ordered by the 
Conference." 

Contributed by Gerald H. Brown, Esq., Assistant Deputy Minister, Department of 
Labour, Ottawa. 



608 LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 

The International Labour Office is required to collect all available 
information in regard to the problems to be dealt with and to prepare 
draft conventions or recommendations for submission to the Con 
ference. The work of the Office has been divided for the proper 
performance of its duties into two divisions, namely: the Diplomatic 
Division, which conducts the correspondence with Governments and 
is called upon to deal "with the questions connected with the obliga 
tions entailed by the labour provisions of the Treaty and in particular 
with those relating to the work of the International Labour Con 
ference," and the Scientific Division, which is "responsible for the 
collection, compilation and dissemination of information of inter 
national interest and importance about industry and labour con 
ditions in all countries." Technical services have been created to 
supply the necessary information on technical questions such as 
maritime problems, industrial hygiene, employment and unemploy 
ment, hours of labour, agriculture, alien labour, employment of 
women, home work, wages, social insurance, education and co-opera 
tion. 

The first session of the International Labour Conference was 
held at Washington in October and November, 1919, in accordance 
with Article 424 of the Treaty of Peace. The subjects to be con 
sidered at this first Conference were stipulated in the Treaty and 
included the application to industry of the principle of the eight- 
hour day or forty-eight hour week; the prevention or mitigation of 
unemployment; the employment of women before and after child 
birth, during the night and in unhealthy processes; the employment 
of children during the night and in unhealthy processes, and the age 
at which they should be employed; the extension and application of 
the International Convention adopted at Berne in 1906 on the pro 
hibition of night work for women and of the use of white phosphorus 
in the manufacture of matches. As some of the items on the agenda 
related to matters falling within the jurisdiction of the provinces, the 
Canadian Government delegates were accompanied by advisers 
nominated by the provinces. 

The second session of the International Labour Conference was 
held at Genoa in June and July, 1920, and in accordance with a 
resolution adopted at the Washington Conference, was devoted to 
the consideration of matters relating to seamen. Draft conventions 
were adopted regarding facilities for finding employment for seamen, 
the minimum age of employment of children on board ship and 
unemployment indemnity in case of loss or foundering of ship. Recom 
mendations were passed concerning hours of work in inland naviga 
tion, hours of work on fishing vessels, unemployment insurance for 
seamen and the establishment of national seamen s codes. Resolu 
tions were also adopted for the instruction and guidance of the 
International Labour Office concerning the prevention and treatment 
of venereal disease in the mercantile marine, insurance against 
unemployment, special clauses in articles of agreement and seamen s 
codes and the education of children or apprenticed seamen. The 
prohibition of the employment of trimmers and stokers under eighteen 



THE INTERNATIONAL l.Mi H K &lt;H{&lt;;.\\ IZ.\T[&lt;&gt;\- 609 

years of age. the medical examination of children before employment 
on hoard ship and the education of children were referred to the 
next Conference for consideration. These last mentioned subjects 
were dealt with at the Conference of 1921. 

A Joint Maritime Coinmioion composed of twelve persons was 
appointed to advi-e the International Labour Office on questions 
relating to seamen. 

The third annual meeting of the International Labour Con 
ference was held at deneva in October and November, 1!)21. An 
invitation was extended by the Dominion Government to the Pro 
vincial ( lovernment-. to be represented at this Conference. Three of 
the provinces, namely Ontario. Manitoba and Quebec, accepted the 
invitation and their representatives were appointed as advisers to 
the Government delegatt 

The discussions of the Confep-nee resulted in the adoption of 
Draft Convention- regarding the minimum age of trimmers and 
stokers on ship&lt;, medical inspection of children and young persons on 
ships, the use of white lead in painting, the right of association of 
agricultural workers, workmen s coinpen&gt;ation for agricultural 
workers, the employment of children in agriculture, and a weekly 
rest in industrial undertaking Recommendations were made 
concerning agricultural workers in relation to technical education, 
unemployment, social insurance, night work of women a-id children, 
maternity and housing conditions and concerning a weekly rest in 
commercial establishment-. 

On receipt from the Secretary-General of the League of Nation- 
of the texts of the draft conventions and recommendations of these 
three International Labour Conference.-, they were referred to the 
Department of Justice for examination as to the legislative authority 
of the Dominion and the provinces to deal with the subject matters in 
question. Certain of the draft conventions and recommendations 
were found to be within provincial authority and were accordingly 
referred to the Provincial Governments, whilst those within federal 
jurisdiction are engaging the attention of the Dominion Government. 
The opinion of the Department of Justice on the Geneva draft con 
ventions and recommendations has not yet (May 27, 1922) been 
rendered. 

To date (May 27, 1922) the decisions of the First International 
Labour Conference, held in Washington, D.C., in 1919, have led to the 
enactment of more than 50 statutes bearing on labour matters in 
various countries, and to the preparation of over 100 separate bills. 
The Second International Labour Conference of 1920, which was 
devoted entirely to the consideration of matters affecting seamen, has 
been followed by the adoption of three laws and the preparation of 
about 30 separate bills. The Third International Labour ( Conference, 
held in October and November, 1921, has already led to the prepara 
tion of two bills. 
3813139 



610 LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 

ORGANIZED LABOUR IN CANADA. 

The labour movement in Canada is of comparatively recent 
growth. In all the countries where a widespread national labour 
movement has arisen, it has done so only when, through the increase 
of large scale production involving increased investment of capital, 
the impossibility of the average labourer ever rising into the position 
of an employer has been demonstrated. When this happens the 
instinct of class consciousness is excited, and labourers, realizing 
that great individual success in the future is for them improbable, 
band themselves together to secure higher wages and greater comfort 
in the present. 

For these reasons, the modern labour movement took its rise 
in England the first country to be affected by the so-called Industrial 
Revolution the change from hand to machine production. Where 
this change takes place, business skill skill displayed in bargaining 
for raw material, for needed capital, for labour, for the sale of finished 
products becomes the predominant factor in business success, 
rather than technical skill, and the skilled labourers who possess 
technical but not business skill, find themselves labouring throughout 
their lives for the entrepreneur. By the organization of trade unions 
for collective bargaining they attempt with more or less success to 
change the situation to their advantage. 

Trade Unionism in Canada occupies a unique position by reason 
of the fact that most organized workers in the Dominion are members 
of organizations whose headquarters are located in a foreign country, 
viz.: the United States. This condition is explained when it is 
understood that workers move freely from one country to the other 
in order to find employment. In years gone by Canadian workmen 
who sought a livelihood in the United States greatly outnumbered 
those from the latter country who came to Canada. As industry 
was further developed in the United States, there arose a number of 
unions of various crafts, and with these the Canadian workers soon 
became affiliated. With the development of industry in the Dominion 
many of these Canadians subsequently returned to their native land, 
bringing with them the gospel of trade unionism and collective 
bargaining as a means of protecting their rights. In many instances 
these trade unionists became the nuclei of strong bodies of organized 
labourers formed in Canadian cities. 

In the early part of the nineteenth century, a number of inde 
pendent trade associations were formed in Canada, the earliest of 
which there is record being a printers organization in Quebec city in 
1827. The first union known to have been organized in the province 
of Ontario was also composed of printers, and operated in York (now 
Toronto), as early as 1834; both of these bodies were later superseded 
by branches of the International Typographical Union, which bcdy 
in 1869 changed its name from National Typographical Union of the 
United States, on account of the inclusion of Canadian branches. 

In 1851 a branch of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers, a 
British organization composed of metal mechanics, was established 
in Toronto. In the years immediately following other branches were 



ORGANIZED LABOUR IN CANADA 611 

organized in other Canadian cities, the society having the whole 
Dominion for its operations. In 1888 the United Machinists and 
Mechanical Kngineers of America was formed and entered the field as 
a competitor for the organization of the craftsmen eligible for member 
ship in the Amalgamated Society. The first Canadian lodge (No. 
103) of the new body was formed in Stratford, Ont., in 1890, while 
lodges in Montreal (No, 111) and in Winnipeg (No. 122) were organ 
ized before the close of the same year. To meet the extension of the 
jurisdiction into Canada the name of the organization was changed 
in 1891 to International Association of Machinists. Since that time 
the organization has added greatly to its Canadian following, having 
at the close of the year 1921 99 local lodges with a combined member 
ship of 10,135. On the other hand, the Amalgamated Society never 
added very greatly to its Canadian following, the largest number of 
local branches and members on record being in 1919, when they stood 
at 24 and 3,000 respectively. Negotiations were opened in 1919 
by the general officers of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers and 
the International Association of Machinists, with a view to effecting 
an amalgamation. As a result the Amalgamated Society on Sept. 
30, 1920, withdrew its operations from Canada and also from the 
United States, where branches were also in existence, leaving the 
whole North American continent to the International Association of 
Machinists. Another British labour organization to establish 
branches in Canada was the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and 
Joiners, now the Amalgamated Society of Woodworkers, which in 
1860 chartered a branch in Toronto, twenty-one years before the 
United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners, now the chief organ 
ization in North America of the craft named, came into existence. 
In this case also bickerings finally led to a unification whereby the mem 
bers of the Amalgamated Society became also members of the United, 
retaining their connection with the parent body for the beneficial 
features. The only other branch of a British labour organization 
in Canada is a lodge in Hazelhill, N.S., of the Association of Wireless 
and Cable Telegraphers. \Yith the practical elimination of the 
British organizations, the North American field has been left entirely 
to the labour organizations originating on this continent. These 
labour bodies are for the most part in affiliation with the American 
Federation of Labour, which in addition to dealing with trade matters 
speaks for the organized workers in the United States on the subject of 
legislation. In Canada the legislative mouthpiece of organized labour 
is the Trades and Labour Congress, which body is strongly repre 
sentative of the international labour movement, its affiliated member 
ship being largely drawn from international organizations which have 
in the first place been affiliated to the American Federation of Labour. 
Under the travelling card system now in vogue members of the respective 
unions move as they desire between the two countries and are entitled 
to all rights and privileges established in the various localities where 
local branches are in existence. Canadian members of international 
organizations are eligible for the highest offices in the gift of their 
organizations, and in some instances have been elected to these posts. 
38131 39 



612 LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 

In addition to the international trade union membership in 
Canada there are labour bodies which are termed non-international. 
Some of these organizations were formed by former members of 
international unions which for various reasons severed their con 
nection with the parent bodies. There are also a number of inde 
pendent labour unions in the Dominion, their origin in a few instances 
being an outcome of grievances against their central organizations 
not being settled to the satisfaction of the complaining branches. 

A statement of the development of organized labour in Canada 
would not be complete without a reference to the Knights of Labour, 
an organization formed in the United States in 1869, to which all 
classes of workers were admitted. The Knights of Labour, which in 
1885 reached its greatest numerical strength, with about a million 
members, extended its jurisdiction into Canada, establishing district 
and local assemblies in many localities in the Dominion, seventeen of 
which were operating in 1891 in the province of Quebec. Soon after 
the latter date, internal dissension took place in the ranks of the 
organization, owing to the difficulty of uniting workers of different 
crafts in one body. The international craft organizations, which 
had in the meantime become united under the banner of the American 
Federation of Labour, formed in 1881, offered strong opposition to 
the Knights of -Labour, which in a few years ceased to be a factor in 
the labour movement of the continent. All of its Canadian " Assem 
blies" have long since passed out of existence. 

Trades and Labour Congress of Canada.- -Through the 
initiative of the Toronto Trades Assembly (now the Toronto District 
Trades and Labour Council) the first national labour organization, 
the Canadian Labour Union, was formed in Toronto in September, 
1873. The organization held its second and third annual meetings 
in 1874 and 1875, but disappeared as a result of the serious depression 
of the later 70 s. In 1883 the Trades and Labour Council of Toronto, 
feeling the necessity of the wage earners of Canada having a medium 
through which to express their opinions, assumed the responsibility 
of calling another trades and labour congress, which met in Toronto 
on Dec. 26, with 45 delegates. On the summons of the Toronto 
council a second meeting, with 109 delegates, assembled on Sept. 14, 
1886, the first occasion on which any labour body outside of the 
province of Ontario was represented. A permanent organization was 
effected at this meeting under the name of "Trades and Labour Con 
gress of the Dominion of Canada." This was the title of the organi 
zation until 1895, when the title "Trades and Labour Con 
gress of Canada" was adopted in preference to "Canadian Federation 
of Labour." Since 1886 conventions have been held annually, the 
1921 meeting in Winnipeg being counted as the thirty-seventh. 
The Trades and Labour Congress is representative of international 
trade unionism in the Dominion, the bulk of its membership being 
drawn from the international organizations which have local branches 
in Canada. According to reports for 1921 the congress received 
payment of per capita tax from 58 international bodies which had 



ORGAXIZ1-D LABOUR IN CANADA 613 



affiliated the whole of their Canadian membership, numbering 
150,812, in 1,699 local l&gt;raneh&lt; In addition three national organ 
izations afiiliatcd th.cir whole membership of 0,771, in 210 branches. 
With other affiliations ;ind unions directly under charter the congress 
had in all at the close of 1021 n membership of 173,778, in 1,904 
branch* 

Membership of International Organizations in Canada. 

At the dose of 1021 there were 98 international organizations having 
one or more local branch unions in Canada, three fewer than in 1920. 

These bodies bet ween tl:&lt;-m have 2. 22:&gt; local branches in the Dominion 

with 222,896 members, a decline of 2:V2 branches and 44,:if&gt;l members 

compared with the previous year. The international organizations 

h:r ; per cent of the local l.nmches of all c! in the Dominion, 

and 71 per cent of the memb. 

Canadian Federation of Labour. The Canadian 1 M deration 
of Labour was organized in 1002 under the name of National Trades 
and Labour Cong- re-ult of the expulsion from the Trades 

and Labour Congress of Canada of the Knight- of Labour assemblies 
and all other unions which were composed of members of crafts over 
which existing international organization- claimed jurisdiction. 
The delegates of the expelled union- forthwith, formed a new central 
body of a distinctively national character, which in 190S adopted its 
present nam- For a number of year- labour bodies in the province 
of Quebec were the main support of the new organization. Gradually 
the Quebec affiliations dropped off and the centre of activity was a 
few year- ago shifted to Toronto. The membership of the Federa 
tion at the close of 1921 Mood at 7.4:&gt;n. comprised in :*2 directly 
chartered local brand Two mitral bodies are also affiliated 

with the Federation. 

Non-International Trade Union Membership. There are 
in Canada fifteen organizations of wage earners termed non-inter 
national union-, eight of which are in direct opposition to the inter 
national organizations. In some it-stances these non-international 
bodies have been formed by secessionists from international unions. 
The combined membership of the non-international organizations is 
24,980, comprised in 2(14 local branches. 

Membership of Independent Units.- -There are 27 inde 
pendent local labour bodies in the Dominion, 21 of which have a 
membership of 15,644. The remaining six have not reported as to 
their standing. 

Federation of Catholic Workers of Canada. During the 

period that the Knights of Labour operated in Quebec there existed 
also four independent uniors, one of labourers and three of leather 
and shoe workers. I p to 1902 these several bodies were represented 
at the annual conventions of the Trades and Labour Congress of 
Canada. In that year, in an effort to eliminate a duplication of 
unions, and to bring the independent bodies under the banner of the 



614 LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 

international organizations, the Trades Congress denied them further 
representation. The Knights of Labour assemblies gradually dis 
appeared, but the independent unions continued to exist. With the 
advent of the Mutual Labour Federation of the North in 1912, the 
first organization to confine membership to adherents of the Roman 
Catholic church, a stimulus was given to this movement, and several 
of the existing independent unions, the number of which had increased 
during the decade from 1902 to 1912, became identified with what are 
termed National and Catholic unions. In 1918 a conference of these 
bodies was held in Quebec city, followed by other meetings in Three 
Rivers in 1919 and in Chicoutimi in 1920, the delegates at the latter 
conference, numbering 225, from 120 unions, deciding to establish a 
permanent central body to co-ordinate the work of the scattered 
units. Accordingly at the 1921 conference held in Hull, at which 
approximately 200 delegates were present representing 89 unions, a 
constitution to govern the new body was approved. The name 
selected was Federation of Catholic Workers of Canada, and permanent 
officers were elected, the constitution and bylaws to become effective 
on January 1, 1922. From information at hand, there are 120 National 
and Catholic unions with a combined membership of 45,000. 

One Big Union. Owing to dissatisfaction with the alleged 
reactionary policy of the Trades and Labour Congress of Canada, a 
number of delegates from Western Canada to the Quebec convention 
in 1918 held a caucus for the purpose of having the delegates from 
the western unions concentrate their energies towards having the 
Trades Congress legislate in accordance with the views of these 
bodies. Some months later a meeting of delegates was called by 
the British Columbia Federation of Labour, to assemble immediately 
following the annual convention of that body, which for the first time 
in its history met outside of the province under its jurisdiction, in the 
city of Calgary. The conference assembled on March 13, 1919, with 
239 delegates present; the outcome of the meeting was the for 
mation of an industrial organization, the "One Big Union." On 
June 11, 1919, a conference of the advocates of the new body was held 
in Calgary to further the plans of organization. The next meeting, 
termed the first semi-annual convention, was held in Winnipeg in 
January, 1920. The O.B.U. had made much progress during its 
short existence, with a membership of 41,150 at the close of 1919. 
From the outset the O.B.U. met with much opposition from the 
old-established labour unions, as represented by the Trades and 
Labour Congress of Canada, which are opposed to the substitution 
of industrial unionism for the existing system of craft unions. During 
the years 1920 and 1921 the 0. B. U. has been on the decline, many 
of the early supporters having deserted the organization, and the 
membership has dropped to approximately 5,300. 

Total Reported Membership of Organized Labour in 
Canada. At the close of 1921 the numerical strength of organized 
labour in Canada is given by the Department of Labour as follows: 
International organizations, 2,223 local branches with an aggregate 



ORGANIZED LABOUR IN CANADA 



615 



membership of 222,896; non-international organizations, 264 branches 
uid 24,480 members; independent units, 27 with 15,644 members; 
National and Catholic unions, 120 with 45,000 members; and One Big 
Union, 34 units, with 5,300 members. Grand total, 2,668 local 
branches and 313,320 members, decreases as compared with 192C 
of 250 branches and 60,522 members. 

Table 6 shows by years the membership of trade unions 

Canada since 1911. 

. Membership of Trade Unions in Canada, 1911-1921. 



Y.-nr. 


Members. 


Year. 


Members. 


1Q1 1 


.132 


1917 


204.1 ,: in 


iyii 
1Q19 


It, 0,120 


1918 


248,887 


! . 1 _ 

101^ 


17.". 


1919 


378,047 


TQ1A 


166, Hi: . 


l .)20 


373,842 


xyit 
1Q1^ 


14:: 


r.ui 


313 


i . i .) 
1916.. 


160,407 







International Trade Unions Operating in Canada.- Table 
gives the names of the 98 international labour organizations which 
have extended their operations into Canada, and contains (1) the 
number of branches which were in existence in the Dominion at 
the close of 1921 and (2) the reported membership. 

7. International Trade Unions Operating in Canada. 

NUMBER OF BRANCHES AND NUMBER or MEMBERS IN CANADA, DECEMBER, 1921. 



International Organizations. 



Number of 
tranches in 
Canada. 



American Federation of Labour 

Asbestos Workers, International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators, and. 

Automobile, Aircraft and Vehicle Workers of America, United. 

Bakery and Confectionery Workers International Union of America 

Barbers International Union of America, Journeymen 

Bill Posters and Billers of America, International Alliance of... . . 

Blacksmiths, Drop Forgers and Helpers, International Brotherhood of ... ...... 

Boilermakers, Iron Shipbuilders and Helpers, International Brotherhood of. ... 

Bookbinders, International Brotherhood of 

Boot and Shoe Workers Union - 

Brewery, Flour, Cereal and Soft Drink Workers, International 

United ..: 

Bricklayers, Masons and Plasterers International Lmon of America... ... . 

Bridge, Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers, International Association of. . . 

Broom and Whisk Makers Union, International 

Carpenters and Joiners of America, United Brotherhood of 

Carvers Association of America, International Wood 

Cigarmakers International Union of America 

Cloth Hat and Cap Makers of America, United 

Clothing Workers of America, Amalgamated 

Commercial Telegraphers Union of America 

Conductors, Order of Sleeping Car 

Coopers International Union of Xorth America 

Electrical Workers, International Brotherhood of 

Elevator Constructors, International Union of 

Engravers League, International Steel and Copper Plate 

Federal Employees, National Federation of 

Fire Fighters, International Association of 

Fur Workers Union, International. 

Garment Workers of America, United 

Garment Workers Union, International Ladies 

Glass, Bottle Blowers Association of the United States and Canada 

Glass Workers Union, American Flint 



17 
3 
1 

11 

34 

2 

27 
46 
11 
18 

13 

52 

17 
1 

136 
1 

13 
3 

15 
8 
1 
1 

45 
1 
1 
1 

14 
5 

13 

10 
4 
3 



Reported 
Member 
ship in 
Canada. 



992 

110 
36 

424 

1,259 

60 

1,500 
3,354 

588 
2,091 






603 
824 
721 
17 
138 
25 
770 
400 
9,750 
1,500 
16 
23 

4,340 

45 

13 

200 

2,000 

518 

2,000 

2,079 

190 

262 



616 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



7. International Trade Unions Operating in Canada concluded. 
NUMBER OF BRANCHES AND NUMBER OF MEMBERS IN CANADA, DECEMBER 1921. concluded. 



International Organizations. 



Glove Workers Union of America, International 

Granite Cutters International Association of America . 

Hod Carriers, Building and Common Labourers Union of America, Inter 
national 

Hotel and Restaurant Employees International Alliance and Bartenders Inter 
national League of America 

Iron, Steel and Tin Workers, Amalgamated Assoc. of 

Jewellery Workers Union, International 

Lathers, International Union of Wood, Wire and Metal 

Laundry Workers International Union 

Leather Workers International Union, United 

Lithographers of America, Amalgamated ....!.!..! 

Longshoremen s Association, International 

Locomotive Engineers, Brotherhood of 

Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen, Brotherhood of 

Machinists, International Association of 

Maintenance-of-way Employees and Railway Shop Labourers, United Brother 
hood of 

Masters, Mates and Pilots, National Assoc. of 

Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen, Amalgamated "... 

Metal Polishers International Union 

Metal Workers International Alliance, Amalgamated Sheet 

Mine Workers of America, United . . 

Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, International Union of 

Moulders Union of North America 

Musicians, American Federation of 

Painters, Decorators and Paperhangers of America, Brotherhood of 

Papermakers, International Brotherhood of 

Pattern Makers League of North America 

Paving Cutters Union of the United States and Canada ..........!.. 

Photo Engravers Union of North America, International 

Piano, Organ and Musical Instrument Workers International Union 

Plasterers and Cement Finishers International Association, Operative 

Plumbers, Gas and Steam Fitters, United Association of 

Potters, National Brotherhood of Operative 

Printers and Die Stampers Union, International Plate 

Printing Pressmen and Assistants Union, International 

Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill Workers of the United States and Canada, Inter 
national Brotherhood of 

Quarry Workers International Union of North America 

Railroad Employees, Canadian Brotherhood of 

Railroad Signalmen of America, Brotherhood of 

Railroad Stationmen and Railroad Employees Alliance, International Brother 
hood of 

Railroad Telegraphers, Order of 

Railroad Trainmen, Brotherhood of 

Railway Carmen of America, Brotherhood of 

Railway and Steamship Clerks, Freight Handlers, Express and Station 
Employees, Brotherhood of 

Railway Conductors, Order of 

Railway Employees of America, Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric 

Railway Employees of North America, United Association of 

Retail Clerks International Protective Assoc 

Roofers, Damp and Waterproof Workers Association, United Slate, Tile and 
Composition.. 

Seamen s Union of America, International 

Steam and Operating Engineers, International Union of 

Steam Shovel and Dredgemen, International Brotherhood of 

Stage Employees, International Alliance of Theatrical 

Stationary Firemen and Oilers, International Brotherhood of 

Stereotypers and Electrotypers Union, International 

Stonecutters Association of North America, Journeymen 

Stove Mounters International Union 

Switchmen s Union of North America 

Tailors Union of America, Journeymen 

Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Stablemen and Helpers, International Brotherhood of. . 

Textile Workers of America, United 

Timberworkers, International Union of 

Transferors Association of America, International Steel Plate 

Typographical Union, International 

Upholsterers International Union of America 

Wireless and Cable Telegraphers, Association of 

Workers International Industrial Union.. 



Number of 

Branches in 

Canada. 



13 
13 
5 
6 
1 
3 
7 

23 

95 

101 

99 

182 

1 

1 

9 

23 

66 

7 

39 

46 

43 

14 

14 

7 

6 

1 

16 

41 

1 

1 

16 

18 
2 

137 
4 

11 

12 

95 

113 

58 

70 

28 

6 

4 

2 
6 

20 
6 

34 

15 

10 

24 

4 

5 

14 

15 

11 

1 

1 

49 
4 
1 
1 



Reported 
Member 
ship in 
Canada. 



175 
230 

143 



1,316 

1,350 

535 

150 

85 

56 

510 

2,473 

6,000 

8,059 

10,135 

12,000 

93 

25 

174 

600 

20,000 

185 

3,288 

7,000 



019 

060 

504 

125 

347 

29 

084 

000 

45 

46 

745 



4,000 

400 

12,700 

109 

522 

7,200 

14,567 

11,593 



I 
I 



,000 
,360 
11,309 
750 
120 



75 
000 
280 
725 
100 
1,000 
265 
695 
132 
70 
546 
250 
1,200 
40 
12 

5,130 

250 

52 

10 



I 



TRADE DISPUTES 



617 



Table S ^ives tin 1 number of branches and of members of non- 
international trade unions operating in Canada at the close of 1921. 

8. Non-internal ionul Trade Unions Operating in Canada. 

MBER OF BRANCHES A\D NUMBER OF MEMBKRS, DECEMBER, 1921. 



Name of Organization. 


Brand 

or 
atiiliati 


Member 
ship 
reportcc 1 . 




43 


5,9X7 




32 


7,430 




19 


800 






2,054 




17 


600 




12 


380 




3 


150 


f*-i m ( 1 i n Hrii^^fl^( irn**t \\"ivT&gt; I flirt ) t VssOCliltlOD 


4 




dian Federation ol Bricklayers M 






I ii in ( ii fii 1 ! rincn ~ l i i " Kit ion 


1 


41 


1 )&lt; miinion Post il G"lcrks \*-o&lt; iaf in 




1,800 


1 liiriiiniiin I?nilwn.v Mil ( Marks ! Viicnttion 


ia 


1,128 






1,647 




17 


1,426 


Sask itclit win Hrothcrh* u and Operating Kn 


3 


80 









TRADE DISPUTES. 

Statistics of strikes and lockouts in Canada have been collected 
and published by the Department of Labour since it- inception 
toward the end of 1 ( .K)1. Table 9 shows the number of disputes, the 
number of employers and employees involved and the time loss in 
working days for each year from !!()! to I . LM, and the totals for the 
period. The item in the time Io&gt;&lt; in working day&gt; i&gt; calculated by 
multiplying the number of men directly affected through a strike or 
lockout by the number of working days they are so affected during 
the time the firm or establishment is involved. For the year 1921 
the number of disputes, the numbers of employers and employees 
involved were smaller than in the previous year, but the time loss in 
working days during the year slightly exceeded that for 1920 owing 
to a number of prolonged dispute-, namely, the printers strike for a 
44-hour week beginning about June 1st and to a considerable extent 
unsettled at the end of the year, the strike in the pulp and paper 
industry early in the year, and several strikes in the building trades 
lasting several weeks. In all respects, however, the figures were 
lower than in 1919, when not only the general strike at "Winnipeg and 
the resulting sympathetic strikes, but also disputes in many industries 
throughout the Dominion, contributed to cause the greatest time loss 
on record in Canada, involving also the largest number of employees 
and of establishments. 

The time loss owing to trade disputes since the beginning of the 
century to the end of 1921 is shown by industries in Table 10, from 
which it is evident that the time loss during the period has been 
greatest in the mining industry, followed by the metals, machinery 
and conveyances industry, which owed its prominence to the great 



618 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



strike in Winnipeg in 1919. In 1921, however, the industries most 
disturbed by industrial disputes were the printing and allied trades 
(higher wages and the 44-hour week), and the building and con 
struction trade (generally against reduction of wages) . 

Table 11 shows by industries the number of disputes, the number 
of employees involved and the time loss, the greatest time loss being, 
as above mentioned, in printing and publishing, in pulp and paper 
manufacturing and in building and construction, with however 
considerable time loss in the clothing industry, in food, liquor, and 
tobacco manufacturing, and in mining. Apart from the printers 
strike for the 44-hour week the feature of the year was the number of 
men who struck against reductions in wages, 16,255 out of 22,930, 
of whom 11,052 were unsuccessful, while 2,836 secured a compromise. 
The number of disputes in existence in 1921, with the number of 
employees involved and the time loss, is shown by months in Table 
13, which indicates that in 1921, as ordinarily, the maximum of trade 
disputes was reached in the early summer in May and June. 

The causes and results of industrial disputes occurring in 1921 
are given in Table 12, from which it is evident that the chief struggles 
of the year resulted from the attempt of the employers to reduce 
money wages, corresponding with the falling prices of their products, 
and the resistance of the employees to such reductions a resistance 
which was rarely successful since it ignored the current economic 
trend. Statistics of the methods applied in settling the disputes 
which occurred during the year are presented in Table 14. 

9. Record of Labour Disputes by Years, 1901-1921. 



Year. 


Number of Disputes. 


Disputes in existence in the year. 


In exist 
ence in 
the year. 


Beginning 
in 
the year. 


Employ 
ers 
involved. 


Employ 
ees 
involved. 


Time loss 
in work 
ing days. 


1901 


104 
121 
146 
99 
89 
141 
149 
68 
69 
84 
99 
150 
113 
44 
43 
75 
148 
196 
298 
285 
145 


104 
121 
146 
99 
88 
141 
144 
65 
69 
82 
96 
148 
106 
40 
38 
74 
141 
191 
290 
272 
138 


273 
420 
927 
575 
437 
1,015 
825 
175 
397 
1,335 
475 
989 
1,015 
205 
96 
271 
714 
766 
1,913 
1,273 
907 


28,086 
12,264 
50,041 
16,482 
16,223 
26,050 
36,224 
25,293 
17,332 
21,280 
30,094 
40,511 
39,536 
8,678 
9,140 
21,157 
48,329 
68,489 
139,988 
52,150 
22,930 


632,302 
120,940 
1,226,500 
265,004 
217,244 
359,797 
621,962 
708,285 
871,845 
718,635 
2,046,650 
1,099,208 
1,287,678 
430,054 
106,149 
208,277 
1,134,970 
763,341 
3,942,189 
886,754 
956,461 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


Total 


2,666 


2,593 


15,003 


729,277 


18,604,254 





TRADE DISPUTES 



619 



WORKING DAYS 

4.000.000 

3.800.000- - 

3.600.000- - 

340 0.0 00- - 

3.200.000-- 

3.00 0.0 00-- 

2.800.000- 

2.600.000- 

2400.000 

2.200.000- - 

2.000.000 - 

1.800.000- 

1.600.000 - 

1400.000- 

1.200.000 - 

1.000.000 

800.000 

600.000 

400.000 

200.000 





TIME LOSS IN WORKING DAYS 

BY INDUSTRIES 
AND TOTAL TIME LOSS 
I9OI-I92I 

LEGEND 
MIME5 5MELTER5 ETC. 

METAL5 MACHINERY 

AND CONVEYANCES 

BUILDING AMD CONSTRUCTION. 
TRANSPORTATION 
CLOTHING. 
OTHER INDUSTRIES 



CUD 




WOCKIMG DAYS 

-r4,000,000 
-3.800.000 
- -3.600.000 
-3.400.000 
--3^00.000 
-- 3.00 0.000 
- -2.800.000 
-2.600.000 
2.400.000 
- -2.20 0.0 00 
- -2.000.000 
-- 1. 800.000 
1.600.000 
1.400.000 
1.200.000 
1.000.000 
800.000 
600.000 
400.000 
200.000 




ooooooooo 

* O&gt; O^ O\ 



O\ 



NOTE. The time loss in working days shown for metal trades in 1919 includes also the time loss incurred IB 
strikes in sympathy with strikes in the metal trades that year, 851,095 at Winnipeg and approximately 25,000|at 
Toronto, leaving 1,117,609 days for strikes in the metal trades only. 



620 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



10. Time Losses by Industries in Working Days, 1901-1921. 



Industry. 


1901-17. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Total. 


Fishing.. 


No. 
253 088 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 
i 400 


No. 

Of)Q 08S 


Lumbering 


219,047 


29,407 


100 785 


79 054 


q SIR 


437 809 


Mining 


5,450,401 


163,585 


714,340 


165 509 


27 881 


6 521 716 


Railway, Canal and Har 
bour Construction . . . 






69 454 


3 707 


200 


73 361 


Building and Construction 
Metals, Machinery and 
Conveyances 


1,686,277 
762,370 


18,453 
229,574 


287,146 
1.993.704 1 


72,878 
349 295 


153,372 
65 657 


2,218,126 
3 400 600 


Woodworking 


106,662 


3,432 


16,312 


24 137 


3 076 


153 619 


Printing and Allied trades 
Clothing 


24,969 
1,180,795 


21,589 
14,156 


32,642 
189,141 


14,116 
20 520 


519,280 
66 960 


612,596 
1 471 572 


Textiles 


539,598 


16,611 


210,362 


4,673 


676 


771 920 


Foods, Liquors and 
Tobacco.. .... 


127,547 


61,869 


56,708 


43 695 


67 405 


357 224 


Chemicals and Explosives 
Leather .... 


19,600 


2,040 
400 


1,971 
320 


1,519 


17 879 


4,011 
39 718 


Transportation 


1,269,052 


114,748 


185,400 


48 536 


19 061 


1 636 797 


Public Utilities 




28,608 


30,716 


38,902 




98,226 


Municipal Employment. . . 
Miscellaneous 


126,794 


28,064 
30,805 


2,434 
50,754 


8,448 
11,765 


1,500 
2,598 


40,446 
222,716 


Unskilled Labour 2 . . 


521, 631 2 










521, 631 2 
















Total working days 


12,055,509 


763,341 


3,942,189 


886,754 


956,461 


18,604,254 

















1 The time loss in working days shown for metal trades in 1919 includes also the time loss incurred in 
strikes in sympathy with strikes in the metal trades that year, 851,095 at Winnipeg and approximately 
25,000 at Toronto, leaving 1,117,609 days for strikes in the metal trades only. 

2 After 1915 included in other groups. 

11. Industrial Disputes, 1921 by Industries. 



Industry. 


Disputes. 


Number 
involved. 


Time loss. 


Number. 


Per cent 
cf total. 


Em 
ployees. 


Working 
days. 


Per cent 
of total. 


Fishing 


1 
5 

13 

1 
36 
19 
5 
8 
16 
13 
1 
7 
5 

2 
3 
2 

2 
6 


7 
3-4 

9-0 

7 
24-8 
13-1 
3-4 
5-5 
11-0 
9-0 
7 
4-9 
3-4 

1-4 
2-0 
1-4 
1-4 
4-2 


100 
716 

2,094 

25 
4,004 
1,105 
132 
4,257 
2,613 
3,033 
26 
2,452 
487 

305 
359 
190 
300 
732 


1,400 
9,516 

27,881 

200 
153,372 
65,657 
3,076 
201,346 
317,934 
66,960 
676 
67,405 
17,879 

11,900 
6,556 
605 
1,500 
2,598 


1 
1-0 

3-0 


16-0 
6-9 
4 
21-0 
33-3 
7-0 

7-0 
1-9 

1-3 
7 

1 
3 


Lumbering 


Mines, Smelters, Quarries, Clay Pro 
ducts, etc 


Railway, Canal and Harbour Con 
struction 


Building and Construction 


Metals, Machinery and Conveyances. 
Woodworking 


Pulp and Paper.. 


Printing and Publishing 


Clothi ng 


Textiles 


Foods, Liquors and Tobacco 


Leather 


Transportation : 
Electric Railway Service 


Navigation.. . 


Miscellaneous Transport 


Municipal Employment 


Miscellaneous 


Total. . . 


145 


100 


22,930 


956,461 


100 





TRADE l&gt;IS!&gt;("i 



621 







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15 




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622 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



13. Industrial Disputes by Months, 1921. 



Month. 


In Exist 
ence each 
Month. 


No. of 
Em 
ployees 
Affected. 


Time Loss 
in 
Working 
Days. 


January 


23 


1 76*1 


Qft RAfi 


February 


31 


2 QOfi 


Ov, CrrO 
3fi 3fi1 


March 


32 


3 4fiS 


tt ^09 


April 


2Q 


4 4^3 


RQ 480 


May 


56 


q 323 


17* COq 


June 


50 


10 239 


188 020 


July 


41 


q 413 


Q9 RQ1 


August 


31 


3 442 


73 273 


September 


26 


3 948 


50 #40 


October 


17 


1 897 


46 03 fi 


November 


18 


3 354 


73 14Q 


December 


18 


3 759 


61 365 











14. Industrial Disputes, 1921, by Methods of Settlement. 



Industry or occupation. 




Nego 
tiations 
between 
. parties. 


Concil 
iation or 
mediation. 


Arbi 
tration. 


Reference 
to Board 
under I.D. 
I. Act. 


Returned 
to work on 
Employers 
terms. 


Num 
ber 
of 
dis 
putes. 


Num 
ber 
of 
em 
ploy 
ees in 
volv 
ed. 


Num 
ber 
of 
dis 
putes. 


Num 
ber 
of 
em 
ploy 
ees in 
volv 
ed. 


Num 
ber 
of 
dis 
putes. 


Num 
ber 
of 
em 
ploy 
ees in 
volv 
ed. 


Num 
ber 
of 
dis 
putes. 


Num 
ber 
of 
em 
ploy 
ees in 
volv 
ed. 


Num 
ber 
of 
dis 
putes. 


Num 
ber 
of 
em 
ploy 
ees in 
volv 
ed. 


Fishing 


1 

9 

19 
12 
1 

4 
6 
1 

2 

1 
1 

3 


450 
1,626 

1,184 
244 
20 

158 
1,614 
26 

435 

200 
100 

595 


2 

8 
2 

1 

1 

1 
1 

2 


281 

2,110 
54 

30 
200 

71 
90 

45 


1 

1 
4 

6 
1 

1 
1 


37 

25 
163 

3,938 

78 

22 

88 


1 


55 


1 


O 

1 

3 

1 
2 

4 
1 

2 
1 


100 
206 

17 
655 

219 

58 

2,182 
21 

300 
92 


Lumbering 


Mines, smelters, quarries , clay pro 
ducts, etc 


Railway, canal and harbour construc 
tion 


Building and construction 


Metals, machinery and conveyances 
Woodworking 


Pulp and paper 


Printing and publishing 


Clothing 


Textiles 


Foods, liquors and tobacco 


Leather 


Transportation : 
Electric railway service .; 


Navigation 


Miscellaneous transport 


Municipal employment 


Miscellaneous 


Total 


60 


6,652 


18 


2,881 


15 


4,351 


1 


55 


19 


3,850 


1 



EMPLOYMENT A\l) UNEMPLOYMENT 



G23 



14. Industrial Disputes, 1921, by Methods of Settlement concluded. 



Industry or Occupation. 


Replacement of 
strikers. 


Otherwise (including 
indefinite or un- 
terminated). 


Total. 


Number 
of 
disputes. 


Number 
of em 
ployees 
involved. 


Number 
of 
disputes. 


Number 
of em 
ployees 
involved. 


Number 
of 
disputes. 


Number 
of em 
ployees 
involved. 


Fishing 


1 

2 

1 
2 
1 
1 
2 

2 


60 

340 
15 
58 
100 
12 
31 

31 


1 

2 
3 

10 
2 

1 
1 


150 

190 
191 

2,365 
1,300 

48 
250 


1 
5 

13 
1 
36 
19 
5 
8 
16 
13 
1 
7 
5 

2 
3 
2 
2 
6 


100 
716 

2,094 
25 
4,004 
1,105 
132 
4,257 
2,613 
3,033 
26 
2,452 
487 

305 
359 
190 
300 
732 


Lumbering 


Mines, smelters, quarries, clay products 
etc 


Railway, cana! and harbour coastruction 
Building and construction 


Metals, machinery and conveyances 


Woodworking 


Pulp and paper 


Printing and publishing 


Clothing 


Textiles 


Foods, liquors and tobacco 


Leather 


Transportation: 
Electric railway service 


Navigation 


Miscellaneous transport 


Municipal employment 


Miscellaneous 


Total 


12 


647 


20 


4,494 


145 


22,930 





EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. 

Employment Service of Canada.- -The Employment Offices 
Co-ordination Act, (8-9 Geo. V, c. 2), empowering the Minister of 
Labour to aid and encourage the organization and co-ordination of 
public employment offices throughout Canada in order to establish a 
Dominion-wide Employment Service, was passed in May 1918. At 
that time there were only twelve provincial employment offices in 
the Dominion but at the close of the year fifteen offices were in 
operation and by the end of 1919 the number had increased to ninety- 
two. As the demobilization period came to a close the number of 
offices decreased and at the end of the year 1921 there were 76 offices, 
distributed among the provinces as follows: Nova Scotia, 4; New 
Brunswick, 2; Quebec, 5; Ontario, 26; Manitoba, 9; Saskatchewan, 
9; Alberta, 7; British Columbia, 14. 

Under the Employment Offices Co-ordination Act sums aggrega 
ting $50,000 in 1918-19, $100,000 in 1919-1920 and $150,000 in 
subsequent years, (amounts afterwards increased), were appropriated 
to be paid to the Provincial Governments in proportion to their 
expenditure on employment offices, to assist them in organizing and 
extending their services. Subventions were made conditional 
upon an agreement between the Minister of Labour and the Provincial 



624 LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 

Governments as to the terms, conditions and purposes upon and 
for which payments should be made. During 1921 agreements 
were completed with all the provinces except New Brunswick and 
Prince Edward Island. Agreements were also made during the 
year with the municipalities of Moncton and Chatham, in accordance 
with an amendment to the Act passed in 1920. The agreement 
requires that in the operation of the employment offices the provinces 
shall endeavour to fill situations in all trades and occupations for both 
men and women and that no charge shall be made to employers or 
employees for this service. Each province agrees to maintain a 
provincial clearance system in co-operation with the interprovincial 
clearance system established by the Dominion Government; to organ 
ize in connection with the Employment Service of the province a 
provincial advisory council, and in every city of the province with a 
population of 25,000 or more in which an employment office is estab 
lished, a local advisory council, representing equally employers and 
employees, to assist in the administration of the employment offices. 

Regulations issued under authority of the Act in December, 
1918, in addition to authorizing Provincial and Local Advisory 
Councils, provided for the establishment of the Employment Service 
Council of Canada, to advise the Minister of Labour in the adminis 
tration of the Act and to recommend ways of preventing unemploy 
ment. This body is composed of representatives of the Dominion 
and Provincial Governments, the Canadian Manufacturers Associa 
tion, the Association of Canadian Building and Construction Indus 
tries, the Trades and Labour Congress of Canada, the Railway Associa 
tion of Canada, the Canadian Railway Brotherhoods, the Canadian 
Lumbermen s Association, the Canadian Council of Agriculture and 
the Great War Veterans Association. It has held three meetings, the 
first in May, 1919, the second in September, 1920, and the third 
August 31-September 2, 1921, at which plans for developing the 
work of the Employment Service and for preventing unemployment 
were discussed and recommendations presenting the views of the 
Council were adopted. 

During the year 1921, the applications for employment received 
at the various local offices of the Employment Service totalled 530,872, 
of which 434,590 were for men and 96,282 for women. The vacancies 
reported during the same period numbered 420,024, of which 321,402 
were for men and 98,622 for women. During the year 280,518 
placements were made in regular employment, of which 245,246 
were of men and 35,272 of women, and also 7,523 placements in 
casual employment. 



EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT 625 

A special transportation rate for persons sent by the Service to 
employment at a distance has been granted by the principal railways. 
This rate, applying only in cases of bona fide placements through the 
Employment Service, was granted during the year 1921 to 37,445 
persons, of whom 23,536 were going to points in the same province as 
the dispatching provinces and 13,909 to points in other provinces. 

During the fiscal year 1919-20 an arrangement was put into 
effect with regard to the admission of workers from Great Britain to 
fill vacancies which cannot be filled in Canada. This plan, which 
involves close co-operation between the Immigration Department and 
the Employment Service and between the Employment Service of 
Canada and the British Employment Exchanges, proved on the 
whole very satisfactory and continued in force during 1921. A pro 
cedure has been adopted which as far as possible obviates delay 
and at the same time insures that workers shall not be brought into 
the country before every effort has been made to secure the required 
help in Canada and the authorities have had an opportunity of 
deciding whether prevailing conditions warrant the importation of 
the required labour. / 

Data covering the field of employment are collected and com 
piled under authority of the Employment Offices Co-ordination Act. 
For this purpose five principal sources of information were used during 
1921: reports from employers, trade union reports, employment 
office reports, reports on civic employment and reports on building 
permits. The returns received and tabulated during the year showed 
that while in 1920 employment remained at a high level until autumn, 
the volume of employment in 1921 was at a low ebb throughout the 
whole year, the highest level attained being considerably lower than the 
peak in 1920, and only slightly above the lowest level of the latter year. 

The reports from employers and trade unions are on the whole 
the best indices of employment. The former are received weekly 
from some 5,200 employers employing about 600,000 persons, and the 
latter monthly from some 1,500 unions with a combined membership 
of over 160,000. As shown in the accompanying chart, returns from 
these two sources agree in indicating a continuation until the 1st of 
April 1921, of the marked contraction in employment which com 
menced in October 1920. From the spring of 1921 until late in 
October, employment expanded fairly steadily, but in the following 
month the autumn and winter contraction in industry set in, causing 
the curve of employment to decline rapidly, so that at the end of the 
year it stood at a very low level. 
3813140 



626 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



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EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT 



627 



15. Percent ages by Provinces of Unemployment In Trades Unions, 1915-19?!. 



Month. 


Year. 


Nova 
tia 
.ind 
Prince 
Kdwunl 
I. -hind. 


New 
Bruns 
wick. 


Quebec. 


On 
tario. 


^ 

Man 
itoba. 


Sas 
kat 
chewan. 


Alberta 


British 
Col 
umbia. 


Canada. 


December 


1915 


20 


.7 


9-54 


8.1 


3-2 


7.fl 


4.99 


H.7Q 


7.Q7 


June 


1916 


49 


RK 


1-83 


1 -fi7 


1 .9 


2c 


3.f&gt;9 


Son 


i . &gt; 
O 19 


December.. 


1916 


29 




3-70 


1 "&gt;f 


1-01 


-0 
1 . AQ 


Uo 

1 71 


oU 

0. &lt;0 


2- lo 
1 OA 


June 


1017 


25 




2-50 


04 


"iS 


91 


84 


i .sn 


1 !)(&gt; 

i .9n 


December 


1917 


2-o 4 


4-14 


3-l&lt;) 


9.4 s ) 


1-07 


9.41 


1 "&gt; " 


9.10 


9. Ifi 


June.. 


1918 


1-17 


.-&gt;; 


45 






1 V 


.90 


.Q9 


i-OO 
41 


December 


1918 




.49 


H7 


&gt;.&lt;) 


1-11 


10 

O. IE 


9.07 


in 

A .no 


41 

9. IT 


January 


1919 


1-25 


84 


3-93 


i . &gt; 


I.RO 


5.7O 


1 -07 


R.nr 


c Oi 

0.07 


February... 


1919 




2-73 


4-fl2 


- - ( 


O.OO 


41 - 


4 . if 


7.70 


5OT 


March 


1919 


2 -is 




T-QO 


6 if. 


1 -9fl 


i/ 
5Q1 


3r 


/ /y 


ii&gt; 


April 


1910 


2-41 


2-46 


4 3 f i 


4.97 


1 .CK 


ol 
3 OS 




22 


00 


May.. 


1919 


4-66 


3-38 


")-2fi 


10 C1 


1 -4" 


2O 


1 1 


10-07 


44 


June 


1919 


2-6 J 


i i 


4-00 


^01 
1 .C1 


1 .10 


80 
2K1 


1 "to 
IftQ 


92 


6a 


July.. 


1919 


4-13 


1 -48 


9.^4 


1 -81 
1 KO 




01 

o TP - 


oo 
In/ 


*5/ 


58 


August 


1919 


:&gt; 4 1 


l- tt 


2-72 


1-02 

1 9fi 


.81 


2-ii 

1QS 


UU 
i no 


82 


43 


September. . . 


1919 


1-53 


l-0 n 


9.9fi 


1 Zv 
1 1 




yo 

1 9O 


i -uy 

QA 


06 


19 


October 


1919 


:M!i 


1-37 


2-^0 


1 l- 
B1 


1 -9 


1 -z;( 
no 


.QQ 


98 


79 


November . 


ri9 


1-21 


1-57 


2-88 


ol 

2(\A 


2.07 


o 

1 9A 


oo 
. 19 


OJ 


06 


December.. 


1919 


1-47 


9. ()9 


3-90 


ui 
1 fir\ 


4.07 


1 M 
6f\1 


o/ 

2-t 


17-06 


oo 


January 


1920 


2-72 


3-97 


3-41 


1 .Ml 


4 "&gt;ft 


-Ul 
4O9 




18*62 


29 


February 


1920 


o-OS 


2-37 


2-31 


"00 
2Q1 


4.T.9 


5&lt;U 


01 


78 


4-02 


March 


1920 


1-88 


3-Ofi 


3-25 


yi 

2Q 4 


l. to 


1 
4f\1 


12 


10-21 


3-96 


April 


1920 


61 


1-03 


2 5fi 


&lt;J4 

2O7 


2.71 


-Uo 

1Q 


Oo 

1*71 


7-60 


3-13 


May 


1920 


38 


53 


"?-Qfi 


2/ 

17n 


o.co 


1 9O 


71 

1A(\ 


6-01 


2-52 


June 


1920 


56 


40 


3-05 


id 
1fit\ 


1 -41 


1 Of. 

21 f; 


49 

11 C 


5-57 


2-4O 


July... 


1920 


10 


20 


O.QC: 


OU 

1C 1 


I. J J 


10 

0/\ 


lo 


81 


2-14 


August 


1920 


26 


1-02 


4- J iO 


ol 

1TC 


oo 

.01 


sy 

CO 


4.i 


9-25 


2-35 


September. . 


1920 


25 


10 


7- t iQ 


to 
Ion 


. A.Q 


Oo 
1 A 


6/ 


4-66 


2-37 


October 


1920 


34 


42 


a. 14 


Oil 

3f\t 


iy 

^.}A 


14 
o/t 


00 

O9 


5-09 


3-26 


November 


1920 


2-21 


45 


14 73 


Ol 
6QO 


4.09 


o4 

419 


80 
3 CO 


15-65 


6-09 


December 


1920 


6-90 


11-00 


IP-";? 


o 
1 o on 


7 T 


10 

1 A 19 


02 


24-70 


10-24 


January 


1921 


5-85 


8-11 


1^.97 


i^-/y 

U1 A 


( / U 
8 .81 


10- lo 

1 f\ f\(\ 


24 

9"7O 


11-59 


13-05 


February.. 


1921 


14-35 


7.9,0 


in. 70 


lo 

1 A *7 


9CS 


iD-uy 


72 


21-56 


13-07 


March 


1921 


17-88 


11-68 


Ifi.QQ 


14- ib 

19 OC 


so 
in. ^A 


12-0/ 

1 O A7 


10 -o4 

9"- 


42-08 


16-12 


April 


1921 


21-56 


12-44 


90-70 


li-yo 

HA1 


nf&gt;7 


iZ-Oi 


// 


34-59 


16-48" 


May.. 


1921 


12-85 


fi-22 


ofi.^4 


yi 
91 1 


\}i 
i n QO 


12-5O 


12-67 


25-67 


16-27 


June 


1921 


14-26 


11-fifi 


90-70 


14 

67/1 


lU-oo 

700 


OO 


96 


21-67 


15-46 


July 


1921 


12-23 


10-8fi 


O.AC 


il 

7 OQ 


yy 

6A1 


81 


9-37 


24-44 


13-15. 


August 


1921 


7-39 


8-34 


H-48 


1 -OO 

8m 


01 

3t ,1 


oo 


6-26 


16-72 


9-10 


September 


1921 


8-68 


6- 


IQ.on 


"Ul 
699 


04 

3 no 


08 


76 


12-73 


8-71 


October 


1921 


2-76 


5-6 c i 


10-fifi 


*Z 

5.70 


y^ 
4ifi 


ol 


98 


12-48 


8-47 


November .... 
December 


1921 
1921 


6-92 
5-90 


5-73 
6-91 


20-81 
26-83 


6-05 
9-66 


lo 
8-47 
15-51 


Jo 
5-49 
10-41 


03 
5-89 
6-79 


14-81 
18-04 

24-70 


7-42 
11-Oft 
15-09 



38131 



628 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



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WAGES. 

Statistics of wages and hours of labour have been compiled for 
recent years by the Department of Labour, the records in some cases 
going back to 1900. To indicate the general movement of wage 
rates, index numbers have been calculated from the hourly and 
weekly rates. For 21 classes of labour in 13 cities, index numbers 
were calculated from published statistics back to 1901 and for common 
labour in factories, for a number of miscellaneous factory trades and 
also in lumbering back to 1911, hourly rates only being included in the 
calculation up to 1921. Index numbers of wages in coal mines have 
also been published for the three principal districts from 1900 to 
1921, those for the years 1911 to 1921 being included here. 

The accompanying table summarizes these index numbers and 
shows the downward movement during 1921 in the groups covered, 
the greatest decreases appearing in lumbering and sawmilling, amount 
ing in some cases to 33 per cent. 

Early in the year reductions in wages were made in many of the 
factories throughout Canada, some of which had closed down toward 
the end of 1920 or early in 1921 and reopened with wages on a lower 
scale. In some cases reductions were as great as 15 and 20 p.c., but in 
other cases were only 5 or 10 p.c., while successive reductions of 5 or 
10 p.c. occurred in other instances. In the spring there was^a fairly 
general reduction in wages in the building trades, amounting in many 
cases to 10 cents per hour. In the metal trades, reductions varied 
considerably, but averaged about 10 cents per hour. In the printing 
trades, the agreements of the unions with the job printing proprietors 
expired in many cases and in the new agreements reductions in the 
working hours from 48 to 44 per week were provided for in some cases, 
the weekly rates of wages being also reduced in some cases while in 
others increases occurred. Substantial increases in hourly rates 
therefore appeared. Owing, however, to strikes in these trades for 
the 44-hour week in many cities, conditions were unsettled during the 
last seven months of the year. In railway work, there were decreases 
averaging 12 p.c. for all classes, but ranging from 5 p.c. to 17 or 
18 p.c. Coal miners in the various districts in Canada had received 
increases in wages in the closing months of 1920 and these rates 
continued through 1921 except in Vancouver island mines^ where 
reductions according to calculations of changes in the cost of living in 
that mining district amounted to nearly $1 per day. In some of the 
smaller coal mines in Alberta wages were reduced about 15 p.c. and 
in New Brunswick 12J p.c. In metal mining, decreases were between 
15 and 25 p.c. In smelters wages were similarly reduced. In the 
pulp and paper industry there was a general decrease in the summer of 
1921, ranging in the different trades from 10 to 20 p.c. according to 
the trades involved, following a strike and the award of an arbitration 
board, the finding of which was applicable to many mills in Canada 
as well as in the United States. 



WAGES 






18. Index Numbers of Rates of Wages for 21 Classes In 13 Cities of Canada, 1901-1921. 

Rates in 1913 = 100. 



Year. 


Building; Tr 
7 clas.M 


M.-tul Trades 
5 classes. 


Printing Trades 
2 classes. 


t Kail 
1 cl; ; 


1111 

Kail- 
ways 
6 cla 


Average for 


15 


21 

-OS*. 


Weekly 
rates. 


Hourly 
rates. 


Weekly 
rat 


Hourly 
rat 


kly 
rates. 


Hourly 

rut 


&lt;vly 
rates. 


Hourly 
rates. 


R l! 


Weekly 

rat 


Hourly 
rates. 


1901 .... 


69-3 
73-2 
74-6 
76-3 
78-6 
81-7 

85-9 
87-3 
90-0 
92-6 
97-4 
100-0 
100-3 
100-5 
101-5 
108-8 
123-8 
142-9 
171-9 
164-0 


60-3 
64-2 
67-4 
69-7 
73-0 
76-9 
80-2 
81-5 

86-9 
90-2 
96-0 
100-0 
100-8 
101-5 
102-4 
109-9 
125-9 
148-2 
)-9 
170-5 


72-8 
74-2 
76-2 
78-9 

88-6 
89-5 

100-0 
100-4 
101-2 
110-4 
124-0 
146-7 
165-3 
189-3 
166-2 


68-6 
70-2 

78-6 
79-8 

862 

88-8 
01-0 

95-3 
100-0 
100-5 
101-5 
106-9 
128-0 
155-2 
180-1 
20 

-li-8 


66-6 
69-0 
74-2 

81-5 

88-2 

100-0 
10 
103-6 

105-8 
HI 

13 

14 
181-7 
188-3 


60-0 
61-6 
62-6 
66-1 

7s 1 
80-5 
83-4 
87-8 
91-6 

100-0 
102-4 

10: 

105-8 
111-8 

123-7 
145-9 
Is4-0 
193-3 


65-7 
70. (i 
72-1 
74-0 
74-4 
76-7 

82-5 
81-5 

100-0 
100-6 

10. 
115-1 

1:50-3 
150-5 
179-1 
177-9 


64-0 

71-1 
78-1 

7.-, -7 

Bl-1 

88-1 

100-0 
101-0 
97-8 

ios 

114-6 
11. 

104-2 

192-1 


76-7 

78-9 
80-2 
85-5 
86-7 
86-7 

96-4 
98-3 
100-0 
101-7 
101-7 
104-9 
110-1 
133-2 
154-2 
186-6 
165-3 


69-8 
72-7 
74-2 
76-4 
78-6 
80-8 
83-9 
85-5 
86-9 

92-1 

100-0 
100-6 
101-0 
110-3 
114-6 
131-6 
151-0 
179-3 
168-8 


64-9 
67-8 

70-7 

75-3 

77-9 
81-9 
83-3 
84-5 
88-4 
91-2 
96-2 
100-0 


1902 


1903 


1904 .... 


1905 


1906 


1907 
1908 
1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 .... 


1914 


101-1 
101-6 
105-2 
114-8 
135-1 
158-0 
190-3 
176-5 


1915 


1916 


1917 
1918 
1919 
1920 
1921 



iPer mile, day, etc. 

*Does not include railway classes. 

includes index numbers of mileage rates, etc., on steam railways. 



__Index Numbers of Sample Rates of Wages for Common Labour In Factories, Miscellaneous 
Factory Trades, and Lumbering, and of Wages In Coal Mines, 1911-1921. 

Rates in 1913 = 100. 



Year. 


CommonLabour 
in Factor! 
35 Samples! 1 ). 


Miscellaneous 
Factory 
Trades: 
72 Samples ()- 


Lumbering: 
15 Samples ( ). 


Coal Mining (). 




Hourly rates. 


Hourly rates. 


Hourly rates. 


Daily wages. 


1911 


94-9 


95-4 


96-3 


97-5 


1912 


98-1 


97-1 


98-8 


98-3 


1913 


100-0 


100-0 


100-0 


100-0 


1914 


101-0 


103-2 


94-7 


101-9 


1915 


101-0 


106-2 


89-1 


102-3 


1916 


110-4 


115-1 


109-5 


111-7 


1917 


129-2 


128-0 


130-2 


130-8 


1918 


152-3 


146-8 


150-5 


157-8 


1919 


180-2 


180-2 


169-8 


170-5 


1920 


215-3 


216-8 


202-7 


197-7 


1921 * 


190-6 


202-0 


152-6 


208-3 













(i) Index numbers for 1921 calculated by reducing those for 1920 by the extent of the average decrease 
per cent in each group from 1920 to 1921, shown by the samples available for both 1920 and 1921 as follows: 
Common labour in factories, 65 samples, miscellaneous factory trade?, 257 samples, lumbenn?, 46 samples. 
^Calculated from three classes of miners on day wages and average earnings per day for contract miners 
in repre-entative mines in the three important coal mining districts, Nova Scotia, southern Alberta and 



eastern British Columbia and the Vancouver island field. 



634 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



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640 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



Wages in Canadian Manufacturing Industries in 1915 and 
1919. At the census of manufactures taken for 1915, an attempt 
was made for the first time to secure detailed statistics of the wages 
paid in manufacturing establishments throughout Canada. Statis 
tics of wages were actually obtained from 14,887 manufacturing con 
cerns, having 394,597 wage-earners out of a total enumerated in the 
census of 462,200. In 1919, statistics of wages were obtained on a 
somewhat similar schedule for 525,505 wage-earners out of an ascer 
tained total of 594,118 wage-earners employed in Canadian manu 
facturing industries. The statistics for these two years are given 
for comparative purposes in Table 24 

The increase in wages during the four year period between 1915 
and 1919 may best be measured by taking the median wage, that is, 
the wage of the individual in each group who, as nearly as can be 
ascertained, has just as many persons receiving more than him as 
receive less than him. On the assumption that the earnings of the 
members of the wage-group containing these individuals were evenly 
distributed between the upper and lower limits, the median wrges 
in 1919 were as follows, the 1915 median wages being given for com 
parative purposes in parentheses: males over 16, $22.78 ($12.64); 
females over 16, $11.59 ($6.87); males under 16, $8.37, females 
under 16, $7.71, all wage-earners under 16, $8.06 ($4.48). For males 
over 16 the median wage, therefore, increased by 80-2 p.c., for 
females over 16 by 68-7 p.c., for wage-earners under 16 by 79-9 
p.c. in the four year period. Table 28, compiled by the Department 
of Labour, shows an increase in the cost of living from 104 p.c. of 
the 1913 cost in December 1915 to 175 p.c. in December 1919, or 
an advance of 68-2 p.c. on the 1915 prices. 

24. Weekly Wages in Canadian Manufacturing Industries, 1915 and 1919. 



(Weekly pay for week ended Dec. 15 in each year). 

1915. 



Weekly Wage Groups. 


Under 
16 years 
of age. 


Wage-earners over 
16 years of age. 


Total. 


Male. 


Female. 


Under $4 


No. 
3,154 
2,179 
1,608 
756 
307 
97 
91 
104 
67 
38 
10 


No. 
3,192 
4,504 
5,656 
8,713 
11,031 
16,813 
34,135 
59,672 
72,828 
62,003 
24,839 
15,015 


No. 
5,310 
7,144 
10,927 
12,060 
9,766 
7,913 
5,318 
5,250 
2,855 
963 
162 
117 


No. 
11,656 
13,827 
18,191 
21,529 
21,104 
24,823 
39,544 
65,026 
75,750 
63,004 
25,011 
15,132 


$4 but under $ 5 


$5 " $ 6. .... 


$6 " $7 


$7 " $8 


$8 " $9 


$9 " $10 


$10 " $12 


$12 " $15 


$15 " $20 


$20 " $25 


$25 and over 


Totals 


8,411 


318,401 


67,785 


394,597 


Summary. 

Under $10 per week 


8,192 
219 
97.4 
2.6 


84,044 
234,357 
26.4 
73.6 


58,438 
9,347 
86.21 
13.79 


150,674 
243,923 
38.18 
61.82 


Over $10 per week 


Per cent under $10 per week 


Per cent over $10 per week 





WAGES 



641 



24. Weekly Wages In Canadian Manufacturing Industries, 1915 and 1919 concluded. 
(Weekly pay (or week ending Dec. 15 in each year.) 

1919. 



Weekly Wage Groups. 


Wage-earners 
under 16 years of 
age. 


Wage-earners 
over 16 years of 
age. 


Total. 


Males. 


Females. 


Males. 


Females. 


Under $5 


No. 

1,194 
613 
906 
1,067 
1,039 
954 
739 
447 
446 
239 
168 
146 
104 
58 
57 
60 
30 
23 
5 
33 


No. 

776 
940 
1,009 
964 
922 
865 
514 
274 
163 
113 
63 
99 
65 
21 
15 
6 
4 
12 

2 


No. 

2,711 
1,946 
2,680 
L ,792 
3,644 
5,010 
6, 
5,705 
9,027 
7,974 
10,277 
14,671 
2(i,626 
40,835 
44,irJ4 
41,287 
39,216 
25 
22,578 
88,104 


No. 

3,296 
2,966 
4,961 
6,465 
8,794 
10,516 
11,913 
9,650 
10,792 
7,572 
6,895 
6,982 
6,614 
4,320 
74 
1,573 
1,365 
539 
343 
636 


No. 

7,977 
6,465 
9,556 
11,288 
14,399 
17,345 
19,491 
16,076 
20,428 
15,898 
17,403 
21,898 
33,409 
45,234 
47,270 
42,926 
40,615 
,126 
22,926 
88,775 


$5 but under $ 6 


16 " $ 7 


$7 " $8 


$8 " $ 9.. 


$9 " $10 


$10 " $11 


$11 " $12.. 


$12 " $13 


$13 " $14 


$14 " $15 


$15 


$16 " $18 


$18 " $20 


$20 " $22 


$22 " $24 


$24 " $26 


$26 " $28 


$30 


$30 and over 


Total 


8,328 


1,827 


401,184 


109, 166 


525,505 


Summary. 

Under $10 per week 


5,773 
69 32 
2,555 
30.68 


5,476 
8021 

1,351 
19.79 


18,783 
4 68 
382,401 
95.32 


36,998 
33.89 
168 
66.11 


67,030 

12 76 
458,475 
87.24 


Per cent 


Over $10 per week 


Per cent 





25. Wage Earners classified by Groups of Industries and of Wages, 1919. 

(Week ended December 15, 1919). 



Group of Industries. 


Under 
$5 per 
Week. 


$5 to 
$10 per 
Week. 


810 to 
$15 per 
Week. 


$15 to 

$20 per 
Week. 


$20 to 
$24 per 
Week. 


$24 to 
over per 
Week. 


Total 
wage 
earners. 


Food products 


No. 

977 
1,937 
508 

404 
244 
1,227 
57 
40 
57 

243 
392 
130 
231 
1,402 
228 


No. 

7,839 
18,852 
2,619 

3,268 
3,532 
5,647 
279 
920 
313 

2,482 
2,606 
365 
424 
7,337 
2,570 


No. 

10,184 

27,204 
5,454 

5,468 
5,639 
6,952 
496 
1,202 
891 

3,423 
2,565 
2,472 
1,008 
11,386 
4,952 


No. 

9,679 
17,433 
11,317 

10,439 
5,246 
7,891 
1,406 
1,901 
2,413 

4,498 
2,006 
6,934 
1,838 
13,870 
3,620 


No. 

10,186 
8,253 
11,424 

7,681 
3,585 
7,333 
954 
2,905 
2,721 

4,189 
1,082 
10,676 
5,166 
11,690 
2,351 


No. 

15,405 
15,143 
26,706 

8,863 
5,458 
16,548 
953 
6,309 
5,329 

12,814 
915 
29,955 
9,100 
21,191 
4,743 


No. 

54,170 
87,832 
58,028 

36,123 
23,704 
45,598 
4,145 
13,277 
11,724 

27,649 
9,566 
50,532 
17.817 
66,876 
18,464 


Textiles 


Iron and steel products 


Timber and lumber and their re-manufac 
tures 


Leather and its finished products 


Paper and printing 


Liquors and beverages 


Chemicals and allied products 


Clay, glass and stone products 


Metals and metal products other than iron 
and steel 


Tobacco and its manufactures 


Vehicles for land transportation 


Vessels for water transportation 


Miscellaneous industries 


Hand trades 


Total 


7,977 


59,053 


89,296 


100,541 


90, 196 


178, 442 


525,505 





3813141 



642 LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



PRICES AND THE COST OF LIVING. 

Wholesale Prices. Statistics as to wholesale prices in Canada 
have been published by the Department of Labour since 1910, an 
index number being calculated to show the movement from month to 
month and from year to year. A special report, issued in 1910, 
contained records of prices of 230 commodities from 1890-1909, 
and afforded the basis for the index number, the statistics being 
brought down to date each year in annual reports for calendar years. 
Since 1917 annual reports have not been issued, but the index figures 
have appeared monthly in the Labour Gazette. 

The index number has been calculated from the prices each 
month of 271 commodities since 1915, 272 commodities from 1910 
to 1914, and 230 commodities from 1890 to 1909. The index figure 
shows the price level each month or year as a percentage of prices 
during the period adopted as a base, which was the decade 1890 to 
1899. Each month or year the current price of each article is divided 
by the average price of the same article for the decade 1890-1899 and 
multiplied by 100, thus obtaining its current relative price, or its 
percentage of the price for the base period. These relative prices or 
percentages are averaged to ascertain the general index number for 
all commodities included and also by groups to determine the group 
averages, and sub-group averages. The index number is not weighted, 
otherwise than by the selection of large numbers of items from import 
ant commodity groups, that is, no allowance is made for the relative 
importance of the various articles included, the simple arithmetic 
average being taken in each case. 

The accompanying tables and diagrams show the steep decline 
in prices during 1921, continuing the downward movement which 
began in May 1920, and was experienced not only in Canada but 
throughout the world, except where the excessive issue of paper 
currency tended to raise prices still more. The table of group aver 
ages by months shows that prices of farm products and raw materials 
declined most until the end of 1920, and that prices of semi-manu 
factured goods declined generally after the downward movement in 
raw materials had in a general way ceased about the end of 1920. 
At the end of 1921 prices were approximately 70 per cent above 1913 
levels, whereas at the beginning of the year, the general level was 108 
per cent higher_and A inJV[ay 1920 as much as 165 per cent above 1913 
levels. 



PRICES AND THE COST OF LIVI\&lt;, 



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3813141^ 



644 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



26. Index Numbers of Wholesale Prices in Canada by Months and Groups of Commodities, 1921. 

Average Prices 1890-1899 = 100. 



1921.1 



Commodity Groups. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


April . 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1. Grains and fodder. . . 
2. Animals and meats.. 
3 Dairy produce 


255-0 
313-7 
333-3 


234-1 
306-6 

284-8 


229-9 
308-1 
268 -8 


211-6 
303-2 
248-5 


205-6 
284-2 
193-9 


200-0 
261-8 
191-2 


200-5 
256-9 
204-9 


208-4 
256-8 
219-0 


197-9 

238-7 
216-8 


174-3 
211-8 
229-0 


171-6 
202-8 
243-0 


179-4 
219-6 
261-9 


4 Fish 


237-7 


218-6 


218-6 


225-5 


217-2 


198-6 


182-0 


191-4 


192-6 


189-4 


191-4 


191-4 


5. (a) Fruits and vege- 
t tables 


219-5 


194-4 


209-6 


193-9 


193-5 


202-3 


188-2 


217-7 


202-8 


204-8 


210-0 


224-6 


(b) Miscellaneous 
foods. 


244-3 


236-2 


234-1 


217-8 


218-0 


210-3 


200-7 


199-3 


196-2 


186-9 


181-7 


183-2 


6 Textiles 


298-3 


266-8 


258-9 


250-3 


244-6 


235-1 


234-2 


236-2 


239-0 


241-6 


234-1 


230-4 


7. Hides, leather and 
boots 


215-3 


206-4 


194-2 


188-0 


186-5 


174-3 


173-1 


166-1 


164-5 


163-6 


163-6 


163-6 


8. (a) Metals 


206-8 


199-1 


188-2 


173-1 


174-7 


183-1 


175-1 


173-2 


170-4 


170-4 


167-3 


168-5 


(b) Implements 


271-7 


271-0 


256-1 


254-4 


249-6 


249-6 


249-3 


250-5 


248-1 


246-6 


245-0 


245-0 


9. Fuel and lighting .... 
10. Building materials 
(a) Lumber 


291-9 
450-3 


276-8 
432-6 


275-6 
418-3 


267-6 
414-7 


255-8 
406-8 


251-0 

395-8 


244-8 
393-6 


242-9 
348-5 


243-1 

342-2 


248-8 
344-3 


249-3 
326-9 


249-3 
326-9 


(b) Miscellaneous.. 
^Bf* (c) Paints, oils.etc. 
11. House furnishings.... 
12. Drugs and chemicals 
13. Miscellaneous 
(a) Raw furs 


258-8 
370-1 
384-5 
222-1 

397-6 


255-1 
356-4 
384-5 
213-4 

492-1 


254-2 
318-2 
384-5 
205-2 

498-0 


250-0 
302-6 
352-7 
203-6 

498-0 


245-3 
302-1 
352-7 
201-5 

450-2 


242-4 
304-8 
352-7 
198-1 

465-4 


236-5 
302-8 
352-7 
198-4 

493-9 


231-0 
301-0 
322-3 
199-6 

510-5 


230-2 
291-1 
321-8 
194-3 

557-0 


227-0 
291-1 
314-0 
191-5 

590-4 


225-4 
291-3 
307-0 
187-5 

635-6 


225-4 
290-1 
307-0 
186-5 

664-0 


(b) Liquors and 
tobacco 


299-1 


296-8 


298-0 


270-1 


270-1 


269-0 


269-0 


269-0 


269-0 


267-4 


267-4 


265-6 


(c) Sundries 


197-9 


194:3 


187-7 


187-3 


188-7 


188-7 


185-2 


185-3 


175-2 


172-5 


172-6 


172-4 




























All commodities. . . . 


281 3 


270 1 


263-1 


253-7 


247 3 


242-6 


238-6 


236-4 


232 7 


229 2 


227 3 


230-7 



jpreliminary figures. 



27. Indei Numbers of all Commodities by Groups, 1894-1921. 

Average Prices 1890-1899=100. 



Commodity Groups. 


1894. 


1895. 


1896. 


1897. 


1898. 


1899. 


1900. 


1901. 


1902. 


1903. 


1904. 


1905. 


1906. 


1907. 


1. Grains and fodder.... 
2. Animals and meats. . 
3 Dairy produce 


94-3 

98-7 
104-6 


98-8 
92-2 
94-8 


85-2 
82-4 
90-1 


80-6 
90-4 
90-1 


98-8 
97-9 
92-9 


96-7 
95-1 
101-4 


99-9 
103-4 
109-0 


107-3 
111-3 
120-5 


116-1 

122-2 
106-9 


106-5 
117-9 
108-9 


115-5 
111-3 
107-2 


116-4 
120-7 
115-1 


118-5 
130-1 
120-2 


140-2 
133-8 
131-5 


4 Fish 


96-4 


101-4 


102-6 


98-6 


99-6 


110-0 


106-4 


113-2 


110-2 


1-16-2 


119-5 


115-7 


121-8 


129-5 


5 Other foods 


95-0 


95-2 


87-1 


86-0 


94-3 


93-6 


96-4 


98-6 


98-4 


98-1 


101-8 


100-7 


103-1 


112-5 


6 Textiles 


97-3 


93-6 


96-9 


98-0 


95-2 


99-8 


100-0 


103-6 


101-0 


105-9 


110-4 


114-6 


123-4 


126-1 


7. Hides, leather, boots. 
8. Metals and imple 
ments: 
(a) Metals 


89-9 
fll-1 


98-6 
87-0 


92-9 
87-5 


100-1 
85-7 


105-0 

87-6 


109-4 
111-9 


113-8 
121-2 


112-8 
110-4 


118-2 
102-8 


115-7 

105-5 


113-6 
99-7 


119-6 
108-4 


128-1 
128-6 


125-5 
134-8 


(b) Implements 


102-2 


101-0 


98-5 


93-1 


94-3 


98-0 


100-1 


102-2 


104-7 


105-7 


106-2 


106-1 


106-0 


107-1 


9. Fuel and lighting 
10. Building materials: 
(a) Lumber 


97-5 
104-6 


97-0 
102-8 


98-9 
97-1 


96-4 
93-9 


93-5 
90-8 


96-9 
95-8 


100-8 
114-0 


98-1 
114-6 


104-9 
122-0 


111-0 

128-8 


103-0 
131-3 


104-1 
134-1 


106-4 
152-7 


108-8 
165-2 


(b) Miscellaneous. . . . 
(c) Paints, oils, glass. 
11. House furnishings 
12. Drugs and chemicals . 
13. Miscellaneous: 
(a) Furs, raw 


98-7 
95-5 
101-3 
103-1 

113-5 


95-2 
96-1 
97-9 
100-3 

80-5 


93-9 
96-2 
97-5 
99-8 

80-7 


87-7 
95-5 
99-8 
96-5 

88-0 


87-4 
100-0 
99-6 
96-8 

111-1 


97-2 
107-6 
100-2 
93-3 

111-8 


111-8 
125-9 
110-2 
101-5 

147-3 


106-0 
121-9 
107-9 
99-8 

140-9 


104-6 
128-1 
109-2 
102-2 

145-2 


107-7 
126-3 
109-6 
105-5 

168-1 


107-2 
122-4 
112-7 
109-0 

171-3 


106-8 
125-3 
107-3 
106-4 

217-4 


104-7 
135-3 
113-0 
106-3 

229-2 


108-7 
141-2 
112-7 
108-5 

239-4 


(b) Liquors, tobaccos, 
(c) Sundries 


98-7 
93-7 


99-4 
91-3 


98-0 
92-6 


103-9 
91-2 


103-9 
103-3 


102-3 
109-5 


103-3 
113-0 


103-3 
110-9 


103-7 
116-8 


107-0 
115-9 


107-8 
119-1 


108-1 
121-1 


108-1 
120-9 


125-5 
123-0 


Ail commodities 


97-2 


95-6 


92-5 


92-2 


96 1 


100 1 


108-2 


107-0 


109 


110-5 


111 4 


113-8 


120-0 


126-2 



NOTE. See page 646 for conclusion of Table 27. 



PRICES AND THE COST OF LIVING 



645 



COURSE OF WHOLESALE PRICES IN CANADA, 1890-1921. 

(Average prices 1890-1899= 100.) 




646 



LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 



27. Index Numbers of all Commodities by Groups, 1894-1921 concluded. 

Average Prices 1890-1899=100. 



Commodity Groups. 


1908. 


1909. 


1910. 


1911. 


1912. 


1913. 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1. Grains and fodder.. 
2. Animals and meats. 
3. Dairy produce 


148-3 
129-6 
136-3 


149-9 
148-6 
133-6 


140-7 
163-6 
135-7 


148-4 
146-6 
136-2 


167-3 
160-8 
159-0 


136-8 
180-8 
154-7 


156-5 
192-3 
154-4 


186-9 
187-2 
161-4 


195-2 
217-7 
183-5 


281-5 
288-1 
230-5 


316-2 
354-5 
259-4 


310-2 
357-8 
296-5 


360-6 
356-4 
314-7 


205-7 
263-7 
241-3 


4. Fish 


120-5 


134-0 


145-1 


143-6 


155-7 


158-0 


156-0 


149-7 


184-8 


205-8 


247-0 


236-6 


247-4 


204-5 


5. Other foods ..... 


110-3 


107-6 


111-3 


118-7 


126-0 


117-4 


118-8 


125-5 


156-2 


220-6 


250-5 


251-1 


304-2 


207-2 


6. Textiles 


111-0 


108-3 


114-6 


119-2 


120-7 


130-8 


133-5 


149-2 


193-4 


263-4 


356-9 


373-1 


401-0 


247-5 


7. Hides, leather and 
boots 


120-0 


135-4 


135-4 


139-6 


152-4 


163-9 


171-8 


180-5 


233-4 


275-1 


279-7 


349-5 


314-9 


179 -fl 


8. Metals and imple 
ments: 
(a) Metals 


106-3 


101-9 


97-6 


108-3 


117-4 


119-1 


113-9 


152-4 


198-9 


259-1 


273-1 


206-1 


240-7 


179-1 


(b) Implements 
9. Fuel and lighting... 
10. Building materi 
als: 
(a) Lumber 


104-2 
102-2 

162-6 


102-4 
103-8 

154-6 


104-5 
103-0 

158-5 


104-5 
100-5 

165-4 


104-7 
113-3 

166-5 


105-6 
118-2 

181-3 


106-8 
110-9 

182-1 


112-1 

108-8 

175-7 


135-2 
132-6 

182-1 


181-6 
193-0 

214-5 


225-0 

221-8 

267-1 


240-4 
237-1 

310-8 


258-3 
310-0 

486-5 


253-1 
258-1 

383-4 


(b) Miscellaneous. . 
(c) Paints, oils and 
glass 


107-5 
136-8 


105-7 
135-2 


109-2 
145-5 


102-6 
154-5 


105-4 
148-6 


112-7 
144-8 


111-4 
140-7 


115-9 
157-1 


154-9 
200-5 


203-5 
257-9 


225-4 
310-8 


224-5 
379-0 


258-7 
444-2 


240-1 
310-1 


11. House furnishings. . 
12. Drugs and chemi 
cals 


112-8 
107-1 


110-4 
103-9 


110-6 
109-5 


110-4 
112-1 


114-5 
115-5 


126-2 
113-3 


129-5 
121-6 


136-5 
181-3 


157-1 

252-2 


203-7 
267-9 


256-9 
283-5 


321-2 
232-0 


381-0 
231-5 


344-7 
200-3 


13. Miscellaneous: 
(a) Furs, raw 


231-8 


227-2 


234-5 


252-9 


297-3 


307-9 


205-4 


161-9 


299-8 


411-6 


602-2 


1009-2 


1132-1 


521-1 


(b) Liquors and 
tobaccos 


118-0 


117-5 


132-9 


151-2 


155-2 


134-7 


136-9 


135-6 


142-4 


167-8 


259-9 


275-8 


312-1 


275-9 


(c) Sundries 


117-6 


121-6 


118-0 


110-3 


104-3 


113-1 


108-5 


116-6 


143-0 


186-8 


219-5 


211-6 


215-2 


184-0 
































All commodities . . 


120-8 


121-2 


124-2 


127-4 


134 4 


135-5 


136 1 


148-0 


182-0 


237-0 


278-3 


293 2 


333-6 


246-1 



Retail Prices. Statistics as to retail prices in Canada have 
been published by the Department since 1910, the retail prices of the 
principal staple foods, of coal, wood and coal oil and also the prevailing 
rates for the rent of six-roomed houses being published in the Labour 
Gazette each month for the cities having a population of 10,000 or 
more, some sixty in number. Figures for December, 1900, and 
December, 1905, were also secured in a special investigation in 1914. 
From the averages of these figures for the Dominion and for each 
province a calculation of a theoretical weekly family budget of 
expenditure on food, fuel and light and rentals has been made for 
each year since 1910 and for each month since January 1914, in 
order to show the general movement in retail prices as the movement 
in wholesale prices is shown by the index number. Tables 29 
and 30 show the details of the changes in the average prices of each 
article included in food, and fuel for the Dominion and in the cost of 
the three items, food, fuel and rent in each province for each 
month of 1921 and for earlier dates. 

In addition to the statistics as to retail prices of food and fuel, 
and as to rates for rent, the Department during 1920 and 1921 secured 
figures as to retail prices of staple lines of clothing, including foot 
wear, from retail dealers throughout Canada, for each year back to 
1913. The figures relate to prices prevailing at the end of the year 
in each case, but since 1919 prices have been secured more frequently. 
From these quotations the percentages of changes in the cost of 
clothing have been calculated. Information was also secured as to the 
prices of household supplies, furniture, furnishings, etc., and an estimate 



PRICES AND THE COST OF LIVING 



647 



has been made as to the percentage changes in the cost of miscel 
laneous items, the effect of the information gathered showing that such 
changes are approximately equal to the average changes in other 
items. The percentage changes in food, fuel and rent have been 
calculated from the weekly budgets published in the Labour Gazette 
from month to month, and Table 28 summarizes the yearly 
and quarterly changes by groups, the figures for each group and 
for all items being weighted according to the family budget method. 
From July, 1920, to June, 1921, food and clothing prices fell steeply, 
and fuel slightly, while rent advanced. Food recovered in August 
and September, 1921, but by December was back to June levels. 
Clothing changed little on the average after June. 

28. Index Numbers of Changes In the Cost of Living In Canada, based upon weighted Retail 

Prices, 1910-19*. . 

Average Prices, 1913 = 100. 



Date. 


Food. 


Fuel. 


Rent. 


Clothing. 


Sundries. 


Totals. 


December, 1910 


96 


96 


72 


92 


94 


90 


December, 1911 


101 


92 


70 


93 


95 


91 


December, 1912 


105 


102 


82 


97 


97 


97 


December, 1913 . 


106 


98 


101 


100 


100 


102 


March 1914 


105 


100 


100 


105 


100 


102 


June, 1914 


102 


99 


102 


105 


100 


102 


September, 1914 


107 


99 


97 


110 


100 


103 


December, 1914 


108 


98 


92 


110 


100 


102 


March, 1915. . 


107 


98 


89 


117 


103 


103 


June, 1915 


106 


93 


87 


117 


103 


101 


September, 1915 . 


105 


97 


85 


125 


1&lt;5 


103 


December, 1915 


111 


97 


84 


125 


105 


104 


March, 1916 


114 


97 


83 


134 


108 


107 


June, 1916 


116 


98 


85 


134 


108 


108 


September, 1916 


122 


101 


86 


143 


110 


113 


December, 1916 


138 


110 


86 


143 


110 


119 


March, 1917.. 


146 


119 


88 


155 


128 


128 


June, 1917 


162 


125 


92 


155 


128 


135 


September, 1917 


159 


128 


93 


167 


145 


140 


December, 1917 


167 


133 


94 


167 


145 


143 


March, 1918 


172 


143 


96 


182 


153 


150 


June, 1918 


174 


144 


100 


182 


153 


152 


September, 1918 


181 


153 


101 


198 


160 


159 


December, 1918 


186 


163 


102 


198 


160 


162 


March, 1919 


178 


159 


103 


216 


170 


163 


June, 1919 


187 


155 


110 


216 


170 


168 


September, 1919 


195 


162 


114 


234 


180 


176 


December, 1919 


201 


166 


117 


234 


180 


179 


March, 1920 


218 


173 


120 


260 


185 


191 


June, 1920 


231 


186 


133 


260 


190 


201 


September, 1920 


217 


2 5 


136 


260 


190 


199 


December, 1920 


202 


218 


139 


235 


190 


192 


March, 1921 


180 


208 


139 


195 


188 


177 


June, 1921 


152 


197 


143 


173 


181 


163 


September, 1921 


161 


189 


145 


167 


170 


162 


December, 1921 


150 


186 


145 


158 


166 


156 


March, 1922.. 


144 


181 


145 


155 


161 


153 


April, 1922 


140 


181 


145 


155 


164 


152 

















CHANGES IN COST OF LIVING, 1913-1922. (Average Prices, 1913 = 100) 

T 




PRICES AND THE COST OF LIVING 



649 



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CO CO i 1C CO i- i-i CM i-l &lt; i-l i-i i-n-i o 



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. oo co o or ic CM os os 



COOSt^- 1C O 1C CM Of- OS O O 



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i co o T&lt; r 

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t^ Tf OO CO O Oi 1^ --C OO *&lt; 1-1 
CO CO CM (M CO CO i -H CN - 



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CO CO CO (M CO CO CJ &gt; c CM - U5 CM 1 &gt; CO 



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Ot^ OO COCO 



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cOOM cpiCM ^OO 
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CMCOCl OOOOOTj CNOOO 



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Ot&gt;-TfNCO 



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CO CO IO "5 * CO OO O 



CO OS OO t^ CO CM CM OO &lt;M 
CO CO CO CM tO CO CM CM 



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CMWCM 



M&lt; CM 1C OS 

1C 1&lt; OO 




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O2 CO CO *-&lt; 
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CO 
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CO * ^" OS CM i O ^ ^1&lt; 
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CO -^ OS 00 OS 
&lt;M OS 00 COCO 



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COCJICOOOCNICOC; CO CM CO C r-OOlCO 



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CO t &gt;C CO 3O t^ OS i 



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CO CO CO CO CO CO CM CM (M CM &gt;C CM &gt; I ^^ "-&lt; t&gt;- 



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CM OS Ol CO 1" 



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COOOCO 
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ooor-ooococooo 



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COCO&gt;C C 
CMCCN -i 



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CO O OC * 4" CM CO OS r-OCM 



OS CM OS O 

CO 1C tOi-H 

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co co r^-- to 



CM -i CM CO 

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CO 





CO 

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WCO^CMCO CO t&gt;- C t^ OO CO OO CO 



&gt;MOt--OOt^-OSC5COCO CCO&gt;C &gt;C COfCO 
t^ * CO CO CO CM CN CM CM C CN 1-1 "-" OO 



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CO ^&lt; OOO 
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Or^lCCMCO 



COO5-HCO "O5CM*!f 
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ooco- i - / 

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CO i O t CO ^ O Tj&lt; 
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T&lt; CM CM CS &gt;C CM &lt;-i CM &lt;-l i CO -i 



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-&lt; CO 1C C I i 

co r T&lt; -j co 



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CM 



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CO CO t Ttl COOOOTfTfCOO TJ&lt; 



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CO&lt; i CO OS 
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CM CO CM CO Tfi CO &gt;C CO 



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LABOUR, WAGES AND PRICES 









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CM 



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CO 

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CO C^l CO 1&gt;J O ^H C3 T}&lt; 1 

COOOi I 



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&lt;O O o 1C CO ^i 

i ico 







OiO OOcOcMOOOOlO 

cocMcocococococO * 



O3COOOt^i (O1COCOCO 



OO OO GO O5 



CO OCOCOCOt^t^OOO 



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OO&lt;MOOCOCO- l 



i i i OO LC ^^ 10 CD T .- O 
COOOCOi IOOOOOOOS 



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DOMINION PUBLIC FINANCE 651 



XII. FINANCE. 

Under the general heading of Finance in Section XII are grouped 
statistics relating to the public accounts of the Dominion Government, 
including revenue and expenditure, public debt, assets and liabilities 
and inland revenue. Tables have been added showing the receipts 
and expenditure of each of the nine provincial governments of Canada, 
and these are followed by financial statistics of urban municipalities, 
of the Ontario Hydro Electric Power Commission, values of building 
permits and statistics of currency and banking, loan and trust 
companies, commercial failures, government annuities and insurance 
companies. 

DOMINION PUBLIC FINANCE. 

Historical Sketch. Both under the French regime and in 
the earlier part of the British, the territorial or casual revenues of 
Canada, consisting of certain seignorial dues and the proceeds of 
the sale of government timber and land, were reserved to the Crown, 
while the right of levying taxes and of regulating the trade and com 
merce of the colony was deemed to be vested in the British Parliament. 

By the Quebec Act of 1774, certain duties on spirits and molasses 
were imposed, to be expended by the Crown in order to provide a 
revenue " toward defraying the expenses of the administration of 
justice and the support of the civil government of the province." 
A little later, in 1778, the British Government by the Declaratory 
Act (18 Geo. V, c. 12), renounced forever the right of taxing the 
colonies to provide Imperial revenue, but maintained its claim to 
impose duties considered necessary for the regulation of trade, the 
proceeds to go towards defraying the expenditures of the colonial 
administration. After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the customs 
duties remained under the control of the Imperial Government, 
their revenue, as well as the territorial revenue above mentioned, 
coming in to the executive administration independently of the 
Legislative Assembly and thus making the executive power largely 
independent of the legislature. In case these revenues proved 
insufficient, recourse could generally be had to the grant made by 
the Imperial Government for the support of the army. As time 
went on, however, the Crown revenues became more and more inade 
quate to meet the increasing expenditure, while the wave of economy 
after 1815 in Great Britain made it impossible any longer to supple 
ment these revenues from military sources. On the other hand, 
the purely provincial revenues collected under the authorization 
of the provincial legislature showed an increasing surplus. The 
power of the purse thus began to pass into the hands of the legislatures; 
in 1831 the British Parliament passed an Act placing the customs 
duties at the disposal of the legislatures. 

Under the Act of Union a consolidated revenue fund was estab 
lished. All appropriation bills were required to originate in the 
Legislative Assembly, which was forbidden to pass any vote, resolution 
or bill involving the expenditure of public money unless the same 



652 FINANCE 



had been first recommended by a written message of the Governor- 
General. The British Government surrendered all control of the 
hereditary or casual revenues, which were thenceforth paid into the 
treasury of the province to be disposed of as its legislature should 
direct. 

At the interprovincial conferences which took place prior to 
Confederation it was decided that the new Dominion Government, 
which was to take over permanently as its chief source of revenue 
the customs and excise duties that had yielded the greater part of 
the revenues of the separate provinces, (direct taxation being as 
unpopular in British North America as in other new countries), 
was also to assume the provincial debts and to provide out of Dominion 
revenues definite cash subsidies for the support of the Provincial 
Governments. (See Tables 16 and 17.) Until the Great War, 
which made other taxes necessary, the customs and excise revenue 
constituted the chief resource of the -Dominion Government for 
general purposes the post office revenue and railway receipts 
which, properly speaking, are not taxes at all, being mainly or entirely 
absorbed by the expense of administering these services. Indeed, 
for many years preceding the war, customs and excise duties, together 
with the revenue secured by the head tax on Chinese immigrants, 
were the only items of receipts which were classified by the Depart 
ment of Finance as taxes. In the last fiscal year of peace, these 
two items aggregated $126,143,275 out of total receipts on consolidated 
fund account amounting to $163,174,395, the post office and govern 
ment railways furnishing between them $26,348,847 of the remainder, 
offset, however, by expenditure on these two services amounting 
to $27,757,196. Miscellaneous revenue, largely fees, amounted in 
that year to $10,682,273 a comparatively small fraction of the 
total. As both customs and excise taxes were indirect, the average 
Canadian felt but little the pressure of taxation for Dominion pur 
poses. 

The war enormously increased the expenditure and this increase 
had in the main to be met by loans, It is, however, a cardinal maxim 
of public finance that where loans are contracted, sufficient new 
taxation should be imposed to meet the interest charge upon the 
loans and to provide a sinking fund for their ultimate extinction. 
This war taxation was begun in Canada within the first weeks of 
the war, when in the short war session of August, 1914, increases 
were made in the customs and excise duties on various commodities, 
including coffee, sugar, spirituous liquors and tobacco. In 1915 
special additional duties of 5 p.c. ad valorem were imposed on com 
modities imported under the British Preferential Tariff and 7J p.c. 
ad valorem on commodities imported under the Intermediate and 
General Tariff, certain commodities being exempted. New internal 
taxes were also imposed on bank circulation, on the income of trust 
and loan companies, on insurance other than life and marine com 
panies, on telegrams and cablegrams, railway tickets, sleeping car 
berths, etc., also on cheques, postal notes, money orders, letters and 
post cards. In the following year the Business War Profits Tax (dropped 



DOMINION PUBLIC FINANCE 663 

in 1921) was introduced, and in 1917 an Income Tax was imposed. 
In 1918 both of these taxes were increased and their application 
widened, and in 1919 the income tax was again increased, and still 
further augmented in 1920, by a surtax of 5 p.c. of the tax on incomes 
of $5,000 and over; the sales tax was also introduced in that year. 
This sales tax was increased in 1921 and again in 1922. The cumu 
lative result of these war taxes was that in the fiscal year ended Mar. 
31, 1921, customs duties were for the first time displaced from their 
position as the chief factor in Canadian revenue, the war taxes 
yielding $168,385,327 as against the customs yield of $163,266,804. 
In the fiscal year recently closed, this fact is still more obvious, 
for- war taxes yielded $177,484,161, while the yield of customs duties 
fell to $105,686,645. The income tax has contributed increasingly 
to the yield of war taxes, raising $78,684,355 in the fiscal year ended 
Mar. 31, 1922, or approximately three-quarters of the yield from 
customs. 

A more detailed sketch of the new taxation imposed during and 
following the war is appended for reference: 

War Taxation in Canada. War taxation began in Canada almost simul 
taneously with the outbreak of the war. In the short war session of August, 1914. 
the Customs Tariff Amendment Act, (chap. 5) and an Act to amend the Inland 
Revenue Act, (chap. 6), provided for increases in the customs and excise duties 
on various commodities, including coffee, sugar, spirituous liquors and tobacco. 
In the 1915 session the Customs Tariff War Revenue Act, 1915, imposed duties 
or additional duties of 5 p.c. ad valorem under the British Preferential Tariff, 
and of 7 p.c. ad valorem under the Intermediate and General Tariffs on all goods 
in Schedule A of the Customs Tariff, whether dutiable or free of duty, subject to 
exemptions of which the chief were, fish caught by Canadian and Newfoundland 
fishermen, goods used in the manufacture of agricultural machinery and of binder 
twine, certain goods used for medical and surgical purposes, anthracite coal, steel 
for the manufacture of rifles, silk, chemical fertilizers, cotton seed cake and cotton 
seed cake meal. By the Special War Revenue Act (chap. 8), new taxes were 
imposed as follows: on every bank, \ of 1 p.c. on the average amount of its notes 
in circulation during each three months period; on every trust and loan company, 
1 p.p. on its Canadian income; on every insurance company other than life and 
marine insurance companies, 1 p.c. of its net premiums received in Canada. Further, 
taxes were imposed of 1 cent on every cablegram or telegram for which a charge 
of 15 cents or more was made; 5 cents on the first $5 and 5 cents on every additional 
$5 on railway and steamboat tickets to places in North America and the British 
West Indies, and on tickets to places outside of these, $1 if the price exceeded $10, 
$3 if it exceeded $40, and So it it exceeded $65; 10 cents on every sleeping car berth 
and 5 cents on every parlour car seat; all the foregoing taxes to be collected by 
the companies concerned and transmitted to the Government. The same act 
imposed the following stamp duties: 2 cents on every bank cheque and on every 
express and post office money order and 1 cent on every postal note, 2 cents on 
every bill of lading, 1 cent extra on every letter and post card, 1 cent for every 
25 cents of the retail price of proprietary medicines and perfumery, 3 cents for a 
pint or less and 5 cents For every quart of non-sparkling wine, and 13 cents for ? 
pint or less and 25 cents for every pint of sparkling wine. 

By 1916 it was seen that still further taxation was required to maintain the 
finances of the Dominion in a satisfactory condition. As a result the Business 
Profits War Tax of that year (chap. 11), was passed, imposing a tax of 25 p.c. of 
the amount by which the profits earned in business owned by an incorporated 
company exceeded 7 p.c. per annum, or, in a business owned by any other person 
or association, exceeded 10 p.c. per annum upon the capital employed in the business. 
Businesses employing less than $50,000 capital, life assurance companies, businesses 
engaged in farming and live stock raising, and businesses of which 90 p.c. or more 



654 FINANCE 



of the capital was owned by a province or a municipality were exempted, these 
exemptions not to apply to businesses engaged to the extent of 20 p.c. or over in 
manufacturing or dealing in munitions or war materials or supplies. 

In the 1917 season the Business Profits War Tax was amended (chap. 6), 
to provide for a tax of 50 p.c. on profits in excess of 15 p.c. per annum, but not 
exceeding 20 p.c. per annum, and a tax of 75 p.c. on profits in excess of 20 p.c. per 
annum. In the same session the Income War Tax Act (chap. 28) imposed a tax 
of 4 p.c. on incomes exceeding $2,000 in the case of unmarried men and widows 
and widowers without children, and on incomes exceeding $3,000 in the case of other 
persons. A super-tax was also imposed, progressing from 2 p.c. on the amount 
by which an income exceeded $6,000 but did not exceed $10,000, up to 25 p.c. 
on the amount by which an income exceeded $100,000. 

In the session of 1918 the Business War Profits Tax Act was amended by 
chapter 10, extending the operation of the Act to businesses having a capitalization 
of from $25,000 to $50,000. The Income War Tax Act, as amended by chapter 
25, lowered the limit of exemption to $1,000 for unmarried persons and childless 
widows and widowers and to $2,000 for other persons, the former paying 2 p.c. 
on incomes between $1,000 and $1,500, the latter 2 p.c. on incomes between $2,000 
and $3,000. The normal tax remained at 4 p.c., but the supertax was increased 
on incomes exceeding $200,000, being graduated up to 50 p.c. on incomes exceeding 
$1,000,000. A surtax was also introduced, ranging from an additional 5 p.c. of 
the combined normal tax and super-tax on incomes between $6,000 and $10,000 
to an additional 35 p.c. of the normal and super-tax on incomes exceeding $200,000, 
corporations to pay a tax of 6 p.c. on incomes exceeding $3,000, but no super-tax 
or surtax. By the Customs Tariff Amendment Act (chap. 17), increased duties 
were imposed on tea, coffee and tobacco, and by the Act to amend the Special 
War Revenue Act, 1915 (chap. 46), increased or new taxes were imposed as follows: 
For each seat or berth in a parlour or sleeping car 10 cents and 10 p.c. of the price 
of the seat or berth ; one cent on every hundred matches arid 8 cents on every package 
of 54 or fewer playing cards with customs duties of the same amount on these 
articles when imported; 10 p.c. of the selling price on passenger automobiles, gramo 
phones, etc., and records therefor, mechanical piano players and records therefor 
and jewellery. 

In the 1919 session, the Business War Profits Tax was renewed (chap. 39) 
for the calendar year 1919: in the case of businesses having a capital between $25,000 
and $50,000, profits in excess of 10 p.c. were now to be taxed 25 p.c., businesses 
having a capital of $50,000 or more to be taxed at the same rate as in previous 
years. The Income War Tax Act was amended by chapter 55, which increased 
the general rate of taxation. All corporations paid 10 p.c. of their net income 
in excess of $2,000, as against 6 p.c. under the former Act. In respect of individuals 
the normal rate of 4 p.c. was to be levied on all incomes exceeding $1,000, but not 
exceeding $6,000, in the case of unmarried persons and widows or widowers without 
dependent children, and upon all incomes exceeding $2,000 but not exceeding 
$6,000 in the case of all other persons, the respective minima of $1,000 and $2,000 
being exempt from taxation. A normal tax of 8 p.c. was levied on the excess of 
all incomes over $6,000. The surtax was imposed on a progressive scale on all 
incomes of over $6,000, applying first at the rate of 1 p.c. on the amount by which 
the income exceeded $5,000 and did not exceed $6,000; then at the rate of 2 p.c. 
on the amount by which the income exceeded $6,000 and did not exceed $8,000; 
then at a rate increasing by 1 p.c. for each $2,000 increase of income up to $100,000, 
so that 48 p.c. was levied on the amount by which the income exceeded $98,000 
and did not exceed $100,000; then at 52 p.c. on the amount by which the income 
exceeded $100,000 and did not exceed $150,000; 56 p.c. on the excess between 
$150,000 and $200,000; 60 p.c. on the excess between $200,000 and $300,000; 63 
p.c. on the excess between $300,000 and $500,000; 64 p.c. on the excess between 
$500,000 and $1,000,000; 65 p.c. on the excess income over $1,000,000. Chapter 
47 provided for the entire repeal of the extra duty of 5 p.c. ad valorem added to the 
British Preferential Tariff under the Customs Tariff War Revenue Act, 1915, and 
for the partial repeal in respect of the intermediate and general tariff rates of the 
excess of 7| p.c. imposed under the same Act; also for the free importation into 
Canada of wheat, wheat flour and potatoes from countries not imposing a customs 
duty on such articles when grown or produced in Canada. Five cents per Ib. 



DOMINION PUBLIC FINANCE 655 

was deducted from the duty on coffee roasted or ground under the preferential, 
intermediate and general tariff schedules and 3 cents per Ib. was deducted from 
the duty on British grown teas under the preferential tariff. Under the general 
tariff the Act provided for a total reduction (including the 7^ p.c. war duty) from 
27^ p.c. to 15 p.c. on cultivators, harrows, horserakes, seed-drills, manure spreaders 
and weeders and complete parts thereof; from 27 p.c. to 17 p.c. on ploughs and 
complete parts thereof, windmills and complete parts thereof, portable engines and 
traction engines for farm purposes, horse-powers and threshing machine separators 
and appliances therefor. On hay-loaders, potato diggers, fodder or feed cutters, 
grain crushers, fanning mills, hay tedders, farm, road or field rollers, post-hole 
diggers, and other agricultural implements, provision was made for a reduction 
of duty to 20 p.c. with a similar reduction on farm wagons. Respecting cement, 
the war customs duty was repealed and the general tariff rate reduced to 8 cents 
per 100 Ibs. Specific instead of ad valorem rates of duty were enacted for pig- 
lead, zinc spelter, and copper ingots. 

In the session of 1920 chapter 36 amended the Business Profits War Tax Act 
by exempting from tax profits which during the year 1920 did not exceed 10 p.c. 
of the capital employed; upon profits exceeding 10 p.c. up to 14 p.c. there was a 
tax of 20 p.c. of the profits; from 15 to 20 p.c., a tax of 30 p.c.; from 20 to 30, a 
tax of 50 p.c.; exceeding 30, a tax of 60 p.c. In any business with a capital of 
$25,000 to $50,000, 20 p.c. tax was charged on the amount by which profits exceeded 
10 p.c. of capital; this was also to apply in respect of the profits earned in 1917, 
1918 and 1919 on businesses having capital less than $50,000 if 20 p.c. or more 
of such profits had been derived from business carried on for war purposes. Chapter 
49 amended the Income War Tax Act of 1917 in the following particulars: (1) 
empowering the minister to determine deficits and losses; (2) taxing dividends or 
shareholders bonuses; (3) taxing income from an estate or accumulating on trust; 
(4) increasing by 5 p.c. tax and surtax on incomes of $5,000 or more; (5) requiring 
that one-quarter tax be forwarded with return, the balance being payable, if desired, 
by 3 bimonthly instalments with interest at 6 p.c.; (6) imposing severe penalties 
for default. Chapter 71 amended the Special War Revenue Act of 1915 by imposing 
a stamp tax on bills and notes, bank statements, overdrafts, bank cheques, sale or 
transfers of stock, etc.; also by imposing new excise taxes on certain classes of goods, 
ranging from 3 p.c. to 50 p.c. according to use or value of the goods, and specific 
duties on certain fluids. In addition, a tax of 1 p.c. was imposed upon wholesale 
and manufacturers sales. 

In the session of 1921, the excise duties on spirits were increased from a basic 
rate of $2.40 per proof gallon to a basic rate of $9.00 per proof gallon, the old 
rates being continued, however, where the spirits were used by licensed manufac 
turers of patent and proprietary medicines, extracts, essences and pharmaceutical 
preparations. Under chapter 50 the tax on sales and deliveries by manufacturers 
and wholesalers and jobbers was raised from 1 p.c. to 1? p.c. and in the case of sales 
by manufacturers directly to retailers and customers from 2 p.c. to 3 p.c. Where 
goods were imported the rates under similar circumstances were raised from 2 p.c. 
to 1\ and 4 p.c. respectively. 

Summary statistics of the war tax revenue from 1915 to 1921 are given in Table 
5 and detailed statistics of the war tax revenue collected by the Inland Revenue 
Department from 1921 in Table 6. In Table 7 are furnished statistics of the yield 
of the income tax by provinces for the years 1919 to 1921. 

National Debt.- -The gross national debt of Canada on Mar. 
31, 1914, was $544,391,369, as against assets of $208,394,519, leaving 
a net debt of $335,996,850. Comparatively small as was this debt, 
it was a debt incurred almost altogether either for public works of 
general utility which, like the Intercolonial and Transcontinental 
railways and the canal system, remained assets, though perhaps not 
realizable assets of the nation, or was expended as subsidies to enter 
prises, which, like the Canadian Pacific Railway, though not govern 
ment owned, assisted greatly in extending the area of settlement 



656 FINANCE 



as well as the productive and therefore the taxable capacity of the 
country. Broadly speaking, it was a debt incurred for productive 
purposes, Also, it was mainly held outside the country, the principal 
of the Dominion funded debt payable on Mar. 31, 1914, in London 
being $302,842,485, as against only $717,453 payable in Canada. 

The great changes brought about by the war in our national debt 
have been (1) the enormous increase in net debt from $335,996,850 to 
$2,422,135,801 ; (2) as having been largely incurred for war purposes, the 
gross debt is not represented by corresponding assets; (3) the debt is 
now mainly held in Canada; (4) the average rate of interest paid on 
interest-bearing debt has been considerably increased, the interest- 
bearing debt on Mar. 31, 1914, being $416,892,576, with an annual 
interest charge of $14,687,797, the average interest rate being thus 
only 3-52 p.c., while on Mar. 31, 1922, the interest-bearing 
debt was $2,676,284,300, with an interest charge of $138,190,400, 
the average rate of interest paid thus being 5-16 p.c. Had it been 
possible to keep down the rate of interest to its pre-war level, the 
debt charge would be nearly $44,000,000 less than it is. Post-war 
conversions of debt to lower rates of interest are likely to reduce 
substantially our annual interest payments within the next few 
years. 

A summary account of the loans effected since 1914 is appended. 

War Loans. The first Dominion domestic war loan was raised on November, 
1915, under authority of chapter 23 of the Statutes of that year (5 Geo. V, c. 23). It 
originally consisted of $50,000,000 5 p.c. tax-exempt 10 year gold bonds, issued at 97 
and maturing December 1, 1925. As the issue was heavily over-subscribed (public 
subscriptions by 24,862 subscribers $78,729,500, bank subscriptions $25,000,000) 
and the extra money was needed, the Government increased the amount of the loan 
to $100,000,000. In July, 1915, $25,000,000 of 1 year and $20,000,000 of 2 year 
5 p.c. notes had been floated in the United States, with the object of stabilizing 
exchange and of relieving the pressure on London. 

In September, 1916, the second Canadian domestic war loan of $100,000,000 5 
p.c. tax exempt 15 year gold bonds was issued and again over-subscribed (public 
subscriptions by 34,526 subscribers $151,444,800, bank subscriptions $50,000,000). 
In March of that year, a loan of $75,000,000 in 5, 10 and 15 year 5 p.c. bonds had 
been floated in New York. 

The third Canadian domestic war loan, composed of $150,000,000 5 p.c. tax 
exempt 20 year gold bonds issued at 96, was issued in March, 1917, and was again 
over-subscribed, 40,800 public subscribers applying for $200,768,000, while the 
banks subscribed $60,000,000. In August, 1917, $100,000,000 of 5 p.c. 2 year notes 
were issued in New York at 98. 

Hitherto the process of raising money had been comparatively easy. The 
buoyancy of Canadian finance was illustrated by the increasing subscriptions to 



DO.U/.Y/O.Y PUBLIC FI\.\\CE 657 

each successive loan, while the Government could, when needed, obtain additional 
funds in New York. In April, 1917, however, the United States entered the war. 
Its gigantic preparations drained enormous sums of money from the New York 
money market, and made it difficult for other countries to raise money there. Hence 
forth Canada had in the main to depend on her own people to supply the funds 
necessary for keeping her steadily increasing forces in the field. Subsequent appeals 
for war loan subscriptions had to be made to the masses of the people rather than 
to the comparatively few wealthy or comfortably-off investors. 

The fourth domestic war loan (First Victory Loan) issued in November, 1917, 
illustrates the foregoing remarks. For the first time subscriptions as low as $50 
were received toward an issue of $150,000,000 5 p.c. 5, 10 and 20 year gold bonds, 
the Minister of Finance reserving the right to allot the whole or any part of the 
amount subscribed in excess of $150,000,000. The subscribers numbered 820,035 
and the subscriptions totalled $398,000,000, or about $50 per head of the population 
of Canada. 

The fifth domestic war loan (Second Victory Loan) of $300,000,000 5| p.c. 5 and 
15 year tax exempt gold bonds \\as issued at 100 and interest as of date November 
1, 1918, and the end of the war, then clearly in sight, stimulated public subscriptions. 
The applications numbered 1,067,879 and totalled $660,000,000. 

The sixth domestic war loan (Third Victory Loan) was raised at 100 and interest 
in November, 1919. It consisted of $300,000,000 taxable 5 year and 15 year 5^ 
p.c. gold bonds. The subscriptions amounted to $678,000,000. 

The general result of these loans lias been that in 1921, the great bulk of the 
Canadian national debt is owing to the Canadian people. At the end of the fiscal 
year 1920-21, the Dominion net funded debt payable in London was officially 
stated as $310,334,996, in New York as $135,874,000, while the net funded debt 
payable in Canada amounted to no less than $1,988,494,357. The largest creditors 
of the Dominion Government are within the Dominion itself, and as a consequence 
the interest payments made on National Debt account outside the country are a 
relatively small item. Detailed statistics of the national debt as on Mar. 31, 1921, 
are given in Table 14. 

Balance-Sheet. A summary review of the financial situation 
of the Dominion as on Mar. 31, 1921, is given in the balance sheet 
reproduced from pages 2 and 3 of the Public Accounts, 1921 (Table 1). 
This shows the gross debt on the above date to have been $2,902,482,- 
117, offset by available assets aggregating $561,603,133, leaving a 
net debt of $2,340,878,984.* Non-available assets, including such 
public works as canals and railways, also loans to railways, amount 
in the aggregate to $1,225,377,222, leaving a debit balance on Con 
solidated Fund Account on Mar. 31, 1921, of $1,115,501,762. The 
details of the various assets and liabilities are contained in the sche 
dules accompanying the balance sheet and printed in the Public 
Accounts. 



net debt on March 31, 1922, was $2,422,135,801. See page 659. 

3813142 



658 



FINANCE 



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Balance Net Debt March 31, 1921, brought forward $ 2,340,878,984 

NOTE. The Dominion of Canada is also responsible for principal and 
interest on loans pegotiated by Railways under various 
Acts of Parliament amounting to $222,895,613. 


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FINANCE 



659 



Receipts and Disbursements.- The total receipts &lt;&gt;u (\m- 
solidated Fund account for the fiscal year ended Mar. 31, 1&lt;)-&gt;I 
were $434,386,537, an increase of $84,640,202 over the preceding 

year; besides this, special receipts amounted to *l.!)or&gt;.(&gt;48. The 
regular expenditure on consolidated fund account was $. 301,118145 
but special expenditures amounting to $17,489,51)2 were also charged 
to us account, There was also an expenditure on capital account 

$40,012,807, while advances to railways were made amireuatinn 
$109,662,655 as well as miscellaneous advance- ;m-n-at ing $335,000. 
Thus the total disbursements, exclusive of these advances, amounted 
to $418,620,544, or inclusive of the advances fco s;&gt;2S,(HX, !&lt;)&lt;), res u llin&lt;&gt; 
in an addition, after certain readjustments had been made as between 
available and non-available assets, of $92,010,360 to the net debt 
(gross debt less available assets). 1 

For the fiscal year ended Mar. 31, 1922, the total receipts on 
consolidated fund account were $381,952,387, a decline of $52,4M4 i:&gt;0 
from 1921. Expenditure on consolidated fund account was also lower 
at $347,560,691, a decline of si:*..v,7,454. The surplus ,f receipts over 
expenditure on consolidated fund account was therefore $34,391 (i&lt;H&gt; 

Detailed statistics of receipts and expenditures on consolidated fund 
account are contained in Tables 3 and 4, statistics of war tax peveni] 
in Tables 5 to 7. Tables 8 and 9 are historical table&lt; giving the iimn 
of :he mam items of Dominion receipts and expenditure since Con 
federation, while Table 10 shows the per capita receipts and expenditure 

:nese years according to census and estimated populations. 

Public Debt. On March 31, 1922, the KTO8S debt of the Dom- 

i V i a Ql 2 902 3 , 47 J 137 , wh , ich affcer artlv&lt;1 ** amounting to 

11,336 are deducted, leaves a net debt of $2,422 135 soi 

he gross interest charge for the year was $135,247,849 which 
after interest amounting to $21,961,513 had been received on tin 
assets, leaves a net interest charge of 113,286,336 (Table 11) The 
ils of the assets and liabilities are published in Tables 12 to 14 
while Table 15 gives a historical conspectus of the growth of the 
public debt since Confederation. 

2. Receipts and Disbursements, 1918-1922. 



IPT3. 



Item-. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


== 


Consolidated Fund Receipts 

( ustoms 


$ 

144,172,630 
27,168,445 
25,379,901 
21,345,394 
27,172,208 
4,443,758 
4,466,724 
6,629,893 


1 

147,169,188 
30,342,034 
56,177,508 
21,603,542 
37,967,551 
3,539,927 
7,421,002 
8,725,995 


$ 

168,796,823 
42,698,083 
82,079,802 
24,471,709 

2 

4,622,592 
17,086,981 
9,990,345 


$ 

163,266,804 
37,118,367 
168,385,327 
26,706,198 

2 

3,955,326 
24,815,246 
10,139,269 


$ 

105.686,645 
36,755,206 
177,484,161 
26,402,299 

2 

2,799,450 
21,961,ol3 
10,863,113 


Excise 


War tax 


Post office 


Railways 


Dominion Lands. . 


Interest on investments . . . 


Other items . . . 


Total Consolidated Fund 
Receipts.... 


260,778,953 


312,946,747 


349,746,335 


434,386,537 

1,905,648 


381,952,387 

310,184 


Special Receipts- 
Miscellaneous Revenue. 




Total Receipts 


260,778,953 


312,946,747 


349,746,335 


436,292,185 


382,262,571 



r^erw?^ 

pJ2?"* ReVenUe r the fi3Cal years M2 - 22 transferred and app.ied against railway working 



660 



FINANCE 



2. Receipts and Disbursements, 1918-1922 concluded. 

DISBURSEMENTS. 



Items. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Consolidated Fund Expendi 
ture 

Charges on debt 1 


$ 
51,517,790 


$ 
80,185,604 


$ 
108,989,7472 


$ 
140,653 607 2 


$ 
139 3S7.449 2 


Subsidies to Provinces 


11,369,148 


11,327,236 


11,490,860 


11,490,860 


12,211,924 


Collection of revenue 


61,977,921 


73,682,985 


41,219,680 


43,740,040 


49,217,080 


Militia and Defence 


3,912,459 


3,253,876 


4,616,782 


9,893,863 


11,017,533 


Pensions 


8,155,691 


18,282,440 


26,004,461 


37,420,751 


36,153,031 


Civil government 


6,890,952 


7,234,897 


7,782,330 


8,784,178 


9,968,932 


Public Works (Income) 


7,432,901 


6,295,060 


9,016,246 


10,846,875 


10,574,364 


Soldiers Civil Re-establish 
ment 






45,869,064 


35,174,788 


17,147,351 


Other items 


27,027,451 


32,469,185 


48,854,760 


63,113,183 


61,913,024 














Total 


178,284,313 


232,731,283 


303,843,530 


361,118,145 


347,560,691 


Surplus f-f-) 


+ 82,494,640 


+ 80,215,464 


+ 45,902,405 


+ 73,268,392 


+ 34,391,696 


Special Disbursements- 
Capital Expenditure 


43,111,903 


25,031,266 


69,301,878 


40,012,807 


16,295,332 


Railway Subsidies 


720,405 


43,805 


334,845 






War and Demobilization 


343,836,802 


446,519,440 


346,612,955 


16,997,544 


1,544,250 


Other Charges 


10,706,787 


7,283,582 


19,995,313 


492,048 


301,518 














Grand Total Disburse 
ments 


576,660,310 


697,042,212 


740, 088, 921 


418,620,544 


365,701,791 














Advances to Railways.. 


_. 





45.780.690 


109.997.6553 


97.950.645 



1 IncIudes charges of management, interest, sinking funds and premium, discount and exchange. 
! Sinking funds now included in special account. Includes $335, 000 Miscellaneous Advances. 

3. Detailed Receipts on Consolidated Fund Account, 1918-1922. 



Items. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Canada Gazette 


$ 32,007 


$ 29,414 


$ 50,325 


$ 61,468 


$ 77,830 


Canals 


414,868 


387,655 


441,926 


365,941 


804,516 


Casual 


2,362,263 


2,910.190 


3,731,725 


4,005,183 


4,212,862 


Chinese Revenue 


208,966 


2,026,669 


132,133 


240, 107 


394,932 


Civil Service Examination Fees 


4,208 


11,568 


6,394 


4,877 


2,641 


Cullers Fees 


1,342 


1,229 


1,273 


2,070 




Customs 


144,172,630 


147,169,188 


168,796,823 


163,266,804 


105,686,645 


Dominion Lands 


4,443,758 


3,539,927 


4,622,592 


3,955,326 


2,799,450 


Dominion Steamers 


9,581 


13,621 


13,181 


4,051 


269 


Electric Light Inspection 


79,920 


88,071 


115,859 


140,474 


139,831 


Excise 


27,168,445 


30,342,034 


42,698,083 


37,118,367 


36,755,207 


Fines and Forfeitures 


100,336 


228,815 


628,793 


501,448 


265, 153 


Fisheries 


114,572 


123,114 


336,591 


297,797 


224, 157 


Gas Inspection 


56,319 


55,701 


61,694 


70,987 


81,720 


Inspection of Staples 


1,499,876 


1,082,070 


1,092,606 


1,483,278 


1,937,323 


Insurance Inspection 


58, 763 


64,684 


62,384 


89,505 


95,735 


Interest on Investments 


4,466,724 


7,421,002 


17,086,981 


24,815,246 


21,961,513 


Law Stamps 


8,902 


8,628 


7,490 


9,423 


5,199 


Lighthouse and Coast Service 


612 


335 


621 


612 




Mariners Fund 


63,636 


69,244 


78,227 


87,601 


131,727 


Militia 


18,228 


35,955 








Military College 


39,177 


54,428 


53,599 


70,107 


67,315 


Militia Pension Revenue 


26,903 


23,841 


47,979 


139,385 


132, 188 


Modus Vivendi 


4,179 










Ordnance Lands 


7,930 


4,819 


9,835 


8,878 


8,438 


Patent Fees 


256,317 


275,709 


354,497 


407,887 


454,886 


Penitentiaries 


71,228 


132,958 


130,843 


162,710 


143,070 


Post Office 


21,345,394 


21,603,542 


24,471,709 


26,706,198 


26,402,299 


Premium, Discount and Exchange . . . 
Public Works 


628,253 
384,022 


532,849 
396, 664 


1,974,072 

479,088 


1,116,581 
503,053 


781,224 
490,056 


Railways 


27,172,208 


37,967,551 


i 


i 


i 


Royal N.W.M. Police Officers Pen 
sions 


5,083 


4,030 


5,586 


6,469 


6,175 


Steamboat Inspection 


2,793 


2,775 


4,594 


72,704 


117,548 


Superannuation Fund 


29,947 


26,069 


21,986 


22,086 


18,511 


Supreme and Exchequer Court Re 
ports 


78 










War Tax 


25,379,901 


56,177,508 


82,079,801 


168,385,327 


177,484,161 


Weights and Measures 


139,584 


134,890 


147,045 


264,587 


269,806 














Total.. 


260,778,953 


312,946,747 


349,746,335 


434,386,537 


381,952,387 



foot note( 2) on page 659. 



DOMINION PUBLIC FI\ A\ ( K 



661 



4. Detailed Expenditure on Consolidated Fund Account, 1918-1922. 



Itf 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. . 


\ir Board 


&gt; 


- 


I 


- 
1,351,212 


- 
l.f.24,843 


A H m ini &lt;t ft t ion t)i FllRtlCQ 


1,485,390 


1.495,688 


1,641,122 


2,009,240 


2, !. )!, 9")i 


Adulteration of Food, etc 

\rt*s nml A trripulture 


If, 
3,846,018 


11.621 
3,884,&lt;)2&lt;t 


44,987 
4,783^)83 


59,860 
5,489 


79,999 

5,80.V.H)0 




118,497 


270,802 


.558 


149,202 


100,140 


Charges of Management 
Civil Governinent .. 


488,7(17 
6, 890, &lt;&gt;:&gt;- 


,336 
7,234,897 


S75.645 
7,782,330 


992 

8,784,17s 


806,926 
9,96* 


Culling Timber 


6,046 


4,625 


4,338 


8,1 


517 


( "n-itnrrm and T^xcise 


5,309,326 


5,426,282 


5,955,374 


6,615,202 


6,6f&gt;7.:.72 




762 


392,018 


17:, 


.V. ."&gt;, 261 


j,029 




2,552,304 


2,247,997 


4,751,780 


3,956,027 


4.226. 070 


Dominion Police 


12^ 


MS, 489 


151 


i 


i 




1,255,006 


1,151,489 


1, 


1,544,512 


- 


Fisheries 


1,111,277 


1,027,150 


1,215,082 


1,385,102 


1,348,186 


Government of X.W. Territories 
Health 


5,810 


4,963 


3,979 


29,146 

774 


i:,&lt;i,195 
255,472 


Immigration 


1,211,954 


1,112,079 


1,388,! 


1,688,961 


1.i36,597 




1,922,761 


1,971,172 


2,361,969 


110.073 


2,944,037 


Inspection of Staples 


2,240 


2, 


2,320 


2,598 


2,345 


Interest on Public Debt 


47,845, 


77,431,432 


107. 027.0V 


139,551,520 


247. 849 


Labour 


76,264 


166.2(1(1 


713 


1. I21. . f,&gt;i 


1,645,540 


Legislation 


3,073,334 


1,766,4(11 


2,617,. r )Sl 


2.343,201 


70,450 


Lighthouse and Coast Service 


1,860,309 


1, til, 247 


2,120,005 


2,263,118 


2,280,766 


Mail Subsidies and Steamboat Sub 
ventions 


1,853,320 


1,391,850 


1,6 


l,094.a(l i 


1,105,896 


Marine Hospitals 


169 


74,291 


L12 


77,546 


91,177 


Militia 


8,912,458 


3,253,876 


4,f,lf. 


9.^ 


11,017,533 


Miscellaneous 


2,354. : 


9,515,936 


15.0 


m.S,768 


13,577,625 


Naval Servici- 


l.Of. .i ! 


1vj 


1. 


3,284,911 


:;. IS 


n and River Service 


1,102,674 


1,385, l"" 


1,558,502 


2,021,930 


1.C.S4.389 


Penitentiaries 


980, 168 


1,007 


1,022.330 


1. 


7,451 


Pensions 


8,155,691 


IV 2V. . 440 


26. 004. Itil 


120,751 


36,153,031 


Post Office 


18,046,558 


19,: 


20, 774.:; 12 


22,696,561 


121,425 


Premium, Discount and Exchange. . . 
Public Works, Collection of Revenue 
Public Works, Income 


5 

842,648 
7,432,901 


582,340 
877,472 

6,295,060 


013 
921,619 

9,016,246 


109,713 
1,113,876 
10,846,875 


3,302,674 
1,073,304 
10,574,364 


Quarantine 


239,451 


2 1 7, 389 


506 


262,498 


261,355 


Railways and C anals, Collection of 
Revenue . 


34,849,608 


45,494. 


8,418,624 


8,886.458 


8.624,094 


Rxiilwavs and Canals, Income 


444,629 


559,695 


1,184, - 


124 


5,311,715 


Royal C M. Police 


1,031,1." 


719,143 


3,386,389 


3,927,799 


2,962,442 


Scientific Institutions 


361,593 


375,575 


464,450 


:.vr,892 


624,380 


Sinking Funds 


3,183,493 


1,448,495 


2 


2 


2 


Soldiers Civil Re-establishment 
Soldiers Land Settlement 




207,559 


45,869,064 
2,886,156 


35,174,788 
3,454,210 


17,147,351 
2,125,874 


Steamboat Inspection 


70,381 


72,874 


82,634 


97,704 


103,670 


Subsidies to Provinces 


11,369,148 


11,327,236 


11,490,860 


11,490,860 


12,211,924 


Superannuation 


478,264 


495,017 


517,245 


554,510 


603,116 


Superannuation Xo. 3 






_ 


80,520 


69,246 


Superannuation Xo. 4 





_ 


_ 


54,541 


435,838 


Trade and Commerce 


1,381,621 


1,330,449 


1,502,712 


1,880,943 


3,679,146 


Weights, Measures, Gas and Electric 
Light 


322,549 


311,293 


346,327 


406,380 


431,754 


Yukon Provisional District 


301,612 


183,243 


205,124 


189,483 


142,916 














Total 


178,284,313 


23?, 731, 283 


303,843,930 


361,118,145 


347,560,691 












. 



: Xow included with Royal C. M. Police. 2 Xow included in special account. 

NOTE. Adulteration of Food, Marine Hospitals and Quarantine, have been classified in the public 
accounts of 1921 and 1922 under the heading "Health," but are here deducted, so as not to break th* con 
tinuity of the table. 



662 



FINANCE 



5. War Tax Revenue during the fiscal years ended March 31, 1915-1921. 



Year. 


Banks. 


Trust 
and Loan 
Com 
panies. 


Insurance 
Com 
panies. 


Business 
Profits. 


Income 
Tax. 


Inland 
Revenue 
Depart 
ment 1 . 


Total 
War 
Tax 
Revenue. 


1915.. 


$ 

1,300,447 
1,114,023 
1,115,758 
1,099,764 
1,170,223 
1,257,534 


$ 

324,250 
202,415 
269, 129 
323,340 
274,216 
293,802 


$ 

459,247 
419,699 
496,540 
546,114 
638,731 
807,667 


$ 

12,506,517 
21,271,084 
32,970,062 
44,145,184 
40,841,401 


$ 

9,349,720 
20,263,740 
46,381,824 


$ 
98,057 
1,536,838 
2,059,584 
2,227,390 
11,888,508 
15,587,707 
78,803,099 


$ 
98,057 
3,620,782 
16,302,238 
25,379,901 
56,177,508 
82,079,801 
168,385,327 


1916 


1917 


1918... 


1919 


1920.... 


1921 


Total 


7,057,749 


1,687,152 


3,367,398 


151,734,248 


875,995,284 


112,201,183 


352,043,614 





Amounts paid in to Receiver-General. 

6. War Tax Revenue collected by the Inland Revenue Department, by Provinces, 

during the fiscal year ended March 31, 1921. 

(Accrued Revenue). 



Provinces. 


Stamps. 


Licenses. 


Auto 
mobiles. 


Tea. 


Jewellery. 


Records. 


Prince Edward Island 


$ 
18,533 


$ 
1,526 


$ 


$ 


2 048 


$ 


Nova Scotia 


170,602 


8,050 




1 014 


34 207 




New Brunswick 


150,797 


5,686 


75,537 


192 


18 064 




Quebec 


1,288,542 


46 304 


370 096 


2 197 


238 096 


178 QS 


Ontario 


2,498,461 


80 040 


5 333 683 


*832 


456 473 


39 "inn 


Manitoba 


651,754 


11 267 


522 978 


22 


129 897 




Saskatchewan 


282,260 


8 002 


55 448 




38 597 




Alberta 


357,570 


6 779 


96 385 




37 074 




British Columbia 


456,829 


11,310 


38, 186 


72 


88 989 




Yukon 


2 155 


116 






731 


1 
















Totals 


5,877,503 


179,080 


6,492,313 


4,329 


1,044,176 


218 457 

















Provinces. 


Sales. 


Mechan 
ical Piano 
Players. 


Matches. 


Playing 
Cards. 


Phono 
graphs. 


Moving 
Picture 
Films. 


Confec 
tionery. 


Prince Edward Island 


$ 
33,129 


$ 


$ 




$ 


$ 
127 


$ 
543 


Nova Scotia 


620,571 


269 


_ 


16 


4,065 


2,208 


139,166 


New Brunswick 


461,053 




_ 


5 


1 


1,311 


122,255 


Quebec 


9,033,973 


9,259 


210,938 


30,881 


33,510 


6,133 


176,884 


Ontario 


13,958,514 


58,357 


2,574,303 


218,127 


285,628 


17,607 


708,052 


Manitoba 


1,648,480 








11,447 


3,302 


83,915 


Saskatchewan 


358,263 


_ 





_ 


2 


2,582 


15,189 


Alberta 


557,883 


__ 





492 


15 


3,016 


27,671 


British Columbia 


1,237,288 


_ 


2,234 


651 


90 


3,287 


46,274 


Yukon 


748 


_ 


1,475 


68 




51 


6 


















Totals 


27,909,902 


67,885 


2,788,950 


250,240 


334,758 


39,624 


1,319,955 


















Provinces. 


Boats, 
etc. 


Cameras. 


Chewing 
Gum. 


Pianos. 


Organs. 


Musical 
instru 
ments 
(n.o.p.) 


Fire 
arms, 
Shells, 
etc. 


Prince Edward Island 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


1 


$ 


1 


Nova Scotia 


11 


_ 


25 


5,652 


520 





_ 


New Brunswick 


845 


_ 








_ 


_ 


Quebec 


171 


_ 


_ 


27,521 


_ 


_ 


15,763 


Ontario 


11,539 


26,947 


43,721 


110,216 


2,026 


568 


159 


Manitoba 


2 




835 








106 


Saskatchewan 




_ 







_ 







Alberta 


_ 


_ 





_ 


_, 


_ 


_ 


British Columbia 


544 


__ 


405 


__ 


_ 


_ 


_ 


Yukon 




_. 


1 


_ 


_ 


_ 


15 


















Totals 


13,112 


26,947 


44,987 


143,389 


2,546 


568 


16,043 



















l&gt;&lt;t.Ml.\ I&lt;&gt;\ 1 1 HLlc FINANCE 



663 



$._&gt;Var Tax Revenue collected by the Inland Revenue Department, by Provinces, 
during the fiscal year ended March 31, 1921 COIN -lu&lt;l&lt; &lt;!. 

\&lt;-&lt;Tiied Revenue. - 



Provinces. 





Chandel 
ier.-. 
and 

Eleo. 

fixture.- 


Wines. 




Whisk 


Perforat 
ors. 


Totals. 


Prince Edward 
Island 


$ 

100 


$ 

13 


$ 


t 


* 


$ 


$ 

56.021 


^ ( JY 


1,000 


4 





9,805 


9,173 


38 


1,001 


New Brunswick 






_ 


11 


181 






( hielier 




5,172 






1,41 




17,000,304 


&lt; (p.tario 


3,161 


10 


66,596 


55 


1,98 




050, 457 


Manitoba 




44 




142,014 


l.V 






Saskatchewan 


1,651 




_ 


16 








MlnTta 




_ 


_ 


127 




- 


1/J7 


MritL-h Columbia 
Yukon 


1,250 


210 





17 


36,001 


Kix 


5,367 


















Totals 


15,293 


15,766 


72,696 


4,942,882 


3,687,599 


1,294 


:,:,.:. HI, 294 



















Importations--Sales 

Excise 

Transportation 

Kmbos.-ed cheque- 

( Irami 

War tax refunds 

Xet war tax revenue collected by tho Inland Revenue Department. 



.$ 10,218,161 
. 

:!.&lt;i::3,306 
. 1,141 

.$ 79,346,815 

526,331 

7v.vJO.484 



7. Income Tax collected, by Prounces, 1919-1931. 



Provini 


1919. 


MOO. 


1921. 


Xova Scotia 1 . . 


$ cts. 
249,093 24 


$ cts. 
506,993 06 


$ cts. 
1,194,34.5 11 


New Brunswick 


193,028 91 


333,370 98 


701,463 53 


Quebec . . 


2,543,896 82 


7,246,246 21 


15,657,074 07 


Ontario 2 


4,459,939 60 


8,182,736 93 


20,013,796 86 


Manitoba 3 


740,610 77 


I.s71,387 86 


3,962,734 88 


\atchewan 


171,836 81 


478,244 38 


1,193,536 63 


\lberta 


457,960 59 


636,248 72 


1,398,998 32 


British Columbia 


520,617 


995,433 !)2 


2,237,711 21 


Yukon 


6,434 77 


13,757 37 


21,246 03 










Total Income Tax 


9,343,419 03 


20,264,419 43 


46,381,806 64 










Business profits war tax 


32,970,061 81 


44,145,184 48 


48,841,401 25 










Total Income and Business Profits Tax 


42,313,480 84 


64,409,603 91 


87,223,207 89 











Includes amounts received from taxpayers resident in the Province of Prince Edward Island . ^Includes 
amounts received from taxpayers resident in the Province of Quebec west of the County of Argenteuil, as the 
collection in that territory can be more economically and advantageously handled by the district office at 
Uttawa. ^During 1919 and 1920 included amounts received from taxpayers resident in the Province of 
Ontario west of Algoma. 



664 



FINANCE 



8. Principal Items of Dominion Expenditure, 1868-1922. 



Fiscal 
years. 


Interest 
on 
debt. 


Charges of 
manage 
ment, 
premium, 
discount 
and 
exchange. 


Pensions. 


Public 
works. 


Railways 
and 
canals. 


Subsidies 
to 
provinces. 


Post office. 


Total 
Expenditure 
chargeable 
to 
Con 
solidated 
Fund. 


1868 


$ 
4,501,568 


$ 
359,190 


$ 
56,422 


$ 
126,270 


$ 
581,503 


$ 
2,753,966 


$ 
616,802 


$ 
13,486,093 


1869 


4,907,014 


465,657 


50,564 


65,015 


641,814 


2,604,050 


787,886 


14,038,084 


1870 


5,047,054 


339,999 


53,586 


120,031 


743,070 


2,588,605 


808,623 


14,345,510 


1871.. 


5,165,304 


426,655 


52,611 


597,275 


752,772 


2,624,940 


815,471 


15,623,082 


1872 


5,257,231 


346,413 


62,251 


839,786 


913,236 


2,930,113 


929,609 


17,589,469 


1873 


5,209,206 


178,644 


49,204 


1,297,999 


1,378,164 


2,921,400 


1,067,866 


19,174,648 


1874 


5,724,436 


264,685 


56,454 


1,778,916 


2,260,820 


3,752,757 


1,387,270 


23,316,317 


1875 


6,590,790 


227,201 


63,657 


1,756,010 


1,981,893 


3,750,962 


1,520,861 


23,713,071 


1876.. 


6,400,902 


208,149 


110,201 


1,948,242 


1,897,283 


3,690,355 


1,622,827 


24,488,372 


1877 


6,797,227 


207,875 


112,531 


1,262,823 


2,239,346 


3,655,851 


1,705,312 


25,519,302 


1878 


7,048,884 


192,087 


105,842 


997,470 


2,374,314 


3,472,808 


1,724,939 


23,503,158 


1879 


7,194,734 


277,923 


107,795 


1,013,023 


2,570,361 


3,442,764 


1,784,424 


24,455,382 


1880 


7,773,869 


289,085 


102,889 


1,046,342 


2,226,456 


3,430,846 


1,818,271 


24,850,634 


1881.. 


7,594,145 


225,444 


96,389 


1,108,815 


2,603,717 


3,455,518 


1,876,658 


25,502,554 


1882 


7,740,804 


195,044 


101,197 


1,342,000 


2,755,833 


3,530,999 


1,980,567 


27,067,104 


1883 


7,668,553 


234,170 


98,446 


1,765,256 


3,117,465 


3,606,673 


2,176,089 


28,730,157 


1884 


7,700,181 


229,906 


95,543 


2,908,852 


3,122,103 


3,603,714 


2,312,965 


31,107,706 


1885 


9,419,482 


387,495 


89,879 


2,302,363 


3,268,222 


3,959,327 


2,488,315 


35,037,060 


1886.. 


10,137,009 


346,921 


88,319 


2,046,552 


3,339,670 


4,182,526 


2,763,186 


39,011,612 


1887 


9,682,929 


287,742 


102,109 


2,133,316 


3,673,894 


4,169,341 


2,818,907 


35,657,680 


1888 


9,823,313 


343,592 


120,334 


2,162,116 


4,160,332 


4,188,514 


2,889,729 


36,718,495 


1889 


10,148,932 


273,590 


116,030 


2,299,231 


4,095,301 


4,051,428 


2,982,321 


36,917,835 


1890 


9,656,841 


230,409 


107,391 


1,972,501 


4,362,200 


3,904,922 


3,074,470 


35,994,031 


1891.. 


9,584,137 


262,068 


103,850 


1,937,546 


4,505,516 


3,903,757 


3,161,676 


36,343,568 


1892 
1893 


9,763,978 
9,806,888 


183,938 
213,794 


92,457 
90,309 


1,627,851 
1,927,832 


4,337,877 
3,848,404 


3,935,914 
3,935,765 


3,316,120 
3,421,203 


36,765,894 
36,814,053 


1894 


10,212,596 


180,975 


86,927 


2,033,955 


3,760,550 


4,206,655 


3,517,261 


37,585,025 


1895 


10,466,294 


178, 950 


84,349 


1,742,317 


3,704,126 


4,250,675 


3,593,647 


38,132,005 


1896.. 


10,502,430 


248,575 


86,080 


1,299,769 


3,826,226 


4,235,664 


3,665,011 


36,949,142 


1897 


10,645,663 


315,314 


90,882 


1,463,719 


3,725,690 


4,238,059 


3,789,478 


38,349,760 


1898 


10,516,758 


199,887 


96,187 


1,701,313 


4,049,275 


4,237,372 


3,575,412 


38,832,526 


1899 


10,855,112 


173,257 


96,129 


1,902,664 


4,246,404 


4,250,636 


3,603,799 


41,903,500 


1900 


10,699,645 


227,194 


93,453 


2,289,889 


5,244,301 


4,250,608 


3,758,015 


42,975,279 


1901.. 


10,807,955 


201,861 


93,551 


3,386,632 


6,377,961 


4,250,607 


3,931,446 


46,866,368 


1902 


10,975,935 


263,250 


83,305 


4,221,294 


6,508,477 


4,402,098 


4,023,637 


50,759,392 


1903 


11,068,139 


294,968 


87,925 


4,065,553 


7,221,705 


4,402,503 


4,105,178 


51,691.903 


1904 


11,128,637 


288,984 


113,495 


4,607,330 


8,397,434 


4,402,292 


4,347,541 


55,612,833 


1905 
1906.. 


10,630,115 
10,814,697 


276,072 
346,902 


140,424 
179,023 


6,765,446 
7,484,716 


9,803,912 
8,779,678 


4,516,038 
6,726,373 


4,634,528 
4^921,577 


63,319,683 
67,240,641 


19071.... 
1908 


6,712,771 
10,973,597 


244,548 
383,820 


125,832 
187,557 


5,520,571 
8,721,327 


7,011,858 
10,586,114 


6,745,134 
9,032,775 


3,979,557 
6,005,930 


51,542,161 
76,641,452 


1909 


11,604,584 


356,707 


191,533 


12,300,184 


10,780,126 


9,117,143 


6,592,386 


84,064,232 


1910 


13,098,160 


358,973 


216,698 


7,261,218 


10,215,038 


9,361,388 


7,215,338 


79,411,746 


1911.. 


12,535,851 


376,777 


240,586 


8,621,431 


11,123,251 


9,092,472 


7,954,223 


87,774,198 


1912..... 


12,259,396 


455,011 


245,045 


10,344,487 


12,330,463 


10,281,045 


9,172,036 


98,161,441 


1913 


12,605,882 


502,988 


283, 188 


13,468,505 


13,766,180 


13,211,800 


10,882,804 


112,059,637 


1914 


12,893,505 


487, 184 


311,900 


19,007,513 


14,955,138 


11,280,469 


12,822,058 


127,384,473 


1915 


15,736,743 


554,729 


358,558 


19,343,532 


13,876,060 


11,451,673 


15,961,191 


135,523,207 


1916.. 


21,421,585 


731,836 


671,133 


12,039,252 


20,777,830 


11,451,673 




16,009,139 


130,350,727 


1917 


35,802,567 


496,387 


2,814,546 


8,633,096 


27,124,004 


11,469,148 


16,300,579 


148,599,343 


1918 


47,845,585 


488,712 


8,155,691 


7,432,901 


34,849,608 


11,369,148 


18,046,558 


178,284,313 


1919 


77,431,432 


1,305,676 


18,282,440 


6,295,060 


45,494,584 


11,327,236 


19,273,758 


232,731,283 


1920 


107,527,089 


1,462,658 


26,004,461 


9,016,246 


8,418,624 


11,490,860 


20,774,312 


303,843,930 


1921.. 


139,551,520 


1,102,088 


37,420,751 


10,846,875 


8,886,458 


11,490,860 


22,696,561 


361,118,145 


1922 


135,247,849 


4,109,601 


36,153,031 


10,574,364 


8,624,094 


12,211,924 


28,121,425 


347,560,691 





















1 Nine months. 

NOTE. From 1868 to 1906, inclusive, the fiscal years ended on June 30, and from that date to 1922, on 
March 31. 



DOMINION PUBLIC FINANCE 



665 



&. Principal Items of Dominion Expenditure, 1868-1922 concluded. 



Expenditure 
chargeable 
to 
Capital. 


Railway 
subsidies. 


War and De 
mobilization. 


Other 
charges. 


Total 
Disburse 
ments. 


Fiscal Years. 


$ 

S.AQ 4QQ 


S 


$ 


* 
37,158 


$ 

14 071,689 


..1868 


440 410 






429 663 


14,908,166 


1869 


&gt; ills; IIA 


, 




155,988 


18,016,614 


1870 


Q R70 ^QA 






* 


19,293,478 


. . 1871 


7 JW 050 






223,456 


25,665,975 


1872 


iq CKO 4.41 






5,719 


39,039,808 


,...1873 


10 177 740 






4,019 


33,498,076 


, . . . 1874 


fi Q22 74"? 






2,253,097 


32,888,911 


1875 


7 K4 008 






315,764 


31,958,144 


. . 1876 


7 ^00 710 






1 388,984 


32 507,996 


1877 


fi fi57 201 






385 413 


30,545,772 


..1878 


T fi48 332 






676 225 


30,779,939 


.... 1879 


c 941 174 






949, 948 


34,041,756 


1880 


Q I7fi 317 






117,772 


33,796,643 


..1881 


7 405 637 






201,885 


34,674,625 


1882 


U147 3fiO 






21 369 


42 898,886 


..1883 


07 077 702 


208 000 




2 567,453 


57,860,862 


..1884 


n 220 186 


403 245 




502,587 


49,163,078 


1885 


q sea 734 


2 701 249 




10,534,973 


61,837,569 


. . 1886 


4 439 939 


1 406 533 






41,504,152 


.... 1887 


7 Ifi ? 064 


1 027 042 




155 623 


45 064 1 t 


1888 


4 420 313 


846 722 




1.333.32S 


:&gt;is i us 


1889 


4 053 159 


1 678 196 




44/J17 


41,770,333 


1890 


3 115 860 


1 265 706 




68,074 


40,793,208 


. . 1891 


2 164 457 


1 248 216 




2,093,569 


42,272,136 


1892 


1 088 318 


811 394 




139 963 


40 853,728 


1893 


3 86 970 


1 229 885 




330,354 


43 008,234 


1894 


3 030 490 


1 310 549 




399,294 


42,872,338 


1895 


3 781 311 


3 228 746 




137,185 


44,0%, 384 


..1896 


3 523 160 


416 955 




682,881 


42,972,756 


. . 1897 


4 143 503 


1,414,935 




943,317 


45,334,281 


1898 


5 936 343 


3 201 220 




501,572 


51,542,635 


1899 


7 468 843 


725 720 




1,547,624 


52,717,467 


1900 


7 695 488 


2,512 329 




908,681 


57,982,866 


..1901 


10 078 638 


2 093 939 


_ 


1 038 831 


63 970,800 


1902 


7 052 725 


1 463 222 




1,538,722 


61,746,572 


1903 


7 881 719 


2 046 878 




6 713 618 


72 255 048 


1904 


11 933 492 


1 275 630 




2,275,334 


78,804,139 


1905 


11 913 871 


1 637 574 




2 485 555 


83,277,642 


..1906 


11 329 144 


1,324,889 




1,581,945 


65,778,139 


,...1907 


30 429 907 


2 037,629 




3,469,692 


112,578,680 


1908 


42 593 167 


1 785 887 




4 998,238 


133 441,524 


1909 


29,756 354 


2 048 097 




4 179,576 


115,395,774 


1910 


30 852 963 


1 284 892 




2,949,197 


122,861,250 


..1911 


30,939 576 


859,400 




7,181,665 


137,142,082 


....1912 


27 206 046 


4 935 507 




255,787 


144,456,878 


1913 


37,180,176 


19,036,237 




2,640,162 


186,241,048 


....1914 


41,447,320 


5,191,507 


60,750,476 


5,186,016 


248,098,526 


1915 


38,566,951 


1,400.171 


166.197,755 


3,186,898 


339,702,502 


..1916 


26 880 031 


959,584 


306 488 815 


15,275,345 


498,203,118 


1917 


43,111,903 


720,405 


343,836,802 


10,706,787 


576,660,210 


,...1918 


25,031,266 


43,805 


446,519,440 


- 7,283,582 


697,042,212 


....1919 


69,301,878 


334,845 


346,612,955 


19,995,313 


740,088,921 


1920 


40,012,807 




16,997,544 


492,048 


418,620,544 


..1921 


16.295.332 


_. 


1.544.250 


301.518 


365.701.791 


..1922 



666 



FINANCE 



9. Principal Items of Receipts of Canada on Consolidated Fund Account, 1868-1922. 



Fiscal 
years. 


Customs 
taxes. 


Excise 

taxes. 


Other 
taxes. 


Total 

ordinary 
taxes. 


Interest 
on 
invest 
ments. 


Post 
office 
and money 
orders. 


Public 
works. 1 


Total 
Receipts. 


1868.. 
1869.... 
1870.... 
1871.... 
1872.... 

1873.. 
1874 
1875 
1876 


$ 

8,578,380 
8,272,880 
9,334,213 
11,841,105 
12,787,982 

12,954,164 
14,325,193 
15,351,012 
12,823,838 
12,546,988 

12,782,824 
12,900,659 
14,071,343 
18,406,092 
21,581,570 

23,009,582 
20,023,890 
18,935,428 
19,362,308 
22,373,951 

22,091,682 
23,699,413 
23,913,546 
23,305,218 
20,361,382 

20,910,662 
19,119,030 
17,585,741 
19,766,741 
19,386,278 

21,622,789 
25,150,745 
28,219,458 
28,293,930 
31,916,394 

36,738,033 
40,461,591 
41,437,569 
46,053,377 
39,717,079 

57,200,276 
47,088 444 


$ 

3,002,588 
2,710,028 
3,619,623 
4,295,945 
4,735,652 

4,460,682 
5,594,904 
5,069,687 
5,563,487 
4,941,898 

4,858,672 
5,390,763 
4,232,428 
5,343,022 
5,884,860 

6,260,117 
5,459,309 
6,449,101 
5,852,905 
6,308,201 

6,071,487 
6,886,739 
7,618,118 
6,914,850 
7,945,098 

8,367,364 
8,381,089 
7,805,733 
7,926,006 
9,170,379 

7,871,563 
9,641,227 
9,868,075 
10,318,266 
11,197,134 

12,013,779 

12,958,708 
12,586,475 
14 010 220 


$ 

119,713 
129,665 
134,047 
183,319 
191,918 

201,709 
209,088 
244,180 
227,090 
209,039 

200,442 
185,191 
175,806 
193,025 
82,617 

11,243 
4,850 

14,244 
27,371 
55,408 
94,083 
139,677 

43,341 

79,084 
54,725 
66,538 
91,969 

82, 104 
166,097 
154,690 
131,354 
275,584 

263,694 
241,020 
-3,920 
11,221 
43,094 

343,535 
326,881 
388,453 
1,127,306 
1,534,270 

1,790,214 
1,334,792 
294,490 
-31,714 
-86,925 

208,966 
2,026,699 
132,133 
240,107 
394,932 


$ 

11,700,681 
11,112,573 
13,087,882 
16,320,369 
17,715,552 

17,616,555 
20,129,185 
20,664,879 
18,614,415 
17,697,925 

17,841,938 
IS 47fi R1 1 } 


$ 

174,073 

824,424 
383,956 
554,384 
488,042 

396,404 
610,863 
840,887 
798,906 
717,684 

791,758 
592,500 
834,793 
751,513 
914,009 

1,001,193 
986,698 
1,997,035 
2,299,079 
990,887 

932,025 
1,305,392 
1,082,271 
1,077,228 
1,086,420 

1,150,167 
1,217,809 
1,336,047 
1,370,001 
1,443,004 

1,513,455 
1,590,448 
1,683,051 

1,784,834 
1,892,224 

2,020,953 
2,236,256 
2,105,031 
2,140,312 
1,235,746 

1,925,569 
2,256,643 
2,807,465 
1,668,773 
1,281,317 

1,430,511 
1,964,541 
2,980,247 
3,358,210 
3,094,012 

4,466,724 
7,421,002 
17,086,981 
24,815,246 
21,961,513 


$ 

525,69- 
535,315 
573,566 
612,63 
692,375 

833,657 
1,139,973 
1,155,332 
1,102,540 
1,114,946 

1,207,790 
1,172,418 
1,252,498 
1,352,110 

1,587,888 

1,800,391 
1,755,674 
1,841,372 
1,901,690 
2,020,624 

2,379,242 
2,220,504 
2,357,389 
2,515,823 
2,652,746 

2,773,508 
2,809,341 
2,792,790 
2,964,014 
3,202,938 

3,527,810 
3,193,778 
3,205,535 
3,441,505 
3,918,416 

4,397,833 
4,652,325 
5,125,373 
5,933,343 
5,061,728 

7,107,887 
7,401,624 
7,958,548 
9,146,952 
10,492,394 

12,051,729 
12,954,530 
13,046,665 
18,858,690 
20,902,384 

21,345,394 
21,603,542 
24,471,709 
26,706,198 
26,402,299 


$ 

901,46 
918,933 
1,006,845 
1,146,240 
1,211,729 

1,316,636 
1,509,915 
1,432,360 
1,479,232 
1,917,455 

2,034,484 
1,863,149 
2,167,401 
2,759,591 
2,711,134 

3,101,138 
3,055,792 


S 

13,687,928 
14,379,175 
15,512,226 
19,335,561 
20,714,814 

20,813,469 
24,205,093 
24,648,715 
22,587,587 
22,059,274 

22,375,011 
22,517,382 
23,307,407 
29,635,298 
33,383,456 

35,794,650 
31,861,962 
32,797,001 
33,177,040 
35,754,993 

35,908,464 
38,782,870 
39,879,925 
38,579,311 
36,921,872 

38,168,609 
36,374,693 
33,978,129 
36,618,591 
37,829,778 

40,555,238 
46,741,249 
51,029,994 
52,514,701 
58,050,790 

66,037,069 
70,669,817 
71,182,773 
80,139,360 
67,969,328 

96,054,506 
85,093,404 
101,503,711 
117,780,409 
136,108,217 

168,689,903 
163,174,395 
133,073,482 
172,147,838 
232,701,294 

260,778,953 
312,946,747 
349,746,335 
34, 386, 53 7 
81,952,387* 


1877 


1878.. 


1879 


1880.... 


18,479,577 
23,942,139 
27,549,047 

29,269,699 
25,483,199 
25,384,529 
25,226,456 
28,687,002 

28,177,413 
30,613,523 
31,587,072 
30,314,151 
28,446,157 

29,321,367 
27,579,203 
25,446,199 
27,759,285 
28,648,626 

29,576,456 
34,958,069 
38,242,223 
38,743,550 
43,389,112 

49,015,506 
53,661,319 
54,020,124 
60,074,818 
51,565,586 

73,325,963 
62,353,093 
75,409,487 
89,835,232 
105,847,804 

135,002,358 
127,478,067 
97,715,441 
121,046,187 
158,543,115 

171,550,041 
179,537,911 
211,627,039 
200,625,278 
142,836,784 


1881 


1882 


1883.. 


1884 


1885 


1886 


,0oo,50o 
3,082,411 
3,270,782 

3,556,101 
3,642,557 
3,800,110 
3,685,530 
3,575,168 

3,761,474 
3,702,746 
3,591,689 
3,594,264 
3,587,166 

3,873,464 
4,433,934 
5,232,459 
5,770,071 
6,447,982 

7,088,502 
6,972,219 
7,395,377 
8,310,267 
6,839,586 

9,973,523 
9,362,272 
10,114,990 
10,818,834 
11,651,947 

13,158,078 
14,197,053 
12,953,487 
19,286,418 
24,440,840 

27,971,098 
38,751,870 
921,015 3 
868,994 3 
408, 096 3 


1887 


1888.. 


188 9 


1890 


1891 


1892 


1893.. 


1894 


1895 


1896 


1897 


1898.. 


1899 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903.... 


1904.. 


1905 


1906 


19072.... 
1908.. 


11,805,413 
15,782,152 


1909... 


14,937,768 
15,253,353 
16,869,837 
19,261,662 

21,447,445 
21,452,037 
21,479,731 
22,428,492 
24,412,348 

27,168,445 
30,342,024 
42,698,083 
37,118,367 
36,755,207 


1910 


59,767,681 
71,838,089 
85,051,872 

11,764,699 
04,691,238 
75,941,220 
98,649,409 
34,043,842 

1.44,172,630 
47,169,188 
68,796,823 
63,266,804 
05,686,645 


1911.... 


1912 


1913.. 


1914.... 


1915.... 


1916 


1917 


1918.. 


1919 


1920 


1921.... 


1922... 





a NOTE Receipts from War Taxes 1915-22, are as follows: 1915, $98,057; 1916, $3,620,782; 1917, 
$16,302238; 1918. $25,379,901; 1919, $56,177,508; 1920, $82,079,801; 1921, $168,385,327; 1922, $177,484, 161. 
Including railways and canals. 2 Nine months. 3 Exclusive of railways. 
Exclusive of special receipts of $1,905,648 in 1921 and $310,184 in 1922. 



DOMlXHtX 



FINANCE 



667 



10. Population and Revenue and Expenditure per head, 1 868-1 92 "&lt; 



Year. 


Population. 


Revenue 
per 
head. 


I ! \pondi- 
ture per 
head. 


Year. 


Population. 


He venue 
per 
Loud. 


1 :\pcndi- 
tun&gt; per 
head. 


. 


No. 

3 372 000 


$ cts. 
4 05 


$ cts. 
4.00 


1894 


No. 

4,894,000 


$ cts. 
7.29 


| cts. 
7.54 




3 413,000 


4 21 


4.11 


1895 


5,034,000 


6.75 


7.58 


1870 


3 454,000 


4.29 


4.15 


1896 


5,086.000 


7.20 


7.26 










1897 


5,142,000 


7.36 


7.46 


1871* 


3,485,761 


5.55 


4.48 










1C71 


3 518 000 


5 50 


4.44 


1V.1S 


:&gt;,199,000 


.80 


.47 


1S72 


3,611,000 


5.74 


4.87 


IN "" 


- 59,000 


8.89 


7.97 


, 


3 668,000 


5.67 







5,322,000 




8.07 


1074. 


3 825 000 


6 33 


6.10 


1901* 


5,371,315 


9.78 


8.72 










1901 


5,403,000 


9.72 


8.67 


1875.. 


3,887,000 


6.34 


6.10 












3 949 000 


5 70 


6.20 


1902.. 


5,532,000 


10.49 


.18 


1877 


4 013,000 


5 50 


5.86 


1903 


5,673,000 


11.64 


9.11 


1878 


4 070 000 


5 49 


5.76 


l . &lt;&gt;4 


DOO 


it. ia 


9.55 


1K7Q 


4 14t&gt; 000 


5 43 


5.90 


1905 


5,992,000 


11.88 


10.57 


IftSft 


4 ^15,000 


5 53 




1906 


6,171,000 


12.99 


10.90 


- 


4 324,810 


6 85 




1907 


6,302,000 


10.71 




1881 


4,337,000 


6.83 


5.88 


190,*- 


6,491,000 


14.80 


11.81 


1882 . 


4.384.000 




6.18 


1909... 


6,695,000 


12 1 1 


12.56 


1883 


4,433,000 


8.08 


6.48 


1910 


6,917,000 


14.67 







4 485 000 


7 11 


6.94 


1911* 


7,206,643 


16.34 


12.18 


- 


4,539,000 




7.7- 


1!U2 


7,366,205 


18.48 


13.33 


- 


4 589 000 




8.50 


l .n 


7,527,208 


U 


14.89 


1887 


4 638 000 


7 71 


7.69 


1914 


7,1 


L 1.21 


16.56 


1888 


4,688,000 


7.66 


7.84 


191.5... 


7,862,078 


16.93 


17.24 


1889.. 


4,740,000 


8.19 




I .M i 


8,035,584 


21.42 


16.22 




4 793,000 


8 33 




1017 


S.lSO.UiO 


28.45 


18.17 


1CQ1* 


4 833 239 


7 98 




I . lv 


8,328, 


31.31 


21.41 


. 


4 844 000 


7 96 


7.50 





8,478,546 


36.91 


27 45 




4 889 000 


7 55 







8,631,475 


40.52 


35.20 


1893 


4,936,000 


7.73 


7.46 


1921* 


8.788.483 


49.43 


41.09 










1922 


8.966.834 


42 60 


38.76 



NOTE The years marked with an asterisk (*) are those of the Census April 2, 1871, April 4, 1881, 
\pril 6, 1891, April 1. 1901, June 1, 1911 and 1H21. In all other -ition is fstin.uU 

close of each fiscal year: June 30 from 1868 to 1906, March 31 from 1907 to 1910, and June 1 from 1911 
The fiscal period of 1907 is for the nine months ended March 31. 

11. Public Debt of Canada, March 31, 1916-1922. 



Description. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Total debt 
Total assets 

Net debt 

Interest on debt 
Interest on in 
vestments 


S 

936,987,802 
321,831,631 


$ 

1,382,003,268 
502,816,970 


$ 

1,863,335,899 
671,451 


$ 

2,460,183,021 
647,598,2021 


$ 

3,041,529,587 
&gt;M&gt;0,963i 


$ 
2,902,482,117 
561,603,1331 


$ 

2,902,347 
480,211,3361 


615,156,171 


879,186,298 


1,191,884,063 l,812,584,M!t 


2,248,868,624 


2,340,878,984 


2,422,135,801 


21,451,585 
3,358,210 


35,802,567 
3,094,012 


47,845,585 
4,466,724 


77,531,432 
7,421,002 


107,527,089 
17,086,981 


139,551,520 
24,815,246 


135,247,849 
21,961,513 



lActive assets only. 

12. Assets of the Public Debt of Canada, March 31, 1919, 1920, 1921 and 1922. 



Items. 




1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Cash on hand and in banks 




$ 133,552,382 


$ 156,652,549 


$ 50,177,300 


$ 23,899,777 


Special reserve . . . 




122,227,367 


105,067,644 


83,959,873 


85,710,325 


Advances to bank 4 * provinces etc 


, secured 


106,796,711 


157,124,864 


138,705,097 


103,591,694 


Advances to Imperial and Foreign 
Advances to Soldiers Settlement 


Governments . . 
Board 


229,851,294 
1,408,554 


211,173,198 
41,735,530 


187,408,305 
69,366,217 


162,766,689 
78,293,234 






18,664,676 


22,338,941 


i 


i 


Atiscellaneous current accounts 




35,097,218 


98,568,237 


31,986,341 


25,949,617 














Total 




647,598,202 


792,660,963 


561,603,133 


480,211,336 















linking funds are no longer included in the assets, as they are shown as deductions from the funded 
debt. 



668 



FINANCE 



13. Total Liabilities of Canada, March 31, 1918-1922. 



Items. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


1922. 


Funded debt payable in: 
London 


$ 
362,703,312 


$ 
362 703 312 


$ 
336 001 470 


$ 
310 234 QQfi2 


$ 

9H7 fM1 A*Q2 


Canada 


881,528 614 


1 475 957 527 


2 066 856 126 


1 988 4Q4 3 572 


002 21 5 fiOl 2 


New York 


75,873 000 


75 873 000 


135 873 000 


135 874 000 


110 Q34 000 


Dominion notes 


250,798,861 


289 258 698 


311 932 792 


277 882 885 


241 4fi1 42fi 


Provincial notes 


39,207 


i 


i 


i 


1 


Savings banks 


53,360,091 


53,057,018 


42,334 813 


39 160 808 


34 Bfifi 834 


Compensations to seigneurs. . . . 
Temporary loans 


34,238 
183,288,131 


i 
148,821,000 


i 
88,862,000 


i 
90 835 000 


i 
144 535 000 


Bank circulation redemption 
Fund 


5,799,609 


5,867,188 


5,958 543 


6 311 493 


fi "$33 QQQ 


Trust funds 


11,307,015 


11,885,091 


13,550 967 


17 642 642 


18 R47 Q74 


Province accounts 


11,920,481 


9,624,153 


9,624,153 


9 624 153 


Q 624 15.3 


Miscellaneous 


26,683,340 


27,136,034 


30,535,723 


26 321 783 


26 086 490 














Total 


1,863,335,899 


2,460,183,021 


3,041,529,587 


2,902,482,117 


2,902,347,137 















included in Funded debt, payable in Canada. 2 Less Sinking Funds. 

14. Funded Debt Payable in London, New York and Canada, together with Tem 
porary Loans as at March 31, 1921. 



Description. 


Amount. 


Interest 
payable 
thereon. 


Date of Maturity. 


PAYABLE IN LONDON. 
4| per cent loan of 1920-25 


$ 
24,333,333 


1 

1,095, 0*00 


May 1, 1925 (on or after May 1, 1920, 


4 " " 1940-60 


93,926,667 


3,757,067 


on giving 3 months notice). 
October 1, 1960 (on or after Oct 1 


3* " " 1884 


23,467,206 


821,352 


1940, on giving 3 months notice). 
On giving 6 months notice or June 1, 


3 " C.P. Ry. land grant 
3| per cent loan of 1930-50 


15,056,007 
137,058,841 


526,960 
4,797,059 


1934. 
July 1, 1938. 
July 1, 1950 (on or after July 1, 1930, 


3 " " 1888.. 


8,071,230 


242,137 


on giving 6 months notice). 
July 1, 1938. 


3 " " 1892 


18,250,000 


547,500 


July 1, 1938. 


3 " " 1894 


10,950,000 


328,500 


July 1, 1938 


2| " " 1897 


4,888,186 


122,205 


October 1, 1947. 










Gross Total 


336,001,470 


12,237,780 




Less Sinking Funds 


25,666,474 














Net Total 


310,334,996 






PAYABLE IN NEW YORK. 
5 per cent Bond Loan, 1915-1935 


874,000 


43,700 


1935. 


5 Public Service Loan, 1916. . . 
5J " Bond Loan, 1919-1929 


75,000,000 
60,000,000 


3,750,000 
3,300,000 


1929. 










Total 


135,874,000 


7,093,700 




PAYABLE IN CANADA. 
Provincial Notes, Nova Scotia 


39,199 






Unpaid Warrants, Prince Edward 
Island 


549 






Compensation to seigneurs 


15,709 


_ 





Compensation to Townships 


153 


_ 


__ 


Province of New Brunswick, 6 per cent 
Loan Debentures 


600 




Overdue. 


Province of Canada, 5 per cent Loan 
Debentures 


400 







Dominion Stock, issue A, 6 per cent.. . 
" A,3i " ... 
" B.3J " 
" C,3i " ... 

T Ql It 

.b, 62 
Debenture Stock, 5 per cent 1919. . . . 


8,000 
12,537 
56,300 
48,667 
60,800 
25,300 


480 
439 
1,970 
1,703 
2,128 


Various dates. 

July 1, 1925. 
Oct. 1, 1919 (overdue). 


" 5 per cent 1922 
School Lands 
5 percent 1919 


22,640,000 
3,200 


1,132,000 


Oct. 1, 1922. 
June 1, 1919 (overdue). 


5i per cent 1921 


363,250 


19,979 


June 1, 1921. 


War Sav ngs Certificates. . 


848,984 


42,449 


Various dates. 



DOJ//.V/O.Y PUBLIC FINANCE 



669 



14. Funded Debt Payable in London, New York and Canada, together with 
Temporary Loans as at March 31, 1921 concluded. 



Description. 


Amount. 


Interost 
payable 
thereon. 


Date of Maturity. 


Dominion of Canada Savings Certifi- 


$ 

3,335,605 


1 

183,458 


Various dates. 


War Savings and Thrift Stamps 


2,102,153 


105,107 


January 1, 1021. 


Dominion of Canada War Loan, 1915- 
19 9 5 5 per cent 


42,014,500 


2,100,725 


Dec. 1, 1925. 


Dominion of Canada War Loan, 1916- 
1931 5 per cent 


52,931,600 


2,646,580 


Oct. 1, 1931. 


Dominion of Canada War Loan, 1917- 
1937 5 per cent 


90,166,900 


4,508,345 


March 1, 1937. 


Victory Loan 1917, 5 per cent, due 1922 
Victory Loan 1917, 5^ per cent, due 1927 
Victory Loan 1917, 5$ per cent, due 1937 

Victory Loan 1918, 5$ per cent, due 1923 
Victory Loan 1918, 5J per cent, due 1933 

Victory Loan 1919, 5 per cent, due 1924 
Victory Loan 1919, 5i per cent, due 1934 

Bond Loan 3^ per cent, 1925-1928 


182,835,500 
63,437,250 
236,298,850 

172,392,900 
446,712,150 

107,934,300 

498, 370, - . .O 

2,000,000 


10,055,952 
3,489,048 
12,996,437 

9,481,609 
24,569,168 

5,936,391 
27,410,363 

70,000 


Dec. 1, 1922. 
Dec. 1, 1937. 

Nov. 1, 1923. 

v. 1, 1933. 

Nov. 1, 1024 
Nov. 1, 1034. 

March 1, 1 . 


Bond Loan 4j per cent, 1925-1945 


65,207,351 


2,934,330 


Dec. 1, 1945. 










Gross Total 


1,989,862,957 


107,688,661 




Less Sinking Funds 


1,368,600 














Net Total 


1,988,494,357 


_ 




Temporary Loans 
New York. Loans 


15,015,000 






Other Temporary Loans 


7.J.820.000 


_ 












Total.. 


90,835,000 


_ 





15. Public Debt of Canada. July 1, 1867, to March 31, 1922. 


Fiscal Year. 


Total debt. 


Total assets. 


N&gt;t debt. 


Increase or 
decrease of 
debt. 


Interest on 
debt. 


Interest re 
ceived from 
invested 
assets. 


1867 


$ 

93,046,052 
96,896,666 
112,361,998 
115,993,706 

115,492,683 
122,400,179 
129,743,432 
141,163,551 
151,663,402 

161,204,688 
174,675,835 
174,957,269 
179,483,871 
194,634,441 

199,861,537 
205,365,252 
202,159,104 
242,482,416 
264,703,607 

273,164,341 
273,187,626 
284,513,842 
287,722,063 
286,112,295 


$ 

17,317,410 
21,139,531 
36,502,679 
37,783,964 

37,786,165 
40,213,107 
29,894,970 
32,838,587 
35,655,024 

36,653,174 
41,440,526 
34,595,199 
36,493,684 
42,182,852 

44,465,757 
51,703,601 
43,692,390 
60,320,566 
68,295,915 

50,005,234 
45,872,851 
49,982,484 
50,192,021 
48,579,083 


$ 

75,728,642 
75,757,135 
75,859,319 
78,209,742 

77,706,518 
82,187,072 
99,848,462 
108,324,964 
116,008,378 

124,551,514 
133,235,309 
140,362,070 
142.990,187 
152,451,589 

155,395,780 
153,661,651 
158,466,714 
182,161,850 
196,407,692 

223,159,107 
227,314,775 
234,531,358 
237,530,042 
237,533,212 


$ 

28,493 
102,184 
2,350,423 

-503,225 
4,480,554 
17,661,390 
8,476,502 
7,683,414 

8,543,136 
8,683,795 
7,126,761 
2,628,117 
9,461,402 

2,944,191 
-1,734,129 
4,805,063 
23,695,136 
14,245,842 

26,751,4151 
4,155,668 
7,216,583 
2,998,684 
3,170 


I 

4,501,568 
4,907,014 
5,047,054 

5,165,304 
5,257,231 
5,209,206 
5,724,436 
6,590,790 

6,400,902 
6,797,227 
7,048,884 
7,194,734 
7,773,869 

7,594,145 
7,740,804 
7,668,552 
7,700,181 
9,419,482 

10,137,009 
9,682,929 
9,823,313 
10,148,932 
9,656,841 


$ 

126,420 
313,021 
383,956 

554,384 
488,042 
396,404 
610,863 
840,887 

798,906 
717,684 
605,774 
592,500 
834,793 

751,513 
914,009 
1,001,193 
986,698 
1,997,036 

2,299,079 
990,887 
932,025 
1,305,392 
1,082,271 


1868 


1869 


1870 


1871 


1872 


1873 


1874 


1875 


1876.. 


1877 


1878 


1879 


1880 


1881.. 


1882 


1883 


1884 


1885 


1886.. 


1887 


1888 


1889 


1890 





J This amount includes $10,199,520.33, for which land was taken from the Canadian Pacific Ry. Co. 



670 



FINANCE 



15. Public Debt of Canada July 1, 1867, to March 31, 1922 or eluded. 



Fiscal Year. 


Total debt. 


Total assets 


Net debt. 


Increase or 
decrease of 
debt. 


Interest on 
debt. 


Interest re 
ceived from 
invested 

assets. 


1891.. 


$ 
289.899,230 
295,333,274 
300,054,525 
308,348,023 
318,048,755 

325,717,537 
332,530,131 
338,375,984 
345,160,903 
346,206,980 

354,732,433 
366,358,477 
361,344,098 
364,962,512 
377,678,580 

392,269,680 
379,966,826 
408,207,158 
478,535,427 
470,663,046 

474,941,487 
508,338,592 
483,232,555 
544,391,369 
700,473,814 

936,987,802 
1,382,003,268 
1,863,335,899 
2,460,183,021 
3,041,529,587 

2,902,482,117 
2,902,347,137 


$ 
52,090,199 
54,201,840 
58,373,485 
62,164,994 
64,973,828 

67,220,104 
70,991,535 
74,419,585 
78,887,456 
80,713,173 

86,252,429 
94,529,387 
99,737,109 
104,094,793 
111,454,413 

125,226,703 
116,294,966 
130,246,298 
154,605,148 
134,394,500 

134,899,435 
168,419,131 
168,930,930 
208,394,519 
251,097,731 

321,831,631 
502,816,970 
671,451,836 
647,598,2023 
792,660,963 s 

561,603,133 
480, 211,336 s 


$ 
237,809,031 
241,131,434 
241,681,040 
246,183,029 
253,074,927 

258,497,433 
261,538,596 
263,956,399 
266,273,447 
265,493,807 

268,480,004 
271,829,090 
261,606,989 
260,867,719 
266,224,167 

267,042,977 
263,671,860 
277,960,860 
323,930,279 
336,268,546 

340,042,052 
339,919,461 
314,301,625 
335,996,850 
449,376,083 

615,156,171 

879,186,298 
1,191,884,063 
1,812,584,819 
2,248,868,624 

2,340,878,984 
2,422,135,801 


$ 
275,819 
3,322,403 
549,606 
4,501,989 
6,891,898 

5,422,506 
3,041,163 
2,417,803 
2,317,048 
-779,640 

2,986,197 
3,349,086 
-10,222,1011 
-739, 270 2 
5,356,448 

818,810 
-3,371,117 
14,289,000 
45,969,419 
12,338,267 

3,773,506 
-122,591 
-25,617,836 
21,695,224 
113,379,233 

165,780,088 
264,030,127 
312,697,765 
620,700,756 
436,283,805 

92,010,360 
81,256,817 


t 

9,584,137 
9,763,978 
9,806,888 
10,212,596 
10,466,294 

10,502,430 
10,645,663 
10,516,758 
10,855,112 
10,699,645 

10,807,955 
10,975,935 
11,068,139 
11,128,637 
10,630,115 

10,814,697 
6,712,771 
10,973,597 
11,604,584 
13,098,161 

12,535,851 
12,259,397 
12,605,882 
12,893,505 
15,736,743 

21,421,585 
35,802,567 
47,845,585 
77,531,432 
107,527,089 

139,551,520 
135,247,849 


$ 
1,077,228 
1,086,420 
1,150,167 
1,217,809 
1,336,047 

1,370,001 
1,443,004 
1,513,655 
1,590,448 
1,683,051 

1,784,834 
1,892,224 
2,020,953 
2,236,256 
2,105,031 

2,140,312 
1,235,746 
1,925,569 
2,256,643 
2,807,465 

1,668,773 
1,281,317 
1,430,511 
1,964,541 
2,980,247 

3,358,210 
3,094,012 
4,466,724 
7,421,002 
17,086,981 

24,815,246 
21,961,513 


1892 


1893 


1894 


1895 


1896 . 


1897 


1898 


1899 


1900 


1901 . 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 . 


1907 (9mos.).-.. 
1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916.. 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921.. 


1922 





NOTE. The minus sign ( ) denotes a decrease. 

This amount includes $3,305,450.24, caused by the settlement of accounts with Ontario and Quebec 
This amount takes into account $5,397,503.13 allowed to Ontario and Quebec, under 47 V., c. 6. 
3 Active assets only. 

Provincial Subsidies. Tables 16 and 17 show the amounts of 
the subsidies and other payments made by the Dominion to the 
Provincial Governments for each of the years 1916 to 1921 (Table 
16), and the totals paid from Confederation to date (Table 17). The 
Provincial subsidies payable by the Dominion Government were 
originally settled by the British North America Act, 1867 (30 and 
31 Viet., c. 3, s. 118), but were revised by the British North America 
Act, 1907 (7 Edw. VII, c. 11). Under the revised settlement each 
Provincial Government receives (a) a fixed grant according to popu 
lation and (b) a grant at the rate of 80 cents per head of the population 
up to 2,500,000, and at the rate of 60 cents per head of so much of 
the population as exceeds that number. The Province of British 
Columbia received an additional grant of $100,000 per annum for a 
period of 10 years from 1907. 1 An additional grant of $100,000 per 
annum is payable to Prince Edward Island under an Act of 1912 
(2 Geo. V., c. 42), and the payments to Manitoba were revised by 
the Extension of Boundaries (Manitoba) Act (2 Geo. V, c. 32). 

1 See Canada Year Book 1907, pp. xxxiii-iv. 



I \LAND It KV K\UE 



671 



Other payments to the Provincial Governments l&gt;y the Dominion 
Government consist of special grants, as compensation, for lands and 
allowances for buildings, allowances in lieu of debt, etc. 

!&lt;?. Subsidies and other Payments of Dominion to Provincial diovcrnments, 1916-1921. 



I rovin. 


1916. 


1917. 


1018. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Prince Kilwarcl Island. 
Nova Scot ia 


$ 

667 


$ 

381. 


I 


% 

381 


$ 

636, 


$ 

381 
63ti,i&gt;t&gt;7 


Xe\v Brunswick 
( )uebe&lt;; 


637 

1,1 


1,969,1 


637 
1,91 


1,969,1 


,976 

1,969,630 


1,96 


Ontario 


2, 


2, 




2,:: 


2, 




"Manitoba . . 


1. 


1. 128,1 


1,423,679 


1,447,335 


1,470. .".U 


1.470,991 


Saskatchewan 


1,710,675 


1,710,1 


1,710,675 


1,680,077 


1,753,075 


1 . 75 


\lberta 


1,589,075 


1,5 


1,589,075 


1,554,105 


1,621,075 


11,075 


British Columl i-. 


135 


135 










Total 


11,451,673 


11,469,148 


11,3(9,148 


11,327,236 


11,490,860 


11,490,860 

















17. Total of Subsidy Allowances from July 1, 1S67, to March 31, 1921. 



Pro vine 


Allow: 

for 

( iovern- 
nt. 


Allowance 
per Jii ail 

Population. 


da! 

( ir ia1 


Int 
on I &gt; 

All. 


Total. 


Princo Kdwanl I&gt;lan&lt;l . 
Nova Scotia .... 


I 

)00 
000 


$ 

4,091,031 

17 - 


$ 

980 


% 

2,059,791 


$ 

11,208,688 

26 "7! 


New Brunswick 


000 




000 


1 


098 933 


Quebi 


000 






^03 


66 568 085 


Ontario 


i)00 


71 


_ 


: 7 Iti 


81 394 702 


Manitoba 


4,265,000 


!l 9 




005 


31 71 , 7 Hi? 


Saskatchewan 


ni 667 


124 




000 


081 641 


Alberta 


2,686,666 


r."&gt;7 


7 *7~&gt; 000 


6 486 000 


&gt;&gt; 958 423 


British Columbia 


3,660,000 




)30 000 


1 467 337 


17 441 817 














Total 


38,943,333 


192,346,944 


I i.i, it &gt;&gt;!) 


35,013,836 


.OH 064 342 















1 Compensation for lands and allowances for buildings. 

2 Allowance in lieu of debt. 

Inland Revenue. 

Under the Inland Revenue Act (R.S. 1906, c. 5), the Department 
of Inland Revenue until 1918 had the control and management of 
the collection of excise duties, of stamp duties, internal taxes, standard 
weights and measures and of the collection of bridge and ferry tolls 
and rents. It administered the statutes which deal with the adul 
teration of food and other articles, electricity and gas inspection, 
patent medicines, petroleum, naphtha and the analysis of fertilizers 
and feeding stuffs. The Department also established the food stan 
dards, which were put into force from time to time by Orders in 
Council under the authority of Section 26 of the Adulteration Act. 
For the year ended March 31, 1921, the total inland revenue of the 
Dominion amounted to $116,916,991, as compared with $58,928,536 
in 1920. By Order in Council, dated May 18, 1918, the Department 
of Customs and the Department of Inland Revenue were amalgamated 
and combined under the name of the Department of Customs and 
Inland Revenue under one Minister of the Crown. By Order in 



672 



FINANCE 



Spirits 
When made from raw grain, per proof gal . . $9.00 

When made from malted barley 9.02 

When made from imported molasses or 
other sweetened matter free of Customs 

duty, per proof gal 9 . 03 

Malt, per Ib 0.03 

Malt, imported, crushed or ground, per Ib . . . 0.05 
Malt liquor, when made in whole or part 
from any other substance than malt, per 
gal 0.15 



Council dated June 3, 1918, the administration of the Gas, Electric 
Light and Weights and Measures Inspection Acts, the Adulteration 
of Food, Commercial Feeding Stuffs, Fertilizers, Proprietary and 
Patent Medicine and Inspection of Water Meters Acts was trans 
ferred to the Department of Trade and Commerce as from September 
1, 1918. On June 4, 1921, the Departments of Customs and Inland 
Revenue were amalgamated, under one Minister, as the Department 
of Customs and Excise (11-12 George V, chap. 26). 

Canadian Excise Tariff . The following is a statement of the 
Canadian excise tariff, as existing on July 1, 1922:- 

Tobacco, per Ib $0.20 

Cigarettes, weighing not more than 3 Ib. 

per M, per thousand 7. 50 

Cigarettes, weighing more than 3 Ib. per ivj, 

per thousand 12.50 

Foreign raw leaf tobacco, unstemmed, per 

standard Ib . 40 

Foreign raw leaf tobacco, stemmed, per stan 
dard Ib 0.60 

Canada twist tobacco, per Ib 0.20 

Snuff, per Ib 0.20 

Cigars, per M . 3. 00 

Cigars, when put up in packages of less than 

10 each, per M 4.00 

When, however, any person is licensed by the Minister of Cus 
toms and Inland Revenue to manufacture patent and proprietary 
medicines, extracts, essences and pharmaceutical preparations by 
the use of spirits in bond, subject to the Inland Revenue Act and 
regulations thereunder, the following duties of excise shall be collected : 
when made from raw grain, $2.40 per proof gallon; when made from 
malted barley, per proof gallon $2.42; when made from imported 
molasses or other sweetened matter free of customs duty, per proof 
gallon $2.43. Druggists licensed by the Minister of Customs and 
Inland Revenue to prepare prescriptions for medicines and pharma 
ceutical preparations, are also allowed to use limited quantities of 
spirits testing not less than 50 p.c. over proof on payment of the 
above lower manufacturer s rates of duty. A drawback of 99 p.c. 
of the duty may be granted when spirits testing not less than 50 p.c. 
over proof are delivered in limited quantities to universities, scientific 
or research laboratories or hospitals for medicinal purposes only. 

Consumption of Alcohol and Tobacco.- -The separate sources 
of inland revenue for the years 1916 to 1921 are set out in Table 18. 
The two largest sources of inland revenue used to be spirits and 
tobacco, which together accounted for over 80 p.c. of the total in 
1913 and about 65 p.c. of the total in 1920; however, owing to the 
increased yield in the war taxes, spirits and tobacco produced only 
about 28 p.c. of the 1921 inland revenue. Tables 18 and 19 in the 
edition of 1916-17 showed that the consumption of alcoholic liquors 
and of tobacco tended annually to increase, both absolutely and 
relatively per head of the population up to the year 1913. For 
the year 1912-13 the consumption of spirits reached its highest point, 
viz., 1-112 gallon per head. For the year 1913-14 the consumption 
of malt liquor rose to its highest point, viz., 56,060,846 gallons, or 



INLAND REVENUE 



673 



7-2 gallons per head (Table 21). Under the influence of the war 
and resulting restrictive legislation a marked decrease in the con 
sumption of liquor and tobacco became apparent, the consumption 
of spirits falling to 0-391 gallons per head in the fiscal year ended 
March 31, 1919, of wine to 0-025 gallons, of beer to 2-948 gallons, 
of tobacco to 3-109 Ibs. The general prosperity evident in the 
following year led to a considerable increase in consumption of liquors 
and tobacco, followed by a decline in the consumption of wine, 
beer and tobacco in 1921, due in some measure to the industrial 
depression. For the same reason the consumption of cigars fell from 
270,089,761 to 214,262,197, a decline of more than 20 p.c. (See Table 
20 for further details). 

18. Excise and other Inland Revenues for the Fiscal Years 1916-1921. 



Sources of Revenue. 


1916. 


1917. 


1018. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Acetic acid 


$ 

8,2."&gt;0 


$ 

8,049 


I 

7,330 


$ 

6 795 


I 

6 007 


$ 

1 955 


Cigars 


63.V 


730,215 


776,086 


1,261 915 


1 629 254 


1 293,655 


Electric light.. 


70,562 


71,116 


79.520 


i 


i 


i 


Malt 


2,689,300 


2,367,902 


1,791,482 


1,477 702 


2 101 939 


2 458 476 


Malt liquor 


97,779 


10 . 


80 


19 


76 502 


84 301 


Manufactures in bond 


105,812 


110 409 


123 


118 856 


124 171 


76 508 


Methylated spirits 


111,846 


183,708 


398,968 


322 583 


508 406 


405 457 


Ferry licenses 


989 


989 


2,013 








Seizures 


10,349 


8,353 


6,933 


42 021 


213 167 


174 523 


Spirits 


8,701,075 


9,880,567 


11,486, 


6,964,415 


8,950,241 


5 757 463 


Tobacco . . . 


10,222,784 


11,107,103 


1" 616,879 


20 248 335 


29 455 255 


27 132 933 


War tax, revenue stamps, etc. 
Weights and measures, gas 
and law stamps 


1,550,488 
169,454 


2,072,441 
194,417 


2,253,422 
204,955 


11,964,740 
8 628 2 


15,744,040 
7 490 2 


79,346,815 
9 423* 


Other revenues 


78,389 


123,433 


134,582 


70,827 


112 064 


165 482 
















Totals 


24,452,235 


27,057,917 


29,962,366 


42,505,989 


58,928,536 


116,916 991 

















1 Administration now under Department of Trade and Commerce. 
* Law Stamps only. 

19. Statistics of Distillation for the Fiscal Years 1917-1921. 



Schedule. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Licenses issued No 


18 


19 


18 


14 


14 


License fees $ 


4,375 


4,625 


4 375 


3 500 


3 250 


Grain, etc., for distillation 
Malt Ib. 


7,969,353 


5,292,991 


996 093 


524 832 


1 671 298 


Indian corn " 


69,447,487 


35,633,568 


15 310 212 


7 044 316 


18 111 700 


Rye " 


10,430.817 


7,027 450 


1 775 935 


1 170 162 


4 254 150 


Oats " 


131,580 


124 460 


41 900 


28 700 


133 980 


Wheat " 


27, 782 




1,237,140 


482,596 


69 740 


Total grain distillation " 


88,007,019 


48,078 469 


19 361 280 


9 250 606 


24 240 868 


Molasses " 


27,416,716 


18,171,440 


58,598 950 


34 072 251 


54 848 675 


Proof spirits manufactured gal. 


6,400,119 


3,566,955 


4,187,109 


2,356,329 


4 194 691 


Duty collected ex-manufactory on 
deficiencies and assessments 
Gallons 


3,080 


2,413 


1,860 


388 


3 551 


Amount $ 


7,404 


5 791 


4 464 


931 


8 536 


Total duty collected plus license fees. $ 
Vinegar gal. 


11,779 
2,737,921 


10,416 
2,969 501 


8,839 
2 922 886 


4,431 
2 693 779 


11,786 
880 982 1 


Acetic Acid " 


198,735 


180 749 


167 383 


147 669 


46 375 















For April, May and June only. Regulations changed July 20, and duty taken off from that date. 

3813143 



674 



FINANCE 



20. Quantities of Spirits, Malt Liquor, Malt and Tobacco taken out of Bond for 

Consumption in the Fiscal Years 1916-1921. 



Items. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Spirits gal . 


3,629,324 


4,118,147 


4,591,972 


2,941,108 


3,816,124 


2,816,071 


Malt liquor " 


39,638,877 


34,827,284 


28,442,427 


26,024,117 


36,863,867 


25,509,757 


Malt lb. 


89,476,590 


78,815,746 


59,625,049 


49,184,747 


69,975,631 


82,210,351 


Tobacco, snuff and cigar 
ettes 


23,937,785 


24,656,910 


26,774,298 


24,640,853 


30,371,961 


26,708,764 


Cigars No . 


207,647,808 


239,752,252 


254,445,945 


221,087,110 


270,089,761 


214,262,197 

















21. Consumption per head of Spirits, Wine, Beer and Tobacco, and amount of 
Excise and Customs Duties per head, in the Fiscal Years 1914-1921. 

(From the Report of the Department of Customs and Inland Revenue). 



Items. 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


192Q. 


1921. 


Consumption of 
Spirits gal . 


1-061 


9-872 


0-745 


0-698 


0-699 


0-391 


0-624 


0-857 


\Vine . 


0-124 


0-095 


0-062 


0-061 


0-061 


0-025 


0-078 


0-077 


Beer 


7-200 


6-071 


4-950 


4-188 


3-414 


2-948 


4-100 


3-954 


Tobacco lb. 


3-711 


3-427 


3-329 


3-330 


3-612 


3-109 


3-745 


3-272 


Duty paid on 
Spirits * 


2-249 


2-086 


1-951 


1-788 


1-810 


0-942 


1-586 


2-256 


Wine $ 


0-069 


0-051 


0-033 


0-033 


0-036 


0-015 


0-056 


0-074 


Beer $ 


0-328 


0-379 


0-362 


0-304 


0-228 


0-170 


0-243 


0-292 


Tobacco $ 


1-438 


1-361 


1-454 


1-520 


1-698 


2-520 


3-541 


3-245 





















22. Number of Excise Licenses issued during the Fiscal Years 1913-1921. 



Description. 


1913. 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 




14 


14 


14 


13 


15 


12 


14 


12 


12 




40 


37 


36 


191 


iflQ 


QQ 


81 


75 


73 


Brewers 


117 


119 


118 


106( 












Tobacco manufacturers 


72 


82 


89 


841 


00 




72 


87 


85 


" Can twist 


31 


24 


25 


19( 


oa 










Cigar manufacturers 


253 


225 


262 


221 


220 


195 


165 


155 


147 


Petroleum refineries 


5 


5 


6 


9 


10 


12 


11 


13 


12 


Manufacturers in Bond 


19 


20 


20 


18 


19 


21 


19 


19 


18 


Perfumes, pharmaceutical preparations, 
etc 


29 


37 


47 


54 


37 


38 


32 


88 


114 


Fulminate of mercury 


1 


2 


2 


2 


- 


- 











Cereal foods 


1 


1 


1 


3 


- 


- 


- 








Chemical stills 


70 


70 


69 


119 


116 


123 


122 


129 


140 


Wood alcohol manufacturers 


11 


11 


11 


12 


11 


12 


12 


12 


12 


Malt vinegar brewers 


2 


2 


1 


2 


2 


2 


2 


3 


3 


Malt products 




_ 





- 


- 


- 





1 


1 


Compounders 


6 


6 


5 


2 


- 


- 








~~ 


Still manufacturers 


2 


2 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


6 


4 


Acetic acid manufacturers 


1 


1 


2 


2 


2 


3 


2 


2 


2 


Bonded warehouses . 


262 


252 


265 


230 


228 


180 


135 


85 


49 


Explosives 


_ 


_ 





- 


4 


5 


5 


2 






_ 


_ 


- 


- 


2 


2 


5 


3 




Sundries 


_ 


_ 


_ 


- 


17 


23 


50 


90 


119 























PROVINCIAL PUBLIC FI\.\ VCB 075 

PROVINCIAL PUBLIC FINANCE. 

Provincial Governments in Canada are in the position of having, 
under section 118 of the British North America Act, 1867 (30 and 31 
Viet., c. 3), and the British North America Act, 1907 (7 Edw. VII, 
c. 11), a considerable assured income paid to them in subsidies from 
the Dominion Treasury. Details of these 1 payments are given for 
recent years in Tables 16 and 17 of this section. In addition, through 
their retention of ownership of their lands, minerals and other natural 
resources, the provinces which by the voluntary action of their 
previously existing governments entered Confederation, raise con 
siderable revenues through land sales, sales of timber, mining royalties, 
leases of water-powers, etc., while the prairie provinces receive from 
the Dominion special grants in lieu of land revenues. 

Further, under section 92 of the British North America Act, 
1867, Provincial Legislatures are given authority to impose direct 
taxation within the province for provincial purposes and to borrow 
money on the sole credit of the province. While the laisser faire 
school of political thought was predominant throughout the country, 
provincial receipts and expenditures were generally very moderate, as 
may be seen both for individual provinces and for the provinces 
collectively, from Table 23. From the commencement of the twen 
tieth century, however, the Canadian public, more especially in Ontario 
and the West, began to demand increased services from the government, 
particularly along the lines of education sanitation, public ownership 
and operation of public utilities. The performance of these functions 
necessitated increased revenues, which had in the main to be raised 
by taxation. Among the chief methods of taxation to be employed 
have been the taxation of corporations and succession duties, the 
latter showing a considerably increased yield even within the com 
paratively short period of five years from 1916 to 1920 covered by the 
comparative statement compiled by the Finance Branch of the 
Dominion Bureau of Statistics, 1 and published as Table 25. Prom 
inent among the objects of increased expenditure in this same period 
are education, public buildings, public works and enterprises and 
ties, hospitals and corrections. The fact that provincial 
government is cheaper per head in the laisser faire eastern provinces 
is evident from Table 24, which gives the total and per capita ordinary 
revenue and expenditure for each of the three provincial fiscal years 
ended m 1920. This, however, is not to be taken as evidence that the 
larger services rendered to the public in the western provinces are 
not worth what is being paid for them. 

For the half century subsequent to Confederation the provincial 
accounts, published by each Government according to its own system 
of accounting, were quite incomparable as between the provinces a 
fact much regretted by students of provincial public finance. Upon 
the creation of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics in 1918, its Finance 
Branch undertook the work of placing the varying provincial public 



is 

by taxation of corporations, etc., increased from $7,217,548 in 1916 to 1207,699 in?920 

38131 



676 FINANCE 



accounts on a comparable basis. As the result of an exhaustive detailed 
analysis of the provincial public accounts, a summary statement of 
the ordinary receipts and expenditure of the Provincial Governments 
appeared in the 1919 Year Book for the first time on a comparable 
basis. In the present issue is published an analysis of the provincial 
public accounts for the five fiscal years from 1916 to 1920. All doubt 
ful points have been cleared up by correspondence between the 
Bureau and the provincial authorities concerned. The various items 
of receipts and expenditures have been classified under appropriate 
headings, and a uniform terminology has been adopted. The result 
is given in Tables 25 and 26, which present for each of the five pro 
vincial fiscal years from 1916 to 1920 summary statements of the 
ordinary receipts and expenditures of all the Provincial Govern 
ments, as classified under principal headings. From these statements 
it is possible to ascertain the amounts received and expended in 
each year under the respective headings for each province, while 
Table 27 supplies the same information for the provinces collectively. 
In the use of these tables it should be borne in mind that the 
fiscal years in the different provinces do not coincide. In Prince 
Edward Island, Manitoba and Alberta the fiscal year ends December 
31, in Nova Scotia, September 30, in New Brunswick and Ontario, 
October 31, in Quebec, June 30, in Saskatchewan, April 30, and m 
British Columbia March 31. 

The total ordinary revenue of the nine provinces for the latest fiscal 
year available, 1920, was $92,653,023 as compared with $76,844,307 
in 1919, $69,345,305 in 1918, $57,989,984 in 1917 and $50,015,795 in 
1916 The total ordinary expenditure in 1920 was $88,250,675 as 
against $76,403,973 in 1919, $66,052,909 in 1918, $60,122,485 in 1917 
and $53,826,219 in 1916. Thus the total ordinary revenue of the 
provinces shows an increase of 85-2 p.c. in the short space of four 
years, while the total ordinary expenditure shows an increase of 63 9 
p.c. The main cause of the increasing expenditure has been, of course, 
the rapid rise during the period in the prices of the commodities and 
labour required for the public service, while the extension of the 
functions of government has also been a considerable factor. 

Considering the individual provinces, the largest revenue for 
1920 is that of Ontario, $25,981,517, Quebec being next with $14,472,- 
651 and British Columbia third with $13,866,603. As regards total ex 
penditure for the same year, that of Ontario was highest, $25,880,843, 
Quebec being second with $13,520,740 and British Columbia third with 
$11,568,003. In 1920 British Columbia raised the largest revenue per 
head of population, $27.14, while Quebec had the lowest, $6.23. 

Provincial Assets and Liabilities. The asset and liability 
statements of the provinces vary so greatly in their content that 
heretofore no attempt has been made to publish any collective 
statement. In some instances natural resources, such as timber, 
mining, agricultural and school lands unsold, are shown as assets, 
while in others no account is taken of these. In some cases provincial 
government buildings with lands connected therewith, also roads, 



PROVINCIAL PUBLIC FINANCE 



677 



bridges and public improvements are considered as assets, while 
other provinces do not include them in their published statements. 
AYith :i view to presenting the principal items which make up pro 
vincial assets and liabilities, the following co-ordinated table (Table 
28) has been compiled, in consultation with the various provincial 
audit departments. Other miscellaneous assets of the provinces 
are briefly enumerated. Indirect liabilities, which are separately 
given, consist mainly, as shown by the foot-notes, of guarantees of 
bonds and debentures. Generally speaking, both the assets and the 
liabilities of the provinces in which public ownership of public utili 
ties exists, are proportionately lanrer I Han is the case in the other 
provinc* 

23. Statement showing the Ordinary Revenues and Expenditures of the Provincial Governments, 

for their respective fiscal ye irs 



Year. 


Prince Kdvvtinl 
[aland. 


ia. 


New Brunswick. 


Quebec. 


Rec, 


Kxp 
ton 


Re 


ture. 




tui 




Kxp&gt; 
ture. 


1869-72 (total 4 yr.) 
1873 
1874 


S 

1.372,064 
484 
.013 

1,144 
312 

233,465 
228,169 
271 
248 
233 
241 
254.209 
234.635 
224 
274.047 
245,652 
217,473 
,468 
277.314 
273,496 
272.550 
276.183 
282.678 
282.056 
309,445 
324.670 
318,766 
307,730 
313,445 
258. 235 
350,479 
366.601 
375.374 
375,151 
374,798 
485,565 8 
506,553 
525.555 
470,730 
508,455 
496,053 
514,475 
501,915 
740,973 


$ 

1,569,447 
401 

331 

1,845 

.309 

270.477 

266 
304,467 
288.052 
279.939 
263,605 
305 
304 
012 
.201 

.596 
310.177 
287,631 
310,752 
301,700 
276,789 
308.494 
315,326 
324,185 
327,662 
356,120 
334,734 
264,1357 
346,081 
377,603 
366,938 
382,891 
398,490 
527,220" 
450,112 
445.396 
510,345 
453,151 
487.113 
484.416 
655.409 
660,774 


S 

2,360.891 
600 
,826 
616,350 

,800 
645,21)4 
. 205 
541.318 
476.445 
537 

.561 
613 
145 
656.639 
712 
668,774 
664 
661,541 
769,976 
.5675 
888,213 
835.455 
841,160 
832,240 
855,960 
876,828 
1.014.123 
1.090.230 
1,140,217 
1,243,581 
1,194.756 
1,324,531 
1,391,629 
1,438,167 
1,783,467 
1,632,979 
1,592,363 
1,625,653 
1.870.056 
1,920.565 
1,885,458 
1,953,302 
2,165.338 
2.118.620 
2,332,634 
3,280,313 
3,801,016 


$ 

2,295.304 

676.111 
714.803 
653 
. 942 
.003 

506 

569. ll .i 
541 
572 
.700 

664.103 
.400 
713, 

710 
692.538 

642 

831.230 
853.893 
853.699 
849.330 
852.379 
937.261 
1.088,927 
1,087,403 
1,177.331 
.161,456 
,303,708 
,375.588 
.539.169 
.624,760 
,653,508 
1,725.914 
1.790.778 
1.832,075 
1,949,784 
2,098,893 
2.073,672 
2,152,773 
2,344,009 
2.573,797 
3.280.282 
3,916,848 


1 

,397 
.550 

60.v 
.113 

526 

67, r 
607 
.710 

650. 466 
.570 
.574 
665.819 
664,880 
651 
646,079 
612.762 
652.669 
730.877 
619.2986 
687.437 
698,437 
745.203 
708,809 
764,439 
758,989 
1,031,267 
826,066 
801.410 
890,653 
865,637 
887,202 
969,939 
1,086.738 
1,259,827 
1,324.440 
1.347.077 
1.417,722 
1,459,000 
1.505,229 
1,634,079 
1,580,419 
1,572,814 
2,357.909 
2,182,420 
3,100,892 


.949 
540 
. 7 ( ,)4 
1.814 

650 
640 
616 
,671 

614 

633 

62:: 
667 
640,806 
637.051 
651.735 
i,813 
676, 
711,673 
661.521 
684,635 
701,452 
727, 187 
727,050 
749.644 
794.477 
910,346 
845.637 
816.295 
885,457 
874,420 
879.066 
960.093 
1,042,196 
1,255,382 
1,317,876 
1,403,547 
1,409,049 
1,446,963 
1,493.774 
1,626,634 
1,568,340 
2,166,904 
2,399,062 
2,595,937 
2,969,323 


I 

6,638,866 

3,603 
2,03! 

7 SS3 


f 

6,072,289 
1,707,358 
1,90 
2,060,779 
2.283,025 
2,471,553 
2,577.171 
2,715.549 
2,830.023 
3.566.612 
3.62 
3,096,943 
3,124,620 
2,936,734 
3,032,607 
3,288,798 
3,365.032 
3,543,619 
3.894.413 
4,095,520 
4.446,640 
3,907,445 
4,267,948 
4.189,985 
4.099,707 
4,892.282 
4,415,370 
4,201,023 
4,433,386 
4.516,554 
4,490,677 
4,596,061 
4,795,469 
4,989,906 
5,179.817 
4,767,070 
4,980,919 
5,539.880 
5,627,755 
6,424.900 
7,386,680 
7,953.985 
8,624.368 
8,710.516 
9,436.687 
9.907.672 

1 R71 B*JA 


1875 


1876 


1877 


1878 


2,01 

1,215 
2,342.412 
1,771 
3,41 

2.926.14S 
2,949.561 
5.567 

j A- 


1879 


1880 


1881 


1882 


1883 





1885 


1886 





1888 


1889 


1890 


3.537.407 
J 4J7 144 


1891 


1892 


Q AK.Q 4f)4 


1893.. 


4,373,363 
4,258,728 
4.221.687 

4,327.910 
3,877.466 
4,176,140 
4,223.579 
4,451,578 
4,563,432 
4,515,170 
4,699,773 
4,880,687 
5,039,001 
5,340,167 
5.270.595 
6,016,616 
6,082.187 
6,571.944 
7.032,745 
8,070.109 
8,382,737 
9.000,377 
9,597.926 
9,647,984 
10,441.114 
13,806,392 
12,666.352 
14,472,651 


1894 


1895 


1896 


1897 


1898 


1899 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


19)5 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913.. 


1914.. 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


ll.Oll, ooU 

12,371,131 
3,520,740 


1920 





ni months only, includes expenditure on capital account, except for 1900-1904. 3 14 months. ^Contains 
1250,000, proceeds of bonds for funding floating debt. 5 For 9 months ended September 30. 8 10 months. 
7 Nine months only, owing to change of fiscal year. Fifteen months, owing to change of fiscal year. 



678 



FINANCE 



23. Statement showing the Ordinary Revenues and Expenditures of the Provincial Governments, 

lor their respective fiscal years 1869-1920 con. 



Year. 


Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


Saskatchewan. 


Receipts. 


Expenditure. 


Receipts. 


Expenditure. 


Receipts. 


Expenditure. 


1869-72 (total 4 
vrs.). . 


$ 
11,532,880 
3,141,298 
3,446,348 
3,156,606 
2,589,085 
2,502,449 
2,284,656 
2,287,951 
2,584,152 
2,788,747 
2,880,450 
2,439,941 
2,820,555 
3,005,921 
3,148,660 
3,527,578 
3,602,862 
4,464,031 
3,434,259 
4,138,589 
4,662,922 
4,091,914 
3,453,163 
3,585,300 
3,490,671 
4,139,848 
3,710,928 
4,103,478 
4,192,940 
4,466,044 
4,291,083 
5,466,653 
6,128,358 
6,016,176 
7,149,478 
8,320,419 
8,602,903 
7,477,921 
8,891,005 
9,370,834 
10,042,001 
11,183,302 
11,121,382 
12,975,732 
13,841,339 
18,269,597 
19,270,122 
20.692.166 3 
25,981,5173 


$ 
8,277,724 
3,099,634 
3,883,702 
3,617,522 
3,152,365 
3,131,998 
2,914,864 
2,954,712 
2,531,166 
2,592,800 
2,931,825 
2,900,035 
3,207,890 
3,040,139 
2,181,450 
3,454,372 
3,544,835 
4,578,982 
3,907,428 
4,158,460 
4,068,257 
3,907,145 
3,839,339 
3,758,595 
3,703,380 
3,767,676 
3,864,971 
3,717,404 
4,003,729 
4,038,834 
4,345,004 
4,888,983 
5,267,453 
5,396,017 
6,720,179 
7,714,246 
8,557,065 
7,545,040 
8,887,520 
9,916,934 
10,287,992 
10,868,026 
11,819,311 
12,704,362 
12,706,333 
16,518,223 
17,460,404 
21,464,575 
25,880,843 


$ 

24,61P 
74,534 
150,0108 
99,608 
98,864 
135,311 
118,867 
121,867 
255,208 
376,863 
302,962 
150,7287 
485,326 
506,890 
841,8948 
583,795 
585,709 
590,484 
605,288 
633,116 
613,094 
703,172 
665,353 
683,706 
936,604 
776,234 
905,331 
1,008,653 
1,443,256 
1,352,218 
1,486,667 
1,860,900 
2,089,652 
2,118,784 
2,891,582 
3,376,893 
3,847,322 
4,454,190 
7,046,675 
5,788,070 
5,512,163 
5,472,955 
5,897,807 
6,292,986 
6,723,013 
8,613,364 
9,870,710 


$ 

138,658 
61,1777 
133,390 
145,2488 
92,958 
107,926 
151,086 
185,109 
226,808 
232,189 
386,071 
501,710 
229,278 7 
484,002 
520,190 
758, 1398 
588,467 
708,302 
664,432 
832,890 
798,188 
699,319 
704,946 
763,158 
780,109 
837,888 
972,462 
1,085,405 
988,251 
1,248,128 
1,262,292 
1,271,733 
1,398,431 
1,572,691 
1,824,381 
2,534,794 
2,752,774 
3,234,941 
4,002,826 
4,339,540 
5,314,849 
5,638,659 
6,026,596 
6,147,780 
6,860,355 
7,307,727 
8,497,942 
10,602,955 


S 

618,4321 
1,441,258 2 

1,844,371* 
2,199,984* 
2,514,698* 
2,699,603* 
4,385,831* 
4,668,754* 
6,372,540 s 
5,024,936* 
4, 801,064 s 
5, 631,910 s 
7,797,153 
8,333,759* 
9,903,885 


$ 

118,6021 
1,364,3522 

2,091,613* 
2,654,690* 
2,220,866* 
2,575,145* 
4,255,850* 
4,656,800* 
5,823,9805 
5,368,6496 
5,258,756 6 
5,553,965 
6,828,596 6 
8,125,203* 
8,707,833* 


1873 


1874 


1875 


1876 


1877 


1878 


1879 


1880 


1881 


1882 


1883 


1884 


1885 


1886 


1887 


1888 


1889 


1890 


1891 


1892 


1893 


1894 


1895 


1896 


1897 


1898 


1899 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 




Year. 


Alberta. 


British Columbia. 


Totals for all Provinces. 


Receipts. 


Expenditure. 


Receipts. 


Expenditure. 


Receipts . 


Expenditure. 


1869-72 (total 4 
yrs.) 


$ 


$ 


$ 
519,036* 
370,150 
372,418 
351,241 
381,120 
408,348 
430,786 
213,0581" 
390,908 
397,035 
405,583 
425,808 
503,174 
600,399 
514, 720 


$ 
529,7759 
372,169 
583,360 
614,659 
728,310 
685,046 
514,879 
186,7151 
446,575 
378,779 
474,428 
594,102 
590,629 
655,438 
772,211 


$ 
24,363,134 
6,785,533 
7,508,284 
7,150,296 
7,198,714 
6,914,975 
6,375,743 
6,046,487 
6,922,545 
7,858,698 
8,375,454 
7,613,241 
7,967,554 
8,162,014 
8,599,965 


$ 
15,684,056 
6,869,334 
8,145,194 
7,903,378 
7,903,378 
7,952,362 
7,777,791 
7,441,090 
7,366,106 
8,119,701 
8,707,254 
8,732,551 
5,702,930 
8,333,080 
9,054,678 


1873 


1874 


1875 


1876.. 


1877 


1878 


1879 


1880 


1881 


1882 


1883 


1884 


1885 


1886. . 



Four months only. Province created Sept. 1st, 1905. 2 Fourteen months ending Feb. 28th, 1907. 
Includes Capital Revenue for lands which cannot be separated. *Twelye months ending Feb. 5 th. 
^Fourteen months ending April 30th. 6 Twelve months ending April 30th. 7 Six months. Eighteen months. 
Six months of 1871 and for the year 1872. 10 Six months. 



PROVINCIAL PUBLIC FINANCE 



G79 



23. Statement showing the Ordinary Revenues and Expenditures or the Provincial Governments, 

for their respective fiscal years 1869-1920 concluded. 



Years. 


Alberta. 


British Columbia. 


Total in all Provinces. 


Receipt ~ 


Expenditure. 


Receipts. 


Expenditure. 


Receipts. 


Expenditure. 


1887.. 


t 

635. 976 12 
1,425,0592 
2,OS1,828 
2,849,650* 
3.135.7272 
2.488.406 1 
3,309,156" 
4,100.1132 
5.399,905 
5,255,276 
5,143,590 
5,281.695 
6,260,106 
7,660,762 
9,642,739 
10,919,776 


* 

162,7231* 
1,485,9142 
2,450,3752 
2,823,8312 
2,650,441 
4,002,394 
3,437,088 
3,956,562 
5,225,684 
5,401.. 
5.714.0:12 
8,018,894 
6,752,504 
8,303,808 
9.525,749 
10.423.356 


$ 

537,335 
598,252 
698,055 
463 
959,248 
1.020,002 
1,019,206 
821,660 
896,025 
989,765 
1,383,048 
1,439,623 
1,531,1 
1,544.106 
1,605,920 
1,807,925 
2,044,630 
2,638.260 
2,920,462 
3,044,442 
4,444,594 
5,979.1 
4,664,501 s 
8.874.742 
10.492,892 
10,745,709 
12,510.215 
10,479,259 
7,974, 
6,291, &lt; 
6,906.7X4 
8,882,^ 
10,931, 
13,861,603 


$ 

731,307 
788,955 
857,545 
954,021 
1,032,104 
1,430,920 
1,431,438 
1,514.405 
1,906.924 
1,614,723 
1,569,071 
2,001,032 
2,156,474 
1,831,205 
2,287,821 
2,537,373 
3,393.182 
2,862,7 
2,302,418 
128,126 

m 

3,686,350 
3,749.171 

6,3S2,99:i 
8,194.803 
11,189,024 
15.412.322 
15,7(12,912 
11.942,667 
10,083,505 
9,531,740 
9,023,269 
&gt;:&gt; 
11,568.003 


S 

9,101,465 
9,393,816 
10,928,865 
9,928,737 
10,693,815 
11,414,913 
11,748.516 
10,936,624 
11,206,390 
11,286,792 
11,934,061 
12.104,247 
12,558,875 
13,149,125 
14.074,991 
14,348.387 
15.927.031 
17,527,111 
1 9,594, 560 
027,122 
24,994.805 
31.420,983 
30.205,393 
36,480,071 
40,706,948 
48,163,781 
. .1,819,101 
51,657.239 
50,247,746 
50.015,795 
57,989,984 
69,345.305 
76,844.307 
92,653,023 


S 

9,614,469 
9,257,151 
11,352,882 
11,132,195 
11,628,453 
12,586,664 
11,692,475 
12.125,968 
12,386,492 
12,023,944 
12,900,776 
12,997,341 
12,926,175 
13,393,957 
14,146,059 
14,878,407 
17,278,137 
16,600,482 
16,880.959 
21,169,868 
22,450,895 
27,719,131 
28,167,824 
33,783,150 
38,144,511 
45,183,992 
53,278,425 
57,108,888 
54,677,473 
53,826,219 
60,122,485 
66,052,909 
76,403,973 
88,250,675 


1888 


1889 


1890 


1891 


1892 


1893 


1894 


1895 


1896 


1897. . 


1898 


1899 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915.. 


1916.... 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 





Four months only. Province created Sept. l.-t, 1905. =InHude- small sums of capital revenue and 
expenditure which cannot be separated. 3 Nine months only, owing to change in fiscal year. 

24. Annual Ordinary Receipts and Expenditure of the Provincial Governments per head of 

population, 19ix-l!) 0. 



Provinces 




Revenue. 






Expenditure. 






1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Prince Edward Island 


$ 514,475 


$ 501 915 


| 740 973 


X 484 416 


Jcse; A(\Q 


$fifif&gt; f"7A 


Per head 


5-72 


5-61 


8-32 


fj.-jq 


7.00 


OOU, ( fk 

7 ylO 


Nova Scotia 


2,332,634 


3 280 313 


3 801 016 


2 "i73 7Q7 


Q 9CO 989 


/ -42 
3Q1 R QA Q 


Per head 


4-55 


6-35 


7-31 


R.f|9 


6O.K. 


, yio,o4o 

7 CO 


New Brunswick 


2,357,909 


2 182 4 9 


3 100 8Q9 


o Qon nfi9 


oO 
9 JO i Q37 


5&lt;J 


Per head 


6-27 


5-74 


8 -OS 


fi.QQ 


ft 00 


, yby.oJo 

779 


Quebec 


13 806 392 


12 666 352 


U479 fiTl 


HR71 8.fl 


19 T.71 1Q1 


to 


Per head 


6-14 


5-54 


fi.0 2 


T. 1Q 


1 - , o 1 1 , 1 ,j 1 
". 41 


lo,520, 740 


Ontario 


19,270,122 


20 692 166 


25 Q81 517 


17 4fiO 404 


O-41 
91 ARA. H7t; 


o2 

OC QQA O^O 


Per head 


6,87 


7-27 


8-99 


fi.OQ 


7. HI 


Jo, ooU, o4o 


Manitoba 


6 723 013 


8 613 364 


870 71f) 


7 ,fl7 707 


/ 0* 
8AQ7 O/tO 


yo 


Per head 


11-68 


14-67 


lfi-4Q 


19. AQ 


, 1\) 1 , V J4Z 
HAO 


ll),D02,9oo 


Saskatchewan 


7,797,153 


8 333 759 


o qoi 88 i 


A 898 KQfi 


"48 
81OK OflO 


17- 12 


Per head 


11-28 


11-69 


13-47 


O.88 


, L4iJ, f,\Ji) 
U.OQ 


, i VI ,066 

Uoc 


Alberta 


7,660,762 


9 642 739 


10 919 776 


Q Qf)3 808 


oy 

9COC 7JQ 


85 

in .100. occ 


Per head 


14-38 


17-50 


1Q-17 


1 CJ.CQ 


1 7 OC 


lU,42o,o5u 


British Columbia 


8,882,845 


10 931 279 


13 Sfil fi03 


Q 093 9RQ 


it -Zo 
9887 7/1 ^ 


lo-SO 


Per head 


18,36 


21-99 


27-14 


10. fit; 


,001 , 110 
1Q. 00 


,ODo,UUo 














^J OO 


Totals 


69 34.5 305 


76 844 307 


92 Ki3 fl 1 


C.K ftV&gt; QA4 


Iff |o n~o 




Per head 


8-34 


9-08 


10-7=; 


7 -Qi 


u, iU-J. a to 

9M 


oo f ZW|f70 












Wit 


lv*Z4 



NOTE. In making the calculations for this Table the Bureau of Statistics estimates of the populations 
of the provinces, based upon the results of the census of 1921, have been used. 



680 



FINANCE 



25. Classified Summary Statement of Ordinary Receipts of Provincial 



Prince Edward Island. 



jLveuenJOB. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Subsidies and other payments from Dominion Gov 
ernment 


$ 
372,182 


$ 
372,182 


$ 
372,182 


$ 
372,182 


$ 
372, 182 


Agriculture 


327 


289 


5,908 


1,811 


663 


Lands 


789 


619 


785 


802 


1,014 


Mines and Mining 












Woods, Forest and Timber 


_ 


_ 











Game and Fisheries 


17 


_ 


17 


_ 





Fines, Penalties and Forfeitures 


1,787 


898 


302 


35 


95 


Fees (other than succession duties) 


10,141 


9,474 


9,150 


10,923 


13,103 


Succession duties 


10,213 


4,199 


3,422 


3,088 


7,936 


Taxation of Corporations, etc 


102,554 


97,449 


108,543 


87,839 


245,573 


Licenses and Permits 


2,262 


1,442 


11,580 


27,378 


86,024 


Education 












Charities, Hospitals and Corrections 


6,303 


6,557 


8,007 


7,130 


10,178 


Interest 












Refunds and Repayments 


117 


1,747 


41 


42 


28 


Miscellaneous 


1,763 


1,148 


7,189 


2,079 


4,177 














Total Ordinary Receipts 


508,455 


496,053 


514,475! 


501,9151 


740,973 















Receipts. 


Quebec. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Subsidies and other Receipts from Dominion Gov 
ernment 


$ 
2,027,904 
29,951 
116,770 
22,369 
1,689.558 
136,061 
15,587 
982,688 
1,375,804 
1,145,853 
1,288,769 

290, 936 
135,859 
111,978 
277,897 


S 
2,027,991 
35,522 
178,880 
30,740 
1,574,353 
151,405 
12,032 
938,239 
1,741,263 
1,236,470 
1,815,301 

188, 942 
118,771 
94,154 
297,051 


$ 
2,028,028 
23,880 
191,889 
128,864 
1,418,191 
209,313 
31,045 
743,810 
4,736,548 
1,405,215 
2,025,554 

273,772 
179,276 
92,671 
318,336 



2,028,069 
34,647 
485,571 
278,309 
2,029,361 
231,981 
30.404 
898,534 
1,459,015 
1,711,904 
2,236,444 

664,891 
141,249 
109,937 
326,036 


$ 
2,028,163 
24,875 
425,468 
378,480 
2,610,324 
291,719 
57,154 
1,062.503 
1,786,931 
1,854,528 
2,694,242 

450,047 
146,249 
172,514 
489,454 


Agriculture 


Lands 


Mines and Mining 


Woods, Forest and Timber 


Game and Fisheries 


Fines, Penalties and Forfeitures 


Fees (other than succession duties) 


Succession Duties 


Taxation of Corporations, etc 


Licenses and Permits 


Education 


Charities, Hospitals and Corrections 


Interest 


Refunds and Repayments 


Miscellaneous 


Total Ordinary Receipts 


9,647,984 


10,441,114 


13,806,392 


12,666,352 


14,472,651 




Receipts. 


Saskatchewan. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Subsidies and other receipts from Dominion Gov 
ernment 


$ 
1,950,660 
21,659 

21,126 
44,464 
1,001,148 
44,380 
294,326 
348,044 
43,134 
16.948 
410,682 
218,042 
386,451 


$ 
1,983,721 
18,179 

24,148 
54,234 
1,132,828 
69,996 
348,563 
534,026 
37,238 
51,286 
483,082 
369,596 
525,013 


$ 
2,207,696 
15,548 

19,777 
67,343 
1,033,193 
117,335 
1,301,664 
1,325,106 
47,058 
94,989 
699,062 
367,863 
500,519 


$ 
2,307,148 
23,378 

40 

23,604 
98,182 
962,933 
154,680 
2,491,909 
801,171 
43.967 
92.549 
539,878 
18,315 
776,005 


$ 
2,654,840 
37,203 

28,984 
84,079 
1,071,411 
278,970 
3,439,915 
746,049 
28,990 
84,362 
674,693 
90,238 
684,151 


Agriculture 


Lands 


Mines and Mining 


Woods, Forest and Timber 


Game and Fisheries 


Fines, Penalties and Forfeitures . . . 


Fees (other than succession duties) 


Succession Duties 


Taxation of Corporations, etc . . 


Licenses and Permits 


Education 


Charities, Hospitals and Corrections 


Interest .... . 


Refunds and Repayments 


Miscellaneous 


Total Ordinary Receipts 


4,801,064 


5,631,910 


7,797,153 


8,333,759 


9,903,885 





totals are exclusive of the Motor Vehicle Tax, amounting in 1918 to $12,651 and in 1919, to $11,344 
net, transferred to the Public Works Department and earmarked for highway improvement. 

J These totals include capital revenue to the amount of $787,394 in 1919 and $903,422 in 1920, received from 
the Department of Lands and Forests, and not separable into its items. 



PROVINCIAL PUBLIC FINANCE 



681 



Governments for their respective fiscal years 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920. 



. ^=^==== 


. 


Nova Scotia. 


New Brunswick. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1019. 


1020. 


I 

636,667 
9,487 


$ 

636.667 
11,789 


S 

636,667 
14,509 


t 

636,667 
19 


S 

636,667 
21.907 


$ 

637,976 
3,713 


$ 

637,07ti 
21,095 


S 

637,976 

179,74:; 


S 

637,976 
17,071 


S 

637,976 
2,399 


20 


.331 


24.010 


42.002 


52,878 


2,414 


336 


323 


51 


561 


814 


740,687 


656,989 


622.42U 


690,518 


25,547 

444.247 


27.944 
44 


46,767 
591,872 


36,809 

68;. 


34,062 
1,38 


2,390 


3,307 




1,420 


4.843 


66. 


69 


53,027 


76,162 


82. 


*836 


470 


1,404 


23, 






8,769 


29.489 


48,040 


75,753 


35,564 


3S.604 


61. 


82,341 




44. 


47 


48, 


59 


78,496 


161 
76, 17"&gt; 


130,870 
96 


117 

14 


180 
39s 


.600 

.211) 


77 
108.742 


30,436 
111 


418 
310 


70. 
187 


90,610 


54, 147 


71.844 


,116 




449.076 


88, 




126,593 


191 


1,517 


41,570 


51,626 


59.701 






19 




23.302 


21 




145,513 


153 


242.846 


40i. 




51,071 


,733 


62. 






162,856 


158,010 


16(1 


158, 




- 


6,711 


8,064 






858 






1,100 






594 


742 




770 


2,635 


3,757 


5,901 


12: 




7,073 


9,061 


148,004 


61. 


24 


2,165,338 


2,118,620 


2,332,634 


3,280,313 


3,801,016 


1,580,419 


1,572,814 


2,357,909 


2,182,420 


3,100,892 


Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920 . 


1918. 


1917. 


1918. 




1020. 


3 


$ 


$ 


s 


$ 


S 




$ 


$ 


$ 


2,469,885 


2,469,931 


2,469,977 


2,470.064 


2.470. ItiU 


1,58: 


1,6-1 


1,731.301 


1,859,034 


2,002,169 


12 




17! 


80 


65 


9,312 






7,630 




141.261 


134 


95.366 






157.010 


102,330 


166,858 


106,838 


125,305 


822 


{.465 


1.054.06C 


76- 


1,11 


- 


- 





m 





1,341,446 


1 , 703 . 42. ) 


1.776.377 


1.837 


2,731.540 


- 


- 


- 








16" 


215,810 


i 000 


680.970 


791 


35.774 


27.154 


18.151 


36,933 


53.377 


54,884 


55,5411 


100,110 


111 




50.711 


77.814 


87.147 


100.971 


139.658 


510.075 


514 


63 i 




1.04 


340,174 


338.292 


320.116 


433,441 




2,451.7114 


3.228 


3,151 


3.52 


4. 014. 468 


30 - , 


306.453 




1!):. 


t.556 


1.081 


3,82! 


0.637 


3.91 




474 


591 


626.777 




:,258 


1,452,029 


1.89. 


2,070.104 




5.304.830 


157.330 




402.028 


613,070 


770.410 


162,824 


14 


149.178 




49: 


11" 






229,211 


26d 


281,184 


536. 4 (b 


863.270 


876 


1,348,456 


137 




,924 


185 


107,773 


178 


136,0 IS 


109,774 


289.470 




601 


700 102 


783 




762.681 


133.026 


104,71(1 


63,411 


52 


214.034 


8.410 


3.528 


629 


7.763 


3,868 


1,567,143 


1,577.240 


2,079,359 


2,22 


3,215.497 


1,916.643 


1.915.470 


2,077,409 


3.110.763 


3,652.785 


13,841,339 


18,269,597 


19,270,122 


20,692,166* 


25,981,5172 


5,897,807 


6,292,986 


6,723,013 


8,613,364 


9,870,710 



Alberta. 


British Columbia. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


S 




S 


$ 


$ 


1,758,302 


1,915.527 


1,999,772 


2,207,646 


2,313,104 


723,135 


723.135 


648, 135 


623,135 


623.135 


84,867 


103,108 


157,140 


141,639 


112,660 


32,777 


30,041 


50,929 


51.060 


44.116 








,_ 


_ 


20*; 


308,473 


484.388 


227.674 


436,821 


1,713 


8,963 


137,527 


213,082 


286,499 


),615 


631,927 


643,622 


620.522 


550.261 








_ 


_ 


1,710.023 


1,968,787 


2,079,611 


2,582.549 


2,455.000 


22,338 


25,306 


28,757 


35,803 


35,462 


106,034 


104,977 


106,554 


119.590 


156,816 


82,101 


110,877 


116,458 


130,962 


179,342 


- 


- 


900 


- 





654.626 


677.064 


792.614 


1,005,640 


1,094,027 


511,559 


472.254 


426.240 


463,559 


742,792 


148.832 


142,608 


200,072 


167,246 


267,336 


139,907 


277,703 


241,363 


271.777 


374,321 


708,239 


1,077,924 


1,511,855 


2.043,027 


2,914.982 


1,716,777 


1,718.228 


3,323,170 


4,556.937 


6,479.499 


205,348 


388,211 


663,991 


1,096,808 


1,404,037 


188,533 


220,178 


356.780 


504.245 


721,594 


27,284 


33.002 


35,887 


57,602 


41,578 


2,390 


1,725 


3,105 


4,044 


4,993 


16,765 


35,124 


6,638 


6,728 


10,255 


37.640 


42,709 


60.491 


74,614 


94,350 


204.335 


180.006 


166,878 


118,937 


181,218 


276,894 


201.709 


269,493 


484,870 


738,896 


285,590 


341,617 


425,322 


673.633 


92,218 


16.259 


35,908 


11.025 


25,211 


19,769 


1,081,355 


1,220,769 


1,418,051 


1,743,986 


1,987.058 


142,765 


169,030 


177,039 


321,492 


419,240 


5,281,695 


6,260,106 


7,660,762 


9,642,739 


10,919,776 


6,291,694 


6,906,784 


8,882,845 


10,931,279 


13,861,603 



NOTE. For combined receipts of all provinces see Table 27. 



682 



FINANCE 



26. Classified Summary Statement of Ordinary Expenditures of 



Prince Edward Island. 





1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Civil Government 


$ 
27 351 


$ 
24 814 


$ 

OK QfiO 


$ 

OQ OQQ 


$ 


Legislation 


17 725 


18 822 


17 QQQ 


^y,yoo 

f)4 4 a(\ 


42,077 


Agriculture 


15 099 


1*&gt; fifiO 


Ifi Q9R 


^*,40U 
9fi flfifi 


o 1,729 


Lands 








^0,UOO 


17,0^1 


Mines and Mining 










**" 


Forest, Timber and Woods 












Game and Fisheries 










~ 


Administration of Justice, Special Legal Adminis 
tration and Inquiry 


30 412 


3(1 2fi9 


Ofi 7QQ 


OQ nl K 




Conservation of Health and Sanitation 


751 


1 610 


2 382 


/y.uio 

4 3f&gt;4 


o4,010 

f\CO 


Public Buildings, Public Works and Enterprises 
Education 


63,065 
173 309 


69,007 
mQ52 


66,612 
mqiQ 


159,561 

1QO riAA 


yoo 

130,078 

ono AW 


Hospitals 


60 752 


on 038 


Q1 OC1 


loo,o%1 

mQQC 


^Uy t 478 


Correctional Institutions 








,OOO 


,oDO 


Charities 


4 545 


*&gt; 730 


SfifiQ 


5QSK 


4n/1 


Pensions, Gratuities and Reliefs 


700 


700 


7fifl 


, ooO 

7nn 


,yoi 


Recreation and Amusement 








/uu 


yyj 


Colonization, Immigration and Publicity 


_ 










Refunds 




4 


70. 


Ann 




Interest Payments 


45 899 


4fi 7QQ 


4.0 QA 


tUU 
en 0(11 


e/&gt; ,* no 


Sinking Funds 








OU, oUl 


00,498 


Miscellaneous Payments 


13 543 


9 715 


Q 04.1 


on nnn 


9OAQ 












,yuo 


Total Ordinary Expenditure 


453,151 


487 11.1 


IQl All". 


RII mo 


A l*fWJ 










ODO, iU.7 


000,774 



Quebec. 





1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Civil Government 


$ 

626,418 
532,532 
425,844 
216,732 
16,500 
158,786 
54,470 

1,431,326 
31,277 
1,503,859 
1,598,097 
633,625 
145,000 
69,885 
87,414 
8,320 
49,897 
13,515 
1,435,812 
121,712 
275,666 


$ 

650,230 
495,843 

4^1 744 


$ 

693,377 
482,469 
645,274 
260,526 
16,500 
171,909 
65,235 

1,578,850 
69,313 
2,127,506 
1,668,425 
1,023,556 
185,000 
72,445 
184,318 
221,190 
52,850 
10,064 
1,656,539 
167,057 
319,427 


$ 

719,677 
666,795 
602,800 
266,756 
16,500 
181,761 
86,255 

1,577,815 
53,386 
2,303,996 
1,666,470 
1,020,784 
243,665 
72,945 
83,680 
264,256 
74,586 
10,063 
1,668,563 
178,211 
612,167 


S 

807,733 
585,600 
824,200 
326, 707 
16,500 
272,114 
92,500 

1,775,321 

87, 185 
3,032,754 
1,760,262 
1,022,446 
226,500 
76,025 
95,084 
12,181 
71,017 
7,220 
1,802,760 
186,036 
440,595 


Legislation ." 


Agriculture 


Lands 


220,776 
16,500 
154,395 
59,305 

1,451,439 
34,954 
1,524,898 
1,637,317 
666,298 
184,936 
72,385 
106,527 
8,120 
55,540 
7,888 
1,630,926 
157,711 
319,940 


Mines and Mining 


Forest, Timber and Woods 


Game and Fisheries 


Administration of Justice, Special Legal Administra 
tion and Inquiry 


Conservation of Health and Sanitation. . . 


Public Buildings, Public Works and Enterprises. . 
Education 


Hospitals 


Correctional Institutions. . . 


Charities 


Pensions, Gratuities and Reliefs 


Recreation and Amusement 


Colonization, Immigration and Publicity 


Refunds 


Interest Payments . . . 


Sinking Funds.. 


Miscellaneous Payments. 


Total Ordinary Expenditure 


9,436,687 


9,907 672 


11,671,830 


12,371,131 


13,520,740 





rii&lt;&gt;vi\ciAL PUBLIC FI^ ^^ 






Provincial Governments for their respective fiscal years 1916-1920. 



Nova Scotia. 



1916. 


17. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1 




$ 


1 


1 


$ 




I 




* 


123,525 


126.796 


142,019 


16* 


215.455 


68,342 


79,400 


99,450 


123,173 


145,720 


102,971 


.082 


88,618 


104,900 


142,865 




68.236 


59,650 


59,536 


117,936 


35,798 


36,960 


42,641 


58,461 


46, llti 




76. 


251,089 


84,482 


92. 


266 


115 


64 


94 


14t, 


4,015 


3,568 


6,068 


6,205 


10,295 


42 


40 


21 


23.418 


SI . 




717 


920 







2,550 






2,600 


3,050 


30 


27 


35,068 


84. 


123.233 


1,500 


1,500 


1,500 


1,500 


1,506 


31,858 


3G 


38,422 


47,669 


49,654 


25,660 


25,670 


28,333 


32,410 


36,095 


46 


44,059 


40,216 


59,531 


46.407 







- 


- 


3.618 


- 


412 




- 


- 


356,499 


403,665 


460.77. 


871,717 


1,134,696 


354.308 


527 


544.871 


821,741 


908,962 


508,957 




1,941 


531,104 




313,409 


319.906 


329.564 


326 


362.067 


314,074 


35- 


501 


668,257 




14- 


176,978 


^,444 


186,059 


213,717 


15,175 


16,477 


17 


21,434 


29,601 


2,972 


2,572 


5.700 


8.619 


29,096 




9.076 




8.350 


9.578 






17,561 


10.110 


17,873 


2.009 


3,921 


4,963 


6.280 


10. 


1,150 


1,300 




10.346 


9,287 


10,341 


10. 


10.778 


12.587 


16.430 


11,211 


13,496 


8.356 


8.613 


8.507 


5,331 


13.1M 


056 


12,224 


15.894 


1.719 




905 


2,607 


1,060 


505,642 


540.139 


560.987 


599.211 


611 


351.00.5 


686,714 


641 


-.892 


679,264 


40.669 


77 


77,448 


76, 


103.490 


31 






. 335 


31,080 


49,938 


58,684 


66.115 


80,136 


135.822 


64,910 


61 


66,647 




121.255 


2,152,773 


2,344,009 


2,573,797 


3,280,282 


3, 916,84s 


.-. .. : 


2,166,904 


. 


2,595,937 


2,969,323 



Brunswick. 



Ontario. 



1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


116. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1 


% 






1 






1 




$ 


865,226 


939,259 


1,066,950 


1,261,382 


1,550,665 


-.079 


274 


328,119 


396,343 


479,272 


361,950 


336,435 


359,885 


412,136 


412,798 


206,694 


251,412 


160,026 


148,031 


306,360 


446,828 


487,330 


611 


7,685 


741,115 


58,684 


880 


87, 924 


134,166 


218,402 


64,104 


70, 159 


69,593 


.397 


80,830 


- 


- 


10,835 


12,092 


19,623 


131,260 


86,116 


134,236 


123,269 


129,019 





- 


- 


- 


_ 


427,756 


668,119 


716,375 


867, 192 


972,978 


- 


- 


- 


- 





131,952 


128,199 


399,307 


477,004 


429,593 


22,795 


28,689 


25,684 


24,039 


18,319 


761,103 


694 


746,654 


741,812 


908,664 


507,886 


499,915 


465,176 


612,786 


800,098 


49,211 


62 


83,702 


105,543 


269,041 


30,000 


35.000 


- 


10,000 


30,000 


1,043,146 


1,213,768 


1,040,026 


1,416,919 


1,406,257 


2,004,185 


2,131,745 


2,351,933 


2,761,473 


3,031,763 


2,592,927 


2,886,409 


3,170,625 


3,746,868 


5. 40 


1,068,910 


1,213,128 


1,301,124 


1,459,710 


1,744,713 


1,497,165 


2,015,610 


2,0s 


.),138 


3,216,009 


230,161 


265,205 


305,358 


377,479 


521,738 


286,302 


379,815 


538,461 


691,779 


604,671 


39,347 


47,829 


56,876 


70,831 


101,714 


205,339 


212,969 


-.804 


1,548 


323,660 


221,15o 


247,339 


243,498 


258,942 


293,464 


24,298 


16,400 


6,175 


12,475 


48,635 


30,993 


73,052 


112,715 


226,732 


399,214 


16,291 


21,252 


50,560 


79,772 


178,470 


2,964 


13,015 


21,129 


20,956 


25,759 


43,791 


46,455 


41,745 


67,661 


100,019 


3S 


68,408 


51,443 


37,101 


69,595 


90,932 


74,018 


55,878 


58,331 


187,525 


8,674 


1,997 


2,719 


10,891 


5,623 


- 


- 


- 


- 


- 


1,327,220 


1,453,843 


1,686,325 


1,771,457 


2,338,949 


3,666,752 


6,178,547 


6,063,913 


7,857,664 


8,850,615 


111,806 


182,120 


96,843 


164,913 


135,346 


12,706,333 


16,518,223 


17,460,404 


21,464,575 


25,880,843 


6,147,78* 


6,860,355 


7,307 727 


8,497 942 


10,602,555 



Manitoba. 



684 



FINANCE 



26. Classified Summary Statement of Ordinary Expenditures of 



Service. 


Saskatchewan. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Civil Government 


$ 

457, 183 
231,868 
192,811 
52,271 
756 

12,557 
898, 106 

597,690 
1,003,944 
325, 143 
9,333 
20,500 

3,075 

9,103 
893,102 
75, 608 
475,706 


$ 

444,004 
149,901 
159,642 

42,877 

9,501 
1,019,806 

855,304 
986,798 
345,771 
10,571 
26,980 
7,400 
3,620 

12,292 
1,067,780 
74,361 
337,357 


$ 

534, 145 
344,443 
131,876 
1,903 

10,582 

988,649 
24,416 
1,157,980 
1,052,944 
526,794 
12.561 
76,396 
30,353 
6,627 

1,529 
1,096,466 
75,079 
755,853 


$ 

711,678 
203,975 
119,878 
31,565 

11,304 

916,183 
13,666 
1,147,221 
1,192,697 
538,073 
14.905 
96,308 
74,258 
6,047 

3,022 
1,222,177 
192,071 
1,630,175 


$ 

789, 171 
214,131 
208,006 
51,094 

19,482 

1,107,208 
27,184 
1,321,738 
1,434,923 
723,458 
24,831 
65,484 
52,304 
11,497 

132.196 
1,337,754 
187,660 
999,712 


Legislation 


Agriculture 


Lands 


Mines and Mining 


Forest, Timber and Woods 


Game and Fisheries 


Administration of Justice, Special Legal Adminis 
tration and Inquiry 


Conservation of Health and Sanitation 


Public Buildings, Public Works and Enterprises 
Education 


Hospitals 


Correctional Institutions 


Charities 


Pensions, Gratuities and Reliefs 


Recreation and Amusement. 


Colonization, Immigration and Publicity 


Refunds 


Interest Payments 


Sinking Funds 


Miscellaneous Payments 


Total Ordinary Expenditure 


5,258,756 


5,553,965 


6,828,596 


8,125,203 


8,707,833 





27. Combined Itemized Summary Statement of Ordinary Receipts and Expenditures 

RECEIPTS. 



Items. 


Totals. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Subsidies and other Receipts from Dom 
inion Government 


$ 

12,158,920 
204,368 
645,553 
1,666,861 
5,185,274 
555,631 
251,691 
4,096,183 
4,714,829 
7,217,548 
3,785,769 
415.921 
985,065 
1,973,232 
775,225 
5,383,725 


$ 

12,410,772 
248,249 
805,582 
3,134,726 
5,689,457 
621,654 
320,643 
4,168,564 
5,931,754 
.9,108,156 
5,227,006 
447.241 
1,219,803 
1,984,409 
952,529 
5,719,439 


$ 

12,731,734 
632,927 
963,619 
2,667,835 
5,866,051 
924,890 
434,198 
4,066,096 
8,861,621 
12,728,624 
7,174,942 
457,066 
1,772,296 
2,382,228 
962,016 
6,731,807 


$ 

13,141,921 

382,921 
990,301 
2,533,675 
7,134,458 
1,206.472 
552.675 
4,603,634 
6,036,123 
16,205,308 
8,614,731 
628,745 
2,386,517 
2,561,521 
888,933 
8,987,716 


$ 

13,738,396 
315,828 
1,190,814 
3,053,365 
9,182.293 
1,444,873 
642,558 
5,889,708 
7,335,728 
19,207,699 
12,466,779 
963,584 
2,782,201 
2,995,791 
593,711 
10,849,695 


Agriculture 


Lands 


Mines and Mining 


Wooda, Forests and Timber.. 


Game and Fisheries 


Fines, Penalties and Forfeitures 


Fees (other than Succession duties).... 


Succession Duties 


Taxation of Corporations, etc 


Licenses and Permits . 


Education 


Charities, Hospitals and Corrections.. . 


Interest 


Refunds and Repayments 


Miscellaneous 


Total Ordinary Receipts... 


50,015,795 


57,989,984 


69,345,3051 


76,844,307 12 


92,653,0232 





Vehicle Tax in Prince Edward Island, which amounted in 
1 was transferred to the Public Works Department and ear- 
vuy improvement. 

o include capital revenue in Ontario to the amount of $787,394 in 1919 and $903,422 in 1920. 
Department of Lands and Forests, and not separable into its items. 



PROVINCIAL PUBLIC FINANCE 



r.sr, 



Provincial Governments Tor their respective fiscal years 1916-1920 concluded. 



AllttTta. 



British Coluin! 



1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1 


$ 


% 


$ 


$ 


$ 


t 


% 


$ 


f 


^.787 


589,724 


611,423 


722.933 


822.660 


1,076,790 


1,027.577 


932.418 


1,497,939 


1,980,580 


157.069 


341,071 


171,460 


17." 


202 


167,370 




179.958 


181.317 


163,532 


543,861 


628.404 


798 


1,001 


460,767 


169 


132 


138,620 


851 


103,574 




5,916 


40 


71,500 


57,271 


: . 032 




66.552 


160,158 


221 


31,843 


33.804 


49,009 


41,781 


51,258 


13 


62 


143,491 


136,755 


175.655 


_ 


_ 


- 


- 


- 


241.885 


102 


188,620 


143,791 


149 


26.919 


29,707 


24,745 


26,785 


30.530 


90,803 


81,616 


04,771 


.994 


21,611 


731,415 


880.919 


879,050 


1.010.693 


1,152.552 


749,834 


667.237 


519 


579,912 


728,088 


13.152 


14.866 


63 


12.-,, 760 


lid 


.613 


21 


20. 


82,666 


46.849 


1,567.491 


1.673.410 


1,51 


2.031 


2.463.959 


3, If, 


2,677 


1,56. 


1,835,320 


2.247.MI9 


1,094.132 


1,191 


1,20 


1,439,847 


1.768.834 


1,610.867 


1,64 


1,716,840 


1,99 


2.541.349 


17! 


180.930 




360.333 




-.917 


744 


706.471 


1,019,11.- 


1,01 


39,508 


49 




67.090 


176 


101 


86 


81. 


99 


132,964 


19,342 


18. 


32,063 


35.002 




10! 




78. 


80,805 


100.962 





5.000 




39 


16: 


37 


53 


94,712 


65,800 


, 306 


- 


_ 


- 





- 




7,075 


12.004 


18.753 


20,263 


15.048 


16. 


16 


5,660 


2,695 




40 


68 


70 


75.847 


5.178 


8,365 




202,411 


11 






20, 




.627 


855,451 


913.101 


1,417 


1,516.842 


1,771. Mf, 


782,802 830 


946 


1,175,502 


1,437,629 


87,285 


97.500 




r.wi 


.501 






14 . 


- 


- 


121.787 


72. 


945,907 


39- 


54:; 


819.240 


455.077 


691.072 


605,271 


336,688 


6,018,894 


6,757,504 


8,303,808 


9,525,749 


10,423,356 


10,083,505 


9,531,740 


9,023,269 


9,887,745 


11,568,003 



of All Provincial Governments, lor (heir respective fiscal years 1916-1129. 



Total. 






Wt \ IvJtJ. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Civil Government 


* 

4,011.701 


$ 

4,156,582 


1 

4,433,263 


S 

5,631,886 


$ 

6,833,933 


-lation 


1,833,100 


6,330 


1,864.508 


1,976.644 


2,177,944 


Agriculture 


1,937 07! 


2 0" 


2 724 702 


2 909,816 


2 77. ) 713 


Lands 


427 


4 7 596 


456.400 


620 


770.821 


Mines and Mining 


23 . 


240,100 


365,427 


345, 4 s2 


406.872 


Forest, Timber and Woods 


.072 


176 


1,114,572 


1,279,776 


1,521,098 


Game and Fisheries 


854 


374,944 


630,246 


701,550 


663,189 


Administration of Justice, Special Legal 
Administration and Inquiry 


5,1V 


5,314,091 


5,272.813 


5,560,157 


6,588,441 


Conservation of Health and Sanitation... 
Public Buildings, Public Works and Enter 
prises 


149.004 
10,652,373 


171,293 
11,076,102 


270,200 
10,825,544 


395,325 
13,355,274 


575,971 

15,678,016 


Education 


9,9fl 


10,580.647 


11,143,005 


12,541,624 


15,902,175 


Hospitals 


3,936,834 


4,837,677 


5,758,117 


6,850,623 


8,099,518 


Correctional Institutions 


621,120 


759,735 


933,329 


1,188,242 


1,182,856 


Charities 


668,128 


681,587 


751,088 


804,988 


961.200 


Pensions, Gratuities and Reliefs 


197,144 


277,224 


456,658 


521,977 


841,270 


Recreation and Amusement 


42,082 


59.203 


321,099 


406,410 


267,779 


Colonization, Immigration and Publicity. 
Refunds 


214.201 
159,697- 


251.096 

126.599 


250,230 
123,483 


282,788 
305.884 


344,110 
373.777 


Interest Payments 


6,196,933 


7,170.024 


8.058,462 


8,633,445 


10,041,343 


Sinking Funds 


559.729 


893.078 


1,284,045 


635,944 


670,767 


Miscellaneous Payments 


5,599,348 


7,675,204 


9,015,718 


11,455,371 


11,573,882 














Total Ordinary Expenditure 


53,826,219 


60,122,485 


66,052,909 


76,103,973 


88,250,675 















686 



FINANCE 



28. Assets and Liabilities of the Provincial Governments 

ASSETS. 



Items. 


Prince 
Edward 
Island. 


Nova Scotia. 




1920. 


1920. 


Principal Assets: 
(1) Dominion Government 


$ 

QQ9 OQf| 


$ 

In n"r e\Af\ 


(2) Investments .... 


mA A A 


,/U( , 4y 


(3) Deposits 




f!7Q C/IO 


(4) Cash Balances or in Banks 




y7o,o4&lt;i 


(5) Utilities, Provincial Ownership 






(6) Lands 






(7) Ldans and Advances 




4ROA 7KA 


(8) Miscellaneous 




, OZO, toy 

Af\O O7C 






4uo,o/O 


Total Principal Assets . 


1 170 8"U 


7 991 917 






&lt; , &lt;. Jl , &lt; l&lt; 


(9) Other Miscellaneous Assets 






(10) Natural Resources . . 













LIABILITIES. 



Direct Liabilities: 
(1) Dominion Government 






(2) Debentures... 


_ --- 


4O, 1 6\r 


(3) Bonds 





l/,2Uz,D47 


(4) Stocks 






(5) Treasury Bills 






(6) Loans 


7OQ 71 A 




(7) Bank Overdraft and Debit Balances 




570 140 


,8) Sinking Funds 






(9) Miscellaneous 












Total Direct Liabilities 


1 4(52 714 


17 811 &lt;M1 








(10) Indirect Liabilities.. . 




ion KA1 






1OU, Oil 



list 



o a tl he f abl - 6 | sh ? win ? assets and liabilities of the Provincial Governments the following 
shows the classification of accounts which are included in the statement: 



Act 

fh) ProvinpK] 



ASSETS. 

1 ( T a) P rovincial ebt Account, (b) Land Account (c) Housing 
o R ^ D ? 1 L *nd Trust Fund, (f) Annual Subsidy, (g) Grant per Capita, 

Highways (i) Provincial Aid Technical Education Maintenance. 

(e) Kbn2^ g al a) b SlI )M n i; Fu ? ds (b&gt; Inscribed Stock, (c) Victory Bonds, (d) Railway, 
AssocLtirn m T 5 T S A St ck (g ^ Wa r Loan-Dominion, (h) Court House Bonds, (i) Farm Loans^ 
sociation, (j) Land Titles Assurance Fund, (k) Miscellaneous. 

(d) ^aSI&ttS^ffiS^ (b) Bank BalanCeS (C) Spedal Dep sits Trust Accounts 
(4.) CASH BALANCES or in Banks 

WNERSHIP includin S ^ Telephones, (b) Grain Elevators, (c) Hydro- 



f^ nds . am ] un A ts outstanding and Interest, (b) Former Indian Reserva- 

Works Fairvi P r Soldiers Land Act, Railway Subsidy Land repurchased and Fairwiew 

Land ( } Timber Dues Bonus etc., amounts outstanding, (e) Farm Settlement Board 



(a) Co-operative Creameries, (b) Co-operative Elevator Com- 
eceivable, (d) Railways, (e) Advances, Trust Accounts, etc., 

^IS~ ^Tr $8Sft3 ! m ** * 

s&Si^S^!^^ 1 ^^^^^ ^^^ 

Book In verrtorv n T?, i! A f ssm e nt A 8 Adjustment Act, (h ) Secured Accounts (i) Education School 

c - (^ T uncollected, (k) Accounts receivable and Inventories, (1) Hospitals, accounts 
, (p) MitcSeou a S Va P6ClfiC Capital Utlay (n) Outstan ding Revenue, (o) Patri- 

inc /j di a g ^ Provinci al Government Buildings and Sites, (b) Roads 
, (a) burveys, (e) Appropriation of Revenue, Cash for extinguish- 



and 



PROVINCIAL PUBLIC FINANCE 



687 



at the close of their respective fiscal years ending In 1920. 

rs. 



New 
Brunswick. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Manito 


E 
ohewao. 


Alberi 


British 

Columbia. 


1920. 


1920. 


1920. 


1920. 


1920. 


1920. 


1920. 


1 

1,749,299 
8,815,267 

150,000 
1,053,086 
803,632 


$ 

1,173,006 
1, .138, 611 
237. 
1,788,8 

3,193, . 

349,136 
5,000 


S 

7,374,046 
5,671,394 

65,491, 
To, 000 

1.684,039 


$ 

15,804,1 

7,667,51 J 

416 
17, 139, t 

619 

14. 


I 

34,997,189 
&gt; 18, 138 
-.39,467 

9,120,407 

3, ! 
917 


* 

2 1,49.-), 956 
171,669 

15, 
7,004,179 

-.10 


* 
12,462,701 

2,838.899 

0,210 
l_ ,:r,.-&gt;,466 
5,064.693 


12.571.2S4 


8,891,270 


107, SI?, 489 


55,4t.81&lt; 


57,218,895 


49,098,916 


45,753.153 


13,141,421 


4,291,487 


35,371,115 
503,000,000 


21,212,511 


HI, 234 
41, 


18,181,518 


21.347.503 



LIAB1LITI 



1,340,888 


1,583,610 


10,750,000 








898,496 


11,914,698 






- 


28,230.980 


37,060,9401 


16,125,000 


6,954,396 


81,600 


89,525,000 


49,700,870 


- 


- 


- 


1,814.1 


- 


8,911,900 


- 


7,006,190 


4,928,9601 


17.196,936 


_ 


_ 


15,000,000 


4,769.000 


1,500,000 


- 


- 


_ 


45,708.114 


_ 





- 


3,774,900 


2,670,000 


1.500.953 


. 








632,000 


- 


- 


960.767 


_ 


_ 


4,348,474 


- 


54, 122 


- 


2.184,920 


1,383,440 


4,004,854 


1,747,390 


646,833 


- 


6.802,933 


26,670,764 


48,756,764 


128,191,754 


M, 565, 734 


3S,016,M3 


44,587,763 


43,693,365 


1.117,000 


4.124,500 


31,560,300 


30,466,362 


- 


- 


65,407.227 



Less Sinking Fund of $1,231,159. 

ment of Government Stocks and Bonds, (f) Public Improvements, (g) Royal Commissions, (h) Patriotic 
Purposes, (i) Other Expenditures, Cj) Miscellaneous. 

(10) NATURAL RESOURCES, including (a) Pine Timber, (b) Pulpwood, Timber, Ties, Poles, Hardwood, 
etc., (c) Mining Lands and Profits, (d) Agricultural Lands, (e) Water Powers, (f) Sand, gravel, etc., (g) Dis 
trict of Patricia area 146,000 sq. miles Timber, Fisheries. Fees and Mining Possibilities, (h) Unsold school 
lands. 

LIABILITIES. 

(1) DOMINION GOVERNMENT, including (a) Agricultural Aid, unexpended Balance, (b) Administration 
Agricultural Aids Act, (c) Housing Act Loan, (d) Dominion Subsidy Paid in Advance, (e) Balance of 
Account, 1902, (f) Purchase of Property Q.-M. O. Railway, (g) Loans, (h) Public Health Aid unexpended 
Balance. 

(2) DEBENTURES, including (a) Provincial, (b) Adminsitration Farms Loans Act. 

(3) BONDS, including (a) Provincial, (b) Court House, (c) Government Bonds and Stock, (d) Profit 
on Bond Conversion. 

(4) STOCKS, including (a) Stock inscribed (London, England), (b) Registered, (c) Stocks. 

(5) TREASURY BILLS. 

(6) LOANS, including (a) Short Term Special, (b) Loan Account, (c) Due Bank, (d) Temporary Loans, 
(e) Loans (Funded Debt). 

(7) BANK OVERDRAFTS AND DEBIT BALANCES. 

(8) SINKING FUNDS, including (a) Replacement reserves, (b) Municipal, (c) Invested. 

(9) MISCELLANEOUS, including (a) Certificates (Railway and Annuity), (b) Trust Funds and Deposits, 
(c) Mortgages (B.C. Building, London, England), (d) Interest (1) on securities (2) accrued (not due), 
(e) Supplementary Revenue Fund, ff) School Grants, (g) Amounts Payable, (h) Licenses paid in advance, 
(i) Liabilities for Capital Expenditure, (including Railways. Bridges, Roads, etc.), (j) Outstanding War 
rants, (k) Miscellaneous. 

(10) INDIRECT LIABILITIES, including (a) Guarantee of Bonds and Loans in Nova Scotia, (b) Bonds 
guaranteed by Province of New Brunswick, (c) Debentures and Loans for Railways, Institutions, Schools, 
etc., in Quebec, (d) Guarantees of Debentures for Toronto University, Niagara Falls Park, Toronto and 
Hamilton Highway Commission, Towns of Bruce Mines, Cochrane and Matheson, Township of Tisdale, 
Separate School Board, Town of Timmins and Hydro-Electric Power Commission for Ontario, (e) Prin 
cipal and Interest guaranteed for C.N.R. Securities, Municipal Debentures and Manitoba Farm Loan Asso 
ciation Securities (in addition interest only has been guaranteed on Municipal Debentures par value 
$99,500, also rentals payable to N.R. Ry. Co. for certain railways leased) in Manitoba, (f) Guarantees of 
Principal and Interest on Securities, Railways, Sewerage and Drainage Board, Dyking Districts, War 
Reduction Co. and Agricultural Credits Commission in province of British Columbia. 



688 FINANCE 



MUNICIPAL PUBLIC FINANCE. 

The statistics of the rural and urban population of Canada 
appearing on page 101 of this issue of the Year Book, show that 
between 1901 and 1921, the urban population of Canada more than 
doubled, increasing from 2,014,222 to 4,352,442; further, this growth 
has been greater in the cities, more especially the larger cities, than 
in the towns and villages. The aggregation of great numbers of 
people into the cities within a comparatively short space of time has 
made it necessary for costly public services to be furnished to the 
new-comers. Problems of water supply, road and bridge building, 
police and fire protection, sanitation and sewage, transportation, 
education, public health and recreation, have been faced and more or 
less satisfactorily solved, often at great expense. Some munici 
palities, indeed, in the period before the war considered it expedient 
to provide public services for prospective as well as for existing 
population, and later found that the prospects did not become act 
ualities as rapidly as they had expected. The results of the great 
actual growth and the great expectations of growth was a rapid 
increase in municipal taxation which has made municipal public 
finance a very important part of the public finance of Canada, attract 
ing a very considerable amount of attention from theoretical students 
of public finance, from municipal officials, from bond houses and 
generally from the urban ratepayer. 

Investigators of municipal public finance have, however, found 
great difficulties in pursuing their stadies on account of the incom- 
parability of the statistics collected by Provincial Governments, 
or the entire absence of such statistics, only six provinces compiling 
and publishing their municipal statistics in 1919. Accordingly, in 
response to suggestions from the Union of Canadian Municipalities 
and the Municipal Improvement League of Canada, the Dominion 
Bureau of Statistics undertook to collect independently through its 
Finance Branch the statistics for a fixed group of municipalities, of 
10,000 population or over, according to schedules and methods of 
compilation approved by the provinces. The results of the first 
investigation for the calendar year 1919 were published in summary 
form on pages 570 to 580 of the 1920 Year Book, as well as in greater 
detail in a special report. 

Statistics of Urban Municipalities of 10,000 Population 
and over. In the present issue of the Year Book the statistics for 
1920 of Canadian cities of 10,000 population and over are printed 
in considerable detail, a summary of the more important statistics 
being given by provinces and for the whole country in Table 29, which 
shows that the 57 cities included in the report had in that year taxable 
land and buildings assessed at $2,786,894,948 and tax-exempt land 
and buildings assessed at $686,365,646. Their ordinary receipts 
aggregated $168,840,792, of which $94,407,640 were derived from 



.ur.Y/r//M/. rriiljr FINANCE 

taxation, being $33.38 per head of the census population; their extra 
ordinary receipts were s 1 1 ,( .70 t (i Is. :l total of S210,f&gt;2(), 1 10. while 
their grand total expenditure was $210,692,259. Available and 
revenue-producing assets amounted to s:;x&lt;). 148,880, and tot-d assets 
to $809, XU. _&gt;&lt;)&lt;), while total liabilities were stir;,, mo, ;,oi. F or indi 
vidual cities statistics of receipts are "given in Table 30, of expendi- 
tures in Table 31, of assets and liabilities in Table 32. 

Statistics of Urban Municipalities of from 3,000 to 10,000 
Population. According to the statistics compiled and published by 
the Finance Branch of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics for urban 
municipalities with a population of from 3,000 to 10. 000, the 103 
municipalities of this Has&lt; reporting had in the calendar year 1 ( .)19 
an estimated population &lt;&gt;f f).y_Mi(&gt;8. The aii.ureuatc value of taxable 
property was in that year $280,294,473, and of property exempted 
from taxation $108,239,833. The total ordinary receipts of these KW 
municipalities were Si:&gt;.:W9,f&gt;02, of which $9,380,217 weie derived 
from taxes being $16.9* p.-r head of the estimated population. The 
extraordinary receipts were $4,476,454, brin-nnir the total receipts up 
to $19, 786,0 Hi. The aggregate ordinary expenditures wen S !."),! sr&gt;, 024 
a n&lt;l extraordinary expenditures $5,209, 137, a. i:ra nd total of $20,394,161. 
The aggregate available assets were; $58,751,681, and the a^ure-ate 
liabilities s:,:, 711), in. 

Statistics of Smaller Urban Municipalities of 1,000 to 3,000 
Population. Statistics have been compiled and published for 1920 
by the Finance Hranch of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics for 211 

towns and villages having an estimated population in that year of 
between 1,000 and 3,000, and an !e estimated population of 

419,19-. The ai^n-irate value of the taxable property in these 
municipalities in 1920 was 8227,073,141, and of property exempted 
from taxation $49,295,401. The total ordinary receipts of the 241 
municipalities were $10,681.71)5, of which $7,375,878 proceeded from 
taxation, or $17.59 per head of the estimated population; the total 
extraordinary receipts were $5,448,829, bringing the total receipts 
(including $35,306 not classified as ordinary or extraordinary) to 
$16,168,930. Aggregate ordinary expenditures were $11,318,446 
and extraordinary expenditure $1,848,881, making the grand total 
expenditure (including $32,661 not classified) $16,199.988. Aggre 
gate available assets were $37,718,157, and aggregate liabilities 
$33,407,405. 

All these reports may be obtained on application to the Dominion 

Statistician. 

NOTE According to the census of 1921, 55 cities in Canada had at that time a population of 10,000 or 

he municipal authorities of Amherst, Dartmouth and New Glasgow, all in Nova Scotia, and of 

Jshawa and North Bay in Ontario, had previously estimated their populations as being 10,000 or over- 

iey were classified as such in the 1919 report and are here retained for comparative purposes Three 

rban municipalities having more than 10,000 population by the census, failed to send in a report and are 

not included; viz., Guelph, Glace Bay and Shawinigan Falls. 

3813144 



690 



FINANCE 



29. Summary by Provinces of Municipal Statistics of Principal Interest of 



Schedule. 




Prince 

Edward 
Island. 


Nova 
Scotia. 


New 
Brunswick. 


Number of Cities reporting in each province 




1 


5 


3 












General Statistics 
Area in acres 




850 


15,343 


32,925 


Population (Census 1921) 




12,347 


107,788 


72,768 


Value of Taxable Property (land and buildings) 


i 


5,762,560 


72,983,115 


48,611,949 


Value of Exemptions (land and buildings) 


i 


1,000,000 


33,472,800 


14,157,000 




- 




812,850 


24,983,384 




$ 


i 


2,014,110 


10,332,450 






9 


139 


38-41 






10 


138-75 


56 






19 


108 


75-4 






24 


158-55 


134-43 






30 


132 


85-66 






22 


199-6 


146-78 






40 


382-3 


79 


Estimated value of fire equipment 


i 


15,000 


431,647 


155,019 


Total loss on property by fire 


- 


2 


600,650 


423,192 


Receipts from 
Taxation 


- 


118,858 


1,677,441 


2,007,127 


Licenses and fees 


i 


7,839 


59,175 


38,626 


Fines forfeits and escheats 


i 


2,392 


74,006 


22,284 


Municipality owned public services 


- 


16,242 


478,258 


577,693 


Grants, subventions and fees for educational purposes 
Interest 


i 

- 


i 
i 


30,609 
9,592 


1,000 

8,774 


Sinking funds 


i 


i 


36,340 


89,799 


Total ordinary receipts 


i 


147,481 


3,987,460 


3,133,173 


Total extraordinary receipts 


i 


98,253 


182,086 


823,719 












Grand total receipts. 


i 


215,734 


4,169,546 


3,956,692 


Expenditures on 
General government 


^ 


11,521 


144,550 


161,385 


Police department 




11,312 


169,445 


147,276 


Fire department 




6,859 


186,852 


192,708 


Inspection of building, plumbing, etc 




128 


4,800 


2,071 


Highways, including administration, salaries and outlays. 
Health and sanitation 




24,355 
1,138 


460,090 
348,589 


683,460 
95,041 


Charities and corrections 




1,650 


213,520 


132,109 


Education 


j 


32,153 


665,645 


624,472 


Public service enterprises 




5,318 


603,030 


406,293 


Recreations . 




1,39 


6,831 


31,896 


Interest . . 




35,335 


490,798 


301,516 


Sinking funds 




17,407 


430,847 


200,483 


Total ordinary expenditure 




150,249 


3,888,209 


3,281,096 


Total extraordinary expenditure 




98,253 


730,875 


315,603 












Grand total expenditure 




248,502 


4,619,084 


3,596,699 


Assets- 
Available 




141,50 


3,535,39 


2,247,271 


Revenue producing . . 




302,00 


4,837,730 


6,720,063 


Non-revenue producing . 




960,17 


7,842,484 


3,201,713 


Other 




i 


44,48; 


40,545 












Total assets 




1,403,67 


16,260,09 


12,209,592 


Liabilities 
Bonded debt 




924,60 


12,414,46 


8,256,728 


Floating or current debt 




i 


322,29 


442,069 


All other 




351,43 


52,35 


179,086 












Total liabilities 




1,276,03 


12,789,11 


8,877,883 













MUMCIPAL PUBLIC FIX A \&lt; ! 



691 



Cities of 10,000 Population and over for the calendar year, 1920. 



Quebec. 


Ontario. 


Manitoba. 


Saskat 
chewan. 


Alberta. 


British 
Columbia. 


Canada, 
Total. 


11 


24 


3 


3 


4 


3 


57 


60,017 


112,596 


32.756 


26,667 


72,329 


22,860 


376,343 


876,274 


1,158,442 


207,305 


.456 


142,857 


170,439 


2,827,676 


891,770,301 


1,018,089,000 


266,331,944 


87,905,620 


177,249,184 


290,088,340 


2,858,792,013 


297,884,462 


206,531,479 


48,108,498 


22,717,700 


19,413,990 


43,079,717 


686,365,646 


i 


71,410,029 


i 


1,246,614 


3,436,644 


i 


101,888,521 


i 


82,546,688 


i 


7,006,483 


i 


i 


101,899,731 


623-1 


,21 


258-25 


118-23 


251-82 


38, r )-47 


3,087-04 


579-56 


,036-31 


575 


405-57 


916-21 


209-77 


3,927-17 


930-51 


,964-37 


428 


201-2 


76 


452-75 


4,255-48 


1,176-85 


,623-53 


627 


256-64 


561-46 


421-31 


5,984-26 


870-13 


,684-95 


318-8 


170-93 


429-45 


378-22 


4,100-14 


796-98 


16-91 


357-45 


190-7 


445-85 


489-66 


4,595-93 


3,152-42 


4, 691-7 


754-03 


918-52 


1,7; 


1,065-72 


12,856-04 


1,384,418 


1,604,063 


456 


264,873 


509,871 


374,194 


5,195.460 


1,290 803 


5,538,775 


958 806 


263,698 


553,660 


504,299 


10,343,883 


22,345,511 


40,742,821 


7,117,371 


3,941,951 


8,611,210 


7,845,350 


94,407.640 


1,117,282 


1,356,741 


33&gt; 


121,536 


141,434 


472,21(1 


3,653,139 


298,749 


7:u,65l 


49,708 


25,218 


30, .&lt;4_ 


236,823 


1,473,773 


4,595,776 


11,244,432 


1,833,701 


2,471,715 


6,242,447 


1,051,258 


28.511.522 


i 


564,596 


i 


25,857 


i 


399,878 


1,021,940 


969,850 


779,674 


72,374 


36,886 


700 


353,805 


2,231,655 


1,370,940 


12,821,276 


121,341 


119,544 


i 


i 


14,559,240 


32,658,360 


84,155,827 


11,338,945 


7,48: 


15.259,741 


10,678,573 


168,840,791 


15,485,378 


23,708,052 


674,945 


341,182 


100,000 


266,033 


41,679,649 


48,143,731 


117,8*3,871 


12,913,899 


7,822,413 


15,359,741 


19,944,696 


219,529,449 


3,481,285 


3,454,272 


354 


337,737 


672,164 


391,921 


9,009,740 


2,069,558 


2,618,442 


421,183 


197,210 


441,075 


,863 


6,755,364 


2,245,781 


3.492,423 


507,652 


36! 


489,066 


634,44o 


8,125,579 


47,880 


237,789 


28,132 


12,931 


28,718 


21,287 


383,736 


5,754,543 


10,486,314 


516,856 


369,593 


843,632 


1,065,217 


20,204,060 


1,457,789 


4,785,705 


443,141 


341,152 


294,264 


354,858 


8,121,677 


438,339 


2,597,168 


507,560 


247,860 


324,968 


386,766 


4,849,940 


5,606,061 


15,438,961 


2,609,858 


1,544,805 


2,715,118 


2,080,085 


31,317,158 


3,868,840 


10,330,311 


1,809,259 


2,419,021 


6,442,030 


482,521 


26,366,623 


267,389 


2,329,100 


187,158 


65,257 


151,483 


173,929 


3,214,434 


8,828,532 


8,688,476 


966,222 


1,247,798 


1,293,225 


2,918,611 


24,770,513 


1,366,615 


13,301,681 


397,605 


484,973 


316,381 


1,189,377 


17,705,369 


36,551,915 


84,328,164 


9,875,916 


7,750,634 


14,228,229 


10,829,443 


170,883,855 


11,559,108 


23,926,540 


1,230,792 


385,104 


1,300,188 


261,942 


39,808,405 


48,111,023 


198,254,794 


11.196,798 


8.135,738 


15,528,417 


11, HI, 385 


219,692,269 


36,269,604 


72,814,844 


22,761,651 


12,592,712 


27,236,695 


25,252,741 


202,852,418 


39,022,249 


70,038,502 


21,949,281 


11,638,388 


19,238,467 


12,549,783 


186,296,463 


84,112,018 


147,665,266 


36,148,537 


17,232,048 


31,901,040 


42,141,253 


371,204,533 


31,399,106 


11,722,380 


1,783,036 


i 


1,499,024 


3,019,310 


49,507,884 


IN, 812, 977 


392,249,992 


82,942,595 


41,463,148 


79,875,226 


82,963,987 


899,861,298 


159,633,996 


199,959,782 


51,614,069 


27,255,644 


55,857,590 


59,471,712 


575,388,587 


12,286,736 


7,869,211 


5,953,888 


2,803,105 


10,122,898 


7,112,653 


46,912,853 


10,793,090 


25,471,110 


6,178,211 


3,134,246 


2,765,626 


3,252,387 


52,177,547 


182,713,832 


234, 431, CIS 3 


3,746,168 


33,192,995 


68,746,114 


69,836,752 


675, 610,499 s 



1 None. z No record. 3 The city of Chatham shows total liabilities only; these are included 
this item. 

38131441 



692 



FINANCE 



30. Receipts, ordinary and extraordinary, of Cities, for the fiscal year 1920. 











Ordinary 


Keceipts. 






No. 


Name of City or Town. 


Taxation. 


Licenses 
and 
fees. 


Fines, 
forfeits 
and 
escheats. 


Public 
services. 


Sales, 
rentals 
andleases 
of public 
buildings 
or lands. 


Grants, 
subven 
tions and 
fees 
or educa 
tional 
purposes. 


1 


Prince Edward Island 
Charlottetown 


$ 
118,858 


$ 
7,839 


$ 
2,392 


$ 
16,242 


$ 
305 


$ 


2 


STova Scotia 
Halifax. 


837,840 


32,695 


45,983 


164,266 


2,551 




3 


Sydney 


411,660 


11,300 


24,000 


56,100 


2 


19,000 


4 


Amherst 


178,579 


568 


3,006 


29,761 


71 


2 


5 


New Glasgow 


131,594 


13,444 


2 


40,479 


2 


4,236 


6 


Dartmouth 


117,768 


1,168 


1,017 


187,652 


3,085 


7,373 


7 


STew Brunswick 
St. John 


1,431,861 


35,689 


11,489 


518,760 


21,255 


1,000 


8 


Moncton 


379,663 


2 


9,198 


22,879 


2 


2 


q 


Fredericton . 


195,603 


2,937 


1,597 


36,054 


1,992 


2 


in 


Quebec 
Montreal. . . 


17,934,148 


909,977 


236,529 


2,713,490 


131,139 


2 


11 


Quebec ... 


1,714,601 


45,190 


10,915 


486,607 


6,228 


2 


1? 


Verdun . . . 


376,457 


22,820 


5 


179,552 


2 


6 


13 


Hull. . 


177,233 


16,027 


41,782 


137,135 


2 


6 


14 


Sherbrooke . 


284,106 


39,700 


3,133 


410,290 


230 


6 


15 


Three Rivers . 


316,919 


31,924 


2 


115,454 


7,387 


6 


Ifi 


Westmount 


713,491 


18,188 


2,129 


300,045 


8,667 


6 


17 


Lachine 


269,140 


11,889 


1,956 


110,551 


660 


6 


18 


Outremont 


402,500 


4,593 


295 


2 


43,361 


6 


19 


St. Hyacinthe 


85,809 


11,239 


750 


70,008 


2 





W 


LeVis 


71,107 


5,735 


1,260 


72,644 


1,939 


6 


7,1 


Ontario 
Toronto 


21,237,193 


1,036,481 


274, 855 


4,038,455 


510,013 


247,139 


?,?, 


Hamilton. . 


3,433,765 


133,161 


65,965 


1,184,035 


11,116 


87,228 


?3 


Ottawa 


3,227,240 


53,403 


35,912 


734,790 


835 


2 


?4 


London 


1,823,685 


23,776 


35,487 


302,310 


6,559 


2 


?r5 


Windsor 


1,245,357 


16,756 


77,886 


569,174 


1,500 


47,738 


?6 


Brntford 


939,483 


6,369 


13,714 


466,946 


737 


10,031 


?,7 


Kitchener 


563,524 


3,697 


7,376 


459,185 


150 


2 


?8 


Kingston 


530,310 


1,382 


2 


358,933 


2 


17,962 


W 


Sault Ste. Marie 


648,890 


6,760 


64,329 


230,220 


972 


2 


30 


Peterborough 


577,082 


6,451 


6,493 


218,150 


4,002 


14,585 


31 


Fort William 


1,182,181 


8,739 


32,983 


559,655 


1,767 


85,022 


3? 


St. Catharines 


733,621 


8,653 


13,181 


217,988 


2,000 


6 


33 


Stratford 


473,245 


4,136 


7,406 


30,841 


2 


2 


34 


St. Thomas 


514,552 


2,947 


6,143 


637,709 


9,746 


18,088 


35 


Port Arthur 


708,014 


6,846 


26,443 


184,511 


45,886 


2 


36 


Sarnia 


431,388 


4,763 


8,867 


254,673 


1,447 


13,842 


37 


Niagara Falls 


368,978 


5,988 


9,575 


221,045 


2 


6 


38 


Chatham. . 


426,116 


2,936 


9,874 


66,838 


150 


2 


3) 


Gait 


377,381 


2,737 


2,790 


179,711 


973 


2 


40 


Belleville 


336,667 


4,749 


6,019 


90,651 


3,287 


2 


41 


Owen Sound 


275,757 


2,695 


5,398 


17,518 


2,028 


2 


4? 


Oshawa 


193,659 


3,346 


14,148 


59,616 


1,035 


9,961 


43 


North Bay 


246,530 


5,057 


6,894 


40,240 


289 


327 


44 


Woodstock 


248,203 


4,913 


1,913 


121,238 


23,481 


12,673 


45 


Manitoba 
Winnipeg 


5,943,773 


332,331 


47,372 


1,650,199 


2 


2 


46 


Brandon 


662,654 


2 


2 


150,012 


2 


2 


47 


St. Boniface 


510,944 


5,965 


2,336 


33,490 


1,200 


2 


48 


Saskatchewan 
Regina 


1,759,281 


21,305 


14,546 


1,093,905 


9,933 


2 


49 


Saskatoon 


1,303,733 


83,322 


3,878 


916,632 


4,165 


6 


50 


Moosejaw 


878,937 


16,909 


6,794 


461,178 


1,418 


25,857 


51 


Alberta 
Calgary 


3,560,556 


66,009 


14,025 


2,553,714 


2 


2 


5? 


Edmonton 


3,980,495 


61,517 


11,404 


2,960,675 


94,391 


2 


53 


Lethbridge 


501,763 


6,476 


3,211 


355,232 


3,451 


2 


54 


Medicine Hat 


568,396 


7,432 


2,302 


372,826 


583 


2 


55 


British Columbia 
Vancouver 


5,389,097 


379,609 


209,002 


520,328 


18,223 


239,200 


56 


Victoria 


1,910,019 


79,829 


17,287 


343,399 


4,195 


108,868 


57 


New Westminster. . 


546,234 


12.773 


10.534 


187,531 


14,071 


51,810 



iNon-revenue receipts includes interest, sinking funds, refunds and other non-revenue receipts. 2 None 
Sewers are included in waterworks. Included in taxation. Statistics are not available. 6 Under the 
control of the school board. 7 Grant paid direct to library board. 



MUNICIPAL PUBLIC FI\A\ CE 



69! 



St. Receipts, ordinary and extraordinary, of cities, for the fiscal year 1920. 



Ordinary Receipts. 


Extraordinary Receipts. 










Grand 




Sanita 














total 


Libran 
museui 
and art 
galleries. 


tion and 
promo 
tion of 
cleanli- 


&gt;n- 

rmt 1 


Miseel- 

lan&lt; 

ipta. 


Total 
ordinary 

ipta. 


Deben 
tures or 
bon 


Other 
ra- 
ordinary 
ipts. 


Total 
extra 
ordinary 
ipta. 


ordinary 
and extra 
ordinary 
receipts. 




liness. 
















S 


% 


$ 


$ 


$ 


S 


S 


S 


S 


i 


s 


2 


1,845 


147,481 


94,522 


3,731 


98,253 


245,734 




34,011 


2 


1,305,083 


. ,429 


2 


2 


2 


2,422,429 




7,000 


2 




1,120 


136,000 


2 


136,000 


715,120 




3.742 


45,815 


HI 


34 




10,337 


16, 








J 1,224 






29,750 


2 


29,750 


272,117 




2 


665 


77,830 




2 


2 


2 


.,558 


* 


553 


60,874 


71.010 


2,155,491 


.,698 


2 


495,698 


2,651,189 


2 


4 


18,1(17 


162 


J.899 


261,511 


50,000 


311,511 


904,410 


2 


10,513 


l ,930 


Hi. 


384,783 


16,510 


i 


16,510 


401,293 


258 


130,228 


2,303.360 


85,826 


24,444,955 


7.900,000 


2,056,756 


9,956,756 


34,401,711 


I 


2 








2,12 


2 


2, 129, 134 




2 


9,161 


11 


101 


700,922 


2 


56.467 


56,467 


7. i 7, 389 


2 


3,612 


1 




384,365 


29,900 


167.602 


1 .17,502 


581 


o 


2 


20 


720.370 


1.478,278 


97: 


2 


S.478 


2,453.7.17 


2 


92,006 


15 


17,020 


596,472 


. 


79,134 


1,4*, 


2. 06(1, Hie, 


612 


8,466 


5,662 


128.108 


1,185,368 




14,882 


.,041 


1,420.411(1 


2 






167 


7,635 


133,440 


2 


133,440 


701,075 


2 


4 


2,423 




486 


2 


193,570 


193 


680,026 


2 


2 


2,829 


128,501 




2 


21,838 


21,838 


32i 


2 


2 


1,540 


3d 


185,211 


76,480 


40,038 


116,518 


301 


2 


14,299 


11.364.20.S 


7,104 


11.479,747 


7,094,203 


274,924 


7,369,127 


48,848,874 


2 


2 


1,006,010 




7,877,426 




8,575 


[,891,228 


,S,654 


45.730 




311,886 




; - - 


7,896 


2 






2 


125,684 




67,986 


3.134,810 


839,008 


5,955,865 


6,794,873 






2 


6,604 


2 


-),015 




2 


892 


2,857,546 


2 


4 


43,851 


99,232 


1,580,363 


80,974 


64,012 


144,986 


1,725,349 


2 


4 


1,100 


2 


1,035,032 


2 


2 


2 


1,035,032 


2 


2 


2 


113,158 


1,021.745 


7,500 


2 


327,500 


1.3; 


2 


1,818 


129,332 


41: 


1,497,777 




67,967 


654 


2,152,315 


2 


1,249 


1,964 


:,365 


l.o: 


613,431 


112,970 


726,401 


1,783,742 


2 


555 


2,168 


951 


&gt;,057 


455. 4" 7 


72,397 


527,894 


3,352,951 


7 


2 


1,981. .V. .-, 


1,002,685 


. 1,653 


136,400 


76,124 


201 


4,161,177 




4.7M 


82,437 


588,042 


1,190,900 


106,422 


2 


10 ,, 4 22 


7,322 




1,215 


7,381 


37,444 


1.235,225 


.740 


2 


63,740 


1,298,965 




10,344 


106,942 


1.416,189 


2,505.17.-. 


4,699 




4,699 


2,50 




23,293 


40,346 


301,771 


1,080,390 


535,766 


57,700 


-,466 


1,673,856 




850 


2,461 


62! 


1,230,447 


306,614 


2 


306,614 


1,537,061 


2 


85 


906 


283,835 


790,740 


139,302 


2 


139,302 


930,042 


2 


2,729 


26,859 


.440 


618,620 


204,781 


2 


204,781 


823,401 


2 


2 


59,967 


423,743 


925,083 


41,831 


131,574 


173,405 


1,098,488 


7 


4,836 


241,621 


439,307 


,160 


88,455 


1,005 


89,460 


1,078,620 


2,130 


14,815 


339 


348,338 


647,387 


329,074 


25,549 


354,623 


1,002,010 


2 


1,740 


2 


47,458 


348,535 


54,667 


12,017 


66,684 


415,219 


580 


2 


25,910 


152,393 


591,304 


253,672 


82,686 


336,358 


927,662 


1,123 


17,283 


2 


238,278 


8,230,359 


600,000 


2 


600,000 


8,830,359 


2 


2 


1,433 


79,717 


893,816 


2 


2 


2 


893,816 


2 




395,092 


1,265,743 


2,214,770 


74,945 


2 


74,945 


2,289,715 


2 


15,754 


51,843 


473,842 


3,440,409 


240,487 


2 


240,487 


3,680,896 


793 


8,781 


50,000 


146,958 


2,518,262 


100,000 


695 


100,695 


2,618,957 


818 


10,638 


54,587 


65,424 


1,522,560 


2 


2 


2 


1,522,560 


2 


2 


2 


2 


6,194,304 


2 


2 


2 


6,194,304 


50,377 


47,807 


2 


6,765 


7,213,431 


2 


2 


2 


7,213,431 


1,006 


2 


600 


2,984 


874,723 


2 


2 


2 


874,723 


2 


16,682 


6,285 


2,777 


977,283 


100,000 


2 


100,000 


1,077., 283 


2 


34,963 


191,339 


7,978 


6,989,739 


2 


2 


2 


6,989,739 


3,240 


10,662 


144,937 


48,993 


2,671,429 


2 


158,053 


158,053 


2,829,482 


2 


2,747 


32,798 


158,907 


1,017,405 


25,000 


82,980 


107,980 


1,125,385 



No. 



2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

7 
8 
I 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 

21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 

45 

16 
47 

48 
49 
50 

51 
52 
53 
54 

55 
56 
57 



694 



FINANCE 



31. Expenditure, ordinary and extraordinary, of Cities, for the fiscal year 1920. 



No. 


Name of City or Town. 


Ordinary Expenditure. 


General 
Govern 
ment. 


Police 
Depart 
ment. 


Fire 
Depart 
ment. 


Inspec 
tion of 
buildings 
plumb 
ing, etc. 


High 
ways. 


Health 
and 
sanita 
tion. 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 

21 

22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 

45 

46 
47 

48 
49 
50 

51 
52 
53 
54 

55 
56 
57 


Prince Edward Island 
Charlottetown 


$ 
11,521 

53,268 
25,200 
24,565 
26,299 
15,218 

123,644 
21,423 
16,318 

2,780,136 
211,064 
24,270 
20,948 
47,313 
87,889 
80,182 
44,520 
153,066 
18,212 
13,685 

1,517,428 
720,044 
138,954 
114,655 
46,985 
114,310 
17,870 
51,004 
46,603 
41,077 
189,364 
62,354 
14,383 
47,811 
74,781 
26,345 
28,559 
20,011 
51,613 
43,474 
15,424 
28,102 
19,421 
23,700 

274,079 
32,790 
48,036 

165,476 
99,000 
73,261 

357,346 
199,114 
64,147 
51,557 

270,871 
87,170 
33,880 


$ 

11,312 

109,590 
41,000 
6,508 
7,057 
5,290 

107,506 
25,460 
14,310 

1,742,951 
140,351 
22,306 
31,857 
19,430 
28,334 
35,086 
20,995 
21,426 
6,822 

3 

1,609,888 
249,058 
181,710 
103,028 
79,129 
58,957 
11,779 
24,390 
43,075 
24,544 
30,474 
20,585 
17,079 
19,523 
27,571 
23,930 
20,728 
11,357 
9,070 
14,666 
9,793 
12,183 
9,479 
6,446 

376,011 
21,291 
23,881 

105,614 
50,722 
40,874 

151,772 
247,600 
20,296 
21,407 

544,614 
110,845 
24,404 


$ 
6,859 

130,049 
30,000 
8,540 
9,169 
9,094 

144,392 
38,181 
10,135 

1,650,203 
288,286 
33,459 
58,486 
39,137 
38,541 
40,938 
15,299 
20,799 
15,607 
45,026 

1,994,883 
253,524 
272,317 
145,809 
88,435 
76,496 
58,520 
32,795 
48,376 
37,889 
64,960 
45,037 
47,612 
19,473 
69,955 
27,390 
46,787 
34,498 
29,754 
17,705 
25,165 
9,648 
16,348 
29,047 

404,015 
55,286 
48,351 

147,670 
122,898 
99,225 

244,894 
162,767 
40,870 
40,535 

432,955 
151,396 
50,094 


$ 
128 

i 

4,800 
i 

i 
i 

i 

2,071 
i 

29,880 
13,996 

1,500 
i 

i 

1,000 
1 
1 

1,504 
i 
i 

198,078 
13,219 
1,800 

4 

2,852 
i 

300 
i 

1,500 
1,271 
3,036 
1,406 
1,537 
1,744 
2,413 

1,500 
i 

i 
i 

7,133 
i 
i 
i 
i 

25,634 
1,302 
1,196 

5,490 
6,445 
996 

18,556 
8,509 
1,653 
i 

12,962 
3,150 
5,175 


$ 
24,355 

224,721 
120,100 
22,837 
61,481 
30,951 

403,802 
188,790 
90,868 

4,349,050 
289,474 
36,358 
116,761 
69,810 
92,431 
267,780 
82,075 
237,333 
71,694 
141,777 

4,988,738 
641,856 
480,357 
562,817 
125,067 
201,581 
258,277 
194,526 
94,084 
380,182 
134,380 
146,796 
143,210 
307,753 
79,160 
261,047 
280,258 
58,219 
139,930 
445,893 
137,047 
278,609 
78,320 
68,207 

424,082 
37,893 
54,881 

139,902 
94,397 
135,294 

418,303 
347,235 
48,896 
29,198 

761,009 
200,045 
104,163 


$ 

1,138 

327,653 
7,000 
7,351 
3,878 
2,707 

44,183 
35,822 
15,036 

1,217,873 
42,482 
35,561 
9,804 
9,796 
39,050 
8,004 
24,271 
51,661 
19,032 
255 

2,649,609 
415,645 
436,634 
308,440 
19,121 
80,132 
52,509 
45,491 
35,523 
51,051 
20,797 
36,460 
75,945 
44,381 
40,658 
54,102 
70,345 
9,708 
48,083 
12,235 
12,177 
115,643 
28,330 
122,686 

379,570 
32,344 
31,227 

159,690 
107,486 
73,976 

199,590 
33,482 
26,468 
34,724 

192,817 
145,320 
16,721 


Nova Scotia 
Halifax 


Sydney 


Amherst 


New Glasgow 


Dartmouth 


New Brunswick 
St. John 


Moncton 


Fredericton 


Quebec 
Montreal 


Quebec 


Verdun. . 


Hull 


Sherbrooke 


Three Rivers 


Westmount 


Lachine 


Outremont 


St. Hyacinthe 


Levis 


Ontario 
Toronto 


Hamilton 


Ottawa 


London 


Windsor 


Brantford 


Kitchener 


Kingston 


Sault Ste. Marie 


Peterborough 


Port William 


St. Catharines 


Stratford 


St. Thomas 


Port Arthur 


Sarnia 


Niagara Falls 


Chatham. . . 


Gait 


Belleville 


Owen Sound 


Oshawa 


North Bay 


Woodstock 


Manitoba 
Winnipeg 


Brandon 


St. Boniface 


Saskatchewan 
Regina 


Saskatoon 


Moosejaw 


Alberta 
Calgary 


Edmonton 


Lethbridge 


Medicine Hat 


British Columbia 
Vancouver 


Victoria 


New Westminster 





. 2 Under the control of the school board, 
tion included in health department administration. 



Included in fire department. *Plumbing inspec- 



MUNICIPAL PUBLIC FINANCE 



o95 



31. Expenditure, ordinary and extraordinary, of Cities, for the fiscal year 1920. 



Ordinary Expenditure. 


No. 


Charities 
and 
correc 
tions. 


Education. 


Municipal 
ly owned 
public 
services. 


Recrea 
tions. 


Interest. 


Sinking 
Fund. 


Miscellan 
eous ex 
penditure. 


Total 
ordinary 
expendi 
ture. 


I 


1 


* 


$ 


1 


1 


S 


$ 




1,650 


32,153 


5,318 


1,391 


35,335 


17,407 


1,682 


150,249 


1 


157,772 


401,096 


308,546 


i 


293,637 


332,290 


57,177 


2,395,799 


2 


16.000 


1 - 0,600 




2,500 


88,000 


32,500 


67,000 


579,700 


3 


27,470 


.250 


1.-..586 


2,100 


46,284 


40,725 


28,270 


272,486 


4 


7,041 


35,009 


40.096 


i 


45.781 


19,543 


2,512 


257,866 


5 


5,237 


66,690 


213,802 


2,231 


17,096 


5,789 


8,253 


382,358 




101,040 


412,383 


359,431 


23,441 


222,887 


155,791 


206,688 


2,305,188 


7 


23,540 


140,314 




- 


50,982 


41,571 


85,436 


662,744 


8 


7,529 


71 


44,563 


1,600 


27,647 


3,121 


10,262 


313,164 


9 


311,124 


5,185,689 


2,658,744 


191,937 


6,884,686 


711,650 


754,264 


28,468,187 


10 


60,378 


407,931 




14,704 


,161 


75,152 


i 


2,284,538 


11 


5,012 


t 


121,882 


2,414 


183,963 


38,500 


i 


505,225 


12 


11,546 


i 


92,261 


1,322 


12,-), 082 


48 


6,929 


524,44!) 


13 


20,798 


1,830 


190,593 


2,254 


186,044 


38,930 


2,878 


628,813 


14 


12,240 


t 


19d 


11,981 


255,067 


70,418 


21,258 


84s 


15 


708 


10,611 


244,837 


27,074 


160,041 


309,601 


212 


1,:5 .I7,621 


16 


9,679 


2 


80,240 


3,137 


142,849 




2,739 


449 


17 


1,859 


S 


i 


9,271 


15.) 


44 


101,680 


797 


18 


4,695 


2 


94,493 


3,295 


61,643 


1,763 


11,879 


:m, 135 


to 


300 


1 


103,662 


i 


26,214 


3,006 


4,917 


338,842 


20 


969,183 


7,115,435 


3,548,923 


1,884,757 


4,485,045 


8,665,074 


4,912,946 


44,539,987 


21 


676,072 


1,365,046 


.,679 


50,515 




601,364 


8,479 


6,735,833 


22 


269,926 


1,124,584 


BIS 


44,058 


807,913 


17s 


i 


4, 84!i, :(i:, 


23 


17:&gt; 


881,154 


307,503 


34,694 


360,595 


762,369 


465,721 


4,222,510 


24 


17,548 


805,041 


477,692 


33,507 


190,421 


9,341 


356,155 


2,251,289 


25 


121,963 


.,657 




11 


128,413 


82,621 


i 


1,584,884 


26 


7,973 


16.". 


I d- 


15, 7:&gt; 1 


4,266 


i 


i 


801,158 


27 


28,573 


31C. 


895,272 


4,603 


99,789 


40,173 


i 


1,233,410 


28 


29,362 


506,613 


1,719 


29,li:, 


142,925 


105,282 


59,072 


1,366,249 


29 


-14,968 


453,620 




6,595 


93,946 


71,777 


1,834 


1,414,6!8 


30 


53,894 


497,41 ,* 


446,186 


3,347 


352,489 


150,000 


218,040 


2,164,386 


31 


26,898 


267,359 


182,869 


7,045 


17 . 


2,036,188 


213,376 


3,225,718 


32 


12,399 


136,126 


40,786 


33,500 


174,974 


131,781 


112,065 


94 i 


33 


16,983 


164,490 


2,641 


14,879 




3,382 


11,302 


1,280,359 


34 


28,459 


206,752 


78,027 


12,058 


313,317 


81,212 


51,961 


1,066,324 


35 


17,137 


210,094 


270,509 


73,208 


112,177 


402 


2,952 


1,080,793 


36 


13,239 


220,058 


233,356 


1,610 


8,693 


i 


8,773 


932,406 


37 


11,309 


123,456 


181,172 


3,507 


72,116 


i 


6,063 


53-1,416 


38 


60,453 


115,257 


162,649 


14,276 


81,001 


31,345 


28,797 


772,228 


39 


5,123 


101,603 


106,777 


4,457 


66,753 


109,401 


832 


936,052 


40 


5,310 


106,305 


9,986 


6,716 


43,119 


216,521 


14,252 


601,815 


41 


1,396 


115,973 


182,822 


34,311 


35,190 


i 


47,779 


861,656 


42 


7,232 


103,928 


27,202 


1,472 


46,244 


i 


1,335 


339,311 


43 


16,048 


79,758 


126,129 


3,587 


48,416 


25,159 


45,788 


594,971 


44 


469,772 


2,236,603 


1,648,634 


179,300 


537,173 


140,075 


987,090 


8,082,038 


45 


20,292 


158,255 


122,778 


7,197 


156,659 


136,189 


102,531 


884,807 


46 


17,496 


215,000 


37,847 


661 


272,390 


121,341 


36,764 


909,071 


47 


54,789 


679,949 


1,009,985 


27,827 


573,087 


263,361 


i 


3,332,840 


48 


132,335 


544,127 


803,954 


25,188 


467,258 


146,892 


112,504 


2,713,206 


49 


60,736 


320,729 


605,082 


12,242 


207,453 


74,720 


i 


1,704,588 


50 


98,262 


1,064,532 


2,841,198 


88,506 


675,857 


219,391 


109,595 


6,487,802 


51 


183,126 


1,287,910 


3,044,390 


34,348 


302,794 


i 


65,262 


5,916,537 


52 


21,346 


159,229 


391,090 


20,160 


75,605 


22,489 


5,078 


897,327 


53 


22,234 


203,447 


165,352 


8,469 


238,969 


74,501 


36,170 


926,563 


54 


335,002 


1,439,949 


233,054 


103,800 


1,769,033 


855,313 


113,089 


7,055,468 


55 


31,217 


424,378 


173,620 


61,022 


868,055 


234,512 


242,406 


2,733,136 


56 


20,547 


215,758 


75,847 


9,107 


290,523 


99,552 


95,068 


1,040,839 


57 



696 



FINANCE 



31. Expenditure, ordinary and extraordinary, of Cities for the fiscal year 1920. 

concluded. 



No 


Name of City or Town. 


Extraordinary Expenditure. 


Grand 
Total 
all expen 
ditures. 


Funded 
debt 
bonds. 


Special 
deben 
tures or 
bonds. 


Revenue 
or tem 
porary 
loans. 


Other 
debt 
obliga 
tions. 


Total 
extra 
ordinary 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 

21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 

45 
46 
47 

48 
49 
50 

51 
52 
53 
54 

55 
56 
57 


Prince Edward Island 
Charlottetown 


$ 
i 

583,490 
i 

i 
820 
5,000 

i 

10,500 
i 

5,451,183 
2,125,000 
25,000 
29,900 
25,000 
745,000 

2 

10,000 

1 

11,839 
10,942 
i 

4,170,373 
765,937 
29,250 
246,974 
257,034 
102,648 
159,873 
22,596 

14,168 
i 

107,659 

42,968 
i 

3 

36,166 
101,400 
64,230 
80,917 
135,000 
3,750 
26,561 
30,076 

31,251 
i 

i 

i 
53,439 

37,056 
88,000 
56,548 

6,500 

853,709 
i 

4,377 

i 

83,350 
i 


i 

i 
i 

30,18 
i 

i 

7,58 
86,000 
6,39 

2 
1 

1 
1 

975,479 

326,000 
i 

i 
i 
i 

i 

i 

50,233 
i 

865,156 
i 

i 
i 
50,555 
106,025 

55,978 
i 
i 
i 

3 

50,083 
260,103 
197,810 
150,774 
i 
i 

95,000 

i 

2,077 

i 

363,837 
i 

200,000 

i 
i 
i 

1,620 
404,852 
i 

29,130 

i 

i 
i 


$ 
i 

27,94 
i 

54,235 
13,430 
9,200 

i 
126,713 

78,418 

i 

641,930 
i 

20,852 
634,000 
117,085 
22,788 
204,873 
i 
i 

12,527 

1,600,113 

1,244,449 

i 

i 
i 

7,886 
i 

93,218 
574,104 
281,790 
1,070,000 
864,131 
353,000 

3 

1,405,155 
186,421 
319,683 

250,000 
i 

150,000 
377,931 
109,000 
32,800 
142,000 

i 
i 

113,516 

203,500 
i 

i 

i 

i 
i 
i 

i 
18,592 
160,000 


I 

98,25 

i 
i 

6,56 
i 

i 

i 
i 
i 

71,876 
i 

68,091 
i 

i 
29 243 


$ 
98,25 

611,43 

i 

90,98 
14,250 
14,200 

7,581 
223,213 
84,809 

5,523,059 
2,766,930 
93,091 
50,752 
1,634,479 
1,217,328 
22,788 

215,373 

i 

11,839 
23,469 

6,685,486 
2,378,716 
29,250 
5,671,930 
548,754 
110,534 
159,873 
332,738 
792,484 
342,702 
1,177,659 
907,099 
356,161 
81,667 
1,491,404 
547,924 
607,539 
481,691 
135,000 
153,750 
499,492 
139,076 
75,908 
219,703 

363,837 
i 

866,955 

240,556 
88,000 
56,548 

8,120 

1,258,561 
i 

33,507 

i 
101,942 
160,000 


$ 
248,502 

3,007,238 
579,700 
363,472 
272,116 
396,558 

2,312,769 
885,957 
397, 973 

33,991,246 
5,051,468 
598,316 
575,201 
2,263,292 
2,066,106 
1,420,409 
664,667 
797,033 
320,974 
362,311 

51,225,473 
9,114,549 
4,878,565 
9,894,440 
2,800,043 
1,695,418 
961,031 
1,566,148 
2,158,733 
1,757,400 
3,342,045 
4,132,817 
1,297,557 
1,362,026 
2,557,728 
1,628,717 
1,539,945 
1,013,107 
907,228 
1,089,802 
1,101,307 
1,000,732 
415,219 
814,674 

8,445,875 
884,807 
1,776,026 

3,573,396 
2,801,206 
1,761,136 

6,495,922 
7,175,098 
897,327 
960,070 

7,055,468 
2,835,078 
1,200,839 


Nova Scotia 
Halifax 


Sydney 


Amherst 


New Glasgow 


Dartmouth 


New Brunswick 
St. John 


Moncton 


Fredericton 


Quebec 
Montreal 


Quebec 


Verdun 


Hull 


Sherbrooke 


Three Rivers 


Westmount 


i 

500 
i 

i 
i 

915,000 

318,097 

i 

4,559,800 

291,720 
i 

i 

166,369 
98,187 

4,934 
i 

i 
3,161 

3 
1 
1 

25,816 
i 

i 
i 
i 
i 
9,780 
77,703 

i 
i 
500,000 

i 
i 
i 


Lachine 


Outremont 


St. Hyacinthe 


Levis 


Ontario 
Toronto 


Hamilton 


Ottawa 


London 


Windsor 


Brantford 


Kitchener 


Kingston 


Sault Ste. Marie 


Peterborough 


Fort William 


St. Catharines 


Stratford 


St. Thomas 


Port Arthur 


Sarnia 


Niagara Falls 


Chatham. . 


Gait 


Belleville 


Owen Sound 


Oshawa 


North Bay. . . . 


Woodstock 


Manitoba 
Winnipeg 


Brandon 


St. Boniface 


Saskatchewan 
Regina 


Saskatoon 


Moosejaw. . . 


Alberta 
Calgary 


Edmonton 


Lethbridge 


Medicine Hat 


British Columbia 
Vancouver 


Victoria 


New Westminster 







iNone. Included in funded debt bonds. *Total only given. 



MUNICIPAL PUBLIC FINANCE 



697 



3-&gt;._Avs-t&gt; and Liabilities of Cities for the fiscal year 1920. 






No. 


Name of City or Town. 


Available Assets. 


Total 
avail 
able 
assets. 


Cash on 
hand 
at end 
of year. 


Sinking 
funds and 
invest 
ments. 


Taxes in 
arrears 
or levied 
but not 
due. 


Accounts 
iv- 
able. 


Saleable 
land and 

buildings. 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

7 
8 
1 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 

21 

23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 

45 
46 
47 

48 
49 
50 

51 
52 
53 
54 

55 
56 
57 


rince Edward Island 

Charlnttctown 


$ 

210,862 

142 

i 

i 

2,494 

i 

4,535 
731,960 
8,545 

214,087 
11,112 

54,875 
i 

18 

20. 

1,370,438 
151 

107 
3S 

41,221 
1,483 

15:. 

4,701 
228 
78,730 
2,720 

655 
i 

67,010 
60 
25 
75,856 
130 
50 
9,520 

i 

55,712 
8,112 

248,884 
105,347 
201,923 

786,416 
25,700 
151,499 
26,443 

208,372 
45,295 
16,077 


$ 

137,257 

887,009 
,394 

,076 
184 
58, 

1,487,751 
119,567 
27,303 

4,248,452 
1.1171,538 
U: ,165 
203,378 
467 
,207 
1,251 
11: 

29:. 

45.405 
3.818 

0,624 
3,18 

4,682.171 
1,311. 794 
65,285 

1,415,392 
i 

367,567 
687,331 
896. W 
2, 517,137 
1,331,400 
871,899 
27,710 
1,544,404 

i 
i 

509,151 
524,534 

597,801 
i 
i 

342,106 

13,586,724 
1,134,182 
1,374,411 

2,390,670 

1,840,7! ! 
978,387 

3,109,031 
6,289,513 
893,148 
799,379 

10,239,891 
2,106,345 
698,182 


$ 

i 

i 
75,000 
27, 
194,882 
37,021 

137,220 
79, 
61,617 

12,453,578 


$ 

i 

i 
10,000 

2,925 
i 

500 
i 

4,632 

7,519,202 
145.026 
34,708 
11 
1,642 
,557 
123,165 
2,544 
170,556 

i 

1,647 
634,405 
121 
37,016 
.,367 
63,656 
500 
13,110 
21,019 
4,000 
146,547 
28,327 
39,188 
49,469 
10,903 
68,474 
i 
i 

5,678 
586 
200,911 
4,585 
29,710 
i 

389,168 
41,142 

7,078 

92,918 
152,323 
101,671 

165,509 
143,026 
54,709 
49,820 

343,009 
1,413,203 
108,533 


$ 

i 

897,600 

i 

12,650 
i 

15,000 

i 
196,346 
125,700 

2,000,000 
i 

59,240 

i 

419,935 
i 

89,789 
7,100 

287,! :-:. 

153,304 

1,327.356 
481.446 
5,046,466 

74,032 

i 

17,676 

i 

67,000 
28,281 
228,800 
293,419 
10,628 
104,000 
59,450 
138,040 
11,984 


$ 

141,505 

1,995,471 
707,054 
341.999 

379,424 
111,447 

1,627,465 
396,019 
223,787 

26,953,192 
2,379,288 
534,238 
370,449 
2,274 
833,175 
1,640 
346,571 
864,920 
140,385 
245,155 

37,351,972 
5,052.080 
11,380.331 
1,766,147 

3&lt;. 1,385 
1,532,288 
49,905 
.,317 
. 03,319 
l,30r,,&lt;)31 
3,:.i6,866 
1,448,454 
1,114,652 
276.715 
2,321,990 
885,259 
107,183 
161,606 
574,782 
583,414 
1,021,943 
69,588 
95,535 
397,182 

18,516,679 
1,787,197 
2,457,775 

5,198,152 
3,335,316 
4,059,244 

9,873,470 
13,790,982 
1,856.051 
1,716,192 

15,896,560 
8,150,182 
1,205,999 


$ov& Scotia 
Halifax 




Am her ~ f 


New Glasgow. ... 

Dartmouth 
"Jew Brunswick 
John 




Kredericton. . . .... 
Quebec 


Quebec ... 


99: 
109,580 
132,3: ] 
460 
313.299 

IM 

169,803 
110 

68,183 
67,040 

1,788 

,107 

,066 
162 

34,607 
8,184 
6,157 
165 
,764 
600,414 

99,337 
61,356 
62: 
796,375 
107,183 
87,096 
37,930 
58,269 
147,375 
49,873 
34,457 
5,556 

4,358,152 
502.557 
977,794 

674,095 
938,100 
889,977 

5,409,858 
6,900,455 
387,631 
505,658 

4,042,343 
1,919,853 
208,355 


Verdun.. 

Hull 


Sherbrookc 
Three Rivers 


West mount 




Outremont .... 


St. Hyacinthe 


Levis. _ . .... 


&gt;nt:irio 
Toronto. . . 
Hamilton 
Ottawa 
London . . . 


Windsor 


Brantford 


Kitchener 


Kingston 


ilt Ste. Marie 
Peterborough 
Fort William . . 


St. Catharines 


Stratford 


St. Thomas 


Port Arthur 


Sarnia 


Niagara Falls . 


i 

7,500 

21,963 
i 

i 

15,000 
31,318 
40,000 

182,635 
53,604 
90,380 

1,791,585 
292,755 
1,887,286 

402,656 
432,288 
369,064 
334,892 

1,062,94. 
2,665,48 
174,852 


Chatham 


Gait 


Belleville 


Owen Sound 


Oshawa 


North Bay 


Woodstock 


Manitoba 
Winnipeg 


Brandon 


St. Boniface 


Saskatchewan 
Regina 


Saskatoon 


Moosejaw 


Alberta 
Calgarv . 


Edmonton 


Lethbridge 


Medicine Hat 


British Columbia 
Vancouver 


Victoria 


New Westminster . . 







l None. Including $1 ,356,630 other assets not specified. 



698 



FINANCE 



32. Assets and Liabilities of Cities for the fiscal year 1920 con. 



No. 


Name of City or Town. 


Revenue Producing Assets (Land, Buildings 


Water 
Supply 
System. 


Electric 
Light 
and Power 
System. 


Electric 
Railway 
System . 


Markets 
and Weight 
Scales. 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 

21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 

45 
46 
47 

48 
49 
50 

51 
52 
53 
54 

55 
56 
57 


Prince Edward Island 
Charlottetown 


$ 
302,000 

2,438,175 
651,715 
313,767 
475,000 
360,000 

2,397,034 
1,399,907 
243,765 

21,978,617 
5,420,107 
636,783 
1,216,158 
812,354 

679,176 
i 

599,337 
i 

504,124 
541,830 

16,425,782 
4,394,658 
4,102,805 
1,650,251 
735,000 
785,733 
210,518 
452,146 
861,526 
757,170 
1,410,722 
994,426 
431,622 
590,000 
1,641,576 
575,900 
310,000 
150,000 
521,143 
226,206 
319,782 
429,450 
209,496 
272,486 

7,255,929 
661,975 
608,384 

1,764,947 
1,447,826 
1,518,771 

3,926,675 
1,607,935 
604,982 
1,206,065 

5,209,145 
3,286,358 
510,537 


$ 
i 

44,000 
i 

i 
i 

9,000 

i 

3 
1 

1 
1 

403,983 
71,546 
2,233,779 
i 

825,121 

218,865 
i 

21,541 
i 

9,577,907 
1,101,174 
1,122,142 
932,794 
755,609 
163,443 
1,097,046 
493,212 

3 

360,294 
340,650 
310,805 
395,859 
430,640 
520,149 
395,068 
283,000 
304,000 
468,512 
i 

219,887 
i 

i 
218,862 

11,574,812 
i 
i 

1,750,504 
1,617,249 
788,558 

3,279,179 
1,887,247 
653,280 
482,365 

i 

66,800 
198,242 


$ 
i 

i 
i 
i 

i 
i 

2,458,921 
i 
i 

i 
i 

363,069 

8 
1 

1 
1 

1,092,000 
i 
i 
75,000 

817,470 
i 

i 

444,482 
i 

1,428,773 
889,666 
i 

2,714,313 
2,244,402 

356,010 
i 

i 
i 

i 


% 

i 

150,500 
i 

i 

10,000 

1 

150,000 

i 
i 

1,010,438 

2 

3,200 
i 

&lt; 

127,886 
i 

33,200 
i 

68,000 
i 

415,608 
455,190 

6 

174,000 

67,500 
i 

50,000 
i 

1,500 
4,000 
i 

21,900 

8 

5,000 
i 

8,105 
5,400 
78,500 

20,000 
i 

2 

10,000 
400 
10,000 

58,082 
16,422 
2,000 

237,391 
62,673 
132,030 

115,810 
i 

1,257 
17,532 

187,250 
184,500 
82,264 


Nova Scotia 
Halifax 


Sydney 


Amherst 


New Glasgow 


Dartmouth 


New Brunswick 
St. John 


Moncton 


Fredericton 


Quebec 
Montreal 


Quebec 


Verdun. . 


Hull 


Sherbrooke 


Three Rivers 


Westmount 


Lachine 


Outremont 


St. Hyacinthe 


Levis 


Ontario 
Toronto 


Hamilton 


Ottawa 


London 


Windsor 


Brantford 


Kitchener 


Kingston 


Sault Ste. Marie 


Peterborough 


Fort William 


St. Catharines 


Stratford 


St. Thomas 


Port Arthur 


Sarnia 


Niagara Falls 


Chatham 


Gait 


Belleville 


Owen Sound. . . 


Oshawa 


North Bay 


Woodstock 


Manitoba 
Winnipeg 


Brandon 


St. Boniface 


Saskatchewan 
Regina 


Saskatoon 


Moosejaw 


Alberta 
Calgary 


Edmonton 


Lethbridge 


Medicine Hat... . 


British Columbia 
Vancouver 


Victoria 


New Westminster 





- C uded in Cl ty HalL . T 3I " cl ? ded in Waterworks. Under the control of the School Board. 
T . m ,. Pol " Department. "Included in Saleable Lands. Including real estate. Included in 
Light and Power Systems. Included in Fire Department. | 2 ,738 f 569 depreciation equivalent 
"Tot 1 1 reS6rve and de P re ciation reserve has been deducted. "Included in other Public Services. 



MUNICIPAL PUBLIC FINANCE 



699 



32. Assets and Liabilities of Cities for the fiscal year 1920. on. 



and Equipment). 


Non-Revenue Producing Assets (Land, Buildings and Equipment). 




Other 
Public 
Srrvice 
Enterprises 


Total 
Revenue 
Producing 
Assets. 


City 
Hall. 


Police 
Depart 
ment. 


Fire 
Depart 
ment. 


Hospitals, 
Charities 
and 
Corrections. 


Schools. 


Libraries 
and 
Museums. 


N T o. 


S 


$ 


I 


$ 


$ 


1 


$ 


$ 




w 

i 


302,000 


28,000 


7,800 


15,000 


i 


56,000 


i 


1 


31,000 


2,663,675 


300,000 


i 


253,441 


11,000 


850,000 


i 


2 


i 


651,715 


40,000 


&gt; 


40,000 


125,000 


550,000 


i 


3 


20,792 




14,210 


i 


41,456 


43,961 


175,153 


4,000 


4 


i 


485,000 


i 


20,000 


40,000 


i 


152,500 


i 


5 


333,781 


702,781 


5,000 


1,500 


45.000 


i 


350,000 


i 


6 


2,499,500 


5,046,534 


60,000 


21,000 


120,307 


i 


642,977 


55.000 


7 


i 


1,399,907 


234,757 


t 


i 


s 


4 


i 


8 


29,857 


:,622 


57,000 


i 


43,446 


6,000 


250,000 


i 


9 


859,710 


23,848,765 


1,625,161 


2,349,553 




308,850 


i 


686,988 


10 


i 


5,420,107 




t 






2 


i 


11 


219.618 


1,263,584 


60 


109,533 






1 


i 


12 


i 


^7,704 


307,865 


i 






4 


2 


13 


300,700 


3,346,833 


















14 


236,176 


1,043,238 


92.042 


140,635 






1 


1 


15 


i 


825,121 


1,583,623 


127,965 






1 


75,483 


16 


i 


851,402 


Io0.125 


i 


116,249 




1 


i 


17 


i 


i 


32,230 


85,046 


i 




1 


i 


18 


i 


593,665 


i 


i 


93,580 




1 


i 


19 


i 


541,830 


15,939 


54,624 


i 


i 


1 


i 


20 


2,799,315 
164,108 


31,677,533 
6,115,130 


28,649,344 
425,000 


2 
142,900 


1,741,927 
247,059 


i 
1,722,343 


15,931,196 
2,449.418 


1,005,083 
306,300 


21 

22 


i 


5,224,947 


a 











2,794,495 


e 


23 


1,190,250 


3,947,295 


206,386 


14,000 


47,500 


300,000 


1,185,540 


32,000 


24 


116,400 


1,674,509 


60,000 


i 


102,800 


i 


1,172,300 


107,250 


25 


28,258 


1,340,503 


10,000 


10,000 


22,000 


256,112 


629,850 


51,500 


26 


i 


1,3:&gt; 


92,243 


500 


47,600 


47,600 


186,30 


31,700 


27 


419,848 


l,3t&gt; 


7.777 


i 


49,646 


i 


i 


i 


28 


20,000 


883,026 


38,419 


i 


77,607 


36,966 


800,366 


14,000 




i 


1,121,464 


18,024 


2 


16,250 


18,500 


540,018 


28,384 


30 


375,665 


3,219,03 


132.74. 


93,774 


113.224 


24,629 


935,77 


28,500 


31 


64,937 


1,392,068 


122,163 


s 


64,363 


i 


439,370 


57,00 


32 


166,000 


993,48 


125,000 


i 


62,000 


6,000 


485,000 


20,00 


33 


70,750 


1,171,390 


0,000 


i 


20,900 


35,000 


250,000 


32,50 


34 


268,370 


3,247,56 


43,000 


49,000 


81,630 


6,300 


530,000 


13,00 


35 


i 


979,07 


46,000 


i 


22,500 


i 


386,52 


30,00 


36 


65,200 


663,600 


24.000 


2,625 


75,100 


i 


411,41 


1,56 


37 


i 


532,50 


13,50 


4,000 


40,000 


3,000 


383,84 


20,00 


38 


i 


1,009,65 


50,000 


i 


27,91 


27,19 


226,04 


30,00 


39 


55,59 


281,80 


296,91 


2 


2 


2 


167,31 


i 


40 


150,79 


690,46 


145,00 


i 


15,000 


1 


180,000 


29,00 


41 


i 


439,45 


50,00 


i 


57,00 


1 


341,500 


30,00 


42 


i 


209,89 


18,70 


i 


9,44 


2,43 


174,500 


2,70 


43 


i 


501,34 


10,00 


c.ooo 


30,00 


i 


219,000 


25,00 


44 


1,304,79 


20,193,59 


1,316,77 


455,94 


816,66 


1,104,79 


4,800,000 


402,04 


45 


22,42 


1,145,29 


107,664 


109,66 


t 


558,18 


i 


11,00 


46 


i 


610,384 


55,00 


12,000 


40,000 


i 


536,93 


i 


47 


i 


5,181,61 


925,57 


41,90 


265,01 


667,69 


1,079,97 


136,62 


48 


i 


4,017,41 


319,95 


55,063 


221,52 


208,02 


171,90 


30,33 


49 


i 


2,439,35 


106,14 


24,65 


483,20 


186,06 


4 


212,65 


50 


651,25 


7,948,663 


2,260,47 


i 


171,094 


11 


4 


2 


51 


1,596,61 


7,336,19 


12 


12 


12 


12 


12 


12 


52 


54,250 


1,669,77 


1 


1,45 


113,99 


43,93 


4 


1 


53 


577, 86* 


2,283,82 


196,64 


2 


2 


854,83 


4 


1 


54 


930,98 


6,327,38 


347,00 


529,72 


698,58 


1,541,984 


5,445,500 


240,00 


55 


213,61 


3,751,26 


205, 80( 


i 


102,28 


231, 06C 


1,372,75 


105,08 


56 


1,680,09( 


2,471,13 


78,13 


4.95C 


51,46 


7,92 


542,88v 


89,35 


57 



700 



FINANCE 



32. Assets and Liabilities of Cities for the fiscal year 1920- -concluded. 



No 


Name of City or Town. 


Non-Revenue Producing Assets (Land, Build- 


Parks, 
gardens, 
and 
boulevards 


Road 
pavements 


Sidewalks. 


Sewers. 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 

21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 

45 
46 
47 

48 
49 
50 

51 
52 
53 
54 

55 

56 
57 


Prince Edward Island 
Charlottetown 


$ 
107, 70 
38.00C 

2 

4,500 
20.00C 
100,000 

3 
2 

15,000 
11,627,367 

4 

301,835 

2 
1 

295,525 

4 

224,850 
132,975 
36,700 
9,700 

4 

1,905,234 

6 

448,300 
160,400 
195,576 
254,600 

2 

27,065 
8,000 
76,266 
9,900 
164,500 
22,000 
107,447 
30,000 

2 

30,000 
96,000 
103,745 
13,000 
51,000 

2 

36,000 

2,386,582 
166,184 
13,408 

825,255 
683,966 
163,483 

349,548 

6 

215,924 
175,930 

3,463,200 
155,500 
758,633 


$ 
288,16 

1,142,99 
100,00 
176,65 
250,00 

2 
3 

665,85 
87,33 

31,954,84 
1,168,18 
986,82 
733,57 
1,083,59 
535,19 
1,679,14 
704,05 
854,59 
250,373 
115,655 

40,956,863 
1,000,742 

5 
3 

2,042,925 
493,348 
525,654 
145,091 
715,944 
236,170 
2,210,439 
1,801,409 
129,000 
600,000 
1,745,445 

2 

432,614 
319,414 

2 

890,531 
208,710 
129,819 
142,918 
75,000 

7,703,049 
1,163,239 
929,684 

1,978,673 
737,308 
1,149,210 

4,803,985 

6 

303,924 
117,194 

8,102,479 
9,505,973 
624,527 


S 
i 

i 
75.00C 

2 

25.00C 
31,000 

3 
1 
2 

1 
1 

217,684 
i 

i 
20,204 
472,671 
172,008 
277,782 
125,890 

2 

1 

395,596 

6 
3 

290,683 

170,419 
i 

2 

309,151 

178,048 
i 

i 
i 

50,000 
i 

2 

299,102 
i 

2 
1 

189,096 
34,021 
109,988 
50,000 

1,255,257 
i 

115,874 

494,656 

507,987 
i 

1,238,597 

6 

255,229 
246,013 

1,072,587 

2 

1 


$ 
159,000 

2,028,425 
400,000 
181,091 
114,800 

2 

496,420 
313,222 
89,079 

6,440,012 
i 

534,818 
i 
i 

356,917 
556,317 
403,266 
602,497 
136,562 

2 
1 

2,000,083 
958,944 

3 

912,500 

381,857 
i 

2 

624,734 

373,884 
i 

334,039 
i 

33,000 
i 

2 

404,251 
i 

2 
1 

137,037 
19,244 
243,576 
150,000 

3,516,696 

7 

722,649 

1,869,019 
1,449,426 
693,208 

3,609,047 

6 

496,089 
549,415 

3,500,817 
i 

i 


Nova Scotia 
Halifax 


Sydney 


Amherst 


New Glasgow 


Dartmouth 


New Brunswick 
St. John 


Moncton 


Fredericton 


Quebec 
Montreal 


Quebec 


Verdun 


Hull 


Sherbrooke 


Three Rivers 


Westmount 


Lachine 


Outremont 


St. Hyacinthe 


Levis 


Ontario 
Toronto 


Hamilton 


Ottawa 


London 


Windsor 


Brantford 


Kitchener 


Kingston 


Sault Ste. Marie 


Peterborough. . . 


Fort William 


St. Catharines 


Stratford 


St. Thomas 


Port Arthur 


Sarnia 


Niagara Falls 


Chatham 


Gait 


Belleville 


Owen Sound 


Oshawa 


North Bay. . 


Woodstock. . . 


Manitoba 
Winnipeg. . 


Brandon 


St. Boniface. . . 


askatchewan 
Regina 


Saskatoon 


Moosejaw 


Alberta 
Calgary 


Edmonton 


Lethbridge 


Medicine Hat 


British Columbia 
Vancouver 


Victoria 


New Westminster 





P, iV? a i d P ave ents - I 1 * " 8 -, 3 N. ot available. 

MMHUMftM ,1 - t{ Y- nl 7 gl , ven - , 7 ? nclu &lt;* ed in hospitals. 
9 $6, 806, 593 depreciation has been deducted. 



"Included in City Hall. Included in sale- 
85786,546 depreciation has been deducted. 



MUNICIPAL PUBLIC FI\.\\&lt; ! 



701 



;iiid Liabilities of Cities for the fiscal year 1920 concluded. 





ings and Equipment) . 


f~"W I. ~ w. 


Tr&gt;fol 


Liabilities. 




Other, 
including 
bridges. 


Total 
non-revenue 
producing 
assets. 


&lt; niier 
Assets. 


1 OTill 

Assets. 


Bonded 
debt. 


Floating 
or 
current 
debt. 


AH other 
liabilities. 


Total 
liabilities. 


No. 


$ 


* 


$ 


S 


$ 


I 


S 


S 




298,500 


960,174 


2 


1,403,679 


924,600 


2 


351,438 


1,276,038 


1 


57,800 


4,681,657 


i 


9,340,803 


&gt;S,516 


27 


2 


7,236,465 


2 


25,000 


1,355,000 


2 


2,713,769 


3,000 




40,000 


2,533,000 


3 


i 


641,027 


44,483 


2,068 


1,006,000 


77,473 


12,353 


1, 095,826 


4 


10,000 


632 


2 




7.450 


1: 


2 


1,081 


5 


1 


. .500 


2 


1,34 


854,500 


79,240 


2 


933,740 


6 


t 


1,395,704 


2 


I,M 


5,5! 




2 


5,598,577 


7 


44,312 


1,258,148 


32,545 


M),61&lt; 


J1.108 


323,440 


178,483 


2.68.VKU 


8 


t 


r,86l 


8,000 


i ,o.-i 




115,873 


603 


596,275 


9 


2,535,845 


57.528,620 


31,232,275 


139,562,852 


11 ( &gt;.7.VI,310 


8,708,495 


6,6: 


1 :&lt;r&gt;, 097, 285 


10 


i 


8,090,443 


2 




14,898,167 


41s 


45,144 


J.-),362,301 


11 


627,830 


2,83 


2 


. 


3,18 


38:; 


2 


3,570,024 


12 


67,169 


1.1(18,610 


2 






32s 


20,000 


2. til 6, 623 


13 


i 


1,0s 


2 






38 . 


487 


4,780,465 


14 


1,978,820 


3,4i 


2 






4.V 




.5,749 


15 


i 


4,4" 


166,831 


7.114 


0,167 




2,53i,.r,:i 


7,i:&lt;7,114 


16 


84,642 


1,83! 


2 


(3,168 


IS, 000 


127,616 


17,019 


2,6! 


17 




2.7; 


2 


3,61 


2,850,000 


276, till 


486,871 




18 


12:^ 


7,086 


2 


1,501. n&gt; 




849,519 


582 


1,44 


l!l 


i 


195,918 


2 


982 


1,00 


,191 


22,525 


1,104,685 


20 


i 


88,284,41: 


. 


157,811 


10.", 


1,270,687 


6,34 


111,451 


21 


711,118 


11,325,803 


7,278,928 


29, 771, I ll 


13,843 


1,6: 


8,57:&lt;.lti4 


24,039,191 


22 


4,961,162 


8,714,601 


26 




18,346,701 


2 


3,61 


21 


23 


i 


2,2:; 


3,578,248 


11 




ir.,000 


15,411 


::&lt;,214 


24 


i 


4,848,858 


2 






27 . 


651 


4,8s 

4C A A QC C 


25 

or 


110,701 




2 


4,164 


"&gt;12l 




,644,M&gt;S 


26 


2 




2 


3,667 


7*9 140,000 


l 


2,203.7s 


27 


1 


41 


2 




2 


151,657 


2,215,891 


28 


26,202 


2, (17 


14:; 




JL 464 


729,432 


4.4S7.696 


29 


328,754 


1,741 


2 


4,174,427 


3,i 


26,232 


300,546 


3,421,360 


30 


1,525,925 


5,141.: 7&gt; 


2 


11,927,181 


10,983,331 


714,661 


2 


11,607 


31 


1,112,520 


3,940,764 


688,539 


7,469,825 


:i,589 


378,988 


354,466 


5,705,043 


32 


31,000 


1,03 


2 


:&lt;,no,63: 


2,317,305 


248,000 


2,818 


2,568,123 


33 


81,650 


1,17 


2 


23,158 


^4,079 


123,530 


2 


1,507,609 


34 


1,774,786 


4,3."&gt;0,60S 


2 


9,920,163 


8,173 


136,281 


2,113,681 


W.135 


35 


47,590 


,612 


2 


2,426,944 


:t,174 


409,866 


482,904 


2,4: 


36 


i 


1,650,670 


2 


51,45! 


1,130,425 


543,356 


2 


1,673,781 


37 


80,300 


894,154 


7,260 


1,59! 


6 


6 





1,131,512 


38 


12,201 


469 


2 


2,053,789 


1,853,307 


54,062 


44,449 


1, 951,818 


39 


170,716 


1,6: 


2 


2,494,43 


1.424,216 


,822 


640,394 


2,4f!4,432 


40 


41,500 


958,343 


2 


2,670.74 


,4,969 


283,000 


2 


1,517,969 


41 


19,826 


732,410 


2 


1, 241,44s 


900,336 


38,610 


33,385 


972,331 


42 


3,301 


707,559 


2 


1,01 


788,273 


104,606 


169 


893,048 


43 


48,789 


646,789 


2 


1,545,319 


1,262,029 


2 


2 


1,262,029 


44 


5,693,666 


29,451,465 


1,783,036 


69,944,778 


43,514,929 


4,211,421 


5,848,838 


53,575,188 


45 


24,862 


2,140,796 


2 


5,073,292 


3,549,246 


111,034 


329,373 


3,989,653 


46 


2,130,731 


4,556,276 





7,624,435 


4,549,894 


1,631,433 


2 


6,181,327 


47 


2 


8,284,389 


2 


18,664,156 


12,230,225 


635,562 


710,097 


13,575,884 


48 


1,672,517 


6,058,008 




13,410,738 


8,932,518 


1,189,174 


2,415,337 


12,537,029 


49 


657,576 


2,889,651 


2 


9,388,254 


6,092,901 


978,369 


8,812 


7,080,082 


50 


2,410,071 


11,036,222s 


2 


28,858,355 


22,856,162 


3,242,724 


852,300 


26,951,186 


51 


6 


16,306,41&lt;5 


1,281,330 


38,714,92^ 


24,687,606 


5,829,010 


1,849,540 


32,366,156 


52 


437,004 


l,867,:.o 


2 


5,393,388 


3,909,694 


767,645 


63,786 


4,741,125 


53 


550,816 


2,690,84 


217,694 


6,908,554 


4,404,128 


283,519 


2 


4,687,647 


54 


2,165,326 


27,107,203 


300,193 


49,631,338 


35,327,647 


5,361,950 


2 


40,689,597 


55 


72,400 


11,750,85 


2,719,117 


26,371,418 


18,305,572 


1,482,507 


3,000,516 


22,788,595 


56 


1,125,33 


3,283,199 


2 


6,960,33 


5,838,493 


268,196 


251,87 


6,358,560 


57 



702 



FINANCE 



Building Permits.- -Table 33 shows the value of the building 
permits issued by 35 cities for each of the years 1918, 1919, 1920 and 
1921. For the year 1921 the total value of the building permits in 
the table was $94,508,164, as compared with $100,679,839 in 1920 
a decrease of $6,171,675. 

33. Values of Building Permits taken out in 35 cities in 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921. 



City. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Increase 
or 
Decrease, 
1920-1921. 


Nova Scotia 
Halifax 


$ 

2,866,852 
428,783 

147,425 
351,323 

4,882,873 
904,375 
150,920 
638,975 
275,211 

761,500 
535,615 
83,044 
2,472,254 
318,943 
226,062 
877,660 
2,635,612 
241,251 
610,527 
89,786 
465,727 
53,395 
8,535,331 
570,305 

90,022 
2,050,650 

566,575 
1,006,000 
604,715 

1,196.800 
351,470 

108,300 
1,450,229 
289,760 


$ 

5,194,805 
703,531 

2,132,176 
542,540 

10,033,901 
2,134,219 
873,150 
1,242,450 
883,131 

1,173,580 
627,930 
603,259 
5,087,462 
657,679 
1,176,962 
2,455,170 
3,252,322 
196,368 
1,708,845 
278,888 
861,636 
285,525 
19,617,838 
2,601,370 

98,541 
2,948,000 

590,895 
1,699,020 
1,404,590 

2,212,000 
931,346 

166,282 
2,271,411 
466,591 


$ 

3,421,379 
886,937 

1,201,673 
1,035,300 

14,067,609 
2,301,480 
3,265,538 
845,975 
1,179,890 

798,073 
1,045,160 
494, 158 
4,340,220 
494,736 
1,277,595 
2,146,305 
3,305,172 
939,700 
216,350 
440,782 
830,632 
258,821 
25,737,063 
4,850,310 

412,829 
8,370,150 

1,533,095 
2,597,920 
1,150,585 

2,906,100 
3,231,955 

319,109 
3,569,666 
1,207,572 


$ 

2,199,398 
556,813 

699,520 
574,500 

21,291,273 
3,695,397 
753,900 
1.286,740 
1,576,293 

404,445 
893,050 
433,257 
4,639,450 
591,515 
932,050 
2,527,510 
2,716,409 
541,754 
113,509 
276,089 
776,360 
113,640 
23,878,246 
5,123,110 

749,190 
5,580,400 

500, 177 
2,160,038 
774,466 

2,298,800 
1,563,696 

264,870 
3,045,132 
977, 167 


$ 

- 1,221,981 
- 330, 125 

- 502, 153 
- 460,800 

+ 7,223,664 
+ 1,393,917 
- 2,511,638 
4- 440,765 
+ 396,403 

- 393,628 
- 152,110 
60,901 
-f 299,230 
+ 96,779 
- 345,545 
+ 381,205 
- 588,763 
- 397,946 
- 102,841 
- 164,693 
54,272 
- 145, 181 
- 1,858,817 
+ 272,800 

+ 336,361 
- 2,789,750 

- 1,032,918 
- 437,882 
- 376,119 

- 607,300 
- 1,668,259 

- 54,239 
- 524,534 
- 230,405 


Sydney 


New Brunswick 
Moncton 


St. John 


Quebec 
Montreal Maisonneuve 


Quebec 


Sherbrooke 


Three Rivers 


Westmount 


Ontario 
Brantford 


Fort William 


Guelph 


Hamilton 


Kingston 


Kitchener : 


London 


Ottawa 


Peterborough 


Port Arthur 


Stratford 


St. Catharines 


St. Thomas 


Toronto 


Windsor 


Manitoba 
Brandon 


Winnipeg 


Saskatchewan 
Moosejaw 


Regina 


Saskatoon 


Alberta 
Calgary 


Edmonton 


British Columbia 
New Westminster 


Vancouver 


Victoria 


Total, 35 Cities 


36,838,270 


77,113,413 


100,679,839 


94,508,164 


- 6,171,675 





The Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario. 

The Hydro-electric scheme in Ontario had its beginning in 1903, 
when seven municipalities united in an investigation of the trans- 
sion possibilities of Niagara power. The Ontario Power Com- 
3ion, which was created to report on the question, favoured the 
construction of a generating plant at Niagara Falls and the Hydro- 
Power Commission of Ontario was formed in 1906 to carrv 
out its recommendations. 

The capital required by the Commission for its transmission 

i was provided by issues of bonds guaranteed by the Government 

Jntario, whose security was something more corporate than that of 



HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION OF ONTARIO 703 

the associated municipaliti* The contracts between the Coin- 
mission and the municipalities called for repayment to the Govern 
ment in thirty years. 

AYhcii a municipality wishes to become part of the Hydro system 
an engineer of the Commission reports on the cost of connection 
with the existing transmission lines. Then the question of joining 
the Hydro is voted upon under a civic by-law, which, if passed, is 
followed by another L iving the necessary money. The local dis 
tribution system is financed by an issue of municipal debenture 
bonds to be retired in twenty years. Monthly bills are sent by the 
Commission to the municipalities, based upon an approximation 
to the yearly expense incurred in supplying power to the municipality, 
and at the year s end a thirteenth statement is sent which brings the 
approximation to a true account. Like any efficient business concern, 
the Commission makes provision from the charnes for power for 
sinking funds, repairs and replacement-. 

The Commission had been given authority to generate its own 
power, but cho&gt;e rat her to contract for power from the Ontario Power 
Company at $9.40 for the first 25,000 h.p. and $9.00 for any in addit ion 
up to 100,000 h.p. In \\n(\ power was purcha&gt;ed from the Canadian 
Niagara Power Company as well, and in the following year the 
Ontario Power Company was acquired through purchase of prac 
tically all the stock. It was at this time that the Queenston-Chip- 
pawa development was begun. Of the total drop of 327 feet between 
Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, the Ontario Power Company used only 
180 feet at Niagara Falls; the Queenston-Chippawa development 
takes water through a power canal from the Welland river a distance 
of 12J miles to Queenston, where the generating plant operates under 
a net head of 305 feet. Thus for the same diversion of water the 
Queenston-Chippawa development generates 29-4 h.p. to every 
14-6 h.p. generated by the Ontario Power Company. 

The Queenston-Chippawa development was begun in 1917 as 
a war measure when the consumption of power in munition factories 
was greatest, at a time when the duration of the war could not be 
foreseen. High wage costs and high prices of material placed con 
struction costs far above the original estimate of $10,500,000, besides 
which the ultimate capacity of the plant was enlarged. The cost of 
completing the first five units totalling 275,000 h.p. is now estimated 
at approximately $60,000,000. 

The growth of the Hydro system in Ontario is shown in the 
amount of power used by its customers. In 1910, the Commission 
supplied 750 h.p. to 10 municipalities; in 1915, 100,242 h.p. to 99 
municipalities; in December 1921, 242,349 h.p. was distributed, 81.7 
p.c. of which was supplied to the Niagara district. The govern 
ment electric utilities in Ontario have grown from a league of seven 
municipalities formed in 1903 until now the vested interests of the 
people in this class of property are represented by investments 
totalling nearly $200,000,000, the bonded indebtedness of which is 
guaranteed by the Province of Ontario 5 . 



704 



FINANCE 



Hydro-Electric Power Statistics. The Canada Year Book 
of 1910 (p. xliii) described the installation on October 11, 1910, at 
Berlin, now Kitchener, Ontario, of electrical energy generated by 
the Niagara Falls, and the initial work carried out by the Ontario 
Hydro-Electric Power Commission for the supply of electrically 
generated power to 15 municipalities. Table 34 gives for 1920 
the financial statistics of the electrical installations of 184 muni 
cipalities. It shows that the cost of operations for the year 
1920 was $8,094,057, and that the revenue was $9,707,901, leaving a 
surplus of $1,613,844, less a depreciation charge of $902,029, making 
the net surplus to be $711,815. The total number of consumers in 
the 184 municipalities for 1920 was 245,666 as against 216,086 in 
170,916 in 1917 and 148,732 in 1916. Of the total in 1920, 
199,094 were domestic light consumers, 37,173 were commercial 
light consumers, and 7,173 were power consumers, while 2,236 were 
rural consumers. The total horsepower taken in December, 1920, 
was 208,232 for 184 municipalities, as compared with 185,355 for 
181 municipalities in December 1919, 157,048 for 143 municipalities 
in December, ; L 917, and 120,768, for 128 municipalities in December, 
Table 35 is a detailed statement of the assets and liabilities 
of the municipalities served by the Commission for the four years 
1917 to 1920. The total assets have grown from $24,427,276 in 1917 
to $34,615,361 in 1920. 

34. Statement of Earnings and Operating Expenses of Electric Departments of 
Municipalities served by the Ontario Hydro-Electric Commission for the calen 
dar years 1917-1920. 



Items. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Number of Municipalities 


143 


Ififi 


181 


1O4 


Earnings 
Domestic Light 


$ 
1 417 460 


1 

1 fi39 972 


$ 
1 QQ1 fi39 


$ 
9 Wfi 34.1 


Commercial Light 


899 024 


QAfi 3QQ 


1 171 144 


1 119 fill 


Power 


2 665 9i 


Q 417 040 


Q 44Q 1fl7 


37CO 100 


Power, Municipal 








, (OZ, too 
KQO 970 


Street Light... 


GR7 405 


on? S7fi 


no on IS 


1 nn^ f;Qt; 


Rural 








i, ui/o, ooo 

IftQ O9ft 


Miscellaneous 


120 805 


Ifil 244 


228 971 


luotVZU 

ISO 77Q 












Total Earnings 


6,070,065 


7,082,039 


7,827,055 


9707 qiii 












Expenses 
Power purchased 


2 563 880 


2 807 7fiQ 


3 284 4Q1 


491fi fifiS 


Sub-Station Operation. 


203 091 


238 2^7 


217 fiSQ 


OQK 4fl7 


Maintenance 


42 129 


fiO 8f)fi 


81 814 


109 Oil 


Dist. System, Operation and Maintenance 


169,326 


223 348 


286 311 


344 119 


Line Transformers Maintenance 


25 329 


30 489 


42 509 


4fi 393 


Meter 


44 4fi2 


ftQ 1 CC 


70 707 


m7f1 


Consumers Premises Expenses . . 


61,765 


65 150 


84 301 


, &lt;U1 

m9S,4 


Street Light System, Operation and Maintenance. 
Promotion of Business. 


157, 858 
73 516 


196,157 
fi4 Qfi3 


215,964 
74 yen 


236,931 

7fl 9Q1 


Billing and Collecting. . . . 


188 084 


208 fifi! 


OQR 101 


(o, Z0 
9Q1 Q43 


Gen l Office, Salaries and Expenses. . 


349 932 


491 AfiO 


412 131 


11Q fiQI 


Undistributed Expenses 


79 4fi9 


1f)fi 990 


ICC O 


OKA 017 


Interest and Debenture Payments 


1,085 181 


1 238 42fi 


1 285 171 


ZOU,ol( 
1 431 807 


Miscellaneous Expenses 


33 476 


11 241 


4 004 


6093 










, Uoo 


Total Expenses... 


5.077 491 


a 7Sfi 335 


6 ill 482 


8AQ1 ft 1? 










,U94,VO&lt; 


Surplus 


QQO 74 


1 1AZ 7fi/l 


Ionc C7Q 




Depreciation Charge. . 


fi07 90fi 


1, olO, l\J t 
718 1fi9 


, 4X0,016 
OIX O1Q 


,olo,844 

QA9 fiOH 








oil, ziy 


yu^j.ujy 


Surplus less Depreciation Charge. . . 


385 368 


R97 14.9 


4.01 OEX 


men 










,510 



CURRENCY AND BANKING 



705 



35. Statement of Assets and Liabilities of Electric Departments of Municipalities 
sened by the Ontario Hydro- Electric Commission for the calendar years 1917-20. 



Items. 


WIT. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Number of Municipalities 


143 

S 

1,546,241 

6,080,073 
1,157,060 
1. ! 
1,999,095 
1,237.735 

2,184,016 
649,853 


166 

$ 

1,859,889 
S20.489 
6,627,237 
l.i 16, 288 
1,77: . 
2,238, m 
1,2 
631 
2,395,096 
I ll 
1,476,413 


181 

S 

1,995,546 
2,9l5,u: 
145,820 
1,206,297 

2,073,113 
2,1 
1, 

.VU). 101 
201 
805,960 


184 

$ 

2,175,568 
3,231,051 
8,579,882 
1,313,369 
60,582 
3,053.135 
1,21 
557,678 

M95 
864,298 


Asset- Plant 
Lands and Buildings 


Sub-Station Equipment 


Di-trilnition Sy.-tem, &lt; &gt;verhead 

Underground 


Line Transformer- 


Meter- .... 


ft I.iuiit KtjiiipiiM nt, RfiKulw .... 


ental 


Miscellaneous Construction Expenses. . . 


mi and 11 vdraulic Plant ... 
. Plant....".... 


Total Plant 


20,077,935 


22,352,952 


24,298,866 


27,059,401 


Other Assets 
Hank and Cash Balance ; 
n d Investments 


340 

1,285,097 
1,261 


391,195 
1,124.018 
1,663,298 

444.788 


1.3 )ti.565 
1,032.570 
1, . 2:&gt;.456 
344,411 
061 
86. 
564,602 
186,836 


943,858 
34! 
1,44 

1,400,672 
2,244.004 
531.300 
46,284 
25,447 
574,953 


ounts Ree.-ival.le 


ln\ . 


Sinking Fund on Loral Do! 
Equity in 1 1 vdro Sv-tern 


1.: 
125,240 


Kquitv in Rural Lines 


Otl ts 


H I-:. P. C. Operating Account 


Deficit 


Total Plant and Other Assvt- 

Liabilities 
Debenture Balance 
Accounts Payable : 


24,427,276 


26,949,248 


34,909,696 


34,615,361 


i..v;:.i;69 
886, 178 
429, 104 


17.209,218 
1,007, 
576,816 
350,013 


18,133,462 

1,137.705 
403 
670. 
283 


268,072 
1,430,674 
514,672 
642,294 
409,463 


Bank Overdraft 


Other Liabilities 


H.E.P.C. Operating Account 


Total Liabilities 


18,448,725 


19,143,775 


20,627,896 


22,265,175 


Reserves 

Paid . . 


1,340,615 

2,463,724 


920,077 
1,662,603 

3,133,550 


1,328. 
1,754,020 
344,411 
461 
3,750,162 


1,440,157 
2,246,474 
031,300 
46,284 
4,788,645 


Sinking Fund Reserve 


Reserve for Equity in Hydro System 


1 N -orve for Equity in Rural Lines 


Depreciation Reserve . . 


Total Reserves . . 


4,499,137 

1,481,414 


5,716,230 

2,089,243 


7,206,712 

3,075,088 


9,052,860 

3,297,326 


Surplus 


Total 


24,427,276 


26,949,248 


30,909,696 


34,615,361 


Percentage of Net Debt to Total Assets 


75-5 


71-0 


67-1 


65-3 





CURRENCY AND BANKING. 

During the French period in Canada the currency of the country 
was in an extremely unsatisfactory condition a condition mitigated 
by the fact that most transactions were carried on by means of 
barter. Beaver and other furs, tobacco and wheat were at times used 
as substitutes for currency, the last named being at one time a legal 
tender. Perhaps still less satisfactory to its holders was the use of 
playing cards, stamped with a value and signed by the Intendant, as 
paper money. Other paper money was also issued and the total 
amount of Canadian paper money outstanding at the time of the 
cession was estimated at 80,000,000 livres, the great bulk of which 
was finally lost to its holders. In order to establish a more stable 

3813145 



706 FINANCE 



currency the new government imported and paid out large quantities 
of Spanish milled dollars at 4s. 6d. per dollar, or $4.44 4-9 per pound 
sterling, constituting the old par of exchange until lately used by 
Canadian banks as a basis of calculating sterling exchange. During 
the war of 1812 the British Government established an Army Bill 
Office authorized to issue bills of various denominations which were 
duly redeemed on presentation. These familiarized the Canadians 
with a sound paper currency, and their withdrawal after the war left 
a gap which was filled up later by bank note issues. 

From the time of the cession, Canadians had been familiar with 
the dollar; now they came more and more closely into touch in their 
trade relations with the United States. The result of their familiarity 
with the decimal currency was that in 1853 a measure was passed 
providing for the adoption of the decimal currency with a dollar 
equivalent to the American dollar; the British sovereign was made 
legal tender at $4.86f. An act of 1857 requiring all government 
accounts to be kept in dollars and cents came into force on Jan. 1, 
1858, from which dates the formal adoption of decimal currency in 
the province of Canada. 

By the Uniform Currency Act of 1871 (34 Viet., c. 4), the decimal 
currency was extended throughout the Dominion, the British sover 
eign was made legal tender for $4.86f and the United States eagle 
made legal tender for $10, while authority was taken to coin a Cana 
dian $5 gold piece. No Canadian gold coinage was, however, issued 
prior to the establishment of the Canadian branch of the Royal 
Mint in 1908, the first coins then struck being sovereigns similar 
to those of Great Britain, but with a small "C identifying them as 
having been coined in Canada. In May 1912 the first Canadian 
$10 and $5 gold pieces were struck, but the Canadian gold coinage 
has so far been limited in amount, since Canadians have generally 
preferred Dominion notes to gold, for use within the country, and 
when gold is needed for export, British or American gold coin or 
bullion serve the purpose equally well. 

Gold. Gold is used only to an insignificant extent as a circu 
lating medium in Canada, its monetary use being practically confined 
to reserves, but 5 dollar and 10 dollar gold pieces weighing respect 
ively 129 and 258 grains, 9-10 pure gold by weight, have been coined, 
the Canadian gold dollar thus containing 23-22 grains of pure gold. 
These coins were first issued in 1912, authority to issue them having 
been first conferred in 1910. By the Currency Act, 1910 (9-10 
Edw. VII, c. 14), British sovereigns which are legal tender for $4.86f , 
and other gold coins, and the 5 dollar, 10 dollar and 20 dollar gold 
coins of the United States, which contain the same weight of gold as 
Canadian gold coins of these denominations, are also legal tender. 
These, however, are almost entirely divided between the Dominion 
Government and the banks as reserves, and the chief circulating 
medium of the country is provided by paper and token currency. 
The gold coinages of the Ottawa branch of the Royal Mint, which 
was opened on January 2, 1908, are given in Tables 36 and 37. Table 



cr/////-:.Yrr AND BANKING 707 

38, compiled l&gt;v the Dominion ( ompt roller of Currency, idves the 
lorm in which the ,&lt;;ol&lt;l has been held hy the ( iovernnient in recent 
year The American iiold, it will 1&gt;&lt; a, ureatly j)reponderat . 

and there is a considerable additional amount held by the ban!, 
it is le.ual tender in both countri 

Token Currency.- Canadian silver dollars wei&lt;ihin&lt;; ;5(i() 
m\ains. :C-10 fine, are provided for hy the Currency Act of 1910, but 
no dollar coin- have ever been struck by the Mint. Fifty, twenty-five, 
M and li -lit pi of weight proport ionate to their respective 

fractions of the dollar, and of the same tine are in circulation, 

but b} chapter 9 of the Statutes of I .rJO the standard of iinen 
was reduced to 8-10. In 1HLM t he coinage of a nickel five-cent piece 
wei.diinir 70 urains was authorized and a number of these coins have 
appeared. Silver coins are leual tender only up to ten dollars, and 
bronze coins to twenty-five cent 

Dominion Notes. An important part of the Canadian mone 
tary system is the paper currency of the Dominion ( lovennnent. 
I nder the Dominion Notes Act, 1914 (5 Geo. V, c. 1 . the Dominion 
Government is authorized to issue notes up to and includin.ii sr&gt;n, ooo.- 
000 against a reserve in liold equal to one-quarter of that amount. 
By Chapter 4, Acts of 1915 "An Act respecting the issue of Dominion 
Notes" the Dominion Government is authorized to issue not&lt;&gt; up 
to S2fi.000.000 without any reserve of -old. SKJ.OOO, ()()&lt;) of the not 
to be aizainst certain specified Canadian railway securities guaranteed 
by the Dominion Government Notefi may be issued to any addi 

tional amount in excess of $76,000,000, but (except as provided by the 
Finance Act, 1914), an amount of gold equal to the excess must be 
held. Thus Dominion notes are under normal conditions -old cer 
tificates. I nder the Act, the Government issues note- of the denom 
inations of 25 cent-. SI, si&gt;. sj. s:&gt;. $50, $100, s:&gt;nn. sl,000. In addition, 
"special" notes of the denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000 and 
*.~&gt;0,000 (first issue September, 1918), are issued for use between 

J The following is an outline of Canadian legislation ropoftine tli- of notes. Afi 

Confederation, hy an Act of 1868 (31 Viet., c. 40), authority was given for the issue of notes to 
the extent of eight million dollars. The reserve was fixed at 20 p.c. up to a circulation of five 
millions; beyond that, 25 p.c. to be held a&gt; reserve. The law of 1870 (33 Viet., c. 10), author 
ized a limit of nine million dollars. The reserve was fixed at 20 p.c., but the nine milli. 
were only to be issued when the specie amounted to two millions. Dollar for dollar was to 
he held beyond nine millions. In 1872 (35 Viet., c. 7), the reserve for the excess over nine 
millions was fixed at 35 p.c. in specie. This was amended in 1875 (38 Viet . by requiriim 

dollar for dollar beyond twelve millions; for the reserve between nine and twelve millions 
50 p.c. in specie was to be held. In 1878 the law respecting Dominion not. - was extended to 
the provinces of Prince Edward Island, British Columbia, and Manitoba. In 1880 (43 
\ ict., c. 13), the basis of the present standard was established. A reserve of 25 p.c. in gold 
and guaranteed debentures was required, of which 15 p.c. at least must be in gold. The 
limit was raised to twenty million dollars. In 1894 (57-58 Viet., c. 21), the limit was raided 
to twenty-five millions, but this was found unworkable and was repealed in IS .i.". 58-59 
Viet., c. 16), and authority was given to issue notes to any amount over twenty million-, 
on holding dollar for dollar beyond that sum. In 1903 (3 Edw. VII, c. 43), the Minister of 
Finance was required to hold gold and guaranteed debentures of not less than 25 p.c. on 
Dominion notes issued and outstanding up to thirty million dollars: beyond thirty milli. 
he was required to hold gold equal to the excess. In 1914 (5 Geo. V, c. 4), this amount \\ 
raised to fifty millions and in 1915, to seventy-six millions, under the conditions stated in 
the text. The Finance Act, 1914 (5 Geo. V, c. 3), makes provision, in case of war, panic, 
etc., for the issue of Dominion notes against approved securities. 
33131 45^ 



708 



FINANCE 



banks only, the purpose being to safeguard against theft. Table 11 
shows how the different denominations have run during the past six 
years in the circulation. Table 40 gives the main statistics of Domin 
ion note circulation and the reserve on which it has been built since 
1890. 

Bank Notes. The circulating medium chiefly in use in Canada 
is in the form of bank notes. Under the Canadian Bank Act, the 
banks are authorized to issue notes of the denominations of $5 and 
multiples thereof to the amount of their paid-up capital. These 
notes are not in normal times legal tender. In case of insolvency the 
notes of a bank are a first lien upon the assets. They are further 
secured, in case of insolvency, by the Bank Circulation Redemption 
Fund, to which all banks contribute on the basis of 5 p.c. of their 
average circulation, the sum thus secured being available for the 
redemption of the notes of failed banks. In addition, during the 
period of the movement of the crops (September 1 to February 
28-29), the banks may issue "excess" circulation to the amount of 
15 p.c. of their combined capital and "rest or reserve" funds. In 
the event of war or panic the Government may permit the "excess" 
to run all the year. The banks pay interest on the excess at 5 p.c. 
If a bank desires to exceed its circulation it may, under the last 
revised Bank Act of 1913, do so by depositing dollar for dollar in 
gold or Dominion notes in a central gold reserve. The figures of 
bank note circulation are given in Table 42. Table 43 brings 
together the results obtained above as to the quantity of the 
circulating medium in the hands of the Canadian public. 



36. Coinage at the Ottawa Branch of the Royal Mint in the calendar years 1919-21. 





191 


If. 


19! 


20. 


19! 


11. 


Description of Coins. 


Struck. 


Issued. 


Struck. 


Issued. 


Struck. 


Issued. 


Gold Sovereigns 


135,889 


171,042 


_ 


4 


_ 


136 


Gold- 
Canadian $5 s 


or 

$661,326 47 
1 


or 

$832,404 40 

$ 


or 
$ 


or 

$19 47 

$ 


or 

$ 


or 
$661 87 

$ 


$10 s 


_ 


_ 


_ 





- 


- 


Silver 


3,195,878 15 


3,258,044 10 


1,926,690 85 


1,356,000 00 


603,081 80 


128,000 00 


Bronze 


112,013 47 


115,100 00 


223,737 79 


209,085 00 


75,559 64 


60,700 00 

















In addition to the above coinages, the following were executed for the Governments of Newfoundland 
and Jamaica: 

1917. 1918. 1919. 1920. 

Newfoundland Silver $240,000 $245,000 $200,000 

Bronze $7,000 $3,000 $3,000 

s. d. s. d. 
Jamaica Cupro-nickel - 1,515 9 7*2,061 14 1 



CURRENCY AND BANKING 



709 



37. Gold Coinages of the Ottawa Branch of the Royal Mint, 1908-1921. 



Year. 


Gold. 


Year. 


Gold. 


Sovereigns. 


Canadian 
Currency. l 


Sovereigns. 


Canadian 
Currency. 1 





636 
16.273 
28,012 
256,946 

3,71.-. 
14,891 


1 

3,095 20 
7H.195 27 
136.325 07 
1,250,470 53 

18,079 67 
72,469 53 


1 

1.477,710 
1,890,620 
1.499,575 


1915.. 




6,111 
58.845 
106,516 
135,889 


* 

29,740 20 
286,379 00 
518,377 87 
661,326 47 


1 


1909 


1916 


1910 


1-.H7 


1911 . 


1918 


l U2 . 


1919 


1913 


.) 


1914 


1921 







Authority to issue Canadian gold coins was first conferred in 1910. 



38. Canadian Gold Reserves, December 31, 1905-21. 



Year. 


British Coin. 


American Coin. 


Canadian Coin. 


Bullion. 


1905 . 


$ 

3,990,717 00 


S 

29,494,298 


1 


$ 


1906 


7,375,857 00 


:&lt;1.040, 14 ,) 


__ 




1907 


5,366,478 00 


33.529,889 







1908 


6,261,715 00 


54,909,076 





_ 


1909 . 


6.537.227 00 


62,988,474 







1910 


6.304,524 30 


68,261,279 


. 


222,933 99 


1911 


6,900.0 


764 





J.933 99 


1912 


4,554,691 31 


98.648,736 


650, 185 


222.933 99 


1913 


6.391,374 52 


106,642,969 


2,118,210 


222,933 99 


1914 


4.482.524 44 


86,382,620 


3,440.150 


320,344 71 


1915 


29.606.990 36 


86,516 


3,436,095 


775,201 36 


1916 


29.333.111 40 


86.034,920 


126,760 


803,002 29 


1917.. 


27,476.780 


77,899,494 


3,413,465 


11,352,856 02 


1918 


; 93 


75,785.665 


3,411,465 


14.701,439 33 


1919 


t)61.1 .t2 36 


60,988,110 


3,408,310 


L 7,154,222 32 


1920.. 


26,728.016 34 


S96.485 


3,387,125 


35,090 343 77 


1921 


26,729,500 65 


35,896,305 


3,385,690 


18,558,557 18 













39. Circulation in Canada of Silver and Bronze Coin, December 31, 1901-21. 



Year. 


Net Amount of Silver 
Coin Issued. 


Amount 
per Head. 


Net Amount of Bronze 
Coin Issued. 


Amount 
per Head. 


A. 

During the 
Year. 


B. 

Since 
1858. 


Col. 
A. 


Col. 
B. 


C. 

During 
the Year. 


D. 

Since 
1858. 


Col. 
C. 


Col. 
D. 


1901.. 


$ 

420,000 
774,000 
633.850 
350,000 
450,000 
807,461 
1,194,000 
38.541 
648,700 
1,151,186 
1,343,001 
1,303,237 
927,131 
626,198 
61,344 
1,179,516 
1,790,941 
2,329,091 
3,196,027 
1,300.702 
40, 191 


$ 

8,279.924 
9,053,924 
9,687,774 
10,037,774 
10,487,774 
11,295,235 
12,489,235 
12,527,776 
13,176,476 
14,327,662 
15,670,663 
16,973,900 
17,901,031 
18,527,229 
18,588,573 
19,768,089 
21,559,030 
23,888,121 
27,084,148 
28,384.850 
28,344,659 


cts. 
7-8 
14-0 
11-1 
5-9 
7-4 
12-8 
17-9 
0-6 
9-0 
15-4 
18-6 
17-7 
12-3 
8-1 
0-8 
14-7 
21-9 
28-0 
37-7 
15-1 
0-5 


1 

1-53 
1-64 
1-70 
1-71 
1-72 
1-79 
1-88 
1-80 
1-83 
1-91 
2-18 
2-30 
2-38 
2-41 
2-36 
2-46 
2-64 
2-87 
3-19 
3-29 
3-23 


9 

41.000 
30,000 
40,000 
25,000 
20,000 
41.000 
32,000 
21,604 
39,300 
42,020 
54,275 
49,977 
55,572 
35,057 
50,354 
110,646 
116,800 
131,777 
115,011 
208,961 
60,543 


$ 

676,429 
706,429 
746,429 
771,429 
791,429 
832,429 
864,429 
886,033 
925,333 
967,353 
1,021,628 
1,071,605 
1,127.177 
1,162,234 
1,212,588 
1,323,234 
1,440,034 
1,571,811 
1,686.822 
1,895.783 
1,956,326 


cts. 
0-8 
0-5 
0-7 
0-4 
0-3 
0-6 
0-5 
0-3 
0-5 
0-6 
0-8 
0-7 
0-7 
0-4 
0-6 
1-4 
1-4 
1-6 
1-4 
2-4 
0-7 


cts. 
11-0 
12-8 
13-1 
13-1 
13-0 
13-2 
13-0 
12-8 
12-9 
12-9 
14-2 
14-5 
15-0 
15-1 
15-4 
16-5 
17-6 
18-9 
19-9 
22-0 
22-3 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 





710 



FINANCE 



o 

3 







l-s . 

-&gt;-&gt; (-1 I* 

.3 S &gt;. S 






. 




st 



2 

= 

I-B 

*a 
Rl 

V. 

I 

% 

O&gt; 
tf 

O 
H 

d 

s 

IM&lt; 



CS 



u 

w* 

w 

05 

$ 

I 

d 

o 



I 

I 

3 



Reserves 



Notes in Circulation 



al Specie 
and 
Guaranteed 
Debentures. 



Tot 



uar 
anteed 
De 
bentures 



G 



0. 
CO 



=3 



Amoun 



s. 



4 and 5, 
and 
tion 



2, 



une 30 



OJ 
T! 

6 





**l&lt;NO5- tlC5^t&lt;OCtf3CO 
~ OC &gt; I i I * ^-&lt; O5 OO 



co ^o co cO CO cO cO cO rO cO ^ 









O4CO &lt;M N 




I &gt;O i i OO Oi 

ioc^iocococoooco-^coco 



&lt;0 !&gt; CO t- t- t- 00 00 05 rH 






C^ O^ O2 O^ O^ O^ C- C^ O O2 



92 



to $27,743 



al notes amounting to $32,857 in 1890 and reduced gradua 
50,000 notes in 1919, 1920, and 1921. 
is taken as 100. 



^Includes Provinc 
"Includes issue of 
Circulation in 19 



CUItltKXCY AM) BANKING 



711 



41.- Denominations of Dominion Notes in Circulation, .March 31, 1916-1911. 



Drnnmination- 


1911. 


1917. 


1918 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


$ 

1... 


$ 

19,710,707 

0,21 


$ 

13,600.274 
10,441,369 


$ 

14.414,114 
11 


9 

18,217,241 

12 Itil 


$ 

16,550,738 
13,238,915 


1 

16,456, 102 

12 M .i 010 


... 
4 ... 


47,491 


11 


1. . ls7 


3!) 


38,299 


567 


5 


2,75 


3,253.(&gt; .i2 


4,81 


4,77 


3,434 "7.") 


3,699,880 


50 


H&gt; 


10,150 










100. 
500 ... 


2,1 


1,600 
2,18 


400 
2,35! 


l,86f 


2,596,000 


2,683,500 


1,000.. 


4,5;r 




il.OOO 


4. 146,000 


4,773.000 


" 0,000 


1,000 
5,000 


l.ltil.OOO 
14.VI75.000 


1,61 

146,450,000 


171 
211.230,000 


124 


95,000 
1,15 

111. . (10(1 


70,000 
962,000 

I .n.itMi ooo 


50.000 1 " 








tl 




4 2. MM), 000 


t ion:il . 


920,271 




1,11 


1.2 )0,120 






Provincial 


771 




27 


27 




"7 
















Total 


177,143,192 


183,248,987 


2*9, 798, SCI 


288, 058, Cf8 


311,932,792 


277,882,885 



! Fir of $50,000 Xc&gt;ttv&gt; appt&gt; irs in l&gt;:mk statemr ubrr, 11HS, 



to $5, 000,000. 



r.. Statistics of Bank Note Circulation. lS9 -mi.i 



\ IMF. 


Paid up 

ital. 


" Fund. 


" 
PUB 

(D p i .- with 
Mil. 
Finance.) 


n ( "in-ulation. 


Amount. 


Indi-x Ni). 
(1900=100) 


&lt; :ipit:t. 


1892.. 
1894 

1896.. 
1897 


t 

61,826,311 

171 

61,800,700 

703 

63,726, 
65,154.594 

67,035,615 
69.869,670 

76, 453. 12.) 
79,234.191 
055,828 

91,035,604 
95,953,732 
96,147,526 
97,329.333 
98,787,929 

103,009.256 
112,730,943 
116,297,729 
114,759,807 
113,982,741 

113,175,353 
111,637,755 
110,618,504 
115,004,960 
123,617,120 
129,096,339 


$ 

26,526. 
520 

372,395 

36,249,14.-) 
40,212,943 
47,761,536 

52,082,335 
56,474,123 

64,002,266 
69,806 892 
72,041. 
75,887,695 
79,970,346 

88,892,256 
102,090,476 
109,129,393 
113,130,626 
113,020,310 

112,989,541 
113,560,997 
114,041,500 
121,160,774 
128,756,690 
134,104,030 


1 

1,314.240 
1,7 
1,817,511 
1,814 

1,811,191 

1,8 
1,938,660 

2,1 

187,514 

2,832,400 
2,971,3 

3, 237, MU 
3,448,463 

3.923,531 
4,304,524 
4.249,367 
4,317,006 
4,844,475 

5,353,838 
6,211,881 
6,536,341 
6,693,684 
6,756,648 

6,811,213 
6,324,442 
5,817.646 
6,054,419 
6,122,715 
6,417,287 


- )41 
31, 

m 

41 
46.574,780 

&lt;)01,205 

244,072 

61,769,888 
J25.643 

70,638,870 
75,784,482 

71,401,697 
73,943,119 
82,120,303 

89,982,223 
100,146,541 
105,265,336 
104,600,185 
105,137,092 

126,691,913 
161,029,606 
198,645.254 
218,919,261 
228,800,379 
194,621,710 


66-1 

100-0 

KM 
118-9 

129-3 
132-6 
137-5 

151-7 

162-7 
153-3 

158-8 
176-3 

193-2 
215-0 
226-0 
224-6 
225-7 

272-0 
345-7 
426-5 
470-0 
491-3 
417-9 


$ 

6-91 

- 

6-12 

6-18 
6-68 

7-89 
8-75 

9-36 
10-02 
10-62 
10-60 
10-68 

11-44 
12-02 
11-00 
11-04 
11-87 

12-57 
13-60 
13-98 
13-60 
13-37 

15-77 
19-69 
23-85 
25-82 
26-51 
22-15 


1898 . . . 


1899 . 


1900 


1901 . 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905. 


1906 . 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


1911.. 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916.. 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 





The statistics in this table are averages computed from monthly returns in each year. 
-Cash, i.e., gold or Dominion notes. 



712 



FINANCE 



o 

H 



ominion Note 
$1, $2, $4, $5 
nd fractionals 



8 

4&gt; 

o 

fc 



03 
PP 



o 
ta 

O 



Bronze 



a 



*- 
ei 



CQ 



M 



03 

*1 

O 



( 





Amoun 



o 



o 



ount 

2 4 



03 

fa.is 

ll 

O 



oun 

3 



Am 






Amount 







Amoun 



O O i &lt; O r-4 i !&gt; O t 1C O CO 1C -H OS OS O t CO O i I 1C 

OCOCOOOi-H Ost^-COt-l -*t-t&gt;.OOCO OS * CO rt&lt; CO CO 
CD O i i CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO Tj&lt; 1C CO 1C 1C t i I 1C t OO "* 

5 ,_, i-l rH 1-H i-H l-H 1-1 1-H i-H 1-1 1-H i-H 1-1 l-l 1-1 1-H CO CO CO CO CO 

t ot-oco-* cot cocot- co t- rj&lt; -*f os os co co ift co I-H 

i-l OS t- CO CO t t^CO-^iCCO iCi-HCOCOO t- i-l OO CO CO 1C 

M& ...... .*&gt; .....I 

CO CO CO i* ^t&lt; ** 1ft CD 1C 1C CO t OS O OS OS i ICDOCO^OS 
1 1 i 1 i 1 i-H 1-H 1-H 1-H i-H 1 1 1-H i 1 1-H 1-H CO 1 I i-H CO CO CO CO CO CO 

O IS* CO CO "^ CD O t * * t 1C OS ^ i-H CO OO i-H OS O 1C CO OS 
OO CO CO CO CO CO i I t OO t OS O CO OO OS CO CO t O CO O CO 

cocoosicosco I-H co I-H o t cococooos coor rt&lt;osco 

(A CO*OS"CO~I-H"O O Ot 1C 1C CD 1C Tfl OS CO i I CO t OO *&lt; ^ CD 
CD i I O 1O CO 1C Ot OS O OO i I t&gt;. CO t&gt;- CO CO CO CO t 1 - OO CO 
t^ t- CO OO I-H CO TjHOOOSCO ift I-H I-H oo I-H OiCt-t COCO 

Tj^OS COCOlCOo" t-TlCOCOlC CO i-H CO OOO ICCOCOO3CDOS 

co CD t OO OO OO OS CO CO CO *-H CO "^T* 1C "^ 1C t i-H 1C OO OS 1C 

^H i-H i-H 1-H 1-H i-H i-H i-H i-H T-H CO CO CO CO CO 

i I OO OS 1C CD OO I s - CO 1C t OO 1C CO CO O O OS i I CO ** i-H -l 
OO OO OS i I i-H i I CO 1C CO CO 1C t i-H OO CO CO CO CO OS i I CO OS 

A ...... ..... ..... ...... 

i-H rH i I CO CO CO COCOCOCOCO COCOCOCOCO CO CO CO ^* ^ CO 

CO OS 1C OO CO CO CO i-H 1ft OS t 1C OO t OO 1C 1C OS Tfl ^* O ^t* 
t OOOrJiCOCO t CO t ^ t OSOOCO^OO CO O i ( OS OS CO 
^HOOOSCOOOOO ic^-HCDi-H-^i co ic r T^ co -^ -^1 ic I-H oo os 

Oi-ToT fO -H lc" COOSOsOi-T OCO~1C~COCO COOOCO^COCO 

e& Tt&lt; co co t oo tj&lt; cocor-cot TfooT^oooo oo os co oo o o 

CDi-HO^-llCO COOSCOOOOO OOOSOOlCi-H CO Tt&lt; CD O CO **&lt; 

OSO-HCOCOCO TtliClClC t OSCOOO^lC t OS CO 1C t- ^ 
^H ^H i-H i-H i-H i-H 1-H l-( 1-H i-H fH CO CO CO CO COCOCOCOCOCO 

1CCOCOCOOOO 1C CO O Th t OSOOOOt t- OS CO CO i-H 1C 

t CO O CO CO CO -^OOOOO Tji CD OS CO CO t CO i I OO 1C i I 

y^ ..... ..... ...... 

OO OS O O O O i-H CO i-H i-H i-H COCOCOCOCO 1C OS CO CO CO CO 
1 IT-IT li 1 1 I i I i I i lr-4 1-H i-H i I 1 I i-H i I i I CO CO CO CO 

O 1C OO CO OO CO O CO I~- OS CO CO i-H CO 1C CO CO CO Tt&lt; i-H C5 O 
OO O OS t OO Tf&lt; t- OO OS i i O CO^COOOOS i I O 1C CD !&gt; T I 
t-COiCOOOCO OO-*COi-HCO COlCCOi-HO OS CO CO CO CO l&gt;- 

TiTi-Tco" * os"ic" oo ^t&lt; i &lt; co o cocoicot-T i i os ic os o &lt; i 

S* t O i-H ^ CD CO COOOOTt&lt;CO OO *COOCO OSIMTjHi-HOCO 

1C CD * CO t O CD r Tt&lt; OS i I O3i-HCOCD-H CO O CD OS OO CD CNJ 

COO 1C O"H"-^T OiC!-TcO CO* Oso"iCr)TiC CO r-T OO OO OO -^ 
-*H 1C 1C CD CD CO r t-t t OO OO O O O O CO CO OS i-H CO OS 

1-H r-t 1-H CO CO i-( CS 

rH i 1 

go 

i * O3 CO CO OO CO COCOCOCOCO ^lOiOiOiO t-^OOCSCiC^tM ^^"O 

^H i-H iH rH rH rH r-H i H rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH "H rH rH CQ C^ C^ t^TOS 

** c^ 

6% C 

O""t 

^ s 

&gt;, O 

OSOSCOCOCO OOlCt-^OO Ttt-^i-HCOCOCO i^? ^5 

COCOCOCOCOCO CO CO CO CO 1C COOt-COOO CO CO i-H CO OO CO -3 ~t 

^JHrfl ^ ^T^ rt* ^ttT^OCOCO CO CD i 1 CO 1ft CO O OO OO t CO 03 JlJ 

..-_..., ..... ..... ...... 3-j 

JCOCOCD li I COM^COlCt i-H i It CO CO COOi-HCDlCCD :n-t ri 

&lt;& CO t O Tfl t- OS COCOOOCOCO CO t- CO CO i I CO Tf&lt; t OO OS 1C ~SE 

OOOOOOOSOS OOi-Hi-HCO CO r(&lt; 1C CO OO OS 0) " 

-C M 

ill 

O O O&gt; 

-H 3 03 
*^T3 o 

OSOOOCOT-H OOOOOi-HCD COTt^t-OSOsCO OflJu 

rJHlCCDtt t 1--OOOOOOOS i I CO CO ^ CO ^* COOO i I CO CO C t&lt; 2 

CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ^ T3 P-i 

i^ 10 

^o 

00 ^n * ^** Tfi **l 1C ift CD CO CO COOi IOSCO OSOi IOOOOS Oi 
OS CO CO t t t CO CO t- t CD CD O CO CO J~ OO CO CO rt&lt; 1C 1C 

OS OS OS t^ t- t- COCOt T*&lt; CO COOSOCO1C OOi-Hi-HOOCO 

..... ..... ...... 02{* 

1C OS t cot OCOi-Ht OO CO Os OO ^ rt&lt; T}&lt; T3"H 

it- ic oo co oo osooeot-&lt;N t t ocooo coicoooooo-^ c I-H K. 

O3COOCDO-* CO-^lCi-HCO COOSOSlftlC t ICOOOCOCO ijj^ &gt;&gt; 

tOOOSOSOO I CO CO CO * ICCpt-OpOO OS i I CO t OO OO 

.S CO 03 

2^ 

BOB 

O H-S"H 

111 

.g-3^ 

Ilo 

ss-g 

t3 o3 S) 

S35 
&o^ 
555 

*H P-H 

O oj 

3 . 
C O 
III 

aPn &gt; 

. a 5 

lljB? 

B s S 

o o 

QM^ 

^^ * ^ C^ CO "*t* O CO I s * OO O3 ^3 rH C^ CO ^^ *O CO t^* GO O^ ^5 ^H 
C3OOOC&gt;C^ OOOOrH rHrHrHrHrH rH rH rH rH C&lt;1 C^l 

01 O5 O5 Oi O5 Oi Oi Oi O5 Oi Oi O5 O5 Oi Oi Oi OS O5 Oi O&gt; O5 O3 



CURRENCY AND BANKING 713 

Banking. 

In the early days of banking in older countries, one of the chief 
funct ions of banks was to issue promissory notes payable to the bearer 
on demand; where the bank s credit was good these notes passed 
freely from hand to hand, creating an auxiliary uniform circulating 
medium, which in various cases was preferred to that issued by 
national governments. 

The lack of a uniform circulating medium in Canada was felt by 
the merchants of Montreal toward the end of the eighteenth century, 
and the prospectus of a proposed bank of issue to be known as The 
Canada Hanking Company was issued in 1792. This scheme, how 
ever, was allowed to drop, while a second project in 1808 for the 
incorporation of a Bank of Canada, failed to secure the assent of the 
legislature of Lower Canada. 

At the close of the war of 1812 the Army Bill currency was 
withdrawn, and public attention once more turned to the expediency 
of securing a currency through the establishment of banks. The 
Bank of Montreal began business toward the end of 1817, with a 
charter based on that of the first Bank of the United States. In the 
following year the Quebec Bank was established, as well as the Bank 
of Canada at Montreal and the Bank of Upper Canada at Kingston. 
The three Lower Canadian institutions, commencing as private 
banks, obtained their charters in 1822, while the bank of Upper 
Canada, also a private institution, was superseded by a second Bank 
of Upper Canada, established at York (Toronto) as a chartered bank 
in 1821. Meanwhile the Bank of New Brunswick had been incor 
porated in 1820, while in Nova Scotia the Halifax Banking Co. 
(private) had commenced business in 1825, and the Bank of Nova 
Scotia received a regular charter in 1832. The Bank of British 
North America, previously incorporated in Great Britain, com 
menced business in Canada in 1836, while Molson s Bank was estab 
lished in 1853, the Bank of Toronto in 1855, the Banque Nationale 
in 1860 and the Banque Jacques-Cartier (now the Banque Provin- 
ciale du Canada) in 1862. The Merchants Bank was established in 
1864, the Union Bank in 1866, the Canadian Bank of Commerce 
in 1867, the Merchants Bank of Halifax (now the Royal Bank) in 
1869, the Dominion Bank in 1871, the Bank of Hamilton in 1872, 
the Banque d Hochelaga in 1873, the Bank of Ottawa in 1874, the 
Imperial Bank in 1875 and the Standard Bank in 1876. 



714 FINANCE 



Banking Legislation. As has already been stated, note- issue 
was formerly considered as the chief function of the banks and 
banking legislation dealt mainly with note issue. In 1830 the Bank 
ing Act was amended so that the total amount of notes of less than $5 
in circulation might not at any one time exceed one-fifth of the paid 
up capital; that no notes under $1 should be issued and that all 
issues of less than $5 might be limited or suppressed by the legislature. 
In 1841, in the first session of the Canadian Legislature after the 
Union, the Banking Act imposed a tax of one p.c. upon the bank note 
circulation together with the double liability. In 1850 a new Act 
prohibited any bank other than those incorporated by Act of Par 
liament or Royal Charter from issuing notes. The tax on circulation 
was abolished, and instead a deposit with the Government of $100,000 
in provincial debentures was required; for the first time monthly 
bank statements were required to be furnished to the Government. 

In 1871 the first Dominion Bank Act provided for a minimum 
capital of $500,000, the restriction of bank note issue to notes of $4 
and upwards, the redemption by banks of their own notes at any of 
their offices, the limitation of dividends until a reasonably large 
reserve fund had been accumulated, the holding of Dominion notes 
to the extent of at least one-third of the cash reserve, the prohibition 
of a bank lending money on its own stock; the forfeiture of the charter 
of any bank which left any of its liabilities unpaid for 90 days; also, 
in order that the double liability might be effectively enforced, banks 
were required to transmit certified lists of shareholders to the Minister 
of Finance. The charters were granted for ten years only, so as to 
facilitate the contemplated decennial revisions of the Act. 

The first revision of the Bank Act took place in 1881. The 
noteholder was now recognized as prior creditor, the banks were 
prohibited from issuing notes under $5, while notes of higher denomina 
tion were to be multiples of this sum, Dominion notes were to con 
stitute not less than 40, p.c. of the banks cash reserve and banks 
were upon request to pay in Dominion notes sums not exceeding $50. 

At the second revision of the Bank Act (1891) the chief change was 
the establishment of the Bank Note Circulation Redemption Fund, 
founded as a consequence of the losses to which the noteholders of 
insolvent banks were still subjected through being unable to turn 
their notes into cash. It was provided that bank notes should bear 
interest from the day of suspension of the bank until the date when 
their redemption is undertaken either by the liquidator, or if he does 
not do so within two months, the Minister of Finance may redeem 
them out of the Bank Note Circulation Redemption Fund, which, 



AND BANKINi 7ir, 



if not recompensed for its expenditure out of the ;i of the failed 

hank, must be reimbursed by contributions from the other banks 
l&gt;ro rata to circulation. 

At the third regular revision of the Bank Act in 1901 the Cana 
dian Banker- Association was given authority to appoint an Inspector 
to supervise the hank note circulation and see that no bank issued 
circulation in excess of its paid-up capital. In 1908 provision was 
made for emergency circulation during the crop-raising season from 
October to .January, during which hanks were allowed to issue excess 
circulation up to 15 p.c. of their combined paid-up capital and reserve 
or rest fund, this emerueiicy circulation to be taxed at the rate of 5 
p.c. per annum. In MM 12 the period during which emergency cir 
culation might be issued \\ ended to the six month- from Septem 

ber to February inclusive. 

At the fourth revision, which took place in 1913, the Bank Act 
was amended by providing for the establishment of central gold 
reserves in which banks might deposit gold or Dominion notes and 
issue additional notes of their own again-t such deposit. A share 
holders audit was also provided for. Afl a consequence of the war the 
provision for emergency circulation was extended to cover the whole 
year in 1914, while banks were authorized to make payments in their 
notes instead of in gold or Dominion r.oii 

Chartered Banks in Canada. During the period from 1881 
to 1901, the number of chartered banks doing business in Canada 
under the Bank Act remained almost the same, 36 in 1881 and 1891 
and 34 in 1901, but during the present century there has been in 
banking as in industry an era of amalgamations, the number of chart 
ered banks being reduced to 25 in 1913 and 17 in 1922. That this 
has been far from involving a curtailment of banking facilities is 
shown by Table 44, which shows the development (A the banking 
business since 1868, and by Table 45, which compares the number of 
branch banks existing in Canada at different periods, showing a 
growth from 123 at Confederation to 4,659 as at December 31, 1921, 
besides 206 branches in other countries. Table 47 gives the number of 
branches of the various banks by provinces as at December 31, 1921, 
while Table 46 contains the statistics of branches of Canadian banks 
doing business outside of Canada, an extension of Canadian banking 
(more especially to Newfoundland and the West Indies) which has 
proceeded very rapidly in recent years. 1 Table 48 shows that the 



1 The statistics of Tables 45, 46 and 47 have been furnished by the Canadian Bankers Association. 



716 FINANCE 



total assets of the chartered banks at December 31, 1921, were 
$2,746,732,605, as compared with $3,056,979,489 in 1920. The 
total liabilities to the public were $2,472,350,424, as compared with 
,778,308,547 in 1920. Deposits by the public in Canada were 
,781,749,790 at December 31, 1921 (Table 50), as compared with 
,950,504,230 in 1920. All these declines were due to the con 
tinuance of deflation during the year. On March 31, 1921, the total 
at the credit of the depositors in the Post Office and Dominion Gov 
ernment Savings Banks was $39,160,808, as compared with $42,334,- 
812 in 1920 (Table 61). - 

Bank Reserves. The Bank Act contains no specific provisions 
as to the amount of gold to be held either against note circulation or 
the general business of the bank. It requires, however, that 40 p.c. 
of whatever reserve a bank finds expedient to carry shall be in Dom 
inion notes. A second provision instructs the Minister of Finance 
to arrange for the delivery of Dominion notes to any bank in exchange 
for specie. Thus the gold reserve against Dominion notes, to the 
extent that the notes are held by the banks, is reserve against banking 
operations, the Dominion Government being the custodian of the 
gold for the banks. The other gold element in bank reserves is 
specie in hand. The sum of the two constitutes the gold basis of the 
Canadian banking system. In addition to the reserves above men 
tioned, the Canadian banks carry three other kinds of asset which 
are regarded as reserves, being funds more or less immediately avail 
able for the liquidation of liabilities. These are (1) cash balances 
in banks outside of Canada; (2) call and short loans in New York; 
and (3) easily marketable securities. These are shown together 
with the total and net liabilities in Table 56. In Table 57 the ratio 
to net liabilities of each element of the reserve is shown. 

Deposits and Loans and Discounts. The above are the 
foundations upon which the banking credit of Canada rests. The 
expansion of that credit is shown by the figures of deposits and loans 
and discounts in Tables 51 and 52. The deposits payable on demand, 
with those payable after notice or on a fixed day (Table 51) are 
probably a good index of the deposits which are subject to cheque, 
and which therefore constitute the basis of credit as circulating 
medium, for although notice is required by law before the greater 
part of these deposits can be withdrawn this right is seldom or never 
claimed, and even savings accounts are chequed against to a con* 
siderable extent. 



CURRENCY AND BANKING 



717 



CO &lt;r&gt; . 

M JJ o&gt; 


sss 


o-ssss 


S2SJ5S 


OS COOO OCM 
COCO OS OCO 


5 OS CO &lt; O 


Sc^ssss 


. 

a 
g 34j 

CU "&lt; O 

~ 5 


SOS CO 
O CO 


CO CO .S 


SE3SS 


O co CO CO CO 


co cO CO CO CO 




31 
*J 


co co co 
t^OSO 

OS CO t 

oco r 

co 

00 CM 

OS CO CO 
t-OO O 


CO J" OS CO CO 
CO * "5 OCO 

co CM" o o 

CM 00 OO CM 

tc oo cor^ co 

CM } CO X) 00 


-H Tt&lt; -* OO 

O OS I OS OS 
00 i CM * i- 

I CD OO CO 
OS *~* O ^t* t 

OO OO I s * I s " OO 


OS O O CM O 

t- CO O T / 
OO 00 CO COO 

CO CO ^f OO I s - 

CN1 00 OS 1&lt; 

co r- oo os os 

: -M -H 


CM CM ^&lt; CO OS 

00 O OOCO 

-H" co" * OS CO 
CO OS O OO -t&lt; 
O CO tf5 t "5 

OO O CO CO ^ 

oi co ^j&lt; &gt;o &gt;A 

CM CM CM CM CM 


CM -H lOOO 

CO 5 I CM^H 
O CM t OO 

I^TkO CO O CO 

O CO OS CM CO 
CO CO CO &gt;O lO 

CO OS OO - 
CM CM CO COCO 
















! | 

"o S -2 c. 


M coo 
O OJ t- 

oo CM ao 
1*OO 

" 2SS 


M* OO OQ CM CO 

I s - QC CO OS *O 

"^&gt; rs 
o 

CMOO OS * CO 


-* ?? 

^^ TO CO ^ ^* 

O t^- oo ^^ os 

^ O oo o" ao 
-H CO CO CO 
COOO tfi t~ OO 


^&lt; OS OS 
CM CM OOS CO 

t r-co ~ 

1 - OS -&gt; t 


O CM I s - CM I s - 

CO O OS OOO 

CM ^ r- coio 

M* "-f O os r^- 
\n o os 01 o 

OS t OS O CM 


i OS C^ CM 
CM COt- Ol CM 

CO OS t CO 

CM O) &gt;O CO ^ 

CO CO OS CO OS 

co o o I s - 


HQ 
03 O 


:? 


oocsosSo 1 


0OS- 


CM S&gt; "!&lt; CO CO 


CO OS CO CO CO 

2 2 1^ 


OOO CM CM 
* &lt; CN Ol CM CM 


n3 5 














J 

QJ O _O 

-good 

O 00 -4J p, 

^b 


O OS OS 

OS CO CO 
* OS : 
Ol Ol 

CM CO co" 

tn sco 


&lt;c r I s - 

i . O 
00 COCO CO 

Oft ^* *f* CO OS 
OS -f I - 
I s - I s - CM COO 

S co" 


r-- oo o&gt; v 

: 
C CO coi -^ 

" 

30 00 CO 

co co cO ^^ 

I s - C Os r~ 

i i O 


52osOt- 

CO O CO O CO 

-* -f CO ri 


CO "5 CO O "5 
O I s - OO CO 

cot-- co o co 

COCO O) 00 -^ 
CO O Ors O 
OO t O OS CO 

CMOS --OS CO 
CO CO -f f -0 


t- CO CM OS O 

COOO O OS OO 

-" O 
00 C CM O) CO 
O * CO t~ 

TCO to-l&lt;co~ 


8 ^ 














1st 


O 

-. o 

t/30 OJ 

sss 


c-i ri co 
OS 1C *J C &lt; 
CO-^Ot- f 

I s - CO "" 

OO OC -M i -J&lt; 
CM T&lt; &lt; CO 


t-- co &gt;o * 
CM CM ^&lt;OO 

"co" 

T O 

OO " 00 CO 


-H &lt; CO OO O 
OO CM 00 
*- COCN CO 

coco oo oo &lt;&lt; 

CO -H to COO 


&gt;O if5 CO 01 
COOO f-- CO O 
CO OS ^* I t 

OS co CO OOO* 

- 

5* to CO lO 


OO *^ CM CO OS 
CO t CM OS CO 

os *t&lt; r oo os 

COOO COCO CO 
CO COt t OS 




p 


CO OOO 


CO i C I s - ^* 


^SKoO 


&lt; 01 s - r - 
OS-H OOO 


01 &gt;C -f C 

o&gt; co co 


OO CO -* O 
&gt;f CO t-OO OS 
















d 

o 


S co 
to o 




&gt;~ si to co co 

CO co ao O o 
os co 55 -* co 


CM O CM O CM 

OS OO O H co 
eooco 


Oft OO OS *rf* * 
^. i CM " &gt;O 


CM os \n co-^ 
o coos o o 


t; 
-&gt; a 


O 3 
C5 CO * 
CO O 


&lt; - 
O cop co 
OS CM &lt; OS O 


1/5 CO OS 
CM r- "*&lt; o 


to 01 co os o 

~ 00 00 -* "I 
U5 - 


O OO 5 t^ if 
O 1 "** CM ^ 


00 COt^ 

COOO i CO O 
CO I s - OO OO 


b 


r 1 


CM CM CM CM CM 


r r - 

CM 04 M -- 


OO CO CO Of O 
CM CO CO CO CO 


- 

CO CO CO CO CO 


CO CO CO CO CO 









, 1 , , . 




CO CM i CO OO 


sISSl 


* * 


* 






100 


00 oo o t ** 


- i co ^ r- 
OO iOOO O CM 


^ .Sfci 








oo r~- 


t- r- oc c-. i 


















3_; 


Sco-3 


lisls 


00 OS CO CO I s - 
OS O t-- "^ 
CO OOC CM i 


t 

OS CO OO 


CO ~ "1 " 
OS CO CO O O 
O "3 O I 


iSSSi 


C. 

3 

H.T3 


- sis 


5 O O OO OS 
OS ^~ 


O C 
OO CM CO I O 


&gt;&lt; O-. O c: 
co os os r -H 


CO OO CO Ol CS 


CO CO OS CO CD 

r- coo ooo 


cj -j 

ol 




OOCO 

CO CO CO 


I. 1C "^* O ^* 
CO -^"C CO CO 


eo O co 01 o 

CO OO CO CO 


~- 

1C O CO CO CO 


i O OO OS 
CO CO CO cO O 


01 01 

co CO CO co CO 


Calendar 




oo oo oo ao oo 


OO OOCO 00 OO 


oo ao oo 5o 5o 


OO OO CO OO OO 





I 

A 





3 



V 

9 

t. 



8 
S 
f 



.3 



s 

. 
+* 

1 






fc 



718 



FINANCE 



CD 
-3 



fi 
o 



on 

or 

iH 

* 

J3 

3 

d 

tptf 

^ 

** 

to* 

rt 






8 



d 

SD 

S 

A 

O 

1 



d 




99 

I 

dc 






Percentage 
of 
Liabilities 

to Assets. 


OS CO CO-* CM 
~ COOOO CM 1C 


b- CM i-H b- i-H 

OS b- T-H CO CO 


&gt;C CM CD CM CO 
CM CO OSb. i-H 


CO CD -HH OlO 
CM CO T-I O] b- 


CM 00 i-H O CO 
OO CO OO CO OO 


CO 

03 

OS 
OO 


elsewhere than in Canada, not included in deposits, prior to 1901. For 


^ CM * 1C b- b- 


00 OS CS OS O 


T-I i-l O CM ^t&lt; 
OOOO OO OO OO 


OO OO OO OO OO 


CDOO OS O O 

OO OO 00 OS CS 


2 co 

03 -*J 
-u CD 
O co 

H^ 


CO 1C i-H OO 1C 

* o os co co 

CO 1C OSb- O 


Ttl CS CO CO CO 
CM O CM 1C OO 
CO i-H CM b- i-H 


CO 00 CS -&lt;*l T-H 

r o i i co 10 

Ob- CO 1C CO 


O OO i-H 1C CO 

CM -HH CO CO CO 


OS 1C OO OO tO 
O 1C T i i i * 

b- IO T* i 1 OO 


CS 

b- 

o 

CM" 

g 

1-H 

5i 

00_ 

CM 


b- CO CO -* 1C 
^ co cooo OI-H 


CS i-H CO b- O 
CM CD-* r* OS 


CM 1C O b- CM 

T i OO OS O 1C 
1C CO CM O -^l 


1-H 1C CO CD T}H 
CO CO OS b- CM 
1-H O O COTt* 


CO OS rM OO CO 
OO 1C CO CO CO 
CM 1C CO 1C i-H 


OI-H O CM CS 
CM TjH b- i-H 1C 
CO CO CO -*l * 


i c 1C T-H 1C b- 
CO OO -^H OS CD 
IO 1C CO CO b 


OO IO T-H t 1 1 
b- Tf ^ CO T-H 

OO OS CS O CM 


CO O O 1C CO 
CO **&lt; O 1C 1C 


OS i I CM * * 

CO I-H CO 1C CO 
OO T-I * b- O 

T-H CM CM CM CO 


Total 
Liabilities 
to 
the public. 


COOO CO CO 1C 
00 O 1C CO OS 
O b- CO O O 


CO OS O CD CO 
f CM 1C b- CO 
b- OO 1C O CO 


1C CM OO Tt&lt; O 
1C Cs T I io CD 


CO Tj( -^ CO CO 
OS 10 CO O CM 
COCO ic OI-H 


b- CDOOO 00 
CO CO CM CO CS 
CO CM OO 1C CO 




cs 

T 1 

10 

CO 
1C 

CM" 


OO O CO -rf TJ&lt; 
*& CO COb- CM OS 
CO CO O CO CO 


CO CO b- rf&lt; OO 
O CO CM i-H t 
O OS 1C O CO 


IlslB 


i-H * 05 TJH OS 
CD CM b- rf&lt; CM 

CD T-H CO OS CO 


1C OO OS CM OO 
O01 1C 00 CO 
OS O4 CO 1C O 


CM CM i-H OO CO 
CO 1C OO T-H 1C 
CM CM CM CO CO 


O CO b- * OO 

CM CO O 1C I-H 


CO OS CM CM OS 
il CO CO GO i-H 


b- O b- OS CO 
CST^H 00 O 1C 
O CM CM CO CO 


CO CO * 1C ^ 
OS CO OO OS OO 
IO OO i-H * b- 


to 

"c .2 

-- *_^ 

03 O -Q 

o.2 a 

t4 1 -+_&gt; 

O 


COIO O CO T^ 

os co CM r^ co 

CS CD CO O b- 


OO O OS CO OO 
OO b- OO OS i-H 
OO CO COOS OS 


OS rtl CO CD O 
b- b- CO T*H OS 

OO CM OO 1C OO 


CO T-I CO Tt&lt; * 
i i OS CO CM 1C 
CO OS CM OS OO 


i-H CM OS CM b- 

CO 1C CD O CO 
1C CM CO CM CO 


1C 

T-H 
1-H 

OO 

1-H 

1-H 

00 
b- 


1-H ^fl CO t OS 

^ i i 1-1 O COb- 
CM OOO rf( CM 

CO CM CO I-H" OS 
i &lt; T-H CM 1C b- 
CM CM CM CM CM 


OS CM OS i I ** 

OS CO 1-H T-H 1-H 

CM CD O OOO 
OO CO t o IO 


CS 1C O 1C O 

OO OS 1-H i-H T-H 

1C OS O CM O 
1C f ^ b- f^i (~^ 

COb- COb- 00 


CS CO CO O Ol 
O -* OS OO 1C 
OS OO OS OO CM 

CO i-H i-H i-H CD 
CM CO i-H O CO 

CS O i-H T-H O 


CO T-I O i-H OS 

co co co b- * 
OO I-H CO CS T 

IO OS OS CM 1C 
CO i-H CO 1C CO 
i-H CM CO 1C OS 


Total 
on 
Deposit. 1 


CS CD CM OO CM 
* OS CO CM i* 
O O OlC CM 

&i&gt; i OOCOO-* 
CO b- i I 1C T-H 

CO i-H CO CO 1C 
01 CO COO 
T-I CM CM CM CO 


b- CO O Tt&lt; CD 
CM OS * I^H b 
CO ^* I-H b ^^ 

CO Ob- 1C CO 
b- b- CO CO 1*1 
C CO i-H CM CM 

OS O T^OI-H" 
-*l OS CMb- CO 

CO CO Tt&lt; Tt&lt; 1C 


CO i-H 1C O CS 

1-H T^ T^ QO CO 

iCb- OOO OO 

OO CS b- OO ^tl 
CO CO CO OS CO 
OS OO CO CM OS 

&gt;c rt&lt; oo co"os 

C3 1C 1C OO O 
CO CO COb- OS 


OO CO CO CO 1C 
OO OO CM CO i-H 
b- CO 1C CO CO 

CO O i I O O 
CO I-H b- T-H -^fi 

^ os oo oa co 
o 01 co-* oo" 

OO OCM -* OS 

CS 1-H 1-H 1-H 1-H 


OS O O 1C CM 
CM 03 00 OO OS 
* O t- OOb- 

1C CO 1C OO OS 

co oos o) r 

O CM CO rt&lt; O 

OO CO CM CS OO 

I-H -rfi i i oo co 

Ttl CO OS r* * 


CO 
CO 
b- 

co" 

OO 
1C 

CO 
CM 

CM 


Notes 
in 
Circulation. 


b-OO &lt;* OS O 
CS i-H co COOO 
CM T^ OS i-H b- 

CD O CO CO * 
*^ 10 to b- i I 

** CO OO lO 1C 

^ ^ b I-H f&lt;-^ 

co co co rt&lt; TJ&lt; 


1C OO CM OO CO 
O OS b- OO * 
CM 1C OOO CO 

1-H CM Tfl OS 1C 

O I-H * CO CM 

O 1C O T-H ^ 

1C 1C CO CO CD 


O CM t- OS CO 
b- OO OS i i CD 
OO Tf CO T-H CO 

OO TjH 1 1 CO O 

COOO 0^1 CM 
COb- TJH OS i-H 

CD 1C i-H CO of 


CO T-I CO 1C O5 
CM-&gt;*i COOO OS 
CM 1C CO T-H o 

CM COIO Ob-T 
OO ^ CD CS CO 
CS i-H CM CO i-H 

OS O 1C Tf&lt; 1C 
OO O O O O 


CO CO Tfl T^ OS 
1-H O &gt;0 COf^ 

OS CO CM CM CO 

T-H OS 1C OS O 
OS Ol * i i CD 
CO O O CS OO 

CO T-H OO OO OO 
01 O OS i-H 01 


o 

T 1 

b- 

1-H 

CM 

CO 

OS 
i-H 


tics in this table are averages computed from the twelve monthly returns. 
&gt;sits of Federal and Provincial Governments, includes amounts deposited 
sits in recent years, see Table 51, p. 723. 






i s jl 


CM CM O CS * 
CO OO CM OO OS 
CO b- 1C OS CO 

COb^b-Too"cM" 
C& CMOO CM 1C b- 

IO O CO OS CO 

CM CM CM CM CO 


1C CO CO 1C Tfl 

-*| "* co co CM 
T-I os io co T-H 

OS CM I-H CM * 
"* i co oo b- 
CM CMb- O * 

CDOb-TcM^CO 


CO O5 1C 1C CO 
CO OS CO CS Tj&lt; 
CM OO CM CO CO 

CM CO T-H b- O 
OOO O OO OS 
*&lt; OS O7 1C oT 


CO CO CO CD O 
1C b- OS CM T-H 

CM * CO CD CO 

CM O OS O O 

os os oq co 01 

OO O T 1 i-H O 

OO Ol OS CO CO 
OO O OI-H T^ 


-* os Ob- os 

ic cs io b- co 

OS O I-H O CO 
OO CO ^ CO 1C 
OS ic OT-H b- 

O1 CO i* I-H OO 

1-H T-H T-H OJ Ol 


o 

CO 

o 



i-H 

CO 






os a 
43 3 

S-d 
rt S 


CO CO O OS T* 
t- O CM CS cs 
-I b- OS CO 1C 

CO b^-n co TjT 
*% -*tl CM b- CM IO 
O O &gt;O b-i-H 

CM CM CM CO 1C 

CO CO CO CO CO 


1C O 1C T-H OO 
i i t CM OS CM 

CD CD i-H i-H OO 

&gt;O OS CO Tft 1C 
CO CO 1C CO 1C 
O OO "*! CM CO 

b- OS CO OS CM 
CD COb-b- 00 


* 01 co co cs 

O CO CM CO CM 
COb- 1C CO OS 

1C CO b- Os b-T 
CO 1C ^ CM OO 
O OS I-H CO b- 

i-H lo co b-Too" 

OS OS OS CS OS 


co co cs r-i-H 

"C * 01 O -rtH 
CM OS b- OO b- 

OS O b- O5 Ol 
!O CO OS 1C OO 

co 01 co Tti co 


1C 1C O CD CM 
CO b- 1C OS T i 

1C b- OO * b- 

b- CO i-H CD i-H 
i-H CD CO O CD 

CO i-H O IO CO 


os 

CO 

CO 

CO 

cs 
CS 

OS 
CM 

T-H 






i 

c3 

a 



























: : : : : 


: : : : 









1-H 

CM 

OS 


111 
III 

C^ co vi 

^O O 
K^ 2 
O f . * ^ 

.^^ ^H CQ 

CS 


CO b- OO OS O 
O5 OS CS OS f""* 
OOOO OO OC OS 


i-H CM CO ^ 1C 

OS OS OS OS OS 
II 1-H i-H 1-H i-H 


CDb- OO CS IO 
OO O OI-H 
Cs OS OS Cs Cs 

T-H 1-H i-H 1-H T-H 


i I Ol CO Tf 10 


coi-^ooos o 


OS OS OS OS Cs 

T-H 1-H 1-H i-H T-H 


CS OS OS CS OS 



CURRENCY AND BANKING 



719 



l. Number of Brandies of Banks in &lt; aiiaila, by Proviiir -s, 1S8S, W&gt;. 1995 and 

1915-21. 



Provinces. 


1902. 


1905. 




1916. 1 


1!H7 


1918.1 




I .uo 




Prince Kdwtml Island.. 




10 


| 

17 


17 


17 




36 


41 


40 


Nova Scot i:i 5 




101 


109 


111 


Lig 




156 


169 


166 


BrtDMwiek 


35 


49 




82 




M 


111 


12 1 


1-2-2 


Quebec 






716 


784 


821 


7M 


1,055 


1,150 


1,236 


Ontario 100 






l.liil 


1,154 




1,165 


i. r.i 


1,586 


1,574 


Manitoba 






204 


200 








349 


329 


ewan 




J 


401 


413 


441 


506 






549 




30 


87{ 
















All.er: 






258 


247 


267 


307 


408 


124 


396 


Hritish Colin; 


46 


55 


208 


187 


183 


17H 






244 


Yukon 


- 


3 


3 


3 




3 






8 


Total 123 


747 


1,145 


3,159 


3,198 


3,39 


3,44* 


,:?:;: 


l.liTIi 


4,659 



^ ;,ub-a-encies for receiving deposits for the Banks employing tin-in 



16. Number of Brain lies of Canadian Chart ITM! Banks in other 

their location, December SI, 



countries with 



Banks and Location. 



Bank of Montreal: 



Hritain 
United States 
I- ranee 

.Newfoundland 
Mexico... 



Bank of Nova Scotia: 



Newfoundland 

Jamaica 

United States 

Porto Rico 

Dominican Republic. 
Kn&lt;*land (London).... 

Culu 

West Indies.. 



Banque Nationale: 
France. . . 



Merchants Bank: 

England (London) 

United States (New York).. 



Union Bank: 



England 

United States.. 



Bran 






4 

1 
8 

1 



26* 
11 

3 

3 

3 

1 

1 






Hanks and Location. 



Canadian Bank of Commerce: 



.vfoundland 
United States 

at Britain 

Miquelon.... 

Mexico 

Barbados 

Cuba 

Jamaica 

Trinidad 

Brazil.. 



Royal Bank: 



Cuba 

B. \V. Indies 

Newfoundland 

Dominican Republic. 

Venezuela 

Porto Rico 

Brazil 

British Guiana 

Haiti 

French West Indies. . 

ntine 

British Honduras 

Colombia 

i Kica 

Uruguay 

Spain 

United States 

Great Britain 

France... . 



Dominion Bank: 

England (London) 

United States (New Y ork). 



Total. 



Branches. 



No. 



. 
: 

I 



54 
20 1 
8 
6 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 



206 



Includes 1 sub-agency. Includes 2 sub-agencies. 3 Sub-agency. 



720 



FINANCE 



f 1 

SI 



e 

S 
-S 

S 

4) 



w 
fS 

09 

es 

r&lt; 
VI 

O 

w 


I 

&gt; 

&gt;o 



M 

o 

S 

A 

u 

d 

2 

tt 

M 

e 

I 

S 



a 


T-" O t~- OS OO OS il &lt; 
CMcOiOCMTHOOOl 

co co i T-C co eo co e 


M CO O i-H ( 

CM CO CO &lt; 

O O t&gt;- TH 1 


Z5 CO lO Oi t^" O^ lO 
O &gt; CO TH t&gt;. OO CM 
-t TH CO CM 




00 


o 








^* 


T! 


6 3,a 3 


CO 5 I 1 TH CO CM C 
TH CM TH Tfl OS i 


O CO 1C Tt 
-I CM CM 


I U3 rjt OS i 1 1 TH 

TH t&gt;- TH TH 
TH 


i 


1 


Sa 
43 3 o 


co os I I TH CM 1 c 


O t^" CO CM 

TH 1 1 


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 


i 


e* 




M 


~ 1 1 1 1 1 1 


1 &lt;N 1 I 


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 


, 


ws 


3 












Us 


OO TH TH CO 1 CO 1C. 


n ca m *& r 

1O *O 


H TH | CO CM | | 


% s 


3 


E o -S 












PQO 












b 


1C TH TH TH | O 1 U 

i 1 TH !&gt;. Cl 


"i OO TH t^ U 

3 CO * i- 


5 i-l CM OS CM 1 1 
H CM i 1 CM 


r &lt;N 


ta 

9&gt; 


o&gt; 








e-9 


S 


i| 


OO CO CO I I 00 1 
CO 1-1 CO CO C 


D 00 CM t^ t- 
3 t&gt;- OS C 


OS CM t^~ OS TH TH 
-I TH TH CM CM 


&gt;9 TH 





C/Q *"^ 













i . 


t^ o co CM | TH la 

TH TH 1 1 CO Ci 


5 3 OO CO C&lt; 
3 CO CO TH c&lt; 


5 CO TH O OS t^- 1 

TH TH 


r CM 

O CM 


g 


J o 








eo 


eo 




i 


COCOCOCOCMCMTHC 1 

os co oo t&gt;- co I-H a 

1 I TH 


1 CO TH IO C 

5 CM OS OO t^ 

TH TH 


3 OS CO OO O O 1 
O CM OO -rH I&gt;- 
TH 


9Q ^^ 

TH TH 


g 


a 








1 

TH 


^ 


O 












8 

1 


OS CS f^i t^* TH lO OO C 

TH CM TH TH O TH !&gt; 

TH 


s oo co co T- 


&lt; TH CO CO TH TH | 

CO 
1 1 


e t~- 

T( 00 

e o 


S 


3 












O 1 












. 


CO C^ I | | rH TH ff 


^ J2 


1-" 1 1 1 1 1 




B 


yi 




CM 




O TH 

TH 


^ 


ij 


TH CO I | | CO 1 cr. 


S K 


1 1 1 1 1 1 


TH iO 

m 


s 


TJ 


i-" 1-" 1 1 1 1 CO i- 


00|| 


1 1 1 1 1 1 


* TH 


e 










eo 


TH 


PH OT 

h- 1 












- 


oj 










13 


c3 


8 




















1 
o 


73 rt 

o 

3 d 
oS Q T3 "O 

,1 . S 4 I 

m j* Q *~3 \ji *H 7* * 

! | 1 1 1 I 2 

a 55 PQ S | 
o S S||P : 

111! I | I -2 
MflSp5SPQD 


Canadian Bank of Comme 
Royal Bank of Canada 
Dominion Bank 
Bank of Hamilton. . 


Standard Bank of Canada. 
La Banque d Hochelaga. . . 
Imperial Bank of Canada. 
Home Bank of Canada 
Sterling Bank of Canada. . 
Weyburn Security Bank. . . 


Total 
Sub-Agencies (Provincial) . 


3 





cf 



0} 











03 
CO 

S 



o 
a 



a 
&lt;D 



3 
ra 






CURIU-:\CY AM) BANKING 



721 





CM oo i&gt;- t&gt;- ~H to i - ~ 

CO OS *"^ OO to CO "" 1 - 
CM CO O O if* OO CM CO 


CM O CM CS CO 
O * &lt; CJ 
CO G^ *^* *^ 


1 - CO CN CO 
CO 5 CS O t 
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Chartered H.mk.s. 


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Bank of Nova Scotia 
Bank of Toronto 
Molsons Bank 
Banque Nationale 
Merchants Bank of Canada 
Banque Provinciale du Canada 
Union Bank of Canada. . 


( anailian Hunk of Commerce 
l{&lt;&gt;v:il Hank of Canada 
Dominion Bank 
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Imperial Bank of Canada 
Home Bank of Canada 
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Weyburn Security Bank 


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3813146 



722 



FINANCE 



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o 



CURRENCY A\D BA \KLVG 



723 



St. General Statement of Chartered Banks for the calendar years 1917-21. 



Itei 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Capital paid up 


S 
111,637,755 


$ 
110,618,504 


S 

115 004 960 


S 

123 617 120 


1 
129 096 339 


Notes in circulat ion 


161,020,606 


198,645,254 


218,919 261 


228 800 379 


194 621 710 


Total on deposit 1 


1,643,203,020 


1,912,395,780 


2,189,428,885 


2,438 079 792 


2 264 586 736 


Discounts to tho public 


1,219,16 


1,339,660,669 


1,552,971,202 


1,935 449 637 


1 781 184 115 


Liabilities-. 
Assets 


1,866,228,236 

2,11: 


2,184,359,820 
- ,331,418 


2,495,582,568 
. 7 .14, 568, 118 


2,784,068,698 
3,064,133,843 


2,556,454,190 
2 841 78 079 















Nora. The statistics in this table are averages computed from the monthly returns in each year. 
Including deposits of Dominion and Provincial Governments and including amounts deposited elsewhere 
than in Canada. Excluding capital ancl rest or reserve fund. 

51. Deposits In Chartered Banks in Canada and Elsewhere, for the calendar years 

1917-1921. 



ItO! 


17. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Deposits by the public of 
Canada 
Payable on demand.. 


1 

468,049,790 


I 

587,342,904 


1 
621 676 065 


5 

653 86** 869 


1 

551 014 fU 1 * 


Payable after notice or on a 
fixed day 


928,271,838 


966,341,499 


1,125,202 403 


1 239 308 076 


) 347 Ofi 1 ? 


Deposits eL-o where than in 
Canada.. 


17S.098 526 


206 06" 


238 731 784 


335 164 iT 


28 &gt; 1^^ 448 


Balances due to Dominion 
and Provincial (lovermii&lt; 


68,782,866 




203,818,633 


209,744,315 


138,199,582 


Total Deposits 


1,613,203, 030 


1,912,39.&gt;. 7M) 


2,189,428,885 


2,438,079,792 


2,264,586,736 



NOTB. The statistics in this table are averages computed from monthly returns in each year. 



52. Discounts of Chartered Banks in Canada and elsewhere, for the calendar years 

1917-1921. 



Items. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Call and short loans on stocks 
and bonds in Canada 


S 

75,246,096 


$ 

77,555,410 


$ 

96 673 179 


* 

118 956 035 


$ 

10Q *i49 ^9^ 


Call and short loans elsewhere 
than in Canada 


157,430,643 


162,333,308 


163 227 204 


200 008 OW 


170 197 OOR 


Current loans in Canada 1 


883,669,377 


982,822,203 


1 140 395 977 


1 410 fi02 684 


1 T^ 1n8 7*^1 


Current loans elsewhere than in 
Canada... . 


91,720 519 


106 913 067 


140 200 101 


ISfi 801 QO^ 


1 ^fi ^71 nfi^ 


Loans to governments... 


5,703,640 


5 236 593 


8 214 314 


n 04*1 210 


19 Qfi^ flQ7 


Overdue debts 


5,390,977 


4 800 088 


4 260 427 


4 O^S 854 


A COQ 974 














Total discounts cf banks 


1,219,161,252 


1,339,660,669 


1,552,971,202 


1,935,149,657 


1,781,184,115 



NOTE. The statistics in this table are averages computed from monthly returns in each year. 
Includes loans to cities, towns, municipalities and school districts. 

3813146* 



724 



FINANCE 



53. Assets of Chartered Banks for the calendar years 1918-1921. 



Schedule. 



Balances due from agencies of the banks or 
from other banks or agencies in tha United 
Kingdom 

Balances due from agencies of chartered banks 
or agencies elsewhere than in Canada and 
the United Kingdom 

Bank premises 

Call and short loans on stocks and bonds in 
Canada 

Call and short loans elsewhere than in Canada. 

Current loans in Canada 1 

Current loans elsewhere than in Canada 

Deposit in central gold reserves 

Deposits made with and balances due from 
other banks in Canada 

Deposits with Dominion Government for 
security of note circulation 

Dominion notes 

Dominion and provincial government securi 
ties 

Loans to governments 

Mortgages on real estate sold by banks 

Municipal securities in Canada and public 
securities elsewhere than in Canada 

Notes of and cheques on other banks 

Overdue debts 

Railway and other bonds, debentures and 
stocks 

Real estate other than bank premises 

Specie 

Other assets... 



Total assets 



1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


$ 


$ 


$ 


$ 


10,973,606 


12,359,426 


17,669,923 


12,857,830 


47,419,961 
52,605,314 


50,904,693 
54,499,498 


62,101,182 
58,111,876 


60,885,266 
65,808,576 


77,555,410 
162,333,308 
982,822,203 
106,913,067 
95,106,667 


96,673,179 
163,227,204 
1,140,395,977 
140,200,101 
112,679,167 


118,956,035 
200,098,050 
1,410,602,684 
186,891,995 
107,702,722 


109,542,625 
172,137,325 
1,323,158,731 
156,571,063 
79,606,700 


5,418,511 


5,823,388 


5,697,820 


6,179,469 


5,817,646 
178,308,722 


6,054,419 
176,744,958 


6,122,715 
177,990,416 


6,417,287 
174,802,401 


162,821,026 
5,236,593 
1,941,736 


214,621,625 
8,214,314 
2,354,169 


120,356,255 
13,945,219 
2,679,975 


166,688,146 
12,965,097 
3,070,228 


252,936,568 
112,260,404 
4,800,088 


256,270,715 
132,538,353 
4,260,427 


210,826,991 
175,917,505 
4,955,654 


156,552,503 
162,994,829 
6,809,274 


56,103,418 
5,629,595 
78,347,452 
26,980,123 


54,429,301 
5,835,339 
81,351,598 
35,130,267 


48,031,228 
4,781,361 
81,471,916 
49,223,322 


45,728,878 
4,357,257 
80,671,931 
33,976,663 


3,432,331,418 


2,754,568,118 


3,064,133,843 


2,841,782,07* 



NOTE. The statistics in this table are averages computed from monthly returns in each year. 
Includes loans to cities, towns, municipalities and school districts. 



54. Liabilities of Chartered Banks for the calendar years J 918-1921. 



Schedule. 


1918. 




1919. 


1920. 


1921. 




Liabilities to shareholders 
Capital paid up 


1 

110,618, 


504 


1 

115,004,960 


$ 

123,617,120 


$ 

129,096, 


339 


Rest or reserve fund 


114,041, 


500 


121,160,774 


128,756,690 


134,104, 


030 
















Total to shareholders 


224,660, 


004 


236,165,734 


252,373,810 


263,200, 


369 
















Other liabilities 
Balances due to agencies of Canadian banks, 
or to other banks or agencies in the United 
Kingdom ... . 


4,460, 


369 


5,908,764 


7,057,506 


8,078, 


047 


Balances due to agencies of Canadian banks, 
or to other banks or agencies elsewhere 
than in Canada and the United Kingdom. 

Balance due to Dominion Government after 
deducting advances for credits, pay lists, 
etc 


26,737 
132,889 


157 

924 


29,901,770 
181,768,998 


40,380,320 
188,360,129 


32,532, 
109,405, 


361 
020 


Balance due to Provincial Governments 


19,755 


832 


22,049,660 


21,384,185 


28,794, 


562 



CURRENCY AND B.[.\KI.\&lt;; 






1. Liabilities of Chartered Banks for the calendar years 1918-1921 (ondu. 



Schedule. 


18. 


1 


I9SO. 


P..JI 


i thrr liabilities 1 o*ch 
ta by the public payable on demand 
in Canada 


587 


621,676,065 


653,862,869 


651,91 1 


Dei - the public payable after notice 
or on & fixed duv in ( unai hi . . 


966,341 


1,125,202,403 


1,239,30 


1.2vi..:i7,063 


Depo-it.- made by and balances due to &lt; 
banks in C unada 


9,3v 


10,641,494 


11,830,949 


11 


Dei *e where, than in C anmla 


206,065,621 


238,731,784 


33f&gt; 


-.,448 


\^ote^ in circuhition.. 




218,919,261 


228,800,379 


I .i 4. ; 21,710 


; &gt;ilities not included under foregoing 


32,734,828 


40,782.369 


57 


14,878,570 


Total other liabilities 


2,181,351,82* 




..7M,068,698 


:. i.&gt;6.4.&gt;t.l9U 


Total liabilities to shareholders and other 
liabilities. 


2,409,019,824 


2,731,748,302 


3,036,442,508 


&gt;.M&lt;t.i;.i..&gt;59 












Excess of assets over all liabilities undivided 
profits not included 


23,311 


,819,816 


27,691 


. 520 













FE. The statistics in this table are averages computed from monthly returns in each year 

5 &gt;. Vniount of Exchanges of the Clearing Houses of Chartered Banks in 16 Leading 

Cities, for the calendar years 1917-19?!. 



( i; . 


1917. 


18 


1919. 




Jl. 


( ill- 
Edmonton 

Halifai 

1 iamilton 


1 

348,66: . 

142,101 

151,81. 
244,401,339 


$ 

331,331 

171,015,066 
.,289,303 
,076,476 


$ 

355,iii: 

233,066,784 
241,300,194 
306,370,966 


$ 

43s 

,,873,361 
254,677,402 
,733,960 


i 

335,465,202 

260,288,619 
181,302,598 
r,9tt.737 


Ijondon 
Montreal 


112,664,207 

4,188,25.5.211) 


176,958,350 
4,833,924,284 


164 
6,251,781,893 


7,109,189.038 


161,956,959 
0,258,173 


Ottawa 


291,197,713 


357,598,751 


472,691 


515,006,231 


404,237,694 


Quebec 
St. John, N.H 
Toronto .... 


213,505,003 
102,948,814 
3,004,785,565 


238,906,890 
117,133,608 
3,379,864,506 


290,983,483 
151,319,093 
4,251,644,303 


364,589,361 
176,672,389 
5,410,214,802 


302,491,488 
:,887 
5,105,893,768 


Vancouver B C 


419,610,898 


545,368,714 


654,913,205 


846,540,136 


708,205,932 


Victoria, B.C 


84,822,216 


101,471,852 


123,351,345 


145,707.106 


122,416,244 


Winnipeg 


2,622,924,702 


2,362,734,211 


2,316,724,063 


3,015,703,999 


2,682,441,103 


Regina 


169,800,113 


184,624,629 


210,898,989 


231,070,268 


203,659,640 


Saskatoon ... 


94,173,065 


91,431,883 


105,886,584 


118,503,076 


100,523,291 


Moose jaw . 


64,896,741 


78,425,563 


86,447,625 


94,624,910 


74, 739, 7.; 1 














Total 


12,257,0(8,537 


13,448,158,663 


16,216,518,629 


19,588,337,285 


16,811,287,086 















J From Bradstreet s. 



726 



FINANCE 



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CO CO CO lO CD I&gt; CO *O OO ^* CO CO !&gt; C^ CO CD CO O * * CO t&gt;- C3 CO OS CO OO t 1 *- C^J * 4 CO 

Oi i-H cO CO Oi C*^ *O CO !&gt; i-H lO CO "^ C^l OO CD "^ OS CO i-H t&gt; 1O !&gt; I-H CO CO O -r+H irt fcrt 
lOOii-HioOCOTtiiOCO OO^i-HOi-HO^Ot^ t^iOt-COO-^CNlCOOi-* ^ 

CSICqCslC^ltMC^C^COOO ^^^*OiOCOI&gt;-l&gt;-OOO5 Oi iOq&lt;NCMiOI&gt;-OCOCO CO 

THrHrHi-Hi-Hi-Hr-ieqC^ei C&lt;T 

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R^I^ ^ 001000 ^ 10 CS|COOiOi-i^HcOCOOOi-H Oi^fOOOiCOSCOOOOSOO 5 
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CO OO OS O^ ^&lt; CD C^J Oi CO Oi ^H CQ ^O C^l t^- CO CO ^O C*l CD CD CO OO l&gt; iQ !&gt; (T-l ^H ^i t s 

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CURRENCY AND BANKING 



727 



57. Ratio of Bank Reserves to Net Liabilities, 1892-1931. 



Year. 


Cash on hand. 


Cash due from 

banks outside 
of Canada. 


Call and short 
loans el 

\vh(&gt;n&gt; than 
in ( anada. 


Securities. 


Total 
Reserves. 


1892 


p.c. 

8-8 


p.c. 
11-3 


p.c. 


8-9 


p.c. 

1MI-0 


1893 









8-7 


27-u 


1 V l 


10-4 


KM 


- 


10-1 


30-H 


1S95 


10-4 


12-8 


- 


9-8 


32-8 


1 V" 




10-8 





!()-) 


81-2 


- - 


10-3 




- 


11-9 


35-8 


IS tS.. 
1898 


8-7 


li -l 
11-7 





14-2 
11-8 


35-6 
83-1 




8-4 


6-5 


- 


12-2 


27-1 


190] 


8-0 




10-0 


13-5 


36-0 






4-4 


10-2 


18-1 


35-6 



1903 


8-9 


4-0 


7-7 


13-0 


33-6 




9-4 


4-5 


7-7 


ll -l 


33-7 







4-9 


8-6 


11-3 


34-3 


1906 


8-9 




8-7 


10-4 


31-7 


i 107 

1908 


11-1 


5-5 


7-2 
8-3 


9-7 
9-9 


29-3 
34-8 


1909 . . 


11-3 


5-0 


14-2 


9-9 


40-4 


1910 


10-7 


4-8 


11-5 


9-5 


36-5 


1 Ml 


11-5 


. a 


8-7 


9-0 


34-0 


1912 


11-3 




8-9 


8-1 


32-5 


1913 


11-1 


3-4 


8-1 


8-5 


31-1 


1914 


12-8 




9-0 


8-2 


33-9 


1915 


15-4 


5-0 


9-2 


9-1 


38-7 


1916 
1917 


13-7 
11-9 


6-4 
4-0 


10-8 
8-9 


14-2 

iM 


45-1 

45-9 


1918 


12-4 


2-8 


7-8 


1-8 


45-8 


1919 


10-9 


2-7 


6-9 




42-7 


1920 


9-9 




7-7 


14-5 


35-2 




10-7 


1-1 


7-2 


15-4 


i 



NOTE. The statistics in this table are based upon the averages of the monthly returns in each year. 

Government and Other Savings Banks.- There are two classes 
of Dominion Government Savings Banks in Canada, the Postal 
Savings Banks under the Post Office Department and the Dominion 
Government Savings Banks attached to the Department of Finance. 
The former, established under the Post Office Act of 1867, (31 Viet., 
c. 10) in order "to enlarge the facilities now available for the deposit 
of small savings, to make the Post Office available for that purpose, 
and to give the direct security of the Dominion to every depositor 
for repayment of all money deposited by him, together with the 
interest due thereon." On Mar. 31, 1921, the number of offices 
authorized to transact business was 1,328, and the number of savings 
accounts was 88,563. Statistics of deposits are given in Table 59. 
The Government Savings Banks proper, under the management of 
the Finance Department, are established in the leading cities of 
Canada under the management of the Assistant Receiver General, 
and in other places in the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Bruns 
wick, under managers appointed by the Governor in Council. Sta 
tistics of their deposits are given in Table 60, and for the two systems 
combined in Table 61. 

Other Savings Banks- -The Montreal City and District Savings 
Bank, founded in 1846, and now operating under a charter granted in 
1871, had over 100,000 depositors in 1920 with a capital on December 
31, 1920, of $1,498,570, reserve fund $1,350,000, a balance on profit 
and loss account of $323,449 (total $3,172,019) and deposits of 
$45,448,299. The Caisse d Economie de Notre Dame de Quebec, 
founded in 1848 under the auspices of the St. Vincent de Paul Society, 
incorporated by act of the Canadian Legislature in 1855 and given a 



728 



FINANCE 



Dominion charter by 34 Victoria, c. 7, had on May 31, 1921, deposits 
of $11,148,182 with a total shareholders investment of $1,975,412. 
Historical statistics of savings bank deposits are given in Table 58. 
The co-operative people s banks of Quebec province are also an 
important element in promoting thrift and assisting business in that 
province, the loans granted in 1920 being $4,272,585 as compared 
with $3,667,004 in 1919, $2,623,096 in 1918 and $2,306,172 in 1917. 

58. Deposits with Government and Other Savings Banks, as at June 30, 1868-1996 

and March 31, 1907-1922. 



Year. 


Postal 
Savings 
Banks. 


Dominion 
Government 
Savings 
Banks. 


Other 
Savings Banks 
(Montreal 
City and 
District 
and Caisse 
d Economie 
de 
Notre Dame 
de Quebec) . 


Total. 


Amount 
per head of 
Population . 


1868. . . 


$ 
204,589 
856,814 
1,588,849 
2,497,260 
3,096,500 
3,207,052 
3,204,965 
2,926,090 
2,740,952 
2,639,937 
2,754,484 
3,105,191 
3,945,669 
6,208,227 
9,473,661 
11,976,237 
13,245,553 
15,090,540 
17,159,372 
19,497,750 
20,689,033 
23,011,423 
21,990,653 
21,738,648 
22,298,402 
24,153,194 
25,257,868 
26,805,542 
28,932,930 
32,380,829 
34,480,938 
34,771,605 
37,507,456 
39,950,813 
42,320,209 
44,255,326 
45,419,706 
45,368,321 
45,736,488 
47,453,228 
47,564,284 
45,190,484 
43,586,357 
43,330,579 
43,563,764 
42,728,942 
41,591,286 
39,995,406 
40,008,418 
42,582,479 
41,283,479 
41,654,960 
31,605,594 
29,010,619 
24,026,270 


$ 
1,483,219 
1,594,525 
1,822,570 
2,072,037 
2,154,233 
2,958,170 
4,005,296 
4,245,091 
4,303,166 
4,830,694 
5,742,529 
6,102,492 
7,107,287 
9,628,445 
12,295,001 
14,242,870 
15,971,983 
17,888,536 
20,014,442 
21,334,525 
20,682,025 
19,994,934 
19,021,812 
17,661,378 
17,231,146 
17,696,464 
17,778,144 
17,644,956 
17,866,389 
16,554,147 
15,630,181 
15,470,110 
15,642,267 
16,098,146 
16,117,779 
16,515,802 
16,738,744 
16,649,136 
16,174,134 
15,088,584 
15,016,871 
14,748,436 
14,677,872 
14,673,752 
14,655,564 
14,411,541 
13,976,162 
14,006,158 
13,519,855 
13,633,610 
12,177,283 
11,402,098 
10,729,218 
10,150,189 
9,624,163 


$ 
3,369,799 
3,960,818 
5,369,103 
5,766,712 
5,557,126 
6,768,662 
6,811,009 
6,611,416 
6,519,229 
6,054,456 
5,631,172 
5,494,164 
6,681,025 
7,685,888 
8,658,435 
8,791,045 
8,851,142 
9,191,895 
9,177,132 
10,092,143 
10,475,292 
10,761,061 
10,908,987 
10,982,232 
12,236,100 
12,823,836 
12,919,578 
13,128,483 
14,459,833 
15,025,564 
15,482,100 
15,893,567 
17,425,472 
19,125,097 
20,360,888 
21,241,993 
23,063,143 
25,050,966 
27,399,194 
28,359,618 
28,927,248 
29,867,973 
32,239,620 
34,770,386 
39,526,755 
40,133,351 
39,110,439 
37,817,474 
40,405,037 
44,139,978 
42,000,543 
46,799,877 
53,118,053 
58,576,775 
58,292,920 


$ 
5,057,607 
6,412,157 
8,780,522 
10,336,009 
10,807,859 
12,933,884 
14,021,270 
13,782,597 
13,563,347 
13,525,087 
14,128,185 
14,701,847 
17,733,981 
23,522,560 
30,427,096 
35,010,152 
38,068,679 
42,170,971 
46,350,946 
50,924,418 
51,846,350 
53,717,419 
51,921,452 
50,382,258 
51,765,648 
54,673,494 
55,955,599 
57,578,981 
61,259,152 
63,960,540 
65,593,219 
66,135,282 
68,575,195 
75,174,056 
78,798,876 
82,013,121 
85,221,593 
87,068,423 
89,309,816 
90,901,430 
91,508,403 
89,806,893 
90,503,849 
92,774,717 
97,746,083 
97,273,834 
94,677,887 
91,819,038 
93,933,310 
100,356,067 
95,461,305 
99,856,935 
95,452,865 
97,737,583 
91,943,353 


$ cts. 
1 50 
1 88 
2 54 
2 96 
2 99 
3 53 
3 67 
3 55 
3 43 
3 37 
3 46 
3 55 
4 21 
5 44 
6 94 
7 90 
8 49 
9 29 
10 10 
10 98 
11 06 
11 33 
10 83 
10 40 
10 59 
11 08 
11 23 
11 44 
12 04 
12 44 
12 62 
12 57 
12 90 
13 95 
14 44 
14 83 
15 21 
14 53 
14 47 
14 42 
14 10 
13 41 
13 08 
12 87 
13 27 
12 92 
12 31 
11 68 
11 69 
12 27 
11 46 
11 78 
11 06 
11 12 
10 25 


1869 


1870 


1871 


1872 


1873 


1874 


1875 


1876 


1877 


1878 


1879 


1880 


1881 


1882 


1883 


1884 


1885 


1886 


1887 


1888 


1889 


1890 


1891 


1892 


1893 


1894 


1895 


1896 


1897 


1898 


1899 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


1906 


19071 


1908 , 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921 


1922 




1 Nine months. 



WAN AM) TRUST COMPANIES 



59. Business of the Post Office Savings Banks, March 31, 1917-1921. 



Items. 


17. 


18. 


1919. 


1990. 


n. 




1,813 


1,318 


1,328 


1,323 


1 , 32* 




11. 


11,791,967 


12,593,190 


10,003,068 


6,631,680 


:Vrml from (Government S.B. to 

1 o-t &lt; Mlict- S M 




"1 


174,143 


184.303 


589,247 




1, 205, 528 


1,241,578 


1.20S.559 


1,056,545 


883,842 




U.180, 


i:{,12s,l .4 


13, 


11,243,916 


8,104,774 


Withdrawal- 


10,606,901 


14,427,194 


13,004.411 




10,6 .&gt; ,74 . 


At cro lit &lt;&gt;f &lt;&gt;p-:, 
Open accounts 


42,5X2. 
,,143 


41.. 
,735 


41,654,960 
110,541 


31,605,594 
97,154 


29, 010. til! 
88,562 















69. Business of the Dominion &lt;;iivtriuiK&gt;nt Savings Banks, March 31, 1917-1921. 



tna. 


17. 


1 


1919. 


20. 







$ 

-.01 


I 

169 
151 


$ 

2,344,918 


$ 

tiOO 


$ 

2.103,873 




(&gt;48 




2,685,296 


2, 




\V it lnlrau ... 




S86.947 


3,460,481 


3,371,5 




\t CD 1 li 


13,633,610 


12.177 


11,402,098 


10,729,218 


10,150 















61. Total Business of Post Office and Dominion Government Saunas Banks, 

March 31, 1917-1921. 



Item-. 


17. 


1918. 


19. 


1920. 


1921. 


Deposits 


$ 

14,110. 


$ 

13,932,085 


$ 

15,112. 


1 
12,565,971 


f 

9,324,805 




1,0(11, 


!, 


1,548,937 


1,376,345 


1,178,291 


1 ot il cash and interest 


15,712,010 


lo.558.S14 


16,661,188 


13,942,316 


10,502,996 


\V thdrnwuls 


13, 024.1 . 4 


18.314,141 


17,064,892 


24,604, 


13,677,000 


\t credit of depositors 


56,216. 


53, 


057,058 


42,334,812 


39,160,808 















LOAN AND TRUST COMPANIES. 

Loan and Trust Companies. Up to and including the year 
1913 tables were given in the Year Book of the assets and liabilities, 
with comparative figures for a series of years, of loan companies and 
building societies. These tables were taken from the "Annual 
Report of the Affairs of Building Societies, Loan and Trust Compani&lt;- 
in the Dominion of Canada ," as issued by the Department of Finance. 
The statistics in this Report were compiled by the Department of 
Finance partly from the statements required to be furnished under 
legislation of the Dominion Parliament and partly from returns 
voluntarily made by corporations operating under provincial charters. 
The laws relating to loan and trust companies incorporated by Acts 
of the Parliament of Canada were revised by the Loan and Trust 
Companies Acts of 1914 (4-5 Geo. V, cc. 40 and 55), and since the 
passing of these Acts the Annual Report issued by the Department 
of Finance up to and including the year 1913 has been replaced by 



730 



FINANCE 



"Annual Statements of the Loan and Trust Companies incorporated 
by Acts of the Parliament of Canada." Tables 62 and 63 show 
therefore the liabilities and assets of the loan and trust companies as 
compiled from the statements furnished to the Department of Insur 
ance. They relate to 14 loan and 16 trust companies, and do not 
include companies or societies operating under provincial charters. 
Under Chapters 14 and 21 of the Statutes of 1920 (10-11 Geo. V, 
chaps. 14 and 21) a systematic annual inspection of the affairs of 
these companies is being made by the Department of Insurance. 

62. Liabilities and Assets of Loan Companies, 1914-1921. 

LIABILITIES. 



Year 


Capital 


T? (iopr vp 




Debentures 


i 


Deposits 
payable on 








paid up 
in cash. 


Fund. 


payable 
in 
Canada. 


payable 
else 
where. 


Stock 
issued. 


demand or 
after 
notice. 


Other 
liabilities. 


Total 
liabilities . 


1914.. 


$ 
19 238 512 


$ 
9 374 363 


$ 
fi 688 194 


$ 
99 74 K 770 


$ 

1 9QR AQH 


$ 

81 C\A A79 


$ 


$ 


1915 


19,401 856 


9 878 266 


6 7fi4 83fi 


99 97Q Qftl 


i,^yo,^toU 

1 3Qfi SAQ 


, 11)4, U/^J 

81 OQ 1 n/i 


,140,770 


70,588,091 


1916.... 


19,673 934 


10 319 176 


fi 88Q Q4fi 


9ft 101 111 


i, o\)(], ooy 

1 44.7 9ft"; 


, lyo, 194 

8OQ7 79fi 


, Ooo , 784 


71,992,666 


1917... 


19,813,217 


10 705 215 


7 075 081 


IQ 270 1fi3 


1 *iOQ 4Q1 


, y8&lt; , /^u 

8QQA Q9K 


,45o,2U7 


70,872,297 


1918 


19 945 858 


mQ38 1Q3 


7 449 Q&9 


17 7fi7 fi&fi 


1 tlAQ fifi 


, yo4 , 840 


,o/l t 2Ul 


69,679,193 


1919 


20,191 612 


11 923 234 


7 7fi f &gt;fi14 


1 7 SQ4 ^OQ 


1 , O4o, ODD 
1 &lt;\Q\ 7QA 


, 80J , 5o9 
90,17 nd 


,554,401 


69,995,224 


1920 


24,062 521 


13 442 364 


16 Q82 03? 


IQ 4*1 nci 


1, OJO, /oU 


,o4/ ,096 

1 F 9K7 Q/lft 


,ol)2, 17b 


74,520,021 


1921 


25,750 966 


14 309 039 


17 682 083 


90 9fi^ 7fifi 




10,^D&lt; ,84U 

1 QAQ O9ft 


,217,449 


90,413,261 














10,000, y^o 


,2oo,o27 


96,160,107 



ASSETS. 



Year. 


Lent 
on mort 
gages and 
hypo- 
thequqs. 


Loans upon 
and 
invested in 
bonds, stocks, 
and other 
securities. 


Cash 
on 
hand 
and in 
banks. 


Interest 
due. 




Other 

Assets. 


Total 

Assets. 


1914.. 


$ 
53 710 084 


$ 
10 fififi ^Q4 


$ 

q oofi QflQ 


$ 

CQ1 Atl 


$ 

2onn 1C7 


$ 


1915 


52 807 357 


10 S&O S^O 


Q QQO (\(\A 


oyi , iio 

R7Q Qfift 


,o99, 167 
2oi vion 


70,588,091 


1916..., 


51 981 926 


n7QQ OOJ. 


39/11 C\X*1 


o/y, yoo 

coi n/lft 


, Ool,4o9 


71,992,666 


1917.... 


49 722 872 


19 194 7QR 


, Ati, uoo 

3A72 99O 


ool,&lt;s46 

7ci /|7s 


, 168,848 


70,872,297 


1918 


48 293 988 


M1QC 9Q7 


3noo CQQ 


/Ol,4/0 
rco/i AA/I 


, 60s, 9 20 


69,676,223 


1919 


47 309 298 


IQ 490 AQE; 


9 R iK filft 


O/4, 004 

9R1 Q1rt 


, 964 , Joo 

4ftOft tQO 


09,995,031 


1920.. 


63,725 084 


Ifi ^44 nfiO 


3 9CO 077 


201, 811) 
1 AQ 


, Oo9,OoJ 

4O7Q KQO 


74,520,OJ1 


1921 


67 320 461 


IK 049 KIC 


4CCQ QCO 


1, 008 

2799 9Afl 


, y/o,5oJ 


90,413,261 








, OOo, yoo 


, &lt;/^,ZOU 


,444,6^0 


,698,809 



63. Liabilities and Assets of Trust Companies, 1914-1921. 

LIABILITIES. 



Year. 


Liabilities to Shareholders. 


Other 
liabilities. 


Total 
liabilities 
in company 
funds to 
share 
holders. 


Liabilities to the Public. 


Total 
liabilities 
to the 
public. 


Capital 
paid up 
in cash. 


Reserve 
Fund. 


Other 
liabilities 
to share 
holders. 


Guaranteed 
funds. 


Estate 
trusts and 
agencies 
under 
adminis 
tration. 


1914.. 


$ 
6,051,146 
5,307,128 
5,673,670 
5,297,130 
6,263,203 
7,356,474 
7,465,376 
7,532,777 


$ 
2,541,413 
1,159,479 
1,245,589 
1,275,789 
1,477,617 
1,643,464 
1,908,753 
1,746,579 


$ 
202,427 
233,738 
287,214 
352,153 
415,938 
391,625 
391,975 
167,303 


$ 
1,948,414 
606,005 
620,470 
731,220 
676,379 
616,378 
561,265 
499,264 


$ 
10,743,400 
7,303,350 
7,823,943 
7,658,292 
8,836,137 
10,007,941 
10,327,369 
9,945,923 


$ 
8,560,468 
9,727,099 
10,405,318 
11,149,958 
12,743,379 
12,704,672 
9,475,041 
8,559,326 


9 
29,832,343 
31,002,934 
36,756,902 
38,141,389 
56,194,857 
52,084,047 
57,225,303 
79,252,639 


$ 
38,392,811 
40,730,033 
47,162,220 
49,291,347 
68,938,236 
64,788,719 
66,700,344 
87,811,965 


1915 


1916.. 


1917 


1918 


1919. 


1920... . 


1921 





COMMERCIAL FAILURES 



731 



3. Liabilities and Assets of Trust Companies, 1914-1971 concluded. 

ASSETS COMPANY FUNDS. 


Year 


Loans 


Govern 
ments, 
muni 
cipal 
an.l 
school 
itiea 
owned. 


Stocks. 


Cash 
on 
hand 
and in 
banks. 


Market 
value 
of real 
estate, 
govern 
ment 
securities, 
etc., over 
book 
value. 


All 
Other 
assets 
belonging 
to the 
companies 


Total 
assets 

of the 

corn- 
pan 


on 
real 
ite, 

first 
lions. 


on 

real 
;ite, 
second 

liens. 


on 
stocks 
and 
securi 
ties. 


on 
real 
it*. 


1914. 
1821. 


1 

5,189,797 
3,97 
.i, 906, 986 
3,993,484 

J.455 
;,064 
4,755,061 


* 

113,095 
in. , 395 
544,747 
297,387 
101,784 
557,171 


557,625 
647,524 
374 
253,781 

496,769 
512,800 
413,488 


$ 

701,564 
513 


$ 

7&gt;7,400 
876,760 
l.llii.lln 
1,145,815 

2,17 

2,5d 
0,913 


$ 

34 . 
253,784 


$ 
17 .), 928 
172,448 

173,130 

70f&gt; 
:. 715,125 
603,618 


$ 
879,039 
5,181 
32,231 
3,331 
5,865 
8,392 


$ 
3,033,756 
1,529,522 
1,585,513 
1,789,364 
1,936,365 
1,635,773 
847 
l.MN 


$ 
10,740,640 
7,30&gt; 
7.8L 1 
7,656,292 
8,836,137 
10,007,941 
10,21 
10,238,236 


ASSETS-TRUST FUNDS 









uuannvc 


I i unus. 








ir. 


mortgages, 
and hypo- 

theques 
upon 
improved 
freehold 
property. 


: 
and 
Debentures. 


Stocks. 


Cash 

in hand 
and in 
banks. 


Other 
assets. 


Total 
Guaranteed 
Funds. 


Estates, 

Trusts 
and 
Agency 
Funds. 1 


1014.. 


1 

18,238, 


$ 

120,545 


$ 


$ 

870,994 


$ 

13,184,047 


20,734,228 


$ 


1915 


12.267,515 


114,787 


_ 


778,473 


11,706,041 


28,966,816 


_ 





771 


4,841,833 


_ 


2,661.481 


13,400,107 


30, 177,1 .12 


_ 


l U7 


9,251,407 


6,7ii7. 


_ 


1,351,416 


14.. 


31,557,507 


_ 


1918 


9,314,: 


9,833,060 





2. (127. 618 


1. ). 428, 747 


36,603,704 





I .M i 


10,950. 


11. 


_ 


2,694,454 


19,256,564 


44.: 


_ 


1 ._&gt;( I 


4,247,183 


2.4&gt;7.ir6 


329,801 




"41,588 


8,809,510 


64,895,100 




4.169.039 


197 




010 


1.5 


8.783.868 


- .-.2.639 



For the years 1914 to 1919 the figures for this column are not distinguished in the official returns from 
the figures for guaranteed funds shown in the preceding columns. 

COMMERCIAL FAILURES. 

Commercial Failures in Canada, 1921. According to Brad- 
street s of January 7, 1922, the total number of Canadian failures 
reported during the calendar year 1921 was 2,358, with liabilities of 
^678,095 m 1921, as against 966, with liabilities of $20,808,053 in 
1 ( .)20. In number there was an increase in 1921 of 144- 1 p.c. as com 
pared with 1920, while the liabilities increased by over 133 9 p.c. Dun s 
Bulletin of the same date gives the total number of Canadian insolv 
encies in 1921 as 2,451, as compared with 1,078 in 1920, whilst liabili 
ties reached in 1921 the total of $73,299,111, as compared with 
s-_&gt;6,494,301 in 1920. Tables 64 and 66 give the statistics from both 
authorities, those from Bradstreet s (Table 64) being classified by 
provinces for the calendar years 1920 and 1921 and those for Dun s 
Bulletin, including Newfoundland, being classified by branches of 
business for the calendar years 1919 to 1921 (Table 65) and by classes 
and provinces for the calendar year 1921 with totals for the years 1908 
to 1920, including Newfoundland (Table 66). An analysis by cause of 
the failures for 1920 and 1921 is given in Table 67 (Bradstreet s). 



732 



FINANCE 



64. Commercial Failures in Canada, by Provinces and Newfoundland, for the calen 
dar years 1920 and 1921. [From Bradstreet s.] 



Provinces. 


Number 
of 
Failures. 


Assets. 


Liabilities. 


1920. 


1921. 


1920. 


1921. 


1920. 


1921. 


Prince Edward Island 


44 
12 
367 
226 
95 
106 
46 
70 


8 
106 
50 
893 
569 
245 
210 
136 
141 


$ 

110,035 
30,050 
5,909,897 
1,947,907 
882,572 
505,054 
511,300 
581,650 


$ 

20,805 
1,345,263 
410,647 
9,070,394 
5,010,172 
1,470,955 
1,564,588 
1,567,635 
1,024,537 


$ 

285,354 
55,267 
11,759,167 
4,068,370 
1,639,712 
937,873 
817,600 
1,244,710 


$ 

35,955 
2,555,875 
918,202 
19,578,921 
11,453,043 
4,112,813 
2,393,003 
2,426,415 
5,203,868 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba. . . . 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Canada 


966 

13 


2,358 

35 


10,478,465 

999 , 292 


21,484,996 

1,845,863 


20,808,053 

1,331,522 


48,678,095 

2,405,063 


Newfoundland 





65. Commercial Failures in Canada by Branches of Business, 1919-1921. 

[From Dun s Bulletin.] 



Classes. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Num 
ber. 


Liabilities. 


Num 
ber. 


Liabilities. 


Num 
ber. 


Liabilities. 


Manufacturers 
Iron and Foundries 


3 
15 

3 
32 

28 
5 

7 

9 
16 
10 
5 
5 
75 


$ 

1,804,800 
2,807,930 

153,000 
1,578,169 
343,054 
51,500 
68,491 

514,900 
143,712 
325,435 
106,725 
160,878 
2,175,883 


3 
20 

26 
53 
10 

2 

7 
22 
9 
5 
2 
96 


$ 

115,011 
4,046,847 

1,034,253 
3,096,484 
170,834 
19,000 

499,900 
1,180,602 
287,116 
294,000 
9,658 
5,117,511 


11 
28 
7 
3 
85 
127 
21 
9 
2 
14 
47 
17 
12 
4 
172 


$ 

1,264,578 
7,138,818 
124,104 
926,743 
2,041,646 
6,429,289 
705,049 
166,409 
38,204 
113,154 
1,710,511 
811,232 
467,514 
93,800 
11,945,739 


Machinery and Tools 


Woollens, Carpets, etc 


Cotton, Hosiery, etc 


Lumber, Carpenters 


Clothing, Millinery 


Hats, Gloves and Furs 


Chemicals and Drugs 


Paints and Oils 


Printing and Engraving 


Milling and Bakers 


Leather, Shoes, etc 


Liquors and Tobacco 


Glass, Earthenware 


All other 


Total Manufacturers 


213 

85 
179 
30 
16 
38 
29 
25 
7 
23 
4 

9 
3 
1 
45 


10,234,477 

966,344 
1.363,485 
79,906 
25,802 
208,452 
429,854 
244,990 
74,146 
404,851 
36,710 

58,408 
13,810 
25,000 
543,870 


255 

171 
259 
49 
13 
60 
43 
31 
8 
23 
7 

8 
4 
4 
91 


15,871,216 

2,997,633 
1,634,916 
138,497 
34,812 
703,548 
436,611 
279,912 
77,311 
310,697 
32,500 

48,904 
12,100 
99,836 
897,228 


559 

426 
427 
66 
33 
179 
157 
84 
18 
36 
18 
5 
25 
24 
18 
223 


33,976,790 

7,815,984 
4,093.626 
819,457 
813,884 
2,021,322 
3,460,304 
1,589,683 
217,875 
439,580 
143,417 
64,067 
223,149 
181,726 
1,203,496 
6,798,999 


Traders 
General Stores 


Groceries and Meats 


Hotels, Restaurants 


Liquors and Tobacco 


Clothing, Furnishing 


Dry Goods and Carpets 


Shoes, Rubbers, and Trunks 


Furniture, Crockery 


Hardware, Stoves, and Tools 


Chemicals and Drugs 


Paints and Oils 


Jewellery and Clocks 


Books and Papers 


Hats, Furs and Gloves 


All other 


Total Traders 


494 


4,475,628 


771 


7,704,505 


1,739 


29,886,569 


Agents and Brokers 


48 


1,546,154 


52 


2,918,580 


153 


9,435,752 


Total 


755 


16,256,259 


1,078 


26,494,301 


2,451 


73,299,111 





NOTE. The failures in Table 64 include those of Newfoundland. 



m.w.w /://( /.i/, / M//,r/i /!&gt;; 






f. Commercial Failures In Canada, by Proum-os and Classes, for 1921, with totals 

for 199S-1939. iFmm Dun s Review.] 



Pr&lt;&gt;\ iii 


Total ( iimmcrcial. 


Manufacturing. 


Num 
ber 


la 


l.iabilit 


N uiu- 


I.iabilii . 


Prince Edward I&gt;land 
Nova Sc&lt; it ia 


7 
116 
51 
1,016 

160 

185 

1 


S 

:500 
1,800,611 

.605 

18,5i7.:iti-t 

2,660,460 
1,831.1 
1,731, 


* 

.888 
3,290,508 
351 
} 1 2 
24,798,148 
3,064,174 

1,1 

3,945,186 


11 

180 
23 
9 
13 

38 


t 

62t&gt; 
280 
1 1,873, (it, 1 
19,707,200 

602,337 
85,097 
41,700 
658,096 


Hrun-\\ ick 


Quebec 
&lt; &gt;nt;iri&lt;&gt; 


Manitoba 


.Saskatchewan. . 
\lbt-rta 


British Columbia 


Total 1921 

;&lt;iundl-&gt;.nd. . . 
Total 1920 

I .H .i 


I,M 

7. 
1,1 

l.i 
1,1 
Ml 

1,719 

,. 

.: 

,. 

.640 


55,114,487 

2,043,910 

Is.;, iti. 516 
ID, 711.411 
11,251,341 
161,000 
19,1 

1. 
109 

11,013 
10,318,511 

12.008,113 


(8,947,140 

4,351,971 

:;oi 
16 
14,502,477 
18,341 

11.1 

045,095 
In. . 7 i,406 
12, 316.936 
18,491 

14, .".It 
12. .IS-. , 800 
14.931,790 


555 

4 

213 
Ml 

614 

4. "i2 

821 

426 


33,875,290 

101,500 

15,871,916 

10,234,477 
8,248,807 
7,455,094 
8,796,646 
13,877,414 
11,003,191 
6,792,703 
4,556,615 
4,700,016 
7,030,227 
- 
5,967,498 


" 191N . . 


1917 .... 
19UV 
I . ir. 
1914 


1913 


191-) 


1911.. 
" 1910 


" 1909 


H0s 





Provinces. 


Trading. 


bn 
Commercial. 


Banking. 


Num 
ber. 


Liabilities. 


Num 
ber. 


Liabilities. 


Num 
ber. 


Liabilities. 


Prince Edward Island 
Nova Scotia 


7 
86 
36 
701 
374 
116 
169 
111 
75 


S 

.S88 
2,388,431 
380,979 
11,530,411 
4,633,548 
2,257,855 
2,082,485 
1,363,749 
933,934 


4 

56 

21 
14 
11 
12 


* 

275,250 
24,000 
5,802,340 
457,400 
203,982 
63,648 
240,794 
2,353,156 


1 


t 

45,233 


New Brunswick 


Quebec . 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


\lberta 


British Columbia 


Total 1921 


1,74 

65 

771 
494 
590 
777 
1,237 
1,888 
2,164 
1,216 
975 
986 
947 
1,059 
1,171 


25,51,280 

4,235,289 

7,704,505 
4,475,628 
5,142,397 
8,417,239 
12,290,368 
21,696,890 
18,677,935 
8,681,419 
6,906,665 
7,606,891 
6,943,579 
7,867,287 
8,242,436 


150 

3 

52 
48 
51 
59 
85 
118 
120 
51 
59 
5 
23 
29 
43 


9,420,570 

15,182 

2,918,580 
1,546,154 
1,111,273 
2,369,132 
3,982,520 
5,558,017 
5.303 968 
1,505,224 
853,656 
1,124,289 
540,850 
1,181,575 
712,856 


1 

1 

1 

1 

1 
2 

2 


45,233 

150,000 
250 000 
125,000 

71,194 
2,546,871 

2,137,242 


Newfoundland 


Total 1920 


1919 


1918 


1917 


1916 . 


1915 


1914 


1913 


1912 


1911 


1910 


1909 


1908.. 



NOTE. Newfoundland included in totals 1908-1920. 



734 



FINANCE 



67. Causes of Failures in Canada and the United States by Numbers and Percent 
ages, years ended December 31, 1920 and 1921. [From Bradstreet s.] 
IN CANADA (including Newfoundland and St. Pierre-Miquelon). 



Failures due to 


Number. 


Assets. 


Liabilities. 


1920. 


1921. 


1920. 


1921. 


1920. 


1921. 


Incompetence 


No. 

204 
79 
334 
23 
13 
6 
28 
8 
182 
5 
97 


No. 

555 
97 
814 
42 
33 
8 
40 
9 
613 
18 
166 


$ 

1,144,019 
389,363 
5,643,600 
97,000 
60,700 
8,020 
73,060 
58,000 
3,478,121 
145,040 
380,834 


$ 

3,181,669 
438,569 
10,233,610 
281,115 
834,046 
34,614 
148,158 
103,157 
7,017,587 
402,580 
733,136 


$ 

2,205,521 
891,863 
11,682,434 
226,700 
189,300 
30,199 
172,213 
140,050 
4,945,136 
251,455 
1,404,704 


$ 

7,559,015 
863,860 
23,134,379 
678,738 
1,635,091 
66,575 
321,704 
196,356 
12,737,007 
1,231,708 
2,639,646 


Inexperience 


Lack of capital 


Unwise credits 


Failures of others 


Extravagance 


Neglect 


Competition 


Specific conditions 


Speculation 


Fraud 


Total 


979 


2,395 


11,477,757 


23,408,241 


22,139,575 


51,064,079 





IN UNITED STATES. 



Incompetence 


2,753 
556 
2,735 
131 
105 
105 
110 
112 
1,221 
43 
592 


6,404 
1,142 
5,855 
230 
226 
82 
257 
183 
4,638 
66 
931 


32,455,312 
7,725,694 
60,396,251 
12,625,729 
2,389,931 
642,160 
1,057,127 
728,628 
144,002,263 
4,761,745 
7,363,014 


103,548,671 
11,391,871 
77,166,433 
22,938,682 
8,183,145 
1,138,640 
1,379,815 
1,171,511 
205,056,079 
5,413,682 
9,210,059 


56,522,786 
14,268.745 
113,612 638 
15,578,242 
3,476,379 
1,268,384 
2,021,429 
1,266,060 
194,121,666 
8,119,845 
16,115,341 


167,975,466 
21,851,478 
165,536,601 
29,329,791 
13,957,791 
2,388,411 
3,014,239 
2,082,472 
317,863,633 
8,593,432 
23,184,371 


Inexperience 


Lack of capital 


Unwise credits 


Failures of others 


Extravagance 


Neglect 


Competition 


Specific conditions 


Speculation 


Fraud 


Total 


8,463 


20,014 


274,147,854 


446,598,588 


426,371,515 


755,777,685 




PERCENTAGES OF NUMBER OF FAILURES AND LIABILITIES, CLASSIFIED BY CAUSE. 



Failures due to 


Canada per cent. 


United States per cent. 


Number. 


Liabilities. 


Number. 


Liabilities. 


1920. 


1921. 


1920. 


1921. 


1920. 


1921. 


1920. 


1921. 


Incompetence 


20-8 
8-1 
34-1 
2-4 
1-3 
0-6 
2-9 
0-8 
18-6 
0-5 
9-9 


23-2 
4-0 
34-0 
1-8 
1-4 
0-3 
1-7 
0-4 
25-6 
0-7 
6-9 


10-0 
4-0 
52-8 
1-0 
0-9 
0-2 
. 0-8 
0-6 
22-3 
1-1 
6-3 


14-8 
1-7 
45-3 
1-3 
3-2 
0-1 
0-6 
0-4 
25-0 
2-4 
5-2 


32-5 
6-6 
32-3 
1-6 
1-2 
1-2 
1-3 
1-3 
14-4 
0-6 
7-0 


32-0 
5-7 
29-3 
1-1 
1-1 
0-4 
1-3 
0-9 
23-2 
0-3 
4-7 


13-3 
3-3 
26-6 
3-7 
0-8 
0-3 
0-5 
0-3 
45-5 
1-9 
3-8 


22-2 
2-9 
21-9 
3-9 
1-8 
0-3 
0-4 
0-3 
42-1 
1-1 
3-1 


Inexperience 


Lack of capital 


Unwise credits 


Failures of others 


Extravagance 


Neglect 


Competition 


Specific conditions 


Speculation 


Fraud 





Analysis of Commercial Failures. In Tables 68 and 69 Bradstreet s and 

Dun s records of commercial failures are analysed by Kemmerer s method. First 

the total of concerns failing is stated as a percentage of those in business and this 

percentage is then stated as an index number with 1900 as a base year. Then the 

ssets and liabilities are stated, with the average liabilities per failure, since failures 

are more disastrous m proportion as the liabilities are larger. Next, the average 

liabilities per failure are stated as an index number, with 1900 as the base year. 

Ihe percentage of liabilities to assets is also given, and finally the index number 

iicatmg the proportion of failures to the number of concerns in business and the 

index number indicating the size of the liabilities are averaged, and the result is 

;iven as the barometer of business depression. This number reversed, i.e., sub- 

from 200, is given as a barometer of business confidence. The records of 

Bradstreet and Dun are not on the same basis, but the genera] tendency of the 

two records is the same. 



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GOVERNMENT .\\.\rrnES 737 

&lt;;OVKK XMKXT A N X I ITIKS. 

During the early years of the 20th century, there took place 
throughout the civilized world a di-tinct movement in favour of 
ameliorating the living conditions of the !&lt;-- well off members of 
society. One form which this movement took in the United Kingdom 
was that of old age pensions granted by the State a- a free gift to it- 
poorer citi/en-. whose earnings were very generally insufficient to 
permit of a margin of savin: In ( anada, where waiie- were higher 
and a margin of saving consequently existed, the movement took the 
form of providing through the establishment of ( loven incut annuit, 

an absolutely safe investment for such savings, which had only i 

often been lost through the inexperience of their owner.-, leaving the 
latter a burden upon th" charity of relative- or of the public. 

Under the Government Annuities Act. IDOS iT-S Kdw. VII, &lt;. 5 

as amended by the Act of 1920. Hi- Majesty the King, represented 
by the Minister (at present the Postmaster General), may sell to 
persons domiciled or resident in Canada over the age of five years 
immediate or deferred annuities of not less than sr&gt;() nor more than 
$5,000 (1) for the life of the annuitant ; (2) for a term of year- certain. 
not exceeding twenty years, or for the life of the annuitant, which 
ever period shall be the longer; and (3) an immediate or deferred 
annuity to any two persons domiciled in Canada during their joint 
lives, and with or without continuation to the survivor. The prop 
erty and interest of any annuitant in any contract for an annuity i- 
neither transferable nor attachable. The purchaser may contract 
that, in the event of the death of the annuitant before the date fixed 
for the annuity to begin, all money paid shall be refunded to the 
purchaser or his legal representatives with interest at the rate of 
4 p.c.. compounded yearly. 

Statistics of the annuities in force on March 31. 1921. are given 
in Tables 70-71. From September 1. 1W)S. to March 31, 1921, 5,031 
annuities have been issued, of which 3 .Hi have been cancelled on 
account of death, leaving on March 31, 1921, 1,068 immediate annui 
ties and 3,()0o deferred annuities, a total of 4,675 contracts in force. 
The total value of these annuities on that date was $1,134,779.80, 
and the amount received for annuities purchased was $4,912, 145. 07. 
7t. Government Annuities Fund Statement, March 31, 19 &gt;1. 

A 

Fund on March 31, 1&lt;20 $ 3 897 711 41 

Receipts. l n. (i-:M, less payment- [][ 468/.HM ill 

Fund on March 31, 1921 I 4 -^ 

LIABILII 
Net present value of all outstanding contracts $ 4,366,633 32 

RECEIPTS. 
J-or Immediate Annuities &lt; -J9fi n71 fil 

r* y-k - i* V OiU , \J I i, \) 1 

Deterred Annuities 207 060 64 

Amount transferred by Government to maintain reserve . . . . . . 22 1, 244 65 

Total Receipts ~l 754,37(5 90 

. . PAYMENTS. 

Annuities paid under Immediate Contracts | 279 062 06 

Return of premiums under Plan "A" Contracts 5*061 13 

Return of purchase money j 9Qg 24 

Return of interest 

Balance March 31, 1921 ... . .". . . . . . 468,921 91 

Total 75I,37JW 



738 



FINANCE 



71. Valuation on March 31st, 1921, of Annuity Contracts issued pursuant to the 

Government Annuities Act, 1908. 









Total value 








on 


Description of Contract. 


Number. 


Amount of 


March 31st, 






Annuities. 


1921, of 








Annuities 








Purchased. 






$ 


$ 


1 Immediate Annuities 


677 


201,073 17 


1,553,278 00 


2 Guaranteed Annuities 


286 


66,189 55 


585,758 00 


3 Last Survivor Annuities 


105 


31,906 00 


300,770 00 


4 Deferred A" Annuities 


1,157 


252,214 12 


613,634 07 


5 Deferred A" Guaranteed Annuities 


1,935 


426,661 98 


730 471 49 


6 Deferred A" Last Survivor Annuities 


39 


14,825 12 


70,336 78 


7 Deferred B" Last Survivor Annuities 


14 


4,941 88 


35,434 72 


8 Deferred B" Annuities 


460 


136,967 98 


476,950 26 










Totals 


4,673 


1,134,779 80 


4,366,633 32 











INSURANCE. 

Insurance companies which transact business throughout the 
Dominion of Canada, are licensed by the Dominion Government 
under Acts administered by the Department of Insurance, under the 
Minister of Finance, while other insurance companies, doing business 
only in one province, or, by arrangement, in more provinces than one, 
are licensed by Provincial Governments. The statistics here published 
are in the main those of companies doing business under license from 
the Dominion Government and are divided into three classes re 
lating to (1) insurance against fire, (2) life insurance, and (3) in 
surance of a miscellaneous character, covering risks of accident, 
guarantee, employers liabilitj^, sickness, burglary, hail, steam boilers, 
tornado, weather, inland transportation, automobiles, sprinkler leak 
age, live stock and title. These statistics refer in all cases to the 
calendar year and are compiled from the Report of the Insurance 
Department. 

Since 1915 the Department of Insurance has endeavoured to 
collect from the available sources the statistics of the business trans 
acted by companies holding licenses from the Provincial Governments 
of Canada, or permitted by the laws of the provinces to transact 
business without a license. The business of the provincial licensees 
is divisible into three classes (1) business transacted by provincially 
incorporated companies within the province by which they are in 
corporated, (2) business transacted by provincially incorporated 
companies in provinces other than those by which they are incor 
porated, and (3) business transacted by British and foreign 
companies licensed by the Provincial Governments. Further, under 
section 129 of the Insurance Act of 1917, (7-8 Geo. V, c. 29), fire in 
surance of property in Canada may be effected, under specified con 
ditions, with companies or associations outside of Canada which 
are not licensed to transact insurance business in Canada. 



739 



Fire Insurance. 

Fire Insurance in Canada bogan with the establishment by 
British fire insurance companies of agencies, usually situated in the 
sea ports and operated by local merchants. The oldest existing 
agency of a British company is that of the Phcenix Fire Office of 
London, now the Phoenix Assurance Co., Ltd., which first commenced 
business in A Ton t real in 1804. On account of the growth of the 
insurance business of these early British companies, branch offices 
were established and managers were appointed, charged with direct 
ing the companies affairs throughout Canada. 

The Halifax lire Insurance Co. is the first purely Canadian 
Company of which any record is obtainable. Founded in 1899 as 
the Nova Scotia lire Association, it was chartered in 1819 and oper 
ated in the province of Nova Scotia until 1919, when it was granted 
a Dominion license. Among the other pioneer fire insurance com 
panies still in operation, mention may be made of the following: The 
Quebec Fire Assurance Co., which commenced business in 1818 and 
which was largely confined in ownership and operations to Quebec 
province; the British America Assurance Co., incorporated in 18:*: I. 
the oldest company in ( httario; the Western Assurance Co., organized 
in 1851 and after a rapid and steady growth one of the largest com 
panies of its kind on the continent; and two American companies, 
the jEtna Insurance Co., of Hartford, Conn., and the Hartford Fire 
Insurance Co., which commenced business in Canada in 1821 and 
1836 respectively. 

A company desirous of carrying on business throughout Canada 
must obtain a license from the Dominion Government. If it proposes 
restricting its operations to one particular province, a license may 
be had from that province, and it may transact its business within 
such limits without regard to any general laws of the Dominion relat 
ing to insurance. In 1875 an Insurance Department was created as 
a branch of the Finance Department at Ottawa, under the super 
vision of an officer known as the "Superintendent of Insurance", 
whose duties are to see that the laws enacted from time to time by 
:he Canadian Parliament are duly observed by the companies. Some 
important requirements under these laws are: (1) a deposit of $50, 000 
of approved securities with the Government; (2) the appointment 
of a chief agent with power of attorney from the company; (3) the 
filing of a statement showing the financial position of the company 
at the time of its application for a license, and subsequent annual 
statements of its business. In addition, books of record must be 
kept at its chief office and be open to the inspection of government 
officers whose practice is to examine them annually. 

The report of the Superintendent of Insurance for the year ended 
December 31, 1920, shows that at that date there were 152 fire in 
surance companies doing business in Canada, of which 43 were Can 
adian, 46 were British and 63 were foreign companies, whereas in 1875, 
the first year for which authentic records were collected by the Insur 
ance Department, 27 companies operated in Canada, 11 Canadian, 13 
British and 3 American. The proportionate increase in the number 

38131 47 



740 FINANCE 



of British and foreign companies from 59 to 72 per cent of the total 
number is a very marked point of difference between the fire and 
life insurance businesses in Canada, the latter being carried on very 
largely by Canadian companies. 

The growth of business as shown by the amount of business in 
force and premiums received yearly has been a steady one, the year 1920 
showing a specially large increase (26.31 p.c.) . A corresponding decline 
in the rate of losses paid to premiums received may be noticed, the figures 
indicating that the companies suffered particularly heavy losses in 1877 
and 19C4, owing to the great fires in St. John and Toronto respectively. 

Although in its early days the Dominion did not prove a very 
lucrative field for fire insurance companies, of late the great advance 
in building construction and the wide use of improved fire appliances 
and safety devices materially reduce the danger of serious con 
flagrations and place the risks assumed by companies in Canada on an 
equality with those of other countries. 

A feature of the fire insurance business during 1920, besides the 
unusual increase in premiums received, is the continued increase in 
the number of companies licensed which are operating on the mutual 
or reciprocal plan. These companies, in which all profits or losses 
are directly received or paid by the policy holders, are making them 
selves felt as competitive factors in the fire insurance business. 

Statistics of Fire Insurance.- -The business of fire insurance 
was carried on in Canada in 1920 by 152 companies licensed by the 
Dominion Government, as compared with 134 companies in the 
preceding year. Of these companies, 43 were Canadian, 46 British 
and 63 foreign. The gross amount of fire insurance policies, new 
and renewed, taken during the year 1920, was $6,790,670,610, as 
compared with $5,423,569,961 in the preceding year. The net cash 
received for premiums was $50,527,937. and the net cash paid for 
losses was $21,954,283, or 43.45 p.c. of the premiums. The net 
amount in force with Dominion companies on December 31, 1920, 
was $5,969,872,278. The net amount in force with provincial com 
panies on the same date was $1,054,105,011, making a grand total 
of $7,023,977,289 in force at the end of 1920. In addition, policies 
amounting to $483,758,441 were effected by companies, associations 
or underwriters not licensed to transact business in Canada. 

Historical statistics showing the growth of fire insurance with 
Dominion companies are given in Tables 73 to 75, while Table 72 
contains the statistics of the business transacted by Canadian, 
British and foreign companies, respectively, during the year 1920. 
Tables 76, 77 and 78, furnish statistics of assets, liabilities and cash 
income and expenditure of British , Canadian and foreign companies 
doing fire insurance, or fire insurance and other classes of insurance, 
in Canada for the last five years. The net premiums written and 
net losses incurred are given by provinces in Table 79. Finally, the 
complete statistics of Dominion and Provincial fire insurance are 
supplied in Table 80 and the amount of insurance effected with un 
licensed companies and associations is given in Table 81, classified 
by companies, description of property insured, and province in which 
such property is situated. 



i \snt.\\CE 



711 



7 !. Fire Insurance Business transartril in Canada, 1928. 





( ir&gt; &gt;s- 
amount of 
risks taken 
during 
ar. 


I remii. 
charged 
thfnH&gt;n. 


pre 
mium* 
per 

rent 
of 
risks. 


Net cash 
received 
for 
premium.-. 


Net ca-h 
paid 
for 

lo^ 


Per 

cent- 
of 

paid 

to pre 
miums 

cei\ 


( ":in:idi:in ( ompa- 
\cadia Fin* 


$ 

..850 


1 


p.c. 

1 3;, 


$ 

M41 


$ 


p c. 


Antinonish Farmers 
Beaver ! ire 


7,850 
9,11 


12. 


0-84 
|.|6 




1. 17li 
7,080 


20-58 


Hrit ish \ merica 


140,517 


1,45 


1-1)2 


5,081 






Krit ish ( olonial ... . 




.-&gt;2 1 


1-41) 




119 




British Northwestern 






l)- .2 


153 






( iri id i \ccident vnd Fire . 


31 077 




1-09 


12 


:,l 




ional . 
( -urn hi Securii \ 


26,2tfi 




L-tt 

(1 V 




61 


1 1 ::, 


idian ! ire 


54. 171 


1,618 


1-3 ., 




111 


31 -SS 


( :in;idi;in Indcmmt v 


18. 


198.7H 


l-4. r &gt; 


116,107 


437 




idian Lumbermen s 


1,81 








none. 


_ 


( aindian Suret \ 


n&gt; 


m : 




noi 


none. 


_ 


( umherland Farmer- 






2-00 


1,906 






1 )oin inion Fire 


64 


Kll 


1 jr. 


.,154 


18 


41-83 


Dominion of Canada Guarantee 

:inl Vccident 


12 




1-06 


78, 




30-16 


Fin- Insunu anada 
(ieneral \ccident of ( anada 


4 J 
14,145 


17&gt; 


0-97 


19&lt; 


7.11 
Id 




( llobe Indemnit y 
&lt; Jrain Insurance 
Guardian Insurar . of 
( anada . 


r 


178 
212,106 


1-01 

U-32 

1-17 


t, 1M 
201 


64,054 

(MI2 
21,480 


83-13 


Halifax ! in- 
Hudson Ba\ .... 
Imperial ( iuaranteeand Accident 
Imperial Underwrite n .... 
Kincs Mutual .... 


none. 


51 

none. 
341.888 
18 


0-88 
2-60 


6,431 

none. 

150,011 

21 


13,201 
88,850 

none . 


45-02 

20-1.1 


Liverpool Manitoba 






1-15 


31 




30-bO 


London and Lancashire Guaran 
tee and Vccident 


none. 


none. 




none. 


none. 




London Mutual . . 
M ercant lie 


106,481 


411,114 




36&lt; 


.,096 
154,031 


44-84 
12-69 




107. :m 


1,26 


1-18 


1, 14U 


277,189 


14-06 


Mutual Fire 


,061 






20. 


8,630 


42-61 


\orth American Accident 


none. 


none 




none 


none 




North Kmpire 








171, 039 


96,637 




North West 




".Dl,286 


1-19 


.,833 


63,167 




[dental 




.,800 


1 2&lt;t 


72! 


92,207 


37-22 


Pacific Coast 


29,161 


1,141 


1-11 




.276 




I acilic Marino 


1,32 


21 41 .s 


1 -til 


8,642 


1,106 


12-26 


Pictou Count v Farmer- 


.400 


4,365 




4,365 


2,761 




Quebec. 


118,173,003 


421 


0-39 


376 


178,863 


47-40 


Reliance 


165,606 




0-41 


487 


none. 




tish Canadian 
Western . . . 


none. 

1M .4U4. 17i 


none. 
1,996,929 


1-09 


none. 
916,404 


none. 

38(&gt; 


41-52 
















Totals 

British Companies 
Alliance 


1.:.00. !!.:{ IK 
oil. 118, 433 


15 ,11 ,199 

486,079 


1 04 

0-97 


8,963,457 

4 s 771 


3,198,304 

I lO 882 


M ; 
44.50 


Atlas 


74. t ir 


904,538 


1-21 


7:&gt; 1,263 


264 202 


35-17 


British Crown 
British General . . 
British Traders . . . 


64.471.7dl 
21.432,086 


774,918 
179 

34 ,) 371 


1-2(1 
0-84 
1 -23 


540,049 

107,560 
270 720 


296,636 
152 
123 955 


54-93 
27-10 
45 7 ( ) 


Caledonian 


i ,7 Mi i ii:;i 


7 () 830 


1 -Oti 


; 646 


213 1 1 5 


40-70 


Car and General 
Century 


ti7. 3.50, 298 
36,492,455 


254 


0-38 
1-16 


140,339 
291 023 


45,411 
118 632 


32-36 
40-76 


China 


1,039,497 


17,792 


1-71 


9 936 


554 


5-58 


Commercial Union 


151 691,924 


1 515 838 


1-00 


1 183 676 


582 640 


4Q-2 


Eagle ritar and British Domin 
ions 


90,345,576 


644,037 


0-71 


451 124 


186 801 


41-40 


Employers Liability 


103,766,446 


1,027,644 


0-99 


833 218 


401 723 




\ and Suffolk 


10,088,869 


115 449 


1-14 


49 393 


4 377 


8-86 


eral Accident Fire 


62, 280.274 


662 , 966 


1-06 


1 523 


73 PS 


46-97 


Guardian Assurance 


183,017,498 


2,091,108 


1-14 


1 7,53 854 


740 270 


42-21 


Law. Union and Rock . 


44.581.203 


426.401 


0-M 


339.603 


117 7fifi 


34- US 



742 



FINANCE 



72. Fire Insurance Business transacted in Canada, 1929. con. 



Companies. 


Gross 
amount of 
risks taken 
during 
year. 


Premiums 
charged 
thereon. 


Rate 
of 
pre 
miums 
per 
cent 
of 
risks. 


Net cash 
received 
for 
premiums. 


Net cash 
paid 
for 
losses. 


Per 
cent 
age of 
losses 
paid 
to pre 
miums 
re 
ceived . 


British Companies concluded 
Liverpool and London and Globe 
London Guarantee 


$ 
189,568,900 
84,905,674 
135,880,497 
71,109,766 
none 
none 
none 
7,619,429 
4,558,233 
141,795,180 
124,166,090 
116,691,873 
44,077,867 
56,268,871 
143,616,566 
18,587,535 
32,213,567 
none 
108,060,767 
236,836,477 
22,612,738 
13,694,738 
57,827,488 
100,220,905 
6,933,056 
95,316,697 
66,988,619 
none 
1,304,602 
53,458,618 


$ 
2,026,150 
1,036,738 
1,392,342 
722,563 
none 
none 
none 
91,502 
33,211 
1,532,504 
1,419,000 
1,341,343 
481,969 
598,731 
1,771,918 
179,361 
342,568 
none 
972,622 
2,629,154 
224,736 
154,991 
564,466 
1,066,070 
83,591 
1,019,660 
719,323 
none 
22,012 
676,133 


p.c. 
1-07 
1 -99 


$ 
1,646,961 
859,995 
1,107,974 
621,333 
none 
none 
none 
52,323 
17,414 
1,252,238 
1,214,345 
1,179,151 
367, 199 
487,716 
1,296,599 
152,511 
280,656 
none 
804,617 
2,178,382 
173,358 
119,644 
464,627 
852,357 
47,903 
779,075 
547,274 
none 
15,067 
558,235 


$ 
735,06 
531,89 
549,92 
217,47 
none 
none 
none 
18,403 
62 
636,983 
577,075 
485,157 
171,549 
246,558 


p.c. 
44-63 
61-85 
49-63 
35-00 

35-17 
0-35 
50-87 
47-52 
41-14 
46-72 
50-55 
28-40 
35-82 
37-61 

43-69 
39-33 
33-74 
20-37 
37-79 
42-78 
9-72 
39-28 
46-61 

2-95 
57-08 


London and Lancashire 


1-02 
1-03 

1-20 
0-73 
1-08 
1-14 

1-15 

1-09 
1-06 
1-23 
0-96 
1-06 

0-90 
Ml 

0-99 
1-13 
0-98 
1-06 
1-21 
1-07 
1-07 

1-69 
1-26 


London Assurance 


Marine 


Merchants Marine 


Motor Union 


National Benefit 


National Prov. Plate Glass 


North British and Mercantile. . . 
Northern Assurance 


Norwich Union Fire 


Ocean, Accident and Guarantee. 
Palatine 


Phoenix of London 


Provincial 


ooo,2sl 
54,635 
105,549 
none 


Queensland 


Railway Passengers 


Royal .Exchange 


Royal Insurance 


601,006 
856,799 
58,486 
24,366 
175,581 
364,632 
4,656 
305,993 
255,081 
none 
444 
318,642 


Royal Scottish 


Scottish Metropolitan 


Scottish Union 


Sun Insurance 


Traders and General 


Union Assurance Society 


Union of Canton 


Union Marine 


Yangtsze 


Yorkshire 


Totals 


2 ,991 ,753 ,701 

71,298,757 
2,269,806 
35,040,741 
1,710,787 
32,111,309 
11,245,576 
7,571,841 
4,997,718 
14,314,809 
6,487,006 
18,004,072 
3,261,429 
10,204,051 
1,059,791 
30,261,591 
88,305,470 
26,804,553 
75,331,376 
8,348,298 
29,340,458 
14,470,525 
30,893,974 
4,698,405 
41,638,963 
158,149,984 
85,710,018 
91,801 
181,691,614 
186,892,511 
176,551,405 

28,097,646 
18,287,323 


31,697,941 

725,843 
39,640 
295,212 
31,887 
315,125 
102,023 
94,882 
19,741 
131,302 
70,007 
152,385 
53,773 
109,748 
17,399 
340,299 
871,363 
269,937 
780,493 
105,098 
312,994 
165,113 
268,951 
48,660 
372,606 
1,530,048 
838,946 
3,155 
1,741,628 
2,346,756 
1,374,718 

253,014 
306,645 


1-06 

1-02 
1-75 
0-84 
1-86 
0-98 
0-91 
1-25 
0-39 
0-92 
1-08 
0-85 
1-65 
1-08 
1-64 
1-12 
0-99 
1-01 
1-04 
1-26 
1-07 
1-14 
0-87 
1-04 
0-89 
0-97 
0-98 
3-44 
0-96 
1-26 
0-78 

0-90 
1-68 


25,332,652 

569,475 
31,558 
205,386 
6,389 
256,985 
80,689 
63,489 
17,534 
122,265 
18,047 
107,106 
41,005 
43,095 
7,801 
201,204 
557,939 
62,636 
524,320 
77,237 
251,654 
144,731 
171,370 
36,528 
237,816 
1,077,859 
611,855 
1,168 
1,391,845 
1,831,667 
965,885 

202,619 
240,630 


11,004,078 

224,576 
3,568 
106,070 
952 
83,459 
35,510 
22,871 
6,652 
68,795 
244 
21,359 
9,816 
4,104 
1,711 
75,579 
282,607 
19,973 
284,529 
29,074 
232,113 
63,712 
70,446 
17,844 
112,750 
429,860 
369,239 
93 
642,533 
947,549 
463,309 

75,345 
187,507 


43-44 

39-44 
11-31 
51-64 
14 89 
32-48 
44-01 
36-02 
37-94 
56-27 
1-35 
19-94 
23-94 
9-52 
21-93 
37-56 
50-65 
31-89 
54-27 
37-64 
92-23 
44-02 
41-11 
48-85 
47-41 
39-88 
60-35 
7-95 
46-16 
51-73 
47-97 

37-23 
77-92 


Foreign Companies 
Aetna 


Agricultural 


Alliance Insurance 


American Alliance 


American Central 


American Equitable 


American Insurance 


American Lloyds 


Boston 


Caledonian-American 


California 


Citizens of Missouri 


Columbia 


Commercial Union of N.Y 


Connecticut 


Continental 


Equitable Fire and Marine 


Fidelity-Phenix 


Fire Association of Philadelphia. 
Fireman s Fund 


Firemen s Insurance 


General of Paris 


Girard 


Glens Falls 


Globe and Rutgers 


Great American 


Hardware Dealers 


Hartford Fire 


Home 


Insurance Co. of North America. 
Insurance Co. of State of Penn 
sylvania 


Lumbermen s Underwriting Alli 
ance 





INSURANCE 



743 



72._ Fire Insurance Business transacted in Canada, 1920 concluded. 



Companies. 


Gross 

amount of 
risks taken 
during 
year. 


Premiums 
charged 
thereon. 


Rate 
of 
pre 
miums 
per 
cent 
of 
risks. 


Net cash 
received 
for 
premiums. 


Net cash 
paid 
for 
losses. 


Per 
cent 
age of 
losses 
paid 
to pre 
miums 
re 
ceived . 


Foreign Companies concluded 
Manufacturing Lumbermen s 
Manufacturing Woodworkers 
Mechanics and Traders 


$ 

13,421,474 
5,468,225 
1,834,628 
13,801,450 
3,738,425 
91,801 
16,857,179 
78,290,957 
169,600 
34,497,883 
66,622,743 
18,009,518 
IJ, 352, 243 
10,816,996 
59,667,196 
7,063,501 
28,830,750 
33,460,789 
79,462,852 
39,524,362 
84,735,256 
91,801 
68,475,692 
75,975,336 
385,410 
12,740,267 
2,883,467 
40,142,420 
25,742,342 
15,149,069 
43,057,353 


$ 

271,370 
94,006 
57,419 
128,957 
50,435 
3,155 
202,144 
1,055,621 
1,976 
373,665 
716,594 
216,376 
98,896 
131,17 . 
595,447 
140,262 
348,736 
326,137 
825,913 
351,626 
1,007,351 
3,155 
615,655 
700,817 
4,210 
154,943 
21,524 
415,355 
223,700 
145,714 
459,242 


p.c. 
2-02 
1-72 
3-13 
0-93 
1-35 
3-44 
1-20 
1-35 
1-17 
1-08 
1-08 
l-M 
0-80 
1-21 
1-00 
1-99 
1-21 
0-97 
1-04 
0-89 
1-19 
3-44 
0-90 
0-92 
1-09 
1-22 
0-75 
1-03 
0-87 
0-96 
1-07 


$ 

193,695 
74,156 
36,611 
107,966 
40,037 
1,168 
173,030 
774,726 
856 
290,803 
.,080 
115,608 
90,235 
84,438 
363,333 
108,027 
. 312,456 
204,764 
468,319 
267,041 
806,787 
1,168 
429,363 
451,810 
none 
111,869 
7,629 
332,613 
173,940 
97,917 
285,597 


- 
63,675 
46,456 
3,576 
46,416 
45,851 
93 
56,925 
395,687 
none 
115,746 
260,119 
38,599 
50,764 
17,262 
155,826 
15,821 
103,624 
80,391 
161,423 
158,263 
308,698 
93 
167,945 
214,029 
none 
40,762 
499 
161,734 
15,359 
30,217 
102,299 


p.c. 
32-87 
62-65 
9-77 
42-99 
114-52 
7-95 
32-90 
51-07 

39-80 
41-55 
33-39 
56-26 
20-44 
42-89 
14-65 
33-16 
39-26 
34-47 
59-27 
38-26 
7-95 
39-11 
47-37 

36-44 
6-54 
48-63 
8-83 
30-86 
35-82 


Merchants Fire 


Millers National 


Minnesota Implement 


National-Ben Franklin .... 
National Fire of Hartford 


National Liberty 


National Union 


La Nationals 


vark . . . 


Now Hampshire 
N r\v Jersey 


N iagara 


Northwestern Mutual... . 


Northwestern National. . 


Phcenix of Paris 


Phcenix of Hartford 
Providence Washington . . 


Queen of America . ... 


Retail Hardware 


St Paul Fire and Marine 


Springfield Fire and Marine 


Sterling 


Stuyvesant 


Tokio 


L Union of Paris 


United States Fire 


Vulcan 


Weatchester 


Totals 


2,298,504,593 


23,830.971 


1-04 


17,191,829 


7,751,901 


45-09 


Grand Totals 


6,790,670,610 


71,140,111 


1 05 


50 ,527 ,937 


21,954,283 


43 45 





744 



FINANCE 



73. Amounts received as Fire Insurance Premiums and paid as Losses, with per 
centage of Losses to Premiums, 1869-1920. 



Year. 


Premiums 
received. 


Losses 
paid. 


Percent 
age of 
losses to 
pre 
miums. 


Year. 


Premiums 
received . 


Losses 
paid. 


Percent 
age of 
losses to 
pre 
miums. 


1869.... 


$ 
1,785,539 


$ 
1,027,720 


p.c. 
57-56 


1895 


$ 
fi Q4^ ^89 


$ 

4QQO 7CA 


p.c. 

71 no 


1870 


1,916,779 


1,624,837 


84-77 


1896 


7 07^ 8^0 


4 17Q KAI 


f 1*V 

CQ no 


1871 


2,321,716 


1,549,199 


66-73 


1897 


7 157 AAI 


4 701 8*^ 


Oo 9o 

oc eft 


1872 


2,628,710 


1,909,975 


72-66 


1898 


7 3.50 131 


4 784 487 


oo -oy 

(* K f\c\ 


1873 


2,968,416 


1,682,184 


55-67 


1899 


7 Gin 4Q2 


c; loo noo 


DO Ut&gt; 

CC c 1 


1874.. 


3,522,303 


1,926,159 


54-68 


1900 


8 9.Q1 (US, 


7 774. 900 


oo-ol 

no 01 


1875 


3,594,764 


2,563,531 


71-31 


1901 


q A5.0 US 


A 774 QPifi 


o-ol 

7D OA 


1876 


3,708,006 


2,867,295 


77-33 


1902 


10 577 084 


A 1 KO OCQ 


(U-ZU 

OQ OC 


1877 


3,764,005 


8,490,919 


225-58 


1903 


11 384 762 


E; 070 71 fi 


oy -zo 

t;i 1^7 


1878 


3,368,430 


1,822,674 


54-11 


1904 


13 16Q 88 


Unqo COA 


oi-ot 

1 07 nc 


1879.. 


3,227,488 


2,145,198 


66-47 


1905 


14 285 fi71 


A 000 ^1Q 


1U( -UO 

AO nA 


1880 


3,479,577 


1,666,578 


47-90 


1906 


14 687 Qfi^ 


A KQA OQ1 


4Z-UO 

44 8Q 


1881 


3,827,116 


3,169,824 


82-83 


1907 


16 114 475 


c 44 ei 041 


44 oo 

^0 A1 


1882 


4,229,706 


2,664,986 


63-01 


1908 


17 027 275 


10 97Q 4^ 


O^-41 
AH "J7 


1883 


4,624,741 


2,920,228 


63-14 


1909 


17 049 4fi4 


Q fi4fi 89fi 


DU-O/ 

^fl 79 


1884.. 


4,980,128 


3,245,323 


65-16 


1910 


18 725 531 


10 9Q9 3Q3 


OU- (^ 
MOft 


1885 


4,852,460 


2,679,287 


55-22 


1911 


20 575 255 


10 Q^fi Q48 


yt&gt; 

^Q 1 A 


1886 


4,932,335 


3,301,388 


66-93 


1912 


23 194 518 


19 11Q ^81 


Oo 10 

=10 9 


1887 


5,244,502 


3,403,514 


64-90 


1913 


25 74 s ) Q47 


14 003 7^0 


0^ -ZO 
^4 QQ 


1888 


5,437,263 


3,073,822 


56-53 


1914 


27 499 158 


1 * 347 984 


04 -oy 

^^ B1 


1889.. 


5,588,016 


2,876,211 


51-47 


1915 


26 474 8*n 


Ml A 1 QAQ 


00-51 
^Q 4O 


1890 


5,836,071 


3,266,567 


- 55-97 


1916 


27 78"} 852 


1^ 114 Ofi3 


oo -4y 

^4 4A 


1891 


6,168,716 


3,905,697 


63-31 


1917 


31 24fi 530 


1fi 37Q 101 


04-4l&gt; 
fiO.AO 


1892 


6,512,327 


4,377,270 


67-22 


1918 


35 954 405 


1Q ^Q 9^9 


OZ-4Z 
^3 . 84 


1893 


6,793,595 


5,052,690 


74-37 


1919 


40 031 474 


1fi fi7Q W 


Oo-o* 
A1 fi7 


1894 


6,711,369 


4,589,363 


68-38 


1920 


50 527 QQ7 


91 Q vt 983 


41 -0&lt; 
4Q A^ 
















4o -4O 










Total. 


608.499.906 


346.61 3.9.17 


.-,c . &lt;; 



74. Totals of Fire Insurance Premiums recEived and Losses paid, with percentage 
of Losses to Premiums by Nationality of Companies, 1889-1920. 



Companies. 



Canadian companies . 
British companies. . . 
Foreign companies . . . 



Total. 



Premiums 
received. 


Losses paid. 


Percentage 
of losses to 
premiums. 


$ 
120,820,707 
347,994,650 
139,684,549 


$ 
70,848,988 
201,029,234 

74 7"? ^ 71^ 
I^KI oo i 1.0 


p.c. 

58-64 
57-76 


608,499,906 


346 ,613 ,937 


56 96 



75. Amount of Fire Insurance at Risk in Canada, 1889-1920. 



Year. 


Amount 
in force at 
end of year. 


Year. 


Amount 
in force at 
end of year. 


Year. 


Amount 
in force at 
end of year. 


Year. 


Amount 
in force at 
end of year. 


1869.. 


$188 359 809 


iesQ 


(i^7o o4 ru.1 


1 8O7 








1870.. 


191 549 586 


1884 


fifln 507 78Q 


ioy / 

1 8O8 


80S, oLi, 217 

OAjr OA.I 1A7 


1911 


$2,279,868,346 


1871 


228 453 784 


1885 


fi1 1 7Q4. 4.7Q 


isyo 


8yo,oy4, iu/ 


191J 


,684,o5o,895 


1872 


251 722 940 


188fi 


SCR 770 f|99 


1 6OO 




191o 


, 151,930,389 


1873.. 


278 754 835 


1887 


fi^A 7P7 7Q7 


isyy 

1900 
1 oni 


yob, ooy, 600 
992,332,360 


1914 


3,456,019,009 


1874 


306 844 219 


1888 


l\ 50 7^5 f!5Q 


lyUi 
1 ono 


,Uo8,6o7,ol9 


191o 


3,531,620,802 


1875 


364 421 029 


1COQ 


ASA coo 070 


IW& 


,U/o,z6&lt;5, loo 


1916 


3,720,058,236 


1876 


404 608 180 


1qn 


Do4, Ooo, o/o 
79O A7O A91 


i nn*j 




1917 


3,986,197,514 


1877.. 


420 342 681 


18Q1 


/ 6V, \)tv, OZ1 
750 Afl9 1Q1 


iyuo 
1904 

1 AAC 


, 14U,45o,716 
1,215,013,931 


1918 
1919 


4,523,514,841 
4,923,024,381 


1878 


409 899 701 


18Q2 


891 A1A A79 


lyuo 


,olo, 146,495 


1920 


5,969,872,278 


1879 


407 357 985 


18QQ 


oil , 41U,U/Z 
81A A87 A57 


19U6 


,443,902,244 






1880 


411 563 271 


18Q4 


o!4, Oo/ , U0&lt; 
CQA AA7 9A9 


19U7 

1 ftflQ 


,ol4, 70.3,536 






1881 


462 210 968 


1CQK 


CQ7 879 QAA 


lylJa 


, 700,708,263 






1882 


5 9 6 856 478 


18QH 


oo/ , OIL, 804 
845 574 Q59 


1909 


1,863,276,504 














1910 


2,0o4,276, 740 







I \srR.i.\CE 



745 



7. Assets of Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance, or Fire Insurance and 
other classes of Insurant e, and Assets in Canada of Companies other than 
Canadian transacting such business in Canada, 191S-20. 



Ite; 


1 16. 


mi. 


1918. 


191 . 


1920. 


Canadian Companies 
K i"il t -t ate 


$ 
1,196,400 


" 

1,4: :;. 


$ 
1,428,921 



2,027,655 


? 
2,00 


ii* on re il e-ta e 


: ".(I 


L86, l^ 


2,232,143 


2.101. 


2,27 


~sto"k^ bonds and debentures 


10 TvVJ" 


1. , 047, 378 


16,259,079 




291,113 


Agents balances :inl premiums ut- 
indinsi 




S06 


112.180 


4,1)50,477 


5,073 


-h on hand and in bank.- 1 
Interest and rent .- 




3,7:^7. 


4,5 

\\: 


1,538,578 

480 


52 i 


i &gt;t In-r | 


17: 




710 




1,010,843 


Total assets 


M !7V,Ml 


21.713 .770 


28,733,985 


35.696,730 


39. 1! !().&gt;:!!&gt; 


British ( ompai. 

d e-tate 
Loans on re- d e-tate 


317 


rj 


2,1 
12,812, 


m 

3, 


13,017.2C,4 


ks, bonds and debentures 
nt&gt; balances and premiums out 
standing 


iv 187,918 
575,667 


17. 

ns.sio 


22,972,016 

2. .Ms. 869 


1,612.027 


32,024 

1. 124.4H7 


Cash on hand and in bank.- 1 
Interest and rents 


Mv486 


4,411. 


3,7 


710,520 

,742 


4,817,260 
819,590 


I &gt;ther aet- in ( anada 


_,,,, 


. 31 




517 


69s 


Total assets in Canada 


28.7W.KM 


40,327,038 


40,073,900 


39,0.19,092 


58,430.623 


Fon-iiMi ( "inpanies 
Hfal e.-tat&lt;- 


rone 


none 


none 


none 


none 


Loans on real estate 


none 


none 


none 


none 


none 


rk- bond- and debenturi - 


9,285,183 


10, 


1J J 


13, 840, 421 


17,745,711 


Agents balances and preuiiuins out 
indin" 


1.4s.V:i04 


1.573. 316 


1.776,201 


2,186. 


$1,869 


( a.-h on hand and in banks 1 
Interest and ren^ 
&lt; &gt;t her assets 


1. 

124 
41,167 


2,1 
145.869 


178.986 

14S 

.949 


1,302,292 
158,401 

75,283 


93,478 


Total assets in Canada 


12,153,779 


14,195,479 


17.224,185 


20 ,502 ,990 


27,201,214 


All Compaii 
Real estate 


3. 


3.802. 


4,127,945 


4,5 .!0, 


4,908,602 


Loans on real estate 


g, 665, 567 


l.W.iti.421 


IV 044.40.-&gt; 


..070,913 


15,323,091 


bonds and debentures 


379 


39,740. 121. 


51 !)s3.7t.2 


59,216 


73,061 360 


Agents balances and premiums out 
standing 


6,479,036 


7.7.VK932 


8,137,250 


10,749,097 


12,211,409 


Cash on hand and in banks 
Interest and rents 


.17,003 
622 


10,234,014 
1,1 


10,754,944 

1,112,840 


12.551.388 


16,441,333 
1,5 


Other assets 


. 959 


768,698 


870,904 


1,275,916 


1,802,578 














Total assets in Canada . 


62 ,032 .823 


79, 236,2s7 


92,032,050 


95,318,818 


125,272,676 















-&lt; &gt;r deposited with Governments. 



746 



FINANCE 



77. Liabilities of Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance, or Fire Insurance 
and other classes of Insurance, and Liabilities in Canada of Companies other 
than Canadian transacting such business in Canada, 1916-2:). 



Items. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Canadian Companies 
Unsettled losses 


$ 

1,832,805 
5,960,745 
1,783,253 


I 

3,382,071 
7,004,629 
1,902,409 


$ 

4,114,105 
7,925,912 
2,646.579 


$ 

4,221,470 
9,355,790 
4,170,922 


$ 

4,950,257 
10,908,023 
4,374,692 


Reserve of unearned premiums 


Sundry items 


Total liabilities, not including capita 

Excess of assets over liabilities, exclud 
ing capital 


9,576,803 


12,289,109 


14,686,596 


17,748,182 


20,232,972 


11,601,441 
9,706,336 

1,976,475 
9,699,494 
417,151 


12,424,661 
10,455,893 

2,846,585 
10,827,544 
620,012 


14,047,389 
11,323,256 

2,258,557 
12,084,409 
1,244,533 


17,948,554 
12,937,306 

2,529,672 
13,563,203 
2,461,967 


19,407,867 
13,884,478 

3,019,747 
16,561,259 
1,471,491 


Capital stock paid up 


British Companies 
Unsettled losses 


Reserve of unearned premiums 


Sundry items 


Total liabilities in Canada 


12,093,120 


14,294,141 


15,587,499 


18,554,842 


21,052,497 


Excess of assets over liabilities, excluding 
capital 


16,627,680 

1,166,977 
5,129,402 
262,587 


26,032,897 

1,774,278 
5,809,042 
309,892 


30,486,401 

1,272,279 
6,554,146 
785,080 


20,504,250 

1,335,225 
7,620,914 
1,441,183 


37,378,126 

1,937,173 
9,621,789 
1,313,944 


Capital stock paid up 


Foreign Companies 
Unsettled losses 


Reserve of unearned premiums 


Sundry items 


Total liabilities in Canada 


6,558,966 


7,893,212 


8,611,505 


10,397,322 


12,872,906 


Excess of assets over liabilities, exclud 
ing capital 


5,574,813 

4,976,257 
20,789,641 
2,462,991 


6,302,267 

I 

8,002,934 
23,641,215 
2,832,313 


8,612,660 

7,644,941 
26,564,467 
4,676,192 


10,165,668 

8,086,367 
30,539,907 
8,074,072 


14,328,308 

9,907,177 
37,091,071 
7,160,127 


Capital stock paid up 


All companies 
Unsettled losses 


Reserve of unearned premiums . . 


Sundry items 


Total liabilities in Canada, not in 
cluding capital 


28,328,889 


34,476,462 


38,885,600 


46,700,346 


54,158,375 


Excess of assets over liabilities, exclud 
ing capital 


33,803,934 


44,759,825 


53,146,450 


48,618,472 


71,114,301 


Capital stock paid up 1 


9,706,336 


10,455,893 


11,323,256 


12,937,306 


13,884,478 




l Canadian companies only. 



INSURANT/: 



747 



78. Cash Income and Expenditure of Canadian Companies doing Fire Insurance or 
Fire Insurance and other classes of Insurance, and Cash Income and Expendi 
ture in Canada of Companies other than Canadian transacting such business 
in Canada, 1916-70. 



Items. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


INCOME. 

Canadian Companies 
Net cash for premiums from fire and 
other 


$ 

11,146,958 


1 

ir&gt;, 397, 572 


$ 
17,586,476 


$ 

18,329,956 


$ 

21,662,202 


Interest and dividends on stocks, etc 
Sundry items 


739 

78, 


780,713 
28,585 


962.863 
28,398 


1,240,566 
65,674 


1,424,109 
190,538 














Total cash Income 


11, Ha ,189 


16,206,870 


18,577,737 


19,636,196 


23 ,276 ,849 














Hritish Companies 1 

\et &lt;"ish for premiums . 


14,294,801 


16,317,315 


18,658,712 


20,377.872 


25 332 651 


Interest and dividends on stocks, etc. 
From branches other than Fire or Life. 
Sundrv items 


2,239. 
1,557 


i. &gt;:-, 080 

3,371,441 
1,505 


1,680,468 
3,587,437 
783 


1.219,425 
4,429,295 
1,084 


2,026.582 
7,636,827 
1,053 














Total cash income 


17,488,372 


21,2(2 ,341 


23 ,927 ,400 


26,027,676 


34,997,113 














Foreign Companies 1 -^- 
Net cash for premiums 


8,671,173 


10,146,386 


11,725,601 


13.237,767 


17,191,584 


Interest anddi- 
From branches other than Fire or T.ife. 
Sundrv items 


445,970 

1,551,. 
lie. 


448. 
2,801,764 
5, 


441 
2,518,135 
3,012 


673,023 
2,789,164 
145 


898,663 
4,011.276 
202 














Total cash income 


10,668,438 


13 ,401 ,859 


14,829,189 


16 ,700 ,099 


22 ,101 ,725 














EXPENDITURE. 

Canadian Companies 
Paid for losses . . 


6,560,438 


8,301,165 


5,176,053 


5,031,001 


5 712 042 


;icral cv 


4,040,280 


4,985,345 


4,018,550 


4,498,537 


5 418 225 


On account of branches other than Fire 

or I iff 






6,386.814 


7,571,999 


9,487,924 


Dividends or bonus to shareholders. . . . 


438,319 


1.216,795 


490.4V.! 


869. 195 


1,087,082 


Total cash expenditure 


11 ,039 ,037 


14 ,503 ,303 


16 ,071 ,899 


17,970,792 


21 70"&gt; 273 














Excess of income over expenditure 


926,152 


1,703,565 


2,505,838 


1,665,404 


1 571 576 


British Companies 1 
Paid for losses 


7,926,461 


8,358,290 


9,908,001 


8,387,864 


11 004 078 


General expenses 


4,812,638 


5,423,713 


6,320,803 


7,121,830 


9,020 281 


On account of branches other than Fire 
or Life 


1,968,887 


2,905,050 


2,997,315 


4,233,299 


6 665 666 














Total cash expenditure 


14 ,707 ,986 


16,687,053 


19,226,119 


19,742,993 


26,690 025 














Excess of income over expenditure 


2,780,386 


4,575,288 


4,701,281 


6,284,683 


8 307 088 


Foreicji Companies 1 
Paid for losses 


4,589,096 


5,643,986 


6,709,347 


5,555,268 


7 751 902 


G eneral expenses 


3,004,448 


3,368,986 


3,965,025 


4,483 060 


6 087 763 


On account of branches other than Fire 
or Life 


1,821,147 


1,967,947 


1,711,862 


2,328,857 


3 212 956 














Total cash expenditure 


9,414,691 


10 ,980 ,919 


12 ,386 ,234 


12,367 185 


17 052 621 














Excess of income over expenditure 


1,253,747 


2,420,940 


2,442,955 


4 332 914 


5 049 104 















and expenditure in Canada. 



748 



FINANCE 



79. Amount of Net Premiums written and Net Losses incurred in Canada, by Pro 
vinces, by Canadian, British and Foreign Companies transacting Fire Insurance, 
1920. 

(Licensed re-insurance deducted.) 



Provinces. 


Canadian. 


British. 


Foreign. 


Premiums. 


Losses. 


Premiums. 


Losses. 


Premiums. 


Losses. 


P. E. Island 


$ 
42,674 
617,507 
479,746 
2,378,286 
4,182,061 
980,889 
1,278,918 
966,264 
895,417 
1,852 


$ 
10,892 
382,742 
365,697 
1,301,742 
1,634,543 
400,988 
519,552 
309,078 
260,505 
none 


$ 
130,438 
1,134,060 
1,255,818 
6,230,241 
9,120,262 
1,760,300 
1,721,139 
1,645,491 
2,392,153 
1,913 


$ 
32,813 
758,409 
835,910 
3,390,570 
3,488,147 
706,527 
676,775 
607,209 
675,623 
24 


$ 
66,005 
1,212,974 
1,078,752 
3,851,880 
4,885,576 
1,494,526 
1,345,577 
1,363,454 
2,170,204 
3,173 


$ 
41,745 
960,930 
652,833 
2,432,477 
1,929,094 
638,795 
627,163 
453,455 
720,662 
146 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Yukon 


Total 


11 ,823 ,614 


5 ,185 ,739 


25,468,5461 


11,229,3012 


17,472,121 


8,457,300 





Including $76,731 premiums which have not been separated according to provinces. 
Including $57,294 losses which have not been separated according to provinces. 

80. Dominion and Provincial Fire Insurance in Canada, 1920. 



Business transacted by 


Net 
insurance 
written . 


Net in 
force Dec. 31, 
1920. 


Net 
premiums 
received. 


Net 
losses 
paid. 


1 . Dominion licensees 


$ 
6,790,670,610 


$ 
5,969,872,278 


$ 
50,527,243 


$ 
21,935,460 


2. Provincial licensees 
(a) Provincial companies within provinces 
by which they are incorporated 


429,158,041 


960,074,188 


4,839,217 


2,181,804 


(b) Provincial companies within provinces 
other than those by which they are 
incorporated 


42,329,353 


94,030,823 


377,578 


160, 793 












Total for Provincial Companies 


471,487,394 


1,054,105,011 


5,216,795 


2 , 342 , 597 












Grand Totals 


7,262.158,004 


7 ,023 ,977 ,289 


55,744,038 


24,278,057 













81. Fire Insurance carried on property in Canada in 1920, under Section 129 of the 
Insurance Act, 1917, by Companies, Associations or Underwriters not licensed 
to transact business in Canada. 



Companies. 


Amount of 
Insurance. 


Lloyds Associations .... 




$ 39,640,073 
43,470,332 
339,170,971 
61,477,065 


Reciprocal Underwriters 




Mutual Companies 




Stock Companies 




Total 




483,758,441 






Description of Property. 


I umber and Lumber Mills 




$ 22,629,557 
360,736,825 
92,324,998 
4,294,826 
3,772,235 


Other Industrial Plants and Mercantile Establish 
Stock and Merchandise 


ments 




Railway Property and Equipment 




Miscellaneous 




Total 


483,758,441 






Amount by Provinces. 


Prince Edward Island $ 65, 


911 Saskatchewan 


$ 3,926,794 
4,115,802 
21,383,257 
37,800 


Nova Scotia 10, 128, 


784 Alberta 


New Brunswick 23,002, 


042 British Columbia 


Quebec 161,898, 


703 Yukon 


Ontario . 246 352 


984 
364 Total.. 


Manitoba.. 12,846, 


483,758.441 



INSURANCE 



Life Insurance. 



AN HISTORICAL N oTE. 1 

Life Insurance, introduced into ( anadti by companies from tin- 
British Isles and from the Tinted States as a fairly well developed 
institution, and adopted almost as early in its then form by a native 
company, can hardly be said to have a distinctive Canadian history. 

Tin- technique and practice show distinctly the effect of both British 

and I nited States influcnc. Among the first companies to transact 
life insurance in Carada may be nentioned; Scottish Amicable 

(1846 , Standard (1847), Canada (1847), -Etna (1850), Liverpool and 

London and Globe 1861 . Rpyal L861). The late t() s and early 
70 fi were Mil-ring year- in life irsnrancr the world over. In England, 
statutes were passed in ISTn. 71 and 7 J embodying princip! 
"Freedom and Publicity" which have, without any fundamental 
ehange. since governed in life insurance; and in the year 1W) ( .) tin 
same principle- were extended and adapted to four kinds of insurance. 
In Canada no less than fourteen companies began business in this 
period, including four native companies, namely. Sun (incorporated 
IShT), began business 1871), .Mutual of Canada (Ontario Mutual, 

1870). Confederation (1871), London (1874 . Hy 1S7:&gt; there were 
at least twenty-six companies, possibly several more, competing tor 
the available business in Canada, a- against forty-four companies 
licensed by the Dominion, and a few provincial companies, in HUM. 
A comparison of the first and last lino in Table 1 79 1 18 of interest 
in this connection. 

The first Federal Insurance Act was passed in istiS. It pro 
hibited the transaction of insurance busines&gt; by any company i except 
companies under provincial authority t fan-acting business within 
the province) not licensed by the Minister of Finance. A deposit of 
SoO.OOO was required. The main provisions of this Act are traceable 
in the insurance legislation of the present day. Act- wen- passed in 
1871, 1S71. ls7.~&gt; -consolidation. Fire and Inland Marine; provision 
for appointment of Superintendent of Insurance under Minister of 
Finance i : ls7~&gt; extending powers of Superintendent to Life and other 
companie- 1877 (consolidating the laws in respect of insurance; 
quinquennial valuation by Superintendent :; 1885 (dealing with 
commercial insurance companies transacting business on the so-called 
co-operative or mutual plan, being what is known as assessment 
companies, fraternal societies excluded); 18SC&gt; nsolidation); 

1894 (life insurance in combination with any other insurance business 
forbidden; issue of annuities and endowment assurances by assess 
ment companies prohibited, and new assessment companies required 
to procure at least 500 applications for membership before license); 

1895 (exempting certain fraternal organization- -hazardous occupa 
tions granting life, accident, sickness or disability insurance to mem 
bers from application of Insurance Act); 1895 (certain amendments 
as to foreign companies); 1899 (valuation standard change to Hm3j% 
applicable to business subsequent to January 1, 1900; all earlier 

Contributed by Mr. A. D. Watson, Actuary, Department of Insurance, Ottawa. 



750 FINANCE 



business to be brought up to Hm4% standard by 1910, and Hm3J% by 
1915) ; 1906 (consolidation) ; 1910 (including many new provisions 
and restrictions to some extent in harmony with the recommendations 
of the Royal Commission on Insurance, 1906); 1917 (largely a 
new alignment necessitated by the Privy Council decision, 1915, 
in reference to Sections 4 and 70 of the 1910 Act); 1919 (amendment 
affecting friendly societies). 

The legislation, briefly reviewed above, shows traces of the influ 
ence of British and "United States legislation. In many respects 
it may be said to be mid-way between the "freedom and publicity" 
legislation of England and the inquisitorial and restrictive legislation 
of the United States. Following the disclosures of the "Armstrong" 
investigation in New York, a Royal Commission was appointed in 
1906 to inquire into the conduct of life insurance business in Canada; 
and, under the same technical adviser as the "Armstrong Committee", 
the recommendations of the Commission were in the main the same 
as of that committee. The legislation, however, passed as a result 
of the investigation did not embody many of the recommendations 
of the Commission. At the same time there is possibly a somewhat 
closer analogy between the Acts of 1910 and 1917 and certain United 
States statutes passed in recent years than obtained at an earlier 
period. 

The development of life insurance in Canada, as in other 
English speaking countries at least, has been marked by an increased 
service to the individual policyholder. Under the stress of com 
petition, companies more and more seek to bring the benefits of 
insurance within the reach of an ever- widening clientele; and the 
benefits which may now be obtained under a life insurance policy 
are calculated to meet the needs of the policyholder and of his depen 
dants, whether in event of old age or in event of death or of permanent 
disability. Policies may be obtained under which, if the policy- 
holder becomes unable to follow any occupation by reason of ill- 
health or accident, not only do premiums cease but in addition he 
receives an income under the policy without any reduction in the 
benefits formerly accruing to the beneficiary at death of the insured. 

Within the last few years has been introduced what is known 
as "Group Insurance", a plan whereby a group of persons, usually 
employees, are insured by their employer for a uniform amount or 
an amount otherwise determined by a formula under one policy, 
generally on the term plan, the employer paying the premium, each 
employee having the right to obtain an individual policy at ordinary 
normal rates, without medical examination, on termination of em 
ployment. Under the "Group Policy" the expenses are less than if 
individual policies were issued on each life, and consequently the 
premiums are lower. The plan is as yet in the development stages, 
but seems to be filling a want. 

Industrial life insurance, that is to say the issue of policies of 
small amounts at weekly or monthly premiums paid to collectors 
or agents of the company who call at the home of the insured, is 
transacted along the same general lines as in other English speaking 



INSURANCE 751 



countrit The unit premium is 5 cents per week, the sum assured, 
not the premium, varying ; with the age at issue of the policy. Children 
and the aged are alike insured. In some companies the business is 
written without any medical examination or inspection, other than 
inspection by the agent who procures the application or in some 
eases by a salaried official. In some other companies, a single medical 
examination is required for amounts of over, say, $300, but for smaller 
amounts applications are accepted from the agent as above, or the 
applicant may be required to appear before the medical examiner, 
but is not examined as ordinarily understood. The amount of the 
individual policy is small and the total amount on any one life under 
several policies is small. It really provides burial insurance for the 
poorer industrial classes. By reason of the frequent calls of the 
collectors and the small amount of each policy a very large proportion 
of the premiums are absorbed in expense^. The companies concerned 
have been devoting their enemies to devising ways and means of 
reducing the expense ratio, and with success, thus making possible 
better returns to policyholders. There are at present two United 
States, one Australian, and one Canadian company transacting this 
business in Canada. 

Two other phases in the development of life insurance in Canada 
require notice, namely "assessmentism", as practised for a period 
by a few companies, and "fraternalism", as practised by friendly 
societies. 

Assessmentism was an attempt to obtain life insurance protection 
at the lowest possible cost. In its cruder forms the age of the in 
dividual insured was ignored, except that entrance was restricted to 
fairly early life, a uniform, and usually low, assessment being charged. 
There was provision in the contract for making additional assessments 
in certain contingencies excessive deaths, or reduction in funds of the 
company. It was held that as the means were then at hand for meet 
ing the exigencies of the business at any time, the companies were 
sound ; and they seemed to be sound, even prosperous, to those 
unable to see beyond the surface of things, so long as a large propor 
tion of the lives assured were at the early ages, say under 40 or 45 
where the rates of mortality are low and fairly uniform. But when 
a considerable proportion of members had passed to the middle and 
old ages the weaknesses of the system soon began to be disclosed. 
The "new blood" theory was then developed which, stated in simple 
terms, meant that enough young lives were to be induced to insure 
so as to keep the average mortality of the company as a whole at 
a low rate, thus obviating the necessity for excessive assessments. 
These young lives, however, in turn grew old and thus the aged become 
too numerous to be neutralized by "new blood"; assessments became 
frequent and consequently burdensome; healthy lives, especially 
the young, soon found they could get insurance much cheaper in 
ordinary companies and declined to pay the assessments. With their 
withdrawal, mortality, with no adequate reserves built up to draw 
upon, soon became unmanageable, and the final debdcle was in sight. 
It is impossible here to follow assessmentism through all its 



752 FINANCE 



modifications in practice merely attempts, perhaps generally honest 
enough, to bolster up an unsound system. The first of these com 
panies appeared in Canada in 1885 and the last disappeared about 
15 years ago. Legislation in respect of these companies required 
that they should represent the nature of their business correctly to 
the public and the insured. A deposit of $50,000 was required; 
death benefits were to be a first charge on all assessments; each policy 
had to state: This association is not required by law to maintain 
the reserve which is required of ordinary life insurance companies"; 
and the words " Assessment System" were required to be printed on 
every policy, application, circular, etc., 

Fraternal societies made their appearance in Canada at a very 
early date. So far as life insurance is concerned, the development is, 
as in the case of old line life companies, of more recent years. As 
above noted, they were at first exempt from the provisions of the 
Dominion Acts applicable to assessment companies. Notwithstand 
ing the exemption, fundamentally, the business and the methods 
of the two types of institution as respects life insurance were fairly 
analogous, though the machinery differed. Eventually the pro 
visions of the statutes originally designed for assessment companies 
were applied to fraternal societies, and continued to apply until the 
passing of the 1919 Amendment to the Insurance Act. 

The fate of friendly societies has been more fortunate than that 
of assessment companies. Many of them have gone through several 
readjustments of rates and benefits, and although this has meant 
loss in membership and a temporary set-back, they are now doing 
business with due regard for sound principles. The 1919 Amendment 
requires friendly societies to be valued annually by an actuary and if 
a deficiency in funds is shown, it must be made good within a reason 
able period by an adjustment of rates or benefits. Thus, societies 
are in no way in the dark as to their actual condition, and if any weak 
ness should be disclosed, the necessary remedy can be applied before 
anything in the nature of a serious situation arises. 

With the passing of the 1919 Amendment, certain United States 
societies, previously transacting business in Canada under provincial 
authority, were required to obtain Dominion licenses or discontinue 
business. Eleven of these societies have so far been licensed. Some 
of them are not actuarially solvent, but unless they attain solvency 
by March 31, 1925, they must thereafter discontinue business in 
Canada. 

The progress of life insurance in Canada may be studied from 
the tables appended. 



Life Insurance Statistics. The business of life insurance 
was transacted in Canada in 1920 by 44 active Dominion companies, 
including 25 Canadian, 8 British and 11 foreign companies. 

As shown by the historical statistics of Table 82, the life insur 
ance business in Canada has expanded from very small beginnings, 
:he total life insurance in force in Dominion companies in 1869 being 
only $35,080,082, while in 1920 it was $2,657,025,493, the amount 



INSURANCE 753 



JUT head of the est imated population of Canada having nearly doubled 
since 1913 an evidence of the geuer.d recognition of the fact that 
in view of the higher prices of commodities, a larger amount of life 
insurance is in ry for the adequate protection of dependants. 

Notable also from these historical statistics is the fact that in this 
field the British companies, which were the leaders in 1809, have 
fallen far behind the Canadian and the foreign companies. 

The total amount of new insurance effected during the year 1920 
was Still, 778,095, the largest figure on record, while the premiums 
paid wen- $90,218,047, BLS compared with S71. 70S, :&gt;()&lt;) in 1919. In 
Table 83 detailed statistics are given of the business of Canadian, 
British and foreign companies respectively, by companies, in l!)20, 
while Table 84 is a summary showing the business of Canadian, 
British and foreign companies for the p;ist five years. Table 85 
pives the insurance death-rate by ci of companies. Tables 

86, 87 and 88 show respectively the bs, liabilities and cash income 
and expenditure of Canadian and other life insurance compani 
for the years I .tlti to 1920, and Tables 89 and 90 show the net insurance 
in force and the premium income for the past six years. Statistics 
of Dominion fraternal insurance is given in Table 91, and of Dominion 
and provincial insurance combined in Table 92, which shows that on 
December 31, 1920, the total life insurance in force in Canada was 
$3,034,524,013. 

Life Insurance on the Assessment Plan.- -Table 91 gives 

the statistics of life insurance on the ment plan, that is, insurance 

effected through fraternal or friendly societies b\ ments on the 

members thereof and with annual dues to meet expenses. The 
statistic- in this table relate, however, only to the eight Canadian 
societies reporting to the Insurance Department of the Dominion 
Government, viz., the Alliance Xationale, the Ancient Order of 
Foresters, the Artisans Canadiens, the Catholic Mutual Benefit 
Association, the Commercial Travellers Mutual Benefit Society, 
the Independent Order of Foresters (who- iii-tics include sick 
and funeral departments), the Royal Guardians and the Woodmen 
of the World. 

Under an amendment to the Insurance Act which became effec 
tive January 1, 1920, it became necessary for all foreign fraternal 
societies previously transacting business in Canada under provincial 
licenses to obtain licenses under the Insurance Act in order to be 
permitted to continue to issue new insurance in Canada. Ten such 
societies obtained such licenses; viz. The Ladies Catholic Benevo 
lent Association, The Maccabees, Royal Arcanum, Woman s 
Benefit Association of the Maccabees, Catholic Order of Foresters, 
The Workmen s Circle, Knights of Columbus, Association Canada- 
Americaine, Western Mutual Life Association and Knights of Pythias, 
while the Jewish National Workers Alliance of America has also 
obtained a license. The aggregate figures of the insurance in force 
in these societies are given in a foot-note to the Table. 

38131 48 



754 



FINANCE 



82. Life Insurance in Force and Effected in Canada, 1869 to 1920. 



Year. 


Amount in Force. 


Insurance 
in force 
per head oi 
estimated 
population. 


Amount 
of new 
Insurance 
effected 
during 
year. 


Canadian 
Companies. 


British 
Companies. 


Foreign 
Companies. 


Total. 


1869 


$ 

5,476,35 
6,404,43 

8,711,11 
13,070,81 
15,777,19 
19,634,319 
21,957,296 

24,649,284 
26,870,224 
28,656,556 
33,246,543 
37,838,518 

46,041,591 
53,855,051 
59,213,609 
66,519,958 
74,591,139 

88,181,859 
101,796,754 
114,034,279 
125,125,692 
135,218,990 

143,368,817 
154,709,077 
167,475,872 
177,511,846 
188,326,057 

195,303,042 
208,655,459 
226,209,636 
252,201,516 
267,151,086 

284,684,621 
308,202,596 
335,638,940 
364,640,166 
397,946,902 

420,864,847 
450,573,724 
480,266,931 
515,415,437 
565,667,110 

626,770,154 
706,656,117 
750,637,092 
794,520,423 
829,972,809 

895,528,435 
996,699,282 
1,105,503,447 
1,362,631,562 
1,664,348,605 


$ 

16,318,475 
17,391,92. 

18,405,325 
19,258,166 
18,862,19 
19,863,867 
19,455,607 

18,873,173 
19,349,204 
20,078,533 
19,410,829 
19,789,863 

20,983,092 
22,329,368 
23,511,712 
24,317,172 
25,930,272 

27,225,607 
28,163,329 
30,003,210 
30,488,618 
31,613,730 

32,407,937 
33,692,706 
33,543,884 
33,911,885 
34,341,172 

34,837,448 
35,293,134 
36,606,195 
38.025,948 
39,485,344 

40,216,186 
41,556,245 
42,127,260 
42,608,738 
43,809,211 

45,644,951 
46,462,314 
46,161,957 
46,985,192 
47,816,775 

50,919,675 
54,537,725 
58,176,795 
60,770,658 
58,087,018 

59,151,931 
58,617,506 
60,296,113 
66,908,064 
76,883,090 


$ 

13,885,249 
18,898,353 

18,709,499 
34,905,707 
42,861,508 
46,218,139 
43,596,36 

40,728,461 
39,468,475 
36,016,848 
33,616,330 
33,643,745 

36,266,249 

38,857,629 
41 471 554 


$ 

35,680,082 
42,694,712 

45,825,935 
67,234,684 
77,500,896 
85,716,325 
85,009,264 

84,250,918 
85,687,903 
84,751,937 
86,273,702 
91,272,126 

103,290,932 
115,042,048 
124,196,875 
135,453,726 
149,962,146 

171,315,696 
191,694,270 
211,761,583 
231,963,702 
248,424,567 

261,475,229 
279,110,265 
295,622,722 
308,161,436 
319,257,581 

327,800,499 
344,012,277 
368,523,985 
404,170,673 
431,069,846 

463,769,034 
508,812,305 
548,443,000 
587,880.790 
630,334,240 

656,260,900 
685,523,485 
719,516,014 
780,356,980 
856,113,059 

950,220,771 
1,070,308,669 
1,168,590,027 
1,242,160,478 
1,311,616,677 

1,422,179,632 
1,585,042,563 
1,785,061,273 
2,187,837,317 
2,657,025,493 


$ cts 

10 4 
12 3 

13 15 
18 62 
21 13 
22 4 
21 87 

21 33 
21 35 
20 78 
20 81 
21 65 

23 88 

OR 04. 


i 

12,854,132 
12,194,696 

13,332,626 
21,070,101 
21,053,618 
19,108,221 
15,074,258 

13,890,127 
13,534,667 
12,169,755 
11,354,224 
13,906,887 

17,618,011 
20,112,755 
21,572,960 
23,417,912 
27,164,988 

35,171,348 
38,008,310 
41,226,529 
44,556,9371 
40,523,456 

37,866,287 
44,620,013 
45,202,847 
49,525,257 
44,341,198 

42,624,570 
48,267,665 
54,764,673 
67,400,733 
68,896,092 

73,899,228 
80,552,966 
91,567,805 
98,306,102 
105,907,336 

95,013,205 
90,382,932 
99,896,206 
131,739,078 
152,762,520 

176,866,979 
219,205,103 
231,608.546 
217,006,516 
221,119,558 

231,101.625 
282.120.430 
313,251,556 
524,543,629 
641,778,095 


1870 


1871.. 


1872 


1873 


1874 


1875 


1876 


1877 


1878 


1879 


1880 


1881.. 


1882 


1883 


28 02 
30 20 
33 04 

57 90 


1884 


44,616,596 
49,440,735 

55,908,230 
61,734,187 
67,724,094 
76,349,392 
81,591,847 

85,698,475 
90,708,482 
94,602,966 
96,737,705 
96,590,352 

97,660,009 
100,063,684 
105,708,154 
113,943,209 
124,433,416 

138,868,227 
159,053,464 
170,676,800 
180,631,886 
188,578,127 

189,740,102 
118,487,447 
193,087,126 
217,956,351 
242,629,174 

272,530,942 
309,114,827 
359,775,330 
386,869,397 
423,556,850 

467,499,266 
529,725,775 
619,261,713 
758,297,691 
915,793,798 


1885 


1886.. 


1887 


41 33 
45 17 
48 94 
51 83 

54 10 

57 09 
59 89 
62 96 
63 42 

64 45 
66 90 
70 88 
76 85 
81 00 

86 34 
91 98 
96 99 
100 92 
105 20 

106 35 

108 78 
110 85 
116 56 
123 77 

131 85 
145 32 
155 25 
161 47 
166 83 

176 99 
193 77 
214 33 
258 04 
307 83 


1888 


1889 


1890 


1891.. 


1892 


1893. . 


1894 


1895 


1896 . 


1897. . 


1898 


1899 


1900 


1901.. 


1902 


1903 


1904.. 


1905 


1906.. 


1907 


1908 


1909.. 


1910 


1911.. 


1912 


1913.. 


1914 


1915 


1916.. 


1917 


1918.. 


1919 


1920 





Including 20 months business of the Canada Life. 



INSURANCE 



755 



83. Lift Insurance in force and effected in Canada, 19*10. 



. 


Policies Issued. 


Policies in Force. 


Net 
Premium 
Income. 


let Amount 
of policies 
become 
claims. 1 


Companion doing business. 


No. 


Gross 

Amount. 


No. 


Net 
Amount. 


Canadian Companies 
Canada 


11,727 
71: 
70 
10,212 
1,990 
2,753 
4,886 
13 
4,446 

9,017 
65,655 

I. 1 , 636 
7M 

18. 

9,718 
2,778 
323 
1,187 
1.M6 

20,141 
1,715 
401 


$ 

37,651,7(KS 

1,262,790 
248,471 
419 
3,620.077 
5,674.113 
10,923,t&gt;02 
20,118,000 
!44,590 
50,516 
25,711,304 
28,244,682 
30,484,639 
6,519,140 
44.490, 
6,005,1!7 
20,616,507 
5,646,200 
7:&gt; 1,555 
1,782,848 
1,775,11.-) 
2,8 . 
54,128,002 
J7.191 
996,600 


76,473 
3,784 
334 
54.833 
11,463 
14,433 
22,859 
13 
24,361 
114 
46,460 

63,886 
11,615 
10: 
14. 
49,987 
14,124 
1,890 
7.229 
3,368 
6,798 
141,074 
6,378 
1,836 


$ 

180,428,029 
6,154,185 
685. 
106, 471, ! .- 
lt,946,006 
24,336,312 
42, Ml. 
17,964,000 
39,149,941 

98,676,951 
96,468.575 
118.734.253 
24,287,713 

199,067,869 
28,582,089 
89,302,350 
21,271,4ti7 
3,929,924 
9,106,821 
3,802.637 
13,917. 
261,37:, 
9,921.7: . 
4,007.307 


6,943,346 
215,859 
22,586 
3,648,031 
587,867 
848,576 
1,480,184 
38,480 
1,283,029 
7,808.010 
3,495,503 
3,505,934 
4,003.7f) .i 
73.-) 
7,526.686 
931,833 
3,040,920 
755,182 
128,904 
289,01. . 
103,097 
413,394 
8.923,175 
355,590 
120,736 


$ 

2,651,894 

3,000 
1,221,001 
131.693 
162.387 
326.062 
11,000 
312,632 
1,363,820 
727,050 
628,636 
91 0.551 
58,500 
1,959,399 
291,756 
1,030,602 
139,286 
18,500 
59,750 
11,212 
84,500 
2,427,477 
40,250 
33.000 


Capital 






Continental 


( rown 


Dominion 


T Faton 


Excelsior 


Great West 


Imperial . .......... 




Manufacturers 


Monarch 


Mutual of Canada 


National of Canada 


rth American 


Northern 


Saskatchewan 


Sauvegarde 


Security 


Sovereign 


Sun 


Travellers of Canada 


Western ... 


Total 


2*8,512 


297,553,184 


1 (iT t It) 


1 |W* jW^o jOV*. 


57 ,295 ,982 


14 ,(26,937 


British Companies- 
Commercial Union 


3 

724 

704 
11,217 
57 

169 
823 

1,046 


14,000 
2,028,177 

1,798,754 
3,034,210 
290,635 

659,000 
4,636,213 

3,506,394 


167 
11 
3,062 

135 

63 
8,465 

21,515 

505 
65 
2,353 
4,489 
17 
8 
9,739 
97 


583,200 

OO 7flQ 


17,160 
258 
225,002 

4,170 

2,482 
554,012 

201,165 

57,812 
2,540 
232,720 
735,855 
658 
173 
737,300 
4,79 


11,955 
65,983 
21,633 

18,585 
438,933 

26,438 
43,665 

159,483 
184,320 
4,666 
8,015 
777,934 
20,879 


Edinburgh 1 


//, t06 

7,037,713 
265,189 

110,188 
17,167,104 

5,392,390 

1,573,535 
90,727 
7,526.145 
14,993,204 
43.02 
23.479 
21,921,824 
132.668 


Gresham 


Life Association of Scot 
land 5 


Liverpool and London anc 
Globe* 


London and Scottish . . 


Mutual Life and Citizens 
(Australia) 


North British and Mercan 
tile 


Norwich Union 1 


Phoenix of London 


Royal 


Scottish Amicable* 


Scottish Provident 2 


Standard 


Star* 


Total 


14,743 


15,9(7,383 


50, (91 


7, 883 ,999 


2,778,999 


1,782,399 


Foreign Companies 

^Etna 


1,593 

1,785 
3 
277,711 
2,790 

8,487 

136,022 


3,173 
347 


18,892,55 

8,822,02 
5,500 
105,256,94 
9,420,78 

22,563,07 

40,868,32 
5,000 
21,299,33 
1,085,000 
39,000 


15,44 
464 
15,469 
5 
1,587,47 
19,70 
3 
54,79 
64 
190 
62 
731,42 
65 
13,11 
4,26 
37 


54,663,564 
959,61 
41,389,14 
224,46 
407,602,83 
51,306,888 
22,32 
115,475,95 
64,55 
149,240 
961,86 
174,970,08 
1,521.96 
56,676,46 
9,017,03 
787,79fi 


1,332,85 
21,85 
1,410,94 
10,62 
13,892,95 
1,869,99 
12 
4,169,79 
1,23 
20,95 
30,92 
5,883,24 
40,81 
1,219,62 
304,04 
26,86 


995,765 
64,195 
625,157 
200 
3,212,824 
735,81?, 
2,637 
1,347,267 
13,150 
67,889 
37,966 
1,047,224 
*1,500 
6!7,557 
1-8,425 
18,758 


Connecticut Mutual 1 


Equitable . . 


Guardian 


Metropolitan 


Mutual of New York 


National of United States 
New York 


Northwestern Mutual 1 . . . 
Phoenix Mutual 1 
Provident Savings 1 


Prudential 


State 


Travelers of Hartford 
Union Mutual 


United States 


Total 


431,921 


228 ,257 ,52 


2.444.1M 


915 ,793 ,79 


30,238 ,8(4 


9,036,326 


Canadian Companies 


208,512 
14,74? 
431,921 


397,553,184 
15,967,38, 
228,257,52 


1,079,14 
50,69 
2,444,16 


1,664,348,60 
76,883,09( 
915,793,79 


57,205,08 
2,776,09 
30,236,86 


14,626,037 
1,782,399 
9,036,326 


British Companies 


Foreign Companies 


Grand Total.. 


55.17 


641.778.09 


3 .574 00 


2.657.025.49 


90 218 A4 


25 441 7 



Including matured endowments. 

38131 



1 Ceased transacting new business in Canada. 



756 



FINANCE 



84. Progress of Life Insurance in Canada, 1916 -1920. 



Items. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Canadian Companies 
Policies new and taken up .... No . 


120,759 


135,145 


132,585 


198,527 


208,512 


Policies in force at end of year .... 


675,634 


744,239 


811,891 


947,489 


1,079,146 


Policies become claims .... 


9,912 


11,633 


16,501 


13,106 


12,062 


Amount of policies new and taken up $ 
Net amount of policies in force $ 


138,201,281 
895,528,435 


172,703,621 
996,699,282 


179,429,315 
1,105,503,447 


320,150,705 
1,362,631,562 


397,553,184 
1,664,348,605 


Net amount of policies become 
claims $ 


11,763,328 


13,183,223 


18,926,307 


14,373,721 


14,626,037 


Amount of premiums in year $ 


30,296,416 


34,599,199 


38,728,815 


47,126,374 


57,205,082 


Claims paid 1 $ 


10,537,141 


12,636,011 


16,063,901 


17,454,054 


14,491,847 


Unsettled claims 
Not resisted $ 


2,394,825 


2,865,751 


5,414,116 


1,902,639 


1,845,777 


Resisted $ 


114,972 


101,332 


24,504 


62,993 


29, 154 


British Companies 
Policies new and taken up No. 


6,901 


7,849 


6,877 


8,756 


14,743 


Policies in force at end of year .... 


33,293 


36,389 


38,040 


42,232 


50,691 


Policies become claims . ... 


821 


798 


956 


936 


897 


Amount of policies new and taken up $ 
Net amount of policies in force $ 


5,250,633 
59,151,931 


5,109,183 
58,617,506 


5,969,013 
60,296,113 


11,264,394 
66,908,064 


15,967,383 
76,883,090 


Net amount of policies become 
claims . . $ 


1,801,022 


1,521,921 


1,674,214 


1,803,020 


1,782,399 


Amount of premiums in year &lt;$ 


1,903,590 


1,957,143 


1,935,219 


2,201,462 


2,776,099 


Claims paid 1 $ 


1,693,628 


1,561,113 


1,466,069 


1,895,928 


1,918,850 


Unsettled claims 
Not resisted $ 


408,571 


341,361 


519,175 


382,258 


233,254 


Resisted $ 


50,594 


50,686 


53,000 


2,208 


_ 


Foreign Companies 
Policies new and taken up No. 


330,008 


354,760 


393,645 


433,968 


431,921 


Policies in force at end of year 


1,474,455 


1,681,202 


1,942,045 


2,200,603 


2,444,166 


Policies become claims 


16,708 


19,565 


30,005 


27,144 


29,294 


Amount of policies new and taken up $ 
Net amount of policies in force $ 


87,649,711 
467,499,266 


104,307,626 
529,725,775 


127,853,228 
619,261,713 


193,128,530 
758,297,691 


228,257,528 
915,793,798 


Net amount of policies become 
claims . . $ 


6,695,184 


7,470,501 


9,381,768 


8,339,561 


9,036,326 


Amount of premiums in year $ 


15,893,099 


18,287,267 


20,977,013 


25,380,673 


30,236,866 


Claims paid 1 ... ... $ 


6,488,908 


7,245,838 


8,717,631 


8,727,110 


9,307,381 


Unsettled claims 
Not resisted $ 


669,138 


822,358 


1,359,971 


852,393 


511,363 


Resisted $ 


122,597 


132,163 


67,627 


41,199 


138,278 


All Companies 
Policies new and taken up No. 


457,668 


497,754 


533,107 


641,251 


655,176 


Policies in force at end of year " 


2,183,382 


2,461,830 


2,791,976 


3,190,324 


3,574,003 


Policies become claims " 


27,441 


31,996 


47,462 


41,186 


42,253 


Amount of policies new and taken up $ 
Net amount of policies in force $ 


231,101,625 
1,422,179,632 


282,120,430 
1,585,042,563 


313,251,556 
1,785,061,273 


524,543,629 
2,187,837,317 


641,778,095 
2,657,025,493 


Net amount of policies become 
claims $ 


20,259,534 


22,175,645 


29,982,289 


24,516,302 


25,444,762 


Amount of premiums in year $ 


48,093,105 


54,843,609 


61,641,047 


74,708,509 


90,218,047 


Claims paid 1 $ 


18,719,677 


21,442,962 


26,247,601 


28,077,092 


25,718,078 


Unsettled claims 
Not resisted $ 


3,472,534 


4,029,470 


7,293,262 


3,137,290 


2,590,394 


Resisted . . $ 


288.163 


284.181 


145.131 


106,400 


167,432 



Including matured endowments. 



INSURANCE 



757 



85. Insurance Death-rate in Canada, 1917-1920. 



Companies. 



Active companies, ordinary 

Active companies, industrial 

Assessment and fraternal societies. 
Non-active and retired companies. 

Total . 



Active companies, ordinary 

Active companies, industrial. ...... 

Assessment and fraternal sue. 
Non-active and retired companies. 

Total . 





Uflf. 






iio. 




Number 

of li 

to risk. 


Number 
of 
deaths. 


Death- 
rate per 
1,000. 


Number 
of lives 
exposed 
to risk. 


Number 
of 
deaths. 


Death- 
rate per 
1,000. 


794,720 
^,092 
91,413 
J.449 


8,999 
Hi. 240 
1,504 
92 


11-3 
10-6 
16-5 
37-6 


880,859 
1,7.11 , 147 
115,360 
2,284 


13,011 

657 
2,112 

107 


14-8 
13-4 
18-3 
46-8 


M !6,74 


26,835 


11-1 


. .:uu;.-,o 


38,887 


14-1 




1919. 






1920. 




1,008,389 
,367 
151,085 
1 If 


7,581 
16,548 
1,909 
118 


7-5 

8-3 

u-t; 

55-5 


1,177,608 
2,215,815 

. 


8,125 
18 
2,643 
173 


6-9 
8-4 
12-8 
87-6 


.i.r.n. iM, 


26, 1. .I: 


8-3 


3,601,463 


29,575 


8-2 



NOTE. Average death-rate for all companies in the twenty years 1901-1920 was 9-9. 
Figures incomple; 

8. Assets of Canadian Life Companies and Assets in Canada of Life Companies 
other than Canadian Compunh s, 1916-1920. 



lie 


line. 


7. 


ISIS. 


19. 


1" 


Canadian Companies 
Real estate . 


$ 

15,052,552 


$ 

17,405,495 


$ 

16,297,408 


16,791,000 


17,170,659 


Lioans on real estate 


95,921,380 


648 


90, 


91,325,101 


103,895,691 


Loans on collaterals 


)01,710 


1,279,931 


: 


1,761,166 


1,632,889 


Cash loans and premium obligations on 
policies in force 


41,134,378 


42,749,481 


43,884,451 


44,611,927 


49,303,632 


Stocks, bonds and debentures 




1 4 . , 57s, 220 


910 


204,&lt;M .i,727 


227,7*5,614 


Interest and rent due and accrued. . 


7, I ll, 


,29,915 


7,442,414 


8,061,833 


9,266,513 


Cash on hand and in banks 1 


3,678,529 


4,194,956 


3,903, 


2,403,405 


2,924,976 


Outstanding and deferred premiums.. . . 
Other assets 


6,611,938 
299,405 


7,- 
257 


7,818,704 
209,302 


9,019,887 
-.744 


11,120,733 
150,486 














Total assets 


238,078,258 


322,744,799 


351,106,890 ^ 


378,907,790 = 


423,251,193* 














British Companies 


968,794 


975,987 


1,112,914 


1,306,036 


917,498 


Loans on real estate . 


16,942,17.-) 


15,738,404 


14,222,507 


lJ, ,i!ts,447 


12,727,404 


Loans on collaterals ... .... 


156,943 


160,169 


166,934 


18,770 


12,165 


Cash loans and premium obligations on 
policies in force 


2,655,840 


2,543,442 


2,532,382 


2,446,603 


2,602,592 


Stocks, bonds and debentures 


15, 


16,001.. 


17,819,067 


20,036,680 


19,636,657 


Interest and rent due and accrued 


,307 


435,110 


463,106 


417,433 


402,639 


Cash on hand and in banks 1 


788,602 


682,031 


677,107 


.488 


777,234 


Outstanding and deferred premiums 
Other assets . . . 


344,215 
18,040 


335,650 
34,067 


354,537 
373, 1.S7 


350,585 
35,820 


387,443 
57,369 














Total assets in Canada . . 


38 ,305 ,8CC 


36 ,906 ,159 


37 ,721 ,831 


38,366,862 


37,521,001 














Foreign Companies 
Real estate 


79,840 


83,085 


120,295 


221,013 


218,132 


Loans on real estate 


11,087,153 


10,834,482 


10,639, 


10,063,742 


9,143,873 


Loans on collaterals 


none 


none 


30,627 


none 


15,000 


Cash loans and premium obligations on 
policies in force 


10,777,910 


11,026,169 


11,172,030 


11,318,518 


12,023,992 


Stocks, bonds and debentures 


55,146,616 


62,404,175 


71,502,264 


86,090,541 


99,409,049 


Interest and rent due and accrued 


1,151,210 


1,270,588 


1,309,586 


1,390,927 


1.518,272 


Cash on hand and in banks 1 . . . . 


2,537,267 


4,232,789 


1,997,886 


2,077,111 


3,919,390 


Outstanding and deferred premiums 
Other assets 


1,352,317 
9,846 


1,497,861 
none 


1,828,015 
6,498 


2,296,416 
16,281 


2,808,887 
16,293 














Total assets In Canada 


82.142.159 


91.349.149 


98 .607 .188 


113,474.549 


129,072,888 



includes cash deposit with Government. 

*The figure in the text is the book value; the market value of these assets was $348,709,244 in 1918, 
$376,604,050 in 1919 and $420,018,399 in 1920. 

NOTE. Certain British Companies transacting fire insurance in Canada transact also life insurance 
in Canada, and insomuch as a separation of assets has not been made between these two classes, their 
assets in Canada are not here included, but are included in the assets of British companies shown in 
Table 76 on page 745. 



758 



FINANCE 



87. Liabilities of Canadian Life Companies and Liabilities in Canada of Life Com 
panies other than Canadian Companies, 1916-1920. 



Schedule. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Canadian Companies 
Unsettled claims 


3,768,275 


$ 

4,557,929 


$ 

7,752,308 


$ 
3 920 563 


$ 

3 lOS 478 


Net re-insurance reserve 


246,172,484 


267,172,605 


291,035,397 


321 027 592 


35Q US 337 


Sundry liabilities 


8,668,836 


10,738,527 


11,560,484 


16 220 206 


IQ 470 -JAQ 














Total liabilities not including capi 
tal 


258 ,609 ,595 


282,469,061 


310 ,348 ,189 


341 168,361 


382 532 124 














Surplus of assets excluding capital 


39,468,663 


40,275,738 


38,361,055 


35 435 689 


37 486 27^ 


Capital stock paid up 


5,680,106 


5,740,583 


5,921 342 


5 980 407 


6 Ififi 044 


British Companies 1 
Unsettled claims 


459,164 


392,046 


572,175 


384 466 


233 253 


Net re-insurance reserve 


19,267,700 


18,888,809 


19,075,622 


19 361 479 


20 483 37Q 


Sundry liabilities 


121,208 


140,405 


67, 198 


157 757 


201 123 














Total liabilities not including capi 
tal 


19 ,848 ,072 


19 ,421 ,260 


19 ,714 ,995 


19 903 702 


20 917 715 














Surplus of assets . 


18,457,7942 


17,484,899 2 


18,006,836 


18 463 160 


16 682 334 














Foreign Companies 1 
Unsettled claims 


791,735 


954,520 


1,427,598 


893 592 


64Q 641 


Net re-insurance reserve 


74,997,533 


82,516,873 


92,346,507 


104 220 027 


114 561 3Q5 


Sundry liabilities 


1,988,928 


2,282,503 


3,515,199 


3 621 881 


4 413 133 














Total liabilities not including capita) 


77,778,196 


85,753,896 


97,289,304 


108,735,500 


119,624,169 


Surplus of assets 


4,363,963 


5,595 253 


1 317 884 


4 739 049 


Q 448 71 Q 














All Companies 
Unsettled claims 


5,019,174 


5,904,495 


9,752 081 


5 198 621 


4 388 372 


Net re-insurance reserve 


340,437,717 


368,578,287 


402,457,526 


444 609 098 


494 593 111 


Sundry liabilities 


10,778,972 


13 161 435 


15 142 881 


iq OQQ 044 


24 OQ2 56*5 














Total liabilities not including capital 


356,235,863 


387,644,217 


427 ,352 ,488 


469,807,563 


523,074,048 


Surplus of assets excluding capital 


62,290,420 


63 355 890 


57 685 775 


58 637 898 


63 617 328 


Capital stock paid up 3 


5,680,106 


5,740 583 


5 921 342 


5 980 407 


6 166 044 















liabilities in Canada. Incomplete. 8 Canadian companies only. 

88. Cash Income and Expenditure of Canadian Life Companies and Cash Income 
and Expenditure in Canada of Life Companies other than Canadian Companies, 
1916-1920. 



Schedule. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


INCOME. 
Canadian Companies 
Net premium income 


$ 

41,626,425 
2,332,401 
16,004,312 
287,869 


$ 

46,997,715 
1,448,569 
17,637,462 
148,946 


$ 

53,188,261 
1,622,847 
18,986,651 
1,479,332 


$ 

64,433,449 
2,519,957 
19,911,623 
1,766,153 


$ 

78,725,400 
2,075,407 
21,631,593 
2,207,453 


Consideration for annuities 


Interest and dividends on stocks, etc 
Sundry items 


Total cash Income 


60,251,007 


66,232,692 


75 ,277 ,091 


88,631,182 


104,639,853 


British Companies 
Net premium income 


1,903,433 
158 
1,889,512 
712 


1,956,835 
308 
1,936,229 
-102 


1,935,219 
9,771 
1,851,191 
14,797 


2,201,462 
1,050 
1,977,211 
86,640 


2,776,099 
131 
1,838,218 
337,771 


Consideration for annuities. . . . 


Interest and dividends on stocks, etc... 
Sundry items 


Total cash income 1 


3,793,815 


3 ,893 ,270 


3,810,978 


4,266,363 


4,952,219 


Foreign Companies 
Net premium income 


15,830,132 

62,968 
3,944,510 

49,538 


18,138,725 
148,542 
4,215,168 
41,170 


20,977,014 
15,750 
4,747,572 
375,416 


25,380,673 
40,066 
5,189,215 
431.784 


30,236,866 
21,059 
5,890,062 
630,860 


Consideration for annuities 


Interest and dividends on stocks, etc. . . 
Sundry items 


Total cash income 1 


19,887,148 


22,543,605 


26,115,752 


31,041,738 


36,778,847 





ilncome and expenditure in Canada 



INSURANCE 



759 



income and Expenditure of Canadian Life Companies and Cash Income 
and Kvpcnditure in Canada of Life Companies other than Canadian Companies, 
ncluded. 



Schedule. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


EXPENDITURE. 

Canadian Companies 
Payments to policyholders 


$ 
24,147,117 


$ 

27,570,554 


$ 
33,137,434 


$ 
38.477,058 


S 

36,986,070 




12,253,485 


14, 01 7, .toll 


1C, 170, 006 


21,912,380 


26,755 


Dividends to stockholders 


510,816 


549,005 


553,192 


558,021 


957,077 














Total expenditure 


Si ,11 ,418 


42 ,137 ,5ft 


49,869,632 


0,947,459 


(4 ,198 ,199 














Excess of income over expenditure . . . 


23,339,589 


24,095,183 


25,416,459 


27,683,723 


39,941,063 


British Companies 
Payments to policy holders 


1,990,050 


1,997,904 


1,706,934 


2,149,843 


2,407.707 


General expenses 


485,907 


494,348 


530,003 


667,253 


1,065,870 


Dividends to stockholders 
























Total expenditure 1 


2,475,f;;7 


2,412,252 


2,23C,t37 


2,817,HC 


3,473,577 














Excess of income over expenditure 


1,317,858 


1,401,018 


1,574,041 


1,449,267 


1,478,642 


Foreign Companies 
Payments to policyholders. 


9.549,992 


10,417,237 


11,969,716 


12,386,608 


14,044,279 


General expenses 


3,7Jxl&gt;2 


4,442,420 


5,756,211 


7,149,276 


8,039,873 


Dividends to stockholders 
























Total expenditure 1 


13,278,174 


14,859,663 


17 ,725 ,127 


19,535,884 


22,984,152 














Excess of income over exoenditure. . 


6.608.974 


7.683.942 


8.389.825 


11.505,854 


14.694.695 



Income and expenditure in Canada. 

89. Net Amount of Dominion Life Insurance in force in Life Companies 

in Canada, 1915- 1920. 



Companies. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Canadian 


$ 
829,972,809 


S 

895,528,435 


$ 
996,699,282 


$ 

1,105,503,447 


* 

1,362,631.562 


$ 

1,664,348,605 


British 


58,087,018 


59,151,931 


58,617,506 


60,296,113 


66,908,064 


76,883,090 


Foreign 


423,556,850 


467,499,266 


529,725,775 


619,261,713 


758,297,691 


915,793,798 
















AH 


1 ,311 ,! ,677 


1,432, 179, 632 


1 ,585 ,042 ,5(3 


1 ,785 ,081 ,273 


2,187,837,317 


2,657,025,493 

















90. Premium Income of Life Companies, 1915-1920. 



Companies. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Canadian 


$ 

28,546,303 


1 

30,296,416 


I 

34,599,199 


1 
38,728,815 


1 
47,126,374 


1 

57,205,082 


British 


2,071,592 


1,903,590 


1,957,143 


1,935,219 


2,201,462 


2,776,099 


Foreign 


14,488,783 


15,893,099 


18,287,267 


20,977,013 


25,380,673 


30,236,866 
















AD 


45, IOC ,678 


48 ,093 ,105 


54 ,843 ,609 


61 ,641 ,047 


74,708,509 


90,218,047 

















760 



FINANCE 



91. Life Insurance on Assessment Plan, 1916-1920. 



Items. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920.J 


Number certificates taken 


3,897 


7,991 


7,193 


12 155 


14 234 


Number certificates become claims 


2,243 


2,550 


2,647 


2,786 


2 773 


Amount paid by members 


$ 
1,931,898 


$ 
5,776,737 


$ 
2,679,637 


$ 
2,654,835 


$ 
2,691,826 


Amount of certificates new and taken up . . 
Net amount in force 


3,299,250 
91,681,224 


6,301,236 
109,691,288 


5,497,819 
129,053,773 


10,405,843 
134,055,399 


12,727,091 
137,057,828 


Amount of certificates become claims. . . . 
Claims paid 


2,202,484 
2,147,515 


2,594,937 
2,468,652 


2,555,462 
3,037,860 


2,643,671 
2,997,753 


2,636,213 
2,723,725 


Unsettled claims 
Not resisted 


297,160 


375,907 


387,193 


180,919 


192 715 


Resisted 


5.500 


1,000 


2,500 


1,922 


2 000 


Amount terminated by- 
Death 


1,482,851 


1,825,695 


4,381,610 


1,900,633 


1,868,508 


Surrender, expiry, or lapse, etc 


11,928,616 


8,266,146 


14,849,510 


12,163,679 


10,961,533 














Total terminated 


13,411,467 


10,091,841 


19,231,120 


14 064 312 


12 830 041 














Assets 
Real estate 


1,061,139 


880,685 


1,428,123 


1,357,738 


1,376,462 


Loans on real estate 


7,430,142 


9,776,409 


7,789 646 


7 418 138 


7 445 923 


Policy loans (liens arising out of re 
adjustment) 


18,579,639 


25,567,695 


26,013,580 


24 000,472 


23 406 179 


Stocks, bonds and debentures 


13,713,387 


14,443,905 


16,303,729 


20 307,673 


21 825,835 


Cash on hand and in banks 


749,659 


993,669 


264,221 


609,790 


476,693 


Interest and rent due and accrued 


464,285 


590,270 


747,850 


650,515 


721 046 


Dues from members 


93,364 


164,970 


164,346 


235,262 


211,553 


Other assets 


2,679,196 


1,292,675 


4,316,012 


4,976,927 


4,993,270 














Total assets 


44 ,770 ,811 


53,710,278 


57 ,027 507 


59 556 5152 


60 456 941 














Liabilities 
Claims, unsettled 


485,903 


594,129 


590 647 


305,672 


279 971 


Reserve 3 


43,241,785 


48,963,644 


53,550 029 


54,187,476 


55,327,610 


Due on account of general expenses 


4,962 


20,722 








Other liabilities 


78,086 


3,210,032 


} 2,159,159 


1,063,870 


514,684 














Total liabilities 


43,810,736 


52 ,788 ,527 


56,299 835 


55 ,556 ,518 


56 ,122 ,265 














Income 
Assessments 


3,981,676 


11 316 586 


5 595 406 


5 308 692 


5 441 478 


Fees and dues 


242,928 


316,293 


173 837 


378,641 


415 759 


Interest and rents 


2,051,224 


2 230,332 


2,579,591 


2,482,912 


2,549 961 


Other receipts 


65,113 


31,197 


15 727 


136,408 


52,839 














Total income 


6,340,941 


13,894,408 


8,364,561 


8 ,306 ,653 


8,460,037 














Expenditure 
Paid to members 


4 468 362 


5 336 489 


6 269 903 


6 007 306 


5 547 411 


General expenses 


446 683 


778 301 


1 091 611 


1 150 358 


1 311 921 














Total expenditure 


4 ,915 ,045 


6,114,790 


7,361 514 


7 ,157 ,664 


6 ,859 ,332 














Excess of income over expenditure 


1,425 896 


7 779 618 


1 003 047 


1 148 989 


1,600,705 















Canadian Fraternal Benefit Societies only. 
,- 2The fi ?ure in the text is the book value; the market value of these assets was $57,052,508 in 1919 and 

Independent Order of Foresters, $41,833,439 in 1916, $43,763,143 in 1917, $43,803,952 in 1918 and 
)31,640 in 1919, including a special reserve of $500,000 in 1916, $1,000,000 in 1917, $1,600,000 in 1918, 
$1,000,000 in 1919 and $1,000,000 in 1920. 

4 As a result of an amendment to the Insurance Act, becoming effective January 1, 1920, it became 
necessary for all foreign fraternal societies then transacting business in Canada under provincial licenses 
to obtain licenses under the Insurance Act in order to be permitted to continue to issue new insurance in 
Ten societies having $65,700,477 of Canadian insurance in force have complied with this require 
ment, so that Dominion fraternal insurance in Canada on December 31, 1920, totalled $202,758,305. 



INSURANCE 



761 



92. Dominion and Provincial Life Insurance in Canada, 1920. 



Business transacted by 


New 

policies issued 
(gross). 


Net 
in force Dec. 
31, 1920. 


Not 
premiums 
received. 


Net 
death 
claims paid. 


1. Dominion licensees 


$ 

698,875 


$ 

,025,493 


$ 

90,424,2931 


$ 

25,958,214 


(b) l ruUTiuild 


17,050,791 


JiL ,758,305 


3,736,822 


3,652,824 


Totals 


715, MS ,741 


2,851,783,798 


14 ,181, 115 &gt; 


29, ill ,038 


J. Provincial licensees 
(a) Provincial companies within province 
by which they are incorporated. 


4,460,566 


14,056,022 


432,717 


60,434 


(ii) 1 nitcrruil.s 


3,499,929 


.t J. f,7 1,928 


2,096,149 


1,898,572 


(b) Provincial [companies in provinces other 
than those by which they are incorpo 
rated 
(i) Life companies 
(ii) ! nitmuils 


1,290, 
3,836.800 


3,905,264 
57,107,001 


106,744 
,059 


15,818 
567. 193 


Totals for Provincial companies 


13.088,245 


174,740,215 


3,282,669 


2,542,017 


Grand Totals 


729,014,98* 


3,034,524,013 


97,443,784 


32,153,055 













Includes $206,246 received as consideration for annuities. 



Miscellaneous Insurance. 

Since 1875 the growth of insurance business other than lire or 
life has been a steady one. The report of the Superintendent of 
Insurance for the calendar year 1880, shows that the number of 
companies duly licensed for the transaction of accident, guarant* 
plate glass and steam boiler insurance the only four classes of mis 
cellaneous insurance then transacted- was 5, 3, 1 and 1 respectively. 
The game report for the year 1920 shows that miscellaneous in 
surance now includes in Canada, accident, sickness, automobile, 
burglary, explosion, forgery, guarantee, hail, inland transportation, 
employers liability, aviation, plate glass, sprinkler leakage, steam 
boiler, title, tornado and live stock insurance, etc. Whereas in 1880, 
10 companies transacted business of this kind, such insurance is now 
sold by 120 companies, of which 30 are Canadian, 32 British and 58 
foreign. In addition to these there were 7 fraternal orders or societies 
which in 1920 carried on sickness as well as life insurance. 

Accident Insurance. The first license of this kind was issued 
to the Travellers Co. of Hartford, Conn., in 1868. The first license 
to a Canadian Co. was that issued to the Accident Insurance Co. 
of Canada, which was organized in 1872 and commenced business 
in 1874. Much accident insurance has also been sold by companies 
doing primarily a life insurance business. 

Automobile Insurance.- -This is now one of the most important 
branches of the miscellaneous class of insurance. Premiums increased 
from $80,446 in 1910 to $573,604 in 1915, and to $5,164,897 in 1920, 
with an increase in the number of companies from 7 to 73 during 
the 10 year period. 



762 



FINANCE 



Plate Glass Insurance. Policies were first sold in Canada by 
the Metropolitan Plate Glass Insurance Co., an American concern 
which withdrew from Canada during 1882 to avoid business restrict- 
tions. The 26 companies operating in Canada in 1920 received 
premiums of $690,476 and paid claims of $409,393, with unsettled 
claims of $49,093 outstanding. 

Burglary Insurance. This type of insurance received but 
slight attention in Canada until 1918. In 1893, however, one com 
pany issued burglary policies. A second followed in 1905, and in 
1910 five companies were operating, while at the end of 1920, 22 com 
panies were licensed to do burglary business. For 1920 the premium 
income of all companies amounted to $481,019, and the losses paid 
amounted to $203,983, with unsettled claims of $67,930 outstanding 
at the end of the year. 

93. Insurance other than Fire and Lift, 1920. 



Companies. 


Premiums. 


Losses 
incurred. 


Claims 
paid. 


Unsettled Claims. 


Not 
resisted. 


Resisted. 


Guarantee 


$ 
1,273,514 
2,341,214 
1,073,158 
3,162,518 
1,575,548 
481,019 
323,485 
5,800,026 
423,663 
690,476 
2,325,785 
2,939,112 
98,804 
112,816 
158,321 
148,525 
636 


$ 

370,681 
911,620 
547,740 
1,674,409 
1,068,450 
244,166 
17,524 
2,371,270 
234,794 
412,151 
1,222,401 
1,644,058 
68,491 
53,060 
39,155 
none 
none 


$ 
178,194 
948,679 
543,358 
1,542,198 
1,074,032 
203,983 
16,130 
2,377,799 
222,720 
409,393 
1,149,364 
1,534,396 
72,753 
49,587 
155,931 
none 
none 


$ 

327,737 
253,605 
89,042 
982,322 
187,002 
59,435 
3,639 
3,858 
48,517 
48,739 
218,181 
467,404 
14,169 
8,992 
42,443 
none 
none 


$ 
106,450 
600 
120 
80,175 
500 
8,495 
11,767 
none 
none 
300 
3,810 
70,445 
none 
none 
none 
none 
none 


Personal Accident. 


Personal Accident and Sickness 


Employers Liability.. 


oickness 


Burglary 


Steam Boiler . . 


Hail 


Inland Transportation. . 


Plate Glass 


Automobile 1 


Automobile 2 . . . 


Sprinkler Leakage 


Live Stock 


Tornado 


Explosion 


Forgery 




including fire risk. "Excluding fire risk. 



94. 



Income and Expenditure and Assets and Liabilities of Canadian Companies 
doing Insurance Business other than Fire and Life, 1920. 



Companies. 


Cash 
Income. 


Cash 
Expendi 
ture. 


Excess of 
Income 
over 
Expendi 
ture. 


Assets. 


Liabili 
ties. 

i 


Excess of 
Assets 
over 
Liabili 
ties. 


Boiler Inspection 


$ 
153 051 


$ 

mS9Q 


$ 

40 999 


$ 

441 Q4S 


ICC 107 


9 

OOC QO 1 


Casualty Co. of Canada 


30 952 


27 221 


Q 791 


cc nio 


100, IZi 
99 148 


oO t Oit 

oo 77Q 


Chartered Trust and Executor Co. 


132 936 


138 474 


K. K.-30 


KC7 QKO 


81 934 


OO , 1 IV 

cnc 71 c 


Dominion-Gresham . . 


282 167 


9fiQ Q1Q 


19 348 


OQC OKO 


m"7A1 


OUO, / IV 
n f Kfin 


General Animals 


127 509 


mqqi 


K C1Q 


OOO, LOJt 

OR KCO 


, ito 
An e.(\(\ 


/oo.ouy 

Oft ACO 


Guarantee Co. of N.A 


456 552 


^RO 4.O A 


Q7 198 


2CKO OO1 


1\), DUU 

CO1 1O7 


oo,yo^ 

21 OO 1 *)A 


Merchants Casualty Co. ... 


609 537 


551 717 


R7 7fin 


,DOo, ool 
14.fi Q3Q 


Ool, la / 
1R1 3^9 


, IfZ, 1.54 

1QC KO7 


Merchants and Employers Guarantee 
and Accident 


255 334 


9*4 OfiO 


I fWI 


1 QA OAfi 


m7OQ 


19O,OO V 

7A 1 AO 


Protective Association of Canada. . . 


227 318 


mfl17 


1,U( 1 
1fi 301 


iyu,y4u 
no Qnn 


, (O 
71 944 


it), 14/ 

O7 OK* 














I i UOO 


Total 


3.275 356 


2 (I1C 71K 


OOQ cc| 


401? I jn 


1 91 V A At 


3ff&gt;A f*Q*t 








&lt;w9 ,901 


iH7fUV 


l)Ol7 ,44.1 


,369, VSl 


*Not including capital stock. 















INSURANCE 



763 



5. Income and Expenditure in Canada of Companies, other than Canadian, doing 

Business other than Fire and Life, 1910. 



Companies. 


Income (Cash). 


Expenditure (Cash). 


Pre 
miums. 


Interest 
and 
Divi 
dends 
on 
Stock. 


Total 
Cash 
Income. 


Paid 
for 
Losses. 


General 

Expendi 
ture. 


Total 
Cash 

Expendi 
ture. 


Sxcess of 
Income 
over 
Expendi 
ture. 


Abeille 


$ 

136,489 
31,279 
68,234 
1,216 
126,970 
173,601 
113,239 
2%, 324 
none 
none 
1,880 
7,0*1 
80,262 
207,007 

28,229 
417,924 
106 
32, \ 2 
10,944 
32,023 
444 
107,420 
11,086 

413,468 
596,095 

28,427 

631,531 
29,037 


$ 

none 
1,430 
4,000 
4,680 

50 

14,558 
4,444 
750 
1,350 

none 

578 
5,305 
17.710 
10,022 
1.1W 
none. 
2,870 
1,874 
6,619 
.508 

19,245 
none. 

1,440 

20,875 

975 


$ 

136,489 
709 
72,234 
6,895 
127 
173 
1 IS, 465 
310,882 
4,444 

160 

7,021 
84,450 
209,888 

1,228 
33,534 

llf&gt; 
34,104 
10,944 
34,893 
71 
114,039 
13,475 

432,791 
596,145 

29,867 

652,406 
30,012 


1 

75,062 

1,284 

1,465 
110 
69,660 
51 
2W 
none 
none 
none 
1,1 
53, 4 ii 
107,207 

none 
62,536 
173,068 
30,542 
19,219 
3,218 
15,428 
37,809 
12,581 
4,829 

158,979 
101,779 

6,228 

236,923 
9,034 


I 

46,943 
6,8 

12,421 
415 
87, 
58,410 
35,041 
155 

2,4 

1,397 
none 

40,110 
92,459 

414 
6,258 
158, 90 
46,966 
14, 
8,104 
2ft, 613 
15, 
51,822 

195,838 
290,511 

6,965 

300,027 
20,117 


$ 

122,005 
6,232 
18,705 
1,881 
130,859 
128,070 
86,439 
365,457 
2,422 
1,397 
none 
677 
93,600 
199,666 

414 
68,7 .i4 
332,028 
77,508 
33,581 
6,322 
40,941 
53,062 
64,403 
5,789 

354,817 
492,290 

13,193 

536,950 
29,151 


$ 

14,484 
26,477 
53,529 
5,014 
- 3,834 
45,581 
27,026 
-54,575 
2,022 
- 647 
2,650 
4,344 
- 9,150 
10,222 

814 
-35,260 
103,614 
38.769 
523 
4,622 
6,048 
21,256 
49,636 
7,686 

77,974 
103,855 

16,674 

115,456 
861 


American and Foreign Marine 

Ampriean Suivtv 


British and Foreign Marine.. . 

f~Ynt inontjil f usual tV 




Federal 


PSilplitv ami C asualtV. 




Hartford Ijive Stock - . . 


Hartford Steam Holler 


International Fidelity . . 


Lloyds Plate Glass 




Lumbermen s Mutual 
Casualty 


Maryland Assurance 






New York Plate Glass 


Ocean M urine .... 


Preferred Accident 


Ridgolev Protective 


Royal Indemnity .... 


Security Mutual Casualty . . . 
Travelers Indemnity Co. 
Hartford 


Travelers Insurance.. . . . 


United Commercial Travel 
era 


United States Fidelity and 
Guaranty 


Western Casualty 


Total 


S.7OJM 


125 ,5 W 


3 ,892 ,228 


1 ,591 ,423 


1 ,77 ,230 


3,248 ,653 


(23,575 



Includes sundries. 

Including $26,362 policy fees. 

Including $26,362 policy fees retained by agents. 



.Dominion and Provincial Insurance in Canada, other than Fire and Life, 1920. 



Business transacted by 


Net 
premiums 
received. 


Net 
losses 
paid. 


1 
1 






$ 
22,927,620 

2,309,937 

661,516 
2,971,453 


$ 

10,478,517 

1,360,231 

329,504 
1,689,736 


Provincial licensees 
(a) Provincial companies within provinces by which they are incorporated 

(b) Provincial companies within provinces other than those by which they 


Tntftl fnr Provincial Comnanies 




Grand Totals 




25,8W,73 


12,1*8,252 







764 



FINANCE 



97. Dominion and Provincial Insurance in Canada, other than Fire and Life, 1920. 



NET PREMIUMS RECEIVED. 



Class of business. 


Dominion 
Licensees. 


Provincial Licensees. 


Grand 
Totals. 


(a) 
Prov. Cos. 
within 
provinces 
by which 
they are 
incorp. 


(b) 
Prov. Cos. 
within prov 
other than 
those by 
which they 
are incorp. 


Total 
Provincial 
Licensees. 


Accident 


$ 

2,341,214 
1,073,158 

2,325,785 
2,939,112 
481,019 
3,162,518 
148,525 

636 
1,272,514 
5,800,026 
423,663 
112,816 
690,476 
1,575,548 

98,804 
323,485 
158,321 


$ 

8,681 
101,546 
35,114 
30,898 
35,482 
13,990 
165,626 

129,105 
31,489 

38,446 
487,426 

19,566 
136,270 
5,900 
564,702 

282,924 
222,772 


$ 

680 
90,901 
13,091 
35,793 
7,547 
15 

7,646 
238,664 

11,754 
2,155 
83 
144,959 

106,082 
2,146 


$ 

9,361 
192,447 
48,205 
66,691 
43,029 
14,005 
165,626 

129, 105 
31,489 

46,092 
726,090 

31,320 
138,425 
5,983 
709,661 

389,006 
224,918 


$ 

2,350,575 
1,265,605 
48,205 
2,392,476 
2,982,141 
495,024 
3,328,144 
148,525 
129, 105 
31,489 
636 
1,318,606 
6,526,116 
423,663 
144,136 
828,901 
1,581,531 
709,661 

389,006 
98,804 
323,485 
158,321 
224,918 


Accident and Sickness combined.. 


(FraternaU) 


Automobile (including Fire risk) 


Automobile (excluding Fire risk) 


Burglary 


Employers Liability 


Explosion 


Funeral 


(Fraternals) 


Forgery 


Guarantee 


Hail 


Inland Transportation . . 


Live Stock 


Plate Glass 


Sickness 


(Fraternals) 


Sickness and Funeral combined (Frater 
nals) 


Sprinkler Leakage 


Steam Boiler 


Tornado 


Weather 


Totals 


22,927,620 


2 ,309 ,937 


661,516 


2,971,453 


25,899,073 





NET LOSSES PAID 



Accident 


Q4.Q fi70 


$ 

8OQQ 


$ 





$ 


Accident and Sickness combined . . 


543 358 


, Zoo 
49. KftK 


, 1U1 
.1 &lt;^i/i 


13,389 
7K i nn 


962,068 


(Fraternals) 




3. 4 QQ1 


ol, otl 

Hnn^ 


to, 1U9 


618,467 


Automobile (including Fire risk) 


1 149 364 


ift C7n 


, uuo 

nOIQ 


4o,ooO 

OQ 1 CO 


48,886 


Automobile (excluding Fire risk) 


1 534 396 


1C Q4 


, oiy 

4Q7 


Zo, lo 


,177,553 


Burglary 


90 * QR^ 


7OQO 


, oO/ 


2l,Ci(J6 


1,556,199 


Employers Liability 


1 542 1QP, 


,&62 

104. 71 1 


" 


7,232 


211,215 


Explosion 




iUi, 1 io 




104,713 


1,646,911 


Forgery 








~~ 





Funeral 




OA f\1 R 


^ 








(Fraternals) 




oU.Ulo 
Q9 fifli 


~ 


30,016 


30,016 


Guarantee.. 


17R 1Q4. 


yz, oui 

7KOQ 




92,601 


92,601 


Hail 


2 ^77 7QQ 


, 59o 
i AO ono 


tl 


7,670 


185,864 


Inland Transportation.. 


222 720 


140, zyz 


oZ,t&gt;24 


228,616 


2,606,415 


Live Stock 


4Q *SS7 


7 1 cq 






222,720 


Plate Glass 


4-OQ 303 


1 , loo 
en 01 1 


,555 


,708 


61,295 


Sickness 


1 074- 0^9 


0( ,Zll 

2QOK 


,439 


69,650 


479,043 


(Fraternals) .... 




,OZO 

4QC OQQ 


A7 Knn 


2,825 


1,076,857 


Sickness and funeral combined (Frater 
nals) 




*oo, ooa 
Q7 nix 


u&lt; ,0liy 


55 J, 898 


552,898 


Sprinkler Leakage. . 


72 7^3 


o/,yi4 


105,433 


193,347 


193,347 


Steam Boiler . . . 


1fi IQfl 






~ 


72,753 


Tornado 


IKK QQ1 




"" 





16,130 


Weather 








~ 


155,931 






^00,742 


341 


201,083 


201,083 


Totals 


10 178 *17 














, obU , Ml 


329,504 


1,689,735 


12,168,252 



PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION 765 

XIII. ADMINISTRATION. 

PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION. 

Representation by Provinces.- -The four original provinces 
of the Dominion were Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Bruns 
wick, which were jjiven parliamentary representation according to 
Section 37 of the British North America Act. 1S07. By Imperial 
Orders in Council the provinces of British Columbia and Prince 
Edward Island were admitted into the Dominion, the former on 
July 20, 1871, by Order dated May 16, 1871, and the latter on July 1, 
1873, by Order dated June 26, 1873. An Act of the Dominion 
Parliament of May 12, 1870 (33 Viet., c. 3), provided for the formation 
of the province of Manitoba out of Rupert s Land and the Northwest 
Territories, so soon as tli hould be admitted into the Dominion 
of Canada, which admission was effected by Imperial Order in Council 
dated June 23, 1870, taking effect on July 15, 1870. In consequence 
of doubts as to the Ie&lt;ial validity of the Dominion Act of 1870 (33 
Viet., c. 3), the Imperial Parliament passed an Act in 1871 (34-35 
Viet., c. 28), making the Canadian A-t valid and effectual. 

Parliament of Canada.- The Parliament of the Dominion of 
Canada consists of the Senate with % members and of the House of 
Commons with 235 members, senators beiim appointed for life by the 
Governor General and members of the House of Commons being 
elected by the people. The ordinary legal limit of duration for each 
parliament is five years, but by Act of the Imperial Parliament 
(6-7 Geo. V., c. 19), passed June 1, 191&lt;&gt;, and intituled an Act to 
amend the British North America Act, 1867, the duration of the 
12th Parliament of Canada was extended until October 7, 1917. 
The 12th Parliament was dissolved by proclamation of the ( iovernor 
General on October 6, 1917, and the 13th Parliament of Canada 
was elected on December 17, 1917. A Redistribution Act passed 
after each census readjusts the number of representatives in the 
House of Commons in accordance with rules laid down in Section 
51 of the British North America Act, 1867, of the Imperial Parliament 
(30-31 Viet., c. 3). These rules provide that the province of Quebec 
shall always have a fixed number of 65 members, and that there 
shall be assigned to each of the other provinces such a- number of 
members as will bear the same proportion to the number of its popu 
lation (ascertained by the census) as the number 65 bears to the 
population of Quebec. However, by an amendment to the British 
North America Act passed by the Imperial Parliament in 1915 
(5-6 Geo. V., c. 45), it was enacted that "notwithstanding anything 
in the said Act, a province shall always be entitled to a number 
of members in the House of Commons not less than the number of 
senators representing such province." As a consequence of this 
amendment the representation of Prince Edward Island has remained 
at 4 members. 



766 



ADMINISTRA TION 



The Senate.- -The numerical representation of the Senate by 
provinces is as follows: Prince Edward Island 4, Nova Scotia 10, 
New Brunswick 10, Quebec 24, Ontario 24, Manitoba 6, Saskatchewan 
6, Alberta 6, British Columbia 6. Total 96. 

House of Commons. The representation of the people in the 
House of Commons has been governed by Acts of the Dominion 
Parliament passed in 1903, 1904, and 1907 (3 Edw. VII, c. 60; 4 Edw. 
VII, c. 35; 6-7 Edw. VII, c. 41). The provinces of Saskatchewan and 
Alberta were created by Acts of the Dominion Parliament passed in 
1905 (4-5 Edw. VII, cc. 3 and 42), and after the Northwest Census 
of 1906 the Representation Act was amended by an Act of April 27, 
1907 (7 Edw. VII, c. 41), which gave Saskatchewan ten members 
and Alberta seven members after the next ensuing election of October 
26, 1908. The seven additional members thus given to Saskatchewan 
and Alberta brought the representation of Canada in the House of 
Commons up to 221. The Representation Act, 1914 (4-5 Geo. V., 
c. 51), which was assented to on June 12, 1914, came into operation 
for the election of the 13th Parliament of Canada. An amending Act 
(5 Geo. V., c. 19), and the Imperial Act (5-6 Geo. V., c. 45), pro 
vide that the House of Commons shall consist of 235 members, 
distributed by provinces as follows: Prince Edward Island 4, Nova 
Scotia 16, New Brunswick 11, Quebec 65, Ontario 82, Manitoba 
15, Saskatchewan 16, Alberta 12, British Columbia 13 and Yukon 
Territory 1. Table 1 shows the representation in the House of Com 
mons according to the districts of the Representation Act, 1914, and 
of the amending Act (5 Geo. V., c. 19). 

1. Representation in the House of Commons according to the Districts of the 

Representation Act, 1914. 



Provinces and Districts. 


Popu 
lation, 
1921. 


Repre 
senta 
tion. 


Provinces and Districts. 


Popu 
lation, 
1921. 


Repre 
senta 
tion. 


Canada. 
Prince Edward Island. 


8,788,4831 
88,615 


235 
4 


New Brunswick. 

Charlotte 


387,876 

21,435 


11 

1 








Gloucester 


38,684 


1 


Kings 


20,445 


1 


Kent 


23,916 


1 


Prince 


31,520 


1 


Northumberland 


33,985 


1 


Queens 


36,650 


2 


Restigouche and Madawaska... 


42,977 


1 








Royal 


32,078 


1 


Nova Scotia. 


523,837 


16 


St. John City and County and 
Albert County 


69,093 


2 


Antigonish and Guysborough 


27,098 


1 


Victoria and Carleton 


33,900 


1 


Cape Breton North and Victoria 


31,325 


1 


Westmorland 


53,387 


1 


Cape Breton South and Rich 






York-Sunbury 


38,421 


1 


mond 


76,362 


2 








Colchester 


25,196 


1 


Quebec. 2 


2,361,199 


65 


Cumberland 


41,191 


1 








Digby and Annapolis 


28,965 


1 


Argenteuil 


17,165 


1 


Halifax City and County 


97,228 


2 


Bagot ,. . 


18,035 


1 


Hants 


19, 739 


1 


Beauce ... 


53,841 


1 


Inverness 


23,308 


1 




19,888 


1 


Kings 


23,723 


1 


Bellechaase 


21,190 


1 


Lunenburg 


33,742 


1 


Berthier 


19,817 


1 


Pictou 


40,851 


1 


Bona venture . . 


29,092 


1 


Shelburne and Queens 


23,435 


1 


Brome 


13,471 


1 


Yarmouth and Clare. . 


31.174 


1 


Chamblv and Vercheres. . 


34.643 


1 



1 Including 7,988, the population of the Northwest Territories, and 485 belonging to the Canadian Navy. 

2 Includes portion of Northwest Territories added to Quebec by the Extension of Boundaries Act, 
1912. 



PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION 



7G7 



1. Representation in the House of Commons according to the Districts of the 

Itcpresentation Act, 1914 con. 



Provinces and Districts. 


Popu 
lation, 

1921. 


Repr3- 
senta- 
tion. 


Provinces and Districts. 


Popu 
lation, 
1921. 


Repre 
senta 
tion. 


Quebec concluded. 

Champlain 


48 009 


1 


Ontario conclude. 1 . 






Charlevoix-Montmoreney 


28, 874 


1 


Elgin W.. 


27 678 




Chateauguay-Huntingdon 


26,731 


1 


Essex N 


71 150 




Chicoutimi-Saguenay 


90,609 


1 


Essex S 


31 425 


i 


Compton 


32,285 




Fort William and T^ninv T?IVOT 


QQ j;i;i 




Dorchester 


28,954 




Frontenac 


20 390 




Drummond and Arthabaaka... 


44,823 




Glengarry and Stormont 


38.573 


i 


Gaspe , 


40,375 




Grenville 


16 R44 




Hull. 


43,541 




G rey N . 


30 fifi7 




Joliette 


25.913 




Grey S.. . 


28 384 




Kamouraska 


22,014 




Haldimand 


21 2S7 




Labelle 


35.927 




Halton 


24 899 


i 


Laprairie-Napierville 


20.065 




Hamilton E 


49 820 


t 


L Assomption-Montcalm 


28.318 




Hamilton W 


39 298 


i 


Laval-Two Mountains 


28.314 




Hastings E 


23 072 


t 


Levis 


33.323 




Hastings W 


34 4"i1 




L Islet 


17,859 




Huron N. 


2"? WO 




Lotbiniere 


21,837 




Huron S 


23 548 




Maskinong6 


16,945 




Kent 


52 HQ 


i 


Matane 


36,303 




Kingston. . 


24 104 


i 
I 


Megantic 


33,633 




Lambton E. 


25 801 


i 


Missisquoi 


17,709 


1 


Lamb ton W 


32 R88 




Montma^ny 


21,997 


1 


Lanark. 


32 ftp 1 * 




Montreal Island 






Leeds 


34 909 


i 


Hochelaga 


73,526 


1 


Lennox and Addington 


18 994 




Jacques Cartier 


89,297 


1 


Lincoln 


48 625 


i 


Laurier-Outremont 


72,047 


1 


London. . . 


53*838 


i 


Maisonncuve 


64,933 


1 


Middlesex E 


27 994 


1 


Ste. Anne 


52.049 


1 


:&lt;llesex W. 


25 (\W 





St. Denis 


78,920 


1 


Muskoka . 


19 439 


i 


Westmount^St. Henri... 


62.909 


1 


N ipissing. . 


58 565 


i 


St. Jame- 


42.443 


1 


Norfolk 


26 Iftfl 





St. Antoine 


32. 


1 


Northumberland 


30 512 


i 


St. Lawrence-St. George 


36.912 


1 


( &gt;ntario N 


15,420 


i 


George-Etienne Cartier. 


54,800 


1 


Ontario S 


31 074 


i 


St. Mary 


63,975 


1 


Ottawa 


93 740 




Nicolet 


29,695 


1 


Oxford N 


24 197 




Pontiac 


46,201 


1 


Oxford S 


22 2^1 




Portneuf 


34,452 


1 


Parry Sound 


27 0*&gt;2 




Quebec County ... . 


31,130 


1 


Pe . 


23 896 


1 


Quebec E 


38,330 


1 


Perth N. 


32 4fil 


I 


Quebec S 


27,706 


1 


Perth S 


1Q QQO 




Quebec W 


37,993 


1 


Peterborough E 


n 7ifi 


t 


Richelieu 


18,764 


1 


Peterborough W 


29 318 


i 
i 


Richmond and Wolfe 


42,248 


1 


Port Arthur and Kenora 


43 300 


i 


Rimouski 


27,520 


1 


Prescott 


26 478 


I 


St. Hyacinthe-Rouvilie 


36,754 


1 


Prince Edward 


16 806 


1 


St. John and Iberville. . 


23,518 


1 


Renfrew N 


23 956 


1 


Shefford 


25,644 


1 


Renfrew S 


27 Ofil 


1 


Sherbrooke 


30, 786 


1 


Russell 


41 417 


1 


Stanstead 


23,380 


1 


Simcoe E 


37 100 


I 


Tern iscouata 


44,310 


1 


Simcoe N. 


22 inn 


| 


Terrebonne 


33,908 


1 


Simcoe S. 


24 81 n 


1 


Three Rivers and St. Maurice. . 


50,845 


1 


Timiskaming 


51,568 


1 


Vaudreuil-Soulanges 


21,620 


1 


Toronto South 


37 59fi 


1 


Wright 


21.850 


1 


Toronto East 


fi4 82"i 


I 


YftmasVa 


18,840 


1 


Toronto Centre 


51 7fi8 


1 








Toronto West 


68,397 


1 


Ontario.^ 


2,933,662 


82 


Toronto (Parkdale) . . . . 


80,780 


1 








Toronto North 


72,478 


1 


Algoma E 


40,618 


1 


Victoria 


}) OQC 


1 


Algoma W 


33,676 


1 


Waterloo N 


41 fi&lt;)S 




Brant 


20,085 


1 


Waterloo S 


QQ KAQ 




Brantford City 


33,292 


1 


Welland... 


66 fifiS 


i 


Bruce N 


20,872 


1 


Wellington N 


1Q QQO 




Bruce S 


23,413 


1 


Wellington S 


04 007 




Carleton 


32,673 


1 


Wentworth 


M44Q 


1 


Dufferin 


15,415 


1 


York E 


77 0*0 


1 


Dundas 


24,388 


1 


York W 


7ft fiKI 


i 


Durham 


24,629 


1 


York S 


100 014 


i 
I 


Elgin E 


17,306 


1 


York N 


23,136 


1 



Includes portion of Northwest Territories added to Ontario by the Extension of Boundaries Act, 1912. 



768 



ADMINISTRATION 



1. Representation in the House of Commons according to the Districts of the 

Representation Act, 1914 concluded. 



Provinces and Districts. 


Popu 
lation, 
1921. 


Repre 
senta 
tion. 


Provinces and Districts. 


Popu 
lation, 
1921. 


Repre 
senta 
tion. 


Manitoba. 1 

Brandon 


610,118 

40,183 


15 

1 


Alberta. 

Battle River 


588,454 
49, 173 


12 

1 


Dauphin 


35,482 


1 


Bow River 


55 356 


1 


Lisgar 


29,921 


1 


Calgary E. 


44 995 


1 


Macdonald 


23,824 


1 


Calgary W. 


44 341 


1 


Marquette 


41,254 


1 


Edmonton E.. 


56 548 


1 


Nelson 


19,806 


1 


Edmonton W. 


74 267 


1 


Neepawa 


28,356 


1 


Lethbridge . . 


37 699 


1 


Portage la Prairie 


22,254 


1 


Macleod 


34 008 


1 


Provencher 


29,308 


1 


MedicineHat. 


43 179 


1 


Selkirk 


55,395 


1 


Red Deer 


49 629 


1 


Souris 


26,410 


1 


Strathcona 


42 520 


1 


Springfield 


58,870 


1 


Victoria 


56 739 


1 


Winnipeg Centre 


76,470 


1 








Winnipeg North 


62,957 


1 








Winnipeg South 


59,628 


1 








Saskatchewan. 


757,510 


16 


British Columbia. 

Burrard 


524,582 

69,922 


13 

1 


Assiniboia 


34,789 


1 


Cariboo 


39 834 


1 


Battleford 


33,641 


1 


Comox-Alberni 


32 009 


1 


Battleford North 


47,381 


1 


Fraser Valley 


28 811 


1 


Humboldt 


55,225 


1 


Kootenay E 


19 137 


1 


Kindersley 


44,772 


1 


Kootenay W 


30 502 


1 


Last Mountain 


50,055 


1 


Nanaimo 


48 010 


1 


Maple Creek 


56,064 


1 


Skeena 


28 934 


1 


McKenzie 


55,629 


1 


Vancouver Centre 


60 879 


1 


Moosejaw 


50,403 


1 


Vancouver South 


46 137 


1 


PrinceAlbert 


56,829 


1 


Victoria City 


38 727 


1 


Qu Appelle 


34,836 


1 


Westminster New 


45 982 


1 


Regina 


49,977 


1 


Yale 


35 698 


1 


Saskatoon 


55,151 


1 








Saltcoats 


43,795 


1 








Swift Current 


53,275 


1 








Weyburn 


35,688 


1 


Yukon Territory. 


4.157 


1 















1912. 



1 Includes portion of Northwest Territories added to Manitoba by the Extension of Boundaries Act, 



2. Governors General of Canada, 1867-1922. 



Name. 


Date of 
appointment. 


Date of 
assumption 
of office. 


Viscount Monck, G.C.M.G.. 


June 1, 1867 


July 1, 1867 


Lord Lisgar, G.C.M.G., (Sir John Young).. 


Dec 29, 1868 


Feb 2 1869 


The Earl of Dufferin, K.P., K.C.B., G.C.M.G. 


May 22, 1872 


June 25, 1872 


The Marquis of Lome, K.T., G.C.M.G 


Oct 5, 1878 


Nov. 25, 1878 


The Marquis of Lansdowne, G.C.M.G 


Aug. 18, 1883 


Oct. 23, 1883 


Lord Stanley of Preston, G.C.B 


May 1, 1888 


June 11, 1888 


The Earl of Aberdeen, K.T., G.C.M.G.. 


May 22, 1893 


Sept. 18, 1893 


The Earl of Minto, G.C.M.G . 


July 30 1898 


Nov 12 1898 


The Earl Grey, G.C.M.G. 


Sept 26 1904 


Dec 10, 1904 


Field-Marshal H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught, K.G 


Mar. 21, 1911 


Oct. 13, 1911 


The Duke of Devonshire, K.G., G.C.M.G., G C V O 


Aug 19, 1916 


Nov. 11, 1916 


General the Lord Byng of Vimy, G.C.B. , G.C.M.G., M.V.O 


Aug. 2, 1921 


Aug. 11, 1921 









DOMINION PARLIAMENTS 



769 



3. Dominion Parliaments, 1867-1922. 



Number of 
Parliament. 


Ses 
sion. 


Date of 
Opening. 


Date of 
Prorogation. 


Days 
of 
ses 
sion. 


Elections, writs 
returnable, dissolutions, 
and lengths of 
Parliaments. 


1st Parliament 


1st 
2nd 
3rd 
4th 
5th 

/ 1st 
1 2nd 

f 1st 
2nd 
3rd 
4th 
5th 
1st 
- i 
3rd 
4th 
1st 
: ; 
3rd 
4th 
1st 
2nd 
3rd 
4th 
1st 
2nd 
3rd 
4th 
5th 
6th 
1st 
2nd 
3rd 
4th 
5th 
1st 
2nd 
3rd 
4th 
1st 
2nd 
3rd 
4th 

1st 
2nd 
3rd 

1st 
2nd 
3rd 
4th 
5th 
6th 
7th 
1st 
2nd 
3rd 
4th 
5th 

1st. 


Nov 1, 1867 
April 15, 1869 
Feb. 15, 1870 
Feb. 15, 1871 
April 11, 1872 

Mar. 5. 1873 
Oct. 23, 1873 

Mar. 26, 1874 
Feb. 4, 1875 
Feb. 10, 1876 
Feb. 8, 1877 
Feb. 7, 1878 
Feb. 13, 1879 
Feb. 12. 1880 
Dec. 9, 1880 
Feb. 9, 1882 
Feb. 8, 1883 
Jan. 17, 1884 
Jan. 29, 1885 
Feb. 25, 1886 
April 13, 1887 
Feb. 23, 1888 
Jan. 31, 1889 
Jan. 16. 1890 
April 29, 1891 
Feb 25, 1892 
Jan. 26. 1893 
Mar. 15, 1894 
April 18, 1895 
Jan. 2, 1896 
Aug. 19. 1896 
Mar. 25, 1897 
Feb. 3, 1898 
r. 16, 1899 
Feb. 1, 1900 
Feb. 6, 1901 
Feb. 13, 1902 
Mar. 12, 1903 
Mar. 10. 1904 
Jan. 11, 1905 
Mar. 8, 1906 
Nov. 22. 1906 
Nov. 28, 1907 

Jan. 20, 1909 
Nov. 11, 1909 
Nov. 17, 1910 

Nov. 15, 1911 
Nov. 21, 1912 
Jan. 15, 1914 
Aug. 18, 1914 
Feb. 4, 1915 
Jan. 12, 1916 
Jan. 18, 1917 
Mar. 18, 1918 
Feb. 20. 1919 
Sept. 1, 1919 
Feb. 26, 1920 
Feb. 14, 1921 

Mar. 8, 1922 


May 22, 1868 
June 22, 1869 
May 12, 1870 
April 14, 1871 
June 14, 1872 

Aug. 13, 1873 
Nov. 7, 1873 

May 26, 1874 
April 8, 1875 
April 12. 1876 
April 28. 1877 
-y 10, 1878 
May 15, 1879 
May 7. 1880 
Mar 21. 1881 
May 17. 1882 
May 25, 1883 
April 19. 1884 
July 20, 1885 
June 2, 1886 
June 23, 1887 
May 22, 1888 
May - . 1889 
May 16, 1890 
Sept. 30, 1891 
July 9, 1892 
April 1. 1893 
July 23. 1894 
July 22. 1895 
April 23, 1896 
Oct. 5, 1896 
June 29, 1897 
June 13. 1898 
Aug. 11, 1899 
July 18. 1900 
May 23, 1901 
May 15, 1902 
Oct. 24. 1903 
Aug. 10. 1904 
July 20. 1905 
July 13, 1906 
April 27, 1907 
July 20, 1908 

May 19, 1909 
May 4, 1910 
July 29, 1911 

April 1, 1912 
June 6, 1913 
June 12, 1914 
Aug. 22, 1914 
April 15, 1915 
May 18, 1916 
Sept. 20, 1917 
May 24, 1918 
July 7, 1919 
Nov. 10, 1919 
July 1, 1920 
June 4, 1921 

June 28, 1922 


11S 
69 
87 
59 
65 

81 
16 

62 
64 
63 
80 
93 
92 
86 
103 
98 
107 
94 
173 
98 
72 
90 
92 
121 
155 
136 
66 
131 
96 
111 
48 
97 
131 
149 
168 
107 
90 
227 
154 
191 
128 
157 
236 

120 
175 
196 7 

139 
173 
148 
5 
71 
127 
207 
68 
138 
71 
127 
HI 
113 ( 


Aug., Sept., 1867* 
Sept. 24. 1867&lt; 
July 8. 1872.5 
4y.,9m., 15 d. 

July, Aug.. Sept., 72. 
Sept. 3, 1872. 
Jan. 2, 1874.* 
1 y.,4m., Od. 

Jan. 22. 1874.* 
Feb. 21, 1874. 
Aug. 17, 1878.* 
4 y., 5 m., 25 d. 

Sept. 17, 1878.* 
Nov 21, 1878. 4 
(May 18, 1882 
3y.,5m.. 28 d. 
June 20. 1882.* 
Aug. 7. 1882.* 
Jan. 15, 1887 * 
4 y.,5m., 10 d. 
Feb. 22, 1887. 
April 7, 1887.* 
Feb. 3. 1891.* 
( 3y.,9m., 27 d. 

March 5. 1891.* 
April 25, 1891. 
April 24. 1896.* 
5y., m., Od. 

June 23. 1896. 1 
July 13. 1896.* 
Oct. 9, 1900 * 
4y.,2m..26d. 

Nov. 7. 1900.* 
Dec. 5. 1900. 
Sept. 29, 1904.* 
3y ,9m., 26 d. 
Nov 3, 1904. 
Dec. 15, 1904.* 
Sept. 17. 1908.* 
3 y.. 9 m.. 4 d. 
Oct. 26, 1908.* 
Dec. 3, 190S.&lt; 
July 29. 1911.* 
2y.,7m.. 28 d. 

Sept. 21, 1911. 
Oct 7, 1911. 
Oct. 6. 1917.5 
6 y., m. d. 

Dec. 17, 1917. 
Feb. 27, 1918.* 
Oct. 4, 1921.5 
3y., 7m., 6 d. 

Dec. 6, 19213 
Jan. 14, 1922.* 


2nd Parliament. . . 


3rd Parliament 


4th Parliament 


5th Parliament 


6th Parliament &lt; 


7th Parliament 


8th Parliament &lt; 


9th Parliament 


10th Parliament 


llth Parliament 


12th Parliament | 


13th Parliament 


14th Parliament 





AS- } 2T J% m ??ft t ,P?? nbert m li *? l ^ h March - 1868 to allow the Local Legislatures to meet. 
Adjourned 23rd May till 13th August. Period of general elections. Writs returnable. * Dissolution 

of Parliament. Duration of Parliament in years, months and days. The life of a Parliament is counted 

* the date of return of election write to the date of dissolution, both days inclusive. Not including 

oio! a f JOUI ?i n l en , t ^ r o 0m ^ ! 9th &lt; July 18th - " Not including days (25) of adjournment from Dec 
ifu, to Jan 14th, 1913. Not including days (39) of adjournment from Feb. 7th to April 19th. 1917. 

3813149 



770 



ADMINISTRATION 



4. Ministries since Confederation. 

1. Rt. Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald. Premier. From July 1, 1867 to Nov. 6, 1873. 

2. Hon. Alexander Mackenzie, Premier. From Nov. 7, 1873 to Oct. 16, 1878. 

3. Rt. Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, Premier. From Oft. 17, 1878 to June 6, 1891. 

4. Hon. Sir John J. Abbott, Premier From June 16, 1891 to Dec. 5, 1892. 

5. Hon. Sir John S. D. Thompson, Premier. From Dec. 5, 1892, to Dec. 12, 1894. 

6. Hon. Sir Mackenzie Bowell, Premier. From Dec. 21, 1894, to April 27, 1896. 

7. Hon. Sir Charles Tupper, Bart., Premier. From May 1, 1896, to July 8, 1896. 

8. Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfred Laurier, Premier. From July 11, 1896 to Oct. 6, 1911. 

9. Rt. Hon. Sir Robert L. Borden, Premier. (Conservative Administration). From Oct. 10, 1911, to 

Oct. 12, 1917. 

10. Rt. Hon. Sir Robert L. Borden, Premier. (Unionist Administration). From Oct. 12, 1917 to July, 10 

1920. 

11. Rt. Hon. Arthur Meighen, Premier. (Unionist "National Liberal and Conservative Party"). From 

July 10, 1920. to Dec. 29, 1921. 

12. Rt. Hon. William Lyon Mackenzie King, Premier. (Liberal). From Dec. 29, 1921. 

NOTE. A complete list of the members of Dominion Ministries from Confederation to 1913 appeared 
in the Vear Book of 1912, pp. 422-429. A list of the members of the Dominion Ministries from 1911 to 
1921 appeared in the Year Book of 1920, pp. 651-653. 

TWELFTH DOMINION MINISTRY. 
(According to precedence of the Ministers as at the formation of the Cabinet.) 



Office. 



Occupant. 



Date of 
Appointment. 



TWELFTH MINISTKY. 

Prime Minister, Secretary of State for 
External Affairs, President of the Privy 
Council.. 



Minister of Finance. 



Minister of Militia and Defence and Minister 
of Naval Service.. 



Postmaster General 

Minister without Portfolio. 



Minister of Soldiers Civil Re-Establish 
ment and the Minister in charge of and to 
administer the Department of Health 



Minister of Public Works. 



Minister of Justice and Attorney General. . . 

Minister of Customs and Excise 

Minister of Marine and Fisheries 

Solicitor General 

Minister of Trade and Commerce 

Minister without Portfolio 

Secretary of State 

Minister of Railways and Canals. . 



Minister of the Interior, Superintendent 
General of Indian Affairs and Minister of 
Mines.. . . 



Minister of Agriculture 

Minister of Labour 

Minister without Portfolio . 



Right Hon. William Lyon Mackenzie King 
Hon. William S. Fielding 



Hon. George P. Graham. 

Hon. Charles Murphy 

Hon. Raoul Dandurand.. 



Hon. Henri S. B eland. 

Hon. Hewitt Bostock . 
Hon. James H. King. . 



Hon. Sir Lomer Gouin 

Hon. Jacques Bureau 

Hon. Ernest Lapointe. ... , 
Hon. Daniel D. McKenzie. 

Hon. James A. Robb 

Hon. Thomas A. Low 

Hon. Arthur B. Copp 

Hon. William C. Kennedy. 



Hon. Charles Stewart 

Hon. William R. Motherwell. 

Hon. James Murdock 

Hon. John E. Sinclair.. 



Dec. 
Dec. 

Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 



29, 1921 

29, 1921 

29, 1921 

29, 1921 

29, 1921 



Dec. 29, 1921 



Dec. 
Feb. 

Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 

Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 



29, 1921 

3, 1922 

29, 1921 

29, 1921 

29, 1921 

29, 1921 

29, 1921 

29, 1921 

29, 1921 

29, 1921 

29, 1921 

29, 1921 

29, 1921 

29, 1921 



LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS 



771 



5. Lieutenant- Governors of Provinces, 1867-19r. 

PIUNCK KDWAHI) 1SI.\ND. 





I &gt;v 
app liniment. 




Date of 

appointment. 


W. C F. Kol.ir- 
Sir Kobert Hodi 


Juno 10, 


: - 
1 &gt;. A. Mr Kinn.in 


v 13, 1899 
3, 1904 


Sir Thomas H. H.-ivil.-m.l. . 


July It, ls7 .t 


Benjamin Holers 


fune 1 1 lld 


Andrew Archibald Maodonald . ... 


Auir. 1, l^M 


L&lt; nal.l. .. 


June 2 1915 


Jededia! .ell.. 


1. ISS .I 


Murdork \Ld\innon 


"\ 1Q19 


Gco. \V. Ilc.whin . 


1 Ix il 


















;t.-Gen. Sir \V. F. \\illi.. 
Major-Gen. 
Lieut 

Sir K. Krniiv ..art inn i . . 

Joseph H..U, 

A. (I. Archival! 
Mutt lieu Henry Kir 
A. W. McLelun . . 



July 
Jan. 

July 
July 

July 



1, 

is, 

31, 
1, 
4. 
4, 



Bowea Daly 
aly 






9, 1888) 



n . .. . 

MrCallurn Crai. 
McCallum CIrant. . 



July 11, 1890 

July 29, 1895 

7, 1900 

Mar. 27, 1906 
1910 

I l, 1915 

1916 

Mar. 21, 1922 



NIW BKUN-UK K. 



Major-den. Sir &lt; ings Doyle 


Julv 1, 1867 


John 


Dec. 20 1893 


Col. F. }&gt;. liar. 


ori :- iv, 7 


A K Mr( Irhn 


9 1806 


LWilmo&lt; 


July It 


owh ill 


K 


Samuel Leonard Tillev 






2 l 07 


F. Baron Chandler 


Juh Is7s 




\i ,. r a 1Q19 


Robert Duncan \Vilmof.. 


&gt;. 11, 1880 


&lt; i \V ( !;inon&lt; r 


June 29 1916 


Sir Samuel Leonard Til! . 


31, 18851 


\\ illiarn 1 . 


Nov. 6, 1917 


John Boyd 


91 10QO 


















Sir X. F. Rellemi. 

SirN. F. Helleau ., 

Kene Kdouard Caron 

Luc Letellier de St. Ju- 

Theodore Robitaille 

L. F. K . Masson 

A. R. Angers 



July 
Jan. 

July 

Nov. 

Oct. 



7 
24 











Sir J. A. Chapleau. 

I. -A 

L. A. Je 



ll 

Charles A. I . Pelletier 
Francois Langeher 



- - I 
1887 



Sir 1 ierrr I- .. Lehlanc. 
l{ii:lii Hon. Sir Charles Fitz- 
patrick 



Dec. 

Feb. 

Feb. 

Sept. 
May 
Feb. 



5, 1892 

2, 1898 

2, 1903 

4, 1908 

5, 1911 
9, 1915 



Oct. 21, 1918 



\R10. 



Major-Gen. H. W. Stisted.. 


July 1, 1867 


Sir Oliver \Iowat 


Xov 18 1897 


W. P. Rowland.. 


July 14 1868 


Sir \VilliMm \Tnrtimpr f^lnrk 


A nr i 1 90 T &lt; IOX 


John W. Crawford 


187.3 


Sir John M Gibson 


Sent 2^ 1908 


D. A. Macdonald 


May 18 1875 


1 t -Col Sir John &lt;? Hpnrlrip 


Qorvf 9fi 101*1 


John Beverly Robinson 


June 30, 1880 


Lionel H Clark 


Xov 27 1Q1Q 


Sir Alexander Campbell 


Feb. 8, 1887 


Henry Cockshutt 


Sent 10 19! 


George A. Kirkpatrick 


May 30 1892 















MAXITOBA. 



A.G.Archibald 

Francis Goodschall Johnson. 

Alexander Morris 

Joseph Ed. Cauchon . . . 

JamesC. Atkins.. 
J. C. Shultz.. 



May 20, 1870 

April 9, 1872 

Dec. 2, 1872 

Dec. 2, 1877 

Sept. 22, 1882 

July 1, 1888 



J. C. Patterson 

Sir D. II . McMillan 

Sir D. H. McMillan 

D. C. Cameron 

Sir James A.M. Aikins. 
Sir James A. M. Aikins. 



Sept. 2, 1895 

Oct. 16, 1900 

May 11, 1906 

Aug. 1, 1911 

Aug. 3, 1916 

Aug. 7, 1921 



"Second Term. 

39131 49^ 



772 



ADMINISTRATION 



5. Lieu tenant- Governors of Provinces, 1867-1922 concluded. 

SASKATCHEWAN. 



Name. 


Date of 
appointment. 


Name. 


Date of 
appointment. 


AT71 T?nrcrpt 


Sent. 1, 1905 


Sir Richard Stuart Lake 


Oct. 6, 1915 




Oct. 5, 1910 


H. W. Newlands 


Feb. 17, 1921 











ALBERTA. 







V 




Sept. 


1, 


1P05 


Robert 


George 


Brett 


Oct. 6, 


1915 






V 






5, 


1910 


Robert 


George 


Brett 


UDct. 20, 


1920 


eorge 






y 



















BRITISH COLUMBIA. 



J. W. Trutch 


June 5, 1871 


Sir Henri G. Joly de Lotbiniere. . 


June 21, 1900 




June 27, 1876 


James Dunsmuir 


May 11, 1906 


Olpmpnt P 1 fVvpTiwfill 


June 21, 1881 


T. W. Patterson 


Dec. 3, 1909 


Huffh Nelson 


Feb. 7, 1887 


Sir Frank S. Barnard 


Dec. 5, 1914 


Edgar DewdnGy 


Nov. 1, 1892 


Col. Edward G. Prior 


Dec. 9, 1919 


rPhnmfLQ T? IVT^TrmpQ 


Nov. 18, 1897 


Walter C. Nichol 


Dec. 24, 1920 











THE TERRITORIES. 



A ^G Archibald 


May 10, 1870 


Joseph Royal 


July 


1, 1888 


"FVRTif*i&lt;* CrnnrlftpViall TnVmcmn 


April 9 1872 


C H . Mackintosh 


Oct. 


31, 1893 


Alexander Morris 


Dec 2, 1872 


M. C. Cameron 


May 


30, 1898 


David Laird P C 


Oct 7, 1876 


A. E. Forget 


Oct. 


11, 1898 


Edgar Dewdney 


Dec 3, 1881 


A. E. Forget 


iMar. 


30, 1904 













1 Second term. 



HONORARY ADVISORY COUNCIL FOR SCIENTIFIC AND 

INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH.* 

The Honorary Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial 
Research, generally known as the Research Council, was constituted 
on November 29, 1916, under a Sub-Committee of the Privy Council, 
formed on June 1 of the same year, to have charge of all measures to 
foster the scientific development of the industries of Canada. This 
Sub-Committee consists of the Minister of Trade and Commerce 
(Chairman), and the Ministers of the Interior, Agriculture, Mines, 
Customs and Excise and Labour. 

The Research Council, the formation of which was given statu 
tory authority by the Research Council Act of 1917 (7-8 Geo. V., 
c. 20), consists of eleven representatives of the scientific, technical 
and industrial interests of Canada, one of these being a permanent 
officer, the Administrative Chairman of the Council. The Counci 
has charge of all matters affecting scientific and industrial research 
in Canada which are assigned to it by the Sub-Committee and advises 
the Sub-Committee on questions of scientific and technological 
methods affecting the expansion of Canadian industries or the utiliza 
tion of the natural resources of Canada. 

t iA detailed account of the organization of the Research Council was given on pages 619-623 of the 1916-17 
Year Book; summaries of its activities appeared on pages 581-584 of the 1918 Year Book and on pages 
587 of the 1919 Year Book. The 1920 Year Book contained on pages 53-57 an outline of its organizatio: 
and activities since its commencement. 



SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH 773 

The Council meets at least four times a year in Ottawa, and in 
order to economize its time, has appointed from its membership a 
number of standing and special committees to deal with particular 
problems; further, in order to have expert advice along technical lines, 
it has appointed twelve associate and advising committees of Canadian 
scientists, technologists and business men, whose advice on their 
specialties is available without remuneration as required. Nor do 
the members of the Research Council receive for their services any 
other remuneration than their expenses. 

Research is impossible without trained " researchers. " Con 
sequently, to increase the number of scientific investigators in 
Canadian industries, the Council has established Fellowships, Student 
ships and Bursaries, having an annual value of $2,200, $1,000 and $750 
respectively, which may be awarded to graduates of universities and 
technical colleges who have given evidence of the possession of the 
special knowledge and capacity required to conduct independent 
research in some department of science 1 tearing on industrial processes. 
During the fiscal year 1921-22, seven Fellowships, fourteen Student 
ships and thirty-five Bursaries were awarded. 

During the year 1921-22 many applications for financial assist 
ance in aid of special researches were received, which were carefully 
examined and a number approved and the assistance granted. Among 
these may be mentioned a grant to Professor Wilfred Sadler to com 
plete an investigation for determining the character of the bacteria 
and other germs found in cream, milk and butter. The studies made 
reveal much on the bacterial flora of graded butter, suggest the 
importance of water supply as a possible agency of contamination, 
emphasize the possibility of bacterial recontamination subsequent to 
pasteurization, indicate the necessity for bacterial control in the 
management of cream and the manufacture of butter, and define 
cases where specific deterioration of grade has been eliminated or 
rendered less acute by putting into practice the advice tendered as a 
result of the laboratory findings. 

To ascertain the possibility of cultivating economically in British 
Columbia several essential oil and drug-yielding plants, a grant was 
made to Professors R. H. Clark and J. Davidson of the University of 
British Columbia. The investigations made indicate that the results 
of storing the bark of Cascara Sagrada for three years previous to 
use can be produced quickly by chemical means, and tests made at 
the Vancouver General Hospital with bark so treated have been 
satisfactory. The Cascara Sagrada wood was next examined to see 
if it contained enough active constituent to pay for extraction. 
Preliminary results in this connection indicate that the wood is 
practically as active as the bark. This result, if fully confirmed, will 
mean the conservation of the fast disappearing cascara tree. 

A grant was made to Professor J. C. McLennan, Director of the 
Physics Laboratory of the University of Toronto, to continue his 
investigations regarding the relations of the infra red rays to the 
structure of atoms. A special study has been made of the ionization 



774 ADMINISTRA TION 



of the atoms of mercury. Information has been secured which is 
very useful in connection with the problem of determining the energy 
required to be expended in disrupting atoms and releasing atomic 
energy. 

A grant to assist in a study of the gap in ether rays between 
ultra-violet light and X-rays was awarded to Professor A. L. Hughes 
of Queen s University. Radiation of wave length between that of 
the softest X-rays and that of the most extreme ultra-violet light 
undoubtedly exists, but hitherto has not been produced; it is the 
purpose of the investigation to explore this region. There are certain 
fundamental differences in the method of the production of light and 
X-rays, and it is important, therefore, to investigate whether or not 
these differences merge into each other in the unexplored region. 

For the purpose of making a thorough study of the cause and 
treatment of acidity in the soils of Quebec and New Brunswick, a 
grant was made to Principal F. C. Harrison of Macdonald College. 
This condition, which is common in the soils of eastern North America, 
interferes seriously with the growth of alfalfa, red clover, and, prob 
ably, to some extent, with the majority of useful crops. 

Professor H. E. T. Haultain of the University of Toronto received 
a grant to continue a research carried on during the past two years 
in an attempt to analyse the paths of balls in ore crushing tube mills 
by means of photography. Some 500 photographs were taken and 
a definite advance was made. 

To investigate the causes of soil corrosion of iron piping and 
other iron structures in Canada, a grant was made to Professor John 
W. Shipley, University of Manitoba. This corrosion, which causes 
a very large annual loss in these provinces, is due to the action of soil 
waters, but the chemical reaction concerned must be ascertained 
before methods of treatment of the iron used in such structures can 
be found to prevent such corrosion. Professor Shipley has been 
engaged on this problem for more than a year and from the results 
he obtained, is confident that the causes of the corrosion can be 
definitely ascertained. 

A few years ago the destructive effect of the alkali soil waters 
of the west on concrete was brought forcibly to the attention of the 
engineering profession, when structures of great importance and 
magnitude situated in the prairie provinces, were found to be dis 
integrating under this destructive agency. A brief survey showed 
that structures involving millions of dollars were endangered, and 
that the problem was so serious that certain engineers of standing 
had decided that until more was known of the action, concrete could 
not be safely used under conditions where alkali ground water would be 
encountered. In view of the importance of this problem, the Re 
search Council awarded a considerable grant to a committee of the 
Engineering Institute of Canada under the chairmanship of Professor 
C. J. Mackenzie of the University of Saskatchewan, which was formed 
to investigate this problem. The investigation has been divided 
into two phases, (a) physical field tests and (b) chemical research. 



LANDS 775 



It is not expected that any results will he available for publication 
for at least another year, as the field specimens have to he exposed to 
alkali conditions for that time before an examination is made. 

The problem of utilizing the low grade iron ore deposits of Canada 
is one of the most vitally important questions with which the Dominion 
aced. Very few large beds of high grade iron ore have been dis 
covered in Canada, but on the other hand many large deposits of 
low grade iron ore are known, and a number are in localities compara 
tively easy of access. These ores, however, must be handled in such 
a way that they can compete with the high grade iron ores now im 
ported from the United States, from which nearly all the iron which 
is now produced in Canada is -melted. A sub-committee of the 
Associate Committee of the Koearch Council on Mining and Metall 
urgy has been investigating this problen along two lines. ) It has 
carefully studied all printed matter and reports on the deposits of 
iron ore in Canada, to ascertain whether any of these ore beds require 
additional study in the field and whether it is advisable to carry on 
prospecting in any particular portion of the Dominion for the purpose 
of discovering new ore beds, (b) The committee is arranging for 
experiments on a commercial scale with certain benefieiated ores now 
produced in Canada with a view to determining their availability for 
blast furnace use and also the cost of producing iron from them. 
They are also arranging to make certain large scale 1 to try certain 
newly discovered methods of beneficiation, which seem specially 
applicable to certain classes of iron ore. These investigations are not 
yet sufficiently advance* 1 to enable a definite statement to be made 
as to the results. 

Many other investigations have been carried on under the 
auspices of the Research Council during 1921-1922. 

Proposed National Research Institute- 

The Research Council in 1917 recommended the establishment 
of a National Research Institute in Canada and a special committee 
of the House of Commons concurred in this recommendation, pointing 
out that similar institutions existed in Great Britain, Germany, the 
United States and Australia, while France, Italy, Japan and New 
Zealand were taking measures to organize research institutes. As 
a consequence a bill providing for the establishment of a National 
Research Institute was passed by the House of Commons in the 
spring of 1921, but was rejected by the Senate. 

PUBLIC LANDS. 

Dominion Lands.- -The Crown Lands of the Dominion of 
Canada are situated (a) in the Prairie Provinces (Manitoba, Saskat 
chewan and Alberta) , (b) in a belt of twenty miles on either side of 
the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, known as the Do 
minion Railway Belt of British Columbia, and (c) in a block in 
northern British Columbia, containing 3,500,000 acres, known as 



776 ADMINISTRATION 



the " Peace River Block." Every person who is the sole head of a 
family and every male who has attained the age of eighteen years 
and is a British subject, or declares intention to become a British 
subject, is entitled to apply for entry for a homestead. The lands 
are laid out in townships of 36 sections. Each section contains 640 
acres and is divided into quarter-sections of 160 acres. A quarter 
section of 160 acres may be obtained as a homestead on payment 
of an entry fee of $10 and fulfilment of certain conditions of residence 
and cultivation. To qualify for the issue of the patent a settler must 
have resided upon his homestead for at least six months in each of 
three years, must have erected a habitable house thereon, and must 
have at least 30 acres of his holding broken, of which 20 acres must 
be cropped. A reduction may be made in the area of breaking 
where the land is difficult to cultivate on account of scrub or stone. 
Provision is made for residence in the vicinity on certain conditions, 
in which case the area of cultivation must be increased. 

Disposal of Dominion Lands in Manitoba, Saskatchewan 
and Alberta. According to figures supplied by the Department of 
the Interior, a total of 123,628,182 acres, equal to 5,366 townships, 
or 193,169 square miles, has been alienated from the Crown. The 
total number of acres surveyed to 1st January, 1921, was 200,280,209, 
of which 25,649,800 were available for homestead entry. Table 6 
shows the distribution of the surveyed area for each of the three 
Prairie Provinces as at January 1, 1921. 

In addition to the surveyed area there are large tracts of land 
in the northern parts of these provinces which have as yet been 
explored only in a very partial way. The total area of this unsur- 
veyed tract is 285,362,489 acres, of which 22,384,720 acres are water 
covered. Reports on the resources and developments of Manitoba, 
Saskatchewan and Alberta have been issued by the Natural Re 
sources Intelligence Branch of the Department of the Interior, some 
of which are as follows: The New Mining District of Manitoba, The 
Peace River District of Alberta, Oil and Gas in Western Canada, 
A description of the resources and possibilities of the province of 
Saskatchewan, and statistical compilations on the Natural Resources 
of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, Athabaska to the Bay. 
Similar reports have been issued with regard to other parts of Canada 
such as: Natural Resources of Nova Scotia, The Province of New 
Brunswick, and Central British Columbia. With the object of 
assisting in the settlement and development of the idle lands in 
Canada, this Branch also publishes lists of unoccupied lands in the 
Prairie and Maritime Provinces, giving a short description of the 
properties, the prices and terms and the owners names and addresses, 
thus affording prospective purchasers an easy means of getting in 
touch with those who are not cultivating their lands and affording 
them an opportunity of selecting lands suitable to their means and 
requirements. 



PUBLIC LANDS 



111 



. Distribution of the Surveyed Areas In Manitoba, Saskatchewan and 

Alberta, January 1, 1921. 



Description. 

* 


Manitoba. . 


Saskat 
chewan. 


Alberta. 


Total. 


TTr*TYioaf &lt;&arla finfOllflinjr TYlilltfl.rV hOTTlftfitGflclfl) . . 


acres. 
8,367,000 


acres. 

27,478,600 


acres. 
18,268,300 


acres. 
54,113,900 


Pre-emption and Purchased Homesteads (1st Sept., 
1QOS to *&gt;0th Mar 1918) 




5,518,200 


2,664.300 


8,182,500 




5,094,700 


2.316,800 


1,240,800 


8,652,300 




3.5 


15,177,063 


13,120,014 


31,864,074 


&lt; it- intivl tn T-fiuinnn R Rav C^omnanv 


1,196,700 


3,183,200 


2,175,600 


6,555,500 


School Land Endowment (1-18 of area surveyed in 


1,630,600 


3,941,000 


3,751,600 


9,324,100 




_ 


,832 


980,850 


1,057.682 




909,800 


1,071,000 


1,304,000 


3.284.800 




140,600 


3,021.tiOO 


2,908,200 


- 6.070.400 


Forest 1^ and Parks 1 


2,386,700 


5,953,700 


16,754,000 


25,094,400 


Reserved for Forestry Purposes (inside surveyed 
tract I 1 


746,300 


1,430,000 


1,677,500 


3,853,800 


Roa&lt; 1 Allowances 1 ....,,... 


974,700 


1,467,400 


1,285,900 


3,728,000 




505,211 


84,010 


118,564 


707.785 




433.860 


1,070.949 


1,36 


2,872.783 




87 


410,21)7 


30: 


800.085 




4,255.500 


1, .til, 100 


2.301.700 


8,468.300 


TJnw Avnilsitilo for entrv 


5,275,900 


4,91 


15,461,000 


25,649,800 














35,572,128 


79,025,551 


85,882,530 


200,280,209 













&gt;Area not available for cultivation. 

Railway Lands. Table 7 is a record for the three fiscal years 
1919, 1920, 1921 of the sales of lands by the Hudson s Bay Company 
and by railway companies having government land grants. The 
total sales in the fiscal year 1921 (the year ended March 31, 1921), 
amounted to 553,630 acres at a price of $10,860,756, as compared 
with 1,026,157 acres at a price of $19,188,225 in the previous fiscal 
year. The 1921 prices average $19.61 per acre, as against $18.69 
in the preceding year. 

7. Land Sales by Railway Companies having Government Land Grants, and by 
the Hudson s Bay Company, in the Fiscal Years 1919-1921. 





11 


)19. 


1 


920. 


1 


921. 


Companies. 


Acres. 


Amount. 


Acres. 


Amount. 


Acres. 


Amount. 


Hudson s Bay Company 


285,561 


$ 

4,978,950 


276,629 


$ 

4,724.941 


178,301 


1 
3,037,369 


Canadian Pacific Railway 


602,555 


10,580,669 


571,571 


11,356,146 


275,636 


5,898,994 


Manitoba Southwestern Coloniza 
tion Hallway 


5,289 


67,214 


4,623 


56,760 


1,518 


20,058 


Qu Appelle, Long Lake, and Sas 
katchewan Railway and Steam 
boat Co 


33,838 


527,670 


32,095 


474,895 


11,432 


160,472 


Calgary and Edmonton Railway 
Company 


31,774 


479,496 


26,953 


425,656 


11,681 


191,928 


Canadian Northern Ry. Co 


65,110 


1,261,963 


86,305 


1,685,241 


69,934 


1,455,319 


Great Northwest Central Rail 
way Company 


14,530 


252,774 


27,981 


464,586 


5,128 


96,616 
















Total 


1,038,657 


18,148,736 


1,026,157 


19,188,225 


553,630 


10,860,756 

















Homestead Entries. In the calendar year 1921 the total 
number of ordinary homestead entries for lands of the Dominion 
Government was 7,346, as compared with 5,435 in 1920, 6,623 in 
1919, 4,378 in 1918, 8,768 in 1917, 12,568 in 1916, 17,532 in 1915, 



778 ADMINISTRATION 



and 25,623 in 1914. In 1921, 1,477 entries were made in Manitoba, 
as against 795 in 1920, 1,209 in 1919, 873 in 1918, 1.618 in 1917. 
2,616 in 1916, 4,113 in 1915 and 4,252 in 1914; 2,729 in Saskatchewan 
against 1,726 in 1920, 1,840 in 1919, 1,273 in 1918, 2,957 in 1917, 
4,519 in 1916, 6,349 in 1915, and 9,752 in 1914; 2,936 in Alberta, 
against 2,794 in 1920, 3,464 in 1919, 2,163 in 1918, 3,982 in 1917, 
5,169 in 1916, 6,584 in 1915 and 10,722 in 1914; and 204 in British 
Columbia against 120 in 1920, 110 in 1919, 69 in 1918, 211 in 1917 
264 in 1916, 486 in 1915 and 847 in 1914. 

Pre-emptions.- The privilege of making pre-emptions or 
purchased homestead entries was withdrawn by Order in Council, 
from 20th March, 1918, confirmed by chapter 19 of the Statutes of 
1918, assented to May 24, 1918. 

Provincial Public Lands. In the Maritime Provinces, in 
Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia, the public lands are admin 
istered by the Provincial Governments. In Prince Edward Island 
all the land is settled. 

Nova Scotia. In Nova Scotia there are no free grants of land; 
but, under conditions prescribed by the Crown Lands Act of the 
Provincial Assembly (10 Edw. VII, 1910, c. 4, s. 26), and an amending 
Act of May 3, 1912, Crown lands, not exceeding in each case 150 acres, 
may be granted for agricultural or grazing purposes to applicants of 
not less than 18 years of age at the price of $1 per acre in addition 
to the expenses of survey. Leases and grants of Crown lands may 
also be obtained upon conditions prescribed. The total area of the 
Crown lands in Nova Scotia is approximately 808,329 acres. 

New Brunswick.- -The area of New Brunswick is about 17,143,- 
000 acres. Of this the Crown holds about 7,500,000 acres, most of 
which is timber land. The province is essentially a wooded country 
and will in all probability always derive a large part of its revenue 
from lumbering industries. Practically all of the Crown timber 
lands are held by license for the cutting of timber, most of these 
licenses expiring in the year 1933. While it may be safely said 
that the bulk of the Crown lands are better suited to lumbering than 
agriculture, yet there are still some Crown lands well suited to mixed 
farming which may be taken up by prospective settlers. One 
hundred acres is the maximum allowed to any one settler, and he 
is required to reside on his land and cultivate the same for three 
years before obtaining a grant of same. For some of the best lands 
II per acre is asked from settlers in addition to the settlement 
duties already ^ referred to. The Crown controls the right to hunt 
and fish within the Province. Hunting of migratory birds and 
fishing in tidal waters are, however, under the control of the Dominion 
Government. With the possible exception of British Columbia and 

i, ?j r u copie ! of *)*?, detailed regulations governing the disposal of provincial Crown lands, application 

should be made as follows: Nova Scotia, to the Secretary for Industries and Immigration, Halifax; New 

unswick, to the Deputy Minister of Lands and Mines, Fredericton; Quebec, to the Deputy Minister of 

.Lands and Forests, Quebec; Ontario, to the Minister of Lands and Forests, Parliament Buildings, Toronto; 

British Columbia to the Deputy Minister of Lands, Victoria 



PUBLIC LANDS 771) 



the Yukon, New Brunswick is probably the best big game country 
in Canada, the Crown land in the interior bring one vast forest 
well watered by rivers, streams and lakes. 

Quebec. In Quebec the area of public lands subdivided and un 
sold on June :*()th, 1920, was 7,(&gt;82,7&lt;&gt;7 aer- During the year 
ended June :Wth, 1921, 421 /-Mil acres were surveyed; 100,301 acres 

reverted to the Crown; 178,626 acre- were sold and granted, the 
receipts including arrears, being $148,041. Adding to the acreage 
available at June 30th, 1920, the area surveyed and the areas that 
reverted, and deducting sales and grants, there remained subdivided 
and unsold on June :&gt;0th, 1921, 8,02."&gt;.7n3 acres. Agricultural land- 
in 100-acre lots are available for settlement upon prescribed con 
ditions at the price of 60 cents per acre. 

Ontario. In Ontario the public lands which are open for disposal 

are chiefly situated in the districts of Muskoka. Parry Sound, Nipissing, 
Sudbury, Algonia, Timiskaming, Thunder Hay, Kenora and Rainy 
River, and in the counties of Haliburton, Peterborough, Hast in-. 
Frontenac, Lennox and Addington and Renfrew. In northern Ontario, 
which comprises the territory lying north and west of the Ottawa 
and French rivers, the townships open for sale are subdivided 
into lots of 320 acres, or sections of 640 acres, and a half lot or quarter 
section of 160 acres is allowed to each applicant at the price of 50 
cents per acre, payable one-fourth cash and the balance in three annual 
instalments with interest at 6 p.c. The applicant must be male 
(or soU 1 female) head of a family, or a single man over 18 years of ap-. 
The conditions of purchase include actual occupation by the purchaser, 
the erection of a house, the clearance and cultivation of at least 10 
p.c. of the area and three years residence. Proxy regulations enable 
an individual to purchase a half lot of 160 acres and place an agent 
in residence, but the duties to be performed before issue of patent 
are double those required in ordinary purchases. 

Free grants are available on lands within the districts of Algoma, 
Nipissing, Thunder Bay, Sudbury, Rainy River and Kenora, and 
between the Ottawa river and the Georgian bay, comprising portions 
of the counties of Renfrew, Frontenac, Addington, Hastings, Peter 
borough and Haliburton and the districts of Muskoka and Parry 
Sound. Grants of 160 acres are made to either single or married 
men in free grant territories where the land is subdivided in sections 
of 320 acres. In the Huron and Ottawa territory an allowance for 
waste lands may increase the grant of a single man to an area not 
exceeding 200 acres, while heads of families may secure 200 acres 
free and purchase an additional 100 acres at 50. cents an acre. 
The settlement duties for free grants are as follows: (a) at least 15 
acres to be cleared and brought under cultivation, of which 2 acres at 
least are to be cleared and cultivated annually; (b) a habitable house 
to be built at least 16 by 20 feet in size; (c) actual and continuous 
residence upon and cultivation of the land for 3 years after location 
and thence to the issue of the patent. The mines and minerals and 
all timber other than pine, are covered by the patent. 



780 ADMINISTRATION 



Returned soldiers who enlisted and rendered overseas service with 
the Canadian Expeditionary Forces are each entitled to an allocation 
of 160 acres free, in any township regularly open for sale, subject 
nevertheless to the performance of settlement duties. 

Ranching lands of prospective quality may be obtained on 
reasonable terms in waste and wooded areas, the valley of the Trent 
river, lying between lake Ontario and the Georgian bay, affording 
good opportunities for cattle and sheep raising. The maximum 
annual rental is 5 cents an acre, on easy stocking conditions. Leases 
may issue on condition that there be regularly maintained on the land 
such number of head of stock as may be consistent with the resources 
of the area covered. 

Ontario includes 230,000,000 acres of land, of which only 
14,500,000 acres are under cultivation. More than 20,000,000 acres of 
the very finest arable land await the plough. Ontario is3| times as 
large as the British Isles and 1| times as large as Texas, and almost 
twice the size of France or Germany. From east to west its borders 
are 1,000 miles apart, and from north to south, 1,075 miles. Recent 
railway construction and colonization road building have made 
accessible vast tracts of untilled farm land and virgin forests in north 
ern Ontario. 

Loans are made to settlers in the northern and northwestern 
districts of Ontario. The maximum amount of any loan to be made 
to a settler is $500, with interest at 6 p.c. per annum, upon such 
terms and conditions as the Loan Commissioner may approve. The 
Government of Ontario is anxious that all bona fide settlers shall take 
full advantage of the opportunity provided to secure any needed loan, 
and full information with respect to same may be secured on appli 
cation to the various Crown Lands Agents, or direct from the Settlers 
Loan Commissioner, Toronto. 

Sites for summer cottages under reasonable terms and conditions 
may be acquired by lease within the Government parks, including 
Algonquin Provincial Park, and by purchase in certain other sections 
of the province. Islands in Timagami are leased without building 
conditions, but islands elsewhere are sold in 5 acre parcels, subject 
in each case to the erection of a building costing not less than $500 
within 18 months. 1 

British Columbia. In British Columbia there are large areas of 
free grant lands. Any British subject being the head of a family, 
a widow, a femme sole who is over 18 years of age and self-supporting, 
a woman deserted by her husband, or whose husband has not contri 
buted to her support for 2 years, a bachelor over 18 years of age, or 
any alien on his making a declaration of his intention to become a 
British subject, may pre-empt free 160 acres of the unoccupied and 
unreserved surveyed Crown lands, not being an Indian settlement and 
not carrying more than 8,000 feet per acre of milling timber west of, 
and 5,000 ft. per acre east of the Cascade Range. Fees payable 

1 Further particulars may be obtained on application to the Minister of Lands and 
Forests, Parliament Buildings, Toronto, Ont. 






PUBLIC LANDS 781 



include $2 for recording, $2 for certificate of improvement and $10 
for Crown grant. Residence and improvement conditions are 
imposed. After occupation for 5 years and making improvements to 
value of $10 per acre, including clearing and cultivation of at least 5 
ncns, the pre-emptor may obtain certificate of improvement and 
crown u-rant. The fact that an applicant has previously homesteaded 
in another province does not preclude him from pre-empting in British 
Columbia. Unsurveyed lands cannot be pre-empted. 

Homesite leases of an area not exceeding 20 acres, surveyed or 
unsurveyed, for occupation and cultivation can be obtained this 
being a provision to enable fishermen, miners or others to obtain 
homesites at small rental, under improvement conditions, including 
building of dwelling in first year, title being procurable after five 
years occupation and completion of survey. 

Under the Land Act vacant and unreserved Crown lands, 
surveyed or unsurveyed, can be purchased in quantities not exceeding 
640 acres for agricultural purposes, on improvement conditions. 
The Minister may require improvements to the value of $5 per acre 
with 4 years of allowance of the sale and Crown grant may be with 
held until it is certified that improvements are mai Price of 
first class (agricultural) lands is $5 per acre; second class (grazing) 
lands $2.50 an acre. 

Crown lands are leased, subject to covenants and agreements 
deemed advisable, for agricultural or industrial purposes for hay- 
cutting, up to 10 years; for other purposes, except timber-cutting, 
up to 21 years. 

The Land Settlement Board has selected a number of land settle 
ment areas contiguous to the Canadian National Railways. Lands 
within these areas are sold on easy terms for farming purposes, con 
ditional upon development, prices being usually from $3 to $10 an 
acre, a small cash payment being required and the balance spread 
over a term of years to suit purchaser. Returned British Columbia 
soldiers are entitled to abatement of $500 on purchase price. The 
Board has power to enforce orders on those owning land within an 
area to improve and to levy a penalty tax for failure; also power 
to procure compulsory sale of undeveloped land. To established 
settlers loans are made by the Board for development purposes from 
$250 to $10,000, not exceeding 60 p.c. of improved value of land 
offered as security. 

Timber-cutting rights are acquired by timber-sale. The appli 
cant locates the timber, and on application being made the area is 
cruised, surveyed if necessary, and advertised for sale by tender. 
All particulars are obtainable from the Forest Branch, Department 
of Lands. Information regarding water-rights, for power, irrigation, 
etc., can be obtained by addressing the Water Rights Branch, Depart 
ment of Lands. 

The area of land administered by the province is 223,619,650 
acres, of which 199,388,733 acres are vacant and unreserved; 4,591,991 
acres are included in Indian, park, game, forest and other reserves 
and 9,094,127 acres in timber, pulp, coal, grazing and other leases or 



782 



A DM I N 1ST R A TION 



licenses. The total area of surveys is 32,574,987 acres, including 
22,510,903 acres of land surveys, 8,945,119 acres of timber, 652,848 
acres of coal lands and 466,117 acres of mineral claims. The area 
included in cities is 56,270 acres and in district municipalities 888,378 
acres. The area of the province is 238,469,600 acres, of which 
92,800,000 acres is above timberline, and 91,432,100 acres is forested- 
39,352,000 acres carrying over 1,000 ft. per acre and 17,281,600 
acres from 5,000-30,000 ft. per acre. The area suitable for agri 
culture is estimated at 22,608,000 acres. On Vancouver island, an 
area of 2,110,054 acres is included in the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Ry. 
land grant, embracing the southeastern portion of the island, and 
applications for lands in this area are made to the land agent of 
that railway at Victoria. 

8. Homestead Entries in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia, 
by Nationalities, made during the Fiscal Years 1916-1921. 



Nationalities. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Canadians from Ontario 


No. 

1,885 


No. 
1,500 


No. 

1 179 


No. 

599 


No. 

937 


No. 

fifi 1 ! 


Quebec 


505 


496 


425 


260 


298 


970 


Nova Scotia 


137 


124 


138 


53 


106 


78 


New Brunswick 


82 


70 


87 


31 


83 


52 


Prince Edward Island 


54 


51 


49 


17 


47 


37 


Manitoba 


1,137 


657 


403 


238 


365 


937 


Saskatchewan 


280 


284 


177 


75 


126 


10"&gt; 


Alberta 


310 


233 


158 


87 


144 




British Columbia 


63 


68 


47 


28 


37 


27 


Persons who had previous entry 


2,779 


1,642 


1 087 


606 


875 


871 


Newfoundlanders. . . . 


14 


4 


8 


2 


10 


Q 


Canadians returned from the United States 


19 


17 


10 


6 


13 


Q 


Americans 


2 416 


1 734 


2 084 


870 


1 318 


1 079 


English 


2 374 


1 469 


888 


fi^Q 


1 9S9 


001 


Scotch 


700 


496 


285 


ISO 


3fiO 


9J.9 


Irish 


314 


194 


142 


87 


154 




French 




65 


54 


38 


K.S 


oa 


Belgians 


103 


46 


39 


1Q 


Ofi 


o 


Swiss 


37 


30 


24 


s 


13 


1C 


11 alians 


100 


48 


25 


21 


12 


1Q 


Roumanians 


40 


24 


19 


7 


111 


19 


Syrians .,. .. 


5 


5 


2 


1 


4 


1 


Germans 


170 


75 


10 


7 


K 


99 


Austro-Hungarians 


1 745 


735 


125 


38 


69 


170 


Dutch 


50 


41 


42 


Ifi 


1Q 


a 


Danes (other than Icelanders) 


100 


57 


46 


29 


35 


46 


Icelanders 


74 


36 


38 


10 


20 




Swedes 


342 


235 


195 


60 


82 


71 


Norwegians 


309 


226 


248 


83 


Q2 


84 


Russians (other than Mennonites, boukhobors and 
Finns) 


719 


489 


217 


74 


105 


qi 


Chinese 


4 




1 


4 


1 




Japanese 


2 


a 


2 


o 






Persians 






2 








Australians 


4 


10 


R 


1 


* 


&lt;&gt; 


New Zealanders 


2 




2 




1 


i 


Greeks 


3 


i 




1 


1 


2 


Hindus.. . . 


4 


3 










Bulgarians 


4 


9 


4 








Serbians 


4 


o 


2 


i 


4 




Spaniards 




Q 


1 








Turks 


4 












Hebrews 


ft 




2 








Other nationalities. . 


19 


24 


46 


28 


51 


23 
















Total 


17 O.tO 


niaq 


e &lt;tia 


4 227 


6712 


5*?Cft 

















DEPARTMEXT OF THE SECRETARY or STATE 



rsa 



S. Receipts of Patents and Homestead Entries in the Fiscal Years 1916-1921. 



Sources of Receipts. 


16. 


17. 


1818. 


1919. 


- 0. 


I .t. l. 


Homestead fees 


$ 

170 


$ 

11. , lid 


$ 


$ 

42,190 


$ 

67 


$ 
53,880 


Cash sales 


1,07 






2,19: 




1,721,172 


Scrip suit s 






131 




80 


_ 


1 lIllblT lllH -i 








40s 


589 


705. :ut 


liny ponmts, mining, stoM quan 

cash . 








,978 


,414 
















371,152 


( i PI i.-&gt; n \ i-r. . 




4, I 1 




3,61i 




4,081 


Refunds 






11 




111 


1,751 


mil 1 






1,444 








Total ivvfiu; 










57,44 


71,39 


Letters pritcnt for Dominion lun : 
Homestead en tries 


is, 989 
17 


Is, 771 
11 






17 


17 

















DEPARTMENT OF THE &gt;K&lt; KETAKY OF STATE. 

The Department of the Secretary ( ^ State was constituted in its 
present form in 1873 through the meriin^ of the previously-existing 
offices of the Secretaries of State for Canada and for the Proviin 
The Secretary of State i- the official mouthpiece of the Governor 
General, as well as the medium of communication between the 
Dominion and Provincial Governments, all correspondence between 
the two being conducted by him with the Lieutenant-Governor. He 
is also the custodian of the Great Seal of Canada and the Privy Seal 
as well as the channel by which the general public may approach the 
Crown. 

The Secretary of State is also the K, -i.-trar ( leneral. registering all 
proclamations, commissions, charters, land patents and other instru 
ments issued under the Great Seal. He is further charged with the 
administration of the Companies Act, the Canada Temperance Act 
and the Naturalization Act. The following information on the 
subjects has been secured in the course of administration. 

Charters of Incorporation.- -The number of companies in 
corporated under the Companies Act and amending Acts during the 
fiscal year 1920-21 was 852 (a- airainst 991 in the previous year), 
with a total capitalization of 8752,062,683 (as against, $603,210,850 
in the previous year). During the year Supplementary Letters 
Patent were granted to 229 companies, of which 135 increased their 
capital stock by the aggregate amount of $79,803,000, 17 decreased 
their capital stock by s7 ? 698,300, the remaining 77 being granted 
Supplementary Letters Patent for various purposes such as changing 
names, extending powers, etc. The total capitalization of new 
companies plus the net increase of capital of existing companies 
amounted to $824,167,383. 

Canada Temperance Act. Under Parts I and II of this Act 
provision is made for the prohibition of the sale of intoxicating liquors 
in counties and cities. During the calendar year 1921 a vote was 
taken upon the repeal of the Act in the city of Quebec. The repeal 
was carried by a large majority and became effective from the 22nd 
October, 1921. The Act was suspended by Order in Council without 



784 



ADMINISTRATION 



the taking of a vote in the County of Peel, Ontario. Part IV of the 
Act relates to the prohibition of the importation of intoxicating 
liquors into the provinces. During the calendar year plebiscites were 
taken under this part in the Provinces of Ontario and New Brunswick 
and in the Yukon Territory. In all, six provinces have so far voted 
against the importation of intoxicating liquor. 

Naturalizations.- -The naturalizations effected under the Nat 
uralization Act (R.S. 1906, c. 77) for the calendar years 1908-1917 
inclusive, were given on page 594 of the Year Book for 1919. Since 
January 1, 1918, the only method of obtaining naturalization has been 
under what is known as the " Imperial Naturalization Act, which 
came into force on January 1, 1915. This Act was known under the 
title of the Naturalization Act, 1914, until July 7, 1919, when it was 
repealed and the Naturalization Act, 1919, came into force. On 
July 1, 1920, the Naturalization Act, 1919, was repealed, and the 
Naturalization Act, 1914, was revived and amended under the title 
of the Naturalization Acts, 1914 and 1920. This latter Act is the 
one now in force. Table 10 shows the principal nationalities granted 
naturalization under these Acts during the calendar years from 1915 
to 1921. It is a noteworthy fact that the number of certificates issued 
under the above Acts increased from 124 in the year 1915 to 8,773 in 
1920 and 11,069 in 1921. 

10. Naturalization in Canada by Principal Nationalities effected under the 
Naturalization Acts 1914-1920 during the Calendar Years 1915, 1916, 1917, 

1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921. 



Nationalities. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Albanians 












2 


3 


Americans 


50 


63 


58 


11 


37 


3 552 


2 516 


Arabians 












1 




Argentinians 










1 




1 


Austrians 












13 


182 


Austro-Hungarians 












3 


25 


Belgians 




1 


1 


8 


65 


102 


137 


Bohemians 










2 






Brazilians 


1 










2 


2 


Bulgarians 












3 


5 


Chinese 


1 


5 


4 


2 


21 


20 


25 


Czecho-Slovaks 










1 


102 


143 


Danes 


g 


3 


12 


16 


115 


133 


171 


Dutch 


3 


6 


4 


18 


80 


99 


94 


Dutch East Indies 








1 








Finns 










17 


111 


152 


French 


3 


5 


3 


7 


128 


127 


158 


Germans 








1 




112 


257 


Germans (Alsace-Lorraine) 












1 




Greece 


2 


6 




4 


30 


161 


224 


Hungarians 












7 


28 


Italians 


2 


3 


1 


5 


156 


181 


428 


Japanese 


9 


17 


31 


15 


82 


125 


135 


Jugo-Slovaks 












3 


2 


Luxembourgers 








1 


1 


6 


7 


Montenegrins 




1 






1 


4 


4 


Nationality undetermined... . 














1 


No nationality 










2 


1 


3 


Norwegians 


K 




4 


34 


210 


366 


299 


Persians 












3 


4 


Poles 










58 


1 232 


1 997 


Pole (Ukrainian) 












7 


300 


Pole (Russian) 














3 


Portuguese 










1 




1 


Re-admission , 


_ 


^ 







4 


- 





i)i&gt;;rMi T.\n-:.\T OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 



,- 



!. Naturalizations In Canada by Prlnt-lpal Nationalities, effected under the 

Naturalization Acts 1914-1920 during the calendar years 1915, 1916, 

1917, 1918, 1919, 1920 and 1921 on. lu.h d 



Nationalities. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Roumanians 


6 


3 


2 


g 


tt 


384 


872 


Russians 


6 


6 


5 


Q 


AC 7 


i JOI 


o noi 


Serbians . . . 








| 


t 


04 


4 


Serb-Croat-Slovaks 


_ 


_ 








22 


122 


Spaniards 


_ 






3 


4 


I 


I 


Swedes 


15 


14 


g 


37 


21fi 


QC4 


loe 


-s 


g 


10 


1 


10 


fl 




fiQ 


Turks 


1 










2 


10 


Turk (Armenian) 










i 


*?Q 


ft? 


Turk (Assyrian) 

















Turk (Greek) 












3 


11 


Turk (Macedonian) 


_ 












i 


Turk (Mesopotamia)... 


_ 










4 


2 


Turk (Palestine) 












1 


1 


Turk (Syrian) 












79 


114 


Venezuelans... 






1 










Section 4 


3 


2 








2 




Section 11 s.s. (c) s Chap. 38, Nat. Act, 1919. 
British in Canada 






- 


- 


7 


2 




















Total 


! 1 


! M 


135 


10 i 


2 It ll 


87&gt;U 


n, 



















1 Under Section 4 of the Naturalization Act, 1914, the Secretary of State is authorized in his discretion 
to grant a special certificate of naturalization to any person with regard to whose nationality as a British 
subject a doubt erists. 

1 Resumption of British nationality by wife of alien being a subject of state at war with His Majesty. 



DEPARTMENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. 
The Indians of Canada. 1 

Population. The Indians of Canada number about 100,000, 
not varying very much from year to year. Their numbers are, 
however, slowly increasing and the popular notion that the race 
is disappearing is not in accordance with fact 

Administration. Indians are minors under the law, and their 
affairs are administered by the Department of Indian Affairs under 
the authority of the Indian Act, This Department is the oldest 
governmental organization in the Dominion, dating back to the time 
of the Conquest. It was originally under the military authorities, 
and did not become a part of the civil administrative machinery 
until 1845. By section 5 of the British North America Act, 1867, 
ihe Indians of Canada and the lands reserved for them came under 
the control of the Dominion Government, and in 1873 an Act of the 
Canadian Parliament (R.S., c. 81) provided that the Minister of the 
Interior should be Superintendent General of Indian Affairs and as 
such have the control and management of the lands and property of 
the Indians in Canada. The aim of the Department of Indian 
Affairs is the advancement of the Indians in the arts of civilization, 
and agents have been appointed to encourage the Indians under 
their charge to settle on the reserve and to engage in industrial 
pursuits. 

1 Contributed by the Department of Indian Affairs. 

3813150 



786 ADMINISTRATION 



Reserves have been set aside for the various bands of Indians 
throughout the Dominion, according to their respective requirements, 
and the Indians located thereon are under the supervision of the 
local agents of the Department. The activities of the Department 
as guardian of the Indians, include the control of Indian education, 
health, etc., the development of agriculture and other pursuits among 
them for their advancement, the administration of their funds and 
legal transactions and the general supervision of their welfare. 

The educational work of the Department is now very extensive. 
A total of 321 Indian schools are in operation, comprising 247 day, 
58 boarding and 16 industrial schools. 

The local administration of the Indian bands on the reserves 
scattered throughout the Dominion is conducted through the Depart 
ment s agencies, of which there are in all 114. The number of bands 
included in an agency varies from one to more than thirty. The 
staff of an agency usually includes various officers in addition to the 
agent, such as medical officer, clerk, farm instructor, field matron, 
constable, stockman, etc., according to the special requirements of 
the agency in question. The work of the agencies is supervised by 
the Department s inspectors, each inspector having charge of a 
certain number of agencies. Expenditures upon destitute Indians 
are made by the Dominion Government, either from public funds or 
from the tribal funds of the Indians. 

The Indian Act provides for the enfranchisement of Indians. 
When an Indian is enfranchised, he ceases to be an Indian under 
the law, and acquires the full status of citizenship. In the older 
provinces, where the Indians have been longer in contact with civil 
ization, many are becoming enfranchised. Great discretion, however, 
is exercised by the Government in administering this problem, 
as Indians who become enfranchised lose thereby the special pro 
tection attached to their wardship, so that it is necessary to guard 
against premature enfranchisement. 

Linguistic Stock and Tribal Origin. The separate linguistic 
stocks that are generally recognized in Canada are Algonkin, Iro- 
quoian, Siouan, Athapascan, Kootenay, Salish, Wakashan, Haida, 
and Tsimshian. The most numerous stock is the Algonkin, which 
extends from the Atlantic coast to the Rocky mountains, and includes 
the Micmacs of the Maritime Provinces, the Hurons and Algonkins, 
Maliseets and Naskapees of Quebec, the Ojibbewas or Chippewas 
of Ontario, and the Crees, Bloods, Peigans and Blackfeet of the 
Western Provinces. Next in strength to the Algonkin stock comes 
the Iroquoian stock (Six Nations Confederacy), which is not aboriginal 
to Canada, but migrated from the United States and is settled in 
Ontario and Quebec. The Athapascan stock covers the northern 
parts of Alberta, Saskatchewan, the North-West Territories, Yukon 
and the northern interior of British Columbia. 

There are only a few bands of Siouans in Canada. They are 
found in the Prairie Provinces, and, like the Iroquois, migrated from 
the United States. With the exception of the Athapascan tribes of 



DEPART M1-:\T OF INDIAN AFFAIRS 787 

the northern interior above referred to, the Indians of British 
Columbia appear to be wholly separate races from the other native 
inhabitants of Canada, their customs, arts and crafts, physical 
characteristics and temperament bearing no similarity to those of 
the Indians of the eastern and prairie provinces. The British 
Columbia Indians are divided into several linguistic stocks, namely, 
Kootenay, found in the southeastern interior, the Salish, which is 
the most numerous, in the southwestern part of the province, and 
the Wakashan or Kwawkiutl-nootka, and Haida and Tsimshian in 
the northern coastal districts. 

Treaties. In the older eastern provinces, the history of the 
Indians has been one of slow development with that of the com 
munity. In western Ontario and the Prairie Provinces, the situation 
has been different. There the rapid spread of civilization made it 
necessary to take prompt and effective measures to protect the moral 
claims of the Indians, which are recognized by the Government. 
Accordingly, treaties were entered into with the Indians whereby 
the latter ceded to the Crown their aboriginal title and interest in 
the country. In consideration of such cession, the Crown agreed to 
set aside adequate reserves, make cash grants, provide per capita 
annuities, give assistance in agriculture, stock raising, hunting, 
trapping, etc., as particular circumstances might require, provide 
education for the Indian children and otherwise safeguard the Indians 
interests. These treaties have been made from time to time as 
occasion arose, and as new territories were opened up. The last 
treaty to be made, Treaty No. 11, was effected in the summer of 
1921, and covered the Mackenzie River district, where it was nee. 
sary to protect the Indian interests, owing to the oil rush and con 
sequent rapid settlement of the country. No treaty has been made 
with the Indians of British Columbia, but their welfare has received 
no less attention from the Government on that account. 

Industries and Occupations.- -The industries and occupations 
of the Indians do not vary greatly from those of the other sections of 
the community in the localities in which their reserves are respectively 
situated. In the remoter and more unsettled parts of the country, 
however, hunting and trapping is still their chief source of livelihood. 
This, and the manufacture of native wares, may be said to be the only 
distinctively Indian vocations. A considerable number of Indians 
have qualified in the professions and those holding degrees are ipso 
facto enfranchised by the Indian Act. Almost every industry, trade 
and occupation now has its Indian representatives. 

Maritime Provinces. In the Maritime provinces the Indians are 
variously engaged in the occupations of hunting, fishing, trapping 
and farming, according to the respective locations of their reserves. 

Ontario and Quebec. Mixed farming is the principal occupation 

of the Indians in the settled parts of Ontario and Quebec. They have 

made marked progress in agriculture, especially in Ontario, during 

the past few years. The Department of Indian Affairs employs 

33131501 



788 ADMINISTRATION 



special travelling agricultural representatives who visit the Indians 
reserves and schools, giving instruction and advice in order to pro 
mote the adoption of modern agricultural methods. This policy 
has proven most effective. The Indians of Ontario and Quebec 
still derive considerable income from the manufacture of their native 
wares, such as baskets, moccasins, snow-shoes, etc. Hunting and 
trapping is still the principal means of livelihood among the Indians 
of the northern and more outlying parts of Ontario and Quebec. 

Prairie Provinces. Grain and stock raising are the principal 
occupations of the Indians of the Prairie provinces. The advance 
ment of these western Indians during the past few years has been 
notable. When the Government took charge of these Indians after 
the disappearance of the buffalo, they were in a destitute and helpless 
condition and had to be rationed. The Department of Indian Affairs 
inaugurated the policy of instructing the Indians in modern methods 
of farming and the care of cattle, with a view to placing them 
eventually on a self-supporting basis. The money derived from the 
surrender and sale of Indian lands has been applied to the purchase 
of modern agricultural implements, the construction of better houses 
on the reserves, and other improvements. The problem of trans 
forming a race of nomadic hunters into tillers of the soil is a formidable 
one, but in the case of the Indians of the plains the efforts of the 
Government in this direction have met with remarkable success. 
As a result of the agricultural and stock-raising operations among 
these Indians, rationing is practically a thing of the past, except in 
the cases of those who are aged or invalids, and, therefore, unable 
to support themselves. It is part of the duty of the Indian Depart 
ment to support and care for destitute Indians, just as municipalities 
and organized charities are obliged to look after those in a similar 
condition in white communities. 

Instruction in farming and the care of stock is now given at the 
majority of the Indian schools, and the educational work among 
the young Indians is in this manner linked up with the agricultural 
advancement on the reserve. Upon leaving school an Indian pupil 
is assisted by a grant of cattle or horses, implements, tools and building 
material. This method of encouragement has proven to be a prom 
inent factor in moulding the life of the Indian communities, and 
although disappointing individual cases are inevitable, the record of the 
ex-pupils on returning from the schools to the reserves is on the whole 
very satisfactory and amply repays the trouble and expense entailed 
in their education. A number of industrial schools for Indians have 
been established, which correspond on a smaller scale to the agri 
cultural colleges of white communities. 

British Columbia The principal occupations of the Indians 
living on the coast of British Columbia are fishing and working in 
salmon canneries. Many of the Indian fishermen have gasoline 
launches which they construct themselves with great skill and effic 
iency. Mixed farming is the principal occupation of the more advanced 
Indians in the interior agricultural parts of the province. In the 



])rrM;T.Ml-:.\T OF IM&gt;I.\\ AFFAIl. 789 

northern interior districts hunting and trapping continue to be the 
principal occupations of the Indian-. 

North West Territories and Yukon.- -The Indians of these parts 

are almost solely dependent on fishing and hunting. 

Health, Sanitation and Dwellings.- The health of tin 
India nerally does not differ very greatly from that of the other 

sections of the community, with the exception that they are even 
more susceptible to tuberculosis than other races. The standards 
of sanitation among them are not so good as might be desired, but 
there is a marked improvement from year to year. The officers of 
the Indian Department are paying particular attention to prophy 
lactic instruction amongst them. 

Aboriginally, the Algonqnins and Athabascans dwelt in tepees, 
and the Iroquois in long houses of log construction. The British 
Columbian coast Indians dwelt in large barn-like community houses 
of frame construction, a few of which are still in use in the more 
backward villages. The houses of the Indians throughout the Dom 
inion are now much the same as those of other people, although in 
the more remote and inaccessible parts a few still live in tepees. 

The Indians in the Great War.- The Indians of Canada 
established a proud record in the (ireat \Var and well maintained the 
traditional loyalty of their ancestors who supported the British 
cause in 1770 and IS 12. More than four thousand Indians enlisted 
with the Canadian Expeditionary Force, notwithstanding the fact 
that they were specially exempted from the operation of the Military 
Service Act. The Indian soldiers gave an excellent account of them 
selves at the front and were highly commended for their coura.i 
intelligence, stamina and discipline. They excelled as sharp-shooters, 
and the tales of their individual prowess will live long in the history 
of the Dominion. The Indian returned soldiers are doing well and 
are taking advantage of the Soldiers Settlement Act, which applies 
to them in the same manner as to other returned soldiers. 

The Indians contributed upwards of $50,000 to the Patriotic, 
Red Cross and other War Funds, and on many of the reserves the 
Indian women were very active in Red Cross and other war work. 

Statistical Tables, --Tables 11-16, compiled from the Reports 
of the Department of Indian Affairs, give for the years named par 
ticulars respecting population, religion, education, agriculture and 
financial status. Table 16 shows that during the year 1920 crops 
to the value of $3,577,119 were raised by the Indians; the corres 
ponding value in 1919 was 3,462,147. Educational advantages are 
provided for the Indians in day, boarding and industrial schools, 
and for educational purposes appropriations were made by Parliament 
amounting for the year 1920-21 to $1,112,419. Several bands of 
Indians assist, and during the fiscal year 1920-21 the sum of $47,297 
was available from this source. As shown in Table 12, the total, 
number of Indian children enrolled as attending school during the 
fiscal year 1921 was 12,558, and the average attendance was 8,723. 



790 



ADMINISTRATION 



The total expenditure from appropriations of the Indian Depart 
ment for the year 1920-21 is $2,090,163. On March 31, 1921, the 
Indians had to the credit of their trust funds $11,458,661, derived 
from sales of lands and timber and from rentals of grazing and other 
lands. The amount named represents an increase of $558,604 over 
that of the preceding year. 

11. Indian Population in Canada, by Provinces, 1911-1917. 



Provinces. 


1911. 


1912. 


1913. 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


Prince Edward Island 


292 


300 


292 


288 


288 


302 


292 


Nova Scotia 


2,026 


1,969 


2,018 


2,050 


2,042 


2,119 


2,031 


New Brunswick 


1,802 


1,903 


1,920 


1,906 


1,862 


1,874 


1,846 


Quebec 


11,462 


12,817 


12,842 


12,935 


13,174 


13,348 


13,366 


Ontario 


22,496 


26,393 


26,077 


26,419 


26, 162 


26,305 


26,411 


Manitoba 


6,104 


10,373 


10,822 


10,290 


10,798 


11,935 


11,583 


Saskatchewan 


9,439 


9,545 


9,699 


9,779 


9,775 


9,962 


10,646 


Alberta 


8,088 


8,113 


9,228 


8,281 


8,500 


8,682 


8,837 


British Columbia 


24,581 


24,781 


25,172 


25,370 


25,399 


25,737 


25,694 


Yukon 


3,500 


3,500 


1,389 


1,528 


1,528 


1,528 


1,528 


Northwest Territories 


13,871 


5,262 


8,030 


4,928 


4,003 


3,769 


3,764 


















Indians In Canada 


103,661 


104,956 


106,490 


103,774 


103,531 


105,561 


105,998 


Eskimos 


4,600 


4,600 


3,447 


3,447 


3,447 


3,296 


3,296 



















12. Attendance of Pupils at Indian Schools, by Provinces, fiscal year ended 

March 31, 1921. 



Provinces. 


Number 
of 
Schools. 


Number of Pupils on Roll. 


Average 
Attend 
ance. 


Percent 
age of 
attend 
ance. 


Boys. 


Girls. 


Total. 


Prince Edward Island 


2 
14 
12 
30 
91 
51 
33 
24 
57 
5 
7 


23 
117 
134 
615 
1,816 
974 
661 
522 
1,188 
66 
103 


19 
129 
130 
719 
1,774 
970 
676 
511 
1,205 
80 
126 


42 
246 
264 
1,334 
3,590 
1,944 
1,337 
1,033 
2,393 
146 
229 


17 
114 
167 
826 
2,062 
1,203 
1,012 
825 
2,233 
86 
178 


40-47 
46-34 
63-25 
61-92 
57-44 
61-83 
75,69 
79-86 
93-31 
58-90 
77-73 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Yukon 


Northwest Territories 


Total 


326 


6,219 


6,339 


12,558 


8,723 


69-47 





13. Acreage and Value of Indian Lands, by Provinces, 1921. 



Provinces. 


Total 
acreage of 
reserves. 


Land cleared 
but not under 
cultivation. 


Land 
under 
cultivation. 


Value 
of 
Lands. 


Prince Edward Island 


Acres. 
1,527 


Acres. 
400 


Acres. 
401 


$ 

20,000 


New Brunswick 


20,782 


867 


834 


70,600 


Nova Scotia 


21,730 


3,149 


2,383 


88,700 


Quebec 


158,767 


16, 193 


9,953 


1,369,745 


Ontario 


1,025,411 


73,492 


66,916 


4,931,320 


Manitoba 


401,937 


107,046 


12,689 


2,900,646 


Saskatchewan 


1,173,888 


800,321 


42,409 


12,101,854 


Alberta . . 


1,307,346 


870,010 


54,324 


17,705,830 


British Columbia 


731,090 


280,466 


31,918 


12,842,697 












Total 


4,842,478 


2,151,944 


221,827 


52,031,392 













DEPARTMENT OF I.\ DIAN AFFAIRS 



791 



14. Area and Yield of Field Crops of Indians, by Provinces, 



Provinces. 


Wheat. 


Oats. 


Other Grain. 




Acres. 
15 
13 
30 
436 
3,696 
3,235 
9,205 
9,310 
1,724 


Bush. 
175 
335 
300 
5,682 
43,361 
32,981 
117,884 
158.671 
47,850 


Acres. 
35 
46 
121 
2,879 
11.438 
1,929 
14,202 
6,968 
3,293 


Bush. 
650 
1,030 
560 
51,527 
326,931 
35,571 
265,239 
134,137 
106,273 


Acres. 
3 
12 
41 
1,347 
3,913 
1,460 
483 
621 
1,148 


Bush. 
15 
320 
626 
24,600 
79,912 
13,781 
5,114 
14,202 
28,502 












Saskatchewan ,..,,,. 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Total 


27,864 


407,239 


49,911 


921,918 


9,028 


167,072 





Province. 


Potatoes. 


Other Roots. 


Hay and 
Fodder. 


Prince Edward Island ... 


Acres. 

10 
78 
215 
977 
1,763 
447 
110 

2,654 


Bush. 
950 
3,425 
4,620 
50,600 
81,856 
28,965 
9,343 
6,939 
328,653 


Acres. 

1 
17 
13 
105 
1,392 
56 
45 
24 
1,002 


Bush. 
40 
790 

4,809 
28,684 
2,341 
3,444 
l 
55,404 


Tons. 
120 
279 
320 
7,027 
33,017 
19,680 
43,895 
23,073 
23,651 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick . 




Ontario . . 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 




British Columbia .... 


Total 


6,383 


515,351 


2,655 


96,625 


151,062 





15. Numbers of Farm Live Stock of Indians, with Total Values, by Frounces, 192t. 



Provinces. 


Horses. 


Cattle. 


Poultry. 


Value of 
Live Stock 
and 
Poultry. 


Prince Edward Island 


No. 
14 


No. 

29 


No. 
80 


$ 

3,500 


Nova Scotia 


83 


406 


1,310 


24,640 


New Brunswick 


56 


108 


405 


8,660 




1,079 


4,658 


13,164 


230,946 


Ontario 


4,493 


10, 799 


62,496 


772,280 




1,286 


2,753 


3,085 


253,890 


Saskatchewan 


5,359 


7,535 


5,966 


891,097 


Alberta . 


10,170 


5,977 


2,573 


756,068 


British Columbia 


12,619 


20,402 


32,595 


1,099,889 












Total 


35,159 


52,667 


121,674 


4,040,970 













1C. Sources and Values of Income of Indians, 1920. 







Value of 




Re- 


1 


larned by 




Tnfal 


Provinces. 


Farm 
Products 
including 
Hay. 


Beef 
Sold or 
used for 
food. 


Wages 
Earned. 


from 
Land 
Rentals. 


Fish 
ing. 


Hunting 
and 
Trapping. 


Other 
Indus 
tries. 


Income 
of 
Indians. 


Prince Edward Island . . . 
Nova Scotia 


I 

3,000 
22,450 


* 

500 
5,010 


$ 

1,500 
77,950 


* 


* 

1,000 
7,040 


* 

100 
8,950 


* 

7,000 
41,905 


1 

13,100 
164,313 


New Brunswick 


9,900 


260 


31,200 


5,320 


3,260 


2,450 


7,875 


62,456 


Quebec 


316,820 


38,775 


461.033 


25,637 


8,270 


133,465 


110,726 


1,110,259 


Ontario 


883,819 


55,890 


1,131,043 


77,591 


176,235 


452,422 


129,449 


3,230,133 


Manitoba 


212,338 


17,715 


168,310 


1,026 


81,175 


153,985 


61,295 


765,144 


Saskatchewan 


764,916 


119,162 


124,703 


26,745 


34,205 


92,291 


112,394 


1,421,344 


Alberta 


508,977 


57,753 


140,014 


105,042 


4,140 


26,315 


96,770 


1,060,892 


British Columbia 


854,899 


72,990 


591,020 


43,502 


731,435 


233,932 


293,080 


2,842,909 




















Total 


3,577,119 


368,055 


2,726,773 


284,863 


1,046,760 


1,103,910 


860,494 


10,670,550 





















792 A DMINISTRA TION 



PUBLIC WORKS. 

Since Confederation and before, the Department of Public Works 
has been known as the constructing department. In 1879 the rail 
ways and canals were placed under control of a new department, 
the building and maintenance of penitentiaries were transferred 
to the Department of Justice, the maintenance and construction of 
lighthouses to the Marine and Fisheries Department, and the smaller 
drill halls and armouries to the Department of Militia and Defence. 
The work of the Department of Public Works is now divided into 
three principal branches, viz., the Engineering Branch, the Architect s 
Branch, and the Telegraph Branch. 

Engineering. The Engineering Branch comprises the construc 
tion and repair of wharves, piers, breakwaters, dams, weirs, bank and 
beach protection works; the improvement of harbours and rivers by 
dredging; the construction, maintenance and operation of government 
dredging plant; the construction and maintenance of graving docks; 
the construction, maintenance and working of slides and booms; the 
construction and maintenance of interprovincial bridges and 
approaches thereto, and of bridges on highways of federal importance 
in the Northwest Territories and the maintenance of military roads; 
also hydrographic and ordinary surveys and examinations, inclusive 
of precision levelling and geodetic measurements which are required 
for the preparation of plans, reports and estimates; the testing of 
cements, etc. The Branch has charge of about 1,700 harbour works, 
4 graving docks, 4 slide and boom works, interprovincial bridges, 40 
dredges and 228 tugs, scows and other dredging plant. 

Architecture.- - The Architect s Branch builds and maintains 
government buildings, post offices, custom houses, examining ware 
houses, and constructs quarantine, immigration and experimental 
farm buildings, armouries, military hospitals and drill halls, land 
offices and telegraph offices. The most important public building now 
under construction is that of the new Houses of Parliament at Ottawa. 

Telegraphs.- -The Telegraph Branch has control over the con 
struction, repair, and maintenance of all government-owned telegraph 
lines and cables. These lines are located in the provinces of Nova 
Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta, 
British Columbia, and the Yukon, and statistics relating to them 
are given on page 581. 

Graving Docks.- -There are four graving or dry docks com 
pleted and owned by the Canadian Government. The dimensions of 
these docks are shown in Table 17. The dock at Kingston, Ontario, 
is under lease to the Kingston Shipbuilding Company. The dock at 
Levis, Quebec, east of the old dock, is 1,150 feet long, divided into 
two parts (650 and 500 feet respectively), and 120 feet wide; it has 
a depth at high water of 40 feet. It cost about $3,500,000. A new 
dock is under construction at Esquimalt, B.C.; the dimensions are 
given in Table 17. Under the Dry Dock Subsidies Act, 1910 



PUBLIC WORKS 



793 



(9-10 Kdw. VI 1, C, 17) 1 , several docks have luvn subsidized by pay- 
nuMits of 3 or 3J p.c. per annum on the original cost for a &lt;;iven 
number of year-, as shown by Table 18. 

17. Dimensions of Graving Docks owned by the Dominion Government. 



Location. 


Length. 


Width at 


Depth of 
water 

on sill. 


Rise of tide. 


Coping. 


Bottom. 


Entrance. 


Spring. 


Neap. 


Levis, Que 


Feet. 

600-3 
430 
M56 
308-6 
1,150 


Feet. 

100 
90 
135 
79 
144 


Feet. 

59-3 
41 
125 
47 
105 


Feet. 
67-6 
65 
125 
55 
120 


Feet. 
25-8 
26} 
40 
14} & 16} 
40 H.W. 


Feet. 
18 
7 to 10 
7 to 10 

18 


Feet. 
13-3 

3toS 
3 to8 

13-3 


JEjSouimalt B C . 


Ksquimalt (New) 


Kingston, Ont 


Lauzon, Que 





is. -Dimensions and Cost of Graving Docks subsidized under the Dry Dock 

Subsidies Act, 1910. 



Location. 


Length. 


\Yidth. 


Depth 

OViT 
Bill. 


Total 
cost. 


Subsidy. 


Collingwood No. 1, Ont 


Feet. 
515-10 

413-2 
708-3 
600 
600 
650 
300 
1,150 


Feet. 

59-8 
95 
77-0 
100 
100 
77 
80 

(Plans 
those of 


Feet. 
16 
16 
16-2 
27} 
25 
18} 
15 

not yet 
the new . 


$ 

500,000 
306,965 
1,258,050 
3,000,000 
2,199,168 
1,326,529 
894, 121 

approved, 

Levis dock 


3 p.c. for 20 years. 
3 p.c. for 20 years. 
3 p.c. for 20 years. 
3} p.c. for 35 years. 
3} p.c. for 25 years. 
3 p.c. for 20 years. 1 
3 p.c. for 20 years. 1 

but will be similar to 
.) 


Collingwood No. 2, Ont 


Port Arthur, Ont 


Montreal, Que 


Prince Rupert, B.C. ... . . . 


Sault Ste. Marie, Ont 


Toronto, Ont 


St. John, N.B 





*Not yet commenced. 

Expenditure and Revenue.- -Table 19 shows the expenditure 
and revenue for the fiscal years 1910-21 of the Public Works Depart 
ment of the Dominion Government. For the fiscal year 1921 the 
expenditure was $20,970,074, as compared with $20,455,400 in 1920, 
an increase of $515,214, due in the main to an increase in the ex 
penditure on harbour and river works from $4,320,581 to $7,541,668. 
This was nearly counterbalanced by a diminished expenditure on 
military hospitals from war appropriation, $1,217,892, as compared 
with $4,337,127. 

For description of this Act, see Canada Year Book, 1910, p. xxviii. 



794 



ADMINISTRATION 



19. Expenditure and Revenue of the Public Works Department for the fiscal 

years 1916-1921. 

EXPENDITURE. 



Items. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Harbour and river works . . . 
Dredging plant, etc 


1 

7,401,896 
3,875,713 


$ 

6,548,568 
2,410,413 


$ 

5,551,774 
1,405,838 


$ 

3,181,349 
677,500 


% 

4,320,581 
1,205 486 


$ 

7,541,668 
1 456 243 


Slides and booms 


115,418 


111,876 


64,859 


56, 169 


33,339 


i 


Roads and bridges 


44, 742 


38,266 


18,991 


24,952 


202,888 


196 209 


Public buildings 


6,857,206 


5,717,450 


5,843,289 


7,466,679 


8,442,124 


8,443 892 


Telegraphs 


742,692 


775,340 


751,452 


789,883 


885,730 


1,083 242 


Miscellaneous 


501,631 


559,683 


419,005 


706,464 


1,028,185 


1,031 528 
















Total 


19,539,298 


16,161,596 


14,055,208 


12,902,990 


16,118,333 


19.752.782 


From War Appropriation for 
Military Hospitals 








8,492,504 


4,337,127 


1,217,892 
















Grand total 


_ 


_ 


_ 


21,395,500 


20,455,460 


20.970.674 

















REVENUE. 



Slides and booms 


108,228 


97, 142 


26,188 


16,763 


48, 133 


i 


Graving docks 


64,216 


64,919 


56,484 


72,428 


81,148 


64 918 


Rents 


90, 129 


94,729 


106,205 


101,664 


143,355 


128, 148 


Telegraph lines 


181,227 


191,453 


204 878 


231 332 


277 749 


330 470 


Casual revenue 


65, 106 


45,017 


27, 737 


108 295 


81 073 


199 583 


Ferries 










1 632 


2 010 
















Total 


508,906 


493,260 


421,492 


530,482 


633,090 


725,129 

















1 In 1920-1921, the slide and boom works were leased or transferred to operating companies. 

HARBOUR COMMISSIONS. 

A number of the harbours of Canada are administered by 
corporate bodies known as Harbour Commissions. Each Com 
mission is constituted by a special Act of the Dominion Parliament, 
the number of Commissioners varying from three to five. The 
property of the Crown in the harbour is placed under the jurisdiction 
of the Commission and the Commissioners are authorized to acquire 
and hold real and personal property for the improvement and develop 
ment of the harbour; but any property acquired from the Crown 
may not be alienated or in any way disposed of by the Commissioners 
without the consent of the Governor in Council. The Commissions 
are given power to make by-laws for all purposes of governing the 
harbour, and for the imposition and collection of rates on vessels and 
on cargo landed and shipped in the harbour, and penalties for in 
fraction of their by-laws (but every such by-law must be confirmed 
by the Governor in Council before becoming effective), and they 
have control of the expenditure of the revenue received from these 
sources. For the purpose of harbour development and the construc 
tion of improvements, the Commission may, with the consent of the 
Governor in Council, expropriate land and borrow money on deben 
tures issued against the security of the real and other property of 
the harbour. For the harbours of Quebec, Montreal and Vancouver 
the Dominion Government has advanced the Commissioners large 



NATIONAL GALLERY 795 



sums against such debentures. All the Commissions are under 
the direct inspection of an official of the Marine Department and 
are subject to the jurisdiction of the Minister of Marine and 
Fisheries in all matters. 

The following harbours are administered by a Commission, the 
date of the Act under which each Commission received its present 
constitution and powers being given: Montreal, 1894; Quebec, 
1899; Three Rivers, 1882; Toronto, 1911; Hamilton, 1912; Belle 
ville, 1889; Winnipeg and St. Boniface, 1912; Vancouver, 1913; 
New Westminster, 1913; North Fraser, 1913. The harbours of 
North Sydney and Pictou, Nova Scotia, were formerly under the 
Commission form of administration, but the legislation providing 
for Commissions in these harbours was repealed and all property and 
rights held by the Commissioners were revested in His Majesty by 
legislation passed in the years 1914 and 1920, respectively, repeal 
being effective from the 1st of January following in each case. 

NATIONAL GALLERY. 

The National Gallery of Canada was the outcome of the establish 
ment in 1880 by the Marquis of Lome and H.R.H. Princess Louise 
of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, which required the elected 
Academicians to deposit their diploma pictures in the National 
Gallery at Ottawa. The collections of pictures, statuary and other 
works of art now occupying premises in the Royal Victoria Museum 
in Ottawa consist of purchases made by means of the annual grants 
voted by the Dominion Parliament, the diploma works of the members 
of the Royal Canadian Academy and gifts and loans by persons 
interested in art. In 1907 an Advisory Arts Council of three members 
was appointed by authority of an Order in Council, and in 1913, 
under the National Gallery of Canada Act (3-4 Geo. V., c. 33), the 
Advisory Arts Council was constituted the Board of Trustees for the 
management of the National Gallery and the administration of its 
annual grants. 

In addition to the care and management of the National Gallery, 
the Act imposes upon the Board responsibility for "the encourage 
ment and cultivation of correct artistic taste and Canadian public 
interest in the fine arts, the promotion of the interests generally of 
art in Canada." 

Amongst the collections of oil paintings now in the National 
Gallery are works by such old masters as Tintoretto, Caravaggio, 
Andrea del Sarto, Bartholomaus de Bruyn, Luca Giordano, Cima da 
Conegliano, Frans Floris, Chardin, Hogarth, Snyders, Daniel Mytens. 
The more modern schools include representative works by the great 
English masters: Reynolds, Hoppner, Beechey, Lawrence, Gains 
borough, Millais, Leighton, Holman Hunt. The French masters 
include J. F. Millet, Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Alfred Sisley and 
a number of others, while the contemporary British school is strongly 
represented by fine examples of the work of such artists as Arnesby 
Brown, Laura Knight, Glyn Philpot, W. Orpen, D. Muirhead, 



796 ADMINISTRATION 



G. Henry, Austen Brown, Adrian Stokes and many others. The 
Gallery includes an excellent and representative exhibition of the 
work of Canadian artists both past and present. 

The National Gallery collections of engravings, etchings, litho 
graphs, etc., have been developed and formed into a department of 
prints with a special curator at the head. Important acquisitions 
have recently been made to it of works by Mantegna, Robetta, 
Nicholetto, Rosex, D. Campagnola, Marcantonio, Canaletto; Master 
M.Z., Schongauer, Durer, Altdorfer, Aldegrever, Pencz, Hirschvogel, 
Hollar; Master W.C.I.E.F., Van Dyck, van Leyden, Rembrandt, 
Ostade, Potter, van de Velde, Bega, Berchem, Ruysdael; Duvet, 
Gellee, Mellan, Morin, Nanteuil, Drevet, Jacque, Millet, Corot, 
Raffet, Isabey, Bonington, Meryon, Braquemond, Jacquemart, Legros, 
Lepere; Harding, Blake, Crome, Daniel, Wilkie, Geddes, Haden, 
Short, Strang, McBey, Brangwyn, Shannon, Gabain; Whistler, Zorn. 

One of the most important activities of the National Gallery is its 
Loan Exhibition work. Under this policy the National Gallery lends 
to any art body or society in Canada, which possesses the necessary 
facilities, a collection of Canadian paintings, either for one year or for 
shorter periods. During 1921 sixteen (16) loans have been distributed, 
and practically every important city in Canada has thereby gained a 
better knowledge of Canadian art. The aggregate value of loans made 
during the past five years is over $1,000,000. 

After having been closed to visitors since February, 1916, during 
which time the halls were occupied by the Houses of Parliament, the 
National Gallery was reopened September 12, 1921, with extended 
premises and augmented collections of art objects. 



PUBLIC DEFENCE. 



Military Forces. Before the outbreak of the war, the Canadian 
Militia consisted of a Permanent Force, which on March 31, 1914, 
numbered 3,000 officers, non-commissioned officers and men, and an 
Active Militia, which at the same date numbered 5,615 officers and 
68,991 non-commissioned officers and men. Subsequently to the out 
break of the war on August 4, 1914, successive contingents of troops 
of all arms were recruited, equipped, trained and despatched by the 
Canadian Government to Great Britain for active service as part of the 
Imperial forces. When hostilities ceased on November 11, 1918, there 
had been sent overseas for active service in the Canadian Expeditionary 
Force^about 418,000 officers, non-commissioned officers and men. 

Table 20 showing the militia expenditure and revenue for the 
five fiscal years 1917 to 1921, is taken from the Report for the year 
ended March 31, 1921, of the Militia Council. This table shows that 
the ordinary expenditure of the Department of Militia and Defence 
for the year ended March 31, 1921, was $10,058,625, as compared 
with $4,634,516 for 1920, $3,444,954 for 1919, $3,893,896 for 1918, 
and $4,359,289 for 1917. The ordinary revenue amounted to $277,309 
for the year ended March 31, 1921, as compared with $194,820 for 
1920, $118,019 for 1919, $86,354 for 1918 and $169,254 for 1917. 



PUBLIC DEFENCE 



797 



- expenditure and Revenue of Militia for the fiscal years 1917-1921. 



Schedule. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Allowances for drill instruction, care of arms, and 


1 

47,573 

80,311 
39,1 Jl 

23,214 
68 
841 

390 
7,981 
164,166 

18.290 
84 

2,396.183 
70,000 
147 
205,801 

81,384 
31 

r.,753 

2J4.623 
57,504 


$ 

70,794 
90,771 

16,344 
2,212 
615 

364,529 
10, 
,344 
18. 
112 
871 

31,406 
41,306 

68,838 
,670 

6,058 


I 

51,283 
68,770 

5,338 
1,043 
304,144 
2,549 
101,352 

010 
10:; 
113 
1, .47.304 
81 
201,885 
210,066 

31 
16,698 

4,643 
190,371 

9,752 

1,148 


$ 

91,214 
34,059 
74,414 

8,762 
974 
319,486 

27,328 
3,326 
120,962 

,010 
127,844 
161 

,301 
219,180 

197,459 

40,522 
24,854 

5,041 
15,731 

1,278 
1,411 


$ 

75,418 
481,027 
230,288 
31,411 

38.461 
19,788 
846 
637,423 
575,518 

64,536 
221,047 

292,831 

5,705,736 
,206 
321.309 
291,741 

21,958 
45,125 
315,443 
361,303 
10,012 
172,001 

69,597 








Contingencies including guards of honour, escorts 










Grants to ;irtill*Ty and rifle associations and to 




^Tftint^njinpo of tiiilitjirv nrottortififl 


Pay of Insp.-Gen and military members of Militia 
Council (statutory) 






Perm anen t f &lt; : - ions and supplies 
Printing *md s t it i&lt; &gt;n&lt;TV 


T?nvn.l Militiirv ( olleffe 




Schools of instruction pay of active militia 
attending . 


Topographical survey 


Transport and freight 




Training areas 


Miscellaneous small votes 


Ordnance, ammunition, tents, wagons, sad 
and harness, and equipment generally, excepting 
clothing 


Consolid; venue, Workmen pensation 
Act 


Total Militia Expenditure 
Civil Government salaries 


4,359,289 

173,798 
19,488 


3,893,896 
183.448 
3,199 


3,444,954 

189,578 
18,255 


4,634,516 

202,459 
18.996 


10,058,625 

212,732 
19,837 


Civil Government contingencies 


Total Civil Government 


193,284 

90,164 
11,949 
41,646 
25,495 


186,647 

18,228 
2,072 
30,177 
1,877 


207,833 

35,955 

54,428 
23,841 


221,455 

87,867 
53 
47,979 
5,375 


232,569 

86,815 
70. 107 
120,387 


Revenue received 

Militia . 


Casual 


Royal Military College 


Pension Act 1901 


Fines and Forfeitures 


Total revenue 


169,254 


86,354 


118,019 


194,820 


277,309 





Expenditure on Account of War Appropriations.- Table 21 
shows the total expenditures on war appropriation by the Depart 
ment of Militia and by other departments, by fiscal years from 
1914-15 to 1920-21. The total net expenditure by the Department of 
Militia is shown to be $1,545,281,734 and by other departments 
$142,121,965, a grand total of $1,687,403,699. This amount might at 
first sight be considered as the cost of the war to Canada up to 
March 31, 1921, but it does not allow for interest charges which have 
been paid on the debt contracted for war purposes. This indeed can 
hardly be accurately separated from interest charges on the debt 
existing in 1914, but a comparison of the annual interest paid in the 
war years and down to 1921 will show that the direct cost of the war 
to the national treasury cannot have been less than $2,000,000,000, 
exclusive of amounts spent on re-establishment and pensions. 



798 



ADMINISTRA TION 









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800 ADMINISTRATION 



Royal Military College.- -The Royal Military College of 
Canada was founded in 1876 by Sir Alexander Mackenzie, Prime 
Minister of Canada. Since its foundation some 1 ; 658 gentlemen 
cadets have been enrolled; of this number 153 are now in attendance 
and approximately 160, though their names appear on the College 
roll as having been admitted, either did not actually join or, if they 
did, were only at the College a very short time. Of the remainder, 
some died previous to August 4, 1914. Over 900 took part in the 
Great War, 147 of whom laid down their lives for king and country. 
Some 750 British and 75 foreign decorations have been awarded to 
ex-cadets, and many have risen to high rank in the service of their 
country. Three of the Canadian Divisions serving in France were 
commanded by ex-cadets and an ex-cadet also commanded one of 
the Australian Divisions at Gallipoli. The establishment of the 
College, as stated in the Act of 1874 (37 Viet., c. 36), was "for the 
purpose of imparting a complete education in all branches of military 
tactics, fortifications, engineering and general scientific knowledge in 
subjects connected with and necessary to a thorough knowledge of 
the military profession, and for qualifying officers for command and 
staff appointments." In addition to the foregoing, the course of 
instruction is such as to afford a thorough, practical and scientific 
training in civil engineering, surveying, physics and chemistry, 
English and French. Strict discipline, combined with physical train 
ing, riding, drill and outdoor games, forms part of the curriculum. 

The College is situated on a beautiful peninsula, one mile from 
Kingston, with the Cataraqui river on the one side, emptying into 
the St. Lawrence river at its junction with lake Ontario, and Navy 
bay on the other. The grounds include about 500 acres on which are 
situated the buildings of the College proper, on the above-mentioned 
peninsula, comprising 60 acres. The remainder of the grounds are 
at the disposal of the College for use as a training area on which 
stands the historic fort Henry. On the point of the College peninsula 
is situated fort Frederick, built in 1837, when Kingston became capital 
of Canada, the fort comprising a portion of the defences of Kingston. 
The College is under the supervision of Militia Headquarters who 
annually appoint an advisory board composed of leading Canadian 
citizens both civil and military. The staff is composed of a command 
ant, a staff -adjutant, assisted by a competent staff of civil and 
military professors and instructors. 

A four years course leads to a " Diploma with Honours 3 or 
Diploma" and " Certificate of Discharge." To graduates are 
annually offered a number of commissions in the Canadian Permanent 
Force as well as commissions in the Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers 
and other branches of the regular Britannic Army. To those graduates 
joining the Britannic Army, the privilege of one year s seniority is 
granted in the Britannic or Indian Armies. This has been arranged 
in order to equalize the seniority of graduates of the Royal Military 
College of Canada with those of Woolwich or Sandhurst, since the 
course at the latter institution is shorter than the Canadian. Positions 



PUBLIC DEI i:\CE 801 



in the Public \Yorks Department, 1 lydro-raphic Surveys, etc.. are 
also available for graduates. The McCill University and the Unh 
sity of Toronto admit graduates to the third year in their Science 
Faculties, and the law schools also offer privlleg. 

Department of the \aval Service. 

The Naval Service of Canada was established by the Naval 
rvice Act, 1910, chapter -13. As established by that Act, the 
Department consisted of the following branche- 

1. Naval Serv n 

J. Fisheries Protection Service. 

3. Tidal and ( urrent Survey. 

I. Hydrographic Survey. 

."&gt;. Radiotelegraph Service. 

In UUI the Fisheries Service and 1/itV Savin rvice ^ 

transferred from the Marine Department to the Naval Department, 
but these two services were again placed under the Marine and 
Fisheries Department on July 1. P.I20. 

During the Session of 1&gt;22, the (iovernment brought down 
Legislation providing for the establishment of a I )eparlmenl of 
tional Defence to be formed from the Department of Militia 
and Defence. Department of the Naval Service and the Canadian 
Air Board. This Act has by Proclamation been made effective Jan. 
1, 1923. 

&lt;&gt;n July 1. W22. the Naval Service Department was i 
organized preparatory to becoming part of the National Defence 
Department, and the Fisheries Pi Tidal and Current 

Survey. Hydrographic Survey. Patrol of Northern Waters, and 
Radiotelegraph Service were placed under the jurisdiction of the 
Department of Marine ;uul Fisherl 

During the Session of 1922 the (lovernment announced its 
intention of establishing Naval Reserve Forces in Canada; it also 
announced that one destroyer and two patrol vessels would be 
maintained on each coast for training purposes, these ships to be 
manned by officers and men of the Royal Canadian Navy. In 
preparation for carrying out the programme announced by the 
Government, the cruiser ; Aurora and submarines "(ML 1C and 
^C.H. 15" were placed in reserve, and the Royal Naval College of 
Canada at Esquimalt and the Youths Training Establishment at 
Halifax, were closed. The dockyard at Halifax wag reduced 1 
a supply base, and all workshops were closed. Naval barracks for 
the accommodation of officers and men of the Royal Canadian 
Navy, and also of the reserve, were established at Halifax and Esqui 
malt, and full preparations were made for the organization and main 
tenance of the Naval Reserve Forces. 

The headquarters offices of the Naval Department at Ottawa, 
were moved from the Hunter Building to the third and sixth floor- 
of the Canadian Building, and the staffs have been re-organized 
in readiness for amalgamation in the formation of the Department of 
National Defence. 

3813151 



802 ADMINISTRATION 



The total appropriation for the Naval Department for the 
fiscal year 1921-22 was $4,097,070, of which sum $3,514,029 was 
expended. The appropriation for the fiscal year 1922-23, excluding 
services transferred to the Marine Department, was $1,500,000. 
Out of this amount $736,000 was expended up to October 31, 1922. 

Air Board. 

The Air Board Act of 1919 (9-10 Geo. V, c. 11) empowered the 
Governor in Council to appoint an Air Board of from five to seven 
members, with a Minister of the Crown as chairman, to control 
aerodromes, aircraft, etc., and generally aerial navigation in Canada 
and its territorial waters. The work of the Board falls into three 
main divisions: control of civil aviation, the direction of flying opera 
tions for other Departments of the Government, and the direction 
of the Canadian Air Force. On December 31, 1921, there were 52 
certificated private air pilots and 61 certificated commercial air pilots, 
as well as 147 certificated aircraft. Flights to the number of 1,209, 
covering 185,480 miles, were completed in 1921 from the civil govern 
ment air stations at Vancouver, High River (Alberta), Victoria Beach, 
(Man.), Sioux Lookout (Ont.), Ottawa, Roberval (Que.), and Hali 
fax, for various Departments of the Dominion and Provincial Govern 
ments. The Canadian Air Force, with headquarters at Ottawa and a 
training station at Camp Borden, had on its payroll in 1921, 54 officers 
and 239 airmen; but 1,281 officers and 1,350 airmen were on its 
establishment, of whom 505 officers and 1,166 airmen had been trained. 

Creation of the Department of National Defence. 

During the session of 1922, an Act (12-13 Geo. V, c. 34) was 
passed combining the Department of Militia and Defence, the 
Department of Naval Service and the Air Board into one Depart 
ment, to be known as "The Department of National Defence." 
During the summer of 1922 re-organization of the Department was 
proceeded with and the new Department will be established as 
from Jan. 1, 1923. 

ROYAL CANADIAN MOUNTED POLICE. 

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (formerly the Royal North 
west Mounted Police) are distributed throughout the Dominion, with 
headquarters at Ottawa. The operations of the force for the year 
ended September 30, 1921, are described in the Commissioner s Report 
for that year, which shows that during the year the Royal Canadian 
Mounted Police discharged numerous and varied functions, in several 
instances assisting provincial administrations in the maintenance of 
law and order, co-operating with the Dominion Department of Health 
in putting down the illicit traffic in narcotics, with the Secretary of 
State in inquiring into the suitability for citizenship of applicants for 
naturalization, with the Department of Marine and Fisheries in pro 
tecting property in cases of wrecks and in enforcing fisheries regula 
tions, with the Post Office Department in tracking down mail robbers, 
with the Dominion Bureau of Statistics in the taking of the census 
in outlying communities, and with the Department of Indian Affairs 



SOLDIERS CIVIL RE-ESTABLISHMENT 



in the enforcement of the Indian Act, while important patrol work 
has been done in the Arctic regions. On September 1, 1921, the 
strength of the force was 70 officers, 1,610 non-commissioned offic&lt; 
and constables, 795 horses and 138 do.o. numbers showing only 
slight variation from the previous year. On February 1, 1920, under 
authority of an Act to amend the Koyal Northwest Mounted Police Act 
(10 Geo. V, c. 28), the name of the hit ter force was changed to "Royal 
nadian Mounted Police," the Dominion Police force was merged 
with it and its headquarters transferred from Kegina to OttaA\ 

&gt;. . Strength and Distribution of the Koyal &lt; anadiaii Mounted Police on 

September 30, 1921. 



Description. 




2 

1 . 

X 


bub 

Columbia. 


Alberta. 


katche- 

in. 


iitoba. 


ritories. 


-x.i 

u. 


Onta 


i 

i 


Maritime 

1 rovincea. 


d 

c| 


3 
1 


Commissioner 


i 






















i 


Asst. OommunoMn 

Supcrintt-ndcnts 


i 

3 


1 




3 


2 


- 


1 


9 


i 


- 


- 


2 


In.-p 


3 




11 


8 


5 


1 






i 


i 






SurRixms 


1 






1 


















rinary Surgeons 
: .St wunts. . 


7 


9 


9 


1 
U 




1 


5 


c 


- 


i 


1 


1 

AO 


Sergeants 


12 


18 


1!) 


32 


10 


3 


2 


25 


4 






BJ 


Corporals 




34 




38 




5 


g 


47 


7 


1 




OlfS 


Constables 


23 


179 


162 


212 


106 






316 


11 


24 




1 078 


Special Constables. . 


16 


10 




19 


6 





4 


33 


2 


1 
































Total 

Horses 


7t 


M | 
168 


2M 

176 


;,,, 

181 


m 

98 


28 


52 


Illl 

in! 


2 


32 


1 


MM) 

7QC 


, 












SO 


01 


c 








iVu 

17Q 


























loo 



DEPARTMENT OF SO1.DIKKV CIVIL RE-ESTABLISHMENT. 

Under Order in ( ouncil of June 30, 1915, the "Hospital Comm;- 
sion was created to provide for the treatment of returning wounded 
and disabled soldiers, and in October of that year a i d Order 

in Council changed its name to "Military Hospitals Commission." 
and empowered it to carry on vocational training and to deal with the 
subject of employment. 

Two Orders in Council were passed on February 21, 1918, one 
creating; the Department of Soldiers Civil Re-otablishment and the 
other charging the Department of Militia and Defence with all 
active treatment cases except those suffering from tuberculosis, 
insanity and other diseases likely to be of long duration. This 
arrangement was confirmed by the Department of Soldiers Civil 
lie-establishment Act, 1918 (8-9 Geo. V. c. 42). 

The earlier activities of the Department of Soldiers Civil Re- 
establishment have been described in the Year Book of 1920, pp. 21-29, 
to which the reader is referred for a general idea of the work of the 
Department in providing medical treatment, vocational training, 
retraining of the blind, provision of artificial limbs and appliances 
and post-discharge dental treatment. These activities naturally 
reached their maximum in the period following the armistice, the 
largest number of employees of the Department being 9,035 in March 
38131 5H 



804 ADMINISTRATION 



1920. On December 31, 1921, the total staff, after including 854 
transferred during 1920 from the Board of Pension Commissioners, 
was 4,886, of whom 3,381 were males, 3,132 of these having been 
on active service in France, England or Canada. 

At the close of 1921 the Department of Soldiers Civil Re- 
establishment was directly operating 17 hospitals and indirectly 9, 
with a total bed capacity of 5,839 in Departmental and outside 
institutions and 824 in hospitals under contract. In-patients on 
December 31, 1921, numbered 5,053 and out-patients 287. In all of 
these hospitals dietitians who make monthly reports on food costs have 
been placed; an elaborate system of cost accounting is maintained. 

Two psychopathic hospitals are now being operated by the 
Department, one at Westminister, near London, and the other at 
Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Que. Here all classes of nervous and mental 
diseases are treated, and the most up to date methods, including 
continuous baths and other hydrotherapeutic installations, are in 
use. There is also equipment for occupational therapy, including 
both indoor and outdoor work of a constructive nature as \vell as 
ward classes for bed patients and for those who are otherwise confined 
to the wards. To this work is detailed a special medical officer whose 
duty is to survey all patients and to make individual studies from the 
viewpoint of their physical and mental equipment, also of their occupa 
tional capacity and adaptability. The Department also has patients 
in a large number of provincial hospitals for the insane, and keeps close 
supervision, through the neuropsychiatric Braach of the Medical Service, 
over the treatment of these patients and the conditions under which they 
are living. On December 31, 1921, the number of neuropsychiatric 
patients on strength was: mental, 1,068; nervous, 569; total, 1,637. 

War Pensions. A Board of Pension Commissioners for Canada, 
consisting of three members, was created by Order in Council of 
June 3, 1916, (P.C. 1334) with exclusive jurisdiction and authority 
to deal with the granting and payment of naval and military pensions 
and other allowances to persons in the Canadian Naval Forces and the 
Canadian Expeditionary Force and to their dependants. There is no 
appeal from the decisions of the commission, but applicants may appear 
in person or by counsel before the commission to present complaints. 

Under Orders in Council of April 12, 1921, (P.C. 1187), Aug. 17, 

1921, (P.C. 2722), and Dec. 1, 1921, (P.C. 4500), and under authority 
of the Pension Act of 1919 (9-10 Geo. V., c. 43), the administration of 
the head office of the Board of Pension Commissioners was transferred 
to the Department of Soldiers Civil Re-establishment as from April 1, 
1921, the Pension Commissioners, however, continuing to exercise 
full power and authority in dealing with the granting and renewing 
of and adjudication upon pensions. 

The scale of pensions has been revised several times by Orders in 
Council and Acts of Parliament. Under the existing scale of pensions 
for disability as established by Chap. 45 of the Statutes of 1921, twenty 
classes are provided, ranging from 100 p.c. or total disablement to 5 p.c. 
of disablement. The pensions range for the rank and file, according to 



SCAL1-: or ANNUAL PENSIONS 



805 



the class of disablement, from $600 down to $30 per annum (with a l&gt;onu&gt; 

of .")() p.c. of these amounts during the years commencing September 1. 
1* J1, U11212 and I 1 .)! The pensions for total disablement ran^c from 
Hi) iW tin- rank and tile up to S J.700 for])ersons of and above the rank 
of commodore or brigadier-general. Married members of the force- 
receive additional amounts ranuinu; from S:$00 i)eranmnn for 100 p.c. of 
disablement to SI") per annum for ~) p.c. of disablement. Similarly, for 
disabled soldier&lt; with children there is an additional pension ranuhm 
from S1SO to $9 for the first child, from si M :,, s|) for the second child, 
and from spjo to S(i tor subsequent children. Xo pension is paid in 
respect of boys over Ki or liirls over 17 except in case of their physical 
or mental infirmity, or where the child is making satisfactory pnuir- 
in a course of instruction approved by the Commission, when the 
pension may be paid until the child has reached the :i&lt;e of 21. The 
existing scale of pensions in cases of death is iiiven in Table 23, in 
cases of disability in Table 24, while Table 25 gives -latistics of pel 
in force on Dec. ill, 



23. Scale of Annual Pensions irranted to Dependants of Deceased Sailors and Soldiers 
of the Canadian Natal Forces and the ( anadian Expeditionary Force, as 

en*ecti\e on September 1, 1921. 



Kank or Itatinu i MrmU-r of ! 


. r Annum. 


Widow or 
Drpmdi iit 


Child or 
I &gt;. pendent 

mother 
or 

ter 


( &gt;rphan 

rhild or 
( (rphan 
Brother or 
er. 


All ratines In-low IVtt\ mk an&lt;l fill- ; Militai 
K.mu.- 


$ cts 

1 Ml OO 1 


$ eta. 


$ cts. 


Chief Petty &lt; Klicci and I . tty ( Hf nvr Naval ; Smiad, liatt.-ry or 
Company Major an&lt;i (J..V Sergi Military); 
including Staff -Ser^t. and ( olour 3 
Hi.nu&gt; 


510 OO 1 

I ll) OU 1 


- 


- 


Naval Ca&lt;U-t and Midshipman (.Naval r (iunncr not \ &gt; 
Niihtai-N ; UrsiiiiK-ntal S.-n;t .-Major not \\.&gt;. .Military : 11 
mental Q.M. Sergeant (Military) 
Bonus 


620 OOi 
100 00 


- 


- 


Warrant Officer and Chief Warrant Officer &lt; Naval); Warrant ( &gt;fli&lt;vr 
Military) 


680 00 
40 00 


- 


- 


Bonus 


Sub-Lieutenant (Naval) Lieutenant Military) 


720 OOi 


- 


- 




Lieutenant (Na ptain (Military) 


800 OOi 


- 


- 




Lieutenant Commander (Naval); Major (Military). .. . 


1,008 OOi 


- 


- 




Commander and Captain under three years seniority (Naval ; 
Lieutenant-Colonel (Military) 


1,248 OOi 


- 


- 




Captain ( Naval); Colonel (Military) .. . 


1,512 OOi 


- 


- 




Commodore and higher ranks (Naval); Brigadier-General and 
higher ranks (Military). 


2,160 OOi 


- 


- 




Additional pension for children or dependent brothers or sisters 
for above ranks. 


First. 


180 OOi 
144 OOi 
120 OOi 


360 OOi 
288 OOi 
240 OO 1 




Second . ... 


Subsequent. 



JPensions awarded to parents or brothers and sisters may be less than these amounts in accordance 
with the provisions of this Act. 



806 



ADMINISTRA TION 



24. Scale of Annual Pensions to Disabled Sailors and Soldiers of 
Force, as effective for years commencing September 

PERCENTAGE OF DISABILITY AND AMOUNT 



Rank or Rating 
of 
Member of Forces. 


Rate 
per 
Annum. 


Class 1 
Total 
100% 


Class 2 

99-95%. 


Class 3 
94-90%. 


Class 4 
89-85%. 


Class 5 
84-80%. 


Class 6 
79-75%. 


Class? 
74-70%. 


Class 8 
69-65% 


All Ratings below 
Petty Officer 
(Naval); Rank and 
File (Military) 


Pension 


$ cts. 
600 00 


$ cts. 
570 00 


$ cts. 
540 00 


$ cts. 
510 00 


$ cts. 
480 00 


$ cts. 
450 00 


$ cts. 
420 00 


$ cts. 
390 00 




Bonus. 


300 00 


285 00 


270 00 


255 00 


240 00 


225 00 


210 00 


195 00 


Chief Petty Officer 
and Petty Officer 
(Naval) ;Squad, Bat 
tery or Company 
Sergt. -Major and 
Q.M. Sergeant (Mili 


Pension 
Bonus 


637 50 
262 50 


605 63 
249 37 


573 75 
236 25 


541 88 
223 12 


510 00 
210 00 


478 13 
196 87 


446 25 
183 75 


414 38 
170 62 


tary); Sergeant, in 
cluding Staff Sergt. 
and Colour-Sergt. 
(Military) 




















Naval Cadet and Mid 
shipman (Naval); 
Master Gunner not 
W.O. (Military); 
Regimental Sergt. 


Pension 
Bonus 


775 00 
125 00 


736 25 
118 75 


697 50 
112 50 


658 75 
106 25 


620 00 
100 00 


581 25 
92 75 


542 50 
87 50 


503 75 
81 25 


Major not W.O. 
(Military; Regi 
mental Q.M. Sergt. 
(Military) 




















Warrant Officer and 
Chief Warrant Offi 
cer (Naval); War 


Pension 
Bonus 


850 00 
50 00 


807 50 
47 50 


765 00 
45 00 


722 50 
42 50 


680 00 
40 00 


637 50 
37 50 


595 00 
35 00 


552 50 
32 50 


rant Officer (Mili 
tary) 




















Sub-Lieutenant 
(Naval); Lieutenant 
(Military) 
Lieutenant (Naval); 
Captain (Military).. 
Lieutenant Comman 
der (Naval); Major 
(Military) 


[Pension 





900 00 
1,000 00 
1,260 00 


855 00 
950 00 
1,197 00 


810 00 
900 00 
1 134 00 


765 00 
850 00 
1 071 00 


720 00 
800 00 
1 008 00 


675 00 
750 00 
945 00 


630 00 
700 00 
882 00 


585 00 
650 00 
819 00 


Commander and Cap 
tain under three 
years seniority 
(Naval); Lieutenant 
Colonel (Military) . . 
Captain (Naval); Col 
onel (Military). . 


it 




1,560 00 
1 890 00 


1,482 00 
1 795 50 


1,404 00 
1 701 00 


1,326 00 
1 606 50 


1,248 00 
1 512 00 


1,170 00 
1 417 50 


1,092 00 
1 323 00 


1,014 00 
1,228 50 


Commodore and 
higher ranks 
(Naval); Brigadier- 
General and higher 
ranks (Military) .... 


M 


2,700 00 


2,565 00 


2,430 00 


2,295 00 


2,160 00 


2,025 00 


1,890 00 


1,755 00 


Above Ranks 


Additional 




















pension 
for Ma r - 
ried mem 
bers of the 
Forces . 


300 00 


285 00 


270 00 


255 00 


240 00 


225 00 


210 00 


195 00 






















Additional pension for 
children for above 
ranks 


First child.. 


180 00 


171 00 


162 00 


153 00 


144 00 


135 00 


126 00 


117 00 




Second 
child 
Subsequent 
children. . 


144 00 
120 00 


138 00 
114 00 


132 00 
108 00 


126 00 
102 00 


120 00 
96 00 


114 00 
90 00 


10800 
84 00 


102 00 

78 00 



The bonus payments set forth in this Schedule shall be paid during the years commencing September 1, 
1922 and 1923. Members of the forces permanently disabled to a less extent than five per cent shall be 
entitled to a final payment not exceeding $100. 

Members of the forces who are at the time of retirement or discharge, or who later become disabled to 
an extent of between five and fourteen per cent may elect to accept a final payment in lieu of the pensions 
set forth in this Schedule. The amount of such final payment in cases of disability between five and nine 
per cent shall not exceed three hundred dollars and in cases of disability between ten and fourteen per cent 
shall not exceed six hundred dollars and shall be determined in accordance with the extent of the disabi 
lity and its probable duration. Members of the forces permanently disabled between ten and fourteen per 



SCALI-: OP ANNUAL PENSIONS 



807 



Canadian Naval Forces and tht&gt; Canadian K\iu&gt;ditionar&gt; 
1. !&gt;!, 19?*, and 19 3, under the Pension Act 

OF I KNSK.N- \ \i&gt; Ai.i.mv A v 



Class 9 


Class 10 


Class 11 


Class 12 


Class 13 


s 14 


s 15 


H 16 


Class 17 


Class 18 


Class 19 


Class 20 


64-1. 


59-55%. 


54-5i 


49-T 


It t&lt; 




34-30%. 


29-25%. 


&gt;%. 


19-1 : 


14-10%. 


9-5 


I cts 
860 


$ cts. 

o 00 


$ cts. 
300 00 


1 

270 00 


S cts. 

240 DO 


I cts. 
210 00 


1 cts. 
180 


S 

i:&gt;o 00 


$ cts. 
120 00 


$ cts. 

HI) 00 


$ cts. 
60 00 


I cts. 
30 00 


ISO 00 


-. oo 


150 00 


1 00 


l. H 00 


105 00 


90 00 


75 00 


60 00 


I. , III! 


30 00 


15 00 


382 50 




31^ 


-; 88 


25500 


i 13 


191 U 


u 


127 50 






31 88 


l.)7 50 


1 14 37 


131 2.1 


us 12 


105 00 


91 87 


78 75 


65 62 


52 50 




26 25 


13 12 


465 00 


42 


387 50 


348 75 


310 00 


1 25 






100 (HI 


11 


77 .Vi 


38 75 


75 00 


68 75 


62 50 


56 25 


50 00 


43 75 




31 25 


25 00 


18 75 


12 Vi 


6 25 


.510 00 


467 50 


425 00 


382 50 


340 00 


7 50 


-&gt; oo 


212 50 


170 00 


127 50 


85 00 


42 50 


3000 


27 50 


25 00 




2000 


17 50 


15 00 


12 :,n 


10 00 


7 .Vi 


5 00 


2 50 


.MO 00 


&gt; oo 


i 00 


405 00 


360 00 


315 00 


00 


-.1 oo 


180 00 


135 00 


90 00 


45 00 


600 00 


M 00 


500 00 


4:&gt;0 00 


400 00 


o 00 


300 00 


o 00 


200 00 


l.VJ 00 


100 00 


50 00 


756 00 


3 00 


630 00 


567 00 


504 00 


441 00 


:i7s o&lt; 


315 00 




Iv.i IH 


126 00 


63 00 


936 00 


858 00 


780 00 


702 00 


624 00 


10 00 


% 00 


00 


312 00 


234 00 


i.v, oi 


78 00 


1,184 00 


1,039 50 


945 00 


850 50 


756 00 


661 50 


567 00 


472 50 


378 00 


; so 


189 00 


94 50 


1,620 00 


1,485 00 


1,350 00 


1,215 00 


1,080 00 


945 00 


810 00 


675 00 


540 00 


405 00 


270 00 


135 00 


180 00 


165 00 


150 00 


135 00 


120 00 


105 00 


90 00 


75 00 


60 00 


45 00 


30 00 


15 00 


108 00 


99 00 


90 00 


81 00 


72 00 


63 00 


54 00 


45 00 


36 00 


27 00 


18 00 


9 00 


96 00 


90 00 


84 00 


78 00 


72 00 


63 00 


54 00 


45 00 


36 00 


27 00 


18 00 


9 00 


72 00 


66 00 


60 00 


54 00 


48 00 


42 00 


36 00 


30 00 


24 00 


18 00 


12 00 


6 00 



cent shall receive six hundred dollars. Members of the forces permanently disabled between five and 
nine per cent shall receive three hundred dollars. If an election has been made to accept a final payment 
such election is final unless the disability of the member of the forces concerned becomes greater in extent, 
in which case the pension shall be adjusted for the past period in accordance with the extent of the dis 
ability and the amount paid as a final payment shall be deducted. If a married pensioner desires to elect 
to accept a final payment the consent of his wife must be secured. All payments of pension made subse 
quent to the time at which an award of fourteen per cent or under is made shall be deducted from the 
amount of the final payment. 



808 



A DMINISTRA TION 



25. Number of Pensions in Force on Dec. 31, 1921, and the Annual Liability incurred 

thereon. 

PENSIONS TO DEPENDANTS OF DECEASED SOLDIERS. 



Classification. 


No. 


Yearly 
Liability. 


Widows 


Q KQC 


$ 

7 flftS HK7 


Mothers 


fi 44Q 


1 ,UUO, UOf 

O KOQ 77 


Fathers 


o nin 


i, Oio, Oil 

C7 COO 


Grand Parents 


4fi 


oo/ , ozy 

1 Q ft9Q 


Children 


Ifi 0^3 


lo, U/o 

2KQO 9QQ 


Orphans 


i AAO 


, oy^, ooy 

O1O OX 1 


Brothers and Sisters 




o i z , y*t i 

98 AfiS 


Orphan Brothers and Sisters 


10 


o ftno 










36,245 


13,057,086 



PENSIONS FOR DISABILITIES. 



Classification. 


Pen 
sioners. 


Wives. 


Children. 


Parents. 


Mothers. 


Fathers. 


Liability. 


Privates 


40 187 


20 739 


98 818 




1 ftO 




$ 


Sergeants. . 


4 195 


2 598 


Q Q7 




lV4 




,820,738 


R. S. M. s 


137 


93 


190 








,431,06o 


W. O. s 


69 


^Q 


Q4. 








54 , 884 


Lieutenants 


1 547 


689 


707 


1 






31,130 


Captains 


739 


437 


KKft 








449,074 


Majors 


327 


208 


KOK 








z9J,2ol 


Lt. Colonels 


109 


64 


87 






~ 


141,712 


Colonels 


9 


K. 


q 








57,230 


Br . Generals 


8 


3 


Q 








,225 
















,O/B 




47,327 


24,895 


34,814 


11 


162 


11 


17,294,637 



372 Special Allowances for attendance 128, 628 

Total Annual Liability for Disability Pensions 17,423,265 

Total Annual Liability for Pensions to Dependants of Deceased Soldiers 13,057,086 

Grand Total Annual Liability 30,480,351 



Returned Soldiers Life Insurance. Under the Returned 
Soldiers Insurance Act of 1920, (10-11 Geo. V, c. 54), a system of life 
insurance at very favourable rates was established for returned sol 
diers, whose lives might not be considered as insurable by life insurance 
companies. The general features of the scheme were described on 
pages 38-40 of the 1920 Year Book, to which the reader is referred. 

jnder 12-13 Geo. V, c. 42, the limit of time during which applications 

may be received has been extended to September 1, 1923. Applicants 

:h or without pensionable disability who are so seriously ill that 

hey have no expectation of life, and who have dependants entitled 
to become beneficiaries, may be insured up to Jan. 1, 1923. Up to 
Dec .921, the number of applications received and approved was 

50, the premiums received were $352,769, and the total sum 
assured was $19,589,500; the total death claims to that date were 
180, aggregating $645,000. 



Till-: *&lt;&gt;Ll&gt;Il :i&lt; SETTLEMENT lt&lt;&gt;.\Rl) 80 1 J 



THE SOLDIKK SETTLEMENT BOARD. 

The Soldier Settlement Board. The Soldier Settlement 

Hoard was organized under the authority of the Soldier Settlement 

A,-i. nil;. 7 s Geo. V. e. 21), and empowered to assist eligible 

limed soldiers to settle upon the land. By the Soldier Settlement 
b, I ll ). )-!() Ceo. V, C. 71), the BCOpe of the work v. Mended 
and the Hoard was authorized to purchase for returned men agricul 
tural lands in any provin The earlier proceedings of the Soldier 

Settlement Hoard have been described on paiies 2 .-: &gt; &gt;r&gt; of the Year 
Hook for 1920. to which the reader is referred. 

The soldier settlers who had taken up land under the Soldier 
tlement Hoard with money borrowed from the Government, not 

hem"- well established, suffered even more than other agriculturists from 

the iircat decline in a.iiricultural prices indicated by the table on paiie 272 

and its accompanying diagram. Consequently, the Soldier Settlement 
i1 of 1919 WBS amended by chapter ic&gt; of the statutes of 1922. 

While the A.-i ,,f 1919 and to amendments of n2() called for the 

repayment of &lt;tock and equipment loans on unimproved proper! y 
in (&gt; years and on improved ])roperty in 4 years, and of loans for land 
purchase, removal of encumbrances and permanent improvements 

in 25 years, the recent amendments make all loans for whatever 

purpose run for 2.~&gt; years. Settlers who were on the land prior to 
October 1, 1921. will have all their indebtedness to the Hoard up to 
April 1. 1922. consolidate*! into one loan, and interest will be added 
to October 1. 1922. All such settlers have been uiven an exemption 
of interest for period- of from two to four years from October 1, 1922, 
depending on the year they were established. Those settled before 
October 1. 1919, wi ll receive four years exemption, that is. to October 
1. 1926. During the interest exemption period repayments wiUbe on 
principal only, amounting each standard date to one twenty-fifth of 
the consolidated indebtedness. After this period, interest and 
principal are amortized and are repayable in equal annual instalments. 
Three year.- interest exemption is granted to the 1920 settler and 
two years to the 1921 settler. 

Since the compilation of the statistics uiven on page 31 of the 
1920 Year Book, a considerable number of loans have been made. 
I p to Afar. 31. 1922. C&gt;3.323 returned men had applied to the Hoard 
for loans and 45,180 had been accepted as qualified. Loans had been 
granted to 21,394 applicants, distributed by provinces as follows: 

Xumber of Loans. Amount in $ 

Prince Edward Island . 336 924,438 

Xeva Scotia ................................. 400 1,365,569 

New Brunswick. ................. 568 1,757,388 

Quebec. 416 2,092,482 

Ontario.. 1,628 7,001,765 

Manitoba. 3,378 14,495,488 

Saskatchewan ................................ 5,336 21,586,288 

Alberta. 6,260 25,580,812 

British Columbia . 3 , 072 13 , 724 , 767 



Canada. 21,394 88,528,997 



810 ADMINISTRATION 



Loans were granted for the following purposes : $ 

To purchase land 48,838,781 

To remove encumbrances on land owned by settler 2,081,977 

To erect permanent improvements 10, 306^663 

To purchase stock and equipment 27 \ 301 \ 576 

88,528,997 



In addition to those who have received money advances from 
the Government, 6,073 men who have taken up soldier grants and 
are eligible for loans have not yet taken advantage of this privilege. 

Since the commencement of the Board s obligation more than 
600,000 acres of raw land has been brought under cultivation by 
soldier settlers. In 1921 settlers brought 189,664 acres of new land 
under cultivation and at the end of the fiscal year the total area of 
land occupied by returned men under the Act was 5,238,449 acres. 

The estimated value of crops raised by soldier settlers in 1921, a 
lean year in agriculture generally, was $12,765,132. Livestock owned 
by settlers on March 31, 1922, was valued at $13,829,601. Out. of 
the amounts advanced by the Finance Department for loans to 
soldier settlers there had been returned $11,885,781, so that on Mar. 
31, 1922, the outstanding liability was about $76,000,000. 

DOMINION DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 

The activities of the Department of Health of the Dominion 
Government come under the following ten headings: Quarantine 
Service, Immigration and Medical Service, Food and Drug Labora 
tories, Opium and Narcotic Drugs, Proprietary or Patent Medicines, 
Marine Hospitals Service, Venereal Disease Control, Child Welfare, 
Housing, Medical Research. 

Quarantine Service. Eight quarantine stations were kept in 
operation during the year, namely, at Charlottetown, P.E.I., Chat 
ham, N.B., Halifax, N.S., Louisburg, N.S., North Sydney, N.S., 
Quebec, P.Q., St. John, N.B., and Victoria, B.C. The number of 
vessels that reported at the stations above mentioned was 1,703 and 
the number of examinations made of individuals was 322,238. 

There were 609 admissions to the quarantine hospitals, 247 of 
this number being patients and the balance "contacts," or persons 
who accompanied the sick; while the total number of days in hos 
pital amounted to 7,065 for all classes of admission. There were 
twenty-two different classifications of disease, of which chickenpox 
with 11, measles with 108, mumps with 13, pediculosis with 28, and 
fever with 11 cases, were the largest contributors. There 
was only one case of smallpox, and but seven cases of influenza. 

he leper station (Tracadie lazaretto) at Tracadie, N.B., had 

he close of the year ten patients under treatment. Five of this 

number were female and five male. It is interesting to note that 

the smallest number since the lazaretto was opened. No new 

cases were admitted, but three inmates died during the period; two 

males, aged 67 and 64, and the third a female aged 54. The leper 



/)A7M/.TJl//-;.YV &gt;/ //AM///7/ 811 



station (la/aretto) :it IVArcy Island. B.C., had five inmates, all of 
them being Chinese. Om- patient was released and one new C8 
was admitted. 

Immigration Medical Service. For the purpose of detecting 
physical &lt;&gt;V mental defects, 03,990 immigrant passengers were exam 
ined, and of this number 730 were found to be of the prohibited 
classes, and a further number of 358 were found upon arrival to 
require medical or surgical treatment. In addition to the 730 who 
were found to come within the prohibited classes, 722 were found 
to have minor defects, which data were entered in the individual cards 
for future reference. 

Food and Dnuj Lohoratory.- Duriim the year 225 prosecutions 
were entered for violation of the Food and Drugs Act, 203 of these 
having been completed and 22 being in progress. The list of articles 
which go to make up the above number of prosecutions is wide in 
range, and of the 22.") cases but one was dismissed by the court. In 
the examination and analysis of foods, beverage- and medicinal 
preparation^ approximately 2.300 items came under notice because 
of complaints received respecting adulteration or to see that they 
conformed with the Act. 

Opium and Narcotic l)ru&lt;. -During the year 389 license.- were 
issued covering the following four classifications: Import Licen?&lt; 
Export Licenses, Wholesale DruggiMs Licei and Retail Drug 
gists Licenses to manufacture, the total fees received for all licen 
issued being $3,850. Statistics of narcotic drugs impoited &gt;how 
marked reductions in importation in the fiscal year ended Mar. 31, 
1922, as compared with 1919, before the Department of Health \yas 
created. The following examples may be given, 1919 figures being 
in parentheses: 1922, cocaine 2,952 oz. (12,333 oz.), morphine, 
8,774 oz. (30,087 oz.), crude opium, 1,700 Ibs. (34,203 Ibs.). 

Close supervision is maintained on all exports and imports of 
narcotics, and the licensing system enables the department to know 
at all times of the amount of these drugs received by every druggist, 
veterinary surgeon, dentist or physician in Canada. By this system 
it is possible for the Department to check up the disposition of these 
drugs to make absolutely certain that the use being made of them 
does not contravene the Act. While the illicit traffic is much more 
difficult a problem to handle, no fewer than 835 convictions were 
obtained during the year. Figures are not available to show the 
number of convictions other than by the Royal Canadian Mounted 
Police for infractions of the Act for the fiscal year, but for the judicial 
year ended September 30, 1921, there were in all 1,804 prosecutions, 
including the 009 Dominion cases. 

Proprietary or Patent Medicines. During the year 4,100 prepara 
tions were covered by licenses authorizing their sale in Canada, and 
registration numbers were allotted accordingly. Periodically samples 
of various medicines are obtained in the open market and are sent 
to the laboratory for analysis, for the purpose of confirming the 



812 ADMINISTRATION 



ingredients contained in each. A large amount of goods was seized 
and confiscated because of non-conformity with the Act. Careful 
perusal of the newspapers and other advertising is made to obtain 
copies of illicit advertising. The fundamental principle of the Act 
is to require the manufacturer of proprietary medicines to place his 
preparation on the market so that the ordinary layman may under 
stand what he is taking. Nearly all the druggists in Canada are 
co-operating with the Department in the operation of this law. 

* 

Marine Hospital Sem c6. During the year two marine hospitals 
were operated. One was at Sydney, N.S., and the other at Louisburg, 
N.S., while arrangements were made whereby sick or distressed 
mariners would be treated at 49 other hospitals throughout Canada, 
with the exception of the province of Ontario, where the Act does 
not apply. During this period 2,035 sick or injured mariners were 
treated. 

Venereal Disease Control- -The sum of $200,000 was granted by 
the Dominion Government for the work of venereal disease control, 
and of this sum $10,000 was granted to the Canadian National Council 
for Combating Venereal Disease; $10,000 was retained for current 
expenses, and the balance was divided among the provinces as follows, 
the number of clinics in each province being given in parentheses: 
New Brunswick (8), $7,518; Nova Scotia (5), $10,574; Alberta (4), 
$11,980; Manitoba (4), $12,611; British Columbia (2), $14,628; Sas 
katchewan (8), $15,361; Quebec (8), $47,389; Ontario (13), $57,474. 
Free hospital accommodation and free treatment in institutions has 
been provided, as well as laboratories operating in all the provinces. 
In addition to the publications issued by the Department of Health 
of the Dominion Government (15 in number, obtainable in English 
and French, the circulation of which amounted to over half a 
million copies), the provinces have issued a large amount of educa 
tional literature on the subject. 

Child Welfare. In addition to the co-operative work with the 
different provinces, this division has been able to supplement the 
work carried on by other government departments. In the educa 
tional programme of this division, pamphlets, posters, cards and a 
moving picture film have formed a large part of the work. Over 
150.000 copies of the " Canadian Mother s Book" have been dis 
tributed. The Little Blue Books, Home Series," 14 in number, 
were so much in demand that it was found necessary to issue a second 
edition of the series. The first edition of 10,000 sets was used up 
m less than six months. All publications from this division are 
isued in English and French, and the total number of child welfare 
publications issued during the period amounted to 365,503. Up to 
November 30, 1921, no less than 55,000 copies of the "Card to 
Babys Mother had been sent to the district registrars. Some 
50,00 ) sets of rhymed posters were printed on cards and distributed 
to fall fairs, baby health demonstrations and similar meetings held 
in connection with the child welfare movement. 



C1UMIXAL STATISTICS 813 

Honking.- The total amount expended to the end of the fiscal 
year was -SIT, 10S, 120, distributed amongst the following six provinces, 
viz.: Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario, British Columbia, Quebec 
and Nova Scotia. The total number of houses erected, exclusive of 
New Brunswick, was 3,874; houses under construction and planned 
to be built, 17!: while 17") municipalities were co-operating. With 
the exception of the province of Alberta, all the provinces have 
enacted Housing Aci 



7iYxM//r/ . The* obtaining and installing of laboratory 
equipment and supplies has progrosed so far as to allow of the 
commencement of research work which takes the form of the exam 
ination for potency of all curative sera and vaccines placed upon the 
Canadian market; Mandardixation control of preparations of such 
driii: &lt; as er&lt;j,ot, digitalis, st rophanthus, suprarenal glands and of the 
pituitary body, together with bacteriological examinations of raw 
and canned foods, f- milk, water, etc. iholouical work will 

he largely confined to co-ordination of bacteriological requirements, 
ilthouiih all types of work demanding attention will be undertaken. 

.11 I)I( IAL AM) PENITENTIARY STATISTICS. 

The collection and publication of Crininal Statistics was iirst 
authorized by an Act of 1876 (39 Viet., c. lo), and the results have 
been published upon a comparable basis in an annual report from 
1880 to the present time, being now collected and published by the 
Dominion Bureau of Statistics under the Statistics Act (8-9 Geo. 
V., c. 43), which provides for the receipt of an annual return by the 
Bureau from every court or tribunal administering criminal justice. 
The statistics as published show for each judicial district (148 in 
number) the offences that have been committed, analysed to indicate 
the nature of the offence, the age, sex, occupation and social condition, 
birthplace, etc., of the convicted, and the sentences imposed. The 
Act also provides for the collection of the statistics of penitentiaries, 
prisons, reformatories and jails as complementary to the preceding. 
The statistics relate to years ending September 30, the last report 
being for 1920. These statistics are divided into two classes of 
(1) indictable and (2) non-indictable offences, the former comprising 
all cases tried by police or other magistrates and the latter all cases 
of minor importance disposed of by justices of the peace under the 
Summary Convictions Act. A historical table giving the totals for 
different classes of indictable offences and the grand total for non 
indictable offences from 1876 to 1920 is here published (Table 26). 
In the consideration of this table it should be remembered that while 
the criminal code undergoes little change over periods of time, the 
figures of summary convictions depend very much upon the changes 
in the customs of the people and are apt to increase with the increasing 
urbanization of the population. The most significant column of 
Table 26 is the figure of criminal offences per 100,000 of population. 



814 ADMINISTRATION 



Indictable Offences. Table 27 shows by provinces in respect 
of indictable offences the number of charges and convictions and the 
percentages of acquittals for the years 1918, 1919 and 1920. There 
were 23,213 charges and 18,443 convictions for indictable offences 
throughout Canada during the year ended September 30, 1920, as 
compared with 23,021 charges and 18,396 convictions in 1919, an 
increase of 191 or 0-83 p.c., for charges and of 47 or 0-25 p.c., for 
convictions over the previous year. 

Summary Convictions. The number of summary convictions 

-that is, the total number of convictions for all offences less the 

number of convictions for indictable offences in 1920 was 144,265, 

as compared with 111,623 in 1919. This represents an increase of 

32,642 or 29 -24 p.c. 

Death Sentences. During the year ended September 30, 1920, 
there were 26 persons sentenced to death for murder as compared 
with 28 in 1919. The number of commutations of death sentences 
in 1920 was 13 to imprisonment for life and 1 for fifteen years, com 
pared with 6 to imprisonment for life and 1 for twelve years in 1919. 

Police Statistics. In the annual report of Criminal Statistics 
for the year ended Sept. 30, 1920, are given for the first time statistics 
of the total number of offences "known to the police", supplementing 
the previous figures of cases dealt with by the courts. It is clear that 
an increase or decrease in the number of offences committed cannot 
be accurately indicated by the number of actual prosecutions, and 
with a view to collecting as complete data as possible, detailed in 
formation relative to police activities has been obtained for the 
calendar year 1920 from 88 of the largest cities and towns in the 
Dominion. 

The number of police in the 88 cities and towns making returns 
was 3,614. The number of offences reported or known to the police 
during the year was 183,126; 151,468 persons were arrested or sum 
moned to stand trial, the perpetrators of over 31,000 offences remain 
ing undiscovered. The number of thefts known to have been commit 
ted was 22,820, whereas the number of charges for theft total 10,575, 
and the convictions 8,678. There were 5,655 burglaries and house 
and shop breakings, the charges and convictions being 2,317 and 
2,073 respectively. Highway robberies to the number of 663 were 
reported, yet the number of all cases of robbery dealt with by the 
courts was but 332, with 237 convictions. Automobiles numbering 
3,682 of a value of $4,762,043 were reported stolen, of which 3,534 
were recovered. The number of bicycles reported stolen was 4,814 
and of those recovered 2,624. In addition the police found 2,325 
bicycles which had not been reported stolen, and found claimants 
for 2,151 of these. The value of all other articles reported stolen 
was $2,325,755, and of this amount $1,336,027 was recovered. Photo 
graphs of prisoners taken totalled 5,217, finger prints, 12,499 and 
identifications established, 1,724. Street accidents reported numbered 
13,766. Shelter was given to 22,927 persons and 5,212 children were 
found and returned to their homes. 



CRIMINAL STATISTICS 



815 



.Mi. &lt; omidioiis by (;roups of Criminal Offences, and Total Comirtions for Minor 
Offences, 1S76-1920, with Proportion to Population. 





minal ( MTVnces. 


Minor &lt; Mt ci 






Offences imaii. 








tal 






her 






C rnainal 










pro 


fcloni - 






and 




the 


pro- 
party 

u i 1 1 1 


perty 

with- 


aml 

1111- 


talsof 
criminal offences. 


al Minor OtL-n. 


Minor 




pen 






incan- 












ten 


l.-ii 


(,i.: 


























pc 


per 
















of all 


100,000 




of all 


100,000 


No. 
















pop. 




offences 


pop. 








201 




121 








.064 


71-1 




. I :. 


1-77 . 






114 




. 




21 


70-6 




:;ou 


!s7&gt; 
















71-7 


. 580 


33,005 




4,815 














20 


71-6 


- 


7:&lt;!i 


1880... 






3,018 






32-2 


215 


19, lls 


67-8 






1881.. 




144 




288 




25-2 


17(1 


2! 









1882 




ITS 




IM 






17s 


,5H 






31 


1883... 










7,71.-, 




171 




77-1 




572 


1884... 








1&gt;7 


8.230 






21 




481 


29 


1885... 


5,057 
















7t ! 


558 


34 


1886.. 




255 


2,943 










25,581 


74-8 


557 


34,205 


1887... 




. (IS 


2,519 




7,873 








77-8 


877 




1888... 










8,619 




184 




77-2 






1889... 










m 


29,421 




621 




1890... 








164 


8,800 




184 


29,906 


77-:: 




38,706 




4,788 


283 




160 


8,600 




17s 


.017 


77-1 




37,617 




4,903 


251 




17:5 






17:. 










1893... 


4,689 


1,574 1M 


8,806 










544 








4.-)ii 4,1.-,:, 200 


; 


26-0 


189 


26,761 


74-d 


537 


36 ,](. &gt; 


1895... 


4,652 




4,199 




9,608 


25-6 


191 


27,977 




556 


37,585 


1896.. 


4, Mi 


MM 


4,104 








184 


27. 


74-9 




37,278 


1897... 


4.418 


47:, 


131 










28 






:&lt;7,978 


1898... 






4. 


10,063 




198 


28, 143 


74-7 


:,14 


38,206 


1899... 


4,227 


44 1 


4. :.41 






24 7 


181 


29,159 


75-3 


554 


38,710 


1900... 


4,598 


413 




411 






188 


31,661 


76-0 


595 


41,654 


1901.. 


4,698 


451 


4.441 






23-7 


184 


32.174 


76-3 


596 


42,148 




4,773 


413 


4,541 


10,090 




182 


:,446 




605 




1903.. 


5,480 




H 505 


11 






38,911 




686 


50,383 


1904... 


5,919 






12 




211 


42,652 


77-6 


732 


54,946 


1905... 


5,694 


656 


5,711 


812 


12,873 


20-6 


215 


49,686 




829 


62,559 


1906.. 


6,215 


645 




1,078 


14 




233 


56,840 




916 


70,903 


1907... 




681 


6,907 




15 


19-0 




124 


81-0 


1,017 


7!), 170 




7,379 


893 


7,973 


1,069 


17.:: 14 


19-8 




71, 




1,099 


88 


1909... 


6,586 


848 


7.771 


1,332 


16 


18-4 


247 


78,415 


81-6 


1,096 


952 


1910... 


7,793 


943 


8,191 


1,131 


IS 


17-:, 




84,845 


82-5 


1,227 


102,903 


1(111 . 


8,352 


. 77 


9,024 


1,194 


19,547 


17-3 


273 


93,71:; 


82-7 


1,309 


113,260 


1912... 


9,371 


1,195 


10,626 


1 , 540 




15-5 




123.7!:i 84-5 


1,686 


140,527 


1913... 


11,444 


1,472 


12,721 


1 , 724 


27,361 


15-8 




Ho. 777 


84-2 


1,936 


173, 138 


1914... 


12,136 


1,810 


14,645 


1,952 


30,. 543 


16-7 




152,492 


83-3 


1,974 


183,035 


1915... 


10,664 


2,234 


14,269 


1 , 525 


28,692 


18-7 


362 


124,363 


81-3 


1,569 


153,055 


1916.. 


9,327 


1,478 


11,018 


1,459 


23,282 


18-8 


286 


100,509 


81-2 


1,235 


123,791 


1917... 


6,852 


1,321 


9,886 


1.271 


19,330 


16-9 


231 


94,681 


83-1 


1,132 


114,011 


1918... 


7,292 


2,049 


10,743 


1,390 


21,474 


17-4 


250 


101,795 


82-6 


1,184 


123,268 


1919... 


7,731 


2,606 


11,508 


1,656 


23,501 


18-1 


266 


106,519 


81-9 


1,206 


130,019 


1920 . 


8-281 


2,310 


11,634 


2,059 


24,284 


14-9 


269 


138,424 


85-1 


1,533 


162, 708 



816 



ADMINISTRA TION 



27. Charges, Convictions and Percentages of Acquittals for Indictable Offences, by 

Provinces, 1918, 1919 and 1920. 



Provinces. 



1918. 



Charges 



Convic 
tions. 



Acquit 
tals. 



1919. 



Charges 



Convic 
tions. 



Acquit 
tals. 



1920. 



Acquit 
tals. 



Prince Edward Island. 

Nova Scotia 

New Brunswick 

Quebec 

Ontario 

Manitoba 

Saskatchewan 

Alberta 

British Columbia 

Yukon . . 



Canada. 



No. 

42 

990 

387 

4,631 

10,278 

1,617 

1,412 

1,237 

1,138 

15 



21,747 



No. 

37 

717 

334 

3,747 

8,313 



364 
099 
889 
859 
11 



p.c. 
11-90 

27-58 
13-69 
19-09 
19-12 
15-65 
22-17 
28-13 
24-52 
26-66 



I 



No. 
32 
059 
437 
4,823 
10,647 



619 
385 
480 
532 

7 



No. 
31 
767 
333 
,920 
,628 
,386 
,135 
,040 
,151 
5 



p.c. 
3-12 
27-67 
23-80 
18-74 
18-96 
14-39 
18-05 
29-73 
24-87 
18-57 



No. 

29 

952 

494 

4,228 

10,255 

1,765 

1,807 

1,671 

2,004 



No. 

19 

713 

434 

3,288 

8,414 



423 
468 
240 
438 
6 



17,370 



20-13 



23,021 



18,396 



20-09 



23,213 



18,443 



p.c. 
34-52 
25-10 
12-15 
22-23 
17-95 
19-43 
18-76 
25-78 
28-24 
25-00 



20-55 



28. Indictable Offences by Classes during the Years ended September 30, 

1919 and 1920. 



By Classes and Offences. 



CLASS I. OFFENCES AGAINST THE PERSON. 

Murder 79 

Murder, attempt to commit 

Manslaughter 62 

Abortion and concealing birth of infants 

Rape and other crimes against decency 516 

Procuration 

Bigamy 

Shooting, stabbing and wounding 182 

Assault on females 29 

Aggravated assault 711 

Assault on police officer 554 

Assault and battery 1 , 109 

Refusal to support family 114 

Various other offences against the person 153 

Totals 3,684 

CLASS II. OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERTY WITH 
VIOLENCE. 

Burglary, house, warehouse and shopbreaking 2, 717 

Robbery and demanding with menaces 348 

Highway robbery 27 

Totals 3,092 

CLASS III. OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERTY WITHOUT 
VIOLENCE 

Bringing stolen goods into Canada 12 

Embezzlement 11 

False pretences 579 

Feloniously receiving stolen goods 536 

Fraud and conspiracy to defraud 499 

Horse, cattle and sheep stealing 90 

Theft 10, 613 

Theft of mail 32 

Totals 12,372 

CLASS IV. MALICIOUS OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERTY. 

Arson ? 73 

Malicious injury to horses, cattle and other wilful 

damage to property 450 

Totals. 523 



1919. 



Number Number 



of 

Charges. 



of 
Convictions 



28 

22 

32 

8 

311 

23 

71 

109 

22 

471 

503 

852 

85 

77 



2,614 



2,420 

164 

22 



2,606 



12 
7 

406 

373 

366 

68 

8,651 
28 



9,911 



43 
327 



370 



1920. 



Number 

of 
Charges. 



57 

36 

84 

20 

532 

40 

88 

282 

97 

698 

628 

,205 

149 

113 



4,029 



2,317 

366 

26 



2,709 



1 
8 

693 

652 

576 

73 

10,478 
24 



12,505 



78 
415 



493 



Number 

of 
Convictions. 



26 
19 
43 
11 

298 

27 

71 

183 

70 

455 

578 

934 

110 

76 



2,901 



2,073 

227 

10 



2,310 



1 
4 

473 

430 

436 

51 

8,605 
22 



10,022 



34 

294 



328 



CRIMINAL STATISTICS 



817 



28. Indictable Offences by Classes during the Years ended September 3t, 

1919 and 1920 &lt;-. n lu.lt 1. 





l-.i 


9. 


19: 


JO. 


By Classes and Offences. 


Number 
of 
Charges. 


Number 
of 
Convictions. 


Number 
of 
Charges. 


Number 
of 

Convictions. 


CLASS V. FORGERY AND OTHER OFFENCES AGAINST 
THE CURRENCY. 
Offences against currency . . 






14 


11 


Forgerv and uttering forged documents 


466 


377 


559 


419 












Totals . . 


466 


377 


573 


430 












CLASS VI. OTHER OFFENCES NOT INCLUDED IN THE 
REGOING CLASSES. 
Attempt to commit suicide. ... 


28 


20 


42 


33 


Carrying unlawful weapons .... 




91 


156 


144 


Criminal negligence 


i 


i 


67 


50 


;spiracy . ... 


21 


6 


101 


58 


Driving automobile while drunk . . 


i 


i 


48 


48 


Forcible entry 


12 


2 


; 


3 


Indecent exposure and other offences against public 
morals 


153 


140 


187 


170 


Intimidation .... 


i 


i 


32 


I 1 


Keeping bawdy houses and inmates thereof 


1,340 


1,239 


927 




Offences against gambling and lottery acts 


332 




86] 




Offences against revenue law 




292 


u_ 


114 


Illicit stills 






251 




Perjury and subornation of perjury 


94 


41 


106 


34 


Prison breach and escape from prison 


177 


169 


155 


147 


Riot and affray .... 


75 


65 


101 


94 


Sedition 


37 


19 


12 


8 


Sodomy and bestiality 


83 


54 


104 


85 


Various other misdemeanours 


122 


84 


128 


80 












Totals 


2,884 


2,518 


2,M4 


2,452 












Totals for Canada.. 


23.121 


18. 3H 


23.213 


18.443 



Included under "various other misdemeanours." 
29. Convictions and Sentences for all Offences, by Provinces, 1914-1920. 



Provinces. 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Canada- 
Convictions 


No. 
183,035 


No. 
153,055 


123,791 


No. 
114,011 


No. 
123,269 


No. 

130,019 


No. 
162,708 


ences 
Penitentiary 


1,216 


1,322 


982 


686 


890 


1,214 


1 125 


Gaol or fine 


141,807 


115,150 


97,847 


92,402 


99,899 


105, 747 


135,288 


Reformatory 


592 


517 


568 


584 


678 


678 


615 


Death 


27 


34 


21 


15 


20 


28 


26 


Other sentences 


39,393 


36,032 


24,373 


20,324 


21,782 


22,352 


25,654 


Prince Edward Island- 
Convictions 


523 


362 


419 


356 


246 


267 


359 


Sentences 
Penitentiary 




8 


3 


5 


2 


2 


1 


Gaol or fine 


504 


350 


402 


338 


198 


240 


342 


Reformatory 








2 


7 


6 




Death 


_ 


! 


1 










Other sentences 


19 


4 


13 


11 


39 


19 


16 


No?a Scotia- 
Convictions 


7,379 


6,724 


6,568 


5,282 


5,511 


6 300 


6 503 


Sentences 
Penitentiary 


70 


93 


50 


45 


105 


108 


122 


Gaol or fine 


6,769 


5,963 


5,899 


4,533 


4,682 


5 471 


5 818 


Reformatory 


46 


55 


42 


49 


47 


44 


38 


Death 


3 


2 


2 


2 


2 






Other sentences 


491 


611 


575 


653 


675 


677 


525 


New Brunswick- 
Convictions 


3,101 


3 111 


2 960 


2 896 


1 945 


2 780 


3 839 


Sentences-;- 
Penitentiary 


24 


33 


40 


25 


17 


53 


77 


Gaol or fine 


2,935 


2,834 


2 696 


2 598 


1 688 


2 477 


3 531 


Reformatory 


11 


24 


15 


27 


16 


21 


19 


Death 












1 




Other sentences.. 


131 


220 


209 


246 


224 


228 


212 



3813152 



818 



ADMIN ISTRA TION 



23. Convictions and Sentences for all Offences, by Provinces, 1914-1920 concluded 



Provinces. 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Quebec- 
Convictions 


No. 
34, 149 


No. 
27,205 


No. 
24,591 


No. 

25,936 


No. 
29, 121 


No. 

34,801 


No. 

44,089 


Sentences- 
Penitentiary 


226 


273 


233 


185 


192 


355 


258 


Gaol or fine 


26,112 


20,021 


19,154 


20,205 


23,321 


28, 135 


36,835 


Reformatory 


139 


141 


133 


155 


152 


185 


241 


Death 


2 


5 


1 


2 


4 


7 


7 


Other sentences 


7,670 


6,765 


5,070 


5,389 


5,542 


6,119 


6,748 


Ontario- 
Convictions 


65,086 


58,876 


49,620 


49,579 


54, 761 


53,215 


63,463 


Sentences-^- 
Penitentiary 


355 


409 


287 


216 


343 


389 


404 


Gaol or fine 


48,763 


41,303 


35,618 


39,366 


42, 745 


41,211 


49,677 


Reformatory 


242 


234 


266 


289 


352 


323 


252 


Death 


4 


7 


4 


4 


4 


8 


11 


Other sentences 


16,442 


16,923 


13,445 


9,704 


11,317 


11,284 


13,119 


Manitoba- 
Convictions 


16,334 


12,843 


9,052 


8,155 


8,662 


9,514 


12,516 


Sentences 
Penitentiary 


73 


129 


38 


55 


59 


87 


76 


Gaol or fine... 


13,302 


10,277 


7,234 


6,626 


6,538 


7,387 


9,949 


Reformatory .... 


106 


33 


85 


31 


59 


64 


39 


Death ^ 


2 


6 


2 


4 


5 




1 


Other sentences 


2,851 


2,398 


1,693 


1,439 


2,001 


1,976 


2,451 


Saskatchewan- 
Convictions 


13,782 


11,672 


11,016 


7,072 


7,635 


7,315 


7,991 


Sentences 
Penitentiary 


107 


60 


62 


36 


64 


63 


40 


Gaol or fine 


12, 184 


10,586 


10,141 


6,533 


7,010 


6,636 


7,251 


Reformatory 


8 


3 


2 




5 






Death 


4 


1 


2 


_ 


3 


8 


4 


Other sentences 


1,479 


1,022 


809 


503 


553 


608 


696 


Alberta- 
Convictions 


19,043 


14,419 


11,426 


6,627 


7,633 


7,001 


8,459 


Sentences-^ 
Penitentiary 


185 


157 


138 


56 


65 


76 


67 


Gaol or fine 


16,271 


12,558 


10,307 


6,124 


7,206 


6,401 


7,756 


Reformatory 


4 


4 


4 


1 


2 


1 


4 


Death 


4 


2 


4 


1 


1 


3 


3 


Other sentences 


2,579 


1,698 


973 


445 


359 


520 


629 


British Columbia- 
Convictions 


22,694 


17,673 


7,963 


8,002 


7,680 


8,789 


15,434 


Sentences 
Penitentiary 


176 


160 


129 


57 


43 


81 


80 


Gaol or fine 


14,794 


11,136 


6,277 


6,004 


6,536 


7,768 


14,084 


Reformatory 


36 


23 


21 


30 


38 


34 


22 


Death 


7 


10 


4 


1 


1 


1 


_ 


Other sentences 


7,681 


6,344 


1,532 


1,910 


1,062 


905 


1,248 


Yukon Territory- 
Convictions 


224 


170 


176 


106 


75 


37 


55 


Sentences 
Penitentiary 






2 


6 








Gaol or fine 


173 


122 


119 


75 


66 


21 


45 


Reformatory 
















Death 


1 


1 


1 


1 


_ 


_ 


_ 


Other sentences 


50 


47 


54 


24 


9 


16 


10 


The Territories- 
Convictions 
















Sentences 
Penitentiary 
















Gaol or fine 














_ 


Reformatory 












_ 


_ 


Death 












_ 


_ 


Other sentences 










1 


, 






















CR1MI.\.\L STATISTICS 



- g 



Juvenile Delinquents. In Canada, as in other countries, the 
number of juvenile delinquents coming before the courts has increased 
very considerably in recent years. In 1920, 3,355 persons under 
16 years of age were convicted of indictable offences, as compared 
with an annual average of 972 in the three years 1901 to 1903- -an 
increase out of all proportion to the increase in population. Alarming 
conclusions have been based upon these and similar statistics of other 
countries, but it may be that the increase is due rather to increas 
ing urbanization and the better enforcement &lt;&gt;f the laws than to any 
real lowering of the moral standards of the young. Of the 3,3."&gt;f&gt; 
convictions in 1920, 2,211 were for theft and 801 for burglary, house 
and shop breaking. Of those convicted, 2,518 were let off with a 
warning, bound to keep the peace or allowed to r&lt;&gt; under suspended 
sentence. 

&d. Juvenile Criminals convicted of Indictable Offences by Classes of Offence, 1920, 
with the total and yearly average for the period 1885-1920. 



Classes of Offence. 


Under 
16 years. 


16 years and 
under 21. 


Totals. 


M. 


F. 


M. 


F. 


M. 


F. 


1920. 
I. Offences gainst the person . . 


No. 
91 
804 
2,161 

1_ 4 
9 
44 


No. 
6 

102 
1 


No. 

176 
769 
1,882 
42 
113 
89 


No. 

21 
2 
167 

7 
20 


No. 
267 
1,573 
4,043 
166 
122 
133 


No. 
27 
4 

8 
29 


II Offences against property with violence. . . 


III. Offences against property without violence 


IV Malicious offences against proper tv .... 


Forgery and offences against the currency 


VI. Other offences not included in the above offences. 
Total 


3,233 

17,993 


122 

1.959 


3,071 
46,689 


217 
1,662 


.304 
94,682 


M 
5,621 


Total 1885-1920 


Yearly average 1885-1920 


1,333 


54 


1,241 


102 


2,630 


156 





SI. Charges, Acquittals, Convictions and Sentences in respect of Indictable Offence*. 

lilf-lSM. 



Charges and Sentences. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Charges . . 


No. 
26,714 


No. 

23,942 


No. 

19,454 


No. 
21,747 


No. 
23,021 


No. 

23,212 


Acquittals 1 


6,060 


4,757 


3,868 


4,356 


4,592 


4,74t 


Persons detained for lunacy . 


29 


25 


27 


21 


33 


24 


Convict ions . . . 


20,625 


19,160 


15,559 


17,370 


18,396 


18,44.: 


Males 


19,624 


15,486 


13,086 


14,871 


16,161 


16,72$ 


Females 


1,001 


3,674 


2,473 


2,499 


2,235 


1,721 


First conviction . 


17,695 


16,806 


13,093 


14,310 


15,118 


15,09( 


Second conviction . 


1,776 


1,337 


1,373 


1,551 


1,641 


1,66? 


Reiterated conviction 


1,154 


1,017 


1,093 


1,509 


1,637 


1,67&lt; 


Sentences 
Option of a fine 


5,344 


6,786 


4,845 


5,106 


5,053 


5,44; 


Under one year in gaol . 


5,774 


3,816 


2,890 


3,284 


3,455 


3,75( 


One year and over in gaol . . 


893 


666 


462 


783 


921 


88( 


Two years and under five in penitentiary 


1,074 


799 


540 


701 


978 


87c 


Five years and over in penitentiary .... 


241 


178 


145 


185 


229 


24^ 


For life in penitentiary 


7 


5 


1 


4 


7 




Death . . 


34 


21 


15 


20 


28 


2( 


Committed to reformatories 


517 


568 


584 


678 


678 


6K 


Other sentences 


6,741 


6,321 


6,077 


6,609 


7,047 


6,594 

















1 Includes cases where proceedings were stayed, disagreement of jury, etc. 

38131521 



820 



ADMINISTRA TION 



32. Classification of Persons Convicted of Indictable Offences, 1914-1920. 



Classes. 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1929. 


Occupations 
Agricultural 


No. 
1,267 


No. 
1,312 


No. 

899 


No. 

904 


No. 
1,152 


No. 

966 


No. 
1 091 


Commercial 


1,947 


2,039 


1,472 


1,424 


1,813 


1,963 


2 213 


Domestic 


1,106 


955 


914 


1,390 


1,866 


1,608 


1 354 


Industrial 


1,798 


1,573 


1,049 


937 


1,214 


1,424 


1 483 


Professional 


149 


238 


496 


390 


359 


315 


168 


Labourer 


7,768 


6,736 


4,155 


3,513 


4,403 


5,232 


5 347 


Not given 


7,393 


7,772 


10,175 


7,001 


6,563 


6,888 


6 787 


Civil condition 
Married 


4,584 


4,323 


3,761 


3,450 


4 474 


4 472 


4 434 


Single 


10,968 


11,320 


8,373 


8,700 


10 339 


11 081 


10 760 


Widowed 


154 


136 


142 


110 


269 


315 


196 


Not given 


5,732 


4,846 


6,884 


3,299 


2,288 


2,528 


3 053 


Educational status 

Unable to read or write 
Elementary 


769 
14,865 


1,066 
14,138 


1,007 
11,045 


763 
11,390 


1,084 
14 042 


843 
14 408 


925 
14 179 


Superior 


415 


332 


269 


289 


192 


282 


258 


Not given 


5,389 


5,089 


6,939 


3,117 


2 052 


2 863 


3 081 


Ages 
Under 16 years 


2,628 


3,050 


3,157 


3,606 


4,104 


3,876 


3,355 


16 years and under 21 


2,652 


2,719 


1,575 


1,928 


2,938 


3,846 


3,288 


21 years and under 40 


8,831 


8,114 


5,878 


5,511 


6,728 


6,446 


7,216 


40 years and over 


2,158 


2,036 


1,758 


1,448 


1,748 


1,795 


1,795 


Not given 


5,169 


4,706 


6,792 


3,066 


1,852 


2,433 


2,789 


Use of liquors 
Moderate 


7,539 


7,394 


7,377 


5,387 


11,656 


10,726 


11,000 


Immoderate 


3,174 


2,348 


1,891 


1,332 


1,357 


1,276 


1,232 


Not given 


10,725 


10,883 


9,892 


8,840 


4,357 


6,394 


6,211 


Birthplace 
England and Wales 


1,872 


1,482 


952 


780 


1,177 


1,329 


1,489 


Ireland 


472 


327 


260 


180 


285 


193 


247 


Scotland 


675 


473 


321 


242 


381 


381 


462 


Canada 


9,162 


9,172 


7,428 


7,097 


9,322 


10,157 


9,570 


Other British Possessions.. . 
United States.. 


151 
1,015 


132 

980 


57 
916 


95 
845 


152 

947 


90 
990 


106 
1,148 


Other foreign countries . 


3,516 


3,741 


2,697 


2,228 


3,161 


2,780 


2,589 


Not given 


4,575 


4,318 


6,529 


4,092 


1,945 


2,476 


2,832 


Religion 
Baptist 


333 


379 


287 


402 


385 


383 


447 


Roman Catholic 


6,355 


6,245 


4,918 


5,367 


6,959 


6,896 


6,093 


Church of England 


2,515 


2,208 


1,525 


1,576 


1,910 


2,186 


2,234 


Methodist 


1,434 


1,389 


1,107 


1,186 


1,368 


1,589 


1,503 


Presbyterian 


1,495 


1,367 


965 


1,034 


1,397 


1,432 


1,621 


Protestant 


2,502 


2,294 


1,921 


1,286 


1,618 


1,683 


1,671 


Jews 














519 


Other denominations 


1,425 


1,777 


1,228 


1,054 


1,506 


1,438 


802 


Not given 


5 379 


4,966 


7,209 


3 654 


2,227 


2,789 


3,553 


Residence 
Cities and towns 


15,544 


14,662 


11,294 


11,157 


14,190 


16,305 


16,178 


Rural districts 


2,210 


2,434 


1,801 


1,501 


1,779 


2,051 


2,111 


Not given 


3 684 


3,529 


6 065 


2 091 


1 401 


40 


154 



















CRIMINAL STATISTS - 



821 



33. Indictable and Summary Convictions by Classes of Offences, 1914-1920. 

A. NUMBERS. 



Classes of Offenn- 


1914. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


Ittt. 


Offences against the person . . 
Offences against property with 

v loli iirt 


No. 

12,136 

1,810 


No. 
10,664 

2,234 


No. 

9,327 

1,47&gt;&gt; 


No. 
6,852 

1,321 


No. 
7,292 

2,049 


No. 
7,731 

2,606 


No. 

8,281 

2,310 


Offence :i j.:iinst property 
without \ loK nce . . . 


14,645 


14,269 


11,018 


9,886 


10,743 


11,508 


11,634 


OtluT felonies and misde 
meanours 


1,952 


1,525 


1,459 


1,271 


1,390 


1,656 


2,051) 


















Totals for criminal offences. 


30,543 


28,692 


23,282 


19,330 


21,474 


23,501 


:4,284 


Breach of Municipal Acts and 
By-laws 


33,570 


11,911 


28,411 


32,718 


38,401 


39,593 


,37s 


Breach of liquor laws 


5,871 


L53 


248 


7,339 


7,472 


7,383 


10,247 


Drunkcnin Mj . 


60,067 


41,K)1 


730 




21,026 


24,217 


39,7!. 


Vagrancy 


15,263 


11,461 


684 


4,406 


3,867 


4,0(17 




Loose, idle and disorderly 
ing bawdy houses and 
inni;itt-&lt; thereof 


9,063 
4,935 


135 
5,464 


4,688 
4, 


2,2(14 
4,443 


614 

5,620 


2,496 
5,567 




MiM-fll;iini&gt;us minor offences. 


23,723 


23,078 


17,424 


15,629 


22,795 


23, 166 


1 


Totals for minor offences. . . 


152,492 


124,363 


100,509 


94,681 


101,795 


106,519 


138,424 


t.rantl totals 


183, 035 


!.-,:{ I).-,:. 


123,7*1 


114,011 


m,2S9 


130,019 


Hi 2,708 



B. RATIOS PBR CENT or TOTAL AND PER 100,000 OF POPULATION. 





11 


)16. 


1! 


W7. 


1 


J18. 


1 


919. 


1 


?20. 


v_ Kisses 01 i. nenci. 1 . 


Per 

cent. 


Per 

100,000 


Per 

cent. 


Per 

100,000 


Per 

cent . 


P 
100,000 


Per 

cent. 


Per 
100,000 


Per 

cent. 


Per 

100,000 


Offences against the person . 
Offences against property 
with violence 


7-5 

1-2 


116 
18 


6-0 

1-2 


84 
16 


5-9 

1-7 


88 
25 


6-0 
2-0 


91 
31 


5-1 
1-4 


% 

27 


Offences against property 
without violence 


8-9 


137 


8-6 


121 


8-7 


129 


8-8 


136 


7-1 


135 


Other felonies and misde 
meanours 


1-2 


18 


1-1 


15 


1-1 


16 


1-3 


19 


1-3 


23 
























Totals for criminal offences. 


18-8 


289 


16-9 


236 


17-4 


258 


18-1 


277 


14-9 


281 


Breach of Municipal Acts 
and By-laws 


22-9 


354 


28-6 


400 


31-1 


461 


30-5 


467 


36-5 


688 


Breach of liquor laws 


5-0 


78 


6-4 


90 


6-1 


90 


5-7 


87 


6-3 


119 


Drunkenness 


26-5 


407 


24-4 


341 


17-1 


252 


18-6 


286 


24-4 


461 


Vagrancv 


5-4 


83 


4-0 


53 


3-1 


46 


3-1 


49 


3-4 


65 


Loose, idle and disorderly. . 
Keeping bawdy houses and 
inmates thereof 


3-8 
3-5 


58 
54 


2-0 

4-0 


28 
54 


2-1 
4-6 


31 
68 


1-9 
4-3 


29 
66 


1-3 

2-3 


25 
44 


Miscellaneous minor offences 


14-1 


217 


13-7 


191 


18-5 


274 


17-8 


272 


10-9 


202 


Totals for minor offences. . . 


81-2 


1,251 


83-1 


1,157 


82-6 


1,222 


81-9 


1,256 


85-1 


1,604 


Grand totals 


100 


1,540 


100 


1,393 


100 


1,480 


100 


1,533 


100 


1,885 

























Increase of Drunkenness.- -The number of summary convic 
tions for drunkenness in Canada was 39,769 in 1920, as compared with 
24,217 in 1919, an increase of 15,552, or 64-22 p.c. Table 34 shows 
the number of convictions by provinces for the five years 1916 to 
1920, with increases and decreases for 1920 as compared with 1919, 
from which it will be seen that drunkenness, at least as measured 
by statistics of summary convictions, increased during the year 1920 
in every province and in Yukon Territory. 



822 



ADMINISTRATION 



34. Convictions for Drunkenness for the Five Years 1916-1920. 



Provinces. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


Increase (+) or 
Decrease ( ) 
1920 as compared 
with 1919. 


Prince Edward Island 


No. 

219 
3,614 
1,696 
7,108 
11,728 
3,114 
1,062 
1,809 
2,327 
53 


No. 
207 
2,546 
1,516 
8,025 
10,945 
1,085 
770 
391 
2,372 
25 


No. 

96 
2,435 
704 
6,680 
7,932 
1,123 
434 
825 
778 
19 


No. 
116 
2,879 
1,350 
7,116 
8,498 
1,570 
618 
1,057 
1,004 
9 


No. 
120 
3,140 
1,882 
11,863 
15,021 
2,330 
919 
1,536 
2,948 
10 


Numerical. 

+ 4 
+ 261 
+ 532 
+ 4,747 
+ 6,523 
+ 760 
+ 301 
+ 479 
+ 1,944 
+ 1 


Per cent. 
+ 3-44 
H 9-07 
+ 39-40 
+ 66-71 
+ 76-78 
+ 48-40 
+ 48-70 
+ 45-32 
+ 193-62 
+ 11-11 


Nova Scotia 


New Brunswick 


Quebec 


Ontario 


Manitoba 


Saskatchewan 


Alberta 


British Columbia 


Yukon Territory 


Canada 


32,730 


27,882 


21,026 


24,217 


39,769 


+ 15,552 


+ 64-22 





35. Population of Penal Institutions, 1918-1920. 



Penal Institutions. 


1918. 


Number of Prisoners 


In custody 
beginning 
of year. 


Admitted 
during 
year. 


Discharged 
during 
year. 


In custody 
end of 
year. 


Penitentiaries 




1,505 
1,189 
309 
2,004 


963 
1,721 
257 
29,485 


825 
1,715 
255 
29,437 


1,643 
1,195 
311 
2,052 


Reformatories for 
Reformatories for 
Jails 


boys 


girls 




Totals . . . 




5,007 


32,426 


32,232 


5,201 


Penitentiaries. . . . 




1919. 


1,656 
1,270 
309 
2,052 


1,199 
2,033 
187 
32,534 


829 
1,984 
198 
32,450 


2,026 
1,319 
298 
2,136 


Reformatories for 
Reformatories for 
Jails 


boys 


girls 




Totals 


5,287 


35,953 


35,461 


5,779 


Penitentiaries . . . 




1920. 


1,708 
1,638 
312 

1,889 


1,069 
4,382 
327 
32,369 


764 
4,280 
359 
32,135 


2,013 
1,740 
280 
2,123 


Reformatories for 
Reformatories for 
Jails 


boys 


girls 




Totals . . . 




5,517 


38,147 


37,538 


6,156 







Penitentiaries. 

The statistics of penitentiaries given in Tables 36-39, are compiled 
from the annual reports to the Minister of Justice of the Inspectors of 
Penitentiaries. The report for the fiscal year 1920-21, in reference 
to the parole system, states that the total number of paroles granted 
during twenty-two years of operation is 13,512. A total of 12,152 
persons have completed their probation on parole and occupy 
positions in good citizenship to-day, and 588 prisoners are now report 
ing and have in prospect the completion of their probation on parole. 
The total delinquency for non-compliance with conditions of license is 
469, or 3.5 p.c., and for subsequent conviction 303, or 2.2 p.c., 
making a total delinquency of 5.7 p.c. 



PENITENTIARIES 



823 



3. Movements of Convicts, 1916-1921. 



Schedule. 


I M.,. 


WIT. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


In custody at beginning of fiscal ... 

Received 

By forfeiture of parole. 
Paroles revoked 
Recaptured 


2. 

11 
4 

1 


No. 
2,118 

11 
31 
1 


No. 
1,694 

10 
9 

1 


No. 

1,468 

4 
3 
3 


No. 
1,689 

9 


No. 
1,931 

2 
1 
4 


By transfer 


. I 


10 


19 


u 


150 


36 


From jails, etc 




630 


625 


979 


1,005 


995 


Totals 


3 N4 


2,8tl 


2,J58 


2,472 


2,855 


. . M 
















R&lt; -leased by 
Death 


11 


12 


11 


45 


12 


19 


Escape 


1 


3 


1 


3 


5 s 


KM 


Fxpiry of sentence 


304 


408 


268 


212 


201 




&lt; &gt;rder of the court 


9 


4 


6 


44" 


it 


8 


Pardon 




65 




160 




4 


Parole 












374 






9 


17 


16 


lea 




I )eportation . 


101 


76 


59 








; t to reformatory 


1 












Returned insane ^ . 


8 


_ 


mm 


_ 





_ 


Returned to Provincial authorities 
Bv military order .. .. 




4 


} 


u 


11 
i 


8 
















In custody at end of fiscal year 


2,118 


1,C94 


1,418 


1.C8S 


1.931 


2,15* 



Includes 84 from military courts. 
Includes 25 from military ord 



From asylums. 
*One from asylum. 



3?. Number of Deaths, Escapes, Pardons and Paroles, 1916-1921. 



Schedule. 


16. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Deaths. ... 


No. 

11 

1 
4 
423 


No. 

12 
3 
65 
526 


No. 

11 
1 
66 
455 


No. 

45 
3 
160 

252 


No. 

12 
5 
208 
275 


No. 

19 
10 
4 

374 


Escapes 


Pardons 


Paroles . . 




38. Age of Convicts, 1915-1921. 


Ages. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


Under 20 years 


No. 

187 
917 
553 
240 
121 
46 


No. 

212 
941 
563 
253 
119 
30 


No. 

141 
714 
473 
241 
99 
26 


No. 

115 
616 
405 
205 
91 
31 


No. 

228 
718 
395 
218 
97 
33 


No. 

335 
775 
434 
251 
100 
36 


No. 
289 

479 
242 
130 
41 


From 20 to under 30 years 


From 30 to under 40 


From 40 to under 50 


From 50 to under 60 


Over 60 years.. 



Includes one age unknown. 



Includes five not given (insane) . 



824 



ADMINISTRATION 



39. Classification of Convicts, 1915-1921. 



Classes. 


1915. 


1916. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


1920. 


1921. 


By Race 
African 


No. 

62 


No. 
63 


No. 

56 


No. 
fU 


No. 

KO 


No. 

E7 


No. 

A7 


Caucasian 


1,929 


1 970 


1 553 


1 333 


1 181 


o/ 

1 890 


tu 
2ni a 


Indian 


20 


19 


20 


21 


17 


94 


,uiy 

Q1 


Indian Half-breed 


14 


19 


21 


U 


12 





31 


Mongolian 


39 


47 


38 


2Q 


24 


00 


oe 


East Indian 






6 


1 


Q 




Q 


















Totals 


2,064 


2,118 


1.694 


1 4fiS 


1 fNQ 


1 Oil 


21 A 
















,13V 


By Nationality 
British 
Australian 


7 














Canadian 


1,088 


1 185 


936 


7Qfi 


045 


1 107 


1 977 


English 


195 


169 


126 


103 


103 


QQ 


L,H 

i fin 


Irish 


59 


43 


41 


31 


38 


on 


10U 

on 


Scotch 


47 


40 


24 


26 


31 


Q 


oy 

01 


Other British 


28 


26 


22 


21 


10 


90 




Foreign 
American (U.S.) 


210 


204 


182 


165 


163 


90Q 


1QQ 


Austrian and Hungarian 


126 


148 


104 


80 




108 


108 


Chinese 


22 


32 


32 


2fi 


22 


91 


91 


French 


12 


11 


8 


K 


4 


10 


10 


German 


29 


23 


17 


15 


11 


1Q 


1U 


Italian 


95 


68 


61 


61 


6fi 


Q1 


79 


Russian 


53 


86 


74 


73 


83 


QQ 


CQ 


Scandinavian 1 


28 


29 


18 


17 


20 


IK 


13 


Other foreign 


65 


54 


49 


45 


63 


8Q 


193 


















Totals 


2,064 


2,118 


1,694 


1,468 2 


1.689 


1 021 


2 ITft 


















By Conjugal State- 
Single 


1 356 


1 358 


1 028 


8Q2 


1 044 


1 91& 


1 i^P 


Married 


634 


677 


589 


504 


567 


AQC 


1 , $OO 

AOfi 


Widowed 


70 


79 


77 


67 


78 


71 


fi.8 


Divorced 


4 


4 




























Totals 


2,064 


2,118 


1,694 


1.468 2 


1 689 


1 Q21 


31-70 


















By Sex- 
Male 


2 033 


2 081 


1 659 


1 433 


1 fMQ 


1 Q173 


2 IOC 


Female 


31 


37 


35 


2ff 


40 


14 


, lav 

9^6 


















Totals 


2,064 


2,118 


1,694 


1,468 2 


1 689 


1 021 


2 I M 


















By Social Habits- 
Abstainers 


359 


376 


299 


286 


40Q 


PUC 


KQO 


Temperate 


987 


1 008 


837 


745 


844 


Q71 


1 OQ9 


Intemperate 


717 


734 


558 


432 


43 fi 


40X 


4fiX 


















Totals 


2,064 4 


2,118 


1,694 


1,468 2 


1 689 


1 021 


2 no 


















By Religion 
Anglican 


340 


330 


266 


204 


227 


301 


ore 


Baptist 


112 


101 


78 


Q1 


Q8 




110 


Buddhist 


20 


40 


33 


21 


17 


7 


19 


Congregationalist 


9 


7 


not 


not 


not 


not 




Greek Catholic 


45 


52 


given. 
42 


given. 
34 


given. 

38 


given. 
87 


given. 

73 


Jewish 


17 


26 


03 


20 


28 


QQ 


34 


Lutheran 


71 


71 


11 


47 


KQ 


4fi 


07 


Methodist 


218 


205 


169 


146 


16X 


187 


907 


Presbyterian 


228 


222 


155 


134 


153 


193 


907 


Roman Catholic 


961 


1,025 


841 


716 


824 


Q4fi 


1 0^2 


Salvation Army 


5 


7 


not 


tint 








Other Creeds 


30 


19 


given. 
28 


given. 
34 


given, 
fil 


given. 

AK. 


e;iven. 

=Q 


No creed 


g 


13 


e 


12 


13 






















Totals 


2,064 


2.118 


1 fiOl 


1 4f&gt;2 


1 fiSQ 


1 Oil 


2lT0 



















1 Including Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish. 

1 Includes five not given (insane). 

1 Females in Kingston Penitentiary included, not given separately in report 

1 Includes one not given (insane). 

* In Kingston Penitentiary only. 



STATISTICS OF DIVORCE 



825 



4t.- Statistics of Divorces Granted in C anada, 1868-1921. 



\ car. 


Granted by the Dominion Parliament. 


Granted by the Courts. 


Total 
for 

Canada. 


Ontario. 


Quo! 


Northwest 
fenitoi 


Manitoba. 


Nova 
Scotia. 


New 
Bruns 
wick. 


British 
Colum 
bia. 


1868 


1 

1 
1 

3 
I 

1 

1 
4 

1 
2 
2 
3 
1 

4 

1 
3 
5 
3 

1 
2 
2 
2 

2 
2 
2 
5 
2 

10 
3 

8 
8 

14 

13 
9 
20 
18 
10 

18 
10 
10 
49 
91 
101 


1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

4 

1 

1 
1 
1 

1 
1 
3 

3 

1 

4 

2 

4 
3 
4 

H 

I 

3 

1 
4 
2 
4 
9 
9 


1 

i 
1 

1 
2 


1 
1 

1 

2 
3 

3 

1 

2 

1 

2 

88= 
42&lt; 
122&lt; 


3 

1 
2 

2 
1 
3 

4 

1 
5 
1 
1 
3 

2 
4 
3 
4 
4 

4 
1 
3 
1 

4 

3 

.-&gt; 
1 
5 

6 
2 

5 

1 

10 
9 

8 
6 
6 

5 
8&gt; 
5 
8 
13i 

10 

4 

10 
13 

14 
8 

36 
45 
41 


2 
1 

2 
3 

I 

2 

2 
1 
7 
1 
3 

5 
3 
1 
6 
3 

5 

2 

5 

1 

5 
I 

1 

1 
4 

_ 
2 

1 
3 
5 

5 

6 

6 
4 
4 
12 
6 

11 
6 
10 
13 
15 
13 


1 
1 

1 
2 

1 
1 

2 
3 

3 
I 

1 

3 
3 
6 
2 
4 

7 
3 
4 
5 
18 

17 
9 
12 
22 
12 

19 
11 
20 
15 

16 

18 
23 
65 

147 
136 

128 


3 
5 
3 

4 
4 
4 

5 
3 

g 

8 
4 
5 

7 
6 
18 
in 
12 

11 
10 
9 
15 
12 

10 
15 

9 
13 

10 
6 
16 
14 
11 

19 
15 
21 
19 
35 

37 
25 
30 
51 
51 

57 
35 
59 
70 
53 

67 
54 
90 

376 
429 
548 


1869 


1870 


1871 


1873 
1874 
1875 

1876. 


1877 
1878 

1880 

1881.. 


1.^4 
1885 

1886.. 


1887 


1888 
1889 


1890 


iv.M 

.... 
1894 


1895 


1896 
1897 
1898 


1899.... 


1900 


1901 


1SI02 


1903 
1904 .. 


1905 


1906.. 


\lher[.S:u-k 
1 

1 1 

1 

2 
2 1 
4 1 
4 2 
3 1 

1 2 
2 1 
1 1 
36 3 
65&lt; 26 
84* 50 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910.. 


1911 


1912 


1913 
1914 


1915 


1916.. 


1917... 


1918 


1919 


1920 


1921. 





NOTES. In Prince Edward Island only one divorce has been granted since 1868 to 1921; this was 
granted in 1913. In British Columbia, in addition to the divorces, 13 judicial separations have been granted ; 
one in 1892, one in 1893, one in 1899, two in 1900, two in 1903, three in 1913, three in 1914. In consequence 
of a decision of the Imperial Privy Council divorces in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta have sub 
sequently to 1918 been granted by the Courts of these provinces. JIncludes one judicial separation, 
includes one not effective till court costs are paid. K)ne by Parliament. 4 Granted by Courts. 



826 ADMINISTRA TION 



THE DOMINION BUREAU OF STATISTICS. 

The Dominion Bureau of Statistics was set up by statute in 
1918 as a central statistical department for Canada; (8-9 Geo. V, 
c. 43. "An Act respecting the Dominion Bureau of Statistics"). 
The Act was a consolidation of all previous statistical legislation 
(the Census Act, the General Statistics Act, the Railway Statistics 
Act, etc.), with important additions. 

The Act was based on the report of a Commission on Statistics 
appointed in 1912, which critized severely the omissions, inequalities, 
overlappings and lack of coherence and common purpose in Canadian 
official statistics, and recommended (a) a series of specific reforms 
and enlargements, and (b) a policy of statistical co-ordination for 
the Dominion under central direction. 1 

In 1915, following the recommendations of this report, the office 
of Dominion Statistician was created, and the next two years were 
devoted to the drafting in detail of the various plans involved, which 
included a monograph on each important field of statistics, covering 
the statistical work of all the Departments. A memorandum entitled 
"A National System of Statistics for Canada," was printed for the 
Cabinet prior to the final a option of these plans. Subsequently 
the Bureau was created in ] 18. 



Cr ution of the Bureau. 

The Bureau was constituted by the transfer or absorption by 
Orders in Council of the following work and branches: (1) The Census 
and Statistics Office (covering the census, and also agriculture, 
general manufactures and criminal justice) ; (2) Fisheries Statistics, 
(3) Mining Statistics, (4) Forestry Statistics, (5) Dairying and Fruit 
Statistics, (6) Water and Electric Power Statistics, (7) The Railways 
and Canals Statistical Branch of the Department of Railways and 
Canals, (8) the Trade Statistical Branch (exports and imports), 
(9) Grain Trade Statistics, (10) Live Stock Statistics, and (11) Prices 
Statistics (in part). In addition four new branches were erected, 
dealing respectively with Public Finance, Internal Trade, Vital 
Statistics and Education. Subsequently the statistical activities 
of the Fuel Controller and of the Board of Commerce were absorbed. 
Modifications of the Bankruptcy, Public Health, and Railway Acts 
and of the Regulation on franking privileges were also made. 



official bodies had drawn equally pointed attention to the deficiencies 
in Canadian statistics. These statistics had previously consisted of reports brought 
out independently by Dominion and Provincial Departments on subjects within 
their respective interests. The B.N.A. Act had assigned "statistics" to the Domin 
ion Government, implying that statistics are a national concern and that it is the 
duty of the Dominion Government, while not precluding provincial statistics, to 
organize the field from a national standpoint. Previously to 1916 that duty had 
not been undertaken. For a brief account of Dominion and Provincial statistical 
activities from the earliest times up to 1912, see "First Annual Report of the 
Dominion Statistician, 1919," pp. 9-14, which sums up as follows: "A considerable 
but desultory body of statistics had grown into existence, in certain sections good 
work was being done in others not good. There was much duplication and at the 
same time numerous gaps at crucial points, finally there was a total lack of general 
plan. The embarrassment which this caused with the growth of the country and 
the increasing complexity of its problems will be appreciated." 



THE DOMINION BUREAU OF STATISTIC* 



827 




828 A DMINISTRA TION 



The Working Constitution of the Bureau. 

The Act makes the Bureau responsible for the statistics " relative 
to the commercial, industrial, social, economic and general activi 
ties and conditions of the people," -a universal mandate. Certain 
statistics, however, originate as by-products in particular depart 
ments, or can best be collected through the field staffs or other 
machinery of such departments. These should not only meet the 
requirements of the departments in question, but should constitute 
an integral part of the general system. The Act accordingly assigns 
to the Bureau the further task of " collaborating with all other depart 
ments of the Government in the compilation and publication of 
statistical records of administration." The machinery for this 
collaboration is provided by a Regulation dated October 12, 1918, 
which gives the Dominion Statistician direct access to heads of 
departments for conference purposes, with an instruction after such 
conference to prepare a recommendation for Council, such recom 
mendation on approval to constitute a permanent arrangement 
governing the particular subject dealt with. A further Regulation 
provides for central machine compilation as an adjunct to the system. 
In this way the Bureau is constituted as a comprehensive central 
statistical office, working for the most part under the Governor in 
Council, all purely statistical work having been brought by transfer 
under its immediate direction, whilst remaining departmental statis 
tics are indirectly controlled. 

Control over Provincial statistics (which, under the B.N.A. 
Act, include some most important subjects) is secured through a 
clause permitting Provincial officers to serve as agents under the 
Statistics Act. A further clause gives the Bureau right of access 
to all Provincial, municipal or corporation records. 

The Purpose of Statistical Centralization. 

The purpose of statistical centralization includes, of course, 
the numerous economies in "overhead" which concentration promotes, 
as in staff, equipment, elimination of duplication, etc. For example, 
two pronounced characteristics of statistical work are (a) the large 
proportion of routine, and (b) its ebb and flow; a " floating" staff 
is accordingly a feature of a central bureau. The use of electrical 
tabulating machinery, again, has revolutionized statistical work, 
but it effects an economy only on large-scale (i.e., centralized) opera 
tions. (The Bureau has an investment of over $125,000 in machin 
ery.) Central library, record, and administration systems are further 
examples. Still another economy, from a different angle, flows from 
the concentration of statistical experience, as a result of the bringing 
together of the higher statistical officers of the government. The 
convenience of the public is also promoted by having statistics all 
in one place. 

But the fundamental purpose of statistical centralization lies 
in the fact that its great subjects, such as production, trade, finance, 
population, etc., are not separate and distinct, but are closely inter 
related. The state, in other words, is not a series of heterogeneous 



Till- lH)Ml.\ln\ BUREAU /&gt;/ STATISTK 829 

activities, but is itself an entity. The statistics of the country must 
therefore be framed to illustrate these relationships. For example, 
if the stMtistirs df mines, fisheries, manufactures, and other phas 
of production are carried out in a series of water-tight compartments, 
the phenomena common to all, such as labour, capital equipment, 
etc., will inevitably be handled differently, with non-comparable 
result^ An; tin. if one system of classifying commodities is employed 
by the Trade Statistician, another by the Production Statistician, 
and another by the Prices Statistician, no general study of condi 
tions .surrounding a particular group of commodities can be made; 
similarly, the classification of occupations should be uniform, whether 
in the Census analysis of population, in the vital statistical record of 
deaths, in criminal and in labour &gt; and so on. Again, on 

points of method like the construction of index numbers clearly 
such devices should yield results that are comparable from field to 
field. In brief, a true national statistic is not a mere aggregation 
of the statistics of different activities, but involves also a purview 
of the totality of phenomena with the object of revealing their inter 
play, and, if possible, the controlling forces from time to time. JNot 
only should the Stat- be provided with statistics on the main subje. 
of national interest, but these Mati.Mies should be properly articu 
lated" with each other, so afl 1 form in as far as possible a single 

conspectus. 

Progress under the Bureau to Date. 

The Bureau has completed the plans for a unified, nationwide 
statistical system, covering every important phase of social and econ 
omic activity, and has carried them out to a considerable degree, 
though part is not yet realized. The First Annual Report of the 
Dominion Statistician contained a full description of the organization 
of the Bureau and of its subject-matter. The chart on page 827 
is from that report, and shows the eleven main branches under which 
the work of the Bureau is conducted. A list of the publications is 
also attache* 1 as further indicating its scope. 

In briefest form, the chief reorganisations effected to date are 
as follows (a complete memo as to policies involved in each case being 
contained in the Report above mentioned) : 

(1) The Census (decennial and quinquennial) has been reorgan 
ized as a stock-taking of the people and their basic industry, and its 
true place as such in the national statistical system and in relation to 
other fields of statistics determined; it has been considerably simpli 
fied as a result of the Bureau s widened control of allied statistics. 

(2) A national scheme of vital statistics, made possible by 
inducing the provinces to enact uniform legislation drafted by the 
Bureau, and to accept uniform administration of the same and on 
standard forms issued by the Bureau, has been established. 

(3) The monthly and annual statistics of agriculture (crop 
reports, live stock, etc.) have been brought under joint operation of 
the Bureau and the nine Provincial Governments, to the material 
improvement of these data. 



830 ADMINISTRATION 



(4) The statistics of fisheries, mines, forestry, dairying, central 
electric power and manufactures have been unified and placed on an 
annual basis (Industrial Census) in co-operation with the several 
Dominion and Provincial Departments concerned; altogether the 
statistical activities of over 30 Departments, have been brought into 
harmony. In conjunction with (3) this provides comprehensive and 
up-to-date information on all phases of production. 

(5) The statistics of foreign trade and of transportation and 
communications have been completely re-modelled; in trade statistics 
a saving of $25,000 a year has been effected, whilst the scope of the 
data and the efficiency of the service has been greatly increased. 

(6) A Branch dealing with the more important aspects of 
internal trade, including interprovincial movements, the marketing 
of staple commodities (grain, livestock, fruits, etc.), and a complete 
system of prices statistics has been established. 

(7) Criminal Statistics have been reorganized and co-ordinated 
with the Census and other social statistics. 

(8) Substantial beginnings have been made in the comprehensive 
treatment of public finance and of education the latter in collabora 
tion with the nine Provincial Governments. 

(9) Relations between the Bureau and the Department of 
Labour have been reduced to a formal arrangement. 

(10) The Canada Year Book, as a digest of general statistics, 
has been continuously improved. 

(11) A library of the statistics of all countries has been estab 
lished, and a central mechanical tabulation service for other depart 
ments has been put in operation. 

The main achievement of the Bureau, however, has been in the 
organization of these several subjects in correlation with each other 
in accordance with a general plan, and the consequent establishment 
of a comprehensive viewpoint of the country as a "going concern". 
In addition, there has been created what is frequently called a central 
"thinking office 7 in statistics, continuously in touch with general 
conditions and the line of probable developments. 



Conclusion. 

The final concept in the organization of the Bureau of Statistics 
is that of a national laboratory for social and economic research. 
Statistics are not merely a record of what has been, but are for use in 
planning what shall be; it is the duty of a statistical bureau to assist 
directly in the day-to-day problems of administration, as well as to 
provide their theoretic background. The action of several large 
universities in establishing research departments, and the endowment 
of the National Bureau of Economic Research in the United States 
are suggestive in this regard. In Germany, the Central Statistical 
Department has been for many years one of the most powerful engines 
of Government, its organization permeating the country, embracing 
17 subsidiary state bureaus and 45 municipal offices. One of the 



THE DOMINION BUREAU OF STATISTICS 831 

most significant of recent developments in administration is tho 
extent to which statistical onrani/ation has been increased as a guide 
to national policy. Though its usefulness is only begun, the Dominion 
Bureau of Statistics has laid the foundations for a service of the fii 
rank, comparable with the increasingly important position taken by 
nada in the economic and political world. 

Publications of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 

The Dominion Bureau of Statistics is organized in the following 
Branches, namely: I. Administration; II. Demography Census 
and Vital Statistics; 111. Agricultural Statistics; IV. Fisheries, Furs 
and Dairy Products; V. Mining, Metallurgical and Chemical; M. 
Forestry and allied industries; VII. General Manufacturers; VIII. 
External Trade (Imports and Exports).; IX. Internal Trade; 
X. Transportation; XL Financial Statistics; XII. Statistics oi 
Administration of Justice; X1I1. Education Statistics; XIV. Gene 
ral Statistics. The publications of the several Branches are as follov 

ADMINISTRATION- 

Annual Report of Dominion Statistician. 

DEMOGRAPHY- 

Census. 

Bulletins of the Sixth Census of Canada, 1921. (A bulletin on the Population 
and urea of each Province by Electoral districts, ( ities, Towns and Villages, 
with a summary of rural and urban.) The reports of the 1921 census will include 
two volumes on population and one on agriculture. A bulletin on the agri 
culture of each province will also be issu 

Reports of the Fifth Census of Canada, 1911: Vol. I. Areas and Population by 
Provinces, Districts and Subdistricts, with Introduction, Tables 1 to X\ , 
pp. i-viii, 1-623. Vol. II. Religions, Origins, Birthplace, Citizenship, 
Literary and Infirmities by Provinces, Districts and Subdistricts, with 
Introduction. Tables I-XLVI, pp. i-iy, 1-634. Vol. III. Manufactures for 
1910 as enumerated in June, 1911, with Introduction. Tables I-XX, pp. 
i-xvi, 1-432. Vol. IV. Agriculture, with Introduction. Tables 1-90, 
I-XXXV, pp. i-xcv, 1-428. Diagrams 5 pp. Vol. V. Forest, Fishery, Fur 
and Mineral Production, with Introduction. Tables 1-51, I-XXVI; pp. i-1, 
1-171. Vol. VI. Occupations of the People, with Introduction. Tables 
1-25, I-VI, pp. i -xxxi, 1-469. 

Bulletins of the Fifth Census of Canada, 1911: Manufactures of Canada- 
Dairy Industries Agriculture, Prince Edward Island Agriculture, Nova 
Scotia Agriculture, New Brunswick Agriculture, Quebec Agriculture. 
Ontario Agriculture, Manitoba Agriculture, Saskatchewan Agriculture, 
Alberta Agriculture, British Columbia Religions Origins of the People- 
Birthplace of the People Educational Status Mineral Production- 
Infirmities Ages School Attendance. 

Special Report of the Foreign-born Population. (Abstracted from the Records 
of the Fifth Census of Canada, June, 1911, 23 tables, 62 pp., 1915.) 

Report of the Census of Population and Agriculture of the Prairie Provinces, 
1916. Tables 1-54; I-XXVI, pp. i-lxiv, 1-356. 

Vital Statistics. Annual Report on Vital Statistics of Canada by provinces and 
municipalitias. Monthly Report of Births, Marriages and Deaths, by provinces. 
Report of Conference on Vital Statistics, held June 19-20, 1918, pp. 1-48. 
(Out of print.) 



832 ADMINISTRATION 



PRODUCTION 

/. General Summary of Production. 

Including (1) Primary Production (Agriculture, Fishing, Furs, Forestry and 
Mining), and (2) Secondary Production, or General Manufactures. 

II. Agriculture. 

(1) Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Statistics. (Contains monthly reports 
on agricultural conditions, prices, weather, etc. preliminary, provisional 
and final estimates of areas, yields, quality and values of field crops numbers 
and values of farm live stock, poultry, etc. fruit statistics stocks of grain 
annual summary of agricultural production international agricultural 
statistics.) (2) Advance Summaries of Agricultural Statistics. (The more 
important statements from the Bulletin in mimeographed form.) 
777. Furs. 

(1) Annual Report on Fur Farms. (2) Annual Report on the Production of 
Raw Furs. 

IV. Fisheries. 

(1) Annual Report of Fisheries Statistics. (2) Advance Summary of Fish 
caught, marketed and prepared. 

V. Forestry. 

(1) Annual summary of the value, etc., of forest production. (Covers opera 
tions in the woods for sawmills, shingle mills, pulp and paper mills, etc., 
production of mining timber; production of poles and cross ties, and farm 
production (decennial) of fire wood, posts, etc.) 

VI. Mineral Production: (Mining and Metallurgy). 

(1) General Reports: (a) Annual Report on the Mineral Production of Canada; 
(b) Preliminary Reports (semi-annual) on the Mineral Production of Canada. 
(2) Coal: (a) Annual Report on Coal Statistics for Canada; (b) Monthly 
Report on Coal Statistics for Canada. (3) Annual Bulletins on the following 
subjects: (a) Gold Production; (b) Silver Production; (c) Copper Produc 
tion; (d) Nickel Production; (e) Lead Production; (f) Zinc Production; 
(g) Copper-Gold-Silver Industry; (h) Auriferous Quartz Mining Industry; 
(i) Placer and Hydraulic Gold Mining Industry; (j) Nickel-Copper Industry; 
(k) Silver-Cobalt-Nickel Industry; (1) Silver- Lead-Zinc Industry; (m) Mis 
cellaneous Non-Ferrous Metals, including Antimony, Molybdenite and 
Tungsten; (n) Asbestos Industry; (q) Feldspar Industry; (p) Graphite 
Industry; (q) Mica and Phosphate Mining Industries; (r) The Salt Industry; 
(s) Miscellaneous Non-Metallic Minerals, including Actinolite, Barytes, 
Chromite, Corundum, Fluorspar, Magnesite, Magnesium, Sulphate, Mangan 
ese, Mineral Pigments, Mineral Waters, Natro-alunite, Peat, Pyrites, Quartz, 
Sodium, Sulphate and Talc; (t) Stone Quarrying Industry; (u) Sand and 
Gravel Industry; (v) Portland Cement Industry; (w) Miscellaneous Clay 
Products, including clay sewer pipe, Brick and Tile, Stoneware and Pottery, 
Fire Brick and Fire Clay, Kaolin and other Clays. 

VII. Manufactures:-* 

(1) General Summary, by Provinces and leading cities (industrial groups 
classified by component materials, purpose, etc. comparative statistics.) 

(2) Manufacture of Vegetable Products general report. Special Bulletins as 
follows: (a) Coffee and Spices; (b) Cocoa and Chocolate; (c) Fruit and 
Vegetable Preparation, including canning, evaporating and preserving 
(d) Pickles, Sauces, Vinegar and Cider; (e) Flour and Cereal Mills; (f) Bread 
and other bakery products; (g) Biscuits and Confectionery; (h) Macaroni 
and Vermicelli; (i) Liquors, distilled; (j) Liquors, Malt; (k) Liquors, Vinous; 
(1) Rubber Goods and Rubber Boots and Shoes; (m) Starch and Glucose; 
(n) Sugar Refineries; (o) Tobacco Products; (p) Linseed Oil and Oil Cake. 

(3) Animal Products and their manufactures general report. Special Bulletins 
as follows: (a) Dairy Products; (b) Slaughtering and Meatpacking; (c) Fish 
and Fish Products; (d) Leather Tanneries; (e) Harness and Saddlery; (f) 
Leather Boots and Shoes; (g) Leather Goods; (h) Leather Gloves and 
Mitts. 



Til K DOM! \IO\ BUREAU OF STATISTICS 833 

(4) Textile and Allied Industries general report . Special Bulletins as follov 

Uptton lextdes (Cloth, yarn, thread and waste); (hi Woollen Textile* 
(Cloth, yarn, blankets, felt and waste); (c) Silk Mills; (d) Clothing (Men s 
and women s factory and custom); (e) Hat,, ( Japs and Furs; (f) Hosiery and 
Goods; (g) Neckwear (Men s and Women s) and Fancy Goods; (h) 
Oiled Clothing and Waterproofs; (i) Corsets; (j) Carpets, Rugs and Mats; 
(k) Cordage, Rope and Twine. 

(5) Manufactures of Wood and Paper Productsgeneral report. Special 
Bulletins as follows: (a) Lumber, Lath and Shingle Industry (containing a 

ifocal survey of Operations in the Woods contingent to this industry); 
Pulp and Paper; (c) Cooperage; (d) Planing Mills, Sash and Door 
factories: (e) Printing, Bookbinding, Publishing, Lithographing and Engrav 
ing, Stereotyping and Electrotyping, Maps and Blue Prints; (f) Furniture; 
( armges, Wagons, and Sleig! rials thereof; (h) Canoes, Row- 

t boats and Launches; (i) Coffins and Caskets; Q) Containers Boxes and bags 
(paper); boxes and packing cases (wood); baskets and crates; woodenware. 

(6) Iron and Its Products General Report. Special Bulletins as follows: 
(a) Blast Furnaces and St eel Mills (annual) ; (b) Foundries and Machine Shops; 
(c; Iron and steel fabrication; (d) Machinery; (e) Boilers and Engines; 

Agricultural Implemi (g) Motors and Cycles; (h) Railway Equip- 

in, (i) Heat ing ;in( l Ventilating appliances; (j) Wire and wire goods; 

(k) Sheet Metal Products. 

(N.B. A Monthly Report on the Production of Iron and Steel is issued.) 

(7) Manufactures of Non-Ferrous Metals Geneva] report. Special Bulletins 
as follows: (a) Aluminium Products; (b) Brass and Copper Products; (c) 
Lead, 1 in and Zinc Products; (d) Manufactures of precious metals (e) Elec 
trical apparatus. 

(8) Manufactures of Non-Metallic Minerals general report. Special Bulle 
tins as follows: (a) Aerated \\ m l Allied Products; (c) 
Coke and Gas; (d) Glass and its Products: (e) Graphite Products; (fi Petro 
leum Products; (g) Stone Products; 

(9) Chemical and Allied Products general report. Special Bulletins as 
follows: (a ( oal Par and Its Products; (b) Explosives, Ammunition, Fire 
works and Matches; (c) Fertili d Medicinal and Pharmaceutical 
preparations; (e) Pigments, Paints and Varnishes; (f; Soap, Perfume, ( Josme- 
u- s 5?. -Pi. Preparations; (g) Inks, Dyes and Colour compound- &lt;h) 
n ood distillation and extracts. 

(10) Miscellaneous Manufactures. Special Bulletins as follows: (a) Brooms 

Brushes; (b) Musical Instruments (including pianos and organs, and 
phonographs); (c) Musical Instrument Materials and Parts; (d) Buttons 
(e) Trunks and Valises. 

(11) Summary Reports on Groups of Industries, classified according to the use 
or purpose of their principal product as follows: fa) Food; (b) Clothing- 

e) Drink and Tobacco; (d) Personal and Household Goods; (e) Books 
i Equipment; (g) Materials for further manufacture. 

1 III. Construction, (a) The Building and general construction industry; (b) 

Railway, Telephone and Telegraph Construction, Maintenance of Way and 

s; (c) Government and Municipal Construction: (d) The Bridgebuilding 

Record^ Shipbuilding Industry; (f) Building PermitsMonthly 

EXTERNAL TRADE (IMPORTS AND EXPORTS) 

^ Ua l5 ep S rt f the T / de of Canada ; Monthly Report of the Trade of Canada : 
Monthly Summary of Trade Statistics. 

3813153 



834 ADMINISTRATION 



INTERNAL TRADE 

Grain. 

Annual Report on the Grain Trade of Canada; Weekly Report on the Grain 
Trade; Monthly Report on Mill Grind. 

Live Stock, etc. 

Annual Report on Live Stock and Animal Products; Monthly Report on Stocks 
in Cold Storage; Quarterly Report on Visible Supply of Hides and Skins. 

Price Statistics (Pending} . 

Producers Prices; Wholesale and Jobbers Prices; Retail Prices; Municipal 
Market Prices; Prices of Securities; Prices of Services. 

Other 

Monthly Report of Visible Supply of Raw and Refined Sugar. 

TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATION AND PUBLIC UTILITIES 

Railways and Tramways. 

Annual Report on Railway Statistics; Monthly Bulletin re Railway Revenues, 
Expenses, Incomes and Operating Statistics; Monthly Statement re Traffic 
of Railways. 

Express. 

Annual Report on Express Statistics. 

Telegraphs. 
Annual Report on Telegraph Statistics. 

Telephones. 
Annual Report on Telephone Statistics. 

Water Transportation 

Report of Census of Canadian Registered Ships; Annual Report on Canal 
Statistics; Monthly Report on Canal Statistics; Annual Report on Naviga 
tion. 

Electric Stations. 

Central Electric Stations in Canada. 

FINANCE- 

Annual Report on Provincial Finance; Annual Municipal Statistics of Cities 
of 10,000 population and over; Annual Municipal Statistics of Urban Muni 
cipalities of 3,000 to 10,000 population; Annual Municipal Statistics of Urban 
Municipalities of 1,000 to 3,000 population. 

JUSTICE- 

Annual Report on Criminal Statistics. 

EDUCATION- 

Report of Conference on Education Statistics, held October 27-28, 1920; His 
torical Statistical Survey of Education in Canada; Annual Report on Educa 
tion Statistics (in press). 

GENERAL- 

The Canada Year Book, 1920, with Map of Canada and Newfoundland, a 
Statistical Summary of the Progress of Canada, and maps and diagrams, 
pp. i-xviii, 1-768. 

Contents: 1. Reconstruction in Canada, by S. A. Cudmore, B.A. (Tor.), M.A. 
(Oxon.), F.S.S., F. R. Econ. Soc., Editor Canada Year Book, Dominion 
Bureau of Statistics, Ottawa. II. Chronological History of Canada. III. 
Physical Characteristics of Canada including Geographical Features; Eco 
nomic Geology, 1919, by Wyatt Malcolm, Department of Mines, Ottawa. 
IV. Area and Population. V. Education. VI. Climate and Meteorology. 
VII. Production. VIII. Trade and Commerce. IX, Transportation and 
Communications. X. Labour, Wages and Prices. XI. Finance. XII. Ad 
ministration. XIII. Legislation and Principal Events of the Year, 1920. 
XIV. Extracts from the Canada Gazette. 



LIST OF DOMINION ACTS OF PARLIAMENT 835 

List of the Principal Acts of Parliament administered by Departments of 
the Government of the Dominion of Canada, as compiled from informa 
tion supplied by the respective Departments. 

(Numbers within parentheses denote the chapter of the Revised Statutes of Canada, 1906 R.S.C., 1906.) 

Justice. Department of Justice (21); Solicitor General s (22); Northwest 
Territories (62); Yukon (63); Dominion Police (92); Judges (138); Supreme Court 
(139); Exchequer Court (140) : Admiralty (141); Petition of Right (142): Criminal 
Code (146); Penitentiary (147); Prisons and Reformatories (148); Identification of 
Criminals (149); Ticket of leave fl~&gt;o); Fugitive Offenders (154); idition (155)- 

Juvenile Delinquent* (7-8 Ed\v. VII, c. 40, 190s : bankruptcy, (c. 36, 1919). 

External Affairs. The functions and duties of this Depart m-nt arc defined bv 
the Department of . rnal Affairs Act, l .H2 (2 Ceo. V, c. 22 &lt; :md by the Inter 
national Boundary Waters Treaty Act (1-2 Geo. V, 1911, c, led by 

the statute of April 3, 1&14 o. V, c. 5). 

^ Customs and Inland Revenue. Customs Tariff; Customs: Canada Ship 
ping (in part); Infectious and Contagious I &lt; fleet iim Animals .in part); 

Destructive Insect and IVst fin pai .port; Copyright (in par n.leum and 

Naphtha; Inland Revenue; ial War Revenue. 1&lt;)15. 

Post Office. Post Oflic,-; Government Annuities; Pacific ( al.lc; Parcel Post" 
bpecial war Revenue tin part). 

Agriculture. Experimental Farm Stations; Inspection and Sale, Part. IX 
(Fruit and Fruit Marks); Dairy Industry; Cold Storage; Cold Storage Warehouse; 

Oleomargarine; Milk Test; Seed Control; I-Vediim Stuffs; Live Stock Pedigree- 
Live Stock and Live Stock Products; Animal Contagious Diseases; Meat and 
( aimed Foods; Destructive Insect and Pest; Agricultural Instruction; Dam 
Produce Act; Fertilizers Act. 

Interior. Department of the Interior; Dominion Lands; Dominion Lands 
Surveys; Forest Reserves and Parks; Irrigation; Hailuay Belt; Railway Belt 
Water; Yukon; Yukon Placer Mining; Dominion Water Power; Land Titles- 
Northwest Game; &gt;t Territories; Ordnance and Admiralty Lands; Re 

clamation; Seed Grain; Migratory Birds Convention Act. 

Health. Quarantine Act (74); Adulteration Act (133); Public Works Health 
Act (135); Leprosy Act (136); Canada Shipping Act (in part) (113); Proprietary 
or Patent Medicines Act (7-8 Edw. VII, e. 56); Opium and Narcotic Drug Act; 
an Act respecting Food and Drugs; an Act respecting Honey; an Act respecting 
Maple Product 

Finance. Department of Finance and Treasury Board; Appropriation; 
Superannuation and Retirement; Contingencies; Consolidated Revenue and Audit; 
Currency; Ottawa Mint; Dominion Notes; Provincial Subsidies; Bank; Savings 
Bank; Penny Bank; Quebec Savings Banks; Loan Companies; Trust Companies; 
11s of Exchange; Interest; The Special War Revenue Act, 1915, and amendments 
1920 (in part); The Business Profits War Tax Act, 1916, and amendments; Income 
Tax Act, 1917 and 1918 and amendments; Finance Act; Ottawa Improvement 
Commission Act. 

Militia and Defence. Militia Act; Royal Military College Act; Militia 
Pension Act; Sections 85 and 86 of the Criminal Code; the Air Board Act- Annv 
Act; Regimental Debts Act. 



,oox of Canada. Public Works (39) and amendments (8-9 Geo. 
V, .8, c. 37); Government Harbours and Piers, s. 5 (112); Navigable Waters 
Fio ^ 11 ?? 8m J ( , 11 o ) and amendments (8-9 Geo. V, 1918, c. 33); Telegraph Secrecy 
(126); Dry Dock Subsidies (9-10 Edw. VII, 1910, c. 17); An Act to amend the 
Navigable Waters Protection Act (9-10 Edw. VII, 1910, c. 44); An Act to authorize 
the payment of a subsidy to the Collingwood Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., (2 Geo V 
1912, c. 17); An Act to amend the Dry Dock Subsidies Act, 1910 (2 Geo V 1912* 
c. 20); An Act to amend the Government Works Toll Act, R.S.C., 1906, c. 40, (2 Geo . 
V, ] 12, c. 26); An Act to incorporate the National Gallery of Canada (3-4 Geo. 
V, 1913, c. 33); An Act to authorize the payment of a subsidy to the Western Drv 
38131531 



836 ADMINISTRATION 



Dock and Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., (3-4 Geo. V, 1913, c. 57); Acts to amend the Dry 
Dock Subsidies Act, 1910 (4-5 Geo. V, 1914, c. 29, 7-8 Geo. V, 1917, c. 27 and 9-10 
Geo. V, 1919, c. 51); Act to confirm an agreement between His Majesty the King 
and the Corporation of the City of Ottawa, (10-11 Geo. V, chap. 15); Ferries Act, 
R.S.C., 1906, c. 108; transferred by Order in Council 3rd June, 1918, for administra 
tion by Public Works Department. 

Trade and Commerce. Canada Grain; Electricity and Fluid Exportation; 
Electric Light Inspection; Electrical Units; Fertilizers; Gold and Silver Marking; 
Gas Inspection; Inspection and Sale; Inspection of Water Meters; Lead Bounties; 
Petroleum Bounty; Statistics; Timber Marking; Weic i^s and Measures Inspection; 
Zinc Bounties. 

Labour. Conciliation and Labour (96); Industrial Disputes Investigation 
(6-7 Edw. VII, 1907, c. 20); Fair Wages Resolution of the House of Commons; 
Employment Offices Co-ordination Act (8-9 Geo. V, c. 21); The Technical Education 
Act (9-10 Geo. V, c. 73). 

Secretary of State. Companies; Naturalization; Canada Temperance; 
Boards of Trade; Trade Unions; War Charities, 1917. 

Naval Service. Naval Service (9-10 Edw. VII, 1910, c. 43); Naval Discip 
line (8-9 Geo. V, c. 34). 

Railways and Canals. Department of Railways and Canals (35); Govern 
ment Railways (36); Intercolonial and P.E.I. Railway Employees Provident Fund 
(6-7 Edw. VII, c. 22); The Government Railways Small Claims (9-10 Edw. VII, c. 
26) and amendments to foregoing Acts; Acts to amend the National Transconti 
nental Railway Act (4-5 Geo. V, c. 43 and 5 Geo. V, c. 18) and to amend the Gov 
ernment Railway Act and authorize the purchase of certain Railways (5 Geo. V, c. 
16); An Act to incorporate Canadian National Railway Company and respecting 
Canadian National Railways (9-10 Geo. V, c. 13) and amending Act, (10-11 Geo. 
V, c. 39); An Act to provide Compensation where employees of His Majesty are 
killed or suffer injuries while performing their duties (8-9 Geo. V, c. 15 and 
amending Act 9-10 Geo. V, c. 14); the Canada Highways Act (9-10 Geo. V, c. 54); 
the acquisition of the preference and common stock of the Grand Trunk Railway 
Company of Canada (10 Geo. V, c. 17, 10-11 Geo. V, c. 13 and 11-12 Geo. V, c. 9). 

The Railway Act, 1919, (Companies) (9-10 Geo. V, c. 68) confers certain powers 
upon the Minister of the Department. In the case of subsidized Railways the 
authorizing Acts are carried out under the Department, which has also certain 
jurisdiction where Government guarantee has been given. 

Marine. Department of Marine and Fisheries; Government Vessels Disci 
pline; Government Harbours and Piers; Canada Shipping and amending Acts (6-7 
Geo. V, cc. 12 and 13); Navigable Waters Protection; Quebec Harbour and River 
Police; Live Stock Shipping; An Act to amend the Vancouver Harbour Commis 
sioners Act (6-7 Geo. V, c. 9) ; An Act transferring Rights and Powers in Harbour 
of St. John, N.B., to a Board of three Commissioners approved by Order in Council; 
The Vancouver Harbour Advances Act, 1919; An Act fixing the rate of interest to 
be paid on loans by His Majesty to the Harbour Commissioners of Montreal and 
Quebec; An Act to amend the Canada Shipping Act (Transfers and Mortgages of 
Ships), passed during session of 1919-20; Canada Shipping Acts (10-11 Geo. V, 
cc. 5, 6, 23, 38 and 70) relating respectively to certificates of service, steamboat 
inspection, pilotage, sick and diseased mariners and shipbuilding; An Act to extend 
the time for the payment of certain debentures issued by the Harbour Commissioners 
of Montreal (11-12 Geo. V, c. 11); an Act to amend the Canada Shipping Act 
(11-12 Geo. V, c. 19); an Act respecting the Lake of the Woods and other waters 
(11-12 Geo. V, c. 38). 

Indian Affairs. The Indian Act, 1906, with amendments to date. 

King s Printer and Controller of Stationery. Public Printing and Station 
ery (80) (10 Geo. V, c. 27, 1919). 

Mines. Geology and Mines (6-7 Edw. VII, 1907, c. 29); Explosives (4-5 
Geo. V, 1914, c. 31). 



DOMINION GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS 837 

I ist of Principal Publications of the Departments of the Government of the 
Dominion of Canada, as compiled from information supplied by the 
respective Departments. 

Customs and Inland Revenue. Annual Report containing Tables of 
Imports, Exports, ( upturns and Inland Revenue. Annual Report of Shipping. 

Post Office. Annual Report of the Postmaster General. Official Postal Guide. 
Regulations as to parcel post, rural mail delivery and government annuitie 

Agriculture. The Agricultural Gazette of Canada, subscription, $1 per year 
(monthly). Annual Hi-ports of the Minister, of the Experimental Farms and 
Stations, of the Dairy and Cold Storage Commissioner, of the Veterinary Director 
General and of the Entomological Branch. Bulletins, pamphlets, circulars and 
Seasonable Hints of the Experimental Farms Branch on a great variety of agricul 
tural subjects, including publications of the following nine divisions: Field Hus 
bandry; Animal Husbandry; Horticulture; Cereal; Chemistry; Forage Plants; 
Botany; Poultry and Tobacco. Guides to the Experimental Farms and Stations. 
Bulletins of the Dairy and Cold Storage Branch relating to the history of the dairy 
ing and cold storage industry in Canada; the making of butter and cheese, cow 
testing, dairying experiments, co-operation, etc. Reports, bulletins, pamphlets, 
etc., of the Live Stock Branch, on cattle, sheep, s\\ inc. poultry, marketing of 
eggs, wool, etc. Bulletins of the Health of Animals Branch, with regulations as to 
contagious abortion; rabies; sheep scab; actinomycosis; anthrax; glanders; hog 
cholera; maladiedu coit; tuberculosis; foot-and-mouth d : quarantine and meat 

inspection. Bulletins and Reports of the Seed Branch as to Seed-testing, the pro 
duction and use of seed grains and the Seed Control Act. Bulletins and circulars 
of the Entomological Branch and instructions to importers of nursery stock. 1 
ports of the Canadian Seed Gro \\cr- Association. Fodder and Pasture Plants, by 
George H. Clark, B.S.A., and M. Oscar .Malte, Ph.D., 143 pages, 27 plates, price 
50 cents. Bulletin on the Maple Sugar Industry; Agricultural Instruction Act; 
Publications Filing System. 

Dominion Experimental Farms. (1) Report of the Director (contains summary 
of reports of Divisions, Farms and Stations); (2) Animal Husbandry Division; 
(3) Bee Division; (4) Botany division: ruistry Division; (6) Field Hus 

bandry Division; (7) Illustration Stations Division; (8) Poultry Division; 
(9) lobacco Division; Experimental Farm Repon (10) Agassiz, B.C., 

(11) Indian Head, Sask., (12) Nappan, N.S., Ivxperiment lions; (13) Charlotte- 

town, P.E.I.; (14) Invermere, B.C.; (15) Kapuskasing, Ont. and la Ferine, Que.; 
(16) Kentville, N.S.; (17) Lennoxville, Que,; (18) Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere, Que.; 
(19) Rosthern, Alta.; (20) Lethbridge, Aha.; (21) Lacombe, Alta.; (22) Summerland, 
B.C.; (23) Experimental Sub-stations: Beaverlodge. Alta.; Fort Vermilion, Alt 
Grouard, Alta.; Fort Resolution, X.W.T.; Swede Creek, Yukon; Salmon Arm, P. 

Bulletins. (24) Bee diseases; (25) Beef Scrap versus Skim Milk for Egg Pro 
duction; (26) Commercial Feeding Stuffs; (27) Fertilizers for Flowering Plants, 
Vegetables, Small Fruits and Lawns; (28) List of Publications; (29) Outlook for 
Dairying and Marketing of Dairy Produce; (30) Swine Husbandry in Canada 
(3rd Edition); (31) Why and How to Use Milk; (32) Crop Rotation; (33) Potato, 
its Cultivation and Varieties; (34) Smut, Seed Treatment for; (35) Corn Borer, 
the Control of; (36) Grasshoppers, The Control of; (37) Homes Beautiful, and How 
the Farmers May Make Them. 

NOTE The foregoing is a selection from the publications of the Department. 
A complete list of publications available for distribution is issued, and so long as 
the supply lasts copies of publications will be sent free on application to the Publi 
cations Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. 

Interior. Annual Report, including Reports from the Dominion Lands, 
Surveys, Dominion Parks, Forestry, Irrigation and Water Power Branches. Pamph 
lets, reports, bulletins etc., of the respective branches: 

Topographical Surveys. (1) Annual Report of the Topographical Surveys 
Branch, and accompanying maps. Price 5c. (2) Manual of Instructions for the 
Survey of Dominion Lands. Price 50c. Supplement to the Manual. Price 



838 ADMINISTRATION 



50c. (3) Rules and Regulations of the Board of Examiners for Dominion Land 
Surveyors, and programme of the subjects of the various examinations. (4) The 
Selkirk Range (in two volumes), by A. O. WHEELER, F.R.G.S. Price $1. (5) Copy 
ing Camera of the Surveyor General s Office. (6) Photographic Methods Employed 
by the Canadian Topographical Survey, by A. O. WHEELER, F.R.G.S. (7) Precise 
Measuring with Invar Wires and the Measurement of the Kootenay Base, by 
P. A. CARSON, D.L.S. (8) Report on Levelling Operations, from 1908 to 1914, 
by J. N. WALLACE, D.L.S. Price 35c. (9) Triangulation of Part of the Railway 
Belt of British Columbia, by H. PARRY, D.L.S. (10) Description, Adjustments 
and Methods of Use of the 6" Micrometer Block Survey Reiterating Transit Theod 
olite, by W. H. HERBERT, B.Sc. (11) Papers on Descriptions for Deeds. (12) 
Description of the townships surveyed in the different Provinces, issued yearly 
since 1909. (13) Description of the surveyed townships in the Peace River District. 
(14) Descriptions of lands comprised within the Fort Pitt Sectional Map, consisting 
of townships 49 to 56, ranges 15 to 28, west of the third meridian. (15) Description 
of Surveyed Lands in the Railway Belt of British Columbia (in three parts). (16) 
Extracts from Reports on townships east of the principal meridian, received from 
surveyors to July 1, 1914. (17) Extracts from Reports on townships 1 to 16 west of 
the principal meridian, received from surveyors to July 1, 1914. (18) Extracts 
from Reports on townships 17 to 32 west of the principal meridian, received from 
surveyors to July 1, 1914. (19) Extracts from Reports on townships 33 to 88 west 
of the principal meridian, received from surveyors to March 31, 1915. (20) Extracts 
from reports on townships 1 to 16 west of the second meridian received from sur 
veyors to March 31, 1915. (21) Explanation of the Astronomical Field Tables 
for the use of the Land Surveyors of Canada. (22) Tests of small telescopes at 
the Laboratory of the Dominion Lands Survey . (23) Alberta and British Columbia 
Boundary, Part 1, 1913 to 1916, Price 50c. Report and Atlas, $1. (24) Descrip 
tion of, and Guide to Jasper Park, 50 cents. (25) The Testing of Aneroid Baro 
meters at the Laboratory of the Dominion Lands Survey. (26) Testing of time 
pieces at the Laboratory of the Dominion Lands Survey. (27) Description of 
Boundary Monuments erected on surveys of Dominion Lands 1871-1917, by H. L. 
SEYMOUR, D.L.S.; (28) Standardization of Measures of length at the Laboratory 
of the Dominion Lands Surveys; (29) The Testing of Thermometers at the Labor 
atory of the Dominion Lands Surveys; (30) Drought and summer frosts in Western 
Canada, by W. H. HERBERT, B.Sc.; (31) Descriptions of townships between the 
third and fourth meridians, 1886; (32) Descriptions of the townships west of the 
fourth and fifth meridians, 1886. 

Maps. (33) Township Plans, Price lOc. (34) Plans of Parishes, Townplots 
and Settlements, 25c to $1.00; (35) Sectional maps of Western Provinces and Yukon 
Territory, price 5c; (36) New style sectional maps in greater detail showing roads, 
telephones, buildings, price 25c; (37) Mount Robson and mountains north of 
Yellowhead pass; (38) Banff and vicinity; (39) Central part of Jasper Park in 6 
sheets, price 15c per sheet; (40) Map of the same area in 1 sheet; (41) Crowsnest 
forest and Waterton Lakes Park in 5 sheets; (42) Waterton Lakes Park; (43) 
Magnetic maps; (44) Alberta British Columbia boundary maps, lOc per sheet; 
(45) Land classification maps of Peace river, St. Paul de Metis, and Prince Albert 
districts; (46) Mining districts of Rice lake, price 5c., and Flinflon lake, price 15c. 
(47) Northern Selkirk mountains and the Big Bend of the Columbia; (48) Mackenzie 
and Slave rivers. (Publications of the Topographical Surveys Branch may be 
obtained on application to the Distribution Office, Department of Public Printing 
and Stationery for No. 1; to the Secretary, Board of Examiners for Dominion Land 
Surveyors, for No. 3, and to the Surveyor General for the other Nos.) 

Dominion Observatory. Observations of Dominion Observatory, Vol. 4: No. 
14, Orbit of the Spectroscopic Binary Boss 3511, by W. E. HARPER, M.A.; No. 15, 
Orbit of the Spectroscopic Binary 19 Lyncis, by W. E. HARPER; No. 16, Orbit of 
the Spectroscopic Binary h Draconis, by W. E. HARPER; No. 17, Measures of the 
Radial Velocities of Fourteen Stars, by J. B. CANNON, M.A.; No. 18, The New 
Star in the Constellation Aquila, by W. E. HARPER; No. 19, Geminorum, A Long 
Period Binary, by W. E. HARPER; No. 20, Measures of Radial Velocity of 23 Comae 
Berenices, Serpentes and Serpentes, by W. E. HARPER; No. 21, Measures of Radial 
Velocity of Cassiopeise, Persei, 69 Tauri and Cygni, by W. E. HARPER ; No. 22, 
Radial Velocities of 30 Stars, by W. E. HARPER. Vol. 5, No. 1, A Spectrographic 



DOMINION GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS 839 

St udy of Early Class B Stars, by F. Hi NROTEAU, Ph.D., and J. I . lh:\i&gt; M.A. 

Mirations of the Dominion Observatory, Vol. V, No. 2, the KiTect of Cooling on a 
Cement Pier, by ERNEST A. HODGSON. M.A. ; V&gt;1. V, No. 3, A Spectroscopic 
Study of Early Class B Stars, Second Paper, by 1 . EENBOTI \\ . Ph. I).; Vol. V, 
No. 1. The Location of Kpieenters, 1917-18, by ERNEST A. HODGSON, M.A.; Vol. 
V, No. 5, Magnetic Results, 11)07-20, by C. A. 1-jtKxrn, M. A.: Vol. V. No. 6, 
Astronomical Positions in Canada, by R. MKI.DIM M STEWART, M.A.; Vol. \ , No. 7, 
A Spectroscopic Study of Sigma Scorpii, by F. HENROTEAU, Ph.D. (Sec also 1919 

&lt;r Book, pp. 630-631.) 

Redo/motion. Irrigation Reports of Irrigation Survey &gt; and Inspections, 

1915 to 15)20-21; Annual Stream Measurements Reports, L909 to I .H J. Report 
of the Western Canada Irrigation A-sociation ( onventions 1 1st to 1 1th ( onvention); 
:ort of the International Irrigation Conure. I . l 1. Bulletins; (1 Irrigation 
in Saskatchewan and Alberta: (2j A Haifa Culture; (3) Climatic and Soil Condition.-, 
in C. P. Ry. Go s Irrigation Block; (4) Duty of Water Experiments and Kami 
Demonstration Work; (5) Farm Water Supply. Pamphlets; Address by Mr S. G. 
PORTKK on "Practical Operation of Irrigation Works." Addre Dr. RITHKU- 

FORD on "Inter-dependence of Farm and city." Ad.li. &gt;\ Mr. Dox 11. BAKK 
on "The Actual Problem that confronts the Irrigator." "Practical Irrigation Hints 
for Alberta," and "Alfalfa Growing." 

Dominon Wntcr Powers. Annual Reports for P.H2-13 to P.H9-21. The Annual 
Reports of the Branch previous to HUM are included in the Annual Report of the 
Department. Wai Kmrcefl I (1) Report of the Railway licit Hydro- 

metric Survey for 1911-12, by P. rt of Bow River Power 

and Storage Investigations, by M. C. HKNDKY; (3) Report on Power and Storage 
Investigations, Winnipeg River, by J. T. JOHNST. ;. 19, 22. 2-1 and 2i&gt;) Annual 

Reports of the Manitoba Hydrometric Survey for 1M2 to I .U .i, by M. C. HKNDRY 
(to 1918), and by C. II. ATTWOOD, (1919); (5 and 11) Preliminary and final Report on 
the Pasquia Reclamation Project, by T. H. DUNN; (6) Report on Cost on Various 
Sources of Power for Pumping in connection with South Saskatchewan Water Supply 
Diversion Project, by 1 1 . !:. M. KKNSIT; (7) Report on the Manitoba Water p mv , 
by D. L. MCLEAN, S. S. SCOVIL and J. T. JOHN J, l 1. is, _&gt;1, _&gt;;; and 25) 

Annual Reports of the British Columbia Hydrometric Survey for 191 :i to l .)19, 
R. G. SWA.V; (10) General Guide for Compilation of Water Power Reports of Dom 
inion Water Power Branch, prepared by J. T. JOHNSTON; (12) Report on Small 
Water Powers in Western ( anada and Discussions of Sources of Power for the 
Farm, by A. M. BEALE; (13) Reports on the Coquitlam-Hount/cn Hydn-1 ;!&lt;&lt; trie 
Development ,by G. R. G. CONWAY; (16) Report of the Water Powers of Canada. 
A series of five pamphlets prepared for distribution at the Panama-Pacific Exposition, 
1915, by G. R. G. CONWAY, P. H. MITCHELL, H. G. ACRES, F. T. K A KLIN and K. H. 
SMITH; (17) Canadian Hydraulic Power Development and Electric Power in Cana 
dian Industry, by C. H. MITCHELL; (20) Report on the interests dependent on 
Winnipeg River Power, with special reference to the capital invested and the labour 
employed, by H. E. M. KEXSIT; (27) Directory of Central Klectric Stations in 
Canada, to Jan. 1, 1919, by J. T. JOHNSTON: (28 Report of the Dominion Hydro- 
metric Survey covering St. Lawrence and southern Hudson Hay drainage in Ontario, 
1919-20, by S. S. SCOVIL. (29) Report of the Dominion Hydrometric Survey covering 
the Atlantic drainage south of the St. Lawrence river, including Nova Scotia, New 
Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and southwestern Quebec, 1919-20, by K. H. 
SMITH; (30) Report of the Dominion Hydrometric Survey covering the Pacific 
drainage in British Columbia and the Yukon Territory, 1919-20, by R. G. SKVAN, 
continuation of the work contained in the Annual Reports of the British Columbia 
Hydrometric Survey; (31) Report of the Dominion Hydrometric Survey covering 
the Arctic and western Hudson Bay drainage (and Mississippi drainage in Cana&lt;i 
in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, extreme western Ontario and the Northwest 
Territories 1919-20, by C. H. ATTWOOD and A. L. FORD, continues the work contained 
in Annual Reports of the Manitoba Hydrometric Survey; previous to 1919-20 
Surveys in Alberta and Saskatchewan were carried on and published by the Re 
clamation Service, Department of the Interior. 

Natural Resources Intelligence. Maps: Northern Alberta, Southern Alberta, 
Saskatchewan and Manitoba Land Maps; Cereal Map of Manitoba, Saskatchewan 
and Alberta; Small Land Map of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta; Bank Map 



840 ADMINISTRATION 



of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta; Bank Map of Ontario and Quebec" 
Land Registration and Judicial Districts Map of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and 
Alberta ; Resource Maps of Canada, Land District Map of Northern Alberta 
Reports: The Unexploited West; Preparing Land for Grain Crops on the Prairies 
Handbook for the Information of Intending Settlers; The Lower Athabaska and 
blave River District; The Peace River District Its Resources and Opportunities; 
I he New Manitoba District a Description of the Resources and Development 
of the New Mining District of Northern Manitoba; Athabaska to the Bay The 
Province of Saskatchewan a Description of the Resources, Development and 
Possibilities of the Province; Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta Natural Re 
sourcesa Compilation Bearing on the Natural Resources of the Three Provinces 
Supplement to Cereal Maps; Facts Regarding the Dominion; Lists of Unoccu 
pied and Uncultivated Lands in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Nova Scotia, 
Brunswick and Prince Edward Island; Oil and Gas in Western Canada; 
Central British Columbia; The Province of New Brunswick; The Natural Resources 
of Nova Scotia; New Oil Fields of Northern Canada. 

Mining Lands and Yukon. The Yukon Territory, its History and Resources; 
A two sheet map of Alberta, showing the coal mining rights disposed of; Yukon Placer 
Mining Act; Yukon Act; Yukon Land Regulations; Yukon Homestead Regulations; 
Yukon limber Regulations; Yukon Grazing and Hay Regulations; Quartz Mining 
Regulations; Coal Mining Regulations; Placer Mining Regulations; Quarrying 
Regulations; Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulations; Potash Regulations; 
Jredging Regulations relating to the Yukon Territory; Dredging Regulations 
relating to beds of rivers outside of the Yukon Territory; Regulations relating to 
bar-digging on the North Saskatchewan River; Regulations for the issue of oil 
and gas permits in the Northwest Territories; Alkali Mining Regulations; Regula 
te issue of permits to mine coal for domestic purposes; Regulations for 
the issue of permits to remove sand stone and gravel from the beds of rivers and 
lakes. 

Dominion Parks. A Sprig of Mountain Heather; Glaciers of the Rockies and 

belkirks; Classified Guide to Fish and their Habitat in the Rocky Mountains Park; 

A T?i? a u imu Caves Guide to th e Geology of the Canadian National Park on the 

U.P.R. between Calgary and Revelstoke; Handbook to the Rocky Mountains 

Park Museum; Livery Tariff for Rocky Mountains Park; Livery Tariff for Yoho 

Valley; Map of Rocky Mountains Park; Map of Yoho Park; Map of Glacier Park; 

Map of Revelstoke Park; Map of Buffalo Park; Map of Banff and Vicinity ; Through 

the Heart of the Rockies and Selkirks; Automobile Tariff for Rocky Mountains 

Park; Automobile Tariff for Yoho Park; Livery Tariff for Glacier Park; Map of 

Central Part of Jasper Park; Map of Waterton Lakes Park; Migratory Birds 

Convention Act; Canada s Feathered Friends; No Spring Shooting means more 

Migratory Game; Protection of Bird Neighbours; Birds of a Manitoba Garden; 

3 a National Asset; Bird Houses and their Occupants; Les Oiseaux Amis du 

Canada; La Prohibition de la Chasse au Printemps assure une plus grande quantite" 

ibier Migrateur; La Bernache Commune de la Cote de 1 Atlantique; Les 

iseaux bauvages; Les Mmistres de T Agriculture donnent des Idees sur la Protection 

Jiseaux; Les Oiseaux d un Jardin manitobain. 

Forestry. Annual Reports of the Director of Forestry, 1914 to 1920, inclusive- 
Bulletins (where number and title are omitted, the document is out of print) : (1) 
lantmg on the Prairies; (11) Forest Products of Canada, 1909; Lumber, 
limber Lath and Shingles; (14) Cross-ties purchased; (22) Cross- 
limber used in Mining Operations; (27) Forest Products of Canada, 
191 Cooperage; Forest Products of Canada, 1911; (34) Lumber, Square 
limber, Lath and Shingles; (35) Poles and Cross-ties; (36) Wood-using Industries 
of Ontario; Forest Products of Canada, 1912; (38) Pulpwood; (39) Poles and 
Products of Canada, 1913; (46) Pulpwood Consumption ; (48) Lumber, 
i and Shingles; (49) Treated Wood-block Paving; (51) Game Preservation in 
iky Mountains Forest Reserve; (52) Forest Products of Canada, 1913 (being 
&gt;s. 4o 47 and 48) ; (53) Timber Conditions in the Smoky River Valley and Grand- 
Praine Country; Forest Products of Canada, 1914; (54) Pulpwood; Forest Products 
Canada, 1915; (58a) Lumber, Lath and Shingles; (58b) Pulpwood; (58c) Poles 
^Cross-ties; (59) Canadian Woods for Structural Timbers; (60) Canadian Doug- 
]ai :r: its mechanical and physical properties; (61) Native Trees of Canada (price 



DOMINION GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS 841 

50 cents); (63) Wood-using Industries of Quebec; (65) Forest Products of Canada, 
1917; Poles and Cross-ties; (66) Utilization of Waste Sulphite Liquor (price 50 
cents); (67) Creosote Treatment of Jack Pine and Eastern Hemlock for Cross-t i 
(68) Forest Fires in Canada, 1917; (69) Care of the Wood Lot; (70) Forest Fin- 
in Canada, I .Us; (71) Canadian Sitka Spruce; its mechanical and physical proper 
ties. Circulars: (5) Planning a Tree Plantation for a Prairie Homestead; 
Preservative Treat n lent of Fence-] (8) The Forest Products Laboratories; (9 

Chemical Methods for Utilizing Wood A\ (12) The Empire Timber Exhibition 

Manual Methods of Communication Adapted to Forest Protection (price one doll 
post free); Dominion Forestry Branch Message Code (price 10 cents post free). 

Northwest Territories. Northwest Territories Act; Northwest Territories 
Game Act; Migratory Birds Convention Act; Northwest Territories Timber 
Regulations; Northwest Territories Hay and Grazing Regulations; Yukon Terri 
tory, it- History and Resources; Yukon Act; Yukon Land Retaliations; Yukon 
Homestead Regulations; Yukon Hay and Grazing Regulation- Northwest Terri 
tories Oil and Cas Regulations. 

Immigration and Colonization. Atlas of Canada, Tinted Kingdom and 
United States editions. Eastern Canada, Fnited Kingdom and United States 
editions. Canada West, United Kingdom and United St lit ions. Immigration 

Facts and Figures. Report of the Chief Inspector of British Immigrant Children. 
Immigration Act and Regulations. A Manual of Citizenship. Annual Report. 

Finance. Annual Reports of the Public Accounts of the Dominion of Canada. 
Monthly Statements of the Chartered Banks of Canada. Estimates. 

Insurance. Quarterly Statement of List of Licensed Companies. Annual 
Abstract of Statements of Insurance Companies in Canada (subject to correctiou . 
Annual Reports of the Insurance Department, yol. I (Fire and Miseellaneoi. 
Vol. II (Life Companies). Annual List of Securities held by Insurance Compai 
in Canada with Department s Valuation thereof. 

Militia and Defence. Annual Report. Militia List. Militia Orders. 
General ( )rd 

Trade and Commerce. Annual Report. Annual Report re Mail Subsidi 
and Steamship Subventions. Annual Report of Board of Grain Commissioners for 
( anada. Rules and Regulations made by Board of ( Irain ( ommissioners. (Annual 
List of Licensed Elevators, etc. (Annual) drain Inspection in Canada, (1914). 
Weekly Bulletin containing Reports of Trade Commissioners and other Com 
mercial Information. Handbook for Export to South America (1915). Trade with 
China and Japan (1914). Export Directory of Canada (1915). Russian Trade 
(1916). The German War and its relations to Canadian Trade (1914). Toy- 
making in Canada (1916). The Timber Import Trade of Australia (1917). Trial 
Shipments of Wheat from yancouver via the Panama Canal to the United Kingdom. 
Barbados, Preferential Tariff of. Canadian Economic Commission to Siberia (1919). 
Canada- West Indies Conference (1920). Dominion drain Research Laboratory 
(1920). Electrical Standards and their application to trade and commerce. Mex 
ico as a field for Exports (1921). Motion Pictures, Catalogue of. Report of 
Special Trade Commission to Great Britain, France and Italy French and English 
(1916). Rules and Forms of the Canadian Patent Office. Trade after the War 
(1916). Trade of the New Countries of South East Europe (1921). Trade between 
Canada and the British West India Colonies (1920). West Africa and its Oppor 
tunities for Canadian Trade (1921). 

Publications of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. For the publications of the 
Bureau, covering the field of Canadian statistics, see pages 831-834. 

Labour. Monthly: The Labour Gazette (published in English and French 
at the nominal subscription price of 20 cents per annum, averaging over 100 pages.) 
Annually; Report of the Department of Labour. Report of Proceedings under the 
Industrial Disputes Investigations Act, 1907. Labour Organization in Canada, 
1919 (a Report is published for each year about May or June). Special Reports: 
Strikes and Lockouts in Canada, 1901-1920 (to be published in January 1922). 



842 ADMINISTRATION 



Labour Legislation of Canada as existing December 31, 1920. (A Report on Labour 
Legislation is published annually in July or August.) Report of Proceedings under 
the Employment Offices Co-ordination Act; Report of Proceedings under the 
Technical Education Act. 

Secretary of State. Annual Report. Regulations and Despatches Respect 
ing Extradition Proceedings. List of Companies Incorporated under the various 
Companies Acts of the Parliament of Canada from 1867 to December 31, 1913. 
Copies of Proclamations, Orders in Council and Documents relating to the European 
War. Method of conducting correspondence between the Dominion and Provincial 
Governments. 

Naval Service. Annual Report. Royal Naval College of Canada Calendar, 
containing general idea of scheme of training, prospects of cadets, regulations for 
entry, etc. Tidal and Current Survey: Tide Tables, published annually, for the 
East Coast, Pacific Coast, and Hudson Bay and Strait; also three abridged editions 
for St. Lawrence region, Bay of Fundy and Strait of Georgia. Currents in the 
Gulf of St. Lawrence, the entrance to the St. Lawrence, and the Southeast Coasts 
of Newfoundland and Belle Isle Strait. Tables of Currents in the Bay of Fundy. 
Tides at the head of the Bay of Fundy. Tide levels on the East Coast of Canada 
and Pacific Coast. Tides and Tidal Streams, a general explanation of the tides. 
Radiotelegraph Branch: Proceedings of the International Radiotelegraph Conference 
of London, 1912. Chart showing the Radiotelegraph stations in the Dominion 
of Canada. Postmaster General s Handbook for Radiotelegraph Operators (In 
structions re handling of traffic, etc.). Hydrographic Survey: International 
Waterways Commission Report. Sailing Directions: St. Lawrence Pilot above 
Quebec; St. Lawrence Pilot below Quebec (English and French); Sailing Directions 
for the Canadian Shores of Lake Ontario; Canadian shores of Lake Huron and 
Georgian Bay; Sailing Directions for the Canadian Shores of Lake Superior. 
Charts : 34 charts of the St. Lawrence river between Pte. des Monts and Cornwall; 
Ottawa river: 2 sections covering Lake of Two Mountains; Lake Ontario: 11 coast 
charts with plans of harbours; Lake Erie : 2 sheets, plans of harbours and anchorages; 
Lake Huron: 6 coast charts; Georgian Bay 12 charts; North Channel of Lake 
EEuron: 3 charts; Lake Superior: 12 coast charts; Lake Winnipeg: 2 charts; 
Pacific Coast in the vicinity of Prince Rupert and Queen Charlotte Islands: 11 
charts; Atlantic Coast in the vicinity of Halifax Harbour, St John Harbour and 
Sydney: 7 charts; Hudson Bay: 7 charts; International Waterways Commission 
Boundary charts between St. Regis and Pigeon bay : 29 charts ; Gulf of St. Lawrence 
in the vicinity of Port Borden and Bathurst: 2 charts; Gulf Telegraph chart of the 
gulf of St. Lawrence, lower St. Lawrence River to Montreal and Maritime Provinces 
showing the telegraph and telephone lines and stations, radio-telegraph, storm and 
marine signal stations, light-houses and fog alarms operated by or for the Govern 
ment of Canada, the railway lines, submarine cables, tracks of vessels and tables of 
nautical distances: one chart; Charts of the St. Lawrence river between Cape 
Magdalen and Cornwall: 40 charts; the Saguenay river, vicinity of Chicoutimi: 
1 chart; Lake of the Woods: 1 chart; Vicinity of Vancouver island and adjacent 
mainland: 4 charts. 

Railways and Canals. Annual Report of the Department. 
Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada. Annual Report. 

Marine. Marine Annual Report, containing Harbour Commissions, etc. 
Steamboat Inspection. List of Canadian Shipping. Reports of Expeditions to 
Hudson Bay, Northern Waters and Arctic Archipelago. Canadian Port Directory. 
List of Lights, etc., in Canada: (a) Pacific Coast; (b) Atlantic Coast; (c) Inland 
Waters. 

Indian Affairs. Annual Report. Indian Act, 1906, with Amendments to 
date. Schedule of Indian Reserves, 1913. Indian Treaties and Surrenders, Vols. 

-tj JLJLj JLJ.-L. 

King s Printer and Controller of Stationery. The Canada Gazette, 
published weekly by authority, with occasional supplements and extras, subscription, 
$4 per annum payable in advance, single copies, 10 cents each. (Contains 



DOM IX 10. \ GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS 843 

weekly a list of current Government publications, as required by Order in Council 
1,522). Judgni the Board of Railway Commissioners, bi-monthly, $3 per 

annum; single copies, LM) cents; Exchequer Court Hei&gt;)rts, $4 per annum; Supreme 
Court ts, $3 per annum; Dominion Statutes. 1921, $4. Acts Public and 

Private, \\ ith amendments to date, 5 cents to 7.~&gt; cents a copy. Parliamentary De 
bates, "Hansard", issued daily during session, French and English, $3 per session 
each for House of Commons and Senate Debates, single copies, 5 cents. Prices 
of blue-books are in nearly every case printed upon the front cover and are based 
practically on the cost of paper and prcsswork. They may be ordered direct from 
the Superintendent of Stationery, Department of Public Printing and Stationery, 
or through any bookseller in the Dominion. 

Mint The Work of the Department of Mines, chiefly scientific and investi 
gatory, i- performed by the Department s four principal units, viz: the Geological 
Survey, Mines Branch, Victoria Memorial Museum Branch, and the Explosives 
Division. 

The Geological Survey carries on areal and economic investigation and re 
search \\ork in mineralogy: the Mines Branch carries on field and laboratory in 
vestigations for the furtherance of the mining and metallurgical industries and the 
compilation of statistics and information relating to them; the Victoria Memorial 
Museum Branch carries on scientific investigations in anthropology, archaeology, 
zoology and botany; and the Kxplosives Division, in the administration of the 
plosives Act, l ll, has supervision of the manufacture, testing, storage and 
importation of explosives, and the issuing of licenses under the Act. 

The Department of Mines publishes an annual report covering the activities 
of the whole Department as well as individual annual reports, covering the work 
of its branches. 

Tin- G&gt;-oljical Sumy Branch, from 1842 to 1904, published annual volumes. 
From 1 HH to 1910 upward.- of MI reports wei d, all separately. Since then, 

Memoirs to the number of l-~&gt;, Bulletins numbering :{. &gt;. and, in addition, mis 
cellaneous publications of various kinds have been issued, including Geological 
Guide Books and Handbooks. The subjects dealt with include Areal and Economic 
Geology of particular distn&lt; -. Mineralogy, Palaeontology, Ornithology, Botany, 
Anthropology and related In the future, publications on the last three 

subjects, namely, Ornithology, Botany and Anthropology ill Biological 

papers, will be issued by the newly constituted Victoria Memorial M useum Branch. 

The Mine* Branch, from its beginning in 1908, has published annual reports 
of Mineral Production and summary reports covering the investigations of the 
Metalliferous arid Non-Metalliferous Mines Divisions, the Fuel Testing and Ore- 
Dressing Divisions, and the Ceramic, Road Materials and Chemical Divisions, 
and the operations of the Dominion Assay Office. Reports have been published, 
also dealing with the Technology of most of the economic minerals of Canada. 

The Explosives Division has published annual reports since 1919. 

The publications of the Department of Mines cover the Geology and Mineral 
Resources of the greater part of Canada. Most of the reports are available free 
of charge, or for a nominal price, on application to the Deputy Minister of Mines. 
Some of the reports may be had in French translations. 

Commission of Conservation. Annual Reports, 1910-19; Fire Waste in 
Canada, J. Grove Smith; Altitudes in Canada, James White, F.R.S.C., F.R.G.S.; 
Dictionary of Altitudes in Canada, James White, F.R.S.C., F.R.G.S. For the 
numerous other reports of the Commission of Conservation, see 1919 Canada Year 
Book, pp. 635-636. 

Advisory Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Annual 
Reports of the Administrative Chairman, 1917-18, 1918-19, 1919-20 and 1920-21. 
General Reports. (1) The Briquetting of Lignites, R. A. Ross, E.E.; (2) The 
Recovery of vapours from gases, Harold S. Davis, M.A., Ph.D., Mary Davidson 
Davis, B.A.; (3) The de-tarring of Gas by Electrical precipitation, J. G. Davidson, 
Ph.D.; (4) Nicotine and Tobacco Waste, A. D. Hone, M.A.; (5) Canadian Waste 



484 ADMINISTRATION 



Sulphite Liquor as a source of Alcohol, Vernon K. Krieble, Asst. Prof., Dept. Chem 
istry, McGill University; (6) An Investigation into the Question of early Putrefaction 
of Eviscerated Fish in which the Gills have been left, Louis Gross M D (8) A 
Method of Smelting Titaniferous Iron Ore, W. M. Goodwin, B.A., B Sc (9) Food 
Requirements of the Ranch Fox, G. Ennis Smith B.A., B.Sc.; (10) Fuel Saving 
Possibilities in House Heating, L. M. Arkley, M.Sc., and James Govan. Bulletins: 
The need for Industrial Research in Canada, Frank D. Adams, Sc.D., LL.D., 

Researches on Sound Measurement, Louis V. King MA D Sc 
F.R.S.C.; 3) How to Handle Frozen Fish, E. E. Prince, D.Sc., LL.D. : (4) Hints 
on Frozen Fish, E. E. Prince, D.Sc., LL.D.; (5) Science and Industry, Prof. J C 
Fields Ph.D., F.R.S.; (6) The Heating of Houses, Coal and Electricity compared, 
A. b. L. Barnes; (7) The manufacture of Ethyl Alcohol from Wood Waste, G H 
Tomlmson, B.A.; (8) Some Problems of the Fox Raising Industry, A. Hunter, M.A., 
B.fec., M.B., Ch.B.; (9) The Honorary Advisory Council for Scientific and In 
dustrial Research and its work, Frank D. Adams, Sc.D.; LL.D., F.R S ; (10) A 
;r fo ^ S, he Development of Industrial Research in Canada, R. F. Ruttan, B.A., 
M.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.C. 

Copies of these Reports and Bulletins will be forwarded gratis to persons 
interested, upon request to the Secretary of the Council for Scientific and Indus 
trial Research. 

Civil Service Commission. Annual Report, including lists of successful 
candidates in examinations, permanent appointments, promotions, and transfers 
and copies of examinaton papers set during the period covered by the Report. 
Regulations of the Civil Service Commission. General Information respecting 
Civil Service Examinations. 

Department of Health. "The Canadian Mother s Book"; General Venereal 
Disease Circular No. 1 to the Medical Profession of Canada: "Information concerning 
Venereal Disease"; General Venereal Disease Circular No. 2 to the Medical Profession 
of Canada: "Wassermann Test"; General Venereal Disease Circular No. 3 to the 
Medical Profession of Canada: "Microscopic Examination"; General Venereal 
isease Circular No. 4 to the Medical Profession of Canada: "Diagnosis and Treat 
ment of Venereal Disease"; General Venereal Disease Circular No. 1 to the Public: 
t Information for Men"; General Venereal Disease Circular No. 2 to the Public: 
Information for Young Women"; General Venereal Disease Circular No. 3 to the 
Public: Information for Parents". Little Blue Books; Home Series; (1) Good 
Wishes for you from Canada; (2) How to Build the Canadian House; (3) How to 
Make our Canadian Home; (4) How to Make Outpost Homes in Canada; (5) Cana 
dians Need Milk; (6) How we Cook in Canada; (7) How to Manage Housework in 
Canada; (8) How to Take Care of Mother; (9) How to Take Care of the Family 
How to Take Care of the Baby; (11) How to Take Care of the Children; (12) 
Household Cost Accounting in Canada; (13) How to Take Care of Household 
14) How to Avoid Accidents and Give First Aid. All published in French 
and English. 

Other Departments. In addition to the publications above enumerated, 
Annual Reports are issued by the Department of Justice on the Penitentiaries of 
Canada, the Department of External Affairs, the Public Works and the Auditor 
General. 

List of Principal Publications of the Provincial Governments of Canada, as 
compiled from information supplied by the respective Governments. 

Note.- -The numbers within brackets are the numbers of the Bulletins. The 
cations of the larger provinces are arranged by Departments. 

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 

r, v i U ^ ?L*o e Legislative Assembly. Statutes. General index to Statutes of 
T&gt; ur ] Royal Gazette - Annual Reports of the Provincial Auditor on 

Public Accounts and of the Departments of Public Works, Education, Agriculture, 
Falconwood Hospital (for the Insane) and Vital Statistics. 



PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS 845 

NOVA SCOTIA. 

Royal (iazette. Statutes, Journals and Proceedings of Legislative Council. 
Journals and Proceedings of the House of Assembly. Journal of Education. Man 
ual of the Public Instruction Acts and Regulations of the Council of Public Instruc 
tion, 1021. Annual Reports on Public Accounts, Vital Statistics, Statistics of Incor 
porated Towns and Municipalities, Public Health, Education, Industries and Im 
migration, Agriculture, Crown Lands, Mines, Subsidized Railways and other Public 
Works, Rural Telephones, Humane Institutions, Public Charities, including report 
of Hospital and Sanatorium, Penal Institutions, Neglected Children, Temperance, 
Publicity Printing, Legislative Library, Utility Board and Workmen s Compen 
tion Board. Also Annual Reports of the Provincial Secretary, the Factory Inspector 
and of the Highway Board, Power Commission and Game Commissioners. 

NEW BRUNSWICK. 

Royal Gazette. Statutes. Annual Reports of the Auditor General, of the Board 
of Health, of the Departments of Education and Agriculture (including Horticulture), 
Annual Reports on Public Works, Crown Lands, the Hospital for the Insane, the 
Factory Report, Report of the Jordan Memorial Tuberculosis Sanatorium at River 
Glade, Report of Women s Institutes, and Report of Chief Inspector under Pro 
hibition Act, Report of the Workmen s Compensation Board. Official Year Book. 

QUEBEC. 

Note. The titles of publications available in the English language are printed 
in English. 

Attorney General. Annual Report of Prison Inspectors; Annual Report of 
Public Utilities Commission. 

Provincial Secretary. Annual Report of the Secretary and Registrar; Annual 
Report of the Superior Board of Health of the Province of Quebec; Statistical Year 
Book; Educational Statistics; Financial Statistics of School Corporations; Munici 
pal Statistics (annual); Judicial Statistics (annual) ; Statistics of the Penal Establish 
ments (annual); Stal of the Benevolent Institutions (annual); The Official 
Gazette (weekly); The Statutes of the Province (annual); Revised Statutes of the 
Province (1009); List of Municipal Corporations (annual). 

Treasury. Annual Statement of Public Accounts; Annual Estimates. 

Lands and Forests. Annual Report of the Minister; Surveyed Townships 
and Explored Territories, 1889; Richesse Forestiere de la Province de Qu6bec, 
J. C. Langelier, 1905; The Forest, Fernow, 1905; Arbres de Commerce de la Province 
de Quebec, 1906; Table of Families of Twelve Children, Eugene Roulliard, 1904, 
1906; Townships Surveyed and Territories Explored, 1908; List of Timber License 
Holders, 1911; Dictionnaire des Lacs et Rivieres de la Province de Quebec, Eugene 
Rouillard, 1914, Bulletin No. 1 of the Forestry Service; Table of Water 
Powers granted by the Province of Quebec, from 1st July, 1867, to 31st December, 
1913, A. Amos; Bulletin No. 2 of the Forestry Service, Pich6 and Bdard, 1914; 
No. 1, La Rouille vesiculaire du Pin blanc, S.-C. Piche"; The Water Powers in the 
Province of Quebec (Illustrated), 1917; Nomenclature of the Geographical Names 
in the Province of Quebec, Quebec Geographical Commission ; Annual Report of the 
Quebec Streams Commission ; Circulaire No. 3, Les Industries forestieres de la 
Province de Quebec, S.-C. Piche". 

Agriculture. Annual Reports: Department of Agriculture; Competition for 
Agricultural Merit; Dairymen s Association, Pomological Society; Journal of 
Agriculture and Horticulture, illustrated monthly. Bulletins: (1) Plans de froma- 

eries et de beurreries; (2) Le Drainage Pratique, G. Michaud, 1914; (7) Le Cheval 
u Cultivateur, J. D. Duchene (French and English), 1914; (8) Culture des Ce re ales, 
College Macdonald, 1914; (14) La Culture du Trifle; (15) La Culture du B16-d Inde 
Fourrager; (16) Guide de I Arboriculteur; (18) Breeding and Preparing Bacon for 
the Market; (22) Des Bovides; (24) The Great Fallacy of White Bread; (25) Etude 
Sommaire sur les Ce re ales; (29) Choix de la Semence; (39) Celery Culture; (40) 
How to Plant your Fruit Trees; (42) De la Protection des Plantes; (43) Bean 



846 ADMINISTRATION 



Culture; (44) Vegetable Culture (45) Liste des Presidents et Secretaires des Socie te s 
Agricoles; (47) Le lapin; (48) Manuel de me decine Ve"terinaire; (49) Home Canning 
of Fruit Products; (50) Sheep Raising for Profit in Quebec; (51) How to increase 
the Production of Pork; (52) Breeders Guide of the Province of Quebec; (53 Le 
Fumier de Ferme Composition Valeur Conservation; (55) L elevage des 
volailles dans les Villes et les Villages; (56) De la Culture des Racines Fourrageres; 
(57) Efficient Poultry Production in War-time; (58) How to save Meat; (61) Les 
engrais Chimiques et amendements; (62) Le Rucher quebecois; (64) Traitements 
des semences; (65) Le Parantonnaire; (66) Comment et pourquoi produire des 
f raises; (67) Insects Nuisibles aux Animaux de la ferme; (69) Ennemis des jar dins 
et vergers; (70) La rotation expliquee; (71) Le paiment du lait et de la creme. Cir 
culars: (3) La Poule couveuse et les Poussins; (15) La Diarrhe"e chez les Poussins; 
(22) Concours d Etables; (25) Culture du Mai s; (26) Comment economiser les 
Grains au Poulailler; (27) Calendrier d Arrosage pour les Vergers; (28) Wheat 
Growing; (29) De la Culture de Seigle; (30) De la Culture de 1 Orge; (31) De la 
Culture de FAvoine; (32) De la Culture du Lin; (33) Pulverisation pour les Vergers- 
Potagers; (35) Culture des Pois; (36) Culture des Haricots; (37) Potato Culture; 
(38) Calendrier general d Arrosage; (39) Usage du Miel a la Maison; (40) Culture 
des Fleurs; (41) Pommes de terre a la cuisine. 

Roads. Annual Report of the Minister of Roads. 

Department of Colonization, Mines and Fisheries. Mineralogie pratique 
a 1 usage des Prospecteurs, par J. Obalski (1910); The Fish and Game Clubs of 
the Province of Quebec, (1914); Fur Farming in the Province of Quebec, 1921; 
Mines and Minerals of the Province of Quebec, by Theo. C.Denis (1914); Iron 
ores of the Province of Quebec, by P. W. Dulieux (1915); Extracts from reports on 
the district of Ungava, by T. C. Denis (1915); Report on the Copper Deposits of 
the Eastern Townships, by J. Austen Bancroft (1916); L industrie de Famiante 
dans la province de Quebec (1917); Guide du colon pour la region du Te miscamingue 
et de FAbitibi, 1921; Guide du colon pour la region du Nord-Ouest de Montreal, et 
d Ottawa, 1921; Guide du colon pour la region du Lac Saint-Jean, et de Chicoutimi, 
1921; Guide du colon pour la region du Sud-Est de Quebec, de T6miscouata a Gaspe", 
1921; The Eastern Townships of Quebec, 1921. 

Department of Public Works and Labour. Minister s Report. 

Department of Public Instruction. Code scolaire (1919);; Revised regu 
lations of the Catholic Committee (1915); Regulations of the Protestant Committee 
(1909); Manuel des commissaires d ecoles, (1908); Education in the Province of 
Quebec, (1914); Protestant Rural Schools, (1912); Protestant Schools in the East 
ern Townships (1913); Memoranda of Instructions to Teachers (1915); Annual 
report; Financial statement of the Superintendent of Public Instruction (annual); 
Mon premier livre .(1st and 2nd part) (1900), a fresh edition of which is printed 
every year; L Enseignement primaire; Educational Record; Yearly circulars 
containing instructions to school boards and school inspectors. 

Legislative Assembly. Agenda Paper of the Legislative Assembly; Votes 
and Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly; Journals of the Legislative Assembly; 
Returns to Orders and Addresses of the Legislative Assembly (Sessional Papers); 
Report of the Clerk of the Crown in Chancery on elections (published after every 
general election); Report of the Librarian of the Legislature; Annotated Rules and 
Standing Orders of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec; Private Bills in the Legisla 
tive Assembly of Quebec (a manual containing the rules relative to) ; Government and 
Legislature; List of the Chairmen and Members of the Committees of the Legis 
lative Assembly. 

ONTARIO. 

Premier. Report of the Hydro-Electric and Timiskaming and Northern 
Ontario Railway Commissions. 

Provincial Secretary. Annual Reports; Registrar General; Hospitals 
and Charitable Institutions; Hospitals for the Insane; Prisons and Reformatories; 
Institutions for the Feeble-minded and Epileptics; Neglected and Dependent 
Children. Digest of the Ontario Social Laws. Annual Report of the Secretary 
and Registrar of the Province of Ontario. Municipal Bulletin. 



PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS 847 

Treasury. Annual Statements; Main, Supplementary and Further Supple 
mentary Estimates of Expenditure; Public Accounts; Financial Statement of 
Treasurer delivered in the Legislative Assembly; Auditor s Report ; Bureau of 
Archives Report; Statutes of tne Province. 

Attorney General. Reports of Inspectors: Legal Offices; Registry Offices; 
Insurance; Division Courts. Annual Report of Board of License Commissioners. 

Registrar General. Vital Statistics Act. Act respecting the Solemnization 
of Marriage. Physicians Pocket Reference to the International List of Causes of 
Death. Annual Report of Birth-, Marriages and Deaths. 

Department of Labour. Report of the Trades and Labour Department with 

Inspector (Shops and Office Buildings), Chief Boiler Inspector, Inspector 

of Stationary Engineers and Bureau of Labour. Regulations of Boiler Inspection. 

Board of II call h. Public Health Act; Vaccination Act; Venereal I &lt;&gt;s Act 

Regulations. Annual Report. Sewage Disposal for Residences. Facts about Flies, 
Mosquitoes, and Ho\v to Prevent them. The B;il&gt;y", monthly seel ion in Public 
Health Journal A simple Method of Water Purification. Simple Methods of House 
Ventilation in Winter. Regulations: Control of Communicable Disease; Slaughter 
Houses, etc.; rndertakers Circular-; I re vent ion of Typhoid Fever; Anti-toxin, 
Vaccination, Smallpox, Me. Typhoid Fever. Scarlet l- .-ver. Diphtheria. Con 

sumption (General), Venereal Diseases, Consumption (General Precautions), 
Consumption (Personal Precautions &gt;. Instructions on Disinfection. Leaflet 
containing Statistics respecting Waterworks arid Sewage Systems. Regulations 
and Application Forms: Waterworks Approvals; Sewerage Approvals. Regulations 
Prevention of Babies Sore l.\ Model Milk By-la\\ ; Anterior Poliomyelitis; 

Combating Lousiness among Soldiers and Civilians, IDls; Prevention of Cancer; 
Hints for Farm Work- 

Public Works. Annual Report of the Minister with reports of the Architect, 
Engineer. Statements of Law Clerk and Accountant. Report of Timiskaming and 
Northern Ontario Railway Commission. Report of the Queen Victoria. Niagara 
Falls Park Commission. 

Department of Public Highways. Annual Report. (9) Report of the 
Ontario Highways Commission, 1914; (10) Regulations respecting Township 
Road Superintendents, 1916; (11) Regulations respecting County Roads, 1920 
(14) Township Road Improvement, 1918; (15) The Motor Vehicles Act, The High 
way Travel Act, The Load of Vehicles Act, The Public Vehicles Act, 1920; (16) 
General Specifications for Concrete Highway Bridges, 1917; (17) General Speci 
fications for Steel Highway Bridges, 1917; (18) Highway Bridges, 1917; (19) General 
Plans for Steel Highway Bridges, 1917; (20) Description of Road Models Exhibit, 
1917; (21) Short Forms for Bridge Tenders, 1917; (22) Report on Street Improve 
ment, 1917; (23) Bituminous Surfaces for Macadam Roads, 1917; (24) Specifica 
tions for Bituminous Materials, 1917; (25) Country Road Legislation, as enacted 
by the Highways Improvement Act, the Ontario Highways Act, and the Obstructions 
on Highways Removal Act, 1920; (27) Widening the Provincial Highway 1919; 
(28) Main Road Legislation, 1919); (29) Regulations respecting Township Roads, 
1920; (30) Township Road Legislation as enacted by the Ontario Highways Act, 
1920; (31) Motor Vehicle Headlamps. 

Department of Game and Fisheries. Annual Report. Game Laws. 

Lands and Forests. Annual Report of the Minister. Preliminary Statistics 
of Mineral Production, issued annually, also bulletins which are later incorporated 
in the Annual Report, issued in several parts, of the Department of Mines. Hand 
book of Northern Ontario on Colonization. 

Agriculture. Annual Reports; Minister of Agriculture; Agricultural College 
and Experimental Farm; Agricultural and Experimental Union ; Dairymen s 
Associations; Live Stock Branch; Stallion Enrolment Board; Corn Growers 
Association; Agricultural Statistics; Bee-Keepers Association; Fruit Growers 



848 ADMINISTRATION 



Association; Horticultural Experimental Station; Vegetable Growers Association; 
Entomological Society; Agricultural Societies; Horticultural Societies; Women s 
Institutes. Bulletins: (174) Farm Underdrainage : Does it pay? (175) Farm 
Underdrainage Operations; (187), Codling Moth; (188) Weeds of Ontario; (194) 
Apple Orcharding; (198) Lime Sulphur Wash; (209) Farm Forestry; (210) Straw 
berries and Raspberries; (218) Birds of Ontario; (219) San Jose and Oyster Shell 
Scales; (220) Lightning Rods; (222) Currants and Gooseberries; (223) Fertilizers; 
(224) Greenhouse Construction; (225) Swine; (226) Plum Culture in Ontario; (229) 
Smuts and Rusts; (231) Vegetable Growing; (232) Field Beans; (237) The Grape 
in Ontario; (238) Lime and its use in Agriculture; (239) Potatoes; (240) Bacterial 
Diseases of Vegetables; (241) Peach Growing in Ontario; (242) Diseased Mouths 
a cause of Ill-Health; (243) Nature Study, or Stories in Agriculture; (244) Hints 
for Settlers in Northern Ontario; (247) Farm Poultry; (249) The Pear in Ontario 
(251) Insects affecting Vegetables; (253) Dairy Cattle; (254) War Breads; (255) 
Tuberculosis of Fowls; (256) Wintering Bees; (257) Diseases of Fruit Trees; (258) 
Diseases of Vegetables; (259) Books on Agriculture; (260) Experiments with Farm 
Crops; (261) Wheat and Rye; (262) Sugar Beets; (263) Mushrooms; (264) Diseases 
of Digestive Organs of Horses and Cattle; (265) Bacteria; (266) Cheese-making 
and Butter-making; (267) Farm Water Supply; (268) Farm Crops; Experiments 
at O.A.C.; (269) Hay and Pasture Crops, Grasses, Clovers, etc.; (270) Judging 
Vegetables; (271) The Apple Maggot ; (272) Contagious Abortion in Cattle ; 
(274) Sheep; (275) Farm Management, Part I; (276) Bee Diseases; (277) Motor 
Transportation in Rural Ontario; (278) Farm Management, Part II; (279) Com 
munity Halls ; (280) Alfalfa ; (281) Better Bulls ; (282) Farm Management, 
Part III; (283) Sweet Clover. Publications of the Department are furnished 
free upon application to residents of Ontario. An average charge of 10 cents each 
for Bulletins and 15 cents each for Reports is made to persons living outside of 
Ontario. 

Education. Annual Report of the Minister of Education. Archaeological 
Report. School Acts, 75 cents cloth boards, 50 cents paper. Regulations and 
Courses of Study: Public and Separate Schools; Continuation Schools; High 
Schools and Collegiate Institutes; Summer Courses and Examinations for Teachers; 
Summer Model Schools for Training of Teachers; Fall Model Schools for Training of 
Teachers; English-French Model Schools; Syllabus of Regulations and Normal 
School Courses for First and Second Class and Kindergarten Primary Certificates. 
Official Calendar of the Department of Education. Recommendations and Regu 
lations for Industrial, Technical and Art Schools. Recommendations and Regu 
lations for Commercial High Schools, etc. Recommendations and Regulations for 
Agriculture and Household Science Departments. Courses in History for Junior 

EEigh School Entrance Examinations. Junior High School Entrance and Junior 
Public School Graduation Examination Instructions. Annual Departmental 
Examination Instructions. Literature Selections for Examinations. Regulations 
of the Consolidated Schools. The Consolidation of Rural Schools. Manuals; 
Teaching English to French-speaking pupils, 15 cents; Manual Training, 40 cents; 
Topics and Sub-Topics, 10 cents; Sewing, 20 cents; Sewing Charts, set of 10, $2.00; 
Education Pamphlets; Visual Aids in Teaching of History; List of Reproductions 
of Works of Art; Sewing Chart, $2; Mathematical Tables, 25 cents; Medical School 
Inspection. Regulations, Professional Courses and Examinations for Public School 
Inspectors Certificates. Instructions to Public and Separate School Inspectors on 
Apportionment of Grants. Teachers Institute Lectures and list of Lecturers 
and Subjects. Manual Training and Household Science in the High, Continuation, 
Public and Separate Schools. Catalogue of Books for Public and Separate School 
Libraries; Catalogue of Books for Continuation and High Schools and Collegiate 
Institutes. List of Public and Separate Schools and Teachers. Rural School 

3 lans. Improvement of School Grounds. Annals of Valour, Canada s Part in 
the Present War. Jubilee of Confederation. Canadian Citizenship. Ontario 
Library Review (quarterly). The Great War in Verse and Prose, 20 cents. How 
the Fight was won, 20 cents. Geographical Changes, 15 cents. Canadian Girls 
at Work, $1.25. 



PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS 



MANITOBA. 

Agriculture. Annual Report. Booklets: Stock Raising in Manitoba; 
Opportunities in Manitoba; Meeting the Problems of Iviiral Life in Manitoba; 
Le Manitoba (French); Periodical Crop and Live Stock Reports; Map of the 
Province; Calendar of the Manitoba Agricultural College; Manitoba Agricultural 
Extension News (Monthly). Jiullctitix: Management of the Brood Mare and Foal; 
Canning by the Cold Park Method; Common Diseases and Disorders of the Foal; 
Che&lt; -e Making on the Farm; Asparagus; Hatching, Brooding, Hearing and Feeding 
Chicks; Agricultural Society Activities; Farm Butter-making; Practical Cookery; 
Home Dressmaking; Observations on Rust Control; The Cream Separator on the 
Farm; Annual Pasture and Forage &lt; rops for Manitoba; Kusts and Smuts of drain 
Crops; Lessons in Millinery; Bee Keeping in Manitoba; Common Breeds of Poul 
try; Hand Selection and Harvesting of the Seed Plot; Rearing Dairy Calves; 
Birds in Relation to Agriculture ; Laundering and Dyeing; Milk and Cream Testing 
on the Farm; The Manitoba Vegetable Garden; Clothing for the Family; Financing 
the Home; Colour and Design in Relation to i .ing Clotl, - Longer; 

Fattening, Killing, Dressing and Marketing Chickens; Debating Clul &lt;\\o 
Construction; Horses in Manitoba; Hay and Pasture Crops in Manitoba; The 
Farm Flock (Sheep). Circuhirx: The Farmers Beef Ring; Barley Growing; 
Insect Poisons and Spray Mixtures; Blackleg A Di 3 immerfallow 

Competitions in Man: Eggs from the Farm to the Consumer; How to Preserve 

Eggs; Cutworm Control; Back-Yard Poultry Keeping; Alfalfa Cnmingin Mani 
toba; Feeding f or W inter Eggs; Potato Top I 1 - in July and Au vndard 
for Judging Vegetables; The Western Wheat-Stem Sawfly; Chemistry of the Farm 
Water Supply. 

Education. Annual Report. Empire Day Booklet. Consolidation of 
Schools. Programme of Studies. Education among New Canadians. Municipal 
School Boards. 

Municipal Commissioner. Annual Report on Public Health. Statistical 
information respecting the Municipalities of the Province, with names and addresses 
of administration and health officials of each municipality. 

Public Works. Annual Report, including reports on Public Institutions. 

Attorney General. Annual Report, included in Sessional Papers. Annual 
Reports: Public Utilities Commission; Good Roads Commission; Government 
Telephone Commission. 

Provincial Treasurer. Public Accounts. 
Provincial Secretary. Annual Report. 

King s Printer. Manitoba Gazette. Report on Library and Museum. 
Journals and Sessional Papers. Statutes of the Province. List of Incorporated 
and Licensed Companies operating in Manitoba. 

Publicity Commissioner. Mining and Mineral Prospects in Northern 
Manitoba; Annual Report of Commissioner of Northern Manitoba; Mineral Pros 
pects of South Eastern Manitoba. 

SASKATCHEWAN. 

Agriculture. Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture. Annual 
Reports of Branches, etc.: Dairy, Live Stock, Field Crops, Game, Statistics, Exten 
sion Department of College of Agriculture. Commission Reports: Elevator, Grain 
Markets, Agricultural Credit, Live Stock Marketing, Better Farming, Wheat Market 
ing. Bulletins and Leaflets on Live Stock, Field Crops, Dairying, Farm Buildings, 
Tillage Methods, etc. 

Other publications. Annual Reports: Department of Education; Bureau of 
Labour; Department of Public W^orks; Board of Highway Commissioners; Depart 
ment of Municipal Affairs; Road Drag Competition; Department of the Provincial 
Secretary; Public Service Monthly; School Agriculture and Club Leader. 

3813154 



850 ADMINISTRATION 



ALBERTA. 

Agriculture. Farm Crops and Cultivation: Soil Cultivation ; Seed, Pre 
paration of Seed, Seeding; Suitable Varieties of Small Grains for Alberta; Winter 
Rye; The Production of Timothy Seed in Alberta; Potato Growing; Vegetable 
Gardening; The Storing of Roots; Weeds Poisonous to Live Stock; The Destruction 
of the Gopher; Live Stock and Poultry; Sheep in Alberta; Preparing for the Pig 
Crop; The Use of Pasture in Pig Raising; The Silo in Alberta; Successful Poultry 
Raising. Household Bulletins: Meat Curing on the Farm; A Talk about the Baby; 
Home Canning of Fruits, Vegetables and Meats; Home Drying of Fruits and 
Vegetables. Handbook of Alberta; Control of Grasshoppers in Alberta; The 
Housing of Swine; Calendar Provincial Schools of Agriculture; Opportunities in 
Alberta; Conservation of Soil Fertility and Soil Fibre; Alberta Game Laws. 

Department of Education. Public School Course of Study; Public School 
Leaving Examinations; Elementary Agriculture and Gardening; High School Course 
of Studies; Courses in Art and Manual Arts, IX, X, XI; Course in Agriculture, 
Grade XI; Course in Music for High Schools; Course in Household Economics for 
High Schools; Summer School Announcement; Course of Studies and Examinations 
for Commercial Diplomas; Normal School Announcement; Night Class Instruction 
in Mining Centres; Technical Education in Mining Centres; School Buildings in 
Rural and Village School Districts; 50 Facts about Education in Alberta; Rural 
School Lunches; The Certification of Teachers in Alberta; Syllabus of Physical 
Training for Schools; Second Annual Announcement of the Provincial Institute 
of Technology and Art; Specification for Teacher s Residence; Plans and Specifica 
tions (School Building Design "B"); Specification "B" (School Building Design); 
School Ordinance. 

Department of the Attorney General. Annual Report on Dependent and 
Delinquent Children. 

Treasury Department. Extracts from Public Accounts, 1920; Budget 
Speech, Provincial Treasurer, 1921; Financial and General Information Bulletin. 

Department of Public Works. Annual Report of Public Institutions; 
Annual Report of Public Works Department. 

Department of Municipal Affairs. Annual Report of Department; List 
of Alberta Municipalities. 

Department of Public Health. Annual Report of Department; Annual 
Report Vital Statistics. Bulletins issued monthly on various Health Subjects. 
Pamphlets regarding Infectious Diseases Diphtheria; Scarlet Fever; Measles; 
Whooping Cough; Smallpox, etc. (in different languages). 

Annual Reports are also issued by the following departments and branches: 
Provincial Secretary, Railways and Telephones, Treasury (Insurance Branch), 
Public Accounts, Board of Public Utilities, Agriculture. 

BRITISH COLUMBIA. 

Department of Lands. General Bulletins: (1) How to Pre-empt Land; 
(2) Some Questions and Answers regarding British Columbia; (3) British Columbia. 
North of the C. P. Railway Belt; (4) Grazing Possibilities of British Columbia; 
(5) British Columbia South of the C. P. Railway Belt; (6) British Columbia Coast 
(Lower Mainland); (7) British Columbia Coast, Toba Inlet to Queen Charlotte 
Sd.; (8) British Columbia Coast, Queen Charlotte Sd. to Millbank Sd.; (9) British 
Columbia Coast, Millbank Sd. to Portland Canal; (10) Crown Lands, purchase and 
lease; (14) Vancouver Island; (15) Queen Charlotte Islands; (16) Cranbrook and 
Fernie Land Recording Division; (17) Yale and Similkameen Land Recording 
Division; (18) Osoyoos Land Recording Division; (19) Nicola Land Recording 
Division; (20) Nelson and Slocan Land Recording Division; (21) Revelstoke and 
Golden Land Recording Division; (23) Stikine and Atlin Land Recording Divisions; 
(24) Hazelton Land Recording Divisions; (25) Peace River East of the Rocky 
Mountains; (26) Peace River West of the Rocky Mountains; (27) New West 
minster Land Recording Division; (28) Franc, ois-Ootsa Lake; (29) Endako and 
Nechako Rivers; (30) Stuart and Babine Lakes. (31) Vicinity of the Pacific 



/ A (M IXCIAL GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS 851 

Great Fastern Hallway (Squami.-h to Clinton); (32) Vicinity of tin- Pacific (ireat 
Fastern Railuay (Clinton to 52nd Parallel : 33) Central Lillooet Division; (lit 
The Chirotin Plateau; (35- Kurt George Land Recording Division, Central and 
Western Portion Fort George Land Recording Division, Fra^er River 

(south fork and Canoe River. /-Vc.s/ ttru nch: 1 Hani-. Combination and general 
purpose- I ll."* ; (2) Barns Dairy. !. and Milk lbm- 115); (3) Barns. Heel" 
Me 1915); (4) Barns. Horse L915); 5 Barns, Sheep (1915); (6) Piggeries and 
Smoke House- (1915 : 7 Poultry Hu&gt;e&gt; . P.H5 ; (X) Granarie-; s Implement 
Sheds il\n\)&gt;; (9) Silos and Etoot Cellars (1915 : \" Farm HOIK. , Mmi); (12 
How to Finish British Columbia Woods I .H .i ; &lt; I .t B.C. Manufacturers of Forest 
Products; (21) Uses. Strengths, and Working Stresses of B. C. Timber (l&lt;r_&gt;n&gt;: 
(Q) What are your Needs? British Columbia Can Supply them; Woods to use; 
(T.S.) How to Obtain a "Timber Sale." Grazing Branch: (1) Gra/ing Manage 
ment of Cro\\n Lands &lt; HM . ; _ ( Ira/ing Management of Crown hands Range 
Allotment &lt;1)1X; 3 &lt; Ira/ing Management of Cro\\ n Lands Co-opera t ive i 1! I 
(4) Grazing Possibilities of British Columbia (1920); (10 Regulations and Instruc 
tions for the Tse of the Crown Ranges for C raxing Live Stock 191! 

Department of Mines. Comprehensive Annual Reports obtainable on 
application to the Department of Mine-. 

Department of Agriculture. I\&lt; /H&gt;rtx ami Mis&lt;-&lt; ll&lt;i m-nn: ^ \i:rieultiire 
in British Columbia; L ti ( olumbia-Kootenay X alley, cJnd edition ; _ 7 ( liniate 
of British Columbia, (5th edition) ; 30 Guide to Bee-keeping; (59) Agricultural 
Statistics (1913): (65) Agricultural Statistics I .tlF; 7 ricultural Statistics 

i!hi&gt;; (8X) Agricultural Statistic- L920): 83 Preservation of Food; .".1 \\ omen &gt; 
Institute Handbook; \\ onien s Institute Report (1914); Women s Institute Report 

1!15); Women s Institute Rules and Regulati" Institute Annual 

Report (1915 and l ( .)b (85 Clearing Bush Land&gt;; I- arnn Institute 

Advisory Agricultural ( (inference at Smith Institute Rules 

and Regulations; ill Proceedings of Entomological Society of British 
Columbia (1919); Agricultural Fairs A ..elation Report (P.l v Board of 

Horticulture Rules and Regulations l!l! ; Bee-keepers (\-dendar for British 
Columbia (I .i J 1 I- arm Account Book; Agricultural Department Annual; 

Reports. H)l.-), I .Hti, l .H7 and 1!)_&gt;&lt;). LIM of Publications. Department of Agri 
culture; Agricultural Journal (Circulation S.OOI). Published Monthly &gt;; Booklet 
on Aims and Objects of Farmers Institute-; Leaflet. &lt; )rder in Council re Boimtie-. 
Opportunites in B.C. (1921 Edition i; Poultry Breeder- Directory N Some 

(Questions and Answers regarding British &lt; olumbia. ( Revised Mdition for Settle; 
Stock-breeders Directory : No. X)j Women - Institute- Annual Reports. I M 1 and 
1915; Rules and Regulations. ttnll&lt;tin* : Lir&lt; * Xtocl: and Mixed Farming. (Off) 
Hog-raising in British Columbia; Oil Coat-raising in British Columbia; &lt;&lt; 7&gt; 
Feeding and Management of Dairy Cattle; (71) Butter-making on the Farm (2nd 
edition ; (72) Milk-testing and Dairy Records; ~.\ Fifld Cmp and Field Competi 
tion; (77 Sheep-raising; 7s Boys and Girk Competition. 1918: 1 79) Field-crop 
Competition (1918); (80) Management of Market Rabbits 2nd edition"; (86) The 
Potato in British Columbia; ^7 Fertilizers. Poultry Raising, Etc. ! 2&lt;&gt;&gt; Practical 
Poultry-raising (6th edition ; 39) Natural and Artificial Brooding and Incubating 
(3rd edition); (49) Market Poultry (. 3rd edition); (74) Breeding and Selection of 
Commercial Poultry; ; ;; Poultry-house Construction. Circular Bulletins . (1) 
Thousand-headed Kale (2nd edition); (5) Clover-dodder; (10) Care of Milk and 
Cream; (13) Root-seed growing in British Columbia; (14) The Use of Agricultural 
Lime; (18) Noxious Weeds, their identification and eradication; _ ^ Seed-growers 
Directory, 1917-18; (21) Silage aids Production; (22) Medical Inspection of Schools. 
Agricultural Department Circulars: 14) Community Breeding (2nd edition); 

(15) British Columbia Fanner and his Silo; (16) Clover and Alfalfa Seed Production 
in British Columbia, 1916; (22) City and Suburban Food Production; (24) Food 
for Young Children; (25) Food for Young Children; (2(5) Food for Young Children; 
(27) Hints to Exhibitors at Fall Fairs; (28) Hints to Exhibitors at Fall Fairs; (29) 
Hints to Exhibitors at Fall Fairs; (32) Potato Certification in British Columbia; 
(33) Vancouver Island and Gulf Islands; (34) Agriculture in West Kootenay; 
(35) How to Pack Nursery-Stock, etc.; (36) Preliminary Report of forty-five 
Dairy Farms at Chilliwack, etc.; (37) Some Good Egg Recipes; (38) Cost of Pro 
ducing Apples in Okanagan Valley. Horticultural Circulars: (6) Spray Calendar 

38131 



852 LEGISLATION AND PRINCIPAL EVENTS 

(Revised, 1920) ; (14) Practical Irrigation; (19) Propagation and Selection of Nursery 
$tock; (20) Orchard Cultivation and Cover-crops; (33) Fruit-growing Possibilities, 
Skeena River; (48) Exhibiting Fruits and Vegetables (2nd edition). New Horti 
cultural Series: (31) Peach-twig Borer; (32) Cabbage-root Maggot; (33) Strawberry- 
root Weevil; (34) The Woolly Aphid of the Apple; (35) Currant Gall-mite; (36) 
The Onion-thrips; (3rd edition;) (37) The Imported Cabbage-worm; (38) The 
-Lesser Apple Worm (2nd edition); (39) Apple-asphides; (40) Soap Solutions for 
Spraying (2nd edition); (41) The Oyster-shell scale; (42) Top working of Fruit 
Trees and Propagation; (43) Gardening on a -City Lot; (44) Apple-scab; (45) 
-Anthracnose; (46) Egg-plant and Pepper Growing in British Columbia Dry Belt; 
&lt;47) Cucumber and Cantaloupe Growing in British Columbia; (48) Forcing Houses 
and Frames for producing Early Vegetable Plants; (49) Tomato-growing in British 
Columbia Dry Belt; (50) Potato-diseases; (51) Orchard Cover-crops; (52) Diseases 
of Stone-fruits in British Columbia; (53) Selection of Orchard Sites and Soils; (54) 
Loganberry Culture; (55) Raspberry Culture; (56) Currant and Gooseberry Culture 
(2nd edition); (60) Pruning Fruit Trees; (61) Making Lime-sulphur at Home 
(1920); (62) Planting Plans and Distances; (63) Locust control. Poultry Circulars: 
(2) Tuberculosis in Poultry; (4) Management of Turkeys (2nd edition); (11) Poultry- 
keeping on a City Lot (3rd edition); (12) Management of Geese; (15) Profitable 
Ducks; (19) Poultry Rations and their Practical Application (2nd edition); 
(24) Poultry-culling; (25) Hatching Hints; (26) Soil-contamination. Dairy 
Circulars. (1) Starters for Farm Cheese-making; (2) Farm cheese; (3) Cottage 
cheese; (4) Clotted Cream. 

Note. Copies of the publications listed will be sent free of charge on applica 
tion to the Publications Branch, Department of Agriculture, Victoria, B.C. 

YUKON TERRITORY. 

Reports from the Gold Commissioner, and from the Crown Timber and 
Land Agent are contained in the Annual Report of the Department of the 
Interior, Ottawa. Pamphlet "Yukon Territory, Its History and Resources," 
published by the Department of the Interior. 

XIV. LEGISLATION AND PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF THE 

V/--v - ; YEAR 1921. Twu, ? 

DOMINION LEGISLATION, 1921. 

The following are all the Acts of the fifth session of the thirteenth 
Parliament of Canada, begun and holden at Ottawa on February 
14, 1921, and closed by prorogation on June 4, 1921. During the 
session 54 public general Acts and 144 local and private Acts were 
passed. Of the latter 19 were railway and bridge companies Acts, 
4 were insurance companies Acts, 10 were other companies Acts 
and 111 were divorce Acts. 

Finance.- -Two Appropriation Acts were passed during the 
session, chapters 2 and 54, the former relating to the fiscal year 1922 
and the latter to the fiscal years 1921 and 1922. The total sum 
appropriated was $440,981,675 for the fiscal year 1922, and $14,681,810 
for the fiscal year 1921. Among the larger appropriations for 1921- 
1922 were $30,530,359 for war and active militia pensions, loans of 
$50,000,000, $89,687,633 and $26,000,000 to railways, $35,000,000 as 
advances to soldiers settling upon the land and cost of administering 
the Soldiers Settlement Act, $13,900,370 as loans to Provincial 
Governments for housing and $7,000,000 to make good the deficit 
on the Canadian Government Railways up to the end of 1921. 



DOMINION LEGISLATION, 1921 853 

By chapter 33, the Income War Tax Act of 1917 is amended by pro 
viding that persons fulling to deliver a return of income within the 
prescribed time shall be liable to a penalty of f&gt; p.c. of the tax payable 
by them, but not to exceed $500; a penalty is also imposed for short 
payment, while it is also provided that the taxpayers shall receive 
a notice of assessment. By chapter 34, the excise duties on spirits 
are drastically increased from a basic rate of $2.40 per proof gallon 
when made from raw .urain, to a basic rate of $9.00 per proof gallon, 
the old duties to be continued, however, in the case of spirits used 
by licensed manufacturers of patent and proprietary medicines, ex- 
trad-, essences and pharmaceutical preparations. A drawback 
of 99 p. c. of the duty is allowed on limited quantities of spirits 
used for university, scientific or research purpose- I nder chapter 
50, an Act to amend the Special \\ ar Revenue Act, excise duties 
imposed in 1920 on a large variety of articles an- repealed and &lt;&gt;th&lt; 
reduced, while the tax on sales imposed in 1920 is increased in the 
case of sales and deliveries by manufacturers and wholesalers or jobbers 
from 1 p.c. to 1-J- p.c.. and in the case of sales by manufactun 
directly to retailers ami consumers, from 2 p.c. to 3 p.c. Where 
goods are imported the rates under similar circumstances are in 
creased from 2 p.c. to 2J p.c. and 4 p.c. respectively. 

Agriculture. By chapter 5, the powers of the Canadian Wheat 

Board are continued in order that unsettled business may be con 
cluded. By chapter 15, the operation of the Act of 1918 increasing 
compensation for animals slaughtered under the provisions of the 
Animal Contagious Diseases Act, is extended until 1924. By chapter 
28, the grading of dairy produce is authorized. Chapter 3f&gt; imposes 
upon pre&gt;sers of baled hay or straw instead of on vendors the obli 
gation of stating the weight of bales, and chapter 41 permits until 
March 1, 1923, the manufacture, importation and sale of oleomar 
garine. 

Trade and Commerce. By chapter 8, the French Trade Agree 
ment signed January 29, 1921, modifying the terms of the Convention 
of 1907, is approved, Canada granting to France, subject to the usual 
reservation in favour of other portions of the Empire, most favoured- 
nation treatment. Certain Canadian articles are removed from 
the operation of the French minimum tariff, while certain others 
are granted its privileges. 

The West Indies Trade Agreement Act (c. 13) brings into 
force, so far as Canada is concerned, the provisions of the agreement 
made in 1920, providing for preferential customs duties and for im 
proved steamship communication between Canada and the British 
West Indies, British Honduras and British Guiana. (See 1920 Year 
Book, p. 744). 

The Winding-up Act was amended by chapter 14 in order to 
promote the securing of statistics of companies going into liquid 
ation. The Bankruptcy Act was amended in numerous particulars 
by chapter 17, including provision for the appointment of a committee 
of creditors to administer or carry on the business of the debtor. 



854 LEGISLATION AND PRINCIPAL EVENTS 

The authorized trustee is directed to insure the property of the debtor, 
and with the permission of the inspectors, may retain or disclaim 
leases. The administration of the Act is transferred from the Depart 
ment of Secretary of State to the Department of Justice. 

Civil Service. By chapter 22, positions on government rail 
ways and ships are excluded from the operation of the Civil Service 
Act of 1918, and other positions may be so excluded where the Civil 
Service Commission considers this desirable; war pensioners are 
granted a special preference for employment in the Civil Service. 
Chapter 49 amends the Act of 1920 providing for the retirement 
of certain members of the public service, and extends the period 
when civil servants may be retired under it until July 1, 1922. Chap 
ter 32 confirms certain appointments of officials made by the Minister 
of the Interior prior to May 24, 1918. 

Copyright. By the Copyright Act, (chapter 24), the law relating 
to copyright is consolidated and amended. The enactments, relating 
to copyright passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, so 
far as they apply to Canada, are repealed. The term of copyright 
is extended to cover the life-time of the author and for fifty years 
thereafter. 

Currency. By chapter 6, the Currency Act of 1910 is amended 
by providing for the issue of a nickel five-cent coin weighing 70 grains 
which shall be legal tender up to five dollars; the melting down of 
current legal tender gold coin, except under license from the Minister 
of Finance, is prohibited. 

Elections. Chapter 1 amends the Dominion Election Act with 
reference to the vote under the Canada Temperance Act in Ontario. 
By chapter 7, the statutes relating to corrupt practices at elections 
are amended. The Dominion Elections Act of 1920 is amended by 
chapter 29, defining as urban divisions those which contain 2,500 
population instead of 1,000; hours of polling are to be from 8 a.m. 
to 6 p.m.; 14 days are uniformly to elapse between nomination and 
election. 

Health. By chapter 42, amending the Opium and Narcotic 
Drug Act, prescriptions for such drugs are not to be filled more than 
once, and are to be for medicinal purposes only; offences against 
the Act are made indictable offences. 

Justice. Under chapter 3, the Exchequer Court Act is amend 
ed to allow the Commissioner of Patents to appear before the Ex 
chequer Court and to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada against 
its decision. By chapter 18, amending the Canada Evidence Act, 
seven days is substituted for ten days as the period which must 
elapse between the production of documents to be used in a trial and 
the trial itself. By chapter 20, the omission of certain technicalities 
in the procedure under the Canada Temperance Act is not to defeat 
the general intention of the Act. An Act to amend the Criminal 



DOMINION LEGI*L.\TI&lt;&gt;\, 1921 855 

Code i chapter 2.~ penalises the unlawful possession of bombs or 
iirenades and prohibits aliens not having permits from possessing 
firearms or ammunition; driving an automobile while intoxicated is 
made an offence, and the theft of automobiles is made punishable 
by not less than a year s imprisonment. \Vhipping is added to the 
punishment for rape, for robbery, and for as&gt;ault with intent to 
robbery. The conviction of a disorderly house is made prima facie 
evidence ag:iin&gt;t frequenters. The Judges Act is amended by chap 
ter :W, which prescribes when judges are not to be paid travelling 
expenses. By Chapter :*7 the Juvenile Delinquents 1 Act is amended 
by increasing the :ige limit within which delinquents are to be classed 
juveniles from Hi to 18 years and by chapter 48 the Prisons and 
Reformatories Act i&lt; correspondingly amended. Chapter 46 author- 
i/es the ratification of the Protocol of December \(\, 1920, accepting 
the Statute for the Permanent Court of International Justice, provided 
for by Article 1 \ of the Covenant of the League of Nations. 

Immigration. By chapter 21, it is provided that Chinese 
desiring to enter Canada exempt from head tax are required to prove 
their static a- men of science, merchants, teachers or students. 
The period during which Chinese who have once paid head tax and 
then returned to China may come back to Canada without paying 
additional head tax is extended from 12 months to 2 yea; The 
prohibition of immigration of certain classes of persons contained 
in the Immigration Act is extended to cover Chinese of these classes. 
By chapter ^2, amending the Immigration Act, the possession of a 
prescribed sum of money may be required, not only from immigrants, 
but from certain classes of non-immigrant desiring to (Miter Canada. 

Pensions.- By chapter 4."). the Pension Act is amended in vari 
ous details, and the pensions paid to or in respect of members of 
Canadian Naval or Military Forces who were killed, died or wen- 
disabled on active service prior to the outbreak of the (Ireat War. 
are raised, during the residence of the recipients in Canada, to the 
same rate as war pension 

Railways.- By chapter 9, it is provided that the time for the 
award of the arbitrators in the Grand Trunk Railway arbitration 
may be extended by the Governor in Council. It also provides that 
the directors of the companies in the Grand Trunk System shall resign 
and be replaced by nominees of the Government, these to hold office 
during pleasure and have the powers assigned to the committee of 
management. A two years extension of time for the completion 
of the St. John and Quebec Railways between Centreville and Andover, 
X.B., is granted by chapter 12. 

Returned Soldiers.- -The Returned Soldiers Insurance Act 
of 1920 is amended by providing that of such insurance an amount 
not to exceed $1,000 shall be paid on the death of the insured, the 
remainder to be paid to the beneficiary as a life annuity, an annuity 
certain for from 5 to 20 years, or as an annuity guaranteed for from 
5 to 20 years, but payable thereafter during the life of the beneficiary. 



856 LEGISLATION AND PRINCIPAL EVENTS 

In the case of unmarried insurers future wives and children shall 
have the first claim, but the insurers may name alternative bene 
ficiaries (chapter 52). 

Shipping. By chapter 19, the penalty for breach of harbour 
regulations is increased. 

Miscellaneous. By chapter 4, a procedure is prescribed for the 
renunciation of Canadian nationality: chapter 10 establishes a Lake 
of the Woods Control Board, with authority to control in the most 
beneficial way the waters of the Winnipeg River, Lac Seul, the Lake 
of the Woods and other adjacent waters; chapter 11 extends the 
time for the payment of certain debentures issued by the Montreal 
Harbour Commission; chapter 16 provides for the observance of 
the Monday in the week of November 11 as Armistice and Thanks 
giving Day; chapter 23 repeals the Conservation Act of 1909 and 
its amendments; chapter 26 constitutes a Department of Customs 
and Excise and also amends the Customs Act, providing that for 
the purpose of customs valuations, no reduction in excess of 50 per 
cent shall be allowed in the valuation of the currency of the country 
of export; chapter 31 consolidates the legislation relative to gas 
inspection; chapter 38 is an Act providing for the regulation of the 
Lake of the W^oods and other adjacent waters; chapter 39 increases 
the penalty for violation of the Migratory Birds Convention Act ; chapter 
40 amends the Northwest Territories Act; chapter 43 amends the 
Ottawa Improvement Commission Act of 1919; chapter 44 amends 
the Patent Act; chapter 47 amends the Post Office Act by granting 
authority to establish a system of mail insurance, and by allowing 
unpaid as well as insufficiently paid letters to proceed to a Canadian 
destination charged with double postage; chapter 51 amends the 
Statistics Act by providing that certain schedules sent to a provincial 
Department under an arrangement between the Department and the 
Bureau of Statistics may be sent post free; chapter 53 amends the 
Rpyal Canadian Mounted Police Act with regard to the disposition 
ot fines and forfeitures earned by members of the Force. 

PROVINCIAL LEGISLATIQN, 1921. 

NOTE. Under each subject in the following summary of Provincial Legislation the provinces are taken in 
^ order from East to West. For convenience of reference names of provinces are printed in italics. 

The following are all Acts of the Provincial Legislative Sessions 
held between January and June 1921: 11 Geo. V. (Prince Edward 
Island, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Alberta and 
British Columbia, (first session); 11-12 Geo. V. (Nova Scotia); 
between October and December, 1921: 12 Geo. V. (British Columbia, 
second session) and in November and December, 1920: 11 Geo. V. 
(Saskatchewan). 

- 

Agencies. In Prince Edward Island, Chapter 11 requires the 
certification of fire insurance agents; Chapter 12 requires the certi 
fication of life insurance agents. In Nova Scotia, Chapter 14 requires 
that collecting agents be licensed; Chapter 67 amends the Act respect 
ing insurance agents. 






1 HOVIXCIAL LEGISLATION, 1921 857 

Agriculture. In Prince Edward Island, by Chapter 5, the 
province accepts the aid offered by the Dominion under the Technical 
Education Act and otherwise provides for the maintenance and 
operation of the Provincial Agricultural and Technical School, which 
continues to be under the Department of Agriculture. In iVewBrwras- 
iptdk, Chapters 61, 62 and 63 legalize assistance to certain agricultural 
societies, the first by way of exempting debentures from taxation, 
the second and third by way of annual grants from the communities 
im- -d. In (Quebec, Chapter ;-&gt;."&gt; amends the Revised Statutes 
of 1909 respecting provincial competitions and distinctions for agri 
cultural merit; Chapter 3i amends the same Statutes respecting 
agricultural societies; Chapter 37 revises tin 4 sann relating 

to the Dairy Association of the Province of Quebec, the inspection 
of butter and cheese factories and the manufacture of dairy products; 
Chapters 38 and 3t) provide for the establishment and operation of 
demonstration farms and a provincial Dairy School; Chapter 40 
establishes a basi&lt; of payment for milk and cream in food product 
factorie Chapter 11 relates to apiculture: Chapter -12 provides 
for the protection of thoroughbred cattle; Chapter 89 amends the 
provisions respecting the Agricultural and Horticultural Soci 
of Montreal. In Ontario, ( hapler L )( .) amends I he Agricultural Associa 
tions Act ; ( hapler 30 amends the Agricultural Societies Act; Chap- 
31 provides for financing agricultural development, empowering the 
Provincial Treasurer to borrow money at not more t han 4 p.c. interest 
for the purpose of (a) loans to members of associations, (b) bonds 
or debentures under the Agricultural Deyelopme&l Act , (c) bonds or 
debentures of, or guaranteed by, the Dominion of Canada or any prov 
ince of Canada, (d) bonds or debentures of, or guaranteed by, any 
municipality or school section in Ontario; Chapter 32 provides for 
the promotion of agricultural development, establishing and incor 
porating an Agricultural Development Board; Chapter 33 authorizes 
the formation of a Farm Loans Association for the purpose of making 
to its members short-term loans for specified agricultural purposes, 
and provides for provincial assistance to such association for securing 
capital. In Manitoba, Chapter 23 amends the Farm Loans Act 
of 7 Geo. V., especially by reducing the capital of the Association to 
$550,000, raising the rate of interest on loans from 6 to 7 p.c. and on 
bonds from 5 to 6 p.c., also in other particulars, one of them relating 
to the holding of capital shares. In Saskatchewan, Chapter 49 amends 
the Agricultural Societies Act in respect to grants; Chapter 50 amends 
the Agricultural Co-operative Associations Act by legalizing the 
association of five or more persons as an incorporated association; 
Chapter 51 amends the Agricultural Aids Act; Chapter 52, the 
Stock Inspection Act; Chapter 53, the Horse Breeders Act; Chapter 
54, the Stray Animals Act; Chapters 55 and 56, the Saskatchewan 
Farm Loans Act, the first limiting loans to 50 p.c. of the board s 
valuation of the property offered as security, the second naming the 
commissioner as the managing member of the board and allowing 
him and the other members of the board remuneration; Chapter 
57 amends the Farm Implement Act defining "large implements ", 



858 LEGISLATION AND PRINCIPAL EVENTS 

requiring a vendor under penalty to maintain a sufficient supply 
of repairs for machines supplied by him, empowering the Minister 
of Agriculture to appoint inspectors of stocks of repairs; Chapter 
58 amends the Dairy Products Act, naming penalties for violation 
of the Act; Chapter 59 amends the Egg Marketing Act by forbidding 
the purchase for re-sale or sale of eggs unfit for human food. In 
Alberta, Chapter 47 amends the Live Stock Encouragement Act 
particularly by providing measures for security in the case of loans 
received by members of associations; Chapter 48 amends the Agri 
cultural Societies Ordinance, one of the amendments being to the 
effect that no new society have its chief place of business within 
twenty-five miles of that of an existing society in the Province; 
Chapter 49 amends the Veterinary Act, some of the amendments 
giving certain powers to the Senate of the University controlling 
qualifications, etc. of veterinary doctors; Chapter 50 amends the 
Domestic Animals Act of 1920, particularly with reference to animals 
running at large and grazing on unfenced lands; Chapter 51 amends 
the Stallion Enrolment Act. In British Columbia, Chapter 2, first 
session, amends the Agricultural Act of 1915 by extending Farmers 
Institutes privileges to associations or societies carrying on work of 
the same character as these institutes; Chapter 3 amends the Animals 
Act by prescribing a certain penalty for violation of subsection (1) of 
Section 3. 

Assessment. In Prince Edward Island, Chapter 1 amends 
the Road Act of 1920 by requiring a copy of assessment list to be 
furnished to the Commissioner of Public Works and by requiring 
the posting of three road tax notices in public places, which posting 
clears the overseer from issuing further notices; Chapter 2 rectifies 
defects, etc., in the proceedings under the Taxation Act of 1920, 
legalizes schedules, and declares all arrears of taxes under the Act 
recoverable. In Nova Scotia, Chapter 56 amends the Assessment 
Act of 1918 by requiring the levying of a poll tax of $3.00 and not 
over $5.00 on every male between 18 and 60 who is not otherwise 
assessed in the municipality, and of $1.00 and not over $3.00 on such 
person if he is otherwise assessed, and of 30 cents for the support of the 
poor upon every person over 21 years; Chapter 70 amends Chapter 62 
of 1920 by stating that the latter Act does not repeal certain sections 
of the Assessment Act of 1918; Chapter 3 amends and consolidates 
Acts relating to the taxation of companies such as Banks, Insurance, 
Loan, Trust, Telegraph and Cable, Telephone, Gas and Electric 
Railway Companies, etc.; a public utility may earn 8. p.c. of the 
value of its property, assets and undertaking, but is taxed 50 p.c., 
on any amount over the 8 p.c. ; a tax is also payable on paid up capital 
of incorporated companies; Chapter 54 amends the Land Tax Act 
of 1917 by fixing the value of assessable land, if not otherwise valued, 
at $2 per acre. In Ontario, Chapter 67 amends Assessment Acts, one 
amendment being to the effect that agents, etc., of residents in Ontario 
are to forward statement of income of their principal; another amend 
ment is to the effect that Court of Revision may order tenant to 



PROVINCIAL LBGISLATIONt 1^1 8: 

pay taxes; Chapter (&gt;S amends tlie Municipal Tax Kxemption Act 
of 1&lt;)2() with regard to votes, petitions and repeals in connection 
with l.y-laws; Chapter &lt;i ( .) amends the Statute Labour Act , allowing 

commutation of Statute Labour where approved by Landholders; 

Chapter 12 amends the Corporations Tax Act affecting a lax on 
bank reserves, an additional tax on railways, increasing tax on tele 
phone companies, etc.; Chapter i:* imposes a tax of 2 p.c. on transfers 
of land; Chapter 11 imposefl a license upon billiard and pool rooms 
and howling alleys; Chapter 11 amends the Mining Tax Act, especi 
ally in limiting .[eduction for municipal tax; Chapter 10 amends the 
Succession Duty Act in respect to rates of duty. In Manitoba, 
Chapter 1 amends the Amusements Taxat ion Act respecting the manner 
of collecting the penalty clause and by giving authority to the 
government for regulations respecting imposition of tax. In Saskat 
chewan, Chapter 2:* amends the Wild Lands Tax Act in respect to 
equali/ation of the assessment by the AVild Lands Tax Commissioner; 
Chapter 22 amends the Succession Duty Act in respect to insurance 
moneys; Chapter 21 amends the Travelling Shows Act by fixing 
rates for licenses for such shows; Chapter 12 amends the Arrears of 
Tax Act with respect to land offered for sale for arrears of taxes, re 
quiring proper publicity for such a Bale; that land be not sold at such 
sale for less than the arrears, penalties, etc., and by giving the owner 
certain preferences over other bidders for such land. In Alberta, 
Chapter 2f&gt; amends 21 sections of the Tax Recovery Act of 1919: one 
protecting the rights of creditors in the case of lands sold for tax 
recovery; another regulating the disposal of the proceeds of such a 
sale; one important amendment i&lt; to the etYect that in the case of 
&gt;ale for taxes the person or persons interested in the land shall be 
notified by registered mail and entitled to redeem it at the expiration 
of nine months from the date of sale, also that after the expiration of 
nine months a notice of sale shall be published in the Alberta Gazette 
and in a newspaper having general circulation in the municipality. 
In British Columhiti, Chapter &lt;i3, first session, amends several sections 
of the Taxation Act; section (\ of the amendment requiring every 
person other than corporations, without any notice or demand, to 
make a return containing a statement of property or income; section 
5 referring to depastured cattle, section 8 to procedure in case of 
returns received after compilation of assessment roll, section 9 to 
corporations assessment rolls, sections 11 and 25 to mines, sections 
16, 23, 24 and 29 to date or procedure when taxes are due or delin 
quent, sections 18, 21 and 22 to assessment of corporations, section 
28 to soldiers taxes; Chapter 64 amends the Amusement Tax Act; 
Chapter 65 amends the Poll Tax Act. 

Buying and Selling. In Prince Edward Island, Chapter 11 
requires the certification of fire insurance agents; Chapter 12 requires 
the certification of life insurance agents. In Nova Scotia, Chapter 
14 requires that collecting agents be licensed; Chapter 67 amends 
the Act respecting insurance agents. In Ontario, Chapter 50 amends 
the Bills of Sale and Chattel Mortgage Act by exempting the Crown 



60 LEGISLATION AND PRINCIPAL EVENTS 

from the provisions of the Act. In Manitoba, Chapter 5 legislates 
respecting the sale of goods in bulk, that is, a sale out of the ordinary 
course of business of the vendor or a sale of his entire stock or his 
interest in the business; the act requires that a statement be furnished 
to the purchaser, also that the vendor show at the time of the com 
pletion of the sale that the creditors are either paid in full or produce 
evidence of a waiver or consent by the creditors; unless the provisions 
of the Act are complied with, the sale is void against creditors. Chap 
ter 9 amends "An Act respecting Contracts relating to Land" render 
ing certain provisions imperative after January 1, 1922. In Saskat 
chewan, Chapter 5 amends an Act respecting Lien Notes and Conditional 
Sales of Goods by repealing sections 3, 4 and 5. In Alberta, Chapter 
12 is an Act to facilitate the sale of lands vested in the Crown in the 
right of the Province and authorizes a Minister to sell such land at 
public auction and to make regulations with respect to the conditions, 
of sale, selection and qualifications of auctioneers, etc., providing 
that such auctioneer shall not be required to obtain a license for the 
purpose of the sale. 

Child -Welfare. In Nova Scotia, Chapter 30 amends the Adop 
tion of Children Act by legalizing adoption in certain cases on the 
written consent of the Superintendent of Neglected and Delinquent 
Children; Chapter 50 amends the Children s Protection Act, especi 
ally in respect to notification in cases of entry into and discharge 
from an institution. In Quebec, Chapter 86 amends the Statutes 
of 1909, respecting foundlings placed in the custody of certain institu 
tions, by provisions in cases of children being entrusted to the custody 
of persons, etc. these persons to guarantee suitable education under 
contract by which the institution may again take possession if deemed 
expedient. In Ontario, Chapter 55, an Act respecting the Adoption 
of Children, defines those who may apply for leave to adopt, the 
consent required and dispensed with, the conditions of prior residence, 
the rights of adopted child to inherit, the inheritance from adopted 
child, the rights of non-resident as to succession in Ontario and 
procedure in case of previous adoption; Chapter 53 deals with legiti 
mation of children by the subsequent marriage of their parents; 
Chapter 54, an Act for the protection of illegitimate children, 
makes rigorous provision for the affiliation and support of such child 
ren by the parents. In Alberta, Chapter 20 to amend the Venereal 
Diseases Prevention Act affects Chapter 12 of 1909, being a Children s 
Protection Act. In British Columbia, Chapter 1 first session amends 
the Adoption Act in reference to the name taken by the adopted 

1_ M 1 

child. 

Civil Service Reform. In Nova Scotia, Chapters 24 and 25 
amend the Public Service Act as amended in 1917. In Quebec, 
Chapter 19 amends the Revised Statutes relating to the Civil Service 
in respect to annual increases in the salaries of messengers; Chapter 
20 makes certain provisions respecting the pensions of public officers 
belonging to the outside service; Chapter 21 authorizes the Govern 
ment to take out group insurance policies on the lives of public 



PROVINCIAL LEGISLATION, 1921 Wl 

officers and employes; Chapter 22 amends the Act respecting the 
Quebec Public service Commission, one of the amendments making 

special provisions as to pension of president of the Commission if 

he not re-appointed. In Ontario, Chapter 3 amends the Ontario 

Public Service Superannuation Act, one amendment providing for 

a per diem allowance to members of the board; Chapter 5 creates 

the office of Kind s Printer. In Saxlc&lt;itrh&lt;-ir&lt;in, Chapter If) amends 
the Civil Service A- In Alhcrtn, Chapter 12 contains a section 
which confers certain powers upon the Deputy Minister of Muni 
cipal Affair.-. 

Conservation and Production. In Prince E&lt;l&gt;r&lt;trd Island, 
Chapter 10 amends an Act to provide for the prevention and suppres- 

n of fires; Chapter 2 2 is an Act to promote sanitary conditions 
in fox ranch- In A &gt;w Scotia, Chapter 2 amends and consolidates 
the acts for the proervation of game and the protection of woods 

linst fires; Chapter 27 amends the Sheep Protection Act; Chapter 
28 amends the Act respecting the improvement of dyked and marsh 
lands; Chapter US amends the Fire Prevention Act. In New Bruns 
wick, Chapter 38 amends the Act respecting the protection of sheep 
from dogs; Chapter 10 provides for the prevention and suppression 
of fires; Chapter Hi relates to the storing of waters in rivers, streams 
and lak Chapter 33 amends the Forest Fires Act. In Quebec, 
Chapter :-5 ( .&gt; provides for the establishment and maintenance of a 
dairy school and intermediate agricultural schools; Chapter 42 relates 
to the protection of thoroughbred cattle; Chapter -13 requires the 
Minister to make from time to time lists of the public lands suitable 
for cultivation and also provides for the administration and sale of 
such lands; Chapter -1 1 amends the Quebec game laws. In Ontario, 
Chapter 18 provides for development work in Northern and North 
western Ontario; Chapter 19 authorizes Minister to acquire lands for 
reforestation; Chapter 31 provides for the financing of agricultural 
development; Chapter 32 establishes a board for the promotion of 
agricultural development; Chapter 65 amends the Planning and 
Development Act; Chapter 66 provides for public improvements 
and services in certain suburban areas. In Manitoba, Chapter 24 
amends the Fires Prevention Act of 1917 by providing that the 
penalty for not properly extinguishing a fire shall apply to any person 
who kindles or is a party to kindling a fire in the open air for camp 
ing, etc.; it also gives greater powers to the fire guardian in command 
eering the services of persons for fighting fires and in demanding 
information from travellers as to the location of their camps, etc.; 
Chapter 26 makes several amendments to the Game Protection Act 
with special reference to close seasons, use of dogs, putting out of 
poison, etc.; Chapter 66 amends the Sheep Protection Act with refer 
ence to notice to municipality in case of injury to sheep. In Alberta, 
Chapter 57 provides for the formation of drainage districts; by this 
Act, the Drainage Act of 1916 is repealed; the Act itself is in five parts, 
the first part dealing with organization, the second with elections, the 
third with the assessment roll, the fourth with expropriation of land 



862 LEGISLATION AND PRINCIPAL EVENTS 

and the fifth with executions against districts; Chapter 59 provides 
for assistance to certain drainage districts; Chapter 60 amends the 
Reclamation Act; Chapter 62 amends the Irrigation Districts Act 
of 1920 in respect to organization of boards, procedure in passing 
by-laws, debentures, amalgamation of districts, etc.; Chapter 63 
provides for assistance to the Lethbridge Northern Irrigation District. 
In British Columbia, Chapter 21 (first session) provides protection for 
breeders of goats and requires the use of pure-bred sires only; Chapter 
72 (first session) amends the Water Act and deals mainly with the 
incorporation powers in, and management of, Improvement Districts. 

Co-operation. In Nova Scotia, Chapter 46 amends the Act 
to encourage the incorporation of Farmers Co-operative Societies. 
In Manitoba, Chapter 10 amends the Co-operative Associations Act 
of 1916 in a number of details, the most important being the pro 
vision whereby any association may establish locals at any point 
in the province under such conditions as may be determined by by-law 
of the association; the provisions of the Co-operative Associations 
Act are made applicable to all co-operative associations carrying on 
business in the province, whether incorporated under this Act or not, 
and it is provided that all associations subject to this Act shall be 
also subject to the provisions of the Companies Act except where 
such provisions are inconsistent with this Act. In Saskatchewan, 
Chapter 9 amends an Act to incorporate The Saskatchewan Co 
operative Creameries Limited by making the Sale of Shares Act 
non-applicable to this Act; Chapter 76 confirms an agreement with 
The Saskatchewan Co-operative Elevator Company, Limited. In 
Alberta, Chapter 35 amends the Alberta Co-operative Credit Act 
in respect to the payment of stocks, the management of the business of 
the society which is to be vested in a board of directors, the obligations 
of borrowers, the investing of paid-up capital, applications for loans, 
etc. In British Columbia, Chapter 9 of the second session deals with 
the disposition of profits under the Co-operative Associations Act. 

Corporations. In Prince Edward Island, twenty out of the 
thirty-five Acts were incorporation acts. In Nova Scotia, Chapter 
15 was enacted to facilitate the incorporation of owners of vessels 
in the fishing industry; Chapters 36 and 37 amend the Act to facilitate 
:he incorporation of Farmers Fruit, Produce and Warehouse Associa 
tions; Chapters 39 and 40 amend the Domestic, Dominion and 
Foreign Corporations Act of 1912. In New Brunswick, Chapter 
amends the Corporations Tax Act by imposing a tax of 1 p.c. 
upon the gross cash receipts of telegraph companies and a fixed tax 
upon extra-provincial corporations. In Quebec, Chapter 92 validates 
and provides for permits for certain acquisitions and alienations of 
immovable property by corporations and persons in mortmain. 
In Ontario, Chapter 12 amends the Corporation Tax Act by imposing 
taxes or additional taxes on bank reserves, railways, telephone com 
panies, etc.; Chapter 58 amends the Ontario Companies Act by 
authorizing corporations to give power of attorney, to have official 
seal for use abroad which agents may be authorized to use; it also 



PROVINCIAL LEGISLATION, 1921 863 

requires an annual statement from every corporation; Chapter 
:&gt;&lt;) amends the Timber Slide Companies Act; Chapter &lt;1 amend- 
the Loan and Trust Corporations Act by forbidding trust compame 
to borrow on debenture or by act-opting deposits; it also deals wit 
invest merit of funds received on guarantee receipts, seciint ies allocated 
to guaranteed investments and quarterly returns as to guaranteed 
investments: it also authorizes a trust company to invost funds other 
than trust funds and to receive deposits which are to be deemed 
trust moneys and li uarant eod; it also requires quarterly returns 
to deposits from loan companies; it also empowers a company to 
have oflieial seal for use abroad and to submit to inspection ot its 
affaii In Saskatchewan, Chapter :W amends the Companie- Act 
by requiring a company before registration to file a certified copy 
of its charter and by-laws, a petition and a statutory declaration: 
it also permits the adoption of the name of a defaulting company 
by another company. In liritih Culnmlnn, Chapter 50 of the second 
-qon amends the Trustee Act by empowering trustees to expend 
any moneys of a trust estate or to borrow or raise moneys by mort 
gage upon such estate for repairs or improvem-nt &lt;. 

Education.- In 7V/mv 1^1 mini Ixland. Chapter amends the 
Public School Act of 1920 by defining "school age" M being from six 
to fifteen years inclusive, such age being attained at any time from 
July 1 to June .SO; by empowering the Hoard of Education to make 
provision for medical inspection of schools to appoint school health 
inspectors, fix their remuneration, make regulations respecting their 
qualifications, etc.; it repeals the provision made for the salaries of 

classroom assistants; it raises the attendance requirements, which 

entitle a teacher to the full government grant, from ."&gt;&lt;) to li() p.e; it 
imposes a poll tax on every male resident, with certain excmptiot 
over twenty-one years of age: it extends the school franchise to women 
in the capacity of mothers to school children; it provides for grant &lt; 
for school equipment; for temporary licenses to teachers; fixes :he 
ago of compulsory attendance as between seven and thirteen during 
60 p.e. of the school year and under penalty up To twenty dollars 
and increases the civic poll tax; Chapter 4 amond&lt; an Act to Amal 
gamate Prince of Wales College and Provincial Normal School, 
giving certain powers to the government respecting the appointment 
of staff and to the Hoard of Kducation to m:ke regulations for said 
institution; Chapter o leaves the Provincial Agricultural and Technical 
School under the direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture and 
makes it the duty of the Chief Superintendent of Education to inspect 
said school; the officers of the school are to be appointed by the prov 
incial government, which is also to be responsible for its maintenance 
and empowered to make regulations respecting courses, etc.; Chapter 
6 amends the School Supplies Act by empowering the Board of Educa 
tion to appoint or remove a manager of the business carried on under the 
provisions of the Act. In Nova Scotia, Chapter 59 amends the Education 
Act by a clause providing that one of the school trustees may be a 
poll tax payer or a woman; it also provides for a penalty of one cent 



864 LEGISLATION AND PRINCIPAL EVENTS 

for each half day s absence of a child coming under compulsory 
regulations; Chapter 60 amends the Education Act by extending the 
rights and privileges of male poll tax payers to women qualified to 
vote under the Nova Scotia Franchise Act; Chapters 61 and 62 
amend the Education Act, the latter chapter providing that the 
school fees and necessary travelling expenses of children compelled 
to attend another school on account of no school being provided in 
their own section shall be a charge on the defaulting school section. 
In New Brunswick, Chapter 22 amends the Schools Act, empowering 
certain cities and towns to make certain assessments; Chapter 23 
extends certain powers to the Board of Education respecting normal 
school and staff; it also empowers the Chief Superintendent to allow 
for each department providing for retarded pupils and another 
$100 to teachers taking special training for such work; in relation to 
Fredericton, Chapter 24 increases the amount for which debentures 
may be raised. ^ In Quebec, Chapter 47 amends the Education Act, 
forbidding certain school corporations to let contracts without appro 
priation of funds, permitting special tax if no funds available, and the 
borrowing of money to carry out an Order of the Superior Board of 
Health; it also provides for pensions for officers of primary instruction; 
Chapter 3 authorizes grants of $1,000,000 each to Laval and McGill 
Universities, payable by annual instalments of not more than $200,- 
000 each for purposes of education, and loans to provide the necessary 
funds; Chapter 39 provides for the establishment and maintenance of a 
provincial dairy school and of intermediate agricultural schools; 
Chapter 49 authorizes the Catholic School Commission of Montreal 
to issue bonds or debentures up to $700,000 for school sites and build 
ings, enlarges the territory of the commission, defines the composition 
of corporation and provides for an endowment fund for teachers; 
Chapter 50 affects the Protestant School Commissioners of Montreal, 
apportioning certain amounts for the maintenance of schools under 
their control; Chapter 51 and 52 affect the School Commissioners 
of Quebec City and Sherbrooke ; Chapter 53 amends the charter of the 
Polytechnic School, Chapter 54 of the Montreal School for Higher 
Commercial students, Chapter 55 of the Quebec Technical School; 
Chapter 153 provides for the incorporation of the Educational and 
Charitable Institute at Westmount. In Ontario, Chapter 89 amends 
the schools laws by defining what may be deemed rural public 
and separate schools, by guaranteeing payment of school debenture, 
by authorizing by-laws setting apart township school area with 
a board of five trustees; by requiring a county grant to continuation 
schools equal to the legislative grants; by permitting Union School 
section to become consolidated school section; Chapter 90 or The 
Vocational Education Act 1921 applies to all art, industrial and 
technical schools and departments, classified as (1) industrial, (2) 
Home-making, (3) Art. (4), Technical high, (5) Agricultural high and 
(6) Commercial high; the courses of instruction may include (1) 
General full-time day courses, (2) Special full-time day courses, 
3) part-time day courses and (4) Evening school courses; the esti 
mates of three committees having jurisdiction over this work shall 



PROVINCIAL LEGISLATION, 1921 865 

be included in the estimates submitted to the council of the municipal 
ity for the year; Chapter 91 amends the School Sites Act by enabling 
a board to take possession of a school site immediately after fulfilling 
the legal requirements, a judge being authorized to issue his warrant 
to the sheriff to deal with any opposition or resistance to the taking- 
possession. In Manitoba, Chapter 49 amends the Public Schools Act 
by extending the powers of a rural municipality, by permitting a trustee 
in a consolidated school district to operate a van route or routes, by 
legalizing the making of a by-law to dissolve a municipal school district, 
by empowering trustees to supervise and direct sports and work 
during the vacation, and by many other alterations in sections; 
Chapter 50 further amends the School Act by allowing a municipal 
school board to add to the school levy up to five per cent to cover 
clerical work, etc.; Chapter 51 provides that in Brandon city the 
trustees be elected by electors generally instead of by wards as here 
tofore. In Saskatchewan, Chapter 44 amends the University Act 
in respect to amount received under the Succession Duty Act and 
to the subjects for anatomy; Chapter l.~&gt; amends the Secondary 
Education Act by repealing subsections referring to fees in high 
schools and to expulsion of pupils, by amending other sections referring 
to fees for secondary education and by providing for a grant of $4 
a day to a high school or collegiate institute for each teacher employed 
ai d of 15 cents per day for each non-resident pupil in actual attend 
ance in classes above Grade VIII; Chapter ID amends the School 
Act by repealing a subsection referring to powers of Superintendent 
of Education, by requiring that a nominee for office of trustee be 
able to read and write, by empowering trustees to provide noon lunch 
and to pay salary to teachers when sick under certain conditions; 
Chapter 47 provides for the payment of grants in support of element 
ary education to the extent of (1) in rural districts, si.. !) for every 
teaching day a school is in operation and an additional sum of 60 
cents the first year and 40 cents the second year a school is open, 
(2) in town districts $1.50 for every teaching day open, but if the 
district maintains between 6 and 10 rooms the rate of grant shall 
be $1.30 per day; between 11 and 25 rooms, SI. 10; over 25 rooms, 
90 cents; (3) to every district maintaining a school exclusively for 
pupils above Grade VII, S3 per day subject to certain conditions; 
(4) to every district providing noon lunch, 50 p.c. of initial cost of 
equipment; also it provides for science equipment, conveyance, 
night schools, teacher s residence and special grants; Chapter 48 
amends the Education of Soldiers Dependent Children Act by resident 
requirements and by making slight changes in the donation of assistance 
to education. In Alberta, Chapter 23 is an new Educational Tax 
Act replacing the Educational Tax Act of 1907; all land subject to 
seven exemptions within the province, not exempt from tax by the 
province, is assessed 3 mills on the dollar; grazing permits are taxed 
1J cents per acre; the minimum tax on land of over one acre in a 
subdivision is S2.00 and less than one acre is 25 cents; the occupant 
of land exempt from taxation by the province is assessed 3 mills on 
the value of the land; Chapter 42 amends the School Grants 
3813155 



866 LEGISLATION AND PRINCIPAL EVENTS 

Act and the School Assessment Ordinance with reference to assess 
ment and taxation in secondary consolidated school districts and by 
certain changes in the grants, including the giving of a grant of $4 
per day while open to each consolidated secondary school district 
with an average attendance of 15 pupils; Chapter 43 amends the 
School Ordinance by adding a section authorizing the organization 
of Secondary Consolidated Schools and one authorizing the Minister 
to appoint a Board of Conciliation to investigate disputes between 
teachers and boards of trustees. In British Columbia, Chapter 60, 
first session, provides the machinery for a superannuation system 
for school teachers as well as other employees. 

Elections. In New Brunswick, Chapter 46 changes electoral 
sub-districts in nine parishes. In Ontario, Chapter 2 is in reference 
to the preparation of voters lists; Part I, showing all persons 
entitled to vote at municipal elections and elections to the Assembly, 
and Part II, showing all persons entitled to vote at municipal elections 
only, are required to be printed and revised by county judge. In 
Manitoba, Chapters 17 and 18 amend the Manitoba Election Act 
particularly in reference to regulations under proportional represent 
ation and voters lists; Chapters 19 and 20 amend the Electoral 
Divisions Act in reference to certain electoral divisions. In Saskat 
chewan, Chapter 13 amends the Legislative Assembly Act by giving 
two members to each of the cities of Moosejaw, Regina and Saskatoon 
and by defining the boundaries of different electoral divisions; Chapter 
14 amends the Saskatchewan Election Act, amending sections 7, 13 , 
158, 176, 194, 226 and forms 40 and 47 and repealing sections 16 
to 86, 151, 152, 175, 188 and forms 1 to 22, 43 and 44. In Alberta, 
Chapter 5, section 35 amends the Alberta Election Act, one important 
clause in the amendment authorizing the provincial government 
to hold a general plebiscite to ascertain opinion as to the desirability 
of amending or introducing any legislation. In British Columbia, 
Chapter 17, first session, amends the Provincial Elections Act, pro 
viding that ballot papers in the Victoria and Vancouver electoral 
districts shall state the party or interest which the nominated person 
represents, also with reference to list of candidates. 

Forestry. In Nova Scotia, by Chapter 2, a Commissioner of 
Forests and Game is appointed and regulations are made for protec 
tion against fires. In New Brunswick, Chapter 33 makes several amend 
ments to the Forest Fires Act, one of these making any one wilfully 
responsible for a forest fire liable for the cost of extinguishing it. In 
Manitoba, Chapter 24 brings under the provision for wooded districts 
in the Fire Prevention Act all land within three miles of a forest 
reserve; it also makes all persons residing north of the 53rd parallel 
liable to render assistance in case of forest fires; greater powers are 
given the Fire Commissioner in dangerous fires and travellers are 
required to give information respecting their camps, etc. In British 
Columbia, Chapter 15, second session, provides for the appointment, 
and prescribes the duties, of a fire marshall and staff; Chapter 28, 



PROVINCIAL LEGISLATION, 1921 867 

first session, or the Forest Amendment Act, amends regulations in 
regard to pulp lands and licenses; also increases the assessment per 
acre for the Forest Protection Fund. 

Government and Constitution. In Prince Edward Island, 
Chapter 7 amends the Statute Law increasing the export tax and 
chancery court fees and amending the Veterinary Act and Debenture 
Act. In \&lt;&gt;r&lt;i Scti&lt;i, Chapter 12 provides for the consolidation and 
revision of the public statutes; Chapter 121 amends the Interpretation 
Act and Chapter 22 amends an Act entitled "Of the Incentive Council" 
which is to be composed of such persons as t he Lieut .-( Jovernor from 
time to time thinks fit. In Alhrrtn, section 7 of Chapter 12 conf. 
certain of the powers of the Minister of Municipal Affairs upon the 
Deputy Minister, in reference to sale of lands; Chapter ."&gt; amend* 
the Motor Vehicles Act, The Unearned Increment Tax Act and certain 
other Acts and ordinances by an Act cited as The Statute Law Amend 
ment Act. In British C.ilumhia, Chapter 12, first session, 
amends the Constitution Act by raiding the salaries of Cabinet 
Ministers holding port folio* to &gt;7. :&gt;()(), t] H . premier s to $9,000 without 
further salary as head of a department; the sessional indemnity 
of members is raised to $2,000; the leader of the opposition receives 
^,000 in addition to his indemnity. 



Health, Medical Profession, etc. In Nova Scotia, Chapter :&gt;7 
amends the Public Health Act. by providing for salary and expenses 
of public health nurse, administration of clinic, appointment of 
health officers, sanitary inspector, etc. In New Brunswick, Chapter 
44 amends the Public Health Act of 1918 in reference to estimates of 
sub-district boards, assessment and borrowing powers to carry out 
provisions of Act. In Ontario, Chapter 74 amends the Public Health 
Act respecting payment of local boards in townships and agreement 
between urban and township municipalities in the matter of sewage 
disposal. In Saskatchewan, Chapter 65 amends the Venereal Diseases 
Act by forbidding those affected to follow certain occupations. In 
Alberta, Chapter 17 amends the Public Health Nurse Act respecting 
qualifications of such nurses; Chapter 18 amends the Registered 
Nurses Act, also with regard to qualifications; Chapter 20 amends 
the Venereal Diseases Act with reference to examination of persons 
in custody; Chapter 21 amends the Public Health Act especially in 
connection with constitution, etc., of health districts, vaccination, 
etc. In British Columbia, Chapter 17, second session, empowers 
medical practitioners under warrant of Health Officers to enter 
any building for purposes of making inquiry and examination with 
respect to health and may require any persons to be removed to 
nearest hospital; it also provides for isolation, etc., in case of infectious 
diseases. 

Highways.- -In Nova Scotia, Chapter 17 authorizes a provincial 

loan of $350,000 for liabilities incurred on maintenance account of 

highways; Chapters 51, 52 and 53 amend the Public Highways Act, 

the first mentioned exempting certain properties from the Highways 

38131 55* 



868 LEGISLATION AND PRINCIPAL EVENTS 

tax, the second imposing a property tax and a poll tax on municipality 
or districts in the interest of highways. In New Brunswick, Chapter 
27 amends "an Act to provide for the construction of and improve 
ment of highways under Federal Aid" in respect to the. amount 
authorized to be borrowed; Chapter 28 amends the Highway Act 
of 1918 by making provision for taking gravel from shore of stream 
or lake and in respect to regulations which the provincial government 
is authorized to make; Chapter 29 makes further provision for perman 
ent bridges and work of a permanent character. In Quebec, Chapter 
7 amends the Act providing for the abolition of toll bridges and turn 
pike roads in the province; Chapter 11 amends the Act relating to 
the maintenance of provincial roads and of certain municipal roads, 
and the act relating to the maintenance of winter roads on certain 
provincial roads; Chapter 12 amends the law respecting the building 
and improvement of roads in the province. In Ontario, Chapter 27 
amends the Provincial Highway Act with reference to right to open 
up and use original road allowance, contributions by municipalities 
other than county or by board or commission, deductions from other 
grants on default in municipal contributions, contributions by com 
mission or other controlling body, provision for payment and 
continuing provincial highway through city, town or village; Chapter 
25 amends the Highway Improvement Act by adding $7,000,000 
to highway improvement fund, by authorizing a by-law for levying 
of special rate on township property, etc. In Saskatchewan, Chapter 
19 amends the Highways Act in respect to public reserves. In 
British Columbia, Chapter 18, second session, gives the Minister of 
Public Works authority to regulate, limit or prohibit traffic on any 
highway where damage is liable to be done through extraordinary 
traffic thereon. 

Housing. In New Brunswick, Chapter 13 authorizes Local 
Housing Board with consent of "Local Authority" to sell lands and 
houses, and provides means for levying and collecting losses caused 
by such a sale; it also defines "Local Authority" and "Local Housing 
Board". In Manitoba, Chapter 33 amends "An Act respecting 
Housing" by giving authority to municipalities to expend housing 
moneys to aid veteran mortgagors or to assist in redeeming property. 

Hydro-Electricity. In New Brunswick, Chapter 39 amends 
the Electric Power Act of 1921 by increasing the amount of loan. 
In Ontario, Chapter 20 amends the Power Commission Act by 
confirming certain by-laws; Chapter 21 purposes to make more equal 
provisions for the cost of hydro-electric power in Ontario, creating 
a fund account and paying grants not exceeding 50 p.c. of the capital 
cost where power is supplied to rural power districts; Chapters 
22 and 24 are concerned with agreements between the Hydro-electric 
Power Commission of Ontario and the cities of Guelph and Toronto. 

Institutions, Custodial and Benevolent. In Nova Scotia, 
Chapter 7 provides for the establishment of hospitals and convales 
cent homes for insane persons, also for the appointment of a medical 



PROVINCIAL LEGISLATION, 1921 869 

superintendent for such; Chapter 8 provides for the establishment 
of an institution for the custody, treatment, cure and education of 
mentally defective persons, including morally defective persons, of 
* low grade; it also provides for a medical superintendent and staff 
for such; Chapter 166 changes the name of Halifax Infants Home 
to The Infants Home and Women s Hospital. In New Brunswick, 
( hapter 36 provides for charging for the maintenance of pauper lunatics 
confined in the Provincial hospitals; Chapters 71 and 79 affect the 
Victoria Public Hospital and the General Hospital at St. John. In 
Quebec, Chapter 86 authorizes institutions to entrust the custody of 
foundlings to persons, etc.; Chapter 152 provides for the incorporation 
of L Orphelinat Apostoli&lt;it de laMalbaie and Chapter 153 for that of 
the Educational and Charitable Institute; Chapters 154 to 156 
provide t\&gt;v the incorporation of various other institutes. In Mani 
toba, Chapter- MO and :U amend the Hospital Aid Act by a proviso 
for definition of "resident, 1 by increasing provincial aid and the 
amount a hospital may charge against municipality for public patients. 
In Saskatchewan, Chapter 6 amends an Act respecting Sanatoria 
for the treatment of early cases, and hospitals for advanced cases 
of tuberculosis, by providing for a board of directors, etc.; Chapter 
74 amends the Union Hospital Act by providing for the payment of 
board, etc. In Alberta, Chapter 16 amends the Hospitals Ordinance 
by providing for grants to hospitals, payments by local authorities 
and requiring vital statistics; Chapter 40 amends an Act respecting 
Gaols and Prisons by naming penalties for certain infringements of 
the rules by employ ml by discharged prisoners; it also permits 
the warden, etc., to examine mail for prisoners. 

Labour. In Xova Scotia, Chapter 48 amends the Workmen s 
Compensation Act, especially section 5, chapter 61 of 1919. In 
Quebec, Chapter 46 is an Act respecting disputes between employers 
and employees of municipal public services and makes it illegal for 
an employer to cause a lockout and for employees to strike before 
submitting question to board of arbitration; it also provides for a 
board of arbitration fixing the remuneration of its members. The 
penalty provided for contravention of the Act by the employer 
is from si 00 to $1,000 and for the employee between $10 and $50 
for every day strike or lock-out lasts; the arbitrators are authorized 
to state which party is to bear the cost of arbitration. In Ontario, 
( hapter 77 amends the Trades and Labour Branch Act by 
authorizing the provincial government to make regulations affect 
ing employment service councils. In Manitoba, Chapter 
amends the Workmen s Compensation Act by striking out certain 
limits; by providing that compromises must be approved by the 
board; that the board may file claim for injured men; that principal 
is liable for sub-contractor and that an employer may be admitted 
to compensations. In Saskatchewan, Chapter 73 amends the Work 
men s Compensation Act with reference to definition of " workman 
and by raising the limit of compensation. In Alberta, Chapter 30 



870 LEGISLATION AND PRINCIPAL EVENTS 

amends the Workmen s Compensation Act of 1918 in respect of 
appointment of the commissioners; of bringing an industry within 
the scope of the Act; and of the amount of compensation. 



Mining. In Nova Scotia, Chapter 20 amends and consolidates 
the Mines Act. In Ontario, Chapter 11 amends the Mining Tax Act 
in respect of limitations upon deductions for municipal income tax, 
of relief in case of forfeiture for non-payment and of forfeited lands 
sold for non-payment of school taxes; Chapter 16 amends the Mining 
Act of Ontario by defining the noun "Mine" and by amending or 
repealing several clauses and sections; Chapter 17, respecting Natural 
Gas, has particular reference to powers of Minister and referee. 

Municipal Affairs.- In Nova Scotia, Chapter 27 amends the 
Municipal Act with reference to sheep protection; Chapter 34 amends 
the Municipal Courts Act; Chapter 44 amends the Municipal Deben 
tures Act in respect of manner in which money is raised and of the form 
of debenture. In Nen Brunswick, Chapter 43 amends the Municipal 
ities Act, especially in respect of provisions for licensing and regulating 
ferries and fixing rate of fares. In Quebec, Chapter 48 amends the 
Quebec Municipal Code; Chapter 81 authorizes municipalities, in 
certain cases, to provide sinking funds; Chapters 105 to 109 amend 
certain articles of the Quebec Municipal Code. In Ontario, Chapter 
63 amends the Municipal Act in respect of authority of municipal 
board to separate farm lands from towns and villages; of adjustments 
of assets and liabilities to be determined by board; of disqualification 
of certain persons as members of council; of power to use excess land 
by way of compensation to owners; of establishing restricted districts 
or zones; of buildings, etc.; Chapter 64 amends the Local Improve 
ment Act; Chapter 65, the Planning and Development Act; Chapter 
66 makes regulations respecting public improvements and services 
in certain suburban areas; Chapter 68 amends the Municipal Tax 
Exemption Act; Chapter 69 the Statute Labour Act. In Saskat 
chewan, Chapter 11 amends the Municipalities Relief Act by author 
izing municipalities to borrow from banks for advances to farmers 
suffering from crop failure; Chapter 39 amends the Municipal Hail 
Insurance Act, particularly by imposing a penalty in cases of failure 
to make reports. In Alberta, Chapter 15 amends the Municipal 
Hospitals Act; Chapter 26 amends the Municipality Finance Com 
mission Act, dealing especially with arrears in taxes and school taxes; 
Chapter 27 amends the Hail Insurance Act; Chapter 30 amends the 
Town Act; Chapter 31 the Village Act; Chapter 32 the Municipal 
District Act. In British Columbia, Chapter 9, first session, gives the 
councils of municipalities power to establish their own cemeteries, 
etc.; Chapter 44, first session, gives municipal councils power by a 
three-fifths vote to pay out of general revenue the costs of any special 
survey under the Special Surveys Act; municipal corporations are 
exempted from payment of registration fees under the Motor Vehicle 
Act in respect of vehicles used in the police and fire departments; 
Chapter 37, second session, enables municipalities to borrow money 



PROVINCIAL LEGISLATION, 1921 871 

by by-law to redeem obligations which are secured by hypothecation 
of arrears of taxes; Chapter 38, second session, provides financial 
aid for municipalities on the basis of population. 

Partnerships. In Nova Scotia, Chapter 4 or "The Registration 
of Partnerships Act" defines "partnership", requires certification of 
registration, etc. In New Brunswick, Chapter 19, respecting partner 
ship, defines part nership, prescribes rules for determining whether or not 
a partnership exists, defines liabilities of partnership, mutual rights 
and duties, etc. 

Soldiers. In New Brunxu ~ick, Chapter 25 authorizes the Mayor 
of St. John to take over the assets of the Soldiers Compensation 
Association. InQuebec, Chapter 78 authorizes an agreement between 
Provincial and Dominion Governments whereby the hitter may estab 
lish its hospitals in province for insane soldiers, and whereby certain 
powers are vested in officers of Dominion Government. In Ontario, 
Chapter 40 defines what is deemed sufficient proof of death of soldiers 
and sailors while on active service. In Manitoba, Chapter 68 amends 
the Soldiers Taxation Relief Act. 



Temperance. In Xom Smitu, Chapter 58 amends the Temper 
ance Act with reference to vendors, penalties, etc. In Quebec, Chapter 

24 is an Act of 1-1 "&gt; M ctinns respecting alcoholic liquors and Chapter 

25 respecting the possession and transportation of alcoholic liquor. 
In Ontario, Chapter 7. 3 amends the Ontario Temperance Act by de- 

fining u bonded liquor warehouses/ 1 permitting appeals from convictions 

to judge of county or district court , also appeals from order of dismissal; 
also amends section 1M&lt;) in conformity with prohibition of importa 
tion. In Saskatchewan, Chapter 70 amends several sections of the 
Saskatchewan Temperance Act; among these are amendments in 
reference to inspectors and enforcement officers, inventories by holders 
of permits, restriction on sale by druggists, keeping liquor on premises 
where soft drinks are sold. In British Columbia, Chapter 30, first 
session, provides for Government control and sale of alcoholic liquors 
under a board of three persons appointed by the government; these 
liquor stores are to be opened at various centres; vendors in charge 
have power to issue permits for the purchase of liquor and sell liquor 
upon physicians prescription; the net profits are to be divided 
equally between the public service of the province and the municipali- 
ties for hospitals, etc. 

Transportation. In Nova Scotia, Chapter 63 amends the 
Motor Vehicle Act. In Quebec, Chapter 2 refers to the contract 
between the Government and the Interprovincial and James Bay 
Railway Company respecting the construction of a line of railway 
from Kipawa to the Riviere des Quinze ; Chapter 31 amends the 
Revised Statutes of 1909 respecting the annual returns to be made by 
railway companies; Chapter 84 is in reference to the exercise of certain 
powers by railway companies. In Ontario, Chapter 12 amends the 
Corporation Tax Act by imposing an additional tax on railways. 
In Manitoba, Chapter 52 amends the Manitoba Railway Act by 



872 LEGISLATION AND PRINCIPAL EVENTS 

extending the period of limitation in section 116 of Chapter 168, R.S. 
of Manitoba, 1913, to two years. In Saskatchewan, Chapter 68 
amends the Vehicles Act particularly in reference to information given 
re vehicles and to prohibition of driving and impounding of vehicle. 
In British Columbia, Chapter 36, second session, amends the Motor 
Vehicles Act by requiring that all drivers of motor vehicles shall slow 
up to ten miles an hour when approaching a curve, etc.; municipally 
owned vehicles and trailers are declared exempt from registration 
and license fees, as are vehicles and trailers owned and used by persons 
who lost a limb in the war; Chapter 41, second session, requires that 
no electric street railway or tramway company shall operate any 
"one-man car" without consent of the Minister of Railways. 

Vital Statistics. In Alberta, section 7 of Chapter 16 adds a 
section to the Hospital Ordinance, requiring the vital statistics form 
to be filled up and signed by the mother before she leaves hospital; 
Chapter 19 amends the Vital Statistics Act by naming the Deputy 
Minister of Health as Registrar General, providing for the appoint 
ment of a Deputy Registrar General, requiring registration of both 
birth and death in case of still-born children, raising the fee for 
registry search, etc. 

PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF THE YEAR 1921. 

The Imperial Conference. The Imperial Conference of the 
Prime Ministers of the countries included in the British Common 
wealth of Nations, was held in London from June 20 to August 5, 
1921, with the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Rt. Hon. D. 
Lloyd George, as ex officio Chairman. Canada was represented by 
Rt. Hon. Arthur Meighen. 

In his opening address of welcome the Prime Minister of the 
Jnited Kingdom made the following statement: The British 
Empire is progressing very satisfactorily from a constitutional stand 
point. The direct communication between Prime Ministers, as 
established during the war, has, I think, worked very well, and we 
have endeavoured to keep you thoroughly abreast with all important 
developments in foreign affairs .... The British Dominions have 
achieved full nationhood and now stand beside the United Kingdom 
as equal partners in the dignities and responsibilities of the British 
Commonwealth." 

Among the important subjects to be considered was the renewal 
of the Anglo-Japanese treaty, Mr. Meighen taking the ground that it 
should not be renewed and impressing upon the Conference the 
desirability of close friendship with the United States. This question 
was finally settled at the Washington Conference (q.v.) by the 
widening of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance into a four power pact, to 
which both Japan and the United States are parties. 



THE WASHINGT&lt;&gt;\ CONFERENCE 873 

With regard, to the projected Constitutional Conference, the 
following resolution was adopted: 

(a) Continuous consultation, to which the Prime Ministers 
attach no less importance than the Imperial War Conference of 1917. 
can only be secured by a substantial improvement in the communica 
tion between the component parts of the Empire. Having regard to 
the Constitutional developments since 1917, no advantage is to be 
gained by holding a Constitutional Conference. 

(b) The Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom and the Dom 
inions and the Representatives of India should aim at meeting annually 
or at such longer intervals as may prove feasible. 

(c) The existing practice of direct communication between the 
Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom and the Dominions, as well 
as the right of the latter to nominate Cabinet Ministers to represent 
them in consultation with the Prime Minister of tli&lt; i United Kingdom, 
are maintained. 

Other resolutions were passed regarding co-operation in the 
Imperial wireless scheme, approving of uniform legislation on the 
limitation of shipowners liability by clauses in bills of lading, asking 
the radio research board to investigate and report on wireless tele 
phony, stating that "in the interests of the solidarity of the British 
Empire, it is desirable that the rights of Indians to citizenship should 
be recognized/ and urging that a conference of representatives of 
the Patent Offices of the Dominions should be held in London 
consider a system of granting patents which should be valid through 
out the Empire. 

At the close of the Conference an address to the King was passed, 
declaring that "we have been conscious throughout our deliberations 
of a unanimous conviction that the most essential of the links that 
bind our widely spread peoples is the Crown, and it is our determin 
ation that no changes in our status, as peoples or as Governments, 
shall weaken our common allegiance to the Empire and its Sovereign." 

The Washington Conference. A Conference on the Limita 
tion of Armaments was held from November 12, 1921, to February 
6, 1922, at Washington, D.C., on the invitation of the United Stai 
Government, addressed on August 11, 1921, to the Governments of 
Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan. Invitations were also ex 
tended to China, Belgium, the Netherlands and Portugal, asking 
them to participate in the discussions on Pacific and Far Eastern 
questions to be held in connection with the Conference. The Dom 
inion of Canada was represented by Right Hon. Sir Robert L. Borden. 

On the opening of the Conference, the Hon. C. E. Hughes, 
Secretary of State of the United States, was elected as Chairman. 
Two committees on programme and procedure were appointed to 
suggest methods of organization and procedure. As a result of their 
deliberations it was decided to appoint two main committees: (1) 
The Committee on Limitation of Armaments, consisting of all the 
Plenipotentiary Delegates of the five powers the United States, 
the British Empire, France, Italy and Japan; (2) the Committee on 



874 LEGISLATION AND PRINCIPAL EVENTS 

Pacific and Far Eastern Questions, consisting of all the Plenipotenti 
ary Delegates of the nine powers the five already mentioned, 
together with Belgium, China, the Netherlands and Portugal. These 
Committees appointed sub-committees to examine and report upon 
particular questions when this was considered desirable. 

Before the Conference met the United States Government had 
prepared and submitted to the other Powers a list of headings intended 
to serve as tentative suggestions as to agenda. Practically this came 
to be regarded as the informal agenda. It was as follows : Limitation 
of Armament: (1) Limitation of Naval Armament, (a) basis of limita 
tion; (b) extent; (c) fulfilment: (2) Rules for control of new agencies 
of warfare: (3) Limitation of Land Armament. Pacific and Far 
Eastern Questions: (1) Questions relating to China, (a) Principles to 
be applied; (b) applications with regard to territorial integrity; 
administrative integrity; open-door equality of commercial and 
industrial opportunity; concessions, monopolies or preferential 
economic privileges; development of railways; preferential railroad 
rates; status of existing commitments: (2) Siberia, under headings 
similar to the preceding: (3) Mandated islands and electrical com 
munications in the Pacific. 

In the opening session on November 12, 1921, the Hon. C. E. 
Hughes, Chairman of the Conference, laid down definite proposals 
that the great powers should abandon their programmes for the 
building of battle ships and battle cruisers; that certain new capital 
ships and certain older vessels should be scrapped; that no new 
replacement tonnage should be laid down for 10 years and that when 
constructed the maximum tonnage should be limited to 500,000 for 
the United States, 500,000 for Great Britain and 300,000 for Japan. 
This proposal was accepted "in principle" by the delegates, but it 
took several weeks of discussion before the details were arranged. 

These provide for a discontinuance of all building of capital ships 
during 10 years, France and Italy being allowed certain replacements 
after 1927. Capital ships include "every vessel of war, not an air 
craft carrier, whose displacement exceeds 10,000 tons standard dis 
placement, or which carries a gun with a calibre exceeding 8 inches." 
Existing capital ships are to be scrapped so as to leave the United 
States 18 (525,850 tons), the British Empire 20 (558,980 tons), Japan 
10 (301,320 tons), France 10 (221,170 tons), Italy 10 (182,800 tons). 
After 1931 ships over 20 years old may be replaced so as to maintain 
ratios of 525, 525, 315, 175, 175 among the five powers, no vessel being 
over 35,000 tons. The treaty is to be effective for 15 years and to 
continue after that unless denounced with 2 years notice. It may be 
suspended in time of war, with the exception of the articles relating to 
scrapped vessels. 

Aircraft carriers are limited with respect to total and individual 
tonnage, but aircraft themselves are not limited; submarines and 
fighting surface auxiliaries may not exceed 10,000 tons displacement 
or carry guns over 8 inches, but there is no limitation in their total 
tonnage. Merchant vessels may not be prepared for military use in 
time of peace except to stiffen decks for guns of not over 6 inches. 



SECOND ASSEMBLY OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 875 

No limitation is placed on land forces or armaments. The 
status quo "with regard to fortifications and naval bases" is to be 
maintained in the American, British and Japanese insular possessions 
in the Pacific, except Hawaii, Australia, New Zealand and the Japanese 
home islands and the islands nearest the American continent except 
the Aleutians. 

Rules were adopted declaring the use of submarines against mer 
chant vessels to be piracy and prohibiting t he use of noxious and 
poisonous gases, as well as a resolution urging the calling of a confer 
ence to consider the laws of war. 

The Committee on Far Mast and Pacific Questions was con 
cerned primarily with China, though Siberia and Pacific island 
questions were also considered. Under the main Chinese treaty 
signed February (. 1922, the powers other than China agreed to 
respect the sovereignty, the independence and the territorial and 
administrative integrity of China; to provide the fullest opportunity 
to China to develop and maintain an effective and stable government; 
to use their influence for establishing and maintaining the principle 
of equal opportunity for the commerce and industry of all nations 
throughout China and to refrain from seeking special rights or 
privileges in China. The Contracting Powers also agreed not to 
support any agreements by tin-irrespective nationals designed to create 
spheres of influence, while China agreed not to exercise or permit 
unfair discrimination of any kind throughout the railways of China. 

The Quadruple Pacific Treaty was signed between the United 
States, the British Kmpire. Prance and Japan on December 13, 1921. 
While it was no essential part of the proceedings of the Conference, 
it naturally arose out of the deliberations which took place. In it 
the four parties agreed as between themselves to respect their rights 
in relation to their insular pos&gt;e&lt;&gt;ions and insular dominions in the 
region of the Pacific Ocean, to summon a conference of the parties 
for adjustment and arbitration of any controversies arising between 
any of them, and to consult as to the measures necessary to be taken 
if their rights were threatened by the aggressive action of any other 
power. This Treaty, which also applies to the mandated islands, 
and to the insular possessions of Japan, is to continue for 10 years, 
and to be terminable thereafter on 12 months notice. 

Second Assembly of the League of Nations. The Second 
Assembly of the League of Nations met at Geneva, Switzerland, 
from September 5 to October 5, 1921, with Dr. van Karnebeek 
(Holland) as president. Forty-eight states were represented, among 
them Canada by Right Hon. C. J. Doherty and Sir George H. Perley. 
The first constructive Act was to complete the constitution of the 
International Court of Justice. This consists of the following judges 
elected for a period of nine years: Prof. Altamira (Spain), Prof. 
Anzilotti (Italy), Senor Barboza (Brazil), Dr. de Bustamente (Cuba), 
Lord Finlay (Great Britain), Judge Loder (Holland), Prof. Bassett 
Moore (United States), Prof. Oda (Japan), Prof. Weiss (France), 
Prof. Max Huber (Switzerland) and Judge Nyholm (Denmark). 



876 LEGISLATION AND PRINCIPAL EVENTS 

The republics of Esthonia, Latvia and Lithuania were admitted 
to the League, bringing the membership of the League to 51 States. 
The states still outside of the League are as follows: United States, 
Germany, Russia, Turkey, Egypt, Hungary, Ecuador, Mexico. 

Among the matters which were considered at the second meeting 
of the Assembly were the troubles of Poland and Lithuania, the 
controversy between Bolivia and Chile, the proposals for the relief 
of the starving population of Soviet Russia, the international traffic 
in women and children and the matter of expenses. As regards the 
latter it was decided that, subject to ratification by the Governments, 
Great Britain and France should each pay 90 units towards the 
expenses of the League, China, India, Italy and Japan 65 units each, 
Canada and various other countries 35 units each, other smaller 
states paying less, until the minimum is reached with Albania, Costa 
Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Siberia, Luxemburg, Nicaragua, Panama, 
Paraguay and Salvador, paying 2 units each. Under this revision of 
the apportionment of expenses Canada s contribution is substantially 
reduced. 

The League of Nations Society of Canada. At a meeting 
held in Ottawa on May 31, 1921, the League of Nations Society of 
Canada was formed. The Governor-General of Canada presided, 
and such prominent leaders in Canadian public life as Sir Robert 
Borden, Sir George Foster, Hon. Dr. Beland and others were present. 

The following resolution was carried unanimously: "that the 
meeting proceed to the organization of the League of Nations Society 
of Canada with the following objects: (1) to promote international 
peace; (2) to furnish information about the League of Nations, its 
principles, its organization and its work; (3) to study international 
problems and Canada s relations thereto as a member of the British 
Commonwealth and the League of Nations; (4) to foster mutual 
understanding, goodwill, and habits of co-operation between the 
people of Canada and other countries, in accordance with the spirit 
of the League of Nations; (5) to promote the establishment of 
provincial or local associations, clubs, or other bodies having like 
objects, and to co-operate with any existing organization for such 
purposes." 

The following officers were elected: honorary presidents: Rt. Hon. 
Arthur Meighen, Hon. (now Rt. Hon.) W. L. Mackenzie King, and 
Hon. T. A. Crerar; president, Rt. Hon. Sir Robert Borden; vice- 
presidents, the Lieutenant-governors of Ontario, Quebec, Nova 
Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, British Columbia, Prince Edward 
Island, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Rt. Hon. Sir George Foster, Rt. Hon. 
C. J. Doherty, Hon. N. W. Rowell, Hon. Dr. Beland; honorary secre 
tary, Vincent C. Massey; honorary treasurer, A. J. Brown. 

Dominion General Election. On September 21, 1921, the 
Right Hon. Arthur Meighen announced the reconstruction of his 
Cabinet, and shortly afterwards the dissolution of the Thirteenth 
Parliament took place. At the general election of December 6, 1921, 
the Government was defeated, retaining only 50 seats. The Liberals, 



PROVINCIAL GENERAL ELECTIONS 877 

having carried 118 constituencies, took office on the resignation of 
Mr. Meighen. with Hon. (now Rt. Hon.) W. L. Mackenzie King as 
Prime Minister. One of the outstanding features of the election was 
the rise of a third party, the Progressives, which, under the leadership 
of Hon. T. A. Crerar, carried 65 seats in Ontario and the West. 
Besides these the Labour party elected two members, one in Winni 
peg and one in Calgary. On the meeting of Parliament the Progres 
sives renounced the position of official Opposition, to which their 
numbers gave them a claim; the Conservatives, therefore, under the 
leadership of Mr. Meighen, constitute the official Opposition in the 
Fourteenth Parliament. 

Provincial General Elections.- In Saskatchewan at a general 
election on June 9, 1921, the Liberal Government of Premier Martin 
was returned to power with a slightly diminished majority, carrying 
45 out of 63 sea 

In Alberta, at a general election on July 18, 1921, the Liberal 
Government of Hon. Chas. Stewart was defeated by the Farmers 
organization, which secured 38 out of the 61 seats in the Legislature. 
On August 13, their leader, Hon. Herbert Greenfield, took office as 
Premier. 

In Manitoba, at a general election which took place on July 18, 
1922, the Norris Government was defeated, the United Farmer- 
securing a working majority and organizing a government headed by 
the Hon. John Bracken, formerly principal of the Manitoba Agri 
cultural College. 

Acquisition of the Grand Trunk by the Government.- 

This subject is dealt with in the sub-section on steam railways, pages 
527-528. 

The Economic and Financial Year.- -Throughout the year 
1921 the general deflation of prices which had been so much in evidence 
in the latter part of 1920, continued, though at a slackening rate; 
indeed, at the end of the year there was a slight upward movement. 
The Department of Labour s index number of wholesale prices 
(average prices for 1890-1899 = 100) fell from 281-3 in January to 
230-7 in December (see p. 644), a decline of approximately 18 per 
cent during the year. The Department of Labour s record of changes 
in the cost of living in Canada, based upon weighted retail prices 
(see p. 647) shows a decline from 192 to 156, or 18-75 per cent, between 
December, 1920, and December, 1921, 1913 prices being considered 
as 100. These declines were naturally most welcome to urban con 
sumers, who had been very hard hit by the prolonged and rapid 
increase in the cost of living during the war. 

Declining prices were naturally less acceptable to the producers, 
more especially to those classes of producers who, like the farmers, 
were most affected thereby. The prices of the commodities w T hich 
the farmers had to sell declined far more rapidly than the prices of 
the commodities which they had to buy, this decline being graphically 
shown on page 273. According to this chart and its accompanying 



878 LEGISLATION AND PRINCIPAL EVENTS 

table, the average prices which the farmer received in 1921 were 
147-5 as compared with 204-9 in 1920 and 252-7 in 1919, average 
prices for the quinquennium 1909-1913 being considered as 100. 
To put it in another way, the farmers selling prices for 1921 were 
28 per cent below those of 1920. The farmer, indeed, was not alone 
in his troubles. Producers of many other primary commodities, 
among them producers of metallic minerals, such as nickel, copper, 
etc., suffered in a similar way and for similar reasons, as may be 
deduced from the statistics of the quantity and value of mineral 
production, published on page 337. 

Prices of manufactured commodities in almost all cases came 
down less rapidly than those of the raw materials of which they were 
composed. Thus, in the metals and implements class, the average 
price of metals fell from 206-8 in January to 168-5 in December, 
while implements fell only from 271-7 to 245. The disparity was 
to some extent inevitable, partly because of the lapse of time involved 
in converting the primary commodity into a finished manufactured 
article and partly because of the fact that the weekly wage rates of 
the employees in manufacturing establishments, once fixed, could not 
readily be altered. (Their average annual receipts, might, of course, 
be reduced through the unemployment consequent upon a reduced 
demand for the commodities which they produced). A similar state 
of affairs obtained throughout the great transportation industry and 
in coal mining. Even at the time of writing, this disproportion in 
the deflation in different industries has not been completely corrected. 

For the above reasons unsettled and depressed conditions pre 
vailed throughout the business world in 1921. Employment in the 
manufacturing industries was at a low ebb throughout the year, 
touching its lowest point (68-7 per cent of the number employed in 
the same factories on January 17, 1920), at the end of the year. For 
all industries the index number of employment declined from 90-4 
in January to 77-9 in December. Fortunately, during 1922 to date 
employment has fairly rapidly increased, the index of employment 
as reported by employers being on September 30, 94-6 (see diagram 
on page 631). 

The depression was also reflected in the volume of financial 
transactions. The amount of exchanges of the clearing houses of 
chartered banks in 16 leading cities for the calendar year 1921 was 
only $16,811,287,086 as against $19,588,337,285 in 1920. The deposits 
of the public in Canada, which had been $1,950,504,230 on December 
31, 1920, were a year later only $1,781,749,790. Similarly, the bank 
notes in circulation declined from $228,758,587 at the former date 
to $184,602,546 at the latter. The annual values of building permits 
issued by 35 cities declined from $100,679,839 in 1920 to $94,508,164 
in 1921. These declining money values, did not, of course, always 
represent declining physical quantities. The great decline in the 
price of commodities was largely, if not mainly, responsible therefor. 

The decline in prices was also largely responsible for the lowered 
values of foreign trade. In the calendar year 1921 the total imports 
for consumption were valued at $799,394,598 as against $1,336,921,021 



OBITUARY 879 



in 1920, and the total exports at $816,694,281 as against $1,302,805,1 14. 
Here again the monthly statistics of 1922 show a stabilization and 
even an increase of trade. 

On the whole, it would appear that the worst of the depression 
is over, and that the considerable amount of readjustment which is 
still to be made before normalcy" is attained may be completed 
without any severe shocks to industry. This prediction is, however, 
dependent upon the continuance of peace and general reconstruction 
throughout the civilized world. It must not be forgotten that the 
continent of Europe, formerly the great consumer of the products 
and raw materials of the newer countries of the world, is still in a 
very unsettled condition, its purchasing power enormously reduced 
through the instability of its currencies, through the withdrawal for 
military purposes of a large port ion of its labour force, already depleted 
by the war, from productive industry, and through its 26 protective 
tariffs, many of them established for political rather than economic 
purposes in what were formerly free trade areas, e.g., the old Austria- 
Hungary. Economic paralysis throughout the European continent 
must seriously affect the prosperity of Canada, thoiigh her foreign 
trade, as has been pointed out elsewhere in this book, is mainly with 
the United Kingdom and the United States. These countries, how 
ever, especially the latter, are in normal times largely dependent 
upon the European continent for their markets, and their power to 
purchase our products is affected by the decline in Europe s pur 
chases of their commodities. 

Obituary. 1921 : Jan. 2. Sir Frank Baillie, K.B.E., formerly 
Director of the National Aeroplane Factory, Toronto. William 
Fitzgerald, Assistant Deputy Minister of Finance and Superintendent 
of Insurance, 1885-1914. Sir William Peterson, former Principal, 
McGill University. Jan. 7. Col. H. F. McLeod, M.P. for York- 
Sunbury. Oscar Gladu, M.P. for Yamaska. Jan. 8. Dr. J. B. 
Crozier, philosopher and economist. Jan. 10. James Clancy, ex- 
M.P., Provincial Auditor for Ontario. Jan. 14. Sir William J, 
Gage, publisher and philanthropist, Toronto. Jan. 15. W. G. 
Parmelee, Deputy Minister of Trade and Commerce, 1893-1908, 
Jan. 25. The Right Hon. A. L. Sifton, Secretary of State. Jan. 30. 
Hon. L. J. Cannon, Judge of the Superior Court, Quebec. Feb. 2. 
The Hon. Peter McSweeney, Northumberland, N.B., Senator. 
Feb. 6. Lt.-Col. F. W. Hibbard, Chairman of Public Service Com 
mission, Montreal. Feb. 8. The Hon. L. P. Pelletier, Postmaster 
General, 1911-1914. Feb. 20. Thos. G. Wallace, M.P. for West 
York since 1908. Feb. 24. Thomas P. Owens, Ottawa, Editor of 
Hansard. Mar. 10. The Hon. Adam B. Crosby, Halifax, Senator. 
Mar. 18. G. E. Craney, ex-M.P., Saskatoon. Mar. 19. Dr. Martin 
J. Griffin, former Parliamentary Librarian. April 6. Hon. J. E. 
Englehart, former Chairman of the Timiskaming and Northern 
Ontario Railway Commission. April 9. The Hon. Sydney A. Fisher, 
Minister of Agriculture, 1896-1911. April 18. Hon. Wm. Hespeler, 
Speaker of Manitoba Legislature. June 6. David Ewart, I.S.O., 



880 LEGISLATION AND PRINCIPAL EVENTS 

Dominion Consulting Architect. July 24. J. A. Calder, M.L.A., 
member of Ontario Legislature. July 28. Sir S. A. French, First 
Commissioner Canadian N. W. M. Police. July 29. Hon. Michael 

E. Bernier, Minister of Inland Revenue, 1900-1904. July 30. The 
Hon. Lieut.-Col. James Domville, of Rothesay, N.B., Senator. 
Aug. 24. Lieut.-Gen. Sir Sam Hughes, K.C.B., Minister of Militia, 
1911-1916. Aug. 28. The Hon. T. W. Patterson, Lieutenant- 
Governor of British Columbia, 1909-1914. Aug. 29. The Hon. 
Lionel H. Clarke, Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, from Nov., 1919. 
Aug. 30. Emmanuel B. Devlin, M.P. for Wright County, Quebec. 
Sept. 1. Hon. Roger C. Clute, Puisne Judge, High Court Division, 
Toronto, Ont. Sept. 12. The Hon. Laurence G. Power, of Halifax, 
N.S., Senator. Sept. 17. The Hon. William C. Edwards, of Ottawa, 
Ont., Senator. Oct. 2. Valentine Stock, former member of Ontario 
Legislature. Oct. 25. .Sir John Kennedy, former chief engineer, 
Montreal Harbour Commission. The Hon. Frederic Nicholls, of 
Toronto, Ont., Senator. Oct. 26. Hon. Benjamin Gallant, Minister 
without Portfolio, P.E.I. Nov. 1. Lady Laurier. Nov. 6. R. B. 
Richardson, M.P., Journalist. Nov. 18. Sir Frederick Orr-Lewis, 
President of Canadian Vickers, Ltd. Nov. 21. Edmund Meredith, 
K.C., London Ont. Nov. 27. Sir Douglas C. Cameron, K.C.M.G., 
former Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba. Nov. 30. Lord Mount- 
Stephen, First President of the Canadian Pacific Railway, Montreal. 
Dec. 2. Damase Racine, M.L.A., Casselman, Russell County, Ont. 
Dec. 10. The Hon. Thomas W. Crothers, Ottawa, Ont., Senator. 
James E. Rourke, Ottawa, Ont., Comptroller of Currency. Dec. 18. 
P. R. McGibbon, M.P., Argenteuil, Que. 1922: Jan. 10. Judge R. 
D. Gunn, Senior Judge of Carleton County, Ont. Robert A. Pringle, 
K.C., Ottawa, Ont., formerly M.P. for Stormont County. Jan. 17. 
William P. Archibald, Dominion Parole Officer, Ottawa, Ont. Jan. 
25. The Hon. Arthur Boyer, Montreal, Que., Senator. Jan. 26. 
The Hon. Robt. Beith, Bowman ville, Ont., Senator. Feb. 18. Major- 
General J. Lyons Biggar, C.V.O., C.M.G., formerly Quartermaster- 
General of Canadian Military Forces. Major-General Sir David 
Watson, Quebec, Que. Mar. 16. Hon. J. W. Longley, Puisne Judge 
of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. Mar. 30. Sir John Craig Eaton, 
Kt. April 27. The Hon. F. P. Thompson, Fredericton, N.B., 
Senator. May 3. Hon. W. H. P. Clement, Vancouver, B.C., Puisne 
Judge of the Supreme Court of British Columbia. May 22. Ernest 

F. Jarvis, I.S.O., Assistant Deputy Minister of Militia and Defence. 
May 23. Hon. Robert F. Sutherland, Puisne Judge, High 
Court Division, Ontario. June 17. Hon. I. H. Chauvin, Judge of 
Superior Court, District of Montcalm, Que. Aug. 2. Dr. Alexander 
Graham Bell, Sydney, N. S., inventor. Aug. 24. His Honour Judge 
Hugh McMillan, Lindsay, Ont., Junior Judge in the Counties of 
Victoria and Haliburton. Sept. 17. R. B. Angus, Montreal, pioneer 
industrial leader. Oct. 7. Hon. John A. Stewart, K.C., Perth, Ont., 
Minister of Railways and Canals in the reconstructed Meighen 
Administration. Oct. 19. D. A. Lafortune, M.P., Jacques Cartier 
Division, Montreal, Que. Oct. 22. Edward Blackadder, M.P., 
Halifax, N.S. Nov. 6. Juchereau de St. Denis Le Moine, I.S.O. 



EXTRACTS FROM THE CANADA GAZETTl. 881 

XV. EXTRACTS FROM THE CANADA GAZETTE. 

Most of theoflirinl appoint mrtit&gt; made durins I .fJl will IK- found on parr- :ix-7.l:&lt; of tin- I .L O V&lt;-ar Hook.) 

i 

Privy Councillors. 1922: March 1. 1 .-tor Charles l.arkin, 
High ( Commissioner for ( anada in the 1 nited Kingdom. 

Lieutenant-Governors. 1921 : Oct. 17. His Honour Sir 
.lames Albert Manning Aikin-. Winnipeg. Manitoba, Kniiihl Bachelor. 
to he Lieutenant-Governor of the said It-ovince of Manitoba, from 
the 7th August. 1!)21 (second term-. 1922: March 21. Hon. 
McCallum Grant, Halifax, X.S..to be Lieutenant-Governor of the said 
Province of Nova Scoti .-ond term). 

Senators. 1921: Oct. 17. Archibald Beaton (iillis, White- 
\\ood, Sask. Nov. -I. The Hon. Sir Albert Kdward Kcinp. K.C.M.C.. 
Toronto, Out., a member of the Kind s Privy Council for Canada. 
Nov. 7. Brigadier-General Archibald Hay.-- MacdonelL C.M.C.. 
O.S.O., Toronto. Out. Nov. 25. Frank Bunting Black. Sackville, 
N.B. Doc. 1. Sanford .Johnson Crowe, City of Vancouver. B.C. 
Doc. 5. Peter Francis Martin, Halifax. N.S. 1922: Jan. 4. Archi 
bald Blake McCoi-. Chatham. Out. Feb. 10. Arthur Charles 
Hardy. Brorkville. Out. March 11. Cu-tave Boyer. Kigaud, One. 
and Frederick Forsyth Panloo, Sarnia, Ont . Oct. 27. Onesiphore 
Tunioon, Hathurst. N.I 

New Members of the House of Commons. The following 
new members of the House of ( ommon&gt; \vcre returned at by-elections 
(hirinii- \V2*2 up to Nov. 20:- Feb. 11. Rt. Hon. Arthur Mein-ln-n, 
for Crenville. Ont. Afar. t. Hon. Charles Stewart, for Ari:cnteuil, 
Que. AFar. 2o. Joseph Rodolphe Ouimet. for \ audreuil-Soulan-jes, 
(^ue. Mar. 30. Janies Horace Kinjs, for Kootenay (Kastj. B.C. 
May 17. George* Joseph Bouchard, for Kamouraska. ()\K\ Se])t. F5. 
Aldoric J. Benoit, for St. Johns-Iberville, (^ Nov. 20. Theodule 
Rheaume. for Jacque&lt; Cartier, Que. Eusebe Ivoberiio, for Mogantir, 
John G. Robichaud, for Glourester, X.B. 



Dominion Ministers.- The Twelfth Ministry with the Right 
Hon. William Lyon Mackenzie King as Premier, took office on Dec. 
29, 1921. For complete list of Cabinet Ministers see page 770. 

Judicial Appointments, 1921: Oct. 3. Herbert Ma cDonald 
Mowat, Toronto, Ont., to be a Judge of the Supreme Court of Ontario 
and a member of the High Court Division of the said Court and to 
be ex officio SL member of the Appellate Division of the said Court. 
His Honour John Tyler, a Junior Judge of the County Court of the 
County of York, Ont., to be a Local Judge of the High Court Division 
of the Supreme Court of Ontario. Oct. 3. Andrew Knox Dysart, 
Winnipeg, Manitoba, to be a Judge of His Majesty s Court of King s 
Bench for Manitoba. The Hon. Thomas Llewellyn Metcalfe, a Judge 
of His Majesty s Court of King s Bench for Manitoba, to be a Judge 
of Appeal of the Court of Appeal for Manitoba. Oct. 12. The Hon. 

3813156 



882 EXTRACTS FROM THE CANADA GAZETTE 

James McKay, a Judge of the Court of King s Bench for Saskatche 
wan, to be a Judge of Appeal of the Court of Appeal for Saskatche 
wan and to be ex officio a Judge of the Court of King s Bench for 
Saskatchewan. Philip Edward MacKenzie, Saskatoon, Saskatche 
wan,, one of His Majesty s Counsel learned in the law for said province, 
to be a Judge of the Court of King s Bench for Saskatchewan. Oct. 
17. His Honour John Charles Mclntosh, Junior Judge of the County 
Court of Nanaimo, to be a Local Judge of the Supreme Court of 
British Columbia. Oct. 31. Henry Colin Pope, Moose Jaw, Sask., 
barrister-at-law, to be the Judge of the District Court of the Judicial 
District of Melfort, Sask. Nov. 12. His Honour Angus M. Mac- 
donald, Judge of the District Court of the District of McLeod, 
Alberta, to be a Local Judge of the Supreme Court of Alberta. Nov. 
25. The Hon. Humphrey Mellish, a Judge of the Supreme Court of 
Nova Scotia, to be a Local Judge in Admiralty of the Exchequer 
Court in and for the Admiralty District of Nova Scotia. Tecumseh 
Sherman Rogers, Halifax, N.S., one of His Majesty s Counsel learned 
in the law for the said province, to be a Puisne Judge of the Supreme 
Court of Nova Scotia. Dec. 21. The Hon. Farquhar Stuart Mac- 
lennan, one of the Justices of the Superior Court for the Province of 
Quebec, to be the Local Judge in Admiralty of the Exchequer Court 
of Canada for the District of Quebec in the said province. 1922: 
Jan. 25. Severin Letourneau, Montreal, Que., one of His Majesty s 
Counsel learned in the law for the said province, to be a Puisne Judge 
of the Court of King s Bench in and for the said Province of Quebec. 
His Honour Duncan Campbell Ross, Judge of the County Court, 
County of Elgin, Ont., to be a Local Judge of the High Court Division 
of the Supreme Court of Ontario. Jan. 25. His Honour Lucien 
Dubuc, Judge of the District Court of the District of Peace River, 
Alberta, to be Junior Judge of the District Court of the District of 
Edmonton, Alberta. Feb. 15. Robert Grant Fisher, London, Ont., 
one of His Majesty s Counsel learned in the law for the said province, 
to be a Judge of the Supreme Court of Ontario and a member of the 
High Court Division of the said Court and ex officio a member of the 
Appellate Division of said Court. His Honour James Arthur Mulligan, 
Judge of the County Court of the County of Carleton, in the Province 
of Ontario, to be a Local Judge of the High Court Division of the 
Supreme Court of Ontario. His Honour Daniel O Connell, a Junior 
Judge of the County Court of the County of York, Ont., to be a local 
Judge of the High Court Division of the Supreme Court of Ontario. 
May 1. The Hon. James Emile P. Prendergast, a Judge of the Court 
of King s Bench for Manitoba, to be a Judge of the Court of Appeal 
for Manitoba and to be ex officio a Judge of the Court of King s 
Bench for Manitoba. John Evans Adamson, Winnipeg, Man., 
barrister-at-law, to be a Judge of the Court of King s Bench for 
Manitoba. May 5. Charles A. Stein, Riviere du Loup, Que., one of 
His Majesty s Counsel learned in the law for the said province, to be 
a Puisne Judge of the Superior Court in and for the Province of 
Quebec. May 8. David A. Macdonald, Vancouver, B.C., one of 
His Majesty s Counsel learned in the law for the said province, to be 



COMMISSIONS 



Uidgc of the Supreme ( ourt of British ( olumbia. June 2S. Lucien 
Dubue, Judge of the District Courts of the Districts of Peace 
lliver :ind Edmonton, to be Stipendiary Magistrate for the North 
\\est Territories. July 22. Thihaude.au Kinfret. Montreal, Que., 
and Joseph Demers, St. Johns Que., to be Puisne Judges of the 
Superior Court in and for the said Province of Quebec. William 
Melville Martin, Retina, Sask., to be a Judge of the Appeal Court 
for Saskatchewan and to be ex officio a Judge of the Court of King - 
Bench for Saskatchewan. Oct. 7. Robert Smith. Cornwall, Out., 
one of His Majesty s ( ounsel learned in the law for the said province, 
to be a Judge of the Supreme Court of Ontario and a member of the 
High Court Division of the said Court and ex ufficfn a member of the 
Appellate Division of the said ( ourt. Oct. 14. Augusle M. Tessier, 
Himouski, Quebec, one of Hi- Majesty &lt; Counsel learned in the law 
for the said province, to be a Puisne Judire of the Superior ( ourt in 
and for the Province of Quebec. Nov. 7. His Hon. John McKay 
Junior Judge of the District ( ourt of the Provisional Judicial District 
of Thunder Bay, Ontario, to be a Surrogate Judge in Admiralty of 
the Kxchequer Court for that portion of the Toronto Admiralty 
District comprised in the territorial districts of Thunder Bay and 
Rainy River, in the said province, in the room and stead of Hugh 
n Leary, Esquire, p &gt;igncd. Nov. 14. The Hon. John Kdward Mar 
tin, a Puisne Judge of the Court of King s Bench for the Province of 
Quebec, to be a Puisne Juduv of the Superior ( ourt in and for the 
Province of Quebec and to perform the duties of Chief Justice of tin- 
said Superior ( ourt in the District of Montreal as it i&gt; constituted 
for the Court of the Kiim - liench &gt;itting in Appeal. Alexander 
Rives Hall of the City of Montreal, Quebec. Inquire, one of His 
Majesty s Counsel learned in the law for the said province, to be a 
Puisne Judge of the Court of King s Bench in and for the Province 
of Quebec. 

Commissions.- -1921: Sept. :;. Henry A. May, Ottawa, 
( hit., head clerk in the office of the King s Privy Council for Canada, 
to be a Commissioner to tender and administer to and take from all 
and every person or persons who now holds or hold, or who shall 
hereafter hold any office or place of trust or profit or who may be 
appointed to discharge any duty under the government of Canada, 
the Oath of Allegiance and the Oath of Office and such other oath or 
oaths as may from time to time be prescribed by any law or statute 
in that behalf made and provided. Oct. 31. The Hon. Sir John 
Douglas Hazen, K.C.M.G., Chief Justice of New Brunswick, to be a 
( Commissioner to investigate into and report upon the claims filed in 
the Department of the Secretary of State pursuant to advertisements 
therefor, namely: (a) Claims of persons residing or carrying on 
business in Canada who have been subjected to loss and pecuniary 
damages arising through the destruction of life and property through 
the illegal warfare of the enemy, and (b) claims for damages to which 
persons residing or carrying on business in Canada have been sub 
jected for breaches of contracts, which contracts \vere prevented from 



884 EXTRACTS FROM THE CANADA GAZETTE 

being carried out owing to the operation of the statutory list of 
persons in neutral countries with whom such contracts were declared 
illegal for the purpose of determining whether they are within the 
categories set forth in Annex I of Part VIII (Reparation), Section I 
of the Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers 
and Germany, signed at Versailles June 28, 1919, and the fair amounts 
of such claims, and to make such findings as may be of assistance to 
the Government of Canada in determining which, if any, of such 
claims should be paid and the extent of payment thereof. 1922: 
July 22. James Layton Ralston, Halifax, N.S., one of His Majesty s 
Counsel learned in the law; Walter McKeon, Toronto, Ont., Doctor 
of Medicine, and Arthur E. Dubuc, Montreal, Que., Engineer, to be 
Commissioners to investigate into and report upon complaints made 
by certain officials of the Great War Veterans Association and 
generally questions relating to pensions, medical treatment and re- 
establishment needs of Canadian ex-service men and their dependents, 
including the question of canteen funds. The said James L. Ralston 
to be Chairman and Howard D. Dewar to be Secretary of the said 
Commission. Aug. 11. Oscar D. Skelton, Kingston, Ont., Professor 
of Economics, Queen s University, Arthur G. Doughty, C.M.G., 
Ottawa, Ont., Deputy Head of the Public Archives and Keeper of 
Records, and Gustave Lanctot, Ottawa, Ont., Chief French Archi 
vist, Department of Public Archives, to represent Canada at the 
International Conpress of the History of America to be held at Rio 
de Janeiro during the month of September, 1922. Oct. 16. Alexander 
R. Forbes, North Sydney, N.S., to be a Commissioner to investigate 
charges of political partizanship against government employees in 
the four Counties comprising Cape Breton Island, N.S., Inverness, 
Victoria, Cape Breton and Richmond, and to report the result of each 
such enquiry. Alfred Nadeau and Oscar Drouin, Advocates, City of 
Quebec, to be Commissioners to investigate charges of political 
partizanship against government employees in the Province of 
Quebec, and to report the result of each such enquiry. Oct. 27. 
George S. Inman, Charlottetown, P.E.I., one of His Majesty s 
Counsel learned in the law for the said province, to be a Commissioner 
to investigate into and report upon charges of political partizanship 
against government employees in the said province of Prince Edward 
Island. Nov. 7. Louis Robichaud, of Richibucto, New Brunswick, 
barrister-at-law, to be a Commissioner to investigate into and report 
as to whether the dismissal of Albert M. Goguen from the position of 
fishery guardian was justified on the ground of inefficiency, and 
whether Wilfred Bourgeois had efficiently discharged his duties in a 
similar position last year and since his employment this year. Nov. 
11. Malcolm Graeme Cameron, of the Town of Goderich, in the 
Province of Ontario, one of His Majesty s Counsel learned in the 
law for the said province, to be a Commissioner to investigate into 
and report upon charges of political partizanship against government 
employees in the Province of Ontario. 



OFFICIAL APPOINTMENTS ^ &gt; 

Imperial Honours. 1922: June 20. To he a Member of His 
Majesty s Most Honourable Privy Council, the Hon. William Lyon 
Mackenzie King, C.M.G. (Prime Minister of Canada). 

Official Appointments. 1921 : Nov. 4. ( alvin Lawrence, 
Ottawa, Ont., Legislative Representative of the Brotherhood of 
Locomotive Engineers, to be a member of the Board of Railway 
Commissioners of Canada. 1922: Jan. 10. Wilfred Laurier Mc- 
I)ou-ald, Montreal, Que., to be chairman of the Board of Harbour 

.mmissioners of Montreal, Que. Jan. 24. Wilfred Laurier Mc- 
Douuald, to be President of said Hoard, vice W. G. Ross, resigned. 
Jan. 30. Major P. K. Hodgson. O.B.E., Territorial Army Reserve, 
Suffolk Yeomanry, to be Comptroller of the Hous?hold of His 
Excellency tin- Covrrnor General, Captain K. Greene, M.C. 

-i.mied). Jan. M. By Ord&lt;T in Council Messrs Joseph L. Fortin, 
Robert F. Grant and Norman La belle to be appointed Commissioners 
lor the Harbour of Three Rivers, Que., in the room of Messrs Joseph 
V. BrllrtVuille, J. L. Durand and Thomas Tebbutt Feb. 2. Milton 
Mersey. B.A.Sc.. M.Sc., LL.D.. and Kmilien Daoust, Montreal, 
Que., to be members of the Board of Harbour Commissioners vice 
Kanjuhar Robertson and A. E. D. Labelle (resigned). Feb. 4. George 
H. Hymlman. to be Comptroller of Currency. Feb. 7. The Hon. 
Hewitt Bostock, of Monte Creek, B.C.. to lie Speaker of the Senate 
in the room and stead of the lion. Joseph Boldue. Feb. 10. Peter C. 
Larkin, Toronto, Out., to be Minh Commissioner for Canada in the 
I liilcd Kingdom. Mar. 1. W. Gerard Power, Brin.-Cen. I. L. 
Tremblay and Jules Gauvin, to be Harbour Commissioners of the 
port of Quebec, the first named to be President. Mar. 8. Edward 
Wilson Berry. Canary, Alberta. Dominion hand Surveyor, to be 
appointed as special examiner under the Dominion Land Surveys Act. 
Hon. Rodolphe Lemieux to be Speaker of the House of Commons. 
Auu. 11. M R. K. Beattir and Samuel Prenter to be appointed 

members of the Vancouver Harbour ( ommisskm. Sept. 25. Messrs. 
\\iliiam Ainslie, John Xewland and William B. Sheppard, all of 
Hamilton, to be appointed members of the Hamilton Harbour Com 
mission and William Ainslie to be Chairman. Oct. 9. Messrs. 
Laughlin, P. Hughes and Marry C. Earle to be appointed Com 
missioners for Belleville Harbour. Nov. 11. Harold Leonard Palmer, 
( liarlottetown, P.E.I., Prothonotary of the Supreme Court of Prince 
Edward Island, to be Registrar in Admiralty of the Exchequer Court 
in and for the Admiralty District of the Province of Prince Edward 
Island. Henry Smith, Charlottetown, P.E.I., Clerk of the County 
Court of Queen s County, to be Marshal in Admiralty of the Ex 
chequer Court for the Admiralty District of the Province of Prince 
Edward Island in the room and stead of C. R. Smallwood, resigned. 

Day of General Thanksgiving. Monday, November 6, 1922, 
was appointed by proclamation, as a "day of general thanksgiving 
to Almighty God for the bountiful harvest and other blessings with 
which Canada has been favoured this year." In 1921, Thanksgiving 
Day was Monday, Nov. 7. 



886 



INDEX 



INDEX. 



PAGE 
Abolition of preferential tariff on Canadian 

wheat, 1845 394 

tariff between provinces 395 

Abrasives, exports 430-431 , 469 

imports 469 

manufactures 370-371 , 380-381 

Academies, in Quebec 141 

Acetic acid, excise tariff for 673 

Acidity of soils in eastern North America. 774 
Acids, exports 430-431 

imports 460-461 

Acts of Parliament, list of principal, admin 
istered by Departments of Dominion 
Government 835-836 

of Provincial Legislatures 856-872 

Adding machines, exports 424-425 

Administration, statistics of 765-853 

Adolescents, compulsory education of 135 

Adulteration of Food, expenditure, 1918-22 661 
Advisory Council for Scientific and Indus 
trial Research 772 

Aerated waters, imports and exports 467 

Aeroplanes and parts, exports 432-433 

Aeroplanes, manufacture 372-373, 382-383 

Aggregate external trade 397 

Agricultural Experiment Stations of Canada 301-310 

implements, exports 424-425 

implements, imports 450-451 

implements, manufacture 372-373 , 382-383 

Instruction Act 275 

prices, British 267 

prices, Canadian 262-267 

products, see also "Vegetable products," 

Animals and their products, Fibres, 
textiles and textile products" 202-238 

regions of Canada 69 

Agricultural products, exports of vegetable, 

by quantities and values, 1919-22 408-413 

exports of, agricultural or vegetable 

origin, 1919-22 466 

exports of, from U.S. to principal count 

ries, 1916-20. 485-503 

imports of agricultural or vegetable 

origin, 1921 466 

imports of, vegetable, by values and 

percentages, 1919-22 406 

imports of, into U.K., by quantities and 

values and by countries whence im 
ported, 1916-20 481-484 

revenue, 1918-21 280-282 

Agricultural season, 1920-21 210 

wealth of Canada, 1918-21 280-283 

Agriculture, Arts and, expenditure, 1918-22. 661 

development of, in Canada 202-210 

Provincial Acts relating to 857-858 

statistics of 202-310 

Air Board 661, 802 

Air-compressing machines, imports 452-453 

Alberta, area 95 

coal. 336 

College of Agriculture 309 

Dominion lands in 776-777 

education in 133, 136-139, 142, 145 

152, 153, 155-167 

electrical energy generated, 1919-20 521 

government, publications of 850 

government of 33-34 

legislation in 856-872 

mineral production of 349 

municipal Government 35-39 

population 97-102, 107-108, 109, 113-114 

population, towns and villages 112 

Alcohol, consumption of 672-674 

industrial, imports 442-443 

wood, exports 412-413 

Ale, exports 408-409 

imports 434-435 

Alfalfa, area, yield and value of, 1916-21. . . 215-230 

growth retarded by acidity in soil 774 



PAGE 

Alkali ground water, effect on concrete 774-775 

Alkaloids, imports and exports 471 

Alliance Nationale 753 

Allowances, regulations, pay and 797, 806, 807 

Aluminum and products, exports 426-427 

- imports 456-457 

manufacture 372-373 , 382-383 

Amber, imports 438-439 

Ammonia manufacture 370-371 , 380-381 

nitrate, imports 460-461 

- sulphate, exports 430-431 

Ammunition, imports and exports 471 

manufacture 361 , 372-373 , 382-383 

Amusement goods, exports 432-434 

imports 462-464 

Ancient Order of Foresters 753 

Animal Husbandry Division of the Dom 
inion Experimental Farms 303 

Animal products, exports of, by quantities 

and values, 1919-22 414-418 

exports of, classed as manufactures, 1921 466 

exports of, from U.S. to principal count- 

ries, 1916-20 485-503 

- imports of, by values and percentages, 

1919-22 406 

- imports of, classed as manufactures, 

_ 1921 466 

- imports of, into U.K., by quantities and 

values and by countries whence im 
ported, 1916-20. ._ 481-484 

Animals, for exhibition 471 

Animals, for food 467 

- improvement of stock, exports 414-415 

Annuities, Government 737-738 

Annuities Act, Government 737 

Annuities fund statement, 1921, Govern 
ment 737 

Annuity contracts issued 738 

Anthracite, imports of, 1901-22 353, 458-459 

Anti-dumping clause, Canadian Customs 

Tariff 395 

Appalachian Region 58 , 66 , 71 

Apples, distribution, by varieties, 1920 256 

exports 408-409 

- imports 434-435 

production and value, 1919-20 255 

- production in Ontario, by districts, 1919- 

20 256 

Appointments, judicial 881-883 

official 885 

Appropriation Acts 852 

Apricots, imports 434-435 

Arctic zone 73 

- faunas 83 

Area and population of Canada 95-131 

of Canada 95 

of provinces 95 

Areas of field crops in Canada, 1916-20 214-230 

Armistice with Germany 53 

Arms, exports and imports 471 

Arms of Canada 17 

"Armstrong" investigation in New York. 750 

Arrowroot 438^39 

Art, works of, imports 462-463 

- imports and exports 468 

Artificial feathers and flowers, manufac 
ture 372-373, 382-383 

Artificial limbs, manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

Artisans Canadiens 753 

Arts and Agriculture, expenditure for, 1918- 

22 661 

Asbestic, quantity and value of, 1909-21 . . 345 
Asbestos, exports 430-431 

industry 372-373, 382-383 

- quantity and value of, 1909-21 345 

Ashes, pot and pearl, manufacture. .370-371, 380-381 

Asphalt 372-373, 382-383, 470 

Assessment, provincial Acts relating to. ... 858-859 
Assessmentism defined . . 751 



INDEX 



PAGE. 

Assiniboi.i . District of ..................... 

Associates, Company of One Hundred ..... 

Association ( aiuula-Americaine ........... 

Association, ( anadian Manufacturers ..... 

Canadian Lumberman s ................ 

Association of ( anada, Railway ....... 

Association of ( anadian Building and Con 

tracting Industries .................... 

Athabaska ................................ 

Atlantic fisheries .......................... 

Atomic energy. experiments ............... 

ndance, school, legislation relating to. 
Automobiles, see under "Motor Vehicles." 
Awning-;, manufacture ............ 366-367, 376-377 



624 

"&lt; 
624 

776 
J 

863-865 



Babbitt metal and solder, manufacture 

373, 38- 
Bacon, 41G-41&lt; 

- imports ..... 444-4 

Bacterial control in cream and butter 

Bags or sacks 469 

manufacture 366-367 , 37f, 

- paper, manufacture 370,371 , 380-3 

Bakery products, exports IHi-lll, 4&lt;&gt;7 

imports r,s W. 417 

manufactures 366-367, 

Baking powder industry 366-367, 37ti 

Balance of trade 39(1 

-sheet M 

Bananas, imports f &gt; 

Bank notes, imports H* 

Banking 71 

business, historical summary 717-718 

legislation 714 71~&gt; 

system of Canad.- . ~ 1 
Banks and Banking, statist ics of 713 

assets of , 1921 

assets of, in call and short loans, I .rj ! 

assets of, in call and short loans. 1918-21. 

assets of, in Dominion notes, 1 .2 1 

assets of, Dominion notes, 1918-21 

assets of, in specie, 1921 

assets of, in specie, 1918-21 

branches, number of, by province, 1921, 720 

branches, number of, by provinces, 1868, 

1902,1905,1915-21 719 

branches, number of chartered, in other 

countries, 1921 719 

call and short loans elsewhere than in 

Canada, 1917-21 

capital of, paid up, 1917-21 

capital of , paid up, December 31, 1921... 722 

cash due from other banks, 1892-1921 ... 

central gold reserve 721 , 724 

Chartered, amount of exchanges of clear 

ing houses in 16 cities, 1917-21 

assets, 1918-21 724 

assets, 1921 721 

deposits in, 1917 -21 

discounts, 1917-21 

general statement, 1917-21 

in Canada 715, 716 

liabilities, 1921 722 

liabilities, 1918-21 724-725 

number of branches of, by provinces, 

December 31, 1921 720 

clearing houses of, 1917-21 

current loans of, in Canada 721 , 724 

deposits by the public in 722, 725 

deposits by the public in, 1917-21 

discounts of, 1917-21 

discounts to the public, 1917-21 

dividends, rates of 

itemized assets of, 1918-21 724 

itemized liabilities of, 1918-21 724-725 

liabilities of, 1917-21 723 

liabilities of, 1921 722 

liabilities of in deposits by the public, 

1921 

liabilities of in notes in circulation, 1921 . . 

liabilities of in paid up capital, 1921 722 



Banks, liabilities of in rest or reserve fund, 

I .IL l 

liabilities, total and net, 1892-1921 

note circulation, statistics of, 1892-1921. . 



ii 

notes in circulation, 1917-21. 



PAGE. 

722 
727 
711 

723 

ratio of r- to net liabilities, 1892- 

I .i.M 

re- 710 

reserves with liabilities, additional, 

1892-1921 726 

- Banks, Savings, Dominion Govern 
ment and other, 1868-1922 727-7 

savings, deposits with, 1907-22 

busine-s, l .U7-21 72!) 

savings, liabilities of Canada for, 

1H17-21 

savings. Post Office, 1917-21 72l 

securities of, 1892-1921 726 

total business of Post Office and Do 
minion Government Savings, 1917-21 

Bankruptcy, Dominion Act relating to 

Barley, area and yield of, 1920, 1921 

leldand value of, 11)16-21 214-229 

prices of, at Winnipeg and Fort William, 

264-266 

Stocks of in Canada, 11)21-22 

world - i)ro luction of, 1920-21 

Bar: &gt;rts t22 423, 469 

importa r&gt;" tfl, I - 

Baskets, manufacture . 368-3C. 1 .), 

Mat- ta... ...422-423. 

- imp ..450-451. 4i-.. 
Batting, manufacture 366-3 :i77 



Bea. 569 

Be:,. yield and value of, 1916-21... 214 

408-40 .i 

imp- in &gt; 436-437 

yield and valu.-nf, I .i20-21 

Beds, manufacture 370-371, 374-375,380-381, 384 
n of the Dominion Experimental 

Farms 3li:l 

i, exports 

Manufactures 366-367, 376-377 

import, 442-443 

Beekeepers -applies, manufacture. 372-373, 382-383 

nMimption of 

duty, per head paid on, 1914-21 674 

exports 408-40 t 

Beetroot sugar, production, 1911-20 276 

Beets, sugar, area and yield, 191 1-21.. 212, 216, 223. 

276 

Belting, manufactures 368-369, 378-379 

Beneficiated iron ores 

Beverages, exports 408-409, 467 

imports 434-435, 469 

- manufactures 370-371, 380-381 

Bibles, imports 448-449 

Bicycles, exports 426-427 

manufacture 372-373, 382-383 

repairs 374-375, 384-385 

Billiard tables, manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

Binder twine, exports 420-421 

- imports 448-449 

Biological medicines, imports 471 

Births in Canada, 1920 121-122 

Biscuits, exports 410-411 

imports 438-439 

- manufactures 366-367, 376-377 

Bituminous coal, imports 458-459 

Blacking, manufacture 372-373, 382-383 

Blacksmithing 374-375, 384-385 

Blankets, manufactures 366-367, 376-377 

Blast furnaces, iron 346 

Blind, education of 136-137 

Blue prints industry 370-371, 380-381 

Board of Railway Commissioners 528-530 

Wheat 853 

Boards, exports 422^23 

Boat building 372-373, 382-383 

Boats, exports 432-433, 471 



sss 



INDEX 



PAGE. 

Boats, imports 471 

Boiler compound, manufacture 372-373, 382-383 

Boilers 470 

manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

Bone products, exports 414-415 

imports 442-443 

Bookbinding industry 370-371 , 380-381 

Books, exports , 420-421 , 468 

- imports . 448-449, 468 

Booms and slides, expenditure and revenue 

for, 1916-21 794 

Boots, exports 416-417, 468 

- imports 462-463,468 

manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

rubber, manufacture .372-373, 382-383 

Botanical Division of the Dominion Experi 
mental Farms 303 

Bounties, expenditure for, 1918-22 661 

- crude petroleum 1905-21 515 

fishing 325, 328 

statistics of 515 

zinc 515 

Boxes, cigar, manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

- paper, exports 420-421 

paper, manufacture 370-371 , 380-381 

- imports 448-449 

wooden, manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

Braces, or suspenders, exports 420-421 

Bradstreet s statistics of commercial fail 
ures 735 

Braid, etc., imports 462-463 

Brandon Experimental Farm 302 

Brandy, imports 434-435 

Brass and products, exports 426-427 

beds, manufactures 370-371 , 380-381 

castings, manufactures 370-371 , 380-381 

Bread, manufacture 366-367, 376-377 

- Passover, imports 438-439 

Breadstuffs 467 

Breakwaters 569 

Brick, imports 458-459, 470 

- and tile works 360, 370-371, 380-381 

Bricks in British Columbia 349 

in Nova Scotia 347 

Bridges and roads, expenditure for, 1916-21 794 

Bridges, construction 368-369, 378-379 

British Columbia, agricultural experiments 

in 310 

- agricultural products of 228-230 

- education in 132-169 

-electrical energy generated, 1919-20.... 521 

forestry in 314-317, 320 

Government of 39 

Government publications of 850 

Land Act 781 

- Lands Department 781 

- mineral production of 336, 342-345, 349-350 

- municipal government 42 

public lands of 780-782 

railway belt 775 

- University of 154-161, 310 

British Empire, population of 114-117 

British Employment Service 624 

British North America Act 5 

- Preferential Tariff 394, 395, 476 

Brock, R. W., Geology and Economic 

Minerals 65 

Bronze, monetary use of 709 

Broom corn, imports of, 1902-22 473 

Brooms, exports 432-433 

- manufacture 372-373, 382-383 

Brotherhoods, Canadian Railway 624 

Brushes, exports 432-433 

- imports 462-463 

manufacture 372-373 , 382-383 

Buckwheat, area, yield and value of, 1916-21 214-229 

area, yield and value of, 1916-20 and 
1920-21 212 

- exports 408-409 

Buggies, exports 432-433 

Building and Construction Industries, Asso 
ciation 624 



PAGE. 

470 
632 
702 
349 
569 
849 



Building materials 

- trades, wages in 

Building permits, value of, 1918-21 / 

- stone in British Columbia 

Buoys 

Bureau of Labour, Saskatchewan 

Bureau of Statistics, Dominion 826-834 

Bursaries, established by Research Council 773 

Business confidence, 1900-21 735,736 

Business failures 731-737 

Business Profits War Tax Act . . . 653-655 

Butter, exports of from Canada, 1919-22. . . 418-419 

- imports 444-445 

production in Canada. .250-254, 366-367, 376-377 
values of in 1900, 1907, 1910, 1915-21 ...... 254 

Buttons and button materials 470 

- imports 462-463 

- manufacture 372-373, 382-383 

Buying and selling, Provincial Acts relating 

to 859-860 

Byng, Lord, appointed Governor; General . 768 



Cabinet ministers, 1867-1921 770 

- M inisters, appointment of 770 

Cables, submarine telegraph 582 

Calculating machines, exports 424-425 

Calgary and Edmonton Railway, land 

grants 777 

Cameras, exports 432^33 

Camphor, imports 462-464 

Canada, Agricultural region of 69 

Americaine, Association 753 

- Constitution and Government of 1 

- Copper Company 335-336 

- Gazette, extracts from 881-885 

- Gazette, receipts for, 1918-22 660 

Grain Act 503-506 

physical characteristics of 55-65 

Shipping Act 569 

Temperance Act 783 

Canadian Building and Construction Indus 
tries, Association of 624 

currency 705-729 

Federation of Labour 613 

- Government Merchant Marine 570-571 

Government Railway System 525-528 

Canadian Government made responsible to 

Canadian people 394 

Lumberman s Association 624 

Manufacturers Association 624 

- National Railway Company ships 569 

Northern Railway system incorporated 

into Canadian National Railway Sys 
tem 526 

Northern Railway 526, 777 

Pacific Railway 521, 655, 777 

Pacific ships 569 

- produce, defined 395 

Canadian Railway Brotherhoods 624 

Shield 55 

War Mission at Washington 12 

Wheat Board 853 

Canal, Panama 559, 566, 567 

Canals and traffic statistics 558 

Canadian systems of 556-558 

cost of construction of, 1868-1921 566 

cost of enlargement of, 1868-1921 566 

expenditure on, 1868-1921 565 

history of 556 

length and lock dimensions, 1921 559 

Panama, traffic through 566-567 

- principal articles carried, 1920-21 561-562 

projected 558 

receipts from, 1918-22 660 

revenue from, 1868-1921 565 

Sault Ste. Marie, traffic through Cana 

dian, 1900-21 562 

statistics of 556-567 

tonnage of traffic by canals and classes of 

products, 1920-21 561 

traffic, by months.distribution of, 1916-21 561 



INDEX 



889 



PAGE. 

Canals, traffic through Canadian, 1914-21. . 563-565 

( aimed fruits, exports 408^*09 

-industry 366-367, 376-377 

vegetable industry 366-367, 376-377 

Canoes and parts, exports 432-433 

manufacture.. 372-373, 382-383 

( up Holier Kxperimental Station 

( aps. manufacture 366-367, 376-377 

( arhide of calcium, manufacture. .370-371, 380-381 

( arbonic acid gas, manufacture... .370-371, 380-381 

Cardboards, import! 448-449 

( arolinian Zone 76 

CariH-t , manufactures 366-367, 376-377 

sweepers, import- l."&gt;2-453 

( arpets, wool, imports 44(5-447 

( arriairo and parts, exports 432-433 

manufacture :;7- -373, 382-383 

Cartridges, exports.. 432-433 

Cart*, export*.. ... 432-433 

works . ,73, 382-383 
nida bark.. . ... 

\\ 01 &gt;d . . . 

in, imports lit I " 

i (-.rriers, manufactures :;ti8-369, 378 :&lt;7 .i 

Gash registers, imports.. . , i"&gt;- 

-manufactures 368-369,378-379 

Castings, imports 452 

tor oil, imports 43S 

Castors, manufacture W8-369, 

Casual receipts, l ,&gt;H-22.. 660 

: olie tinier of Foresters 

V ntual Benefit Society 753 

Workers of Canada. National Federation 

of 603-604 

Cattle, exports 414-415 

numb.-rs of in Canada by provinces, 

... 239 lM! 

numbers of in Canada, by provinces, 

l!Mti-21.. 

value of by provinces, 1915-21. . . 

Celluloid, industry H72 37*. 

Cement 1 " I II, 1"" 

ii .f Portland, 1898 

manufacture.. ..370-371, 380 

quantity and value of, produced, 1902-21 

96, 99-100 

- and Statistics 

-of industry 360 

of manufactures 359,360-361, 

of occupations. 1 &gt;81 

709, 721,721 

al Division of the Dominion Experi 
mental Farms.. ..... ... 303 

Cereal foods , exp; &gt;r t 4 1 fl H 1 

imp:. i ... 438-439 

world s production of, 1920-21 287 2!H 

ins, im; 

ufacture ....368-369, 378-379 

Champagne, imports 434-435 

Charges of management, Consolidated 

Fund, i 661 

Charlottetown Experimental Station 302 

Chartered companie- 

( harts, exports. 422 ~i 2 i 

Charters of incorporation 

Chatham Employment Office. 624 

Cheese, exports of from Canada, 1019-22 . 418-419 

factories in Canada. 251-254, 359, 366-367, 376-377 

imports 444-445 

-Oka.... 307 

production and value, by provinces, 

1!M .)-21 252 

production and value, by provinces, 1900, 

1907, 1910, 1915-21 252-254 

Chemical products 

Chemicals and products, exports 430-434 

imports 460-464 

manufactures 370-371 , 380-381 

Chemistry Division of the Dominion Ex 
perimental Farms 

Cherries, imports 434-435 

Chicle, imports 438-439 



Child welfare 812 

Child welfare, provincial legislation respect 
ing 860 

Children, Adoption of 860 

-Neglected and Delinquent 860 

Children s Protection Act 860 

China 468 

China clay 88 

decorating 372-373 , 382-383 

Chinese immigration 125, 130, 131,652 

revenue, 1916-20 87 

Chromite, production of, 1919-20 337-339 

Chronological History of Canada, 1497- 

1921 43-54 

Church ornaments, manufactures. . .372-373, 382-383 

( hums, exports 422-423 

Cider, exports 408-409, 467 

- imports 467 

Cigarettes, excise tariff for 672 

- exports 412-413 

import.- 440-441 

- manufacture 372-373, 382-383 

Cigars, consumption of 673,674 

excise tariff for 672 

ports 412-4K5 

imp &gt;rt - 440-441 

manufacture 372-373, 382-383 

( inders, exports 428-429 

Cinematograph films, exports 432-433 

- imports 462-4(14 

( irculat irm medium in hands of the public, 

l!i(IO 20 _ 712 

Circulation in Canada of silver and bronze 

coin 709 

Cities and towns, population of ... 108-109 

and liabilities, 1920.. . ... iii 17-700 

- building permits, 1918-21 ... 702 

e ire for 1920 . . 694-696 

of 10,000 and over, municipal stati.-tics, 

I .c ii 690-691 

- receipts for 1 J2&lt;i . 692-693 

Citrons, import- 436-437 

I KOV, rnment, cost of, 1918-22 661 

re-establishment, soldiers , Dominion 

852, 855 

Service Amendment Act, 1921 (Dom 

inion) 854 

Serv. .ination fees, l .)16-20 553 

rv ice i -nee for 854 

ee reform, provincial 860-861 

C laresholm Demonstration Farm 309 

Clark, Prof. 11. 11., u.rant to 773 

Classical Colleges, Roman Catholic 146 

( hssilicat ion of imports and exports 397 

tid shales 88, 370-371, 380-381 

Clay and products, exports 428-429 

imports 458-459 

i. 370-371, 380-381 

Climate and meteorology 169-201 

Climate of Canada since Confederation 169-173 

Clocks, imports 458-459 

- manufacture 372-373 , 382-383 

Clothes pins, manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

Clothing;, exports 420-421 

imports 446-447 

- manufactures 366-367, 376-377 

Cloths, imports 446-447 

Clover, area, yield and value of, 1916-20. . 214-230 

imports 440-441 

Coal, annual consumption, 1886-1921 354 

available for consumption, by provinces, 

1920 354-355 

exports, by provinces, 1920 354-355 

exports of, 1902-22 428-429, 353 

handling machines, imports 452-453 

imports of anthracite, 1901-22 

imports of bituminous, 1901-22 353 

imports 458-459 

made available for consumption, 1920. . . 354-355 

miners wages 632-633 , 635 

occurrence of 

production of, by provinces, 1909-21. ..345, 354-355 



890 



INDEX 



PAGE. 

Coal, production of, in Alberta 355 

production of, in British Columbia 345-349 

production of, in New Brunswick 348 , 354 

production of, in Nova Scotia 347, 354 

production of, in Saskatchewan 354 

production of, in the Yukon 354 

quantity and value of, 1909-21 345 

Coast Mountains 80 

service, expenditure for, 1918-22 661 

service, receipts, 1918-22 660 

Coatings, imports 446-447 

Cobalt and products, exports 428-429 

imports 458-459 

production of, 1920-21 337-339 

Camp production of silver, 1904-21 349 

Cocoa and chocolate 467 

cocoa and chocolate, manufactures 

366-367, 376-377 

Cocoa imports 440-441 

Cocoanuts 468 

Cocoanut oil, imports 438-439 

Cod fish, exports, 1919-22 414-415 

imports, 1919-22 442^43 

marketed, 1919-20 329 

Cod liver oil, exports 418-419 

Coffee and chicory, exports 412, 413, 467 

imports 458-459, 467 

manufactures 366-367, 376-377 

Coffins and caskets, manufactures 368-369, 378-379 
Coin and bullion, exports and imports of, 

1868-1918 400 

imports, 1918-22 479 

Coinage at the Ottawa Branch of the 

Royal Mint, 1908-21 709 

Coke, exports 428-429 

imports 458-459 

manufacture. 372-373, 382-383 

production of, in British Columbia 349 

production of, in Nova Scotia, 1920-21 . . 347 
Cold storage of perishable products 260-261 

storage warehouses in Canada, 1922 260-261 

Collars and cuffs, manufactures.. . .366-367, 376-377 

Collection of revenue, cost of, 1918-22 661 

Collective bargaining 610 

Colleges, see "Education." 

Colleges of agriculture 154-167, 305-310 

Colonial and Imperial Conferences 10 

Colony, The English 3 

Commerce, see under "Trade and Commerce." 
Commercial failures 731-737 

analysis 734-737 

and business confidence, 1900-21 785-786 

by branches of business, 1919-21 732 

by provinces and classes, 1908-21 733 

by provinces and Newfoundland, 1920-21 732 

causes in Canada and U.S., 1920-21 734 

Travellers Mutual Benefit Society 753 

treaties, negotiation of 13 

Commissioners, appointment of 883-884 

Board of Railway, for Canada 528-530 

Commission, Royal, on Insurance, 1906. . . . 750 

Commodities, prices of 649-650 

Commons, House of 766-768 

Communications, transportation and, 

statistics of 521-598 

Companies Act 783 

Company of One Hundred Associates 3 , 394 

Compensation to seigneurs, 1917-21 668 

Compulsory education 132 

Concrete affected by alkali ground water. 774-775 

Condensed milk, manufacture 251 

Conduits 372-373, 382-383 

Confederation 4 

Conferences, Colonial and Imperial 10 

Confectioners supplies, manufactures. 

366-367, 376-377 
Confectionery, exports 468 

imports 440-441, 468 

manufactures 366-367, 376-377 

Confidence, business, in Canada, 1900-21... 735-736 

Congress, Trades and Labour 612-613 

Conservation 856,861 



PAGE. 
Consolidated fund, 1918-22 659-661 

expenditure, 1918-22 661 

receipts, 1868-1922 666 

receipts, 1918-22 659-660 

surplus, 1918-22 660 

Constitution and Government of Canada. . 1-18 

Constitutional Act 3 , 651 

Construction Industries, Association of 

Canadian Building 624 

Consumption of wheat, per capita 280 

Convicts, see under "Judicial Statistics 

and Penitentiaries." 

Cooperage, industry 368-369, 378-379 

Co-operation, provincial Acts relating to. . . 862 

Copal, imports 438-439 

Copper 88 

Copper and products, exports 428-429 

- imports 456-457 

production of, 1919-21 336-339 

production of, in British Columbia 349-350 

production of, in Manitoba and Yukon 

Territory, 1912-21 343 

- production of, in Ontario 343 

production of, in Quebec 343 

- quantity and value of, 1901-21 343 

- smelting. . 370-371, 380-381 

- sulphate, imports 462-463 

Copyright Act, 1911 15 

Copyright Act, 1921 S54 

Copyrights, trade marks, etc 456 

Cordage, exports 420-421 , 469 

imports 469 

- manufactures 366-367 , 376-377 

Cordials, imports 434-435 

Cordilleran Region 67, 72 

Corks, imports 450-451 

Corn, area, yield and value of, 1916-21 214-229 

exports .- 408-409 

- imports 436-437 

- manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

- world s production of, 1919-20 290-291 

Cornmeal, imports 436-437 

Cornstarch, exports 410-411 

Corporations, provincial Acts relating to. . 862-863 

Corsets, manufacture 372-373 , 382-383 

Cost of living 642-650 

changes based upon retail prices, 1910-22 647 

weekly, 1900-21 649-650 

Cotton and products, exports 420-421 

- imports 444-447 

manufactures 366-367, 376-377 

- seed oil, imports 438-439 

Cotton wool, and waste, imports of, 1902-22 474 
Cows, estimated number of milch in 

Canada, by provinces 1916-21 242 

- number of milch in Canada, by provinces, 

1920-21 239-241 

- estimated values of milch, by provinces, 

1916-21 247 

- values of milch, by provinces, 1915-21. . 243-245 

Cranberries, imports 434-435 

Cranes, imports 452-453 

Cream, bacterial control in 773 

exports 418-419 

Cream separators, exports 424-425 

- imports 450-451 

manufacture 372-373 , 382-383 

Creameries in Canada 250-254 

Creamery butter, production and value of, 

1919-21 251 

by provinces, 1900, 1907, 1910 and 

1915-21 252-254 

Credit, banking, of Canada 716 

Criminal and judicial statistics 813-824 

charges, convictions and acquittals, 

1918-20 816 

classification of convicts, 1915-21 

code amendment 855 

- convictions and sentences for all offences. 

1914-20 817-818 

- convictions by classes of offence and pro 

portion of each class to the total, 1914-20 821 



INDEX 



891 



PAGE. 

Criminal convictions forindictable offences, 

1 ill 9-20 816-817 

death sentences 814 

;itistics, drunkenness, convictions for, 
1916-20 .... 

juvenile criminals convict ed of indictable 

offences, 1 &lt;):&gt;() 819 

nature of crimes 821 

penitentiaries B22 v.M 

police statistics M } 

summary convictions, 1920 814 

total convictions for criminal and other 

offences, 1876-1 &lt;&gt;L&gt;O 815 

( rown lands. See "Public Lands" 

agents ... 7M&gt; 

Crude gums, imports.. t i- 

Cudmore, S. A. Editor, Canada Year 

Book ! 

( tillers fees receipts, 1918-22... 660 

Culling timber, expenditure for, 1916-20 "&gt; "&gt; I 

Cultivators, exports U I 1- "&gt; 

imports 450-451 

Currants, imports 

Currency, Canadian 7n."&gt; 

Dominion Act respecting 

( urt.-iins, imports . . 1 ^ 1 1 1 

( us tun is Tariff Amendmri: 654 

and Inland Revenue, I )epartment of t ,71 

Anti-dumping clause 

and excise expenditure, 1918-22 661 

taxes receipts, 1918-22 

War Revenue Act 653 

War Revenue Act. repeal of 

Cutlery, exports U" 421 , 468 

imports 149-449, 468 

manufactures 368-369, 37s 

Cyanamid, exports i " l. il 

Cyclometers, import- 



Dairy products, quantity and value of, 
1919-21.. 

total value, by provinces, 1917-21 . 

Dairying jvi-254 

Dairying machinery 

Davidson, Prof. J., grant to 

Deals and deal ends, exports !. J-423 

Deaths during year 879-880 

number of in Canada. 1920. . 1 Jl 1J . 
Debt of Canada, statistics of, 1867-1922. . . . 667-670 

assets of, 1919-21 667 

charges on, 1918-22 660 

expenditure for interest on public, 1918- 

22 661 

funded, 1917-21 668 

funded, payable in London and Canada, 

1921 668-669 

interest from investments, 1916-22 667 

net, 1916-22 667 

sinking funds, 1918-22 666-667 

Declaratory Act 651 

Decorations, provisions for 15 

Deep-sea fisheries 322 

Defence 796-802 

Delinquent children, neglected and, pro 
vincial legislation respecting 860 

Density of population in Canada 97 

Dental Branch, Dept. of Soldiers Civil 

Re-Establishment 803 

Dental, equipment 471 

supplies, manufacture 372-373 , 382-383 

Department of Health 810-813 

of Soldiers Civil Re-establishment, 

work of 803-804 

Dependants of deceased soldiers, scale 

of pensions to 805 

Deportation of undesirable immigrants. ... 128 

Deposits, loans and discounts, bank 716 

Derricks, imports 452-453 

Development of agriculture in Canada 202-210 

Diamonds, unset, imports 460-461 

Dies and moulds, manufacture 368-369, 378-379 



PAGE. 

Disbursements on Consolidated 1 und, 

1918-22 660 

Discount and exchange premium, expendi 
ture for, 1918-22 661 

receipts, consolidated fund accounts, 

1918-22 660 

Discounts, bank deposits, loans and 716, 723 

Disinfectants, manufacture 370-371, 380-381 

Distillation, statistics of, 1917-21 673 

1 &gt;i-tribution of labour, by industries, 1881- 

1911 600 

Districts, electoral, under the Representa 
tion Act, 1914 766-768 

1 Hvorces in Canada, 1S68-1921 825 

Dominion Bureau of Statistics, classifica 
tion of imports and exports. . . 397 
Dominion Bureau of Statistics, organization 

of 820-831 

vpenditure, 1868-1922 664-665 

Experimental Farms and Stations 301-310 

finance 5 

lands.. 775-778 

lands, residence on, requirements 776 

inds, expenditure, I .US-L"_&gt; 661 

lands, receipts from, I .Us 660 

-i-lation, 1921 . . 852-856 

ministries, 1867-1921 770 

not 707-708, 710-711 

NbtM \- -. KU4-1915.. 707 

notes, circulation and reserves, 1890-1921 710 

notes, denominations of, 1916-21 711 

notes in hands of public, 1900-20 712 

notes, legislation, 1868-1915 707 

- Parliaments, 1867-1922 769 

Parliaments, composition of 

Parliament-, powers of 6 

- police expenditure, 1918-22 661 

public finance . 651-671 

repn n at League of Nations. ..11-12, 875 

itistician, tir-t report of 829 

steamers, receipts, 1918-22 660 

Doors, exports 422-423 

Drainage basins of Canada 59 

Drain pipe and tile in Nova Scotia, 1920-21 347 

Dredging plant, expenditure for, 1916-21.. 794 

Dres.-inir, antiseptic, surgical, import- 448-449 

I )rills, exports. 424-425 

- import 450-451 

Drugs, crude.. 471 

exports. . . 460-461 

manufacture 370-371, 380-381 

Drug-yielding plants, cultivation 773 

Drunkenness, convictions for, in Canada, 

1916-20 822 

Dry docks of Dominion Government 792-793 

Subsidies Act, 1910 792-793 

Dun s statistics of commercial failures 736 

Durham, Lord 4 

Dutiable imports from U.K. and U.S., per 
centage proportions, 1901-22 404 

Duties collected on exports and imports, 

1868-1922 401 

Duties per head paid on spirits, wine, beer, 

and tobacco, 1914-21 674 

Duty, average rates of, collected on imports 
from U.K., U.S., and all countries, 
1868-1922 404 

collected on exports and imports, 1868- 

1922 401 

Dyeing and cleaning industry 374-375, 384-385 

Dyes, exports 430-431 

imports 460-461 

- manufactures 370-371 , 380-381 

Dynamos 470 

Earth, infusorial, occurrence of 94 

Economic Fibre Plants Division of the 

Dominion Experimental Farms 303-304 

geology of Canada, 1920-21 87-95 

Edge tools, manufacture 368-369 , 378-379 

Edmonton, College of Agriculture 309 

Education in Canada. . . 132-169 



892 



INDEX 



PAGE. 

Education, academies in Quebec 141 

average salaries of teachers, by provinces 153 

- average attendance of pupils .... 140-144, 146-147 

classical colleges in Quebec 146 

colleges of Canada 162-167 

collegiate institutes 146-147 

continuation schools 146 

cost per pupil, 1919 138-139 

degrees granted by colleges 162-163 

degrees granted by universities 154-155 

denominational universities and col 

leges 133 

- expenditure for public 134, 138-139, 148-153 

financial statistics of colleges 166-167 

- financial statistics of universities 160-161 

- general features of Canadian system of. . 132 
- higher, in Canada 133-134, 154-161 

high schools 146-147 

legislation, provincial 7 

- model schools 144 

normal schools 143-145 

- professors, number of university, 1919-20 156 

- provincial legislation respecting 863 

- public libraries in Canada 168-169 

- pupils, number of, in publicly controlled 

schools in Canada 136-137, 140-142 

- pupils, number of, in collegiate institutes 

and high schools 146-147 

- pupils, number of, in continuation schools 

in Ontario 146 

pupils, number of, in Roman Catholic 

classical colleges in Quebec 146 

- pupils, number of, in vocational schools. 147 

receipts for public, 1901 21, 148-153 

Roman Catholic classical colleges 146 

schools, number of public, in Canada. . . 136-137 

- schools, teachers, and pupils, numbers of 140-143 

- secondary school students in Canada. . . 136-137 

- statistics of Canada 133-167 

- students, number of university, 1920-21. 157-159 

teachers, average annual salaries of 153 

teachers, number of, in Canada 

138-139, 140-142, 146-147 

teachers in training 143-145 

teachers in colleges 164-165 

- teachers in collegiate institutes and high 

schools. _ 146-147 

- teachers in continuation schools in 

Ontario 146 

- teachers in Roman Catholic classical 

colleges in Quebec 146 

teachers in universities 156 

teachers in vocational schools 147 

technical, in Canada 134-135 

universities of Canada 154-161 

- vocational 147 

Educational equipment, exports 432-433, 468 

- imports 462-463, 468 

Eggs, exports 418-419 

- imports 444-445 

- production, 1920-21 274 

Elections, Dominion general 876-877 



Elections, provincial general. 
Electric, energy, generated by provinces, 
1919-20 

- energy, generated or produced for export 

in Canada, 1916-21 

- installations of municipalities served by 

the Ontario Hydro-Electric Power 
Commission, financial statistics of , 1919 

light and power plants 360, 372-373, 382-383, 

- light, exponditure on consolidated fund, 

for 1918-22 

- light, inspection receipts, 1918-22 

light and power companies registered, 



877 
521 
520 



704 
520 

661 
660 

520 
Electric railways of Canada, statistics of. . 543-546 

capital of, 1920 545-546 

earnings of, 1920 545-546 

- operating expenses, 1920 545-546 

passengers of, 1901-20 544 



PAGE. 

Electrical apparatus, exports 428-429 

Electrical imports 458-459 

manufacture 372-373 , 382-383 

Electroplating industry 372-373, 382-383 

Electrotyping industry 370-371 , 380-381 

Elementary education in Canada. . 132-143, 146-153 

Elevators, grain 504-509 

- manufacture 372-373, 382-383 

Embroidery industry 366-367, 376-377 

Employment and unemployment 623-631 

as reported by employers 630-631 

Employment Bureaus, Dominion legisla 
tion respecting 623-624 

conditions 625, 626-631 

offices, Dominion-Provincial 623-624 

offices, Co-ordination Act 623 

operation of 624-625 

service 623-625 

Enamelled products, imports 454-455 

Enamelware, stamped, manufacture. . . 

372-373, 
Engines, exports 424-425, 

- imports 450-451 , 

- manufactures 368-369, 

English colony 

Engravers supplies, manufacture. .372-373, 

Engraving industry 370-371 , 

Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway, land 

grants to 

Evaporated fruits and vegetables, manu 
facture 366-367, 

Events of the year 1921, principal 

Exchange, premium and discount, expendi 
ture for 1918-22 

Exchequer Court Reports, receipts, 1918-22 

establishment of 

Excise expenditure, 1918-22 

licenses, number of, issued, 1913-21 

revenues, 1916-21 

tariff, Canadian 

- taxes, receipts, 1918-22 

Executive Councils or Cabinets 

Expenditure on Consolidated Fund Account 

detailed, 1918-22 

for collection of revenue, 1918-22 

for premium, discount and exchange, 

1918-22 

of Canada, 1918-22 660-661 

of Canada, 1868-1922 664-665 

of provincial governments, 1916-20 677-685 

of typical family 649-650 

of urban municipalities, 1920 702 

on public education 134, 148-153 

- per head of population, 1868-1922 667 

Experiment Farms, Dominion 301-305 

Experiment Stations of Canada, Agricul 
tural 301-310 

Explosives, exports 430-431 

imports 460-461 

- manufacture 370-371 , 380-381 

Exports, see under "Trade and Commerce." 
Express, companies 552-556 

Canadian National 553 

capitalization of 554 

earnings of, 1915-20 555 

financial paper of, business in, 1918-20. . . 556 

operating expenses of, 1915-20 555-556 

operating mileage of, 1918-20 554 

operations 553-554 

privileges, payment for, 1915-20 556 

Extension and Publicity Division of the 

Dominion Experimental Farms 303 

External Trade, aggregate 397 

Extracts from the Canada Gazette 881-885 

Factory trades, wages in 633, 636-637 

Failures, commercial 731-737 

commercial, analysis 734-737 

commercial, and business confidence, 

1900-21 ; , . 785-786 

commercial, by branches of business, 

1919-21.. 732 



382-383 
469^70 
469-470 
378-379 
3 

382-383 
380-381 

782 

376-377 
872 



661 

660 

8 

661 
674 
673 
672 
659 
770 



! 



661 
660 

661 



INDEX 



893 



Failures, commercial, by provimvs ami 
classes, 1908-21 ..... ............. 

commercial, by provinces and Ne\\ 
toondland, 1920-21. .................. 

- commercial, causes in Canada and U.S., 



PAGE. 

733 
732 

734 

Fair Wages Branch of Labour Department 650 
Family budget. ueekly cost in each prov- 

inoe, I .ioo-i l ..................... 649 

in 60 Canadian cities, 190.0-21. . Mfl 
Fancy goods, manufacture 372 373, 382-383 

Farm help in ( ana. la. wages of ........... 236-238 

lands, value of, by provinces, 1908, 1910, 
11114-21. ........ 236-237 

Farm mat -rial- 470 

Farnham Tobacco Station .............. 302 

Faunas of Canada ..... 

Feathers, import! ........ 442-443 

Federal IriMirariee Act , 1868 ............ 749 

Federation of ( at holir Workers of Canada. 603-604 
Federation of Labour, Caaadiaa ..... 613 

Feldspar, export- 430-431 
Fellowships for scientific and industrial re 

rch ..... . 773 

Felt inaruifactures ....... 366-367, 376-377 

Felt manufactttj rts ................. 420-421 

1 emale labour in ( ana da ........... 

Fence p &gt;sr... export- l_ 2-423 

- imports ........................ 448-449 

Ferro-alloys, manufacture .......... 372-373, 382-383 

Fertiliser, export ................ 430-431 

imp .................... 460-461 

manufactures .................. 370-371 , 380-381 

Fibre imports ............... . 4.~&gt;f&gt; 

Field crops, 1918-20 ............. 210-230, 231-233 

annual average yields of, uili-20 230-233 

comparative valu- of, l tl and lt21 234-235 

fcal area.- and values of, in Canada, 
I .il ; 21 

- values of, 1H20 and I .r.M. 212 213 
Husbandry Division of the Dominion 

Experimental farms . ...... ; 

Files, manufacture . 368-369, 

Finance. Dominion Acts re- 

- municipal public 688-702 

provincial public ..... i;7"&gt;-689 

public.... I,:,! 

-statistic- . : ......... 651-7f&gt;4 

l- ines and forfeitures, nv.-ipl&lt; from, 1918-22 660 
Fire and Inland Marine Insurance K 

Lit ion ..... 740 

Fire-arms, exports .. 420-427 

Fire-brick, manufacture 370-371, 380-381 

Fire-clay, manufacture .......... 370-371,380-381 

Fire-extinguishing machinery, imports ..... 452-453 

- manufactures ............ 372-373, 382-383 

Firewood, exports ....... 422-423 

Fireworks, manufacture . 372-373, 382-383 

Fish and fisheries, statistics of ............ 322-334 

capital invested, 1919-20 ................ 326-328 

- culture ................................. 325 

- curing plants ................ 360 

exports and imports of, 1902-21 .......... 333, 467 

- exports of, by principal countries, 1920-21 333-334 

- exports of, by quantities and values, 

1919-22 ................................ 414-417 

hatcheries ............. . . ............... 325-326 

imports of, by quantities and values, 

1919-22 ................................ 414-415 

imports of, dutiable and free, 1902-21 . . 333 

industries ...................... 366-367, 376-377 

marketing and transportation ........... 326 

number and value of vessels, nets, etc. . 327-328 

persons employed in fisheries ........... 328 

- quantity and value of sea fish marketed, 

1919 and 1920 .......................... 329-330 

- quantity and value of inland fish mar 

keted, 1919 and 1920 ................... 331 

- transportation ...................... 324-325, 326 

- value, compared as to quantity, 1919-20 331 

- value, compared as to quantity, 1916-17, 

1917-19.. 332 



PAGE. 

Fish, value, compared as to quantity, of 

exports and imports, 1902-21 333 

Fisheries, Atlantic 322-323 

deep-sea 322 

irly 322 

employees 327-328 

exports by countries, 1920-21 333-334 

exports by countries, compared as to 

quantity and value, 1020-31 334 

expenditure for, 1916-20 554 

\ eminent bounties for 325, 328 

nland 322, 323 

inshore 322 

materials employed, value of, 1919-20.. . 327-328 
number of men employed in, 1919-20 327-328 

of Canada 322-334 

Pacific. 322-324 

- production and value, 1918-20 327 

pn.tect ion , 325 

quantities and value of the catch of 

HMD 2(1. 331 

- quantity and value of chief commercial, 

1916-20 332 

rec.-ipts, 1918-22 660 

value of by provinces, 1916-20 333 

.aim- of total. 1*70 I .iiM 327-333 

ssels and boats, number and value of, 

I .)! 1 20 327-328 

Fisherman s equipment 

Filling hountie.- 325, 328 

halibut 324 

lobster 323 

methods 322-323 

r 323, 325 

salmon . 323-324, 325-326 

whale.... 324 

Flavouring. . manufactures. 366-367, 

376-377 
Flax and products, exports 420-421 

-a\ onual yield per acre, 1911-20. . 231-232 

dr.-e,l . .366-367, 376-377 

- imp &gt; - . 446-447 

Flaxseed, area of, 1916-21 215, 220, 

222, 224, 226, 227 
area and yield of, in Prairie Provinces, 

I . l: 21. 233 

-exp-&gt;rt&gt; 410-411 

imp &gt;rt- 440-441 

oil, imp ... 438-43t&gt; 

p-ic.-s of, at Winnipeg and Fort William, 
l ,)20 21. ... 266-267 

ocks of, in Canada, 1919-21 278 

Flint, the late T. B., Provincial and Local 

Government in Maritime Provinces. . . 18 

Floor coverings 468 

Flora of Canada 73-81 

Flour, exports 408-411, 467 

imports 436-437, 467 

mills 360, 366-367, 376-377 

- paste, manufacture 374-375, 384-385 

Fly paper, manufacture 370-371 , 380-381 

Fluorspar 

Fodder crops, yield of 212 

Fodders, exports 412-414, 470 

imports 470 

Fog alarms 509 

Food, adulteration of, expenditure, 1918-22 661 

weekly cost in each province, 1900-21... . 650 

we?kly cost in 60 Canadian cities, 1900-21 649 

products 366-367, 376-377 

standards 671 

Forage Plants Division of the Dominion 

Experimental Farms 304 

Foreign produce, defined 395 

Forest areas 314 

growth, types 

industries 315 

products 315-321 

pulp and pulpwood, 1916-20 316-321 

pulpwood, consumption of, by provinces, 

1919-20 316 

- quantity and value of lath, 1918-20 317 



894 



INDEX 



PAGE. 

Forest, quant ity and value of lumber, 

1918-20 317 

quantity and value of shingles, 1918-20.. 317 

summary statistics, 1917-20 317 

tonnage and value of paper, by kinds and 

provinces, 1920 320 

value of wood for pulping, 1918-20 318 

wood for pulp exported to U.S., 1:)04-21. 321 

wood used in manufacture of pulp, 

1918-20 318 

- wood pulp exported by countries, 1916-21 321 

zones of Canada 73-81 

wood, wood products and paper, exports 

of, 1919-22 420-423 

wood, imports of, 1919-22 448-451 

survey of Petawawa Reserves 753 

Foresters, Ancient Order of 753 

Catholic Order of 753 

- Independent Order of 753 

Forestry. 314-321 

- provincial legislation respecting 866-867 

pulpwood, consumption and value of, 

1909-20 318 

Forfeitures, receipts from, 1918-22 660 

Foster, Sir George, E. Vice-president of 

League of Nations Assembly 876 

Foundry products, manufacture. . .368-369, 378-379 

"Fraternalism" 751 

Fraternal societies 752 

Fredericton Experimental Station . 302 

Free grant lands 776, 779-780 

French language, used in parliamentary 

debates 8 

regime . 

Fringes, manufacture .374-375, 

Fruit juices, imports 

prepared, imports 

Fuel, weekly cost in each province, 1900-21 

weekly cost in 60 Canadian cities, 1900-21 

imports and exports 

Funded debt payable in London and in 

Canada, March 31, 1921 

Fur-bearing animals, kind, number and 
value, on fur farms, 1920-21 

- kind, number and value taken, 1921. 
Fur farms 249-250, 

trade 

Furnaces, hot air, manufacture. . . .368-369, 

iron blast, in Canada, 1920 

Furniture, exports 

imports 

iron, exports 

manufactures . . 368-369, 

Furs, dressed, industry 366-367, 

exports 

imports , 

production, 1920-21. . 



2 

384-385 

436-437 

436-437 

650 

649 

470 

668-669 

250 

313 

312-313 
311-313 
378-379 

346 

422-423 
450-451 
426-427 
378-379 
376-377 
416-417 
442-443 

313 



440-441 

661 
660 

384-385 
378-379 
95 



Garden seeds, imports 

Gas, expenditure on Consolidated Fund for 
. 1918-22 

inspection, receipts for, 1918-22. .. 

- lighting and heating plants 374-375, 

machines, manufacture 368-369, 

natural 

natural, production of, 1920-21.. . . . . . . . 338-340 

Gasoline, exports 430-431 

imports .... . . . . 460-461 

launches, exports 432-433 

general Mining Association 335 

Geographical features of Canada.. . . 55-65 

Geology and Economic Minerals 65-68 

in relation to agriculture in Canada.. . . 68-72 

ot Canada, Economic, 1920-21 87-95 
^in.exports ".";; . 408-409 

Q M : 370-371 , 380-381 

- decorating 372-373, 382-383 

- exports 430-431 , 470 

- imports 460-461, 470 

manufactures 370-371 , 380-381 



661 

768 

349, 



PAGE. 

Glazing industry ............. .... .374-375, 384-385 

Gloves, exports ....................... 420-421 468 

- imports ............................ 448-449^ 468 

manufacture .................... 374-375, 384-385 

Glue and glue stock, exports ............... 418-419 

imports ......................... 444-445 

manufacture ................ . . . . 374-375, 384-385 

Gold, in British Columbia, production of. . 349-350 

- in Nova Scotia, production of, 1920-21. . 347 

- monetary use of ....................... 706-707 

occurrence of ................. 

production of, in Ontario ........... 

- quantity and value of, produced iii 

Canada, 1901-21 ....................... 341-342 

refining and reducing ........... 370-37^ 380-381 

-reserve, central .................... 709, 721, 724 

reserves, Canadian, 1905-21 ............. 7Q9 1 

- worlds production, 1919-20... . .......... 351-352 

Gold-bearing quartz, exports ............. 428-429 

Government annuities ................... 737-738- 

Government of Canada ................. . . . i 

Government of N.W.T., expenditure, 

1918-22 ..................... r. ........ 

Governors-General of Canada, 1867-1922.. 
Gowganda Camp, production of silver, 

1904-21 ............................... 

Grain Act, Canada ........................ 503-505 

- crops in Prairie provinces, 1919-21 ....... 233 

crops, quality of ........................ 235 

- crops, 1920-21, comparative value ....... 234-235 

- crops, value of per bushel ............... 212-213 

crops, yield of .......................... 211-212 

elevators, number and storage capacity 

of, 1901-22 ............................ 507-509- 

exports ............................. 408-409, 467 

for distillation, quantity of, 1917-21 ____ 673 

growing countries of the world, acreage 

and production of cereals and potatoes, 
1920-21 ............................... 287-291 

growing countries of the world, average 

yields of cereals and potatoes in, 1915-19 287-291 

harvest in Prairie Provinces, 1920-21.. . .213, 233 

- imports ............................ 436-437, 467 

inspection of, 1914-22 ................... 513-514 

inspection of, 1920-22 ................... 510-512 

- shipments of by vessels and all-rail 

route, 1920 and 1921 ................... 515 

by vessels from Fort William and Port 

Arthur, 1920-21 ....................... 514 

statistics ............................... 503-515 

stocks in Canada, March, 1919-21 ....... 277-278 

Gramophones, manufacture ........ 374-375, 384-385 

Grand Trunk Pacific Railway ............. 526 

Grand Trunk Railway .................... 527-528 

Granite in Quebec ......................... 348 

Grapefruit, imports ....................... 434-435 

(jrapes, imports ........................... 434-435 

Graphite .................................. 90 

Graphite and products, exports ............ 428-429 

Grass seed exports ........................ 410-411 

Graving Docks of Dominion Government. 792-793 

docks subsidized under Drv Docks 

Subsidies Act, 1910 .................... 792-793 

Grazing leases ............................ 777 

Grease, exports ........................... 418-419 

- imports ............................... 444-445 

Great Lakes of Canada .................... 62 

Great Northwest Central Railway, land 

grants to .............................. 

Grisdale, J. H., Deputy Minister of Agri 

culture ................................ 

Groceries, exports ......................... 412-413 

Ground water, alkali, effect on concrete. . . 774-775 
Group insurance ........................... 750 

Guelph, Ontario, Agricultural College at. . 307-308 
Gums, imports ............................ 438-439 

Guns, exports ..................... 421-422, 432-433 

Gunsmithing ...................... 374-375, 384-385 

Gutta percha, imports of, 1902-22 ......... 474 

Gypsum produced in Canada, 1919-21 ...337, 340 



777 
202 



INDEX 



895 



t. ll CM 
US ll i 

47(1 
771 

214 



PAGE. 

Hair, exports ............................. 416-417 

Han-work ..... .............. 374-375, 384-385 

Halibut, exports, 1919-22 .................. 414-415 

-hinc ................................. 

-imports, lulu 2:! ........................ 112 it:; 

1 lalf-breed scrip ........................... 

Ham, exports ............................. 416-417 

imports ............................... 444-41") 

Handkerchiefs ........................ 

Hand ti .................. 374-37 .. 

Harbour ( oininissions .................... 794 

Harbour Police ................ ... " i(i 1 

Harbour works, expenditure for, 1916-21 .. . 
Hardware, exports ................... 

imports ...................... . . I")- 453 

manufacture .................... 36S-369, 378-379 

Hard \\ood Forest /one ........ 

Harness, exports ................. 

munufaeture.. ; 588 

Harrison. 1 rin. F.C., Sisodonald Col! 
grant to .................... 

Harrows, exports ................... 1&gt; -l I Jii 

-imports ...... ....... 150-451 

Harrow Tobaooo Station 302 

211-212 
Ha ........ 1JI ). 

- imports ........ ... 

Ha: equipment ............ 

Hatcherie- ........................ 

Hats, exports ..... 

import, 

- manufactun- 
Hat materials.. 
Haultain. Prof. H. I 

Hay, area, yield, and value of, I M.; 21.. 
- baled 

Hay export- .......................... 1 1. 

llay rake-, exp&lt; 

Health, Dominion Department oi 

- public provincial legislation ...... 

House of Commons, represent at ion in ...... 66-768 

new members of .......... . . 881 

number of members of ..... 
Housebuilding 

Household utilities, imports... !&lt; J-463 

1 ludsoii Hay land- 
Hudson Hay Railway . 
Hudson s Bay Co., land sal. 

- farms. . .............. 

Hughes, Prof. A. L., grant to. 
Hydro-Electric Power Commission of 

Ontario ................ 

assets and liabilities of electric depart 

ments of municipalities served l&gt;y. 
11U7-20 ................ 

earnings and operating expenses of elee- 
trie departments of municipal 

served by, 1917-20 ......... .... 

statistics ................... 7". 

Hydro-Electricity, provincial legislation 

respecting ............................. 

Hydromagnesium sulphate, occurrence of 
Helium, occurrence of ..... 

Hemp, imports of undressed, 1902 22 

Herrings, exports, 1919-22. 414-415 

- imports, 1919-22 ........................ 442-443 

Hides, exports ......................... 412-413 

imports of, 1902-22 ................. 442-443, 17:-! 

Higher Education in Canada ........ 133, 134. 136, 

143, 1.54-167 

Highways, provincial legislation respecting 867-868 

Historical sketch of trade and commerce.. 393-395 

History of Canada, chronological ......... 43-54 

Homespuns, manufacture ................. 

Homestead entries ................ 777-778, 782-783 

- lands available ......................... 776 

Honey, exports ............................ 418-419 

- imports ................................ 444-445 

Honorary Advisory Council for Scientific 

and Industrial Research ............... 772-775 

Honours, Imperial ........................ 

Hoofs, exports ............................ 414-415 



77 1 



705 



704 



868 

l| "&gt; 



127 
130 
128 

129 
131 



PAGE. 

Hops, imports 442-443 

Horns, expor 442-443 

- imports of, 1902-22 413 

Horses, number and values of, in ( anada, 

by provinces, 1920-21. ... 239-241 

numbers of, in Canada, by provim 

11)10-21 

values of, by provinces, 1915-21 243 

Horseshoes, manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

Horticulture 1 )ivision of the Dominion Ex 
perimental Farms 

Hose, leather, manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

Hose, rubber, exports 410-411 

1 1 .- ie, John, British Columbia 

Hosiery, imports 

- manufactures 366-367, 376-377 
Hospital.-, expenditure on Marine, 1D1S-22.. 

Military, Commission 803 

Ice cream cones, manufacture 366-367, 376-377 

manufacture ... 371-375, 384-385 

Illustration Stations, Division of the Dom 
inion Experimental Farms 
Immigration and Colonization Department 625 

Immigration, statistics of 

rivals at inland and ocean port.-, by 
nationalities. 11)15-22... 

Chinese imiii 

deportations after admission. 1903-21 

destination of immigrants into Canada, 

by provinces, 19Q1-21 

expenditure on, 1SOS-1921. 

in Canada, 1897-21 

juvenile 

legislation 14, 124 

occupation and education of total arriv 

als, 1920-21. 

oriental . -125 

rejection of immigrants at ocean P" 

1903-21.. 
Imperial honours 

Imp under "Trade and Commerce." 

Incidental projection to growing industries. 
eollected, by provinces, 1919-21 

In, 654-655 

Incorporat ion, charters of 

Independent &lt; &gt;rder of Foresten 

Index numb T- of employment 626, 63C 

rat 632, 633 

Index number of wholesale prices. 360, 397, 643-646 

Indian AITairs, Department of 785-791 

Indian Head 1 Experimental Farm 

Indian lands 785, 786, 790 

Indians, field crops of, 1920 

-nditure, for, 191s 22 

income, snurce- and value of, 1920 

. acreage and value, 1920 

live stock of, 1920 

- population of, by provinces, 1911-17 

- school attendance of, 1H21 

India-rubber, raw, imports of, 1902-22. . 
Industrial councils 

-designs ^IV 

_ .-1 1 cr\i 1 1 ( &gt;&lt; 1 / "~\y ) 

Disputes Investigation Act 603-604 

Research, Advisory Council for Scien 

tific and 772-775 

"Revolution" 

Incubators, manufacture 374-375 , JS84-385 

Indian reserves 777, 781 

Industries, see under "Manufactures." 

-workers engaged in, 1881-1911 600 

Infra red rays 773- 

Ink, imports 

- manufacture 374-375, ? 

Inland fisheries 322, 32, 

Marine Insurance legislation 

Revenue, Department of Customs and. 671 

revenue, statistics of ^~^It 

waters of Canada 

Insect powder, manufacture 370-371 , 380-381 



125 
131 



791 
791 

474 



896 



INDEX 



384-385 
751 
752 
808 
764 
749 
764 
761 
764 
757 

762 

762, 



762, 
762, 
762, 



764 
764 

739-748 
744 



PAGE. 

Inshore fisheries 322 

Insolvency, Dominion legislation respect 
ing 853-854 

Inspection of grain 505, 510-514 

- of staples, expenditure for, 1918-22 661 

- of staples, receipts from, 1918-22 660 

Institutions, custodial and benevolent 

Instruments, mathematical and scientific 

manufacture 374-375, 

Insurance Act, Federal, 1868 

- Federal, amendment, 1919 

returned soldiers 

Insurance, accident, 1920 761 , 

Act, Federal, 1868 

automobile, 1920 - 761, 

aviation 

- burglary, 1920 761 , 

death-rate in Canada, 1917-20 

employers liability, 1920 761, 

explosion, 1920 761, 

fire 

fire, amount at risk, 1869-1920 

fire and other classes of, assets of com 

panies doing, 1916-20 745 

fire and other classes of, cash income 

and expenditure of companies doing, 
1916-20 747 

- fire and other classes of, liabilities of 

companies doing, 1916-20 746 

fire, British companies, 1920 741-742 

fire, business transacted in Canada, 1920 741-743 

fire, Canadian companies, 1920 741 

fire, companies, aggregate business of, 

1869-1920 744 

- fire, by companies, etc., not licensed in 

Canada 748 

- fire, foreign companies, 1920 742-743 

- fire, losses paid for, 1869-1920 744 

fire, premiums received for, 1869-1920. . 744 

- fire, premiums and losses, by provinces, 

1920 748 

- fire, statistics 740-748 

- forgery, 1920 761, 762, 764 

- group 750 

- guarantee, 1920 762, 764 

hail, 1920 762, 764 

inland transportation, 1920 762, 764 

- inspection, receipts for, 1918-22 660 

- licensees, Dominion and Provincial 748, 761 

life 749-761 

life companies, 1916-20 756-757 

British, assets of, 1916-1920 757 

British, liabilities of, 1916-20. 758 

Canadian, assets of, 1916-20 757 

Canadian, liabilities of, 1916-1920 758 

cash expenditure of, 1916-1920 758-759 

cash income of, 1916-20 758-759 

foreign, assets of, 1916-20 757 

foreign, liabilities of, 1916-20 758 

liabilities of, 1916-20 758 

- life companies on assessment plan . . 760 

assets of, 1916-20 760 

expenditure of, 1916-20 760 

income of, 1916-20 760 

liabilities of, 1916-20 760 

- life companies, premium income of. 

1915-20 759 

life, historical 749-752 

- life, in all companies, 1915-20 759 

British companies, 1915-20 759 

Canadian companies, 1915-20 759 

foreign companies, 1915-20 759 

life, in Canada, 749-761 

life insurance death-rate in Canada, 

1917-20 757 

life, Dominion, in Canada, 1920 761 

life, provincial, in Canada, 1920 761 

life insurance, provision of returned 

soldiers 808 

life, issued and terminated, 1916-20 756 

life, net amount of, in force, 1915-20 759 

life, policies issued, new, 1916-20 756 



PAGE. 



premiums and 



Insurance, life, policies, 

claims, 1916-20 755 

British companies 756 

Canadian companies 756 

foreign companies 756 

- life, progress in Canada, 1916-20 756 

life, statistics 752-761 

livestock, 1920 761/762, 764 

other than fire and life, 1920 761-764 

assets of Canadian companies, 1920. . . . 762 

Dominion, 1920 763-764 

expenditure of Canadian companies, 

1920 ; 762 

expenditure of other than Canadian 

companies, 1920 763 

income of Canadian companies, 1920. . 762 
income of other than Canadian com 
panies, 1920 763 

liabilities of Canadian companies, 1920 762 
provincial, 1920 763-764 

- plate glass, 1920 761, 762, 764 

- Royal Commission on, 1906 750 

- sickness, 1920 761, 762, 764 

- sprinkler leakage, 1920 761 , 762 , 764 

statistics 738-764 

steam boiler, 1920 761, 762, 764 

superintendent of 747 

- title, 1920 761, 762, 763 

tornado, 1920 761 , 762, 764 

- weather, 1920 (hail, tornado) 762, 764 

Interest on investments, 1918-22 659 

- on Public Debt, expenditure for, 1918-22 660 

Interior decoration industry 374-375, 384-385 

International Trade Unionism in Canada . . 

607-609, 615-616 
Intoxicating liquors, legislation respecting. 871 

Invermere Experimental Station 302 

Investments, interest on, 1918-22 660 

Iron and its products, exports of, 1919-22. . 424-427 

- and its products, imports of, 1919-22. . . . 450-457 
Iron and steel industry... 360-361, 368-369, 378-379 

- bar, or steel, imports 454-455 

blast furnaces in Canada, 1920 346 

in Nova Scotia, 1920-21 ; 347 

- occurrence of 90 

- ore, beneficiated 775 

- ore, quantity and value of, 1909-21 344 

ore, exports 424-425 

- imports 450-451 

low grade, utilization of 775 

- piping 470 

plates and sheets, imports 454-455 

- quantity and value of pig, 1909-21 344 

- rolled, imports 454-455 

- structural 470, 774 

Islands of Canada 65 

Ivory products, imports 442-443 



Jams, imports 436-437 

- manufactures 366-367, 376-377 

Japanese immigration, 1901-22 131 

Jellies, imports 436-437 

- manufactures 366-367, 376-377 

Jewellery cases, manufacture 374-375, 384-385 

Jewellery, exports 432-433 

imports 452-453 

manufactures 372-373, 382-383 

Jewish National Workers Alliance of 

America 753 

Joint Industrial Councils 605-606 

Judicature, appointment, etc 7 

Judicial statistics 813-825 

charges, convictions and acquittals, 

1918-20 816 

classification of convicts, 1915-21 824 

convictions and sentences for all offences 817-818 

convictions by classes of offence and 

proportion of each class to the total, 
1914-20 821 

convictions for criminal and minor 

offences, 1876-1920 815 



INDEX 



897 



PAGE. 

Judicial convictions for indictable offences, 

1915-20 819 

death sentences 

drunkenness, convictions for, 1916-20. . . 822 

juvenile criminals, convicted of indict 

able offences, 1920 

nature of crimes 815 

penitentiaries 822-824 

police statistics, 1920 814 

Judicial statistics, summary convictions, 

1920 814 

Junk, exports 432-433 

Justice, cost of administration of, 1918-22. . 
Juvenile immigration into Canada 128 

Kapuskasing Experimental Station 302 

Kentville Experimental Station 

Kitchen equipment 

Knights of Columbus 

of Pythias 

Knitted goods, exports 420- 1 _ I 

imports 448-449 

manufactures 366-367, 376 

Knitting machines, manufactures.. 368-369, 
Knives, imports 452-453 

Labels, manufacture 374-375, 384-385 

Labour conditions 610-623 

Department 603-606 

Department, organization of 603 

Department, weekly family budget 649,650 

distribution by industries 600 

distribution by nativity 602-603 

distribution by provinces 601 

expenditure on Consolidated Fund 

Account, 1918-22 661 

Fair Wages Branch 

industrial disputes, 1901-21 617-623 

Industrial Disputes Investigation Act.. . 603-604 

legislation 604-605 

organizations in Canada 610-616 

organized, strength of, in Canada 614-615 

persons engaged in gainful occupations, 

by numbers and percentage 1881-1911. 600 

persons engaged in gainful occupations, 

by provinces, 1881-1911 600 

persons engaged in gainful occupations, 

by sex, industry and province, 1911 601-602 

prices of commodities 649, 650 

provincial legislation respecting 869-870 

wages and prices 598-650 

wages of farm 236-238 

wages statistics 632-641 

Lace curtains, manufacture 366-367, 376-377 

Laces, manufacture 366-367, 376-377 

Lacombe Experimental Station 302 

Ladies Catholic Benefit Association 753 

La Ferine Experimental Station 302 

Lakes, area by provinces 63-65 

Lakes, Great 62 

Lamps, electric, imports 458-459 

exports 426-427 

manufactures 372-373, 382-383 

Land area of Canada 95 

sales of, by railway companies and Hud 

son s Bay Co., 1919-21 777 

Settlement Board 781 

values of farm, by provinces, 1908-10, 

1914-21 236 

Lands, area and value of Indian, 1921 790 

Dominion 775-778 

Dominion, expenditure for, 1918-22 661 

granted to returned soldiers 780 

provincial 778-783 

railway in B.C. 782 

unoccupied, in Prairie and Maritime Pro 

vinces 776 

Lanterns, exports 426-427 

manufactures 372-373, 382-383 

Lard, exports 418-419, 467 

imports 444-445, 467 

Lasts, manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

3813157 



PAGE. 

Lath, exports 422-423 

Lath, quantities and values of, 1918-20 

Lathes, imports 452-453 

Laundry work 374-375, 384-385 

Laurentian Plateau 66-70 

Law stamps, receipts for, 1918-22 660 

Lawn-mowers, exports 424-425 

Lead and products, exports 428-429 

imports 456-457 

in British Columbia 349 

occurrence of 91 

quantity and value of, 1909-21 

League of Nations, Assembly of 876-876 

Dominion membership in 

Leather and products.manufactures 368-369, 378-379 

exports 416-417 

imports 442-443 

slation, cost of, 1918-22 661 

Dominion 852-856 

- provincial 856-872 

Lemons, imports 434-435 

I.ennoxville Experimental Station 302 

Leprosy Act, admin ignition of 810-811 

I.ethbridge Experimental Station 302 

J.ri t&lt;-rs Patent, Supplementary 783 

Liabilit. .iiada. l . 17-l. l 

of cities, 1920 697-701 

Libraries, Public, in Canada 168-169 

Lieutenant Governors of provinces, 1867-22 771-772 

new 881 

Life insurance, see also under "Insurance" 

Life insurance, returned soldiers , provision 

of 808 

Light, heat and power equipment 470 

Lighthouse and coast service, cost of, 

1918-22 661 

receipts from, 1918-22 

Lighthouses 569 

Lighting, weekly cost in each province, 

1900-21 650 

in 60 Canadian cities, 1900-21 

Lightning rods, manufacture 372-373, 382-383 

Lightships 

Lignites 336 

Limbs, artificial, manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

Lime 370-371 , 380-381 

Lime and other fruit juices 467 

Lime in Quebec, 1920-21 

Limes, imports 434-435 

Limestone in Nova Scotia, 1920-21 347 

in Quebec, 1920-21 348 

and dolomite deposits, occurrence of 

Linen, household 468 

manufacture 366-367, 376-377 

Linotype machines, exports 424-425 

Linseed oil, imports 434-435 

Liqueurs, imports 434-435 

Liquors, manufactures 370-371, 380-381 

Lithographic presses, imports 452-453 

Lithographing industry 370-371, 380-381 

Live stock, numbers by provinces, 1920-21 239-241 

stock, numbers of in Canada, 1916-21.... 242 

stock, numbers of, 1920-21 239 

stock, values of in Canada, 1915-21 243-249 

Loan and Trust Companies 729-731 

liabilities and assets of, 1914-21 730-731 

Loans and discounts, bank 

Domestic war 656-657 

liabilities for temporary, 1917-21 

on insurance policies, 1916-20 

public 667 

temporary, 1921 668-669 

victory 656-657 

war 669 

Lobster fisheries.... 32 3, 327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 334 
Lobsters, exports of, 1920-21 334 

1919-22 414-415 

Local and provincial government in Canada 18-43 

Lockouts, strikes and, 1901-21 618 

Locksmithing 374-375, 384-385 

Locomotives and parts, exports 424-425, 471 

imports 450-451, 471 



898 



INDEX 



PAGE. 

Lode mining 

Logs, exports 422-423 

products 368-369, 378-379 

Lower Canada, home-made cloth 

flannel 357 

sheep 357 

Lubricating oils and greases 470 

Lumber, exports 422-423, 470 

imports 450-451 , 470 

products 368-369, 378-379 

quantities and value of, produced, 1918- 

20 317 

Lumbering trades, wages in .633, 636-637 

Lumberman s Association, Canadian 624 



Macaroni, manufacture 366-367, 376-377 

Maccabees 753 

Women s Benefit Association of the 753 

Macdonald College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue. 306 
Machine drills, imports 452-453 

shop products, manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

Mackerel, exports, 1919-22 414-415 

1920-21 334 

Magnesite, exports 430-431 

- production of, 1920-21 338, 340 

Mahogany, imports 448-449 

Mail subsidies and steamship subventions, 

1919-21 594-595 

cost of, 1918-22 661 

Malcolm, Wyatt, Geology in relation to 

Agriculture in Canada, Economic 

Geology of Canada 68-72, 87-95 

Male labour in Canada 598-599 

Malt, excise tariff for 672 

- imports 436-437 

liquor, consumption of 674 

liquors, manufactures 370-371 , 380-381 

taken out of bond for consumption, 1916- 

21 674 

Malte, M. O. , The Flora of Canada 73 

Management, charges of Consolidated 

Fund, 1918-22 661 

Manganese 

Mangolds, area, yield and value of, 1916-21. 216-229 
Manitoba, agricultural products of , 1916-21. 223-225 

Agricultural College 308 

copper in 

Dominion lands in 776-777 

education in 133, 136-139, 141, 143, 

145, 150-167 

electrical energy generated, 1919-20 521 

government of 

government publications of 849 

growth of municipal institutions 35-39 

legislation in. 856-872 

lignite fields 336 

manufactures in 362-363 

new mining district 776 

population from 1870. .97-102, 107, 112, 113-114 

Southwestern Colonization Railway land 

grants 777 

Manufacturers Association, Canadian 624 

Manufacturers materials 470 

Manufactures, census of 359, 360-361 

defined 356 

employees, 1917-19 376-3^9 

exports of, by values, 1871, 1875, 1920. . .356, 405 

history of 356-360, 362-363 

imports 466-467 

imports of, by values, 191 9-22 406 

Lower Canada 357 

statistics of, by cities and towns 386-389 

statistics of, by industries 364-385 

statistics of, by provinces, 1870-1919 362-363 

statistics of male and female employees, 

by provinces 389 

statistics of salaries and wages paid, by 

industries 376-385 

summary statistics, 1917-19 363 

Upper Canada 358 

Manufacturing industries, wages in 640-641 



PAGE. 

Maple sugar, exports ....................... 410-411 

manufacture .................... 366-367, 376-377 

syrup, exports .......................... 410-411 





376-377 
468 

380-381 
470 

582 



660 



- manufacture ................... . 366-367, 

Maps, imports of, 1921 

manufacture .................... 370-371 

Marble 

Marble in Quebec, 1920-21 

Marconi wireless 

Marine, see under "Shipping". 

Mariners Fund, receipts from, 1918-21 

Maritime Provinces, government of ........ 

Marquis, G. E., Quebec ................ ... 24-27 

Marriages in Canada, 1920 ................. 121-122 

Masts, exports ............................ 422-42 

Matches, exports .......................... 422-423 

manufacture .................... 368-369, 378-379 

Mats, manufacture ................ 366-367, 376-377 

Mattresses, manufacture ........... 374-375, 384-385 

Mavor, Prof .............................. 

McKenzie, Prof. C. J., grant to ............ 774-775 

McLennan, Prof. J. C., grant to ............ 773-774 

Measures, weights, etc., expenditure for, 

1918-22 ............................... 

receipts, 1918-22 ...................... 

Meats ........................ 366-367, 376-377 

Medical Branch, Department of Soldiers 

Civil Re-Establishment ............... 

Medical supplies ......................... 

Merchandise, see under "Trade and Com 

merce". 
Mercury, native, occurrence ot ............. 

Metal trades .............................. 

Metallic roofing and flooring, manufacture. 

372-373 , 382383 
Metals, see under "Minerals". 
Meteorological Service .................... ; 

Meteorology, climate and ................. J 

Mica, cut 
Milch cows 

Military College n 

-receipts of, 1918-21 ...................... 660 

Military equipment ....................... 

Military forces of Canada ................. 

Hospitals Commission ......... . ....... 806 

Militia and Defence, Department of ....... 796- 

Militia, statistics of ........... ............ 796 ~I*? 

- expenditure for, 1918-22 .................. 661 

Militia, expenditure and revenue ........... ( 

Canadian ............................... 

Pensions revenue, 1918-22 ............... 

receipts, 1918-22 .................... ;;;/. 

Milk and its products, exports ......... *}?"?}? . 

_ imoorts ........... 444-445,468 

- manufactures. . . ....... 250-254, 366-367 376-377 

Mineral production, increase or decrease of, 

1919-1920 ............................. 

British Columbia 

Canada, 1920-21 

Canada, 18867192! 

New Brunswick ................ :A"AJ; ntK 

-Nova Scotia ..... 341-342, 344-345, 347 

- Ontario . . .341-343, 344, 348-349 



467 
804 



&gt; 



resources of Canada ; 

value of, in Canada, by provinces, 1911 

Minerals, statistics of 

- compared as to quantity and value 

exports of coal, 1903-22 

exports of non-ferrous metals, by quan 

tities and values, 1919-22. . v ......... 

exports of non-metallic minerals, by 

quantities and values, 1919-22. . 

exports of mineral produce classed as 

manufactures, 1921 ,-;-. 

imports of anthracite and bituminous 

coal, 1901-22 

imports of non-ferrous metals, by quan 

tities and values, 1919-22 . 

imports of non-metallic minerals, by 

quantities and values, 1919-22 



335-355 

337-340 

353 

426-429 

428-431 

466 

353 

456-459 
458-461 



INDEX 



899 



PAGE. 

Minerals, imports of mineral produce classed 
lanufactures, 11*21. 

imptrts of Portland cement and duty 

paid t hereon, 1898-1922 

manufactures 372-373, 382-383 

production of, by provinces, 1919-21 

production of principal, 1909-21 

waters 4 $7 

Mines, Department of 

Department of, expenditure, 1918-22. 

Department of, Provincial 347-349 

Mining : 

history 335-337 

Mining and metallurgical equipment 

Mining and Metallurgy Sub-Committee of 
R.-earch Council 

- provincial legislation 870 

Ministerial appointments in Dominion 

Government ... 770 

Ministries of the Dominion of Canada, 1867- 

1921 770 

Mint, coinage at Ottawa Branch of the 

Royal, 1918-21 708, 709 

Mirrors, manufacture _ .370-371 , 380-381 

Miscellaneous Acts of Dominion Parlia 
ment . . 856 

accounts, liabilities of Canada for, 1917- 

21 

agricultural statistics 274-284 

expenditure on Consolidated Fund Ac 

count, 1918-22 

exports by quantities and values, 1919-22 432-433 

imports, by quantities and values, 1919- 

22 

industries 882-383 

products, exports by quantities and 

values, 1919-22 408-432 

Mixed grains, area, yield and value of, 

l U i-21 214-230, 231-233 

Modus vivendi, receipts, 1918-22 

Molasses, exports 410-411 

imports 440-441 

Molybdenite 

Moncton Employment Office 

Monetary use of gold, silver and bronze 709 

Montreal, capitulation of 

Monuments, manufacture 370-371 , 380-381 

Mops, manufacture ...374-375, 384-385 

Morden Experimental Station 

Motor cycles 

Motor vehicles in Alberta 550-551 

British Columbia 551 

Canada 547-552 

Manitoba 549-550 

New Brunswick 548-549 

Nova Scotia 

Ontario 

Prince Edward Island ; 

Quebec 549 

Saskatchewan 550 

exports 426-427 

imports 454-455 

laws concerning 548-551 

manufacture 372-373, 382-383, 458-459, 470 

number of, by provinces, 1907-2 1 552 

repairs 374-375, 384-385 

- speed limits, by provinces 551 

Moulding sand 94 

Mouldings, exports 422-423 

Moulds, manufactures 368-369, 378-376 

Mountain peaks 58 

Mountain systems and ranges in Western 

Canada 56-58 

Mountains, Rocky 79 

Mounted Police, expenditure for, 1918-22. . . 661 
Moving picture films, see under "Cinemato 
graphs". 
Mowing machines, exports 424-425 

imports 450-451 

Mules in Canada, 1919-20 241 

Municipal affairs, provincial legislation 

respecting 870-871 

38131 



Municipal electrical installations 

assets and liabilities of electric depart 

ments of municipalities served by the 
Ontario Hydro-Electrio Power Com 
mission, 1917-20 

earnings and operating expenses of 

electric departments of municipalities 
served by the Ontario Hydro-Electric 
Commission, 1917-20 

Municipal financial statistics of electrical 
installations of municipalities served 
by the Ontario Hydro- Electric Power 

Commission, 1919 

- public finance 

Municipal statistics of principal interest of 
cities of 10,000 population and over, 
192.), summary, by provinces 

of urban municipalities of 10,000 popula 

tion and over 

Municipalities, available assets of 

assessment of 

expenditures of 

liabilities of 

receipts of 

Munitions and materials exported from 

Canada, value 426-427, 

Musical instruments, exports 

import.- ^ 

manufactures 374-375, 

Mutton, experts 

imports 



PAGE. 

704 



05 



704 



702-705 
688-702 



690-691 

688-702 
697-701 
688-689 
694-696 
697-701 
692-693 

432-433 
432-433 
462-463 
384-385 
416-417 
442-443 



Nails, exports 424-425, 470 

-imports 152-453, 470 

Nappan Experimental 1 arm 

National, Canadian, defined ... 

debt... 655-657 

Gallery of Canada.. 795-796 

Research Institute, proposed bill for 

jralgas 95, 338-340 

uralization Act, 1914 15, 783 

iralizations. 

Naval College of Canada, Royal 

rvice, expenditure in, 1918-22 

Service of Canada 801-802 

Neckwear, manufactures 366-367, 376-377 

Needles, exports &lt; 

manufacture? 368-369, 378-379 

New Brunswick, agricultural products of, 

1916-21 218-219 

education in 133, 136-140, 143, 148, 153-167 

electrical energy generated, 1919-20 521 

government publications of 

government of 21-23 

legislation of 856-871 

mines of 335 , 348 

municipal institutions of 

public lands of 778-779 

Newspaper printing press, imports 

Newspapers, imports 448-449, 468 

Nickel and products, exports 428-429 

imports 458-459 

occurrence of 91 

produced, 1920-21 337, 339, 349 

- quantity and value of, 1889-1921. . . 344 
Non-international Trade Union member 
ship 613 

Normal temperature and precipitation. . . . 186-193 
Northwest Mounted Police 802-803 

Territories, early government of 33 

- expenditure for Government of, 1918-22. 661 

Notes, Dominion 707-708, 710-711 

Nova Scotia, agricultural products of 217-218 

agricultural experiments in 305-306 

coal production 347 , 354 

education in 133, 136-140, 143, 148, 153-167 

electrical energy generated, 1919-20 521 

government of 19-21 

government, publications of 845 

judiciary 

legislation of 856-871 



900 



INDEX 



Nova Scotia, manufacture of fulled cloth. . 

manufacture, flannel 

manufacture, non-fulled cloth 

mineral production of 335 

municipal institutions of 

public lands of.. 



PAGE. 

358 
358 
358 
347 
20 
778 



Nursery trees, bushes and plants, 1919-20. . 256-260 
Nuts, exports 412-413, 468 

imports 452-453, 468 

Oak, imports ; 448-449 

Oats, area and yield of, in Prairie Pro 
vinces, 1919-21 233 

area, yield and value of, 1916-21 214-230 

exports 408-409 

imports 438-439 

prices of Canadian, in British markets, 

1920-21 267 

prices of, at Winnipeg and Fort William, 

1920-21 266-267 

stocks of, in Canada, March, 1921-22 278 

world s production of, 1919-20 289-290 

Obituary 879-880 

Occupations of the people 598-603 

Ocean and river service, expenditure on, 

1918-22 661 

Oilcloths, exports 420-421 

imports 448-449 

Oiled clothing, manufactures 366-367, 376-377 

Oils, animal, exports 418-419, 471 

imports 444-445, 471 

manufacture 370-371, 380-381 

vegetable, exports 410-411, 471 

vegetable, imports 438-439, 471 

Oka Agricultural Institute 306-307 

cheese 307 

Olds, Alberta, agricultural experiments at. 309 

Oleomargarine, imports 444-445 

Olive oil, imports 438-439 

Oliver, the Rev. E. H., "Manitoba, Sas 
katchewan and Alberta" 32-39 

Olives, imports 436-437 

One Big Union 614 

One Hundred Associates, Company of 3, 394 

Ontario, agricultural products of, 1916-21. . 221-223 

Agricultural College and Experimental 

Farm 307-308 

constitution and its development 27, 28 

Ontario, copper in . . 343 

education in 132-139, 141, 144, 150, 153-167 

government, publications of 846-848 

government, receipts and expenditure of, 

1869-1920 678, 679, 681, 683 

Hydro-Electric Power Commission 702-705 

judiciary 29-30 

legislation in 856-871 

mineral production of 336, 348-349 

municipal government 31 

public lands of 779-780 

use of referendum in 31 

Optical goods, manufacture 374-375, 384-385 

Oranges, imports 434-435 

Ordnance lands, receipts, 1918-22 660 

Ore crushing tube mills , paths of balls in ... 774 

Ores, iron, beneficiated 775 

Organized labour in Canada 610-617 

- strength of 614-615 

Organs, exports 432-433 

Oriental immigration 125 131 

"Oxford Survey of the British Empire" . . . 358 

Oxygen gas, manufacture 370-371 , 380-381 

Oyster fisheries 323, 325 

Oysters, exports, 1919-22 416-417 

imports, 1919-22 442-443 

Pacific fisheries 322-324 

Pails, exports . .... . . 422-423 

Paint and varnish, manufacture... .370-371, 380-381 
Paint, exports 430-431 , 470 

imports 460-461, 470 

Painters materials 470 

Painting and glazing industry 374-375 , 384-385 



Paintings, exports 

Panama Canal 559, 

traffic through, 1914-21 

Paper, exports 

imports 

and pulp machinery, imports 

manufactures 320, 

Paris, Treaty of 

Parliament 

Dominion, composition of 

Dominion, powers of 

Fourteenth, first session, dates 

provincial, powers of 

Thirteenth, fifth session of 

Parliamentary legislation 

representation of Canada 

Parliaments of the Dominion of Canada, 

1867-1922 

Parole system, working of the 

Pasture area, by provinces, 1918-21 

Patent fees, receipts from, 1918-22 

Patent medicines, manufacture of.. 370-371, 
Patentees, Canadian, by province of resi 
dence, 1912-21 

Patents in Canada 

Patterns, manufacture 374-375, 

Paving blocks, manufacture 370-371 , 

Peace River Block 

District 

Peaches, imports 434-435, 

Pears, imports 

Peas, area, yield and value of, 1916-20 

exports 

imports 

Peat bogs, occurrence of 

Pedometers, imports 

Pegs, wooden, manufacture 368-369, 

Pelts, imports of, 1902-22 

purchased from trappers and fur farmers, 

numbars and values, by provinces, 
1920-21 

taken, 1921, kind, number and value. . . . 

Pencils, imports 

Penitentiaries, statistics of 

age of convicts, 1915-21 

conjugal state of convicts, 1915-21 

deaths, escapes, pardons and paroles, 

1916-21 

expenditure for, 1918-22 

movement of convicts, 1916-21 

nationality of convicts, 1915-21... t 

race of convicts, 1915-21 

receipts from, 1918-22 

religion of convicts, 1915-21 

sex of convicts, 1915-21 

social habits of C9nvicts, 1915-21 

Pension Act, Canadian 

Pension Commissioners, Board of 

Pensions, scale of 

cost of, 1918-22 

number of, inforce on December 31, 1921 

scale of, to dependants of deceased sailors 

and soldiers - 

scale of, to wounded or disabled sailors 

and soldiers 

War 

Per capita consumption of wheat 

Perfumery, imports 

manufacture 370-371 , 

Permits, building, 1918-21 . . 

Persons engaged in gainful occupations, 

1881-1911 

Petroleum 92, 

and products, exports 

imports 

manufacture 370-371 , 

bounties, on, 1905-21. 

Pharmaceutical preparations . . . 

Phonographs, manufacture 374-375, 

Phosphate .^ 

Photographic equipment 

industry 374-375, 



PAGE. 

432-433 
566-567 
566-567 
420-421 
448-449 
454-455 
370-371 

3 
765 

5 

6 
769 

6 

852-856 
852-855 
765-772 

769 
822 
230 
660 
380-381 

517 

516-518 
384-385 
380-381 
775-776 

776 

436-437 
434-435 
214-230 
408-409 
436-437 
95 

452-453 
378-379 

473 



313 
313 

462-463 

822-824 

823 

824 

823 
661 
823 
824 
824 
660 
824 
824 
824 

804-805 
804 

805-807 
661 
808 

805 

806-807 
804-808 

280 

460-461 
380-381 

702 

600 

338-340 
428-431 
460-461 
380-381 

515 

470 

384-385 
93 

470 
384-385 



INDEX 



901 



PAGE. 

Photographs, imports 448-449 

Physical characteristics of Canada 55-65 

Pianos, exports 432-433 

Pickets, exports 422-423 

Pickles, imports 442-443, 468 

manufacture 366-367, 376-377 

Picture frames, manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

Picture machines 470 

Piece goods 470 

Piers 569 

Pig iron, exports 426-427 

Pigs, number of, in Canada, by provinces, 

1920-21 239-241 

numbers of, in Canada, by provinces, 

1916-21.... 242 

values of, in Canada, by provinces. 

1915-21 243-245 

Pilotage 569 

Piling, exports 422-423 

Pineapples, imports 434-435 

Pins, exports 424-425 

imports 452-453 

manufactures 372-373 , 382-383 

Pipe iron, exports ... 426-427 

Pipe and boiler covering, manufactures 

374-375, 384-385 

Pipes, tobacco, manufacture 374-375, 384-385 

Pistol cartridges, exports 432-433 

Pitch, exports 428-429 

Pitch pine, imports 428^*29 

Placer mining, Klondike 336 

Plain Region 67-72 

Planks, exports 422-423 

Plants, exports 412-413 

Plaster 470 

Plaster of Paris, exports 430-431 

manufacture 374-375, 384-385 

Plate glass, imports 460-461 

manufactures 380-381 

Platinum, production of, 1920-21 337-339 

occurrence of 93 

Ploughs, exports 424-425 

imports 450-451 

Plumbers supplies, manufacture... 372-373, 382-383 

Plumbing industry 372-373, 382-383 

Plums, imports 436-437 

Pocket books, imports 462-463 

Poles, exports 422-423 

Police, cost of Dominion, 1918-22 661 

Royal Canadian Mounted 802-803 

Royal Canadian Mounted, expenditure, 

1918-22 661 

Royal Northwest Mounted, receipts, 

1918-22 660 

Polish, imports 422-423 

Population, and revenue and expenditure 

per head, 1868-1922 667 

by cities and towns 108-112 

by provinces and territories 97-103 

by provinces and electoral districts 104-108 

distribution of, by provinces, etc 98 

estimated, of Canada, 1868-1922 667 

increases of, in other countries 96 

increase of, 192i 96 

of Canada, 1871-1921 97 

of the British Empire 114-117 

of the Prairie Provinces 112-114 

of the Prairie Provinces, by sex 113 

city population, 1901, 1906, 1911, 1916 and 

1921 114 

rural and urban 99-103 

statistics of 95-131 

Pork, exports 416-417, 418-419 

imports 444-445 

Portland cement, imports of, 1898-1922 352 

quantity and value of, 1902-21 345 

Port Royal, N.S., grain crop 

ship building 357 

Ports 569 

Ports, Canadian, value of imports entered 

at, 1920-21 474-475 

Postal statistics 590-597 



PAOB. 

Post-discharge dental treatment ........... 803 

Post Office, expenditure, 1918-22 ........... 803 

receipts, 1918-22 ........................ 660 

Post Office, history ........................ 590-591 

Post Offiae Department, deficits of, 1880- 

1921 .................................. 594 

expenditure of, 1918-22 .................. 661 

mail subsidies and steamship subven 

tions, 1919-21 ......................... 594-595 



591 
591 
595 
596 
594 
592 
597 
594 



mileage of mail conveyance, 1920-21 

money order service .................... 

money order system, 1901-21 ............ 

money orders, by provinces, 1917-21 ____ 

net revenue of, 1890-1921 ................ 

offices, number of, 1921 ................. 

postal notes, 1916-21 .................... 

revenue and expenditure of, 1890-1921 ... 

revenue of officers collecting $10,000 and 

upwards, 1920-21 ...................... 592-594 

rural mail delivery ..................... 591 

savings bank service .................... 591 

savings bank, business of, 1917-21 ........ 729 

stamps, issue of, 1920-21 ................ 597 

statistics ............................... 591-597 

surplus of, 1905-21 ...................... 594 

Posts, exports ............................. 422-423 

Potato diggers, imports ................... 450-451 

Potatoes, area, yield and value, 1916-21. . . 214-230 

starch, exports ......................... 410-411 

- world s production of, 1920-21 ...... 286 291 

Pottery ...................... 370-371, 380-381, 408 

Poultry Division of the Dominion Experi 

mental Farms ......................... 304 

Poultry, exports ...................... . . . . . 414-415 

in Canada, numbers of, by provinces, 

1920-21 ............................... 239-241 

Prairie and Prairie Steppes ......... 77-79 

1 r.urie Provinces, agricultural census, 1916 112-114 

government of, etc ...................... 32-39 

grain crops, 1919-21 ..................... 233 

: population, 1901-21 ...................... 113 

population by sex, from 1870, for Mani 

toba, from 1901, Saskatchewan and 
Alberta ............................... 113-1 14 

Prayer-books, imports .................... 448-449 

Precious metals and products, exports ..... 428-429 

- imports ................................ 458-459 

Precipitation and temperature, 172, 174-185, 186-193 
Pre-emptions .............................. 775 

Preferential Tariff, British ................ 394, 395 

Preferential Tariff, British, Acts respecting 653-654 
Premium and discount expenditure, 1918-22 661 
Premium and discount receipts, 1918-22. . . 660 
Prices of Canadian agricultural produce. . 262-273 

of commodities ......................... 649-650 

Prince Edward Island, agricultural pro 

ducts ................................. 216-217 

education in .......... 133, 136-140, 148, 153-167 

electrical energy generated, 1919-20 ____ 521 

government, publications of ............. 844 

government of .......................... 23-24 

judiciary ............................... 24 

legislation of ....... .................... 856-867 

winter communication with mainland.. . 569 
Principal events of the year, 1921 .......... 872-880 

Printing equipment ....................... 470 

industry ................................ 370-371 

machinery, imports .................... 452-453 

materials, imports ...................... 458-459 

materials, manufacture ......... 374-375 , 384-385 

Printing trades, wages in .................. 632, 633 

Privy Councillors, new .................... ggi 

Producers materials ...................... 471 

Production, statistics of ................... 202-393 

Reclamation and Conservation legisla 

tion ................................... 861-862 

Property, value of Canadian farm, 1908-21 236-237 
Proprietary or Patent Medicine Act, ad 

ministration of ........................ 811-812 

Protection, fisheries ..................... , 325 

"incidental" ......................... 353 



902 



INDEX 



PAGE. 






Province accounts, liabilities of Canada on, 

1917-21 

Provinces, area of, 1921 

Provincial agricultural experiments 305 - 6W 

and local government in Canada 18 -43 

_ ff(*T\(*T}^ i f^lpof" IOITS ... of 

governments, assets and liabilities, 1920 686-687 

governments, expenditure, classified 

summary, 1916-20 682-685 

governments, itemized summary state 

ment of receipts and expenditure, 1916- 

2Q 684-685 

governments, receipts and expenditure 

of, 1918-20 679 

governments, receipts, classified sum 

mary, 1916-20 , 680-681 

governments, revenues and expenditures 

of, 1869-1920 : 677-679 

governments, subsidy allowances to, 

1867-1*921 - 671 

governments, subsidies and other pay 

ments to, 1916-21 vnJni 

- lands 77 7oo 

legislation 85b-872 

- legislatures, powers of j&gt; 

Mines Departments ^ 47 ~; 

notes, liabilities of Canada for, 1917-21.. 6 

public finance iliTlwi 

subsidies, 1916-21 jlajlll 

Prunes, imports StlS 

Public accounts, Provincial Ki~7no 

accou f s, statistics of 

Publicatio of the Dominion Government 83 / -844 

of the pro \ . lal governments of Canat In . 

, .,, t stics of 



nditure for, 1916-21. 



.- 

-ollection of re\enue, 



704 

669-070 
667. 

660 
651 



list of pri 
Public ac&lt;^" 

assets. . &gt; 

building? . 

debt, 1W,~; :&lt;&gt; 

debt, 1016-12.. 

expenditu e for 

1918-2? 

finance ; . -. : : v 

health and medicine, provincial legisla 

tion respecting . 

lands of Dominion and pro .-inces 775- 

libraries in Canada. . . 70* 7cm 

- National Gallery of Canada 79 

service, provincial legislation -especting 860-bbl 

Works Department, Architects Branch^ 

Works Department, Engineering Branch 

Works Department, expend* are and 

revenue of, 1916-21 

Works Department, graving docks of. . . 

Works Department, organization of. . . . . . . 

Works Department, receipts i"O7n, 1 

792 



863 
303 



Works Department, Telegraph B anch of 
Public School Act, Prince Edward Island, 

amended ............... -.- . ..... ; 

Publicity, Extension and, Division of the 

Dominion Experimental Farms .._. 
Pulleys, manufacture .............. 374-375, . 

Pulpwood statistics ........ . . . . . - ...... d ,? 

consumption and value of, 1909-20.... .. - aia 

- exports of, 1916-21 ....... ...... ..... 321, 422-423 

process of manufacture, 1916-20 .......... 

- pulp manufactured 1916-20. -.--_. 319 

wood, quantity and value used, 1918-20. 

wood, kinds of wood used, 1918-20 ...... 318 

Pumps, exports .................. grjsj 

manufactures ................... 368-369, -3/tf 

Pyrites, exports ........................... ^ 



661 
221 -221 



Quarantine, expenditure for, 1918-22.... 
Quebec, agricultural products of, 1916-21 
- agricultural experiments m 

Act 
-Bridge 

capitulation of .......................... .^ 

copper in ............................... 



-A 



25 
24 
779 
26 
357 
357 
442-443 



PAGE. 

Quebec, education in 132-139 , 141 , 

144, 146, 149, 153-167 

electrical energy generated, 1919-20 

government publications of ._ 845-846 

government, receipts and expenditure of. 

677, 679, 680, 682 

legislation of. 856-871 

mineral production of 336 , 34S 

municipal organization. .-.- 

political and administrative organization 

public lands of 

school organization 

sheep in 

- shipbuilding in 

Quills, imports 

Quilted goods, manufacture 366-367, 376-377 

Radiotelegraphic service 420-421 

Railroad ties, exports 42! 

- imports. To"1o7 

Rails, exports 

imports ; 

Railway Association of 

Belt of British Columbia 

Brotherhoods, Canadian. 

cars, imports of 

Commissioners, Board of 
, Hudson Bay 

lands.. 

materials! manufacture. . . . . . . 374-375 384-385 

Railways and Canals, expenditure, r 

- statistics of 

Railways, electric 

capital liability of, 1908-20 

earnings of, 1920 YftY&lt;\_on 

mileage and equipment of, iyi ^ u 

miles operated, number of, 1920 

operating expenses of, 1920. . 

persons killed or injured on, 1894-1920 

expenditure for, 1918-22 

Railways, Government. ....... 525-528 

construction, capital expenditure for. to 



775 
624 



21 
77 



545 



546 

6P1 



construction, cost of, before Confedera 
tion to 1921 v 

revenue if, with surplus or deficit, 

1868-1921 

working expenses. 1868-1921. - . 

receipts on Consolidated Fund Account, 
1918-22 

aid to, analysis of, up to 1920. 

aid to, by governments and muni- 
palities 

aid to by Government o* -*&gt; 

aid in the form of guarantees by Dom 
inion and provincial governments. . . .532 



541 
541 

541 
541 

660 

522-543 
540 



540 
540 



aid paid up, 1920 ..... ..... 

analysis of traffic and receipts, 1 - 53 

capital liability f.v:.::::::::::::53o;-533 



and 



534 
534 
535 
535 



537 
539 



earnings, 1920 

earnings, gross, 1909-20. . . . . . . . . - 

earnings per mile of line, l\ 
employees, number and salaries 

wages, 1907-20 

freight carried, 1920 MB_MO 

freight carried, 1917-19 538-539 

land subsidies, to 1920 

mileage, 1835-1920 ^ n . % 

mileage and rolling stock of 1916-20. . . ^ ~^ 

mileage, by provinces, 1914-20 

miles in operation, 1901-20. 

miles operated, number of, 1920 

operating expenses, 1901-20 

operating expenses of, 1920. 

operating expenses, distribution Ot, 

1918-20 



INDEX 



903 



PAGE. 

Railways, Steam, operating expenses per 

mile of line, 1900-20 535 

passenger and freight statistics, 1901-20 535 

persons injured or killed, 1888-1920 542 

ratio of expenses to receipts, 1901-20 . . 535 
salaries and wages with ratios to gross 
rnings and operating expenses, 1907- 

20 537 

subsidies paid to, up to 1919 531 , 540 

wages 632, 633 

Rainfall ol Canada 160, 172 

Raisins, imports 436-437 

Reapers, exports . . 424-425 

Receipts on consolidated fund account, 

1918-22. . 659-660 

on consolidated fund account, 1868-1922. 666 
Receipts and expenditure of provincial 

governments, 1869-1920 677-679 

- of city governments 692-696 

Recreation equipment and supplies 469 

Re-establishment, Department of Soldiers 

803-808 

Insurance 

Military Hospitals Commission 803 

pensions . 804-808 

vocational training for disabled sol 
diers 803 

Re-export of foreign produce 396 

Refrigerators, manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

Regalia, manui: 366-367, 37t) 

Relief Act, So diers Taxation 

Rent, co h province, 1900 -1 650 

in 60 Canadian cities, 1900 -21 

Representation Act, 1914. . 
Representation Acts 

by provinces 765, 76fi 

in House of Commons 760 

in Senate 

parliamentary 765 

u, Advisory Council for Scientific 

and Industrial. 77: 

Research Council Act, 1917. 

Reserve lands, British ( olumbia 

dencepn Dominion lands, requirements 776 

- on provincial lands 779, 784 

Resin, imports 438-43? 

Retail prices, index numbers, 1910-22 647 

index numbers, 1913-22 

of commodities 646-650 

Re-training of the blind 803 

Returned Soldiers Insurance Act 808, 855-856 

Revenue Act, Customs Tariff War 653 

Act, Special War 653-655 

Agricultural 280-282 

Revenue, collection of, expenditure for, 

1918-22.... 660 

Inland 671-674 

of Canada per head, 1868-1922 667 

war tax, 1921 662-663 

Ribbons, imports 446-447 

Rice, imports 436-437 

cleaning industry 366-367, 376-377 

flour, imports 436-437 

Rifles, exports 426-427, 432-433 

River and ocean service, cost of, 1918-22. . . 661 

police 569 

works, expenditure for, 1918-22 661 

Rivers of Canada 60-61 

Road materials 93 

Roads and bridges, expenditure for, 1916-21 794 

Rocky Mountains 

Rolling-mill machinery, imports 454-455 

products, imports 454-455 

manufactures 368-369, 378-379 

Roman Catholic Classical colleges 146 

Roofing materials, manufacture. . .374-375, 384-385 

metallic, manufacture 372-373, 382-383 

Roots, exports 412-413 

yields of, 1920-21 212, 215-229 

Rosin. See "Resin." 

Rostbern Experimental Station 302 

Royal Arcanum Life Association 753 



PAGE. 

Royal Canadian Mounted Police 802-803 

Royal Commission on Insurance, 1906.... 750 

Royal Guardians 7")3 

Royal Military College, Kingston SOO-S01 

Mint, coinage at Ottawa, branch of, 

1908-21 708, 709 

Naval College of Canada 801 

Northwest Mounted Police b02 

Northwest (Canadian) Mounted Police, 

expenditure for, 1918-22 661 

Northwest (Canadian) Mounted Police 

Officers pensions, receipts, 1918-22 660 

Rubber, exports 410-411 

- imports of, 1902-22 474 

Rubber boots, exports 410-411 

clothing exports 410-411 

goods manufacture 374-375, 384-385 

hose, exports 410-411 

tires, exports 410-411, 471 

tires, imports 471 

Rugs, manufacture 366-367, 376-377 

Kuiii, imports 434-435 

Rural mail deliverv ... 

Kye. area, yield and value of, 1916-21 . I I L".".l 

exports 408-409 

flour, exports 410 tl 1 

world s production of 1915-20 285,288 



Saddlery, exports 416-417 

manufacture 368-369, 378 

!er, 1 rof. Wilfrid, grant to 

lanufacture 368-369, 378-379 

o, imports 436-437 

3, manufacture 366-367, 376-377 

Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere Experimental 

Station 302 

chool of Agriculture 307 

rence canals 521, 569 

I .awrence River System 62 

Lowlands ." .59, 66, 71 

Salmon 323-324, 325-326, 330. :;:M, 332, 

334, 416-417, 442 
Salt, imports 460-461 , 468 

industry 370-371, 380-381 

occurrence of 93 

produced, 1919-21 338-340 

Sand, exports 430-431 

industry 370-371, 380-381 

Saskatchewan, agricultural products of, 

1916-21 225-226 

coal production 354 

College of Agriculture, Saskatoon 309 

Dominion lands in 776-777 

education in 132-139, 142, 145, 147, 151-167 

electrical energy generated, 1919-20 521 

government of 33 

government publications of 849 

legislation in 856-872 

lignite fields 336 

municipal government 35-39 

population 97-102, 107, 108-109, 112 

University of 309 

Sauces, imports 442-443 

Sausage casings, exports 418-419 

imports 444-445 

manufactures 366-367, 376-377 

Savings Banks, see under "Banks and 

Banking." 

Sawmill machinery, imports 454-455 

- products, exports 422-423 

Sawmills 360 

Saws, manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

Scales, exports 426-427 

manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

Scantling, exports . . 422-423 

School, Public, Act, Manitoba 865 

Schools, see "Education." 

Scientific and Industrial Research, 

Advisory Council for 772-775 

equipment, exports 432-433 

imports 462-463 



904 



INDEX 



PAGE. 

Scientific institutions, expenditure for, 1918- 

22 661 

Screws, exports 424-425 

imports 452-453 

Seal, Great, of Canada 783 

Seal oil, exports 418-419 

Sea-grasses and plants, exports 412-413 

Seamen, inspection and medical care of 569 

shipped and discharged at Canadian 

ports, 1908-19 578 

Seamen s hospitals 569 

Secondary consolidated schools, Alberta. . 866 

Secretary of State Department 783-785 

Seed cleaning and preparing 374-375, 384-385 

Seeds, exports 410-411, 470 

imports 440-441 , 470 

Seigneurs, compensation to, 1918-22 668 

Selkirk Mountains 80 

Senate, number of members of the 5 

Senators, new 881 

Senega root, exports 412-413 

Settlers Loan Commissioner 780 

Settlement Board, Soldier.. . 809-810 

Settlement of returned soldiers, legislation 

respecting 809 

of returned soldiers on farms 780 

Settlers effects, exports 432-433 

Sewer pipe, manufacture 370-371 , 380-381 

Sewing machines, exports 424-425 

imports 452-453 

manufactures 368-369, 378-379 

Sex of population of Prairie Provinces 113-114 

Shaddocks, imports 434-435 

Shawls, imports 468 

Sheep, numbers of, in Canada, by provinces, 

1920-21 239-241 

Sheep, numbers of in Canada, by provinces, 

1916-21 242 

values of, by provinces, 1915-21 243-245 

Shingle mills 360 

Shingles, exports 422-423 

Shingles, quantities and values of, 1918-20. 317 
Shipbuilding at Port Royal, N.S 357 

in British Columbia 569 

in Canada 372-373, 382-383 

Maritime Provinces 569 

Quebec 568 

Tadoussac 357 

on the Great Lakes 569 

Shipley, Prof. John W. , grant to 774 

Shipments of grain, 1920-21 503-504 

Shipping, casualties 569 

history of 568-569 

marine danger signals, 1911-21 579 

Marine Department, organization of the 569 

Marine, expenditure of the Department 

of, 1916-21 580 

marine hospitals, expenditure, 1918-22. . 661 

Marine, revenue of the Department of, 

1916-21 579 

statistics 568-581 

steamboat inspection, 1919-20 578 

vessels built and registered in Canada, 

1901-21 577 

vessels, Canadian and American trading 

on boundary rivers and lakes, 1917-21. 576 

vessels employed in coasting trade of 

Canada, 1917-21 575-576 

vessels, number and tonnage of, on Can 

ada registry, 1916-20 577 

vessels, sea-going and inland, arrived at 

and departed from Canadian ports, 
1901-21 575 

vessels, sea-going, entered and cleared 

at Canadian ports, 1901-21 574 

vessels, sea-going, entered and cleared 

at principal ports of Canada, 1921 572-573 

vessels, sea-going, entered and cleared 

at Canadian ports, 1920-21 571-572 

vessels, sea-going, entered inwards and 

outwards by countries, 1921 573-574 

vessels sold to other countries, 1901-21 . 577 



PAGE. 
Shipping, 1919-22 432-433 

vessels, wrecks and casualties of, 1870- 

1920 579 

Ships and vessels, exports 432-433, 471 

imports 462-463, 471 

Shipwrecks 569, 578-579 

Shirts, manufacture 366-367, 376-377 

Shoddy, manufacture 366-367, 376-377 

Shoes, manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

rubber, manufacture 372-373, 382-383 

Shocks, box, manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

Show cases, manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

Sidney Experimental Station 302 

Signs, manufacture 374-375, 384-385 

Silica and moulding sand 94 

Silk and products, exports 420-421 

imports 446-447 

manufactures 366-367, 376-377 

Silver 94 

exports 428-429 

monetary use of 709 

occurrence of 94 

production of, at Cobalt, 1904-21 349 

production of, in British Columbia 349 

quantity and value of, 1887-1921 342 

refining and reducing 372-373, 382-383 

world s production, 1919-20 351-352 

Silversmithing 372-373, 382-383 

Sinking funds, expenditure for, 1918-22 661 

Skates, manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

Slate 470 

imports 460-461 

Slaughtering industry 366-367, 376-377 

Slides and booms, expenditure and revenue 

for, 1916-21 794 

Smelting industry 372-373, 382-383 

Smelts, exports, 1919-22 416-417 

Smokers supplies 468 

Snowfall in Canada, see Climate. 

Snuff, excise tariff for 672 

manufacture 372-373, 382-383 

Soap, exports 430-431 , 469 

imports 460-461,469 

manufacture 374-375, 384-385 

Society emblems, manufactures. . .366-367, 376-377 
Soda nitrate, imports 460-461 

pulp, imports 450-451 

Soil corrosion of iron structures 774 

water, alkali, effect on concrete 774-775 

Soldier Settlement Act 809 

Settlement Board 809-810 

Soldiers Civil Re-establishment, expendi 
ture for 661 

department of 803-808 

Soldiers Compensation Association 871 

Soldiers Insurance Act, Returned 808, 855-856 

Soldiers Land Settlement, expenditure for 661 

lands granted to 780 

Soldiers Taxation Relief Act 871 

Soups, imports 444-445 

Spars, exports 422-423 

Special War Revenue Act, 1915 655 

Spectacle frames, imports 462-463 

Spices, imports .440, 441 , 468 

manufactures 366-367 

Spinning wheels, manufacture 374-375, 384-385 

Spirits, consumption of 672-673 

duty paid per head on, 1914-21 674 

excise revenue from, 1916-21 673 

excise tariff for 672 

Spoolwood, exports 422-423 

Sporting goods, manufacture 374-375, 384-385 

Stamps, manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

Staples, inspection of, expenditure for, 

1918-22 k 661 

inspection of, receipts from, 1918-22 660 

Starch, imports 440-441 

manufacture 370-371, 380-381 

State, Department of the Secretary of 783-785 

Stationery, exports 432-433, 468 

manufactures 370-371 , 380-381 

Statistics Act 826, 828 



INDEX 



905 



PAGE. 

Statistics, Dominion Bureau of 826-834 

activities 829-830 

establishment 826 

publications 831-834 

Status of Canada in League of Nations 11-16 

Staves, imports 450-451 

Steam boiler packing 374-375, 384-385 

Steam railways 522-543 

Steamboat inspection 569 

expenditure for, 1918-22 661 

receipts from, 1918-22 660 

Steamers, receipts from Dominion, 1918-22 660 
Steamship subventions and mail service, 

cost of, 1919-21 594-595 

Steel furnaces, 1921 346-347 

furnaces, manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

imports 454-455 

Steel plate, imports 454-455 

structural, exports 426-427 

Stencils, manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

Stereotyping industry 370-371 , 380-381 

Stock foods, industry 366-367, 376-377 

Stocks of wheat in Canada, 1918-22 278 

Stone, building in Nova Scotia, 1920-21 . ... 347 

exports 430-431 , 470 

imports 460-461 , 470 

products, manufactures 370-371 , 380 :i&gt; 1 

Stoves, exports 426-427 

manufactures 368-369, 378-379 

Straw, exports 412-413 

Strikes during 1921 617-623 

Strikes 617-623 

Structural ironwork, manufacture, 368-369, 378-379 
Studentships for scientific and industrial 

research 773 

Stupart, Sir Frederic, Climate and Meteor 
ology 169 

Sub-Arctic Forest Zone 74-75 

Submarine cables 582 

Subsidies to provinces, 1916-21 670-671 

Subventions and mail subsidies, 1919-21 . . . 594-595 

Sugar beets and beetroot sugar 276 

Sugar beets, area, yield and value of, 1911- 

21 212, 216, 223, 276 

exports 410-412. 468 

house syrup, exports 410-411 

raw, imports of, 1902-22 473 

refined, industry 366-367, 376-377 

Sulphur, exports 430-431 

imports 460-461 

Summerland Experimental Station 302 

Sunshine, bright, in Canada, 1895-1920 194-201 

Superannuation, cost of, 1918-22 661 

of school teachers in Canada 132 

receipts, 1918-22 

Supplementary letters patent 783 

Supreme court receipts, 1918-22 660 

Surgical appliances, manufacture, 374-375, 384-385 
Sweeping compounds, manufacture, 374-375, 384-385 

Swift Current Experimental Station 302 

Swine, numbers of, in Canada, by provinces, 

1916-21 242 

numbers of, in Canada, by provinces, 

1920-21 239-241 

values of, in Canada, by provinces, 
1915-21 243-245 

Syrups, exports 410-412 

imports 440-441 



Tacks, exports 424-425 

imports 452-453 

Tadoussac, shipbuilding 357 

Tails, exports 418-419 

Talc, exports 430-431 

Tallow , exports 418-419 

manufacture 366-367, 376-377 

Tapioca, imports 436-437 

Tar, exports 428-429 

Tariff , between provinces abolished 395 

British Preferential 395, 652, 653 

Canadian customs 358, 395 

Canadian excise 662 



PAGE. 

Customs, War Revenue Act 653 

Customs Amendment Act 654 

general, 1915 652 

general, 1920-21 478 

intermediate 395, 652 

preferential, 1920-21 476 

preferential, on wheat, abolition, 1846. . 394 

Treaty Rate, 1920-21 476 

Taverner, P.A., The Faunas of Canada 82 

Tax, Business Profits, War Act 654-655 

Educational, Act 865 

War Income, 662 

Taxes, receipts from 659-660 

Tea, exports 412-413, 467 

imports 440-441 , 467 

Teachers, number of school, in Canada 136-147 

average annual salaries of 153 

expenditure on, salaries 138-139 

in elementary schools 138, 139 

in secondary schools 138, 139 

Alberta 152 

Manitoba 150 

Ontario 150 

Saskatchewan 152 

superannuation of school 132 

Technical education 134, 135 

Telegraph Branch of Public Works Depart 
ment 792 

Telegraph equipment 471 

Telegraph system, Canadian, statistics of. 581-586 
Telegraphs 522, 581-586 

chartered companies, 1911-20... 583-584 

coast stations for communication by 

wireless telegraphy with ships at sea. . 584-586 

Dominion Government telegraph service 581 

miles of line 581 

messages, number of, sent 

offices, number of 581 

expenditure and revenue for government, 

1916-21 794 

radiotelegraph stations 584-586 

summary statistics, 1919-20 

wireless stations 584-586 

Telephone Companies in Canada, 1911-20. . 588 

equipment 471 

statistics 522, 587-589 

systems 587 

Telephones 587 

capitalization, 1916-20 588 

claseesof, 1911-20 589 

funded debt, 1912-20 589 

mileage of wire, 1911-20 589 

number of, 1916-20 588 

operating expenses of, 1916-20 588, 589 

progress of, in Canada, 1916-20 588 

revenue, 1916-20 588, 589 

Temperance Act, Canada 

provincial legislation respecting 871 

Temperature and precipitation 170, 174-185 

normal, and precipitation 186-193 

Temporary loans, 1921 669 

Textile machinery, imports 454-455 

- manufactures 366-367, 376-377 

Thanksgiving, day of general 885 

Thread, imports of 470 

- manufacture 366-367, 376-377 

Threshing machines, exports 424-425 

imports 450-451 

Tile 470 

manufacture 370-371 , 380-381 

works 360 

Timber exports and imports 422-423, 470 

industry 366-367, 378-379 

licenses 

marks 456 

Timepieces 469 

Timothy seed, imports 440-441 

Tin and products, imports 458-459 

Tinsmithing 372-373, 382-383 

Tinware, exports 426-427 

Titles, granting of 15 

Tobacco, area and yield of, in Canada, 

1919-22.. 275 



906 



INDEX 



PAGE. 

Tobacco, consumption of 672 

Division of the Dominion Experimental 

Farms 304-305 

duty per head paid on, 1914-21 

excise revenue from, 1916-21 673 

excise tariff for 672 

exports 412-413, 468 

imports 440-441 

manufactures 372-373 , 382-383 

pipes, imports 462-463 

production of, in Canada 

raw, imports of 

season, 1921 275 

stations 302 

Toilet articles, imports and exports 

Token currency in Canada 707 

Tombstones, manufacture 370-371, 380-381 

Tools, exports 426-427, 470 

imports 454-455, 470 

manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

Towelling and towels, imports 446-447 

Toys, imports 462-464 

- manufacture 374-375, 384-385 

Trade and commerce, expenditure for, 

1918-21 661 

aggregate external trade 397 

aggregate trade of Canada, 1868-1922. . . 398 

aggregate trade of Canada, by countries, 

1922 476-477 

values of exports to other countries, 

1868-1921 402 

values of exports to U.K. 1868-1921.. 402 
values of exports to U.S. 1868-1921. . . 402 

agricultural produce, exports of, by 

values, 1921 f 466-468 

agricultural produce, imports of, by 

values, 1921 466-468 

animals and their produce, exports of, by 

quantities and values, 1919-22 414-419 

animals and their produce, imports of, by 

quantities and values, 1919-22 442-445 

values of exports to U.S., 1868-1921.. 402 
values of exports to other countries, 

1868-1921 402 

values of total exports, 1868-1921 . . . . 402 

balance of trade 396-397 

Canadian Government responsible to 

Canadian people 394 

- Canadian produce, defined 

classification of imports and exports. 397, 405-407 

coin and bullion, imports, 1918-22 479 

movement, 1868-1918 400 

Company of One Hundred Associates.. 394 

Dominion Bureau of Statistics classifica 

tion of imports and exports 397 

- duty collected on exports, 1868-1892. . . , 401 

- duty collected on imports average p.c., 

rates of, from U.K., U.S., and all 
countries, 1868-1922 404 

duty collected on imports, by ports and 

provinces, 1920 and 1921 474-475 

duty collected on imports for home con 

sumption, 1868-1922 401 

electrical energy generated or produced 

for export, by companies, 1916-21 521 

- electrical energy generated, 1919-20, by 

provinces 521 

- electric light and power companies 

registered, 1913-21 ; . . . 520 

exports from U.S. of animal and agricul 

tural products to principal countries, 
1916-20 485 

exports of Canadian produce, by princi 

pal ports, values of, 1920-21 475 

exports of coal the produce of Canada, 

value of,1903-22 353 

exports of fish, value of 1920-21 334 

exports of fish by principal countries, 

value of, 1920-21 333-334 

exports of home produce by quantities 

and values, 1918-22 408-432, 478 



PAGE. 

Trade and Commerce 

exports of home produce by values and 

ratio, 1868-1921 402 

exports of home produce by values, to 

British Empire, 1918-22 478 

exports of home produce, to foreign 

countries, 1918-22 478 

exports of foreign produce, by values, 

1868-1922 398 

exports of merchandise from Canada 

through U.S. to foreign countries, 
values of, 1920-21 480 

merchandise, home produce, by 
values, 1868-1922 398 

wood, blocks and other, for pulp, to 
the U.S. by quantity and value, 
1904-21 321 

wood pulp, 1916-21 321 

ratio of each class, 1918-22. . , 405 

to U.K., U.S., and other countries 
of merchandise the produce of 
Canada, 1868-1922 402 

to U.K., U.S. and all countries, of 
merchandise, the produce of Can 
ada, by values and percentages, 
1919-22 405 

to U.K., U.S. and all countries, in 
quantities and values by classes of 
home produce, 1919-22 408-433 

exports to West Indies, 1920-22 412 

exports to West Indies, 1901-22 473 

external trade, aggregate 397 

external trade, by main groups and de 

grees of manufacture according to 
origin, 1921 466-467 

fibres, textiles and textile products, ex 

ports of, 1919-22 405, 420-421 

fibres, textiles and textile products, im 

ports of, 1919-22 : 406-407 

fisheries produce, exports of, by quanti 

ties and values, 1919-22 414-417 

fisheries produce, imports of, by quanti 

ties and values, 1919-22 442-443 

fisheries produce, values of exports to 

U.K., 1921 466, 467 

fisheries produce, values of exports to 

U.K., 1919-22 414-417 

fisheries produce, values of exports to 

U.S., 1921 466, 467 

fisheries produce, values of exports to 

U.S., 1919-22 414-417 

fisheries produce, total exports, 1921 466-467 

fisheries produce, total exports, 1919-22. 414-417 

fisheries produce, imports from U.K., 

1921 466, 467 

fisheries produce, imports from U.K., 

1919-22 442-443 

fisheries produce, imports from U.S., 

1921 466-467 

fisheries produce, imports from U.S., 

1919-22 442-443 

fisheries produce, total imports, 1921. . . 466-467 

fisheries produce, total imports, 1919-22 442-443 

foreign produce, defined 

forest produce, exports of, 1921 

See also: "Wood, wood products and 
paper." 

forest produce, imports of, by values, 

1917-21 448, 451, 464 

forest produce, values of exports to U.K., 

1921 466 

forest produce, value of exports to U.K., 

1919-22 420-423 

forest produce, values of exports to U.S., 

1921 466 

forest produce, values of exports to U.S., 

1919-22 420-423 

forest produce, value of total exports, 

1921 466 

forest produce, value of total exports, 

1917-21.. 464 



INDEX 



907 



466 
464 



401 
353 



PAGE. 

Trade and Commerce 

forest produce, value of total exports, 

1919-22 420-423 

forest produce, value of imports from 

U.K., 1921 466 

forest produce, value of imports from 

U.K., I .U .i 22 448-451 

forest produce, value of imports from 

U.S., 19-M 466 

forest produce, value of imports from 

U.S., ! 448-451 

forest produce, value of total imports, 

1921 

forest produce, value of total imports, 

1917-21 

forest produce, value of total imports, 

1919-22 420-42 

Keneral tariff, imports under, 1920-21... . 

history 393-395 

Imports, defined . 395 

imports entered for home consumption, 

including coin and bullion, 479 

import;- i or home consumption at cer 

tain ports, 1920-21 474-475 

imports for home consumption at cer- 

ports, by values and ratios of each 
class, 1919-22 406-407 

imports for consumption, by quantities 

and values, 19: 434-463 

impo home consumption, duty 

;..-- 

imports of anthracite and bituminous 

coal, 1901-22 

imports of Canada in quantities and 

values, by classes, 1919-22 434-463 

imports from U.K., US., and other 

countries of merchandise for home 
oonsumpt ion, 1 868 -1922 403 

imports from U.I , and all count- 

, by classes, entered for home con 
sumption, by values and percentages, 
1919-22 406-407 

imports from U.K., U.S., and all count 

ries, in quantities and values, by 
classes, for consumption, 1919-22 434-465 

imports from U.K., for home consump 

tion, 1868-1 .... 403 

imports from U.K., in quantities and 

values, by classes, 1919-22 434-463 

imports from U.S., for home consump 

tion, 1868-1 , - 403 

imports from United States, in quanti 

ties and values, by classes, 1919-22 . . 434-463 

imports from all countries, in quantities 

and values, by classes, 1919-22, 406-407, 434-463 

imports from other countries, for home 

consumption, 186S-1922 

imports of fish, 1902-21 

imports from West Indies, 1920-22 472 

imports from West Indies, 1901-22 ...... 473 

imports into U.K. of animal and agricul 

tural food products, by quantities and 
values, by countries whence imported, 
1916-20 481-484 

imports of coin and bullion, 1868-1918. . . 

imports of merchandise into Canada 

through U.S., values of, 1920-21 

imports of Portland cement, 1899-1922. . 

imports of raw material for home con 

sumption, 1922 

imports of raw material for home con 

sumption, 1902-22 473-474 

imports of broom corn 

imports of cotton wool and waste 473 

imports of gutta-percha, India-rubber, 

etc 

imports of hemp, undressed 

imports of hides, horns, pelts, etc 

imports of rags, all kinds 

imports of sugar, raw 

imports of tobacco, raw 

imports of wool, raw 474 



480 
352 

466 



474 
474 



PAGE. 

Trade and Commerce 

imports, ratio of exports to imports, 

1868-1922 403 

imports, total, by values, 1868-1922. . . .398, 403 

imports, total, by values, dutiable, 

1893-1922 401 

imports, total, by values, dutiable, 

398 

imports, total, duties collected on, 1868- 

_ 404 

imports, total, by values, free, 1888-1923 398 

imports, by values, from British Em 

pire, 1918 : 22 479 

imports, by values, from foreign count 

ries, HH- 479 

imports \\hieh may be classed as manu 

factures, by values, 1921 466-467 

imports rom the U.K., U.S., and other 

countries, of merchandise entered for 

home consumption. 191 434-463 

imports fron md U.K., propor 

tions to totals of dutiable and free, 

404 

imports of certain raw materials for 

ho; iMiption. 1902-22.. _..._,. 473-474 



476 
397 
402 
402 
402 
402 
402 



imports of coin and bullion. 1918-22. 

imports under General, Preferential and 

,,ty Kate Tariff*, I .C U-L l 

imports, index number of wholesale 

prices 

merchandise, the produce of Canada, 

value of exports, I .Hs 22.. .... 

merchandise, values of exports to U.K., 

- l .i_ . 

merchandise, values of exports to U.S., 



merchandise, values of exports to other 

countries, 1868-1922 

merchandise, values of total exports, 

186&-1922 .- 

mine nil produce, exports of non-metallic, 

by quantities and values. 1919-22 428-431 

miner; 1 produce, import.- oi, non-metal 

lic, bv quant hies and v;,lues, 1919-22.. 428-431 

misctll neons produce, exports of, by 

quant it Lea and values, 1919-22 432-433 

miscellaneous produce, in ports of, by 

quant it ios and values, 19 s-22 462-463 

moven ent of coin and bullion, 1868-1918 

per cent duty on dutiable imports from 

U.K., 1868-192- 

per cent duty on dutiable imports from 

S., 1868-1922 

percentage proportion of imports from 

U.K. and U.S., to totals of dutiable 
and free, 19^22 

preferential tariff, imports under, 1920-21 

ratio of each class of exports, 1918-22 

ratio of each class of imports, 1918-22. . . 

ratio of exports to imports, and value per 

capita of exports, imports, and total 
trade, 1868-1922 

raw materials, imports, 1902-22 473-474 

re-exports of foreign produce 396 

statistics 393-521 

summary of trade, compiled on a classi 

fication according to purpose, 1921 467-471 

Trade Marks Branch 519 

treaty rates, imports under, 1920-21 

value of exports of home produce, 1918-22 478 

value of exports to West Indies, 1920-22 . 472 

value of goods entered for consumption 

at certain ports, 1920-21 474-475 

values of imports and exports from and 

to West Indies, 1901-22 - 473 

value of imports for consumption from 

British Empire and foreign countries, 
1918-22 479 

value of imports for consumption from 

British Empire and foreign countries 
under General, Preferential and Treaty 
Rate Tariffs, 1920-21 476 



404 
404 



407 
476 
405 
407 



399 



908 



INDEX 



PAGE. 

Trade, value of imports for home consump 
tion from West Indies, 1920-22 472 

value of total exports and imports, by 

provinces, 1920-21 474-475 

value per capita of total trade, 1868-1922 399 
Trade, balance of 396, 397, 399 

disputes 617-623 

Trades and Labour Congress of Canada. 612-613, 624 
Trade Union employment returns 624 

unemployment 627-629 

Union membership 613, 615 

Transmission equipment 470 

machinery, manufacture .368-369, 378-379 

Transportation and communication equip 
ment 471 

Transportation and communications, stat 
istics of 521-597 

of fish 324-325, 326 

Treaties, negotiation of 13 

Treaty rates, imports under, 1920-21 476 

of Paris 3 

of Versailles, 1783 3 

Trunks, manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

Truro College of Agriculture, N.S 305-306 

Trust and Loan, Companies 729-731 

liabilities and assets of, 1914-21 730-731 

Trust funds, liabilities of Canada, 1917-21. 668 

Tubing, iron, exports 426-427 

Tubs, exports 422-423 

Tungsten 94 

Turnips, area, yield and value, 1916-21. . . . 214-230 

Turpentine, imports 442-443 

Typewriters, exports 424-425 

imports 452-453 

manufacture 374-375, 384-385 



Umbrellas, manufacture 374-375, 384-385 

Underwear, imports 468 

Unemployment in trade unions 627-629 

Unemployment in trade unions, percentages 

by industries 629 

by provinces 627, 628 

statistics of 623-631 

Union Jack, composition of 17 

United Kingdom, trade with 403, 404, 

405, 406^07, 408-433, 434-463, 466-467, 

467-471, 481-484, 503. 
United States, Canadian diplomatic re 
lations with 12 

commercial failures, causes, 1920-21. . . . 734 

trade with.. 402, 403, 404, 405, 406-407,408-433 
434-463, 466-467, 467-471, 477-478, 479, 

480, 481-484, 485-503 

University Act, Saskatchewan 865 

University education in Canada 133, 154-161 

Upholstered goods, manufacture. .368-369, 378-379 
Urban population 99-103 



Vacuum cleaners, manufacture 374-375. 384-385 

Valises, manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

Values of farm live stock in Canada, aver 
age, 1915-21 243-245 

estimated total, by provinces, 1916-21. . 246-247 

of field crops, 1916-21 214-230 

Vancouver Island, colony of 39 

Varnish, manufacture 370-371, 380-381 

Vaults, manufacture 368-369, 378-379 

Vegetable products, exports of, by quan 
tities and values, 1919-22 408-413 

imports, 1919-22 434-443 

Vegetables, exports 412-413, 468 

imports 468 

Vehicles, exports 432-433, 469, 471 

imports 454-455, 462-463, 469, 471 

manufactures 372-373 

Velvets, imports 446-447 

Veneers, imports ^ 450-451 

Vermilion School of Agriculture 309 

Vermicelli, manufacture 366-367, 376-377 

Vermouth, imports 434-435 



PAGE. 

Versailles, Treaty of , 1783 3 

Vessels, exports 432-433, 471 

imports 462-463, 471 

manufactures 382-383 

Veto Power, on Dominion and provincial 

legislation 8-9 

Victory Loan, First 657 

Second 657 

Third 657 

Vinegar, exports 412-413, 468 

manufacture 366-367, 376-377 

Vital Statistics 118-122 

birth-rate, 1920 

collection of, in Canada 118-121 

death-rate, 1920 121 

marriage-rate, 1920 121 

of cities, 1920. 121, 122 

provincial legislation respecting 119, 872 

Vocational education, provincial legislation 

respecting 864 

Wage-earners by industries and wages, 1919 641 

decline in number 360 

Wages of building trades 632 

of employees in Canadian manufacturing 

industries, 1915 and 1919 640-641 

of coal miners 632, 633, 635, 636-637 

of factory trades 633, 636-637 

of farm help in Canada, 1915-21 236-238 

of lumbering trades 633, 636-637 

of metal trades 632 

of printing trades 632 

of railway employees, 1907-20 537, 632, 633 

per hour in leading trades, 1921 638-639 

statistics of 632-641 

Wagons, exports 432-433 

Wall paper, exports 420-421 

imports 448-449 

manufacture 370-371, 380-381 

- plaster, manufacture 370-371, 380-381 

War appropriation, expenditure on, for 1915- 

21 797-799 

loans 656-657 

Mission at Washington, Canadian 12 

Business Profits Tax 654-655 

Profits Tax 653 

Revenue Act, Customs Tariff 653 

Revenue Act, special 653, 655 

tax receipts, 1915-21 662 

tax by provinces, 1921 662-663 

taxation in Canada 653-655 

Washing compounds, manufacture. 374-375, 384-385 
Washing machines, imports 452-453 

manufacture 374-375, 384-385 

Washington, British War Mission at 

Canadian Minister to 

Canadian War Mission at 

Watches, imports 458-459 

manufacture 372-373, 382-383 

Water area of Canada 95 

Waterproof clothing, manufactures.366-367, 376-377 

Waterways of Canada 59, 521 

Wax candles, manufacture 374-375, 384-385 

Wax, exports 418-419 

Waxed paper, manufacture 370-371, 380-381 

Wealth of Canada, agricultural, 1918-21.. . . 280-283 

Weather of Canada, 1895-1920 194-201 

Weatherstrips, manufacture m . . .374-375, 384-385 

Weekly cost of family budget in terms of 

average prices in 60 Canadian cities, 
1900-21 649 

in each Province, 1900-21 650 

Weights and measures, expenditure for, 

1918-22 661 

and measures receipts, 1918-22 660 

Welfare, Child 812, 860 

Welland Canal 521 

West Indies, exports to, 1920-22 472 

exports to, 1901-22 473 

imports from, 1920-22 472 

- imports from, 1901-22 

Western Mutual Life Association 753 



INDEX 



909 



PAGE. 

Whale oil, exports 418-419 

Wharves 569 

Wheat, area and yield of, in Prairie Pro 
vinces, 1919-21 213, 233 

area, yield, quality and value of, 1916-21 214-230 

average yield of, in Canada, 1911-20. . . . 231-23J 
Wheat Board, Dominion legislation as to. . 

consumption 280 

exports 408-409 

imports 436-437 

flour, exports 410-41 

- flour, imports 436-437 

Wheat, prices of, at Winnipeg and Fort 

\Villiam, 1920-21. -.Mi2-263, 264 

prices of Canadian, in British Mark 

1920-21 267 

stocks of in-Canada, 191s 277, 278 

world s production of, 1919-20 287-288 

Whips, manufacture 374-375, 384-385 

Whiskey, imports 434-435 

Whisks, exports 432-433 

Wholesale prices, by months, 1919-21. .. .643, 644 

course in Canada, 1890-1921 645 

index numbers by groups, 1893-1 . 644 

index numbers by months, 1 . - 

- of commodities 64: 

\\iekerware, manufactures 368-369, 378-379 

Windmills, manufacture 3GS-369, 378-379 

Window blinds and shades, manufactui 

375, 384-385 

curtains and fixtures 469 

fixtures, manufacture 374-375, 384-385 

glass, imports 460-461 

Winds in Canada. 1896-1920 llU-L nl 

Wine, consumption of 674 

duty per head paid on, 1914-21.. . 674 

exports 40S-409, 467 

imports 4 34-435 

Wire, exports 426-427 

fencing, manufacture 30S-369, 378-379 

imports 456-457 

manufacture 308-369, 378-379 

Wireless telegraph coast stations 584-586 

Women s Benefit Association of the Macca 
bees 753 

Wood distillation industry 370-371, 380-381 

preservation, industry 370-371, 380-381 

Wod, pulp, by countries, exports of, 1916- 

21 321 , 422-423 

imports 450-451 



PAGE. 

Wood, manufactured, by processes, 1916-20 

319, 368-369, 378-379 

quantity and value of wood, blocks and 

other, for pulp, exported to the U.S., 

1904, 1921 321 

wood products and paper, exports of, by 

quantities and values, 1919-22 420-423 

wood products and paper, imports, 

1919-22 448-451 

manufactures 368-369, 378-379 

Woodmen of the World 753 

Wool and products, exports 420-421 

imports 446-447 

manufactures 366-367, 376,377 

Wool, raw, imports of, 1902-22 474 

value of, by provinces, 1915-21 243-244 

Workmen s Circle 753 

Workmen s Compensation Acts, provincial 

legislation as to 869-870 

World s production of cereals and potatoes, 

1919-20 287-291 

-production of gold and silver, 1919-20. . 351-352 
Wrapping paper, exports 420-421 , 469 

imports 448-449, 469 

Vv n-cks and casualties, 1870-1920 569, 579 

Wringers, manufacture 374-375, 384-385 

Writing paper, exports 420-421 

imports 446-447 



X-rays... 



774 



Yarn 470 

cotton, imports 444-447 

woollen, manufacture 366-367, 376-377 

Yeast, imports 442-443, 468 

Yields of field crops in Canada, 1915-21 .... 231-233 
Yukon coal production 

copper in 

electrical energy generated, 1919-20 521 

government, publications of the 852 

Territory, expenditure for, 1918-22 661 

Zinc and products, exports 428-429 

imports 458-459 

bounties 515 

occurrence of 91 

production, quantity and value of, 1916- 

21 344 

production in British Columbia, 1919- 

21.. 349, 350 



I 



THE C, JA YEATc BC 



744- 
.** 

1921 



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